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LI3RARY    {Wjri 


UNIVERSIT^OF 
CALIFORNIA 


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3   1822  01063  7403 


A   NEW 

MEDICAL  DICTIONARY. 


RECOMMENDATIONS  AND   PRESS  NOTICES 


GouLD's  Medical  Dictionary 


"  One  pleasing  feature  of  the  book  is  that  the  reader  can  almost  invariably  find  the 
definition  under  the  word  he  looks  for,  without  being  referred  from  one  place  to  another, 
as  is  too  commonly  the  case  in  medical  dictionaries.  The  tables  of  the  bacilli,  micrococci, 
leucomaines  and  ptomaines  are  excellent,  and  contain  a  large  amount  of  information  in  a 
limited  space.  The  anatomical  tables  are  also  concise  and  clear.  .  .  .  We  sliould 
mihesitatmgly  recommend  this  dictionary  to  our  readers,  feeling  sure  that  it  will  prove  of 
much  value  to  them." — AmeHcan  Journal  of  Medical  Science,  Sept.,  i8go. 

"  Again  and  again  we  have  submitted  the  book  to  tests,  and  we  have  found  it  relialjle 
and  full,  every  page  giving  proof  of  careful  editing  and  research.  It  is  sufficiently  large 
to  meet  the  requirements  of  any  ordinary  practitioner.  Of  course  the  bespectacled,  poly- 
syllabic, home-from- Berlin  young  man  could  not  take  pleasure  or  feel  satisfied  in  anything 
short  of  a  multi-voluminous  work ;  but,  like  the  Heathen,  he  is  a  law  unto  himself,  and 
may  safely  be  left  out  of  calculation  in  practical  therapeutics.  In  addition  to  the  dictionaiy 
proper  we  have  elaborate  tables  of  bacilli,  micrococci,  leucomaines  and  ptomaines,  and  all 
such  infinitesimal  creatures  as  we  to-day  build  laboratories  to  hatch;  tables  with  analyses 
of  American  mineral  waters,  some  of  which  waters  will  soon,  we  believe,  be  found  in  our 
midst;  and  tables  of  vital  statistics.  All  this  great  mass  of  information  is  excellently 
arranged,  so  that  the  reader  has  no  difficulty  in  at  once  finding  what  he  wants,  and  the 
type  is  beautifully  clear,  there  being  no  blurring,  so  that  reading  is  a  pleasure.  As  we 
turn  over  the  pages  we  are  grateful  for  the  free  trade  system  that  admits,  free  of  duty, 
such  a  useful  and  desirable  book." — T/ic  Dziblin  Journal  of  Medical  Science,  A'ov.,  iSgo. 

"  We  know  of  no  work  in  which  so  many  important  and  yet  isolated  facts  may  be 
obtained  without  great  expenditure  of  time.  The  tables  of  muscles,  nerves,  arteries,  etc., 
seem  to  be  very  complete,  and  in  looking  through  the  dictionary,  we  were  struck  by  the 
good  presswork,  clear  type,  and  handsome  paper,  while  no  one  of  the  many  words  which  it 
occurred  to  us  to  look  for  have  been  found  absent." — Therapeutic  Gazette,  May  i^th,  iSgo. 

"As  a  handy,  concise  and  accurate,  and  complete  medical  dictionary  it  decidedly 
claims  a  very  high  place  among  works  of  this  description.  In  fact,  taking  handiness  and 
cheapness  into  account,  we  certainly  think  this  is  the  general  practitioner's  model  dictionary, 
and  we  cordially  recommend  it  to  our  readers.  The  definitions  are  for  the  most  part  terse 
and  accurate,  and  the  derivations  up  to  modern  lights." — British  Medical  Journal,  Lon- 
don, Sept.,  iSgo. 

"  I  find  it  an  excellent  work,  doing  credit  to  the  learning  and  discrimination  of  the 
author." — Dr.  J.  M.  Da  Costa,  Pj-of  of  Practice  of  Medicine,  Jefferson  Medical  College. 

"  In  Gynaecology,  Ophthalmolog}%  Otology  and  Tar>-ngolog)' ;  in  Biology,  Embrj'ology, 
Physiology  and  Pathology ;  in  Electro-therapeutics,  and  in  the  newly-developed  fields  of 
Bacteriology,  Ptomaines  and  Leucomaines,  the  aim  has  been  evidently  to  issue  an  authori- 
tative text-book,  one  that  should  be  ample  in  its  vocabulary,  concise  in  its  definitions, 
compact  in  its  arrangement,  and  convenient  of  size  for  the  everyday  use  of  busy  practitioners 
and  as  a  handbook  for  medical  students.  The  author,  in  this  respect,  is  to  be  congratulated 
upon  his  success,  and  so  far  as  a  careful  examination  enables  us  to  judge,  it  faithfully 
represents  the  medical  literature  of  to-day." — Jourtial  of  American  Modical  Association. 

"  The  work  of  Dr.  Gould  claims  to  be  essentially  a  new  work,  all  definitions  being 
framed  '  by  the  direct  aid  of  new,  standard  and  authoritative  text-books.'  It  certainly 
l>ears  very  little  resemblance  to  previous  works  of  the  kind,  in  nearly  all  of  which  a  great 
deal  of  space  is  devoted  to  obsolete  terms.  .  .  .  More  complete  and  more  up  to  date 
than  any  other  medical  dictionary  of  similar  dimensions  in  our  own,  or,  indeed,  as  far  as 
we  know,  in  any  other  language." — London  Lancet,  July  20th,  iSgo. 


ANEW 


Medical  Dictionary 


INCLUDING  ALL  THE  WORDS  AND  PHRASES  GENERALLY 
USED  IN  MEDICINE,  WITH  THEIR  PROPER  PRO- 
NUNCIATION AND  DEFINITIONS. 


BASED  ON  RECENT  MEDICAL  LITERATURE. 


BY 


GEORGE  iM.  GOULD,  B.A..  M.D., 

OPHTHALMIC  SURGEON  TO  THE  PHILADELPHIA   HOSPITAL  AND  CLINICAL  CHIEF 

OPHTHALMOLOGICAL  DEPARTMKNT,  GERMAN  HOSPITAL, 

PHILADELPHIA. 


WITH     ELABORATE    TABLES    OF    THE    BACILLI,    MICROCOCCI,    LEUCOMAINES,    PTOMAINES, 

ETC.;     OF    THE    ARTERIES,    GANGLIA,    MUSCLES,     NERVES    AND     I'LKXUSES;     OK 

WEIGHTS   AND    MEASURES,   THERMOMETERS,    ETC.;     AND   APPENDICES 

CONTAINING    CLASSIFIED    TABLK:S   WITH   ANALYSES,   OF  THE 

WATERS   OF   THE    MINERAL   SPRINGS    OF  THE  U.  S., 

AND   TAULE.^   OF   VITAL   STATISIICS. 


PIIII.ADnLPHIA: 

P.   BLAKISTON,   SON   &   CO. 

I  o  I  2  Walnut  S  r  k  i-.  i  :  r. 
1 891. 


Copyrighted,  1S90,  by  P.  Blakiston,  Son  &  Co. 


WM.  F.  FELL  &  CO., 

Electrotvpers  and  Printers, 
1220-24  sansom  street,  philadelphia. 


PREFACE. 


Throughout  the  preparation  of  this  Dictionary  my  work  has  been  shaped 
to  meet  the  following  distinct  purposes: — 

1.  To  include  those  New  Words  and  Phrases  created  during  the  past 
ten  years — a  period  rich  in  coinages — which  appeared  destined  to  continuous 
usage.  There  are  certainly  thousands  of  these;  and  in  their  compilation  I 
have  especially  endeavored  to  cover  the  latest  results  in  the  study  of  Bacteri- 
ology, Ptomaines  and  Leucomaines,  Electro-therapeutics,  Physiology,  Path- 
ology, and  in  the  various  special  branches  of  medicine,  such  as  Ophthalmology, 
Otology,  Laryngology,  Gynaecology,  Antiseptic  Surgery,  etc. 

2.  To  frame  all  Definitions  by  the  direct  aid  of  New,  Standard  and 
Authoritative  Text-Books,  instead  of  making  a  patchwork  of  mechanical 
copyings  from  older  vocabularies. 

3.  To  OMIT  Obsolete  Words  not  pertinent  to  medicine,  except  in  a  remote 
or  factitious  sense,  while  neglecting  nothing  of  positive  value. 

4.  To  make  a  volume  that  will  answer  the  needs  of  the  medical  student 
and  busy  practitioner  by  its  compactness  and  logicalness  of  arrange- 
ment, its  conciseness  of  definitions,  its  elimination  of  the  useless,  and 
its  convenience  of  size  and  price.  It  would  not  have  been  half  the  labor 
to  make  a  volume  double  or  treble  the  size  of  this  one. 

I  have  to  express  my  appreciation  of  the  services  rendered  the  work 
by  Professor  Jacques  W.  Redway,  in  the  compilation  of  the  departments  of 
Chemistry,  Materia  Medica  and  Physical  Science;  by  Professor  A.  P.  Brubaker, 
with  continuous  advice  and  help  ;  by  Dr.  Judson  Daland,  in  unreservedly  giving 
the  results  of  long  study  and  labor  concerning  the  mineral  springs  of  the 
United  States ;  by  Professor  J.  W.  Holland,  Dr.  J.  M.  Keating,  Professor  Henry 
Lcffmann  and  others. 


GEORGE  M.  GOULD. 


it()  South  Snentecnth  St.,  Philadelphia. 
February,  l8(}0. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


I.  ABBREVIATIONS  USED  IN  GENERAL  MEDICINE. 

aa ana Of  each. 

Abdom Abcloincn The  belly. 

Abs.  feb Abseiitc  fcbre When  fever  is  absent. 

Abstr Abslractuni Abstract. 

Ad .-Vdde Add. 

Ad  lib Ad  libitum To  the  desired  aincunt. 

Admov Adtnoveatur Let  it  be  apjilitd. 

Ad  pond,  om .Ad  pondus  omnium      To  the  weight  of  tlio  whole. 

Alt.  dieb Alterius  diebus Every  other  day. 

Alt.  hor Alterius  horis Every  other  hour. 

Alv.  adstrict Alvo  adstricta The  bowels  beiiiR  confined. 

Alv.  deject Alvi  dejectiones The  evacuations. 

Aq Aqua Water. 

Aq.  bull Aqua  bulliens Boilinjj;  water. 

Aq.  dest Aqua  dcstillata •    .    .  Distilled  water. 

Aq.  ferv Aqua  ferveiis Hot  water. 

Aq.  font Aqua  fontis Sprinj;  water. 

Aq   mar Aqua  marina Ocean  water. 

B.  A.,  or  B.  S Balneum  arena;      Sand  bath. 

Bals Balsamum Balsam. 

Bib Bibe Drink. 

Bis  ind Bis  in  dies Twice  daily. 

Bol Bolus A  large  pill. 

Bull Bulliat Let  it  boil. 

B.  V Balneum  vaporis Vapor  hath. 

C Coiigius,  Centigrade A  gallon  ;  centigrade. 

c.c Cubic  centimeter. 

Cap Capiat Let  him  take. 

Cm Cras  mane To-morrow  morning. 

cm Centimeter. 

C   m.  s Cras  mane  sunieiidus To  be  taken  to-morrow  morning. 

C.  n Cras  noctc To-morrow  night. 

Cochl Cochleare Spoonful. 

Cochl.  ampl "  amijlum      A  tablespoonful. 

"      infant "  infantis A  teaspocjiiful. 

"       mag "  magnum A  tablespoonful. 

"       med "  medium A  dessertspoonful. 

"      parv "  parviim A  teaspooiitul. 

Col Cola Strain. 

Colat Colatus Strained. 

Comp Compositus       Compound. 

Cong Congius A  gallon. 

Contin Conlinuatur Let  it  be  continued. 

Cont.  rem Continuetur  remedium   .   .    .   .  Let  the  medicine  be  continued. 

Coq Coque Boil. 

Cort .    .  Cortex    ...       Bark. 

Crast Crastinus For  to-morrow. 

Cuj Cujus Of  which. 

Cyath Cyathus ' A  glassful. 

D Dosis A  dose. 

Decub Decubitus      Lying  down. 

De  d    in  d De  die  in  diem From  day  to  ilay. 

Destill Dcstilla Distill. 

Det Detur Let  it  be  given. 

Dieb.  alt Diebus  alterius On  alternate  days. 

tert "       tertius Every  third  <lay. 

Dil Diluc Let  it  be  dissolved. 

Dilut Dilutus Dilute. 

Dim Dimidius One-half. 

Di»t Dislilla Distill. 

Div Divide Divide. 

D.  in  p.  aeq Divide  in  partes  ii-<iual<-s  .   .   .  Divide  into  equal  parts 

Donee  alv.  lol.  fuerit.    .    .  Donee  alviis  solnta  fiierit   .    .    .  Until  the  bowels  be  opt  ti. 

D.  P Direclione  propria    .....    .  With  a  proper  direction. 

vii 


viii  ABBREVIATIONS. 

Ejusd Ejusdem Of  the  same. 

Enem Enema Enema. 

Ext Extractum Extract. 

Exhib Exhibeatur Let  it  be  given. 

F Fahrenheit Fahrenheit. 

Feb.  dur Febre  durante The  fever  continuing. 

F.  ;  Ft Fac,  Fiat Make. 

Filt Filtra Filter. 

Fid Fluidus Fluid. 

Flor Flores Flowers. 

F.  m Fiat  mistura Make  a  mixture. 

Fol Foliae Leaves. 

F.  p Fiatpotio Make  a  potion. 

F.  pil Fiat  pilulae Make  pills. 

F.  s.  a Fiat  secundum  artem Prepare  skillfully. 

Gr Granum .  Grain. 

Gtt Guttas Drops. 

Guttat Guttatim By  drops. 

Hor.  decub Hora  decubitus At  bed  time 

H.  s Hora  somni     At  bed  time. 

Inj Injectio An  injection. 

Liq Liquor Liquor. 

M Misce Mix. 

Mac Macera Macerate. 

Mass.  pil Massa  pilularum Pill  mass. 

Mod.  prescript Modo  prajscripto In  the  manner  directed. 

Mor.  sol More  solito In  the  usual  way. 

Muc Mucilago Mucilage. 

No Numero Number. 

Noct Nocte     By  night. 

O Octarius A  pint. 

Ol Oleum Oil. 

Ol.  res Oleoresina Oleoresin. 

Ol.  oliv Oleum  olivse Olive  oil. 

Cm Omni  mane Every  morning. 

Omn.  bih Omni  bihora Every  two  hours. 

Omn.  hor Omni  hora Every  hour. 

Omn.  noct Omni  nocte Every  night. 

Oz Uncia Ounce. 

Part  seq Partes  sequales Equal  parts. 

P.  B Pharmacopeia  Britannica  .  .  .  British  Pharmacopeia. 

P.  G "  Germanica    .   .  German  Pharmacopeia. 

Pil Pilula •  .   .  Pill. 

Pond Pondera By  weight. 

Pot Potassa Potassa. 

Ppt Preparata Prepared. 

P.  rat.  setat Pro  rata  setatis In  proportion  to  age. 

P.  r.  n Pro  re  nata When  required. 

Pulv Pulvis Powder. 

Q.  1 Quantum  libet According  as  required. 

Q.  p "         placeat At  will. 

Q.  s "         sufficit A  sufficient  quantity. 

I;t Recipe Take. 

Rad Radix Root. 

R Reaumur Reaumur. 

Rect Rectificatus Rectified. 

Rep Repetatur     Let  it  be  repeated. 

Sp.  Gr • Specific  gravity. 

S Signa Label. 

Sig Signetur Let  it  be  labeled. 

Sig.  n.  pr Signa  nomine  proprio     ....  Label  with  common  name. 

Sing Singulorum Of  each. 

Si  non  val Si  non  valeat If  it  do  not  answer. 

Si  op.  sit      Si  opus  sit '.   .    .    .  If  requisite. 

Solv Solve Dissolve. 

Sp.,  or  Spir Spiritus .   .  Spirit. 

Ss SemijSemissis One-half. 

St .  Stet Let  it  stand. 

Sum Sumat Let  him  take. 

Syr Syrupus Syrup. 

T.  d Ter  in  die Three  times  a  day. 

Tr.  Tinct Tinctura Tincture. 

Ung Unguentum Ointment. 

Vesic Vesicatorum A  blister. 

ITl Minimum Minim. 

3 Drachma Drachm. 

3 Scrupulum Scruple. 

S Uncia Ounce. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


IX 


II.     ABBREVIATIONS   L'SEU   IX    HLECTKOTHERAPEUTICS. 


.\iii(de. 

.\nodaI  Closure  Contraction. 

AiKuial  Duration. 

Anodal  Opening. 

Anodal  Opening  Contraction. 

Cathode. 

Cathodal  Closure. 

Cathodal  Closure  Contraction. 

N'arious  Uejjrees  of  Contraction. 

Cathodal  Opeiiint;  Contraction. 
C.  S.    .    .    .  Current  Strength. 

D Duration. 

D Density. 

De.  R.    .    .  Reaction  of  Degeneration. 

E Electromotive  Force. 

K K.ithode. 


A. 

,  or  An. 

A. 

C.  C.     . 

A. 

D.  .    .   . 

A. 

O.  .    .   . 

A. 

O.  C.     . 

C. 

C. 

C.    .    .    . 

c 

C.  C.     . 

c. 

c .  C-. . 

c. 

O.  C.     . 

Kl Klang  (Sound). 

K.  C.  .    .    .  Katliodal  Closing. 

K.  C.  C.     .  Katliodal  Closing  Contraction. 

K.  C.  T.     .  Katliodal  Contraction,  Tonic. 

K.  D.  .   .   .  Kathodal   Duration  (or  Period  of 

Closure  of  Circuit). 
K.  D.  T.    .  Kathodal  Duration  Tetanus. 
Ma.      .    .      Milliampere. 
O Opening  of  Circuit. 


Te. 


Tetanic  Contraction. 


R Resistance. 

Z Zuckung  (Contraction). 

-f Anode  or  Positive  Pole. 

— Kathode  or  Negative  Pole. 

> Greater  than,  as,  A' >W. 

< Less  than. 


III.  ABBREVIATIONS  USED  IN  OPHTHALMOLOGY. 


Ace.    .    .   .  Accommodation. 

Ah Hyperopic  .Astigmatism. 

Am.     .   .   <  Myopic  Astigmatism. 

As Astigmatism. 

cm Centimeter. 

Cyl.     .   .   .  Cylinder,  Cylindrical  Lens. 

D Diopter. 

E Emmetrupia,  Emmetropic. 

F Formula. 

H Hvperopia,  Hyperopic. 

L.  E.  .   .    .  Left  Eye. 

M Myopia,  Myopic. 


mm.    .    .    .  Millimeter. 

CD....  Right  Eye. 

O.  S.   .    .    .  Leit  Eye. 

p.p.    .   .   .  Punctum  proximum,  Near  Point. 

p.  r.     ...  Punctum  remotum,  Far  Point. 


R.  E. 
Sph. 


Right  Eye. 

Spherical,  Spherical  Lens. 


V Vision.  Visual  Acuity. 

+  ,  — ,  =     .  Plus,  Minus,  Eiinal  to. 

00 Intinity,  20  ft.  distance. 

C Combined  with. 

o Degree. 


IV.  SUNDRY  ABBREVIATIONS. 


Adj.  . 
Adv.  . 
Am.  . 
Arab. 
A.  S.  . 
Bot.  . 
Celt.  . 
Chem. 
Colloq. 
Comp. 
Dim.  . 
r.  g.  . 
Elec.  . 
Eng  . 
Etym. 
Fr.  .  . 
A  •  • 
Geoe. 
Geol. 
Geom. 
Gcr.  . 
Gr.  .  . 
Heb. 
Ichth. 
It.     .    . 


Adjective. 

Adverb. 

American. 

,\rabic. 

Anglo-Saxon. 

Botany,  Botanical. 

Celtic. 

Chemistry,  Chemical. 

Collo<iuial. 

Compounded,  Compound. 

Diminutive. 

For  example. 
,  Electricity. 
.  English. 

.  Etymology,  Etymological. 
,  French. 
,  Feminine. 

,  f'leography,  Gcogranhical. 
.  tieology,  (Jeologir.al. 
.  (ieometry.  Geometrical. 
.  German. 
.  Greek. 
.  Hebrew. 
.  Icluhyology. 
.  Italian. 


Lat.    . 

.    .  Latin. 

Masc. 

.   .  Masculine. 

Math. 

.    .  Mathematics. 

Med. 

.    .  Medicine,  Medical. 

Nat.  Hist.  Natural  History. 

Neg. 

Negative. 

Obs. 

.    .  Obsolete. 

Ophth 

.    .  Ophthalmology,  Ophthalmological 

Path. 

Pathologv,  Pathological. 

Phil. 

.    .  Philosophy,  IMiilosophical. 

Phys. 

.    .  Physiology,  Physiological. 

pi.     .   . 

.   .  Plural. 

priv. 

.   .  Privative. 

Pron. 

.   .  Pronounced,  Pronunciation. 

Lx. 

.   .  (Quod  vide)  which  see. 

.    .  Saxon. 

Sing. 

.    .  Singular. 

Sp.  . 

.   .  Spanish. 

Surg. 

.    .  Surgery,  Surgical. 

Unof. 

.   .  Diiollicial. 

V.  .    . 

.    .  Verb. 

V.  1. 

.    .  Intransitive  verb. 

V    t. 

.    .  Transitive  verb. 

Zool. 

.   .   .  Zoology,  Zoological. 

PREFIXES  AND  SUFFIXES  USED  IN  MEDICAL  TERMS. 


I.    PREFIXES. 


A-,  an-,  called  alpha  privative  (Gr.  a,  av,  or  a/u.).  The  equivalent  of  our  prefix,  un-,  or  in-;  denotes, 
an  absence  or  want  of  the  thing  or  quality  expressed  by  the  principal,  e.g.,  adynamia, 
ancErobic,  aphasia,  apraxia,  apyrexia,  astigmatism,  atony,  etc.  a,  is  used  before  consonants, 
an,  before  vowels,  and,  rarely,  am  before  bl,  or  br.    (To  be  distinguished  from  ana,  below.) 

Amphi-  (or  amph-)  {a^^i)  upon  both  sides,  in  two  ways,  as  in  amphiartiirosis,  amphibia,  etc. 

Ana-  (afa).     Up,  through  again,     e.g.,  anabolism,  anasarca,  a^iatomy,  etc. 

Anti-  (or  ant-)  (avri).  Against,  opposed  to, opposite  of,  as  aiitaphrodisiac,  antipyretic,  antiseptic,  etc. 

Apo-  (ano).     Off,  away,  upon,     e.g.,  aponeurosis,  apoplexy,  etc. 

Dia- (Sia).    Through.    Examples:  Diabetes,  Diagnosis,  Diaphragm,  Diarrhoea,  etc. 

Dys-  (6us).    Difficult,  defective,  painful,    e.g..  Dysentery,  Dyspnoea,  Dysuria. 

Ec-,  Ex-,  Ecto-  (eK,  ef,  6KT05).  Out,  outside,  away  from.  As  in  Ecchymoses,  Ecdemic,  Eclampsia, 
Exostosis,  Exanthema,  Ectiopion,  Ectoderm. 

En-,  Em-  (ev,  e^i).    In,  within.    As  in  Embryo,  Embolism,  Endemic,  etc. 

Endo-,  Ento-  {ivho%,  ei-ros).    Within,  internal,    e.g..  Endarteritis ,  Endoscope,  Entoblast ,  Entoptic. 

Entero-  {ivTipov).    The  intestine.    As  in  Enterocele,  Enterostomy,  etc. 

Epi-  (cTTt).    Upon,  over,  above,    e.g.,  Epiblast,  Epicranium,  Epistaxis,  Epidemic,  etc.   ' 

Extra-  (Lat.).    Outside,     e.g..  Extravasation,  Extroversio?i. 

Gastro-  (-yao-TTjp).  The  stomach;  relation  to  the  stomach,  e.g.,  Gastrocele,  Gastrocnemius,  Gas- 
troenterostomy, etc. 

Hsema-,  Hsemato-  or  Heme-  (at/aa).  The  Blood  ;  pertaining  to  the  blood.  See  Hamatomesis, 
Hczmatoma,  Hirmorrhage,  etc. 

Hemi-  (ij/xi-tjuio-ds).     Half.     As  in  Hemiachromatopsia,  Hemicrania,  Hemiplegia. 

Hetera-  i^'i.-npo'i).     Different;  opposite,     e.g.,  Heteroinfection,  Heterologous,  Heteiopathy. 

Hydro-,  Hydr-  (uSwp).  Water;  resembling  or  relating  to  water,  dropsy,  etc.,  as  in  Hydremia, 
Hydragogue,  Hydrate,  Hydrocephalus,  etc. 

Hyper- (i/n-ep).  Excess;  exaggerated  abnormality  in  amount,  size,  quality,  etc.  S&e.  Hyperes- 
thesia, Hypermetropia,  Hyperpyrexia,  Hypertrophy,  and  others. 

Hypo-  (i/TTo).  Diminution  as  to  degree,  amount,  size,  quality,  etc.,  or  that  located  under  or  beneath. 
e.  g.,  Hyposthenia,  Hypoblast,  Hypochondriac,  Hypodermic,  Hypoglossal. 

Hystera-,  Hystero-  (ucrrepa).  The  uterus  or  womb  ;  relation  to  the  same,  e.g.,  Hysterectomy, 
Hystero-epilepsy,  Hysteropexia,  etc. 

Im,-  In-  {In).     Privative;  negative,  as  Imperforate,  Incarceration,  Insane,  Incontinence. 

In-  (ei').     In,  within,  upon,  by  ;  as  Incubation,  Infarction,  Inflammation,  Inoculation,  etc. 

Infra-  {Infra).     Beneath,  Below;  e.g.,  Inframaxillary,  Infrascapiilar. 

inter-  {Inter).     Between.     See  Intercellular,  Intercostal,  hitertrigo,  and  others. 

Leuco-  (AevKo?).     Whiteness,     e.g.,  Leiichcrmia,  Leucocyte,  Leucomaines,  Leucorrhcca. 

Lith-,  Litho-  (Ai^o?).  Pertaining  to  stone,  calculus,  or  lithic  acid.  See  Lithcrmia,  Lithiasis, 
Lithotripsy,  etc. 

Macro-  (|U.a«pos).     Largeness,  Hypertrophy,  as  in  Macroglossia,  Macromelia. 

Melano-  (jueAa?).     Blackness,  Pigmentation,     e.g..  Melancholia,  Melano-sarcoma. 

Meso-  f/neo-os).    The  middle.     See  Mesoblast,  Mesocolon,  etc. 

Meta-  (nera).    With,  amidst,    e.g..  Metabolism,  Metatarsus. 

Micro-  (luiorpo?).    Smallness.    e.g.,  J\/icrococcus,  Microglossi  1,  Microscope. 

Mon-,  Mono-  (/ixoi'os).     Singleness.     For  example,  Monamine,  Monomania,  Monorchis. 

Multi-  {uiullus).     Number,  many.     ^.  g.,  Multilocitlar,  Multiparous. 

Myelo-  (/nveAo?).     Referring  to  the  brain  or  spinal  cord,  as  in  Myeloid,  Myelitis. 

Myo-  (p-u!).     Pertaining  to  a  muscle  or  muscularity.     See  Myocarditis ,  Myoma,  Myopathia. 

Neuro-  {vtvpov).  Relating  to  a  nerve  or  neurology.  As,  e.g.,  Neuralgia,  Neurastheiiia,  Neuri- 
lemma, Neuroglia. 

Odonto-  (060U5).     Of  the  teeth,  as  in  Odontology,  Odontalgia. 

Oligo-  (oAiyos).     Fewness  or  lack  of,  as  Oligocythamia. 

Ophthalmo-  (o<f)0aApos).     Pertaining  to  the  eye,  as  in  Ophthalmia,  Ophthalmoplegia. 

Osteo-  (oo-Teoi').     Referring  to  bone.     See  Osteoblast,  Osleoinyclitis,  Osteoplastic. 

Oxy-  (ofir?).     Denoting  the  presence  of  oxygen,  or  acidity,  as  in  Oxygen,  O xyheemoglobin. 

Para-  {irapa.).  Through,  near,  by,  by  the  side  of,  abnormality.  Examples  :  Paracentesis,  Parcrslhe- 
sia.  Parenchyma,  Parotid. 

Peri-  (n-ept).  About,  around.  See,  e.  g..  Pericardium,  Perimeter,  Perinccum,  Perineoplasty, 
Periosteum. 

Poly-,  Pol-  (ttoAus).     Many,  much,     e.g.,  Polycoria,  Polygalactia,  Polyuria. 

Prae-,  Pre-  {Prcp).     Before,     e.g.,  PrcEcordia,  Prepuce. 

Pro-  (Trpo).     Before,  down,  as  in  Process,  Procidentia,  Prolapse,  Proptosis. 

Pseudo-  (i/(evSr)?).     False,  spurious,  as  in  Pseudarthrosis,  Pseudocyesis. 

Pyo-  (-n-vov).     Pertaining  to  pus,  or  purulency.    e.g..  Pyogenic,  Pyosalpinx. 

Pyr-,  Pyro-  {nvp).     Concerning  fire  or  heat,  or  inflammation,     e.g.,  Pyrogenous,  Pyrexia. 

Retro- {A'etro).     Backward,  behind,    e.g.,  Petroflex,  Retroversion. 

Sub-  {.Sub).     Beneath,  under;  and  also  Partialty  or  Deficiency  of,  as.  Subclavian,  Subluxation. 

Super- {.Super).     Above,  upon  ;  excess  of.     e.  g.,  Supercilium,  Superfecundation. 

Supra-  {.Supra).     Above,  U|)on,  superior  to,  as  Supraorbital,  Supiaspinatus. 

Sym-,  Syn-  (a-vv).  With,  together,  same.  See,  e.g.,  Symblepharon, Symphysis , Synalgia,  Synchon- 
drosis. 

X 


PREFIXES  AND  SUFFIXES  USED  IX  MEDICAL  TERMS.  xi 

II.  SLFFIXES. 

-aemia  (oi/ia,  blood).  Denotes  a  condilinii  of  ilie  blood,  or  ingredient  in  the  same  expressed  by 
l>rccciliiig  word,     e.g.,  Hyiiia-mui,  l.ilhtrmui,  Pyii-niia,  L'm-iiiia. 

-agogue  i^ayai,  lo  bear  oft",  carry  away).  Signifies  an  agent  stimulating  the  function  of  excretion  or 
secretion  of  the  product.     Thus,  Emnu-iiagoguf,  Hydtagogue,  Siala^ogiit-,  tic. 

-agra  (aypa,  an  attack,  seizure).  Denotes  an  acute  attack  ol  pain  in  the  part,  as  Arlhragta, 
PoJai:ra. 

-algia  loA-yi?,  pain).  Pain  in  a  part,  expressed  by  the  chief  word,  e.g.,  Cephalalgia,  Castralgia, 
.Xostalgia. 

-atresia  (arpijcria).     Imperforate,  as  in  Proctatresia. 

-cele  [Ki]\r)).     \  tumor,  hernia  or  protrusion.     See  Cyslocele,  Hydrocele,  Meningocele. 

-ectomy  ^txTtM''"))-     Excision,  exsection,  as  in  Oophorectomy,  JS'ephrectomy,  i^plenectomy. 

-graph,  graphy  (>pa.J)u),  to  write).  An  instrument;  a  treatise  or  description,  e.g.,  iyphygmo- 
g>  apli,  Jhmogiapliy. 

-itis  (iTit).     An  inllammation,  as  Gastritis,  Otitis,  etc. 

-logy  lAoyot,  discourse).     A  treatise  upon,  as  Bacteriology,  Derinatology,  Pathology. 

-malacia  (uaAaKos,  soft).     Abnormal  softness,  as  in  osteo-malacia. 

-mania  (/xana,  madness).  The  chief  word  denotes  tlie  principal  symptom  of  the  mental  afTection  : 
e.g.,  Etotomania,  Kleptomania,  etc, 

-Gdynia  (oSui-i),  excessive  pain).  The  principal  word  denotes  the  seat  of  great  pain,  as  Coccyo- 
liynia. 

-Old  (ei'ios,  form).     Similar  in  shape,  etc.,  as  xnChoroid,  Cuboid,  Sphenoid,  Xiphoid. 

-oma  (ujfLo.).    A  tumor.     See  Glioma,  Sarcoma. 

-opia  [u)Jj).     Pertaining  to  the  eve  or  vision,  as  in  Amhhopia,  Myopia,  etc. 

-pathy  (iraSo?).  A  condition  of  disease,  and  also  a  method  of  cure.  As,  e.g..  Adenopathy,  Psycho- 
pathy, Honuvopathv,  Hydropathy. 

-phobia  ((^odo?,  fear).     Excessive  fear  or  dread,  as  Agoraphobia,  Photophobia. 

-plasty  irkacraui,  to  form).  Surgical  plastic  operation  upon  a  part,  e.g.,  Blepharoplasty,  Rhino- 
plasty. 

-rhaphy  (pai^ij,  a  suture).     A  stitching  or  suturing  of  a  part,  as  Enterorrhaphy,  Perineorrhaphy. 

-rhagia  (pijyruM',  to  burst  forth).  A  hemorrhage  or  excessive  discharge,  e.g.,  Blennorrhagia, 
Metrorrhagia. 

-rhoca  (ptui,  to  flow).  An  excessive  discharge  or  excretion,  as  in  Blennorrhcea,  Diarrha-a,  Leucor- 
rhita. 

-scopy  (dKOTTfui).  An  examination,  as  Ophthalmoscopy.  The  instrument  by  which  the  examina- 
tion is  made  takes  the  termination  scope,  as  in  Laryngoscope. 

-tomy  (T«/iru),  to  cut).     Incision,     e.g.,  Laparotomy,  Tenotomy. 

-uria  (oi'peu),  to  urinate).     Abnormalities  of  the  urine  or  of  urination.     As  Albuminuria,  Polyiti  ia. 

CONCERNING  PRONUNCIATION. 
The  syllable  marked  with  a  single  acute  accent,  is  the  accented  syllable. 

Quantity  of  I  'owels. 

Accented  vowels  are  usually  long,  except  i  followed  by  a  consonant  and  ;',  as  in  inhibition, 
imbibition,  beneficial,  etc. 

Diphthongs  are  usually  long,  but  in  a  few  words,  such  as  haemorrhage,  which  are  often  spelled 
with  a  single  vowel,  the  ^is  short. 

In  words  ending  in  ite,  the  /  is  long. 

In  words  ending  in  itis,  the  »  of  the  i>eindt  is  always  long,  as  bronchitis,  neuritis,  etc. 

Final  i,  o,  and  «  are  long;  final  e,  uidess  silent,  is  long.  It  is  marked  with  a  grave  accent  if 
sounded. 

A  vf)wel  which  is  obscure  in  <iuantily  has  usually  the  long  sound. 

A  vowel  before  two  or  more  coiiSdii.ints,  ex<ept  as  previously  noted,  is  short. 

The  I  in  words  eiuliiig  in  ine  is  short. 

The  vowel  /at  ihi-  end  of  an  iniacccnled  syllable  is  short. 

When  in  one  syllable  a  vowel  is  followed  by  a  coiisunant,  the  vowel  li:is  the  usual  s1ii«i  t  Ivnglish 
soun<l,  as  in  man,  m/rn,  f»n,  not,  stwIT,  mjstery.  e.g.,  nmcula,  p^'ctoral,  d/ploe,  li'lnilus,  suppurate, 
sj-steniic. 

Quality  of  Vowels, 

l-inal  a  has  the  Italian  sound  of  a,  as  \n  father. 

In  words  ending  in  aine,  such  a^  ptomaine,  the  a  has  the  Italian  sound. 

//•  and  ir  are  pronounced  as  e,  in  mete. 

au  (fliplithoiig)  has  the  sound  (i( a7t'  in  sa7i>. 

eu  (diphthong)  h.is  the  sound  nf /-re  \\\yew, 

CONSONANTS. 

In  words  of  Latin  and  C.ri-ek  deriv.Ttion  ch  is  hard,  like  k. 
The  Idlers//',  represenling  the  (',rci-k  </>,  havi-  ihe  sound  ofy. 
In  Creek  words  ///  has  the  soft  souml,  as  in  Ihm. 

The  combination  phth,  <(><♦,  has  the  sound  of/  at  the  beginning  of  a  word. 

Itefore  e,i.y,  if,  and  <r,  c  hnsthe  sound  of  t,  and  v: .  of  j.  f.g  ,  ciiliac,  cephalic,  gynecology, 
ginglynuis.     In  other  cases  c  and/,'  have  tin-  li;iid  siiiiiid. 


INDEX  OF  TABLES. 

PAGE 

Abbreviations  used  in  General  Medicine,  .  vii 
Abbreviations  used   in   Electro-therapeu- 
tics,    ix 

Abbreviations  used  in  Ophthalmology,  .   .  ix 

Abbreviations,  sundry ix 

Prefixes  and  Suffixes  used  in  Medical 

Terms, x 

Arteries, 53 

Bacilli, 65 

Ganglia 169 

LeucomaVnes, 237 

Micrococci 263 

Muscles, 280 

Nerves 299 

Plexuses 350 

Ptomaines 367 

Spectacle-lenses,  numbering  of, 40S 

Thermometers,  comparison  oi 437 

Tumors 447 

Wave-lengths  of  Light 464 

Weights  and  Measures, 465 

Weights  and  Measures  —  comparative 

scales, 467 

Mineral  Springs  of  the  U.  S., 473 

Vital  Statistics, 506 


NEW    DICTIONARY 


OF 


Medical  Words  AND  Phrases. 


A  (a,  av,  or  au,  without).  The  Greek  letter 
alpha,  called  alpha  privative,  equivalent  to 
the  prelix  ttn  or  ///.  It  denotes  absence 
or  want  of  the  thing  or  quality  expressed 
liy  the  root  of  tlie  word,  a-  is  used  before 
consonant,  and  an-  before  vowel  sounds ; 
am  is  sometimes  used  before  bl  or  be. 
Also,  the  s}'mlx)l  of  anode. 

Aa  {ava.,  of  each).  An  abbreviation,  writ- 
ten aa,  used  in  prescriptions  to  denote  repe- 
tition of  the  same  quantity  for  each  item. 

Ab  {ab,  from).     A  Latin  prefix  signifying 

J I  0111. 

Abacf'us  Venter  [abigcre,  to  drive  out). 

An  abortion  procured  by  artificial  means. 
Abaptis'ton  (a,  not,  jiaTr-iaror^  immersed). 

A  trephine  so  shaped  that  penetration  of 

the  l)rain  is  imjXDSsible. 
Abarticula'tion     {ab,    from,    articulatio, 

joint).     Same  ^s  diarthrosis,  a.  term  more 

frequently  used. 
Aba'sia  (a  neg.,  I^nrjir,  a  step).    Motor  in- 

c:o  ordination  in  walking.     See  Astasia. 
Abbe's    Apochromatic    Lenses.       See 

Af'i''  lirciiiiilii-  /,,  iisrs. 

Abbrevia'tions.  See  List  of  Abbrcvia- 
tii'H\,  p.  vii. 

Abdo'men  {abJrrr,  to  hide).  'Ihe  large 
inferior  cavity  of  the  trunk,  extending  from 
the  pivic  cavity  to  the  dia|)hragm,  and 
Ixjunded  in  front  and  at  the  sides  by  the 
lower  ribs  and  aUlominal  mu.stles;  behind 
by  the  vrrtebral  (oluinn,  p.soas  and  quadra- 
tus  lumlioruin  mustlis.  It  is  artificially 
dividi-d   into  nine  regions  by  two  circular 

2  17 


lines,  the  upper  parallel  with  the  cartilages 
of  the  ninth  ribs,  the  lower  with  the  iliac 
crests,  and  by  two  lines  from  the  cartilages 
of  the  eighth  rib  to  the  center  of  I'oupart's 
ligament.  The  regions  thus  formed  are, 
above,  the  right  hj-pocliondriac,  the  epigas- 
tric, and  the  left  hypochondriac;  secondly, 
the  right  lumbar,  umbilical,  and  left  lum- 
bar; and  below,  the  right  inguinal,  the 
hypogastric  and  the  left  inguinal.  Pen- 
dulous A.  A  relaxed  and  pendulous 
condition  of  the  alxlominal  walls. 

Abdom'inal.  Pertaining  to  or  connected 
with  the  abdomen.  A.  Aorta.  See  r/z/frr. 
A.  Ganglia.  See  Ga/ix^/ia.  A.  Gesta- 
tion. S(.e  J'/Yi;/iaiirv,  Extra-iiti:niu\  A. 
Muscles,  tlie  Internal  and  External 
C)bliques,  the  Transversalis,  Rectus,  Pyra- 
midalis,  and  Quadratus  Lumborum.  A. 
Reflex,  an  involuntaiy  contraction  of  the 
abdominal  muscles  when  the  skin  over  the 
abdomen  is  stinnihitcd.  A.  Regions.  See 
Abdomen.  A.  Respiration,  R.  earned 
on  chiefly  by  the  diaphragm  and  abdominal 
muscles.  A.  Ring,  External,  a  triangu- 
lar opi'ning  in  the  fibres  of  the  aponeurosis 
of  the  external  oblique  nuiscle  transmitting 
the  S[)ermalic  cord  of  the  male  and  the 
rouiitl  ligament  of  the  female.  A.  Ring, 
Internal,  an  oval  aperture  in  the  fascia 
transver.salis  which  transmits  the  si)ennalic 
cord  of  the  male  and  the  round  ligament 
of  the  female. 

Abdominos'copy  (abdomen,  ffAoTrw,  to 
examine].      I'.xainination  of  the  abdomen 


ABDUCENS 


18 


ABORTION 


for  diagnostic  purposes,  by  inspection,  pal- 
pation, measurement,  percussion,  etc. 

Abdu'cens  {ab,  from,  diuo,  to  lead).  A 
term  applied  to  certain  muscles,  or  their 
nerves,  that  draw  the  related  part  from  the 
median  line  of  the  body.  Also,  the  sixth 
pair  of  nerves  supplying  the  external  recti 
of  the  eye.     A.   Oculi.     See  Muscle. 

Abdu^cent.     See  Abduceiis. 

Abduct^or.  Same  as  Abduccns,  q.  v.  A. 
Auris.     See  Muscle. 

Aber^'rant  [ab,  erro,  to  wander).  Deviating 
from  the  normal  or  regular  type,  in  ap- 
pearance, structure,  course,  etc.  e.  g.,  aber- 
rant duct  of  the  testis  or  liver,  aberrant 
arteries,  etc. 

Aberra'tion  [ab,  en-o).  Deviation  from  the 
normal,  especially  mental  derangement, 
foetal  malformation,  vicarious  menstruation, 
escape  of  the  fluids  of  the  body  by  any 
unnatural  channel.  In  optics,  any  imper- 
fection of  focalization  or  refraction  of 
a  lens.  A.,  Chromatic,  the  dispersion 
arising  from  unequal  refraction  of  light  of 
different  parts  of  the  spectrum.  The  violet 
rays  being  more  refrangible  than  the  red 
rays,  are  brought  to  a  focus  nearer  the  lens, 
and  the  image  is  surrounded  by  a  halo  of 
colors.  A.,  Spherical,  the  excess  of  re- 
fraction of  the  peripheral  part  of  a  convex 
lens  over  the  central  area,  producing  an 
imperfect  focus  and  a  blurred  image. 

A^bies.  A  genus  of  coniferous  plants,  in- 
cluding the  tir,  hemlock  and  spruce. 

Abiogen^esis  [a  neg.,  (iio^,  life,  ycyvofiaij 
to  beget).  The  production  of  living  by 
non-living  matter.  The  older  term  was 
spontaneous  generation.  Other  synonyms 
of  the  word  are  generatio  lequivoca, 
gencratio  piimaria,  archlgenesis,  arche- 
biosis,  etc.  The  theory  has  been  supported 
by  Pouchet,  Haeckel,  Huxley,  Bastian 
and  others.  Those  opposed  to  the  doctrine 
are  called  panspermists  or  heterogenists. 
The  dispute  is  one  of  the  most  fundamental 
in  biology. 

Abirrita^tion  [ab,  Irrito,  to  irritate).  Di- 
minished tissue  irritabihty,  synonymous 
witli  asthcitla. 

Ablacta^tion  [ab,  from,  lacto,  to  give  suck). 
The  end  of  the  suckling  period.  The 
weaning  of  a  child. 

Abla^tion  [ablatio,  removal).  Removal 
of  a  part  of  the  body,  as  a  tumor,  by  am- 
putation, excision,  etc. 

Ableph^aron  [a,  ftlt^apov,  the  eyelid). 
Congenital  al^sence  of  the  eyelids. 

Ab^luent  [abluo,  to  wash  away).  Deter- 
gent.   That  which  cleanses  or  washes  away. 


Ablu''tion.  Washing  or  cleansing  the 
body.  Separation  of  chemical  impurities 
by  washing. 

Abnorm'al  [ab,  away  from,  norma,  a  law). 
A  term  used  to  describe  anything  opposed 
to  the  natural  order  or  law,  as  A.  Pigmen- 
ta'tion,  any  excess,  deficiency  or  uncom- 
mon distribution  of  the  natural  pigment 
cells  in  the  rate  mucosum.  Sometimes 
caused  artificially  either  by  mechanical 
means,  such  as  tattooing,  or  by  the  reduc- 
tion and  deposition  under  the  epidermis  of 
metallic  salts  administered  as  medicine, 
such  as  nitrate  of  silver,  etc. 

Aboma^sum  [ab,  o/nasuni,  the  paunch). 
The  fourth,  or  true  stomach  of  ruminating 
animals,  called  also  the  rennet,  which  is 
used  for  coagulating  milk. 

Abort^  [aborior,  to  pass  away).  To  mis- 
carry ;  to  expel  the  foetus  before  it  is 
viable.  Also,  to  prevent  the  full  develop- 
ment of  a  disease,  as  in  abortive  small- 
pox or  varioloid,  in  which  the  eruption  is 
limited  to  the  vesicular  stage. 

Abort'icide  [abortus,  a  miscarriage,  cccdo, 
to  kill).     The  killing  of  the  unborn  foetus. 

Abortifa''cient  [abortus,  facio,  to  make). 
A  drug,  or  agent  inducing  the  expulsion  of 
the  foetus.  Ergot,  rue,  cotton-root,  digitalis, 
etc.,  are  examples.  They  act  by  causing 
uterine  contractions.  See  oxytocic  and 
ecbolic. 

Abor^tion  [abortus).  The  expulsion  of  the 
foetus  before  it  is  viable.  By  some  authors 
expulsion  of  the  ovum  during  the  first  three 
months  is  abortion;  from  this  time  to  via- 
bility, it  is  termed  immature  delivery,  or 
Diiscarriage,  and  from  the  period  of  viability 
to  that  olvx3.\.\x\\V'y,  pre  mature  delivery.  A., 
Artificial,  that  produced  intentionally.  A., 
Criminal,  when  not  demanded  for  thera- 
peutic reasons.  A.,  Embryonic,  up  to 
the  fourth  month.  A.,  External  causes 
of,  those  acting  from  without  to  pro- 
duce A.,  as  violence,  pressure,  injections, 
etc.  A.,  Foetal,  taking  place  subsequent 
to  the  fourth  month.  A.,  Incomplete, 
when  the  membranes  or  placenta  is  re- 
tained. A.,  Inevitable,  is  when  the  em- 
bryo or  foetus  is  dead,  or  when  there  is  an 
extensive  detachment  or  rupture  of  the 
ovum.  A.,  Internal  Causes  of,  are 
those  due  to  abnormal  conditions  or  dis- 
eases of  the  mother.  A.,  Missed,  the 
death  of  the  foetus  and  not  followed  with- 
in two  weeks  ijy  its  expulsion.  A.,  Ovu- 
lar, that  occurring  during  the  first  tliree 
weeks  after  conception.  A.,  Paternal 
and  Maternal  Causes  of,  those  due  to 


ABOULOMANIA 


19 


ABSORBENTS 


disease  of  the  fatlicr  or  of  the  mother  re- 
spectively. A.,  Spontaneous,  that  not 
induced  by  artiticial  nuaiis. 
Abouloma'nia  (ii  prW. ,  .ii)v?.rf,v,-\\\, /lavia, 
niadncss).  A  disease  of  the  mind  charac- 
teri/.ed  by  imperfect  or  lost  will-power. 
Abrach'ia    ^a   priv.,   ,3/)(i\/tj»',  the   arm). 

The  ccindition  of  an  armless  monster. 
Abra'sion  [c:/>  priv.,  nit/o,  to  rub).  E.xcori- 
atiun  of  tlu'  cutaneous  or  mucous  surface 
by  mechanical  means.  In  dentistry  ap- 
plied to  the  destruction  of  the  dentine  and 
enamel,  or  the  cutting  edges  of  the  teeth, 
whether  by  mechanical  or  chemical  means. 
A 'brine.  The  chemical  ferment  or  jroison- 
ous  principle  of  jeijuirity,  eiToneously  sup- 
poseil  to  be  due  to  a  sj>ecitic  microbe. 
A'brus.  Jequirity.  The  seeds  of  ^.  />re- 
ciitorius,  or  wild  liciuorice.  Properties  are 
Uiought  to  be  due  to  the  presence  of  cer- 
tain ferments.  Non-sterilized  infusions 
applied  to  the  conjunctiva  or  to  any  mucous 
surface  induce  violent  purulent  inllamma- 
tion  with  growth  of  false  membrane.  It  is 
used  in  producing  artiticial  conjunctivitis. 
A.  Infusum  :  semina  iij,  aqua  dest.  ^.ss. 
Macerate  and  add  acj.  5  ss.  All  unoflicial. 
Ab'scess  {abscesstis,  2ide\)3iri\xre  or  separa- 
tion— of  the  matter).  A  pus  formation 
within  some  cavity  of  the  body,  the  result 
of  localized  inflammation.  According  to 
location,  abscesses  are  named  Dorsal,  Iliac, 
Mammary,  Ischio-rcctal,  Peri-typlilitii,  Re- 
Iro-pharyui^cal,  Urethral,  etc.  A.,  Alve- 
olar, abscess  in  the  gum  or  alveolus.  A. 
of  Brain,  due  to  local  injury,  or  to  supi)u- 
rative  inflammation  near  or  distant,  such, 
especially,  as  diseases  of  the  ear.  The 
symptoms  are  those  of  pressure,  impaired 
function  of  the  part  affected,  meningitis, 
headache,  optic  neuritis,  etc.  A.,  Bursal, 
abscess  in  the  bursx',  the  most  frequent 
being  in  the  bursa;  patella;,  commonly 
called  Ihniii'maid's  Knee.  A.,  Chronic, 
or  Cold  Abscess,  one  of  slow  and  a])pa- 
rcntly  noninflammatory  development,  usu- 
ally aUjut  a  iK^ne,  joint,  or  gland.  A., 
Congestive,  the  pus  appears  at  a  ix)int 
distant  fmm  where  it  is  fomied.  A.,  Con- 
stitutional, due  to  some  systemic  disor- 
der. A.,  Critical,  occurring^  at  some 
critical  [x-ri'xl  of  an  acute  disia.se.  A., 
Embolic,  formnl  iti  the  clot  <jf  an  cinbol- 
isin.  A.,  Fecal,  <jne  developing  in  the 
rectum  <jr  large  intestine.  A.,  Gangre- 
nous, one  :itti'[idi-d  with  death  of  adjacent 
jKirLs.  A.,  Lacunar,  one  in  tin-  la<  un;e  of 
the  untliri.  A.,  Metastatic.  .Sec  /'r,r- 
tnia.     A  ,  Miliary.     .See   J'yiciiiia.     A., 


Milk,  or  A.,  Mammary,  one  in  the  female 
breast.  A.,  Multiple.  See  PytCDtia.  A., 
Perforating,  one  perforating  the  cornea, 
the  lung  or  other  containing  wall.  A., 
Phlegmonous,  an  acute  A.  A.,  Point- 
ing of,  the  point  where  the  abscess  tends 
to  break  through  its  external  confining  wall. 
A.,  Psoas,  one  arising  fVom  disease  of  the 
lumbar  or  lower  dor.^al  veitebnv,  the  pus 
descending  in  the  sheath  of  the  psoas 
muscle,  and  usually  pointing  beneath  I*ou- 
part's  ligament.  A.,  Pysemic.  See  Py- 
u-mia.  A.,  Residual,  about  the  products 
of  some  old  result  of  inflammation.  A., 
Stercoraceous.  See  Fecal  A.  A., 
Symptomatic,  one  indicative  of  some 
other  affection.  A.,  Thecal,  in  the 
sheaths  of  tendons. 

Ab'scess  Root.  The  root  of  Polcmcnium 
rcptaiis.  Alterative,  astringent  and  ex- 
pectorant.   Dose  of  lid.  ex.  ^ss-ij.    Unof 

Abscis''sae  (I'Y.  ahscisse').  The  transverse 
lines  cutting  vertical  ones  at  right  angles, 
to  show  by  a  diagram  the  relations  of  two 
series  of  facts,  as,  e.  g.,  the  number  of 
pulse-beats,  or  the  temperature  record  in 
given  periods  of  time. 

Abscis'sion  {ab,  from,  scindo,  to  cut  off). 
Removal  of  a  part,  as  the  prepuce,  or  a 
fractured  bone,  by  cutting.  Applied  par- 
ticularly to  a  surgical  operation  upon  a  sta- 
phylomatous  cornea,  in  which  the  bulging 
portion  is  excised,  the  parts  brought  to- 
gether so  that  the  posterior  and  chief  j)art 
of  the  globe  forms  a  "stump"  for  an  arti- 
ficial eye. 

Absinthe.     See  Absinthium. 

Absinth'ism.  A  disease  similar  to  alco- 
h(jlism,  the  result  of  the  excessive  use  of 
absinthe.  It  is  characterized  by  general 
muscular  debility  and  mental  disturbances, 
which  may  proceed  to  convulsions,  acute 
mania,  general  softening  of  the  brain,  or 
general  ])aralysis. 

Absinth'ium.  Wormwood.  The  leaves  of 
Artemisia  absinthium.  Contains  a  vola- 
tile oil  and  an  intensely  bittt-r  principle, 
Absinthin,  CiglL^^O^,  which  is  a  narcotic 
poison.  A.  increases  cardiac  action,  |)ru- 
duces  tremor  and  e|)ileptiform  convulsions. 
I  )osc  gr.  xx-xl.  Absinthe,  a  I'Vench 
li<|uor,  is  an  alcoholic  solution  of  the  oil 
exhibited  with  oils  of  anise,  marjoram  and 
other  aromatic  oils. 

Absorb'ents  (ab,  sorbere,  to  suck).  In 
phy^iologv,  an  organ  or  i)ait  which  absorbs, 
witliilraws,  or  takis  uj).  .\  leriii  applird 
to  the  lacteals  and  lyin/>h,itics,  t/.i'.  In 
inatciia  niediia,  a  name  applied  to  a  drug 


ABSORPTION 


20 


ACCOMMODATION 


or  medicine  which  produces  absorption  or 
exudation  of  diseased  tissue.  In  surgery, 
applied  to  substances  which  mechanically 
take  up  excreted  matter,  as  A.  Cotton, 
A.  Sponge,  etc.  A.  Glands.  See  Lymph- 
atics. 

Absorp^tion.  The  permeation  or  imbibi- 
tion of  one  body  by  another.  The  process 
whereby  nourishment,  medicines,  morbid 
products  of  tissue  metamorphosis,  etc.,  are 
taken  up  by  the  lymphatic  and  venous  sys- 
tems. In  ophthalmology  the  process  by 
which  the  lens  is  disintegrated  and  carried 
off  after  the  capsule  has  been  ruptured. 
A.  Lines  or  Bands,  the  lines  of  the 
spectrum,  called  Fraunhofer's  lines ;  they 
are  dark  lines  caused  by  the  arrestation  or 
absoiption  of  the  ethereal  waves  of  certain 
lengths  and  rapidities,  mainly  by  vapors  of 
the  sun's  atmosphere. 

Abste'mious  (^abs,  from,  tcinetiim,  wine). 
Abstinence  from  wine.  Temperance,  or 
moderation  in  matters  of  diet. 

Abster^gent  {abs,  tergeo,  to  cleanse). 
Cleansing,  detergent.     See  Detergent. 

Ab^stinence  [abs,  tineo,  to  hold  or  keep). 
Privation  or  self-denial  in  regard  to  food, 
liquors,  etc. 

Ab^stract  (abstraho,  to  draw  from).  A 
preparation  containing  the  soluble  princi- 
ples of  the  drug  evaporated  and  mixed 
with  sugar  of  milk.  It  represents  twice 
the  strength  of  the  drug  or  its  fluid  extract. 

Abstrac^tion  (^abstraho).  Blood-letting. 
In  pharmacy,  the  process  of  distillation. 
Also,  attention  to  one  idea  to  the  exclusion 
of  others.  Generalization  or  classiiication 
of  the  qualities  common  to  the  individuals 
of  a  group. 

Abstrac^tum.     See  Abstract. 

Abu^lia  (a  priv,,  j3ov?.>},  will).  Loss  or 
defect  of  will  power. 

Aca^cia.  Gum  Arabic.  A  nearly  white 
transparent  gum  exuding  from  several 
species  of  acacia.  Soluble  in  water. 
Used  in  manufacture  of  mucilage.  Con- 
tains Arabin,  CjjHjjOjj,  identical  in  com- 
position with  cane  sugar.  A.  Mucilage, 
acacia  34,  water  lOO  parts ;  incompatiljle 
with  alcoholic  tinctures.  A.  Syrup,  muci- 
lage 25,  syrup,  simp.  75.  Used  in  vari- 
ous mixtures,  as  a  demulcent,  and  to  sus- 
pend insoluble  powders. 

Acard^ia  (a  neg.,  Kapdia,  heart).  A  mon- 
strosity without  heart,  developed  simulta- 
neously with  a  normal  fcetus. 

Aca'rus  («  neg.,  Keipu,  to  cut  [because  so 
small]).  The  mite  or  tick,  a  parasite  of 
man  and  animals.     A.  Autumnalis,  the 


harvest-bug.     A.    Scabiei,   the   sarcoptes 
scabiei,  or  itch  parasite. 
Accel'erans  Nerve.     A  nerve  from  the 
accelerans   center  in  the   medulla  to  the 
heart,    intermediating   acceleration   of  its 
rhythm. 
Accelera'tor  Urinae.     A  muscle  of  the 
penis  whose  function  is  to  expel  the  last 
drops  in  urination,  to  expel  the  semen  and 
to  assist  erection.     The  sphincter  vaginae 
is  its  analogue  in  the  female. 
Acces^sion  {ad,X.o,  ccedo,\.o  draw).     The 
insult,  beginning,  or  onset  of  a  disease,  or 
of  a  stage  of  the  same ;   applied  especially 
to  periodical  diseases. 
Acces'sory.     A  term   applied  to  certain 
muscles,  ducts,  nerves,  arteries,  etc.,  that 
are  often  inconstant,  but  always  auxiliary 
in  function,  course,  etc.,  to  the  principal. 
A.  of  the  Parotid,  the  socia  parotidis. 
A.  Willisii,  the  spinal  accessory  nerve, 
named  after  the  discoverer.  A.  Gland  of 
the  Pancreas,  Brunner's  glands. 
Accident'al  Hemorrhage.    See  Hemor- 
rhage. 
Acclimatiza''tion    (ad,  clima,    climate). 
The  act  of  becoming  accustomed  to  the 
climate,  soil,  water,  etc.,  of  a  country  to 
which  a  plant,  animal,  person  or  a  people 
have  removed. 
Accommoda'tion  of  the    Eye    [accon- 
niodo,  to   adjust).     That   function  of    the 
ciliary  muscle  and  lens  whereby  objects  at 
different   distances    are    clearly    seen.     It 
depends  upon  the  inherent  elasticity  of  the 
lens,  which  when  the  ciliary  muscle  of  an 
emmetropic  eye  is  at  rest,  is  adapted  to  the 
proper  focalization  of  parallel  rays  of  light, 
or  of  such  rays  as  proceed  from  an  infinite 
distance,  or  from  the  horizon   of  the  ob- 
server.   Objects  nearer,  to  be  clearly  seen, 
require  a  greater  refracting  power  on  the 
part  of  the  eye  because  the  rays  from  such 
objects  are   more    divergent.     This   addi- 
tional   refracting    power   is  gained   by  an 
increased  antero-posterior  diameter  of  the 
lens  brought  about  by  the  contraction  of 
the    ciliary    muscle    which    occasions,   a 
loosening  of  the  suspensory  ligament  and 
a  thickening  of  the  lens  by  its  own  elas- 
ticity.     ^.,   Absolute,  the    accommoda- 
tion of  either  eye  separately.   A.,  Anom- 
alies of,   departures  from  the  normal  in 
the  action  of  the  mechanism  of  accommo- 
dation.    A.,  Negative,  the  eye  passive 
or  at  rest.    A.,  Paralysis  of,  ]>aralysis  of 
the  ciliary  muscle.    A.  Phosphenes,  the 
peripheral   light   streak  seen  in  the  dark 
after    the    act    of    accommodation.     A., 


ACCRETION 


21 


ACHEILIA 


Range  of,  the  distance  between  the  /■unr- 
tu»i  proximuni,  or  nearest  of  distinct  vis- 
ion, and  the  punctuin  reiuotissimum,  or 
most  distant  jx)int. 

Accre  'tion  (</</,  to,  crcscere,  to  increase).  A 
tirni  denoting  the  manner  by  which  ciys- 
talline  and  certain  orijanic  forms  increase 
their  material  substance.  Also,  the  ad- 
lierence  of  jiarts  that  are  normally  sepa- 
rate. 

Accouchee  (Fr.  <7,to,  lOuchc,  a  bed).  A 
woman  delivered  of  a  child. 

Accouchement  (r7</,to,<'^//<7/<\ abed).  The 
l-'rench  tmn  lor  lai>or,  or  delivery  of  a 
child.  The  act  of  childbirth.  A.  Force, 
rapid  and  forceful  deliver)-  with  the  hand 
durinn  severe  hemorrhage. 

Accoucheur.     A  man-midwife. 

Accrementi'tion  ((/(/,  craccrc).  A  term 
ap])lied  to  grow  ths  in  which  increase  takes 
place  by  interstitial  development  from 
blastema,  and  also  by  reproduction  of 
cells  by  fission. 

Accoucheuse.     A  midwife. 

A.  C.  E.  Mixture.  An  anesthetic  mix- 
ture, not  so  depressing  as  chloroform  :  al- 
cohol, 1  part;  chloroform,  2  parts;  ether, 
3  Jiarts. 

Acepha'lia  (a  neg.,  Ke<j>aXT/,  head).  A 
monstrosity  without  a  head.  The  tenn  is 
compounded  with  others  to  denote  the  ab- 
sence of  the  head  and  some  other  part. 
Thus:  Acephalobra'chia,  without  head 
and  arms.  Acephalocar'dia,  without 
head  and  heart.  Acephalochei'ria, 
without  head  and  hands.  Acephalogas'- 
tria,  without  head  and  belly.  Acepha- 
lopo'dia,  without  head  and  feet.  Aceph- 
alora'chia,  without  head  and  vertebral 
column.  Acephalothora'cica,  without 
head  and  chest. 

Aceph-'alocyst  (/ctwr/r,  a  bladder).  The 
bladder-worm.  A  headless,  sterile  hyda- 
tid, found  in  the  liver  and  other  organs. 
A.  Racemosa,  the  hydatid  mole  of  the 
uterus. 

Acerb'ity  (ncfrbita:^,  shaqjness,  sourness). 
Acidity  combined  with  astringency. 

Acerv'ulus  Cerebri.  A  term  applied  by 
Sommering  to  certain  concretionary  matter 
nearthcba.se  of  the  pineal  gland,  consist- 
ing of  alkaline  phosphates  and  carlxjnales, 
with  amyloid  matter. 

Aces'ccncc  (acaeo,  to  grow  .sour).  A 
di.scase  of  wines,  whereby  they  liecomc  sour 
owing  to  (he  agency  of  Niycotirrnia  accti. 

Acetab'ulum  [iiirtiihultim,  a  vinegar  cu|>). 
'l"h<-  eup-.sha|Md  cavity  whicli  receNes  the 
S<x:ket  of  the  bip-lx>nc. 


Ac'etal  {iiccttim,  vinegar).  Ethidene  di- 
ethylate,  a  colorless  liquid  having  the 
composition  CpII,^(>.„  fonned  by  the  oxida- 
tion of  common  alcohol. 

Ac'etate.     Any  salt  of  acetic  acid. 

Acetan'ilide.     See  Antifcbrin. 

Acet'ic.  Pertaining  to  acctitm  or  vinegar; 
sour.     See  Aii\/,  .Li/ir. 

Acet'ic  Ac'id  and  Ferrocyanide  Test 
for  Albumin.  Strongly  acidulate  the 
sample  of  mine  and  add  a  few  droi)S  of 
recently  prepared  potassic  ferrocyanide 
solution.  (It  precipitates  hemialbumose, 
but  does  not  affect  peptone.) 

Acetom'etry  {<u\'tiiiii,  fierfMv,  mcnsure). 
The  quantitative  estimation  of  the  amount 
of  acetic  acid  in  vinegar.  Usually  made 
by  an  acctoiiu-ter. 

Acetonae'mia  (acetone,  ai^ia,  blood).  The 
presence  of  acetone  in  the  organism.  It 
may  result  from  a  number  of  diseases,  but 
is  characteristic  of  chronic  diabetes,  and  is 
associated  with  dyspnoea,  subnomial  tem- 
perature, lowered  pulse-rate,  etc.  The 
patient  finally  falls  into  coma.  The  treat- 
ment consists  in  increasing  the  secretions 
and  by  removing  the  causes  of  the  disease. 

Ac'etone  [ucco,  to  be  sour),  CjHgO.  Di- 
methyl Ketone,  Methyl  Acetyl.  A  color- 
less, inllammable  liquid  prepared  by  dry 
distillation  of  the  acetates.  It  is  develojied 
in  the  body  by  the  feniientalion  of  organic 
matters,  and  is  found  in  such  diseases  as 
diabetes,  some  febrile  diseases,  alcoholism, 
etc. 

Acetonu''ria  {acefoite,  ovpov,  urine).  Ace- 
tone in  the  urine. 

Acetphenit'idin.     See  P/ieit(j<et/>ie. 

Acetophe'none.  Hypnone.  A  hyjinotic 
and  antiseptic.  Without  satisfactoiy  re- 
sults. 

Ace'tum.  Vinegar.  An  impure,  dilute 
acetic  acid  produced  by  acetous  fermenta- 
tion of  wine,  cider  or  other  fruit  juice. 
See  Fermcutatiou.  In  phannacy  a  .solu- 
tion of  the  active  principles  of  certain  dnigs 
in  dilute  acetic  acid.  There  are  fonrofticial 
acr/<i,  each  of  which  contains  the  soluiije 
prineipUs  of  lo  per  cent,  of  its  weight. 

Ac'etylene.  A  name  given  to  a  series  of 
hydrocarbons  having  the  structure  Cn  llan 
—  J.  Al.so,  applied  to  i-t/iine,  the  .second 
meml)er  of  the  .series,  a  gaseous  sul  stance 
fonned  during  the  incomplete  combustion 
of  hytlrocarlwn  fuels. 

Ache  (r/ yor,  allliction).  Any  continuous  or 
throbbing  pain. 

Achci'lia  [<i,  without,  V"^"C.  ^  lip)-  The 
congenital  absence  of  lips. 


ACHEIRIA 


22 


ACID 


Achei''ria  (a,  without,  x^'Py^^^^*^)-  The 
congenital  absence  of  hands. 

Achei^rus.     See  Acheiiia. 

Achillea  {^Achilles,  its  reputed  discoverer). 
Milfoil,  Yarrow.  The  herb  A.  niillefoHum. 
Properties  due  to  a  bitter,  aromatic,  astrin- 
gent, tonic  extractive,  (?f////A7«,  and  a  vola- 
tile oil.  It  has  long  been  used  as  a  vul- 
nerary, and  has  been  highly  recommended 
for  intermittents,  and  in  low,  exanthematous 
fevers.  Dose  of  an  _^j  to  Oj  infusion,  «</ 
lib. ;  of  the  extractive,  ^  j-  3  iij ;  of  the  vola- 
tile oil,  gtt.  v-xv.     Unof. 

AchiPles  Tendon.     See   Tendon. 

Achlorops^ia  [a  neg. ,  ;<;Aupof ,  green,  o-\\>Lq, 
vision).    Green-blindness.    See  Blindness. 

Acho'lia  (a  priv.,  x^'^^U  bile).  Non-secre- 
tion or  non-excretion  of  bile. 

Acho'lous  (a,  JO'^-'A  bile).  Pertaining  to 
Acholia,  q.  v. 

A''chor  (ajup,  chaff,  scurf,  or  dandruff). 
Crusta  lactea.  A  small  pustule,  followed 
by  a  scab,  upon  the  heads  of  infants. 

Acho^rion  («j(jp.)  A  name  given  to 
several  species  of  fungous  (or  fungoid) 
organisms  (possibly  modified  forais  of 
Petiicilimn  glauciini),  found  in  the  skin, 
especially  the  hair-follicles.  A.  Kerato- 
phagus,  the  form  causing  onychomycosis, 
q.  v.  A.  Lebertii,  the  parasite  of  tinea 
tonsurans.  A.  Schbnleinii,  the  species 
occurring  in  ringworm  or  tinea  favosa. 

Achroi'a  (a,  without,  xi>°'-"-i  surface  color). 
Same  as  Achro/na,  q.  7'. 

Achro'ma  (a,  ;t;/)w/^a,  color).  Absence  of 
color.  Pallor.  Paleness,  from  whatsoever 
cause.     A.,  Congenital.     See  Albinism. 

Achromat'ic  (a,  XP'^F^)-  Pertaining  to 
achroma ;  without  color.  A.  Lens,  one 
whose  dispersing  power  is  exactly  neutral- 
ized by  another  lens  having  the  same 
curvature  but  of  unequal  refractive  index. 
See  also  Aberration. 

Achro'matin.  The  substance  in  the  nu- 
cleus of  a  cell  prior  to  division.  So  called 
because  not  readily  stained  by  coloring 
agents.     See  Cell  Body. 

Achro^matism  (a,  xP^^I-t")-  Absence  of 
chromatic  aberration. 

Achromatops''ia  (a,  j/i6j//«,  oijitg,  eyesight). 
Color-blindness,     Daltonism,     dyschroma- 

.   topsia.     See  Blindness. 

Achroodex''trin.      A     reducing     dextrin 
formed  by  the  action  of  the  diastatic  fer- 
ment of  saliva  upon  starch  or  glycogen. 
Achylo'sis   («    neg.,   ;^;i'Aof,  juice).     De- 

licient  chylification. 
Achymo'sis  (a  neg.,  ;i,'i'//of,  chyme).     De- 
ficient chymification. 


Acic'ular  (acus,  a  needle).     Needle-like. 

Ac'id  [acere,  to  be  sour).  A  name  loosely 
applied  to  any  substance  having  a  sour 
taste.  A  compound  of  an  electro-negative 
element  with  one  or  more  atoms  of  hydro- 
gen which  can  be  replaced  by  electro-posi- 
tive or  basic  atoms.  Acids  vaiy  in  their 
terminations  according  to  the  quantity  of 
oxygen  or  other  electro-negative  they  con- 
tain. Those  having  the  maximum  of  oxy- 
gen end  in  -ie  ;  those  of  a  lower  degree  in 
-o:es.  WTiere  there  are  more  than  two  com- 
binations the  preposition  liyper-  is  prefixed 
to  the  highest,  and  hypo-  to  the  lowest. 
Acids  which  end  in  -ic,  as  sulphur/c  acid, 
form  salts  terminating  in  -ate ;  those  end- 
ing in  -ous  form  salts  terminating  in  -ite. 
Physiologically,  acids  in  concentrated  form 
act  as  caustics ;  diluted  and  in  medicinal 
doses  they  check  acid-producing  and  in- 
crease alkaline  secretions.  A.,  Acetic, 
an  acid  solution  composed  of  36  parts  of 
absolute  acetic  acid,  C2H^02,  and  64  parts 
water,  f  las  strong  acid  properties.  Mis- 
cible  with  water  and  alcohol.  A.,  Acetic, 
Glacial,  the  absolute  acid  in  ciystalline 
form.  A.,  Acetic,  Dilute,  contains  6  per 
cent,  of  absolute  acid.  Dose  3J-ij.  An 
impure  foim  obtained  by  the  destructive 
distillation  of  wood  is  known  as  wood  vine- 
gar, or  pyroligneous  acid.  A.,  Arse- 
nious,  and  Arsenic.  See  Arsenic.  A., 
Aromatic,  a  name  applied  to  certain  or- 
ganic acids  occurring  in  the  balsams,  resins 
and  other  odoriferous  principles.  Also,  in 
pharmacy,  a  dilute  mineral  acid  reinforced 
by  aromatic  substances  in  order  to  modify 
their  flavor.  A.,  Boric.  See  Boron.  A., 
Butyric  [biityriim,  butter),  an  acid,  C^Hg 
Oj,  having  a  viscid  appearance  and  rancid 
smell.  It  is  obtained  commercially  by  the 
fermentation  of  a  mixture  of  sugar  and 
butter  or  cheese  in  the  presence  of  an  alka- 
line carbonate,  but  occurs  in  various  plants. 
Combined  with  glycerine  as  glyceryl  buty- 
rate  it  is  essentially  butter.  The  ether  de- 
rived from  butyric  acid  is  the  natural  flavor 
of  the  pineapple.  A.,  QaxhoWc,  phe7iy lie 
alcohol,  or  phenol,  an  alcoholic  product  of 
the  distillation  of  coal-tar  having  the  com- 
position CgHg*^).  It  occurs  in  pinkish 
acicular  crystals,  highly  soluble  in  water, 
alcohol,  ether,  glycerine,  and  oil.  It  is  a 
powerful  antiseptic  and  germicide,  and  a 
violent  poison.  Internally  it  is  useful  in 
nausea  and  phthisis.  Dose  gr.  \^.  A., 
Carb.,  Glycerite,  contains  acid  I,  gly 
ceriive4}mrts.  A.,  Carb.,  Solutions.', arv 
from  I  to  5  per  cent,  in  water.     A.   Carb., 


ACID 


23 


ACID 


Unguent,  contains  acid  lo,  ointment 
90  parts.  A.,  Chromic,  CrO^,  used  as 
an  escharolic  for  the  desti-uciion  of  syphi- 
litic warts  and  similar  growtlis.  A  solu- 
tion of  I  :  40  is  used  as  an  antiseptic  wash 
for  putrid  sores  and  wounds.  See  J\>f<is- 
siitni.  A.,  Citric.  See  I.imoii.  A.,  Flu- 
oric, I  IF,  gaseous  and  soluble  in  water. 
The  dilute  acid,  I  :  200,  is  used  as  an  in- 
ternal remedy  in  goitre.  Dose  TT\_xx-xxx. 
A.,  Formic  (  forrnicn,  an  ant),  an  organic 
acid,  Cli./).^,  and  the  first  of  a  series 
formed  by  the  oxidation  of  alcohols.  It  is 
secreted  naturally  by  the  ant,  and  is  also 
thought  to  be  identical  with  the  venom  of 
the  bee.  A.,  Gallic,  lICJIjO^,  an  acid 
prepared  from  nutgalls.  Similar  in  ])ro- 
perlies  to  tannic  acid,  </.  7>.  Occurs  in  fme 
acicular  crystals.  Astringent  and  disin- 
fectant. Useful  in  night  sweats,  diabetes 
and  chronic  diarrhiY?a.  A.,  Gallic,  Un- 
guent, benzoaied  lard  90,  gallic  acid 
ID.  A.,  Pyrogallic  (unofficial),  obtained 
from  gallic  acid  by  heating  the  latter. 
Recommended  locally  in  phagedenic  chan- 
cres. A.,  Hydrobromic,  1 1  Br,  the  dilute 
acid,  which  is  the  chief  form  used,  consists 
of  10  jjer  cent,  acid  and  90  per  cent,  water. 
A  good  solvent  for  quinine.  Useful  in 
hysteria,  congestive  headaches  and  neural- 
gia. Is  recommended  as  a  substitute  for 
potassium  and  sodium  bromides.  Dose 
n\^xx-_:5ij.  A.,  Hydrochloric,  jy//r/V?//<r 
Acid,  IlCl,  a  licjuid  consisting  of  32  per 
cent,  of  II CI  gas  in  68  jjer  cent,  of  water. 
Colorless,  pungent  and  intensely  acid.  Val- 
uable as  an  aid  to  digestion.  A.,  Hydro- 
chlor..  Dilute,  a  10  {>er  cent,  solution  of 
al)S^jlute  acid  in  water.  Dose  ULiij-x.  A., 
Hydrocyanic,  Dilute,  I'ntssic  And, 
IICN,  a  li<iuid  consisting  of  2  jjcr  cent,  of 
the  acid  with  98  jier  cent,  of  water  and 
alco!)ol.  I'russic  acid  is  found  in  the  hitter 
almond,  the  leaves  of  the  peach,  and  in 
the  cherry  laurel,  from  the  leaves  of  which 
it  is  distilled.  It  is  the  most  violent  |X)ison 
known,  death  from  complete  asjjhyxia 
Ijcing  almost  instantaneous.  Valuai)le  for 
its  sedative  and  antis|)asmoflic  effects  in 
vomiting,  wIi<)r)|)ingcough,  and  spasminlic 
affeclicjns.  Dose  n\j-v.  'I'iie  following 
prcjKirations  are  empioyrd  :  Ai/ttu  I.anro- 
cerasi,  water  distilled  from  the  leaves  of 
the  cherry  laurel.  Dose  n\^v-xxx,  with 
caution.  Schei-Ws  Dilute  //vtinuyiiuir 
Acid,  in  4  or  5  per  rent,  solution  ;  dangcr- 
oas.  Amyn^dalii  atiiiira,  oil  f)f  i)itter  al- 
mond ;  u.scd  in  cosmetics.  A.,  Lactic, 
IIC3H/),,  a  liquid  containing  25  [icr  cent. 


of  absolute  acid  in  75  [ler  cent,  of  water. 
I'rtHluced  in  the  fennentation  of  milk. 
Generally  lound  impure  from  subsequent 
fennentation  except  when  freshly  made. 
Useful  in  aiding  digestion,  in  diabetes,  and 
as  a  solvent  of  false  membrane  in  dij)h- 
theria.  Dose  ^ss-^ss.  A.,  Muriatic. 
)r^QQ  Acid llydroihloiic.  A.,  Nitric,  IINO3, 
a  li<|uid  consisting  of  about  64  per  cent, 
absolute  acid  in  31  per  cent,  of  water. 
The  pure  acid  is  colorless,  fuming,  and 
highly  caustic.  A  very  powerful  escharotic, 
used  in  cauterization  of  chancres  and 
phagedenic  ulcers.  A.,  Nit.,  Dilute,  con- 
tains 10  per  cent,  ab.solute  acitl.  Dose 
ITLiij-xv.well  diluted.  A.,  Nitro-hydro- 
chloric,  A(pi(i  A'cj^-ia,  a  golden  yellow, 
finning  mixture  of  4  parts  nitric  and  15  iif 
hydrochloric  acid.  A  ready  solvent  of 
goKl.  Valuable  in  alTections  of  the  liver. 
Dose  TTLv-xx,  very  dilute.  A.,  Oleic, 
IIC,yIl3.,0.2,  a  constituent  acid  present  in 
many  fats  and  oils.  Obtained  in  the  manu- 
facture of  stearine  candles.  Soluble  in 
alcohol,  benzol  and  the  essential  oils;  in- 
soluble in  water.  Saponifies  when  heated 
with  alkaline  bases.  A.,  Osmic,  the 
oxide  of  osinitini,  one  of  the  rarer  elements. 
Has  been  recommended  for  hypodermatic 
use  in  sciatica,  strumous  glands,  and  can- 
cer. A.,  Oxalic,  a  colorless  crystalline 
solid,  C^H.^O^,  obtained  by  treating  sawdust 
with  caustic  soda  and  potash.  In  I2  g"". 
doses  a  depressant  to  respiratory  centers. 
In  large  doses  a  violent  poison.  Unof  A., 
Phosphoric,  Orthophosphonc  Acid,  H3- 
PO^,  contains  50  per  cent,  aa  acid  and 
water.  Of  value  in  strumous  alTections, 
and  thought  to  be  serviceable  in  dissolving 
phosphatic  deposits.  Has  none  of  the 
effects  derived  from  free  phosjihorus  or 
the  hyix)phosphites.  A.,  Phosphor.,  Dil., 
contains  10  per  cent,  of  absolute  acid. 
Dose  n\^v-xxx.  See  Si'di/tw,  /Wiissi/tm, 
C(ilcium,etr.  A.,  Picric,  Caibazotic  Acid, 
CgH.,(N0.^)30,  oi)lained  by  the  action 
of  nitric  on  carbolic  acid.  A  saturated 
solution  is  of  some  value  as  a  wash  in  ery- 
sipelas. An  excellent  test  for  albumen  and 
sugar  in  urine.  Dose  gr.  v-xv.  A.,  Pyro- 
gailic.  .See  A.,  (in/Zic  A.,  Sulphu- 
ric, Oil  of  Vitriol,  H.^SO,,  a  heavy,  oily, 
corrosive  acid,  consisting  of  not  less  than 
()U  per  cent,  sulphuric  anhyilride  and  10 
per  cent,  of  water.  (  If  value  in  lead  poi- 
soning. Sonutinu's  used  as  a  caustic.  A., 
Sulph.,  Dilute,  contains  10  per  cent, 
strong  acid  to  90  of  water.  I  lose  tTLx-xv, 
well  diluted.   A.,  Sulph.,  Aromatic,  con- 


ACID-ALBUMIN 


24 


ACOLOGY 


tains  20  per  cent,  acid,  diluted  with  alcohol 
and  rtavored  with  cinnamon  and  ginger. 
Dose  TT\^v-xv.  A.,  Sulphurous,  H.^S03, 
a  colorless  acid  containing  about  3^^  per 
cent,  of  sulphurous  anhydride  in  96 j^  per 
cent,  of  water.  The  gas  (SOj)  is  a  very 
valuable  disinfectant.  The  acid  is  used  as 
a  spray  or  lotion  in  diphtheria,  stomatitis, 
and  as  a  vi^ash  for  indolent  and  syphilitic 
ulcers.  The  various  hyposulphites  are 
mainly  valuable  in  that  they  decompose 
and  give  oft  sulphur  dioxide.  Dose  Tr^v- 
3J.  See,  also,  SoJiuin,  Potassiuni,  and 
Magnesium.  A.,  Tannic,  Tannin^  Cj^- 
H,(,Og,  an  astringent  acid  obtained  from 
nutgalls,  occuiTing  in  yellowish,  scaly 
crystals.  Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Internally  it  is  an  antidote  in  poisoning  by 
alkaloids  and  tartar  emetic,  and  in  hemor- 
rhoids and  catarrh  of  mucous  membrane. 
Useful  mainly  as  an  astringent  lotion  in 
many  skin  diseases.  Dose  gr.  j-xx.  A., 
Tan.,  Unguent,  a  10  per  cent,  ointment 
of  the  acid  incorjMrated  with  benzoated 
lard.  A.,  Tan.,  Troches,  each  contain 
I  gr.  of  tannic  acid.  A.,  Tan.,  Sup- 
positories, I  part  of  tannin  to  20  of  Ijutter 
of  cacao.  A.,  Tan.,  Glycerite,  i  part 
tannin  in  4  of  glycerine.  A.,  Tartaric, 
HjQH^Og,  the  acid  principle  of  the  grape 
and  many  other  fruits.  Obtained  in  color- 
less, transparent  crystals ;  chiefly  employed 
in  refrigerant  drinks  and  in  baking  powders ; 
20  grains  neutralize  27  of  potassium  dicar- 
bonate,  22  of  sodium  dicarbonate  and  15  j^ 
of  ammonium  carbonate.     Dose  gr.  x-xxx. 

Acid-Al^bumin.  A  derived  albumin.  A 
proteid,  having  been  acted  upon  or  dis- 
solved in  the  stronger  acids,  and  yielding 
an  acid  reaction. 

Acidim''etry  [acidus,  acid,  /xerpoi',  a 
measure).  Determination  of  the  free  acid 
in  a  solution,  by  an  acidimeter,  or  by 
chemical  reactions. 

Acid  Phenyl  Sulphate.  A  solution  of 
3  grammes  of  phenol  in  20  c.c.  of  strong 
sulphuric  acid.  Used  for  the  detection  of 
nitrates  in  water. 

Ac^idum.     See  And. 

Acine^sia  {a,  without,  Kivr/a/r,  motion).  A 
name  used  to  denote  loss  of  motion  in 
any  or  all  parts  of  the  body.  Also,  the 
interval  between  consecutive  throbs  of  the 
heart.     See  also  Diastole. 

Acin^iform  (^acinus,  a  grape).     Grape-like. 

Aci''nus  (//.  acini).  The  smallest  lobules 
of  conglomerate  glands;  the  saccules  of 
compound  racemose  glands;  the  lobules 
of  the  liver,  etc. 


Acleitocard^'ia  (a/c?i.f<rof ,  unclosed,  Kapc^ia, 
the  heart).  A  term  applied  to  the  imper- 
fect closure  of  the  foramen  ovale,  a  fatal 
opening  between  the  auricles  of  the  heart, 
vi^hich  prevents  perfect  aeration  of  the 
blood.  It  is  thought  to  be  connected 
with  the  disease  variously  known  as 
cyanapathy,  "  Blue  Disease,"  "  Blue  Jaun- 
dice," etc. 
Ac^me  {uK/LiTf,  a  point).  The  critical  stage 
of  a  disease;  the  crisis.  The  highest 
point  or  degree  of  anything. 
Ac^ne.  Varus.  A  general  term  used  to 
designate  lesions  arising  from  pustular 
inflammation  about  the  sebaceous  glands 
and  hair  follicles.  The  forms  commonly 
distinguished  are  A.  /rosacea,  A.  J'ari- 
olifoniiis,  and  A.  Vulgaris.  A.  Ade- 
noid, a  disseminated  form  of  A.  ]^ul- 
garis,  q.  v.  A.  Adolescentum.  See 
Acne  Vtdgaris.  A.  Albida.  See  Alili- 
uvi.  A.  Atrophica.  See  Acne  Varioli- 
formis.     A.    Disseminata.      See   Acne 

Vulgaris.  A.  Erythematosa.  See 
Ac7te  Rosacea.  A.  Frontalis.  See 
Acne  Vanolifo7-niis.  A.  Hypertrophica, 

Whiskey  N^ose,  an  extreme  development 
of  A.  Rosacea,  q.  v.  A.  Keloid.  See 
Dc7-iiiatitis  Papillaris  Capillitii.  A. 
Keratosa,  a  form  of  A.  Vtdgaris,  dis- 
tinguished by  a  horny  plug  in  the  hair  fol- 
licle. A.  Rhinophyma,  an  extreme 
development  of  Acne  Rosacea,  q.  v.  A. 
Rosacea,  a  chronic  congestion  of  the 
skin  and  subcutaneous  tissue  of  the  face, 
attended  with  seborrhcea,  and  resulting  in 
permanent  vascular  dilatation.  May  hyper- 
trophy the  tip  and  sides  of  the  nose 
[A.  hypertrophica,  "whiskey  nose''),  or 
expand  it  into  a  pendulous  tumor  i^A. 
rhinophyma).  A.  Sebacea.  See  Sebor- 
7-hcea.  A.  Varioliforme.  See  Molliis- 
cum  Contagiositm.  A.  Varioliformis 
(not  to  be  confused  with  A.  Varioli- 
forme). A  pustular  eruption  confined 
mainly  to  the  face  and  scalp,  which 
leaves  pitted  scars.  The  papules  and 
pustules  are  indurated  and  grouped.  A. 
Vulgaris,  stone  pock;  an  inflam- 
mation of  the  sebaceous  glands,  arising 
from  obstructed  or  retained  secretion. 
Occurs  mainly  in  children  or  youth. 
May  be  indurated,  punctate  or  pustular 
in  form. 
Acce^lius  (a  priv.,  Koilaa,  the  belly). 
Without  a  belly ;  applied  to  those  ex- 
tremely emaciated. 
AcoFogy  (a/fof,  remedy,  Aoyoq,  a  dis- 
course).    The  science  of  remedies. 


ACOMIA 


25 


ACTION 


Aco'mia  {aKfior,  bald).  Baldness.  A 
general  temi  applied  to  the  deficiency  of 
hair,  arising  from  any  cause. 

Aconite,  or  A''conite. 

Acon'itum.  The  root  of  Aion;titr?i  tia- 
pcllus.  Possesses  a  bitter,  pungent  taste. 
I'rtKluces  numbness  and  persistent  tingling 
in  the  tongue  and  lips.  \'iolently  jKiison- 
ous.  E.xerts  great  depression  of  the  heart, 
respiration,  circulation  and  ners'es.  The 
active  principle  is  .h-onitine.  Highly  bene- 
ficial in  fevers,  acute  throat  affections  and 
intlammation  of  the  respiratoiy  organs. 
Dose  gr.  ss-ij.  A.  Abstractum,  has 
double  the  strength  of  the  i>o\vdered  dmg 
or  its  fluid  ext.  Do.se  gr.  %-].  A.  Ex- 
tractum.  Dose  gr.  '^-'j.  A.  Ext. 
Fluid.,  has  a  strength  of  one  drop  to  the 
grain  of  powdered  dmg.  Dose  H^J2-'j- 
A.  Tinct.,  contains,  aconite  40,  tartaric 
acid  0.4,  alcohol  loo  parts.  Dose  \\  '^-ij- 
The  following  are  unofficial :  Aconitia 
(aconitine),  an  amoiphous  solid.  Dose  gr. 
5  Jjj— -'5.  AioiiitiH(t-,  Olcatiiiii,  a  2  per  cent. 
solution  of  aconitine  in  oleic  acid.  Napcl- 
lina.  Dose  gr.  \-\.  St.  Jacob's  Oil,  a 
weak  aconite  liniment. 

Acor'mus  («, /io/|//of,  the  trunk).  A  mon- 
ster without  a  trunk  or  body. 

Ac'orus.     See  CuIiuiihs. 

Acou'meter,  or  Acouom''eter  {okovu,  to 
hear, /if -/<oi,  a  measure).  An  instrument 
for  measuring  the  acuteness  of  hearing. 

Acous'tic.  Relating  to  the  ear  or  sense 
of  he.ning.  A.  Tetanus,  the  rapidity  of 
the  induction  shocks  in  a  frog's  nerve-muscle 
preparation,  as  measured  by  the  i)itch  of  a 
vibrating  rod.  A.  Nerve,  ])ortio  mollis 
of  the  seventh  ])air.      See  A'c/7>c's. 

Acous'tics.     The  science  of  sound. 

Acquired  Movements.  Those  brought 
un<li-r  the  inlUience  of  the  will  only  after 
con.scious  and  attentive  effort  and  i)racticc, 
in  (ii.stinclion  from  reacciuired  movements, 
those  rcin.st.itcd  in  their  former  proficiency 
after  injury  to  the  motor  regions  of  the 
brain. 

Acra'nia  {n  priv.,  Kftaviov,  the  skull).  The 
condition  of  a  mon.iter  with  partial  or  com- 
plete ai^scnce  of  the  cranium. 

Acrature'sis  (nKj>aTnn,  without  strength, 
(ivitiiiir,  micturition).  Inability  to  mictu- 
rate from  atony  of  the  bla/ldrr. 

Acrodyn'ia  (nKimr,  an  exlr -mity,  oih'vrj, 
pain).  A  <lisease  clo.sely  allii-d  t(»  pellagra 
and  ergoti-m;  attended  with  acute  hy|H'r- 
a  .stiiesia  of  the  |)aliiis  and  soles,  troubles 
of  motility,  di.sorden-d  nutrition  of  the  .skin 
ftn<l   muc<jus   membranes,  followed   by  an 


erythematous  eruption,  with  excess  of  dark 
brown  jiignientation.  Thought  to  be  caused 
by  diseased  grain. 

Acro'leine  ((/ctr, sharp, (?/(•///;/, oil).  Acrylic 
Aldeliyde.  A  highly  volatile  li(iuid  hav- 
ing the  composition  C'.,1I^();  derived  from 
the  decomi  osition  or  the  destructive  dis- 
tillation of  glycerine. 

Acromega'lia  {aKpng,  ^eyalo^,  large).  Ab- 
normal development  of  the  extremities. 

Aero 'mien  [nKpov,  a  summit,  utio^,  the 
shoulder).  The  triangular-shaped  process 
at  the  summit  of  the  scapula,  which  fonns 
the  attachment  of  the  deltoid  muscle. 

Acrompha'lus  [anpov,  nii(j)a'Aog,  the  navel). 
The  center  of  the  umbilicus,  to  which  the 
cord  is  attached. 

Acro'nyx  (uKprn',  oi-i'^,  a  nail).  The  in- 
growing of  the  nail. 

Ac'rotism  («,  without,  Kimrog,  striking).  A 
tenn  used  to  designate  any  defective  beat- 
ing of  the  pulse. 

Actin'ic  (UKnc,  a  ray).  Referring  to  those 
wave-lengths  of  the  spectrum  corres]xind- 
ing  to  the  violet  and  ultra-violet  jiarts  of 
the  same  which  produce  chemical  changes 
in  the  haloid  salts  of  silver,  and  arc  there- 
fore valuable  in  photograjihy. 

Actinom'yces  [uKTir,  fivhor,  mucous). 
\'egetable  parasites,  the  origin  of  the  dis- 
ease actinomycosis.  Called  also  the  Juiy 
/''//)/i;'//s. 

Actinomyco'sis  {aKTig,  ftvKrjg,  a  fungus). 
A  parasitical,  infectious,  inociilable  dis- 
ease lirst  observed  in  cattle,  also  in 
man,  due  to  the  presence,  in  ab.scesses 
and  sinuses,  of  the  leptotlinx-strcptotlirix. 
The  most  frequent,  and  most  curable,  fonn 
is  when  the  abscesses  form  abcmt  the  jaws 
and  teeth.  The  treatment  is  prophylactic, 
guaifling,  by  the  choice  of  meat  and  by  its 
pro]ier  cooking,  against  the  transference  of 
the  parasite ;  and  curative,  the  evacuation 
an<l  antisejitic  treatment  of  abscesses,  sin- 
uses, carious  teeth,  etc.  When  the  ]iara- 
site  has  found  a  nidus  in  the  lungs  or  di- 
gestive tract,  all  treatment  is  .so  far  use- 
less. 

Actinospo'ra  Charta''rum.  .\  parasitic 
fungus  developing  on  ])aper  and  lionks. 

Actinozo'a  [iiKTir^  fwoi',  an  animal).  One 
of  the  two  divisions  of  the  cielenlerata, 
including  the  sea  anemones,  stone  corals, 
etc. ;   called  also  antho/oa. 

Ac'tion  {('i^o,  to  do  or  ju-rform).  In 
pliysiolog)',  a  teiTU  used  tn  denote  the 
function  of  an  organ.  A.,  Reflex,  a 
movement  of  an  organ  or  pail  of  the  Uxly 
resulting  frnm  an  impressiun  carried  by  a 


ACTIVE 


26 


ADENOGRAPHY 


sensoiy  or  afferent  nerve  to  a  subordinate 
center,  and  then  sent  back  by  an  efferent 
nerve  to  some  point  at  or  near  the  source 
of  irritation. 

Act'ive.'  In  medicine,  a  tsrm  applied  to 
treatment  the  reverse  of  passive,  that  is, 
where  the  pathological  conditions  are 
acted  upon  directly  rather  than  partly 
controlled. 

Active  Insufficiency  of  Muscles.  See 
Insiifficioicy. 

Act'ual  Caut^ery.     See  Cautery. 

Acu^ity  {aciio,  to  sharpen).  Acuteness  or 
clearness  of  visual  power  in  the  percep- 
tion of  small  or  distant  objects. 

Acupres^sure  {aciis,  sharp,  pre/no,  to 
press).  An  operation  to  stop  ha;moiThage 
or  aneurysm  by  the  compression  of  a  needle 
inserted  into  the  tissues  upon  either  side, 
either  above  or  below  the  vessel. 

Acupunct^ure  [aciis,  pungo,  to  prick). 
Puncture  of  the  skin  or  tissue  by  one  or 
more  needles  for  the  relief  of  pain,  the 
exit  of  fluid,  the  coagulation  of  blood  in 
an  aneurysm,  etc. 

Acute'  (acHs).  Used  of  disease,  and 
signifying  rapid  and  severe  onset,  pro- 
gress and  termination.  When  applied 
to  pain,  sound,  vision,  etc.,  means  sharp, 
keen. 

Acutenac'ulum.     A  needle-holder. 

Acute'ness.  Pertaining  to  the  acute  stage 
of  a  disease.  Referring  to  vision,  used  as 
a  synonym  for  keenness  or  acuity. 

Acyanops''ia.     See  Blindness. 

Acye'sis  (a,  without,  Kyr/aig,  pregnancy). 
Sterility  of  the  female. 

Ad  [ad,  to).  A  Latin  prefix  of  words  and 
terms,  signifying  to,  toward,  at,  etc.  Ad 
didiqnium,  to  fainting.  Ad  libittvn,  at 
pleasure,  or,  according  to  discretion. 

Ad,  or  Add.  A  contraction  of  Adde,  or 
Additur,  meaning,  add,  or  let  there  be 
added :  used  in  prescription- writing. 

Adacf'ylous  {a,  without,  6aKTv7\.oq,  a 
finger).  Without  fingers.  In  biology, 
certain  crustaceans  the  arms  of  which 
are  without  claws. 

Ad'arn's  Apple.     See  Poniiun  Adami. 

Addepha'gia.     See  Bulimia. 

Ad^dison's  Disease'.  Melasma  supra- 
renale, Dermato-melasma-supra-renale,  or 
cutis  aerea  ("  bron/ed  skin  "),  adisease  of 
the  supra-renal  capsules,  first  described  Ijy 
Dr.  Addison,  and  characterized  by  tuber- 
cular infiltration  of  the  capsules,  discolora- 
tion of  the  skin,  progressive  anremia  and 
asthenia,  ending  in  death  from  exhaus- 
tion. 


Adduc'tion  [adduco,  to  bring  toward). 
Movements  whereby  a  part  is  brought 
toward  another  or  toward  the  median  line 
of  the  body. 

Adduct'or.  Applied  to  muscles  effecting 
adduction. 

Adelomorph'ous.     See  Delomorphous. 

Ademo'nia  (o,  Stjuovia^  trouble,  distress). 
Mental  distress. 

A'den  [adi/v,  an  acorn,  a  gland).  A  gland, 
a  bui)0. 

Adenal'gia  (ad?/p,  aZyof,  pain).  Glandular 
pain. 

Adenecto'pia  [aSr/v,  ektotzoq,  away  from 
a  place).  A  condition  in  which  the  gland 
does  not  occupy  its  proper  position. 

Adenemphrax'is  ((l6>iv  and  efu^pa^tg,  to 
obstruct).     Glandular  obstruction. 

Ade'nia.     See  Lymphadenoina. 

Aden'iform  [aSijv,  forma,  resemblance). 
Of  the  shape  of  a  gland ;  glandlike. 

Ad'enine  [a6r]v,  a  gland, — first  discovered 
in  pancreatic  glands).  A  leucomaine,  dis- 
covered in  1885  by  Kossel;  the  simplest 
member  of  the  uric  acid  group  of  leuco- 
maines.  A  relation  exists  between  hydro- 
cyanic acid  and  all  the  members  of  this 
group,  and  the  base  Adenine  seems  to  be 
fonned  by  polymerization  of  hydrocyanic 
acid.  It  occurs,  with  other  bases,  as  a  de- 
composition product  of  nuclein,  and  may 
be  obtained  from  all  animal  and  vegetable 
tissues  rich  in  nucleated  cells.  It  exists 
largely  in  the  liver  and  urine  of  leuco- 
cythremic  patients,  as  a  result  of  the 
breaking  up  of  the  nucleated  white  blood 
corpuscles.  It  appears  to  be  necessary 
to  the  formation  and  building  up  of 
organic  matter,  playing  an  important  part, 
together  with  guanine,  in  the  physio- 
logical function  of  the  cell  nucleus.  Non- 
nucleated  cells,  though  capable  of  living, 
are  incapable  of  reproduction ;  the  nucleus 
appears  to  be  the  seat  of  the  functional 
activity  of  the  cell,  indeed,  of  the  entire 
organism.  Nuclein,  the  parent  of  ade- 
nine and  guanine,  has  been  credited 
with  a  direct  relation  to  the  re])roductive 
powers  of  the  cell.  Adenine  is  not  poi- 
sonous. Its  physiological  action  is  not 
definitely  known. 

Adeni'tis  [a(hjv  and  itis,  inflammation). 
Infiamniation  of  a  gland.     See  Bubo. 

Ade'no-.  A  Greek  prefix  to  denote  rela- 
tion to  glands. 

Aden'ocele.     See  Adenoma. 

Adenodyn'ia.     See  Adenalgia. 

Adenog'raphy  {aAiiv,  ypai^u,  to  write).  A 
treatise  on  the  glandular  .system. 


ADENOID 


27 


ADVENTITIA 


Ad'enoid  (^«('vi',f"'"f,  resemblance).  Re- 
sembling a  gland.  A.  Body,  the  pros- 
tate gland.  A.  Tissue.  See  Aninial 
y  'issue. 

Adenol'ogy  yufiijv  and  /.o^.cf,  a  discourse). 
Tlic  science  of  the  glandular  system. 

Adeno'ma  (nJr/i',  o^ia,  tumor).  A  tumor 
that  has  sprung  from  a  gland,  or  con- 
structed after  the  type  of  a  secreting 
gland. 

Adenomyxo'ma  [a^i{\\  fiv^n,  mucous).  A 
composite  growth  having  the  characters  of 
adenoma  and  myxoma. 

Adenop'athy  (^aJ;/r, -a(^of, disease).  Dis- 
t-ax'  of  glands. 

Adenophleg'mon  (a^^,<p?.eyfxov^).  Sup- 
purative inflammation  of  a  lymphatic  gland 
complicating  a  wound. 

Adenosarco'ma  {aSi/v,  sarcoma).  A 
tumor  with  the  characters  of  adenoma  and 
sarcoma. 

Adenosclero'sis  (aSr/v^sc/erosis).  A  hard- 
ening of  a  gland,  with  or  without  swelling. 

Adeno'ses  [aS/jv).  Chronic  abnormalities 
of  the  glands. 

A'deps.  Lard.  The  fat  obtained  from  the 
alxiomen  of  the  pig.  Composed  of  38 
per  cent,  stearin  and  margarin,  and  62 
per  cent,  olein.  Forms  70  per  cent,  of 
CL-ratum,  and  80  of  unguentum,  //.  ?'.  A. 
Anserinus,  goose  grease.  A.  Benzoa- 
tus  contains  2  per  cent,  of  l)en/oin.  A. 
Ovillus,  mutton  suet.  Adipis  Oleum, 
a  fixed  oil  expressed  from  lard. 

Ader^'mia  (a  priv.,  Sepua,  skin).  Ab- 
sence or  defect  of  the  skin. 

Adhe'sion  {ii<///irro,  to  slick  to).  Abnor- 
mal union  of  two  surfaces  as  a  result  of 
abrasion,  inflammation,  £>/<-.  A.,  Primary, 
called  also  Hi-aliiii;  by  First  Intrn/ioii,  and 
by  Iiniitediate  Union,  a  rtiethod  of  healing 
of  wounds  by  the  production  of  lymj)!!, 
followed  by  the  vascularization  and  cica- 
trization of  the  exudate.  A.,  Secondary, 
or  I/ealinj^  by  Sei-ond  /nh-iitioii,  or  bv 
Granulation,  is  that  mode  of  healing  at- 
tended by  the  production  of  |>us  and  the 
formation  of  granulations.  A.  Plaster. 
See  Kiitplaslruin . 

Adhe'sive  Plaster.  See  Resin  and  J-'.in- 
p/iistrunt. 

Adiaphore'sis  («  priv.,  (hrulxiprvij,  to  per- 
s|>iri-).      iJi-dcicnt  sweat. 

Adiapneus''tia  («,  (W«Ti't(j,  to  perspire).  A 
wurcl  used  to  denote  stopp;»ge  of  |>ersi)i- 
ralion. 

Adiathe'sia  (a,  Aia^iair,  condition).  A 
tirtn  u.si-d  lo  denote  a  condition  or  partic- 
ular disc-ojie  which  is  not  coni^eniiul. 


Ad'inine.     See  Adenine. 

Ad'ipic  Acid.  An  oxidation  product  of 
the  fatty  acids,  having  the  comjxisition 
^.^'^  1  ii"4-     ^'  '*  diba.-ic  and  diatomic. 

Ad''ipocere  [adeps,  fat,  cera,  wax).  A 
wax-like  substance  formed  by  the  exjx)- 
sure  of  fleshy  tissue  to  moisture,  with  the 
exclusion  of  air,  i.  e.,  in  the  earth  or  under 
water.  It  consists  of  the  fatty  acids  in 
coml)ination  with  the  alkaline  earths  and 
ammonium.  Human  botlies  in  moist  burial 
places  often  undergo  this  change. 

Adipog''enous  ((7</e/>s,  fat,  genero,  to  pro- 
duce). That  which  produces  fat  and  adi- 
pose tissue. 

Ad'ipose.  Patty.  A.  Tissue,  fat  cells, 
united  by  connective  tissue ;  distributed 
extensively  through  the  body.  It  is  com- 
po.sed  of  triolein,  tripalmitine  and  tristear- 
ine,  and  is  liiiuitl  during  life  or  at  the  tem- 
perature of  the  living  body. 

Ad'juvant  [aJjm'o,  to  assist).  A  medi- 
cine that  assi-sts  the  action  of  another  to 
which  it  is  added. 

Adoles'cence  ((^/(»A'.frv>,  to  grow).  Youth, 
or  the  period  between  puberty  and  ma- 
turity, usually  reckoned  as  extending  in 
males  from  about  14  to  25  years,  anil  in 
females  from  12  to  21. 

Ado'nis  Estiva'lis.  A  plant  much  used 
in  Italy  as  a  cardiac  tonic.  Similar  pro- 
perties possessed  by  A.  Vernalis.  Dose 
tal)lespoonful  of  ^^j  to  i^  xl.     Unofficial. 

Adoscula'tion  (</</,  to,  osculor,  to  kiss). 
Impregnation  by  external  contact  without 
intromission. 

Adre'nals  {ad,  pn>,  the  kidney).  The 
supra-renal  capsules. 

Adru'e.  Anti-emetic  root.  The  root  of  O'- 
/<ents  artieulatus.  Strongly  recommended 
to  check  black  vomit  of  yellow  fever.  Dose 
of  tlie  fld.  ext.  gtt.  xx-xxx.     I'nof. 

Adult'  {adoleseo,  to  grow).     Mature. 

Adultera'tion  [adu/tero,  to  counterfeit). 
The  admixture  of  inferior,  imjuire,  inert, 
or  less  valuable  ingredients  to  an  article 
for  gain,  dece])tion  or  concealment.  Medi- 
cines, wines,  foinls,  etc.,  are  largely  adul- 
terated, the  latter  to  a  shameless  extent. 

Advance'ment.  An  ojjeration  to  remedy 
straliismus,  generally  in  conjunction  with 
tenotomy,  whereby  the  opposite  tendon 
from  the  over-acting  one  is  aUo  cut  and 
brought  forward,  so  that,  growing  fast  in  a 
more  advanced  jxisition,  it  shall  have  more 
|x)wer  to  act  u|ion  the  globe  o(  the  eye. 

Adventi'tia  (aih'entitim,  fonigii).  The 
evlein.il  covering  or  coat  of  the  blootl- 
vessels. 


ADVENTITIOUS 


28 


AFTER-BIRTH 


Adventi^tious.  Accidental,  foreign,  ac- 
(|uired,  as  opposed  to  natural  or  hereditary. 

Adyna'mia  (^a  priv.,  (Svi'afin^,  power). 
Deliciency  or  loss  of  vital  or  muscular 
power. 

.^dcEag''raphy  (^aiSoMj  the  generative 
organs,  ypcKpu,  to  write).  A  description 
of  the  generative  organs. 

.^doeoFogy  [aidoia^  '/^^oyoc,  a  discom-se). 
A  treatise  or  monograph  on  the  organs  of 
generation. 

.^gagro'pili  (ni^  [gen.  c}")f],  aypiog,  a 
wild  goat,  TTt/iOf,  hair).  Intestinal  concre- 
tion fonned  of  hair,  found  in  animals  and 
occasionally  in  man.     A  bezoar. 

^gilops  (a^f,  uibj  eye).  Abscess  with  per- 
foration at  the  inner  canthus  of  the  eye, 
supposed  to  be  a  result  of  lachrymal  fistula. 
See  Anchylops. 

.^goph^ony  {atS,,  (jxjvtj,  the  voice).  In 
auscultation,  a  term  meaning  a  modification 
of  bronchophony  in  which  the  voice  sounds 
sharjj  and  tremulous,  like  that  of  a  kid. 

.^quabiFiter  just'o  ma'jor,  or  mi'nor 
PeFvis.     See  Pelvis. 

A^erated  (n///),  the  atmosphere).  Impreg- 
nated or  charged  with  carbon  dioxide. 

Aerhaemocto'nia  (a?/p,  air,  aijia^  blood, 
KTovoq,  killing).  Death  by  the  entrance  of 
air  into  the  veins. 

Aero'bia  (a/;p,  air,  /5«of,  life).  The  quality 
of  living  in  the  presence  of  oxygen.  A., 
Facultative,  normally  or  usually  anae- 
robic, but  under  certain  circumstances 
acquiring  terobic  power. 

Aero'bic.  Pertaining  to  microbes  I'equiring 
oxygen  (air)  in  order  to  live. 

.ffiroco^mia  Sclerocarpa.  A  South  Ameri- 
can plant,  very  popular  as  a  remedy  in 
leucorrhcea,  diarrhrea  and  albuminuria.  It 
is  astringent.     Unof 

Aerom^eter  [arip,  fierpov,  a  measure).  An 
instrument  for  ascertaining  the  density  of 
gases. 

Aeropho''bia  (a?;/),  (pojSog,  fear).  Dread 
of  a  current  of  air.  A  symptom  of  hydro- 
phobia and  hysteria. 

A^eroscope  (a///),  oko-eu,  to  observe).  An 
instrument  for  the  examination  of  air 
dust.  Also,  an  instrument  for  estimating 
the  purity  of  the  air. 

Aerotherapeu^tics.  A  mode  of  treating 
disease  by  varying  the  pressure  or  the 
composition  of  the  air  breathed. 

Aerterivef'sion  (fw/p,  r?/pfw,  to  hold,  7>tvVo, 
to  turn).  A  method  of  arresting  hajmor- 
rhage  by  everting  the  cut  end  of  an  artery, 
invaginating  the  vessel  in  itself  and  lixing 
the  parts  by  a  needle. 


.^s^culin.  A  glucoside  in  the  bark  of  the 
horse    chestnut    having   the    composition 

.^s^thesin  (a/fn?//crif,  sensibility).  A  name 
given  by  Thudichum  to  an  anhydrous 
compound  of  sphyngosin  and  neurostearic 
ether  occurring  in  brain-tissue. 

i^sthesiom^eter.  An  instrument  for 
measuring  tactile  sensibility. 

.^sthesod^ic  [aicdr/cig,  odog,  path).  Re- 
lating to  the  gray  substance  of  the  cord 
that  conducts  sensory  impressions  to  the 
brain.  Kinesodic  parts  conduct  the  motor 
impulses  from  the  centers  to  the  muscles. 

.^stua'rium  [trsha,  heat).  A  vapor-bath. 
Also  a  stove  designed  to  apply  warm,  dry 
air  to  all  parts  of  the  body  at  the  same 
time. 

yE-'ther.     See  £t/ier. 

JEtioVogy.     See  Etiolos^y. 

Affec^tion  [afficio,  to  affect).  A  synonym 
of  disease. 

Af^ferent  (ad,  \.o,fcro,  to  cairy  to).  A  term 
applied  to  vessels,  nerves,  ch-.,  that  con- 
vey their  contents  or  impulses  from  the 
periphery  to  the  center.  An  efferent 
nerve,  impulse  or  current  is  in  the  reverse 
direction. 

Affin^ity  (afflnis,  akin  to).  Relationship; 
a  synonym  of  attraction.  A.,  Chemical, 
the  force  exerted  at  inappreciable  dis- 
tances, and  between  definite  and  invari- 
able weights  of  two  or  more  combining 
substances,  whereby  bodies  of  dissimilar 
nature  unite  to  form  new  compounds. 
Contradistinguished  from  cohesion,  which 
is  an  attraction  between  molecules.  A., 
Elective,  the  preference  of  one  sub- 
stance for  another  rather  than  for  a  third 
or  fourth. 

Af  ^flux  [iiffltio,  to  flow  toward).  The  flow 
of  the  blood  or  other  liquid  to  a  particular 
part. 

Affu^sion  (affiindo,  to  pour  upon).  Pour- 
ing water  upon  a  substance  to  cleanse  it, 
or  upon  the  body  in  fevers  to  reduce  tem- 
perature and  calm  nervous  symptoms. 

African  Lethargy.  A  "  sleeping  sick- 
ness "  affecting  negroes  of  the  West 
African  coast.  Increasing  somnolence  is 
the  characteristic  symptom.  Veiy  fatal. 
Death  after  emaciation  follows  in  from 
three  to  six  months.  The  cause  is  un- 
known, and  post-mortem  examination  has 
revealed  only  hyperemia  of  the  arachnoid. 
No  treatment  avails. 

After-birth.  The  popular  designation  of 
the  placenta,  cord  and  membranes,  some' 
times  called  the  secundines. 


AFTER-IMAGES 


29 


AGRVPNIA. 


Arter-images.  Continued  retinal  im- 
pressions after  the  stimulus  of  the  light  or 
image  has  ceased  to  act.  A  fositii'c  after- 
image is  a  simple  prolongation  of  the  sen- 
sation ;  a  nei^ative  aftcr-iniiii^c  is  the  ap- 
jxjarance  of  the  im;ige  in  complementaiy 
colors.  After-sensations  may  be  also  e.\- 
jx^rienced  with  other  senses. 

After-pains.     See  Piiins. 

After-sensation.  A  sensation  lasting 
longer  than  tlie  stimulus  jiroducing  it. 

Agalac'tia  (a,  }«/«,  milk).  Failure  or 
insulliciency  of  the  mother's  milk  after 
childbirth. 

Agamogen'esis  (nyaim^,  without  mar- 
riage, }fi'f(j/f,  generation).  Reproduction 
without  fecundation,  as,  e.g.,  by  gemma- 
tion.    See  Piirt/u-nogt')icsis. 

A'gar-a'gar.  A  Ceylon  moss.  A  kind  of 
glue  made  from  certain  mosses,  used  in 
medicine  to  make  suppositories,  and  in 
bacteriological  studies  to  make  a  solution 
in  which  micro-organisms  are  bred  or  kept. 
See  Gclose. 

Agar''icine.  The  active  principle  of  Ai^ar- 
iitts  all'us.  It  has  proved  useful  in  the 
night  sweats  of  phthisis,  where  atropia  has 
failed.     Dose  gr.  tV~i*s-     Unof. 

Agar'icus.  A  genus  of  the  family  of 
Agaricini  or  mushrcHDm.  The  edible  va- 
riety, A.  Campestris,  is  characterized 
by  a  brownish  color,  which  does  not 
change  when  cut,  and  an  agreeable  taste. 
A.  Albus,  Purging  Agaric,  unof ,  a  fun- 
gas  parasitic  upon  the  European  larch ; 
contains  an  alkaloid  agaricin  and  agaric 
Olid.  Used  as  a  drastic  purgative,  valuable 
in  night  sweats.  Dose  gr.  xxx-^jj.  A. 
Cheirurgorum,  a  parasitic  fungus  for- 
merly u->ed  fur  moxa,  ij.  v.  .Soaked  in  .so- 
lution of  pota.ssium  nitrate  it  forms  spiivk. 
A.  Muscarius,  a  poisonous  mushroom, 
containing  an  alkaloid  muscarim',  q.  v., 
a  {xjWL-rful  cardiac  depressant.  Dose  of 
the  alkaloid  gr.  %-\].  Munarine  nitrate, 
a>ed  hy]XKlermically.      Dose  gr.  -j^y-f. 

Age.  A  jK-riod  of  life.  The  age  of 
infancy,  up  to  the  third  year;  of  child- 
hiKxl,  from  3  to  I2;  of  adolescence,  fmni 
alxjul  12  to  25;  of  maturity,  from  25  to 
50;  of  decline  or  .senility,  from  50  to 
death.  The  word  is  sometimes  used  to  de- 
note the  la.st  period  alone.  Other  divi- 
.sions  may  Ik;  made,  as,  <•.  g.,  thosi-  of  em- 
brj'onic  life,  of  inunaturity,  of  maturity, 
of  sti-rility,  etc. 

Agene'^sia  («,  ywiair,  generati(jii).  A 
lenn  vjmewhat  lix»sely  used  to  designate 
abnormal  or  imj>crfect  development.    Also 


imjx)tence    and    sterility.     In  1  otany,  the 
asexual  development  of  the  llower. 
Agens  Morbi.     See  IMorhi. 
A'gent  (ago,  to  act,  to  do).     A  substance 
or  force  that  by  its  action  effects  changes 
in  the  human  body. 
Ageu'sia  (a,  ytvaig^  taste).     Abolition  of 
the  sense  of  taste. 

Agglutina'tion  (i/gg/t/ti/io,  to  glue  ujwn 
or  to).  A  joining  together;  applied  to  the 
healing  of  wounds;  it  is  called  imnte- 
liitite,  if  by  the  lirst  intention;  mediate,  if 
through  the  inteiposition  of  some  sub- 
stance in  the  lips  of  the  wound. 

Agglu^tinatives.  Substances  with  adhe- 
sive properties,  fitted  to  retain  the  edges 
of  wounds  in  apposition.  Such  are  caout- 
chouc, Collodion,  etc. 

Aglobu'lia  (a  negative,  and  glMniliis,  a 
globule).  A  decrease  in  the  cjuantity  of 
red  blood  coipuscles,  with  corresponding 
increase  of  serum. 

Aglos^sia  (a  priv.,  y^Moaa,  the  tongue). 
Congenital  alisence  of  tongue. 

Ag'minate  Glands.  See  Glands,  Pey- 
cr'  s. 

Ag^'nail.     Hangnail. 

Agna'thia  (a  jsriv.,  yvnf^og,  a  jaw).  Ab- 
sence or  defective  development  of  the 
jaws. 

-ago'ga,  -agogues  [nyuyog,  one  who 
leads).  A  suflix,  denoting  agents  that 
drive  out  other  substances,  as  enimena- 
gogues,  lithagogues,  ete. 

Agorapho^bia  [(lyopa,  a  market-place, 
(f>Oj3og,  fear).  A  symptom  of  mental  dis- 
ease characterized  by  a  morbid  fear  of 
open  places  or  spaces. 

-agra  {ciypa,  a  seizure).  A  Greek  word 
added  as  a  suffix  to  various  roots  to  denote 
seizure,  se7iere  />ain  ;  as  jxjdagra,  ete. 

Agram'matism  (a,  ypafifirj,  a  word).  A 
j)henomenon  of  aphasia  consisting  in  the 
inability  to  form  words  grammatically,  or 
the  suppression  of  certain  wurtls  of  a 
phr;i>e. 

Agraph'ia  (a  neg.,  ypndu,  to  write).  In- 
aliility  to  express  ide;is  l)y  writing.  In 
.some  cases  not  a  single  leder  can  be 
formed;  in  others,  wt)rds,  and  a  luiinber 
of  words,  without  meaning,  can  be  written. 
See  Af'liiisia. 

A'gria  (nypwr,  wild).  A  ceilain  pustular 
erupt  ioti. 

Ag'rimony.  The  r(K)t  of  .Igrimonia  en- 
patoria.  A  mild  a>tringent.  Dose  of  lid. 
ext.  _^ss-ij.      Unof. 

Agryp'nia  (ayfimc,  restless,  vkviic.  sU-ep). 
Loss  of  sleep,  sleeplessness,  insomnia,  y.  v. 


AGUE 


30 


ALBUMIN 


A''gue  {^nciifus,  sharp,  acute,  Fr.  (iii,ni). 
Malarial  or  intermittent  fever,  character- 
ized by  paroxysms  or  stages  of  chill,  fever, 
and  sweating  at  regularly  recurring  times, 
and  followed  by  an  interval  or  intemiission 
whose  length  detennines  the  epithet,  quo- 
tidian, tertian,  etc.  In  some  cases  there  is 
a  double  paroxysm,  and  hence  called, 
double  quotidian,  double  tertian,  etc.  In 
dumb  ague  the  paroxysms  are  masked. 
Splenic  enlargement  follows  ague,  and  is 
called  A. -cake.  A. -drop,  a  solution  of 
the  arseniate  of  potash,  and  for  which 
Prowler's  solution  is  substituted. 

Ailan^thus.  The  bark  oi  A.  glandulosa, 
commonly  known  as  Tree  of  Heaven. 
Properties  due  to  an  oleoresin  and  a  vola- 
tile oil.  A  nauseant  and  drastic  purgative, 
constituting  an  excellent  anthelmintic 
against  tape-woiTn.  A.,  Ext.  fld.,  dose 
TTLx-gj.     A.,  Tinct.,  dose  TTLx-^ij. 

Ain^hum  (negro  word,  meaning  to  sau'). 
A  disease  in  Guinea  and  Hindostan,  pe- 
culiar to  negroes,  in  which  the  little  toes 
are  slowly  and  spontaneously  amputated 
at  about  the  digito-plantar  fold.  The  pro- 
cess is  very  slow,  does  not  affect  other  toes 
or  parts,  is  unaccompanied  by  any  consti- 
tutional symptoms,  and  its  cause  is  un- 
known.    Sometimes  attacks  the  great  toe. 

Air  (cE/),  from  aw  to  blow  or  breathe). 
The  chief  part  of  the  atmosphere.  At- 
mospheric air  consists  of  a  mixture  of  77 
parts  by  weight,  or  79.19  by  volume,  of 
nitrogen,  and  23  parts  by  weight  or  20.81 
by  voliune  of  oxygen,  with  3.7  to  6.2  parts 
by  volume  of  COj  in  10,000  parts.  100 
cubic  inches  weigh  30,935  grains.  The 
pressure  of  the  air  at  sea-level  is  about  14^4^ 
fts.  upon  the  sq.  in.  A.,  Complemental, 
is  that  that  can  still  be  inhaled  after  an 
ordinary  inspiration.  A.,  Reserve  or 
Supplemental,  that  that  can  still  be  ex- 
haled after  an  ordinary  expiration.  A., 
Residual,  that  which  remains  in  the  lungs 
after  the  most  complete  expiration  possible. 
A.,  Tidal,  that  taken  in  and  given  out  at 
each  respiration.  A.  Vesicles,  the 
rounded  tenninations  of  the  bronchial 
tuljes,  the  alveoli.     See  Atmosphere. 

Air-space.  A  space  in  tissue  filled  with 
air  or  other  gases  arising  from  the  separa- 
tion, rupture,  or  absorption  of  cells. 

Ajo^wan.  Bishop's  Weed.  The  fmit  of 
A.  Carum.  Carminative  and  antiseptic. 
Has  been  recommended  in  colic,  diarrhoea, 
etc.     Dose  of  the  fld.  ext.  TTLx-xxx. 

Akanthaesthe^sia  (anavOa,  a  thorn,  aiaO//- 
ciq,  sensation).     A  form  of  parai'sthesia  or 


perverted   sensation   in  which   there  is   a 
feeling  as  of  a  shar])  point. 

Akatapha^sia  (a,  without,  Kciraipan'u^  to 
declare).  Inability  to  utter  or  to  form  a 
complete  sentence,  arising  from  a  .syntactic 
disturbance  of  speech. 

Akin'esis  (n  neg,  Kiveu,  to  set  in  motion). 
Absence  or  imperfection  of  movement. 
Applied  to  the  heart's  diastole. 

Akroposthi^tis  {oKpng,  point,  nnaOia,  fore- 
skin). Inflammation  of  the  foreskin.  See 
Bala>iitis. 

Akyanops''ia.     See  Blindness. 

AI.  The  Arabic  definite  article,  the.  Pre- 
fixed to  many  words  to  designate  preemi- 
nence, etc.,  as  alkali,  alcohol.  In  chemi- 
cal nomenclature  it  is  used  as  a  suHix  to 
denote  similarity  to  or  derivation  from  an 
aldehyd,  as  chloral,  butjTal,  etc. 

A^las  (pi.  of  ala,  a  wing).  Applied  to 
various  wing-shaped  parts  or  appendages. 
A.  Auris,  the  pinna  of  the  ear.  A.  Nasi, 
the  lateral  cartilages  of  the  nose.  A. 
Vespertilionis,  the  broad  ligaments  of 
the  uterus.  A.  Vulvae,  the  labia  of  the 
pudendum.  Applied  also  to  the  armpits, 
parts  of  the  sphenoid,  vomer,  etc. 

Ala^lia  (a  ne:^.,  "kaXeu,  to  talk).  Impaired 
or  lost  articulation  from  paralysis  of  the 
muscles  of  speech. 

A^lar  i^ala,  wing).  'Winglike.  A.  Liga- 
ments, lateral  synovial  folds  of  the  liga- 
ment of  the  knee-joint.  A.  Odontoid 
Ligaments,  lateral  ligaments  of  the 
odontoid  process.  Alaria  ossa,  lateral 
processes  of  the  sphenoid  bone.  Alares 
musculi,  the  pterygoid  muscles. 

Albicans  {^albico,  to  grow  white),  white. 
Applied  to  the  corpora  albicantia  at  the 
base  of  the  brain. 

Al'binism  [at/>us,  white).  Congenital 
leucoderma,  congenital  leucopathia,  con- 
genital achroma.  The  congenital  absence 
or  abnormal  deficiency  of  pigment  in  the 
skin  and  other  tissues.  Alay  be  complete 
or  partial. 

Albugin'ea  {a/in/s).  White,  or  whitish. 
A.  Oculi,  the  sclerotic  coat  of  the  eye. 
A.  Ovarii,  and  testis,  the  tunica  albu- 
ginea  of  the  ovary  and  testicle. 

AFbumen  [albus).  The  white  of  egg. 
See  Albumin. 

Albumim'eter(rt'/(^;<w2«,;«erpov,  measure). 
An  instrument  for  determining  the  quanti- 
tative estimation  of  albumin  in  urine. 

AFbumin  {^albiis,  white).  A  proteid  sub- 
stance, the  chief  constituent  of  the  body. 
Its  molecule  is  highly  complex  and  varies 
widely  within    certain    limits  in  diff"erent 


ALBUMINATE 


31 


ALE 


Cleans  and  conditions.  It  contains  the 
following  percentages:  C;irlK)n  51.5  to 
54.5;  hydrogen  6.9  to  7.3  ;  nitrogen  15. 2 
to  17.0;  oxygen  20.9  to  23.5;  sulphur 
0.3  to  2.0.  Its  approximate  formula  is 
C7,H,,,N,^<  X_,,S.  Albumen,  white  of  egg, 
often  called  albumin,  is  largely  comjxised 
of  it.  Dther  varieties  are  called  after 
their  sources  or  characteristic  reactions, 
as  acid-allmmin,  alkali-altnmiin,  muscle-, 
serum-,  ovum-,  vegetable-albumin,  etc. 
A.,  Circulating,  that  found  in  the  fluids  of 
the  lK.Kly.  A.,  Organic,  that  forming  an 
integnil  part  of  the  tissue.  See,  also, 
Protiids  and  Niitive  Albumins. 
Albu'minate.  The  compound  of  albumin 
and  certain  bases,  as  albuminate  of  iron, 
or  of  iron  and  ]x>tassium,  etc. 
Albu'minoid  {tilliiiniin,  rifniq,  form).  Re- 
sembling albumin.  Ajjplied  to  certain 
compounds  having  many  of  the  character- 
istics of  albumin. 
Albu'minoids.  Substances  resembling 
true  proteicis  in  their  origin  and  comjiosi- 
tion.  They  are  amoqjhous  non-cr}'Slalline 
colloids,  occurring  as  organized  constitu- 
ents of  the  tissues,  and  also  in  fluid  form. 
Mucin,  Nuclein,  Keratin,  Fibroin,  Spon- 
gin,  Elastin,  Gelatin,  Chondrin,  etc.,  are 
the  ])rincipal  members  of  the  group. 
Albuminu'ria  {albumin  and  ovpov,  urine). 
The  presence  of  albumin  in  the  urine. 
The  term  is  not  now  used,  as  it  formerly 
was,  as  synon)Tiious  with  Blight's  disease. 
All)umin  in  the  urine  may  result  from  a 
number  of  caases,  e.  t,'.,  mechanical  inter- 
ference with  renal  circulation  ;  from*  toxic 
substances  in  the  blood ;  from  changes  in 
the  blood  due  to  various  diseases ;  from 
lesions  and  diseases  of  the  kidneys  them- 
selves, etc.  A.,  Tests  of.  See  .Ubumi- 
meter,  .Acetic  Acid  uiul  Fcrrocyanide,  Boil- 
inj^,  EsbaclC s  Method,  Heller,  Picric  Acid, 
Ix'lurt','  Pediment,  Pan  ret. 
Al'bumoses.  The  first  products  of  the 
splitting  up  of  proteids  by  en/ymes,  inter- 
mL-diate  between  the  food-albumin-,  and  the 
typical  peptones.  After  the  precipitation 
and  filtering  off  of  the  para-peptones,  e.  ;'., 
in  the  [K-ptic  digestion  of  fibrin,  the  cK-ar 
solution  of  albuin<)s<-s  thus  olitained,  treated 
with  .sfxlium  chloride,  yields  in  precipitate 
form,  J'roto-albutnose,  Dys-albumose  and 
Heteroalhumoie ;  a  fourth,  Deulero-ulbit- 
tnoic,  remains  in  solution.  The  iJeutero- 
alliinno~i-  i>  the  ncan-st  to  pi-ptones.  A., 
Vegetable.  Sci;  J'/iytiilbumnus. 
Al'chcmy  (.\rabir,  of  doubtful  derivation), 
'i'he  sujij»>)St.-d  art  of  the  transmutation  of 


metals  (into  gold)  and  of  finding  a  remedy 
for  all  diseases.  Modern  cluinistiy  is  the 
development  of  this  chimerical  mediaeval 
dream. 

AFcohol  (Arab,  al,  the,  ko/iol,  finely  pow- 
dered antimony).  Ethyl  alcohol,  C.llgO. 
A  lii|uid  obtained  by  the  distillation  of  fer- 
mented grain  or  starchy  sub.-tance.  Used 
in  pliamiacy  as  a  solvent  for  resins,  and  as 
a  base  for  all  tinctures.  Commercial  alco- 
hol contains  91  per  cent,  of  absolute  alco- 
hol, with  9  ])er  cent,  of  water.  Is  in- 
flammable, colorless,  and  jiossesses  a  pun- 
gent otior  ami  burning  taste.  Sometimes 
used  externally  as  a  stimulant  lotion.  In- 
ternally, it  is  a  powerful  cerebral  excitant ; 
in  large  doses  a  depressant,  narcotic  poison, 
producing  muscular  incoordination,  deli- 
rium and  coma.  A  food  within  the  limits 
of  3J-5J  per  day;  continued  use  is 
apt  to  result  in  epilepsy,  amblyojna  and 
insanity.  In  form  of  wine,  whisky  or 
brandy,  it  is  invaluable  in  diphtheria,  ady- 
namic fevers,  and  ])oi>oning  by  cardiac 
depressants.  A.,  Absolute,  spirit  contain- 
ing no  water.  A.,  Ethyl.  See  Alcohol. 
A.,  Methyl,  CII^O,  commonly  known  as 
"Wood  Spirit.'  A.,  Amyl,  C'/H,./),  com- 
monly known  as  "  Potato  .Spirit"  and 
"Fusel  Oil."  A.,  Phenic.  See  Acid 
Carbolic.  A.,  Dilute,  composed  of  equal 
parts  each  of  alcoliol  and  water. 

Al'coholism.  The  morbid  results  of  ex- 
cessive or  prolonged  use  of  alcoholic 
liquors.  The  term  acute  A.  has  been 
used  as  a  synonym  for  inebriety.  The 
chronic  form  is  associated  with  severe 
lesions  or  disturbances  of  the  digestive, 
respirator)' and  nervous  systems.  Delirium 
tremens  is  a  common  result  of  alcoholism. 

Al'dehyde  [al,  the  first  syllable  of  alco- 
hol, dchyd,  from  deliydratus).  Alcohol 
deprived  of  two  atoms  of  hydrog,en,  or 
acetic  aldehyde.  It  is  a  colorless,  limpid 
liquid,  with  a  characteristic  odor,  having 
the  comi)o>ilion  C.;I1^().  Interi>ally  it 
produces  intoxication,  aiuvstlusia  and  as 
jihyxia.  A.,  Benzoic,  the  oil  of  bitter 
almonds,  C'^IIuO.  Chemically,  the  alde- 
hydes are  iKwlies  containing  the  group  CO, 
associated  witii  a  monatoiiiic  alcohol  radi 
cal,  and  with  hydrogen.  Tliey  are  easily 
converted  into  the  corres|X)nding  acid  by 
oxidation,  or  into  the  corres|H)iuliiig  alco- 
hols by  nascent  hyilrogen.  They  are 
|)owi-rfiiI  reducers. 

Ale.  .All  alcoholic  beverage  brewed  from 
malt  and  hops.  It  contains  from  3  to  7 
per  ciiit.  of  alcohol.      .See  A/alt  /.ii/uors. 


ALEMBIC 


32 


ALLEN'S  TEST 


Alem''bic  (Arab,  al,  afilii^,  a  cup).  A 
vessel  used  for  distillation. 

Alep'po  Boil,  or  Evil.  See  Furimculus 
Orieiitalis. 

Ale^tris.  Star  Grass,  Unicorn  Root,  Star- 
wort,  Colic  Root.  The  root  of  A.  farinosa. 
Tonic,  diuretic  and  anthelmintic.  Formerly 
a  popular  domestic  remedy  in  colic,  dropsy 
and  chronic  rheumatism.  Dose  of  fid.  e.xt. 
Tl^x— XXX ;    of  aletriii,  the    extractive,   gr. 


X-iv. 


Unof. 


Alexan'der's  Operation.  An  operation 
consisting  in  shortening  the  round  ligament 
of  the  uterus  in  order  to  bring  the  uterus 
into  its  normal  position. 

Alex^ia  (a,  "kt^iq,  word).  Word-blindness. 
A  form  of  aphasia  and  a  special  type  of 
psychical  blindness,  in  which  the  patient 
is  unable  to  recognize  ordinary  written  or 
printed  characters. 

Alexipharm^ic  (a^.E-fw,  to  repel,  (pap/itaKov, 
a  drug).  A  medicine  neutralizing  a  poi- 
son. 

Alexipyrefic  (aZefw,  Tvviierog,  a  fever). 
A  febrifuge. 

Aleze^  (aAefw,  to  protect).  A  cloth  to 
protect  the  bed  from  becoming  soiled  from 
excreta,  efc. 

Al'gae  {^al^^oi;  coldness).  A  group  of 
acotyledonous  plants,  of  simple  vegetable 
construction,  living  mostly  in  the  water. 

Al'garoth  (It.  A/garotti,  the  Veronese  phy- 
sician). A  name  formerly  used  to  desig- 
nate an  oxychloride  of  antimony. 

Alge'do  [aXyo^^  pain).  A  name  applied  to 
severe  pain  in  the  generative  and  extend- 
ing to  the  urinary  organs,  sometimes  arising 
from  a  sudden  stoppage  of  gonorrhoea. 

-algia  {aTiyoq).  A  suffix  denoting  pain, 
as  odontalgia,  neuralgia,  etc. 

Algid  {^a/gidus,  cold).  Cold,  chilly.  A. 
Fever,  a  pernicious  intermittent  fever,  with 
great  coldness  of  the  surface  of  the  body. 
A.  Cholera,  Asiatic  cholera. 

Aliena^tion  (alieno,  to  withdraw).  Men- 
tal derangement,  insanity. 

A'lienist.  One  who  treats  mental  diseases ; 
a  specialist  in  the  treatment  of  insanity. 

AFiment  {aUmcntiim,  from  alo,  to  nour- 
ish). Nourishment,  food.  A  substance 
that,  acted  upon  by  the  digestive  and  as- 
similative organs,  yields  the  sources  and 
repairs  the  losses  of  heat,  force  or  the  tis- 
sues of  the  body. 

Aliment^ary.  Nourishing.  A.  Bolus, 
the  food  after  mastication  and  just  prior 
to  swallowing.  A.  Tube,  System,  or 
Canal,  the  digestive  tube  from  the  lips  to 
the  anus,  with  its  accessory  glands. 


Alimenta''tion.  The  process  of  the  recep- 
tion and  conversion  of  food  into  material 
fit  for  nourishment. 

AFizarine.  The  red  coloring  principle 
occurring  in  the  madder  plant,  Ruhia  tinc- 
torium,  and  in  "anthracene,  a  coal-tar  pro- 
duct.    Its  composition  is  Cj^HgO^. 

Al'kali  (Arab,  al,  and  kali,  the  plant  from 
which  soda  was  first  obtained).  The  term 
includes  the  hydrated  oxides  of  the  alkali 
metals;  these  are  electro-positive,  are 
strong  bases,  uniting  with  acids  to  form 
salts,  turn  red  litmus  blue  and  saponify 
fats.  A.,  Caustic  (usually  potash),  when 
so  concentrated  as  to  possess  caustic  pro- 
perties ;  potash  and  soda  are  called  fixed 
alkalies,  because  permanently  solid ;  soda 
is  called  a  mineral,  potash  a  vegetable, 
and  ammonia  a  volatile  alkali. 

AFkali- Albumin.  A  derived  albumin; 
a  proteid  having  been  acted  upon  by  dilute 
alkalies  and  yielding  an  alkaline  reaction. 

Alkalim'eter  [alkali,  and  ^erpeu,  to  mea- 
sure). Alkalimetry,  the  measurement  of 
the  amount  of  an  alkali  in  a  substance. 

Alkaloid  [alkali  and  euhQ,  likeness). 
Resembling  an  alkali.  The  alkaloids  are 
nitrogenous  organic  compounds,  basic  and 
alkaline  in  character,  highly  complex  in 
chemical  constitution  and  usually  of  vege- 
table origin.  Most  are  solid  and  ciystal- 
lizable ;  but  nicotin  and  conein  are  liquid. 
Most  are  toxic.  A.,  Putrefactive.  See 
Ptomaines. 

AKkanet  (Arab,  alkanah,  a  reed).  The 
root  of  AncliHsa  tinctoria,  now  used  in 
medicine  as  a  coloring  material. 

AUanti^asis  {al7M^,  a  sausage).  Sausage 
poisoning,  due  to  putrefactive  changes  in 
imperfectly  cured  sausages,  or  in  those 
made  from  bad  materials. 

Allant^oin.  C^HgN^Og.  Occurs  in 
traces  in  normal  urine,  and  prepared  from 
uric  acid  by  oxidation  processes. 

AUant^ois  (aAA«f,  eidoq.  like).  One  of 
the  fetal  appendages  or  membranes,  de- 
rived from  the  mesoblastic  and  hypoblas- 
tic  layers.  Its  function  is  to  convey  the 
blood-vessels  to  the  chorion.  The  lower 
part  finally  becomes  the  bladder,  the  rest, 
the  urachus. 

Allant''o-tox''icon  (a?.Z«f,  to^ikov,  a  poi- 
son). A  name  applied  to  a  poisonous  sub- 
stance, probably  a  ptomaine,  which  devel- 
ops during  the  putrefactive  fermentation 
of  sausage,  especially  that  made  of  blood 
and  liver. 

Allen's  Test  for  Zinc.  A  few  drop-;  of 
potassium  fcrrocyauide  added  to   boiling 


ALLIACEOUS 


33      ALPHA-OXVNAPHTHOIC  ACID 


water  slightly  alkaline  yields  a  white  pre- 
cipitate if  zinc  be  present. 

Allia'ceous  ((//////w,  garlic).  Resembling 
garlic  or  pertaining  to  the  same. 

Al'ligator  Pear.  The  seeds  of  Piisc-a 
^ratissirna,  or  Avocado  pear.  A  Mexican 
remedy  for  intercostal  neuralgia,  and,  in- 
ternally, an  anthelmintic  (?).  Dose,  in- 
ternally, of  the  tld.  ext.  tTLxxx-;^j. 

Al'lium  {d/.eu,  to  avoid).  Garlic.  The 
bulb  oi  .4.  satiium.  Cont:uns  a  pungent 
volatile  oil^allyl  sulphide),  which  is  found 
also  in  the  leek  and  the  onion.  The  tubers 
of  each  are  used  both  as  a  food  and  as  a 
condiment,  and  are  stimul.ants  to  digestion. 
A.  Syr.,  contains,  garlic  15,  sugar  00,  dil. 
acetic  acid  40  parts.     Dose  3  j-.^  iv. 

Allochi'ria  («/./■.<){■,  other,  x^'lh  hand). 
An  infrequent  tabetic  symptom,  in  which, 
if  one  extremity  be  pricked,  the  patient 
locates  the  sensation  in  the  corresjxjnding 
member  of  the  other  side.  The  better 
name,  al/irst/u-sia,  has  been  suggested. 

Allop'athy  (a'/./jo^,  other,  TvaOng,  affection). 
According  to  Hahnemann,  the  inventor  of 
the  tenn,  that  method  of  the  treatment  of 
disease  consisting  in  the  use  of  medicines 
whose  action  upon  the  body  in  health  pro- 
duces morbid  phenomena  different  from 
those  of  the  disease  treated.  Opposed  to 
homivopathy.  It  need  hardly  be  said  that 
modem  scientific  medicine  is  based  ujxin 
no  such  theoiy,  or  definition,  as  that  sup- 
plied by  homa^opathy.     See  Regular. 

Allorhyth'mia  (a/v.flC,  pvfi/ioc:,  rhythm). 
Variation  in  intcr\-al  of  the  pulse.  See 
Pulse  and  J^u/stts. 

Allotrioph'agy  {n7.7x)Tptoq,  strange,  (^ayw, 
to  eat).  Depraved  or  unnatural  ajjpetite. 
The  Italian  epidemic  disease  called  /'ica. 

Allot'ropism  (n/./of,  TpoTro^,  method). 
The  term  expresses  the  fact  of  certain 
elements  existing  in  two  or  more  condi- 
tions with  differences  of  physical  ]iro{x:rties. 
Thus  carlxin  illustrates  allotropism  by  ex- 
isting in  the  forms  of  charcoal,  ])lumbago, 
and  the  diamond.     See  homi-ric. 

AUox'an.     An  oxidation  jirotluct  (C^IIj- 
NjO,)  of  uric  acid.      1'a.sses  into  alloxanic 
acid,  C'^N.^II^O,  by  the  action  of  alkalies. 
Occurs  in  the  intestinal  mucas  in  case  of 
di.irrh'i-a. 
All'spice.    See  Pimenta. 
Al'lyl.     <  ,H^-    A  non-saturated  univalent 
alcohol-radical  of  the  oils  olitained    from 
alliaceous  plants.    A.  Alcohol,  (',!I^II(). 
A.  Aldehyde, ' ",!  1/  ),  a  synonym  o{  Acro- 
Ifin.    A.  Sulphide,  (<'jl  I  j)j.S,  the  essen- 
tial oil  of  garlic. 
3 


Al 'men's  Test.  A  test  for  haemoglobin 
or  blood  in  urine.  Add  to  urine  freshly 
prepared  tincture  of  guaiacum  and  ozo- 
nized ether ;  a  blue  color  indicates  the 
presence  of  blood. 

Al'mond.     See  Aniyj^dahi. 

Al'nus.  Akler  Bark.  The  bark  of  the 
American  Alder.  A.  Serrulata,  contains 
tannic  acid.  Decoction  of  bark  and  leaves 
is  astringent,  and  used  as  a  gargle  and  as 
a  lotion  for  wounds  and  ulcers.  Dose  of 
powtlered  bark  gr.  x. 

Al'oe  [a/or/,  gen.  a/.aijq).  The  inspissated 
juice  of  several  species  of  aloe,  of  which 
the  A.  Socotriiia,  A.  Bml'iKhnsis,  and 
A.  C(7/>t'nsis  are  most  conmionly  used. 
Properties  due  to  a  glucoside,  <j/(fn.  A 
tonic  astringent,  useful  in  amenonhoea, 
chronic  constipation,  and  atonic  dyspepsia. 
Dose  gi-.  j-v.  A.  Purificata,  the  com- 
mon drug  purified  by  solution  in  alcohol 
antl  evaporation.  Dose  gr.  j-v.  A.  Ext. 
Aquosum,  prepared  by  mixing  i  with 
10  parts  boiling  water,  straining  and  evapo- 
rating. Dose  gr.  ss-v.  A.,  Tinct.,  con- 
sists of  aloes  10,  glycyrrhiza  10,  dil.  alco- 
hol 100  jaarts.  Dose  ^ss-^ij.  A.  et 
Myrrh,  Tinct.,  aloes  10,  mynh  10,  alco- 
hol 100  parts.  Dosejss-jij.  A.,Vin., 
has  aloes  6,  cardamon  I,  ginger  I,  -str. 
white  Avine  loo  parts.  Dose  3J-3'^'- 
A.,  Pil.,  aloes  and  soap  aa  gr.  ij.  A.  et 
Asafostida,  Pil.,  aloes  and  asafa-tida  aa 
gr.  I  \^.  A.  et  Ferri,  Pil.,  contains  gr.  j 
each  of  aloes  ami  ferrous  sulphate  incoipo- 
rated  with  confection  of  roses.  A.  et 
Mastich,  "  Lady  Webster's"  jjill,  contains 
each  aloes  gr.  ij,  mastich  and  red  rose  gr. 
ss.  A.  et  Myrrh,  Pil.,  contains  each  aloes 
gr.  ij,  myrrh,  gr.  j,  aromatic  powder  gr.  ss, 
mixed  with  syrup.  A.  et  Canellae,  Pulv., 
contains  powdered  bark  of  Canella  alba. 
Dose  gr.  v-xx. 
Aloin.     See  .-l/ot'. 

Alopc'cia  (aPt-Tz/f,  a  fox).  A  general 
term  to  designate  all  forms  of  baldness. 
May  be  congenital,  seniK-,  idiopathic  pre- 
mature, or  symptomatic  jircmature.  A. 
Area'ta,  Porrit^o  Dciith'iiits,  I'iiua  Dc 
cithuiiis.  Area  Cr/si.  A.  Circumspecta, 
an  atrophic  affection  of  the  hair  marked 
by  the  appearance  of  circumscribed  bald 
s|K)ts.  It  soinitimes  affects  the  beard,  eye- 
brows and  pulics,  and  is  thought  lobr  non- 
parasitic. A.  Pityro'des  Universalis. 
See  Sriwrrhifti. 
Arpha-Oxynaphtho'ic  Acid.  .\  <leri- 
vativf  of  iiaplilliol.  Solulile  in  glycerine 
and  oils  only.     A  disinfectant.     L'nolVicial. 


ALSTONIA  CONSTRICTA 


34 


AMAUROSIS 


Alsto'nia  Constricta.     See  Ditta  Bark. 

Altera'tion    Theory.       See    Difference 
Theory. 

Alterative  [ciller,  another).  A  medicine 
that  alters  the  processes  of  nutrition  and 
excretion,  restoring,  in  some  unknown  way, 
and  witliout  sensible  evacuation,  the  nor- 
mal functions  of  an  organ  or  of  the  system. 
It  seems  to  be  a  necessary  or  convenient 
term  covering  our  ignorance  of  the  modus 
operandi  of  certain  medicines,  as  mercury, 
iodine,  etc.  A.  Compound,  a  domestic 
remedy  consisting  of  bamboo,  brier-root, 
stillingia,  burdoclv-root,  and  poke-root,  aa 
fl.  ext.  ^iij,  prickly-ash  bark  fl.  ext.  ^j. 
Recommended  by  Sims  in  scrofulous  affec- 
tions.    Dose  3J-ij. 

Alterna'tions  of  Generation.  That  form 
of  reproduction  in  which  some  of  the 
members  of  the  cycle  can  produce  new 
beings  non-sexually,  while  in  the  final  stage 
reproduction  is  always  sexual.  Taenia  or 
tapeworm,  is  an  example.  The  segments, 
Proglottides,  are  hermaphrodite,  and  are 
evacuated  with  the  fceces.  From  the  egg, 
fertilized  after  it  is  shed,  is  developed 
the  embryo,  that  is  swallowed  by  another 
animal,  in  whose  tissues  it  forms  an  en- 
cysted stage  {Cysticercus,  Ccemirus,  or 
Echinococcus^.  To  undergo  further  de- 
velopment the  cysticercus  must  find  an- 
other host,  where  it  forms  new  seg- 
ments. 

Althae'a.  Marsh-mallow.  The  peeled  root 
of  A.  officittalis,  a  plant  of  the  mallow 
family.  Consists  about  one-third  of  vege- 
table mucus  and  starch,  together  with  the 
alkaloids  Asparagin  and  Althein.  Em- 
ployed as  a  mucilaginous  drink.  A. 
Syrupi,  contains  4  per  cent,  althaea.  Dose 
indefinite.  Asparagin  possesses  sedative 
and  diuretic  properties.  Useful  in  ascites 
and  gout.     Dose  gr.  ij-iij. 

AFum  or  AFumen.     See  Aluminium. 

Alumin^ium.  Al  =  27.  Quantivalence  11, 
IV.  A  silver  white  metal  distinguished 
by  its  low  specific  gravity,  about  2.6.  A. 
Hydrate,  Al2(H0)g,  a  tasteless  white 
powder,  feebly  astringent.  Dose  gj.  iij- 
XX.  A.  Sulphate,  Al2(SO^)3,  an  anti- 
septic and  astringent  used  as  a  lotion  in 
5  per  cent,  solution.  A.  Potassium 
Sulphate,  K2Al2(S04)4,  alum  of  com- 
merce, a  valuable  astringent  used  in  ca- 
tarrh, leucorrhoea,  gonorrhoea.  Dose  gr. 
x-xx.  In  teaspoonful  doses,  an  emetic. 
A.  Exsiccatum,  alum  deprived  of  its 
water  of  ciystallization.  Dose  gr.  x-xx. 
Used  also  as  an  escharotic.     A.  Acetate, 


unof  ;  a  disinfectant.    A.  Acetotartrate, 
unof ;   a  disinfectant. 

AKum  Root.  The  root  of  Heuchera 
aiiiericana.  Properties  due  to  gallic  and 
tannic  acids.  Very  astringent.  Dose  of 
fld.  ext.  gtt.  x-xx.     Unof. 

Alve^olar  {^alveolus,  a  small  hollow).  Per- 
taining to  the  alveoli  or  sockets  of  the 
teeth.  A.  Abscess,  a  gum-boil.  A. 
Arch,  the  alveolar  surface  of  the  jaw.  A. 
Artery,  a  branch  of  the  internal  maxillary. 
A.  Process,  the  border  of  the  superior 
maxilla  in  which  the  alveoli  are  placed. 

Alveola^rium  (alveus,  a  bee-hive).  A 
name  sometimes  applied  to  the  external 
meatus  of  the  ear.  It  is  so  called  because 
the  wax  of  the  ear  gathers  in  that  place. 

Alve^'olez.  An  extractive  from  Eztphorbia 
heterodoxa,  having  diuretic  properties.  It 
is  highly  recommended  as  a  topical  appli- 
cation in  cancer.     Unof. 

Alve^olus,  pi.  Alveoli.  The  bony  socket 
of  a  tooth.  A.  of  the  Stomach,  or  the 
alveolar  structures,  are  depressions,  like 
honeycomb  cells,  found  in  the  stomach, 
intestines  and  oesophagus.  A.  of  the 
Lungs,  are  the  air  cells.  A.  of  Glands, 
the  ultimate  sacs  of  a  racemose  gland. 

AFveus  {iilveus,  a  trough).  A  trough,  tube 
or  canal,  applied  to  ducts  and  vessels  of 
the  body.  A.  Communis,  the  utricle. 
A.  Hippocampi,  certain  structures  in  the 
cerebral  hemispheres. 

AFvine  (alviis,  the  belly).  Pertaining  to 
the  belly.     A.  Discharges,  the  faeces. 

AFvus.     The  belly,  or  its  contents. 

Am^adou.  Geniian  tinder  or  touchwood, 
a  fungus  found  on  old  tree-trunks,  used  to 
stanch  local  hemorrhage,  as  a  dressing  of 
wounds,  etc. 

AmaFgam  (a//a,  together,  yafieu^  to  wed). 
A  combination  of  mercury  with  any  other 
metal,  used  for  filling  teeth. 

Ama^ra  [amai-us,  bitter).     Bitters. 

Amaranth'us  Spino'sa.  Fresh  root  of 
the  shrub  used  in  India  as  a  specific  in 
gonorrhoea.     Dose  indefinite.     Unof. 

Ama'rin.  A  bitter  alkaloid,  C2iHjgN2, 
derived  from  bitter  almonds. 

Amas^tia  (a,  /naarog,  breast).  The  condi- 
tion of  being  without  mammae  or  nipples. 

Amauro'sis  [n/Mvpou,  to  darken).  A 
term  that,  from  its  vagueness,  is  happily 
becoming  disused,  signifying  partial  or 
total  loss  of  vision.  When  partial,  the 
word  amblyopia  is  now  used;  when  com- 
plete, blindness.  The  word  is  still  some- 
times used  to  express  blindness  when  the 
cause  is  unknown  or  doubtful. 


AMAZIA 


35 


AMINES 


Ama'zia.     See  Amastia. 

Am'ber.     See  Sitcciiiuin. 

Am'bergrease,  or 

Am'bergris  \^unbt-r  and  Fr.  i^ris,  gray). 
A  substance  excreted  by  the  sperm  whale, 
Physeter  viacroiephaltis.  It  is  not  known 
whether  it  is  a  pathological  j^rocluct  or  the 
thickened,  insoluble  part  of  the  fx'ces. 
Exhales  a  fragrant,  musky  odor  when 
warmed.  Used  in  adynamic  fevers,  chronic 
catarrh  and  nervous  diseases.  Dose,  gr. 
j-iij.     Unuf. 

Ambidex'trous  (^ninfh',  Ixath,  </,x/rr,  the 
riglit  hand).  Able  to  use  l)oth  hands 
eijually  well. 

Amblyo'pia  (^afi,3?.vg,  dulled,  uiji,  eye). 
Sulinormal  acuteness  of  vision,  due  neither 
to  dioptric  abnonnalism  nor  to  visible  or- 
ganic lesion.  It  may  be  lon^t-ni/al ;  or 
from  disuse  {^cx(ino/>si(i)\  from  the  use  of 
tobarco  or  alcohol  or  other  loxic  influences ; 
from  traumatism;  or  it  may  be  hysterical. 
Nyctalopia  or  day-blindness,  and  hcmcral- 
opia  or  night-blindness,  are  other  forms ; 
it  may  arise  from  cntoptic  phenomena,  such 
as  mtiscic  ~<o!itantes,  micropsia,  megalopsia, 
mctamorphopsia,  etc.  It  may  take  the  form 
of  contracted  fields  of  vision,  of  color- 
blindness, or  aiucslhesia  of  the  retina. 

Amboy'na  Button.     See  Frambasia. 

Am'bulance  {tuitbulo,  to  walk  alxjut).  In 
Euro|>e  the  term  is  applied  to  the  surgical 
staff  and  arrangements  of  an  army  in 
ser\'ice.  In  the  U.  S.  the  word  is  re- 
stricted to  a  vehicle  for  the  transference 
of  the  sick  or  wounded  from  one  place 
to  another. 

Ambus''tion  {iimbtistio,  a  bum).  A  burn 
or  scald. 

Amc'lia  [a  ncg.,  fiF?/>r^a  limb).  Absence 
of  the  limljs  from  arrested  develoimient,  or 
atrophy. 

Am'elus  (a  priv., /zt/of).  A  monstrosity 
without  limbs. 

Ame^nia.     Sec  Amenorrhna. 

Amenoma''nia  (ama-nit':,  agreeable, //aivrt, 
madne.v->).  A  mild  form  <jf  mania  in  wliich 
the  symjjtoms  are  manifested  under  the 
form  of  gayety,  fondness  of  dress,  exaggera- 
tion of  sfKial  condition,  etc. 

Amenorrhoc'a  {a  priv.,  /irfv,  mouth,  /V<j, 
to  tlow).  Absence,  irregularity  or  sup- 
pression of  menstruation  when  it  should 
normally  Ijc  present.  The  secretion  may 
not  take  place, or  lie  retained,  or  be  sup- 
pressed during  menstruation.  Primitive, 
is  a  tirtri  applied  to  tho.se  cases  when  the 
catami'tiia  have  not  ap|x-ared  at  the  proper 
time,  and  secondary,  when  the  discharge 


has  been  arrested  after  it  has  existed,  and 
during  the  reproductive  ]H'riod  of  life. 

Amen'tia  (aneg., ///(//.f,  mind).  Defective 
intellect ;  a  vague  term  synonymous  with 
idiocy,  imbecility. 

Amer'ican  Colum'bo.  The  root  of  Fra- 
sera  carotinensis.  Tonic,  ajierient ;  in 
large  doses,  purgative.  Dose  of  the  I'd. 
ext.  n\,xx-5J.  Fraserin,  a  concentrated 
extract.      Dose  gr.  j-iij.     Unof. 

Amer'ican  Pvy.  The  twigs  and  bark  of 
Ampelopsis qitiuijuefolia.  Alterative,  tonic, 
astringent  and  expectorant.  Dose  of  the 
fid.  ext.  TT\_xxx-3J.  Anipelopsin,  the  con- 
centrated ext.     Dose  gr.  ij-iv.     Unof. 

Amer'ican  Spike'nard.  The  rhi/omeof 
Aralia  raconosa.  Aromatic,  diuretic  and 
alterative.  Used  in  rheumatism,  dropsy 
and  scrofulous  affections.  Dose  of  the 
decoction,  indelinite.     Unof. 

Amertume  {French).  A  disease  of  wine, 
characterized  by  bitterness,  and  caused  by 
a  specific  bacillus. 

Ametrom'eter.  An  instrument  for  meas 
uring  ametro]iia  by  means  of  the  diffusion 
circles  fonned  by  two  small  llamcs. 

Ametro^pia  (a  neg.,  /uerpov,  a  measure). 
Ametropia  exists  when  an  imperfect  image 
is  formed  uixin  the  retina,  due  to  defective 
refractive  power  of  the  media,  or  to  abnor- 
malities of  form  of  the  eye.  In  myopia 
the  antero -posterior  diameter  is  too  gcpat, 
or  the  jx)wer  of  the  refractive  media  is  too 
great ;  hypermetropia  (or  hyperopia)  is  the 
exact  reverse  of  the  last;  astigmatism  is 
due  to  imperfect  curvature  of  the  cornea, 
or  of  the  retina,  or  to  inequality  of  refract- 
ing power  in  different  j)arts  of  the  lens; 
presbyopia  is  due  to  the  growing  inelas- 
ticity of  the  lens,  producing  insufficient 
acconnnodalion ;  aphakia,  or  absence  of 
the  lens,  produces  both  insuflicient  refract- 
ing ])Ower  and  loss  of  accommodation. 

Am'ides.  Organic  compounds  derived 
from  annnonia  liy  the  substitution  of  acid- 
radicals  for  hydrogen.  Most  nitrogenous 
animal  i)ases  are  amides.  NIl.^,  their 
hypothetical  radical,  is  called  amidoi^en. 

Am'idin  (Fr.  amidon,  starch).  Starch  in 
a  state  of  solution,  or  altered  by  heat  into 
a  horny,  transpari'iit  mass. 

Am'ido-my'elin.     See  Myelin. 

Amid'ulin.     Solulile  starch. 

Amim'ia  (n,  (iiiior,  a  mimic).  An  a|)hxsic 
symptom  consisting  in  loss  of  the  |iowerol 
imitation  or  nl  pantomime  speech. 

Am'incs.  Hasir  (()m|«>iniils,  regarded  as 
dciivatives  of  annnonia  by  the  substitution 
of  alcohol  radicals.     They  are  called  mona- 


AMMONIA 


36 


AMPERE 


mines,  diamines,  triamines,  etc.,  according 
to   the   number   of   amidogen    molecules, 
NHj,  substituted  for  H.     The  lower  mem- 
bers are  gases,  the  higher,  oily  liquids. 
Ammo^nia.     See  Ammonium. 
Ammoni^acum.       Ammoniac.       A  gum 
resin  obtained  from  a  Persian  plant,  Do- 
rema  annnoniacum.    A  stimulating  expec- 
torant and  laxative,  resembling  asafcetida. 
Employed  in  chronic  bronchial   affections. 
Dose  gr.  x-xxx.     A.  cum    Hydrargyro 
Emplastrum,  ammoniac  72,  mercuiy  18 
per  cent.,  with   sulphur,  acetic   acid  and 
oil,  q.  s.     A.  Emplastrum,  100  parts  of 
ammoniac,  digested  with  140  parts  of  acetic 
acid,  dil.,  strained   and  evaporated.       A. 
Mistura,  a  4  per  cent,  emulsion  in  water. 
Dose  ^  ss-j . 
Ammoniae^mia    {ammonia  and  aifia, 
blood).     The   theory  explaining  the   pro- 
duction of  uraemia  as  due  to  a  decomposi- 
tion of  urea  in  the  blood,  yielding  ammo- 
nium carbonate. 
Ammo'nium  (from  the  name  of  Jupiter 
Amnion,  because  first  discovered  near  his 
temple  in  Libya).     A  hypothetical  alkaline 
base,  having  the  composition  NH^.    Exists 
only  in  combination.     Occurs    most  com- 
monly in  the  foiTn  of  ammonia  gas,  NH3, 
which,  dissolved  in  water,  is  the  water  of 
ammonia  of  commerce.     Inhalation  of  gas 
causes   suffocation  and   oedema  of  glottis. 
The  salts  first  stimulate  and  then  paralyze 
the  motor  nerves.     Useful  as  a  stimulant, 
as  an    antagonist  in    cardiac    depressants, 
and  locally  in  bites  and  stings  of  venomous 
reptiles  and  insects.     Ammonia  Aqua, 
water  of  ammonia,  a  solution  containing  10 
per  cent,  of  the  gas  in  water.     Dose  tTLv- 
^ss,  well  diluted.     A.  Aqua   Fortius, 
contains   28  per  cent,  of  the  gas  in  solu- 
tion.    A.,  Aromatic  Spt.,  spirit  of  ammo- 
nia,  with    A.    carb.,  A.  Aq.,  Ol.   Lemon, 
Lavender  and  Pimenta,  Alcohol  and  water. 
Dose  Jss-ij.     Ammonii  Acetas    Liq., 
dilute  acetic  acid  neutralized  with   ammo- 
nia.   Dose  3J-oJ-   A.  Benzoate.    Dose 
gr.  v-xv.     A.  Bromide.      Dose  gr.   x- 
_:^ss.      A.   Carbonate,  a  mixture  of  car- 
bonate and  dicarbonate.    Dose  gr.  v-x.    A. 
Chloride,  sal  ammoniac.     Dose  gr.  j-xx. 
A.  Chloridum   Trochisi,   each  lozenge 
contains   gr.  ij  of  the  salt.    A.  Glycyrrhi- 
zate.    Unof    An  expectorant.   A.  Iodide. 
Dose  gr.  ij-x.     A.  Liniment,  A.  Aq.  30, 
cottonseed    oil    70    per  cent.       A.    Spt., 
a  10  per  cent,  solution  of  aqua  ammonia 
in  alcohol.     Dose  Tt\^x-_5J,  diluted.     The 
following  salts  and  their  preparations  are 


official :  A.  Nitrate,  used  only  in  preparing 
nitrous    oxide.      A.    Phosphate.     Dose 
gr.  v-xx.     A.  Sulphate,  used  only  in  the 
preparation  of  other  ammonium  salts.     A. 
Valerianate.     Dose  gr.  j-v.     RaspaiPs 
Ean  Sedatif  (unof),  am.  aq.   "T^x],  sodium 
chloride    ^^ij,  spt.   vini  camph.    ^iij,  aq. 
^xxxij.     For  local  use. 
Amne^sia  (afivrjaia,  forgetfulness).  Defect 
of  memoiy.       Loss   of   the   memory   for 
words. 
Am'nion   [afiviov,    the   membrane  of  the 
fcetus).       The    inner    membranous    layer 
surrounding  the   foetus  and  inclosing  the 
liquor  amnii,  or  amniotic  fluid.     It  is  a 
double  non-vascular  membrane,  the  inner 
layer  or  sac  derived  from  the  epiblast,  the 
outer  from  the  mesoljlast.     The  cavity  of 
the  inner  folds  is  called  the  true  amnion, 
that  of  the  outer,  the  false.     A.,  Dropsy 
of    the,    excessive     secretion    of    li(|uor 
amnii. 
Amni'ota.     Animals  with  an  amnion   and 
allantois,  comprising  mammals,  birds  and 
reptiles.'      Those  without  an  amnion  are 
called  anamnia. 
Amnioti^tis.      Inflammation    of    the   am- 
nion. 
Amoe'ba   (a«e</3w,  to  change).     A  color- 
less, single-celled,  jelly-like  protoplasmic 
organism  found  in  sea  and   fresh  waters, 
constantly    undergoing   changes    of   form, 
and  nourishing  itself  by  surrounding  ob- 
jects.    The  white  corpuscles  of  the  blood 
perform  amccboid  movements,  i.e.,  changes 
of  form,  consisting  of  protrusions  and  with- 
drawals of  its  substance. 
Amcenoma^nia  (ama-nus,  pleasant).      A 
symptom  of  monomania  or  partial  insanity 
in  which   the   feelings   and  hallucinations 
are  mirthful  or  pleasant. 
Amorph'ous     (a   neg.,  [lop^Tj,    a    form). 
Formless,      shapeless,        non-crystallized. 
Amorphous  quinine,  Quinoidine,  its  salts 
being  non-crystallizable. 
Amor^phus    (a,  fiopfi/,).     An    acardiacus 

without  head  or  extremities. 
Ampere  (a  French  physicist).  A.'s  Laws, 
relate  to  the  forces  between  conductors 
carrying  electric  currents.  AT'ogadiv's 
lav/,  that  equal  volumes  of  a  gas  when 
under  the  same  conditions,  contain  the 
same  number  of  molecules,  is  also  called 
Ampere's  Law.  In  honor  of  Ampere, 
the  unit  of  measurement  of  an  electric 
current  is  called  an  Ampere.  It  is  the 
electro-motive  force  of  one  volt  produced 
in  a  circuit  with  one  ohm  of  resistance, 
equal  to  ^^  C.  G.  S.  (Centimetre-Gramme- 


AMPHI- 


37 


AMVLENE 


Second)  electro-magnetic  unit.  It  is  suflfi- 
cient  to  deposit  .3  grain  of  copper  jier 
minute  on  the  plate  of  a  copper  voltameter, 
or  decompose  sufiicient  acidulated  water  to 
generate  10.32  c.c.  of  mixed  hydrogen  and 
oxygen  j^er  minute.  A. -Hour,  the  equiva- 
lent of  3600  coulomljs. 

Am 'phi-  (a/i^/,  both).  A  Greek  prefix, 
signifying  about,  on  both  sides,  around,  etc., 
a.s  amphi-arthrosis,  amphibia,  tte. 

Amphiarthro'sis  (nfOi,  afn^pDai^,  articu- 
lation). A  fonn  of  mixed  articulation 
in  which  the  surfaces  of  the  tones  are  con- 
nected by  broad  discs  of  fibro-cartilage, 
or  else  they  are  covered  with  tibro-car- 
tilage  and  connected  by  external  liga- 
ments. Di.stinguished  by  limited  flexion 
in  every  direction,  as,  <•. ^^,  between  the 
vertebr.e. 

AtTiphib^'ia  {afii^i,  3to^,  life).  A  class  of 
the  I'crtcbrata,  living  during  their  life  both 
in  the  water  and  upon  the  land,  as  the 
frog,  newt,  etc. 

Amphi-cre'atine.  One%f  the  muscle- 
leucumaines.  In  its  properties  it  resem- 
bles creatine,  and  Gautier  thinks  it  may  be 
a  combination   of  creatine  with  the  base 

Amphicreat'inine.  A  member  of  the 
creatinine  group  of  leucomaines  said  to 
have  toxic  (|ualities. 

Amphidiarthro'sis  {ni'<pi,  (^ia(>6puci^,  an 
articulaliun).  The  articulation  of  the  lower 
jaw,  as  it  partakes  of  the  nature  both  of 
ginglymus  and  artlirodia. 

Ampho-pep'tone.     See  Peptones. 

Amphor'ic  ('iiioopnr,  a  two-handled  ves- 
sel). A.  Resonance,  in  auscultation,  a 
metallic  sound  like  that  of  blowing  into  a 
l)Ottle,caased  by  the  reverberation  of  sound 
in  a  cavity  of  the  lung. 

Amphoter'ic  {n//(fn)Trpnr^  Ixjth  of  two). 
Sulistantes  neither  acid  nor  alkaline,  as 
glucose,  gums,  etc. 

Am'plitude  {amplitudo,  the  extent  of  a 
thing).  The  range  or  extent,  as  of  vibra- 
tions and  undulations,  the  pulse,  etc. 

Ampul'la.  A  Roman  wine  jug.  The 
trumix.t mouthed  or  dilated  extremity  of  a 
canal,  a.s  of  the  lachrymal  canal,  tlie  recep- 
taculum  chyli,  the  J-allopian  tul)es,  mam- 
mary ducLs,  semi-circular  canals,  vas  de- 
ferens, etc.  ('hemically,  the  term  denotes 
a  largelx-Ilied  Ixjttle. 

Ampula'tion  ((//;//>«/(?,  to  cut  away).  The 
removal  of  a  limb  or  part  of  the  Inxly,  by 
the  knife,  ligature  or  other  means,  or  a.s  a 
result  of  gangrene,  constriction  {e.  ^^,  of 
the    curd,  in    the   futas)    or    the    diseiuse, 


ainhtim.  It  is  tenned  primary,  if  done 
very  soon  after  an  injuiy ;  secondary,  if 
after  the  limb  has  passed  through  the  stage 
of  inflammation.  In  the  circular  method 
the  division  is  vertical  to  the  jilane  of 
tlie  limb ;  in  the  cutaneous,  the  (laps  are 
composed  exclusively  of  the  integuments; 
in  the  Jlap  method,  the  soft  paits  are  cut 
obliquely  and  are  comjiosed  of  both  skin 
and  soft  parts.  Spontanecus  aiupu/ation 
occurs  in  the  ftetus,  and  in  ainhum;  sub- 
periostea/  is  when  jieriosteal  flaps  are  made 
to  cover  the  cut  end  of  the  bone. 

Amy'elus  (a  neg.,  five/.oq,  marrow).  A 
fcetal  monstrosity,  with  partial  or  ccmplete 
absence  of  the  sjjinal  cord. 

Amyenceph'alus  {t^KKpa7oi\  the  brain). 
A  fietal  monstrosity  with  absence  of  the 
spinal  cord  and  brain. 

Amyg-'dala.  Almond.  The  seeds  of  .7. 
amara  and  .-/.  du/cis,  containing  the 
principle  Emulsin  or  Synaptase.  The 
former  contains  Amygdalin.  The  ex- 
pressed oil  of  the  sweet  almond  is  a  de- 
mulcent useful  in  skin  affections;  in  doses 
of  3J-ij,  a  mild  laxative.  That  of  A. 
amara  is  used  in  ctisinetics  and  is  jioisoii- 
ous  internally.  A.  Amara,  Aq.,  a  1  :  100 
solution  of  the  oil  in  water.  I  )ose  in- 
deflnite.  A.  Amara,  Ol.,  a  volatile  oil 
bitter  to  the  taste  Contains  3-I4  jier  cent, 
of  hydrocyanic  acid.  Dose  ITLJ4-J.  A. 
Expressum  Ol.,  oil  of  .sweet  almonds. 
A.  Mistura,  oil  of  sweet  almonds  6  per 
cent.,  sugar,  water,  and  acacia  q.  s.  Dose 
.^j-,^ss.  A.  Syr.,  contains  oil  of  bitter 
almonds  3,  sweet  almonds  10,  syrup  87  per 
cent. 

AmygMalae.  A  term  used  to  denote  the 
tonsils. 

Amyg'dalin.     .See  Amyi^dala. 

Am'ykos.  An  antiseptic  fluid  used  in 
Russia  and  Sweden,  comjiosed  of  I  oric 
acid  and  thymol.  Of  reputed  service  in 
gononhoa  and  catarrhs.     Unof. 

Am^yl.  The  hy]X)thetical  radical  C5II,,  of 
amyl  alcohol,  tlic  fifth  term  of  the  scries 
of  alcohol  radicals,  C'„H.,n-f,.  A.  Alco- 
hol. See  .-l  my  lie  .-I /echo/.  A.  Nitrite, 
nitrite  of  amyl,  C",,  II,,N(  ),^,  a  clear,  yel- 
lowi.sh  liquid,  ethereal,  aromatic,  volatile  ; 
produces  vascular  dilatation  and  great  car- 
diac activity,  and  hence  is  useful  in  angina 
]H(loiis,  respiratory  ncurosi'S,  etc. 

Amyla'ceous  {nmy/itm,  .starch).  Con- 
taining starch  ;  starch  like. 

Am'ylene.  C,_H,„.  ,\  transjiarenl.  li<|uid 
hydrocarbon,  having  an:isll)etic  ])roperties, 
but   dangerous  to  u.se.     A.  Hydrate,  a 


AMYL  HYDRATE 


38 


ANESTHESIA 


tertiary  alcohol    having  hj-pnotic    effects. 
Dose  rrLxxx-gj.     Unof. 

Am'yl  Hydrate,  or 

AmyFic  Alcohol.  Fusel  Oil.  Potato 
Starch  Alcohol.  Amyl  Hydrate.  An  al- 
cohol having  the  composition  CjHi.jO. 
Occurring  in  the  continued  distillation  of 
fermented  giain.  The  pure  substance  has 
considerable  value  as  a  hypnotic.  In  large 
doses  it  suppresses  tactile  sensibility,  and 
produces  motor  paralysis.  It  is  employed 
with  advantage  in  mental  disorders.  Dose 
n\^  I5~7S-  Unof.  It  was  formerly  much 
used  to  adulterate  whiskey. 

Am^yloid  (amylum,  starch,  u8oq^  form). 
Starchlike.  A.  Bodies,  pathological  pro- 
ducts resembling  starch  grains  found  in 
the  membranes  of  the  brain  and  other 
nervous  tissues,  the  prostate,  etc.  A.  De- 
generation, waxy,  fatty  or  lardaceous  de- 
generation ;  a  disease  occurring  in  most  of 
the  organs  of  the  body,  and  indicative  of  im- 
paired nutritive  function.  It  is  a  nitrogenous, 
not  starchy  body,  of  uncertain  composition. 

Amylolyt^ic  {aniyhiin,  Tivu^  to  loosen). 
Pertaining  to  ferments,  like  the  saliva  and 
pancreatic  juice,  that  convert  starch  into 
sugar. 

Amylop^'sin.     See  Ferments. 

Amylo'ses.  One  .of  the  divisions  of  the 
carbohydrates,  comprising  starch,  glycogen, 
dextrin,  inulin,  gum,  cellulose  and  tunicin. 

Amy^lum.  Starch,  CgHj^Og.  The  internal 
cells  of  Triliciim  vulgaris,  common  wheat, 
all  other  cereals  and  many  tubers,  piths, 
and  roots,  such  as  potato,  cassava,  etc.  ; 
constitutes  nearly  the  whole  of  arrow-root, 
tapioca,  and  sago.  Converted  into  glu- 
cose by  boiling  with  mineral  acids.  The 
most  valuable  nutrient.  Inert  medicinally. 
A.  Glyceritum,  a  jelly  for  external  ap- 
plication. Starch  lo,  glycerine  90  per 
cent.  A.  lodatum,  contains  starch  95, 
iodine  5  P^i"  cent.,  triturated  with  rose 
water  and  dried.     Dose  3;j-5ss. 

Amyosthe^nia  (a  neg.,  five,  muscle, 
adevoc,  force).  Deficient  muscular  power 
without  obvious  disease  or  lesion. 

Amyosthen'ic.  Pertaining  to  amyosthe- 
nia.  Also,  a  medicine  or  agent  depressing 
muscular  action. 

Amyotroph'ic  (a,  /uvg,  rpo0?/,  nutrition). 
Muscular  atrophy.  A.  Paralysis,  that 
which  is  due  to  muscular  atrophy. 

Am^yous  (a,  without,  /«'f).  Weak ; 
deficient  in  muscle  or  muscular  strength. 

Ana  («i'a).  A  Greek  preposition  signify- 
ing tZ/rouq-//,  tip,  again,  etc.  In  prescrip- 
tions contracted  to  aa,  meaning  of  each. 


Anabi''osis  (a!'a,/3(ow,  tocome  to  life  again). 
The  phenomenon  of  a  restoration  of  vi- 
tality possessed  by  certain  organisms  after 
drying,  or  even  after  heating  to  140°  C. 

Anab^olism  [avaba'Alu,  to  throw  or  build 
up).  Synthethic  or  constmctive  metabol- 
ism. Diminished  activity  and  repair  of 
function.  Opposed  to  KataboUsm.  The 
process  by  which  simpler  elements  are 
built  up  into  more  complex.  See  Meta- 
bolism. 

Anacar''diuni.  The  oil  of  the  pericarp  of 
the  cashew,  nut.  Of  reputed  value  in 
leprosy.     Unof. 

Anac^rotism  (ava/cporew,  to  lift  up  and 
strike  together).  A  peculiarity  of  the 
pulse-curve,  when  a  series  of  closely- 
placed  elastic  vibrations  occur  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  line  of  ascent,  so  that  the  apex 
appears  dentate  and  forms  an  angle  with 
the  line  of  descent.  It  takes  place  in 
dilatation  and  hypertrophy  of  the  left  ven- 
tricle, when  extensibihty  of  the  arterial 
wall  is  diminished,  in  great  diminution  in 
the  velocity  of  the  blood-stream,  after  lig- 
ature of  an  artery,  etc. 

Anadicrot'ic  {civa,  upward,  ^Lq,  twice, 
KpoTot;,  a  stroke).  Dicrotism  of  the  venous 
pulse-wave  occurring  in  the  upward  stroke. 

Anae^mia  [av  neg.,  ai/ia,  blood).  Defi- 
ciency of  blood,  or  deficiency  of  the  rela- 
tive number  of  its  red  coipuscles,  the  latter 
being  the  most  generally  understood  mean- 
ing and  use  of  the  term.  Idiopathic,  pcr- 
iiiciojis,  essential,  progressive,  malignant, 
etc.,  are  terms  denoting  a  t}p)e  resisting  all 
treatment  and  of  fatal  prognosis. 

Anae''mic  [av,  aiua).  Pertaining  to  anamiia. 
A.  Murmur,  blood  murmur,  or  soft  mur- 
mur heard  at  the  base  of  the  heart  over  the 
great  vessels. 

Ansemot^rophy  [av  priv.,  aiua,  Tprxp?/^ 
nourishment).  A  deficiency  of  blood 
nourishment. 

Anaero'bia  (a  neg.,  ar/p.  air,  fiioq,  life). 
The  ([uality  of  living  without  oxygen.  A. 
Facultative,  normally  or  usually  living 
in  the  presence  of  oxygen,  but  under  cer- 
tain circumstances  acquiring  anaerobia. 

Anaero'bic.  A  term  used  of  microorgan- 
isms, leucomaines,  ptomaines,  etc.,  that 
are  produced  or  that  live  in  the  absence 
of  oxygen  (or  air). 

Anaesthe^sia  [avaicBrjaia,  want  of  feeling). 
A  condition  of  insensibility  or  loss  of  feel- 
ing clue  to  pathological  conditions  of  the 
centres,  conducting  paths  of  the  nerves,  or 
the  peripheral  terminations  of  the  same,  or 
to  artificial  production  by  means  of  anoesthe- 


AN.tSTHESIMETER 


3d 


AXAMNIA 


tics.  A.,  Bulbar  or  Central,  due  to 
central  disease.  A.  Dolorosa,  loss  of 
touch  but  preservation  of  pain  in  the  part. 
A.,  Local,  of  a  limited  part  of  the  boily. 
A.,  Muscular,  loss  of  muscular  sense. 
A.,  Peripheral,  depending  upon  conili- 
tions  of  the  end  organs  of  the  nerves.  A., 
Surgical,  by  means  of  amvsthetics  for  the 
purpose  of  preventing  pain,  producing  re- 
la.vation  of  muscles,  or  for  diagnostic  pur- 
jx)ses. 

AnsesthesinT'eter.  An  instrument  to  mea- 
sure the  amount  of  an  ana-sthetic  adminis- 

'  tered  in  a  given  time. 

Anaesthet'ic  (a  privative,  aicdavouai^  to 
lecli.  A  substance  which  produces  insen- 
sibility to  feeling  or  to  acute  pain,  dimin- 
ished muscular  action,  and  other  ]>he- 
nomena.  May  lie  local,  general,  partial 
and  complete.  The  following  are  the  sub- 
stances mo.st  conmionly  used  :  Car/>on 
Tetrachloride,  not  so  irritating  to  organs  of 
respiration,  but  far  more  dangerous  than 
chloroform.  Chloral  hydrate,  action  indi- 
rect and  incomplete.  Rarely,  if  ever,  used. 
Chloroform,  by  inhalation.  largely  em- 
ployecl  in  general  surgery.  Fatal  i  :  3000 
in  500  cases.  Death  by  cardiac  paraly- 
sis. Cocaine.  Local,  and  of  short  dura- 
tion. Used  mainly  in  eye,  throat,  and 
mucous  tissues.  /:V//(7-, by  inhalation.  I're- 
cjuently  cau.ses  spasmodic  action  and  sus- 
pension of  respiratory  action.  Twenty 
cases  (1  :  16,000)  of  death  reported  from 
its  u.se.  Ethylene  Chloride,  chlorinated 
muriatic  ether;  clo.sely  re.'iembles  chloro- 
form, but  less  of  a  cardiac  depressant. 
Safer  than  chloroform,  and  recovery  from 
the  effects  prompt.  Ethylene  Dichloride. 
Dutch  liquid  ;  chloric  ether.  Rapid  and 
powerful  in  its  effects.  Paralyses  respira- 
tory centers.  Nitrous  Oxide,  by  inhala- 
tion, much  used  by  dentists  for  extraction 
of  teeth.  Symjjloms  resemble  those  of  a.s- 
phyxia.  A.,  Local,  an  anaslhetic  which, 
locally  applicfi,  pro<luces  absence  of  sensa- 
tion in  the  organ  treated.  Methylene  Di- 
chloride. Not  much  used.  .Several  deaths 
(cardiac  paralysis)  having  occurred  from 
its  emjiloyment.  A.  Mixtures,  those  for 
pro<iucing  an.isthesia.  The  following  are 
considered  among  the  In-st :  Xiiss/iinini's — 
ether  3,  tliloroforrn  I,  alcohol  I  ;  Vienna 
Gen.  J/ospilal — ether  9,  chloroform  30, 
alcohol  9;  *^  I'ientia  Mixtnre"—c\.hcr  3, 
chloroform  I;  MedicoChiruri^ical  Soc.  of 
I.ouili'n—*-\\\i-\,  3,<hloroforrn  2,  alcohol  I. 

Anagal'lis    Arven'sis.    riniiierncl.     .An 
herb  having  .some  local   reputation  on  the 


Pacific  coast  as  a  remedy  for  rheumatism. 
Unof. 

Anaku''sis  {av^  okvoUj  to  hear).  Xervous 
dcafuos. 

A'nal  {iiniis,  the  fundament).  Pertaining 
to  the  anus. 

Analep'tic  {avah/xjug,  recovery).  Agents 
restoring  strength  after  illness,  as  nouri.sh- 
ing  foods  antl  tonics. 

Analge^sia  (ar,  without,  a/; oc,  pain).  In- 
scii>iliility  to  or  absence  of  pain. 

Analge'sic.  A  remedy  which  relieves  pain 
either  by  depressant  action  on  the  nerve- 
centres  or  by  impairing  the  conductivity  of 
nerve  fibres. 

Anal'gia.     Paralysis  of  the  sense  of  pain. 

AnaFogous  (ora>o)of,  confonr.able).  Con- 
forming to,  proportionate,  answering  to. 
See,  al.so,  Analoi^iw.  A.  Tissues,  mor- 
bid tis.sues  similar  to  the  elementary  and 
normal  tissues  of  the  body. 

An'alogue.  A  part  or  organ  having  the 
same  function  as  another,  but  with  a  differ- 
ence of  structure.  The  correlative  term 
liviiioloi^ue,  denotes  identity  of  stioicture 
with  difference  of  function.  The  wing  of 
the  butterfly  and  that  of  the  bird  are  analo- 
gous, but  the  wing  of  a  bird  and  the  arm 
of  a  man  are  homologous. 

Analysis  [ava7vu,  1  unloose).  The  reso- 
lution of  compound  bodies  into  simpler, 
or  constituents.  A.,  Gasometric,  the  de- 
termination of  the  constituents  of  gaseous 
com|X)unds,  especially  the  determination  of 
the  amount  of  oxygen  in  .samples  of  atmo- 
spheric air.  A.,  Gravimetric,  the  ([uan- 
titative  deteniiination  by  weight  of  the 
elements  of  a  body.  A.,  Organic,  the 
determination  of  the  elements  of  matter 
formed  under  the  influence  of  life.  The 
analysis  of  animal  and  vegetable  ti.ssues. 
A.,  Proximate,  the  determination  of  the 
sinipkr  compound  elements  into  which  a 
substance  may  be  resolved.  A.,  Qualita- 
tive, the  determination  of  the  nature  and 
number  of  elements  which  comj)Ose  a  body. 
A.,  Quantitative,  the  determination  of 
the  proi)Oiti(in:ite  parts  ot  the  various  ele- 
ments of  a  com|)ound.  A.,  Ultimate, 
the  resolution  of  a  compound,  not  into 
its  simpler  constituents,  but  its  ultiniale 
elements.  A.,  Volumetric,  the  (|uan- 
titativc  determination  of  a  ( <)n^tilU(■nl 
by  ascertaining  the  volume  of  a  licjuid 
which  is  re()uired  to  complete  a  given 
reaction. 

Anamnes'tic  {avn,  again,  /irtimr,  memory). 
l\<(.illiiig  1(1  mind;    remembering. 

Anam'nia.     See  .Imniota. 


ANAPEIRATIC 


40 


ANENCEPHALUS 


Anapeirat''ic  [aimTTeipao/uaij  to  do  again). 
A  general  term  for  such  affections  as 
writers'  and  telegraphers'  cramp,  or  pa- 
ralysis. 

Anaphrodis''iac  [av,  a(ppoSiT?j,  Venus).  An 
agent  which  allays  sexual  passion. 

An^aplasty  [avmrAaacro),  to  form  again). 
Operation  for  the  renewal  or  restoration  of 
lost  parts,  commonly  called  "grafting,"  or 
a  '■'■plastic  operation.'''' 

Anap^nograph  (avaTzvorj^  respiration, 
ypa(po)j  to  write).  Ap  apparatus  register- 
ing the  movements  ot  inspiration  and  ex- 
piration, together  with  the  quantity  of  air 
inhaled. 

Anar''thria  [avapdpia,  want  of  vigor).  Par- 
tial aphasia  from  partial  destruction  of  the 
paths  of  the  motor  tracts  of  speech. 

Anasar^ca  (ai'a,  through,  cap^,  the  flesh).  ■ 
An  accumulation  of  serum  in  the  areolar 
tissues  of  the  body.     General  dropsy.     If 
the  affection  be  local  it  is  called  oedema. 

Anaspa^'dias  (ai'a,  upward,  (777aw,  to  draw). 
An  urethral  opening  upon  the  upper  sur- 
face of  the  penis. 

Anastotno'sis  {^avaarofiocj,  to  bring  to  a 
mouth).  The  junction  or  intercommuni- 
cation of  vessels.  Anastomotic  arteries 
of  the  thigh,  etc.,  branches  of  the  brachial, 
femoral,  etc.,  whereby  the  collateral  circu- 
lation is  established  after  ligatui'e  for 
aneurysm,  etc.  The  term  has  been  in- 
accurately used  of  the  junction  of  nerve- 
filaments. 

Anat^omy  (^avaTSfivu,  to  cut  up).  The 
dissection  of  organic  bodies  in  order  to 
study  their  structure,  the  situations  and 
uses  of  their  organs,  etc.  A.,  Compara- 
tive, the  investigation  and  comparison  of 
the  anatomy  of  different  orders  of  animals 
or  of  plants,  one  with  another.  A.,  Mor- 
bid or  Pathological,  is  a  study  of  dis- 
eased structures.  A.,  Regional,  a  study 
of  limited  parts  or  regions  of  the  body,  the 
divisions  of  which  are  collectively  or  pecu- 
liarly affected  by  disease,  injury,  operations, 
etc. 

Anazotu'ria  [an  negative,  azotum,  nitro- 
gen, tiria,  the  urine).  A  name  applied 
to  that  form  of  chronic  diuresis  in  which 
urea  is  deficient  or  alisent  from  the  urine. 

Anchie''ta  Saluta^ris.  Vegetable  mercury. 
The  root  of  a  violaceous  plant  growing  in 
Brazil.  Highly  recommended  as  an  altera- 
tive in  syphilitic  affections.  Possibly  iden- 
tical with  Manaca,  q.  v. 

An^chilops.     See  Aiichyhps. 

Anchyloglos''sia.     See  Ton^ne-fie. 

An^chylops  (aj^j^,  near,  wi/;,  eye).  Abscess 


at   the   inner   angle   of  the   eye,  prior   to 
rupture. 

Anchylo^sis.     See  Ankylosis. 

Anchylostomi^asis  i^ayKvloq,  curved, 
OTopa,  mouth).  A  peculiar  anaemia  pro- 
duced by  the  parasite  Dochmius  Duode- 
nalis  sucking  the  blood  from  the  walls  of 
the  duodenum.  Especially  prevalent  among 
brickmakers  and  other  workmen  in  Europe. 
Called  also  Brickmakers'  Anaemia,  Tunnel 
Aniemia,  Miners'  Cachexia,  Egyptian  Chlo- 
rosis, Tropical  Chlorosis,  etc.  Male  fern 
and  thymol  expel  the  worm. 

Anchylosto^mum.    A  worm  found  in  the' 
human    intestine.      The  duodenal  variety 
is  common  in  Italy  and  Egypt.    See  Anchy- 
lostomiasis. 

An''con  («7/c(ji',  the  elbow).  Originally  the 
olecranon  process;  applied  to  the  elbow 
generally. 

Anco''nad.  Toward  the  olecranon  or 
elbow. 

Ancona''gra.    Arthritic  pain  at  the  elbow. 

Anco''nal.     Pertaining  to  the  elbow. 

Ancone^us.  A  small  muscle,  an  extensor 
of  the  forearm,  inserted  into  the  olecranon. 

Anco^noid.     Resembling  the  elbow. 

Ancyloglos''sum.     See  Tongue-tie. 

An^da  Assu.  The  oil  expressed  from  the 
seed  of  a  plant  found  in  Chili.  Laxative. 
Unof. 

AndrcE''cium  {avrjp,  a  man,  oiKca,  a  house). 
Male  spores  taken  collectively. 

Androg^yna  {av7/pj  man,  yvvri,  woman). 
An  hermaphrodite  ;  a  female  in  whom  the 
genital  organs  are  similar  to  those  of  the 
male. 

Androg^ynus.  A  male  with  genital  or- 
gans similar  to  those  of  the  female. 

An'drum.  A  form  of  elephantiasis  Arabum, 
characterized  by  oedema  of  the  scrotum. 

Anelectrot'onus  (av  neg.,  ri?.eiiTpov,  elec- 
tricity, Tovog,  tension).  The  condition  of 
diminished  excitability  at  the  positive  pole 
when  a  nerve  is  traversed  by  a  current  of 
electricity.  See  Electrotonus  and  Catelec- 
trotonus. 

Anemia.     See  Amemia. 

Anemom'etry  (aw/zof,   wind,  /nerpov,   to 
measure).     The  art  of  measuring  the  ve 
locity  and  direction   of  the  wind,  princi- 
pally by  means  of  the  anemometer. 

Anem^onin.  The  active  principle  (Cj^- 
HjjOg)  of  the  anemone.     See  Pulsatilla. 

Anenceph'alus  [av,  without,  evK£(paXoQ, 
brain).  A  monster  with  a  rudimentary  or 
brainless  head,  and  with  an  an^est  of  de- 
velopment of  the  vertebral  column,  the 
spinal  cord  being  absent. 


ANEROID  BAROMETER 


41 


ANGULAR 


An''eroid  Barom'eter.    See  Barometer. 
Anerythrop'sia    (av   neg.,   epiHpng^    red, 
oi/'/i",  sight).    Subnormal  color  perception  of 
red.     See  B/int//icSs. 

An'eurysm  [atTVfnvua^  an  aneurysm).  A 
tumor  con>isting  of  a  dilated  arter)'  or  com- 
municating with  an  artery.  In  the  eaily 
stages  there  is  expansive  pulsation  of  the 
tumor,  and  a  systolic  nmrmur.  In  the  later 
stages  the  laminated  coagulum  increases, 
so  that  pulsation  may  be  ab>ent,  and  there 
may  be  secondan,-  troubles  from  pressure 
upon  adjacent  organs.     It  may  be  caused 

•  by  the  rupture,  wound,  disease  or  weakness 
of  the  arterial  walls.  Cardiac  dilation  is 
sometimes  sjxiken  of  as  aneurysm  of  the 
heart.  A.,  Cirsoid.  "S^q  \'anx.  Arterial. 
A.,  Diffused,  follows  ruptiu-e  of  all  the 
arterial  coats  with  intiltration  of  sunound- 
ing  tissues.  A.,  Dissecting,  when  the 
blood  forces  its  way  between  the  media 
and  adventilia.  A.,  False,  or  spurious, 
indicates  a  ruptiue  of  one  or  more  coats ; 
true,  when  there  is  only  a  dilatation.  A., 
Varicose,  opens  both  into  a  vein  and  an 
artery. 

Anfractuos'ity  [aiifractus,  a  l)ending 
round).  The  furrows  or  sulci  between  the 
cerebral  convolutions. 

Angeiec'tasis  (avyeiov^  a  blood  vessel, 
tKziiair^  dilatation).  Abnormal  dilatation 
of  a  vessel,  as  in  aneurysm,  etc. 

Angeioglio'ma  (avyetcrv^  7^'^,  glue,  o/ja). 
A  gliomatous  vascular  tumor  of  the  spinal 
cord. 

Angei'ograph  {avyeiov,  ypa(^^  to  write). 
A  form  of  sphygmograph  invented  by 
I-amiois. 

Angeioleuci'tis  (nv^'nov^  a  vessel,  7.evKo^^ 
while,  irir).  Inliammation  of  the  lym- 
phatic vessels. 

Angeid'ogy    [nvynov,    '/oyoq,    account). 
A  description 
lymphatics. 

Angeiolympho'ma. 
lymphatic  ves.sels. 

Angeio'ma.  A  tumor  formed  of  blood 
ve^sl•l■,.  ( "all<-d  also  rircitile  or  Vascular 
Tumor.  Cavernous  A.,  with  commu- 
nicating alveolar  spaces.  See  I'arix, 
Cirsoid.  Capillary  and  venoas  angeio- 
mata  are  calle<i  A'/-?'/,  or  Mothers'  Marks. 

Angeioncuro'sis.  A  neurosis  of  the 
bI(Kxl  vt-isi-ls  ;  a  disturbance  of  the  va.so- 
motor  syst<rn, — a  symptom  of  many  dis- 
eases. 

Angeioparal'ysis.     Vasomotor  jKiralysis. 

Angciosarco'ma.  .\  vascular  sarcoma  of 
the  .spinal  cord. 


of    the    blood-vessels     and 
A  tumor  formed  of 


An''geiospasm.    A  convulsive  neiu-osisof 

the  blood  vessels  ;  a  vasomotor  s|'asm. 
Angelica.     The  seeds  and  root  of  ./;<//- 
a>ii:^elica  officinalis  and  other  species.     An 
aromatic    stimulant    and     ennnenagogue. 
Dose  of  the   tld.  ext. :   Seeds  n\_v  -x  ;  root 
^:5ss-j.     Unof. 
Angi'na  {a/ix'o,  to  strangle).     A  sense  of 
choking  or  suffocation  ;  a  symptom  of  in- 
tlammatory  affections  of  the  pharvnx.     A. 
Acuta   or   Simplex,  simple    sore   throat. 
A.   Parotidea,  mumps,  or  parotitis.     A. 
Pectoris,  a  paroxysmal  neurosis  with  in- 
tense pain  and  oppression  about  the  heart, 
Tlie  exact  cause  is  unknown.     A.   Ton- 
sillans,  quinsy. 
An'gio-.     See  Am^eio-. 
Angiodef'ma  Pigmento'sum.     See  At- 

ropliodertna. 
Angiograph.     See  Angeio;.^raph. 
An'gio-myo'ma.     See  Myoma. 
Angle  [aiii^itlus).     The  degree  of  diverg- 
ence of  two  lines  that  meet   each  other ; 
the  space  between  two  such  lines.     A., 
Alpha,  the  angle  formed  by  the  intersec- 
tion   of  the    visual    line    and    optic    axis. 
Cephalic  angles,  measurements  for  com- 
paring tlie  skulls  of  different  races.     A., 
Facial,  that  formed  by  a  horizontal  line 
from  the  external  auditory  meatus  to  the 
aheolar    liorder   of    the    up]ier   jaw,  with 
another  from  the  most  ])rominenl  j^art  of 
the   forehead   to  the   edge  of  the   alveolar 
border  of  the  u]iper  jaw  opjiosite  the  in- 
ci,sor  teeth.  A.  of  Incidence  and  of  Re- 
flection (of  light  or  sound),  that  between 
the   incident  anil   the   rellected  ray  res]:ec- 
tively,  and  tlie  pei-])endicular  to  the  reflect- 
ing   surface.      A,    of    Refraction,  that 
made  by  a  ray  of  light  in  passing  through 
a  transparent  .sulistance  with  a  line  at  right 
angles   to   it.     A.,  Visual,  that  between 
lines    drawn    from    the  extremities  of  an 
object  to  the  ncxlal  point.     The  smallest  is 
al)out  30  seconds. 
Ang^licus     Su'dor.      Engli.sli    Sweating 
Fever.    A  contagious  malignant  fever,  also 
known  as   J-.plienti  ra  malii^iia,  character- 
i/iil   by  black  or  dark-colored  sweat. 
A n'gor  ((///;'«;-,  a  strangling).  Synonymous 
with  .Ini^ina.     Api)lied  by  some   to  epi- 
gastric pain. 
Anguil'lidae  [ani^uilla,tmfc\).  'i'lu-smiill 
nematdid  worms  that   live   in  \inegar  and 
Sdur  past<\ 
An'gular  (angulus,  an  angle).     I'ertainiiig 
t(i  an  angle.     A.   Artery   and  Vein,  the 
terminal  branclK'S  of  tlii'  facial   artery  and 
vein.     A.   Gyrus  or    Convolution,  the 


ANGULARIS  SCAPULA 


42 


ANKLE 


pli  coiirbe,  a  convolution  of  the  brain.  A. 
Processes,  the  external  and  internal  ex- 
tremities of  the  orbital  arch  of  the  frontal 
bone. 

Angularis  Scapulae  Muscle.  The  Le- 
vator nnguli  scapula. 

Angustu''ra.  The  bark  of  Galipea  cus- 
paria.  A  stimulant  tonic  and  febrifuge. 
In  large  doses  emetic.  Dose  of  fld.  ext. 
Tr\^x-xxx.     Unof. 

Anhalo'nium  Lewin'ii.  The  active 
principle  of  the  cactus  of  this  name. 
Intensely  poisonous.  Resembles  strych- 
nine in  action.     Unof. 

Anhela^tion  [anhelo,  to  pant).  Shortness 
of  breath  ;  dyspnoea. 

Anhidro^sis  (av  neg.,  tJpcjf,  sweat).  Ab- 
sence or  deficiency  of  sweat. 

Anhidrot^ic.  An  agent  that  checks 
sweating. 

Anhydrae''mia.  The  opposite  of  hydroe- 
mia,  or  an  abnormal  decrease  in  the  rela- 
tive proportion  of  the  water  and  salts  of 
the  blood. 

Anhy'dride  (  av^  v(^up,  water).  In  chem- 
istry, any  oxide,  either  basic  or  acid,  un- 
combined  with  water. 

Anhy^drous  (av,  without,  wTup).  In 
chemistry,  a  term  used  to  denote  the 
absence  of  hydroxyl  or  of  constitutional 
water. 

Ani''dous  (av  neg.,  ei6og,  form).  Foetal 
monsters,  formless,  from  general  arrest  of 
development. 

Anidro'sis.     See  Ankidrosh. 

An'iline  (Port,  anil,  indigo).  A  thin, 
colorless  liquid  alkaloid,  having  the  struc- 
ture CgH^N,  derived  from  coal-tar.  Com- 
bined with  chlorine,  the  chlorates  and 
hypochlorites,  the  various  aniline  dyes  are 
produced.  Poisonous.  Unof.  A.,  Red. 
See  Fuchsin. 

An^ilism.  An  acute  or  chronic  disease 
produced  in  workmen  in  aniline  factories, 
by  the  poisonous  fumes. 

An'imal  {anima,  the  spirit,  breath  or  life). 
An  organic  being  having  life  and  power  of 
motion.  Pertaining  to  the  same.  The  ani- 
mal kingdom  is  composed  of  the  Vertebrata , 
Jllolliisca,  Articulata  and  Radiata.  A. 
Charcoal,  bone-black,  ivory-black,  etc., 
is  the  product  of  calcining  bones  in  close 
vessels.  A.  Chemistry,  that  concerning 
itself  with  the  composition  of  animal  bodies. 
A.  Magnetism,  mesmerism,  hypnotism, 
etc.     A.  Starch.     See  Glycogen. 

AnimaPcule  (dim.  of  animal).  An  or- 
ganism so  small  as  to  require  the  micro- 
scope for  its  examination. 


Animaliza^tion  (rt;^/wa//.f,  animate).  The 
process  of  assimilating  food  to  the  tissues 
of  the  body. 

An'imal  Tis^sue.  A  general  name  for 
any  of  the  textures  which  form  the  ele- 
mentary structures  of  the  body.  T.,  Ade- 
noid or  Retiform,  a  variety  of  tissue  found 
in  the  lymphatic  glands.  T.,  Adipose,  a 
variety  of  areolar  tissue  constituting  a  re- 
servoir for  fatty  substances.  T.,  Areolar, 
Cellular  or  Connective,  a  tissue  of  easily- 
distended  meshes,  used  to  bind  the  various 
parts  of  the  body  together.  T.,  Cartilagi- 
nous. See  Cartilage.  T.,  Erectile,  tissue 
of  a  spongy  nature,  which  is  expanded 
when  turgid  with  blood  or  other  fluid.  T., 
Fibrous,  the  membranous  tissue  covering 
the  bones  and  cartilage.  T.,  Gelatinous, 
or  Mucoid,  a  form  of  tissue  found  chiefly 
in  the  fcetus.  T.,  Muscular.  See  Muscle. 
T.,  Nervous.  ^eeNe>-ve.  T.,  Osseous. 
See  Bone. 

Anima^tion  [animare,  to  have  life  or  ex- 
istence). To  be  possessed  of  life.  Formerly 
used  to  denote  the  effect  of  the  vital  principle 
by  which  the  foetus  acquires  the  power  of 
continuing  its  existence.  A.,  Suspended, 
a  condition  marked  by  interrupted  respira- 
tion and  consciousness ;  caused  by  strangu- 
lation, the  inhalation  of  carbon  dioxide  or 
other  gases,  etc. 

An^ion  [ava.^  up,  «//<,  to  go).  A  word 
employed  in  electrolysis  to  designate  an 
electro-negative  element.     See  Ion. 

Anirid^ia  [av  neg.,  iris).  Absence  or  de- 
fect of  the  iris. 

Anischu^'ria  (an  neg.,  ischuria).  A  word 
sometimes  used  to  denote  enuresis  or  in- 
continence of  urine. 

Anisoco'ria.     See  Isocoria. 

Anisometrop^ia'  (av  neg.,  iao(;,  equal, 
jxerpov,  a  measure,  wi/',  the  eye).  A  differ- 
ence in  the  refraction  of  the  two  eyes. 

Anisofropous  (aviGog,  unequal,  r/3£7rw,to 
turn).  Pertaining  to  the  ])Ower  of  doubly 
refracting  a  ray  of  light,  like  Iceland  spar. 

An''isum.  Anise.  The  fruit  of  Anisiiin 
piiiipinella.  Properties  due  to  a  volatile 
oil.  Slightly  stimulant  to  heart  action. 
Useful  chiefly  to  liquefy  bronchial  secre- 
tions, and  is  therefore  a  favorite  ingredient 
in  cough  mixtures.  Dose,  gr.  x-xx.  A. 
Aqua,  oil  of  anise  I,  water  500  parts. 
Dose  indefinite.  A.  Oleum,  an  ingre- 
dient in  tinct.  opii  camph.  Dose  TTLJ-v. 
A.  Spt.,  a  10  per  cent,  solution  of  the  oil 
in  alcohol. 

An'kle.  The  joint  between  the  tibia  and 
fibula  above   and  on   the   sides,   and    the 


ANKYLOBLEPHARON 


43 


ANTEVERSION 


astragalus.  It  is  a  ginglymus  joint,  with 
three  Uganients,  the  anterior,  internal  and 
external.  A.  Clonus,  "  foot-clonus," 
"  foot-[)henomenoii,''  a  clonic  series  of 
sjMisniodic  contractions  elicited  by  putting 
the  extensors  of  the  ankle  joint  on  a  con- 
tinuous stretch.  They  are  uniform  and 
number  from  si.x  to  nine  contractions  per 
second. 

Ankylobleph'aron  {aynv/n,  a  thong  or 
ktij),  .i/.t<;>(if)in\  fvelid).  The  adhesion  of 
the  ciliary  edges  of  the  eyelids. 

Ankyloglos'sia.     See  7\»tifuc--/i\'. 

Ankylo'sis  {(r.Kv/.og,  curved).  Union  of 
the  bones,  forming  a  joint  resulting  in  a 
stirtjoint.  A.,  False,  or  Spurious,  is 
due  to  the  rigidity  of  surrounding  parts. 
A.,  True,  or  Bony,  when  the  connecting 
material  is  bone.  A.,  Ligamentous,  when 
the  nudiiim  is  fibrous. 

Ankylos''tomum  [a-}Kv?.or,  aro^a,  mouth"). 
A  nematoid  worm  inhabiting  the  duodenum 
of  man. 

Ankylo'tia  (a>7cvAof,  ore,  o^^og,  ear).  Union 
of  the  walls  of  the  meatus  auditorius. 

Annat'to.     See  Annotto. 

Annot'to.  Annatto,  arnotto.  A  coloring 
matter  obtained  from  the  pellicles  of  the 
seeds  of  Bixa  orellatta.  Used  to  color 
plasters.  Also  employed  as  an  artificial 
color  for  butter. 

An'nual  [tifiiit/s,  a  year).  Yearly.  In 
botany,  plants  that  mature  and  die  in  one 
year. 

An''nular  [aniin/us,  a  ring).  Ringlike. 
A  numl)er  of  ligaments  of  the  joints  are 
called  annular,  as  those  of  the  ankle,  wrist, 
eU.  A.  Muscle  of  Miiller,  the  circular 
fibres  of  the  ciliary  muscle.  A.  Carti- 
lage, the  cricoid  cartilage.  A.  Process, 
or  Protuberance,  the  jxins  varolii. 

An'nulus  (dim.  of  annus,  a  ring).  A 
ring-sha|)ed  or  circular  oix-ning.  A  cir- 
cular or  rounded  margin.  A.  Abdomi- 
nalis,  the  external  and  internal  abdominal 
rings.  A.  Abdominis,  the  inguinal  ring. 
A.  Fibrosus,  the  external  ]):irt  of  the 
inicrvi-rtebral  discs.  A.  Membrani 
Tympani,  an  incomplete  Ixjny  ring  which 
forms  the  f<L-tal  auditory  ])r(x:css  of  the 
tem[)oral  Ixane.  A.  Ovalis,  the  rounded 
or  oval  margin  of  the  fcrcii/irn  (Walis.  A. 
Umbilicus,  the  umbilicid  ring. 

An'ode  («iyi,  up,  ofW,  a  way).  The  posi- 
tive |)oic  of  a  galvanic  battery. 

An'odyne  {iiv,  oi^wr/,  a  |>ain).  A  medicine 
that  given  relief  from  pain.  From  their 
tendency  to  pnxluce  sleej)  they  are  called 
kypnotus.     A.,  Hoffman's.     .See  J:tlier. 


Anom^alous  (a.vuua>Mq,  not  equal).  Ir- 
regular, deviation  from  the  common  order. 
.\  UKinster  is  an  anoina/y. 

Anonych'ia  [av  neg.,  ori-f,  nail).  Ab- 
sence or  defect  of  the  nails  of  the  hngers 
or  toes. 

Anophthal'mos  [av,  o(pda}.^io^,  eye). 
Congenital  absence  of  the  eyes. 

Anops'ia  [(iv  neg.,  oftq,  vision).  Disuse 
of  the  eye,  not  from  retinal  or  cerebral 
disease,  but  because  of  defects  of  the 
media,  strabismus,  errors  of  refraction,  etc-. 
A.  Amblyopia,  ex-,  amblyopia  from 
disuse. 

Anor'chus  [av  neg.,  op\ir,  the  testicle). 
A  person  in  whom  the  testicles  are  absent 
or  not  descended.  The  adj.  is  anorchous, 
the  condition,  anarchism. 

Anorex'ia  (av  neg.,  opeiig,  appetite).  Ab- 
sence or  diminution  of  appetite. 

Anos'mia  («r  neg.,  oa/trj,  smell).  Partial 
or  complete  loss  of  the  sense  of  smell. 

Anosto'sis  {av  neg.,  oareov,  bone).  De- 
fective development  of  bone. 

Anoves'ical.  Pertaining  conjointly  to  the 
anus  and  bladder. 

Ant-,  Anti-  {avri,  against).  Prefixes  to 
comjwund  words  signifying  ojiposed  to, 
against,  counteracting,  eU. 

Antac^id  {nrTt,act</ns,  add).  A  substance 
counteracting  or  neutralizing  acidity ;  an 
alkali. 

Antag'onist  {avrayoriarer,  counteracting). 
A  term  a])])lied  to  drugs  that  neutralize  the 
thera])eutic  effects  of  one  another.  In 
anatomy,  muscles  that  act  in  op]X)sition  to 
each  other.  Applied  also  to  diseases  that 
seem  to  exclude  each  other.     See  Dm^. 

Antal'gic  {avri,  a?.yog,  pain).  Remedies 
relie\ing  pain. 

Antal'kaline.  An  agent  neutralizing  alka- 
lies, as  acids. 

Antaphrodis'iac  (avn,  acpprx^iaia,  sexual 
desire).  Agents  lessening  the  venereal 
desires.  ' 

Antarthrit'ic  {am,  nfyHpiTi^,  the  gout). 
.Mcijicincs  for  the  relii'f  of  gout. 

Antasthmat'ic  [avn,  aaH/in,  short  breath). 
Remedies  for  the  relief  of  xsthma. 

Anteflex'ion  {an/r,  before,  //,r/o,  to  bend). 
A  bending  forward.  A.  of  Uterus,  a  con- 
dition in  which  the  fundus  sinks  between 
the  eersix  and  the  neck  of  the  bla<l<ler. ,. 

Anten'nae  {unfrnna,  a  yard-arm).  'Hu' 
paired  feeler  like  a])|K-ndages  of  certain 
insects. 

An'te  Part'um  (I-at.).     Mefore  delivery. 

Antcver'sion  ({intr,  ;v/A',  to  turn).  A 
turning  forward.     A.  of  Uterus,  the  fun- 


ANTHELMINTIC 


44 


ANTIDOTE 


dus  is  bent  toward  the  symphysis  pubis, 
the  cervix  toward  the  sacrum. 

Anthelmin'tic  [avri,  against,  e/fiivc;),  a 
worm.  A  vermicide.  An  agent  either  Ivill- 
ing  or  rendering  powerless  intestinal  para- 
sites ;  a  vermifuge  expels  worms. 

An^themis.  Chamomile.  The  flower- 
heads  of  A.  mobilis.  Properties  due  to 
a  volatile  oil,  a  camphor  and  a  bitter 
principle.  Useful  in  coughs  and  spas- 
modic infantile  complaints.  An  excellent 
stomachic  tonic.  Infusion  of  C^  iv  to  Oj, 
given  in  doses  of  5  j-ij-  No  official  prepa- 
rations. A.  01.,  the  volatile  oil  of  chamo- 
mile.    Dose,  n\^ij-x,  in  sugar. 

Another  [avO/^pog,  in  full  bloom).  The  male 
sexual  organ  in  plants ;  the  summit  and 
essential  part  of  the  stamen.  It  contains 
the  pollen  or  fecundating  substance  of  the 
flower. 

An'thony's  Fire,  St.  A  popular  name 
for  Erysipelas. 

Anthracnc'sis.  Black  rot,  a  fungus  dis- 
ease of  vines,  caused  by  the  Plwnia  zivi- 
cola,  or  Sphaceloma  a?iipe/iiii!t. 

Anthracom^etry  [avOpa^,  carbon,  /lerpov, 
measure).  The  determination  of  the 
amount  of  carbon  dioxide  in  air. 

Anthraco''sis  {av6pa^,  carbon).  Carbun- 
cular  disease.  An  affection  of  the  lungs 
in  miners  from  the  inhalation  of  coal-dust. 

Anthraro^bin,  A  derivative  of  alizarine, 
similar  to  chrysarobin.  A  soluble  alkaloid 
useful  in  psoriasis.     Unof. 

Anthrax  [avftpaS,  a  coal  or  carbuncle).  A 
carbuncle ;  a  painful,  dark-colored  tumor 
of  the  cellular  tissue,  ending  in  mortifica- 
tion of  the  part  and  the  discharge  of  a 
foetid,  bloody  pus.  The  benignant  variety 
has  no  fatal  consequences.  The  malig- 
nant, called  also  malignant  piisttde,  is 
caused  by  the  infection  from  animals  suffer- 
ing from  splenic  apoplexy,  and  is  due  to  a 
specific  bacillus,  which,  fi-om  a  single  cen- 
ter, may  extend  over  the  body  and  invade 
the  intestinal  tract,  producing  in  this  way, 
or  by  direct  infection  of  diseased  meat,  the 
intestinal  type  of  the  disease.  See  Bacillus 
(anthrax). 

Anthropog''eny  [avOpomog,  man,  yevvau, 
to  produce).  The  study  or  science  of  the 
descent  of  man. 

Anthropog'raphy  [avOpuTvo^,  ypa(pu,  to 
write).  A  treatise  upon  the  human  struc- 
ture or  organism. 

An'thropoid  [avdpuTro^,  £i6og,  form).  Re- 
sembling man. 

Anthropology  {avOpuno^,  T^ojoc,  dis- 
course).    The  science  of  the  nature,  physi- 


cal and  psychological,  of  man  and  of  man- 
kind. 

Anthropom''etry  [avOpuTzog,  fierpov,  a 
measure).  The  determination  of  the 
measurement,  weight,  strength  and  pro- 
portions of  the  human  body. 

Anthropoph'agy  [civBpupog,  (jiaysiv,  to  eat). 
Cannilialism. 

Anthropophc'bia  [avftpuiroc;,  (poiSot;,  fear). 
A  symptom  of  mental  disease  consisting  in 
fear  of  society. 

Anti-  (sometimes  contracted  to  ant-)  {civtl, 
against).  A  prefix  of  compound  words  sig- 
nifying counteraction,  opposition,  etc. 

Anti-aFbumin.  According  to  Kiihne,  one 
of  the  preformed  substances  existing  in  the 
proteid  molecule.  The  other  he  calls 
hemi-albumin.  Gastric  juice  first  con- 
verts them  into  anti-albumose  and 
hemi-albumose,  and  these  finally  into 
anti-peptone  and  hemi-peptone. 

Anti-albumose.     See  Anti-albumin. 

Antia^rin  (Javanese,  antiar  or  antschar'). 
The  active  principle,  Cj^HjuO.  -|-  2H,^0, 
of  Antiaris  toxicaria  or  Upas  antiar,  the 
Javanese  poison-tree.  It  is  used  as  an 
arrow-poison,  and  is  intensely  poisonous. 

Antiarthrit^ic  [avri,  ap&pirig,  the  gout). 
A  remedy  against  gout. 

Antibra'chium  [a//ti  and  brachiuni,  the 
arm).     The  foreaiTn. 

Antibro'mic  [(ipu/uag,  a  stench).  A  drug 
that  destroys  offensive  smells.  A  deodorizer. 

Antic^ipating  {a)iticipo,  to  take  before). 
Applied  to  the  occurrence  of  periodical  phe- 
nomena in  disease  or  health,  before  their 
customary  time,  as  in  intermittent  fever  or 
the  catamenia. 

Anti^cus  (rtz/Z/V/M,  that  in  front).  Anterior, 
in  front  of. 

An'tidote  [avTi&oroc,,  from  avri,  against, 
6L()u)fii,  to  give).  An  agent  preventing  or 
counteracting  the  action  of  a  poison.  A., 
Chemical,  changes  the  chemical  nature 
of  the  poison  so  that  it  becomes  insoluble 
or  harmless.  A.,  Mechanical,  prevents 
absorj^tion  by  holding  the  poison  in 
mechanical  suspension  or  by  coating  the 
stomach.  A.,  Physiological,  supplies  its 
own  peculiar  and  neutralizing  effect  upon 
the  system.  The  ofRcial  A.,  Arsenical, 
of  the  German  Pharmacopeia  is  prepared 
by  dissolving  loo  parts  of  the  hydrated 
sulphate  of  iron  in  250  parts  of  water,  to 
which  add  (without  heat)  15  parts  of  burnt 
magnesia  and  250  parts  of  water.  A., 
Universal,  a  mixture  of  one  part  of  dis- 
solved iron  sulphate  in  two  parts  of  magne- 
sia water.     See  Drug. 


ANTI-EMETIC  ROOT 


45 


ANTISEITIC 


Anti-emet'ic  root.     See  Adnie. 

An'ti-fat.     See  Fiutis  Wsiculosus. 

Antifeb'rile  (avri,  against, /£'(^r/7/>,  a  fever). 
An  agent  reducing  a  fever ;  a  febrifuge. 

Antifeb'rin.  Phcnyl-acetamid  acetanilide. 
A  white,  crystalline  powder  insoluble  in 
water,  freely  soluble  in  alcohol.  An  anti- 
pyretic alleged  to  be  more  powerful  than 
quinine.  Eft'ects  manifest  in  one  hour, 
passing  away  in  3-10  houre.  Efficacious 
in  fevers  characterized  by  high  teni|)era- 
ture.      Dose  gr.  iv-.\v.     Unof. 

Antigalac'tic  (air*,  ya/.a,  milk).  Agents 
lessening  the  secretion  of  milk. 

Antihe'lix  [nvri,  t'/t^,  a  coil).  The  semi- 
circuhir  piuminence  of  the  external  ear, 
opix)>ite  the  helix,  or  outer  circle. 

Antihydrop'ic  (avri,  i'(5/)wi/',  dropsy).  A 
medicine  used  for  the  relief  of  dropsy. 

Antihydrot'ic.  An  agent  lessening  the 
secretion  of  sweat. 

Antilep'sis  [arri'/.r/tj'ig,  a  receiving  in  re- 
turn). The  treatment  of  disease  by  the 
application  of  the  remedy  to  a  healthy 
]>.irt. 

Antilith'ic  {aiTi,  TuOog,  a  stone).  Agents 
preventing  the  deposit  of  urinary  calculi  or 
sediment. 

Antilob'ium  (avrt,  ?/)/3f)?,  the  lobe  of  the 
ear).  The  tragus  or  part  of  the  ear  opjx)- 
site  the  IoIjc. 

Antimo'nium.  Antimony.  Sb  =  122 
([uaniivalence  I,  HI,  V.  A  non-metal, 
having  a  metallic  luster.  Only  the  com- 
binations are  VLsed  in  medicine.  Anti- 
monial  salts  are  cardiac  depressants.  Pro- 
mote rai)id  excretion  of  waste  jiroducts 
ofthelxxly;  in  large  doses  produce  vomit- 
ing and  purging,  with  .symptoms  similar  to 
those  of  cholera.  Valuable  in  inllamma- 
tory  ailments  of  the  respiratory  organs, 
pueqxiral  |>eritonitis  and  muscular  rheu- 
matism. A.  et  Potass.  Tartrate,  tar- 
trate of  antimony  and  |X)tassiuni,  '•  tartar 
emetic."  iJose  gr.  ■j',;— }.  A.  Vini,  wine 
of  antimony,  boiling  water  60,  tartar 
emetic  4,  stronger  white  wine  looo  |iail^. 
A  gfKxi  exjxTtorant.  Itose  H\_v-xv.  Syr. 
Scillae  Comp.,  (ox's  hive  mixture,  hive 
.syrup.  E:ii  !i  '^j  contains  gr.  i,^  of  tartar 
emetic.  A.  O.xide,  Sb^Oj,  soluble  in 
hydrochloric  an<l  tartaric  acids.  Dose 
gr.  j-ij.  A.  Pulvis,  |)f,>wder  of  antimony, 
James'  |xjwder,  consists  of  antiinonious 
oxide  H,  and  calcium  phosphate,  67  parts. 
A  prom|)t  diaphoretic.  Do.se  gr.  iij-viij. 
In  larger  dos<s,  emetic  and  cathartic.  A. 
Sulphide,  black  sulphide  of  antiniony. 
Dose  gr.  %-].    A.  Sulph.  Purificatum. 


Dose  gr.  %-].  A.  Sulphuratum,  the  sul- 
phiile  w  ith  a  small  but  indefinite  amount 
of  the  oxide.  Dose  gr.  j-v.  A.  Comp., 
Pil.,  Plummer's  pills,  contain  calomel  and 
antimony  .sul])huratum,  aa  gr.  ss. 

Antiparasit'ics  {avrt,  nu/iuaiTdr,  a  jjara- 
site).  Agents  destroying  or  preventing  in- 
crease of  parasites.     Insecticides. 

Antip'athy  [avri,  Tratfo^,  aflection).  Aver- 
sion. Aitlif<allnc  is  applied  to  the  treatment 
of  disease  by  agents  producing  symptoms 
of  an  opposite  nature  to  those  of  the  affec- 
tion.    Synonymous  with  Allopathic. 

Anti-pep'tone.     See  Peptones. 

Antiperiod'ics.  Remedies  breaking  up 
the  periodicity  of  certain  diseases.  (Qui- 
nine is  the  best  known. 

AntiperistaFsis.     See  Peristalsis. 

Antiphlogistic  (avTi,  <pAoyuaig,  inflam- 
mation). An  agent  subduinij  or  reducing 
inflammation  or  fever.  A.  Treatment, 
consists  in  bloodletting,  the  application  of 
cold,  administration  of  antipyretics,  etc. 

Antiplast''ic  {aiT<,7r/,ac7aw,  to  form).  Un- 
favorable to  granulation  or  the  healing 
process.  Also,  agents  impoverishing  the 
blood. 

Antiprurit'ic  {J>n/rittis,  itching).  A  drug 
which  relieves  the  sensation  of  itching. 

Antipyre''sis  {avri,  TTVfnToq,  fever).  The 
empluyment  of  antipyretics  in  fever. 

Antipyret'ic  [av-i,  Trvpe-oq).  An  agent 
reducing  the  temperature  of  fever;  any 
antifebrile  medicine,  or  febrifuge.  Most 
such  also  reduce  the  normal  bodily  tempera- 
ture slightly.  They  act  either  by  prevent- 
ing oxidation  processes,  or  encouraging  the 
ratliation  of  heat. 

Antipy 'rin.  Dimethyl-  oxy  chinicine, 
C,,11,.,N.,0.  An  alkaloidal  product  of  the 
destructive  distillation  of  coal-tar.  It  is  a 
grayish  crystalline  jiowder,  slightly  bitter, 
.soluble  in  water ;  adult  dose  gr.  v-x, 
every  hour  for  two  or  three  hours.  It  re- 
duces the  temi)eralure  3-5  degrees  in 
fevers,  causes  sweating,  sometimes  vomit- 
ing, but  no  serious  result. 

Antipyro'tic  (al•^^  -vftuxjir,  a  burning). 
.\l;(  Ills  (  urativi'  of  burns. 

Antiscorbu^tic  {aiiti,  scorhiitiis,  scurvy). 
A  remedy  for  or  ijrevenlive  of  scurvy; 
mainly  v<-getable  acids. 

Antisep'tic  ("it/,  (Tz/tw,  to  make  putrid). 
Having  iH>W(r  to  prevent  or  destroy  jnilre- 
faclion,  or,  what  is  the  same  thing,  the 
bacteria  u|)on  which  putrefaction  dei^nds. 
The  principal  in  use  are  corrosive  subli- 
mate, carliolic  acid,  iiKloform,  thymol,  sali- 
cylic   acid,    Ixjric    aciil,  ftc.    A.    Gauze, 


ANTISIALICS 


46 


APHASIA 


open  cotton  cloth  charged  with  carbolic 
acid,  resin,  and  paraffin.  A.  Ligature, 
catgut  or  other  material  rendered  aseptic 
by  soaking  in  antiseptic  solutions.  The 
antiseptic  treatment  of  wounds  looks 
to  thorough  asepsis  and  antisepsis  as  re- 
gards the  wound,  the  instniments,  the 
operator's  hands,  the  dressings,  etc.  See, 
also,  Listeria7i  Method. 

AntisiaKics.  Substances  that  lessen  the 
secretion  of  saliva. 

Antispasmod'ic  {avTL,GJvaafio^,  a  spasm). 
An  agent  allaying  or  relieving  convulsions 
or  spasmodic  pains,  as  the  narcotics,  the 
nitrites,  etc. 

Antispas''tic.  That  which  counteracts 
spasm.     An  antispasmodic. 

Antisyphilit'ic.  A  remedy  directed 
against,  or  used  for  the  relief  of  syphilis. 
Usually  an  alterative. 

Antithe''nar  [avri,  devap,  the  hollow  of 
the  hand  or  foot).  Opposite  to  the  thenar. 
A.  Eminence,  the  border  of  the  palm 
of  the  hand  from  the  base  of  the  little  fin- 
ger to  the  wrist.  A.  Muscles,  of  the  toe 
and  of  the  thumb :  the  adductor  pollicis 
pedis,  and  the  flexor  brevis  pollicis  manus. 

Antitra''gus  (avr<,  rpftyof,  the  tragus).  An 
eminence  of  the  external  ear  opposite  the 
tragus.  The  antitragicus  muscle  arises 
from  it. 

Antizymot^ic   (avTi,  Cv/iwr/Kof,  causing  to 

ferment).  An  agent  preventing  the  process 
of  fermentation. 

Ant^lia  [antiia,  a  pump).  A  syringe  or 
pump.  A.  Lactea,  a  pump  for  drawing 
milk  from  the  breast.  A.  Mammaria, 
same  as  A.  Lactea. 

Antri^tis  (antrum,  a  hollow  place,  -itis, 
inflammation).  A  word  denoting  inflam- 
mation of  any  of  the  cavities  of  the  body, 
especially  the  A.  Ilig/unoriamim. 

An'trophore.  A  soluble,  medicated  bougie. 

An''trum  (autnuti).  A  physiological  cavity 
or  hollow  place,  especially  in  a  bone.  A. 
Ethmoidale,  the  ethmoidal  sinuses.  A. 
Highmorianum,  Antrum  of  Highmore, 
a  cavity  in  the  superior  maxillary  bone. 
A.  Pyloricum  Willisii,  the  cavity  of  the 
pylorus. 

Anu^'ria  [av  neg.,  ovpoi>,  urine).  Absence, 
deficiency,  or  retention  of  the  urine. 

A^nus  [anus,  the  fundament).  The  ex- 
tremity of  the  rectum ;  the  lower  opening 
of  the  alimentary  canal.  A.,  Artificial, 
an  artificial  opening,  the  natural  for  any 
reason  being  closed.  A.,  Fissure  of, 
rupture  of  the  skin  at  the  side,  due  to  pas- 
sage of  hardened  fceces.     A.,  Fistula  of, 


a  sinus,  or  fistulous  ulcer  opening  from  the 
rectum  into  the  connective  tissue  about  the 
rectum,  or  discharging  externally.  A.,  Im- 
perforate, absence  of  the  anus,  the  natural 
opening  being  closed  by  areolar  tissue  or  a 
membranous  septum.  A.,  Pruritus  of, 
persistent  itching  of  the  anal  orifice.  A., 
Prolapse  of,  protrusion  of  the  rectum 
or  its  mucous  membrane. 

Aor^ta  [aopTTj).  The  great  arterial  vessel 
arising  from  the  left  ventricle  and  ending 
with  its  bifurcation  into  the  two  common 
iliacs  at  the  fourth  lumbar  vertebra.  77n' 
arch,  that  extending  from  the  heart  to  the 
third  dorsal  vertebra,  is  divided  into  an 
ascending,  a  transverse,  and  a  descending 
part.  The  thoracic  portion  extends  to 
the  diaphragm ;  the  abdominal,  to  the  bi- 
furcation. The  diseases  of  the  aorta  are 
acute  aortitis,  due  to  traumatism,  throm- 
bosis, etc. ;  and  the  chronic  form,  or  athe- 
roma of  the  aorta  ;  fatty  degeneration  ; 
stenosis  ;  aneurysm.     See  Artery. 

Ap^athy  («  priv.,  Tradog,  feeling).  In- 
sensibility, want  of  passion  or  feeling. 

Aper'ient  (aperio,  to  open).  A  mild  pur- 
gative; a  laxative,  or  aperitive. 

Aperistal^sis.     See  Peristalsis. 

Ap'erture  (apertura,  an  opening).  An 
opening. 

A^pex  [apex,  the  extreme  end  of  a  thing). 
The  summit  or  top  of  anything ;  the  point 
or  extremity  of  a  cone.  A.  Beat,  the 
impulse  of  the  heart  felt  in  the  fifth  inter- 
costal space  about  2)%  inches  from  the 
middle  of  the  sternum.  A.  Murmur,  a 
murmur  heard  over  the  apex  of  the  heart. 
Apices  of  the  Lungs,  the  upper  extremity 
of  the  lungs  behind  the  border  of  the  first 
rib. 

Apha''kia  [a  neg.,  (paKog,  a  lentil,  and  the 
crystalline  lens).  Condition  of  an  eye 
without  the  lens,  whether  the  result  of  con- 
genital defect,  luxation,  traumatism  or  cata- 
ract operation. 

Apha^sia  (a,  (paaig,  speech).  Partial  or 
complete  loss  of  the  power  of  expression 
or  of  comprehension  of  the  conventional 
signs  of  language,  from  no  lesion  of  the 
peripheral  organs  or  nerves,  but  from  le- 
sions of  the  cortical  centers  concerned.  If 
sensory,  it  may  be  either  of  two  varieties : 
I.  Word-deafness,  in  which  spoken  words 
are  not  understood  (there  is  usually  some 
paraphasia  or  imperfection  of  speech  con- 
nected with  this  form);  2.  lVord-bli?idness. 
in  which  written  or  printed  words  are  not 
understood.  If  motor,  it  may  be  either — 
I.  Motor  aphasia,  or  afhemia,  consisting 


APHEMIA 


APOCYNUM 


in  a  loss  of  language,  or  inability  to  ex- 
press thoughts  by  articulate  language ;  or, 
2.  A-^rapltia,  or  "aphasia  of  the  hand," 
inability  to  write.  Charcot  sup|X)ses  the 
center  for  articulate  language  divided  into 
four  sub-centers,  a  vi.-.ual  center  for  words, 
an  auditory  center  for  words,  a  motor  cen- 
ter of  articulate  language,  and  a  motor 
center  of  written  language.  Lesions  of 
one  or  more  of  these  centers  produce  the 
characteristic  fonns  of  aphasia  al>ove  given, 
which  have  had  clinical  e.xemplilications. 
A.,  Ataxic,  loss  of  sjjcech  owing  to  in- 
ability to  execute  the  various  movements 
of  the  mouth  necessary  to  speech,  the  mus- 
cles lieing  not  paraly/ed  but  not  coordi- 
nated, owing  to  disease  of  the  cortical  cen- 
ter. A.,  Amnesic,  loss  of  memory  of 
words.  Parapha''sia,  inability  to  connect 
the  ideas  with  the  jiroper  words  to  express 
the  ideas.  Agram'matism,  inability  to 
form  words  grammatically.  Ataxapha''sia, 
inability  to  arrange  words  synthetically 
into  sentences.  Bradypha'sia,  aljnormal 
Slowness  of  speech,  from  pathological 
cause.  Tumultus  Sermonis,  a  stutter- 
ing manner  of  reading,  from  pathological 
cause. 

Aphe'mia  (a,  (?7yU<,  to  speak).  Motor 
aphasia;  inability  to  articulate  words  or 
sentences  from  focal  and  not  from  periphe- 
ral disease  of  the  organs  of  speech  [A/a/ia). 

Apho'nia  (a,  ^wi';/,  the  voice).  Dumbness, 
due  to  some  peripheral  lesion. 

Aphore''sis  (n,  (^o/jz/a^f,  carrying).  Separa- 
tion or  ablation  of  a  part,  either  by  excision 
or  .iminitation. 

Apho'ria  (a,  <*)opeu  ,  to  bear).  Sterility  of 
thi-  female. 

Aphra'sia.     A  sj'non)in  iox  Aphasia. 

Aphrodis^iac  (a(f>po(iiaia,  venery).  An 
agtnt  stimulating  the  sexual  passion. 

Aph'thae  ((Kplla,  from  a-ru,  to  set  on  fire). 
The  small,  white  ulcers,  .sjx)ts  or  vesicles 
of  the  mouth,  characteristic  of  the  infantile 
disease.  Thrush.  Aphthoid  and  Aphthous 
are  adjectival  forms. 

Aphthong''ia  (n  neg.,  ^o}70f,  sound).  A 
jx-culiar  form  of  aphasia  due  to  spasm  of 
the  muscles  supplied  by  the  hyixjglo.ssal 
ncr%"e. 

A'pices  (plural  of  ^7/,-.r).     Summits. 

A'piol.  A  non-volatile,  oily  liquid  of  acid 
pri)|><-rties,  <l(rivc<l  from  c<jmin<>n  j)arsley, 
/'i/rosr/iinirii  sativum.  <  arniinative,  diu- 
retic, and  in  larger  closes  an  cmmriiagogue. 
F.m|)loyed  in  intermittent  fever,  amenor- 
rh'>-a  and  dysm<-norrh<i-a.  .Somewhat 
fashionable  a.s  an  al>ortifacicnt,  but  worth- 


less. Dose  ^iij-x.  In  doses  of  IT^xxx 
is  n;iJCOtic      Unof. 

Aplanat^ic  (a,  ^7.avau,  I  wander).  Not 
waiuicring;  rectilinear.  A.  Lens,  a  lens 
corrected  for  all  aberration  of  light  and 
color.     A  rectilinear  lens. 

Apla'sia  (a  neg.,  -/rtfffTu,  to  form).  A  t\-pe 
of  incomplete  structure  by  reason  of  the 
non-formation  of  a  necessary  cell-group 
during  the  developmental  stage.  Called 
also  Jhptplasia. 

Aplas'tic  ((/,  7r?.(/fTCT(.)).  Structureless,  form- 
less. A.  Lymph,  one  of  the  products 
of  inflammation  or  disease.  A  non-tibrin- 
ous  material  incapable  of  coagulatioia  or 
organization. 

Apleu^ria  («,  7r?.ei'p«,  a  rib).  A  word 
employed  to  denote  congenital  absence  of 
ribs. 

Aplotom''ia  (a-?.orc,  simple,  roiir),  section). 
Simple  incision. 

Apneumato^sis  (a  neg.,  TriTiy/arojcr/f,  in- 
flation). L'ollapse  of  the  air  cells  of  ^oxn& 
parts  of  the  lung  caused  by  blocking  of  the 
bronchial  tubules,  and  resulting  in  a  condi- 
tion of  non-inflation  whereby  the  lung  tis- 
sue is  reduced  to  a  condition  similar  to  that 
of  atelectasis,  or  congenital  apncumatosis. 

Apnce^a  (n,  -kveu,  to  breathe).  Breath- 
lessness.  Difficult  respiration  ;  partial  or 
complete  suspension  of  breathing.  Sy- 
nonymous with  ,-/.\//')'.i7Vz.  A.  Neonato- 
rum, of  the  new-born  child,  caused  by 
diflicult  labor,  pressure  u])on  the  cord,  etc. 

Apo-.  A  Greek  prefix  denoting y)(W/,  a-vay^ 
separation. 

Apocen'osis  (aTo/cfiow,  to  drain).  An 
increased  flow  or  evacuation  of  blood  or 
other  humors. 

Apochromat'ic  Lens  {a-o,  from,  away, 
off).  A  lens  for  micro.scopic  and  optical 
j)ur]K)ses,  wiili  high  correction  of  spherical 
and  chromatic  aberrations,  and  better  "de- 
finition." Professor  Abbe,  through  Dr. 
Sciiott,  of  Witten,  in  \Vestphalia,  as  a  re- 
sult of  extended  research,  di.scovered  crown 
and  flint  glass  in  which  the  dispersions  for 
tiie  different  regions  of  the  spectnmi  should 
ap])r()xiniateiy  |)ossess  the  same  ratio,  and 
thus  avoid  li)e  "secondary  s|)ectnun."  A 
maiuifactory  hxs  been  established  in  Jena 
for  tiie  production  of  these  lenses. 

Apoc'ynum.  (  anadian  llenip.  The  rofU 
of  -'/.  cauUiihinuin.  Properties  due  to 
an  alkaloid,  a/'orynin.  In  full  doses  an 
emetic  and  cathartic.  \'aluable  in  dropsy. 
Dose  gr.  v-xx  ;  of  the  alkal()i<l,  gr.  j^-f'i. 
.Should  not  U'  confoundeil  with  Cannabis 
Jndiia.     Unof. 


APOLAR 


48 


APRAXIA 


Apc'lar  (n  neg.,  TTo\og,  the  end  of  an 
axis).  Having  no  pole.  A.  Cells,  nerve- 
cells  vi'ithout  processes. 

ApoUina'ris  Water.  A  German  alkaline 
mineral  water,  highly  charged  with  car- 
bonic acid,  largely  used  for  gout,  rheuma- 
tism, etc.     See  Mineral  IValer. 

Apomorph^ia  or  Apomor^phine  (a/ro, 
morphia).  Cj^Hj^C^N,^  morphia — H2O. 
An  artificial  alkaloid,  derived  from  mor- 
phine. The  hydrocJilorate  is  the  salt  used, 
and  is  a  grayish  crystalline  powder.  It  is  a 
systemic  emetic  acting  directly  upon  the 
vomiting  center,  and  is  the  quickest,  most 
certain  and  least  irritating  of  all  emetics. 
Unof. 

Aponeuro'sis  (aT\:o,  from,  vevpov,  a  ten- 
don). A  fibrinous  membranous  expansion 
of  a  tendon  giving  attachment  to  muscles 
or  serving  to  enclose  and  bind  down  mus- 
cles. Remarkable  for  their  size  or  import- 
ance are  the  iiifra-spinous,  enclosing  the 
infra-spinous  muscle ;  that  of  the  arm,  of 
the  deltoid  muscle,  of  the  external  oblique 
or  abdominal,  of  the  foreartn,  of  the  leg, 
of  the  transvcrsalis,  of  the  head,    etc.,  etc. 

Apoph'ysis  [a-rro^vo),  to  put  forth).  A 
bony  protuberance  or  process  of  bone; 
when  separated  by  cartilage  it  is  called 
Epifihvsis. 

Apoplectig^enous  [a-KOTz'kt^ia,  ytwcuS). 
That  which  produces  apoplexy  or  cerebral 
hemorrhage. 

Ap'oplexy  i^aKOir'ktj^ia).  The  symptom- 
complex  resulting  from  cerebral  hemor- 
rhage, affusion,  or  from  the  plugging  of  a 
cerebral  vessel.  Modern  writers  mostly 
describe  the  post-mortem  appearances  by 
other  terms,  as  cerebral  hemorrhage,  effu- 
sion, thrombosis,  etc.  The  chief  symptom 
is  sudden  loss  of  motion,  sensation  and 
consciousness,  the  patient  falling  and  lying 
as  if  dead.  The  bursting  of  a  vessel  in  the 
lungs,  liver,  etc.,  is  sometimes  called  apo- 
plexy of  the  lungs,  liver,  etc.  A.,  Capil- 
lary, from  rupture  and  effusion  of  capil- 
laries. 

Aposte'ma  [aTvoar/i/ia).  A  term  formerly 
employed  to  denote  an  abscess. 

Apothe^ca  [aTvoOf/icr/,  a  store,  shop).  A 
store  or  shop  where  medicines  are  sold. 

Apoth'ecaries'  Weight.  A  system  of 
weights  and  measures  used  in  compound- 
ing medicines.  The  Troy  pound  of  5760 
grains  is  the  standard.  It  is  subdivided 
into  12  ounces.  The  ounce  is  sut:)divided 
into  8  drachms,  the  drachm  into  3  scru- 
ples, and  the  scruple  into  20  grains.  For 
fluid  measure  the  quart  of  32  lluid  ounces 


is  .subdivided  into  pints,  the  pint  into  16 
fluid  ounces,  the  ounce  into  8  fluid  drachms, 
and  the  fluid  drachm  into  60  minims.  The 
following  abbreviations  are  used  :— 

]\[,  nmiim. 
gU.,^u/ia,  a  drop. 
3,scr?epii/Hs,  a  sltu 


pie  (20  grains). 
5,    d  r  a  c  h  m  a,     a 
drachm  (60  gr.). 


3,    icncia,     an     ounce 

(480  grains). 

K),  libra,  a  pound. 

O.,  octarius,  a  pint. 

gv.,_S^)-a>iu»t,  a  grain. 

ss.,  se?nis.,  one  half. 


See  IVeights  and  Measures. 

Apoth'ecary.  A  druggist.  One  who  pre- 
pares and  sells  drugs,  fills  prescriptions, 
etc.  In  Great  Britain  the  apothecary  is 
also  a  physician,  filling  his  own  prescrip- 
tions. In  the  United  States  it  frequently 
happens  that  an  authorized  practitioner  is 
also  an  apothecary,  but  without  the  degree 
of  M.  D.  the  practice  of  medicine  is  illegal. 

Apoth^'ema  (oTro,  from,  QEjia,  a.  deposit). 
A  brown  powder  formed  by  the  open-air 
evaporation  of  a  vegetable  infusion  or 
decoction. 

Apoz^ema  (a/ro,  ffu,  to  boil).  A  decoc- 
tion. 

Appara''tus  {apparatus).  The  instruments 
used  in  any  science,  art  or  surgical  opera- 
tion. Anatomically  the  word  is  used  to 
designate  collectively  the  organs  effecting 
any  specified  work  or  action.  A.  Liga- 
mentosus  Colli,  the  occipito-axoid  liga- 
ment, a  broad  band  at  the  front  surface  of 
the  spinal  canal,  which  Covers  the  odontoid 
process. 

Appendici'tis.  Inflammation  of  the  ap- 
pendix vermiformis. 

Append^ix  (pi.  appendices)  (appendo,  to 
hang  upon  or  to).  What  is  accessory  to 
or  dependent  upon  another.  An  append- 
age. A.  Auricularis,  the  auricular  ap- 
pendage, a  process  of  the  auricles  of  the 
heart.  A.  Caeci  Vermiformis,  a  worm- 
shaped  process  of  the  c^cum.  A.  Epi- 
ploicae,  pouch-like,  fatty  projections  of 
the  peritoneum  of  the  large  intestine. 

Ap^perts'  Pro^cess.  The  preservation 
("canning")  of  meat,  fruits  and  vegetables 
by  exclusion  of  air  and  germs ;  effected  by 
hermetically  sealing  the  substances  in  tin 
cans  after  lieating  the  contents  to  110°  or 
more. 

Ap'petite  {appcto,  to  desire).  The  desire 
for  food  ;  also  any  natural  desire  ;  lust.  A., 
Perverted,  that  for  unnatural  and  undi- 
gestible  things,  frequent  in  disease  and 
pregnancy.  Anorexia,  loss  of  appetite ; 
Bulimia,  insatiable  appetite  ;  Hunger,  the 
strong  desire  and  need  of  food. 

Aprax'ia  («  neg.,  npaaau,  to  do).  De- 
fective   thought    and    memory   associated 


APRON,  HOTTENTOT 


49 


ARBUTIN 


with  aphasia;  especially  concerns  the  use 
of  objects  and  methculs  of  doing  things. 

A'pron,  Hottentot.  Aniticially  elongated 
labia  minora. 

Aprosex'ia  [a,  -poaexu^  to  give  heed). 
A  niontal  disturbance  consisting  in  inability 
to  tix  the  attention  ujxjn  a  subject. 

Aproso'pia  (a,  -poau-ov,  the  face).  A 
fetal  monstrosity  with  partial  or  complete 
absence  of  face. 

Apselaphe'sia  (a,  \l<ri7M<i>Tjaiq,  touch).  Pa- 
nilysis  of  the  tactile  sense. 

Ap'titude  {aplitudo,  titness).  Fitness, 
tendency.  The  natural  proneness  of  an 
organism  toward  certain  functions  or  patho- 
logical conditions. 

Apty'alism  (a,  without,  TrrfaZ/CtJ,  to  spit). 
A  tenn  applied  to  a  condition  marked  by 
deficiency  or  absence  of  saliva. 

A'pus  (n,  -oi'f,  foot).  A  monstrosity  con- 
sisting in  absence  of  the  lower  limbs,  or  feet. 

Apyrex'ia  [a  neg.,  rrvptacu,  to  have  a 
fever).  Without  fever;  especially  used  of 
tlie  intermission-periods  of  ague,  e/c. 

A'qua.  Water.  An  o.xide  of  hydrogen 
having  the  composition  H.^0.  Is  a  solid 
below  32°,  a  liquid  between  32°  and  212°, 
vaporizes  at  212°  at  the  sea  level  (bar.  760 
mm.),  giving  oflf  vapor  of  tension  equal  to 
that  of  the  air.  Covers  four-lifihs  of  the 
surface  of  the  earth,  but  is  never  pure  in 
nature,  containing  from  a  trace  of  soluljle 
matter,  in  rain  water,  to  26  per  cent,  of 
soluble  mineral  salts,  in  the  Dead  Sea. 
Water  is  an  essential  constituent  of  all  ani- 
mal and  vegetable  tissues.  In  the  human 
Ixxly  it  forms  2  per  cent,  of  the  enamel  of 
the  teeth,  77  per  cent,  of  the  ligaments, 
78  per  cent,  of  the  blood,  and  93  per  cent. 
of  the  urine.  Kxtemally,  water  has  a 
stimulating  effect  upon  the  skin,  either  by 
direct  or  reactionary  means.  Cold  water 
when  continued  too  long  may  lower  the 
general  lemix;rature  of  the  body  so  as  to 
praluce  .serious  depression  of  circulation 
and  mascular  power.  Hot  water  and 
vapor  increase  circulation  and  profluce 
dia|)horesis.  Its  too  long-continued  use 
deijililates.  Internally,  water  is  a  diuretic. 
It  is  the  most  usiful  of  all  the  solvents 
in  pharmacy.  The  following  arc  the  offi- 
cial preparations  anrl  forms.  A.  Bulliens, 
Ixiihng  water.  A.  Communis,  coininou 
water.  A.  Destillata,  di^iillol  water.  A. 
Fervens,  lir)l  watir.  A.  Fluvialis,  river- 
water.  A.  Fontana,  well  or  spring- water. 
A.  Marina,  s<.a  water.  A.  Pluvialis, 
rain  water.  Sec  also  Mitifral  If'd/rr. 
In  pharmacy,  a  s(.>lution  of  a  volatile 
4 


soluble  substance  in  water.  There  are 
15  official  aqua:,  all  of  arbitrary  strength. 
Also,  A.  Fortis.  See  AciJ,  Nitric.  A. 
Regia,  a  mixture  of  hydrochloric  acid  3, 
and  nitric  acid  I  part.  A  solvent  of  gold 
and  platinum.  A.  Vitae,  spirit,  q.  v.  In 
anatomy,  A.  Labyrinthi,  the  clear  liquid 
existing  in  the  labyrinths  of  the  ear. 

Aqueduct'us  {aqua,  water,  ductus,  a  lead- 
ing). Used  of  ducts  or  canals  in  various 
parts  of  the  body.  A.  Cerebri,  the  in- 
fundibuluni.  A.  Cochleae,  aqueduct  of 
the  cochlea.  A.  Fallopii,  the  canal  of  the 
portio  dura  in  the  petrous  portion  of  the 
temporal  bone.  A.  Sylvii,  the  acjueduct 
of  Svlvius  from  the  third  to  the  fourth 
ventricle.  A.  Vestibuli,  aqueduct  of  the 
vestibule  of  the  ear. 

A'queous.  Referring  to  water.  A.  Cham- 
ber of  the  Eye,  the  space  between  the 
conica  and  the  lens;  the  iris  divides  it  into 
an  anterior  and  a  posterior  chamber.  A. 
Extract,  solid  preparations  of  drugs  made 
by  evaporation  of  ac|ueous  solutions.  A. 
Humor,  the  fluid  tilling  the  anterior  cham- 
ber of  the  eye. 

Aquocapsuli^tis  {aqua,  capsula,  a  small 
l)ox).  A  disused  name  for  what  is  now 
classed  as  Serous  Iritis,  q.  v. 

Ar^abic  Acid.  One  of  the  constituents 
(C,.^H.^2^^ii)  of  acacia,  or  gum  arabic,  a 
gummy  exudation  of  Acacia. 

Arachni'tis  {apaxviov,  a  spider's  web,  itis). 
Inflammation  of  the  arachnoid  membrane 
of  the  brain. 

Arach^noid  {apaxviov,  eiSoc,  form).  Re- 
semliling  a  wel).  A.  Cavity,  the  sjiace 
between  the  arachnoid  numbranc  and  the 
dura  mater.  A.  Membrane,  the  deli- 
cate serous  membrane  of  the  brain  and 
cord  between  the  dura  and  pia  mater. 
Sub-arachnoid  fluid.  See  Ccrebro- 
spiiuil  J-luiii. 

Ar'ack  {/iit/.).  A  spirituous  licjuor  dis- 
tilled from  rice  or  cocoanut  juice,  used  in 
India. 

Araeom'eter  {(i/>ai(>c,  light,  thin,  fierpov, 
measure).  ,\n  instnmient  for  estimating 
tile  s])eeiric  gravity  of  fluids. 

Aran'tii.     See  Corpora. 

Afbor  Vi''tae.  A  term  applied  to  the 
arborescent  ap]>earance  of  a  section  of  the 
cerebellum,  and  also  to  a  similar  ap|)ear- 
ance  of  the  folds  of  the  interior  of  the  cervix 
uteri. 

Arbu'tin.  A  bitter  glucoside,  Cj^II,.^0|j. 
11/ ),  obtained  from  U7',i  ursi,  or  jjcar- 
berry.  It  is  lU'Utral,  crystalline,  and  re- 
solvable  into  glucose   and    liydn)quitu)ne. 


ARCANUM 


50 


ARGYRIA 


Arbutin  is  an  efficient  diuretic.  See  Uva 
Ursi. 

Arca'num  [arcanwn,  a  secret).  A  medi- 
cine wliose  composition  is  kept  secret. 

Arch  (L.  arcus,  a  bow).  A  term  applied 
to  the  curved  shape  of  several  various  parts 
of  the  body.  A.  of  Aorta.  See  Aorta. 
A.  of  Colon.  See  Colon.  A.,  Crural. 
See  Poitpart's  Ligament.  A.,  Palmar, 
the  arch  formed  by  the  radial  artery  in 
crossing  the  bones  of  the  metacarpus. 

Archebi^osis  [apxv,  the  beginning,  fSitoai^, 
life).  The  theory  of  the  origin  of  living 
organisms  from  non-living  matter.  See 
Generation,  Spo)itaneoiis,  and  Biogenesis. 

Archegen^esis.  The  same  as  Archebiosis. 

Archespo'rium  [apx>?,  a  beginning,  airupa, 
a  seed).  The  cells  from  which  spore 
mother-cells  are  immediately  derived. 

Arch^etype  (apje,  chief,  tvkoq,  a  type). 
A  word  employed  in  comparative  anatomy 
to  denote  an  ideal  type  or  form  to  which 
other  individuals  or  classes  may  be  com- 
pared.    A  standard  type. 

Archiblast^ic  (apxi,  the  beginning,  (ilaa- 
Toq,  bud).  A  term  used  by  His,  of  the 
three  layers  of  the  embryo,  in  contra- 
distinction to  Parablastic  cells  or  ele- 
ments that  he  thinks  wander  in  between 
the  epiblast  and  hypoblast  from  the  margins 
of  the  blastoderm,  from  which  are  devel- 
oped the  blood  vessels,  blood  and  con- 
nective tissue. 

Ar^chil.  A  coloring  matter  somewhat  like 
litmus,  chiefly  obtained  from  the  lichen 
Rocella  tinctoria  ;  used  for  staining  animal 
tissues. 

Arcta^'tion  [arcto,  to  draw  close  together). 
Contraction  or  lessening  of  an  opening  or 
of  the  lumen  of  a  canal. 

Arcua^tus  [areas,  a  bow).  Bent  or  curved 
in  an  arched  form.  A.  Morbus,  a  former 
name  for  jaundice. 

Arc^us  («;r«^).  A  bow  or  arch.  A.  Den- 
talis,  the  dental  arch.  A.  Senilis,  the 
ring  of  fatty  degeneration  of  the  corneal 
tissue  about  the  periphery.  A.  Zygoma- 
ticus,  the  zygomatic  arch. 

Ar''dent  Spiralis.  AlcohoHc  liquors.  vSee 
Spiritus. 

Ar^dor  (ardor,  to  burn).  Violent  heat, 
burning ;  applied  to  fevers  and  the  sexual 
passion.  A.  Urinae,  burning  pain  in  the 
inflamed  lu-ethra  in  micturition. 

A^rea  [area,  an  open  space).  Any  space 
with  boundaries.  A.  Celsi.  Set  Alopecia 
areata.  A.  Germinativa,  or  Embryonic 
Spot,  the  oval  germinating  spot  of  the 
^mbiyo.     A.  Pellucida,  the  light  central 


portion  of  the  last.  A.  Opaca,  the  opaque 
circle  about  the  same.  A.  Vasculosa, 
the  vascularization  of  the  A.  Opaca. 

Are^ca  Nut.     See  Betel. 

Ar^ecin,  An  organic  base  (CjjH^gNoO) 
isomeric  with  brucin,  derived  from  cinchona 
bark. 

Arefac^tion  [arefacere,  to  make  dry).  Ex- 
siccation or  desiccation.  The  removal  of 
structural  or  constitutional  water  from  a 
substance.  Applied  to  the  process  whereby 
certain  watery  medicines  may  be  reduced 
to  a  dry  powder. 

Arena'tion  {arena,  sand).  A  sand-bath. 
The  application  of  hot  sand  to  a  limb  or 
part  of  the  body. 

Are^ola  (dim.  of  area,  an  open  space). 
The  brownish  space  surrounding  the  nipple 
of  the  female  breast.  This  is  sometimes 
called  Areola  papillaris.  A  secondary 
areola,  smrounding  this,  occurs  during 
pregnancy.  The  pigmentation  about  the 
umbilicus  is  called  the  tunbilical  areola. 
A.  Tissue,  connective  tissue. 

Areom^eter  (apaioq,  thin,  light,  /usTpov, 
measure).  An  instrument  for  estimating 
the  specific  gravity  or  strength  of  liquids, 
especially  alcoholic  liquids. 

Argen^tum.  Silver.  Ag  =  io8 ;  quanti- 
valence,  I.  A  malleable  and  ductile 
metal  of  brilliant  white  luster.  Tarnishes 
only  in  presence  of  free  sulphur,  sulphur 
gases  and  phosphorus.  An  excellent  sub- 
stance for  vessels  used  in  pharmacy,  and 
for  sutures  used  in  surgery.  The  follow- 
ing salts  are  used :  A.  Cyanidum,  used 
in  the  jjreparation  of  hydrocyanic  acid. 
A.  lodidum,  sometimes  used  internally  in- 
stead of  A.  nitrate.  Dose  gr.  ^-j.  A. 
Oxidum,  explosive  when  treated  with  am- 
monia. Dose  gr.  j^-ij.  A.  Nitras, 
"  nitrate  of  silver,"  argentic  nitrate,  "  lunar 
caustic,"  a  powerful  astringent  and  an 
escharotic  of  moderate  strength.  Stains 
skin  and  other  tissue  black  when  applied 
in  strength.  In  small  doses  stimulates 
heart  and  nerve  centers.  Too  long  con- 
tinued, leaves  a  slate-colored,  insoluble 
deposit  of  silver  under  the  skin  (Argyria). 
Dose  gr.  y^-^z-  A.  Nitras  Fusus, 
"  stick  caustic."  Contains  4  per  cent,  of 
silver  chloride.  Used  locally.  The  miti- 
gated or  dilute  stick  is  fused  with  an  e<iual 
weight  of  potassium  nitrate. 

ArgiKla  [apyiXkoq,  potter's  clay).  White 
or  potter's  clay,  alumina. 

Ar^gol.     See   Tai-tar. 

Argyll  Robertson's  Pupil.     See  Pupil. 

Argy^ria   (L.  argentum,  silver).     A  form 


ARISTOLOCHIA 


51 


ARTERIA 


of  chloasma  or  discoloration  of  the  skin 
and  mucous  membrane  produced  by  the 
prolonged  administration  of  nitrate  of  silver, 
the  molecules  of  silver  being  deposited  in 
much  the  same  position  as  those  of  the 
natural  pigment  of  the  skin.  It  may  be 
gi-nvral,  from  internal  administration,  or 
/(><(7/,  from  its  local  application. 

Aristolo'chia.     See  Sdrpcntaria. 

Aristolo'chin.  A  bitter  principle  found 
in  \  irijinia  snake-root.     See  Scrpcntaria. 

Aristotle's  Experiment.  The  double 
feeling  exijerienced  by  the  fingers  when  a 
single  pebble  is  placed  between  the  crossed 
fingers  of  one  hand. 

Arm  (^Sax.  Arm,  G.  Arm,  Lat.  Armits). 
That  part  of  the  upper  extremity  from  the 
shoulder  to  the  wrist. 

Armamenta'rium  (Lat.,  an  arsenal).  The 
outfit  of  medicines  or  instruments  of  the 
physician  or  surgeon. 

Arma'rium.     See  Armamentarium. 

Ar'mature  (armatura,  equipment).  A 
ma>s  of  soft  iron  at  the  extremity  of  a 
magnet.  Also,  the  core  of  iron  around 
which  coils  of  insulated  wire  are  wound 
or  disposed. 

Ar''nica.  A  plant  commonly  known  as 
"  Leopard's  bane," — A.  moutana.  Both 
flowers  and  root  are  used  in  medicine. 
Proixjrties  probably  due  to  an  alkaloid, 
tri-methyl-amine.  In  small  doses  a  car- 
diac stimulant ;  in  larger  doses  a  depres- 
sant. In  toxic  doses  frequently  causes 
death.  A  popular  remedy,  when  locally 
apj>lied,  for  sprains,  bruises  and  surface 
wounds.  Valuable  also  in  t>'^)hus  and 
tj-phoid  fevers  as  an  antipyretic.  A. 
Tinct.,  20  per  cent.  Dose  ITLv-xxx.  A. 
Infusum,  20  parts  flowers,  loo  parts 
water.  Suix-rior  to  tincture  for  local  use. 
A.  Ext.  Radicis.  Dose  gr.  j-iij.  A.  Ext. 
Rad.  Fid.  Dose  TT^v-xx.  A.  Tinct. 
Rad.,  20  percent.  Dose  tl\^v-xxx.  A. 
Emplastrum,  contains  ext.  of  root  50, 
lead  pla-tcr  ICO  parts.  'J'rimelhylaviine 
(unof. ).      Dose  gr.  ij-iij  in  syrup. 

Ar'nicin,  C^gH^^O^.  A  brownish,  bitter 
glucoside  extracted  from  the  flowers  of 
Aiuiiii  montana. 

Arnot'to.     See  Anatto. 

Aro'ma  (n{xma,  s|>ice).  The  im])ondcr- 
abli-  fragrant  or  o<loroas  emanation  of 
vegetable  suljstances. 

Aromal'jc  {npu/ia,  spice).  A  sul)stance 
th.ir.u  teri/ed  liy  a  fragrant,  spicy  taste  and 
o<ior,  a.s  cinnamon,  ginger,  the  essential 
oils,  efc.  A  stimulant  to  the  gastro  intes- 
tinal mucou.<i  membrane.    A.  Acids,  those 


of  the  benzine  group  of  hydrocarbons.  A. 
Group,  a  series  of  hydrocarbons  having 
the  composition  C,gH,5.  A.  Vinegar, 
any  mixture  of  aromatic  oils  iu  vinegar. 
Used  as  a  stimulating  agent. 

Ar''rak.     See  .Iraii. 

Arrecfor  Pi^li  Muscle.  A  fan-like  ar- 
rangement of  a  layer  of  smooth  muscular 
fibers  surrounding  the  hair  follicle,  whose 
contraction  erects  the  follicle  and  produces 
cutis-aiiscrina  or  "  gooseskin." 

Arrest^  (ar/,  to,  rt'j/c,  to  withstand).  Stop- 
page, detention.  Arrested  development, 
is  when  an  organ  or  organism  fails  in  its 
normal  evolution,  stojiping  at  the  initial  or 
intermediate  stages  of  the  process.  Ar- 
rested head,  when  in  parturition  the  child's 
head  is  hindered  but  not  impacted  in  the 
pelvic  cavity. 

Ar'row-Poison.     See  Curare. 

Ar'rowroot.  (Doubtful  derivation.)  A 
kind  of  starch  derived  from  Maranta 
arundiitacea  of  the  West  Indies,  South- 
em  States,  etc.  It  is  a  jxjpular  remedy  for 
diarrh(va;  widely  used  as  a  food. 

Ar'senic,  Arsen'icum,  or 

Arsen'ium.  As  =75;  quantivalcncc  iii, 
V.  A  non-metal  having  a  metallic  lustre 
and  crystalline  structure.  In  small  doses 
a  stomachic  and  general  tonic,  promoting 
appetite  and  cardiac  action,  and  stinm- 
lating  mental  activity.  Of  great  value  in 
irritative  dyspepsia.  Sometimes  used  in- 
ternally to  blanch  and  clear  the  skin.  In 
larger  doses  creates  skin  eruptions,  and 
becomes  a  violent  corrosive  poison,  acting 
with  cumulative  eflect.  Externally,  is  a 
jx)werful  escharotic,  used  in  cancer.  Only 
the  salts  and  oxides  are  used  in  medicine. 
A.  Acid.,  arsenious  acid,  white  arsenic, 
"ratsliane,"  As./)3.  Dose  gr.  ^'jf— ^^.  A. 
Acid.,  Liquor,  a  l  per  cent,  sululidn  of 
tlie  acid  in  hydrucliUiric  acid  and  distilled 
water.  Potassii  Arsenit.,  Liq.,  Eow- 
ler's  solution,  contains  A.  acid  i,  jx)ta.ss. 
dicarbonale  I,  comp.  tinct.  lavender  3,  and 
distilled  water  i\.  s.  ad  100  parts.  Dose 
Tt\,ij-x.  Sodii  Arsenias.  Dose  of  the 
dried  salt  gr.  tj^-ti-  Sodii  Arseniat., 
Liq.  Dose  TTLij-xv.  A.  lodid.  Do.se 
gr.  ^V-i-  A.  et  Hydrargyri  lod.,  Liq., 
lii|uor  of  the  iodide  of  arsenic  and  mer- 
cury, Donovan's  solution,  contains  A. 
iodide  I,  mercuric  iinlidc  I,  di.stilknl 
water  loo  parts.  Dose  ll\,ij-x.  Sec 
A'.iusch's  Test,  Marsh's  Test  anil  J'ieit- 
vinnu's  Ti'St. 

Artc'ria  (ufiTiiua,  the  trachea).  Tlie  plural 
was  applied  to  the  bronchial  tubes.     The 


ARTERIOGRAM 


52 


ARTIFICIAL 


ancients  supposed  these  filled  with  vital 
spirit  during  life.     See  Artery. 

Arte^riogram.     See  Sphygmogram. 

Arterio^lae  Rectae.  The  small  blood  ves- 
sels which  supply  the  medullary  pyramids 
of  the  kidneys. 

Arteri''tis  {artery  and  itis,  inflammation). 
Inflammation  of  an  artery.  The  acute 
form  is  generally  consecutive  to  trauma, 
thrombosis,  or  embolism,  and  may  be  pura- 
lent  in  character;  the  chronic,  more  prop- 
erly endarteritis,  arterial  sclerosis,  leading 
to  athej'oma  or  atheromatotis  changes,  is  a 
frequent  disease  of  the  aged.  A.  De- 
formans, the  result  of  atheromatous 
changes  producing  ci'umpling  or  irregu- 
larities of  the  walls.  A.  Obliterans,  an 
increase  of  connective  tissue  ending  in  ob- 
literation of  the  lumen. 

Ar^tery  {arteria,  arjp,  air  or  spirit,  TTjpEu, 
to  preserve,  because  supposed  to  contain 
the  spirit  or  soul).  Arteries  are  the  tube- 
like vessels  through  which  the  blood  is 
propelled  by  the  heart  to  the  peripheral 
organs.  They  end  in  arterioles  and  capil- 
laries. They  are  composed  of  three  layers  : 
the  outer,  or  tunica  adventitia  ;  the  middle, 
or  tunica  media,  the  muscular  coat ;  the 
internal,  or  i^itima,  composed  of  nucleated 
epithelial  cells,  connective  and  elastic  tis- 
sue. A  table  of  the  chief  arteries  is  ap- 
pended (pp.  53,  54,  55).  _ 

Arthralgia  [apOpov,  a  joint,  alyog,  pain). 
Pain  in  a  joint ;  gout ;  arthritis ;  rheuma- 
tism. 

Arthri^tis  [apdpov,  -ltiq,  inflammation). 
Inflammation  of  the  joints.  A.  Defor- 
mans, chronic  inflammation  of  the  bone- 
tissue  of  a  joint  with  deformity.  A., 
Rheumatic,  acute  rheumatism  of  the 
joints  with  gouty  complications. 

Arthrocla^sia  [apOpov,  klau,  to  break). 
The  breaking  down  of  ankyloses  in  order 
to  produce  free  movement  of  a  joint. 

Arthro^dia  (apOpou,  to  fasten  by  a  joint). 
A  form  of  joint  permitting  a  gliding  move- 
ment.    See  Diarthrosis. 

Arthrodyn^ia  [apdpov,  o6vv7],  pain).  See 
Arthralgia. 

Arthroempy''esis  [apdpov,  efinvrpiq,  sup- 
puration).    Suppuration  in  a  joint. 

Arthrog^raphy  [apdpov,  ypacpeiv,  to  write). 
A  description  of  the  joints. 

Arthron^cus  [apOpnv,  oKog,  an  eminence). 
The  cartilaginous  body  or  bodies  which 
occasionally  form  within  the  knee-joint. 

Arthropath''ia  [apOpnv,  Traffof,  disease).  A 
peculiar  disease  of  the  joints  similar  to 
rheumatoid  arthritis,  but,  according  to  Char- 


cot, a  distinct  disease.  It  belongs  to  the 
prodromal  stage  of  tabes  ;  rapidly  destroys 
the  joint ;  is  painless,  without  fever  or 
inflammation  ;  prefers  the  large  joints  ;  and 
is  connected  with  hydrarthrosis  and  swell- 
ing of  the  joints. 

Arthro^sis  [apOpoo),  to  fasten  by  a  joint). 
Articulation  or  jointing. 

Arthrot^omy  [apOpov,  TCfivu,  to  cut).  In- 
cision of  a  joint. 

Ar^tiad  [aprial^u,  to  be  even).  In  chemistry, 
a  term  used  to  designate  atoms  having  an 
even  quantivalence,  as  oxygen,  which  is 
bi-,  iron  quadri-,  and  sulphur  hexivalent. 

Artic^ular  [articiilaris,  of  the  joints).  Per- 
taining to  an  articulation  or  joint. 

Artic^ulate  [articulo,  to  divide  in  joints). 
Divided  into  joints,  distinct.  A.  Speech, 
the  communication  of  ideas  by  spoken 
\Yords. 

Articula''tion  (rtr/zV^^/^ifi-,  a  joint).  A  joint 
or  arthrosis ;  a  connection  between  two  or 
more  bones,  whether  allowing  movement 
between  the  two  or  not.  The  articulations 
are  divided  into  :  I.  Syn' arthroses,  iuimov- 
able,  subdivided  into  schindy' leses,  or 
grooved  )6vs\\s,,gompho' ses,  in  sockets',  as  the 
teeth,  and  siitu'ra,  as  in  the  bones  of  the 
skull;  2.  Di' arthroses,  ox  movable  joints, 
subdivided  into  the  arthro' dia,  or  gliding 
joints,  the  gingly' mus,  or  hinge-like,  the 
en' arthroses,  or  ball-and-socket  joints  ;  3. 
Am'phiarthroses,  or  those  of  a  mixed 
type. 

Articula''tion.  The  enunciation  of  spoken 
speech.  Confluen4:  A.,  the  clipping  of 
words,  ot  running  syllables  together — a 
symptom  of  certain  cerebral  diseases. 

Articula^tion  Positions.  See  Consonants. 

Artic^ulo  Mortis  (Lat.).  The  moment  of 
death.     In  the  act  of  dying. 

Artifi''cial  [artificialis).  Made  or  imi- 
tated by  art.  A.  Anus,  an  opening  in 
the  abdomen  to  give  exit  to  the  faeces ;  an 
opening  made  in  case  of  imperforate  anus. 
A.  Eye,  a  film  of  glass,  celluloid,  rubber, 
etc.,  made  in  imitation  of  the  front  part  of 
the  globe  of  the  eye  and  worn  in  the 
socket  or  over  a  blind  eye  for  cosmetic 
reasons.  A.  Joint,  ox  false  joint, ^-\&noTx- 
united  ends  of  a  broken  bone.  A.  Leech. 
See  Leech.  A.  Vitreous.  See  E^nscer- 
ation.  A.  Pupil,  removal  of  a  piece  of 
the  iris  [iridectomy,  iridodialysis,  etc.),  to 
allow  the  light  to  pass  through  the  open- 
ing. A.  Respiration,  the  aeration  of  the 
blood  by  artificial  means.  A  method  of 
inducing  the  normal  function  of  respira- 
tion when  from  any  cause  it  is  temporarily 


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ARYTENOID 


56 


ASPARAGIN 


in  abeyance,  as  in  asphyxia  neonatoram, 
drowning,  etc.  Hall sMethod,  by  turning 
the  body  alternately  upon  the  side  or  face. 
Harvard's  Method,  by  pressure  upon  the 
lower  ribs  every  few  seconds.  Sylvester's 
Method,  chiefly  by  movements  of  the 
arms. 

Arytc'noid  [apvraiva,  a  pitcher,  scSog,  like- 
ness). Resembling  the  mouth  of  a  pitcher. 
A.  Cartilages,  two  cartilages  of  the 
laiynx  regulating,  by  the  means  of  the  at- 
tached muscles,  the  tension  of  the  vocal 
cords.  A.  Muscle,  arises  from  the  pos- 
terior surface  of  one  arytenoid  cartilage 
and  is  inserted  into  the  corresponding  parts 
of  the  other.  It  is  composed  of  three 
planes  of  fibres,  two  oblique  and  one  trans- 
verse. It  draws  the  arytenoid  cartilages 
together. 

Aryth^mic.     Irregular;  without  rhythm. 

Asafcef'ida.  Asafetida.  A  resinous  gum 
obtained  from  the  root  of  Ferula  nai-thex 
and  F.  scordosoma.  Somewhat  soluble 
in  alcohol,  and  forms  an  emulsion  with 
vi^ater.  Properties  due  to  allyl  sulphide, 
CgHjgS.  A  powerful  antispasmodic, 
stimulant  and  expectorant.  Very  service- 
able in  hysteria  and  bronchial  affections. 
Dose  gr.  v-xx.  A.  Tinct.,  strength  20 
per  cent.  Dose  ^ss-ij.  A.  Emplas- 
trum,  asafcetida  35,  lead  plaster  35,  gal- 
banum  15,  yellow  wax  15,  alcohol  120 
parts.  A.  Mistura,  a  4  per  cent,  emul- 
sion. A.  at  Magnesiae  Mist.,  Dewer's 
carminative,  magnesium  carb.  5)  tinct.  asa- 
fcetida 7,  tinct.  opii  I,  sugar  10,  aq.  dest. 
ad  100  parts.  Dose^ss-^ss.  A.  Pil- 
lulae,  contain  each  gr.  iij  of  asafcetida 
and  gr.  j  of  soap.  Dose  j-iv.  A.  et 
Aloes  Pil.,  have  gr.  i^  of  each  ingre- 
dient. Galliani  PH.,  comp.  See  Gal- 
batiuvt.  Ammo7iicE  Fcetidus  Spt.,  con- 
tains asafcetida  l'^,  liq.  ammonite  fort.  2, 
spirit  20  parts.     Dose  Jss-j.     Unof 

Ascar''icide.  A  medicine  that  kills  asca- 
rides. 

Ascaridi^asis.  The  existence  of  ascarides 
in  the  intestine. 

As''caris  (plural  Ascarides)  [aoKapi^u,  to 
jump).  A  genus  of  the  family  Ascarida. 
A  class  of  parasitical  worms  inhabiting  the 
bodies,  and  especially  the  intestine,  of  most 
animals.  A.  Lumbricoides,  is  found 
in  the  ox,  hog  and  man.  It  inhabits  the 
small  intestine,  especially  of  children.  A. 
Vermicvalaris  (the  thread  worm),  a  syno- 
nym of  Cryz^rw  VertJiicitlaris.  A.  Mys- 
tax,  the  round  worm  of  the  cat,  and  A. 
Alata  have  rarely  been  foimd  in  man. 


Asci''tes  [aaKiTTjg,  from  atjKog,  a  bag).  An 
abnormal  collection  of  serous  fluid  in  the 
peritoneal  cavity.  There  is  uniform  en- 
largement of  the  abdomen,  fluctuation, 
percussion  dullness,  etc. 

Ascle^pias.  Pleurisy  Root.  The  root  of 
Asclcpias  tuberosa.  A  popular  remedy 
in  the  Southern  States  for  pleurisy.  A 
powerful  diaphoretic  and  a  moderate 
emetic  and  cathartic.  The  infusion  re- 
commended has  a  strength  of  ^j  of  the 
powdered  root  to  ^  xxxij  of  water.  Dose 
teacupful  every  3  or  4  hours.  Unofh- 
cial.  Also,  A.  Curassavica,  Blood 
Flower.  An  herb  common  to  tropical 
America.  Astringent,  styptic  and  anthel- 
mintic against  the  tapeworm.  A  popular 
remedy  for  checking  capillary  hemorrhage. 
Dose  of  fld.  ext.  3J-ij.     Unof 

Ascococ^cvis  (aanoq,  a  leather  bag,  KOKKog, 
a  kernel).  A  genus  of  the  family  of  Coc- 
cacees;  with  elements  united  in  massive 
colonies  surrounded  by  tough,  thick,  gela- 
tinous envelopes.  A,  Billrothii,  found 
in  putrefied  meat;  its  natural  habitat  is 
the  air.  Details  of  culture,  etc.,  are 
wanting. 

Ascomycc'tes  (acKog,  /.iVKrjg,  a  mushroom). 
A  large  family  of  fungi,  of  whicli  the 
truffles,  or  Tuberacea,  the  ergot  of  rye  and 
mould  of  dried  fniits  are  examples. 

Ascoph^ora  Muce''do.  A  microscopic 
fungus,  of  which  the  mould  of  bread  is  an 
example. 

As^cospore  {aaKog,  airopa,  a  spore).  A 
spore  developed  within  a  sac-like  fungus- 
cell. 

Asep''sis  (rt  neg.,  (J7]ku,  to  putrefy).  The 
condition  of  non-putrefaction  ;  absence  of 
all  septic  material  or  pathogenic  micro- 
organisms. 

Asep^tic.  Free  from  contaminating  or 
septic  matter.  The  antiseptic  treatment  of 
wounds,  including  aseptic  and  antiseptic 
dressings,  renders  the  wound  aseptic. 

Asep^tin.  This  term  has  been  given  to  a 
secret  preparation  containing  lioric  acid, 
used  for  preserving  articles  of  food. 

Asep^tol,  CgHgSO,,  a  reddish  liquid,  with 
an  odor  of  carbolic  acid,  recommended  as 
a  disinfectant  and  antiseptic.  Used  ex- 
ternally I  :  1000,  and  internally  in  about 
the  same  dose  as  carbolic  acid. 

Asit^ia  (a,  without,  atrog,  food).  The  want 
of  food.     Also  a  loathing  for  food. 

Aspar^agin.  A  crystalline  organic  princi- 
ple, C^HgN.^O^,  found  in  asparagus  and 
many  other  plants.  It  is  diuretic,  and 
sedative  to  the  circulation.     See  Althcea. 


ASPARAGUS 


57 


ASTHMA 


Aspar'agfus.  Tlie  green  root  of  Aspara- 
i^iis  officinalis.  A  mild  diuretic.  Dose 
q{  lid.  ext.  "^  ss-j.      Unof. 

Aspaf'tic  Acid.  C^I^NO^.  A  dibasic  crys- 
talline substance  obtained  from  asparagin. 
It  occurs  in  the  body  as  a  result  of  the 
action  of  the  pancreatic  juice  on  the  fibrin 
of  the  bkxxl. 

Aspergil'lus  (aspcrs^o,  to  scatter).  An 
order  of  fungi.  A.  Auricularis,  a  fungus 
found  in  the  wax  of  the  ear.  A.  Glaucus, 
the  bluish  mould  found,  ('.  g.,  upon  dried 
fruit.  A.  Mucoroides,  a  species  found 
in  tuberculous  or  gangrenous  lung  tissue. 

Asperm'atism  (n  neg.,  a-epjia,  seed). 
Non-emission  of  semen,  whether  owing  to 
non-secretion  or  non-ejaculation. 

Asper'sion  {aspcrgo,  to  sprinkle).  The 
act  of  besprinkling,  medicines  being  some- 
times thus  applied. 

Asphyx^'ia  (aneg.,CT^i'f/f,  thepulse).  The 
effect  upon  the  body  of  the  non-oxygena- 
tion  of  the  blood ;  the  suspension  of  vital 
phenomena  when  the  lungs  are  deprived 
of  air.  The  excess  of  carbon  dioxide  in 
the  blood  at  first  stimulates,  then  paralyzes 
the  respiratory  center  of  the  medulla.  Arti- 
ficial respiration  is  therefore  re'juired  in 
cases  of  sudden  asphyxia.  A.  Neonato- 
rum, the  inability  of  new-bom  infants  to 
begin  respiration  spontaneously,  or  to  con- 
tinue it. 

Aspidiosper^mine.  An  alkaloid  extracted 
from  OuLhraih\  q.  v. 

Aspid'ium.  The  rhizome  of  several  spe- 
cies of  A.,  especially  A.  vtarginalc.  Pro- 
perties due  to  a  resin  containing  filicilic 
acid.  Valuable  chiefly  as  a  vermicide 
against  tapeworm.  Dose  Jss-^ss.  A. 
Oleoresina,  an  ethereal   extract.     Dose 

As'pirates.     Sec  Consonants. 

Aspira'tion  (ad,  to,  spiro,  to  breathe). 
U>e<l  as  a  synonym  of  inspiration,  also  of 
imiiibition.  The  act  of  using  the  aspira- 
tor. A  method  of  withdrawing  the  lluids 
and  gases  from  a  wound  to  prevent  con- 
tamination. A.  of  Cataract  Extrac- 
tion. See  Extraction  of  Cataract,  Suc- 
tion Met  ho  J. 

As'pirator.  .An  instrument  for  withdraw- 
ing the  contents  of  an  al»scess,  tumor,  etc., 
wilhoui  the  atimission  of  air. 

Assafoc'tida.     See  Asafatida. 

Assimila'tion  (as^itnulo.  to  maki'  like). 
The  jiroMss  of  Iraii^fonning  fi><«l  into  such 
a  nutrient  condition  that  it  is  taken  up  by 
the  circulatory  system,  and  forms  an  inte- 
gral jjart  of  the  economy;  synthetic  or  con- 


structive metabolism;  anabolism.  A.,  Pri- 
mary, that  concerned  in  the  conversion 
of  food  into  chyle  and  blood.  A.,  Sec- 
ondary, that  relating  to  the  fonn;ition  of 
the  organized  tissues  of  the  body. 

Associa'tion  [associatio).  The  act  of  com- 
bining; union  with.  Associated  Move- 
ments, coincident  or  consensual  move- 
ments of  other  muscles  than  the  leading 
one,  and  which  by  habit  or  unity  of  pur- 
pose are  involuntarily  connected  with  its 
action.  P.oth  eyeballs  move  alike  in  read- 
ing, though  one  be  a  blind  eye.  Move- 
ment of  the  normal  ami  will  sometimes 
produce  slight  motion  of  the  ojiposite  para- 
lyzed ami.  An  uniformity  of  innervation 
is  usually  the  cause  of  these  movements, 
and  such  an  example  as  the  rigidity  of  the 
jaw  in  lifting  a  heavy  weight  should  hardly 
be  called  an  associated  movement.  Asso- 
ciated Paralysis,  a  common  paralysis  of 
associated  muscles. 

As^surin.  A  name  given  liy  Thudichum 
to  a  complex  substance  occurring  in  brain- 
tissue.     Properties  not  investigated. 

Asta^sia  (a  neg.,  oraotg,  standing).  Motor 
incoordination  for  standing.    See  Abasia. 

Asteato'des  (a  neg.,  areap,  tallow,  uth]q, 
fullness).  Delicient  or  absent  secretion  of 
sebaceous  matter  by  the  sebaceous  glands. 

As'ter.     .See  A'aryol-inesis. 

Aster^ion.     See  Sku/l. 

Astern'al  (a  neg.,  arfpiw,  the  breast  bone). 
Not  connected  with  the  stemum.  A. 
Ribs,  the  five  lower  pairs,  because  not 
joinc<l  directly  to  the  stemum. 

Astern^ia.     Absence  of  the  sternum. 

Asthe^nia  (a  neg.,  aOevng,  strength^,  den- 
eral  loss  or  absence  of  strength ;  adynamia. 

Astheno'pia  (a  neg.,  aOei'n^,  urp,  eye). 
Weakness,  speedy  fatigue  of  the  ocular 
muscles  or  visual  powers,  due  to  errors  of 
refraction,  insulliciency,  over-use,  anxmia, 
etc.  A.,  Accommodative,  due  to  hy- 
peropia, astigmatism,  or  a  combination  of 
the  two,  ])roducing  strain  of  the  ciliary 
muscle.  A.,  Muscular,  due  to  weakness 
or  strain  of  the  external  ocular  muscles, 
most  commonly  the  internal  recti — insuf- 
ficiency. A.,  Retinal,  or  Nervous,  a 
rare  variety,  caused  by  retinal  hyi>enesthe- 
sia,  anaesthesia,  or  other  abnormality,  or  by 
general  nervous  aflections. 

Asth'ma  (aaOfin,  pairing).  Paroxysnial 
or  int<nnittcnt  dyspnea,  generally  acccim- 
p:iiiii  (1  by  cough  and  broiuhial  secretion, 
a  feeling  of  constriction  and  sullncation. 
The  etiology  is  obscure,  being  ascribed  to 
heredity,  nasal  disease,  gout,  exhalations 


ASTIGMATISM 


58 


ATELECTASIS 


of  plants  and  atmospheric  impurities,  colds, 
etc.  It  has  been  thought  to  be  due  to  re- 
flex neuroses  and  spasm  of  the  muscular 
tissue  of  the  bronchial  tubes.  When  de- 
pendent upon  disease  of  the  heart,  the  kid- 
neys, stomach,  thymus,  etc.,  it  has  been 
designated  cardiac,  renal,  peptic,  thymic, 
etc.  A.  Dyspepticum,  due  to  nervous 
reflexes  through  the  vagus.  A.,  Nervous, 
from  reflex  stimulation  of  the  pulmonary 
plexus. 

Astig^matism  (a  neg.,  aTiyp.a,  a  point, 
because  rays  of  light  from  a  point  are  never 
brought  to  a  point  by  the  refractive  media 
of  the  eye).  That  condition  of  the  eye 
wherein  homocentric  rays  of  light  are  not 
brought  to  a  focus  by  the  media.  It  is 
usually  due  to  inequality  of  curvature  of 
the  different  meridians  of  the  cornea  (cor- 
neal A.),  but  may  be  caused  by  imperfec- 
tions of  the  lens  (lenticular),  unequal 
contraction  of  the  ciliary  muscle,  or  may 
perhaps  be  due  to  retinal  imperfection.  It 
maybe  acquired  or  congenital,  and  may 
complicate  hypermetropia  or  myopia,  pro- 
ducing either  simple  hypermetropic  A., 
in  which  one  principal  meridian  is  emme- 
tropic, the  other  hypermetropic  ;  or  com- 
pound hypermetropic  A.,  in  which  both 
meridians  are  hypermetropic,  but  one  more 
so  than  the  other.  Complicating  myopia, 
we  may  in  the  same  way  have  simple 
myopic  or  compound  myopic  A.  In 
mixed  A.,  one  principal  meridian  is 
myopic,  the  other  hypermetropic.  Regular 
A.  is  when  the  two  principal  meridians 
are  at  right  angles  to  each  other.  Irregular 
A.,  when  different  parts  of  a  meridian  have 
different  refracting  powers. 

Astigmom^eter  (a,  criyiia,  jitrpov,  a  meas- 
ure). An  instrument  for  the  measurement 
of  astigmatism. 

Astrag^alus  (ftcrrpayrtAof,  adie;  the  analo- 
gous l)ones  of  the  sheep  were  used  by  the 
ancients  as  dice).  The  ankle-bone,  upon 
which  the  tibia  rests.  Also  a  genus  of 
leguminous  plants  from  some  varieties  of 
which  gum  tragacanth  is  derived.  A. 
MoUis^simus  (Loco  Plant).  The  active 
principle  of  this  plant  has  mydriatic  proper- 
ties.    Unof. 

Astrapapho^bia  [aarpa-KT],  lightning,  ^o- 
/3of,  fear).  A  symptom  of  mental  disease 
consisting  in  fear  of  lightning  and  thunder. 

Astric'tion  {^ad,io,stringo,X.o  bind).  Con- 
stipation or  any  condition  resulting  from 
the  use  of  astringents. 

Astrin^gent.  An  agent  producing  con- 
traction of  organic  tissues,  or  which  arrests 


haemorrhages,  diarrhoeas,  etc.  Tannin, 
alum,  opium,  alcohol,  the  salts  of  silver, 
lead,  etc.,  are  examples. 

Asy^lum  (ajj/z/w,  a  place  of  refuge).  An 
institution  for  the  support,  safe-keeping, 
cure,  or  education  of  those  incapable  of 
caring  for  themselves,  such  as  the  insane, 
the  blind,  etc. 

Asym^metry  (a,  avfj./ierpLa,^  symmetry). 
Unlikeness  of  organs  or  parts  that  are  nor- 
mally of  the  same  size,  etc.,  as  e.g.,  Asym- 
metiy  of  the  two  halves  of  the  skull  or 
brain. 

Asyner''gia  (a,  cwepyia,  cooperation). 
Faulty  coordination  of  the  different  organs 
or  muscles  normally  acting  in  unison. 

Atac'tic  [aruKTog,  irregular).  Irregular. 
Pertaining  to  muscular  incoordination,  es- 
pecially in  aphasia.  Also  used  of  atypical 
fevers. 

Afavism  [atavus,  a  forefather).  The 
reapjiearance  of  an  anomaly,  physical, 
mental  or  pathological,  in  an  individual 
whose  more  or  less  remote  progenitors  had 
had  it,  but  in  whose  immediate  ancestors  it 
had  not  been  shown. 

Ataxapha''sia.     See  Aphasia. 

Atax^ia,  or 

Atax^y  (ara^'ia,  want  of  order).  The 
word  means  primarily,  irregularity  or  want 
of  order,  but  is  most  commonly  used  to 
express  incoordination  of  muscular  action  ; 
an  excess  or  deficiency  in  contraction  of 
the  various  muscles  concerned  in  a  given 
action.  Since  innervation  of  many  muscles 
is  required  in  a  fixed  position  of  the  body 
or  of  a  limb,  the  term  A.,  Static,  describes 
the  failure  of  muscular  coordination  in 
standing  still  or  in  fixed  positions  of  the 
limbs,  whilst  A.,  Locomotor,  expresses 
the  same  essential  phenomenon  as  regards 
movements,  and  especially  in  walking. 
A.,  Hereditary,  Friedreich's  Disease,  is 
an  inherited  disease  of  children  and  the 
young.  See  Friedreich'' s  Disease.  Both 
static  and  locomotor  ataxy  are  prominent 
symptoms  of  tabes  or  disease  of  the  pos- 
terior columns  of  the  cord,  but  it  is  absurd 
to  speak  of  ataxy,  as  if  it  were  a  disease 
itself  instead  of  being  only  one  of  many 
symptoms  of  many  diseases. 

Atelec'tasis  {aTtkrjq,  imperfect,  EKraaig, 
expansion).  Failure  of  dilatation  of  the 
pulmonary  air-cells  in  the  new-born.  The 
condition  is  due  not  to  disease  of  the 
lungs,  but  to  nei-ve  injuries,  weakness,  etc. 
In  this  case  the  lung  has  never  been 
inflated,  whilst  in  apneumatosis  it  has 
been. 


ATELIA 


59 


ATROPA 


AtelFa  [aTe?^ia,  iuiperfection).  A  tcrato- 
Ic^ical  term  for  imperfection  or  failure  of 
development  of  some  ]iart  of  the  Retus. 
The  word  is  comixmnded  with  others  to 
designate  the  member  wanting,  as  a/e/o- 
cardia,  atelocheilia,  ateloenceplialia,  atelo- 
ntyelia,  ateloprosopia,  etc.,  expressing  such 
a  defect  of  the  heart,  lip,  brain,  spinal  cord, 
face,  res]x^ctively. 

Athelas'mus  (a,  d;/?.a(y/iog,  a  suckling). 
Inaliility  to  give  suck,  from  defect  or  want 
of  the  nipples. 

Athero'ma  [nOapa,  gruel).  Primarily,  a 
soft  encysted  tumor;  more  commonly,  tlie 
fatty  degeneration  of  the  walls  of  the 
arteries  in  consequence  of  chronic  arteritis, 
and  called  atheromatous  dei^eneration. 
Atheromatous  (7/'j<r5J, resulting  from  chronic 
arteritis,  is  a  soft  matter  beneath  the  in- 
tima,  while  an  atheromatous  ulcer  is 
formed  by  the  abscess  breaking  through 
the  intima. 

Ath'etoid.  Pc-rtaining  to  or  affected  with 
atlictosis.  A.  Spasm,  an  occasional 
symptom  of  hemiplegia  and  after  some 
ctTcbral  lesions. 

Athetc'sis  {^afhjrog,  unfixed,  changeable). 
A  disease  characterized  by  continual  change 
of  position  of  the  fingers  and  toes,  and 
inal)ility  to  kee])  them  still.  It  is  due  to 
some  lesion  or  functional  derangement  of 
the  brain  or  cord. 

Athrep'sia  (a,  Tpetpc),  to  nourish).  The 
symptom-complex  resulting  from  imj^erfect 
nutrition  in  children,  from  whatever  cause. 

At'las.  The  up])ermost  of  the  cer\'ical 
vertebrre.  Articulates  with  the  occipital 
l)one  of  the  skull. 

Atlod'ymus  (<ir?.ng,  Sifivfioq,  double).  A 
monosomic  dual  monstrosity  with  two 
heads  and  a  single  l;o<ly. 

Atmi'atry  (ar//of,  vajwr,  larpeia,  medical 
ireatmenl).  Treatment  of  diseases  of  the 
lungs  or  mucous  membrane,  by  inhalation, 
fumigation,  or  by  directing  a  current  of 
va|)or  or  gas  u|>on  the  part. 

Atmom'eter,  or  Admidom''eter  [ar/wg, 
fiLTfxiv,  a  measure).  An  instrument  to  de- 
termine the  amount  of  water  exhaled  from 
a  given  surface  in  a  given  time,  in  order  to 
determine  the  humidity  of  the  atmosphere, 

of  a  |)l:icc. 

At'mosphere  (nriinr,  ci^aipa,  a  sphere). 
'Ilie  mixture  of  gas<-s,  vajwr  of  water,  and 
other  sus|)ended  matters,  surrounding  the 
earth,  as  an  elastic  fluid  envelo|H-,  to  the 
hiij^hi  r)f  aUjut  200  tniles. 

Atmospher'ic.  Pertaining  to  the  atmo- 
sphere.     A.    Moisture,   the     vajwr     of 


water  mingled  with  the  atmosphere.  It 
varies  in  quantity  according  to  temperature. 
A.  Tension,  the  pressure  of  the  air  per 
sciuare  inch  on  the  surface  of  a  body.  Nor- 
mally, at  the  sea-level  it  is  about  14.7  lbs. 
per  square  inch,  or  ecjual  to  that  of  a  col- 
umn of  mercury  about  30  in.  in  height. 
It  decreases  about  ^^  in.,  or  :,'j  lb.  per 
stjuare  inch  for  every  90  feet  of  altitude. 
Above  lOjOOO  feet,  the  rarity  of  the  atmo- 
sphere is  usually  noticeable  in  quickened 
breathing  and  j)ulse  rate. 

Ato'cia  {aTOKoq,  bairen).  Sterility  of  the 
female. 

Afom  («  neg.,  re/tvu,  to  cut).  The  ulti- 
mate unit  of  an  element;  that  part  of  a 
substance  incapable  of  further  division,  or 
the  smallest  part  capable  of  entering  a 
chemical  compound,  or  uniting  with  an- 
other to  form  a  Molecule, — which  last  is 
the  smallest  quantity  of  a  sul)stance  that 
can  exist  free  or  uncombined.  Atomic 
Valence,  Equivalence,  or  the  Atom- 
icity of  an  element,  is  the  saturating 
power  of  its  atom  as  compared  with  that 
of  hydrogen.  Atomic  Weight,  the 
weight  of  an  atom  of  an  element  as  com- 
pared with  the  weight  of  an  atom  of  hydro- 
gen. Atomic  Heat  of  an  atom  is  its 
specific  heat  multiplied  by  its  atomic 
weight. 

Afomizer.  An  instrument  for  transform- 
ing a  iKjuid  into  a  spray  or  mist. 

At'ony  (a,  roi'of,  tone).  Want  of  tone. 
Deiiilily.  Loss  or  diminution  of  muscular 
or  vital  energy. 

Atopomenorrhce''a  {aTorrng,  out  of  place, 
/iiv,  month,  /^tw,  to  flow).  Vicarious 
menstruation. 

AtrabiPiary  {ater,  black,  />i7/s,  bile).  An 
obsolescent  term  relating  to  melancholy  and 
hypochondriasis;  abso  referring  to  the  rinal 
and  supra-renal  glands,  believed  to  j>ro- 
duce  i)lack  bile,  or  atrabilis,  the  cause  of 
the  gloomy  disposition. 

Atre'sia  [a  neg.,  r^zpntvu,  to  ])erforate.) 
Imjxirforation  of  an  opening  or  canal,  as 
of  the  anus,  vagina,  meatus  auditorius, 
]iupil,  etc.  The  word  is  com|x)unded  with 
the  name  of  the  organ  affected;  <'.  .4'., 
atrcsocystia,  atresoi^astria,  atresometria, 
alretruteria,  etc.,  denoting  respectively, 
in)]K-rforation  of  the  bladder,  stomach. 
Worn!),  intestine,  etc. 

A'trium  {utrium,  the  fore-court  or  hall). 
Tli:il  ]).irt  of  the  auriile  of  the  heart  into 
wiiieli  liie  venous  IiUmmI  is  |K)ured. 

At'ropa  ((iT/ioTTdg,  one  of  the  three  I'ates, 
who  cut  the  thread  of  life,  in  allusion  to 
\ 


ATROPHIA 


60 


ATTENUATION 


the  poisonous  effects  of  the  plant).  A 
genus  of  the  nat.  ord.  Solanaccce.  A. 
Belladonna,  the  deadly  nightshade, 
whence  is  obtained  atropine.  See  Bella- 
doiina. 

Atroph^ia  (a,  without,  rpocj)?/,  nourish- 
ment). Atrophy,  (/.  v.  A  term  applied  to 
various  diseases  marked  by  wasting  or 
innutrition.  A.  Cutis.  See  Atropho- 
dej-ma.  A.  Cutis  Senilis.  See  Atropho- 
dcDfia. 

Atroph^icum  Melanc'sis  Progres^'siva. 
See  AtropJioderma. 

Atrophoder^ma  (a,  rpoipr/,  nourishment, 
Ssp/ia,  the  skin).  Atrophia  Cutis,  atrophy 
of  the  skin,  a  wasting  of  the  skin  due 
to  innutrition.  A.  Pigmentosum,  Xero- 
derma Pigmentosum,  Angioderma  Pig- 
mentosum, Atrophicum  Melanosis  Progi'es- 
siva, — a  degenerative  wasting  of  the  skin 
accompanied  by  a  development  or  gather- 
ing of  pigmentary  matter  in  patches.  A. 
Albidum,  described  by  Kaposi  as  con- 
fined to  the  inner  parts  of  the  thighs  and 
anus.  The  skin  is  white,  thin,  glistening, 
and  destitute  of  pigmentary  matter,  a  con- 
dition remaining  stationary  throughout  life 
(dif.  from  A.  Scleroderma).  A.  Neuri- 
ticum.  Glossy  Skin,  an  atrophy  of  the 
skin  in  the  area  of  a  diseased  or  injured 
nerve.  Occurs  most  commonly  on  the  ex- 
tremities. A.  Senile,  Atrophia  Cutis 
Senilis,  an  atrophy  of  the  skin  due  to  old 
age.  A.  Striatum  et  Maculatum,  Stride 
et  MaculiB  Atrophica;,  a  form  of  the  dis- 
ease occurring  in  streaks  and  spots.  May 
be  idiopathic  or  symptomatic. 

Afrophy  [aTpo(j)ia,  want  of  nourishment). 
A  retrogressive  change  in  parts  originally 
well-formed  and  nourished,  consisting  in  a 
loss  of  weight,  size  and  function  of  an  or- 
gan or  tissue,  owing  to  some  disorder  of 
nutrition.  A.,  Active,  due  to  the  inherent 
inability  of  the  cells  of  a  tissue  to  assimi- 
late the  nutriment  brought  to  them.  A. 
of  the  Bulb,  progressive  shrinking  of  the 
eyeball.  A.,  Muscular,  affects  the  mus- 
cles, and  may  be  hereditary  or  acquired, 
simple  or  progressive.  A.,  Passive, 
caused  by  diminished  nutrition  supplied 
the  part.  A.,  Pigmentary,  so  called  from 
a  deposit  of  pigment  (yellow  or  yellowish- 
brown)  in  the  atrophied  fat  cells.  A., 
Serous,  that  characterized  by  a  transuda- 
tion of  serum  into  the  tissue  after  the  fat 
has  gone,  giving  it  a  gelatinous  appear- 
ance. A.,  Simple,  the  retrogressive  pro- 
cesses and  shrinking  due  to  pathological 
causes,  allied  _  to   the  physiological  retro- 


gression of  senility,  but  occurring,  as  it 
were,  prematurely.  A.,  Trophoneurotic, 
that  dependent  upon  abnormality  of  the 
nervous  supply  or  control  of  an  organ  or 
tissue,  best  illustrated  in  muscular  atrophy 
from  injury  of  the  proper  nerves  of  the 
muscle,  or  in  disease  of  the  anterior  horns 
of  gray  matter  of  the  cord.  A.  of  Hair, 
a  wasting  or  deficient  growth  of  the  hair. 

Atropi^na  or  At^ropine.  A  crystalline 
alkaloid,  Cj7H23N03,  obtained  from  Atropa 
belladonna,  and  is  the  active  principle  of 
the  plant.  The  sulphate  is  a  white  powder 
of  bitter  taste,  neutral  reaction,  soluble  in 
water.  Homatropine,  CjgHjjNOg,  is  a  de- 
rivative alkaloid,  the  hydrobromate  being 
used  by  ophthalmologists  as  a  mydriatic, 
principally  because  its  effects  pass  off  more 
quickly  than  those  of  atropine.  Atropine 
is  an  irritant  narcotic,  a  mydriatic,  anti- 
spasmodic and  anodyne ;  in  small  doses  a 
cardiac,  respiratory  and  spinal  stimulant, 
in  large  doses  a  paralyzer  of  the  cardiac 
and  respiratoiy  centers,  the  spinal  cord, 
motor  nerves  and  voluntary  muscles.  It 
produces  congestion  and  dryness  of  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  mouth,  nose, 
pharynx  and  larynx,  at  first  lessening  the 
gastric  and  intestinal  secretion,  to  be  fol- 
lowed by  an  increase  of  the  same.  It  is 
extensively  used  in  ophthalmic  practice  to 
dilate  the  pupil,  paralyze  accommodation, 
and  also  in  various  corneal,  iritic  and 
other  ocular  diseases.  Its  therapeutic  use 
in  general  medicine  is  also  manifold;  e.g., 
in  inflammatory  affections  and  pain  in 
cerebral  and  spinal  hyperemia,  atonic  con- 
stipation, cardiac  failure,  h}'persecretions, 
etc.,  and  as  a  physiological  antagonist  in 
opium  poisoning. 

At^tar  of  Rose.  Oil  of  Rose.  The  volatile 
oil  distilled  from  the  fresh  flowers  of  the 
Damascene  rose.  Comes  mainly  from 
E.  Roumelia.  Generally  adulterated  with 
other  volatile  oils.  Used  only  as  a  per- 
fume. 

Atten^tion.  The  direction  of  the  will  or 
thought  upon  an  object  or  to  a  particular 
sensation.     A.  Time.     See  Time. 

Atten^'uant  [atteniio,  to  make  thin).  A 
medicine  or  agent  increasing  fluidity  or 
thinness  of  the  blood  or  other  secretions. 

Atten^uating  Medium.  See  Fractional 
Cultivation. 

Attenua^tion  [attenuo,  to  make  thin).  A 
thinning,  naiTowing  or  reducing  the  strength 
or  size  of  a  substance.  A.  of  Microbes, 
weakening  the  pathogenic  virulence  of 
microbes  by  successive  cultures  and  other 


ATTOLLENS 


61 


AURICLE 


methods,  so  that  they  may  be  used  as  a 
vaccine  to  confer  immunity  from  future 
attacks  of  the  disease.  A.,  Sanderson's 
Method  of,  by  passing  the  virus  through 
the  system  of  another  animal  {^.^.,  guinea 
pig,  in  anthrax)  so  that  it  becomes  modi- 
fied in  virulency.  Toussaint  and  Chauveau 
showed  that  heat  is  a  valuable  attenuation 
method,  while  oxygen,  sundry  chemical 
reagents,  exposure  to  sunlight,  c/f.,  have 
also  l>een  used. 

Attol'lens  (^attol/o,  to  raise  up).  Applied 
to  nniscles  raising  or  elevating  the  part,  ;ts 
the  A.  Auris,  a  muscle  raising  the  exter- 
nal ear. 

Attrac'tion  {attraho,  to  draw  to).  The 
tendency  of  one  particle  of  matter  to  ap- 
proach another.  Athnity.  As  existing 
between  celestial  bodies  it  is  termed 
gravitation,  while  molecular  attraction  or 
cohesion  expresses  the  force  aggregating 
molecules  into  masses.  A.,  Chemical, 
the  attraction  of  affinity,  relates  to  the 
attraction  of  atoms  of  one  element  to  those 
of  others,  resulting  in  chemical  comjwunds. 
A.,  Capillary,  the  tendency  of  a  cun-ed 
surface  or  a  tube  to  exert  traction  on  a 
liquid.  A.,  Electrical,  the  tendency  of 
bodies  toward  each  other  when  charged 
with  opposite  electricities.  A.,  Magnetic, 
the  traction  of  a  magnet  upon  certain 
metallic  substances,  chielly  iron. 

Attra'hens  {attraho,  drawing).  Applied  to 
muscles,  as  Attrahens  auris,  a  muscle 
drawing  the  ear  forward  and  u]5ward. 
Also  used  of  medicines  attracting  lluids  to 
the  part,  as  stimulants,  epispastics,  etc. 

Attri^tion  [attero,  to  rub  against).  An 
abrasion  or  chafing  of  the  skin.  In  physics, 
any  rubbing  or  friction  which  breaks  or 
wears  the  surface. 

Atyp'ic  (a  neg.,  ti'ttoc,  a  tyi^e).  Inegiilar; 
not  conformai^le  to  the  type.  A.  Fever, 
an  intermittent  fever  with  irregularity  of 
the  paroxysm. 

Aubernage  (Fr.).  A  contagious  disease 
of  the  vine,  called  by  the  Italians  the  Black 
Disease.  It  is  doui>tful  whether  it  is  due  to 
a  fungus  or  a  bacterium. 

Audiom'tter  [aitJio,  to  hear,  fjirpnv,  a 
measure).  An  instrument  for  measuring 
the  ,i(  ul<-ni-ss  of  hearing. 

Aud'iphone  (audio,  <p>-)yr/,  a  sound).  An 
instrument  for  improving  the  jxjwer  of 
h<-aring. 

Audi'tion.     'Ilie  act  of  hearing. 
Aud'itory.     Pertaining  to  the  act   or   the 
organs f(f  hearing.  A.  After-Sensations, 
continuing  or  occurring  after  the  cessation 


of  the  stimulus.  A.  Area,  the  cerebral 
center  for  hearing,  location  not  definitely 
detennined.  A.  Aurae,  auditory  sensa- 
tions preceding  an  attack  of  epilepsy.  A. 
Center,  same  as  .-/.  Area.  A.  Hairs,  the 
processes  of  the  crista  acustica,  at  jiresent  of 
indeterminate  function.  A.  Meatus  (exter- 
nal and  internal),  the  external  and  inlcnial 
canals  or  openings  of  the  ear.  A.  Nerve, 
ihc  /ortio  mollis  of  the  seventh  pair.  A. 
Ossicles,  the  chain  of  small  bones  of  the 
middle  ear.  A.  Sac,  the  lalyrinth  pit 
or  depression  in  the  epiblast,  on  both  sides 
of  the  cmbr)ological  after-brain,  \^hen 
cut  olT  from  the  epiblast  it  is  calletl  the 
vesicle  of  the  labyrinth,  or  Primary 
Auditory  Vesicle. 

Au'ra  (ow,  to  breathe).  A  breath  of  wind  ; 
a  soft  vapor.  A  sensation  like  a  gentle 
cun-ent  of  air  rising  from  the  limbs  or  body 
to  the  head ;  a  frequent  forerunner  of  an 
epileptic  attack,  aura  epileptica.  Also 
applied  to  any  slight  sjTnptom  preceding 
an  attack  of  any  disease  or  paroxysm,  as 
the  aura  hysterica,  aura  verliginosa,  etc. 

Auran''tium.  Orange.  The  fruit  of  Ci- 
trus ztili^ai'is  and  C.  aurantiuni.  Both 
the  flowers  and  the  rind  of  the  fruit  are 
employed.  The  volatile  oil  from  the  rind 
is  aromatic  and  a  mild  tonic.  Used  mainly 
as  a  flavor.  A.  Amara,  Ext.  Fid.,  bitter 
orange  peel,  alcohol  and  water.  Used  as 
a  tlavor.  A.  Amara,  Tinct.,  bitter  orange 
peel  20,  dilute  alcohol,  q  .s.  ad  100.  Dose 
^^^j-ij.  A.  Corticis,  Ol.,  the  volatile  oil 
exjiressed  from  the  rind  of  the  orange. 
I  lose  gtt.  j-v.  A.  Dulcis,  Tinct.,  sweet 
orange  peel  20,  dilute  alcohol,  (|.  s.  atl  loo. 
Dose  3J-ij.  A.  Elixir,  oil  of  orange  I, 
sugar  100,  alcohol  and  water,  q.  s.  ad  30x3. 
A.  Spt.,oil  of  orange  6,  alcohol  94.  Dose 
according  to  iiuantity  of  alcohol  desired. 
A.  Flores,  Aq.,  fre.sh  orange  (lowers  40, 
water  200.  Distill  to  100  parts.  A. 
Florum,  Ol.,  "  oil  of  neroli,"  a  volatile  oil 
distilled  from  fresh  orange  tlowers.  I  )ose 
gtt.  j-v.  A.  Florum,  Syr.,  orange  water 
35,  sugar  65.  A  cdninum  llavoring  agent. 
A.  Syr.,  sweet  orange  peel  5,  alcohol  5, 
calcium  j)hosphate  precip.  I,  sugar  60, 
water,  f|.  s.  ad  1 00. 

Aur'icle  (auricula,  the  outer  ear),  'i'hc 
pinna  and  external  meatus  of  the  lar.  The 
auriclo  of  the  heart  are  the  two  cavities 
between  the  veins  and  the  ventricles.  The 
Auricular  arteries,  anterior  and  jKistcrior, 
are  liranclies  of  the  tiinporal  nn<l  <-xterhal 
carotid  supplying  the  auricle  of  the  «ar; 
auriculotemporal  nerve,  a  branch   of  the 


AURISCOPE 


62 


AUXOCARDIA 


inferior  niaxillary  supplying  superficial 
parts  about  the  auricle  ;  auriculo-'i'entricti- 
lar  opening,  the  opening  between  the  auri- 
cles and  the  ventricles  of  the  heart. 

Aur^iscope  [auris,  the  ear,  ckotteu,  to 
examine).  An  instrument  for  examining 
the  ear,  and  especially  of  the  Eustachian 
passage. 

Aur^ist  [aun's).  A  specialist  in  diseases 
of  the  ear. 

Aur^um  (Gold).  Au  =:  197  ;  quantiva- 
lence.  III.  One  of  the  metals  character- 
ized as  "noble"  by  the  ancients,  because 
of  its  weight  and  lustre.  Has  a  brilliant 
yellow  color  and  will  not '  tarnish.  The 
metal  is  sometimes  used  as  a  plate  on  which 
artificial  teeth  are  set.  The  chloride  is  the 
only  salt  used.  Locally  it  is  an  escharotic. 
Internally  its  action  resembles  that  of 
mercuric  chloride.  In  small  doses  pro- 
motes digestion  and  stimulates  the  functions 
of  the  brain ;  in  large  doses  it  is  a  violent 
poison.  Useful  in  certain  fomis  of  dys- 
pepsia, hypochondriasis.  A.  et  Sodium 
Chlor.,  soluble  in  water.  Dose  gr.  -jo-yV- 
A.  Chloridum  (unof.).     Soluble.     Dose 

Ausculta^tion  (anscidfo,  to  listen  to).  A 
method  of  investigation  of  the  functions 
and  condition  of  the  respiratory,  circula- 
tory, digestive  and  other  organs  by  the 
sounds  they  themselves  give  out,  or  that 
are  elicited  by  percussion.  It  is  called 
immediate,  when  the  ear  is  directly  applied 
to  the  part,  and  mediate,  if  by  the  aid  of 
the  stethoscope.  Obsteti'ical  auscultation 
is  practiced  in  pregnancy  to  detect  or  study 
the  fcetal  heart-sounds,  or  the  placental 
murmur.  See  I\hirmw,  Respiration,  Rales, 
Rhonchiis,  Bronchophony,  Pectoriloquy, 
A^gophony,  Bruit,  Souffle,  etc. 

Aut'oclave  (nv-of,  self,  clavis,  key).  An 
instrument  for  sterilizing  or  killing  germ- 
life  by  steam-heat,  the  gauge  indicating 
automatically  the  pressure,  and  therefore 
the  degree  of  heat,  to  which  the  micro- 
organism is  subjected. 

Autodiges''tion  {avroq,  digere,  to  digest). 
Digestion  of  the  walls  of  the  stomach  by 
the  gastric  juice  consequent  upon  loss  of 
the  epithelium,  or  other  gastric  disease. 
Aiitopepsia. 

Autogen^esis  (niTOf,  yeveaiq,  production). 
Spontaneous  generation  ;  self-production. 

Autog^enous  [avroQ^  jeveaic;).  Pertaining 
to  diseases  or  conditions  self-produced 
and  not  derived  from  external  or  objective 
sources  ;  to  poisons  generated  in  the  body 
by  its  inherent  processes, — e.  g.,  puerperal 


fever  has  been  supposed  due  to  self-gen- 
eration of  the  septic  material. 

Autoinocula^tion  [avToc,  inoculo,  to  im- 
plant). Reinoculation  by  virus  obtained 
from  the  same  person. 

Autolaryngos''copy  [avToq,  ?Mfw}^,  the 
larynx,  anoiieu,  to  examine).  The  exami- 
nation of  one's  larynx  by  himself. 

Automat^ic  [avrofianqu,  to  act  spontane- 
ously). Pertaining  to  such  functions  as  are 
performed  without  the  influence  of  the  will. 

Auton^omy  [avroc,,  vofiog,  law).  Self-law; 
not  subject  to  external  rule. 

Autopath'ic  [av-oc,  nadog,  suffering).  The 
same  as  Endopathic. 

Autopep''sia  [avTog,  ttetttu,  to  digest). 
Autodigestion. 

Autoph^agy  [avrog,  (payu,  to  eat).  In 
starvation  the  absorption  of  the  tissues 
themselves  for  nutrition.  Life  may  be 
thus  continued  until  about  half  the  body- 
weight  has  been  consumed. 

Autoph'ony  [avrog,  <pcjv7j,  voice).  In 
auscultation  the  peculiar  quality  of  the 
physician's  own  voice  while  listening  to 
the  patient's  chest  sounds. 

AutophthaFmoscope.  See  Ophthalmo- 
scope. 

Aut'oplas''ty  [avroq,  TrJ.aaau,  to  form).  A 
met'nod  of  repairing  the  effects  of  a  wound 
or  lesion  involving  loss  of  tissue  by  graft- 
ing or  implanting  fresh  parts  taken  from 
other  portions  of  the  patient's  body,  as 
e.g.,  rhinoplasty,  keratoplasty,  etc.,  refer- 
ring to  the  nose,  cornea,  etc.,  the  special 
part  operated  upon. 

Aut^opsy  (aurof,  oi/^/f,  seeing).  Exami- 
nation, or  seeing  one's  own  self, — self- 
inspection.  The  word  is  strangely  mis- 
applied to  the  post-mortem  study  of  the 
body  of  another. 

Aut^oscope  [avToq,  aKmveu,  to  see).  An  in- 
strument, ('.^'■.  ,the  ophthalmoscope,  arranged 
for  the  examination  of  an  organ  by  oneself 

Autos^'copy.  The  examination  of  one's 
own  disease  by  means  of  the  autoscope. 

Aut'osite  (ni)-of,  cirog,  food).  Used  to 
designate  that  member  of  a  double  fcetal 
monster  that  nourishes  by  its  own  organs 
the  life  of  the  other,  called  the  parasite. 

Autosteth''oscope  (  avrog,  arifiog,  the 
breast,  aKo-rreo),  to  examine).  A  stetho- 
scope so  arranged  that  one  may  by  it  listen 
to  his  own  chest  sounds. 

Auxocar''dia  {av^?/,  an  increase,  KapAia, 
the  heart).  The  normal  increase  of  the 
volume  of  the  heart  during  diastole,  in 
distinction  from  meiocardig._.  the  diminu 
tion  during  systole. 


AVA-KAVA 


63 


BACILLUS 


A'va-Ka''va.     See  A'ava-A'ara. 

Ave'na  Sati'va.  Oat.  The  einl ino of  the 
seed  of  the  common  oat  plant.  Contains 
starch,  gluten,  a  ferment  calleil  diastase  and 
a  small  amount  of  alkaline  phosphates.  A 
nutritious  food.  The  j^K-ricarp  contains  an 
alkaloiil  with  slight  narcotic  jx)wers.    Unof. 

Av'ens  Root.  Tlie  root  of  Gemn  rivn/e. 
A  tonic  and  astringent.  Contains  gallic  and 
tannic  acid.    Dose  of  fld.  ext.  ^ss-j.    Unof. 

Avoirdupois  Weight  (Fr.,  a-'oir,  to  have, 
JuJ'oiJs,oi  weight).  The  common  English 
weight  u.sed  for  all  commotlities  e.\cept 
precious  metals,  gems  and  medicines.  The 
pound  is  equal  to  7000  grains  Troy,  or 
453.54  granmies,  or  16  ounces.  The 
ounce  is  divided  into  16  drams,  each  of 
437.5  grains.     See  U'a'i^hfs a.nd  Mcasiirt's. 

Avul'sion  {avci/o,  to  clear  away").  A 
traumatic  or  surgical  tearing  or  wrenching 
away  c>f  a  part,  as  a  pt>lypus,  a  limb,  cA-. 

Ax'ial  Current.     See  J'oiseiiilh-'s  Sparc. 

Axil'la  ^duul'tful  derivation).    The  armpit. 

Ax'illary.  Pertaining  to  tlie  axilla.  A. 
Artery,  the  continuation  of  the  subclavian 
artery,  extending  from  the  Ixjrder  of  the 
first  ril)  to  the  in.sertion  of  the  pectoralis 
majfir  muscle,  where  it  becomes  the  bra- 
chial. A.  Glands,  the  lymphatic  glands 
of  the  axilla.  A.  Plexus,  the  brachial 
plexus  formed  by  the  last  three  cervical  and 
the  first  dorsal  ncr%es.  A.  Space,  the 
irregular  conical  space  of  the   axilla.     A. 


Vein,  a  continuation  of  the  brachial,  cor- 
res|K)nding  with  the  artery  and  terminating 
in  the  subclavian. 

Ax'is  (a^wv,  an  axletree).  An  im.iginary 
line  passing  through  the  center  of  a  body. 
Tlie  second  vertebra.  A.,  Cerebro- 
spinal, the  central  ner\ous  system.  A. 
Cylinder  (of  a  nerve),  the  conducting  or 
essential  part  of  a  nerve  lying  in  the 
centre  and  surrounded  by  the  sheath,  or 
sheath  of  Schwann.  A.,  Optic,  the  line 
from  the  corneal  ajxjx  to  the  macula  hitea. 
A.,  Visual,  the  line  from  the  olijcct  through 
the  nodal  point  to  the  macula, — the  two 
last  are  not  identical. 

Azed'arach.  The  bark  of  J.  vicHa. 
Occurs  in  curved  pieces  or  (|uills,  having  a 
sweetish  taste.  The  decoction,  ^^  ij  toOj, 
is  a  gastro-intestinal  irritant  and  anthel- 
mintic.     Unof. 

Azobsperm'ia  (a,  ^ux),  life,  a-spfia,  seed). 
Want  or  deficient  vitality  of  the  sjierma- 
tozoids. 

Az'ote  (n,  C(jrj).  A  .synonym  of  nitrogen. 
Azotic  acid,  nitric  acid. 

Azotu''ria  (azotiim,  nitrogen,  itrina,  the 
urine).  An  increase  of  the  urea  in  the 
urine. 

Az^ygos  (rt,  C^'/'T,  yoke).  Ajijilied  to 
jiarts  that  are  single,  not  in  j)airs.  A. 
Uvulae,  a  small  mu.scle  of  the  uvula.  A. 
Vein,  a  vein  connecting  the  superior  and 
inferior  venix;  cav:e. 


B 


B.     In   chemical  terminology  the  symbol 

of  I'oron. 
B.  A.     A  contraction  of  balneum  aqua-,  a 

water-liath;    also,   of   balnciivi    airtuf,  a 

sandliath. 
B.  M.     A  contraction  of  balneum  maris, 

a  s< -a water  i>ath. 
B.  V.     A  contraction  of  balneum  Z'aporis, 

a  vai)orbath. 
Ba.     'Hie  chemical  symi<ol  of  barium. 
Bab^s  Oven.       .See  0-:',n. 
Ba'by-farm.     An    institution    for    raising 

orjihan  and  pau|)cr  inf.-inls. 
Bac'chia  {liachus,  the  go<l  of  wine).     A 

synonym  for  acne  rosacea,  often  found  iu 

drunkards. 


BaciUlum  (dim.  of  A/<7//«;w,  a  stick).  A 
slick;  a  cylindrical  troche;  an  instnuncnt 
for  carr)'ing  a  .sponge ;  the  rods  in  the  layer 
of  rods  and  cones  of  the  retina. 

Bacil'lus  {bacillum,  a  little  rod).  The 
most  im|xirtanl  class  pathogenically  of  the 
schizomycetes,  schizophytes,  or  bacteria. 
They  are  microorganisnis,  cylindrical  or 
club-shaped,  straight,  mobile  or  immobile, 
and  held  to  be  (lirectly  or  indirectly  the 
cau.se  of  many  diseases.  B.  of  Cancer, 
a  fonn  believed  to  be  the  sju'cilic  cause  of 
cancer,  though  cultures  and  inocukiiion 
exptriincnts  are  not  delinitive.  B.  of 
Charbon.  See /A  .-///////<;< />( /I/ZV^).  B. 
of  Symptomatic  Charbon.  .See  H.Chau- 


BACK-STROKE  OF  HEART 


64 


BAG  OF  WATERS 


vceiiyTable).  B.  of  Cholera.  SeeSpinl- 
lum  CholetcE.  Comma-Bacillus.  See 
Spirilhiin  Cholera:.  B.  of  Green  Diar- 
rhcEa  of  Infants  ;  Lesage  has  isolated  a 
species  whose  pure  culture  products  in 
animals  a  disease  similar  to  that  of  the  in- 
fant. B.  of  Diphtheria.  Of  a  number 
isolated  and  believed  pathogenic,  the 
Krebs-Loffler  variety  is  thought  specific  by 
Klein.  B.  of  Epidemic  Dysentery; 
inoculations  upon  animals  of  a  B.  isolated  by 
Chautemasse  and  Widal  seemed  conclusive 
that  it  was  the  specific  cause  of  the  disease. 
B.  of  Glanders.  ?>eeB.Ma/lei{Tabk),— 
proved  specificity.  B.  of  Hay,  the  B.  Siib- 
tilis,  not  pathogenic.  B.  of  Hog  Cholera. 
See  Table.  B.  of  Jequirity,  does  not 
exist ;  the  ocular  imtation  being  due  to  an 
alkaloid  in  the  jequirity  seed.  B.  Krebs- 
Lbffler,  see  B.  of  Diphtheria.  B.,  Lac- 
tic. See  B.  Lacticiis  ( Table).  B .  of  Blue 
Milk.  See  B.  Syncyanus  (  Table).  B.  of 
Leprosy.  Hansen  and  others  have  iso- 
lated a  B.  they  believe  specific,  but  inocu- 
lation experiments  are  not  conclusive.  B. 
of  Malaria.  Lemaire,  Klebs  and  Crudeli, 
and  others,  have  isolated  forms  believed  by 
them  to  be  specific.  Laveran  first,  and 
Richard  and  Marchiafava  and  Celli  found 
in  the  l^lood  three  forms  of  protozoa,  one 
of  which  particularly  produced  intermit- 
tent fever  by  inoculation.  B.  of  Blue 
Pus.  See  B.  Fyocyatieus [Table).  B.  of 
Rhinoscleroma,  probably  the  same  as 
Micrococcus  Pneiinwiiite,  of  doubtful  spe- 
cificity. B.  of  Measles  of  Hogs  (see 
Table),  of  proved  specific  nature.  B.  of 
Syphilis.  Lustgarten  first,  and  a  number 
of  others,  have  isolated  a  form  believed 
specific,  but  no  cultures  have  so  far  been 
successful.  B.  of  Tetanus  ;  the  l)acterial 
origin  of  this  disease  seems  established  by 
many  observers,  the  B.  discovered  by  Ni- 
colaier  being  the  specific  cause.  B.  of 
Tuberculosis.  There  seems  to  be  no 
reason  to  doubt  the  specificity  of  Koch's 
B.  B.  of  Typhoid,  the  typhic  B.  has 
not  been  isolated  from  the  air,  but  has  been 
isolated,  and  of  its  specific  quality  there  is 
little  remaining  doubt.  B.  of  Whoop- 
ing-Cough.  Afanassieff  believes  an  iso- 
lated form  specific,  and  injections  in  ani- 
mals lends  some  support  to  the  view. 

A  Table  of  the  chief  characteristics  of  the 
principal    B.  is   herewith   appended    (pp. 

65-74)- 
Back-stroke  of  the  Heart.    See  Diastole. 
Bacte^ria    {jiaKTrjpiov,    a    little  staff).     A 

generic  tenn  for  microorganisms,  or  mi- 


crobes. According  to  Colin  (1872),  divisi- 
ble into  four  families,  the  Spherobacteria, 
Microbacteria,  Desmobacteria  and  Spiro- 
bacteria.  The  classification  of  Zopf  ranged 
all  forms  also  in  four  classes :  Coccacees 
(including  Streptococcus,  Micrococcus, 
Merismopedia,  Sarcina  and  Ascococcus) ; 
Bacteriacees  (including  Bacterium,  Spiril- 
lum, Vibrio,  Leuconostoc,  Bacillus  and 
Clostridium)  ;  Leptothricees  (including 
Leptothrix,  Beggiatoa,  Crenothrix  and 
Phragmidiothrix) ;  Cladothricees  (Clado- 
thrix).  Mace's  classification  gives  three 
families :  the  Coccacees  (including  4  gen- 
era, the  Micrococcus,  Sarcina,  Ascococcus 
and  Leuconostoc) ;  the  Bacteriacees  (gen- 
era :  Bacillus,  Spirillum,  Leptothrix  and 
Cladothrix) ;  the  Beggiatoacees  (with  two 
genera,  the  Beggiatoa  and  Crenothrix). 

Bacteria''cees.  The  second  family  of  the 
order  of  Bacteria  or  Schizomycetes ;  the  ele- 
ments are  rod-shajjed,  sometimes  in  short 
cylinders  or  in  filaments,  but  the  length 
always  exceeding  the  breadth.  Many  have 
true  endogenous  spores.  The  following  are 
the  members  of  the  family :  The  Bacillus, 
Spirillum,  Leptothrix  and  Cladothrix. 

Bacte^ricide.     See  Germicide. 

Bacterid^ia.  Davaine's  designation  of 
the  Bacillus. 

Bacterid^ium.  According  to  Davaine,  a 
genus  of  Bacteriacees,  characterized  by 
immol)iKty  of  the  elements  at  all  periods 
of  their  existence.  The  distinction  does 
not  now  obtain. 

BacterioKogy  [(ianrripiov,  2,oyoq,  science). 
The  science  of  microorganisms.  Bacterio- 
logical investigation  consists  in  the  study 
by  the  microscope  of  forms  present,  the 
artificial  cultivation  or  culture  of  the  same, 
and  the  study  of  the  effects  of  pure  cul- 
tures upon  animals. 

Bacteriopur''purine.  The  coloring  matter 
of  Beggiatoa  roseo-persicina,  isolated  and 
studied  by  Ray  Lankester.  Insoluble  in 
water,  alcohol,  chloroform,  ammonia,  ace- 
tic and  sulphuric  acids,  etc. 

Bacte^rium.  An  individual  of  the  order 
of  Bacteria.  B.  Chauvaei.  See  Bacil- 
lus ChauvcT-i.  B.  Chlorinum.  See  Ba^ 
cillus  Chlorinus.  B.  Janthinum.  See 
Bacillus  Janthinus.  B.  Phosphores- 
cens.  See  Bacillus  Phosphoreus.  B. 
Termo.  See  Bacillus  Termo.  B.Xanthi- 
num.   See  Bacillus Synxa)ithus.  [Table.) 

Bag  of  Waters.     The  foetal  membranes 
enclosing    the    liquor     amnii,    projecting 
through  the  os  uteri,  which   usually  nip 
tares  when  the  cervix  is  dilated. 


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Coloring  mat- 
ter   is   pro- 
duced only 
in  the  air. 

in 
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Rods  3.2  to  8 /It  by 
0.8  M.      Mobile 
when  free. 

0 

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13 
0 

Cellules   2  to  2.5 
by    o.s /u. ;    fre- 
quently united 
in  chains. 

Rods  2  to  3  by  0.4 
to  0.6 /a;  slight- 
ly mobile. 

Immobile  rods,  4 
to  5  fi.. 

Short  rods  with 
rounded    ends, 
with  capsule. 

ui 
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Troubled 
greenish 
liquid  and 
greenish 
deposit. 

6 

O 
Oh 

Dirty 
yellow 
layer. 

Pellicle 
dark  blue, 
then  blue- 
black. 

Thick 

layer ; 

yellow, 

with  green 

tinge. 

u 

r'    0) 

in  >> 

en 

O 

Large 
greenish- 
yellow  cul- 
ture ;  buttery 
consistence. 

Culture 

white  and 

opaque. 

"3 
O 

The  gelatin 

becomes 

viscid. 

Rapid 

liquefaction ; 

whitish 

deposit. 

Jelly  partly 

liquefied  ; 

upper  layers 

tinged  with 

blue. 

Does  not 

liquefy  ; 
whitish  semi- 
transparent 
culture. 

Does  not 

liquefy; 

putrid  odor. 

Does  not 

liquefy ; 

nail-shaped 

culture. 

tn 

0) 

!2 
tn 

Colonies  of 

whitish 

concentric 

rings,  like  a 

tortoise  shell. 

Yellow-green 

small  round 

colonies, 

quickly 

liquefying. 

Small,  trans- 
parent islets 
with  yellow- 
ish center  and 
sinuous 
borders. 

Thin  grayish, 
almost  trans- 
parent, layer. 

Grayish 
convex 
colonies. 

< 

3 
< 

X 

u     . 
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Excrement 

and 

putrefying 

masses. 

Animals 
with  symp- 
tomatic 
charbon. 

■a  . 

■U   0) 

0)   <u 

(I. 

1^ 
01 

Intestine  of 
man  and 
animals ; 
in  water 

and  earth. 

=1 

Saliva  and 

coating  of 

tongue. 

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3 

3 
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B.  Claviformis 
( Tyrotlirix 
claviformis). 

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Agent   of  albu- 
minoid    fer- 
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Pathogenic. 

0 

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Agent   of  albu- 
minoid    fer- 
mentation. 

Aerobic.  The 
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at    100°    to 
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0 

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Thin   mobile 
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■§55 

Mobile  rods. 
Spores    ovoid, 
of  same  size. 

Cloudy 

liquid  ■ 

greenish 

sediment. 

The  dull 

liquid 

sooti 

becomes 

alkaline  in 

reaction. 

At  the  sur- 
face small 

white 

scales  with 

reddish 

center. 

Thickwhite 

velvety 

pellicle; 

cloudy 

liquid. 

Green 

culture 

covering 

surface. 

Layer 

reddish, 

then  brown. 

"7,  V 
*—  ^ 

Numerous 
radial  fila- 
ments from 
the  central 
streak. 

Does  not 
liquefy; 
greenish 
culture. 

Does  not 
liquefy; 
culture 
whitish. 

1^ 

Does  not 

liquefy ; 

whitish 

culture ;  the 

jelly  tinged 

green. 

Does  not 

liquefy  ; 

numerous 

whitish 

filaments  in 

the  jelly. 

1.^ 

■"3 

«  3  3'= 

Small 

whitish 

colonies ;  do 

not  liquefy. 

Small  clear 

spots 

becoming 

yellowish, 

with  darker 

center ;  later 

they  become 

whitish. 

Wrinkled 

whitish 

colonies  with 

brown  center. 

Whitish 
islets,  with 
fine  straight 
or  curved 
prolonga- 
tions. 

Yellowish 

colonies  with 

darker 

center ; 

hyaline 

surface  cells. 

Intestine  of 
infant. 

Diphthe- 
ritic false 
membrane. 

Fermenl- 
Caseine. 

(A 

1 

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B.  Fitzianus. 

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Light     very 
weak      below 
30°,   and   dis- 
appears at  10°. 

Produces     blue 
crystalli/alilo 
pyo-cyanine. 

0 

Is 

0  1- 

3 
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Brick-red  spots 
upon   cooked 
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anaerobia. 

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Very   mobile 
rods,   1. 15  to 
1.75  by  0.45  jx- 

•Si 

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C    M 
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Short,   very  mo- 
bile rods,  I  to 
1.5  by  0.6  m- 

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bile,    1.45    by 
0.58  M- 

00 
0 

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0  0 

Rods  6  to  8   by 
I  fi.    Very  mo- 
bile. 

Short      elliptical 
rods,   I    to   1.5 
by  0.6  jn,    with 
capsule. 

Short  rods,  slow- 
ly   movable,   2 
by  1. 1  jit. 

Cloudy, 

thin  vail 

on  the 

surface. 

Thick 
mem- 
brane ; 
creamy 
at  the 
surface. 

Greenish 

cloud  ; 

dry, 

friable 

pellicle. 

Quickly 
clouds. 
Slight 

deposits. 

Whitish 
weak 
cloud. 

Fragile 

pellicle 

adhering 

to  the  sides. 

Thin 

white 

culture. 

Thick, 
slightly 
reudish 

layer. 

Gelatinous 
masses  of 

almost 
cartilagi- 
nous con- 
sistency. 

Brownish 

mucoid 

layer ;  the 

medium 
green. 

Brown, 

clear 

lu,\uriant 

culture. 

0" 

Milky  spot 
with  cut 
bortlers. 

Mucoid, 

grayish, 

nacreous 

layer;  the 

jelly  green, 

then  brown. 

Grayish 
band. 

Small 
whitish 
colonies. 

U5 

Cupuliform 
depression, 

then 
liquetaction. 

Does  not 
hquefy ; 

thin 
whitish 
culture. 

Liouefies 

rapidly  ;  thick 

sediment. 

Liq'iefies. 

The  liquitl 

becomes 

greenish. 

Grayish, 

mucoid, 

transparent 

layer. 

Does  not 

liquefy ; 

flocculent 

cloud  about 

the  point. 

Brownish 

colonies, 

liquefying 

the  gelatine. 

Granular 

colonies 

surrounded 

by  radial 

filaments. 

Small  round 
yellowish 

colonies ;  the 

jelly  becomes 

greenish. 

Gray  spots, 
almost  trans- 
parent at  the 
borders. 

Small 
flocculent 
colonies. 

u 
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74 


BAIN-MARIE 


75 


BANDAGE 


Bain-Mahe  (Fr.).  An  instrument  for 
immersing  solutions,  microorgiiuisms,  etc., 
in  water  or  chemical  solutions,  thus  keep- 
ing them  at  a  desired  temi^)erature. 

Bakers'  Itch.  An  ec/ematous  alTection 
uf  the  hands,  caused  by  the  irritation  of 
the  yeast. 

Bakers'  Salt.  A  synonym  for  smelling 
salts,  or  the  subcarbonate  of  ammonia. 

Bal'anic.  Pertaining  to  the  gland  of  the 
[Kiiis  or  clitoris. 

Balani'tis  ( Jti/<irof,  ghuis  penis,  tnq,  in- 
flammationV  Inflammation  of  the  glans 
penis,  sometimes  called  Balano-poithitis. 
Phimosis  is  a  frequent  complication.  See 
Posthitis. 

Balanoplas'ty  (.?n?rti'Of ;  T?.aff(ra),toform). 
Plastic  surgery  of  the  glans  penis. 

Bal'anus  (Ja}aiof,  an  acorn).  The  glans 
ixriiis  or  glans  clitoridis. 

Balbu'ties  [l>albutio,  to  stammer).  Stam- 
mering. 

Bald.  Wanting  hair.  A  term  applied  to 
one  who  has  lo>t  the  hair  of  the  scalp. 

Bald^ness.  Aloj^ecia,  whether  congenital 
or  acquired.  When  the  loss  of  hair  is 
circumscribed  it  is  called  tinea  decalvans  ; 
when  general,  it  is  called  alopecia.  Senile 
baldness  is  called  calvities.  Premature 
haltiiiess  is  caused  by  disease. 

Ball-and-Socket  Joint.    See  Diart/irosis. 

Ballotte'ment  (Kr.  from  A?//.)/'/^',  a  ball). 
.\  method  of  diagnosticating  pregnancy 
from  the  fourth  to  the  eighth  month.  A 
push  is  given  the  uterus  by  the  finger  in- 
serted into  the  vagina,  and  if  the  fnetus 
be  present,  it  will  move  up  and  fall  again 
like  a  heas-y  Ixxly  in  water. 

Balm  {balsam urn,  a  balsam).  A  popular 
synonjTn  of  bal.uimum.  Any  soothing 
application  or  ointment.  B.  of  Gilead. 
See  Balsam.     See  also  Melissa. 

Bal'mony.  The  herb  Chelone  glabra. 
Cathartic  and  anthelmintic.  Dose  of  fid. 
cxt.  "3^  ss-j.  Chelonin,  the  concentrated 
ext.     Dose  gr.  j-iv.     Unof. 

Balned'ogy  {Balneum,  a  bath,  ?o}or,  a 
treatise).  The  science  of  baths  and  their 
cTfccis  u|)on  the  sy^t^•m. 

Balneother''apy  [/alneum,  Oepaireia,  heal- 
ing). Systematic  bathing  for  therapeutical 
purposes. 

Bal'neum.     A  bath.     See  BatA. 

BaKsam  {3a/frii/ioi').  The  resinous,  vola- 
lili-,  aromatic  vcgi-table  substance,  li(|uid  or 
concrete,  obtained  fnjm  certain  trees  by 
natural  exudation  or  by  artificial  extraction. 
Bnlsams  are  divided  into  two  clas.scs,  those 
with,  and  those  without  l>en/oic  and  cin- 


naniic  acids.  In  general  they  are  mixtures 
of  various  essential  oils,  resins  and  acids. 
B.,  Canada  ;  a  turpentine  gathered  from 
the  natural  blisters  of  the  bark  of  j^bies 
balsamutn.  It  is  much  used  as  a  mounting 
medium  by  microscopists.  B.  of  Copaiba. 
See  Copaiba.  B.  of  Fir.  Same  as 
Canada  Balsam.  B.,  Friar's.  See  Ben- 
zoin. B.  of  Gilead  ;  the  balm  of  the  Old 
Testament,  an  oleo-resin  obtained  from 
the  Balsainodendron  Gileadcnsc.  B.  of 
Peru  ;  the  balsam  obtained  from  Myro.vy- 
lon  pereinc,  antiseptic  ;  stimulant  to  cir- 
culation, and  sedative  to  nervous  system. 
Generally  a  tonic,  and  expectorant  in 
bronchitis.  Applied  locally  is  useful  in 
chronic  intlammalory  skin  diseases.  Dose 
of  the  emulsion  rt\^x-xxv.  B.  of  Tolu- 
tan,  or  of  Tolu,  obtained  from  Myroxy- 
Ion  tolufera.  Properties  due  to  a  volatile 
oil,  toluene.  Possesses  an  agreeal)le  odor, 
and  is  a  basis  for  many  cough  mixtures. 
A  fair  expectorant.  The  tincture  contains 
lo  per  cent,  of  the  balsam  in  90  per  cent, 
of  alcohol.  Dose  ITLx-xxx.  The  syrup, 
balsam  4  parts  ;  simple  syrup  96.      Dose 

Bamboo''  Brier.  The  root  of  Smilax 
sarsaparilla.  Habitat,  Southern  Slates. 
Properties  identical  with  those  of  sarsa- 
parilla. Dose  of  the  fld.  ext.  3ss-ij. 
Unof. 

Banan'a.  The  root  of  the  common  banana, 
JSIusa  sapientum.  .Said  to  be  a  valuable 
alterative,  and  useful  in  strumous  aflec- 
tions.  Dose  of  the  fid.  ext.  n\^x-xxx. 
Unof. 

Band'age.  Bandages  are  usually  strips  of 
muslin  or  other  material  of  var\-ing  widths 
and  lengths  used  in  surgery  for  the  pur- 
jx)se  of  protecting,  compressing,  etc.,  a  part, 
or  for  the  retention  of  dressings  and  appli- 
cations. A  simple  bandage  or  roller  con- 
sists of  one  piece ;  a  compound,  of  two  or 
more  pieces.  According  to  their  tlircciion 
they  are  classed  as:  i.  OV(7//ar,  circular 
turns  alx»ut  the  part.  2.  /-igurr-of-S,  the 
turns  crossing  each  other  like  that  figure. 
3.  Oblique,  covering  the  i>art  by  oblique 
turns.  4.  Recurrent,  the  turns  leturiiing 
successively  to  the  jx)int  of  origin.  5.  Spica, 
the  turns  resembling  the  arrangement  of 
the  husks  of  an  ear  of  corn.  6.  Spiral, 
each  turn  covering  one-half  of  the  pieced- 
ing.  7.  Spiral  reverse,  the  bandage  is  re- 
versed in  order  to  beltrr  a<la|>t  it  to  the 
part.  Handages  are  alsocl:is>etl  according 
to  the  |)art  to  which  they  are  applied.  Of 
Bandages  of  the  head  we  have  :   i.  Cir- 


BANDAGE 


76 


BAPTOTHECORRHCEA 


cular,  of  the  forehead,  to  retain  dressings 
to  the  head.  2.  Circular,  of  the  eyes.  3. 
Crossed,  of  the  eyes,  to  hold  dressings  to  one 
or  both  eyes.  4.  Crossed,  of  the  atigle  of  the 
jaiv,  to  support  the  parts  in  fracture  of  the 
angle  of  the  jaw.  5.  Knotted,  of  the  head, 
a  double-headed  roller  with  compress,  to 
make  compression  in  wound  of  the  tem- 
poral artery.  6.  Recurre^it,  of  the  head, 
single-  or  double-headed  roller,  to  retain 
dressings  to  the  head.  7.  Gibson's,  for  the 
body  of  the  lower  jaw,  to  support  the  parts 
in  fracture.  8.  Rhea  Barton's,  for  the  same 
purpose.  Of  Bandages  of  the  trunk 
there  are:  I.  Circular,  of  the  neck.  2.  Fig- 
ure-of-8,  of  the  neck  and  axilla,  to  retain 
dressings  over  the  shoulder  or  in  the  axilla. 
3.  Anterior  figure-ofS,  of  chest,  to  draw 
the  shoulder  forward  and  to  retain  dressings 
on  the  anterior  surface  of  the  chest.  4. 
Posterior figure-of-8 ,  of  chest,  to  draw  the 
shoulders  back  in  fractured  clavicle,  or  to 
retain  dressings  on  posterior  part  of  chest. 
5.  Crossed,  of  one  or  both  breasts,  to  support 
the  breasts  in  excessive  lactation  or  in 
mammary  disease.  6.  Spica,  of  shoulder, 
to  retain  the  head  of  the  humerus  in  place 
after  dislocation.  7.  Spiral,  of  the  chest, \.o 
make  compression  in  fracture  of  the  ster- 
num or  ribs.  8.  Circular,  of  the  abdomen, 
to  support  the  abdominal  walls.  9.  Spiral, 
of  the  abdomen,  \.o  compress  the  abdominal 
walls  or  retain  dressings.  10.  Spica,  of  one 
or  both  groins,  to  compress  gi-oin  or  retain 
dressings.  11.  Spiral  reverse,  of  the  penis, \.o 
retain  dressings  to  the  organ.  The  Band- 
ages of  the  hand  are  :  i.  T\i&  Spiral, 
of  the  finger.  2.  Spiral,  of  all  the  fingers, 
or  gauntlet.  3.  Spiral,  of  palm,  or  denii- 
gaunth't.  4.  Spica,  of  thttmb — all  used  in 
cases  of  fracture  or  to  retain  dressings. 
The  Bandages  of  the  arm  are:  I.  The 
Circular,  of  the  wrist.  2.  Figure-ofS,  of 
7vrist,  to  compress  the  joint  or  retain  dress- 
ings. 3.  Figure-ofS,  of  elbow.  4.  Circular, 
of  arm  or  foreann.  5.  Oblique,  of  arm  or 
forear7n.  6.  Spiral,  of  arm,  to  retain  dress- 
ings. 7.  Spiral  reverse,  of  upper  extremity, 
to  support  the  arm  in  dislocations,  fractures, 
etc.  The  Bandages  of  the  lower  ex- 
tremity are  :  I.  Figure-of-S,  of  ankle,  to 
cover  the  part  or  retain  dressings.  2.  Figure- 
ofS,  of  knee,  to  cover  the  same  or  compress 
it.  3.  Figure-of-S,  of  thighs,  to  compress  the 
same  after  wounds  or  operations.  4.  Spica, 
^  zw/(/,  to  compress  the  parts.  5.  Spiral 
retierse,  of  whole  lower  extremity,  to  sup- 
port the  limb  after  fracture,  etc.  B.  of 
Scultetus,  a  compound  bandage,  similar 


to  a  spiral  reverse  in  appearance  and 
action,  used  in  compound  fractures,  so 
that  the  short  pieces  of  which  it  is  com- 
posed may  be  removed  without  motion  of 
the  limb.  B.,  Recurrent,  for  stumps, 
is  used  after  amputations,  to  support  the 
flaps.  Velpeau's  B.  is  used  to  sup- 
port the  arm  in  fracture  of  the  clavicle,  the 
neck,  or  acromion  process  of  the  scapula. 
The  hand  of  the  injured  side  being  placed 
on  the  sound  shoulder  an  oblique  turn 
is  made  from  the  axilla  of  the  sound  side 
across  the  back  of  the  chest  to  the  shoulder 
covering  the  fracture,  down  under  the 
elbow  in  front  to  axilla  of  sound  side, 
then  across  the  back  over  the  outside  of  the 
point  of  elbow  to  axilla  of  sound  side,  thus 
continuing  the  oblique  and  circular  turns 
alternately  and  advancing  over  the  arm  till 
it  is  held  firmly.  Desault's  Apparatus 
consists  of  an  axillary  pad  held  by  tapes 
aliout  the  neck,  a  sling  for  the  hand,  and 
two  single-headed  rollers.  The  foreann  is  at 
right  angles  with  the  humerus,  held  in  place 
by  many  circular  and  oblique  turns  about 
the  shoulder  and  body.  T-Bandages  are 
compound,  and  resemble  that  letter ;  the 
menstrual  napkin  is  an  example.  Starch, 
Plaster-of- Paris,  Silica,  Dextrine,  Tripo- 
lith,  etc.,  etc.,  are  used  or  recommended 
for  making  a  stiff  and  immovable  dressing 
or  bandage. 

Bandl,  Ring  of.  The  superior  limit  of 
the  cervical  canal,  in  pregnancy  at  a  level 
with  the  pelvic  inlet,  marking  the  bound- 
ary between  the  lower  uterine  segment  and 
the  rest  of  the  uterus. 

Band^oline.     See  Cydonium. 

Bang  or  Bangue.     See  Cannabis  Tndica. 

Bant^ingism.  (From  name  of  the  in- 
ventor.) A  method  proposed  for  the  re- 
duction of  corpulence,  by  abstinence  from 
saccharine  and  farinaceous  foods. 

Baptis''ia.  Wild  Indigo.  The  root  bark 
of  B.  tinctoria.  Properties  due  to  an  im- 
pure resin,  the  so-called  Baptisin.  Laxa- 
tive and  stimulant  in  moderate  doses; 
emetic  and  cathartic  in  large  doses.  Valu- 
able in  amenorrhcea,  typhus  and  ty])hoid 
fevers.  Excellent  for  local  apjilication  to 
indolent  ulcers  and  gangrenous  .sores.  B. 
Extract.  Dose  gr.  j-x.  B.  Ext.  Fid. 
Dose  rrLij-xx.  B.  Tinct.  Dose  ttlv-xxx. 
Dose  of  the  resin  gr.  j-v.     All  unof. 

Baptorrhce^a  [(iaivro^,  infected,  pfw,  to 
flow).  A  generic  term  for  any  infectious 
discharge  from  a  mucous  surface. 

Baptothecorrhce''a  (/JaTrrof,  Otjkjj,  vagina, 
pe<j).     Gonorrhcea  in  woman. 


\ 


BAR.ESTIIESIOMETER 


77 


BASILAR 


Baraesthesiom'eter  (.Jopof,  weight,  aia- 
Oqaiq,  perception  by  the  senses,  fi^rpov,  a 
measure).  An  instrument  for  estimating 
the  sense  of  pressure  in  disturbances  of 
sensibility. 

Barba'does  Leg.  See  Elephantiasis 
Arabuin. 

Bar'berry.     See  Berbcrin. 

Bar'biers.  A  paralytic  afTection  common 
in  India.     Confounded  with  l)eriberi. 

Bar'egine.  Colonies  of  bi-;^giatoa  floating 
in  the  waters  of  suljihur  springs. 

Ba'rium  (.iw/jif,  heavy).  13a  =  136. S; 
Huantivalence  II.  A  metal  of  the  alkaline 
group,  of  pale  yellow  color,  characterized 
by  strong  attinity  for  oxygen.  Neither  the 
metal  nor  its  salts  are  employd  in  nudi- 
cine;  all  are  poisonous.  B.  Carbonate, 
used  in  llie  preparation  of  the  chloride. 
B.  Chloride,  soluble,  used  as  a  reagent. 
B.  Monohydrate,  caustic  baiyta  reagent. 
B.  Oxide,  baiyta.  B.  Sulphate,  used  as 
a  |)igmcnt.     All  unof. 

Bark.  The  cortex  or  covering  surrounding 
the  wood  of  exogens.  Sometimes  used 
as  a  sjnionsTn  for  cinchona  or  calisaya 
bark. 

Bar'ley  (Welsh,  bara  Ifys,  bread-plant).  A 
cereal  belonging  to  the  order  Graminea: ; 
the  most  common  variety,  Hordcum  dis- 
ticiion,  is  much  used  as  a  food,  and  also 
in  the  prejiaration  of  malt.  B.,  Pearl, 
is  the  decorticated  grain  rounded  and  \Kt\- 
ished.  B.  Water,  decoct h in  hordci,  a 
decoction  consisting  of  2  ozs.  of  Pearl  ]}. 
boiled  in  I  '/j  ])ints  of  water  and  afterward 
strained.  B.  Sugar,  saccharum  liordca- 
tuin  ;  practically  a  glucose.  .Apijlied  also 
to  an  amorphous  mass  obtained  by  melting 
cane  sugar. 

Barom''eter  {,3apoc,  weight,  furpnv,  a  meas- 
ure). An  instrument  for  determining 
weight  and  tension  of  the  atmosphere,  it 
consists  essentially  of  a  glass  tube  atjout  36 
inches  long,  closed  at  one  end,  fdled  with 
mercury,  and  inverted  in  a  basin  of  mer- 
cury. The  mercury  will  sink  in  the  tube 
until  it  rests  at  a  height  of  alxjiit  30  inches 
at  the  .sea  level,  the  height  varying  as  the 
atmosjjheric  pressure  incna.ses  or  dimin- 
ishes. B.,  Aneroid,  a  metallic  lx)x  from 
which  the  air  has  licen  exhausted,  the  ten- 
sion l>eing  indicated  by  the  c<jllapsing  or 
bulging  of  (he  tliin  corrugated  cover,  which 
is  connect'-d  with  a  movable  index. 
Bar'oscope  (iia(n>r,  amtTiu,  to  observe). 
/\ti  instrument  used  ff)r  determining  the 
loss  of  weight  of  a  lKj<ly  in  air,  compared 
with  iL>  weight  in  a  vacuum.     A  form  of 


baroscope  was  invented  by  Esbach  for  the 
([uantitative  determination  of  urea. 

Baros'ma  [fiapog,  oofia,  smell).  A  plant 
of  the  order  A'/itaccn-,  native  to  Cape  of 
Cood  Hope  and  vicinity  ;  several  species 
of  which  yield  the  Huchu  of  commerce. 

Bar'renness.     Sterility  in  the  female. 

Bartholi'ni's  Glands.     See  Gland. 

Barton's  Bandage.     See  Bandage. 

Barton's  Fracture.     See  Fracture. 

Baryglos'sia  {,vipog,  ■)}.Ljaaa,  a  tongue). 
1  hick,  slow  utterance. 

Baryphonia  {jidpug,  <jnjvi],  a  voice).  A 
ditticulty  of  speech. 

Bary'ta,  or  Bary'tes.     See  Barium. 

Ba'sal.  rcrtiiining  to  or  located  at  the 
l>ase.     B.  Ganglia.     See  Ganglion. 

Bascula^tion  [¥r.  bascu/cr,  to  swing). 
The  movement  by  which  retroversion  of 
the  uterus  is  corrected  when  the  fundus 
is  pressed  upward  and  the  cervi.x  drawn 
downward. 

Bascule  Movement  [Vr. bascule, a.svi'mg). 
The  recoil  of  the  heart  in  its  systolic  motion. 

Base  [(Saai;,  a  foundation).  The  lower 
part,  as,  the  base  of  the  brain.  In  c/iem- 
istry,  an  element  or  radical  which  com- 
bines with  an  acid  to  form  a  salt.  The 
electro-positive  molecule  or  radical  of  a 
compound.  In  dentistry,  the  plate  upon 
w-hich  artificial  teeth  are  held.  In  phar- 
macy, the  most  important  ])art  of  the  j^re- 
scription.  B.,  Organic,  a  term  including 
a  large  number  of  organic  com])ounds, 
especially  nitrogen  comjxjunds,  which,  like 
anmionium,  unite  with  acids  to  fonn  salts. 
They  are  conmionly  called  alkaloids. 

Ba'sedow's  Disease.  An  exophthalmic 
bronchocele ;  called,  also.  Exophthalmic 
(ioitre,  and  Craves'  Disease.    See  Goitre. 

Ba'sham's  Mixture.     See  Ferrum. 

Ba'sic.  Having  jirojierties  the  opposite  of 
those  of  aci<ls.  An  acid  capable  of  uniting 
with  a  single  monad  atom  or  radical  is 
called  monobasic.  One  which  will  unite 
with  two  monad  or  one  dyad  atom  or  radi- 
cal, etc.,  is  .said  to  be  dibasic.  This  meas- 
ure of  the  power  of  an  acid  is  called  its 
basicity. 
Basidiomycc'tes  {pnair,  a  sli'p,  /'|'^"';,  a 
mashroom).  A  jjarasitic,  microscopic  fun- 
gus develo|)cd  on  the  leaves  of  grasses; 
the  cereal  rust. 

Basihy'al.  The  two  Ixines,  one  on  each 
siilc,  wiiieh  (i)rni  the  prinLi|)al  lionesof  the 
hynid  arch. 
Bas^ilar  [basiliiris).  IVrlainiiig  to  the  base, 
u.sually  of  the  skull.  B.  Artery,  the  lu-lery 
cxteudiug  along  the  Ijorder  of  the  Tons  \'a- 


BASILIC 


78 


BAYCURU 


rolii,  which  supplies  the  Pineal  Gland,  and 
the  valve  of  Vieussens.  B.  Aspect,  the 
vievi'  of  the  head  looking  toward  the  base 
of  the  skull.  B.  Membrane,  a  mem- 
branous division-wall  separating  the  scala 
vestibuli  from  the  scala  tympani  extending 
from  the  base  to  the  apex  of  the  cochlea 
and  supporting  the  organ  of  Corti. 

BasiKic  {^iSaai'liKug,  royal).  Any  structure 
or  medicine  of  importance  (obsolescent). 
B.  Vein,  a  large  vein  of  the  arm  on  the 
inner  side  of  the  biceps. 

BasiFicon  Ointment.  An  ointment  com- 
posed of  yellow  wax,  yellow  resin,  and 
Burgundy  pitch  aa  I  lb.,  olive  oil  fl. 
5xvj,  to  which,  when  melted,  turpentine 
5  iij  are  added.  Called  also  the  "  four 
drug  "  ointment.  There  are  several  other 
ointments  bearing  this  name. 

Ba^silyst  [j^aaig,  a  base,  ?,vacg,  a  loosen- 
ing). An  instrument  for  use  in  crani- 
otomy, designed  to  perforate  the  cranial 
vault  and  break  up  the  base  of  the  skull. 

Basi-occip^ital  (/ioa/f,  occipitalis  os).  A 
bone,  separate  in  many  of  the  lower  ver- 
tebrate animals,  forming  the  central  axis 
of  the  skull. 

Ba^sio-glos''sus.  That  part  of  the  hyo- 
glossus  muscle  which  is  attached  to  the 
hyoid  bone. 

Ba^sion.     See  Skull. 

Ba^siotribe  {fiaaiq,  rpilSu,  to  grind  or 
crush).  An  instrument  used  in  craniotomy 
for  perforating  or  crushing  the  foetal 
head. 

Basiot^ripsy.  The  operation  of  crushing 
the  foetal  head. 

Ba^sis.  Base,  ^.  v.  The  Latinized  form 
is  used  to  designate  the  lower  or  funda- 
mental part  of  any  organ,  as  £.  Cerebri, 
B.  Cordce,  etc. 

Basi-sphen^oid.  The  lower  part  of  the 
sphenoid  bone. 

Bass-deafness.  Deafness  to  certain 
bass-notes,  the  perception  of  the  higher 
notes  being  retained. 

Bas^sorin.  The  active  principle  of  Bas- 
sora  gum.  It  is  an  inodorous,  white, 
translucent  substance  becoming  gelatinous 
in  water.  Used  to  adulterate  gum  traga- 
canth. 

Bast  (Sax.  bcest^  a  lime  tree).  The  inner 
bark  of  exogenous  plants.  The  fibrous 
parts  of  the  bark  which  are  used  in  mak- 
ing cordage. 

Bath  (balneum).  A  bathing  place  or 
room.  The  medium  in  which  the  body 
is  wholly  or  partly  immersed.  As  thera- 
peutic agents,  baths  are  classified  accord- 


ing, as  water,  vapor,  air,  etc.  is  used; 
according  to  the  temperature,  as  hot,  tem- 
perate, cold,  etc. ;  according  to  the  end  de- 
sired, as  Jiutritional,  medicinal,  stimulant, 
etc.  B.,  Chemical,  in  chemistry,  an  ap- 
paratus for  regulating  the  temperature  of 
chemical  processes  by  surrounding  the 
substance  with  water,  sand,  oil  or  mer- 
cury, through  which  the  heat  is  communi- 
cated. B.,  Hot  Air,  one  in  which  the 
body  is  surrounded  by  air  at  a  temperature 
of  ioo°-i30°  F.  Used  as  a  sweating  bath. 
B.,  Medicated,  a  bath  in  which  medicinal 
substances,  as  mineral  salt,  sulphur,  etc.,  are 
dissolved  or  held  in  suspension.  B., 
Pack,  or  Sheet,  one  in  which  the  body  is 
wrapped  in  cloths.  B.,  Russian,  one  in 
which  the  air  of  the  room  is  saturated 
with  steam  by  throwing  water  upon  heated 
mineral  or  metallic  substance,  after  which 
the  bather  is  rubbed  down,  finishing  with 
a  cold  douche.  B.,  Sea,  a  bath  in  sea- 
water.  B.,  Shower,  or  Douche,  one  in 
which  a  fine  spray  is  projected  against  the 
body.  B.,  Turkish,  one  in  which  the 
bather  is  placed  successively  in  rooms  of 
higher  temperature,  then  shampooed  or 
rubbed  and  finally  stimulated  by  a  douche 
of  cold  water.  B.,  Vapor,  one  in  which 
the  body  is  exposed  to  air  saturated  with 
steam  at  a  temperature  of  I22°-I45°  F. 
B.,  Water,  a  bath  of  water.  It  may  be 
cold  (6o°-75°)  or  tepid  (85°-95°). 

Bat^tery.  A  term  applied  to  a  number  of 
connected  Leyden  jars  or  galvanic  cells. 
B.,  Galvanic,  one  or  more  jars  or  cells 
containing  a  plate  of  zinc  and  one  of  cop- 
per (or  carbon)  suspended  in  acidulated 
water.  When  the  plates  of  a  cell  are 
connected,  a  current  of  electricity  is  gener- 
ated. A  current  from  twelve  to  twenty 
cells  will  heat  a  coarse  platinum  wire, 
several  inches  long,  to  whiteness.  In  this 
form  it  is  much  used  for  cautery.  See 
Cautery. 

Bat^tey's  Operation.    See  Oophorectomy. 

Bat^tledore  Placen^ta.  One  in  which 
there  is  a  marginal  insertion  of  the  cord. 

Bau^hin,  Valve  of.    The  ileo-csecal  valve. 

Baun^scheidism.  A  mode  (named  from 
tlie  inventor)  of  treating  rheumatism  l)y 
counter-irritation,  the  latter  being  pro- 
duced by  pricking  the  exterior  of  the 
part  affected  by  very  fine  needles  dipped 
in  oil  of  mustard,  formic  acid  or  other 
irritant. 

Baycu'ru.  The  root  of  a  S.  American 
plant,  Statice  Braziliensis.  One  of  the 
most  powerful  astringents  known.     Used 


\ 


BAY  RUM 


for  ulcers  of  the  mouth  and  glandular  en- 
largements.    Dose  of  the  fld.  exl.,  \\\ 
XXX.     Unof 

Bay  Rum  and  Bay,  Oil  of.     See  Mynia. 

Bay  Tree.  The  Lattrus  nobilis ;  also 
rruniis  laurocerastis ;  commonly  called 
the  laurel  and  the  cherry  laurel. 

Bdel'lium  (^Heb.  b'Jolach).  A  resinous 
^um  exuding  from  various  species  of  bal- 
samodenJron.  B.,  Indian,  somewhat  valu- 
able as  an  emmenagogue. 

Bdellom'eter  (,JJf/./.«,  aleech).  A  me- 
chanical substitute  for  the  leech,  consisting 
of  cupping  glass,  scarificator  and  exhausting 
s)Tinge. 

Beak'er.  A  wide-mouthed  glass  vessel 
much  used  in  chemical  laboratories. 

Bean.  The  seed  of  several  sjjecies  of 
Ifi^iiminosie,  especially  that  of  the  common 
bean,  Faba  I'u/garis.  B.  of  St.  Ignatius. 
See  Ignatia. 

Beard.  The  hair  on  the  lips,  cheeks  and 
chin  of  adult  men  and  certain  species  of 
apes. 

Bear''ing-down.  The  feeling  of  weight 
or  pressure  in  the  pelvis  in  certain  diseases. 
B.-d.  Pains,  uterine  pain  in  labor. 

Bears-foot.  Leaf  cup.  A  ix)pular  remedy 
for  enlargement  of  the  spleen,  or  the  "  ague- 
cake"  of  malarious  regions.  B.,Ext.  Dose 
gr.  .ss-j.  B.,  Fid.  Ext.  Dose  ITLiij-x. 
B.,  Infus,  tijj  of  a  ^j  to  Oj.     Unof 

Beat.  The  pulsations  of  the  blood  in  the 
arteries,  or  the  impulse  of  the  heart.  See 
Pulse. 

Bed.  The  couch  or  support  on  which  the 
body  may  rest  in  slee]);  usually  a  mattress 
of  straw,  hair  or  similar  substance.  B.,  Air, 
a  mattress  of  rubjjer  or  leather  which  can 
be  inflated  with  air.  B.-bug  an  apterous 
insect,  Ciniex  lecttilaritis,  which  infests 
filthy  bed.steads,  and  at  times  parasitic 
U]X)n  the  human  Ixxly.  B.-case,  a  form 
of  hysteria  or  illness  in  which  tlie  patient 
persistently  remains  in  bed.  B.  Sore,  a 
sore  produced  on  any  projecting  part  f)f  the 
l)ody  by  ])roliji)g<-d  pressure  against  tiie 
lx.*d,  an<l  by  nutritive  changes  in  |jara]y/ed 
jxirts.      B.,  Water.     See  Watt-r  Bed. 

Bee.  A  genas  of  insects  l)elonging  to 
the  Ifymcnoptera,  commonly  used  to  des- 
ignate the  common  I  loiu-y  Hee,  Af>is  mclli- 
fica.  B.  Bread,  a  rt-sinous  substance 
with  which  l>ces  line  their  liivcs  ami  till 
ceriain  cirlls.  B.  Poison,  the  irritating 
.secretion  <lischarged  through  the  sling  of 
tlic  liee.     See  l-ormic  Acid. 

Beef.  The  flesh  of  domestic  cattle.  Gofxl 
beef  should  be  of  red  color,  ix)ssess  firm 


79  BELLADONNA 

texture,  and  be  free  from  unpleasant 
smell.  Beef  consists  mainly  of  water 
73,  librin  15,  gelatin  4,  albumen  3,  fat  and 
other  substances  5  per  cent.  B.  Extract, 
the  soluble  fibrin  of  lean  meat  p;\rlly  des- 
iccated. B.  Tea,  the  soluble  extractive 
matter  of  beef,  made  by  sleeping  fuiely- 
cut  lean  beef  with  its  weight  of  water,  and 
straining. 

Beer.     See  Malt  Liquors. 

Beer's  Cat^aract  Knife,  a  knife  with  trian- 
gular-shaped blade,  for  making  section  of 
cornea  in  the  removal  of  the  crystalline 
lens. 

Bees'wax.     See  Cera. 

Beggiato'a.  A  genus  of  the  family  of 
IScKgiatoacees,  whose  filaments  are  not 
enclosed  in  a  gelatinous  envelope.  B. 
Alba,  a  very  common  variety  in  sulphur- 
ous and  stagnant  waters,  frequently  in  wells 
and  cisterns,  fonning  white  mucoid  flakes 
that  may  extend  to  large  masses.  Spiril- 
lum volutans  may  form  one  part  of  its  de- 
velopmental cycle.  B.  Arachnoidea, 
also  common  in  sulphurous  and  stagnant 
water;  likewise  B.  Leptomitiformis.  B. 
Mirabilis,  common  in  sea  water  among 
decomposing  algx\  B.  Nivea,  found  in 
sulphmous  waters.  B.  Roseopersicina, 
the  source  of  Bacteriopurpurinc,  common 
in  fresh  and  sea  water. 

Beggiatoa''cees.  A  family  of  Bacteria, 
comprising  the  genera  Heggiatoa  and  Cre- 
nothrix.  The  elements  are  in  rods  or  flla- 
ments  with  a  basic  part,  often  fixed,  and  a 
free  apex  or  top.  Forms  within  its  articu- 
lations spherical  bodies  thai  are  probably 
true  spores. 

Be'la.  The  dried,  half-riiie  fruit  of  Aes^le 
iiuinneloo,  or  Bengal  (|uince.  It  is  a  valu- 
able remedy  in  chronic  diarrhna  and 
dysentery.  The  ript-  fniit  is  slightly  laxa- 
tive.    Dose  .^ss-j.     L'nof 

Belch'ing.  The  expulsion  or  throwing  up 
of  wind  violently  from  the  stomach. 
Enictation. 

Belladon'na.  Deadly  Night-shade.  A 
perennial  ])lanl  of  tlie  order  .Solnitace<c, 
indigennus  to  .Southern  Europe  and  Asia, 
and  cultivated  in  tlie  U.  S.  Properties 
due  to  two  alkaloids,  atropine  and  bella- 
dotinitii\  the  latter  thought  to  lie  identical 
witli  hyoscyamine.  Hoth  leaves  and  flowers 
are  employed.  A  mild  narcotic  and  ano- 
dyne and  a  |)owi-rful  inydrialic.  Valuable 
in  inflannnalion  of  rlicuinalisin,  gout  and 
neuralgia.  Dose  of  the  root  aii<l  leaves 
gr.  j.  B.  Extractum  Alcoholicum. 
Dose  gr.  ^^-\.     B.  Tinct.,  15  per  cent 


BELL'S  LAW 


80 


BI 


Dose  n\j-xxx.  B.  Unguent.,  contains 
extract  lo,  dilute  alcohol  6,  benzoated 
lard  84  parts.  Atropine  Sulphate,  an 
excellent  antidote  in  opium  poisoning. 
See  Atropine.  Dose  gr.  x2o~gV-  ^lom- 
atropine.     See  Atropine. 

Bell's  Law.  The  discovery  that  the  an- 
terior roots  of  the  spinal  nerves  are  motor, 
and  the  posterior  sensory.  See  also  Wal- 
lerian  Degeneration. 

Bell's  Paralysis.  Paralysis  of  the  facial 
nerve. 

Belly.     See  Abdomen. 

Belt.  A  girdle  about  the  waist.  B.,  Ab- 
dominal, a  broad,  elastic  belt  worn  about 
the  abdomen  as  a  support  during  preg- 
nancy. B.,  Magnetic,  a  belt  consisting 
of  plates  of  metal  fastened  upon  a  strip  of 
felt  moistened  with  dilute  acid.  It  is  a 
cure-all  largely  sold  by  empirics. 

Beng.     See  Cannabis  Indica. 

Benign^  {^benignus,  kind).  A  term  applied 
to  medicines  which  are  characterized  by 
mildness.  Used  chiefly  to  distinguish  tu- 
mors which  are  not  malignant  [q.v.)  or 
cancerous. 

Benne  Oil.     See  Sesa^ne  Oleum. 

Benzi^num.     See  Benzol. 

Ben^zoin.  A  resin  obtained  from  Styrax 
benzoin,  a  tree  native  to  Sumatra  and  Siam. 
Occurs  in  tears  consisting  of  several  resins 
agglutinated  by  a  balsam.  Yields  benzoic 
and  cinnamic  acids.  Antiseptic  and  disin- 
fectant. Used  mainly  as  a  stimulant  ex- 
pectorant in  chronic  bronchitis.  Sodium  and 
potassium  compounds  are  sometimes  used 
in  place  of  like  salicylic  acid  compounds. 
Adeps  Benzoinatus,  benzoinated  lard, 
contains  2  per  cent,  of  benzoin.  B.  Tinct., 
20  per  cent,  of  the  resin  in  alcohol.  Dose 
^ss-j.  B.  Tinct.  Comp.,  Friar's  Balsam, 
benzoin  12,  aloes  2,  styrax  8,  balsam  of 
Tola  4,  alcohol,  q.  s.  ad  100  parts.  Dose 
5  ss-ij.  Benzoic  Acid,  alcohol  best  solvent. 
A  constituent  of  opii,  tinct.  camphorat. 
Dose  gr.  x— xxx.  Ammonitim  Benzoate, 
water  best  solvent.  Dose  gr.  v-xxx.  LitA- 
ium  Benzoate,  dose  gr.  v-xxx.  Sodium 
Benzoate,  water   best   solvent.     Dose  gr. 

Ben^zol.  A  hydrocarbon  formed  by  the 
dry  distillation  of  organic  substances.  De- 
rived chiefly  from  coal  tar.  Composition, 
CgHg.  Inflammable  and  very  volatile.  An 
excellent  solvent  for  grease.  Used  inter- 
nally to  destroy  epizoa.  Vapor  used  in 
whooping-cough.     Dose  gtt.  v-x. 

Beriberis.  Barberry.  The  root  of  B. 
aquifolium,  or  Oregoti  grape.     Properties 


due  to  an  alkaloid,  berberine.  An  astringent, 
bitter  tonic.  In  large  doses  a  cathartic. 
Used  locally  in  conjunctivitis,  and  inter- 
nally in  malarial  and  typhoid  fevers.  B., 
Ext.  Fid.,  dose  v-xxx.  B.,  Tinct.,  con- 
tains 20  per  cent,  of  the  root.  Berberine, 
the  alkaloid.  Dose  gr.  j-x.  B.  Muri- 
ate, an  efficient  injection  in  gonorrhoea. 
All  unof 

Berga^mii  Oleum.  Oil  of  Bergamot.  See 
Bergamot. 

Bergamot^,  Oil  of.  An  essential  oil  de- 
rived from  the  rind  of  the  Citrus  hcrgatni. 
Composition,  CjqHjj.  Used  mainly  as  a 
perfume. 

Beriberi,  or  Beri  Beri  (Cingalese,  beri, 
weakness).  A  dropsical  ailment  charac- 
terized by  the  appearance  of  multiple 
neuritis,  and  accompanied  by  anaemia  and 
paraplegia.  Prevalent  in  India  and  Cey- 
lon.     Possibly  of  microbic  origin. 

Bert's  Experiment.  Bert  removed  the 
skin  from  the  tip  of  the  tail  of  a  rat, 
stitched  it  into  the  skin  of  the  back  of  the 
animal,  and  after  union  had  taken  place 
the  tail  was  divided  at  its  base.  Sensation 
was  preserved.  Nerve-fibers  were  thus 
proved  capable  of  transmitting  impulses  in 
both  directions. 

BestiaPity  [bestia,  a  beast).  Unnatural 
intercourse  with  an  animal. 

Beta^ine.  A  ptomaine  obtained  from  both 
animal  and  vegetable  substances.  It  has 
been  found  in  human  urine  and  in  poison- 
ous mussel,  but  not  in  putrid  mussel.  It 
has  been  procured  from  beet-root  juice 
and  cotton  seed.  It  is  not  poisonous; 
belongs  to  the  Choline  group. 

Beta-naphthol.     See  Naphlhol. 

Battel.  A  masticatoiy  used  in  the  East. 
A  few  grains  of  the  nut  of  the  Catechu 
palm,  Areca  C,  are  rolled  up  with  a 
small  amount  of  quicklime  in  a  leaf  of 
Piper  betel,  and  chewed.  Tonic,  astrin- 
gent, stimulant  and  aphrodisiac.  Increases 
powers  of  endurance.  Dose  of  fld.  ext. 
3J-iij.     Unof 

Beth  Root.  The  rhizome  of  Trillium 
erecta.  Astringent  and  tonic.  Dose  of  fld. 
ext.  rTLxxx-_^j.  Trilliin,  a  concentrated 
ext.     Dose  gr.  ij-iv.     Unof 

Be^tol.  Naphthalol.  A  salicylic  ether  of 
naphthol.  Of  alleged  value  in  rheumatism 
and  cystitis.  Resembles  salicylic  acid  in 
properties.     Dose  gr.  x-xv.     Unof 

Bezo^ar.     See  ALgagropili. 

Bhang.     See  Cannabis  Pndica. 

Bi  {bis,  twice).  A  prefix  signifying  "  twice" 
or  "  two;"  as  <5?-cuspid,  two  cusps;  (^/-lobed, 


BIBULOUS 


81 


BIOrilAGUS 


twice  lobed;  ^?'-valved,  with  two  valves; 
^/'-lateral,  two-sided,  etc.  In  chemistry  the 
prefix  (//,  is  commonly  employed. 

Bib'ulous  (hibere,  to  drink).  Having  the 
proi)erty  of  absorbing  moisture  or  other 
liquids.  B.  Lapis,  pumice  stone.  B. 
Paper,  blotting  pajier. 

Bi'ceps  (/'/>,  twice,  caput,  the  head).  A 
term  applied  to  several  muscles,  as  B. 
hrachii,  B.  extensor,  B.  Jlexor  cruris.  So 
called  from  their  double  origin. 

Bicip'ital.    Pertaining  to  the  biceps  muscle. 

Bi-con'cave.     See  Lens. 

Bi-con'vex.     See  Lens. 

Bicusp'id  {f>i  and  cuspis,  the  point  of  a 
sjx'ar).  Having  two  cusps,  as  B.  Teeth,  the 
fourth  and  fiftli  teeth,  which  are  di>tin- 
pui>hed  by  having  each  two  cusps  or  [xjints. 
B.  Valve,  the  mitral  valve  of  the  heart. 

Bid'der's  Gang'lion.  A  ganglion  situa- 
ted between  the  auricles  and  ventricles, 
in  the  walls  of  the  heart. 

Bien'nial  \^bi,  two,  annus,  a  year).  Every 
two  years.  In  botany,  plants  that  pro- 
duce foliage  and  a  root-stalk  the  first  year, 
flowering  and  maturing  the  second. 

Bi'fid  [dis,  twice, yfwf/o,  to  cleave).  Divided 
in  two;  cleft,  as  the  spina  bifida. 

Bifo'cal.  With  a  double  focus.  Used  of 
a  system  of  lenses  or  spectacle  glasses 
with  two  foci,  for  the  correction  of  presby- 
opia, when  there  is  at  the  same  time  an 
error  of  refraction  for  distant  vision.  The 
distance  lens  is  al)Ove  that  for  near  work. 
.Sometimes  called  Pantoscopic  lenses,  and 
also  Franklin  spectacles,  because  the  de- 
vice was  first  made  by  Benjamin  F"ranklin. 

Bile  ( I>at.  bilis,  Gr.  X"'^'l)-  1  he  juice 
secreted  by  the  liver.  H.  is  mucilaginous, 
golden  brown  in  man,  golden  red  in  car- 
nivora,  brownish  green  in  herhivora,  and 
green  in  birds.  Composed  of  biliary  salts, 
choleslerin,  mucus  and  certain  pigments. 
The  principal  acids  are  taurocholic  and 
glychocolic,  txjth  commonly  combined  with 
sixiium. 

Bile  Pigments.  I'iliruljin  and  IJiliverdin. 
B.  P.,  Test  for.  See  Gmelin  I/eintz  AV- 
aetion. 

Bilhaf'zia  Haemato'bia.    See  Distoma. 

Bil'iary.  I'l-rtainiiig  to  the  bile.  B. 
Acids,  Cilycocholic  and  Taurocholic 
AcifLs,  formed  in  the  liver.  Tests  for  K. 
A.  in  the  urine.  See  Oliver  s  Test,  /'rttrn- 
kof.ys  lest,  and  Hay's  Test.  B.  Ducts, 
the  h<-|xitic,  the  cystic  ami  the  duclus  com- 
munis choled<x:hus.  The  first  liads  from 
the  liver,  the  second  from  the  gall-bladder. 
'ITic  third  is  a  common  excretory  duct. 
6 


Bilicy'anin.      A   blue  pigment  obtained 

frcmi  bilimbin. 

Bilifus'cin  (Julis,  fusciis,\y{o\s\\).  A  pig- 
mentary matter  occurring  in  bile,  and  in 
human  gall-stones. 

Birious.  A  term  popularly  applied  to 
disorilers  supjwsed  to  arise  from  a  too  free 
secretion  of  bile.  B.  Fever,  a  term 
kxisely  applied  to  certain  enteric  and  mala- 
rial fevers. 

Bilipra'sin  {l>ilis,  rrpaaox',  a  leek).  A  pig- 
mentary substance  occurring  in  gall-stones, 
icteric   urine    and    bile.       It    is    bilirubin 

-f  11,0  +  o. 

Biliru'bin  {bilis,  ruber,  red).  A  pigment- 
ary substance  found  in  bile. 

Biliver'din  {bilis,  viridis,  green).  A  pig- 
mentary substance  found  in  bile. 

Bima'na  \J>i,  two,  /nanus,  a  hand).  An 
Older  of  the  division  of  nianunalia  in- 
cluding man  only. 

Biman'ual.   Two-handed.   Ambidextrous. 

Bi'nary  (binus,  a  couple).  In  chemistry, 
compounded  of  two  elements.  In  anat- 
omy, separating  into  two  branches. 

Binaur'al  (bis,  twice,  auris,  ear).  Per- 
taining to  or  having  two  ears. 

Bind^er.  A  wide  Ijandage  about  the  abdo- 
men, worn  by  women  during  or  after  labor, 
to  support  the  al)dominal  walls. 

Binoc'ular  {bi,  two,  oculus,  an  eye).  In 
anatomy,  having,  or  pertaining  to  two  eyes. 
In  oi)tics,  an  instrument  with  two  eye-pieces 
for  use  with  both  eyes  at  once.  B.  Vision, 
the  faculty  of  using  both  eyes  synchron 
ously  and  without  diplopia. 

Biogen^esis  (/J'of,  life,  ^eieaic,  origin). 
The  doctrine  that  living  things  are  pro- 
duced only  from  living  things — the  reverse 
of  nbiox'enesis. 

Biolog'ical  Law.     See  F/iylos;eny. 

BioKogy  (/^">f,  ^oyor,  a  discourse).  The 
science  embracing  the  stniclure,  function, 
and  organization  of  life  forms. 

BioPysis  (..^of,  /'.wj,  to  loosen).  The 
destruction  of  life.  The  devitalization  of 
living  tissue. 

Biom'eter  (/'?<of,  fierpov,  measure).  Dr. 
I'arr  si)eaks  of  the  Life-Table  (</.  7'.)  as  a 
P.,  and  of  eijual  importance  in  all  iiv|uiries 
connected  with  human  life  or  sanitary  im- 
provements with  the  barometer  or  ther- 
mometer, etc.,  in  ])hysical  research;  and 
the  keystone  or  jiivot  on  which  the  whole 
seience  of  life  assurance  rests. 

Bioph''apus  (,ii<i':<  <I><'}(j,  U)  eat).  A  ukkIc 
of  mitrition  of  plants,  in  wiiich  the  organs 
of  the  plant  seize  and  di.s.solve  the  liodics 
of  insects. 


BIOPLASM 


82 


BITUMEN 


Bi^oplasm  {[^loc;,  irlacfia,  form).  Any  liv- 
ing matter.  A  matter  possessing  repro- 
ductive vitality.     See  ProtopiasHi-. 

Bi^oplast  [jiioq,'K%aaau,  to  form).  A  mass 
or  cell  of  bioplasm  which  is  a  unit  of  living 
matter. 

Bios^copy  (/3wf ,  gkotteu,  to  examine).  Ex- 
amination of  the  body  to  ascertain  whether 
life  be  extinct.  B.,  Electro-,  examination 
by  the  aid  of  the  electric  current.  The 
muscular  reaction  is  lost  to  Faradic  stimu- 
lation in  about  two  hours  after  death  in  the 
tongue ;  3-4  hours  in  the  extremities ;  5-6 
in  the  trunk.  Galvanic  reactions  persist 
somewhat  longer. 

Biot^ic  [jiio^).  Pertaining  to  life  or  to  the 
laws  of  animal  and  vegetable  progress  and 
evolution. 

Biot's  Respira^tion.  That  occurring  with- 
out variation  in  the  size  of  the  individual 
respirations,  as,  e.g.,  during  sleep. 

Bi^ped  iybi,  t-wo,J>es,  a  foot).  With  or  hav- 
ing two  feet. 

Bipo^lar.  Having  two  poles.  B.  Nerve- 
cells,  nerve-cells  which  have  two  pro- 
longations of  the  cell  matter.  Found 
chiefly  in  the  ganglia  of  the  gray  matter  of 
the  brain. 

Bird's  Formula.  The  two  last  figures 
of  the  specific  gravity  of  urine  nearly  repre- 
sent the  number  of  grains  of  solids  to  the 
ounce  contained  in  the  urine.  The  same 
two  figures  multiplied  by  2  (Trapp's  Fac- 
tor) give  the  parts  per  looo.  Haeser's 
Factor  is  2.33. 

Bird's-nest  Cells.  The  cells  of  certain 
fonns  of  epithelial  cancer,  distinguished  by 
the  concentric  arrangement  of  their  cell 
walls. 

Bird's-nest,  Edible.  The  nest  of  certain 
species  of  swift,  used  by  the  Chinese  as 
food.  Consists  of  marine  algce,  Gelidium, 
cemented  by  salivary  mucus  of  the  bird. 

Birth  (Sax.  beortli).  The  delivery  of  a 
child.  B.,  Plural,  the  birth  of  more  than 
a  single  child.  B.,  Posthumous,  a  child 
born  after  the  death  of  its  father.  B.,  Pre- 
cocious, the  occurrence  of  natural  labor 
in  a  shorter  time  after  coition  than  is  usual. 
B.,  Premature.  See  Labor.  B.,  Still. 
See  Still-bom. 

Birth-mark.     See  N'cevus  Pigmcntosiis. 

Bis^cara  Button.  See  Furiinculus  Orien- 
talis. 

Bisex''ual.  Having  the  reproductive  or- 
gans of  both  sexes.     Hermaphrodite. 

Bish^op's  Weed.     See  Ajowan. 

Bis'kra  Boil.  See  Furunculus  Orien- 
talis. 


Bis^muth,  or 

Bismu^thum.  Bi  =  210  ;  quantivalence  I, 
III,  v.  A  pinkish-white  crystalline  metal. 
Not  used  in  medicine  in  its  metallic  form. 
Commercial  salts  apt  to  contain  arsenic. 
The  insoluble  salts  of  B.  are  feebly  astrin- 
gent. Useful  in  disordered  digestion, 
acne,  eczema,  etc.  B.  et  Ammonii 
Citras,  soluble  in  water.  Dose  gr.  j-v. 
B.  Citras,  soluble  in  water  of  ammonia. 
Used  only  for  pharmaceutical  puiposes. 
B.  Oxychlorid.,  pearl  white.  Unof. 
Used  as  a  cosmetic.  B.  Subcarbonas, 
insoluble.  Best  given  in  emulsion  with 
milk.  Dose  gr.  x-^j.  B.  Subnitras, 
the  salt  chiefly  used  in  medicine.  Used 
also  as  a  cosmetic.     Dose  gr.  x— ^j. 

Bis^tort.  The  rhizome  of  Polygon  tun  bis- 
torta.  An  astringent.  Dose  of  fld.  ext. 
TTLxx-xl.     Unof. 

Bist^oury(Fr.  i>'M/6;//;7).  A  small  (straight 
or  curved)  knife  used  in  surgery.  B.- 
cache,  has  the  blade  concealed  for  pass- 
ing to  the  point  to  be  incised,  and  by 
pressure  on  the  handle  the  blade  is  ex- 
posed and  the  incision  made. 

Bit^ter  (Sax.  bitan,  to  bite).  A  peculiar, 
well-known  taste,  of  which  quinine  pre- 
sents an  example.  B.  Almond,  the  nut 
of  the  Afiiygdalum  amara.  Contains 
hydrocyanic  acid.  B.  Apple,  the  fruit 
of  the  colocynth.  Purgative.  B.  Bugle- 
weed,  the  herb  Lycopiis  EuropiEus.  Alter- 
ative and  tonic.  Dose  of  fld.  ext.  ^ss-j. 
Unof.  B.  Cup,  a  cup  made  of  quassia 
wood.  Tonic.  B.  Purging  Salt,  sul- 
phate of  magnesia.  B.  Root,  the  root  of 
Gentiana  Catesbcei.  Tonic.  B.  Tincture, 
tincture  of  bitter  almonds.  B.  Wine  of 
Iron,  a  solution  of  white  wine,  syrup,  citrate 
of  iron  and  quinine.    Tonic.     See  Feri-um. 

Bit^ters.  Medicines  characterized  by  a 
bitter  taste.  B.,  Aromatic,  medicines 
that  unite  the  properties  of  aromatics  with 
those  of  simple  bitters.  B.,  Simple,  medi- 
cines that  stimulate  the  gastro-intestinal 
tract  without  influencing  the  general  sys- 
tem. B.,  Styptic,  medicines  that  add 
styptic  and  astringent  properties  to  those 
of  bitterness. 

Bit'tersw^eet.     See  Dulcamara. 

Bitu^men  [bitiiiiie?!,  Gr.  «(T^a/lrof).  Min- 
eral pitch  or  oil  composed  of  various  hydro- 
carbons. In  solid  form  it  is  usually  called 
asphalt;  in  liquid  form,  petroleum.  An 
intermediate  form  is  known  as  mineral  tar 
or  maltha.  By  distillation,  bitumen  yields 
benzol,  naphtha,  paraffine,  and  various 
other  hydrocarbons,  liquid  and  gaseous. 


BIURET  REACTION 


83 


BLENNORRIICEA 


Biu''ret  Reaction.  A  test  for  proteids — a 
violet  color  by  adding  a  few  drops  of  Fehl- 
inij's  solution. 

Biv'alent.     See  Quantivalence. 

Biven'tral  (A/,  two,  vcntrurn,  a  stomach), 
llavinjj  two  stomachs. 

Black  (Sax.  b/tci).  Absence  of  color  or 
light.  The  appearance  of  an  object  from 
whose  surface  none  of  the  spectmm  colors 
are  reflected.  B.  Alder.  See  Priiios.  B. 
Antimony,  aiuimonium  tersulphide,  Sb- 
S3.  B.  Pi.sh,\hchM'koi Fmxintis Siiinbuci- 
folia,  a  mild  tonic  and  a.vtrin.i^ent.  Dose  of 
fid.  ext.  3  ss-j.  Unof  B.  Blood,  venous 
blood.  B.  Cancer.  See  .l/./i/^/  .y/.r.  B. 
Cohosh.  See  tV////W///i,''<r.  B.  Death.  .See 
Pla^ttc.  B.  Draught.  See  Sciiiui.  B. 
Drop  See  Opium.  B.  Eye.  See  Ecchy- 
iiiosis.  B.Haw.  )^&t.\'iburnum.  B.  Hel- 
lebore. .See  Hellebore.  B.  Lead,  a  form 
of  carbon  properly  known  as  the  mineral 
graphite.  B.  Walnut,  the  leaves  o{  Jug- 
Inns  nigra,  a  tonic,  alterative  and  deobstru- 
ent.  i)ose  of  fld.  ext.  TT\^xx-xxx.  Unof. 
B.  Willow,  the  buds  of  Salix  nigra,  a 
bitter  tonic  with  aphrodisiac  properties. 
1  lose  of  fld  ext.  rt\^xv-_:;  j.     Unof. 

Blaclc'berry.     See  Riibus. 

Black-Tongue.     See  Glossophytia. 

Blad'der  (Sax.,  blasan,  to  blow).  The 
membranous,  sac-like  reservoir  or  recep- 
tacle of  the  urine.  B.,  Atony  of,  inability 
to  expel  the  urine,  from  deficient  muscular 
]>ower.  B.,  Catarrh  of.  See  Cystitis.  B., 
Extrophy  or  Extroversion  of,  absence  of 
the  anterior  wall  of  the  H.,and  more  or  less 
deficiency  of  the  corres]xin<ling  part  of  the 
abdomen.  B.,  Fasciculated,  the  walls 
thrf)wn  into  ridges  by  chronic  cystitis.  B., 
Herniaof.  )r>(t&  Cystoeele.  B.,  Inflamma- 
tion of.  See  Cystitis.  B.,  Inversion  of, 
a  jirotniiionor  an  invagination  of  the  blad- 
der through  the  urethra.  B.,  Irritable,  a 
condition  characterized  by  constant  desire 
to  urinate.  B.,  Neck  of,  the  constricted 
portion  continuous  with  the  urethra  in  front. 
B.,  Paralysis  of,  the  same  symjitoms  as  in 
atony,  but  more  marked  and  due  to  nervous 
or  central  disease.  If  affecting  the  neck 
alone,  thcrre  is  ineontinenee;  if  the  Iwdyof 
the  organ,  retention  of  urine.  B.,  Saccu- 
lated, |x>uches  f(jrm<-<l  between  the  liyiKjr- 
tropliied  mu.scular  fibres. 

Bladder-wrack.     See  Fuciis  Vesiculosus. 

Blae'sitas  ( .i'/anjor,  one  limping).  Stam- 
mering or  lisj)ing.  Also  the  condition  of 
one  with  distorted  limbs.  Ap|)lied  also  to 
one  having  an  angular  curvature  of  the 
spine.     The  term  is  loosely  used. 


Blain.  A  blister;  an  elevation  of  the 
cuticle  containing  serum. 

Bland  [blanilns,  mild).  A  term  applied  to 
mild  and  soothing  medicines  and  applica- 
tions. 

Blank'et  (Fr.  blanc,  white).  A  woolen 
covering,  so  called  because  originally  of 
white  color.  B.,  Bath.  See  Bath,  Sheet 
or  Paek. 

Blastc'ma  (.^/'.nffrrti'w,  to  germinate).  The 
fonnative  lymph  or  paliulum  of  capillary 
exudation.     A  synonym  of  protoplasm. 

Blast'oderm  i^^i'/xioravu,  iStpua,  skin).  In 
embr)'ology,  the  gemiinal  membrane  fonned 
by  the  cells  of  the  morula,  lying  on  the 
internal  surface  of  the  vitelline  membrane 
of  the  impregnated  ovum.  The  whole  hollow 
sphere,  with  its  surrouniling  cells,  is  calletl 
the  blastodermic  vesicle,  and  is  formed 
about  the  tenth  day.  The  ectoderm  (or 
epiblast)  and  the  endoderm  {^entoderm  or 
hypoblast)  layers  are  simply  due  to  a  pro- 
liferation of  the  blastodermic  cells  aliout 
the  germinal  a rea ,  wliereby  the  blastodenn 
is  doubled,  thus  forming  these  outer  and 
inner  layers.  The  mesoblast  or  middle 
layer  is  developed  after  the  latter,  and 
probably  from  the  h)-poblast.  The  Blasto- 
pore is  the  point  where  the  covering  in  of 
the  gemiinal  area  is  temporarily  incom- 
]ilete. 

Blast'omere.     See  Morula. 

Blastopore.     See  Blastoderm. 

Blast'osphere.  The  embrj'onic  segmenta- 
tion sphere  formed  by  the  union  of  the  male 
and  female  elements. 

Blaf'ta  Orienta'lis.  The  powdered  body 
of  the  cockroach.  A  jwpular  remedy  for 
dropsy  among  Russian  jx;asants.  Increases 
the  amount  of  urine  and  diminishes  the 
amount  of  albumen.   Dose  gr.  iv-xx.    Unof 

Bleach.  To  make  white  or  jiale,  to  dimin- 
ish the  intensity  of  color.  Bleaching 
Powder,  chlorinated  lime,  a  mixtuie  of 
calcium  cliloride  and  calcium  hypochlorite, 
containing  free  chlorine  ^'as.  Much  used  as 
a  disinfectant.  Bleaching  Fluid,  eau  de 
Javelle,  a  similar  comix)sition  obtained  by 
pa.ssing  chlorine  gas  into  an  enuilsion  of 
calcium  hydrate. 

Blear  Eye.     See  Blepharitis  Ulcerosa. 

Bleb.     See  Bulla. 

Bleed'ers'  Disease.     See  Ilitmophilia. 

Blennorrha'gia  {^A'hvvw,,  mucus,  fviyvvfu, 
to  iturst  forth).  y\n  excessive  discharge 
of  muciLS  from  the  urethra  or  vagina.  .See 
Ciouorrhiva. 

Blennorrhcc'a  {{V^rvvor,,  ptu,  to  flow). 
Same  as  Jilennorrhagia. 


BLENNOSIS 


84 


BLOOD 


Blennc'sis.  A  generic  name  for  diseases 
of  the  mucous  membrane. 

Blephari^tis  [jfAeipapov,  the  eyelid).  In- 
flammation of  the  eyeUds.  B.  Ciliaris, 
inflammation  seated  in  the  hair  folhcles. 
B.  Marginalis,  inflammation  seated  in 
the  marginal  l;order  of  the  lids.  B.  Ulcer- 
osa, a  catarrhal  or  ulcerous  inflammation 
of  the  eyelids,  occurring  as  the  sequel  of 
catarrhal  conjunctivitis. 

Bleph'aro-adeni^tis  [[i?ie<l)apov,  aSrp, 
gland,  LTLq).  Inflammation  of  the  Meibo- 
mian glands. 

Blepharophimo''sis  {(jyiuucrig,  a  shutting 
up).  Abnormal  smallness  of  the  palpebral 
opening. 

Bleph^aroplasty  ['!T?MaGu,  to  form).  An 
operation  for  the  formation  of  any  part  of 
the  eyelid  destroyed  by  wound  or  lesion,  by 
ingrafting  or  transplanting  from  a  contigu- 
ous healthy  part. 

Blepharople^gia.     See  Ptosis. 

Blepharopto^sis.     See  Ptosis. 

Bleph'arospasm  {airaa/toi;).  Spasm  of 
the  orbicularis  palpebrarum  muscle. 

Bleph^arostat  {iottz/il,  to  stand).  An  in- 
strument for  holding  the  eyelids  apart  or 
firm  whilst  performing  operations  upon 
the  eyes  or  lids. 

Blessed  Thistle.     See  Cardmis. 

Blight.  A  partial  paralysis  of  certain 
facial  nerves,  arising  from  sudden  or 
extreme  cold.  B.  of  the  Eye,  an  extra- 
vasation of  blood  within  the  conjunctiva. 

Blind  (Sax.  blind).  Without  sight.  De- 
prived of  sight.  B.  Spot,  that  part  of  the 
area  of  the  fundus  of  the  eye  where  the  optic 
nerve  enters. 

Blindness.  Want  of  vision.  Color-B., 
subnormal  perception  of  colors.  This  con- 
dition is  found  in  about  4  per  cent,  of  people, 
is  more  frequent  in  men  than  women,  and 
is  probably  due  to  non-exercise  of  the  color 
sense.  Complete  Color-B.  is  very  rare, 
the  different  colors  probably  appearing  as 
different  intensities  or  shades  of  white  light. 
In  Partial  Color-B.,  subnormal  percep- 
tion of  red  is  the  most  frequent,  green, 
blue  and  yellow,  respectively,  being  next  in 
order.  Tests  for  Color-B.,  usually  con- 
sist in  matching  and  classifying  colored 
yams.  Cortical  B.,  B.  due  to  lesion  of 
the  cortical  center  of  vision.  Day-B.  See 
Nyctalopia.  Moon-B.,  a  rare  condition 
of  retinal  anxsthesia  said  to  be  due  to  expo- 
sure of  the  eyes  to  the  moon's  rays  in  sleep- 
ing. Night-B.  See  Ilemeralopia.  Psy- 
chical B.,  loss  of  conscious  visual  sensa- 
tion from  destruction  of  the  central  area 


of  the  visual  center ;  there  is  sight  but 
not  recognition.  Snow-B.,  photophobia 
and  conjunctivitis  due  to  exposure  of  the 
eyes  to  the  glare  of  sunlight  upon  snow. 

Blis^ter  A  vesicle  resulting  from  the 
exudation  of  serous  fluid  between  the  epi- 
dermis and  true  skin.  Also  the  agent  by 
which  the  blister  is  produced.  B.,  Fly,  a 
beetle,  Caiitkaris  vesicatoria,  the  body  of 
which  is  used  as  a  blistering  agent.  B., 
Flying,  a  blister  which  remains  long 
enough  to  produce  only  a  redness  of  the 
skin  and  not  vesication. 

Blood.  The  fluid  which  circulates  through 
the  heart,  arteries  and  veins,  supjjlying 
nutritive  material  to  all  parts  of  the  body. 
In  the  human  being  the  blood  of  the  arte- 
ries is  bright  red;  that  of  the  veins  dark 
red.  Blood  consists  of  colorless  plasma 
in  which  are  suspended  the  red  and  white 
corpuscles.  When  exposed  to  the  air  it 
coagulates,  forming  a  red  clot,  and  a  yellow- 
ish fluid  called  serum.  Healthy  blood 
consists  of  79  per  cent,  of  water  and  21 
per  cent,  solids.  B.  Corpuscles,  small, 
circular,  biconcave  discs  floating  in  the 
blood.  Red  corpuscles  are  circular  in 
mammals  (except  the  camel),  and  elliptical 
in  birds  and  reptiles.  They  are  about 
•j^'qq  inch  m  diameter  and  y^ooo  ''^'^^ 
thick.  White  corpuscles  are  about  one- 
third  larger  in  diameter  and  comparatively 
few.  1  hey  exhibit  a  movement  similar 
to  those  of  aiiiKba:.  The  coloring  matter 
of  the  B.  is  found  in  a  substance  known 
as  hamoglobin,  and  is  said  to  be  due  to 
minute  quantities  of  the  salts  of  iron.  B. 
Crystals,  crystals  of  a  substance  known 
as  hjematoidin.  B.  Heat,  a  temperature 
varying  from  98°  to  100°  F.  B.,  Loss  of. 
See  Hemorrhage.  B.  Plasma,  the  liquor 
sanguijiis,  or  fluid  part  of  the  blood.  B. 
Poisoning,  a  common  term  denoting  any 
ailment  arising  from  the  introduction  of 
decomposing  organic  matter  or  putrefactive 
germs  into  the  blood.  See  Anthrax,  Pyce- 
jiiia  ind  Septicdjuia.  B.  Plates,  pale, 
colorless,  oval,  round  or  lenticular  discs  of 
variable  size,  found  in  healthy  n*  rmal 
human  blood,  18,000  to  250,000  per  cubic 
millimeter.  Their  function  is  not  cer- 
tainly known.  Also  called  (Hayem)  hre- 
matoblasts.  B.  Pressure,  the  force  of 
compression  exerted  by  the  blood  upon  the 
walls  of  the  vessels  under  the  influence  of 
the  heart's  action,  the  elastic  walls,  etc. 
Various  instruments  have  been  devised  to 
estimate  the  amount  of  this  pressure,  the 
Hceniady7iaino7neter  of  Poisetiille ,  L  iidwig's 


BLOOD-ISLANDS 


85 


BONE 


Kynicgraph,  tick's  Spring  Kymograph,  v. 
Bijsch's  Sphygmomanometer,  the  Gradu- 
ated Sphygmograph,  etc. 

Blood-Islands.  A  temi  applied  to  the 
groups  of  corpuscles  develoj>ed  in  tlie  fowl 
during  the  first  days  of  embrj-onic  life, 
within  tiie  large  branched  cells  of  the 
mcsobLost. 

Bloodless  Operations.  Surgical  opera- 
tions, such  as  amputations,  in  which  the 
menil>er  is  so  bandaged  by  compresses  and 
elastic  rings  that  the  blood  is  expelled  from 
the  part  to  be  oj^erated  ujxjn. 

Bloodletting.  The  artilicial  abstraction 
of  blood  from  the  Ixxly.  B.,  General, 
venesection  or  phlelx)tomy ;  it  acis  by  re- 
ducing the  iieart's  action  and  diminisliiiig 
the  quantity  of  blood.  Occasionally  used 
with  excellent  results  in  pneumonia,  sun- 
stroke, etc.  B.,  Local  or  Topical.  See 
(.  'tipping.  Leeching  or  Scari/I,  ,iti,'/t.  Useful 
in  certain  inllanimator)'  conditions. 

Blood-root.     See  Sangninaria. 

Bloodshot.     Extravasated  witli  blood. 

Bloody.  Having  the  nature  of,  or  filled 
with  blood.  B.  Flux.  See  Dysentery. 
B.  Sweat.     See  Ephidrosis. 

Blow'pipe.  A  short  tube  bent  at  one 
end  and  tapering  to  a  point,  used  in  direct- 
ing the  tl.iine  of  a  lamp  in  a  fine  conical 
tongue.  B.,  Oxyhydrogen,  an  appa- 
ratus for  producing  intense  heat  by  l)urn- 
ing  hydrogen  or  illuminating  gas  at  the 
end  of  a  mixing  noz/.le. 

Blue.  One  of  the  colors  of  the  spectmm. 
B.  Disease.  See  Cyanopathy.  B.  Flag. 
See  Iris.  B.  Gentian,  the  root  of  Gen- 
tiana  tv/A-j/'^z-/,  tonic  and  stomachic.  Dose 
of  lid.  ext.,  n\,x-xl.  Unof.  B.  Gum. 
See  Gingival.  B.  Gum  Tree.  Sec  Aw- 
calyplu^.  B.  Ointment.  See  //ydrarg\'- 
riiiii.  B.  Pill.  .See  Hydrargyrum.  B. 
Stone.     Sic  Copper. 

Boat-belly.     See  Scaphoid  .Abdomen. 

Body.  The  animal  frame  with  its  organs. 
.\ls<j,  a  c.id.iver  or  coqwe. 

Body  Louse.     Sec  Pcdiculus. 

Bcet'tcher's  Test.  For  sugar.  First 
eliminate  the  albumin,  if  any  pre.sent. 
Add  a  small  amount  of  bismuth  subnitrate 
to  equal  amounts,  mixed,  of  suspected 
urine  and  j)<'ta.ssium  hydrate;  Injil;  if 
sug.ir  l<c  present  the  wiiite  jxjwder  turns 
gray,  Ijfowii  or  l)lack,  from  re<luction  to 
metallic  lii.sinuth. 

Boil    (Sax.    I<yl).     A    furuncle, — a   local 
i/<-d  inflnmm.ition  of  the  skin  and  siibcu- 
tani.-f)Us  t<)nm-ttiv(r  tissue  altrniird   by  llic 
fonnation  of  pus.     B.,    Aleppo   or    B., 


Delhi,  a  peculiar  ulcerative  affection  en- 
demic in  India,  due  to  a  specific  and  patho- 
genic microbe.  It  has  been  proposed  by 
lleydenroich  to  call  this  Tropical  Boii. 
Other  names  are  Penjdeh  Boil  and  Boutott 
Bishra. 

Boil'ing.  The  vaporization  of  a  liquid 
when  it  gives  off  vajwr  having  the  same 
tension  as  the  sunountling  air.  Most  tis- 
sues, animal  and  vegetable,  are  soflen'.-d 
and  rendered  more  or  less  soluble  by  boil- 
ing. Albumin  and  most  albuminoids, 
however,  are  rendered  insoluble.  The 
temperature  of  B.  water  at  the  level  of  the 
sea  is  about  212°  F.  (100°  C.) ;  it  de- 
creases with  increasing  altitude. 

Boiling  Test.  For  albumin.  Acidulate 
an  alkaline  urine  and  heat  upper  half  to 
boiling.     Turbidity  indicates  albumin. 

Bois'sons  {dr.).  Cheaii  fermented  licjuors 
niaile  from  raisins  or  otiier  dried  fruits  to 
which  sweetened  water  is  added  and  fer- 
mentation allowed. 

Bo 'la.     See  Myrrh. 

Bol'do-glu'cine.  An  aromatic  glucoside 
ol'tained  from  B.  fragrans  and  other 
species.  A  hypnotic  in  doses  of  gr.  xx- 
3J.     Unof. 

Bol'dus.  Boldo.  The  leaves  and  stems 
of  an  evergreen,  B.  pete  in  us,  native  to 
Chili  and  vicinity.  Sometimes  used  in 
anemia  and  general  dcliility  as  a  substi- 
tute for  ([uinine.  B.,  Tinct.,  contains  20 
per  cent,  of  the  drug.     Dose  n\^v-viij. 

Bole  (.?a>/'.of,  a  clod  of  earth).  A  trans- 
lucent, soft  variety  of  clay  formerly  much 
useil  in  medicine,  internally  as  an  astrin- 
gent, externally  as  an  absorbent. 

Bologn'a  Phos'phorus.  A  sulphide  of 
Barium,  having  the  ])roperty  of  emitting  a 
pale,  feeble  light  in  the  dark. 

Bo'lus.  A  mass  of  medicine  exhil)ited 
in  the  form  of  a  large  pill. 

Bom'bus  (jiofifiog,  the  lunnming  sound  of 
bees).  A  ringing  or  bu/./ing  sound  in  the 
ears.  Also  a  sonorous  movement  or 
rmiibling  tiatus  of  the  intestines. 

Bone.  (.Sax.  M/i).  A  hard  ti>sue  which 
constitutes  the  framework  or  skeleton  of 
the  Ixjdy.  Comj^sed  mainly  of  tri-caleium 
])hosphatc  and  cartilage.  A  single  articu- 
lation of  Utne  usually  consists  of  a  compact 
outer  mass  covered  with  periosteum,  sur- 
rounding a  reticulated  inner  sinicture 
which  encloses  a  central  cavity  filU  tl  with 
marrow.  A  transverse  section  shows  lione 
tissu(-  lobe  com|K).S((l  of  a  numlK-rof  nearly 
circular  /ones,  eaih  having  a  central  tuU-, 
the  //(iTcniitn  canal,   through    which    the 


BONESET 


86 


BOW 


blood  circulates.  Surrounding  the  H.  canal 
are  concentrically  arranged  belts  of  oblong 
cells  called  lacituis.  Each  lacuna  is  the 
outlet  of  a  number  of  canaliciili,  through 
which  the  nutrition  is  conveyed  to  all  parts 
of  the  bone.  B.  Ash,  the  calcic  phos- 
phate remaining  after  bones  have  been 
incinerated. 

Bone^set.     See  Eupatorhim. 

Bonnet's  Capsule.   Se^e  Octtlar  {Sheath). 

Boot,  Junod's.     ^e.e  Jitiiod^s  Boot. 

Borac^ic  Acid.     See  Boron. 

Bo^rage.  The  plant  B.  officinalis.  A 
demulcent,  mild  refrigerant  and  diapho- 
retic.    Dose  of  fid.  ext.  gj.     Unof. 

Bc'rax.     See  Boron. 

Borboryg^mus.     See  Bombus. 

Bo'ric  Acid.     See  Boron. 

Bor'neol.  A  principle  derived  from  Drya- 
balanops  cajnphora:,  a  tree  native  to  the 
East  Indies.  It  produces  spasms  of  epi- 
leptiform character. 

Bo^ro-glyc^eride.  A  preparation  made 
by  heating  boracic  acid  and  glycerine. 
Used  as  a  local  application  in  eye  and 
skin  affections.     Unof. 

Bo^ron.  B  =  II;  quantivalence  III,  V. 
The  base  of  boric  acid  and  of  the  mineral 
borax.  Boracic,  or,  more  properly.  Boric 
Acid,  a  crystalline  substance,  H3BO3, 
found  native  in  the  volcanic  lagoons  of 
Tuscany.  Occurs  in  white,  transparent 
crystals,  soluble  in  water  and  alcohol.  A 
powerful  antiseptic,  and  much  used  in 
parasitic  diseases  of  the  skin.  Borax, 
sodium  diborate.  Occurs  in  lacustrine  de- 
posits as  white,  transparent  cystals,  soluble 
in  water,  alcohol  and  glycerine.  Used  as 
an  antiseptic  wash  for  ulcers  and  indolent 
lesions.  Valuable  also  as  an  emmenagogue, 
and  in  leucorrhcea.     All  unof. 

Bot  (botus,  a  belly-worm).  The  larva  of 
certain  species  of  flies  of  the  genus  QLstras, 
which  are  conveyed  into  the  stomach  of 
man,  where  they  hatch.  Also  the  thread- 
worm, Oxynrus  verniicidaris. 

BotalTi,  Foramen  of.  ^ht  foramen  ovale 
of  the  foetal  heart. 

Bot^any  {(ioTavTj,  an  herb).  The  science 
of  plants — their  classification  and  struc- 
ture. 

Bothrioceph''alus  La''tus.  See  Tape- 
7uor>?i. 

Bot^ryoid  [(ioTpvq,  a  cluster  of  grapes). 
Resembling  the  shape  of  a  bunch  of 
grapes. 

Bott'ger's  Test.     See  Ba-ttchei^s  Test. 

Bot^tle  (povTi^,  a  flask,  Pr.  hoiiteillc').  A 
vessel,  usually  of  glass  with  a  narrow  neck. 


B.,  Feeding,  a  flat  flask  with  a  nipple  of 
India  rubber  attached,  used  in  feeding 
infants.  B.  Nose,  a  common  name  for 
Acne  Roseola.  B.,  Specific  Gravity,  a 
Florence  flask  graduated  to  contain  500- 
1000  grains  of  water,  with  the  weight  of 
which  any  other  equal  volume  of  liquid 
may  be  compared. 

Botulin^ic  Acid.  An  acid  asserted  to 
exist  in  putrefying  sausages,  forming  their 
specific  poison. 

Bougie  (Fr.  bougie,  a  candle).  A 
slender,  cylindrical  instnmient  made  of 
waxed  silk,  catgut,  etc.,  for  introduction 
into  the  urethra  or  other  passage,  for  the 
purpose  of  dilation,  exploration,  c/r.  Some- 
times coated  with  preparations  that  are 
thus  conveyed  to  the  inner  mucous  sur- 
faces. B.,  Armed,  a  bougie  with  a  piece 
of  nitrate  of  silver  or  other  caustic  attached 
to  its  extremity.  B.,  Filiform,  whale- 
bone or  other  bougies  of  very  small  size. 

Bou^hou.  A  name  given  to  a  malarial 
disease  resembling  dengue,  which  is  preva- 
lent in  the  Sandwich  Islands. 

Bou^illon  (Fr.).  An  alimentary  broth 
made  by  boiling  meat,  usually  beef,  in 
water.  A  soup.  Also  a  liquid  nutritive 
medium  made  by  boiling  meat  for  the  cul- 
ture of  microorganisms.  Peptonized  bouil- 
lons and  solutions  of  powdered  meats  have 
also  been  used.  B.  of  Liebig,  made 
by  dissolving  Liebig's  meat  extract,  5 
grammes,  in  boiling  water,  loo  grammes, 
neutralizing  with  bicarbonate  of  soda  and 
filtering.  It  becomes  more  nutritive  by 
adding  glucose. 

Bounc^ing  Bet.     See  Soapwort. 

Bou'quet.  The  peculiar  flavor  of  wines 
which  have  been  aged,  supposed  to  be  due 
to  oenanthic  ether. 

Bourdon^nement  (Fr.  bourdonncr,  to 
buzz.)  Any  buzzing  sound.  The  mur- 
mur which  is  heard  when  the  stethoscope 
is  applied  to  any  part  of  the  body.  Thought 
to  result  from  contraction  of  muscular 
fibrillas.     See,  also,  Bombus. 

Boutonniere  Opera^tion  (Fr.  bouton- 
niere,  button  hole).  An  operation  for 
urethral  stricture.  The  location  of  the 
stricture  is  fixed  by  a  catheter  and  an  in- 
cision is  made  in  front  of  it ;  a  probe  is 
then  passed  to  the  bladder.  The  stricture 
is  then  divided. 

Boutons  Terminals  (Fr.).  The  enlarge- 
ments of  the  free  ends  of  certain  sensory 
nerves. 

Bow.  A  bending.  B.  Leg,  a  bending 
outward  of  the  lower  limbs. 


BOWELS 


87 


BREAD 


Bow'els  [dc^Mis,  a  sausage).  The  intes- 
tines. 

Bowman's  Glands.  Peculiar  tubular 
glands  in  the  olfactory  region  of  the 
nasal  distribution  of  the  olfactor\  ner\e. 
B.  Probe.  Set  Lac/iryma/.  B.  Tubes, 
artilicial  productions  made  by  forcing  air 
or  fluids  between  the  conical  lamella;. 

Box  Pulse-measurer.  An  instrument  for 
measuring  the  pulse  by  its  action  upon  a 
column  of  liquid  when  the  exposed  artery 
is  placed  within  an  oblong  box  communi- 
caliui;  with  the  column. 

Brach'ial  t^l>rachiitni,  the  arm).  Pertain- 
ing to  the  arm.  B.  Artery,  the  con- 
tinuation of  the  axillary  which  extends 
along  the  inner  side  of  the  ami.  B.  Di- 
plegia. Sec  Piini/ysis.  B.  Glands,  the 
hinph.itic  glands  of  the  arm.  B.  Plexus, 
the  plexus  of  the  tifth,  sixtli,  seventh  and 
eighth  cer^ical  and  the  first  dorsal  pair. 
B.  Veins,  the  veins  of  the  arm  which 
accompany  the  B.  artery. 

Brach'ium  (dnu/iium).  The  arm.  An 
extensor  process  of  an  organ.  B.  Cere- 
bri, or  B.  of  Optic  Lobes,  the  bands 
connecting  the  nates  and  the  testes  with 
the  optic  tlialanius. 

Brachyceph'alic  [Spaxvr,  .short,  Ke<pa?.rf, 
head).  .Applied  to  skulls  of  an  egg-like 
sha|>e,  the  larger  end  behind.     See  Index. 

Brachydac'tylous  {^^{mxvq,  6aKTv7joq, 
finger).  Pertaining  to  an  abnormal  short- 
ness ijf  the  lingers  or  toes. 

Brachymetro'pia.     See  Myopia. 

Bradycar'dia  (  ipifhf,  slow,  Kapfiia,  the 
heart).  \  term  us--d  1-iy  Eichhorst  to  indi- 
cate the  )jhenomcna  as.sociated  with  slow 
pulse — the  op]X)site  of  tachycardia. 

Bradyla'lia  (  ^\mftv<:,  hi/.ia,  a  babbling). 
A  slow  and  disordered  utterance. 

Braid'ism.  The  hypnotic  state  produced  by 
fixation  of  the  eyes  ujx)n  a  shining  object. 

Bradypha'sia.     See  Aphasia. 

Brain  >ax.  lira\i;en).  The  general  con- 
tents of  the  cranium,  especially  the  cere- 
brum. B.,  Compression  of,  may  arise 
from  injury  or  disease,  from  serous  exuda- 
tion, \AiKn\  cxtrava.salion,  clc.  B.,  Con- 
cussion of,  is  tlie  result  of  injury  pro- 
ducing symptiiins  of  loss  of  jxjwer  an<l 
function  gi-ni-rally.  B.  Fever.  See  Men - 
ittj^tis.  B.,  Irritation  of,  follows  injury 
anrl  is  mark(<i  by  symptoms  of  irritaliility 
and  often  convulsive  phenomena.  B., 
Little,  tiic  i.r.lillmn.  B.  Pan.  the 
cranium.  B.  Sand,  a  gritty  niim  ral  mat- 
ter found  in  and  aUjut  the  pineal  gland, 
consisting  mainly  iT  calcium  and  n)agnc- 


sium  carbonates  and  phosphates.    Its  func- 
tion is  not  known. 

Bran.  The  epidermis  or  outer  covering 
of  the  seeds  of  most  cereals.  Contains 
woody  matter  35,  starch  22,  albumin  and 
gluten  13,  water  12,  giuu  8,  other  matters, 
including  a  small  amount  of  siHca,  10  jx-r 
cent.  It  contains,  also,  a  diastatic  ferment, 
which  converts  the  starch  into  dextrine. 
B.  Tea,  a  decoction  of  bran,  used  in 
coughs. 

Branch.  A  name  given  to  the  divisions 
or  oftshoots  of  blood  vessels,  lymphatics, 
or  nerves,  from  the  trunk  or  main  stem. 

Branch''iae.     The  gills  of  fishes. 

Branch'ial  Openings.  See  Clefts,  J'is- 
ccra/. 

Bran'dy.     See  Spin'tus. 

Brash  (Dutch  luaakoi,  to  vomit).  A 
common  name  indicating  almost  any  dis 
order  of  the  digestive  system.  B.,  ^A^ater. 
See  Pyrosis. 

Brass.  An  alloy  of  copper  with  25-40 
per  cent,  of  zinc. 

Bras''sica.  A  genus  of  plants,  Nat. 
Order,  Crttcifem,  including  the  common 
cabbage.  B.  Acidulata,  .sour  crout  (or 
sauer  kraut).  B.  Asperifolia  Escu- 
lenta,  the  common  turnip.  B.  Cauli- 
flora  (or  Florida),  the  caulillower.  B. 
Cumana  or  Rubra,  the  red  cabbage. 
B.  Napus,  the  rape  plant.  B.  Nigra, 
the  black  mustard.  B.  Sativa,  the  com- 
mon cabbage. 

Braye^ra.  Kousso.  The  female  flowers 
of  B.  avthclinintica.  Contains  tannic 
acid,  a  volatile  oil  and  a  crystalline  prin- 
ciple, Koitssin.  In  large  do.ses  ]iroduces 
nausea  and  cmesis.  \'alual'le  mainly  as 
an  anthelmintic  against  tapeworm.  Dose 
^ij-^^ss,  in  infusion  of  boiling  water. 
B.,  Ext.  Fid.,  dose  3ij-.5J. 

Bread  (Sax.  bredaii,  to  nourish,  Lat. 
panis,  Gr.  aprof).  A  mixture  of  flour 
and  water  made  jxjrous  by  carlion  dioxide 
and  then  baked.  The  Hour  may  be  cif 
wheat,  com,  oat  or  rye.  The  c;u-l  on  diox- 
ide may  be  introduced  by  decomposing  an 
alkaline  carbonate  (sodium  or  pota.ssium) 
by  an  acid  ("cream  of  tartar"),  or  by 
f(  rini  nting  the  starch  with  yeast.  B., 
Brown,  a  kind  of  bre.ad  made  from 
a  mixture  of  com,  rye  and  wheal  flour. 
B.,  Graham,  made  from  unbolted  wheat 
flour;  it  lontains  more  gluten,  diastase 
and  mill!  ral  phosphates  than  onlinary 
bread.  B.,  White,  bread  made  from 
l><)lted  wheaten  flour,  and  therefore  defi- 
cient in  dia.sliUie,  gluten  ami  mineral  plios- 


BREAD-PASTE 


88 


BRONCHITIS 


phates.  Other  kinds,  such  as  rye  (or 
black),  corn,  bran,  barley,  etc.,  indicate 
their  composition  in  their  name. 

Bread-paste.  A  cultm-e  medium  for 
bacteria.  Stale,  coarse  bread  is  dried, 
ground  to  powder  and  made  into  a  paste 
with  water.  Well  suited  for  the  growth 
of  moulds. 

Break.     See  Make. 

Break-bone  Fever.     See  Dengue. 

Breast.  The  upper  anterior  part  of  the 
body  between  the  neck  and  abdomen. 
Also  the  mamma. 

Breath  (Sax.  brceth).  The  air  exhaled 
from  the  lungs.  It  has  lost  a  part  of  its 
oxygen  and  gained  a  certain  but  varying 
amount  of  ammonia,  aqueous  vapor  and 
carbon  dioxide  from  the  oxidation  of  the 
waste  matter  of  the  blood.  Also  applied 
to  the  air  inspired. 

Breech  Position.     See  Position. 

Breeding-season.  The  period  during 
which  certain  species  of  animals,  espe- 
cially the  lower  fomis  of  vertebrates,  beget 
and  rear  their  young. 

Breeze.    See  Head-breeze  and  Static-breeze. 

Brefeld  and  Nagele's  Method.  See 
Fractional  Cultivation. 

Breg'enin  (Low  Ger.  bregan,  brain).  A 
name  given  by  Thudichum  to  a  soluble, 
crystalline  substance  found  in  brain-tissue. 

Breg^ma.     See  Skull. 

Bren^ner's  Form^ula.  The  feeble  tone 
heard  when  the  anode  is  opened  in  gal- 
vanic stimulation  of  the  auditory  nerve. 
This  tone  corresponds  with  the  resonance 
fundamental  tone  of  the  sound-conducting 
apparatus  of  the  ear  itself. 

Brick-makers'  Anse^mia.  Stt  Anc/iylos- 
totniasis. 

Bridge  of  Nose.  A  term  applied  col- 
lectively to  the  nasal  bones. 

Bright's  Disease.  A  name  foiTnerly  in- 
correctly used  as  a  sjTionym  of  albuminuria 
and  at  present  covering  several  forms  of 
disease  of  the  kidney  associated  with  albu- 
min in  the  urine.  May  be  either  acute  or 
chronic.  Considered  by  P^othergill  as  a 
secondary  condition  arising  from  a  ten- 
dency toward  the  reversion  to  that  pre- 
anthropic  type  in  which  the  liver  per- 
formed the  additional  office  of  excreting 
uric  acid. 

Brim  of  Pelvis.     See  Pelvis. 

Brim^stone.     See  Sulphur. 

Broad-leafed  Laurel.     See  Kalinia. 

Broad  Ligament.     See  Ligament. 

Bro'mal  Hydrate.  A  fluid  of  oily  con- 
sistence, having  a  structure  similar  to  that 


of  chloral  hydrate.  More  iritating  and 
narcotic  than  the  latter.  Dose  gr.  j-v. 
Unof. 

Bromid''rosis  [jSpufiog,  a  stench,  Wpwf, 
sweat).  Osmidrosis.  Offensive  sweating, 
due  to  functional  disorder  of  the  sweat 
glands  or  fermentation  of  the  sweat  after 
excretion.  Frequently  symptomatic  of 
scrofula,  rheumatism,  ursemia,  syphilis,  etc. 

Bromi'dum.     Bromide. 

Bro^mine,  or 

Bro^mum  {[ipu/mi).  Br  =  80;  quantiva- 
lence  l.  A  reddish-brown  liquid,  which, 
at  ordinary  temperatures,  gives  off  a 
heavy,  suffocating  vapor.  In  its  element- 
ary form  it  is  a  very  active  escharotic, 
and  internally  a  violent  poison.  The  salts 
of  bromine  are  cerebral  and  cardiac  de- 
pressants, and  highly  valuable  as  hypnot- 
ics. The  salts  of  the  alkaline  metals  are 
those  most  commonly  used.  Ammonii 
Bromidum,  prismatic  crystals.  Dose  gr. 
v-xx.  Calcii  Bromidum,  granular  and 
deliquescent.  Dose  gr.  v-^j.  Ethyl 
Bromide,  useful  in  spasmodic  coughs. 
Ferri  Bromidi,  Syr.,  contains  10  per 
cent,  of  the  salt.  Dose  3  ss-j.  Lithii 
Bromidi,  granular  and  deliquescent.  Dose 
gr.  v-xx.  Potassi^i  Bromidum,  color- 
less, cubical  crystals.  Dose  gr.  v-^j. 
Sodii  Bromidum,  colorless,  monoclinic 
crystals.  Dose  gr.  v-^j.  Zinci  Bro- 
midum, granular,  deliquescent  powder. 
Dose  gr.  ;?-ij. 

Bro'moform.  A  bromide,  CHBrg,  having 
a  structure  like  that  of  chloroform,  CHCI3. 
A  powerful  anaesthetic.  Use  not  followed 
by  vomiting.  Causes  irritation  of  con- 
junctiva and  respiratory  organs.     Unof. 

Bronch^i  {i3povxoc,  the  windpipe).  The 
two  tubes  into  which  the  trachea  divides 
opposite  the  third  dorsal  vertebra,  called 
the  right  and  the  left  bronchus. 

Bronchiec^tasis  (f/cracr^f,  dilatation).  A 
term  denoting  the  dilatation  or  relaxation 
of  the  walls  of  the  bronchi,  arising  from 
inflammation  and  other  causes. 

Bron''chioles  (dim.  of  bronchus^.  The 
smallest  subdivisions  of  the  bronchi. 

Bronchi^tis.  Inflammation  of  the  mucous 
membrane  which  lines  the  bronchial  tubes. 
Usually  attended  with  soreness,  cough, 
alteration  of  the  voice  and  febrile  symp- 
toms. B.,  Acute,  the  initiatory  stage  of 
the  disease.  B.,  Capillary,  a  stage  in 
which  the  minute  tubes  of  the  lungs  are 
involved.  B.,  Catarrhal,  a  form  at- 
tended with  muco-purulent  discharges. 
B.,  Croupous  or  Plastic,  attended  with 


BRONCHOCELE 


89 


BUDDING 


expectoration  of  the  casts  of  the  bronchial 
tubes.  B.,  Mechanical  or  Potter's,  a 
form  caused  liy  the  inhalation  of  dust,  etc. 
B.,  Summer,  synonymous  with  "  Hay 
rcver." 

Bronch'ocele.     See  Goitre. 

Bronchoph'ony  (i^vrj,  the  voice).  The 
resonance  of  the  voice  within  the  bronchi 
as  heard  and  diagnosticated  by  the  stetho- 
scope. 

Broncho-pneumo'nia.  A  term  applied 
to  intlanunalion  of  the  lungs,  which,  lie- 
ginning  in  the  bronchi,  finally  involves  the 
parenchyma  of  the  lungs. 

Bronchorrhce'a  (/Ww,  to  flow).  A  fonn 
of  bronchitis  attended  by  profuse  expec- 
toration. 

Bronchot'omy  {^povxog,  te/ivu,  to  cut). 
A  surgical  operation  upon  the  bronchus, 
trachea,  etc. 

Bronch'us.     See  Bronchi. 

Bronzed  Skin.  A  s}-mptom  of  Addison's 
Disease. 

Brood-cells.  In  cell-division,  the  mother- 
cells  enclosing  the  daughter-cells. 

Broom.     See  Scoparius. 

Brown'ian  Movement.  An  oscillation 
or  agitation  obser\-ed  under  the  microscope 
in  very  fine  granules,  drops,  etc.,  when 
sasp)en(.led  in  a  liquid.  The  movement  is 
not  locomotion,  and  is  to  be  distinguished 
from  that  of  the  self-motility  of  living 
microorganisms.  Its  caase  is  not  de- 
finitely known,  but  it  may  be  due  to  heat, 
light,  electricity,  osmosis,  etc. 

Brown  Mixture.     See  Glycyrrhiza. 

Brow  Presentation.     See  Position. 

Bru''cine.     See  A'tix  Vomica. 

Bruise.     See  Contusion. 

Bru'it  (Fr.,  a  noise  or  report).  A  term 
ased  by  French  physicians  to  designate  Jie 
various  s[x;cific  sounds  of  auscultation. 
B.  de  Diable,  a  venous  murmur,  of  a 
whistling  or  ru>hing  character,  arising  in 
the  bulb  of  the  common  jugular  vein,  and 
due  to  an.emia,  lead-poisoning,  or  other 
specific  disease,  more  common  in  the 
young,  and  caased  immediately  by  the 
viljration  of  the  blocni  flowing  from  the 
narrow  ])art  of  the  common  jugular  vein 
into  the  wide,  bull)ous  jxirtion  of  the 
vessel.      See  als<j  Murmur. 

Brunner's  Glands.     See  Glnitd<:. 

Bryg'mus.     .Same  as  Oi/nnto/irisis. 

Bryo'nia.  I'.ryony.  The  root  of //.  ^//iJ^ ,• 
indi^jcnous  to  l-.uropc.  I'ropcrtii-s  due  to 
an  iiitcnst-ly  bitter  fjUicosidc  lirymiin,  a 
Strong  irritant  when  applied  lo  the  skin 
or    mucous    membrane,    often    producing 


vesication.  A  remedy  of  great  value  in 
pleurisy,  pleuro-pneunionia  and  rheumatic 
fever.  An  excellent  agent  in  colds.  Dose 
of  the  root  gr.  x-xxx.  B.,  Tinct.,  a  lo 
per  cent,  solution  of  the  root  in  alcohol. 
Dose  TTLx-jj.  B.,  Infusum  (unof.), 
has  a  strength  of  5J  to  the  Oj  of  water. 
L)ose  5ss-ij. 

Bryoplas'tic  (;3pwv,  moss,  iz'/.aaau,  to 
form).  A  descriptive  term  loosely  applied 
to  such  abnormal  growths  of  tissue  as  re- 
semble vegetable  forms. 

Bu'bo  (;}oi',?(ji',  the  groin).  Inflammation 
and  swelling  of  a  lymphatic  gland,  prop- 
erly and  generally  of  the  groin,  and  usually 
following  chancroid,  gonoirhcea  or  syphi- 
litic infection.  B.,  Parotid.  See  J\iro- 
titis.  B.,  Primary,  a  slight  adenitis  of 
the  groin  due  to  mechanical  iiritation, 
or  other  cause ;  formerly  supposed  to  he 
due  to  .sypliilis  without  a  chancre  having 
preceded.  B.,  Sympathetic,  one  caused 
by  irritation,  friction,  injury,  etc.,  and  not 
from  infectioue  disease. 

Bubon'ocele  (/ioi'/^wv,  ktjIt),  tumor).  In- 
guinal hernia  when  the  gut  does  not  extend 
beyond  the  inguinal  canal. 

Buc'cal  [/>ucca,  the  cheek).  Pertaining  to 
the  clieek. 

Buc'cinator.  The  thin,  flat  muscle  of  the 
cheek.     See  Muscle. 

Bu'chu.  The  leaves  of  several  species  of 
Barosma,  yielding  a  volatile  oil,  to  which 
its  properties  are  probably  due.  Causes  a 
sensation  of  glowing  wamith  over  the 
body,  stimulates  the  ajipetite,  and  increases 
the  circulation.  Useful  in  urethritis  and 
affections  of  the  genito-urinary  mucous 
membrane.  Dose  of  the  leaves,  gr.  xv- 
XXX.  B.  Ext.  Fid.  I)osen\^x-5J.  B. 
Infusum  (unof"),  _^j  toOj.     Dose  ^ss-ij. 

Buck'bean.  The  rWw.omcoi  Moiyant/ies 
trifoliata.  Tonic,  antiscorbutic,  and  em- 
menagogiie.  Has  been  recommended  as  a 
vermifuge.  Dose  of  fld.  ext.  TTLxv-^j. 
I'nof. 

Buck'eye  Bark.  The  bark  of  A-lsculus 
jr/(ilim.  Astringent  and  tonic.  Ser\ice- 
able  in  rectal  irritation,  prt)lai)sus,  and  va- 
rious uterine  deranf^ements.  Dose  of  fld. 
(•\t.  f,'tt.  iij-v.     Unof. 

Buck'thorn.     See  J'rani^uln. 

Bucne'ma  Tro'pica.    See  Elephnutiosis. 

Bucne'mia  ( ,<«i'.  inere.xse,  Kviifiii,  the  leg). 
A  kind  of  intliimmatinn  of  the  leg  character- 
ized liy  tenseness  of  swelling;. 

Bud'ding.     A  form  of  repriHluclinn  ur  cell 

<livisii>n,  occurring  anion),'  the  jxilyps  and 
infu.s<jri.e,  in  wliieli  a  bud  is  ^jiven  off"  by 


BUGLEWEED 


90 


BUTYRIC  ACID 


the  parent  and  comes  to  resemble  the  latter. 
The  bud  may  remain  permanently  attached 
or  may  form  a  colony,  each   member  ac- 
quiring a  differentiation   of  function,  even 
to  the  fonnation  of  male   and  female   ele- 
ments.   The  process  is  also  called  Gemma- 
tion. 
Bu''gleweed.    The  herb,  Lycopus  Virgini- 
ctis.     Narcotic  and  astringent.     Dose  of 
fid.    ext.    ^ss-ij.     Lycopin,  concentrated 
ext.     Dose  gr.  j-iv.     Unof. 
Bu''hach.     See  Insect  Powder. 
Bulb  {l3o?ii3og,  a  bulb).     The  expansion  or 
dilatation  of  a  canal  or  vessel.   B.  of  Aorta, 
the  dilatation  of  the  aorta  near  its  beginning. 
B.  of  Corpus  Cavernosum,  the  muscle 
beneath  the  bulb  of  the  urethra.     B.  of 
Fornix.     See   Corpora.     B.  of  Rachi- 
dichus.      See  Medulla   Oblongata.      B. 
of  Urethra,  the  posterior  expanded  part 
of  the  corpus  spongiosum  penis.     B.  of 
Vena  Jugularis,  the   dilatation    at  the 
Ijeginning  of  the  external  jugular  vein. 
Bulb^ar.     A  descriptive   term  applied  to 
certain  diseases,  especially  of  the  medulla 
oblongata  or  bulbus  rachidickus.    B.  Dis- 
ease  or    Paralysis,   a  term   applied   to 
the  progressive  and  symmetrical   paralysis 
of  the  facial  muscles  about  the  mouth,  in- 
cluding those  of  the  tongue,  pharynx,  and 
sometimes  those   of  the   larynx.      Called 
also  Labio-glosso-laryngeal  paralysis. 
Bulb''i  Vestib^uli.     A   name  sometimes 
.    given  to  the  glands  of  Bartholini. 
Bulbous   Arterio^sus.      Pertaining   to  a 
stage  in  the  development  of  the  heart,  in 
which  the  upper  aortic  enlargement  is  so 
called. 

Bulim^ia  [(iov,  increase,  lifiog,  hunger). 
Excessive,    morbid     hunger;     frequently 
occurs  in  idiots  and  insane  persons. 
BuKla  {bulla,  a  bubble).     A  bleb  or  "blis- 
ter," consisting  of  a  portion  of  the  epider- 
mis detached  from  the  skin  by  the  infiltra- 
tion of  wateiy  fluid.    The  bulla  differs  from 
the  vesicle  mainly  in  size.     B.,  Hemor- 
rhagic.    See  Pwpura. 
Bun^ion  [fiovvog,  a  hillock).     A  swelling 
of  a  bursa  of  the  foot,  especially  of  the 
great  toe. 
BuphthaFmos.     See  Keratoglobus. 
Burc^quism.     See  Metallotherapy. 
Bur^dock.     See  Lappa. 


Burette.  (Fr.)  A  graduated  tube  designed 
for  measuring  small  quantities  of  a  reagent. 
Usually  held  vertically  in  a  stand  and  pro- 
vided with  a  stopcock. 
Burn  (Sax.  boernan,  to  scorch).  The  de- 
struction or  injury  of  tissue  by  dry  heat  or 
flame. 
Bumper.  A  common  name  for  a  lamp  or 
heating  apparatus  used  in  laboratories  for 
chemical  and  pharmaceutical  pui-poses. 
B.,  Argand,  uses  gas  or  oil,  and  contains 
an  inner  tube  for  supplying  the  flame  with 
air.  B,,  Bunsen,  a  form  in  which  the 
gas  is  mixed  with  a  sufficient  quantity  of 
air  to  produce  complete  oxidation  before 
ignition. 

Burs'se  (bursa,  a  purse).  A  name  used  to 
designate  small  sacs  intetposed  between 
parts  which  move  one  upon  another.  B. 
Mucosae,  situated  in  subcutaneous  areolar 
tissue.  B.,  Synovial,  found  between 
tendons  and  bony  surfaces. 

Burs^al.  Pertaining  to  a  bursa,  sac  or 
follicle. 

Bursi^tis.     Inflammation  of  a  bursa. 

But^ter  {butyrum,  butter).  The  fatty  part 
of  the  milk  obtained  by  rupturing  the  cells 
of  the  fat  globules  by  "  churning "  or 
mechanical  agitation.  Also,  various  vege- 
table fats  having  the  consistency  of  butter, 
as  B.  of  Caca'o.  See  Theobroma. 
Also  applied  to  certain  chemical  products 
having  the  appearance  or  consistence  of 
butter,  as  B.  of  Antimony,  antimonious 
chloride;  B.  of  Tin,  stannic  chloride;  B. 
of  Zinc,  zinc  chloride.  See,  also,  Acid, 
Butyric. 

But^ternut.     See  Juglans. 

But^tocks.  The  arse.  The  fleshy  part 
of  the  body  posterior  to  the  hip-joints, 
formed  by  the  masses  of  the  glutei 
muscles. 

But^tonbush.  The  bark  of  Cephalanthiis 
occidentalis.  A  tonic  febrifuge  and  diu- 
retic.    Dose  of  fld.  ext.  ,^ss-j.     Unof. 

But^tonhole  Operation.  Ste  Boutonniere 
Operation. 

But^ton  Snakeroot.  The  root  of  Liatris 
spicata.  A  stimulant  tonic,  diuretic  and 
emmenagogue.  Dose  of  fld.  ext.  3  ss-j. 
Unof. 

Bu''tyl  Chlo''ral.     See  CJiloral Butylicum. 

Bu''tyric  Acid.     See  Acid,  Butyric. 


91 


C^AREAN  OPERATION 


C.  The  chemical  sjinbol  of  Carbon.  Abbre- 
viation of  ccuti;.^radc. 

C.C.     Abbreviation  of  cubic  centimeter. 

cm.     Abbreviation  of  centimeter. 

C.  M.  Abbreviation  of  eras  mane,  to- 
morrow morning. 

C.  N.  Abbreviation  of  eras  noete,  to- 
morrow night. 

Cab'bage  Rose.     See  Ji!osa  Centi folia. 

Cacae'sthesis  \KaKoq,  bad,  aia6/^aig,  sensa- 
tion). A  term  used  to  denote  morbid  sen- 
sation. 

Caca'o.     See  Theobroma. 

Cachex'ia  [Kamq,  bad,  cf/f,  a  habit).  A 
term  used  to  designate  any  morbid  ten- 
dency, dyscrasia,  or  depraved  condition  of 
general  nutrition,  etc.,  used  particularly  of 
scrofula,  syphilis,  cancer,  etc.  C.  Strumi- 
priva,  the  condition  allied  to,  if  not  iden- 
tical with,  myxnedema,  occasionally  follow- 
ing the  extirpation  or  arrest  of  function  of 
the  thyroid  gland.  It  is  a  cretinoid  state, 
characterized  in  monkeys  by  hebetude,  mal- 
nutrition, muscular  tremor,  puffy  oedema, 
leucocytosis,  and  the  presence  of  mucin  in 
the  blood  and  connective  tissues.  C.  Vir- 
ginum.     See  Chlorosis. 

Cacoe'thes  (KaKoq,  ifioq,  a  habit).  A  gen- 
eral term  used  to  designate  any  bad  habit 
or  disorder. 

Cacogen''esis  {mKoq,  yeveai^,  origin).  A 
general  term  expressing  a  morbid,  mon- 
strous or  pathological  growth  or  product. 

Cacot'rophy  {Kfiaog,  r/jf^tj,  I  nourish).  A 
term  applied  to  disordered  or  defective 
nouri.shment. 

Cada'ver  ( caJcre,  to  fall).  The  dead  body, 
especially  that  of  man.     A  coqjse. 

Cadav'erine.  A  ptomaine,  isomeric  witli 
ncuridine,  and,  like  it,  occurring  very 
frequently  in  dccomjxssing  animal  tissues. 
Obtained  from  human  hearts,  lungs,  livers, 
etc.,  after  three  days'  decom[Kjsition  in 
ordinary  tem]x.-rature, — al.so  from  horse- 
flesh, from  putrid  nius.sei,  from  herring 
and  haddock.  It  is  a  constant  product  of 
the  growth  of  the  comma  bacillus,  irre- 
siK-ctive  of  the  me<lium.  It  does  not 
occur  in  cultures  from  which  bacteria  are 
al»^<:tlt.  It  is  a  lliick,  water  clear,  syrupy 
li'|uid,  having  an  exceedingly  unplea.sant 
odor,  .s<jmcwl)at  re.sembling  that  of  coniiiic 
and  semen.  It  is  certainly  identical  with 
wjcalled  "animal  coniinc."  I'utrescine 
und  catlavcrine    were   Ixjlh    formerly   be- 


lieved to  be  physiologically  indifferent ;  but 
recent  investigations  show  both  bases  calla- 
ble of  producing  strong  inflammation  and 
necrosis.  The  necrosis  of  the  intestinal 
epithelium  in  Asiatic  cholera  seems  due  to 
their  presence.  They  also  have  the  jxnver, 
even  in  small  cjuantities,  of  preventing 
blood  from  coagulating,  and  rendering  it 
"laky."  Cadaverine  is  believed  by  Graw- 
itz  to  hinder  the  growth  of  bacteria.  Ca- 
daverine hydrochloride,  on  dry  distillation, 
decom[X)ses  into  ammonium  chloride,  N  1 1.,- 
IICI,  and  piperidine,  CjII^N.  Whether 
this  change,  whereby  the  non-poisonous 
cadaverine  becomes  a  toxic  l)asc,  can  take 
place  under  the  inlluence  of  bacteria  dur- 
ing putrefiction,  is  not  known. 

Cadaveriza'tion.  The  passage  of  a  living 
body  to  the  state  of  a  cadaver.  Applied 
to  the  algid  and  cyanotic  stage  of  cholera. 

Cade.     See  yuni/>ents. 

Cad'mium.  Cd  ^  II2  ;  quantivalence  II. 
A  bluish- white  metal  resembling  zinc  in 
its  general  properties ;  only  the  .sulphate 
and  iodide  are  used  in  medicine.  In 
physiological  action  it  is  escharotic  and 
astringent,  producing  in  large  doses,  emesis 
and  violent  gastritis.  C.  lodid.,  used  as 
an  ointment,  I  to  8  of  lard.  C.  Sul- 
phas, a  valuable  astringent  in  gonorrhcea 
and  in  corneal  opacities ;  used  in  a  lotion 
in  strength  of  gr.  j  or  ij  to  3J  of  water. 
Unof 

Cae'cal.     Pertaining  to  the  cajcum. 

Cae'citas  Verba'lis.  See  llWii-blinJ- 
ness. 

Cae'cum  [ctrcus,  blind).  Tlie  large  blind 
pouch  or  cul-de-sac  in  which  the  large 
intestine  begins. 

Caesa'rean  Operation  [cu-do,  to  cut).  Ex- 
traction of  the  fcetus  through  an  incision 
made  in  the  abdomen.  Gastro-elytrot- 
omy,  an  incision  into  the  vagina  (after 
the  alKlominal  section)  instead  of  into  the 
uterus,  and  if  the  child  caiuiot  be  extracted 
in  this  way,  the  incision  of  the  os  uteri  is 
made.  Gastro-hysterec'tomy.  See 
J'orro's  0/<eration  below.  Gastro-hys- 
terot'omy,  a  general  name  for  the  C  ()., 
according  to  the  best  nnnlern  melluxls. 
C.  O.,  Improved.  See  .'^dni^cr,  below. 
Kchrer's  Operation  consist.s  in  a  trans- 
verse incision  through  the  anterior  convex 
surface  of  the  uterus  at  the  level  of  the  in- 
ternal OS.      Laparo-clytrot'omy.      Sec 


CESIUM 


92 


CALCIUM 


G astro- elytrototny,  above.  Laparot''omy, 
an  incision  into  the  abdominal  wall ;  im- 
properly used  as  a  synonym  for  any  C.  O. 
Porro's  Operation  consists  in  compression 
of  the  cervix  prior  to  the  prompt  longitudi- 
nal uterine  incision,  and  the  removal  of 
the  child,  after  which  the  uterus  is  lifted 
out  of  the  abdomen,  the  cervix  and  broad 
ligaments  clamped,  the  utenjs,  tubes  and 
ovaries  removed.  Porro-Miiller  Opera- 
tion, the  uterine  mass  is  raised  out  of  the 
abdomen  before  incising  it.  C.  O.,  Post- 
mortem, extraction  of  the  child  after  the 
mother's  death.  Sanger's  Operation, 
gastro-hysterotomy ,  Sanger  having  greatly 
improved  the  technique  of  the  operation. 
Sigault's  Operation,  or  Symphyseot^- 
omy,  delivery  by  the  division  of  the  pubic 
joint.  Thomas'  Operation,  consists  in 
certain  improvements  in  gastro-clytrotomy. 

Cae'sium.  Cs  ^  132.6;  quantivalence  i. 
A  rare  alkaline  metal  resembling  potas- 
sium in  physical  and  chemical  properties. 
C.  Chloride,  unof ,  lowers  pulse  rate  and 
raises  arterial  pressure.     Dose  gr.  ij-v. 

CaPfea.  Coffee.  The  seeds  of  C.  Ara- 
bica.  The  dried  and  roasted  seeds  are 
almost  universally  used  in  infusion  as  a 
beverage,  forming  a  cerebral  stimulant  and 
stomachic  tonic.  Valuable  in  promoting 
digestion  and  allaying  hunger  and  fatigue. 
Frequently  causes  excessive  palpitation  of 
the  heart.  Properties  due  to  an  alkaloid. 
Caffein,  identical  with  Thein.  See  Tea. 
Dose  of  the  alkaloid  gr.  j-v.  C.  Citrate. 
Unof     Dose  gr.  j-v. 

Caf^fein.     See  Caffca. 

Cais^son  Disease.  The  symptoms  due 
to  increased  atmospheric  pressure  some- 
times occurring  in  divers,  caisson  workers, 
etc.  Paraplegia,  hemiplegia,  anesthesia 
or  apoplectic  attacks  are  common,  but 
paralysis  of  the  legs  is  the  most  frequent 
symptom,  coming  on  only  after  return  to 
the  normal  atmosphere.  The  nature  of 
the  lesion  is  obscure. 

Cajupu'ti  Oleum.  Oil  of  Cajuput.  A 
volatile  oil  distilled  from  the  leaves  of 
Jlle/aleitca  cajiiputi.  Resembles  oil  of  tur- 
pentine in  its  general  effects,  being  iiri- 
tant  externally  and  producing  a  sense  of 
warmth  internally,  with  accelerated  pulse. 
Dose  TTLJ-v. 

CaFabar  Bean.     See  Physostigma. 

Calage  (Fr.,  wedging).  A  method  of 
prophylaxis  or  treating  sea-sickness  by 
fixation  of  the  viscera  by  pillows  placed 
between  the  stomach  and  wall  of  the 
cabin    and   between    the  back  and    edge 


of  the  berth,  the  patient  lying  upon  the 
side. 

CaPamus.  Sweet  Flag.  The  rhizome  of 
Acorns  calamus.  Properties  due  to  a  vola- 
tile oil,  acorin.  The  root  is  an  aromatic, 
stomachic  tonic,  and  a  common  ingredient 
in  many  popular  "bitters."  C.  Ext., 
Fid.     Dose  rr^xv-^j. 

CaPamus  Scripto'rius  (a  writing  pen  or 
reed).  The  groove  on  the  anterior  wall 
of  the  fourth  ventricle,  at  the  end  of  which 
is  the  ventricle  of  Arantius. 

Calca^neum  (67z/x,  the  heel).  A  common 
name  for  the  as  calcis  or  heel  bone. 

Calca^reous  {^calx.,  limestone).  Pertaining 
to  or  having  the  nature  of  limestone.  C. 
Degeneration.     See  Degeneration. 

Calcification  {calx,Jio,  to  become).  The 
deposit  of  calcareous  or  other  insoluble 
crystalline  matter  within  the  tissues  of  the 
body. 

Calcina'tion.  The  process  of  driving  off 
the  volatile  chemical  constituents  from 
inorganic  compounds.  The  expulsion  of 
carbon  dioxide  from  carbonates. 

Calcine.  To  separate  the  inorganic  ele- 
ments of  a  substance  by  subjecting  it  to 
an  intense  heat. 

CaPcium.  Ca  =  40;  quantivalence  II. 
A  brilliant,  silver-white  metal,  the  basis  of 
lime  and  limestone,  characterized  by  .strong 
affinity  for  oxygen  and  isolated  with  great 
difficulty.  Best  known  in  the  form  of 
calcium  oxide,  quick  lime ;  C.  Hydrate, 
slaked  lime ;  and  C.  Carbonate,  chalk. 
The  preparations  of  lime  used  in  medicine 
are  usually  alkaline  and  slightly  astringent. 
Calcium  oxide  is  a  powerful  escharotic. 
C.  Bromidum.  See  Broviine.  Calcis, 
Liquor,  lime-water,  contains  about  ly^ 
parts  lime  in  looo  of  water.  Calx,  cal- 
cium oxide,  quick  lime,  not  used  internally. 
C.  Carb.  Precipitatus,  insoluble  in  water, 
but  soluljle  in  acids,  with  effervescence. 
Dose  gr.  v-xx.  C.  Chloridum,  soluble 
ia  water.  Dose  gr.  x-xx.  C.  Chlorinata. 
See  Chlorine.  Creta,  native  calcium  car- 
bonate, chalk.  C.  Hypophosphis.  See 
Phosphorus.  C.  Linimentum,  carron 
oil,  liniment  of  lime,  contains  equal  parts 
liquor  calcis  and  cotton-seed  oil.  C.  Mist., 
consists  of  C.  pulv.  comp.  20,  cinnamon 
water  40,  water  40.  Dose  ^  ss.  C.  Phos- 
phas.  See  Phosphorus.  C.  Preparata, 
chalk  freed  from  impurities  by  washing 
and  elutriation.  Dose  gr.  v-xx.  C.  Pulv. 
Comp.,  compound  chalk  powder,  consists 
of  C.  prep.  30,  acacia  20,  sugar  50  parts. 
Dosegr.v-^j.    C.  Sulphidum.    See  SuJ- 


CALCULUS 


93 


CAMPHOR 


phur.  C.  Syr.,  saccharated  syrup  of 
lime,  contains  5  per  cent,  lime,  30  per  cent, 
sugar,  65  jx?r  cent,  water. 

Cal'culus  (dim.  of  calx,  chalk).  A  cal- 
careous or  stone-like  concretion  found  in 
the  bladder,  kidney,  etc.  C,  Cutane- 
ous. See  Mi/itini.  C,  Lacteal,  or 
Mammary,  a  calcareous  nodule  some- 
times olistaicting  the  lactiferous  ducts. 
C,  Mulberry,  oxalate  of  lime  variety, 
resembling  a  inulberr)'  in  shape  ami  color. 
C.  Nasal.  See  Rhiuolilh.  C,  Pros- 
tatic, in  the  prostate  gland.  C,  Renal, 
urrc  acid  calculus  found  in  the  kidney, 
producing  what  has  l>een  called  nephritic 
colic.  C.,  Salivary,  forming  in  the 
ducts  of  the  salivary  glands.  C.,  Vesi- 
cal, may  have  originally  ilescended  from 
tlie  kidney  or  formed  primarily  in  the 
bladder. 

Calefa'cient  (L.,  f<7//V//Af,  warm, and  facto, 
to  make).  A  medicine,  externally  applied, 
which  causes  a  sensation  of  warmtli. 

Calend'ula.  Marigold.  The  llowering 
plant  known  as  the  garden  marigold,  C. 
officinalis.  C,  Tinct.  contains  20  per 
cent,  of  the  leaves  and  stems.  Used  ex- 
clusively as  a  local  application  in  wounds, 
ulcers  and  lesions. 

Ca'lices  of  the  Kidneys.  The  cup-like 
tul>es  of  the  ureter  which  encircle  the 
apices  of  the  Malpighian  pyramids  of  the 
kidneys. 

Cal'ico  Bush.     See  Kalniia. 

Califor'nia  Laur'el.  The  leaves  of 
Umbellaria  Culifornica,  common  to  the 
Pacific  slojie.  Recommended  by  Mann  in 
nervous  headaciies,  cereltro-spinal  menin- 
gitis, neuralgia,  etc.  Dose  of  lid.  ext.  gtt., 
x-xxx. 

Calisa'ya.     See  Cinchona. 

Calisthen'ics  {Ka'/j>q,  l^eautiful,  aihvoq, 
strength).  A  term  used  to  express  various 
rh)thmic  movements  of  the  Itody  intended 
to  develop  the  muscles  and  produce  grace- 
fulness of  carriage. 

Callos'lty  or  Callos'itas  (I-.  rrt////r,  hard 
ness).     Tylosis,  Tyloma,    Keratoma.      A 
hard,  thickened  patch    on    the    skin   pro- 
duced by   excessive   accumulation   of  the 
horny  layers. 

CaKlus  {^callus).  The  exudative  de[)osit 
l>etwcen  and  almut  the  fracture  of 
a  broken  l>one.  C,  Permanent,  the 
permanent  Ixjnd  of  Uiny  unicin  after  the 
re  absoqition  of  the  C,  Provisional,  or 
cartil.jge  like,  phtstic  material  first  tlirown 
out.  C.  of  Skin,  induration  and  thicken- 
ing of  Dauic. 


Calm'ative.  That  which  produces  a  calm- 
ing or  depressing  effect  upon  the  various 
centres  of  motor  nerses. 

Caromel.     See  Ilydrargvruni. 

Calorim'eter  \calor,  heat,  fterpoi',  a  mea- 
sure). An  instrument  for  transforming 
the  jxiteiitial  energy  of  tlie  food  into  heat, 
and  to  measure  the  number  of  heat-units 
proiiuced.  Two  forms  are  principally 
used,  the  Water-  and  the  Ice-C. 

Calum'bo.  Columlx).  The  root  of  C. 
JiUconliiza,  native  to  South  Africa  and 
paits  of  E.  Indies.  An  excellent  example 
of  simple  bitters.  Is  not  astringent,  and 
may  l)e  prescribed  with  salts  of  iron.  Use- 
ful in  atonic  dyspepsia,  and  as  a  mild, 
appetizing  tonic  in  convalescence.  C, 
Fid.  Ext.  Dose  n\,v-xxx.  C,  Tinct., 
contains  ID  per  cent,  of  C.     Dose  ^ss-ij. 

Calva'rium  or  Calva''ria  {calvus,  bald). 
Tlie  upper  part  of  the  skull. 

Calvit'ies  [calviis).     Baldness. 

Calx.  The  heel.  In  chemistrj',  formerly 
applied  to  any  oxide  of  a  metal,  especially 
an  alkaline  metal. 

Ca^lyx  [KaXv^,  a  cup).  In  anatomy,  the 
truncated  extremities  of  the  ureters  in  the 
kidneys.  C.  of  Ovum,  the  wall  of  the 
Graafian  follicle  from  which  it  has  escaped. 
In  botany,  the  outer  envelo]>e  of  the 
flower, — the  sepals  taken  collectively.  In 
biology,  that  part  of  a  coral  or  crinoid 
which  surmounts  the  stem. 

Cambo''gia.  Gamboge.  A  resinous  gum 
from  Garcinia  Ilauburii,  a  tree  native  to 
Southern  Asia.  Proi)erties  due  to  i:^am- 
bogie  acid.  A  drastic  hydragogue  catliar- 
tic,  decidedly  diuretic.  Officially  a  con- 
stituent of  Pil.  Comp.  Cath.  See 
Colocynth.     Dose  gr.  ij-v. 

Cam'era  {Kniinpa,  an  arched  roof  or 
chamber).  In  anatomy,  a  chamlier  or 
vaulted  structure.  C.  Cordis,  the  en- 
veloping membrane  of  the  heart,  the  peri- 
cardium. C.  of  Cranium,  tlie  cliainberof 
the  skull.  C.  Lucida,  a  four  sided  prism 
with  sides  cut  at  such  an  angle  that  rays  of 
ligiit  entering  it  are  divided,  part  continu- 
ing in  a  right  line,  tlie  remaining  rays 
being  relleeti'd  at  an  angle  of  90°.  C. 
Oculi,  the  ciianil)cr  of  tlie  eye.  In  op- 
tics, tile  tlianil>er  or  atlju.stalile  d;u-k  lox 
of  the  apparatus  used  for  |)liotography. 

Cam'phor.  A  solid  volatile  oil  obtained 
from  Ciinutiiioniiini  cani/<liora,  a  tree  in- 
digenous to  Kastern  Asia.  Yielils  cam- 
plu<ric  and  catnphrctic  acids,  also  C. 
Cymol  when  distilhd  with  zinc  chloriile. 
A    valuable    antispasmo<lic,  anotlyne  and 


CAMPIMETER 


94 


CANNABIS 


diaphoretic.  Applied  locally,  is  an  ex- 
cellent rubefacient.  A  moderate  cerebral 
excitant.  Effectual  in  cholera,  vomiting, 
cardiac  depression  and  affections  requiring 
an  antispasmodic.  C,  Aqua  consists  of 
camphor  8,  alcohol  l6,  distilled  water  q.  s. 
ad  looo  parts.  Dose  3J-iv.  C,  Car- 
bolated,  a  mixture  of  2)4  parts  of  camphor 
with  one  each  of  carbolic  acid  and  alcohol. 
C.  Ceratum,  consists  of  camphor  liniment 
3,  olive  oil  12,  simple  cerate  85.  C, 
Chloral,  a  fluid  prepared  by  mixing  equal 
parts  of  camphor  and  chloral  hydrate.  An 
excellent  solvent  for  many  alkaloids.  Used 
externally.  C.  Linimentum,  has  cam- 
phor 20,  cottonseed  oil  80  parts.  C, 
Monobromated,  camphor  in  which  one 
atom  of  hydrogen  has  been  replaced  by  an 
atom  of  bromine.  Resembles  the  bro- 
mides in  therapeutical  action.  C.  Sali- 
cylate, prepared  by  heating  together  14 
parts  of  camphor  with  1 1  of  salicylic  acid. 
Used  as  an  ointment.  C.  Spt.,  contains 
camphor  10,  alcohol  70,  water  20  parts. 
Dose  TTLv-xx.  C.  Tinct.,  Rubini's. 
Unof.  A  saturated  solution  of  camphor 
in  alcohol.  Dose  TTLiv-xx.  Raspail's 
Eau  Sedatif.  Unof.  Contains  aq.  am 
monia  ^ij,  sodium  chloride  ^ij,  camph. 
spt.  wine  3  iij,  water  Oj.  Used  exter- 
nally. 

Campim''eter.     See  Perimeter. 

Can^ada  Snakc'root.  The  root  of  Asa- 
rum  Canadense.  Aromatic  stimulant  and 
carminative.  Dose  of  fld.  ext.  TTLxv-  ri  ss. 
Unof. 

Can''adol.  A  transparent  volatile  liquid 
resembling  benzine  in  smell.  It  is  an 
excellent  local  anaesthetic  for  minor  surgi- 
cal operations.     Unof. 

Canal'',  or  CanaPis  (raw;;;?,  areed  or  tube). 
A  tube  or  duct  for  carrying  the  fluids  of  the 
body.  Also  a  hollow  instrument  used  as  a 
splint.  C.  Arteriosus,  the  foetal  arteiy 
uniting  the  aorta  and  pulmonary  artery.  C. 
of  Cloquet,  a  tube  in  the  vitreous  humor 
of  the  eye,  transmitting,  in  the  foetus,  an 
artery  to  the  lens.  C.  of  Corti,  a  canal 
between  the  membraiia  tectoria  and  lamina 
basilaris  of  the  cochlea.  C.  of  Cochlea, 
the  spiral  canal  of  the  cochlea  or  anterior 
part  of  the  labyrinth  of  the  ear.  C.  of 
Fontana,  a  small  canal  in  the  eye  of 
lower  animals  formed  by  the  pectiniform 
ligament.  C,  Haversian.  See  Haver- 
sian Canal.  C,  Hunter's,  an  aponeu- 
rotic canal  in  the  middle  third  of  the  thigh 
containing  the  femoral  artery.  C.  of 
Nuck,  a  sheath  surrounding   the  round 


ligaments  of  the  uterus.  C.  of  Petit,  the 
space  between  the  anterior  and  posterior 
leaflets  of  the  suspensory  ligament  of  the 
lens  of  the  eye.  C.  of  Schlemm,  a  cir- 
cular canal  in  the  sclerotic  coat  of  the  eye 
close  to  its  juncture  with  the  cornea.  C, 
Semicircular,  three  bony  canals  of  the 
ear,  the  superior,  posterior  and  external, 
each  enclosing  the  membranous  canals. 
C,  Semicircular,  Function  of.  See 
Goltz's  Statical  Theory.  C.  of  Stilling, 
the  same  as  C.  of  Cloquet.  C,  Verte- 
bral, the  canal  extending  longitudinally 
through  the  vertebral  column,  which  con- 
tains the  spinal  cord. 

Canalic'ulus  (dim.  of  canalis).  A  small 
canal ;  especially  that  leading  from'  the 
punctum  to  the  lachrymal  sac  of  the 
eye,  and  in  the  plural,  the  minute  canals 
opening  into  the  lacunae  of  bone.  See 
Bone. 

Cancellous  {cancelhis).  Resembling  lat- 
tice work.     C.  Tissue.     See  Tissue. 

CanceFlus  [cancelli,  lattice).  A  term 
used  to  describe  the  spongy,  lattice-work 
texture  of  bone. 

Can'cer.     See  Carcinoi7ia. 

Can^croid  Ulcer.     See  Rodent  Ulcer. 

Can'crum  O'ris.  Canker  of  the  mouth, 
gangrenous  stomatitis,  characterized  by  foul, 
deep  ulcers  of  the  buccal  surfaces  of  the 
cheeks  or  lips. 

Can''dlefish  Oil.     See  Eulachoni  Oleum. 

Cane  Sugar.     See  Sacchartim. 

Canine''  {canis,  a  dog).  Partaking  of  the 
nature  of,  relating  to,  or  resemliling  a  dog. 
C.  Fossa.  See  Fossa.  C.  Teeth,  the 
cuspid  teeth  next  the  lateral  incisors,  so 
called  from  theii-  resemblance  to  a  dog's 
teeth. 

Canif'ies.  (Lat.)  Grayness  of  the  hair.  May 
be  due  to  old  age,  or,  in  young  persons,  to 
intense  emotion,  illness,  etc. 

Cannab'inon.     See  Cannalns. 

Can'nabis.  Hemp.  Indian  hemp.  The 
flowering  tops  of  C.  saliva,  of  which  there 
are  two  varieties,  C.  Indica  and  C.  Ameri- 
cana, the  former  being  the  most  potent. 
Contain  a  resin,  cannabin,  an  alkaloid,  can- 
nabinon  (hypnotic.  Dose  gr.  j-v),  and  a 
volatile  oil.  An  antispasmodic,  anesthetic, 
narcotic,  and  a  powerful  aphrodisiac.  In 
large  doses  produces  mental  exaltation,  in- 
toxication and  sensation  of  doul^le  con- 
sciousness. A  valuable  hypnotic  in  de- 
lirium tremens.  Useful  in  painful  affec- 
tions of  the  bladder  and  in  functional  im- 
j^otence.  Bhang,  Churnis  and  Ilaschisch 
are   the  various  Indian  names  by  which 


CANNULA 


95 


CAPSULE 


the  drug  is  known.  C.  Indica,  Ext., 
dose  gr.  ](,-].  C.  Ind.,  Ext.  Fld.,;m  al- 
coholic preparation.  Dose  n\j-v.  C.  Ind. 
Tinct.,  contains  20  j^er  cent,  of  the  drug. 
Dose  rr^x-x-^j.  Cannabin  Tannate, 
the  tannate,  a  glucoside  containing  cantta- 
I'in.     Dose  as  a  hypnotic  gr.  v-x. 

Can'nula  ^dim.  of  cainia,  a  tul)e).  A 
surgical  instrument  consisting  of  a  tube  or 
sheath  obliquely  pointed,  and  a  stiletto. 
Used  for  tapping  and  draining  tumors  and 
ca\ities. 

Canthar''ides.     PI.  of  Catttharis. 

Cantha'ris.  Cantharides.  Spanish  Fly. 
'ihe  dried  body  of  a  species  of  beetle, 
C.  vcsicatoria  (nat.  ord.  Coleoptera).  Con- 
tains a  powerful  poisonous  principle,  can- 
tliariJiti.  lxx:ally  applied,  cantharis  i«  a 
ruK-facient  and  vesicant.  Internally  an 
irritant,  causing  gastralgia  and  vomiting. 
In  toxic  doses  produces  severe  gastro-en- 
teritis,  strangury  and  priapism.  Used 
chiefly  as  an  external  counter-irritant  in  the 
form  of  "  blisters."  C.  Ceratum,  can- 
tharides 35,  yellow  wax  20,  resin  20,  lard 
35,  alcohol  q.  s.  C.  Charta,  cantharides 
I,  Canada  tuqx^ntine  I,  olive  oil  4,  .sper- 
maceti 3,  white  wax  8,  water  10  parts, 
spread  on  pajjer.  C.  cum  Collodio, 
cantharides  60,  flexible  colknlion  S5,  chlo- 
roform q.  s.  C.  cum  Picis  Emplast., 
Burgundy  pitch  92,  cerat.  canthar.  8 
parts.  C.  Liniment.,  cantharides  15, 
oil  of  tuqx.nline  q.s.  ad  loo.  C.  Tinct. 
contains  5  jxir  cent,  of  tlie  drug.     Dose 

TT\j-\x. 

Can'thoplasty  {Kcn-Oog,  tlic  angle  of  the 
eye,  -rr/Maau,  to  form).  A  surgical  opera- 
tion for  increasing  the  si/.e  of  the  palpebral 
fissure  by  cutting  the  outer  canthus. 

Canthor'raphy  [Kcn-fioc,  pn(f>t/,  a  seam).  A 
surgical  operation  to  reduce  the  si/e  of  the 
palpebral  fissure  by  a  suture  of  the  can- 
thus. 

Can'thus  {KavOo^).  The  inner  or  outer 
an^^li-  formed  by  the  juncture  of  the  eyelids. 

Canutil'lo.     See   'I'epifote. 

Caout'chouc  (a  Caribl>ean  word).  The 
concrete,  prepared  juice  of  a  Hra/ilian  tree, 
Siphitiia  elustidj.  N'aluable  for  its  clastic 
qualities.  .Similar  pro])crties  are  found  in 
the  juices  of  other  trees.  See  also  Gutlii 
IVr,  hit,  </.  V. 

Cap'illary  (mpi/his,  a  hair).  y\  miinite 
blo<><l  ves9<.-l  c(jnnecling  the  smallest  rami- 
tications  of  the  arteries  with  those  of  the 
veins.  Also  a  v<r)-  minute-  fissure-  of  the 
skull.  Also  the  iriteriillular  biliary  pass- 
ages.    Capillaries,  Pulmonary,  a  name 


used  to  designate  the  plexuses  beneath  the 
mucous  membrane,  on  the  walls  and  septa 
of  the  lungs.  C.  Naevus.  See  jWrvus 
I'lsru/iiris. 

Cap'ital  {caput,  the  head).  Pertaining  to 
the  head,  or  to  the  summit  of  a  bcxiy  or 
object. 

CapiteKlum  (dim.  of  caput).  The  rounded, 
external  siu-face  of  the  lower  end  of  the 
humerus. 

Capif'ulum  (dim.  of  caput).  A  general 
term  applied  to  any  protuberance  of  bone 
received  into  the  hollow  part  of  another 
bone. 

Cap're.     See  Mulatto. 

Caproylam''ine  (Hexylamine).  A  pto- 
maine found  in  the  putrefaction  of  yeast. 

CapryUic  Acid.  An  acid  combined  with 
glycerine,  forming  a  glyceride  existing  in 
various  animal  fats. 

Capsel'la.  The  leaves  and  stems  of  C. 
ditrsa-pastons,  common  in  temperate  cli- 
mates. It  is  considered  by  Ehrenwell  an 
excellent  hemostatic.  Unof.  See  Lycoper- 
don  Gigantca. 

Cap'sicum.  Cayenne  Pepper.  The  fruit 
of  6".  fastigiatuni,  native  to  tropical  Africa 
and  America.  Odor  and  hot  taste  due  to 
a  volatile  oil,  capsicin.  Irritant  to  skin 
and  mucous  membranes.  Internally,  a 
stomachic  tonic,  diuretic  and  aphrodisiac. 
Useful  in  atonic  dyspepsia,  flatulent  colic, 
and  in  intennittent  fever.  C,  Emplas- 
trum,  prepared  from  the  oleoresin  and 
resin  plaster.  C,  Ext.  Fid.  Dose  n\,v- 
3J.  C,  Oleoresin,  ethereal.  Dose 
n\j-v.  C,  Tinct.,  contains  5  per  cent, 
of  capsicum.     Dose  n\,x-_:^j. 

Cap^sular  Lig'ament.  The  sac  or  mem- 
branous bag  which  surrounds  every  mov- 
able joint  or  articulation.  It  contains  the 
synovial  fluid. 

Cap'sule  (dim.  of  capsa,  a  chest).  A  tunic 
or  b.ig  which  encloses  a  part  of  the  l)0(ly 
or  an  organ.  Also,  in  phaiTnacy,  a 
small  spheroidal  shell  com|K)sed  of  gly- 
cerine and  gelatine,  divided  so  that  the 
jiarts  lit  together  like  box  and  cover.  Used 
for  the  administration  of  nauseous  and  re- 
jHilsive  medicines.  C.-fiUer,  a  contrivance 
consisting  of  a  funnel  tube  and  plunger,  or 
other  device,  used  lor  introducing  ine<licine 
into  capsules.  C.  of  Glisson,  the  celhilo- 
va.scular  membrane-  envelo])ing  the  hepatic 
vessels.  C,  Malpighian.  See  .)/a//<ig- 
hiiiu  /ii>,ti,s.  C,  Suprarenal,  the  duct- 
less glan<lular  IhmIv  at  the  apex  of  each 
ki<lney.  C.  of  Tenon,  the  tunica  ii/^a- 
nalis,  of  the  eye. 


CAPSULOTOMY 


96 


CARDAMOMUM 


Capsulot^omy  {capsula,  a  capsule,  refivu, 

to  cut).     The  operation  of  rupturing  the 

capsule  of  the  crystalline  lens  in  cataract 

operations. 

Cap''uron,    Cardinal    Points    of.     See 

Fc/vis. 
Caput  (Lat.).  The  head;  also  the  chief 
part  or  beginning  of  an  organ,  as  C. 
Coli,  C.  Gallinaginis.  See  Vene- 
viontanum.  C.  Succedaneum,  a  tumor 
composed  of  a  sero-sanguineous  infiltra- 
tion of  the  connective  tissue  situated  upon 
the  presenting  part  of  the  foetus. 

Car'amel.  Cane  sugar  deprived  of  two 
molecules  of  water.  A  viscid,  brown- 
colored  liquid. 

Car^away.     See  Canim. 

CarboFic  Acid,     See  Acid,  Carbolic. 

Car^bon.  Charcoal.  C=I2;  quantiva- 
lence  ii,  iv.  A  non-metal  occurring  in 
the  various  forms  of  diamond,  graphite  or 
"  black  lead,"  and  charcoal.  In  medi- 
cine only  the  last-named  form  is  employed, 
which  may  be, — C.  Animal.  Useful  as 
a  deodorant  and  disinfectant.  Readily 
absorbs  and  aids  in  oxidizing  many  gases. 
Used  internally  to  absorb  fermenting  pro- 
ducts of  digestion.  C.  Animal.,  Purifl- 
cat.,  purified  animal  charcoal.  Dose  gr. 
xx-^:^].  C.  Dioxide.  The  acid,  gaseous 
product  having  the  composition  of  CO.^, 
commonly  known  as  "  carbonic  acid  gas," 
or  carbonic  acid.  It  is  a  colorless  gas 
having  a  sp.  gr.  of  1. 52,  soluble  in  cold 
water,  and  possessing  a  pungent  smell  and 
an  acid  taste.  Inhaled,  it  destroys  animal 
life  by  asphyxiation.  In  solution,  an  ex- 
cellent refrigerant  and  stomachic.  Its  in- 
halation is  fatal  in  a  short  time,  even  when 
,  diluted  with  95  parts  of  air.  It  is  a  product 
of  respiration.  C.  Bisulphide,  bisulphide 
of  carbon,  CS.^,  a  colorless,  transparent  liquid 
of  offensive  odor,  highly  inflammable,  very 
poisonous.  A  good  solvent  for  caoutchouc. 
Diluted  spray  recommended  in  diphtheria. 
Dose  TTLss-j.  C.  Ligni,  wood  charcoal. 
C.  Tetrachloride,  anaesthetic,  recom- 
mended locally  in  asthma,  by  inhalation. 
Unof 

Carbonae'mia  [carbon,  ai/xa,  the  blood). 
A  word  denoting  the  accumulation  of 
carbon  dioxide  in  the  blood. 

Carbon^ic  Acid.     See  Carbon  Dioxide. 

Carbo^nis  Deter''gens  Liq.     See  Fix. 

Carboniza''tion.  The  process  of  decom- 
posing organic  substances  by  heat  without 
air,  until  the  volatile  products  are  driven 
off  and  the  carbon  remains. 

Car-'buncle,  or 


Carbun''culus  [carbo,  a  live  coal).  A  hard, 
circumscribed,  deep-seated,  painful  inflam- 
mation of  the  subcutaneous  tissue,  accom- 
panied by  chill,  fever  and  constitutional 
disturbance.  Differs  from  a  boil  in  having 
greater  size,  a  flat  top,  and  several  points 
of  suppuration.  Erroneously  called  an- 
thrax. 

Carcino'ma  [napiuvoQ,  a  crab,  from  appear- 
ance of  the  veins).  A  malignant  tumor, 
characterized  by  a  network  of  connective 
tissue  whose  areolae  are  filled  with  cell 
masses  resembling  epithelial  cells.  It  is 
prone  to  affect  the  lymphatics.  C,  Chim- 
ney-Sweepers'. See  EpithcUoDia.  C, 
Colloid  (Alveolar,  or  Gum),  affects 
chiefly  the  alimentary  canal,  uterus,  peri- 
toneum, etc.  ;  the  delicate  connective  tissue 
stroma  are  filled  with  colloid  matter  in 
alveoli  or  cysts.  C,  Encephaloid,  is  of 
rapid  growth,  small  amount  of  stroma, 
large  alveoli,  and  greater  amount  of  cells 
and  bloodvessels.  C,  Epitheliomatous, 
or  Squamous-celled,  the  cells  resemble 
squamous  epithelium,  and  they  invade  the 
adjacent  tissue  in  a  columnar  manner.  C, 
Medullary.  Same  as  Encephaloid.  C, 
Schirrus,  or  Hard,  most  commonly  in 
the  breast ;  has  a  stout  fibrillated  stroma, 
closely  packed  with  large  nucleated  cells. 
Hivtnatoid  (bloody).  Melanotic  (pigmen- 
ted), Osteoid  (in  bones).  Villous  (papil- 
lary), etc.,  are  other  varieties,  encephaloid 
in  character.  C.  Lenticulare,  C.  Me- 
lanodes,  C.  Tuberosum.  See  Carci- 
noma Cutis. 

Carcino^ma  Curtis.  Cancer  of  the  skin. 
(See  also  Epithelioma^.  C.  Lenticulare, 
a  form  of  scirrhous  cancer,  confined  at  first 
to  the  skin,  characterized  by  smooth,  glis- 
tening, pinkish-red  papules  or  nodules,  at 
first  separate,  but  finally  involving  adjacent 
glands.  C.  Melanodes,  similar  to  C. 
Lenticulare,  but  marked  by  dark-blue, 
brown  or  black  papules,  which  break  into 
fungous  growths.  C.  Tuberosum,  a  rarer 
form,  characterized  by  large  tubercles  which 
usually  break  into  ulcers. 

Cardamo'mum.  Cardamom,  Cardamon. 
The  fruit  of  C.  elettaria,  cultivated  in 
Malabar.  Properties  due  to  a  volatile  oil. 
An  aromatic,  carminative  stomachic,  used 
as  an  ingredient  in  several  "bitters."  Use- 
ful when  combined  with  purgatives  to  pre- 
vent griping.  C.  Infusum.  Unof  Consists 
of  cardamom  "7^],  water  Oj.  Dose  wine- 
glassful.  C,  Tinct.,  15  per  cent,  strength. 
Dose  3J-ij.  C,  Tinct.  Comp.,  carda- 
mom 20,  cinnamon  20,  caraway  10,  coclii- 


CARDAMON 


97 


CARPUS 


neal  5,  glycerine  60,  dilute  alcohol,  q.  s. 
ad  1000  parts.     Dose  .^j-ij. 

Car'damon.     See  Ciiniijmomum. 

Car'dia  \^Knp6ta).  The  heart.  C.  of 
Stomach,  a  name  sometimes  used  to 
designate  the  cardiac  oritice  of  the  stomach. 

Car'diac  (^napi^ta).  Pertaining  to  the  heart. 
C.  Cycle,  the  total  cardiac  movement  or  re- 
volution. C.  Dullness,  the  ret;;iun  cover- 
ing the  position  of  the  heart,  as  shown  by 
percussion.  C.  Ganglia,  lie  in  llie  ij;rooves 
and  sulistance — the  principal  are  Remak's 
and  Bidder's,  the  first  on  the  surface  of 
tlie  sinus  venosus,  and  the  latter  (two)  at 
the  auriculo-ventricular  groove.  C.  Im- 
pulse, the  elevation  in  the  fifth  left  inter- 
costal space,  caused  by  the  movement  of 
the  heart.    C.  Murmurs.    See  Mun/turs. 

Cardial'gia  (/capfWa,  a?.) of,  pain).  A  term 
loosely  used  as  a  synon)-m  of  gastrodynia 
in  general,  heartburn,  and  stomachic  pains 
on  the  left  side. 

Car'dinal  [cardo,  a  hinge).  A  chief  or 
principal  part.  C.  Flower,  a  common 
name  for  several  sj^ecies  of  lobelia.  C. 
Points.  See  Eye.  Diagrammatic.  C. 
Veins,  the  venous  trunks  which,  in  the 
embrj'onic  stage,  form  primitive  jugular 
veins. 

Car'diogram  {KapSia,  ypanfirj,  a  line).  The 
tracing  made  of  the  cardiac  impulse  by  the 
aid  of  the  cardiograph. 

Car^diograph  (Kupdia,  ypa<f>0),  to  write). 
An  instrument  for  registering  graphically, 
by  curved  lines,  the  modifications  of  the 
IiulsatidMS  of  the  heart. 

Cardio-inhib^itory.  Pertaining  to  the 
diminution  cf  the  heart's  action.  C.-i. 
Center,  located  in  the  medulla.  C.-i. 
Nerves,  the  fibres  of  the  spinal  accessory 
su])i)li<  il  to  the  vagus. 

Cardio-pneumat'ic  [KnpAta,  m'sv/m,  the 
breath).  Pertaining  to  the  heart  and  the 
breath.  C. -p.  Movements.  Those  move- 
ments of  the  air  in  the  lungs  which  are 
caused  by  the  pulsations  of  the  heart  and 
the  larger  vessels. 

Cardio-pneu'mograph  (KapiSia,  m'tv/ia, 
-/pdou,  to  write).  An  instrument  designed 
for  grajihically  recording  cardio-pneumatic 
movi-incnts. 

Car'duus.  The  seeds  of  C.  murianits, 
St.  Mary's  thistle,  anfj  C.  briinlif tus, 
ijlessed  thistle.  A  ilecoction  of  the  former, 
J^  ij  ad  f  )j,  constitutes  an  old  and  prjpular 
remedy  in  hremoptysis.  The  latter  is  als<j 
a  |K>puiar  cure  all,  u.sod  mainly  as  a  touic 
bitt<-r^.      L'nof 

Car'icin.     Sec  Papain. 
7 


Ca'ries  [carlo,  to  rot).  A  chronic  inflam- 
mation of  lione  with  rarefaction  or  absorp- 
tion of  l)ony  tissue,  followed  usually  by 
pus-fonnation.  C"alled,  also,  rarcfyim;  os- 
teitis. C.  Fungosa,  when  there  is  great 
rapidity  of  formation  and  extension  of 
granulation  ti.ssue.  C,  Necrotic,  when 
portions  of  bone  lie  in  a  suppurating  cav- 
ity. C.  of  Spine,  or  Pott's  Disease, 
osteitis  of  the  botlies  of  the  verlebne  and 
intervertebral  fibro-cartilage  producing  cur- 
vature of  the  spine. 

Ca'rious.      Pertaining  to  caries. 

Carmin'ative  [r  a  r /n  r  it ,  a  charm).  A 
calming  or  soothing  medicine,  fhielly  for 
children,  that  acts  by  relieving  pain  from 
flatulence. 

Car'mine.  .\  coloring  matter  extracted 
from  coihincal,  q.  v. 

Carnau'ba.  The  root  of  Corypha  cerifera. 
Used  in  Brazil  as  an  alterative.  Resem- 
bles sarsaparilla  in  properties.  Dose  of 
the  fld.  ext.  n\^xxx-3J.     Unof 

Carnifica'tion  {caro,  flesh,  fieri,  to  make). 
A  turm  indicating  the  alteration  of  tissue 
to  an  unnatural,  fleshy  appearance.  Also, 
the  amyloid  degeneration  of  certain  tissues. 

Car'nin.  A  leucomaine  isolated  from 
American  meat-extract,  but  not  from  mus- 
cle-tissue itself, — also  obtained  from  yeast 
and  wine.  It  is  not  thought  to  be  very 
poisonous,  but  experiments  made  by  Briicke 
showed  it  caused  a  fluctuation  in  the  rate 
of  the  heartbeat. 

Carniv'orous  [caro,  voro,  to  devour).  In 
surgeiy,  a  name  applied  to  caustic  sub- 
stances.    In  zoology,  flesh-eating  animals. 

Car'nose  (earnosus,  fleshy).  Resembling, 
or  ha\ing  the  consistence  of  flesh. 

Caro'ba.  The  leaflets  of  Jaearanda  pro- 
eera.  A  [Kipular  IJrazilian  remedy  as  an 
alterative  and  tonic  in  s}'])hilis.  Dose  of 
the  fld.  ext.  n^xv-gj.     Unof 

Carof'id  (sa/jow,  to  produce  sleej)).  The 
great  arteries  of  the  neck.  (They  were 
tliought  to  give  origin  to  sleep.)  See 
Artery. 

Car'pal  (<v/;y^//j,  the  wrist).  Pertaining  to 
the  wrist. 

Carphol'ogy  [Kap^q,  chaff,  and  ^)w,  to 
collect).  A  term  applied  to  that  symptom 
in  delirious  and  clying  persons  consi.sting 
in  |ii(  king  at  the  bed  clothes. 

Carpozy'ma  (^«/)Tor,  fruit,  s'i'//v,  ferment). 
An  alcoholic  ferment.  C.  Apiculata,  a 
widely  diffused  alcoholic  fenmnt  found  in 
all  fruits. 

Carp'us.  Till-  wri^t.  The  eight  bones 
collectively  lorming  the  wrist. 


CARRIAGE 


98 


CASTANEA 


Car''riage.     See  Ward-carriage. 

Car^ron  Oil.     See  Linttm. 

Car-sickness.  The  well-known  symp- 
toms of  sea-sickness  produced  by  journey- 
ing in  railway  cars. 

Car^thamus.  American  Saffron  or  Saf- 
flower.  The  flowers  of  C.  thtctorius.  An 
infusion,  "  Saffron  tea,"  is  a  popular  domes- 
tic remedy  as  a  diuretic  in  measles  and 
other  exanthematous  aflections.     Unof. 

Car^tilage.  Gristle.  A  white,  semi-opaque, 
non-vascular  tissue  composed  of  a  matrix, 
containing  nucleated  cells.  C,  Hya- 
line, distinguished  by  granular  or  homo- 
geneous matrix.  C,  Fibro-,  distinguished 
by  a  fibrous  matrix.  When  boiled,  cartilage 
yields  a  substance  called  ctumdrine,  q.  v. 
Cartilages  of  Larynx.  The  cartilages 
of  the  larynx  produce  the  various  modula- 
tions of  the  pitch  and  intensity  of  the  voice. 
Consist  of  the  thyroid,  cricoid,  epiglottis, 
and  a  pair  each  of  arytenoid,  conticula 
laryngis  and  ctmeiform.  C.  of  San- 
torini,  a  nodule  at  the  apex  of  each  aryte- 
noid cartilage,  the  corniculum  laryngis. 
C.  of  Wrisberg,  the  cuneiform  cartilages, 
one  on  each  side  of  the  fold  of  membrane 
stretching  from  the  arytenoid  cartilage  to 
the  epiglottis. 

Ca''runi.  Caraway.  The  seeds  of  C.  cariii, 
indigenous  to  Europe  and  an  allied  species 
native  to  the  Pacific  coast  of  America. 
Odor  and  taste  due  to  a  volatile  oil.  Valu- 
able in  infant  colic,  but  used  chiefly  as  a 
flavor.  C.  Infusum,  unof ,  3  j-ij,  ad  Oj. 
Dose  ^  ss-ij. 

Carbuncle  (dim.  ca7-o,  flesh).  A  small, 
abnormal  fleshy  growth.  C,  Lachrymal, 
upon  the  conjunctiva  near  the  inner  can- 
thus. 

Carun''culae  [nttis,  the  skin).  The  nym- 
phoe.  C.  Myrtifor^mes,  the  projections 
of  membrane  near  the  orifice  of  the 
vagina,  thought  to  be  the  remains  of  the 
hymen  after  its  rupture.  They  have  also 
been  found  in  the  imperforated  hymen. 

CaryophyFlus.  Clove.  The  unexpanded 
flowers  of  Eugenia  caryophyllata,  distin- 
guished by  their  pungent,  spicy  taste. 
Properties  due  to  a  volatile  oil,  which  is 
antiseptic,  stimulant  and  irritant.  Useful 
as  a  stomachic,  and  to  prevent  griping 
when  combined  with  purgatives.  Used 
also  by  microscopists  to  clarify  preparations 
and  tissues  for  mounting.  C.  Infusum. 
Unof.  A  strength  of  i  to  40  recom- 
mended. Dose  3J-ij.  C.  01.,  contains 
an  acid  and  a  phenol  compound.  Dose 
Tivi-iv. 


Cas''ca  Bark  (Sassy  Bark,  Ordeal  Bark). 
The  bark  of  Erythrophlaitni  Gidnense,  a 
tree  native  to  Africa.  Properties  due  to 
an  alkaloid.  Produces  nausea  and  vomit- 
ing. Valuable  in  intemiittent  fevers.  C. 
Tinct.,  25  per  cent,  in  strength.  Dose 
TT^x.  Unof.  Erythrophline,  the  active 
alkaloid,  unof.,  locally  an  ansesthetic. 

Cas^cara  Amar^ga.  Honduras  Bark.  The 
bark  of  a  tree  native  to  Mexico.  Much 
used  as  an  alterative  tonic  in  syphilis  and 
skin  aff'ections.  C,  Fid.  Ext.  Dose 
^ss-j.     Unof. 

Cas^cara  Sagra^da  (Chittem  Bark,  Sa- 
cred Bark).  The  bark  of  Rhamnus piii'- 
s/iiana,  or  California  Buckthorn.  Properties 
due  to' a  volatile  oil.  Useful  in  treatment 
of  chronic  constipation.  C.  Cordial,  a 
trade  preparation.     All  unof. 

CascariPla.  The  bark  of  Croton  eluteria. 
Native  to  the  Bahama  Islands.  An  aro- 
matic bitter,  increasing  the  natural  secre- 
tions of  the  digestive  organs.  A  tincture 
and  an  infusion,  both  I  to  10,  freshly  pre- 
pared and  used  in  3J-^j  doses.     Unof. 

Casea^tion  i^caseum,  cheese).  The  precipi- 
tation of  casein  during  the  coagulation  of 
milk.  Also  a  fatty  degeneration  of  pus, 
tubercle,  etc.,  in  which  the  structure  is 
converted  into  a  soft,  cheese-like  substance. 

Ca^sein  (cascu)n).  A  derived  albumin ; 
the  chief  proteid  of  milk,  precipitated  by 
acids  and  by  rennet  at  40°  C.  It  is  closely 
allied  to  alkali-albumin,  but  contains 
more  nitrogen  and  a  large  amount  of  phos- 
phoras.  It  constitutes  most  of  the  curd  of 
milk.  Two  varieties  of  C,  Vegetable 
have  been  described, — Legumin,  in  peas, 
beans,  etc.,  and  Conglutin,  in  hops  and 
almonds. 

Ca^seous  (^easeum).  Having  the  nature  or 
consistence  of  cheese. 

Cassa^va.  The  fecula  of  manioc,  Jani- 
pha  maniJiot,  separated  from  the  juice. 
Commonly  known  as  bread  fruit.     Unof. 

Casser^ian  Gang'lion.  A  large  crescent- 
shaped  ganglion  of  nerves,  situated  in  a 
depression  in  the  petrous  portion  of  the 
temporal  bone.  It  is  the  ganglion  of  the 
larger  or  sensory  root  of  the  fifth  nerve. 
From  it  arise  the  oplithalmic,  the  superior 
and  inferior  maxillaiy  divisions.  Called 
also  the  Gasserian  Ganglion. 

Cas'sia.  Purging  cassia.  The  fruit  of  a 
tree,  C.  fistula,  growing  in  tropical  regions. 
The  pulp  in  3J-ij  doses  is  a  mild  laxative. 

Castan''ea.  Chestnut.  The  leaves  of  C. 
vesca.  Contain  tannic  and  gallic  acids 
and  other  principles  whose  value  is  not 


CASTOR  BEAN 


99 


CATHETER 


known.     I'sed   in  decoction  as  a  remedy 
for  whooping-cough.  C,  Fid.  Ext.  Dose 

Gas 'tor  Bean  and  C.  Oil.     See  A'liirii. 

Castra'tion  \^,<isO\',  to  cut  oft).  The  ex- 
cision of  one  or  both  testicles.  C,  Fe- 
male, removal  of  the  ovaries. 

Casts.     See  7///v  Ctisfs. 

Catacau'sis  (Mira,  kqiu),  to  bum).  S|X)n- 
tancous  combustion. 

CataC'lasis  (Kara,  k7mu,  to  break).  A 
di.-tortion  of  the  eyelids.    Also,  a  fracture. 

Catacrot'ic  (Kara,  Kporog,  a  striking).  Ele- 
vations interrupting  the  line  of  descent  in 
a  sphygmogram. 

Cat'alepsy  [Kara,  ?Mfif3avu,  to  seize).  A 
spa^mcKJic  disease  marked*  by  suspension 
of  consciousness  and  sensation,  with  rigid- 
ity of  muscles,  without  material  alteration 
in  circulation,  ^U.     See  Sviinuiiiibiilism. 

Catal'ysis  (\a-n/.i'(j,  to  dissolve).  In 
chemistry,  a  reaction  which  takes  place 
owing  to  the  mere  presence  of  another 
Ixxly  which  apparently  undergoes  no 
change. 

Catame'nia  (\a7a, /;;;i',  month).  The  re- 
current tnonthly  discharge  of  blood  during 
sexual  life  from  the  genital  canal  of  the 
female. 

Catapha'sia  (Kara^acr/f,  assent).  A  con- 
dition of  imjxjrfect  con.sciousness,  in  which 
the  jxitieiit  repeatedly  utters  the  same 
word  or  words  spontaneously,  or  in  reply 
to  a  question. 

Cataphor'ic  {Ka-a^  (popecj,  to  carry).  Per- 
taining to  tlie  transference  of  currents 
through  membranous  sejita  in  the  direc- 
tion of  a  galvanic  current. 

Cataphore'sis  (KaToipopto),  to  bear  away). 
The  tran.^fer  of  medicaments  by  the  cata- 
phoric action  of  tiie  diiTusion-electrode  'o 
deep-seated  tissues,  as,  e.g:,  chloroform 
into  the  suljstance  of  a  nerve. 

Cat'aplasm.     See  PouHiie. 

Cat'aract  [KnrapnKriiq,  a  falling  down,  or 
over,  as  of  Something  ov^-r  the  vision). 
Diminished  transpxrenjy  or  an  opacity  of 
the  crystalline  lens  or  of  its  capsule.  C, 
Black,  the  lens  is  pigment<-d,  and  of  a  dark- 
brown  color.  C,  Capsular,  consi.sLs  in 
non-lranspan-nt  de|K)sits  nn  the  inner  sur- 
fac<;  of  the  capsuh-.  C,  Cortical,  o|)aci- 
ficalion  of  the  outer  layers  of  tlu-  lens. 
C,  Diabetic,  is  a.s.s<x:iated  with  <liabetes. 
C,  Discission  of,  an  ojx-'ration  prelinn'- 
nary  to  aliM)rpliiin,  <ir  extraction  by  suc- 
tion, coh>i^ling  in  rupturing  the  cajisule, 
Vi  that  the  aiiueous  hutnor  gains  access  to 
the  lens.     C,  Extraction  of.      Kemoval 


of  the  cataractous  lens  by  surgical  opera- 
tion. See  Extraction  of  C.  C,  Imma- 
ture, or  Unripe,  only  a  part  of  the  lens- 
sulstance  is  cataractous.  C,  Lamellar, 
or  Zonular;  certain  layers  between  the 
cortex  and  nucleus  are  opaque,  the  remain- 
ing layers  being  transparent.  C,  Mature, 
or  C,  Ripe.  The  whole  lens-substance 
is  cataracious.  C,  Morgagnian,  when 
a  liyperiHittiire  or  oi'crripc  C.  shrinks  and 
leaves  a  nucleus  floating  in  the  dissolved 
outer  layers.  C,  Polar,  (anterior  or  jws- 
terior),  the  opacity  is  conlined  to  one 
pole  of  the  lens.  C,  Pyramidal,  the 
opacity  is  at  the  anterior  pule  and  conoid, 
the  apex  extending  forw.uil.  C,  Recur- 
rent Capsular,  or  Secondary.  Capsular 
cataract,  appearing  after  the  extraction  of 
the  lens.  C.,  Senile,  the  cataract  of  old 
persons,  the  most  frequent  form,  and  that 
understood  when  not  specified  as  congeni- 
ta/, jiroenile,  traumatic,  soft,  etc.  C, 
Soft,  is  especially  that  of  the  young;  the 
lens-matter  is  of  soft  consistency  and  a 
milky  a])pearance. 

Catarrh''  (Kurappsu,  to  flow  down).  In- 
flammation of  the  mucous  membrane,  espe- 
cially of  the  respiratory  tract,  but  also  used 
of  the  bladder,  etc.  See  Coryza,  In/Iii,  nza, 
etc.  C,  Gastric,  gastritis.  C,  intesti- 
nal, enteritis.  C,  Nasal,  con,-za.  C, 
Pulmonary,  bronchitis.  C,  Vesical, 
cystitis. 

Cat'aschasm  {Kara,  uxarrun,  scarified 
part).      Deep  or  thorough  scarification. 

Catastal'tic  {KnraGrr'A/M,  to  contract 
downward).      Astringent. 

Catat'ony.     See  Katatonia. 

Catelectrot'onus  {cathode,  electro,  rovog, 
tension).  The  state  of  increased  irritabil- 
ity of  a  nerve  near  the  cathode.  See  Ane- 
lectroto)ius. 

Cat-gut.  The  intestines  of  a  sheep  treated 
to  make  ligatures.  C,  Carbolized,  ren- 
dered asejitic  by  soaking  in  an  emulsion  of 
carbolic  acid. 

Cathar'sis  (Kidhupu,  to])urge).    Purgation. 

Cathart'ic  {Kalhiipu).  A  medicine  used 
to  iinnluce  evacuations  of  the  bowels.  A 
purgative. 

Cathelectrofonus.     See  Catelcctrotomis. 

Cath'cter  {Kudtrr/p,  a  thing  put  down).  A 
tube  like  instrument  for  evacuating  the 
licjuid  of  a  cavity,  usually  the  bladder. 
C,  Eusta'chian,  an  instrument  for  ex- 
amining the  1'..  tube,  disleiidiiig  or  making 
np|ilieatioiis  to  il.  C.  Fever,  disturliance, 
with  fe\er,  following  inlriKluetion  of  the  C 
into  the  urethra. 


CATHODE 


100 


CELL- BODY 


Cath''ode.     See  Kathode. 

Cat^ion  {Kara,  downward,  Hfii,  to-go).  A 
word  employed  in  electrolysis  to  denote  an 
electro-positive  element.     See  Ion. 

Cat^ling.  A  pointed,  two-edged  knife  for 
amputating. 

Cat^nep.  The  leaves  and  tops  of  the  herb 
A'epeta  cataria.  Stimulant  and  tonic.  A 
popular  remedy  in  chlorosis,  hysteria,  etc. 
Dose  of  fld.  ext.  3J-ij.     Unof. 

Catop^trics  {^KaToTrrpiKog,  in  a  mirror). 
The  laws  of  the  reflection  of  light.  C. 
Test,  the  diagnosis  of  cataract  by  means 
of  the  reflection  of  images  from  the  cornea 
and  lens  capsules. 

Caud^a  Equi^na.  The  terminal  extrem- 
ity of  the  spinal  cord  from  the  second  lum- 
bar vertebra,  resembling  a  horse's  tail. 

Caud^ate  [cauda,  a  tail).  Having,  or  re- 
sembling a  tail.  C.  Lobe  of  Liver,  a 
small  elevation  of  the  liver.  C.  Nucleus, 
the  intra-ventricular  portion  of  the  corpus 
striatum. 

Caul  (Welsh  caul,  a  covering  for  the 
bowels).  A  portion  or  all  of  the  foetal 
membranes  covering  the  head  and  carried 
out  in  advance  of  it  in  labor. 

Caus^tic  {iiaiu,  to  bum).  A  substance 
that  disorganizes  or  destroys  living  tissue. 
C.  Alkali,  a  pure  alkaline  hydrate  or 
oxide.  C,  Common,  argentic  nitrate. 
C,  Dubois's,  arsenious  acid  I,  mercuric 
sulphide  l6,  dragon's  blood  8  parts.  C, 
Lunar,  argentic  nitrate  or  nitrate  of  sil- 
ver. C,  Mitigated,  argentic  nitrate  made 
less  active  by  fusion  with  potassium  ni- 
trate or  argentic  chloride.  C.  Potash, 
potassium  hydrate.  See  Potassium.  C. 
Soda,  sodium  hydrate. 

Cau^tery  (imuo).  Primarily,  the  applica- 
tion of  caustics,  but  more  frequently  now 
the  use  of  the  galvanic  cautery  or  hot 
iron  for  counter-irritation,  removal  of  tis- 
sue, etc.  C,  Actual,  the  use  of  the  white- 
hot  iron.  C.  Button,  iron  heated  in  hot 
water.  C.  Gas,  cauterization  by  a  stream 
of  burning  gas  directed  upon  the  part. 
C,  Galvanic,  a  platinum  wire  heated  by 
electricity.  C,  Paquelin's,  or  C,  Ther- 
mo-, a  hollow  platinum  point  kept  at  a 
uniform  temperature  by  a  current  of  ben- 
zene vapor.  C,  Potential,  or  C,  Vir- 
tual, the  application  of  caustic  substances. 

Cav^alry  Bone.  A  bony  deposit  in  the 
adductor  muscles  of  the  thigh. 

Cav^ernous  {caverna,  a  cave).  Having 
cave-like  spaces  or  hollow  places.  C. 
Bodies,  the  coqoora  cavernosa  of  the 
penis.     C.  Breathing,  the  reverberating 


or  hollow  sound  of  bronchial  breathing  in 
dilated  or  abnormal  bronchi.  C.  Plexus. 
See  Flextis.  C.  Sinus,  situate  at  the 
side  of  the  body  of  the  sphenoid.  C.  Tis- 
sue, erectile  tissue.  C.  Tumor.  See 
Angeioi/ia. 

Cay'enne  Pepper.     See  Capsicum. 

Ceboceph^alus  [Kr/j3og,  a  kind  of  monkey, 
ne^alT],  head).  A  cyclocephalic  monster 
with  a  complete  absence  of  the  nose. 

Ce^cum.     See  Ccccum. 

Ce^dron.  The  seeds  of  C.  siinaba.  A 
popular  external  remedy  in  tropical  Amer- 
ica for  the  bite  of  venomous  insects  and 
serpents.  Of  reputed  value  in  malarial 
fevers.     Dose  of  the  fld.  ext.  n\j-viij. 

Ceke  (pronounced  theke).  A  Feejee  term 
for  elephantiasis  of  the  scrotum. 

Cel'andine.     See  Chelidonitan. 

-cele  {ta])ii]^  a  tumor).  A  suffix  denoting 
a  tumor. 

CeFery.  The  stalks  of  common  garden 
celeiy.  Contains  apiol,  an  active  prin- 
ciple found  in  wild  parsneps.  Reputed  to 
be  antispasmodic  and  nervine.  Dose  in- 
definite. C.  Seed,  used  to  cover  the  taste 
of  other  drugs.     Unof. 

Ce^lioscope.     See  Cocloscope. 

Cell  (L.  cella,  a  small,  hollow  cavity).  In 
anatomy,  the  interstitial  spaces  and  small 
cavities  of  the  bones.  In  biology,  a  nucle- 
ated mass  of  protoplasm  capable  of  repro- 
duction. See  Cell-body.  C.  of  Corti, 
the  hair-cells  on  the  outer  surface  of  the 
organ  of  Corti.  C.  of  Deiters,  cells  with 
fine  processes  resting  on  the  basilar  mem- 
brane of  the  cochlea,  beneath  the  air-cells. 
C,  Giant,  the  polynucleated  bodies  of 
protoplasmic  matter  occuning  in  tubercu- 
losis, sarcoma,  etc.  C.  Multiplication. 
Cytogenesis.  A  name  given  to  the  process 
of  reproduction  of  cells.  May  be  endo- 
genous, as  when  the  cell-contents  break 
up  by  segmentation  into  separate  nucleated 
masses  within  the  cell  wall ;  gcmiparous, 
as  when  new  cells  bud  from  the  mother- 
cell  ;  and  ftssiparous,  as  when  the  mother- 
cell  divides  by  cleavage  into  two  or  more 
cells.  C,  Neuro-muscular,  a  name 
given  to  certain  cells  of  lower  life-forms, 
which  act  in  part  as  nerves  and  in  part  as 
muscles. 

Cell-body.  The  mass  of  a  cell,  composed 
of  two  substances,  the  mitoma,  or  cyto- 
mitoiiia,  and  the  para-viitoma.  The  first 
is  the  thread-like  basis  of  the  C.-b,.  the 
latter  the  homogeneous  filar  and  interfilar 
substance.  The  nucleus  is  composed  of 
karyo-mitoma,  or  nuclear  network,  other- 


CELLULITIS 


101 


CENTRUM 


wise  called  the  chromatin ;  the  nuclear 
sap,  or  substances  contained  in  the  nioshes 
of  the  cliromalin,  anil  from  its  non-slaining 
quality  called  achromatin  ;  and  the  iiucUar 
tiiembranc,  made  up  of  two  layers,  the 
outer  achromatic,  the  inner  chromatic,  or 
staining.  The  nucleoli  are  usually  mul- 
tiple, and  composed  of  more  rcfractile 
matter. 

Celluli'tis  (dim.  cclla,  itis).  A  diffuse 
inllainmation  of  the  cellular  tissue,  due  to 
some  wound  and  introtluction  of  septic 
material. 

Cel'luloid.  Zylonite,  Xylonite.  A  sub- 
stance made  by  heating  trinitro-cellulin  or 
gun-cotton  with  cam|)hor,  under  pressure. 
An  excellent  substitute  for  ivory  and 
tortoise-shell.  Useful  in  various  ways  in 
surgen.'.      1  lighly  intlaramat)le.     Unof. 

Cel'lulose.  The  b;vsis  of  vegetable  liber. 
Identical  in  composition  with  starch. 
Swedish  tiltcr-paper  is  pure  C. 

Celot'omy  (w/A//,  tumor,  teuvcj,  to  cut). 
The  operation  for  strangulated  hernia  by 
incision  of  the  stricture. 

Cement'um.     See  Tooth. 

Cenaesthe'sis  {Koivnq^  common,  'aicBi^aiq, 
feeling).  Used  latterly  as  a  synonym  for 
the  st-nsations  of  the  visceral  organs. 

Center  (wit/wi').    The  middle  point  or  line 
of   the   Ixxly.      The   ganglion   or   plexus 
whence  issue  the  nen'es  controlling  a  func- 
tion. C.  Accelerans,  a  probable  C.  in  the 
medulla  SL-nding  accelerating  fibres  to  the 
heart.     They  leave  the  cord  through  the 
rami  cominunicantes  of  the  lower  cervical 
and  upper  six  dorsal  nen'es,  passing  thence 
into  the  sympathetic.      C,  Ano-spinal, 
controls  defecation;  at  the  5-6-7th  lumbar 
vcrtebr.ie;  but  for  the  co-ordinated  activity 
it    must    remain    in    connccticjn  with    the 
i^rain.       C,    Auditory,    proi)ably  in  the 
tem]xjros|}henoidal  lobes,  ujxjn  each  side. 
C,  Cardio-inhibitory,  in   the  medulla, 
carried  by  the  vagus.      C,  Cilio-spinal, 
connt.cted    with     the    dilatation    of     the 
pupil;    lower  cer\ical    part  of  cord.      C. 
for  Closure  of  Eyelids,  in  the  medulla, 
part  of  the   I'acial  Center.      C,  Cough- 
ing,   in    medulla,   alxjve    Respiratory    C. 
C,  Ejaculation,   IJudge's    Clcnito  spinal 
C!.,    4tli    luitiliar    vertebra    (raiibit).       C, 
Erection,  is  in  the  sjiinal  cord,  but   con- 
Iroll.d  from  the  mi-dulla.     C.  for  Masti- 
cation and  Sucking,  I'acial  and    IIy|x>- 
(»ll;s^al  Outers.      C.   for  Secretion  of 
Saliva,    llo<x    of   fourth    vcntriili-.       C, 
Gustatory  and  Olfactory,  in  ili<-  um  i 
nail-    gyru^.     C,    Hcat-rcgulating    or 


Temperature.  Mas  been  assumed  by 
some.  C,  Micturition,  the  Vesico-spinal 
C.  of  Budge,  at  the  luniliar  vertebne;  co- 
orilinatiun  reijuires  cerebral  connection. 
C,  Parturition,  at  1st  and  2d  lumbar 
vertebne.  C,  Respiratory,  in  the  me- 
dulla, between  nuclei  of  vagus  and  acces- 
sorius;  calleil  by  Floureiis  the  Xatid 
Vital,  or  I'ital  Point.  C,  Sensory,  or 
Psycho-sensorial  Areas,  occipital  and  tem- 
poro-sphenoidal  lobes,  probably  the  same, 
or  intimately  associated  with,  the  motor 
centers  of  the  parts.  C,  Sneezing, 
same  as  for  nerves  for  muscles  of  expira- 
tion. C,  Spasm,  in  the  medulla,  at 
junction  with  pons.  C,  Speech,  in  the 
third  left  frontal  convolution  in  right- 
handed  people.  C,  Swallowing,  in 
floor  of  4th  ventricle.  C,  Sweat,  the 
dominating  C.  is  in  the  medulla,  with 
subortlinate  spinal  centers.  C,  Upper,  for 
Dilator  Pupillse,  in  medulla.  C,  Vaso- 
dilator, probably  exists  in  medulla,  with 
function  the  opposite  of  that  of  the  V'aso- 
motor.  C,  Vaso-motor,  in  the  medulla. 
C,  Vesico-spinal.  See  Micturition  C. 
C,  Visual,  in  the  occipital  lobe,  espe- 
cially in  the  cuneus.  C,  Vomiting,  iiy 
means  of  auricular  branch  from  the  jugu- 
lar ganglion. 

Cent'igrade  [centum, a.  hundred,  ^raJus, 
a  step).  Abbreviation,  C.  Having  too 
steps  or  degrees.  C.  Thermometer,  a 
thermometer  with  zero  as  the  freezing 
p<jint  and  100°  as  the  boiling  jwint  of 
water.  To  reduce  C.  to  Fahrenheit  regis- 
tration, the  following  formula  is  useful :  — 
%°  C.  4-  32  =  F.     See  Thermometer. 

Cenf'igframme.  The  hundredth  of  a 
gramme,  ei|ual  to  O.I 543  of  a  grain  avoir- 
du|)<)is,  or  one-sixth  of  a  grain   Troy. 

Cent'ilitre.  The  hundredth  of  a  litre ; 
equal  to  0.6102  of  an  English  cubic  inch. 

Cent'imeter.  The  hunclredth  part  of  a 
metre,  equal  to  0.39371  (or  al>out  \)  of  an 
English  inch. 

Cent'rad  (,cntruiii,  ail).  Toward  the  cen- 
ter, or  median  line. 

Centrifugal  [centrum,  fu.^io,  to  fly).  Re- 
ceding from  the  center.  C.  Nerves, 
those  (mostly  motor)  conveying  impidses 
towaril  the  peri|)heral  parts  of  the  iiody. 

Centrip'etal  [centrum,  peto,  to  seek). 
Traveling  toward  the  center.  C.  Nerves, 
thoS(;  (mostly  .sensory)  conveying  impres- 
sions from  the  |K-ripheral  organs  toward 
the  rerebro  spinal  system. 

Ccnt'rum.  llie  cent<r  or  middle  part. 
C.   Ovale    Major,  the    large   masses   of 


CEPHAL^MIA 


102 


CETACEUM 


■white  matter  appearing  when  both  hemi- 
spheres are  cut  down  to  the  level  of  the 
corpus  callosum.  C.  Ovale  Minor,  the 
white  matter  appearing  when  the  upper 
part  of  a  hemisphere  of  the  brain  is  re- 
moved. 

Cephalae'mia  {ke^o)-!],  aifia,  blood).     An 
abnormal   determination  of  blood  to    the 
head. 
Cephalalgia  [KE^a^r],  aXyog,  pain).     Pain 

in  the  head. 
Cephalhsemato^ma  (^Ke(^a7,,rj^  aifiaru/ja,  a 
bloody  fungus).     A  bloody  tumor  of  the 
head.     See  Caput  Siiccedanetivi. 
Cephalhy^drocele.     A  tumor  formed  by  a 
collection  of  cerebro-spinal  fluid  under  the 
scalp  as  a  result  of  cranial  fracture. 
CephaFic.     Pertaining  to  the  head.     C. 
Index.     vSee  Index.    C.  Vein,  a  vein  of 
the  shoulder.    C.  Version.    See  Vejsion. 
C.  Tetanus.     See  A'opf-  Tetanus. 
Cephalog''raphy  [KE(f>a?i7/,  ypafu,  to  write). 

A  description  of  the  head. 
Ceph'aloid  (^KE^altj,  eidog,  likeness).     Re- 
sembling the  head. 
Cephalol'ogy    (^KE(pa?Lr)^    Pioyog,    treatise). 
The  science  of  cranial  measurements  and 
indications. 
Cephalom'eter   (^KE(pa2.rj,  fiErpnv,  a  meas- 
ure).    An  instrument  for   measuring  the 
head. 
Cephalop''agus     {^KEtpalrj^     head,    Traystg, 
joined).    An  ensomphalic  monstrosity  with 
the  heads  united  at  the  top. 
Cephalot^omy     (/ce^aA;/,    To/itj^     section). 
The  crushing  or  breaking-down  the  head 
of  the  fcetus   in   labor.     It  is  effected   by 
the    cephalotome,    an    instrument   for   this 
purpose. 
Ceph^'alotribe   {KE(pa?.rj,  -pifSu,  to  crush). 
An  instrument  for  crushing  the  fostal  head 
in  ccphalotripsy. 
Cephalotrip^sy     {Ke<pa?.!j,    TptjicS).      The 
operation  of  crushing  the  foetal  head  when 
delivery  is  otherwise  impossible. 
Ce^ra  (Lat.).     Wax.     A  mixture  of  iri?w//r 
acid,  cerolein,  and  myricin,  gathered  by 
the  honey  bee  from  the  pollen  of  flowers 
and  the  leaves  of  plants.    C.  Alba,  white 
wax,  prepared  by  bleaching  yellow  wax. 
Valuable  as  an  ingredient  of  cerates  and 
ointments.     C.  Flava,  yellow  wax;  pos- 
sesses an  agreeable  balsamic  odor.     Solu- 
ble in  ether,  hot  alcohol,  and  chloroform. 
Cer^asin.     See  Choke-chei-ry. 
Cerate-.     See  Kerato-. 
Cera''tum    (cera,   wax).      A   cerate.      In 
pharmacy  an  unctuous  preparation  of  white 
wax  and  lard.    There  are  8  official  cerata. 


Cercomo'nas  Intestina^lis.  An  intesti- 
nal infusorial  parasite  of  men  and  animals. 

Cerebellum  (dim.  of  cere/inaii).  The 
inferior  part  of  the  brain,  lying  below  the 
cerel)rum. 

Cerebrasthe-'nia.     See  Phrenasthcnia. 

Cer^ebrin  [cerebriiTn').  A  nitrogenous  glu- 
coside  obtained  from  brain-tissue. 

Cerebrin^acides.  Substances  found  m 
brain-tissue,  derived  from  or  containing 
cerebrose. 

Cerebrin'ic  Acid.  A  name  given  by 
Thudichum  to  an  organic  acid  found  in 
brain-tissue.     Has  feebly  acid  qualities. 

Cerebri'tis  (^cerebrum,  irig).  Inflamma- 
tion of  the  proper  substance  of  the  cere- 
brum, due  to  traumatism,  contiguous  in- 
flammation, or  septic  influence.  Headache, 
possible  vomiting  and  convulsions  are  the 
most  marked  symptoms. 

Cer^ebrose.  A  name  given  to  a  certain 
crystallized  sugar  isomeric  with  glucose, 
occurring  in  brain-tissue. 

Cer'ebrosides.  A  name  given  by  Thu- 
dichum to  a  class  of  substances  occurring 
in  brain-tissue,  containing  cerebrose. 

Cer^ebro-spi'nal.  Pertaining  to  the  whole 
of  the  brain  and  spinal  structure.  C.  Axis. 
See  ylxis.  C.  Fluid,  the  fluid  between 
the  arachnoid  membrane  and  the  spinal 
cord.  C.  System,  the  brain,  spinal  cord 
and  nerves. 

Cer^ebrum.  The  chief  portion  of  the 
brain,  occupying  the  whole  upper  part  of 
the  cranium. 

Ce^rium.  Ce  :=  140  ;  quantivalence  II, 
IV.  One  of  the  rarer  metals.  The  oxalate 
is  the  only  salt  employed  in  medicine.     A 

gastric  sedative,  useful  in  the  vomiting  of 

pregnancy.     Dose  gr.  iv-v. 

Ceru^men  (^cera,  wax).     The  wax  of  the 

ear. 
Cervical   {^cervix,  the  neck).     Pertaining 

to  the  neck. 
Cer^vix.       The  neck;    also  the  posterior 

part  of  the  neck.  Applied  also  to  con- 
stricted parts  of  other  organs,  as  cervix  of 

the  bladder,  cervix  of  penis. 
Cest^ode  (KEorof,  a  girdle).  Used  of  worms, 

of  wliich  Tmnia  is  a  type. 
Ceta'cea  [cefus,  a  whale).     An   order  of 

mammals  living  in  the  sea,  as  the  whale, 

dolphin,  etc. 
Ceta^ceum.       Spermaceti.      A   fatty  sub- 
stance   somewhat  resembling  paraffine  in 

its  physical  properties.     Obtained  from  the 

head  of  the  sperm  whale.   Soluble  in  ether, 

chloroform  and  boiling  alcohol.   Employed 

only  as  an  emollient.     C.  Ceratum,  con- 


CETRARIA 


10.3 


CIIEXOPODIUM 


tains  sjiemiaccti  lo,  white  wax  35,  olive 
oil  55  jxirls. 

Cetra'ria.  Icilaiul  moss.  A  lichen,  ('. 
Jslandka,  found  in  Icclanil  and  other 
northern  countries.  Contains  a  fonn  of 
starch  which  gelatinizes  when  boiled  with 
water.  A  feebly  tonic  demulcent,  some- 
times recommended  in  puhnonaiy  affec- 
tions. Well  known  under  the  name  of 
bliinc  man^e,  when  allowed  to  simmer 
with  milk.  Official  decoction  contains  5 
per  cent,  of  the  lichen.     Dose  f^  ij-iv. 

Chala'zae  (^  v"^"-'''t  hail).  The  two  twisted 
cords  or  layers  of  the  outer  denser  part  of 
the  albumin,  extending  from  the  poks  of 
the  yolk  of  a  hen's  egg  to  near  the  outer 
\x\\\  of  the  white. 

Chala'zion  ( \-a/oC"'i',  a  small  hailstone). 
A  tumor  of  the  eyelid  from  retained  secre- 
tion of  the  Meibomian  glands.  A  Meibo- 
mian cyst. 

Chalico'sis  (.Yn/*/;,  gravel).  A  disease 
of  tlie  lungs  caused  by  the  inhalation  of 
dust  or  sand  by  workmen. 

Chalk  (i-<7/jr,  lime).  Carbonate  of  lime.  See 
Calcium.  C.  Stone,  gout-stone — deposits 
in  the  hands  and  feet  of  gouty  patients. 

Chalyb'eate  (^y''^-i"/'j  iron).  Containing 
irun. 

Cham'berland's  Bougie  or  Filter.     See 

Filler. 

Cham'omile.     See  Aiitlieinis. 

Chan'cre  (Kr.,  same).  There  is  an  un- 
fortunate dilTerence  and  even  absolute  con- 
tradiction in  the  definitions  of  authorities 
regarding  this  term.  The  trend  of  opinion 
seems  to  be  to  consider  chancre  as  the 
initial  lesion  of  syphilis,  a  true  infecting 
sore,  followed  by  constitutional  .symptoms ; 
and  chancroid  as  a  non-infecting  sore.  C, 
Hard,  Hunterian,  Indurated,  Infect- 
ing, Non-suppurating,  or  True,  the 
ulcer  of  venereal  origin,  that  is  followed  by 
con.-itiuitioiial  sy])hilis.  C,  Non-incuba- 
tory, Non-infecting,  Simple,  or  Soft, 
a  contagious,  suppurating,  non-sypiiililic 
venereal  ulcer,  more  properly  called  chan- 
croid. C,  Phagedenic,  chancroid  with 
a  tendency  to  erosion.  C,  Serpiginous, 
a  variety  of  the  last  that  spreads  superficially 
in  curved  lines. 

Chan'croid.     .See  Chancre. 

Change  of  Life.  A  common  term  for  the 
C(  ss.ilion  of  the  catamcnia. 

Char'bon.  'I'lie  French  term  for  anthra.v, 
liX  pifluli  m  i.'i  yia. 

Char 'coal.     .S<-e  Carbon. 

Char'cot-Neumann  Crystals.  See 
Spermine. 


Char'cot- Robin  Crystals.  Crj-stals 
forming  ujKDn  leucocythaniic  blood  when 
allowed  to  stand  exposed  for  a  few  days. 

Char'cot's  Disease.  An  alTection  of  the 
joints,  due  to  disseminated  insular  scle- 
rosis. 

Charp'ie  [car/o,  to  pluck).  Linen  shreds 
for  tlressing  wounds. 

Char'riere's  Guillotine.  .\n  instrument 
fur  excising  the  tonsils. 

Char'ta  (,va/J"'/C,  paper).  A  paper.  In 
jiharm.icy,  a  strip  of  paper  as  an  excipient, 
the  libers  oi  which  are  impregnated  with  tiie 
prescribed  medicinal  substance.  Of  the 
three  ofi'icial  chartic,  two  arc  intended  as 
vesicants.  C.  Epispastica,  blistering 
paj^er.  C.  Sinapis,  mustard  paper.  Also 
a  wrapper  for  holding  powders  or  medi- 
cines. 

Chaulmoo'gra  Oil.  An  oil  expressed 
from  the  seeds  of  Gynocardia  odorata,  a 
tree  native  to  the  P2.  Indies.  Soluble  in 
alcohol.  Pro[x;rties  due  \.o  i:;ynocarJic  acid. 
Thought  to  be  useful  in  leprosy.  Recom- 
mended in  scaly  eczema,  psoriasis  and 
sy])hilitic  skin  affections.  For  external 
use,  gr.  XX  ad  3  j  of  petrolatum.  Internally, 
dose  gtt.  v-x  of  the  oil,  or  gr.  ss-iij  of  the 
acid.     All  unof 

Check'en.  The  leaves  of  C.  myrtus.  Pro- 
perties due  to  an  alkaloid  and  a  volatile  oil. 
Diuretic  and  expectorant.  Similar  in  ac- 
tion to  eucalyptus.  Servicealile  in  chronic 
catarrh,  laryngitis, t'A".     Dose^.ss-j.    Unof. 

Cheeks.  Ihe  sides  of  the  face.  Cora- 
posed  of  fat,  areolar  tissue,  muscles,  etc. 

Cheese-rennet.      See  Ladies'  Bed-straw. 

Cheil'oplasty  iy\ii}joq,  lip,  ttAuctctu,  to 
form).      Plastic  operations  u]X)n  the  lip. 

Cheiroponr'pholyx.     See  Poinpholyx. 

Chelido'nium.  Celandine.  The  leaves 
ancl  stems  of  C.  majiis.  Properties  due  to 
a  number  of  alkaloids  and  acids.  A  drastic 
cathartic,  ami  externally  an  irrilant.  Of 
service  in  jaundice,  whLx)|)ing-C()ugh,  ami 
catarrhal  pneumonia.  Dose  of  the  plant 
gr.  x-xxx  ;  of  the  juice  tT\^v-xx.     Unof 

Che  Moid.     See  Keloid. 

Che'lonin.     See  Balmony. 

Chem'istry  (.\rab.  all-imia).  The  sci- 
ence of  the  molecular  and  atomic  structure 
of  Ixxlies. 

Chemo'sis  {xw->'^'C)-  Conjunctival  and 
sub  cunjunclival  swelling. 

Chenopo'dium.  American  Wormsced. 
The  fruit  (if  ( '.  am/>/vsi(iides,a  plant  native 
to  die  Uiiilfd  States.  l'ro|M-rtic>  diii-  to  a 
volatile  oil,  the  only  prepuralion  u»ed.  A 
mild  cardiac  stinnilant,  piomnting  the  sc- 


CHERRY 


104 


CHLORINE 


cretions  of  skin  and  kidneys.  A  very 
efficient  anthelmintic  against  the  round 
worm.     Dose  of  the  oil  n^v-xv. 

Cher^ry.  The  bark  of  the  common 
cherry,  Fntmis  scrotina.  A  mild  bitter 
and  tonic,  containing  tannin.  Dose  of  fid. 
ext.  ^ss-j.  /'/v/;;///,  a  concentrated  ext. 
Dose  gr.  j-iij.  C.  Compound,  each  Oj 
represents  cheny  bark  ^viij,  lettuce  ^iij, 
horehound  ^iijss,  bloodroot,  ^j.  veratrum 
viride  ^ss.      Dose  Tr^xv-gj.     All  unof. 

Chest.     See  Thorax. 

Chest'nut.     See  Castanea. 

Chew^stick.  The  bark  of  Gouania  Do?mn- 
gensis.  A  popular  aromatic  bitter  in  the 
West  Indies.  Dose  of  the  fld.  ext.  3  j-iij. 
Unof. 

Cheyne-Stokes  Respiration.  See  Res- 
piration. 

Chi^asm  (;i;ia^w,  to  make  a  cross,  as  an  X). 
The  optic  commissure. 

Chick'en-pox.     See  Varicella. 

Chi^cot.  Kentucky  Coffee  Bean.  The 
seeds  of  Gymnocladiis  Canadensis.  Con- 
tains a  volatile  oil  and  a  glucoside.  Pro- 
bably a  cerebro-spinal  stimulant.  Some- 
times used  as  a  substitute  for  coffee.    Unof. 

Chignon^  Fun'gus.  A  name  given  to 
the  fomiation  of  nodular  fungoid  growths 
on  the  hair.     Probably  due  to  bacteria. 

Chig^oe.     See  Pulex. 

Chil'blain  (Sax.  cele^  cold,  blegan,  boil). 
An  erythematous  local  inflammation  and 
swelling  of  the  skin  due  to  cold. 

Child^bed.  The  popular  term  for  the  con- 
dition of  a  woman  during  and  after  labor. 
C.  Fever.    See  Puerperal  Fever. 

ChiFi-  Saltpe'ter.     See  Sodium. 

Chimaph^ila.  Pipsissewa,  Prince's  Pine. 
The  leaves  of  C.  uinbellata,  an  evergreen 
found  in  the  U.  S.  An  astringent  tonic 
and  excellent  diuretic.  The  bruised  leaves 
are  used  as  a  rubefacient.  Valuable  in 
dropsy,  several  forms  of  kidney  disease 
and  affections  of  the  vuinaiy  passage.  C, 
Fid.  Ext.  Dose  ^ss-ij.  C,  Decoc- 
tum.     I  to  17.     Dose  ,^j-iij.     Unof. 

Chi'na  Grass.  A  soft,  silky  vegetable 
substance  used  as  a  surgical  dressing. 

Chi^nium  Amorph^ium  Bo^ricum. 
Amoiphous  iJorate  of  Quinia.    See  Quinia. 

Chin-jerk,     'iee  Jazv-jerk. 

Chinoid^in,or Chinoidin^um.  Quinoidin. 
A  mixture  of  amorphous  alkaloids  ob- 
tained in  the  manufacture  of  quinine.  Has 
the  therapeutic  properties  of  quinine. 

Chinoli^na.  Chinoline,  Leucoline.  An 
alkaloid  derivative  of  quinine  and  cincho- 
nine,  occumng   also   in   coal   tar.     Now 


generally  prepared  by  heating  aniline  or 
nitro-benzol  with  glycerine  and  a  dehydrat- 
ing agent.  A  valuable  antiseptic  and  anti- 
pyretic. Useful  in  pneumonia  and  typhus. 
Commonly  used  in  form  of  tartrate  because 
of  the  deliquescence  of  other  salts.  Dose 
gr.  v-xx.     Unof. 

Chira^ta.  Chiretta.  The  leaves  and  lighter 
stems  of  C.  Ophelia.  Resembles  gentian 
in  its  therapeutic  properties.  An  excellent 
tonic.  Dose  of  the  powdered  plant  gr. 
xv-xxx.  C,  Fid.  Ext.,  in  glycerine  and 
alcohol.  Dose  tt\^xv-xxx.  C.,  Tinct., 
ten  per  cent,  in  strength.     Dose  ^ss-ij. 

Chiret^ta.     See  Chirata. 

Chirop'odist  [x^ip,  the  hand,  Trovf  [gen. 
7ro(5of]  the  foot).  A  surgeon  or  person 
who  professionally  treats  diseases  of  the 
hands  and  feet,  especially  corns,  bunions, 
ele. 

Chirur''gia  {x^ip,  £pyov,  work).     Surgery. 

Chirur^gical.     Pertaining  to  surgeiy. 

Chit^tim  Bark.     See  Cascara  Sagrada. 

Chloas'ma.      See  Tinea  Versicolor. 

Chlo^ral,  or  Chloral  Hydrate.  A  colorless 
crystalline  solid  having  the  composition 
C.,HCl3(H0),;  the  hydrate  of  chloral, 
C.^HClaO,  improperly  called  by  the  latter 
name.  A  powerful  hypnotic,  antispas- 
modic and  depressant  to  the  cerebral, 
meduUaiy  and  spinal  centers.  To  a  lim- 
ited extent  an  ancesthetic.  Ser%'iceable  in 
fevers  accompanied  by  cerebral  excite- 
ment, in  chorea,  convulsions,  and  all  affec- 
tions requiring  a  cerebral  depressant.  Ex- 
cellent in  delirium  tremens,  but  should  be 
used  with  great  caution.  Dose  gr.  v-xx ; 
smaller  if  combined  with  potassium  or 
sodium  bromide.  C.  Butylicum,  crolon 
chloral.  A  solid  occurring  in  crystalline 
scales,  resembling  chloral  hydrate,  but 
made  with  butyl,  C^Hg,  as  a  base,  instead 
of  ethyl,  CjHj.  In  properties  parallel  to 
chloral  but  much  feebler.  Dose  gr.  v-xx 
in  syrup.      Unof. 

Chloralam^ide.  A  name  inaptly  applied 
to  chloral  fomianidate.  In  doses  of  45 
grains  it  is  a  hypnotic. 

Chlo'ric  Ether.     See  Ethyl  Chloride. 

Chlo'rides,  Test  for.  Add  a  few  drops 
of  nitric  acid,  then  gradually  add  a  solu- 
tion of  nitrate  of  silver.  A  white  precipitate 
of  silver  chloride  forms. 

Chlo'rine  (;):/opof,  green).  CI  =  35.5; 
quantivalence  i.  A  non-metallic  element. 
At  ordinary  temperatures  a  greenish-yel- 
low gas,  prepared  by  decomposing  sodium 
chloride,  NaCl.  Highly  irritative  to  the 
skin    and    mucous    membrane,    producing 


CHLORODYNE 


10c 


ciiolerinp: 


spasmodic  closing  of  the  glottis.  The 
most  valuable  of  disinfectants.  Chlori 
Aqua,  chlorine  water,  contains  4  percent, 
of  the  gas  in  solution.  A  gocx.!  antiseptic 
wa-h.  Dose,  internally,  rt\^x-xxx.  Calx 
Chlorinata,  "  chloride  of  lime,"  a  hypo- 
chlorite of  calcium  containing  free  chlo- 
rine. A  valuable  disinfectant.  Dose,  in- 
ternally, gr.  iij-vj.  C.  Chlorat.  Liq.  con- 
tains I  lb.  of  the  salt  i^er  gallon  of  water. 
Sodium  Chlorat.,  Liq.,  Labarraquc  s 
S^'/uiion,  scKlium  carbonate  lo,  calx  chlori- 
nata 8,  water  ad  loo.     Dose  tT\,x-3J. 

Chlo'rodyne.  A  proprietary  remedy  pre- 
pared i>y  a  physician  of  London.  Supjxjsed 
to  contain  chloroform,  ether,  morphine, 
cannabis  Indica,  hydrocyanic  acid,  and 
capsicum.  The  various  imitations  dift'er 
widelv.     Dose  n\^\-xxx,  7oifh  care.    Unof 

Chlo'roform.  Methyl  Terchloride,  CHCI3. 
A  heavy,  colorless  li  [uid  oiitained  by  the 
action  of  chlorinated  lime  on  methyl  alco- 
hol. (Commercial  article,  C.  Venule,  con- 
tains 2  per  cent,  of  impurities  and  unlit  for 
administration.  Internally,  produces  nar- 
cosis and  violent  gastro  enteritis.)  C.  is  ex- 
cellent in  true  cholera  and  similar  diseases 
of  stomach  and  bowels.  Externally,  much 
employed  as  an  ingredient  of  rubefacient 
and  anodyne  liniments.  Mixed  with  at 
lea^t  96'^  i)er  cent,  of  air  and  inhaled, 
it  is  the  most  valuable  of  general  anaes- 
thetics, but  occasionally  (i :  3000)  caus- 
ing death  by  cardiac  paralysis.  Deep 
injections  in  the  vicinity  of  the  sciatic 
nerve  are  recommended  in  sciatica.  C, 
Ammoniated,  eiual  parts  of  ammonia 
in  alcohol  and  chloroform;  antipyretic  and 
anodyne.  Unof  C.  Liniment,  commer- 
cial chloroform  40,  soap  liniment  60  parts. 
C.  Mistura,  |)ure  chloroform  8,  cam|)ho.' 
2,  fresh  yolk  of  egg  10,  water  80  parts. 
Dose  .^j-5J-  C.  Spt.,  pure  chloroform 
10,  alcohol  90  [>arts.     Dose  TT\^x- jj 

Chlo'rophane.     See  Chromopluines. 

Chlo'rophyll  (x^xjfmr,  <pt</.?nv,  leaf).  The 
greirn  coloring  m.atter  of  leaves. 

Chloro'sis  (;f/'.<jpof ).  The  "  green  sick- 
ness;" a  disease  of  young  women;  con- 
nected with  anemia  and  menstrual  abnor- 
m  ility,  u--ually  suppression. 

Chlo'rum.     See  Chlorine. 

Choke-cherry.  The  fruit  of  Prunu^{Ce- 
nuns)  I'lri^ininna,  not  the  /'.  I'iri^iniann 
of  the  pharm.icoixiia ;  common  in  the  U. 
.S.  .Vntispasrnfxlic,  tonic,  ami  slightly  as- 
tringent. Cent, in,  a  concentrated  extract. 
I)<>si-  gr  ij-viij.      Unof 

Choked  Disc.     See  Papillitis. 


Cholae'mia  (jo?-'?,  bile,  atfia,  blood).  The 
presence  of  liile  pigment  in  the  blooil. 

Choragogue  (,vo>.//,  a)u,  to  expel).  .\ 
purgati\e  medicine  which  promotes  the 
ilow  of  bile. 

Chola'lic  Acid.     See  Choloidinic  Acid. 

Cholecystec'tomy  {x'^'kij,  Kvang,  bladder, 
eKTiiur/,  a  cutting  out).  Excision  of  the 
gall-Madder. 

Cholecystenteros''tomy  (^'O''-'/,  Kvartg, 
n'Tepou^  intestine,  arofia,  a  mouth).  In- 
cision of  the  gall-bladder  and  intestine 
with  suture  of  the  intestinal  wound  to  that 
of  the  gall-bladder. 

Cholecysti'tis.  Inflammation  of  the  gall- 
blaililer. 

Cholecystot'omy  (,yo?.//,  Kvcriq,  re/irtj,  to 
cut).  The  operation  of  incising  the  gall- 
bladder. 

Chole'dochus  (.f"^^'/,  Sexo/iai,  to  receive). 
Receiving  or  holding  bile.  C,  Ductus 
Communis,  the  common  excretory  duct 
of  the  liver  and  gall-l)Iadder. 

Chole'ic  ix»'/.'/).     Pertaining  to  the  bile. 

Chole'in  (  v"''-'/)-  ■'^"  obsolete  terra  for  a 
mixture  of  several  principles  of  the  bile. 

Chol'era  {x"''-'/,  P^<->,  to  flow).  A  disease 
characterized  by  violent  emesis,  diarrhtea, 
alxlominal  pain  and  cramps.  C,  Asiatic, 
a  malignant  form  of  the  disease  existing 
in  India  during  the  whole  year,  and  occa- 
sionally spreading  as  an  epidemic  over 
large  areas.  It  is  characterized  by  exces- 
sive vomiting,  alvine  discharges  resembling 
flocculent  rice-water,  severe  cramps,  and 
collapse.  The  cause  is  not  with  certainty 
known,  but  is  probai)ly  of  microbic  origin. 
Koch  has  discovered  a  bacillus  (see  Spiril- 
lum Cliolenc),  the  cultures  of  which  have 
in  some  instances  proiluced  the  disease,  and 
in  others  have  failed.  C,  Bilious,  a  form 
of  the  disease  attended  by  excessive  Ilow  of 
bile.  C,  Chicken,  a  very  fatal  epidemic 
disease  of  fowls,  marked  by  tumefaction  of 
the  lymphatic  glands, with  inllainmationand 
ulceration  of  the  digestive  organs  and  peri- 
cart  hum.  There  are  none  of  the  synipioms 
peculiar  to  cholera.  C.  Infantum,  the 
"sunnner  com])laint"  of  childnii,  cliarac- 
teri/ed  i>y  gxstric  pain,  vomiting,  purgation, 
fever  and  prostration.  C.  Morbus,  an 
acute  catarriial  inllamniation  (jI  ilie  imuuus 
membranes  of  the  stomach  and  intestines, 
witii  enteric  |)ain,  jmrging,  vomiting,  s|)as- 
nuxlic  contractions  of  the  nni.scies,  e/c. 
Very  similar  to  .Asiatic  C.  in  its  syniptom- 
alology. 

Chol'crinc  (dim.  of  ,//<»/,•;•,;).  .\  term  ap- 
plied to  the  mild  cases  (jf  choleraic  diiu-- 


CHOLESTEATOMA 


106 


CHOREOID 


rhoea.  Also,  the  initiatory  stage  of  malig- 
nant cholera.  Also,  the  zymotic  cause  or 
virus  of  cholera. 

Cholesteato'ma  (jo2;;,  arearu/m,  a  seba- 
ceous tumor).  A  tumor  consisting  of  a 
spermaceti-like  substance,  occumng  most 
frequently  at  the  base  of  the  brain,  but 
occasionally  in  subcutaneous  tissue. 

Cholesterae^mia  {^cholesterin,  a^/za, blood). 
The  retention  of  cholesterin  in  the  blood 
instead  of  being  excreted  by  the  bile  ;  sup- 
posed (probably  erroneously)  by  Flint  to 
produce  grave  nervous  symptoms. 

Cholesferin  (;i;ol??,  arsapov,  stearine).  A 
monatomic  alcohol,  a  constituent  of  bile,  a 
normal  ingredient  of  nei-vous  tissue.  Also 
the  fatty  substance  forming  the  acid  prin- 
ciple of  biliary  calculi. 

Cholelithi^asis  (;i:oA;7,A«^of,  stone).  For- 
mation of  calculi  in  the  gall-bladder. 

Cholet'elin.  An  amorphous,  soluble,  yel- 
low pigment  derived  from  bilirubin. 

Cho'lic  (;(;o/i?/).     Pertaining  to  the  bile. 

Cho^lin.     Same  as  Neurine,  q.  v. 

Cho^line.  A  ptomaine  found  both  in  animal 
and  vegetable  tissues.  It  has  been  obtained 
from  flesh,  fish  and  eggs,  and  cultures  of 
vibrio-proteus  and  comma-bacillus ;  it  has 
been  found  also  in  toad-stool  {Agarictes 
7niiscanus),  in  hops  (and  hence  in  beer), 
in  ergot,  in  numerous  vegetable  seeds,  in 
extracts  of  belladonna  and  hyoscyamus,  in 
beetroot-sugar  molasses,  in  cotton-seed,  etc. 
It  is  believed  that  choline  is  derived  from 
the  decomposition  of  lecithin,  a  complex 
ether,  and  one  of  the  most  widely-distri- 
buted compounds  occurring,  in  greater  or 
less  quantity,  in  all  of  the  animal  tissues.  The 
existence  of  lecithin  in  plants  is  no  longer 
doubtful.  It  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  in 
ordinary  putrefaction,  as  choline  disappears, 
the  diamines  appear  and  increase  in  quan- 
tity, according  as  the  time  of  decomposition 
is  extended.  Free  choline  ordinarily  forms 
a  strongly  alkaline  syrup,  which  combines 
readily  with  acids  to  form  salts.  Choline 
possesses  a  toxic  action  when  given  in 
large  quantities,  paralyzing  like  curara. 
Atropine  antagonizes  the  action  of  choline, 
as  well  as  of  the  far  more  poisonous  neu- 
rine. 

Choline  Group  of  Ptomaines.  Four 
ptomaines  —  Choline,  Neurine,  Beta'ine, 
and  Muscarine — have  been  thus  classified. 
All  these  bases  may  be  considered  as  oxi- 
dation products  of  trimethyl-ethyl-ammo- 
nium  hydrate. 

Choloidin''ic  Acid.  Derived  from  Cho- 
lalic  Acid,  and  probably  a  mixture  of  this 


with  Dyslysin ;  all  three  decomposition  pro- 
ducts of  bile  acids. 
ChoFolith  {x'^'kii,  AiQoq,  stone).     A  gall- 
stone, or  biliai-y  calculus. 
Cholu^ria  (jo/,//,  ovpov,  the  urine).     The 
presence  of  bile  in  the  urine.     Also  the 
greenish  coloration  of  the  urine. 
Chon^drin    (joz'rfpof,  cartilage).     A  sub- 
stance obtained  from  the  matrix  of  hyaline 
cartilage   by  boiling.     Resembles  gelatine 
in  general  properties,  but  differs  from  it  in 
not  being  precipitated  by  tannic  acid.   The 
substance  yielding  it  is  cJnmdrogen,  prob- 
ably an  anhydride. 
Chon^drogen.     See  Choiidrin. 
Chondro'ma  (^oirfpof).     A  cartilaginous 

tumor.  See  Enchondroma. 
Chondrofomy  {^x'^'^'^po^i  Tefivu^  to  cut). 
The  dissection  or  anatomical  analysis  of 
cartilage. 
Chon^drus.  Irish  Moss.  The  substance 
of  the  algae  C.  rrispus  and  C.  viaviniillosus. 
These  yield,  on  boiling  with  water,  a  sol- 
uble colloid  consisting  mainly  of  mucilage. 
Demulcent  and  somewhat  nutrient.  Some- 
times used  in  making  blauc  niaiige.  Unof. 
Cho^part's  Operation.  Medio-tarsal  am- 
putation of  the  foot. 
Chor^da  (Lat.  a  cord).  A  cord,  tendon, 
or  filament  of  nerve.  C.  Dorsalis.  See 
A^otochord.  C.  Tendinae,  the  tendinous 
strings  connecting  the  camece  cobivincE  of 
the  heart  to  the  auricular  valves.  C. 
Tympani,  a  filament  of  the  vidian  nerve, 
which  enters  the  tympanum.  C.  Vocalis, 
one  of  the  vocal  cords  or  th}'TO-aiytenoid 
ligaments. 
Chordae^  (;i;op(5;/',  a  cord).  A  symptom  in 
gonoirhoea  characterized  by  painful  erec- 
tion and  downward  curvature  of  the  penis. 
Chore'a  (;);ope/a,  dancing).  St.  Vitus' 
dance.  A  functional  nervous  disorder, 
usually  occurring  in  youth,  characterized 
by  spasmodic  and  convulsive  contraction, 
and  non-rhythmic  action  of  the  muscles 
of  the  extremities,  face,  etc.  It  may 
be  caused  by  a  number  of  conditions, 
among  which  are  fright  and  reflex  irrita- 
tions, but  it  is  essentially  a  disease  of  the 
later  period  of  childhood,  and  affects  girls 
about  three  times  as  frequently  as  boys. 
C,  Electrical.  See  DitbinVs  Disease. 
C,  Habit.  See  Spasm.  C.  Major,  the 
hysterical  C.  of  the  French,  the  movements 
wide  in  range  and  regular  in  sequence, 
causing  regular  oscillatory  movements  of 
the  parts.  C.  Minor,  that  first  above  de- 
scribed. 
Cho^reoid.  Pertaining  or  similar  to  chorea. 


CHORIO-BLASTOSES 


lo: 


CHRYSOPHANIC 


Chorio-blasto'ses  (chorium,  skin,  /J/lacr- 
raru,  to  germinate).  Anomalies  of  growth 
of  ihe  corium  and  connective  tissue  of  the 
skin. 

Cho'rio-capilla'ris.  The  inner  layer  of 
capillary  vcssjis  >^i\  the  choroid  coat  of  the 
eye. 

Chorioidi'tis.     See  Choroiditis. 

Cho'rion  (^op^oi',  the  fcetal  membrane). 
The  enveloping  membrane  of  the  fcetus, 
external  to  the  amnion,  internal  to  the 
decidua.  C,  Primitive,  the  Vitelline 
inmbrane  (or  Zona  pillttiJa)  during  the 
time  of  the  development  of  the  hollow, 
structureless  villi  ujwn  its  suilace.  C, 
Shaggy,  or  C.  Frondosum,  when  cov- 
ered by  villi.  C.  Laeve,  the  smooth  or 
non-villous  portion  of  the  chorion. 

Cho'rio-retini'tis.  See  Choroido-retini- 
tis. 

Cho'roid  (yo/J'oi', the  chorion,  f»5of,  like- 
ness). The  second  or  vascular  tunic  of 
the  eye  continuous  with  the  iris  in  front 
and  lying  Ijetween  the  sclerotic  and  retina. 
C.  Plexus,  a  vascular  plexus  in  the  lat- 
eral ventricles  of  the  brain. 

Choroidi'tis.   Inll.unin.ition  of  the  choroid. 

Choroid'o-retini'tis.  Choroiditis  with  re- 
tinitis. C.-r.,  Ametropic,  caused  by 
Ametropia. 

Choroma'nia  (:fo/)Oj",  a  dance,  ftavia, 
madness).  A  nervous  disorder  manife-it  in 
various  times  and  places,  a-id  characteri/^ed 
by  dancing  or  other  rhythmic  movements. 

Chris'tison's  Formula.  To  estimate  the 
amount  of  solids  in  the  urine :  Multiply 
the  two  last  figures  of  a  specitic  gravity 
expressed  in  four  figures  by  2.33  (or  by 
2,  Trapp ;  or  by  2.2,  Lubisch).  This 
gives  the  amount  of  solids  in  every  1 000 
jarts. 

Chromat''ic  (Ypwun,  color).  Relating  to 
or  jxjss  -Sling  color. 

Chro'matin  ( fpfj/zn).  The  delicate  retic- 
ular network  or  plexus  of  fibrils  |)ermeat- 
ing  the  achromatin  of  a  typical  cell  in 
process  of  division.  Calletl  also  Nucleo- 
plasm, Karj'oplasma,  and  Kar}omiton. 
See  Oil  h  Jv. 

Chromatog'cnous  [xpuua,  yevvau,  to  Ijc- 
get).      I'ro<lucing  color. 

Chromatol'ogy.  The  .science  of  colors. 
Also  the  sjxctroscopic  investigation  of 
color. 

Chromatopho'bia  {xp<Jfia,<p<ii3iu,  to  ter- 
rify).     .Mmorm.d  fear  of  colors. 

Chro'matophore  (Y/'wwa,  <p<>iirij,  to  bear). 
Sp.ices  in  the  skin  of  ccphalo|XKla  tilled 
will)  colored  granules. 


Chromatops^ia  (xp<Jfiu,  w^vf,  vision).  Ab- 
normal sensations  of  color.  It  may  be  ilue 
to  disorders  of  the  optical  centers,  or  to 
drugs,  especially  santonin. 

Chromid'rosis  [xijuua,  <''pwf,  sweat). 
."-Itearrha'a  Nigricans,  Seborrhcea  Nigricans, 
Pityriasis  Nigricans.  Colored  excretions 
of  sweat,  usually  black,  or  sepia  in  color. 
Most  commonly  from  the  eyelids,  but 
sometimes  also  from  the  cheek.  In  some 
instances  has  involved  the  axilhe  and 
groins.  Of  rare  occurrence.  Certain 
forms  of  chromidrosis  are  due  to  the 
presence  of  bacteria. 

Chro'mium  (^;/;w(/a).  Cr=r  52.2  ;  <iuan- 
tivalence  il  and  IV.  One  of  the  elements 
of  the  iron  grouji.  The  various  salts  of 
chromium,  especially  chromic  acid,  Cr.^03, 
are  much  used  in  the  manuHicture  of  pig- 
ments and  in  dyeing  textile  fabrics.  Potas- 
sium dichrom.ite  (hichromite  of  potash), 
K.,Cr.^()-,  is  used  in  various  pharmaceutical 
and  chemical  o[)erations. 

Chro'mophanes  (;j;/jw/ia,  (paivu,  to  bring 
into  sight).  Coloring  matters  derived  from 
the  retina.  There  is  a  green,  Chloro- 
phane  ;  a  yellow,  Xanthophane,  and  a 
red,  Rhodophane. 

Chromop'sia.     .See  Chronatopsia. 

Chromoptom'eter  (,y/jw//«, /zerpoi',  a  mea- 
sure). A  contrivance  used  by  Weber  for 
determining  the  extent  of  development  of 
color-vision. 

Chron''ic  (,i'/'oi'"f.  time).  A  term  ajiplied 
to  the  long-continued  disease,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  acute  or  violent  stage  of 
disease. 

Chron'ograph  (,tpo^'of.  )pn^",  to  write). 
,\n  instruniint  for  graphically  recording 
intervals  of  time. 

Chronother'mal  (.^pofof,  Gep^ta,  heat). 
Pertaining  to  the  theory  that  all  diseases 
are  characterized  by  periods  of  intermitting 
chill  anil  heat. 

Chrys'alis  (v^vfTor,  gold).  The  pupa  or 
secondary  stage  in  the  transformation  of 
insects.  So  called  from  the  golden  color 
of  certain  chry.salides. 

Chrysaro'bin,  or  ChrysarC'binum.  .\ 
sutislance  iniproj>irly  lallcd  "  chryMipliaiiic 
acid,"  extracted  by  alkaline  solutions  from 
Uva  pinodcr,  the  product  of  the  decay  of 
Andira  ararobn,  a  Hra/ilian  tree.  A 
gaslroiiite-.linal  irritant,  which  is  almost  a 
specific  when  aj)plied  locally  in  psoriasis. 
Hose,  internally,  gr.  J-xx.  C,  Ung., 
contains  lO  per  cent  of  the  drug  with  yo 
jK-r  tent.  Iicn/oated  lard. 

Chrysopha'nic.     See  Chiymiobin, 


CHYLE 


108 


CINCHONINA 


Chyle  (;i;v/lof,  juice).  The  milk-white 
fluid  absorbed  by  the  lacteals  during  diges- 
tion. On  standing,  separates  into  a  thin, 
jelly-like  clot  and  a  substance  identical 
with  serum. 

Chylifica^tion  (;i;i;2oiT,y(7f/(',  to  make).  The 
process  by  which  the  chyle  is  formed, 
separated  and  absorbed  by  the  villi  of  the 
small  intestine. 

Chylo-pericard^ium.  An  effusion  of 
chyle  within  the  pericardium. 

Chylorrhce'a  (;^;Mof,  pew,  to  flow).  The 
excessive  flow  of  chyle.  Also,  a  diarrhoea 
characterized  by  a  milky  color  of  the  faeces. 

Chylu^ria  (;^;^'/lof,  ovpov,  urine).  The  pas- 
sage of  milky-colored  urine.  Thought  to 
be  caused  by  disordered  condition  of  the 
lacteals,  and  also  connected  with  Filaria 
sanguinis  hominum. 

Chyme  {]Q)iioq,  juice).  Food  that  has 
undergone  gastric  and  intestinal  digestion 
from  which  chyle  is  absorbed.  The  con- 
tents of  the  small  intestines  after  having 
been  acted  upon  by  the  salivary,  gastric, 
biliary,  pancreatic  and  intestinal  secretions. 

Chymifica^tion  (jD/;of,  facio,  to  make). 
The  change  of  food  into  chyme  by  gastric 
and  intestinal  digestion. 

Cicatri^cial  Deformities.  Abnormal  con- 
tractions caused  by  cicatrices. 

Cicatric'ula.     The  Blastoderm  of  a  hen's 

egg- 

Cica^trix  (Lat.,  same).  The  scar  or  mark 
left  after  the  healing  of  a  wound. 

Cicatriza'tion.     The  process  of  healing. 

Cicu^ta  Viro''sa.     See  Cowbane. 

CiFia  [ciliiim,  the  eyelid  or  lash).  The 
eyelashes.  Also,  hair-like  appendages  of 
certain  epithelial  cells,  whose  function  it  is 
to  propel  fluid  or  particles  along  the  pas- 
sages that  they  line. 

CiFiary  [ciliw)i).  Pertaining  to  the  eye- 
lid or  eyelash,  and  also  by  extension  to  the 
C.  Apparatus,  or  the  structures  related 
to  the  mechanism  of  accommodation.  C. 
Arteries, — anterior,  posterior  long,  and 

posterior  short,  branches  of  the  ophthalmic 
artery,  supplying  the  recti  muscles,  the  cili- 
ary apparatus,  and  the  posterior  structures 
of  the  eye,  with  the  exception  of  the  retina. 
C.  Body,  the  ciliary  muscle  and  pro- 
cesses. C.  Ganglion,  the  ganglion  at 
the  apex  of  the  orbit,  supplying  the  ciliary 
muscle  and  iris.  C.  Muscle,  the  muscle  of 
accommodation,  whose  contraction  lessens 
the  tension  upon  the  suspensory  ligament 
of  the  lens.  C.  Nerves,  branches  of  the 
ophthalmic  ganglion  supplying  the  anterior 
structures  and  accommodative   apparatus. 


C.  Neuralgia,  neuralgic  pain  of  the  eye, 
brow,  temple,  etc.  C.  Processes,  circu- 
larly arranged  choroidal  foldings  continu- 
ous with  the  iris  in  front.  C.  Region, 
the  pericorneal  or  "danger"  zone  corres- 
ponding to  the  position  of  the  ciliary  body. 

Cilium.     See  Eyelash. 

Ci'mex  Lectula^rius.  The  common  bed 
bug.  A  disgusting  insect  which  infests 
beds,  furniture,  and  the  walls  of  bedrooms, 
and  which  feeds  on  the  human  body,  punc- 
turing the  skin  and  injecting  an  imtating 
fluid  to  increase  the  flow  of  blood.  Char- 
acterized by  the  repulsive  odor  of  its  se- 
cretion. 

Cimicifu''ga.  Black  Snake  Root,  Black 
Cohosh.  The  root  of  C.  racemosa,  nat. 
ord.  Ranunculacese.  A  stomachic,  anti- 
spasmodic, aphrodisiac,  and  diuretic.  Acts 
on  the  heart  similar  to  digitalis.  Efficient 
as  a  tonic  in  many  cardiac  diseases,  in 
functional  impotence,  and  ovarian  neural- 
gia. C,  ext.  fid.  (alcoholic).  Dose  X(\y.- 
"7^].  C,  Tinct.,  20  per  cent,  in  strength. 
Dose  gss-ij.  Macrotin  (unof),  a  resin- 
ous extract.     Dose  gr.  _J^-ij. 

Cincho^na.  Peruvian  Bark.  •  The  bark 
of  several  varieties  of  cinchona,  a  tree 
native  to  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Andes 
and  cultivated  in  India,  the  most  valuable 
being  C.  calisaya.  Other  varieties  are  C. 
sticcirnbra,  red  bark,  C.  condaminea,  pale 
bark,  C.  pitayensis,  pitaya  bark,  and  C. 
7nicrantha.  C.  bark  contains  21  alka- 
loids, of  which  4,  quinine,  cinchonine, 
quinidine  and  cinchonidine  are  the  most 
important.  Cinchona  has  the  same  physio- 
logical action  and  therapeutic  uses  as  its 
chief  alkaloid  quinia.  See  Qiiinia.  It  is 
also  an  astringent,  bitter  and  stomachic 
tonic,  stimulating  appetite  and  promoting 
digestion,  beneficial  in  atonic  dyspepsia 
and  adynamia.  C,  Ext.  Dose  gr.  j-v. 
C,  Fid.  Ext.  Dosen\^x-3J.  C,  In- 
fusum,  bark  6,  arom.  sulph.  acid  i,  water 
93  parts.  Dose  ^j-^j-  C,  Tinct.,  20 
per  cent,  of  the  bark.  Dose  3;ss-ij.  C, 
Tinct.,  Comp.,  red  bark  10,  bitter  orange 
peel  8,  serpentaria  2,  alcohol  80  parts. 
Dose  3J-^5ss. 

Cinchonid'ia,  or  Cinchon^idine.  An 
alkaloid  derived  from  cinchona.  Resem- 
bles quinia  in  general  properties.  C. 
Salicylate  (unof),  has  decided  antima- 
larial properties.  C.  Sulph.,  less  bittei 
than  quinine  and  valuable  as  an  antipyretic. 
Dose  gr.  j-xx  or  more. 

Cinchoni^na,  or  Cin'chonine.  An  otifi- 
cial  alkaloid  derived  from  cinchona.    Simi- 


CINERARIA  MARITIMA 


109 


CLARIFY' 


lar  to  (]uinine  in  therapeutic  effects,  but 
less  active,  producing  much  heat-lachc  ami 
some  muscular  weakness.  C.  Sulph., 
ditVicultly  soluMe  in  water,  but  soluble  in 
aciilulati'd  water.      Dose  gr.  v-xx.\. 

Cinera'ria  Mariti'ma.  The  juice  of  this 
plant  has  been  long  used  in  Venezuela  for 
the  absorption  of  cataract.     Unof. 

Cineri'tious  [r/'/ic-ns,  ashes).  Ash-like  or 
p<.'rtainii)g  to  ashes.  Applied  also  to  the 
cortex  of  the  brain,  from  the  color  of  the 
same. 

Cin'nabar  (Ktwai3api,  a  pigment).  Mer- 
curic >uli)liidf,  HgS.     See  Jlydiarg^'ruDi. 

Cinnamo'mum,  i_>r 

Cin'namon.  1  he  iimcr  liark  of  the  shoots 
of  several  species  of  CiniKiinomtiin,  native 
to  Ceylon  and  China,  the  latter  Ijeing 
known  in  commerce  under  the  name  of 
ctissiii.  Proix;rties  due  to  a  volatile  oil. 
An  agreeable  carminative  anil  aromatic 
stimulant.  Useful  comi-iined  with  opium  in 
tlatulence,  cramp  of  the  stomach,  enteralgia, 
etr.  C,  Aqua,  2  parts  of  oil  in  looo 
of  water.  C,  Ext.  Fid.  Arom.,  contains 
arom.itic  powder  lo  parts,  alcoliol  8  parts. 
C,  Oleum,  the  volatile  oil.  Dose  gtt.  j-v. 
C,  Spt.,  ID  per  cent  of  the  oil  in  spirit. 
Dose  tT^v-xxx.  C,  Tinct.,  lo  per  cent. 
of  the  ix)wdered  bark  in  alcoliol.  Pul- 
vis  aromaticus,  aromatic  |X)wder,  cinna- 
mon, ginger  a;i  35,cardamon,nutmL'gaa  15. 
Dose  gr.  x-xxx. 

Cioni'tis  (k'/wi',  the  uvula).  Inflammation 
of  the  uvula. 

Gionot'omy  [muv,  70/^7,  a  section).  Exci- 
sinii  of  (lie  uvula. 

Circle  of  Diffusion.     See  Diffusion. 

Circle  of  Willis.  The  passage  between 
the  anteiior  cereliral  arteries  anteriorly, 
and  the  internal  carotids  and  cerebral 
arteries  ]X)steriorIy,  by  communicating  ves- 
.scls. 

Circula'tion.  The  passage  of  the  blood 
through  the  varioas  vessels,  distinguished 
a^  capillar)',  f'fial,  jwrtal,  pulmonary,  t-fr. 
C,  Collateral,  dial  through  branches  and 
sccondar)'  channels  after  ^tojipage  of  the 
principal  route.  C,  First  or  Primitive, 
that  of  the  embryo,  a  closed  system,  carry- 
ing luitrim'iit  and  oxygen  to  the  embryo. 
C,  Second, the  f<ilal  circulation  ri'|)!acing 
the omphalom'-sentcric system.  C,  Third, 
that  of  the  a<lult. 

CJr'cum-.      A    prefix    meaning    ntimn,l. 

It  hunt. 

Circumcis^ion  (rirninin'(li',U)c\xi  around). 
Excision  of  a  circular  piece  of  the  pre- 
puce. 


Circumduc'tion.     See  Motion. 

Cir^cumflex  (</;-< 7/////?<vA', to  bend  about). 
Sunuunding  or  enclosing;  applied  to  a 
niuiilicr  of  arteries,  veins  and  nerves. 

Circumpolariza'tion.  The  quantitative 
estimation  of  sugar  in  a  sus[x;cted  li(|uid  by 
the  amount  of  the  rotation  of  jwlari/ed 
light,  sugar  rotating  the  ray  to  the  light, 
all>uniin  to  the  left. 

Circumval'late  (r/Vrz/wrv/Z/c,  to  surround 
with  a  wall).  Surrounded  by  a  wall  or 
prominence.  C.  Papillae,  certain  papilkc 
of  the  tongue. 

Cirrho'sis  (^Kippni;,  reddish-yellow ;  from 
the  cokir  of  the  cirrhotic  liver).  Increase 
and  thickening  of  the  connective  tissue  of 
an  organ,  esjiecially  of  the  liver. 

Cir'socele  (hv/jffof,  a  varix,  kij7jj,  tumor). 
A  varicose  tumor,  especially  of  the  .^j)er- 
matic  cord. 

Cir'soid  [Kipanc;,  firTof,  likeness).  Resem- 
bling a  varix,  or  dilated  vein. 

Cirsom'phalos  [Kipaog,  o/KpaXo^,  navel). 
A  varicose  condition  of  the  navel. 

Cirsot''omy  [Kipaog,  rt/zrw,  to  cut)..  Ex- 
cision of  a  varix. 

Cistern  of  Pequet.  See  Rcciptaculuni 
Chvli. 

Cit'rine  Oint'ment.     See  Ilydrar^ynn'i. 

Cit'rus.     -See  .lui (Uilium. 

Clad'othrix  (/c/arJof,  a  branch,  Bpi^,  a 
hair).  A  genus  of  the  family  Hacteriacees, 
having  long  filaments,  in  jiseudo-ramifica- 
tions,  with  true  six)res.  C.  Dichotoma, 
found  in  soft  or  brackish  waters,  a  sapro- 
phytic fungus,  non-ijathogenic,  i)recipilates 
oxide  of  iron  and  calcareous  concretions. 
C.  Forsteri,  found  in  the  lachrymal  canal 
in  concretions;  is  proliably  identical  with 
C.  Dichotomy. 

Clamp  (Cier.  A7a»i/',).  \n  instrument 
for  compressing  the  parts  in  surgical  opera- 
tions to  fix  them  or  to  prevent  hivmorrluige, 
f(r. 

Clap.  A  jx)pular  designation  of  gonor- 
rhu'a. 

Clar'ificant  [rlariis,  clear).  A  substance 
used  for  the  purj^se  of  clearing  .solutions 
from  insoluble  matter. 

Clarifica'tion  {c/anis).  The  operation  of 
making  a  li  |uid  or  naturally  transparent 
substance  clear.  May  lie  accomplislird  liy 
allowing  the  sus|>i'nded  matter  to  subside, 
I  y  (he  addition  of  a  clariticant  or  .substance 
which  precipitates  su.spended  matters,  or 
by  nKHlcralc  heating. 

Clar'ify  [Jurus).  i'o  free  a  linuid  or  .solu- 
liim  from  insoluble  or  lictiiogcneous  sub- 
btuuces.     Tc)  make  clear. 


CLARIFYING  REAGENT 


110 


CLONUS 


Clar'ifying  Rea^gent.  Any  preparation 
used  for  purifying  microscopic  and  ana- 
tomical preparations  tliat  have  been 
mounted  in  gummy  media.  Oil  of  cloves, 
turpentine,  creasote,  xylol,  and  oil  of  berga- 
mot  are  the  chief. 

Clasp-knife  Rigid^ity.  A  reflex  spas- 
modic action  of  the  legs  in  increased  myo- 
tatic  irritability  of  the  cord,  in  which  ex- 
tension is  completed  with  a  "spring,"  as 
in  the  knife. 

Classifica'tion  [c/assfs,  a  class,  /ado,  to 
make).  An  orderly  airangement  of  names, 
objects,  diseases,  rfc,  according  to  their 
properties  and  peculiarities. 

Clathrocyst^is  [a/ajdpa,  a  trellis,  kvotiq, 
pouch).  A  genus  of  microbes  with  round 
or  oval  cells,  fomiing  zoogloese  in  the  foiTa 
of  circular  layers. 

Claus^trum  \clanJo,\.o  shut).  A  barrier; 
used  of  several  apertures  that  may  be 
closed  against  entrance.  Also  applied  to  a 
layer  of  gray  matter  in  the  cerebmm  near 
the  lenticular  nucleus. 

Clav^iceps  {clava,  club,  caput,  \y&zA^.  A 
genus  of  fungi.  C.  Purpurea,  the  fungus 
producing  sclerotis,  or  the  ergot  of  rye. 

ClaV'icle  {clavus,  a  key).  The  collar- 
bone. The  bone  fonning  the  anterior  part 
of  the  shoulder. 

Cla'vus  (c/az'us).  A  corn.  A  small,  cir- 
cumscribed, flat  and  deep-seated  callosity 
caused  by  thickening  and  excessive  devel- 
opment of  the  epideiTnis.  Usually  caused 
by  pressui-e,  and  occur  most  frequently  on 
the    toes!     Occurring   between    the    toes, 

•  there  is  frequently  considerable  maceration, 
causing  the  "soft"  corn.  C.  Hysteri- 
cus. A  local  neuralgic  pain  in  hysteria, 
anremia,  etc.,  in  the  head,  as  if  a  nai/ 
were  being  driven  in. 

Claw-hand.  A  popular  expression  to 
signify  the  condition  of  the  hand  resulting 
from  atrophy  of  the  interosseous  muscles. 
(French,  main-en-griffc.^ 

Cleans^ings.     The  lochia. 

Cleav'ers.     See  GaHitni  Aparine. 

Cleft  Palmate.  A  congenital  malformation 
of  the  palate,  usually  occurring  with  hare- 
lip. 

Clefts,  Vis''ceral.  The  four  slit-like  open 
ings  each  side  of  the  cervical  region,  in 
the  foetus,  sometimes  called  the  Branchial 
openings.  The  slits  close  (in  the  human) 
except  the  upper,  from  which  are  devel- 
oped the  auditory  meatus,  tympanic  cavity 
and  Eustachian  tube. 

Clei'do-  (K?f/f,  the  clavicle).  A  prefix, 
meanin<T  a  relation  to  the  clavicle. 


Clerk  -  Maxv>;eirs     Experiment.     See 

LbzvSs  /\iiig. 

Climac^teric  [K2.i/j.aKT7/p,  the  round  of  a 
ladder).  A  period  of  the  lifetime  at  which 
the  system  was  believed  to  undergo  marked 
changes.  These  were  at  yearly  periods 
divisible  by  seven.  C.  Age,  in  women 
the  time  of  cessation  of  the  catamenia. 
C,  Grand,  the  63d  year. 

ClimatoFogy  [K/a/ua,  ?ioyog,  a  discourse). 
A  treatise  upon  climate. 

Clim^ato-ther^apy.  The  uses  of  residence 
in  different  climates  as  a  therapeutic  agent. 

Climbing  Staff- Tree.  False  Bittersweet. 
The  bark  of  the  root  of  Celastnts  scandens. 
Alterative,  diuretic  and  slightly  narcotic. 
Has  been  advantageously  employed  in 
syphilitic  and  scrofulous  affections.  Dose 
of  fld.  ext.  .^j-ij.     Unof. 

Clin^ic  {lOaviKoq,  pertaining  to  a  bed). 
Medical  instruction  given  at  the  bedside, 
or  with  the  patient  present,  whose  symp- 
toms are  studied  and  treatment  considered. 

Clinodac^tylous  (/v?.;vw,  to  flex  or  lie, 
6aKTv/MQ,  finger).  Pertaining  to  an  ab- 
normal flexure,  deviation  or  curvature  of 
the  fingers  or  toes. 

Cli'noid  {^ulivrj,  a  bed,  f«5of,  likeness). 
Resembling  a  bed.  Applied  to  sundry 
bony  stiTictures  of  the  body,  as  the  clinoid 
processes,  plate,  walls,  etc. 

Cliseom^eter  [K?ucng,  inclination,  /xerpov, 
a  measure).  An  instrament  for  measur- 
ing the  degree  of  inclination  of  the  female 
pelvis. 

Clitoridec'tomy  {^K7.eiropig,  enTe/xvu,  to 
excise).     Excision  of  the  clitoiis. 

Cli^toris  (^K?ieiTopig).  The  analogue  in  the 
female  of  the  penis,  attached  by  two  crura 
or  branches  to  the  ischio-pubic  rami,  which 
meet  in  front  of  the  pubic  joint  to  form  the 
body,  or  corpus.  The  so-called  "  gland  " 
is  such  only  in  appearance  or  name.  C. 
Crises,  paroxj^sms  of  sexual  excitement  in 
women  suffering  from  tabes. 

Cloa^ca  (^cloaca,  a  sewer).  In  early  foetal 
life  the  common  orifice  of  the  intestine  and 
the  allantois.  In  surgery  the  long  canal 
of  escape  of  pus  from  a  necrotic  seques- 
trum. The  chamber  into  which  open  the 
large  intestine  and  urogenital  ducts  of 
birds,  amphibians  and  monotremata. 

Clon'ic  (/cAovof,  commotion).  Applied  to 
convulsive  and  spasmodic  conditions  of 
muscles  in  which  alternate  contractions 
and  relaxations  occur  involuntarily. 

Clo^'nus  {K/Mvoq).  Involuntary,  reflex, 
irregular  contractions  of  muscles  when 
put  suddenly  upon  the  stretch.     Accord- 


CLOQUET,  CANAL  OF 


111 


COCILLAXA 


ing  to  the  part  stimulated,  the  jihenomenon 
is  sjx)kcn  of  as  ankle,  j\>ot,  or  >\ctus  i, 
etc.  A  valuable  diagnostic  sign  in  certain 
cord  lesions.     See  ankle  C. 

Clo'quet,  Canal  of.     See  Hyaloid  Artery, 

Clostrid'ium.     See  Bacillus  Butyrictts. 

Clot.     See  Coiii^uluin. 

Clof'tage  of  the  Ureters.  Xx\  operation 
proposed  ill  case  of  li.vniaturia  from  a  kid- 
ney hopelessly  crushed  or  with  advanced 
carcinoma.  The  procedure  consists  iu 
blocking  or  corking  up  the  ureter  with  a 
clot. 

Cloud'herry.  The  leaves  of  Ruhus 
clumuiinorus,  much  used  in  Russia  as  a 
diuretic.  Dose  jj  to  a  cupful  of  boiling 
water.      Unof. 

Cloudy  Swelling,  rarenchymatous  de- 
generation,— a  swelling  up  of  the  elements 
of  a  tissue  by  imbibition  or  accretion,  a 
fonn  of  hypertrophy  with  a  tendency  to 
degeneration. 

Clove.     See  Ca>yo/>/tylliis, 

Club-foot.     See  Talipes. 

Club-hand.  A  deformity  of  the  hand 
similar  to  that  of  club-foot. 

Clys''ter  i^K/.vartip).     An  enema. 

Cnido'sis.     .'^ee  Crticana. 

Coag'ulative  Necro'sis.     See  Necrosis. 

Coag'ulum  {coa^^ulo,  to  curdle).  Clot. 
A  name  applied  to  the  mass  of  fibrin 
that  forms  from  the  plasma  of  the  blood 
after  the  latter  has  been  drawn  from  tiie 
botly.  .\l>o,  the  curd  of  milk,  and  the 
insoluble  form  of  albumin. 

Coales''cence  [coalesco,  to  grow  together). 
Tlie  union  of  two  or  more  parts  or  things. 

Coapta'tion  {cm,  together,  '//A*,  to  fit). 
The  proper  union  or  adjustment  of  the 
ends  of  a  fractured  booe,  the  lips  of  a 
wound,  e/c. 

Coarcta'tion  [coarcto,  to  put  together). 
A  compression  of  the  walls  of  a  vessel  or 
canal,  thus  narrowing  or  closing  the  lumen. 

Coarse  Disease.  .Macrosco|)ic  organic 
Iciions,  such  as  tumor,  hxinorrhage,  etc. 

Coat  {coitus,  a  tunic).  A  cover,  or  mem- 
brane? covering  a  jjart  or  substance.  C, 
Buffy,  the  U|);)or  fil)rinous  biyer  of  the  clot 
of  coagulated  blix^d,  marked  by  its  color, 
and  absence  of  red  corpuscles.  Coating 
of  the  Tongue,  a  condition  of  the  tongue 
indicalivir  of  almormaiity  of  the  <ligestive 
tract.  Coating  of  Pills,  a  covering  of 
varirjus  .subsiances  to  render  them  teniixj- 
rarily  taslelos. 

Co'ca.     Sec  Erythroxylou. 

Co'caine.  The  chief  alk.iloid  extract  of 
Lrythroxylon  Coca.    Al  first  stimulant  and 


afterward  narcotic.  Resembles  caffein  in 
its  action  on  nerve-centers,  and  atropine 
in  itseflects  on  respiratoiy  and  circulatory 
organs.  Long-coniinued  use  (cocaine 
habit)  is  followed  by  insonuiia,  decay  of 
moral  and  intellectual  [wwers,  emaciation, 
and  de.ith.  Locally,  a  jxjwerful  anasthetic 
to  a  limited  area  of  surface.  Acts  most 
rapidly  on  mucous  tissues.  Applied  to 
conjunctiva  of  the  eye  causes  also  dilata- 
tion of  pupil  and  paralysis  of  function  of 
accommodation.  Applieil  to  tongue  temj)0- 
rarily  destroys  sense  of  taste.  Dose  gr. 
^^-ij.  C.  Hydrochlorate,  more  properly 
cocaine  chloride,  most  commonly  used  for 
local  auLT^sthesia  in  2-5  jicr  cent,  solution. 
Dose,  internally,  gr.  ^s-'j-  C.  Oleate,  a 
5  per  cent,  solution  in  oleic  acid,  for  ex- 
ternal use. 

Cocca'cees  (KOKKOf,  a  kernel).  According 
to  Mace,  the  first  family  of  Bacteria,  includ- 
ing as  genera  the  ^Iicrococcus,  Sarcina, 
Ascococcus  and  Leuconostoc.  The  ele- 
ments are  normally  spherical,  reproduction 
usually  taking  place  by  division,  sometimes 
by  spores  either  in  one  or  several  direc- 
tions. 

Coccobacte'ria(«o««jr,  a  kernel,. ?rt/vT;/pmt', 
a  little  rod).  Ajjplied  by  Billroth  to  the 
rod-like  or  spheroidal  bacteria  found  in 
putrefying  liquids,  and  called  by  him  C. 
Septica.     See  Bacterium. 

Coc'culus  Ind'icus.     See  Picrofoxin. 

Coc'cus  {kdkkdc,).  .\  cell  or  capsule.  C. 
Cacti,  the  cochineal  insect.   See  Cochineal. 

Coccyg^eal.     Pertaining  to  the  coccyx. 

Coccygody'nia  [kukkv^,  oi^vi'i/,  pain). 
I'ain  in  the  coccyx. 

CoC'cyx  {kokkl'^,  the  cuckoo)  (resembling 
the  bill).  The  last  bone  of  the  sjiin.d 
column,  formed  by  the  union  of  four  rudi- 
mentary vertebni;. 

Coch'ineal.  The  dried  insects  of  a  species 
of  plant  lice.  Coccus  cacti,  parasitic  ui>on 
the  cactus  of  Mexico  and  Central  America. 
Contains  a  rich  red  coloring  matter,  car- 
Niifte.  Used  mainly  as  a  coloring  matter. 
Thought  to  be  valuai>le  in  infantile  whoop- 
ing-cough.    Dose  gr.  '(. 

Coch'lea  (^'*i'/of, a  concha  shell).  A  cavity 
of  the  internal  ear  resembling  a  snail  .shell. 
De.scril)es  two  and  a  half  turns  al)out  a 
central  pillar  called  the  inoiiiolusox  coluni- 
nclta,  funning  llie  spiral  ciinal,  aliout  I  '^ 
inches  in  length.  'I'he  latter  is  divided 
into  three  canals  or  seal  e, — the  scale  tyiii 
panir,  vestihuli  and  inci/iir. 

Cocilla'na.  The  bark  of  asiK-ciesof  Cun- 
rea,  of  the  family  .Muli<uc,r,  an  emetic  and 


COCKLEBUR 


112 


COLLI  DINE 


purgative ;  poisonous  as  an  irritant  narcotic 
in  over-doses.  It  acts  locally  upon  the 
mucous  membrane  when  directly  applied 
or  when  absorbed.  Commended  in  bron- 
chial catairh.  Dose  of  e.xt.  Tl^^viiss.  Unof. 
Cock^lebur.  The  leaves  of  Xanthiitm 
stnimarium.  A  popular  domestic  remedy 
for  bites  of  poisonous  insects  and  reptiles. 
An  active  styptic.  Dose  of  the  fld.  ext. 
,5j-ij.  Unof 
Co^co,  or 

Co''coa  (Port,  cacao).  The  fruit  of  Tlieo- 
bi'ovia  cacao,  largely  used  as  an  article  of 
diet.     See  Theobroma. 

Co''deine.  An  alkaloid  extract  of  opium. 
Mildly  calmative.     Dose  gr.  ss-ij. 

Cod-liver  Oil.     See  Morrhiia;. 

Cce'lia  [Koilaa.^  the  belly).     The  belly. 

Cce'liac.  Pertaining  to  the  belly.  C, 
Artery,  same  as  C.  Axis.  See  Artery. 
C.  Ganglion.  See  Ganglion  Semilunar. 
C.  Plexus.     See  Plexus. 

Coe'lom  i^Koi?M/ja,  a  cavity).  The  body 
cavity. 

Cce^loscope  [Kot?ua,  the  belly,  ckottfu,  to 
observe).  An  instrument  for  examining 
the  cavities  of  the  body,  by  means  of  the 
electric  light,  enclosed  in  a  flask  and 
mounted  upon  a  glass  shank. 

Cce'nurus.  See  Alternations  of  Genera- 
tion. 

Coffee.     See  Caffea. 

Cohabita^tion  (^con,  together,  Jiabito,  to 
dwell).  The  living  together  of  a  man 
and  woman  without  legal  marriage.  Sex- 
ual connection. 

Cohe^sion  {colmro,  to  stick  together). 
The  force  whereby  molecules  of  matter 
adhere  to  each  other.  The  "  attraction  of 
aggregation." 

Cohn's  Liquid.  A  culture  liquid  devised 
by  Cohn,  composed  of  the  following  parts, 
in  grammes :  Distilled  water  200  ;  tar- 
trate of  ammonia  20 ;  phosphate  of  po- 
tassa  20  ;  sulphate  of  magnesia  ID;  tribasic 
phosphate  of  lime  o.l. 

Co'hosh,  Black.     See  Cimicifnga. 

Coil'ing  of  the  Cord.     See  Cord. 

Co^itus  (yioiti/s).  The  act  of  sexual  con- 
nection.    Copulation. 

Cola^tion  {^colo,  to  strain).  The  operation 
of  straining. 

Colch^icine.     See  Colc/iiciim. 

Colch'icum.  Meadow  Saffron.  The  corm 
and  seed  of  C.  autittnnale.  Properties 
due  to  an  alkaloid,  colchicine.  An  emetic, 
diuretic,  diaphoretic  and  drastic  cathartic. 
Valuable  in  acute  gout,  and  used  with 
good  results  in  gonorrhoea.    C.  Rad.  Ext., 


dilute  acetic  acid  35,  powdered  root  loo 
parts,  water  q.   s.      Dose   gr.    ^-ij.     C. 
Rad.  Ext.,  Fid.    Dose  TTiij-x.    C.  Sem. 
Ext.,  Fid.    Dose  lt\,ij-v.    C.  Rad.  Vini., 
40  per  cent,  in  strength.     Dose   TTLv-xv. 
C.  Sem.,  Vini.,  15  per  cent,  in  strength. 
Dose  TTi^x— XXX.    C.  Tinct.,  prepared  from 
the  seed;    strength    15    per    cent.     Dose 
tT\^x-xxx. 
Cold  (Sax.  ceald).     The  comparative  want 
of  heat.     Used  popularly  for  coryza  and 
catarrhal   conditions    of     the    respiratory 
tract. 
Cold-blooded.     See  Pcckilofhertnic. 
Cold-spots.     See  Temperature  Sense. 
Colec'tomy  (koTmv,  the  colon,  ektojutj,  cut- 
ting out).     Excision  of  a  portion  of  the 
colon. 
CoFic  [colicus).     Pertaining  to  the  colon. 
The  condition  vulgarly  called  belly-ache, 
or  a  severe  griping  pain  in  the  bowels,  or 
adjacent  organs,  as,  e.g., hepatic,  nephritic, 
etc.     C,  Lead,  or  C.,  Saturnine,  that 
due  to  lead  poisoning.     See  below. 
CoFica  Picto^num.     Painters'  Colic.     A 
form  of  colic  due  to  the  absorption  by  the 
system  of  lead  in  poisonous  quantities.     It 
is  common  among  those  who  use  or  work 
with  lead. 
CoFic  Root.     See  Alefris  and  Dioscorea. 
Coli^tis   {k.o7\.ov,  the  large  intestine).     In- 
flammation of  the  colon. 
CoFlagen  (koAAo,  glue,  ytvvau,  to  produce). 
A  substance  existing  in  various  tissues  of 
the  body,  especially  bone  and  cartilage; 
converted  into  gelatine  by  boiling. 
Collapse''  [coUabor,  to  fall  together).     Ex- 
treme depression  and  prostration  from  fail- 
ure of  nervous  force,  as  in  cholera,  shock, 
haemorrhage,  etc. 
CoFlar  Bone.     See  Clavicle. 
Collect^ing  Tubes  of  Kid^ney.   A  name 
given  to  ducts  discharging  into  the  calices 
of  the  kidneys. 
Collect^or.     A  device  by  which  any  num- 
ber of  cells  may  be  taken  from  or  added  to 
an  electric  cunent. 
CoFles'  Fracture.     See  Fractttre. 
CoFlidine.     A   name   given   to  Nencki's 
ptomaine-base,  CgHj^N,  isomeric  but  not 
identical    with    aldehyde-collidine.       The 
ptomaine  was  obtained  from  pancreas  and 
gelatine    allowed    to    putrefy    together   in 
water.     Its  constitution  is  still  unknown. 
The    free   base   is   oily,  and   possesses   a 
peculiar,  agreeable  odor.    Nencki  lielieved 
it    an    aromatic    base.       Its    physiological 
action    appears    to    be  doubtful.     But    an 
isomer  of  it  discovered  in  ox-blood  fibrin 


COLLINSONIA  CANADENSIS       113 


COLPOCELE 


and  l.i  putrefied  jelly-fish  has  a  poisonous 
effect  resembling  curara.  Frogs  poisoned 
by  the  isomer  give  out  an  orange-tlower 
odor.  Nencki's  coUidine  is  isomeric  with 
collidine  obtained  from  coal-tar. 

Collinso'nia  Canaden'sis.  Knob-root, 
Horse-weed,  Stone-root.  A  ]K>]iular  do- 
mestic remedy  used  in  the  Southern  States 
as  a  cure-all.  Has  antispasmodic  proper- 
ties.     l)(.>se  gr.  xv-lx  in  decoction.     Unof. 

Colliqua'tion  [co/liipic-o,  to  melt).  The 
liijuef;\ction  or  breaking  down  of  a  tissue 
or  organ. 

Collo'dion  (ko7J)jj>6jj^,  glue-like).  See  Py- 
roxylin. 

Col'loid  (Ko?.?.fl,glue).  A  non-cr}-stallizable 
and  generally  soluble  organic  substance. 
See  Diii/ysis.  Also,  having  the  nature  of 
glue.  In  chemistiy,  amorphous  and  non- 
crystalline. C.  Degeneration  of  the 
Skin.  A  rare  di>ease,  occurring  chietly 
on  the  upper  part  of  the  face,  in  the  form 
of  small,  glistening,  translucent,  flattish  ele- 
vations, and  yielding  by  pressure  a  small, 
jelly-like  mass. 

Col'Ium  (Lat.).  The  anterior  part  of  the 
neck. 

Collyr'ium  (  Kn/./.vpiov,  an  eye-salve).  An 
astringent,  antiseptic  or  medicinal  lotion 
for  the  eyes. 

Colobo'ma  {ko7x>i3ou,  to  mutilate).  A 
cleavage  or  fissure  of  parts  of  the  eye,  of 
congenital  or  traumatic  origin.  Con- 
genital C.  are  due  to  imperfect  closure 
of  tissurcs  during  fjetal  development. 

CoKocynth,  or 

Colocynth'is.  Colocynth.  The  fruit  of 
C.  Cilrullus,  from  which  seeds  and  rind 
have  l>een  rejected.  IVoj)erties  due  to  a 
bitter  glucoside,  colocyiitltin.  A  tonic  an<l 
astringent  purgative.  Used  mainly  as  an 
ingredient  in  comjiound  cathartic  pills. 
Somewhat  u.seful  in  colic,  sciatic  rheuma- 
tism and  neuralgia.  C.  Ext.,  alcoholic. 
Dose  gr.  ^^-ij.  C.  Ext.,  Comp.,  con- 
tains colocynth  extract  lo,  aUjts  50,  car- 
damon  6,  resin  of  scammony  14,  .soap  14, 
aicfihol  10.  Dose  gr.  v-xx.  Pilulae, 
Comp.  Cathartic,  compound  cathartic 
pills;  contain  «a<h,  comj).  cxl.  of  toliKynth 
gr.  1.3,  abstract  jalap  gr.  j,  calomel  gr.  j, 
gamlxjgc  gr.  j.  I  Jo-<e  j -iij  pills.  Laville's 
Anti-gout  Remedy,  contains  co!<Kynih 
2  •  J,  ijuininc,  cinchoninc  aa  5,  .S|)anish  wine 
8fX),  al<oh(4  100,  water  lOOO  parts. 

Colo'gnc.      Sec  Spirits. 

Co'lon  {kii'/'iv,  the  colon).  Tlie  first  or  su- 
[M-ridr  part  of  the  large  inti-stine.  In  the 
variou.s  |jarts  of  it.s  course  it  is  known  as 
8 


the  ascefiJitig  C,  the  (h-scciiJini;^  C,  the 
t?aiis7't'rse  C,  and  the  sig/iioidjlcxurc. 

Coloph'ony.     See  A\si//. 

Co'lor  ((■('/('/■).  The  ditTerences  in  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  thing  seen,  other  than  diose 
due  to  shape,  relief,  t'/r.  The  tint  or  hue 
of  an  oliject,  dependent  upon  the  number 
of  vibralions  of  die  ethereal  stimulus. 
C. -blindness.  See  B/iiii/iwss.  C, 
Complementary,  any  color  that  added 
to  another  color,  or  to  a  mixture  of  colors, 
produces  white.  C.  Contrast,  any  two 
that,  when  mixed,  .su])plcnKiU  tlie  jirevail- 
ing  tone  of  the  light.  Colors,  Mixed, 
those  produced  wlun  the  retina  is  excited 
by  two  or  more  simple  colors.  C,  Simple, 
those  of  the  spectrum.  C,  Saturated, 
those  containing  little  or  no  white. 

Color-blindness.     See  B/i>i(hu-ss. 

Color-hearing.  The  hypothesis  of  the 
excitation  of  the  chromatic  centers  through 
the  auditory  nerve. 

Colorim'eter  [color,  fie-pov,  measure). 
An  in.stnimcnt  for  determining  the  quan- 
tity of  coloring  matter  in  a  mixture. 

Color-sensation.  Depends  on  the  num- 
ber of  vibrations  of  the  ether,  the  same  as 
the  pitch  of  a  note  depends  on  the  number 
of  vibrations  of  the  sounding  body.  Her- 
ing's  Theory  of  C.-s.  predicates  di.s- 
assiniilation  and  assimilation  (decomposi- 
tion and  restitution)  of  the  visual  sub- 
stance in  vision — white,  red  and  yellow 
representing  the  sensation  of  disassimila- 
tion,  black,  green  ami  blue  of  restitution; 
thus  endowing  the  visual  sut)stance  with 
three  modes  of  chemical  metalnjlism. 
Young-Helmholtz's  Theory,  assumes 
three  kinds  of  nerve-elements  correspond- 
ing to  the  tlirce  primary  colors.  Stimula- 
tion of  the  first  causes  red,  of  the  second, 
green,  of  the  third,  violet. 

Color-top.  A  top  containing  on  the  sec- 
tors of  its  disc  a  number  of  colors  to  be 
"  mixed  "  by  rapid  whirling. 

Colos'trum  {lo/ostnini).  The  first  milk 
in  the  mother's  breasts  after  the  birth  of 
the  child.  It  is  laxative,  and  assists  in 
the  exjjulsion  of  the  meconium. 

Colot'omy  {ki>?()v,  Tt/ivu,  to  cut).  Incision 
of  till-  colon,  either  liitiihnr  or  iii:;iiiii<i/, 
aciordiiig  to  the  region  of  entrance. 

Colpeur'ynter  [ko'/.-im;,  vagina,  Myirru,  to 
widen).  An  instrument  for  dilating  the 
vagina  by  means  of  an  intlatable  bag  or  sac. 

Colpi'tis  (aoXtoi).  Intlammatiun  of  the 
vagina. 

Col'pocele  {ko'Xttoi;,  w/A/y,  tumor).  Ileniia 
or  tumor  in  the  vagina. 


COLPOHYPERPLASIA 


114 


COMPOUND  OXYGEN 


Colpohyperpla-'sia.  A  cystic  hyperplasia 
of  the  vagina. 

Colpoperine^oplasty.  Plastic  operations 
for  abnormahties  of  the  vagina  and  peri- 
neum. 

ColpoptC'sis  (/co/lTTOf,  TTTuaig,  a  falhng). 
Prolapse  of  the  vagina. 

Colpor^rhaphy  (/coATrof,  pacp?/,  seam).  Su- 
ture of  the  vagina. 

Colt'sfoot.     The  leaves  of  Tiissilago  far- 

fara.  Demulcent  and  tonic.  Sometimes 
prescribed  in  chronic  coughs.  Dose  of 
Jj  to  Oj  decoction,  a  teacupful;  of  fld.  ext. 
3J-ij.     Unof 

Colum^bo.     See  Calumbo. 

ColumeFla.  The  column-like  rod  of  birds 
and  reptiles,  a  part  of  the  organ  of  hear- 
ing, corresponding  to  the  auditory  ossicles 
of  the  higher  animals.  See  Cochlea  and 
Modiolus. 

CoFumn  {columna).  A  pillar  or  column. 
Applied  to  sundry  column-like  organs  of  the 
body,  and  especially  to  certain  parts  of  the 
spinal  cord.  C.  of  Burdach,  the  postero- 
external column  of  the  cord.  C.  of  Clarke, 
a  group  of  nerve  cells  in  the  inner  part  of 
the  neck  of  the  posterior  horn  in  the  dorsal 
and  lumbar  cord.  C.  of  GoU,  the  postero- 
median column  of  the  cord.  C.  of  Turck, 
the  anterior  or  direct  pyramidal  tract.  Lat- 
eral pyramidal,  Direct  cerebellar  C,  etc., 
are  other  columns  or  tracts  of  the  cord. 

Colum''na.  A  column  or  pillar.  C.  Bertini. 
That  part  of  the  cortical  stracture  of  the 
kidneys  which  separates  the  sides  of  any 
two  pyramids,  through  which  the  arteries 
and  nerves  enter,  and  the  veins  and  lymph- 
atics emerge.  C.  Nasi,  the  antero-pos- 
terior  septum  between  the  nostrils.  C. 
Vertebralis,  the  spinal  column.  C.  Car- 
neae,  muscular  columns  projecting  from  the 
cardiac  ventricles. 

Co''ma  (/CW//0,  deep  sleep).  Abnonnally 
deep  and  prolonged  sleep,  with  the  cerebral 
functions  in  abeyance ;  due  to  compression 
of  the  brain,  hemorrhage,  etc.  C.  Vigil, 
a  comatose  condition  in  which  the  patient 
lies  with  open  eyes,  but  unconscious  and 
delirious. 

Co'matose.     In  a  condition  of  coma. 

Combus'tion  [co»ibiiro,io  burn  up).  The 
process  of  oxidation,  attended  with  the 
liberation  of  heat,  and  sometimes  light. 
Loosely  used  as  a  synonym  of  inflammation. 
C,  Spontaneous,  that  due  to  heat  from 
chemical  changes,  such  as  the  spontaneous 
ignition  of  oiled  waste  or  shoddy  in  woolen 
mills,  factories,  etc.  C,  Spontaneous 
Human,   the    supposed   burning   of    the 


body  without  the  external  application  of 
heat. 

Com^edone  [comedo,  a  glutton).  Black- 
head. A  black-pointed  cylindrical  plug 
formed  by  the  lodgment  of  sebaceous  mat- 
ter within  the  orilice  of  the  duct.  Nearly 
always  occurs  on  the  face,  neck  and  chest. 

Com^frey.  The  root  of  Symphytum  offi- 
cinale. Demulcent,  slightly  astringent  and 
tonic.  A  common  ingredient  in  domestic 
cough  mixtures.  Dose  of  decoction  indefi- 
nite; of  fld.  ext.  3J-ij.     Unof. 

Com^ma  Bac^illus.  See  Spirillum 
CholercE. 

Comminu''tion  (comminuo,  to  break  in 
pieces).  The  process  by  which  a  solid 
body  is  reduced  to  pieces  of  varying  sizes. 
It  includes  the  various  operations  of  cutting, 
rasping,  grating,  slicing,  pulverizing,  levi- 
gating, triturating,  elutriating,  granulating, 
etc.     See,  also,  Fractwe,  Comminuted. 

Coni''missure  {committo,  to  unite).  A  join- 
ing or  uniting  together.  C.  Magna,  the 
corpus  callosum.  C,  Optic,  the  union 
and  crossing  of  the  two  optic  nerves  in 
front  of  the  tuber  cinereum. 

Commu^nicans  {communico^.  Communi- 
cating.    C.  Noni.     See  Nei-ve, 

Com^mutator  [commuto,  to  exchange). 
An  instrument  for  automatically  interrupt- 
ing or  reversing  the  flow  of  an  electric 
current,  making  and  breaking  the  same 
with  desired  frequency. 

Co^mose  [coma,  hair).    Having  much  hair. 

Com^pass  Plant.     See  Rosi^i  Weed. 

Complement^al  Air.     See  Air. 

Complement^ary  Colors.     See  Color. 

Complex^us  [complexus,  complex).  The 
totality  of  symptoms,  phenomena  or  signs 
of  a  morbid  condition.  C.  Muscle.  See 
l\Iuscle. 

Complica''tion  [complico,  to  fold  together). 
Used  of  intercurrent  or  succeeding  disease 
or  morbid  conditions  that  render  treatment 
of  the  principal  affection  difterent  or  more 
difficult.  Complicated  Fracture.  See 
Fracture. 

Composi^tion  [conipositio,  a  putting  to- 
gether). Compounding;  used  of  medi- 
cines.    The  constituents  of  a  mixture. 

Com''pound  Cathar^tic  Pills.  See  Colo- 
cvnth^ 

Compound''ing.  The  mixing,  manipula- 
tion, and  preparation  of  the  drugs  ordered 
in  a  prescription. 

Com'pound  Ox^ygen.  A  quack  cure-all 
consisting  of  a  .strong  solution  of  potassium 
nitrate  or'  chlorate  through  which  the  air 
to  be  inhaled  is  drawn. 


COMPRESS 


115 


CONIUM 


Com'press  [camprcsstts,  pressed  together). 
Folded  clotlis  wetted  and  applied  firmly  to 
the  part  for  relief  of  intlamniation.  C, 
Fenestrated,  with  a  hole  for  drainage  or 
insj^ection.  C,  Graduated,  the  strip 
applied  directly  is  narrow,  the  others,  pro- 
gressively wider,  cover  it. 

Compres'sion  of  Brain.     See  Brain. 

Compres'sor  {^coni/'rimo,  to  press  together). 
An  instrument  for  compressing  an  arter}', 
vein,  «•/(•.  Used  of  muscles  ha\  ing  a  com- 
pressing function,  as  the  C.  nar-is,  C.  vctta 
d.'isiilis  pinis,ctc. 

Cona'rium.     See  Pineal  Gland. 

Concentra'tion  (<-<>«,  together,  ccntnim, 
the  centre).  Evaporation  of  part  of  the 
water  of  a  mixture,  tlius  rendering  it  re- 
latively stronger. 

Concenf'ric.  Arranged  in  an  equidistant 
manner  aluiut  a  centre. 

Concep'tion  (Av/iT/'/f',  to  conceive).  The 
fecundation  of  the  ovum  by  the  sjjermato- 
zoid.     !^ee  Pregnancy. 

Con'cha(/co};ia,ashell).  A  shell.  Used  of 
organs  having  some  resemblance  to  a  shell, 
as  the  patella,  vulva,  dVr.,and  especially  of 
tlie  C.  Auris,  or  hollow  part  of  the  external 
car.  C.  Narium,  the  turbinated  bones. 

Concoc'tion  [coniO(juo,  to  boil  together), 
'llic  act  of  boiling  two  substances  together. 

Con'crete  [concresco,  to  grow  together). 
.S.iiidified  or  condensed. 

Concre'tion.  The  solidification  or  con- 
densation of  a  fluid  substance ;  used,  also, 
of  union  of  parts  normally  separate,  as  the 
fingers. 

Concu'bitus  {concubo,  to  lie  together). 
t'o])iilation. 

Concus'sion  of  Brain.     See  Brain. 

Cond^iment  {lonJiinailtirn,  sj)ice).  Spice, 
sauce,  or  other  aj^jjeti/ing  ingredients  used 
will)  fixxl. 

Cond'om,  or  CunMum  (corrup.  oi confon, 
a  |)hysician).  A  sheath  worn  over  the 
jKiiis,  during  copulation. 

Conduction  {cundmo,  to  draw  together). 
The  |)a-«sage  or  transfer  of  force  or  mate- 
rial from  one  i)art  to  another. 

Conduran'go  Bark.  A  remedy  much 
u.sid  in  .S.  .America  as  an  alterative  in 
sy|jliilis.  Introduced  into  the  U.S.  as  a 
nmedy  for  cancer  of  the  .stomach,  with 
uiii  crtaiii  results.      Dose  gr.  x-xxx.    Unof 

Con'dyle  (KovAv'/nr,  a  knuckle).  The 
routicjcd  eminences  in  the  joints  of  many 
of  the  Ixjncs,  esjjccially  Uie  fftnur,  hit- 
mrrus  and  jiiw. 

Con'dyloid.  Resembling  or  pertaining  to 
the  condyle. 


Condylo'ma  {kov6v7.oc;).  A  wart-like 
growth  or  tumor  about  the  anus  or  pu- 
dendum of  either  sex.  Applied  also  to 
syphilitic  patches  and  discolorations. 

Cone'in.     .^ee  Ccniitin. 

Cones,  Graduated.  Cone-shaped  bodies 
used  for  measuring  the  size  of  orifices  of 
vessels,  etc.,  especially  In  post-mortem  ex- 
aminations. 

ConfeC'tion  [ccnfcitio,  a  making).  A 
confection.  In  pharmacy  a  mass  of  sugar 
and  water,  or  of  honey,  as  an  excipient 
with  a  prescribed  medicinal  substance. 
There  are  two  ofticial  confcctiones. 

Confec'tioners'  Disease.  A  disea.se  fre- 
tjuintl)-  occurring  in  the  workpeople  manu- 
facturing candied  fmits,  nuts,  etc.  It  is 
confined  to  the  nails  of  the  fingers  of  the 
hands;  the  nail  loses  its  polish,  becomes 
black,  the  periungual  jx)rtion  becomes 
loosened  and  raised  up. 

Confine'ment.  The  condition  of  women 
during  childbirth. 

Con^fluent  {conjiuo,  to  flow  together).  In 
mc'dutnc,  a  term  apjjlied  to  eruptions  which 
run  together.  Tiie  opposite  of  discrete. 
In  anatomy,  used  of  the  blending  of  two 
or  more  bones  originally  separate  into  one. 

Congen'ital  [con,  together,  gcnitus,  born). 
Existing  from  birth. 

Conges^tion  [congcro,  to  heap  up).  Ab- 
normal collection  of  blood  in  a  part  or 
organ.  Used  of  other  liquids  besides 
blood. 

Con'gius  (a  Roman  measure).     A  gallon. 

Conglom'erate  (conglonicro,  to  heap  uj)). 
A  mass  of  units  witlumt  order.  C. 
Glands,  synonymous  with  acinous  glands. 

Conglu'tin.     See  Casein. 

Con'gress  [congressns,  a  meeting  together). 
An  assemblage  for  deliberative  puiiw.se. 
C,  Sexual,  coition,  or  carnal  intercourse. 

Con'ical  Cor'nea.     See  A'erato-glo/'its. 

Coni'um.  Hemlock.  The  green,  fiill- 
grown  fruit  of  the  sjX)tted  hemlock,  ('. 
viaculalum.  Contains  several  alkaloids 
and  a  volatile  oil,  I'roperties  maiidy  due 
to  alkaloids  conine  and  niet/iy/i  onine. 
Produces  motor  ])aralysis  \\  itlumt  loss  of 
sensation  or  consciousness.  In  toxic  doses 
death  ensues  from  jiaralysis  of  organs  of 
respiration.  N'aluable  in  tetanus,  bji-phaio- 
s|)asm,  asthma  and  whooping  cough.  C. 
Abstract,  made  from  conium  2cx),  diliile 
hydrochloric  aciil  6,  sugar  of  milk  and 
alcohol  <|.  s.,to  make  loo  parts  of  abstract. 
Dose  gr.  ss-iij.  C.  Ext.,  aUoholic,  each 
grain  represeniing  1  gr.  of  <lrug.  Dose 
gr.  ij-v.     C,  Fid.  Ext.,  same  strength  us 


CONJUGATE 


116       CONTINUITY,  SOLUTION  OF 


preceding.     Dose  TT\^ij-v-xl.     C.  Tinct., 

15  per  cent,  strength.  Dose  Tl\,x-^j. 
Conine,  unof.,  volatile  alkaloid  of  conium. 
Dose  gr.  -^q-^q-  Coniine  Hydrochlor., 
unof. ,  recommended  in  spasmodic  affections. 
All  preparations  uncertain  in  strength. 

Con'jugate  [iron,  together, ji/gi/m,  a  yoke). 
Yoked  or  coupled.  C.  Focus.  See 
J'oats. 

Conjuga''tion.  A  form  of  reproduction  or 
cell-division  in  unicellular  gregarinn;. 

Conjuncti''va  {conjmictivtts,  connecting). 
The  mucous  membrane  covering  the  ante- 
rior portion  of  the  globe  of  the  eye,  re- 
flected on  and  extending  to  the  free  edges 
of  the  lids.  Its  parts  are  caWeA  palpebral, 
ocular  or  bulbar. 

Conjunctivi^tis.  Inflammation  of  the 
conjunctiva.  It  may  be  catarrhal,  croup- 
ous, diphtheritic  (or  membranous),  gonor- 
rhneal,  phlyctenular,  purulent,  etc.,  in  char- 
acter or  origin.  C,  Egyptian,  and  C, 
Granular.  See  Trachoma.  See  also  Oph- 
thai  1)12  a. 

Con'nate.     See  Confluent. 

Connective  Tis''sue.  See  Animal  Tis- 
sue. 

Consanguin''ity  {con,  together,  sangui- 
nis, blood).  The  relationship  arising  from 
common  parentage.  Allied  in  blood  descent. 

Conser^va,  or  Conserve''  {conserve,  to 
keep).     A  confection,  q.  v. 

Con^sonants  {con,  sono,  to  sound).  Non- 
vowel  sounds  produced  in  speaking  at  cer- 
tain parts  of  the  resonance-chamber.  They 
are  sounded  only  with  a  vowel.  They  con- 
sist of  Explosives,  Aspirates,  Vibratives 
and  Resonants  ;  they  are  also  divided  into 
four  classes,  according  to  the  position  in 
which  they  are  produced — the  Articula- 
tion Positions, — the  first  being  between 
the  lips;  the  second  between  the  tongue 
and  hard  palate ;  the  third  between  the 
tongue  and  soft  palate ;  the  fourth  between 
the  true  vocal  cords.  Labials,  made  at 
the  lips,  may  be  explosive  {b,  f),  aspirate 
{/,  V,  ivS,  vibrative  (the  "burr"),  and 
resonant  {m).  These  form  the  consonants 
of  the  first  articulation  position.  Those  of 
the  second  position  are  the  explosives  /  and 
d;  the  aspirates  s,  z,  sch,  th  ;  the  vibrative 
r;  the  resonant  ft.  Those  of  the  third 
position  are  the  explosives  k  and  g;  the 
aspirates  are  the  unvoiced  aspirates,  un- 
voiced ch  and  J;  the  vibrative,  palatal  r; 
the  resonant,  palatal ;/.  That  of  the  fourth 
position  is  the  aspirate,  the  glottis-foiTned  h. 

Constant  Battery,  Element,  or  Cell. 
One  yielding  a  constant  current.     A  gal- 


vanic battery,  of  which  the  most  common 
types  are  those  of  Bunsen,  Callaud,  Daniell, 
Grenet,  Grove,  Leclanche  and  Smee. 

Constipa''tion  [constipo,  to  crush  tightly 
together).  Costiveness.  Retention  and 
hardness  of  the  freces,  from  functional 
inactivity  of  the  intestinal  canal,  or  from 
abnormalism  of  the  biliary  or  other  secre- 
tions. 

Constit^uents  of  Or^'ganism.  The  In- 
organic C,  are  Water,  fomiing  58.5  per 
cent,  of  the  body;  Gases,  such  as  oxygen, 
marsh  gas,  etc ;  Salts,  of  which  the  chief 
are  sodium  chloride,  calcium  phosphate 
(forming  more  than  one-half  of  the  bones), 
sodium  phosphate,  sodium  carbonate,  so- 
dium and  potassium  sulphates,  potassium 
chloride,  calcium  fluoride  and  carbonate; 
Free  Acids,  as  hydrochloric,  sulphuric, 
etc. ;  Bases,  such  as  silicon,  manganese, 
iron.  The  Organic  C,  comprise  the 
large  classes  of  the  proteids,  albuminoids, 
fats,  etc. 

Constitu^'tion  {constitzio,  to  dispose).  In 
chemistiy,  the  atomic  or  molecular  compo- 
sition of  a  body.  In  phannacy,  the  com- 
position of  a  substance.  In  physiology, 
the  general  temperament  and  functional 
condition  of  the  body. 

Constitu^'tional.  Pertaining  to  the  state 
of  the  constitution.  C.  Diseases,  in 
pathology,  such  diseases  as  are  inherent, 
owing  to  an  abnormal  structure  of  the  body. 
Also,  inherited  diseases.  Also,  a  condition 
in  which  the  disease  pervades  the  whole 
system. 

Constrict''or  {constringo,  to  bind  together). 
A  name  applied  to  any  muscle  that  con- 
tracts, tightens  or  straightens  any  part  of 
the  body. 

Constrin''gent.     Same  as  astringent. 

Consulta'tion  {consulto,  to  take  counsel). 
Now  applied  to  a  deliberation  between 
two  or  more  physicians  concerning  the 
diagnosis  of  the  disease  of  a  patient  and 
the  proper  method  of  treatment. 

Consump^tion  {consiinio,  to  consume  or 
wear  away).  Wasting,  denutrition  or 
atrophy.  A  term  loosely  used  as  a  syno- 
nym of  phthisis,  q.  v. 

Conta^gion  {contitigo,  to  touch).  A  word 
loosely  used  to  designate  the  process  by 
which  a  specific  disease  is  communicated 
between  persons,  either  by  direct  contact 
or  by  means  of  an  intermediate  agent. 
(See,  also,  Infection.^  Also  the  specific 
germ  or  virus  from  which  a  communicable 
disease  develops. 

Continu^ity,  Solution  of.     See  Solution. 


CONTRACTILITY 


11' 


COrROLITH 


Contractil''ity  {cotftraho,  to  draw  together). 
That  property  of  certain  tissues,  especially 
a  muscle,  Tnaiiitesled  in  shortening  under 
the  application  of  a  stimulus. 

Contrac'tion  [ii>n/ra/io).  Approximation 
i)f  the  elements  of  a  tissue  or  organ, 
thus  dinimi>hing  its  volume  or  content. 
C. -remainder,  the  st;ige  of  elastic  after- 
vibration  or  residual  contraction  persist- 
ing in  a  muscle  after  withdrawal  of  the 
stimulus. 

Contra-indica'tion  [confra,  against,  in- 
t/iio,  to  point  out).  A  term  applied  to 
that  pathological  or  modifying  condition  in 
which  a  rcmetly  or  a  metlio<l  of  treatment 
is  forbidden  which  under  ordinary  cases 
miijht  be  proper. 

Contrayer''va.  The  root  of  Dorstenia  C. 
Stimulant,  tonic  and  diaphoretic.  Decoc- 
tion mucilaginous.  Serviceable  in  low 
fevers  and  malignant  eruptive  diseases. 
1  >ose  5  ss.     Unof. 

Con'tre-coup  (Fr.).  Counter-stroke,  a 
variety  of  injury  by  indirect  violence. 

Contu'sion  [conftnido,  to  bruise).  A  bruise 
or  injur)-  by  a  blunt  weajx)n,or  by  collision, 
withoul  breaking  the  skin  or  covering. 

Co'nus  {kuvo^,  a  cone).  A  crescentic 
patch  of  atrophic  choroidal  tissue  surround- 
ing the  optic  jjapilla. 

Convalla'ria  maja'lis.  Lily  of  the  \'al- 
ley.  All  parts  of  the  plant.  Properties  due 
to  cotn'allariu  and  cflit-i-a/lainarin,  glu- 
cosides.  A  prompt  cathartic,  diuretic,  and 
cardiac  stimulant.  \'aluai,le  as  a  heart 
tonic.  Unlike  digitalis,  has  no  cumulative 
etTect.  C,  Ext.,  soluble  in  water.  Dose 
gr.  v-xxx.  C,  Ext.,  Fid.,  alcoholic.  Dose 
^  ss-ij.  C,  Infusum,  prepared  with  three 
times  its  weight  of  water.  Dose  J  ss-ij. 
Convallamarinum,  soluble  in  water. 
l)o>ic  gr.  '+-ij.     All  unof. 

Convales'cence  {co/iTn/i-sm,  to  l)ecome 
well).  A  tenn  applied  to  the  recovery  of 
strength  after  the  di.•^appearance  of  a  dis- 
ea.se  or  ailment. 

Convolu'tion  (cotiToho,  to  roll  together). 
A  ti-nn  aiijilird  to  the  folding  and  turning 
u|xjn  itself  of  any  organ,  as  the  c<-relinnn 
and  the  sinallir  inti-stines.  C,  Broca's, 
the  third  lift  frontal,  the  speech-center  in 
right  liand'd  |)<-opIc. 

Convol'vulus  pandura'tus.  Wild  I'o- 
talc).  1  he  tuU:r  is  a  mild  cathartic.  Dose 
gr.  xl.      I'nof. 

Convul'sant  (ronvi-llo^  to  pull  together). 
A  ini-di'  iiii-  that  caases  convulsions. 

Convul'sions.  'Hie  manifestation  of 
nervous    di.sorder   comm<jnly   called  Ji/s. 


Eclampsia.  Loss  of  consciousness  and 
voluntary  control  of  the  muscles,  with 
clonic,  tonic  or  mixed  contractures,  <•/<-., 
constitute  the  chief  symptoms.  May  be 
due  to  epilepsy,  other  functional  or  or- 
ganic disease  of  the  brain,  circulation,  :■(<:. 
C,  Infantile,  due  to  a  number  of  causes, 
such  as  rickets,  exhaustion,  etc.  ;  sometimes 
called  "  screaming  fits."  C,  Puerperal. 
See  EcliJinpsia.  C,  Uraemic,  due  to  the 
altered  state  of  the  blood  in  disease  of  the 
kidney.     See,  also,  EpiUpiy. 

Coordination  (cw/,  together,  ordiiio,  to 
regulate).  The  hannonious  function  and 
proper  se(iuence  of  operation  of  the  various 
organs  of  the  l)ody. 

Copai^ba.  15alsam  of  Copaiba.  The  oleo- 
resin  of  C.  LangsdorJJii ;  native  to  Sou  h 
America.  A  stimulant  diuretic,  and  an 
ex])ectorant.  Much  used  in  gonorrhtea, 
but  now  considered  of  doubtful  value.  C. 
Massa,  copaiba  94,  magnesia  b  parts. 
Dose  tTLx-_:5J.  C.  Mist.  Comp.,  La- 
fayette's mixture,  unof.,  copaiba  ^vij, 
oil  cubebs  3J,  glyceriti  vitelli  3  vij ;  tri- 
turate and  add  syr.  aq.  piperit.  5  iiss  ;  then 
add,  with  constant  stirring,  li<[.  [XDtass.  .^ss, 
tinct.  cardamon  comp.  '7^  ij,  spt.  nitrous 
ether  5  ss,  aq.  piperit.  q.  s.  to  make  5viij. 
Dose  _5J-5ss.  C.  01.  Dose  TT\,x-xv. 
C.  Resina,  mainly  copaibic  acid.     Dose 

Cop''per  (Cu''prum).  A  reddish-brown 
metal  not  usetl  in  medicine  in  its  metallic 
form,  but  represented  by  several  salts. 
The  latter  are  gastrointestinal  irritants, 
producing  nausea  and  eme>is.  C.  Acetas, 
verdigris,  used  in  pulmonary  disca.ses,  and 
a^  a  lotion  in  sUin  dist-ises.  Dose  gr.  7',-s— I- 
C.  Aceto-arsenite,  Paris  (ireen,  used  as 
a  pigment  and  an  insecticide.  C.  Ammo- 
niatum,  unof,  annnonium  carbcinate  J, 
io|)|)(r  sidi)liate  4  parts.  L'seful  in  chorea, 
liy>lnia,(A  .  Dosegr.  '  (j-j.  C.,Potassio- 
tartrate  Sol.,  Fehling's  solution,  unof., 
co])per  sulphate  gr.  70,  distilled  water 
irL400:  al>o  <li.ssolve  Kochelle  salt,  gr. 
41SS,  in  water  n\^l6oo;  when  re(|uiicd, 
mix  and  add  watt  r  to  make  tT\^.?720. 
Used  as  a  test  for  glucose.  C.  Sulphas, 
.soluble  in  water,  valuable  as  an  emetic. 
Dose,  as  an  emetic,  gr.  ij-v,  as  a  tonic,  gr. 

Cop^peras  (.///;■/  loui,  rose  of  copjier  [?])• 
A  common  name  for  ferrt)us  sulphate.  See 
/•'(•rriim. 

Cop'rolith  {horT/mr,  dung,  ?m'>(»c.  stone).  A 
term  applied  to  hard  masses  of  fatal  matter 
wiiiih  sometimes  form  in  the  IkjwcIs. 


COPTIS 


118 


CORONA 


Cop''tis.  Goldlhread.  The  root  of  C. 
tri folia.  A  simple  bitter  tonic  resembling 
quassia.    Contains  berberine.    Dose  gr.  x- 

XXX. 

Copula''tion  [copulo,  to  couple).  The  act 
of  sexual  intercourse. 

Coraco-  [Kopa^,  a  crow).  Pertaining  to 
muscles  attached  to  the  coracoid  process, 
as  C.  BracJiialis.     See  Aluscles. 

Cor^acoid  [Kopa§).  A  term  applied  to  any 
part  having  the  shape  of  a  crow's  beak. 
C.  Ligament,  a  triangular,  beak-shaped 
ligament  joining  the  coracoid  process  to 
the  acromion.  C.  Process,  a  beak-shaped 
process  of  the  scapula. 

Corral  Root.  Crawley.  The  root  of 
Corallorhiza  odontorhiza.  A  prompt  and 
powerful  diaphoretic,  much  employed  by 
the  "eclectic"  school  of  pi'actitioners. 
Used  in  fevers.  Dose  gr.  xxx.  C,  Fid. 
Ext.     Dose  iTLxv-xxx. 

Cord  (^chorda).  Used  as  a  synonym  for 
the  Umbilical  Cord,  the  vascular,  cord-like 
structure  connecting  the  placenta  and 
foetus.  C,  Coiling  of,  loops  about  the 
foetus  or  its  members.  C,  Knots  of,  real 
knots  of  the  cord  formed  by  the  passage 
of  the  foetus  through  a  loop.  False  Knots, 
accumulations  of  WTiarton's  jelly  at  parti- 
cular points.  C,  Presentation  of,  descent 
of  the  cord  at  the  beginning  of  labor  be- 
tween the  presenting  part  and  the  mem- 
branes. C,  Prolapse  of,  descent  at  the 
rupture  of  the  bag  of  waters,  incomplete, 
if  remaining  in  the  vagina,  complete,  if 
protmding  therefrom.  C,  Torsion  of, 
twisting  upon  its  axis.  The  blood  vessels 
make  about  40  spiral  turns.  Wharton's 
Jelly,  the  gelatin-like  connective  tissue  of 
the  cord. 

Cor^dial  {cor,  the  heart).  Pertaining  to  the 
heart.  In  pharmacy,  an  aromatic  spiritu- 
ous stimiilant. 

Corec^tomy.  See  Iridectomy,  and  Pupil, 
Artificial. 

Corecto^pia  {nop?/,  pupil,  enTuirn^,  mis- 
placed). An  anomalous  position  of  the 
pupil. 

CorediaFysis  {noprj,  Si.a?ivu,  to  liberate). 
The  production  of  an  artificial  pupil  at  the 
ciliary  border  of  the  iris. 

CoreKysis  {Kopr/,  Xvaig,  a  loosening).  The 
detachment  of  iritic  adhesions  to  the  lens. 

Coremorpho^sis.     See  Pupil,  Artificial. 

Coreom'eter  {nopri,  jieTpov,  a  measure). 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  pupil  of 
the  eye. 

Cor'eplasty.     See  Pupil,  Artificial. 

Corian'der,  or 


Corian^'drum.  Coriander.  The  fruit  of 
C.  sati'i'a.  An  aromatic  carminative  and 
stimulant.  Used  mainly  to  give  flavor  to 
other  remedies  and  as  a  corrective  to  griping 
purgatives.  Dose  gr.  x-xx.  C.  Ol.,  the 
volatile  oil.     Dose  IT^ij-v. 

Co^rium  {^corium,  leather).  The  deep  layer 
of  the  cutis. 

Corm  [Kopiioq,  the  trank  of  a  tree).  The 
bulbous  underground  part  of  certain  plants, 
as  the  crocus. 

Corn  [cornu,  horn).  Local  induration  and 
thickening  of  the  skin  from  friction. 

Cor^nea  [cornu).  The  transparent  an- 
terior portion  of  the  eyeball,  its  area  oc- 
cupying about  one-sixth  the  circumference 
of  the  globe.  It  is  continuous  with  the 
sclerotic,  and  nourished  by  lymph  from  the 
looped  blood  vessels  at  its  peripheral  bor- 
der. It  is  lined  posteriorly  by  Descemet's 
membrane,  and  the  conjunctiva  is  firmly 
adherent  to  its  substance  in  front.  C, 
Conical.  See  Keratoglobus.  C,  Leu- 
coma  of.  See  Leuconia.  C,  Tattooing 
of.  See  Tattooing.  C,  Transplantation 
of,  the  operation  of  engrafting  a  section  of 
transparent  cornea  from  some  animal  into 
the  space  of  an  excised  portion  of  leuco- 
matous  human  cornea. 

Cornei^tis.     See  Keratitis. 

Cornic'ula  Laryn^gis.  A  small,  hom- 
shaped  mass  of  cartilage  on  the  arytenoid 
cartilages;  called  also  the  Cartilages  of 
Sautoriiii. 

Corn  Smut.     See  Stigmata  ATaydis. 

Corn^u.  (Lat.)  A  horn.  A  name  applied 
to  any  excrescence  resembling  a  horn.  C. 
Ammonis,  the  liippocamptcs  major  oiXht. 
brain.  C.  Cervi,  hartshorn  or  ammonium 
hydrate.  C.  Cutaneum.  A  horn  of  the 
skin.  A  horny  excrescence  bearing  a  resem- 
blance to  the  horns  of  lower  animals. 
May  be  any  size  from  that  of  a  pin's  head 
to  that  of  the  finger.  Of  rare  occurrence. 
C.  Sacri,  the  prominence  on  each  bone 
of  the  sacrum. 

Cor^'nus.  Dogwood.  The  bark  of  the 
root  of  C.  fiorida.  Properties  due  to  a 
crystalline  principle,  corniti.  A  simple 
stomachic,  bitter  and  somewhat  antiperi- 
odic.     C,  Fid.  Ext.     Dose  ITLx-^j. 

Corn^utin.  One  of  the  active  principles 
of  Ergot.     Unof 

Cor^ona  [corona,  a  garland).  A  crown. 
C.  Ciliaris,  the  ciliary  ligament.  C.  Glan- 
dis,  the  ridge  of  [he  glans penis.  C.  Ra- 
diata,  the  convolutions  of  the  brain.  C. 
Veneris,  syphilitic  blotches  occurring  on 
the  forehead. 


CORONAL  SUTURE 


119 


CORROSIVE 


Coro'nal  Su'ture.  The  suture  joining 
the  frontal  with  the  two  parietal  bones. 

Cor'onary.  A  term  applied  to  vessels, 
nerves,  or  attachments  which  encircle  a 
part  or  organ. 

Cor'oner  (corona/or,  a  crown,  an  oflRcer 
appointed  by  the  Crown).  An  olticer  who 
inquires  by  authority  of  the  law  into  the 
causes  of  deaths  of  sudden  or  violent  oc- 
currence. C,  Inquest  of,  the  legal 
iuquir)'  liefore  a  jurj-  concerning  the  causes 
of  a  .'iuddcn  or  violent  deatli. 

Coronil'la.  The  plant  C.  scorpeouh's, 
abundant  in  southwestern  Europe.  Has 
doubtful  value  in  cardiac  affections  where 
increased  amplitude  of  pulsation  is  re- 
([uiretl.     Unof. 

Cor'pora  (pi.  of  corpus,  a  body).  A  gene- 
ral tenn  apj^lied  to  any  part  of  the  body, 
especially  of  the  brain,  having  a  rounded 
or  ovoid  shape.  C.  Albicantia  or  Mam- 
millaria,  the  two  roundetl  masses  of  white 
matter  forming  the  bullisof  the  fornix.  C. 
Arantii,  the  tubercles,  one  in  the  center 
of  each  segment  of  the  .semilunar  valves. 
C.  Cavernosa,  the  cylindrical  bodies  of 
erectile  tissue  forming  the  chief  part  of  the 
penis.  Also  the  two  masses  of  erectile 
tissue  comix)sing  the  clitoris.  C.  Genicu- 
lata,  two  small  eminences  projecting  from 
the  optic  thalami.  C.  Olivaria,  the  two 
oval  masses  behind  the  pyramids  of  the 
medulla  oblongata.  C.  Pyramidalia,  the 
two  bundles  of  white  matter  of  the  medulla 
oblongata,  situated  l*clow  the  pons  varolii. 
C.  Quadrigemina,  the  optic  lobes  of  the 
lirain,  the  four  rounded  eminences  situated 
under  the  corjius  callosum.  The  anterior 
pair  are  the  nates,  and  the  posterior  the 
testes.  C.  Restiformia,  the  large  columns 
or  cord-like  Ixxlies  extending  from  the 
medulla  to  the  cerel)rum.  C.  Striata, 
two  organs  in  the  lateral  ventricles  (jf  the 
brain,  com])Osed  of  the  cauflate  and  lenti- 
cular nucleas.  ITie  first,  or  intraventricular 
p<jrtion,  extends  into  the  lateral  ventricle. 

Corp'ulcncy  (^corpulentns,  a  large  body). 
Obi-,ity,   fatness  of  the  lx>dy. 

Corp'us  (pi.  corpora),  {corptts,  a  body). 
A  lody;  the  human  Ixxly.  C.  Aran- 
tius,  tJie  cartilaginous  tubercle  of  the 
semilunar  valves.  C.  Callosum.  See 
Comttii^uirrs.  C.Cavernosum  Vaginae, 
tlif  '-|>f'ngy  tissue  of  the  vagina.  C. 
Fimbriatum,  the  lateral  thin  edge  of  the 
tiinia  hi|)|KK'ampi.  C.  Luteum.  Sc-i; 
Corpus  l.utcuni.  C.  Spongiosum,  the 
sjjfjngy  Uxly  enclosing  tiie  urethra,  etc. 
C.  Striatum.     Sec  Corpora. 


Cor'puscle  (dim.  of  rorpiis).  A  name 
loosely  applied  to  almost  any  small, 
rounded,  or  oval  body.  C.  of  Blood,  the 
minute,  biconcave,  Hat  discs,  circular  in 
man,  elliptical  in  the  camel,  and  oval  in 
birds  and  reptiles.  Coqniscles  of  the  blood 
have  been  distinguished,  according  to  their 
sue — into  normoblasts  (normal  in  size), 
megaloblasts  (of  excessive  size),mikro- 
blasts  (abnormally  small),  and  poikilo- 
blasts,  of  irregular  sliape  and  size.  Tiie 
red  corpuscles  in  the  blood  of  man  are 
about  jiVij  in.  in  diameter  and  yj.fjjTj  in. 
thick.  They  consist  of  a  colorless  stroma 
(paraglobulin.cholestcrin,  lecithin  and  ncu- 
rin)  intiltrated  with  coloring  matter  (hLvmo- 
globin).  The  white  corpuscles  are 
flattened,  bi-  or  tri-nucleated  cells,  about 
joVtf  ^'^-  ^"  diameter,  and  exist  in  the  ratio 
of  I  :  400  compared  with  red  coqiuscles. 
They  possess  a  contractile  jxiwer,  alter 
their  shape  readily,  and  in  general  api>ear- 
ances  closely  resemble  amoilja;.  They  are 
most  numerous  in  venous  blood.  C.  of 
Krause,  the  spherical  or  ovoid  corpuscles 
occurring  on  the  ends  of  the  nerve  tubules 
which  emerge  from  a  nerve  plexus.  They 
occur  in  the  conjunctiva,  the  edges  of  the 
lips  and  various  mucous  and  glandular  sur- 
faces. C,  Malpighian,  a  name  applied 
to  the  splenic  coqnisclcs.  Also  to  the 
Malpighian  bodies.  C,  Pacinian,  certain 
small  coqjuscles  occuiring  in  the  subcuta- 
neous cellular  tissue  of  the  fingers  and  toes. 
C,  Tactile,  of  Wagner,  the  small  oval 
boflies  found  in  the  paj)illa'  of  the  skin 
and  enveloped  by  nene-iibers. 

Corpuscula'tion.  A  condition  in  wliich 
the  coqiuscles  of  the  blood  have  undergone 
hyjx'rplasia,  being  more  large  and  numer- 
ous than  in  the  normal  state. 

Corp'us  Lute'um.  The  yellow  body. 
lly|)erlropliy  of  the  me  ml)  ran  a  propria,  or 
reticulata  of  the  ovisac,  after  the  esca])e 
of  the  ovule.  C.  L.,  False,  that  result- 
ing when  pregnancy  does  not  occur,  called 
also  the  C.  L.  of  Menstruation.  C.  L., 
True,  that  when  pregnancy  takes  place, 
called  al>o  the  C.  L.  of  Pregnancy,  and 
liilfcring  in  several  res|>ects  from  the  first. 

Correct'lve  {corrigo,  to  correct).  A  sub- 
stance used  to  mcKlify  (irmakemore  pleasant 
the  action  of  a  purgative  or  other  renieily. 

Correla'tion.  Interdependence;  relation- 
ship. 

Corro'sive  {eon,  rodo,  to  gnnw).  A  .sub- 
stance that  destroys  organic  tissue  either 
i)y  direct  chemical  means  or  by  causing 
inllammation  and  suppuration. 


CORROSIVE  SUBLIMATE 


120 


CRAMP 


Corro''sive  Sub^limate.  See  Ilydrar- 
gyruin. 

Corruga^tor  {corrugo,  to  wrinkle).  That 
which  wrinkles.     See  JMuscle. 

Cor^tex  (Sanskrit  k7-it,  to  split).  The 
bark  of  an  exogenous  plant.  The  external 
layer  of  gray  matter  of  the  brain. 

Cor''ti.  A  celebrated  Italian  anatomist.  C, 
Cells  of,  the  external  hair-cells  of  the 
organ  of  Corti.  C,  Organ  of,  a  series  of 
some  3000  arches  contained  on  the  floor  of 
the  basilary  membrane,  within  the  ductus 
cochlear  is  of  the  internal  ear.  C,  Rods 
of,  the  pillars  of  the  arch  of  the  organ 
of  Corti.  C,  Rolls  of,  the  fibers  forming 
the  inner  limb  of  the  arches  of  Corti. 

Cort^ical  {^cortex,  bark).  Pertaining  to  the 
cortex  or  bark.  Used  of  the  gray  matter, 
cortex,  of  the  brain. 

Coryd^alis.  Tmkey  corn.  The  tuber  of 
C.  fo7-mosa  {^Dicentra  Canadensis  of  de 
Candolle).  Tonic,  diuretic  and  alterative. 
Dose  of-tld.  ext.  ITLx-xI.  Corydalin,  the 
alkaloid.     Dose  gr.  j-v.     Unof. 

Cory^za  {nopvg,  the  head).  Catarrh  of  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  nasal  passages 
and  adjacent  sinuses.  Popularly  called  a 
"  cold  in  the  head." 

Cosmet^ic  [Koa/jeu,  to  adorn).  A  remedy 
designed  to  improve  or  to  hide  the  defects 
of  the  skin  or  other  external  parts.  May 
be  a  white  powder,  such  as  starch,  mag- 
nesic  oxide,  calcium  carbonate  (levigated), 
zinc  oxide,  mercurous  chloride,  or  bismuth 
subnitrate  applied  externally  ;  it  may  be  a 
white  substance  dissolved  in  dilute  alco- 
hol, which  is  left  upon  the  face  after  the 
evaporation  of  the  solvent ;  or  it  may  be  a 
stimulant  to  the  skin  used  internally,  such 
as  arsenic.  C.  Operation.  A  surgical 
operation  to  give  a  natural  appearance  to 
a  defective  or  unsightly  part. 

Cos^moline.     See  Petrolatum. 

Cos^tal  (^costa,  a  rib).  Pertaining  to  the 
ribs.  C.  Cartilages.  The  12  cartilag- 
inous extensions  of  the  ribs. 

Cos''tiveness  [constipo,  to  be  bound).  An 
al)normality  of  digestion  characterized  by 
retention  and  hardness  of  the  faeces. 

Cos''to-  [costa,  a  rib).  A  prefix  denoting 
connection  with  the  ribs. 

Coto'ine.     See  Coto. 

Cofto.  Cotto  Bark.  The  bark  of  a  tree 
native  to  Bolivia.  Irritant  to  skin  and 
mucous  membranes.  Therapeutic  proper- 
ties not  known.  Recommended  in  diar- 
rhoea and  zymotic  fevers.     Dose  gr.  j-xv. 

Cot^ton.     See  Gossypiutn. 

Cot^ton-seed  Oil.     See  Gossypium. 


Cot''yloid  CaV'ity.     See  Acetabulum. 

Couch-grass.     See  Triticum. 

Couch^ing  (Fr.  Coucher).  The  operation, 
now  fallen  into  disuse,  of  depressing  a 
cataractous  lens  into  the  vitreous  chamber, 
where  it  was  left  to  be  absorbed. 

Cough^ing.  A  sudden  violent  expiratory 
explosion  after  deep  inspiration  and  closure 
of  the  glottis.     C.  Center.     See  Center. 

Cou^'lomb.  The  unit  of  measurement  of 
electrical  quantity;  the  quantity  of  elec- 
tricity that  passes  during  one  second  in  a 
conductor  having  a  resistance  of  one  ohm, 
with  one  volt  of  electromotive  force.  The 
micro-coulomb  is  the  millionth  part  of 
this  amount. 

Count^er-exten''sion.     See  Extension. 

Count^er-irrita^tion.  Superficial  and  arti- 
ficially produced  inflammation,  in  order  to 
exercise  a  good  effect  upon  some  adjacent 
or  deep-seated  morbid  process.  Generally 
effected  by  vesicants,  rubefacients,  etc. 

Count^er-o^pening.  An  incision  made 
in  an  abscess  or  cavity,  opposite  another, 
generally  for  purposes  of  drainage. 

Cours^es.     See  Menses. 

Court  Plaster.     See  Ichthycolla. 

Couveuse''.     See  Inczibator. 

Cow^'age.  The  external  hairs  of  the  pod 
of  iMucuna  pruriens. 

Cow^bane.  Water  Hemlock.  The  leaves 
of  Ciiuta  virosa.  An  acrid  narcotic,  highly 
poisonous  to  cattle,  but  not  affecting  sheep 
and  goats.  Causes  intoxication  and  spasm. 
Sometimes  used  externally  as  an  anodyne 
in  rheumatism. 

Cow'per's  Glands.     See  Glands. 

Cow-pox.     See  Vaccination. 

Cox^a  [coxa,  hip).     The  hip-joint. 

CoxaPgia  [coxa,  alyog,  pain).  Pain  in  the 
hip-joint.     See  Hip-joint  Disease. 

Coxe's  Hive  Mixture.     See  Scilla. 

Crab  Louse.     See  Fediculus. 

Crachot^ement.  A  peculiar  reflex  follow- 
ing operations  upon  the  utero-ovarian  or- 
gans, marked  by  a  desire  to  spit  without 
the  ability  to  do  so.  It  is  usually  accom- 
panied by  a  tendency  to  syncope. 

Cracked-pot  Sound.  A  peculiar  sound 
elicited  by  percussion  over  a  cavity  of  the 
lung  communicating  with  a  bronchus. 

Cra''dle.  In  surgery,  a  wire  or  wicker 
frame  so  arranged  as  to  keep  the  weight  of 
the  bed-clothing  from  an  injured  part  of 
the  body.  Employed  in  fractures,  wounds, 
etc. 

Cramp  (Teut.  kramp).  A  spasmodic  con- 
traction of  the  muscles  attended  with  sharp 
pain. 


CRANE'S-BILL  ROOT. 


121 


CROCUS 


Crane's-bill  Root.     See  Geranium. 

Cra'nioclasm  \K\mviov,  the  skull,  K/.au, 
lo  break).  The  operation  of  breaking  the 
fetal  head  by  means  of  the  crunioclii^t. 

Craniol'ogy  i^Kpai-ioi\  /o;  of ,  a  discourse).  A 
treatise  on  the  comparative  study  of  skulls. 

Craniom'eter  \Hi>aiioi\  fttrfior,  a  meas- 
ure). An  instrument  for  gauging  the  dimen- 
sions of  the  skull. 

Craniom'etry.     See  Index. 

Cranios'copy.     See  Phrenology. 

Cranios'tosis  [Kpaviov,  oartov,  a  bone). 
Congenital  os-ihcation  of  the  cranial  sutures. 

Craniot'omy  [spaviof,  rour/,  a  cutting). 
The  oi>eraiion  of  reducing  the  size  of  the 
f<-L'tal  head  by  cutting  or  breaking  it  up, 
when  delivery  is  otherwise  impossible. 

Cra'nium  (K//ar/or,  the  head).  The  skull. 
The  cavity  which  contains  the  brain,  its 
membranes  and  vessels.  Consists  of  22 
bones,  of  which  14  belong  to  the  face,  and 
8  to  the  cranium  proper.     See  Skull. 

Crassamen'tum  [erassus,  thick).  The 
clot  of  the  blood. 

Craw  -  Craw.  See  Filaria  Sanguinis 
Iloniinis. 

Craw 'ley.     See  Coral  Root. 

Cream  of  Tartar.     See  Potassium. 

Creamom'eter.  An  instrument  for  esti- 
mating the  amount  of  cream  in  milk. 

Crc'asote,  or  Creaso'tum  {xpeag,  flesh, 
au^u,  to  preserve).  The  product  of  the 
distillation  of  wood  tar,  consisting  of  a  mix- 
ture of  phenol  com]x>unds.  .'\.n  inllam- 
malile  oily  liquid  dilfering  in  this  respect 
from  carlK)lic  acid.  Does  not  coagulate 
albumin  and  collodion.  Most  of  the  com- 
mercial creasote  consists  of  carlx)lic  acid 
or  contains  a  large  jjercentage  of  it.  Valu- 
able for  its  antiseptic,  astringent,  styptic, 
an  1  -tlictic  and  ocharotic  pro|x-rties.  C. 
Aqua,    a  one  per   cent,  solution.      Dose 

Cre'atin  (Kpcag).  A  weak  organic  base 
occurring  in  various  tissues  of  the  body, 
especially  in  mu>cle. 

Creat'inin  («/<f«<;).     See  Kreatinin. 

Creche  (Kr.  a  crib).     See  Infant  Shelter. 

Cremas'ter  (Kpr/tucj,  to  sup|xjrt).  The 
muscle  which  draws  u|>  the  testis. 

Cremaster''ic  Re'flex.  Retraction  of  the 
lolicle  on  the  same  side  by  exciting  the 
skin  on  the  inner  side  of  the  tliigh. 

Crema'tion  (eremo,  lo  bum).  The  de- 
struction of  the  Ijfxly  by  burning,  as  dislin- 
giiisli<-d  from  inlernient. 

Crem'or  (i-rentor,  broth).  Cream.  Any 
thick  .sul»lancc  formed  on  tlie  surface  of  a 
li'|ui(l. 


Cre'nated  {^ircna,  a  notch).  Notched  or 
scalloped.  In  botany,  leaves  which  are 
serrated.    See  Crenation. 

Crena'tion  [erena').  A  notched  or  mul- 
berr)'  appearance  of  the  red  corpuscles  of 
the  blood ;  may  lie  spontaneous  or  due  to 
poisoning  with  Calabar  bean. 

Cre'nothrix  (k{iiivii,  source,  'V^.  hair).  A 
genus  of  the  family  Beggiatoacees,  whose 
Hlaments  are  enveloped  in  a  gelatinous 
sheath.  C.  Kuhniana,  abundant  in  fresh 
waters.  The  pathogenic  role  attributed  to 
this  variety  by  Kiinsther  in  the  production 
of  typhoid  is  unjustilied. 

Cre'olin.  A  coal-tar  product  deprived  of 
carbolic  acid.  Ha-mostatic  and  highly  anti- 
septic. It  is  more  active  than  carbolic 
acid  on  pure  cultures  of  pathogenic  mi- 
crobes, but  less  etiicacious  in  putrefying 
masses.  An  excellent  non-poisonous  de- 
odorizer. 

Crepita'tion,  or  Crep'itus  [crepito,  to 
crackle).  The  noise  produced  by  escaping 
flatus,  by  the  grating  of  fractured  bones,  by 
the  crackling  of  the  joints,  and  by  tlie 
pressure  upon  tissues  containing  an  abnor- 
mal amount  of  air  or  gas.  Also  the  pecu- 
liar murmur  of  respiration  observed  in 
pneumonia. 

Cres'cent,  Myopic.     See  Myopia. 

Crest.  The  surmounting  part  of  an  organ 
or  process. 

Cre'ta.     Chalk.     See  Calcium. 

Cret^inism.  (Doubtful  etymology.)  The 
condition  of  a  cretin.  An  endemic  dis- 
ease characterized  by  goitre,  and  a  condi- 
tion of  physical,  physiological  and  mental 
degeneracy  and  non-development. 

Crib''riform  {eribrum,  a  sieve,  forma, 
form).  Similar  to  a  sieve  in  being  pcr- 
for.iteil,  as  the  cribriform  Plate  of  the 
Ethmoid  Bone. 

Cri^co-  (KpiKog,  a  ring).  A  prefix  denoting 
connection  with  the  cricoid  cartilage. 

Cri'coid  Cartilage.  See  Cartilages  of 
th,-  I.aryn  r. 

Cri''sis  \crisis).  The  turning  ])oint  in  a 
disease,  fever,  time  of  life,  </< .,  and  in 
disease,  marking  a  change  either  for  the 
better  or  worse. 

Crisfa  Acus''tica  (Lat.).  A  yellow  ele- 
vatinii  pi()j((iiMg  into  the  e(iuait)r  of  the 
ampulla  of  the  ear. 

Crist'a  GalTi.  Cock's  Crest.  The  sui)erior 
triangular  process  of  the  ethmoid  l)one. 

Crit'ical  {crisis  ).  Pertaining  lo  a  cri>is  in 
disi-ase,  jx-riod  of  life,  etc. 

Cro'cus.  .Saffron.  The  stigmas  of  the 
flowers  of  f.  sativus.     (Should  not  be  coiv 


CROSSED  REFLEXES 


122 


CUBEBS 


founded  with  American  Saffron,  Cartha- 
mus  tinctorius).  An  aromatic  stimulant 
and  emmenagogue,  commonly  used  as  a 
cooling  agent.  C.  Tinct.,  lo  per  cent. 
in  strength.  Dose  3J-ij;  of  the  drug,  gr. 
v-xx. 

Crossed  Re^flexes.  An  exception  to 
the  usual  law  of  reflex  movements,  in 
which,  e.  g.,  excitation  of  one  fore  limb 
produces  movement  in  the  opposite  hind 
limb. 

Cross-legged  Progres^'sion.  A  method 
of  walking  in  which  one  foot  gets  over  or 
in  front  of  the  other.  A  symptom  of  cer- 
tain cord  lesions. 

Crouton  Chlo'ral.  See  Chloral Butylicum. 

Croton-oil.     See  .Tiglii  Oleum. 

Croup  (Sax.  kropan,  to  cry  aloud).  A  dis- 
ease of  the  larynx,  trachea,  etc.,  of  children, 
of  which  prominent  symptoms  are  a  peculiar 
cough,  difficulty  of  breathing,  and  often 
accompanied  by  the  development  of  a 
membranous  deposit  or  exudate  upon  the 
parts.  There  is  doubt  as  to  the  real  natui-e 
of  the  disease,  some  contending  that  it  is 
either  an  acute  spasmodic  laiyngitis  or  a 
laryngeal  diphtheria,  while  others  believe 
it  a  special  type  of  disease. 

Cru'cial  (^crux,  a  cross).  Resembling 
or  pertaining  to  a  cross,  as  a  crucial  in- 
cision. 

Cru^ra  (pi.  of  crus,  a  leg).  A  name 
applied  to  certain  parts  of  the  body  from 
their  resemblance  to  a  leg  or  root.  C. 
Cerebelli,  the  peduncles  of  the  cerebellum. 
C.  Cerebri,  the  peduncles  of  the  cere- 
brum. C.  of  Diaphragm,  the  muscular 
bundles  arising  from  the  vertebrte,  etc.,  and 
inserted  into  the  central  tendon.  C.  of 
Penis,  the  corpora  cavernosi. 

Cru^ral  [c7-tis).  Pertaining  to  the  thigh. 
C.  Arch.  See  Ligatuent.  C.  Hernia, 
femoral  hernia. 

Crus  [crus).  The  leg;  structures  resem- 
bling a  leg.     See  the  plural.  Crura. 

Cruso-creafinine.  A  leucomaine,  iso- 
lated from  muscle-tissue.  In  this  and  other 
leucomaines  of  the  Creatinine  Group,  as 
well  as  in  those  of  the  Uric  Acid  Group, 
hydrocyanic  acid  plays  an  important  part 
in  the  molecular  structure  of  the  bases. 
Very  little  is  yet  known  as  to  the  function 
of  this  Cyanogen  Group  in  relation  to  the 
vital  activity  of  tissues,  but  recent  investi- 
gations seem  to  show  that  the  seat  of  the 
cyanogen  formation  lies  within  the  nucle- 
ated cell,  and  is  intimately  connected  with 
the  functions  of  the  nuclein  molecule.  A 
number  of  leucomaines  of  fresh  muscle- 


tissue  are  credited  with  possessing  an  in- 
tensely poisonous  action ;  and,  if  this  be 
the  case,  any  accumulation  of  such  bases  in 
the  system,  due  to  interference  with  elimi- 
nation, may  cause  very  serious  disturb- 
ances. 

Crus^ta.  The  inferior  part  of  the  crura 
cerebri.  C.  Lactea.  See  Achor.  C. 
Petrosa,  a  thin  layer  of  bone  covering  the 
fang  of  a  tooth.  C.  Phlogistica,  the 
yellowish  layer  of  the  upper  stratum  of  a 
blood-clot  coagulating  slowly. 

Crypt  [KpvnTU,  to  conceal).  A  small  sac 
or  follicle.  Crypts  of  Lieberkiihn,  mi- 
nute tubular  depressions  of  the  mucous 
membrane  of  the  small  intestine. 

Cryptoceph^alus  [kpvtvtoq,  hidden,  Ke(pa7.ri, 
head).  A  monster  fcetus  with  imperfectly 
formed  and  concealed  head. 

Cryptoga^mia  [KpvnrTog,  ya//of,  marriage). 
A  division  of  the  vegetable  kingdom  com- 
prising all  plants  with  concealed  sexual 
organs,  without  pistils  or  stamens. 

CryptophthaFmos  {KpvTTTog,o^6a?ijuog,  the 
eye).  Congenital  union  of  the  eyelids, 
usually  over  imperfect  eyes. 

Cryptor^chid,  or  Cryptorchis  (/<pf tttw,  to 
hide,  op^i?,  testicle).  A  person  with  re- 
tained testicles,  i.  e.,  not  descended  into 
the  scrotum.  Monorchid,  with  one  re- 
tained testicle. 

Crysf'allin.  The  globulin  of  the  crystal- 
line lens. 

Cryst^alline  Lens.     See  Le7is. 

Crystalliza''tion  [Kpyaralloq,  ice).  The 
process  by  which  the  molecules  of  a  sub- 
stance anange  themselves  in  geometric 
forms  when  passing  from  a  gaseous  or  a 
liquid  to  a  solid  state.  C,  Water  of, 
the  water  of  salts  that  cannot  be  extracted 
without  destruction  of  their  crystalline 
nature. 

Crystallog''raphy  [KpvuTaTJ.og  ypnipu,  to 
write).  The  science  of  crystals,  their  for- 
mation, etc. 

Crys^talloid  {KpvaTa2.2.og,  eiSog,  likeness). 
Having  a  ciystalline  structure,  as  distin- 
guished from  colloid. 

Cu'beba.  The  unripe  fruit  of  C.  ojfficiiialis, 
cultivated  in  Java.  Properties  due  to  a 
volatile  oil  and  an  organic  acid.  An  aro- 
matic stimulant,  diuretic  in  small  doses. 
Useful  in  affections  of  the  bladder  and 
urethra.  A  good  remedy  (applied  by  in- 
sufflation or  smoked  in  cigarettes)  for 
disease  of  the  fauces,  in  catanh  of  the  air 
passages,  ^i".;-.  Dose  gr.  x-^ij.  C,  Fid. 
Ext.,  alcoholic.  Dose  n^x-xxx.  C. 
Oleoresina,    ethereal.      Dose    n\,v-xxx. 


CUBIC  SPACE 


123 


CURRENT 


C.  Ol.,  the  volatile  oil.  Dose  TTLv-xx. 
C,  Tinct.,  loper  cent,  in  .strength.  Dose 
IT^x-  5  iij.  C.  Trochisci,  oleoresin  gr.  }4, 
oil  sassafras  gr.  yV^'  ^-^f-  glycjTrhiza  gr.  iv, 
acacia  gr.  ij,  syr.  tolu  q.  s.,  in  each  troche. 
Dose  j-iij. 

Cubic  Space  (of  air).  The  amount  of 
space  retjuired  by  the  patient  in  ho>i)itals, 
f/c.  Alx)ut  looo  cubic  feet  to  each  patient 
is  necessary  to  proper  ventilation. 

Cu'bitus  [i-n/'i/its,  the  ellx>\v).  The  fore- 
arm. 

Cu'boid  Bone.  A  hone  of  the  foot  situ- 
ated at  the  outer  anterior  part  of  the 
tarsus. 

Cu'ca.     See  Erythroxylon. 

Cud  Weed.     See  Life  Everlasting. 

Cul-de-sac  (Fr.  <•///,  the  bottom,  dc,  of, 
sac,  bag).  A  cavity  of  the  body  closed  at 
one  end.  Douglas's  C,  a  jxjuch  between 
the  anterior  wa-ll  of  the  rectum  ami  tiie 
posterior  wall  of  the  uterus  formed  by  the 
reflection  of  the  peritoneum.  Called,  also, 
the  recto-uterine  or  retro-uterine  C. 

Cu'lex.  A  mosquito.  A  well-known  in- 
sect which  punctures  the  skin  to  obtain  its 
focxl,  the  blood. 

Cul'ture  (<■<)/<>,  cu/tum,  to  till,  cultivate). 
A  name  loosely  and  indiscriminately  ap- 
plied to  the  act,  the  liquid  or  solid  me- 
dium used,  and  the  product  of  the  process, 
in  culture  ex])eriments  upon  micro6rj:;an- 
isms.  The  culture  media  are  of  various 
kinds:  mineral  liquids  (see  A'au/in's  Li- 
quid, Cohn's  Liquid,  etc.),  bouillons  of 
various  kinds,  gelatinous  fluids,  gelose, 
potato,  serum,  etc.  These  media  are  first 
sterilized,  usually  by  heat  (see  Oren,  .Ster- 
ilization), but  possilily  also  by  chemicals, 
by  filtration,  by  cold,  by  steam,  etc.  The 
infectious  matter  is  then  taken  upon  a  ster- 
ilized platinum  needle  point,  pipette,  or 
other  instrument,  and  transferred  to  the 
culture-medium.  When  the  latter  is  of 
semi-solid  consistency,  as  gelatin,  the  inocu- 
lation by  the  needle  is  called  Stichcultur 
((jr. )  or  par piijilre  ( Fr.),  the  needle  being 
lhru-.t  into  the  suijslance.  When  sown 
along  the  surface  in  a  line  it  is  called 
Slriihcultur  ( ( jr. ),  or  en  stries  ( I'"r. ).  The 
macrfiscopic  features  of  the  subse<|uent  de- 
velo|)ment  give  im|)ortant  means  of  differ- 
entiation. I'or  example,  when  the  iiiocu- 
lati-d  matter  forms  a  mas>  in  the  mc<lium, 
IKjiiitcil  Ix.-1<jw  and  rising  like  a  nail  iicail 
aU)ve,  it  is  callcrl  en  clou,  nail-shapccl. 
Tlien  the  medium  may  lie  li(|uefud  or  not, 
variously  colored,  fxiculiarly  changed,  .sedi- 
ment de(x>sited    or   not,   etc.     Sub.sequent 


microscopical  examination  of  the  culture- 
product,  inoculation  experiments  uixjn  ani- 
mals, etc.,  complete  the  study. 

CuUver's  Root.     See  Leptandra. 

Cune'iform  Bones  (L.  cuncus,  a  wedge). 
The  name  of  three  wedge-shaped  bones  at 
tlie  anterior  part  of  the  tarsus. 

Cune'us  {^cu>/eus).  A  wedge-shaped  con- 
volution on  the  internal  asjject  of  the  cortex 
of  the  occipital  lobe. 

Cu'pola  [cupola,  a  dome).  The  dome- 
shajjcd  extremity  of  the  canal  of  the  coch- 
lea. Also,  the  summit  of  a  solitaiy  gland 
of  the  small  intestines. 

Cup'ping.  The  application  of  cupping 
glasses;  a  method  of  blood-abstraction. 
C,  Dry,  without  the  abstraction  of  bUxKi 
— a  form  of  counter-irritation.  C,  Wet, 
with  the  abstraction  of  blood  after  scari- 
fication. 

Cu'prum.     See  Copper. 

Cura're.  Woorara.  A  vegetable  extract 
olitained  from  Paulinia  C.  and  certain 
members  of  the  Strychnos  family.  A  pow- 
erful paralyzer  of  the  motor  nerves  and 
the  voluntary  muscles.  Used  in  S.  Amer- 
ica and  elsewhere  as  an  arrow  poison.  In 
toxic  doses  death  occurs  by  paralysis  of 
the  organs  of  respiration.  Reported  ef- 
fectual in  two  cases  of  hydrophobia,  and 
has  been  successful  in  tetanus.  Dose  by 
hyjxidermatic  injection  gr.  n'lj-J. 

Curd.  The  coagulum  of  milk  which  sepa- 
rates on  the  adilition  of  rennet  or  an  acid. 

Curette  (Fr.).  An  instrument  sha|jed 
like  a  sjxxjn  or  scoop,  for  detaching  sub- 
stances from  one  another,  as  the  placenta 
from  the  uterine  wall,  etc. 

Cur'rent  {curro,  to  run).  In  electricity,  a 
term  api)lied  to  tlie  transference  of  the 
force,  which  is  arbitrarily  likened  to  the 
flow  of  a  liquid  in  a  confined  p;\ssage. 
C,  Action,  that  oidained  when  an  in- 
jured muscle  contracts.  C,  Alternat- 
ing, a  term  applied  to  a  current  which,  by 
means  of  an  interrupter,  is  alternately  di- 
rect and  reverse.  This  current  is  em- 
ployed (in  New  York)  for  the  execution  of 
capital  sentences.  C,  Battery,  a  gal- 
vanic current.  C,  Continuous,  a  con- 
stant, unintermiitcd  current  in  one  tiirec- 
tion.  C,  Demarcation,  the  muscle  cur- 
rent of  Du  IJois  Raymond,  the  current 
obtained  from  an  injured  muscle.  C, 
Galvanic,  a  current  generated  liy  the 
dec<)m|K)sition  of  aciduiati-d  watir  liy 
means  of  met.allic  plates.  C,  Induced, 
or  Secondary,  a  momentary  current  pro- 
duced when  a  coil  of  insulated  wire  is  in 


CURTATE 


124 


CYSTICERCUS 


troduced  within  the  field  of  another  coil 
through  which  a  continuous  current  is 
passing.  When  the  coil  is  removed  from 
the  field  there  is  a  momentary  current  in 
the  opposite  direction. 

Curt^ate.     See  Expectation  of  Life. 

Curv^ature  of  Spine.     See  Caries. 

Cusp  iyCHSpis,  a  point).  The  crown  or  pro- 
jecting part  of  a  tooth. 

Cuta^neous  {cutis,  the  skin).  Pertaining 
to  the  skin.  C.  Calculus.  See  A/ilium. 
C.  Horns.  See  Cornu  Cutanetim.  C. 
Respiration,  the  transpiration  of  gases 
through  the  skin. 

Cu^ticle  (dim.  of  ciitis,  the  skin).  The 
epidermis  or  scarf-skin.     See  Skin. 

Curtis.  The  derma,  or  true  skin.  C, 
Anserina.     See  Goose  Skin. 

Cut-off  Muscle.  A  popular  designation 
of  the  compressor  m^ethrae  muscle. 

Cyan^ogen  {piavoq,  blue,  yevvacj,  to  pro- 
duce). A  radical  molecule  having  the 
structure  CN,  an  acid  compound  of  carbon 
and  nitrogen  existing  as  a  colorless,  com- 
bustible gas,  exceedingly  poisonous.  Forms 
with  hydrogen,  hydrocyanic  or  prussic 
acid;  with  metals,  the  cyanides;  with 
oxygen,  the  compound  known  as  fulminic 
acid.  Cyanogen  and  hydrocyanic  acid 
are  usually  distinguished  by  the  odor  of 
almonds. 

Cyanop''athy.     See  Cyanosis. 

Cyano^sis  («:«avof).  A  bluish  discolora- 
tion of  the  skin  from  non-oxidation  of  the 
blood,  caused  by  local  or  general  circula- 
tory diseases. 

Cyanotic.     Pertaining  to  Cyanosis. 

Cycli^tis  (/cuK/^of,  a  circle,  ltic,  inflamma- 
tion). Inflammation  of  the  ciliary  body, 
causing  a  pericorneal  circle  of  congested 
sclerotic  tissue.  A  serious  condition,  often 
implicating  adjacent  structures.  May  be 
serous,  plastic,  or  suppurative.  Irido- 
cyclitis, when  the  iris  is  also  implicated 
in  the  inflammatory  process. 

Cycloceph^alus  («:D/c?.of,  KE^cikri,  head). 
A  monstrosity  with  a  Cyclopean  eye  and 
atrophy  of  the  nose. 

Cyclop'ia.     See  Synophthalmia. 

Cyclople^gia  (/ct)/c/,of,  Tv'krjyrj^  a  stroke). 
Paralysis  of  the  ciliary  muscle  of  the 
eye. 

Cy'clops  (/cm/lof,  wi/;).  A  congenital  mal- 
formation consisting  in  a  fusion  of  the  two 
eyes  into  one.     See  Rhinocephaliis. 

Cyclot^omy  [kvkAo^,  TOf-iri,  section).  An 
operation  proposed  for  the  relief  of  glau- 
coma, consisting  in  an  incision  through 
the  ciliary  body. 


Cydo''nium.  Quince  Seed.  The  seeds  of  C 
vulgaris.  Employed  mainly  for  the  muci- 
lage contained  in  the  epithelial  covering, 
which  consists  of  a  compound  of  gum  and 
glucose.  C.  Mucilago,  quince  seeds  2, 
macerated  in  water  1 00  parts.  A  bland 
demulcent,  known  in  commerce  as  Bando- 
line, and  used  as  a  hair  dressing. 

Cylin'drical  Lenses.     See  Lenses. 

Cylindro^ma  (/cvAii^rfpof,  a  cylinder).  A 
tumor  peculiar  to  the  orbit  of  the  eye  and 
to  the  stomach,  composed  of  cylindrical  or 
club-like  hyaline  processes. 

Cynan'che  (/<:i'ui',adog,  ayx^^,  to  strangle). 
An  old  name  for  cases  of  diphtheria, 
croup,  tonsillitis,  etc.,  in  which  the  patient 
struggles  for  breath  (as  a  panting  dog).  C. 
Tonsillaris.     See  Quinsy. 

Cynanthro^'pia  (kvuv,  avdpuirog,  man).  A 
mania  in  which  the  patient  believes  him- 
self a  dog. 

Cypho''sis.     See  Kyphosis. 

Cypripe^dium.  Lady's  Slipper.  The  roots 
of  C.  pubescens  and  C.  pai'vifloriwi,  Ameri- 
can valerian.  Properties  due  to  a  volatile 
oil  and  acid.  An  antispasmodic  and 
stimulant  tonic.  Used  instead  of  valerian, 
which  it  resembles,  in  certain  parts  of  the 
U.  S.  C,  Fid.  Ext.  Dose  TTLx-xxx. 
Cypnpedein,  unof.,  an  impure  alcoholic 
extract.     Dose  gr.  ss-iij. 

Cyrtoni''eter  [Kvprog,  curved,  /lerpov  a 
measure).  An  instrument  adapted  for 
measuring  curves,  and  especially  those  of 
the  chest. 

Cyst  i^Kvartg,  a  pouch).  A  cavity  contain- 
ing fluid  and  surrounded  by  a  capsule. 
C,  Cutaneous.  See  Dermoid  C.  C, 
Dentigerous,  containing  teeth  ;  one  form 
is  found  in  the  ovaries.  C,  Dermoid, 
congenital;  the  cyst- wall  is  like  the  skin. 
C,  Meibomian.  See  Chalazion.  C, 
Retention,  fonned  by  closure  of  the  ducts 
of  secreting  organs,  as  in  mucous  or  seba- 
ceous cysts.  C,  Exudation,  from  increase 
of  exudation,  or  from  exudation  into  a 
closed  cavity.  C,  Primary,  newly  formed, 
not  from  distention.  C,  Secondary,  a 
cyst  within  a  cyst.  C,  Sublingual.  See 
Ranula.  C,  Synovial,  from  the  disten- 
tion of  bursae  or  synovial  sheaths.  C, 
Tarsal.     See  Chalazion. 

CystaFgia  (/cwfr^f,  akyoq,  pain).  Pain  in 
the  bladder. 

Cys^tic.  Pertaining  to  a  cyst,  especially 
of  the  urinary  or  gall  bladder. 

Cysticer^cus  Cellulc'sae  Cu''tis.  See 
Altrrnatio>t  of  Generation.  A  hydatid, 
or  immature  form  of  Tcenia  solium,  which 


CYSTIN 


125 


DANCE 


is  sometimes  parasitic  upon  the  sulKutane- 

ous  tissues  of  the  skin. 
Cyst'in.   A  substance,  C5H,.,N._,S,0^,  found 

in  urine  in  small  amount.    Test :  boil  with 

a  solution  of  lead  oxide  in  sotlium  hydrate. 

If  cystin  is  present,  black  lead  sulphide  is 

precipitated. 
Cyst'is.     See  Cysf. 

Cysti'tis.     Inflammation  of  the  bladder. 
Cyst'itome.     See  Lystotiune. 
Cyst'ocele  {kvgti^,  a  pouch,  wyXv,  tumor). 

\'esical  hernia. 
Cyst'oplasty   [^Kvari^,  7r?.aaa(o,  to  form). 

Plastic  operation  ujwn  the  bladder,  espe- 
cially for  vesico-vaginal  fistula. 
Cysfoscope  (Ki-ffr^f,  a/co-fw,  to  examine). 

.\n  instrument  for  examining  the  interior 

of  the  bladder. 
Cyst'otome    (mvng,  rriivij,  to   cut).     A 

knife  used  in  cystotomy  and  in  rupturing  the 

cap>ule  of  the  lens  in  cataract  operations. 
Cystot'omy.     Incision  of  the  bladder. 
Cythaemol'ysis  (KiTog,  cell,  aifia,  blood, 

/iwr,   dissolution).       Dissolution    of   the 

corpuscles  of  the  blood. 


Cy'tisin.  A  cr)'stalline  alkaloid  of  Cytisus 
laburuum.  It  has  marked  hypnotic  pro- 
{>erties,  with  diminution  of  pulse.  It  has 
lieen  used  hy]>oilermically  with  advantage 
in  migraine.  Dose  of  the  nitrate  gr.  .,'^. 
Unof. 

Cy'toblast  (KVToq,  i3?.aa7og,  germ).  The 
cell  nucleus. 

Cytoblaste'ma  (hirrof,  jVaaTi/iia,  germ). 
The  genninalive  liquid  in  which  cells 
grow. 

Cytodier'esis  (nvror,  ihnii)rGi(;,  division). 
Cell  stLjmcntation  or  divisiun. 

Cytogen'esis.     See  CW/. 

Cy'toid  [KVTog,  Eidog,  likeness).  Resem- 
bling a  cell. 

Cytol'ogy  (KiTof,  ^oyog,  account).  The 
science  of  cell  formation  and  cell-life. 

Cy'to-mito'ma.     See  Ccll-boiiy. 

Cy'toplasma.     See  Protopiasin. 

Cytozo'on  [nvroq,  ^uov,  animal).  Proto- 
pla>mic  cell  masses,  prol)ably  parasitic  in 
nature,  with  indei^endent  movement;  found 
by  Ciaule  in  deiibrinated  blood  and  other 
structures. 


D 


D.     Abbreviation  of  Dioptry  and  Dexter. 

Dacryoadeni'tis  {^nKp\H)x\  a  tear,  M(5;/r,  a 
gland).  Inflammation  of  the  lachr}'mal 
gland. 

Dacryoblenorrhce'a.  Chronic  inflannna- 
tion  and  discharge  of  mucus  from  the 
lachr)'mal  sac. 

Dacryocysti''tis  {(^aKp\'nv,  KvuTig,  a  sac). 
Inflammation  of  the  lachrymal  .sac. 

Dac'ryolite.     .See  Dacryolitlis. 

Dac'ryoliths  {iuKpvov,  ?uOog,  a  stone). 
Calcareous  concretions  in  the  Iachr)mal 
jassages  or  |)aljK*bral  conjunctiva. 

Dacryo'ma  (i^tiKfuxj,  to  weep).  The  clos- 
ure or  obstruction  of  the  puncta  /iir/irv- 
malia,  causing  e|>i|)hora,  or  su|)erabundant 
secretion  of  tears. 

Dac'ryops  ('W/jiwi',  wi/i,  sight).  Cyst  of 
the  dui  ts  of  the  lachrymal  gland. 

Dac'tylatc  ('Jrtxrr/w,  a  finger).  Resem- 
bling a  firigi-r.  Possessing  tivc  rays  or  ap- 
pendages. 


Daemonoma'nia  ((^aiiiuv,  a  devil,  maniay 
madness).  A  form  of  mailness  in  which 
a  person  imagines  hiin>elf  iK).sScssed  of  a 
devil. 

Dalt'onism.  \  synonym  fur  color-blind- 
ness.    See  Blindness. 

Damia'na.  The  leaves  of  Tttrncra  aphro- 
(/isidid,  found  in  .Mexico  anil  l.ower  Cali- 
fornia. A  stimulant  tonic  and  said  to  t>e 
a  ])owerful  a|)hrodisiac.  The  basis  of  a 
great  number  of  quack  remedies.  D., 
Ext.  Do.se  gr.  ij-x.  D.,  Fid.  Ext. 
Dose  n\_x-^:5J.  Dose  of  the  leaves  '^j 
daily.      .\11  unof. 

Damp'ing  Appara'tus.  Tin-  iniion  of 
the  lymi)anic  membraneof  the  ear  with  the 
andit(jry  ossicles  acting  as  a  damper  to  pre- 
vent  excessive  sympathetic  vibration  for  its 
own  fundamental  note. 

Dance  ( I-'r.,  lAinsi-r).  Any  measur>'il  tread 
or  system  of  sle|)S  accompanied  by  nnisic. 
Also,  iuiy  motion  of  the  liotly  caused  by 


DANCING  MANIA 


126 


DECORTICATION 


an  abnormal  nervous  stimulus.  D.,  St. 
Vitus'.     See  Chorea. 

Dan^cing  Mania.     See  Choroinania. 

Dan^delion.    See  Taraxacum. 

Dan'druff.  See  Seborrhoca  and  Pityria- 
sis. 

D'Arsonvals'  Oven.     See  Oven. 

Darto^ic  Myo'ma.    See  Alyoma. 

Darf'os  (6aproq,  flayed).  The  contractile 
fibrous  layer  beneath  the  skin  of  the  scro- 
tum. 

Dar-'winism.  The  theory  of  descent  by 
evolution,  as  moditied  by  the  doctrine  of 
the  siu-vival  of  the  fittest.  Named  after 
Charles  Darwin,  a  celebrated  naturalist. 

Datu^ra.  A  genus  of  Solanacese,  or  night- 
shade family.  D.,  Stramonium.  See 
Stramoniztm.  D.,  Tatu^la,  a  plant  be- 
longing to  the  nightshade  family,  closely 
resembling  stramonium  in  its  therapeutic 
and  physiological  properties.  Has  been 
smoked  with  advantage  in  asthma.     Unof. 

Daf'urine.     See  Stramonium. 

Daugh''ter-Nuclei.     See  Karyokinesis. 

Day-Blindness.     See  Hcnieralopia. 

Deaf  (Sax.  deaf).  Without  the  sense  of 
hearing.  A  condition  of  impaired  heai'- 
ing.  D. -mutism,  a  condition  of  deafness 
or  impaired  hearing,  accompanied  by  im- 
perfect development  (congenital),  or  loss 
of  speech. 

DeaPness.  The  condition  of  being  deaf. 
D.,  Paradoxical,  called  also  Paracousia 
Willissii,  deafness  for  speech  in  silence, 
but  with  ability,  e.  g.,  to  hear  the  same 
voice  in  a  noisy  car  or  street.  Said  to  be 
caused  by  compression  of  the  labyrinth.  A 
form  of  otopiesis.  D.,  Psychical,  the 
deafness  from  destruction  of  the  central 
area  of  the  auditory  center  ( Munk) .  Sounds 
are  heard  but  not  recognized  or  under- 
stood. 

Death  (Sax.  death).  The  cessation  of 
life.  D.,  Apparent,  a  term  applied  to 
a  cataleptic  state  in  which  respiration  and 
circulation  are  so  feeble  as  to  be  unnotice- 
able.  D.,  Black,  an  exceedingly  fatal 
epidemic  called  the  "  Plague,"  which  oc- 
curred in  Europe  during  the  14th  century, 
during  which  it  is  estimated  that  20,000,- 
000  people  died.  D.  Rate,  a  term  arbi- 
trarily expressing  the  mortality  of  a  place, 
based  upon  the  number  of  deaths  for  each 
1000  of  poj)ulation  during  a  period  of  one 
year.  D.,  Signs  of,  certain  indications 
of  death,  such  as  cessation  of  the  heart's 
action,  and  respiration,  vigor  of  the  body, 
healthiness  of  the  tissues,  etc.  D.,  So- 
matic, death  of  the  organism  as  a  whole. 


in  distinction  from  localized  D.,  or  necro- 
sis, and  gangrene. 

Debove's  Membrane.  A  deep,  genni- 
nal  layer  of  flattened  cells  in  the  mucous 
membrane  of  the  trachea  and  extra-pulmo- 
nary bronchi. 

Debri'dement  (Fr.).  The  enlarging  of 
a  gunshot  wound  or  a  hernia  with  the 
knife. 

Dec^agramme.     See  Metric  System. 

Decalcific^ation  {^De  neg.,  calx,  lime). 
The  loss  of  the  lime  constituent  of  bone 
in  some  cases  of  osteitis. 

Decalcifying  Fluid.  Solutions  for  the 
puipose  of  depriving  tissue  of  its  earthy 
salts.  Chromic  acid  I  grm.,  water  200  c.c, 
then  add  2  c.c.  nitric  acid, — is  commended. 

Decanta''tion.  The  operation  of  removing 
the  supernatant  fluid  from  a  sediment.  It 
may  be  poured  off  by  means  of  a  guiding 
rod,  or  drawn  off  by  means  of  a  siphon. 

Decapita''tion  [de,  from,  caput,  head).  Di- 
vision of  the  neck  of  the  child  in  labor, 
when  delivery  and  turning  are  both  im- 
possible.    Sometimes  called  decollation. 

Decid'ua  {dcciduus,  a  falling  off  because 
shed  at  birth).  The  membranous  envelope 
of  the  ovum  derived  from  the  mother  and 
cast  off  at  birth  with  the  placenta,  etc.  D. 
Reflexa,  that  part  of  the  decidua  growing 
about  the  ovum  and  enclosing  it  as  a  sac. 
D.  Serotina,  that  part  of  the  decidua  vera 
upon  which  the  ovum  lies,  and  where  the 
placenta  is  subsequently  formed.  D.  Vera, 
the  thickened,  vascular,  spongy  mucous 
membrane  of  the  uterus. 

Decid^uous  Teeth.  The  temporary  or 
milk  teeth. 

Dec^igramme,  Dec'iliter,  Dec^imeter. 
See  Ale  trie  System. 

Decoc^tion  [decoquo,  to  boil  down).  A 
decoction,  or  "tea."  In  pharmacy,  a 
preparation  obtained  by  boiling  vegetable 
substances  in  water.  There  are  2  official 
dec  acta. 

Decolla^'tion.     See  Decapitatioii. 

Decollator.  An  instioiment  for  decapita- 
tion. 

Decolora''tion.  The  operation  of  discharg- 
ing the  color  of  an  organic  substance, 
usually  by  bleaching  or  by  filtration 
through  animal  charcoal. 

Decomposi^tion  {^de,  from,  compono,  to 
put  together).  The  separation  of  the  com- 
ponent principles  of  a  body,  either  by  chemi- 
cal analysis  or  by  putrefactive  fennentation. 

Decortica''tion  [cortex,  the  bark).  The 
operation  of  removing  or  stripping  the 
bark  or  husk  of  a  plant. 


DKCREriTATION 


127 


DELIRIUM 


Decrepita'tion  ^crepitus,  crackling).  The 
crackling  noise  made  by  certain  crystalline 
bodies  when  their  water  of  crystallization 
is  driven  otT  by  heat.  Caused  by  the  con- 
version of  the  imprisoned  water  into  steam. 

Decu'bitus  [t/ccu/fid.\  to  lie  down).  A 
term  denoting  a  recmubent  or  horizontal 
position.  Also,  the  position  of  a  sick 
per>on  while  in  bed.  D.,  Acute,  a  form 
of  Ixid-sore,  due  to  cerebral  ksion^. 

Decus'sate  [Jc\-ussi>,  to  divide  crossways). 
To  intersect.  A  term  applied  to  ner\'e  and 
to  muscle  libers  which  interlace. 

Dedenti'tion  [Jc-,  and  lA-ns,  a  tooth).  The 
shedding  of  the  teeth,  especially  the  milk 
teetli. 

Dee'linae  O'leum.  A  highly  relined 
petroleum  oil  manufactured  on  the  Dee 
River.  Said  to  be  valuable  for  local  appli- 
cation in  ec/ema,  <A-.     Unof. 

Defaeca'tion  [i/c-fu-t-o,  to  separate  from 
dregs).  The  evacuation  of  the  bowels,  or 
discharge  of  fieces. 

Deferens.     See  Fas. 

Deferves'cence  {de/en'esco,  to  cease  boil- 
ing). A  term  applied  to  periods  during 
the  course  of  fevers  in  which  the  tempera- 
ture falls. 

Defibrina'tion  [Jc,  from,  Jibriii).  The 
removal  of  hljrin  iVom  blood  or  lymph. 

Defini'tion  ydcfinio,  to  lx)und  by  limits). 
In  opiics,  the  jx)wer  of  an  object-glass  to 
show  clear  outlines  of  area  or  structure, 
free  from  al)crralion  or  distortion. 

Deflagra'tion  {d.-flinyro,  to  be  consumed). 
The  oxidation  of  inorganic  sul«lances  by 
mi.xing  with  an  ea-ily  decomposing  oxide, 
such  as  tlie  alkaline  chlorates  and  nitrates. 
Usually  attended  with  violent  combustion. 

Deflora'tion  {dt\  and/lora,  a  llower).  On 
the  part  of  the  female  the  first  se.\u;\l 
connection  effected  by  consent,  not  by 
ra|x;.  The  loss  of  tliose  marks  or  fea- 
turts  which  indicate  virginity,  as  rupture 
of  the  hym^-n. 

Deforma'tion  iydeformo,  to  disfigure  or 
di-itnrt).  A  process  by  which  the  body  or 
any  of  its  |>arts  aci|uire  an  al)normal  shape. 

Deform'ity  {defonno).  That  condition  of 
a  i)o<ly  or  any  part  marked  by  abnormal 
sha|K;  or  structure. 

Degcncra'tion  (^dtf^enero,  to  differ  from 
.1  Deterioration,  degradation  or 

I  ion  of  the  molecular  (»r  cellular 

structure  of  a  ti>sue,  organ  (jr  cell,  so 
thai  it  can  no  hnigcr  maintain  its  funrtion. 
Atrophy  is  a  form.  D.,  Amyloid  or  D., 
Albuminoid,  now  regarded  as  an  infiltra- 
tion (rom  witliout,  and  not  of  a  degenera- 


tion of  the  proper  cells  and  fibers.  D., 
Calcareous,  the  deposition  of  in.soluble 
comixjunds  of  lime  and  magnesia  within 
the  tissues.  Caseation,  the  proieiil  con- 
stituents imdergo  dry  fatty  degeneration, 
ani^L  are  converted  into  cheese-like  masses. 
Cloudy  Swelling.  See  Cloudy  Swelling. 
D.,  Colloid,  akin  to  mucoid,  the  dis- 
organized material  becoming  of  a  struc- 
tureless, serai-solid,  jelly-like  consistence. 
D.,  Fatty,  the  conversion  of  the  proteids 
of  a  cell  or  fiber  into  oil.  D.,  Hyaline, 
the  disorganized  tissue  liecomes  shining 
and  translucent.  D.,  Mucoid,  hyper- 
secretion followed  by  disorganization  of 
the  mucus  cells.  D.,  Reaction  of.  See 
Rtaction  of  Degeneration.  D.,  System, 
when  the  degenerative  process  affects  a 
system  of  fibers,  in  contradistinction  to 
insular  or  scattered  D. 

Degluti'tion  [^deglutUio,  to  swallow).  The 
act  of  swallowing. 

Degree'  {de  and  gradtis,  a  step).  Posi- 
tion in  a  graded  series';  quality.  The  units 
or  intervals  of  thermometric  scales.  Also, 
a  charter  or  testimonial  of  qualification 
granted  liy  a  medical  or  other  college.  In 
trigonometry  the  j^j  part  of  the  arc  of  a 
circle. 

Dehydra''tion  [de  and  v^up,  water).  The 
removal  of  the  constitutional  water  of  an 
organic  substance,  or  the  water  of  crystal- 
lization of  a  chemical  salt.  Called,  also, 
aiihydration. 

Dei'ters's  Cells.  Certain  cellular  struc- 
tures between  the  outer  hair  cells  of  the 
organ  of  Corti.  Also  certain  nucleated 
cells  at  the  intersection  of  the  fibers  of  the 
white  substance  of  nerves. 

Dejec'tion  {de  andyar/o,  to  throw).  The 
discharge  of  f.ecal  or  other  excremcntitious 
matter.     Also,  a  state  of  des|x>ntlency. 

Delete'rious  [iteleterius,  baneful).  Hurt- 
ful, injurious. 

DeUhi  Boil.     See  Fttninculiis  Orientalis. 

Deliques'cence  (I-.  delit/itesco,  to  melt 
away).  The  absorption  of  water  from  tin- 
atmosphere,  characteristic  of  certain  suii- 
stances.  .Such  substances  are  said  to  be 
liyi^roscopic. 

Delir'iant  {de,  out  of,  lira,  the  furrow). 
.\n  agent  wliich  acts  on  the  brain,  .so  as  to 
iliMirder  the  mental  faculties  and  priKliicc 
C(jnfusinn  of  will  jxiwer. 

Delir'ium  ((/<•,  //>./).  A  disturbance  of 
the  cerebral  functions  manifested  in 
tlie  impaired  action  of  the  nt-rve  centers, 
characterized  by  halhu  iiiatioiis,  an  inco- 
herence of  »i)eech,  a  staggering  gait,  etc. 


DELITESCENCE 


128 


DENUTRITION 


D.,  Alcoholic.  See  D.  Tremens.  D. 
Ambitiosa,  a  condition  of  boastfulness 
which  is  sometimes  manifest  in  the  deh- 
rium  of  the  insane.  D.,  Febrile,  the 
dehrium  of  fever.  D.  Nervosum,  the 
delirium  following  severe  surgical  opera- 
tions, or  injmies.  D.,  Senile,  the  delirium 
of  old  age,  dotage.  D.,  Toxic,  the  deli- 
rium caused  by  poisons.  D.  Tremens, 
the  delirium  arising  from  alcoholic  poi- 
soning, manifested  in  trembling  and  hal- 
lucination;  called,  also,  niania  a  potu. 

Delites^cence  [delitesco,  to  lie  hid).  The 
sudden  disappearance  of  inflammation  by 
resolution.  Also,  the  period  of  incubation 
of  the  virus  of  contagious  diseases,  such 
as  smallpox,  etc. 

Deliv^ery  (Fr.  delivrer).  Parturition, 
childbirth. 

Delomorph^ous  {drfkoq,  conspicuous, 
fiopip/j,  form).  With  open  or  conspicuous 
form.  D.  Cells  of  Rollet,  collections 
of  large,  oval  or  angular,  well-defined, 
granular  reticulated,  nucleated  cells,  be- 
tween the  membrana  propria  and  the 
adelomorphous  cells  of  the  fundus  glands 
of  the  gastric  mucous  membrane.  Called, 
also.  Parietal  cells  of  Heidenhain,  or 
oxyntic  cells  of  Langley.  The  lining 
of  the  secretory  part  of  the  tubes  is  by 
cells  called  Adelomorphous,  Central, 
or  Principal  Cells. 

DeFphinae  O^leum.  The  oil  of  the 
common  porpoise.  It  is  said  to  have  all 
the  medicinal  virtues  of  cod-liver  oil  with- 
out the  disagreeable  properties  of  the 
latter. 

Delph''inine.     See  Staphisagria. 

Delt^oid  [delta,  the  Greek  letter  A). 
Having  the  shape  of  a  delta,  or  a  triangu- 
lar form,  as  the  D.  Muscle.     See  JMtisele. 

Delu^sion  [^de  and  hisiis,  play).  A  term 
signifying  false  judgment  of  objective 
things,  as  distinguished  from  illusion  and 
hallucination.     See  Hallucination. 

Demen'tia  ((/<?,  out  of,  mens,  mind).  A 
mild  fonn  of  insanity  marked  by  imperfect 
conception,  illogical  sequence  of  expres- 
sion, loss  of  reflection  and  impaired  per- 
ception. Often  a  final  stage  of  other  forms 
of  insanity. 

Demi-.     A  Latin  prefix  denoting  one-half. 

De^modex  Folliculo'rum.  An  animal 
parasite  of  the  skin  which  infests  the  se- 
baceous glands. 

Demog''raphy  {(hjiioq,  the  people,  ypacjxj, 
to  write).  The  science  of  peoples  col- 
lectively considered.  The  individualism 
of  a  mass  of  people. 


De  Moivre's  Hypothesis.  That  the  de- 
crements of  population  are  in  arithmetical 
proportion,  and  that  of  every  86  persons 
born,  one  dies  uniformly  every  year  until 
all  are  extinct. 

DemuFcent  [de wn Ice o,  to  smooth).  Sub- 
stances which  protect  the  mucous  mem- 
branes.    Generally  of  mucilaginous  nature. 

Demutiza^tion.  The  education  of  deaf- 
mutes  to  speak  and  to  understand  spoken 
language  by  the  movement  of  the  lips, 
signs,  etc. 

Den'gue.  A  zymotic  disease  somewhat 
resembling  remittent  fever,  but  much  se- 
verer. It  is  characterized  by  racking  pain 
in  the  head  and  eyeballs,  arthralgia,  ca- 
tarrhal inflammation  of  those  mucous  sur- 
faces that  are  exposed  to  the  air,  by 
swollen  salivary  glands  and  measly  erup- 
tions. 

Denis's  Plas^mine.  A  precipitate  of  un- 
coagulated  blood  with  sodic  sulphate,  and 
treated  with  sodic  chloride. 

Dens  (pi.  denies).     A  tooth.     See  Teeth. 

Den^tal  (dens').  Pertaining  to  the  teeth. 
D.  Arch,  the  arch  formed  by  the  alveolar 
process  of  each  jaw.  D.  Arteries,  the 
arteries  supplying  the  teeth.  D.  Canals, 
the  canals  through  which  the  dental 
arteries  pass.  D.  Caries,  a  carious  or 
putrefactive  destmction  of  the  teeth.  D. 
Cavity,  the  cavity  in  the  interior  of  the 
tooth,  occupied  by  the  pulp.  D.  Groove, 
a  fuiTow  on  the  lower  border  of  the  upper 
iaw  early  in  foetal  life,  in  which  the  teeth 
are  developed.  D.  Engine,  an  instru- 
ment consisting  of  a  treadle  and  puUies 
which  give  a  rotary  motion  to  the  drills, 
files  and  cutters,  used  in  preparing  teeth 
for  filling.  D.  Nerve.  See  A^erve.  D. 
Pulp,  the  pulp  of  the  tooth.  D.  Tubuli, 
the  tubules  occumng  in  the  structure  of  the 
dentine. 

Denies  Sapientiae.  The  wisdom  teeth. 
A  name  given  to  the  third  molar  tooth  of 
each  half  of  the  jaws. 

Den^tifrice  [dens,  frico,  to  rub).  A  sub- 
stance used  for  cleansing  the  teeth. 

Denf'ine.  The  bony  structure  of  the  tooth, 
lying  under  the  enamel  of  the  crown  and 
the  pericementum  of  the  root. 

Denfistry  [dens).  The  science  and  art 
of  the  surgery  of  the  teeth. 

Denti^tion  [dens).  The  cutting  or  first 
appearance  of  the  teeth  in  infancy.  Also 
the  arrangement  and  evolution  of  the 
teeth. 

Denutri''tion  [de,  from,  niitrio,  to  nourish). 
The  breaking  down  or  atrophy  of  tissue 


DEOBSTRUENT 


129 


DERMATITIS 


arising  from  lack  of  nutrition.  The  oppo- 
site of  nulrilion. 

Deob''struent  (L.  de  and  obstruere,  to  ob- 
struct). A  medicine  which  removes  func- 
tional obstructions  of  the  body.  An  aperi- 
ent.    [^luJiJiiiitc  and  obsolescent^. 

De'odand  {deits,  God,  do,  to  give).  A  fine 
funuLrly  imix)sed  on  an  inanimate  thing 
or  animal  that  had  caused  tlie  injury  or 
violent  death  of  a  person. 

Deod''orant.  A  substance  that  removes 
or  corrects  offensive  odors. 

Deoxida''tion  {de,  from,  oxidatus,  having 
oxygen).  The  separation  of  an  element 
or  com|X)und  from  the  oxygen  held  in 
combination.     Reduction. 

Depi'latory  (L.  de  and  pihis,  the  hair). 
A  substance  used  to  destroy  the  hair, — 
usually  a  caustic  alkali. 

Deple'tion  {depleo,  to  empty).  The  pro- 
cess of  diminishing  the  quantity  of  any 
tissue  or  fluid  of  the  body,  especially  the 
blood. 

Depolariza'tion.  Destruction  of  polarity. 
The  neutralization  of  the  opjxjsite  poles  of 
a  magnet.  The  neutralization  or  recom- 
bination of  light-waves  that  have  been 
separated  by  means  of  a  Nicol  prism. 

Depos''it  {de,  from,  /^ono,  to  place).  A 
gatliering  of  particles  that  have  been  held 
in  suspension.  A  gathering  of  morbid 
matter  in  any  i)art  of  the  lx)dy. 

Deprava'tion  {depmvo,  to  become  viti- 
ated). A  deterioration  or  morbid  change 
in  the  secretions,  tissues,  or  functions  of 
the  body. 

Depres'sant  [deprimo,  to  press  down).  A 
medicine  which  retards  or  depresses  the 
physiological  action  of  an  organ.  A  seda- 
tive. D.,  Cardiac,  lowers  the  action  of 
the  heart.  D.,  Cerebral,  arrests  the  func- 
tions of  the  ceretirum.  D.,  Motor,  lowers 
the  activity  of  the  spinal  cord  and  motor 
ap|)aratus. 

Depres'sion  {Jepnnto').  In  anatomy,  a 
hollow,  or  fos.sa.  In  surgery,  pressure  on 
the  l)rain  l)y  a  fractured  part  of  the  cranium. 

Oepress''or  [deprimo).  A  name  given  to 
a  mu.scle  or  an  instnuncnt  which  de|)resses. 
.Sec  Muscle.  D.  Fibers.  See  Pressor. 
D.  of  Sims,  an  instrument  for  holding 
liack  the  v.-iginal  w;dl  during  exploration 
with  the  >|)cculum.  D.,  Tongue,  an  in- 
strument for  depressing  the  tongue  in  order 
to  examine  the  ihrrjat. 

Ocpu'rant  { purus,  pure).  A  term  s<'»me- 
what  Ujostly  used  to  designate  a  incdicini; 
which  purifies  the  animal  economy.  In 
pharmacy,  to  clarify. 

9 


De  R.  A  contraction  and  symbol  of  the 
term  Kdiction  of  Degeneration,  q.  v. 

Deradel'phus  ((V/j//,  neck,  aSt'/.ipjg,  bro- 
ther). A  monoccphalic  dual  monstrosity 
with  fusion  of  the  bodies  above  the  umbili- 
cus, four  lower  extremities  and  three  or  four 
upper. 

Deradeni''tis  {'^Fprj,  aih/v,  a  gland).  Inflam- 
mation of  the  glands  of  the  neck. 

Derbyshire  Neck.     See  Goitre. 

Derenceph'alus  {jStpr],  evKE<f>a?.o^,  brain). 
An  anencci)halic  monster,  the  brain, 
cranium,  and  occijHtal  foramen  being  ab- 
sent, and  with  a  partial  arrest  of  develop- 
ment of  tlie  upper  vertehnv. 

Deriv'ative  {deriz'o,  to  turn  aside  a  stream). 
A  tenn  fonnerly  applied  to  certain  medi- 
cines or  modes  of  treatment  that  changed 
the  form  or  symptoms  of  a  disease. 

Derm.     See  I)er»ia. 

Derm^a  [depva,  the  skin).  The  skin.  The 
true  skin.     See  Cutis. 

Derm'al  [6epfia).     Pertaining  to  the  skin. 

Dermatal'gia  ((hp^ua,  a?.yoc,  pain).  Neu- 
ralgia of  the  skin.  Rheumatism  of  the 
skin.  Pain  in  the  skin  not  due  to  any 
stmctural  change  in  it. 

Dermati^tis  [ihp^ua,  irig).  A  name  used 
loosely  to  include  various  inflammations 
of  the  skin  induced  by  external  agencies. 
D.  Calorica,  inflammations  cau.sed  by 
heat,  such  as  scalds,  etc.  D.  Congela- 
tionis,  a  name  used  by  Van  llarlingen 
and  others  to  denote  chilblains.  .See  /-J/y- 
tliema.  D.  Contusiformis.  See  Ery- 
thema Nodosum.  D.  Exfoliativa.  See 
Pityriasis  Rubra.  D.  Gangrenosa,  a 
disease  marked  by  the  formation  of  circu- 
cular,  erythematous  sjwts,  wliich  Ijecome 
gangrenous  and  eventually  slough.  D. 
Gangrenosa  Infantum.  -See  Sphacelo- 
derma.  D.  Herpetiformis.  See  Jly- 
droa.  D.,  Malignant,  Papillary,  Paget's 
disease  of  the  nii)ple.  Carcinoma  of  the 
nipple.  See  Carcinoma.  D.  Medica- 
mentosa, enijnions  and  inflannnalory 
afl"ections  of  the  skin  cau.sed  by  the  in- 
gestion of  substances  used  in  medicine 
and  pharmacy.  "  I  >rug  truplions  "'  (  \'an 
Il.iriingcn).  D.  Papillaris  Capillitii. 
Acne  Keloid.  A  disease  of  the  skin  of 
the  occijiital  region,  marked  liy  enormous 
papillomatous  vegetations  of  granuhu"  tis- 
sue wliiih  excrete  a  fetid  discharge.  D. 
Traumatica,  inflammations  of  tlie  skin 
caused  by  met  liaiiii  al  agents,  sucii  as 
brui.ses.  D.  Venenata,  eruptions  caused 
by  |X)i.sonous  sulistances,  such  as  jjoisou 
ivy,  jKjison  oak,  etc. 


DERMATOID 


130 


DIABETES 


Derm''atoid  [(hp/xa,  eiSog,  resemblance). 
Like  or  resembling  skin. 

Dermatology  [depfia,  loyog,  a  treatise). 
A  treatise  on  the  skin,  its  nature,  structure 
and  functions. 

DermatoFysis  [Sep/ia,  Aiwf,  a  loosing). 
A  loosened  and  pendulous  condition  of  the 
skin.  A  name  given  to  a  rare  form  of 
Fibro?na,  q.  v.,  marked  by  hyjDertrophy  of 
the  skin,  which  is  thickened  by  infiltration 
into  unsightly  pendulous  folds,  soft  and  lax. 

Dermato'ses  [6ep/ia).  Disorders  or  dis- 
eases of  the  skin. 

Dermatozo''a  [Sepfia,  l^uov,  an  animal.) 
A  term  applied  to  animals  parasitic  upon 
the  skin. 

Der^moid.     See  Dermatoid. 

Uerodid^ymus  (c^fp'/,  neck,  6i6viioq, 
double).  A  sysomic  monstrosity  with  a 
single  body,  two  necks  and  heads,  two 
upper  and  lower  extremities,  with  other 
rudimentary  limbs  occasionally  present. 

Dassault's  Apparatus.     See  Bandage. 

Des^ault's  Splint.     See  Splint. 

Des^'cemet's  Mem^brane.  The  internal 
or  posterior  lining  membrane  of  the  cornea. 
Descemetitis,  inflammation  of  Descemet's 
membrane. 

Descend'ens  (descendo,  to  go  down). 
Having  a  downward  movement.  D. 
Noni,  a  branch  of  the  hypoglossal  nerve. 

Descent''  (descendo).  The  act  of  going 
down.  D.  Stage  of  Labor,  one  of  the 
stages  in  labor,  consisting  in  the  descent  of 
the  foetal  head  into  the  pelvis.  D.  of  Tes- 
ticle. See  Testicle.  D.  of  Womb.  See 
Prolapsus. 

Desicca^tion  [desicco,  to  diy  up).  The 
process  of  removing  moisture  from  solids 
and  organic  tissues. 

Des''iccative  [desicco).  A  medicine  hav- 
ing the  property  of  drying  moist  tissues, 
especially  of  drying  ulcers  and  running 
sores. 

Desmobactc'rium      [SeafioQ,     a      band, 

(iaKTTjpiov,    a  small    staff).     A   group    of 

microbes,  so-called  by   Cohn,  correspond- 
ing to  the  genus  Bacillus  of  Klein. 
Desmog''raphy  (fltcr/zof ,  a  ligament,  ■ypa(pu, 

to  write).    The  description  of  the  ligaments. 
Des^moid   [Sfa/i?/,  a   bundle,  eiSog,  like). 

Like  a  small  bundle. 
Despuma^tion    [despumo,  to  skim  froth). 

The  purification  of  a  liquid  by  removal  of 

the  scum  or  froth.     Also,  the  formation  of 

froth. 
Desquama''tion  [desquamo,  to  scale  off). 

The  exfoliation  or  falling  off  of  the  cuticle 

in  scales. 


Deter-'gent  (detergeo,  to  cleanse).    A  drug, 
compound,  or  solution,  used  for  cleansing 
wounds,  ulcers,  etc. 
Determina''tion   (detertnino,  to  prescribe 
bounds).     The  direction  to  a  part  or  an 
organ,  as  of  blood  to  the  head. 
Detri'tion  [detero,  to  wear  off).     The  act 
of  wearing  or  wasting  of  an  organ  or  part, 
especially  the  teeth. 
Detri''tus  {deto-o).    The  waste  matter  re- 
sulting from  ulcerative  processes. 
Deutero-aFbumose.     See  Albiwwse. 
Deuterop^athy  {dEvrspo^,  second,  7rai?of,  a 
disease).     A  disease  that  is  secondary  to 
another,  arising  from  sympathetic  action  or 
influence  of  the  first  affection. 
Deu''toplasm  [pEvxEpoq,  Tr'Aaafia,  a  fonn). 
The  granules  of  proteid  and  fatty  matter 
occuiring  in  the  ova  of  certain  echinoder- 
mata. 
Development  (Fr.  devclopper,  to  unfold). 
The    sequence    of    organic   changes,   by 
which   the    vitalized   ovum   becomes   the 
mature  animal  or  plant. 
Devia'tion  (devitis,  out  of  the  way).     A 
turning  aside  from  the  nomial.     D.,  Pri- 
mary.     In   strabismus   the  deviation   of 
the  visual  axis  of  the  squinting  eye.     D., 
Secondary.    That  of  the  covered  healthy 
eye  when  the  squinting  eye  fixes. 
Devi^'talize  [ile,  from,  vita,  life).     To  de- 
stroy vitality,  as  that  of  living  tissue. 
Dewees's  Carminative.     HeeAsafcetida. 
Dexiocard'ia  {6e^ioq,  on  the  right,  Kupdia, 
the  heart).     Transposition  of  the  heart  to 
the  right  side  of  the  thorax. 
Dex''ter   (Lat.).     Right ;  upon   the    right 
side. 
Dex^trad.     Toward  the  right  side. 
Dex''tral.     Pertaining  to  the  right   side ; 
right-handed. 
Dex''trine    {dexter,   the   right   hand).     A 
mucilaginous    substance  produced  by  the 
action   of  mineral  acid  on  starch.     Inter- 
mediate between  starch  and  glucose.  Turns 
polarized  ray  to  the  right.     The  adhesive 
agent   of    postage   stamps   and    gummed 
labels. 
Dex^trose.     See  Sugar  and  Glucose. 
Diabe^tes   [Slu,  through,  fimvu,  to  pass). 
The  common  name  for  diabetes  fnellitus. 
D.  Insipidus,  a  disease  with  many  of  the 
symptoms  of  dial^etes  mellitus,  but  without 
glycosuria.      D.   Mellitus,  a  disease  of 
the    metabolic    functions    of    the    system 
without  great  or  clearly  defined  anatomical 
lesions,   manifesting   itself   by    glycosuria, 
polyuria,  thirst,   and    progressive    loss    of 
flesh  and  strength.     See  Glycosuria. 


DIABETIC 


131 


di£thvlamine 


Diabe'tic  (rf/a/J^r^f).     Pertaining  to  dia- 

Lt'ics.  D.  Gangrene.  See  Sp/i,u<:Iouerma. 

Diach'ylon  Plaster,  oi  Ointment.     See 

D iagnc/ sis  (('/«,  }T«j<T/i-,  knowledge)  The 
distinguishing,  tixation,  or  iuterpretalioa 
of  a  di>eaic  Irom  its  sj-mptoms.  D.,  Dif- 
ferential, the  qualiuitive  dislinguishing 
lietwecn  two  diseases  of  similar  character, 
by  coni])arative  symptoms. 

Dial'ysis  (6ia,  through,  /rw,  to  loose). 
The  operation  of  separating  crystalline 
from  colloid  substances  by  means  of  a  j30- 
rous  diapluagm,  the  former  passing  tiirough 
the  diapliragm  into  the  pure  water  upon 
which  the  dialyser  rests. 

Diamagnet'ic  (J(a,  fia-jVtjTt^,  magnetism). 
Tile  ea--t- and -west  orientation  of  certain 
sub.-tances,  notably  antimony,  copper,  and 
gold,  wiien  placed  in  the  magnetic  held. 

Di'amine.     See  Ainiiic. 

Diapede'sis  ((5<a-//t(//ff/f,  a  jumping 
through).  The  escape  of  the  elements  of 
the  blood,  especially  the  while  coqiuscles, 
through  the  vessel  wall  in  inflammation, 
arrest  of  circulation,  etc. 

Diaphanom'eter.     See  Lactoscope. 

Diaphanos'copy  {iSia<^vi}q,  translucent, 
ff\()T((j,  to  see).  The  examination  of 
cavities  of  the  body  by  means  of  an  in- 
candescent electric  light  introduced  into 
the  cavity. 

Diaphoret'ic  [diaipopeu,  to  convey).  A 
medicine  that  induces  perspiration  or  sweat- 
ing. 

Di'aphragm  (iha,  (^payfia,  a  wall).  The 
wall,  muscular  at  the  circumference  and 
tendinous  at  the  center,  which  separates 
the  thorax  and  alxlomcn.  The  chief 
muscle  of  respiration  and  expulsion. 

Diaph'ysis.  1  he  middle  part  or  shaft  cf 
the  long,  cylindrical  l»ones. 

Diapoph'ysis  {6ia,  apophysis).  The  sujje- 
rior  or  articular  transverse  ajwphysis,  or 
their  homologucs. 

Diairhce^a  ('W«,/)((j,  (oflow).  An  abnomial 
frequency  of  evacuation  of  tlie  feces,  which 
are  watery  and  sometimes  acrid. 

Diarthro''sis  ('5ui,  ujitliiuaii,  articulation). 
A  iorm  of  articulation  characterized  by 
freely  movable  joints.  1  he  various  forms 
are  :  Aitlirodia,  in  which  the  bdnes  glide 
U|xm  plane  surfaces;  linarlhrosis,  lx.'St 
know  n  :ls  Ijall-and-.socket  joint,  wilii  motion 
inalldirec:(ion'>;  6»7/^'/i'w//j, or  hinge  joint, 
with  backwaril  and  forward  motion  ;  and 
IK  rofiiforiit,  with  pivotal  movement. 

Diastal'tic  (»)/«,  mi'/'/ju,  to  .start).  A 
synonym  for  rcllex  action. 


Di''astase  (d/affracr/f,  separation).  A  nitro- 
genous  vegetable  ferment    that   is   either 

contained  or  develoix;d  in  the  fermentation 

of  grain,  which  acts  on  the  molecules  of 

starch,  converting  them  into  grape  sugar  or 
glucose. 

Dias'tasis.     See  Dislocation. 

Diastat'ic  Ferments.     See  Fenitotts. 

Diaste'ma  [^6taa~>/fia,  a  distance).  A  space 
or  cleft. 

Dias^ter.     See  A'aiyokinesis. 

Dias'tole  (^6taaTo?.>/,  a  drawing  apart).  The 
perioil  of  expansion  or  dilatation  of  the 
iieait  during  its  rhythmic  cycle  or  beat. 
Applied  also  to  the  dilatation  of  the  arteries 
by  the  heart's  contraction. 

Diastoric.  Pertaining  to  diastole.  D. 
Impulse,  the  back-struke.  D.  Murmur. 
See  Murmur.  D  .  Thrill,  the  vibration 
felt  in  the  region  of  the  heart  during 
diastole  of  the  ventricle. 

Diather'mal  (Jm,  through,  ^fp//^,  heat). 
A  temi  applied  to  certain  .sul  stances  that 
are  transparent  or  diaphanous  to  the  waves 
of  radiant  heat. 

Diath'esis  (6ia,  through,  TiQjjtxi,  to  ar- 
range). A  state  or  condition  of  the  body 
whereby  it  is  especially  liable  to  certain 
diseases,  such  as  gout,  calculus,  diabetes, 
etc.     May  be  acquired  or  hereditary. 

Diblast^ic  ((5/r,  double,  li/.aarog,  a  sprout). 
Referring  to  a  theory  of  disease  that  as- 
cribes it  to  a  double  agency. 

Diceph'alous  (J<f,  Kega/j/,  a  head). 
Double-headed. 

Di'chroism  (tWf,  ,vp"«.  color).  The  phe- 
nomenon of  dih'erence  of  color  in  bcnlies 
when  vi«wed  by  reflected  or  by  trans- 
mitted light. 

Dicrot^ic  (f5(K/)orof,  double  beat).  Double 
beating.  D.  Pulse,  a  term  a])plied  to  a 
pulse  which  imparts  the  sensation  of  a 
double  beat  at  each  pulsation. 

Dielec'tric  (ihn,  i/'/.tH-jxiv,  amber).  A  non- 
coni hiding  substance  that  transmits  elec- 
tricity by  induction. 

Di'et  [(SiniTd,  a  sy.stem  or  moile  of  living). 
An  arranged  selection  of  food  required  to 
meet  the  needs  of  the  body. 

Di'etary  (<haiT(i).  A  system  of  food  regu- 
lation so  as  to  meet  the  re<|uirements  of  the 
animal  economy. 

Dietetic.     Pertaining  to  diet. 

Dietet''ics.  A  systematic  regulation  of 
lh(;   diet   for   liyt^icnic   or  tlnrapeulic  pur- 

|>OmS. 

DicthyPaminc.  .\  plom.ilnc,  oblaim d 
from  |>ike-rish  allowed  to  putrefy  for  six 
tiays   in   sinnmer.      It    is    an   inflammable 


DIFFERENCE  THEORY 


132 


DILUENT 


liquid  of  strong  basic  properties,  soluble  in 
water,  boils  at  57.5°.  Non -poisonous. 
DiFference  Theory.  A  theory  to  explain 
the  galvanic  plienomena  of  living  tissues. 
The  theory  is  an  expression  of  the  facts  : 
Protoplasm  when-  injured  or  excited  in  its 
continuity  becomes  negative  to  the  unin- 
jured part ;  when  heated  becomes  positive  ; 
and  the  surface-polarization  diminishes  with 
excitement  and  in  the  process  of  dying. 
Called  also  Alteration  Theory  {Hermatiri). 
Differen^tial.  Pertaining  to,  or  creating, 
adifi'erence.  D.  Diagnosis,  ^ee:  Diag- 
nosis. D.  Rheotome.  See  Kheotome. 
D.  Tone,  a  tone  produced  by  two  pri- 
mary tones  when  sounding  simultaneously, 
the  number  of  whose  vibrations  corres- 
ponds to  the  difference  between  the  two 
primaiy  tones.  D.  Staining,  a  method 
of  staining  tubercle  bacilli,  syphilitic  ba- 
cilli, etc.,  founded  upon  the  fact  that  if 
deeply  colored,  and  especially  with  a  mor- 
dant, they  retain  the  color  in  presence  of 
certain  reagents  that  decolorize  the  sur- 
rounding tissues.  Koch,  Ehrlich  and 
Weigert,  Ziehl  and  Neelson,  Fiitterer, 
Gibbes,  etc.,  have  devised  different  methods 
of  D.  S. 

Differentia''tion.  Specialization  of  tis- 
sues, organs  or  functions.  The  gradual 
change  of  homogeneous  material  into 
special  tissues  or  organs. 
Diffrac^tion  (de,  apart,  fractus,  brokes). 
The  deflection  suffered  by  a  ray  of  light 
when  it  passes  through  a  narrow  slit  or 
aperture.  D.  Grating,  a  strip  of  glass 
closely  ruled  with  fine  lines;  it  is  often 
used  in  the  spectroscope  in  the  place  of 
the  battery  of  prisms. 
Diffuse^  {de,  fiatdo,  to  pour  over).  Scat- 
tered or  spread  about.  In  medicine,  applied 
to  diseases  that  involve  a  large  part  of  the 
body.  D.  Aneurism,  one  caused  by  a 
rupture  of  the  walls  of  a  blood  vessel.  D. 
Inflammation.  See  InJJatiunation. 
Diffu^sion  {diffitndo,  to  spread).  A  spread- 
ing or  dissemination.  D.  Circle,  the 
imperfect  image  formed  by  incomplete 
focalization,  the  position  of  true  focus  not 
having  been  reached  or  passed. 
Digas^'tric  (rf/c,  double,  yaaTrip,  the 
.stomach  or  belly).  Having  two  bellies.  D. 
Muscle.  See  Muscle. 
DigC'rent  (digero,  to  digest).  A  digest- 
ant  ;  also  a  medicine  which  excites  the 
lualthy  secretion  of  pus  in  wounds. 
Digest^ant.  A  fennent  or  organic  acid 
that  effects  solution  of  the  food  in  the 
mouth,  stomach  and  intestines. 


Diges''tion  i^digero).  The  action  of  the 
organs  of  the  digestive  tract  and  of  their 
secretions  upon  the  food.  D.,  Artificial, 
the  production  of  peptones  outside  of  the 
body. 

Digit  (^digitus,  a  finger).     A  finger  or  toe. 

Dig^ital.  Pertaining  to  the  fingers  or  toes. 
D.  Arteries,  the  arteries  of  the  hands  and 
feet  supplying  the  digits.  D.  Compres- 
sion, the  stoppage  of  a  flow  of  blood  by 
pressure  with  the  finger.  D.  Dilatation, 
the  enlarging  of  a  cavity  by  means  of  the 
finger.  D.  Examination,  examination  or 
exploration  with  the  finger.  D.  Nerves, 
the  nenes  of  the  hands  and  feet.  D. 
Phalanges,  the  bones  of  the  fingers  or  of 
the  toes. 

Digita^lis  (digitus).  Foxglove.  The 
leaves  of  D. purpuiea.  Contains  an  amor- 
phous complex  substance,  digitalin,  that 
does  not,  however,  represent  the  full  prop- 
erties of  the  leaves.  A  cardiac  stimulant 
and  excito-motor.  In  larger  doses  causes 
severe  gastric  disturbance.  Employed 
mainly  in  afiections  of  the  heart  where  the 
latter  is  rapid  and  feeble.  Dose  of  the 
leaves  gr.  ss-iij.  D.  Abstractum, 
strength  200  per  cent.  Dose  gr.  %-}4.- 
D.  Ext. ;  leaves  yield  25  per  cent,  of  ex- 
tract. Dose  gr.  Ye-yi-  D.  Ext.  Fid., 
strength  1 00  per  cent.  Dose  Tl^j-iij.  D. 
Infusum,  lyi  per  cent,  in  strength.  Dose 
^ss-j.  D.  Tinct.,  15  per  cent.  Dose 
ITLv-xv.  Digitalin.  Unof.  Varies  greatly 
in  strength.     Dose  gV^A- 

Dig^itus  (Lat.).     A  finger  or  toe. 

Dilata^tion  [dilato,  to  spread  out).  An 
increase  of  size  of  the  walls  of  a  cavity  or 
vessel.  D.  of  Blood-vessel.  '&&&  Tele- 
angiectasis. 

Dila''tor  [dilato).  An  instrument  for  stretch- 
ing or  enlarging  a  cavity  or  opening. 
Barnes'  D.,  an  instrument  for  dilatation 
of  the  OS  and  cervix  uteri,  consisting  of 
a  rubber  bag  that,  being  inserted,  is  dis- 
tended by  water.  D.,  Intra-uterine, 
for  dilating  the  uterine  cavity  by  means  of 
air  or  water.  D.,  Laryngeal,  an  instru- 
ment with  two  or  three  blades  that  may  be 
spread  for  freeing  or  dilating  the  laiynx. 

Dilem^ma  (rf/n,  laf-tfiavu,  to  take).  In 
experiments  to  determine  the  reaction-time 
of  psychical  processes,  if  the  person  is  told 
whicli  side  is  to  be  stimulated,  or  what 
colored  disc  is  to  be  presented,  etc.,  the 
time  is  .shorter.  Lack  of  such  foreknowl- 
edge is  called  the  dilemma. 

Dilu^ent  [diluo,  to  wash  away).  An  agent 
that   dilutes    the    secretions  of  an  organ, 


DILUTION. 


133 


DIPSOMANIA 


or  one  which  increases  the  lluidity  of  secre- 
tions. 

Dilu''tion.  The  process  of  mixing  with  a 
neutral  tluid  or  substance  in  order  to  attenu- 
ate. 

Dimethyramine.  A  ptomaine  found  in 
putrefviiig  gelatine,  old  deconijxjsing  yeast, 
certain  forms  of  fish-decomposition,  itc. 
Not  poisonous. 

Dimid'iate.     Half  round. 

Dimorph'ous  (d/f,  double,  fiofxpT),  a  form). 
Existing  in  two  forms.  In  chemistry, 
having  th.e  quality  of  two  forms  of  crystal- 
lization. In  biolog)',  having  two  forms 
indei>endent  of  those  of  se.x. 

Dinner  Pills.  A  name  applied  to  various 
mild  cathartic  pills  taken  after  meals. 

Dice'cious  (('/f.iwo,  otKia,  a  house).  Hav- 
ing di-tinct  sexis. 

Diop'ter,  or  Dioptric.     See  Dioptry. 

Diop'trics  (f5(a,  through,  ottw,  to  see).  A 
branch  of  optics  treating  of  the  refraction 
of  light  by  transparent  media,  especially 
by  the  media  of  the  eye. 

Diop'try  {fna,  o-ru).  The  new  and  most 
commonly  accepted  unit  of  measurement 
for  optical  lenses.  A  positive  (or  />///s) 
spherical  (biconvex)  lens  of  one  dioptry 
has  a  focal  distance  of  one  meter ;  one  of 
two  dioptrics,  a  focal  distance  of  one-half 
a  meter,  t'/c-. 

Dioscor'ea.  Wild  Yam,  Colic  Root. 
The  rhi/ome  of  D.  villosa,  a  creeping 
plant,  indigenous  to  the  eastern  U.  S.  Con- 
tains an  extractive,  Dioscorine.  Claimed 
to  !«  expectorant,  diaphoretic  and  stimu- 
lant to  the  intestinal  canal ;  in  large  doses 
causing  neuralgic  [xiins  and  erotic  excite- 
mi,-nt.  Used,  successfully  in  bilious  colic. 
D.,  Fid.  Ext.,  standard  strength  n\,xv- 
XXX.     .Ml  unof. 

Diphthe'ria  [^loOepa,  a  skin  or  membrane). 
An  epidemic,  infectious  disease,  generally 
regarded  as  of  six:cific  cont;igious  origin, 
attacking  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  air 
jKLvsages,  and  pro<lucing  profound  depres- 
sion of  the  vital  forces.  It  is  characterized 
specifically  by  the  formation  of  layers  of 
whitish  or  yellowi.sh  membrane,  apparently 
the  z<jogl'eic  or  myco<lermic  form  of  a 
microbic  organism.  D.,  Gangrenous,  a 
gangrene  of  the  skin  and  mucous  mem- 
brane sometimes  accompanying  the  disease. 
D.,  Laryngeal,  a  form  involving  the 
larynx,  thrc.iicnirig  dcatli  by  suffocation. 
D.,  Malignant,  a  very  fatal  fonn,  U-giii 
ning  with  rigor,  vomiting, ami  altrndrd  with 
tyfihoirl  symptom-s.  D.,  Nasal,  a  form  in 
which  thcdi|»litlR-rilic  membrane  sjireadsto 


the  nasal  passages,  and  is  accompanied  by 
a  fetid,  brown  discharge.  D.,  Secondary, 
a  term  designating  the  occuncnce  of  the 
disease  with  other  acute  atTections,  such  as 
typhoid  fever,  scarlatina,  I'/c: 

Diphtherit'ic  ((5/^fpa).  Pertaining  to 
diphtheria.  D.  Conjunctivitis,  a  fonn 
of  conjunctivitis  attended  wilii  an  intiitia- 
tion  of  coagulabk-  matter  or  intlanimatory 
products.  D.  Membrane,  the  zoogl<ea, 
mycoderma,  or  pellicle  forming  on  the 
parts  involved.  D.  Paralysis,  a  paralysis 
frecjuently  atfecting  the  muscles  of  the  soft 
palate  and  larynx,  after  the  healing  of  the 
lesions  of  these  parts. 

Diphthon'gia  [t/ts,  twice,  <f>f)o)yog,  a 
voice).  The  production  of  a  double  tone 
of  the  voice  by  the  incomplete  unilateral 
paralysis  of  the  recurrent  ner\'e,  or  by 
some  lesion  of  the  vocal  cords  that  causes 
each  jxjrtion  of  the  glottis  to  produce  its 
own  sound. 

Diplacu^sis  {6nr?.oo^,  double,  a/cv(T<f,  hear- 
ing). The  hearing  of  a  tone  as  higher  by 
one  ear  than  by  the  other.  Called  D. 
Binauralis. 

Diplococ'cus  [<h-h)og,  kokkoc,  kernel). 
Micrococci  whose  cocci  are  united  in  a 
double  manner.     See  Miirococius. 

Dip'loe  [^6l-%oi],  a  fold).  The  cellular 
osseous  tissue  between  the  tables  of  the 
skull. 

Diplomyel''ia  [SlttTmo^,  double, //vfAof,  the 
marrow).  An  apparent  doubleness  of  the 
spinal  cord,  produced  by  a  longitudinal 
fissure. 

Diplo^pia  (^Si-}Moq,  wi/«f,  sight).  Double 
vision,  one  object  being  seen  by  the  eye 
or  eyes  as  two.  D.,  Binocular,  the  most 
frequent,  is  due  to  a  derangement  of  the 
visual  axes,  the  images  of  the  object  being 
thereby  thrown  u|X)n  non-identical  points 
of  the  retinx.  D.,  Crossed,  the  result 
of  divergent  strabismus,  the  image  of  the 
right  eye  a])pearing  nyn^n  the  left  side, and 
tliat  of  the  left  ujKjn  the  right.  D.,  Direct, 
or  D.,  Homonymous,  the  reverse  of 
Crossed  D.,  due  either  to  paralysis  of  the 
external  rectus  or  over-action  of  the  inter- 
nal. D.,  Physiological,  that  pnuluced 
when  an  imi)erfect  image  is  seen  beyond 
or  within  the  distance  of  liie  object  accom- 
modated for  and  transfixed  by  the  visual 
axes.  D.,  Monocular,  or  D.,  Uniocu- 
lar,  diplopia  with  a  single  eye,  usually 
due  to  jxilycoria  or  other  inijH-rfections  of 
the  media. 
Dipsoma'nia  (''n/'r;,  tiiirst,  intvin,  matl- 
ness).      The  uncontrollable  desire  for  spir- 


DIPTEROCARPUS 


134 


DISPENSARY 


ituous  liquors.  Generally  considered  a 
disease. 

Dipterocarp'us.     See  Giu-jiai  Bahafn. 

Direct^  [dircctus,  straight).  In  a  right  or 
straight  line.  D.  Current.  See  Current. 
D.  Vision,  the  perception  of  an  object 
whose  image  falls  upon  the  macule. 

Direct^or  [dirigo,  to  guide).  D.,  Grooved, 
an  instrument  grooved  to  guide  the  knife 
in  surgical  operations. 

Dis-  [dig,  twice).  A  prefix  used  to  denote 
two  or  double.  Also,  a  prefix  to  denote 
apart  from. 

Disarticula^tion  (dis,  apart,  articultim,  a 
joint).  To  disjoint,  or  separate  the  bones 
of  a  joint.     A  method  of  amputation. 

Disc  {discus,  a  quoit  or  round  plate).  A 
circular,  plate-like  organ  or  body,  espe- 
cially the  papilla  of  the  eye,  the  entrance 
of  the  optic  nerve  into  the  eyeball.  Its 
area  corresj^onds  with  that  of  the  blind 
spot.  D.,  Choked.  See  Papillitis.  D., 
Cupping  of.  See  Excavation  of  the  Optic 
Nerve. 

Discis''sion.     See  Cataract. 

Discrete^  {discretus,  separated).  A  term 
applied  to  exanthematous  eruptions  in 
which  the  pustules  or  papules  remain  dis- 
tinct.    The  opposite  of  confluent. 

Dis^cus  Prolig''erus  [fnGKo<;,  a  quoit, 
proles,  offspring,  gero,  to  bear).  The  ele- 
vated cells  of  the  meinbrana  granulosa  of 
the  ovum,  whereby  the  ovum  is  attached 
to  the  same. 

Discu''tient  (discuto,  to  shake  apart).  A 
medicine  supposed  to  have  the  power  of 
resolving  tumors. 

Disdi^aclasts  [ptq,  Sia,  through,  kTmolq,  a 
breaking  down).  Small  doubly-refractive 
elements  in  the  contractile  discs,  changing 
their  position  during  muscular  contraction 
and  relaxation. 

Disease''  [dis  negative,  ease,  a  state  of 
rest).  A  condition  of  the  body  marked 
by  inharmonious  action  of  one  or  more  of 
the  various  organs,  owing  to  abnonnal 
condition  or  structural  change.  D.,  Acute, 
a  disease  marked  by  rapid  onset  and 
course.  D.,  Addison's.  See  Addison'' s. 
D.,  Bright's.  See  Brig/it's.  D.,  Chron- 
ic, one  that  is  .slow  in  its  course.  D., 
Constitutional,  one  in  which  a  system 
of  organs  or  the  whole  body  is  involved. 
D.,  Duchenne's,  a  pseudohypertrophic 
paralysis,  ^.  v.  D.,  Focal,  a  centrally 
localized  disease  of  the  nervous  system  as 
distinguished  from  peripherally  localized 
affections.  D.,  Functional,  abnormality 
of  function    without  discoverable   organic 


lesion.  D.,  Graves.  See  Goitre.  D., 
Hodgkin's.  See  Lyniphadenoma.  D., 
Idiopathic,  one  that  exi.sts  by  itself 
without  any  connection  with  another  dis- 
order. D.,  Intercurrent,  a  disease  oc- 
curring during  the  progress  of  another. 
D.,  Septic,  one  arising  from  the  putrefac- 
tive fermentation  of  some  foreign  sub- 
stance within  the  body.  D.,  Specific, 
one  caused  by  the  introduction  of  a  spe- 
cific vims  or  poison  within  the  body.  D., 
Symptomatic,  a  disease  caused  by  or 
connected  with  another  ailment  of  the 
body.  The  opposite  of  idiopathic  disease. 
D.,  Zymotic,  a  term  used  to  include  the 
whole  class  of  germ  diseases,  or  those 
arising  from  the  introduction  and  multipli- 
cation of  some  living  germ  within  the 
body. 

Disinfecfant  [dis  neg.,  infiiio,  to  cor- 
rupt). An  agent  that  destroys  disease 
germs  and  the  noxious  properties  of  fer- 
mentation and  putrefaction. 

Disin^tegrate  [dis,  apart,  integer,  the 
whole).  The  act  of  breaking  up  or  de- 
composing. 

Disloca''tion  [dis,  divided,  loco,  to  place). 
The  luxation  or  abnormal  displacement  of 
one  or  more  bones  of  a  joint,  or  of  any 
organ  from  its  natural  position.  D.,  Com- 
plete, the  bones  entirely  separated.  D., 
Compound,  the  coverings  of  the  joint 
ruptured.  D.,  Consecutive,  the  displaced 
bone  is  not  in  the  position  as  when  originally 
misplaced.  Diastasis,  dislocation  of  an 
amphiarthrotic  joint.  D.  of  Eyeball,  dis- 
placement of  the  eyeball  outside  of  the 
lids.  D.  of  Lens,  the  crystalline  lens 
thrown  out  of  the  capsule,  or  misplaced  so 
that  it  does  not  occupy  its  proper  position 
behind  the  pupil.  D.,  Old,  inflammatory 
changes  having  ensued.  D.,  Partial,  or 
Incomplete,  the  articulating  surfaces  re- 
maining in  partial  contact ;  called,  also. 
Subluxation.  D.,  Primitive,  the  bones 
remaining  as  originally  displaced.  D., 
Recent,  no  inflammatory  changes  having 
ensued.  D.,  Simple,  without  laceration 
of  the  surrounding  parts. 

Dis^'parate  [dispar,  unequal).  Not  alike; 
unequal  or  unmated.  D.  Points,  non- 
identical  points  of  the  two  retinx".  Diplopia 
is  produced  when  the  images  of  a  single 
object  fall  upon  such  points. 

Dispareu^nia  [^vaTvapzm'QQ,  ill-mated). 
Painful  or  difficult  performance  of  copula- 
tion from  physical  incompatibility. 

Dispens''ary  [dispense,  to  distribute).  A 
charitable  institution  where  medical  treat- 


DISPENSATORY 


13n 


DOXXfe'S  TEST 


ment  is  given  the  jxwr  and  medicines  dis- 
peiiM-d  on  prescription. 

Dispens'atory  (^i/is/c-zisti/onui//,  an  apothe- 
cury's  di.iry).  A  treatise  on  the  conijx)si- 
lion  and  prejxiration  of  medicines. 

Dispens^ing.  The  measuring,  weighing 
aiid  issuing  the  drugs  ordered  in  a  prescrip- 
tion. 

Disper^sion  [Ji^/'crsus,  scattered).  The 
scattering  of  an  intlammation  or  other  mor- 
bid condition.  In  physics,  the  separation 
of  a  ray  of  white  hght  into  colored  rays  ; 
also,  any  scattering  of  Hght,  as  that  which 
lias  passed  througli  ground  glass. 

Dis'pirem.     See  A'aryokintsis. 

Dis''pora  Caucas'ica.  See  Bacillus  Caii- 
fdsicits. 

Dissec'tion  (disseco,  to  cut  up).  To  dis- 
sect and  dissociate  the  organs  of  a  body. 
D.,  Aneurysm.  See  Aneurysm.  D. 
Wound,  injury  during  dissection,  with 
consequent  introduction  of  septic  material. 
It  may  become  constitutional  and  result  in 
Se])tic.vmia,  or  may  take  the  form  of  warts, 
I'erruca  necroi^enira.  The  sore  resulting 
directly  from  the  prick  or  abrasion  is  called 
J^ost-  mo  ft  I  rii  pustule. 

Dissemina'tion  {ilis,  apart,  scniiiw,  to 
sow).  Tlie  scattering  or  dispersion  of  dis- 
ease or  disease  germs. 

Dissipa'tion  [tiissipa/us,  scattered).  A 
di.spersion  of  matter  or  of  the  morbid  con- 
ditions which  cause  disease. 

Dissocia'tion  (<//.f,  apart,  socius,  fellow- 
ship). In  physiology,  the  separation  of 
the  com[X)nent  elements  of  a  compound. 
In  chemistry,  the  decomposition  of  a  com- 
pound by  means  of  high  temperature. 

Dissolu'tion  (Jissolutus,  loosened).  A 
solution  of  the  continuity  of  a  jiart.  De- 
com[Kisition  arising  from  the  death  of  the 
liCKly  or  Its  parts. 

Dissolv'ent.     A  solvent. 

Dis'sonance  (dissono,  to  disagree  in 
sound).  When  the  number  of  beats  of 
two  tones  are  different  by  a  less  number 
than  66 ;  the  maximum  i).  Ijeing  when 
the  <litference  is  ^t,. 

Dis''tal  [disto,  to  Ijc  at  a  distance).  At 
the  greatest  distance  from  the  trunk,  heart, 
or  medial  line. 

Distichi'asis  {fiir,  twice,  oTixoq,  a  row), 
I  he  condition  of  a  double  row  of  eyelashes, 
the  inner  rubljing  against  the  glolie. 

Distilla'tion  {destillo,  to  drop  little  by 
little).  llie  double  prtxess  of  vajx)riza- 
tion  and  condi-nsation  of  the  vaj)or.  Used 
mainly  in  purifying  liquids  by  scjiarating 
them  from   nonvolatile  sub.stances.     D., 


Destructive,  the  decom{X)sition  of  organic 
substances  l)y  heat,  and  the  condensation 
of  their  volatile  constituents.  D.,  Frac- 
tional, the  successive  separation,  by  dis'.ib 
lation,  of  substances  which  vaporize  at 
ditterent  temperatures. 

Dis^toma  ((5(f,  twice,  aroiia,  a  mouth).  An 
intestinal  womi  belonging  to  the  family 
Distoiihc,  parasitic  in  its  first  stage,  usually 
upon  a  mollusk,  and  known  in  this  form 
as  Ccrcariie.  In  its  second  stage  it  becomes 
again  encysted,  and  develojjs  into  the  form 
known  as  Distoma.  It  completes  its  de- 
velopment as  a  parasite  within  the  body  of 
a  third  host,  frequently  that  of  sheep  or 
cattle.  Making  its  way  to  the  liver,  it  be- 
comes the  dreaded  liver-lluke,  the  cause 
of  the  disease  known  as  rot. 

Di'ta  Bark.  The  l)ark  of  Alstonia  sclio- 
Itiris,  native  to  the  Philippine  Islands.  Em- 
ployed as  a  tonic  and  antiperiodic  in  intcr- 
miltents.     Dose  ^]-iy.     L  nof. 

Dita'na  Digitifo'Iia.  A  Mexican  plant 
said  to  possess  galactagogue  properties. 

Diure^sis  ((ha,  through,  ovpru,  to  make 
water).  Abnormal  increase  in  the  secretion 
of  urine. 

Diuref'ic  [(ha,  ovpe(j).  A  medicine  that 
increases  the  secretion  and  flow  of  urine. 

Di'vers'  ParaFysis.  See  Caisson  Disease. 

Divertic^ulum  (dim.  of  divertus,  turning 
aside).  A  small  cul-de-sac  or  pouch. 
\'arialion  from  a  normal  stmcture  ;  mal- 
formation. D.,  Meckel's,  a  sacculation 
of  the  ileum,  owing  to  the  non-obliteration 
of  the  vitelline  duct. 

Doch'mius  Duodena''lis.  See  Anchylo- 
sti'/iiiasis. 

DoC'tor  [doctor,  a  teacher).  A  teacher. 
A  title  conferred  by  a  university  or  college. 
A  licensed  medical  practitioner. 

Dog  Button.     See  Nux  Vomica. 

Dog'ma  (f5oKf(j,  to  think).  A  tenet  or 
prineiple  taught  by  authority.  A  statement 
of  medical  science. 

Dog'' wood.     See  Corn  us. 

Dolichocephal''ic.     See  Index. 

Dolichohier'ic.     See  riatyhicric. 

Dolichoperiic.     See  riatypellic. 

Do'lor  [doleo,  to  feel  pain).  Bodily  pain 
or  sullering. 

Dolo'res  Presagien'tes.  Precursory  pains 
fult  by  woiiuii  in  advance  of  labor. 

Don'ne's  Test.  For  pus  in  the  urine. 
Allow  ])us  to  settle  and  decant  ;  stir  a 
piete  of  potassium  hydrate  into  tin-  <i(|><)-il. 
Pus  will  grow  thick,  ttiugli  and  gilalinous, 
while  nnaus  will  form  llakes  and  become 
thin. 


DONOVAN'S  SOLUTION 


136 


DRUG 


Don-'ovan's  Solu''tion.     See  A>-sen{c. 

Dor'sal  [dorsum,  the  back).  Pertaining 
to  the  back,  or  to  the  posterior  part  of 
an  organ.  D.  Artery.  See  Artery.  D. 
Nerves.     See  Nerve. 

Dor^so-  [dorsum).  A  prefix  used  in  con- 
nection with  the  names  of  such  organs  as 
have  their  attachment  to  or  about  the  back. 

Dor^sum.  The  back.  The  rounded  part 
of  the  back. 

Dose  [6oGig,  a  portion).  The  measured 
portion  of  medicine  to  be  taken  at  one 
time.  D.,  Divided,  a  mode  of  adminis- 
tration in  which  the  dose  is  to  be  taken  in 
fractional  portions  at  intervals  of  a  few 
minutes.  D.,  Maximum,  the  largest 
portion  of  medicine  ordered  to  produce  a 
given  result,  or  the  largest  consistent  with 
safety.  In  this  work  both  minimum  and 
maximum  dosage  is  given  under  each 
medicine  or  preparation. 

Dosim^etry  [Soaiq,  ^lerpov,  a  measure). 
The  accurate  and  systematic  measurement 
of  a  dose  or  prescribed  portion. 

Do^sis.     See  Dose. 

Doub^le  [ifuo,  two,  f  lien,  a  fold).  Two- 
fold. In  pairs.  D.  Staining.  In  micro- 
scopy, an  ingestion  of  two  colors  into  a 
structure  in  order  to  show  its  details. 
Bacteriologically  the  application  of  such 
staining  reagents  as  will  stain  the  spores 
one  color  and  the  rods  another.  D.  Touch, 
the  exploration  of  the  vaginal  and  rectal 
walls  by  inserting  the  thumb  into  the  one 
cavity,  and  the  index  finger  into  the  other, 
so  that,  e.  g.,  the  presence  of  any  abnormal 
growth  may  be  ascertained.  D.  Vision. 
See  Diplopia. 

Douche  (Fr.  douche').  A  stream  of  water 
directed  against  a  part,  or  one  used  to  flush 
a  cavity  of  the  body. 

Doug^las,  Cul-de-sac  or  Pouch  of. 
vSee  Pouch. 

Do''ver's  Powder.     See  Opium. 

Doyere,  Eminence  of.    See  Sarcoglia. 

Drachm  [(^paxi'V,  a  Greek  weight).  The 
eighth  part  of  the  apothecaries  ounce,  equal 
to  60  grains  or  3.8  grammes.  Also  the 
one-sixteenth  part  of  the  avoirdupois  ounce, 
equal  to  27.34  grains.  D.,  Fluid,  the 
eighth  part  of  a  fluid  ounce,  equal  to  60 
minims. 

Dracun^culus.  See  Guinea  Worm.. 
Drag'on  Root.  Indian  Turnip.  The  root 
of  Arum  tryphyllum.  Acrid,  expectorant 
and  diaphoretic.  Do.se  of  fld.  ext.  Tl\,xv- 
•2^}.  Unof 
Drain''age  (Sax.  drehnigcan,  to  strain). 
The  insertion  of  a  tube  or  strands  of  other 


material  in  a  wound  or  abscess  to  withdraw 
the  fluids  therefrom.  D.  Anchor,  a  rub- 
ber filament  inserted  in  an  abscess  or  cav- 
ity. D.  Tube,  a  rubber  tube  with  per- 
forations. D.  Tube,  Decalcified,  a  de- 
calcified bone  (chicken,  etc.),  used  as  a 
drainage  tube. 

Dras''tic  [6pau,  to  draw).  Powerful  and 
irritating  purgatives,  such  as  scammony  and 
gamboge. 

Drench  (Sax.  drencan).  In  veterinary 
practice,  a  draught  of  medicine. 

Drepanid^ium  Rana''rum.  A  (probably) 
parasitic  cytozoon  of  frogs'  blood. 

Dres''sing.  The  application  of  a  bandage, 
lint  or  other  substance  to  a  wound  or 
ulcer. 

Drom^ograph  (dpo//of,  a  course,  ypacpu, 
to  write).  An  instrument  for  measuring 
the  velocity  of  the  blood-current. 

Dropped  Hand,  or  Dropped  Wrist.  A 
fonn  of  paralysis  from  lead-poisoning,  con- 
sisting in  the  inability  to  contract  the  ex- 
tensors of  the  forearm. 

Drop'sy  [vSpuil',  dropsy).  See  Hydrops. 
D.  of  Belly,  "i^^^  Ascites.  D.  of  Brain. 
See  Hydrocephalus.  D.  of  Chest.  See 
Hydrothorax.  D.  of  Spine,  ^ee  Spina 
Bifida.  D.  of  Testicle.  Set  Hydrocele. 
D.  of  Uterus.     See  Hydrometra. 

Drug.  A  substance,  simple  or  compound, 
natural  or  prepared,  single  or  mixed  with 
other  substances,  used  as  a  medicine.  D., 
Antagonistic,  one  that  neutralizes  the 
action  of  another  by  a  process  other  than 
chemical.  The  following  table  of  Brunton 
gives  the  mutual  antagonistic  doses  of  the 
principal  powerful  poisons  with  both  lethal 
and  antagonistic  doses,  in  grains  per  pound 
weight  of  the  animal : — 


^^ 

rt  0 

U^ 

0 

0  ° 

ANTAGONISTS. 

^8 

-S  HJ 

in 

0 

■0  m 
*^  0 

-IQ 

-JQ 

D 

^Q 

I.                     n. 

I. 

II. 

I. 

II. 

Aconitine  and  Atropine,  .   . 

555 

7 

7fn 

If 

"     Digitalin,  .   . 

5sn 

t 

BOO 

1 

"          "     Strychnine,   . 

B05 

lis 

7S0 

ik 

Alcohol  and  Stryclinine,  .   . 

5BB 

... 

Atropine  and  Aconitine,   .   . 

7 

B^B 

... 

"     Chloral,    .   .    . 

7 

7 

... 

"          "     Hydrocyanic 

acid,   .... 

7 

... 

"          "     Jaborandi,   .   . 

7 

... 

"          "     Muscarine,  .   . 

7 

"          "     Morphine,   .   . 

7 

3 

"          "     Pilocarpine,    . 

7 

"          "     Phytolaccine,  . 

7 

... 

... 

... 

"          "     Physostigniine 

7 

^. 

"          "     Quinine,   .   .    . 

7 

li 

Bromalhydrate  and  Atropine 

soo 

7 

... 

DRUM -BELLY 


137 


DURATION  OF  LIFE 


1     ^. 

I_   . 

u.' 

wj 

rt*— 

H  0 

15  o 

o 

1  ° 

•c  u 

—  u 

V 

■S  " 

ANTAGONHSTS. 

^S 

^S 

en 

o 

-  o 

-"Q 

-JQ 

a 

4° 

I.                         II. 

I. 

II. 

1. 

II. 

Chloral  and  Atropine,    .  .  . 

7 

7 

... 

... 

"        "     I'icrotoxine,  .   . 

7 

•  •• 

"        "     Physostijiinine, 

7 

A 

•  •• 

"        "    Strychnine,   .   . 

7 

... 

... 

... 

Chloroform  and  Aniyl  nitrite 

7 

7 

309 

DIgitaline  and  Acoiiitine,    . 

Tis 

"            "    Muscaria, 

... 

V^0 

... 

•  •• 

"            "    Sapoiiia,    .   . 

•  >• 

Gelsemium  and  (.)piuin,    .   . 

4 

ji 

A 

^ 

"              "     Atropine,    . 

3 

7 

3 

f 

Morphine  and  Catieine,   .   . 

i 

Ij 

i 

"           "    Chloroform,. 

... 

Muscarine  and  .Xtroijine,     . 

... 

•  <• 

•  •. 

.•• 

Opium  and  .Vtropinc,     .   .    . 

7 

>>> 

•  *• 

"        "    Gelsemium,    .   . 

7 

..• 

"        "    Veratrum  viride 

... 

... 

... 

Drum'-belly.     See  Tympanites. 

Drum'ine.  .\  name  given  to  the  alkaloid 
extractive  of  Euphorbia  dnimmonJii,  an 
Australian  plant.  Said  to  be  a  local  an- 
aesthetic. Claimed,  also,  to  be  an  impure 
calcium  oxalate.     Unof. 

Drum  of  Ear.     See  Tympanum. 

Dry  Belly-ache.     .See  Girdle  Pain. 

Dry  Caries.     See  Onychomycosis. 

Du'alism  {duo,  two).  A  system  by  which 
all  natural  phenomena  are  explained  by 
two  principles.  D.,  Chancrous,  the 
theory  of  the  existence  of  two  forms  of 
chancre — the  non-infecting, or  soft  chancre, 
and  the  inf -cting,  or  true  (hard)  chancre. 

Dubin'i's  Disease.  "  Electrical  chorea,'' 
a  malady  met  with  in  Italy,  differing  from 
chorea  in  the  character  of  the  movements, 
which  are  sudden  and  shock  like  ;  in  the 
course  of  the  disea.se,  which  is  progressive 
and  often  fatal;  and  in  the  addition  of 
muscular  palsy  and  wasting.  Etiology  and 
pithokigy  obscure. 

Dubois''ia.  The  leaves  of  D.  myoporoidesy 
an  Australian  tree.  Contains  an  alkaloid, 
duboisin-,  thought  to  be  identical  with 
hyoscyamine.  Resembles  the  active  prin- 
ciple of  txrlladonna  in  |)hysiological  and 
thera|K-utic  effects.  D.,  Ext.  Uose  gr. 
Yu-^i-  D.,  Tinct.  ho.se  tTLv-xx.  Du- 
boisinac  Sulphas.     Dose  gr.  xJj— tjV- 

Duchenne's  Paral'ysis.  See  J'imdo- 
bypi-rtrophic  I'aralvsis. 

Duct  (duco,  to  leatl).  A  tulie  for  the  con- 
veyance of  ci-rtaiii  fluids  of  the  liody. 
D.  of  Bartholin,  the  ducts  of  the  sub- 
lingual glands,  cMciiding  along  Wiiarton's 
duct.  D.,  Biliary,  the  biliaiy  passages. 
D.,  Cystic,  the  excretory  duct  of  the  gall- 


bladder.     D.,  Hepatic,  the  main  tnmk 
of  the  ducts  of  the  liver.     D.,  Prostatic, 
the  ducts  of  the  [irosiaie  gland.    D.,  Tho- 
racic, the  trunk  funned  by  the  junction 
of  the  absorbent  vessels.     D.  of  Steno, 
the   excretoiy  duct   of  the   parotid   gland. 
D.  of  Wharton,  the  excretory  duct  of 
the  sublingual  gland.     D.,  Vitelline,  the 
duct  that  leads  from  the  umbilical  vesicle 
of  the  embryo  to  the  intestinal  canal. 
Ducfus  [duco,  to  lead).    A  canal  or  duct. 
D.    Arteriosus,    a    continuation    in    the 
fcetus  of  the  pulmonary  artery.    In  after  life 
the  atropliicil  remains  are  found   attached 
to  that  vessel.     Called  also  D.  Botalli. 
D.   Choledochus  Communis,  the  tulie 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  hepatic  and 
cystic  ducts.       D.     Lachrymalis.      See 
Lachrymal. 
Duhl'ing's  Impeti''go.     See  fmpefigo. 
Dulcama'ra.      Bittersweet.       The    young 
brandies  of  J'>.  solanum.     Contains  sev- 
eral glucosides  and  an  alkaloid.     Froper- 
ties  not  well  untlerstood.      Causes  nausea, 
emesis  and  convulsive  muscular  movements, 
and  in  toxic  doses  is  a  narcotic  poison. 
Now  employed    in    psoriasis  and  similar 
skin  diseases.     D.,  Fid.  Ext.     Dose.t^j. 
D.  Decoctum,uiiof.,  lo  per  cent,  strength. 
Dose  5J-ij. 
Dumb  (Sax.  dumb').     Unable  to  utter  ar- 
ticulate sjieech.     D.  Ague,  a  popular  ex- 
pression  for    ague    or    malarial   sickness 
marked  by  obscure  sym[)toms. 
Duodenos'tomy    [iluodenum,    a-oua,    a 
UKiuih).      The  operation  of   opening   the 
duodenum,  and  its  attachment  to  the  walls 
of  the  abdomen,  in  order   to  form  an  arti- 
ficial mouth  and  to  introduce  nutriment. 
Duode'num.    (I^t.)    The  first  part  of  the 
small  intestine  beginning  at  the  pylorus. 
The  inner  surface  is  covered  with  folds  of 
mucous  membrane  called  valvulie  conni- 
ventes. 
Du'ra  Ma''ter.     The  outer  membrane  of 

the  lirain  and  spinal  cord. 
Dura'tion  of  Life.  Several  methods  of 
ascertaining  the  duration  of  life  are  em- 
ployed :  I.  The  Me.an  ;\ge  at  Death;  2. 
the  I'n)l)al)le  1  >uialion  of  Life;  3.  the 
Mean  hurationof  Life;  4.  the  l'-x])ecta- 
tion  of  Life,  or  mean  after-lifetime ;  and 
5.  the  number  living  out  of  which  one 
dies  aniuially.  According  to  the  I'!iiglish 
Life  Table  No.  3,  the  mean  age  at  death 
is  40.9  years,  but  this  test  is  for  several 
reasons  fallacious,  though  it  is  of  excep- 
tional interest  when  the  deaths  from  vari- 
oas  diseases  are  considered.    .See  ProhabU 


DWARF 


138 


DYSURIA 


D.  of  L.,  Expectatio7i  of  Life,  and  Life 
Table. 

Dwarf  (Sax.  dweorg).  A  thing  or  person 
of  stunted  or  arrested  growth.  D.  Elder, 
the  root  of  Aralia  hispidia.  A  valuable 
diuretic.     Dose  of  fld.  ext.  .tJ-iJ.     Unof. 

Dy'ad.     See  Qnantivalence. 

Dynam''ic  (6vvaiii^,  energy).  Pertaining 
to  energy.  In  medicine,  a  synonym  of 
sthenic,  q.  v. 

Dynamics.     See  Mechanics. 

Dy^namite  (Jwa^^f)-  An  explosive  con- 
sisting of  nitro-glycerine  incorporated  with 
infusorial  earth,  to  give  it  consistency. 

Dy^namo  (Jvi'a/z/f).  A  word  popularly 
applied  to  an  electrical  machine  in  which 
the  current  is  generated  by  revolving  coils 
of  insulated  wire  through  the  field  of  a 
magnet  intensified  by  the  same  current. 

Dynamog^eny  (dvvafUQ,  yevvau,  to  beget). 
The  production  of  energy ;  the  physio- 
logical generation  of  force. 

Dynam^ograph  {Svva/nQ,  ypa(pu,  to  write). 
An  insti-ument  designed  to  measure  and 
graphically  record  muscular  strength. 

Dynamom^eter  (cWo///f ,  /u^rpoi',  a  meas- 
ure). An  instrument  designed  to  measure 
force.  In  physiology,  one  for  the  measure- 
ment of  muscular  strength. 

Dyne.  A  force  sufficient  to  impart  a  ve- 
locity of  one  centimeter  per  second  to  a 
mass  of  one  gramme. 

Dysacou^sis.     See  HypcTakiisis. 

Dysaesthe'sia  (di'f,  diihcult,  aiadj]GiQ,  sen- 
sation. Dullness  of  any  sensation,  especi- 
ally that  of  touch. 

Dys-aFbumose.     See  Albumose. 

Dysba'sia  ((Jnf,  jSaatc,  a  step).  Difficulty 
of  walking.  Proposed  instead  of  abasia, 
since  in  the  affection  there  is  rarely  abso- 
lute inaliility  to  walk. 

Dyschromatops''ia  {Svg,  xP'^i^'^i  "V"?) 
sight).     Subnormal  color-perception. 

Dyscor-'ia  (duf,  difficulty,  aopi],  pupil). 
Abnormality  of  form  of  the  pupil. 

Dyscras^ia  (rfvf,  Kpaatc;,  combination).  A 
term  latterly  restricted  to  an  abnormal  or 
impure  condition  of  the  blood,  due  to 
general  disease. 

Dys''entery  {Svg,  evrepov,  the  bowels).  A 
disease  marked  by  inflammation  of  the 
solitaiy  glands  and  follicles  of  the  large 
intestine,  with  bloody  stools.  Prevalent  in 
all  malarious  regions. 

Dyshidrc'sis,  or  Dysidro''sis.  See  Po»i- 
phlox. 

DyslaFia  (fivq,  "ka^Aa,  speech).  A  defect 
of  speech  due  to  organic  changes  or  mal- 
formation in  the  organs  of  speech. 


Dys''lysin.     See  Choloidinic  Acid. 

Dysmenorrhce^a  {6vq,  ni]v,  month,  peu, 
to  flow).  Obstructed  or  difficult  menstru- 
ation. 

Dysorex^ia  [6vq,  ope^ig,  appetite).  A  de- 
praved or  unnatural  appetite. 

Dysos^'mia  {6vg.  oafiij,  odor).  An  un- 
pleasant or  fetid  odor. 

Dyspep''sia  (rfiif,  ketttu,  to  digest).  Im- 
paired or  imperfect  digestion.  D.,  Atonic, 
a  derangement  of  the  stomach,  with  dis- 
order of  its  function,  due  to  insufficient 
gastric  juice  or  impaired  quality  of  the 
same.  May  be  due  to  reflex  causes.  D., 
Intestinal,  due  to  defects  in  the  pancreatic, 
biliary  or  intestinal  secretions,  to  deficient 
peristalsis,  etc. 

Dyspep^tone.     See  Hemiprotein. 

Dyssperm^ia  (tJuf,  oTvepfia,  seed).  An 
imperfect  or  abnormal  condition  of  the 
semen. 

Dysperistal''sis.     See  Peristalsis. 

Dysphag^ia  (()vg,  ^«j  w,  to  eat).  Difficulty 
or  inability  to  swallow. 

Dysphas^ia  (6vg,  ^aoiq,  speech).  Imper- 
fect or  disconnected  speech  arising  from 
loss  of  or  faulty  arrangement  of  words. 

Dyspho^nia  {Svq,  ^uvij,  voice).  A  condi- 
tion of  defective  voice. 

Dysphra^sia  (tJvf,  (ppaaig,  speech).  Im- 
perfect speech.  Kussmaul's  term  for  a 
mental  condition  in  which  the  emotion  is 
opposed  to  the  words  designed  to  express 
it. 

DyspncE''a  {Svg,  nveu,  to  breathe).  Diffi- 
cult or  labored  breathing. 

Dysta^sia  [Svg,  icittj/lu,  to  stand).  Diffi- 
culty in  standing.  Proposed  for  astasia, 
since  in  the  affection  there  is  rarely  abso- 
lute inability  to  stand. 

DysteleoFogy  (tJi'f,  rekeog,  perfect,  Xoyog, 
a  treatise).  A  term  used  by  Hackel  to 
denote  the  study  of  rudimentary  and  use- 
less organs,  such  as  the  vermiform  appen- 
dix. 

Dystc'cia  {6vg,  difficult,  roKog,  birth). 
Difficult  labor.  D.,  FcEtal,  difficult  labor 
due  to  such  foetal  irregularities  as  dis- 
placement of  the  arm,  excessive  size, 
plural  pregnancy,  monsters,  etc.  D., 
Maternal,  due  to  some  defect  upon  the 
side  of  the  mother,  pelvic  deformity,  dis- 
ease, etc. 

Dystroph^ia  {Svg,  rpocpTf,  nourishment). 
Imperfect  or  faulty  nourishment. 

Dys^trophy.     See  Dystrophia. 

Dysu''ria  (f^i'f,  ovpov,  urine).  Partial  or 
painful  urination ;  may  be  due  to  calculi, 
cystitis,  spasm,  stricture,  etc. 


139 


ECSTASY 


E.     Al  'breviation  of  Eye,  and  Emmetropia. 

E.  M.  F.  Abbreviation  of  Electro-motive 
F<,irce. 

Ext.     Abbreviation  of  extractttm. 

Ear.  The  organ  of  hearing.  Consists  of 
the  outer  or  external  ear,  the  middle  ear 
or  tympanum,  and  the  internal  e;u-  or 
labyrinth.  E.-ache.  See  Ottil^^ia.  E.- 
cough,  refle.v  coughing  from  irritation  or 
disease  of  the  ear.  E.,  Drum  of.  See 
lympaniim.  E.,  Inflammation  of.  See 
Otitis.  E. -trumpet,  an  instrument  for 
gathering  a  larger  number  of  waves  of 
sound  to  a  focus,  and  thus  to  improve  the 
hearing  of  those  partially  deaf.  E.-wax. 
."^ee  Certinien. 

Earths.  Certain  metallic  oxides  or  sili- 
cates, not  soluble  in  water  and  not  affected 
by  a  great  heat.  E.,  Alkaline,  the 
oxides  and  hydrates  of  calcium,  magne- 
sium, strontium,  barium  and  other  metals 
of  the  same  group.  E., Fuller's,  a  clay 
used  as  an  absorbent  in  sores. 

Ear' wig.  An  insect  {^Forficula  auiicti- 
/•iria),  erroneously  sujjposed  to  have  a 
fondness  for  secreting  itself  in  the  external 
auditoiy  m<'atus. 

East'on's  Syrup.     See  Ferritin. 

EbuUi'tion.     See  Boiling. 

Eburna'tion  {chur,  ivory).  Increase  of 
the  earthy  constituents  of  l)onc  causing 
greater  size  and  density  of  the  same. 

Ecbol'ic  (eK.io/.i/,  a  throwing  out).  A  sub- 
stance used  t<3  produce  alxirtion. 

Ecchondro'ma  (f«,  ;|fov(5poc  cartilage). 
A  tumor  growing  from  cartilage. 

Ecchondro'sis.     See  Ecchondrovia. 

Ecchymo'ma  {iKX'^/'CJ.na).  A  tumor  made 
up  of  e\trava><ited  blood. 

Ecchymo'sis  (tKxvuoo/jai,  to  extravasate 
bjfxxl).  Sanguineous  extrava>alion  of 
blood  into  the  areolar  tissue  of  the  lids,  or 
skin,  the  result  of  traumatism.  Sec,  also, 
Pill  pma. 

Eccoprot'ic  (ck,  out  of,  KOTzpoc,  dung).  A 
medicine  that  em|)ties  the  bowels  without 
causing  lir|uid  di.scharge. 

Ecdem'ic  {enArifior,  away  from  home). 
Used  of  diseases  originating  in  a  distant 
locality  or  iM'opie. 

Ec'dysis  (»k(5'«j,  to  cast  off).  In  zoulogy, 
tlic  slougliing  or  casting  off  the  skin. 

Echinococ'cus  {fx^'^^*  ^  hedgehog,  kok- 
Kitr,  a  Ixrry).  An  hydatid,  or  bladrler- 
worm,  one  of  the  larval  stages  of  growth 


of  the  small  tapeworm,  Ticnia  cchinococ- 
ctis,  of  the  dog  and  woll",  infesting  the  hu- 
man digestive  tube.  See  .l/tenidtioiis  of 
Generation. 

Echinorhyn''cus  (f,Yn'of,  pi'},V''f.  a  beak). 
A  worm  parasitic  within  certain  animals, 
aiul  occasionally  fountl  in  man. 

Echolal'ia  (//.v^.  echo,  '/.d/.ia,  talking). 
An  aphasic  symptom  consisting  in  a  repe- 
tition of  words  spoken  to  the  patient  by 
others. 

Echophot'omy  ('/A'Cj  <!"J"Of.  light).  The 
production  of  the  sensation  of  color  by  the 
stimulus  of  a^ial  waves,  or  sound. 

Echo-speech.  A  peculiar  method  of  ut- 
terance in  one  type  of  hypnotism. 

Eclamp'sia  {£K?.aii-(j,  to  shine  or  burst 
forth,  from  the  suddenness  of  the  attack). 
I'uerperal  convulsions.  Convulsive  or  epi- 
leptiform seizures  suddenly  coming  on  in  a 
woman  prior  to  or  during  labor,  or  in  the 
puerperal  state.  The  convulsions  are  first 
tonic  and  then  clonic,  finally  affect  the  in- 
voluntary muscles  as  well  as  the  voluntary; 
consciousness  is  lost,  and  the  attack  is  fol- 
lowed by  coma  or  sleep.  The  etiology  is 
obscure,  the  attack  generally  repeated,  the 
prognosis  grave.  The  tenn  E.  is  also  used 
as  a  general  designation  of  convulsions, 
and  besides  the  puer[ieral  form  above  de- 
scribed there  are  the  infantile  and  unemic 
tjpcs.     See  Convulsions. 

Eclecf'ic  [eKlcKTiKoq).  Pertaining  to  a 
choosing  or  selection.  Used  by  a  certain 
school  of  physicians,  of  themselves,  to  de- 
note a  principle  or  plan  of  selecting  or 
choosing  that  which  is  good  from  all  other 
schools. 

Eclecficism.  The  doctrine  and  practice 
of  the  Eclectirs. 

Econ'omy  [lUKia,  house,  i'o//of,  a  law).  A 
general  name  for  the  human  being  con- 
sidered! as  a  whole. 

Ecouvil'lon.     Sec  Ecoiri'i!lona;:;e. 

Ecouvil'lonage  (Fr.).  The  operation  of 
cleansing  and  carrying  nu-dieinal  agents 
to  the  inside  of  the  uterus  by  means  of  a 
brush. 

Ecraseur'  (Kr).  An  in.stnnnent  used  in 
amputation  of  parts,  consisting  of  a  eluiin 
or  wire  loop,  lightened  by  a  mtcw,  whireby 
the  tissue  is  slowly  cru--lu(i  apart  rallier 
than  cut,  thus  rendering  the  o|Kration 
easii-r  and  bloodless. 

Ec'stasy  {iharaair,  a  trance).     .\  trance- 


ECTASIS 


140 


ELASTIC 


like,  exalted  condition  of  mind,  with  in- 
sensibility, immobility,  etc.  A  species  of 
hyp)2otism. 

Ec^tasis  {enTaair,  extension).  Abnormal 
distention  or  dilatation  of  a  part. 

Ecthy^ma  {eKOvjia,  a  pustule).  An  affec- 
tion of  the  skin,  considered  by  Crocker  and 
Tilbur}'  to  be  a  form  of  Impetigo  contagiosa, 
developed  on  tlie  trunk  and  limbs. 

Ecto-  (e/vTOf,  without).  A  prefix  signifying 
tuithaut,  upon  the  outer  side. 

Ec^toblast  (e/crof,  ^7.aaToq,  genu).  The 
outside  membrane  or  envelope  of  a  cell. 

Ectocard^ia  (f/vrof,  Kciptha,  the  heart). 
Aljnormality  of  position  of  the  heart. 

Ec^toderm.     See  Blastodei-in. 

Ectop^agus  {ektoc^,  nayeig,  united).  A 
monomphalic  monstrosity  united  laterally 
the  full  extent  of  the  thorax. 

Ecto^pia  [sKTOTvog,  displaced).  An  abnor- 
mality of  position.  E.  Cordis.  See 
Ectocardia.  E.  Lentis,  dislocation  or 
congenital  malposition  of  the  crystalline 
lens.  E.  Oculi,  abnormal  position  of  the 
eyeball  in  the  orbit.  E.  Vesicae,  protru- 
sion of  the  bladder  through  the  wall  of  the 
aljdomen. 

Ectop^ic.  Pertaining  to  ectopia.  E.  Ges- 
tation. .  See  Gestation. 

Ectozo'a  (f/crof,  fwov,  an  animal).  Para- 
sites of  the  external  parts  of  the  body,  in 
contradistinction  from  entozoa. 

Ectrom^elus  (e/crpwcr/f,  abortion,  //e/'.of, 
limb).  A  monstrosity  with  an  aiTested 
development  of  all  the  limbs,  which  are 
mere  stumps. 

Ectro^pium  [eKrpsTru,  to  turn  from).  Ever- 
sion  of  the  eyelid  and  exposure  of  the 
conjunctival  surface. 

Ec^zema  (eKi^eu,  to  boil  over).  An  in- 
flammation of  the  skin  or  mucous  surfaces, 
accompanied  Ijy  papules,  vesicles,  pustules, 
scabs,  etc.,  and  usually  attended  with  the 
discharge  of  serum.  E.,  Diabetic,  from 
the  irritation  of  diabetic  urine.  E.  Erythe- 
matosum,  marked  by  ill-defined  patches, 
usually  on  the  face.  E.  Hyper4rophi- 
cum.  See  Mycosis.  E.  Palmare,  a 
form  usually  confined  to  the  hands  and 
feet.  E.  Papulosum,  or  Lichen  Sim- 
plex, distinguished  by  papular  eraptions. 
E.  Pustulosum,  marked  by  pustular 
eruption.  E.  Rubrum,  an  intense  va- 
riety, usually  developed  from  the  vesicular 
or  pustular  form. 

Edenta''tion  [e,  without,  dens,  a  tooth). 
A  deprivation  of  teeth. 

Ed^ible  [edihilis,  eatable).  Food,  the  con- 
dition of  which  is  good  and  wholesome. 


Efferent  {effero,  to  bring  out).  Applied 
to  nerves  or  vessels  carrying  from  the  cen- 
ter.    See  Centrifugal. 

Effleurage.     See  Massage. 

Efflores^cence  (^cffloresco,  to  bloom).  The 
flowering  of  plants.  The  formation  of 
minute  crystals  on  the  stirface  of  certain 
crystalline  bodies,  due  to  their  loss  of  a 
part  or  the  whole  of  their  water  of  crys- 
tallization. 

Efflu^vium  {cffluo,  to  flow  out).  The 
subtle  emanations,  especially  those  offen- 
sively odoriferous,  of  a  substance  or  per- 
son. 

Effu''sion  {effundo,  to  pour  out).     A  pour- 
ing out.     The  abnormal  secretion  or  trans 
fer  of  a  liquid  from  its   natural  organ  or 
place  of  secretion.     Used  of  gases  also. 

Eges''ta  (pi.  of  cgcsfuin,  fcecal  matter). 
The  discharges  of  the  bowels. 

Egg.  See  Ovule.  E.  Albumin,  a  native 
albumin,  or  proteid  constituent  of  the 
human  body,  of  which  the  unboiled  white 
of  egg  is  the  type.  It  is  distinguished 
from  serum-albumin  by  its  precipitation 
when  shaken  with  ether,  and  by  its  un- 
changed reappearance  in  the  urine  when 
injected  under  the  skin  or  into  the  intes- 
tine. E.  Nog,  a  nutritious  and  stimulant 
drink,  consisting  of  an  egg  beaten  up  with 
four  or  five  ounces  of  milk,  to  which  from 
half  an  ounce  to  an  ounce  of  whisky  is 
added.  It  may  be  sweetened  and  flavored 
to  the  taste. 

Egypt'ian  Chloro''sis.  See  Anchylosto- 
miasis.  E.  Ophthalmia,  See  Opkthal- 
viia,  Piiriiloit. 

Eich^horst's  Cor^puscles.  A  special 
form  of  microcyte  in  the  blood  of  those 
suffering  from  pernicious  antemia. 

Ejacula'tion  [ejacu/o!-).  The  ejection  of 
the  semen  in  coition.  E.  Center.  See 
Center. 

Eject^ion  (cjicio,  to  throw  out).  The 
process  of  casting  out ;  applied  especially 
to  the  excretions  of  the  body. 

Elabora^'tion  [elaboro,  to  take  pains  with). 
Careful  and  exact  working.  In  physiology 
the  process  of  making  crude  food  into 
higher  tissue  products. 

Ela^in.     See  Eleoptene. 

Elas^tic  [fkam^u,  to  urge  forward).  Re- 
turning to  the  original  form  when  sprung 
from  the  same  by  external  traction  or  force. 
E.  Bandage,  an  India-rubber  bandage 
exerting  continuous  compression  of  a  part. 
E.  Stocking,  a  stocking  of  the  same  ma- 
terial and  acting  the  same  way.  E.  Tis- 
sue,   a  variety   of  connective   tissue,  of 


ELASTIN 


141 


ELECTROTONUS 


which  some  ligaments  are  composed,  hav- 
ing cla>tic  jiroperties. 

Elast'in.  An  albuminoid  substance,  the 
fundamental  element  in  elastic  tissue.  It 
yields  36  to  45  per  cent,  of  leucin  and  }4 
per  cent,  of  tyrosin. 

Elat'erin,  or  Elate'rinum.  A  neutral 
principle  obtained  from  Elatcrium  cchal- 
liuni,  or  sijuirling  cucumber.  A  jxDwerful 
hydragogue  cathartic.  In  toxic  doses, 
causes  emesis,  spasmodic  respiration  and 
death.  Dose  gr.  .vVrV-  '^^  Trituratio, 
elaicrin  to,  sugar  of  milk  90  parts,  thor- 
oughly mixed.     Dose  gr.  ss-j. 

El'bow.  Tlie  ellx)\v-joint.  That  part  of 
the  ann  adjacent  to  the  elbow-joint. 

El'der.      Sec  S<iwi>//<-/ts. 

Elec'tion,  Operations  of.  Considera- 
tions of  circumstances,  such  as  age,  condi- 
tion in  life,  business,  sex,  c/c,  determining 
whether  to  proceed  with  a  certain  surgical 
operation  or  not.  Called,  also,  Operations 
of  ComplaiSiince. 

Elec'trical  (;//^k7/)oi',  amber).  Having  the 
n.iture  of  or  produced  by  electricity.  E. 
Chore''a.  See  Duhint  s  Disease.  E. 
Shower  Bath,  a  device  for  general  elec- 
tri/ation  :  ( )nc  of  the  ix)les  is  immersed  in 
a  tub  containing  an  alkaline  solution.  The 
patient  l>eneath  this  reservoir  stands  on  a 
metallic  stool  connected  with  the  other 
pole.  The  falling  water  completes  the  cir- 
cuit, dispersing  the  current  over  the  whole 
\«A\-.     E.  Sunstroke.     See  Suiis/roke. 

Electric'ity  (///.iK7/wr).  One  of  the  forces 
of  nature  developed  or  generated  bychom- 
ism,  magnetism,  or  friction,  and  |)rol)aijly 
a  mode  of  ethereal  vibration,  closely  analo- 
gous to  and  convertible  into  heat  and  liglit. 
E.,  Faradic,  that  produced  by  induction. 
E.,  Franklinic,  friclional  or  static  electri- 
city. E.,  Frictional,  that  produced  Ijy 
friction.  E.,  Galvanic,  that  which  is 
generaterl  liy  chemical  action  in  a  galvanic 
cell.  E.,  Inductive,  that  imxluced  in  a 
Ixxiy  by  |)roximity,  without  contact,  to  an 
clectrilied  l)udy.  E.,  Magnetic,  that  rle- 
velo|)cd  by  bringing  a  conductor  near  the 
IMili-s  of  a  m.ignet.  See  Current.  E., 
Medical,  tliat  used  for  theraixnitic  pur- 
|x>M-s.  E.,  Static,  friitional  electricity. 
E., Voltaic,  same  xs  galvanic  or  chemical 
electricity. 

Elec'tro-  (v?-r/(r/>oi').  A  (Ireek  word  used 
as  a  prefix  to  denote;  connection  with  or 
r<:lation  to  <•](■(  tri<ily.  E. -biology,  tli<- 
sticnce  of  the  electrical  nlalinns  and  lawr> 
of  organic  l>cings.  E.-bioscopy.  .See 
Bioscopy.       E. -chemistry,   the     science 


of  the  inter-relations  and  laws  of  elec- 
tricity and  chemistry.  E. -magnetism, 
magnetism  induccil  within  iron,  steel  or 
nickel,  by  introducing  it  within  a  coil 
through  which  a  current  is  passing.  E.- 
pathology,  the  diagnosis  of  a  disease  by 
the  aid  of  electric  irritation.  E. -physi- 
ology, the  study  of  electric  reactions, 
properties,  and  relations  of  organs  and 
organic  tissues.  E. -therapeutics,  the 
science  and  art  of  the  application  of  elec- 
tricity for  therapeutical  paqxises.  See 
Contractions. 
Elec'trode  [electricity,  o(^oq,  a  way).  The 
a])plication  of  points  or  surfaces  connecting 
the  Inxly  with  the  poles  of  a  battery.  E., 
Brush,  one  end  fitted  with  a  camel-hair 
pencil.  E.,  Non-polarizable,  zinc  wires 
treated  and  so  arranged  as  to  prevent  elec- 
trolysis. See  Anode  and  Cathode. 
Electrogen''esis.  The  results,  after  with- 
drawal, of  the  application  of  a  current  of 
electricity  to  the  spinal  cord,  a  nerve  or 
jiart. 

Electrol''ysis  [electricity,  Ivu,  to  release). 
The  dissolution  of  a  chemical  compound 
by  an  electric  current.  Used  in  the  tieat- 
ment  of  hydrocele,  and  other  surgical  dis- 
eases. 
Electro-massage.  The  transmission  of 
a  cun-ent  of  electricity  dirough  the  knead- 
ing instrument. 

Electrom'eter  [rj'keKTpov,  electro-,  fierpov, 
a  measure).  An  instrument  for  the  meas- 
urement of  the  dilTerence  of  electrical 
]«tential. 

Electro-mo'tive.  Pertaining  to  the  me- 
chanical or  motor  efl'ects  of  electricity.  E. 
Force,  the  potential,  or  tension  of  a  cur- 
rent. It  is  estimated  in  volts.  See  Volt. 
Electromus'cular.  Pertaining  to  the 
action  of  electricity  u]JOn  muscles.  E. 
Contractility,  the  contractile  resjxjnse  of 
a  muscle  to  an  electric  current.  E. Sensi- 
bility, the  imjjression  u[>on  a  sensory  nerve 
by  electric  irritation. 
Electropunctura'tion.  The  use  of 
needles  as  electrodes,  which  are  thru.st 
into  the  cavity  of  an  aneurysm,  with  the 
object  of  coagulating  the  contained  bl<Kxl. 
Electrosta'tics  [electricity,  aTnTimir,  sta- 
tionary). Tin;  .scii-nce  of  static  electricity, 
or  that  devcloiK'd  by  friction  and  induc- 
tion. 

Electrot'onus  (romr,  tension).  The 
change  of  condition  in  a  nerve  during  the 
application  of  a  current  of  i-leetrii  ity.  .See 
Aneleetrotonus,  Catelectrotonu,  and  Klec- 
troi;enesii. 


ELECTUARY 


142 


EMBRYONIC 


Elecf'uary.    A  confection.    See  Confcctio. 

Ele^idin.  The  gi-anules  of  the  superficial 
cells  of  the  stratum  granulosum  of  the  epi- 
dermis. 

EFement  [elementum,  a  first  principle). 
In  chemistry,  a  body  that  cannot  be  decom- 
posed into  simpler  substances.  The  ele- 
ments now  number  about  75.  Used  in 
biology  of  the  ultimate  microscopic  struc- 
tures of  a  tissue.  In  electricity,  one  of  the 
generating  plates  in  a  galvanic  cell. 

Elephant's  Foot.  The  herb  Eie- 
phantopus  (ometitosa.  Diuretic,  expecto- 
rant and  emetic.  Dose  of  the  fld.  ext.  n\^v- 
XXX.     Unof. 

El'ephant  Leg.     See  Elephatttiasis. 

Elephanti^asis  (e/le^af,  an  elephant).  Ele- 
phantiasis Arabum,  Elephant  Leg,  Buc- 
nema  Tropica,  Morbus  Elephas,  Pachy- 
dermia, Barbadoes  Leg.  A  chronic,  spo- 
radic, oedematous  disease  of  the  skin  and 
subcutaneous  tissue,  characterized  by  enor- 
mous hypertrophy.  Thought  to  be  due  to 
a  parasitic  worm  known  as  filaria,  which, 
entering  the  blood  and  lymphatics,  obstructs 
the  latter,  insulting  in  a  chronic  enlarge- 
ment.    Most  common  in  leg  and  genitals. 

Elephanti^asis  Grasco^rum.  See  Lepi-a. 

Eleopt^ene.  The  permanent  liquid  prin- 
ciple of  volatile  oils.     See  Stearoptene. 

EPevator  {elevo,  to  lift).  The  same  as 
Lcvatoi-.  See  Muscle.  An  instrument 
used  in  surgery  and  dentistiy. 

Elimina^tion  [e,  out,  limen,  threshold). 
Excretion;  the  process  of  putting  forth  or 
out. 

Elix^ir  (Arab,  el  iksir,  the  philosopher's 
stone).  A  sweetened,  aromatic,  spirituous 
preparation,  which  is  practically  a  flavored 
syrup  designed  as  an  excipient  for  extracts 
and  tinctures.  There  are  many  elixira, 
only  one  of  which  is  official. 

Elm.     See  Ulnuis. 

Elocu^'tion  (<>,  loqiwr,  to  speak).  The 
choice,  arrangement  and  delivery  of  words 
and  language,  including  the  use  of  the 
voice,  the  action  of  the  lungs,  diaphragm, 
etc. 

Elutria^tion  [ehifrio,  to  wash  out).  A 
water-sifting  process  whereby  the  coarser 
particles  of  an  insoluble  substance  are 
separated  from  the  finer. 

Elytri^tis  (eAvrpov,  the  vagina,  iTLq).  In- 
flammation of  the  vagina. 

Ely^troplasty  [sTivrpov,  n'kaaau,  to  form). 
Plastic  operation  upon  the  vagina,  espe- 
cially for  vesico- vaginal  fistula. 

Elytropto^sis  [ihirpov,  nTuatr,  a  falling). 
Prolapse  of  the  vagina. 


Elytror^'rhaphy  [eTivrpov,  pa<pj],  a  seam). 
Suture  of  the  vaginal  wall.  An  operation 
to  close  the  opening  of  the  vagina  in  pro- 
cidentia. 

Emacia'tion  {emacio,  to  make  lean).  Loss 
of  the  fat  and  fullness  of  the  flesh  of  the 
body.     Lean. 

Eman^sio-men^sium  (Lat.).  Delayed 
menstruation.     Amenoirhoea. 

Emascula^tion  {emasculo,  to  make  im- 
potent). Removal  of  the  testicles;  impo- 
tence. 

Enibalm''ing  (Fr.  en,  in,  (5a2</«a,  balsam). 
The  filling  a  cadaver  with  antiseptic  and 
preservative  substances  to  keep  it  from 
putrefying. 

Embed^ding.  The  fixation  of  a  tissue- 
specimen  in  a  firmer  medium  before  freez- 
ing, and  section  in  order  to  preserve  the 
same  intact. 

Embe^lia  Ri^'bes.  The  juice  of  a  fruit 
obtained  in  Asia  Minor.  Has  reputed 
anthelmintic  properties.     Unof. 

Em^bolism  (f///3o/lof,  plug).  The  obstruc- 
tion of  an  artery  or  capillary,  usually  by  a 
blood  clot  or  embolus,  brought  from  another 
point  by  the  blood  cuirent.  E.,  Air,  by  a 
bubble  of  air.  E.,  Multiple,  numerous 
small  emboli.  E.,  Pyasmic,  the  emboli 
are  purulent.  E.,  Retinal,  occurring  in 
the  arteria  centralis  retinos,  followed  by- 
sudden  loss  of  vision.  E.,  Venous, 
occurring  in  veins,  especially  of  the  lungs 
and  liver. 

Em'bolus  [tu^okor).  A  clot  of  blood 
brought  by  the  blood  cun-ent  from  a  distant 
artery,  and  forming  an  obstruction  at  its 
place  of  lodgment. 

Embroca''tion  {Efi(3pExu,  to  soak  in).  A 
fluid  external  application  to  some  injured 
or  diseased  part. 

Embryon,  or 

Em''bryo  (efijSpvov).  The  ovum  and  the 
product  of  conception  up  to  the  fourth 
month  of  pregnancy. 

Embryocard^ia  [eml/rj/o,  Kaptha,  the 
heart).  An  affection  of  the  heart,  char- 
acterized by  a  heart-beat  like  that  of  a 
fo;tus.  It  is  usually  associated  with  tachy- 
cardia, and  a  condition  of  collapse  and 
cyanosis. 

EmbryoFogy  i^efiftpvov,  7.oyo^,  discourse). 
The  science  of  the  evolution  of  the  em- 
bryo, or  the  study  of  fcetal  development. 

Embryon^ic.  Pertaining  to  the  embryo. 
E.  Area.  See  Area.  E.  Connective 
Tissue,  the  primitive  condition  of  connec- 
tive tissue  when  first  formed,  consisting  of 
small,  round  cells.     E.  Spot.     See  Area. 


EMBRYOTOME 


143 


ENCEPHALOID 


Em''bryotome.  An  instrument  used  in 
eml'rjotoniy. 

Embryot'omy  (f/z^piwc,  to^t],  section). 
An  operation  for  reduction  of  the  size  of 
the  fcftus  to  render  possilile  its  transmis- 
sion through  the  birth -canal,  v^ee  Cf/>/ia- 
lotripsy,  Cranioclasm,  Biisio(n'i>c,  Basilvaf, 
Decollatioti,  Decapitation,  Exenteration, 
Evisceration,  Lamination,  Perforation, 
Spondylotomy,  Transformation. 

Em  'esis  (f//t(J,  to  vomit).     Vomiting. 

Emet'ic  [efjeriKog,  causing  vomiting).  An 
agent  causing  emesis.  E.,  Direct,  one 
acting  directly  on  the  ncr\-es  of  the 
stomach.  E.,  Indirect,  or  E.,  Systemic, 
one  acting  through  the  blood  u\K>n  the 
vomiting  center,  or  by  relle.x  action  from 
other  peripheral  sources. 

Emeto-cathar'sis.  \omiting  and  purga- 
tinii  at  the  s;uue  lime,  or  produced  liy  a  com- 
mon agent. 

Em'inence  (emincntia).  A  rounded  or 
protuberant  part  of  an  organ,  especially  of 
a  bone.  E.,  Ilio-pectineal,  a  ridge  on 
the  upper  surface  of  the  pubic  bone.  E. 
of  Doyere.     See  Sarco^i^'-iia. 

Eminen'tia.     See  Eminence. 

Emis'sion  (emitto,  to  send  lorth).  An 
ejaculation,  or  sending  forth. 

Emmen'agogue  (f//////i'«,ihe  menses, a/w; 
to  expel).  A  medicine  tliat  .stinuiiatos  the 
menstrual  flow.  E.,  Direct,  one  acting 
directly  on  the  generative  organs.  E., 
Indirect,  one  acting  only  through  other 
functions  .nnd  indirectly. 

Emissa'rium  (Lat.).  A  term  for  any 
canal  or  channel  conveying  a  fluid  outward. 
Used  e.>>|}ccially  of  the  veins  of  the  skull. 

Em''issary  Veins.     See  Emissarittm. 

Emmetro'pia  (rr,  in;  fierpov,  measure; 
uV,  the  eye).  Normal  or  jierfect  visian. 
The  condition  of  an  eye  whose  shape  and 
refractive  media  are  such  that,  with  sus 
pended  accommodation,  parallel  rays  of 
light  are  brought  to  a  focas  upon  the 
retina.  For  practical  tests,  rays  of  light 
from  a  |K>int  20  feet  away  are  considered 
as  ])arall(d. 

Em'met's  Opera'tion.  See  Trachelor- 
rlidph  V. 

EmoKlient  (emollio,  to  .soften).  A  sub- 
stance ust:<l  by  external  application  to  .soften 
the  skin. 

Emo'tional  (e/mnu-o,  to  move  away).  I'er- 
taining  to  the  mental  condition  of  feeling. 
E.  Insanity,  characleri/ed  by  exagg«-ra- 
tioii  and  exaltation  of  feelings. 

Emphract'ic  (///O/wrru,  to  obslnirt)  A 
term  u-c'i  I'V  lli|<|)Otrates  to  designate  any 


agent  which  obstructs  the  fimction  of  an 
organ. 

Emphyse^ma  {e/Kpvffau,  to  inflate).  The 
abnomial  collection  of  air  in  the  connective 
tissue  of  apart,  causing  swelling  and  crepi- 
tation. 

Empir'ic  {^t/irreipiKog,  experiential,  practi- 
cal). One  practicing  medicine  without 
philo.sophical  or  scientific  principles,  simply 
from  the  results  of  his  own  or  others'  expe- 
rience. As  commonly  used,  synonymous 
with  quack. 

Emplas'trum  ie/ii7z?.aaau,  to  plaster  up). 
A  pUister.  In  pharmacy,  a  cohesive,  tena- 
cious substance,  insoluble  in  water,  as  an 
excipient  containing  a  ])rescribed  medicinal 
substance  intended  to  be  spread  thin  upon 
chamois,  kid  or  muslin.  The  excipient 
is  usually  lead  oleate  or  Burgundy  j)itch. 
(See  Leait  and  /'/>.)  There  are  17  official 
emp/astra. 

Emprosthot^onos  [gfj-poaOfv,  forward, 
T£ivu,  to  stretch).  A  tetanic  condition  of 
the  muscles  of  the  front  part  of  the  body 
whereby  the  body  is  bent  forward. 

Empye'ma  (fi',  in,  nvov,  pus).  Pus  in 
tlie  pleural  cavity  or  in  the  chest. 

Empye'sis  (efinvEu,  to  suppurate).  Dis- 
eases characterized  by  phlegmonous  pim- 
ples gradually  filling  with  purulent  lluitl. 

Empy'ocele  {n\  m  - lor,  pus,K7/?.f/,t\imvr). 
A  jjurulent  scrotal  tumor. 

EmuFsin  {emutgeo,  to  milk  out).  A  fer- 
ment contained  in  bitter  almonds.  Also 
called  Synaptase.  Its  union  with  amyg- 
dalin  forms  hydrocyanic  acid.  See  Amyg- 
dnlin. 

EmuPsion.  Water  in  which  oil,  in  minute 
suiidi vision  of  its  particles,  is  suspended. 

Emunc'tory  [^tminii^o,  to  blow  the  nose). 
.\n  excretory  duct  or  organ. 

Enam'el.     See  'J'ceth. 

Enanth'ema  (n',  avOtu,  to  blos.som).  An 
eruption  within  the  body  in  distinction 
from  exanthcnta. 

Enarthro'sis.     See  Diart/irosis. 

Encan'this  {n>,  kuvHhc;,  the  angle  of  the 
eye).  A  reddi.sh  colored  morbid  growth 
in  the  inner  canthus  of  the  eye. 

Encephalic  (eyKtcjxUof:,  the  brain).  I'er- 
lainiiig  t(i  the  encephalon. 

Enceph'alin.  A  nitrogenous  glucoside 
extracted  from  brain  tissue. 

Encephali'tis.  (Jeneral  inlkunmation  of 
the  encephalon. 

Enceph'alocele  {i)Kr<pa7tir,  ki/?i/,  tumor). 
.\  iieinia  of  tin-  brain. 

Enccph'aloid.  Ke.sembling  brain  tissue. 
.See  Citi ,  ini'/na. 


ENCEPHALOMA 


144 


ENDOSMOTIC 


Encephalc'ma  {syKE^aXog,  una,  tumor). 
Tumor  of  the  brain. 

Enceph^alon  (ev,  in,  Ketpakr],  the  head). 
The  contents  of  the  cranium.     The  brain. 

Encephalop'athy(£7/>;e0aZof,7rn^oc,pain). 
A  term  for  indefinite  or  general  disease-of 
the  brain. 

Enceph^alotome  (evus^aTio^,  rofui,  sec- 
tion). An  instrument  for  slicing  the  en- 
cephalon  or  a  part  for  examination  or  pre- 
servation. 

Enchondro^ma  [ev,  ;;\;ovSpog,  cartilage, 
oma,  tumor).  A  tumor  arising  from  car- 
tilage or  resembling  it  in  texture,  etc. 

Enchy^lema  [ev,  Xv?.o^,  juice).  The  fluid 
enclosed  in  the  meshes  of  the  chromatin. 

En  Clou.     See  CiilHire. 

Encyst^ed  [tv,  Kvarig,  a  bag).  Enclosed 
in  a  cyst,  or  capsule.  Aneurysms,  hernioe, 
tumors,  etc.,  may  become  encysted. 

End.  The  terminal  point  of  a  thing.  E. 
Bulb,  the  terminal  bulb  of  a  nerve  in  the 
skin.  £7td  Bulb  of  Krause.  See  Cor- 
puscle. E.  Plate,  the  expanded  terminal 
of  a  motor  nerve  upon  a  bundle  of  muscu- 
lar fibers.  E.  Organ,  the  general  name 
for  the  terminal  organ  or  part  of  a  sensory 
nerve-fiber  of  whatever  kind. 

Endarteri^'tis  (tvfiov,  within,  arteritis). 
Inflammation  of  the  intima,  or  innermost 
coat  of  an  arter)'. 

Endem'ic  (ti',  in,  ^iifioQ,  a  people).  Used 
of  diseases  that  are  not  brought  from  with- 
out a  particular  area  or  people,  but  that  are 
peculiar  to  it.  E.  Verrugas.  'S)tQ  Fram- 
liivsia. 

EndemioFogy  (ev,  Srjiioc;,  Tioyog,  a  treatise). 
The  science  of  endemic  diseases. 

Ender^mic  (ev,  (kp/ja,  the  .skin).  Within 
the  skin.  Pertaining  to  a  method  of  admin- 
istering medicines  through  the  skin,  by 
rubliing,  etc. 

End^o-  [£V(hv,  within).  A  prefix,  meaning 
li^nthin. 

Endo-ausculta''tion.  A  method  of  auscul- 
tation devised  by  Bianchi  by  using  the 
ordinary  oesophageal  tube  passed  into  the 
stomach,  to  auscult  the  gullet  and  stomach, 
and  through  them  to  a  certain  degree  the 
heart  and  lungs. 

End^oblast  {ev<)ov,  ft^aarog,  a  germ).  The 
cell-nucleus. 

Endocardi^tis  [nnhv,  napfiui,  the  heart, 
<r/f).  Inflammation  of  the  endocardium 
or  lining  meml)rane  of  the  heart.  Acute 
rheumatism  is  the  most  frequent  cause, 
though  pneumonia,  gout  and  septic  fever 
may  precede.  The  disease  is  prone  to  termi- 
nate fatally  or  result  in  permanent  injury 


to  the  valves.  Fibrinous  deposits  or  vege- 
tations project  into  the  cavity  of  the  heart ; 
the  thickened  endocardium  is  liable  to  be- 
come atheromatous,  with  chronic  ulcera- 
tion. E.,  Malignant,  or  Ulcerative,  a 
rapidly  fatal  type  due  to  septic  infection. 
It  has  also  been  called  Diphtheritic  E.,  in 
the  sense  of  belonging  to  the  diphtheritic 
class  of  diseases.  Microorganisms  are 
found  in  this  form. 

Endocard^ium  [Evdov,KapSLa).  The  color- 
less, transparent  membrane  lining  the  inte- 
rior of  the  heart. 

Endocolpi^tis.     See  Colpitis. 

End'oderm.     See  Blastoderm. 

End''ogen  (ev&ov,  yevvau,  to  produce).  A 
plant  whose  growth  is  by  means  of  new- 
matter  deposited  in  the  interior  of  the  trunk 
or  branch.     See  Exogen. 

End^olymph  {tv6ov,  fy/jpha,Vfaitx).  The 
fluid  of  the  membranous  labyrinth  of  the 
ear. 

Endometri^tis.  Inflammation  of  the  en- 
dometrium. E.,  Cervical,  of  the  cer 
vical  portion.  E.,  Decidual,  of  the  de- 
cidual membrane  of  the  impregnated 
uterus.  It  may  be  <;//^/«^-(thickening  and 
development  of  connective  tissue)  or  poly- 
poid, with  polypoid  growths. 

Endome^trium  {ev6ov,  fJ-ijTpa,  uterus). 
The  lining  membrane  of  the  uterus. 

Endomy^sium  (evdov,  fivg,  muscle).  The 
extension  of  the  perimysium  between  the 
muscular  fibers. 

Endoneu^rium  (evSov,  vevpov,  a  nerve). 
The  delicate  connective  tissue  holding  to- 
gether the  fibrils  of  a  bundle  of  nerves. 

Endopath^ic  (ei't5ov,7ra9of,  suffering).  Per- 
taining to  the  rise  of  disease  from  condi- 
tions or  causes  not  derived  from  without. 
See  Exopathic. 

Endopericardi^tis  [ev^qv,  ivEpi,  around, 
KapSia,  the  heart,  iti(;,  inflammation).  Com- 
bined endocarditis  and  pericarditis. 

End^oscope  (^ev^ov,  within,  anorreu,  to  ob- 
serve). An  instrument  for  examination  of 
a  bodily  cavity  through  its  natural  outlet. 

Endos^copy  [ev6ov,  okotteu).  The  exami- 
nation of  cavities  or  organs  within  the  body 
by  means  of  an  endoscope. 

Endosmom''eter.  An  instrument  for 
measuring  endosmosis. 

Endosmo'sis  {ei'Sov,  ua/jog,  a  thrusting). 
The  interchange  and  passage  of  two  liquids 
through  a  dividing  membrane. 

Endosmot^ic.  Pertaining  to  endosmosis. 
E.  Equivalent,  the  weight  of  distilled 
water  that  passes  into  the  flask  of  the  endos- 
mometer  in  exchange  for  a  known  weight 


ENDOSTEITIS 


145 


ENTODERM 


of  the  soluble  substance.     This,  e.  g.,  for 
salt  is  4.3  ;  for  sugar  7. 1,  etc.  " 

Endostei'tis  (frt'or,  ocTtov,  a  bone,  iriq). 
Inflammation  of  the  endosteuni  of  Iwne. 

Endost'eum.  The  vascular  membranous 
layer  of  connective  tissue  lining  the  medul- 
lary cavity  of  Ixjnes. 

Endothelio''ma.  A  tumor  of  the  endo- 
thelium. 

Endothe'lium  {e\-6ov,  fh/?j),  nipple).  The 
internal  lining  membrane  of  serous,  syno- 
vial and  other  internal  surfaces;  the  homo- 
loj^^e  of  epithelium. 

En'ema  [Evtt/ui^  to  inject).  An  injection 
v(  a  medicine  or  food  into  the  rectum. 

Enepiderm'ic  [ev,  e-jridep/ji^,  the  epider- 
nii,-).  Pertaining  to  the  treatment  of  dis- 
ease by  applications  to  the  skin. 

En'ergy  [cvep-}eu,  to  be  active).  The 
jowcr  or  force  displayed  by  an  organism. 
E.,  Conservation  of,  the  law  that  the 
various  forms  of  energy  can  be  transformed 
one  into  the  other  without  the  loss  of  any 
part.  E.,  Kinetic,  the  ]X)\ver  of  a  Ixxly 
in  motion.  E.,  Potential,  the  possible 
jx)wer  of  a  body  at  rest.  Physiologically,* 
its  meaiiure  is  the  amount  of  heat  that  may 
l)e  obtained  by  complete  combustion  of  the 
chemical  compounds  representing  the  po- 
tential energy. 

En'ervate  {e/ic-i-'o,  to  weaken).  To 
weaken. 

Eneure'sis.     See  Enuresis. 

Engage'ment  Stage  of  Labor.  See 
Di\cenl-;lni^e. 

English  Sweating  Fever.  See  Anglicus 
.Slid  r. 

Engorg'ement  (Fr.  engorge ut en t,  a  chok- 
ing ujj).  Over'-distention  of  the  ves.scls 
of  a  part  and  stagnation  of  the  circulation. 
\'asi  ular  congestion. 

Enophthal'mia  {cv,  o(f)Ma/./io^,  the  eye). 
Retraction  of  the  eyeliall  in  the  orbit. 

Enosto'sis  (rv,  oareov,  Ixsne).  A  tumor 
within  the  medullary  canal  of  a  bone,  or 
a  lx)My  tumor  originating  in  Ixjne. 

En  PiqOre.     See  Culture. 

Ens'iform  Append'ix  [ensis,  a  sword).  A 
sword-shajx-d,  c;util;iginoas  process  of  the 
sternum. 

Ensomph'alus  {n>,  ou(pn/itr,  navel).  A 
diiulile  munslrosity  with  practically  com- 
plete and  functional  organisms,  iiut  united 
tfjgethcr  by  .some  more  or  less  suiK-rlicial 
lond. 

Enta^sia  {rvrnntr,  a  straining).  A  generic 
I'-nii  iitr  s[)asmrxlic  muscular  action. 

EnteraPgia      {n'rifniv,    intestine,    u7.yor, 
|iain).      Pain  in  the  Ixiwels. 
10 


Enterec'tomy  (cvrepov,  intestine,  tiarofiT], 
excision).  E.xcision  of  a  pait  of  the  intes- 
tine. 

Enter''ic  (fiTf/)oi).  Pertaining  to  the  in- 
testines.    E.  Fever,  tyjihoid  fever. 

Enteri^tis  {p'-vpoi',  irt^,  inflammation). 
Intlanimation  of  the  intestines. 

Ent'ero-  [eirepoi').  A  prefi.x  denoting 
relation  to  the  intestines. 

Ent'erocele  [evTepov,  k7/?>/,  a  tumor).  A 
heniia  containing  a  loop  of  intestine.  E., 
Rectal,  witli  a  covering  of  the  rectal  wall. 
E.,  Vaginal,  with  a  covering  of  the 
vagina]  wall. 

Enterocly'sis  {^evrepm',  K7.vaig,  a  drench- 
ing). Injection  of  nutrient  material  with- 
in the  intestine  in  cholera,  collapse,  etr. 

Entero-coli'tis  [nTepor,  ko?mv,  the  colon). 
Combined  intlanimation  of  the  intestines 
and  colon. 

Entero-epip'locele.     See  Hernia. 

Entero-gas^trocele  {iv-tpov,  yaa-j/p,  the 
belly,  K>//j/,  tumor).  A  hernia  containing 
gastric  and  intestinal  walls. 

Ent'erolith  [evTepov,  7iill(>c,  a  stone).  A 
stony  concretion  formed  in  the  digestive 
tube. 

Enterop^athy  [evrepov,  naffog,  suffering). 
Disease  of  the  intestines. 

Entero-peritoni^tis  (errepov,  irepirovaing^ 
iTig).  Combined  inflammation  of  the  in- 
testines and  adjacent  |x:ritoncum. 

Ent^eroplasty  (eiTepov,  Tr?.nnaUj  to  form). 
Pla.stic  operations  upon  the  intestine  to  re- 
pair injuries  of  its  walls. 

Enterorrha'gia  [t^mpov,  pr/yvv^t,  to  burst 
forth).  Intestinal  hemoirhage.  Excessive 
discharges  of  any  kind  from  the  intestine. 

Enteror'rhaphy  (trrFpov^  pcPl,  ^  suture). 
Suture  of  the  intestine. 

Enterost^omy  (tmpav,  arnun,  mouth). 
Incision  of  the  small  intestine  and  suture 
of  the  same  to  the  abdominal  wall  for  in- 
troduction of  food  by  this  artificial  mouth, 
in  case  of  im]X)ssibility  of  food-entrance 
by  the  normal  route. 

Enterot^omy  [rvTepov,  re/zvu,  to  cut).  In- 
cision of  the  intestine. 

Enterozo''6n  {n'repov,  (uoVj  an  animal). 
:\  |)ar;i.site  of  the  intestine. 

Enthet'ic  {tyri(h//ii^  to  put  in).  Coming 
from  without,  usi'd  es|)eeially  of  syphilitic 
and  other  specific  contagious  di.seases. 

Enfoblast  ('iror,  within,  ji/acTog,  germ). 
The  nucleolus,  or  germinal  s|K)t. 

Ent'ocyte  (nTor,  mtik;,  cell).  The  con- 
tents of  a  cell,  including  nucleolus,  graiiu- 
lati<ins,   (•/(■. 

Ent'oderm.     See  /i/astix/erm. 


ENTOMOLOGY 


146 


EPIGENESIS 


EntomoFogy  (evTOfiov,  an  insect,  7\.oyoq, 
treatise).     Thie  science  of  insect  life. 

Entomoph^ilous  {^evTOfia,  ^ueu,  to  love). 
Insect-loving  or  attracting.  E.  Flowers, 
flowers  attracting  insects  by  their  secre- 
tions and  thus  securing  cross-fertilization 
through  the  insects  who  carry  the  pollen 
to  other  flowers. 

Entop^tic  {^svTog,  OTrrcKog,  pertaining  to 
vision).  Pertaining  to  the  internal  parts 
of  the  eye.  E.  Phenomena,  visual  phe- 
nomena caused  by  peculiarities  or  imper- 
fections of  the  eye  itself,  such  as  niiiscce 
volitantes,  etc. 

Entofic  (tvToq,  oi»f,  ear).  Pertaining  to 
the  internal  ear.  E.  Phenomena,  sounds 
caused  by  abnormalities  of  the  auditoiy 
mechanism  itself. 

Entozo'on  {tvroq,  i^uov,  an  animal).  A 
parasite  living  within  another  animal. 

Entro^pium  (ev,  in,  Tpewu,  to  turn).  In- 
version of  the  eyelids,  so  that  the  lashes 
rulj  against  the'- globe  of  the  eye,  produc- 
ing inflammation,  pannus,  etc. 

Enuclea''tion  l^e,  out  of,  nitcleus,  a  kernel). 
Applied  to  the  operation  of  exsecting  or 
shelling-out  from  its  seat  or  capsule  a 
tumor,  etc.  E.  of  Eye,  excision  of  the 
eyeball  from  the  orbit. 

Enure^sis  [evovpeu,  to  be  incontinent  of 
urine).  Incontinency  of  urine.  E.  Noc- 
turna,  involuntary  emptying  of  the  blad- 
der during  sleep. 

Envi'ronment  (Fr.  environner,  to  sur- 
round). The  totality  of  influences  acting 
from  without  upon  the  organism. 

En^zymes  (ev,  sv/^^,  leaven).  Hydrolytic 
ferments  as  distinguished  from  organized 
ferments,  such  as  yeast.  They  act  by 
causing  the  body  to  take  up  a  molecule  of 
water.  They  are  most  active  between  30° 
and  35°  C,  and  are  destroyed  by  boiling. 

E'osin.     See  Fucksin. 

Epend^yma  (^cttevSv/Mj  an  upper  garment). 
The  lining  membrane  of  the  cerebral  ven- 
tricles and  of  the  spinal  canal. 

Ependymi'tis  {^epcndynta,  ltlq,  inflamma- 
tion).    Inflammation  of  the  ependyma. 

Ep'hedra  Antisyphilif'ica.   See  Tepopote. 

Eph^edrene.  The  active  principle  of 
Ephedra  vulgaris.  Proposed  as  a  my- 
driatic by  Nagai.  A  cardiac  depressant. 
Unof. 

Ephe^lides.     See  Lentigo. 

Ephem''era  Malig''na.  See  Angliciis 
Sudor. 

Ephem''eral  {E(p7)fiepog,  living  a  day). 
Temporary.  Applied  to  fevers  that  pass 
away  in  a  day. 


EphiaFtes.     See  Nightmare. 

Ephid^rosis.  See  Hyperidrosis.  E.  Cru- 
enta,  bloody  sweat. 

Ep'iblast  (fTTi,  upon,  ^Xaarog,  a  sprout). 
The  external  or  upper  layer  of  the  blasto- 
derm, called,  also,  the  ectoderm  or  neuro- 
epidermal  layer,  from  which  is  developed 
the  central  nervous  system  and  epidemial 
tissues,  including  the  epithelium  of  the 
sense  organs. 

Epicanth^us  [t-Ki,  Kavdog,  angle  of  the  eye). 
A  fold  of  skin  passing  from  the  nose  to  the 
eyebrow  over  the  inner  canthus  of  the  eye. 

Epicard^ium.  The  visceral  layer  of  the 
pericardium. 

Ep^icome  (em,  upon,  KOfiTj,  hair).  A  para- 
sitic monstrosity  with  an  accessoiy  head 
imited  to  the  principal  foetus  by  the  sum- 
mit. 

Epicra-'nium  (em,  upaviov,  the  cranium). 
The  structures  covering  the  cranium. 

Epicri-'sis  [eiriKpiaig,  determination).  The 
phenomena  of  disease  succeeding  the 
crisis. 

Epicystof'omy  {e-i,  Kvorig,  a  bladder, 
Tsuvcj,  to  cut).  The  suprapubic  method 
of  incising  the  bladder. 

Ep^icyte  [eki,  nvrog,  cell).  The  cell-wall 
or  hyaline  cuticle  of  cells. 

Epidem^ic  [etvi,  6//juog,  people).  Used  of 
diseases  that  reach  a  people,  or  spread  over 
an  area  from  without,  in  contradistinction 
to  endemic. 

Epidemiog^raphy  (epidemic,  jpa<j)u,  to 
write).  A  description  of  epidemic  dis- 
eases. 

Epidemiol''ogy  (epidemic,  Tiojog,  doctrine) . 
The  science  of  epidemic  diseases. 

Epiderm^is  (etti,  dEpfia,  the  skin).  The 
outer  layer  of  the  skin.  The  scarf-skin, 
consisting  of  a  layer  of  horny  cells  that 
protects  the  true  skin.  Has  neither  l)lood 
vessels  nor  nerve  filaments.  E.,  Append- 
ages of,  a  generic  name  for  the  hair,  nails, 
etc.,  growing  from  the  epiderm. 

Epidermiza''tion.  The  formation  of  epi- 
derm. 

Epidid'ymis  (SiSvfioi,  the  testes).  The 
small  body  lying  above  the  testes.  The 
superior  end  is  the  globus  major,  the  infe- 
rior, the  globus  ininor. 

Epididymi''tis.  Inflammation  of  the  epi- 
didymus. 

Epidu^ral  Space.  The  space  outside  the 
dura  mater  of  the  spinal  cord. 

Epigas''trium  (ett^,  yaartip,  the  stomach). 
The  epigastric  region. 

Epigen^esis  (ETrcyiyvofiai,  to  be  born  after). 
The  generation  of  organisms  by  new  and 


EPIGLOTTIS 


14- 


EPOXYCHIUM 


successive  formations  in  contradistinction 
to  Syngenesis,  in  whicli  each  germ  is 
supposed  to  contain  those  of  all  subseciuent 
generations. 

Epiglot'tis.     See  Glottis. 

Epigna'thus  {t-i,  yiaOoc,  jaw).  A  para- 
sitic monstrosity  in  which  the  jwrasite  is 
united  to  the  sujjerior  ma.xillary  bone. 

Epila'tion  (<-,  out  of,  />'7its,  a  hair).  The 
removal  of  hair. 

Epilato'rium.  .\n  application  for  perma- 
nently removing  hair. 

Epilep'sy  [i-i'/J/il'ig,  a  laying  hold  of). 
.\  ner\ous  affection  characterized  by  sud- 
den loss  of  consciousness  and  [X)wer  of  co- 
ordination of  motion  with  tonic  and  clonic 
convulsions,  the  fits  lasting  but  a  short 
time.  This  form  of  the  disease  is  the 
"true"  affection,  or  the  haut  mal  of  the 
Erench.  The  petit  mal  [uliorthe  epilepsy, 
epileptic  Viftij^o)  is  less  severe,  and  may 
consist  of  only  a  slight  loss  of  conscious- 
ness, with  retained  coordination  of  motion. 
E.  Cursiva,  the  fit  preceded  by  a  tend- 
ency to  run.  E.,  Jacksonian,  spasmodic 
contractions  in  certain  groups  of  muscles 
due  to  local  diseases  of  the  cortex,  always 
confined  to  one-half  of  the  body  and  with 
retention  of  consciousness.  E.  Larvata, 
or  E.,  Masked,  the  less  severe  cases  of 
the  true  epilejjsy,  in  which  the  patient 
does  not  fall.  E.,  VasXAaX,  Jacksonian  E. 
E.,  Procursive,  there  is  propulsion  of 
the  iKxly  in  some  special  direction.  E., 
Reflex,  liuc  to  some  reflex  neurosis. 

Epilep'tic.  Pertaining  to  or  like  epilepsy. 
Also  one  affected  with  epilepsy.  E.  Cry, 
the  vocal  sound  or  cry  in  ejiilepsy,  from 
lar)ngeal  sjxism.  E.  Hemiplegia,  some- 
times follows  the  fit,  especially  after  uni- 
lateral convulsions.  E.  Mania,  slight 
maniacal  tendencies  following  or  taking 
the  place  of  the  fit.  E.  Vertigo,  giddi- 
ness is  a  common  sensation  of  epilepsy, 
but  is  erroneoasly  applied  to  attacks  of 
minor  epilc|)sy. 

Epilep'tiform  {epHcp-iy,  forma,  likeness). 
l<e~(iiil)liiig  the  >ymi>loms  of  ejjilep.sy. 

Epileptog'enous  {epilepsy,  yevvau,  to  pro- 
duce).     I'nxlucing  epilepsy. 

Epi'lose  (c  neg.,///(W/.,  hairy).  Without 
hair ;  bald. 

Epineu'rium  (»-<,  vrvf>ov,  nerve).  The 
nerve-sh'-ath. 

Epipas'tic  {rm:rntjau,  to  s|)rinkle).  Per- 
t. lining  to  plasters  sprinkli-il  witii  s<jme 
:i-^iiii,  .IS  earitharides,  u>.ed  as  a  vesicant. 

Epiph'ora  (im^ijxj,  to  burst  u|)<)n).  An 
overflow  of  tears,  due  to  ovcr-secrelion  (jr 


impeded  outflow  of  the  normal  methods 
of  excretion.     Lachryination. 

Epiph''ysis  (z~i,^vi^,  to  grow).  A  process 
of  bone  attached  to  another  bone  by  carti- 
lage.    E.  Cerebri,  the  pineal  gland. 

Ep^iphyte  (f  ~',  (^i'7or,  a  plant).  A  para- 
^ilic  plant  living  upon  another  plant.  Used 
also  of  a  parasitic  plant  upon  an  animal. 

Epip'locele.     See  Hernia. 

Epip'loon  [e-L-7.tu,  to  float  upon).  The 
omentum.  E.  Gastro-colic,  the  great 
omentum.  E.  Gastro-hepatic,  the  les- 
ser omentum. 

Episcleri'tis  (em,  atCkripoq,  hard,  «r<f).  A 
localized  inflammation  of  the  subconjunc- 
tival tissues. 

Episiofraphy  {e-kioeiov,  pubes,  pa^i], 
seam).  An  operation  for  the  cure  of  pro- 
lapsed uterus  or  procidentia. 

Episiot''omy  [i-iatiov,  7o«//,  section).  In- 
cision linough  the  vulva  in  childl)irth  to 
prevent  rupture  of  the  perineum  and  facih- 
tate  labor. 

Epispad''ias  {tin,  aira^u,  to  pierce).  Ab- 
normal opening  of  the  urethra  ujwn  the 
upper  part  of  the  penis. 

Epispasf'ic  [t-L,c~aaiq,  a  drawing  ujxju). 
A  vesicatory  or  substance  producing  a 
blister. 

Epistax'is  (e-iara^u,  to  distill).  Hemor- 
rhage from  the  nose. 

Epithelio'ma.  Carcinomatous  formation 
of  the  skin  or  mucous  membrane, composed 
of  epithelial  cells. 

Epithc'lium  [t-i,  upon,  rifti/ui,  to  place). 
The  cuticle  or  cellular  structure  of  mucous 
surfaces,  and  also  the  skin  of  tiie  body. 
E.,  Ciliated,  a  form  in  which  the  cells 
bear  vibratile  filaments  or  cilice  at  their 
free  extremities.  E.,  Columnar,  distin- 
guished by  jirismatic-sliaped  or  colunmar 
cells.  E.,  Nucleated,  consisting  of  cir- 
cular or  hexagonal  cells,  each  containing 
a  nucleus.  E.,  Pavement,  cubical  or 
polygonal  cells  covering  the  surfact'  like  the 
stones  of  a  ])avement.  E.,  Squamous, 
the  cells  have  been  reduced  to  llattened, 
scaly  plates.  E.,  Stratified,  the  cells  are 
arranged  in  distinct  layers.  E.,  Tessel- 
lated. Same  as  /.'.,  /'aTewent.  E.,  Tran- 
sitional, inlermediate  iK'tween  simple  and 
stratified. 

Epitroch'lea(fT^,  Ti)nxii}i<i,  a  pulley).  The 
internal  condyle  of  the  humerus. 

Epizo'on  (iTTi,  C<J"i'.  an  animal).  .\n 
animal  living  as  a  parasite  U|)on  another. 

Epizoof'ic.     A  contagious   disease  alTect- 

111^  animals. 
Eponych'ium  [em,  ui-v^,  a   finger   nail). 


EPOSTOMA 


148 


ERYTHEMA 


A  homy  condition  of  the  epidermis  from 
the  2d  to  the  8th  month  of  foetal  Hfe,  indi- 
cating the  position  of  the  nail. 

Eposto^ma  {st^i,  ogteov,  bone).  An  ex- 
ostosis. 

Ep^som  Salts.     See  Magnesium. 

Epu''lis  {em,  ovla,  the  gums).  A  hard, 
fibrous  tumor  of  the  alveolar  processes  of 
the  gums. 

Ekiuilib''rium  [csquus,  equal,  libro,  bal- 
ance). An  even  balancing  of  a  body  or 
condition.  E.,  Stable,  when,  after  slight 
disturbance,  the  body  will  return  to  its 
original  condition  or  position.  E.,  Un- 
stable, when  it  will  not  so  return. 

Equi^nia  {equiis,  a  horse).  Glanders. 
P'arcy.  A  contagious,  specific  disease, 
with  both  local  and  general  symptoms, 
derived  from  the  horse  or  ass.  Affects 
chiefly  the  skin,  mucous  membranes  and 
lymphatics.  Begins  with  purulent  nasal 
discharges,  which  extend  to  the  respiratory, 
ocular  and  oral  membranes.  Thought  to 
be  of  microbic  origin. 

Equiv^alence  (aqinis,  equal,  valco,  to  be 
worth).  Of  equal  value.  The  saturating 
power  of  an  element  as  compared  with 
that  of  hydrogen. 

Era'sion  (c,  out,  7-ado,  to  scrape).  The 
act  of  scraping. 

Erect''ile  {crigo,  to  set  up).  Pertaining  to 
stiffening,  rigidity  or  erection.  E.  Tis- 
sue, that  intermediating  erection,  consist- 
ing of  a  network  of  expansile  capillaries 
that  under  stimulus  becomes  engorged  with 
blood. 

Erec'tion  [erigo).  The  condition  of  full- 
ness and  firmness  of  the  penis,  clitoris,  etc., 
due  to  sexual  excitement,  friction,  e/c,  the 
mechanism  consisting  in  an  overfilling  of 
the  blood  vessels.    E.  Center.   See  Cejiter. 

Erect''or  i^erigo).  Pertaining  to  muscles 
whose  function  is  to  erect  or  elevate  a  part. 
See  Muscle.  E.  Pili,  the  unstriped  mus- 
cular fibers  causing  the  erection  of  the  hair 
and  the  phenomenon  called  goose-Jlesh  or 
goose-skin. 

Er^ethism  {epedidfiog,  irritation).  An  ab- 
normal heightening  of  nervous  irritability. 

Erg.     See  C^nif. 

Er^got,  or  Ergo'ta.  A  fungus,  Clavi- 
ccps  purpuia  (or  Scbiini  ccirinituDi),  para- 
sitic upon  rye.  Contains  sphacelinic  acid, 
ergotinic  acid,  and  cornutin,  to  which  its 
properties  are  due.  A  powerful  excito- 
motor,  haemostatic,  and  gastrointestinal 
irritant.  Used  most  frequently  to  promote 
uterine  contraction  in  childbirth.  Valu- 
able internally  in  amenoiTha'a  and  atonic 


spermatorrhoea ;  externally  in  gonorrhoea, 
conjunctivitis  and  inflammations  of  mucous 
membranes.  Effects  most  prompt  by  hy- 
podennic  injection.  Dose  gr.  x-^j.  E., 
Ext.  Fid.,  prepared  with  dilute  hydro- 
chloric acid,  alcohol,  and  water.  Dose 
^ss-ij.  E.,  Ext., — Ergotin.  Dose  gr. 
ij-xx.  E.,  Vinum,  15  per  cent.  Dose 
^j-_^j.  Sclerotic  Acid,  thought  to  be 
identical  with  ergotinic  acid. 

Er'gotism.  The  constitutional  effects  of 
overdoses  of  ergot,  or  of  the  persistent  use 
of  food  containing  ergot.  These  may  be 
acute,  chronic,  gangrenous,  or  spasmodic. 

Erig'eron.  Fleabane.  The  plant  E. 
canadense.  Physiological  action  like  that 
of  oil  of  turpentine,  but  less  irritant.  Effi- 
cient as  a  hffimostat  in  menonhagia.  E., 
01.,  the  essential  volatile  oil  of  same. 
Dose  Ttl^x-^ss.     Unof. 

Eriodic'tyon.  Yerba  Santa.  The  leaves 
of  E.  glutinostim,  a  shrub  best  known  in 
California.  An  excellent  expectorant,  and 
valuable  as  an  excipient  for  quinine,  the 
taste  of  which  it  largely  conceals.  Useful 
in  bronchial  affections.  E.,  Ext.  Fid. 
Dose  n\,xv-5j.  E.,  Ext.  Dose  gr.  ij-x. 
All  unof. 

Ero^sion  (erodo,  to  eat  into).  Disinte- 
gration of  tissue  by  mechanical,  chemical 
or  morbid  action. 

Erofic  (epwf,  love).  Pertaining  to  the 
sexual  passion. 

Erotoma'nia  (fpoif,  fLovia,  madness). 
Morbid,  abnonnal  exaggeration  of  love 
generally;  more  limited  to  the  imaginative 
than  to  the  carnal  aspect  of  the  sentiment. 
See  Nyviplioinania,  Satyriasis. 

Er^rhine  (fi',  in,  /w,  the  nose).  A  medi- 
cine which,  applied  to  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  nose,  increases  nasal  secre- 
tions.    A  sternutatory. 

Eructa''tion  (^;y/(7'(',  to  belch).     Belching. 

Erup''tion  {cnimpo,  to  burst  out).  A 
bursting  forth  of  any  kind  or  from  any 
part,  but  applied  especially  to  the  chief 
symptom  of  certain  skin  diseases,  consist- 
ing in  pimples,  vesicles,  rash,  etc. 

Erysip'elas  [epvOpog,  red,  TreTiTm,  skin).  A 
constitutional  febrile  disease  with  a  pecu- 
liar redness  and  inflammation  of  the  skin 
and  subcutaneous  tissue,  generally  of  the 
face ;  of  possible  bacterial  origin. 

Erysip''eloid.  A  peculiar  affection  of  the 
palms  of  the  hands  or  soles  of  the  feet, 
characterized  by  zones  of  violaceous  red 
eruption  with  burning  and  itching. 

Erythe^ma  {spvOr/fia,  a  blush).  An  affec- 
tion of  the  skin  commonly  known  as  "  rose 


ERYTIIR,\SMA 


149 


ETHER 


rash  "or  "  inflammatory  blush."  A  con- 
gestion or  rcdncs-s  of  skin  that  with  pres- 
sure tennxjrarily  disappe;irs.  E.  An- 
nulare or  Circinatum,  a  form  marked 
by  ilie  spreading  of  the  disease  in  ring- 
shaped  or  circular  patches.  E.  Fugax, 
a  transitory  redness  sometimes  appearing 
on  the  faces  and  tnmks  of  children.  Usu- 
ally associated  with  wontis.  E.  Inter- 
trigo, a  congestion  arising  from  the  fric- 
tion of  adjacent  parts  of  the  skin.  E. 
Laeve,  the  redness  frequently  occurring  in 
drop>ical  swelling  of  the  legs.  E.  No- 
dosum, a  form  marked  by  symmetrical, 
notledike  swellings  over  the  tibi;e,  con- 
sidered an  expression  of  rheumatism.  E. 
Papulatum,  ;m  inflammatory  fonn  marked 
by  p.ijRiles  and  vesicles.  E.  Paratrim- 
ma,  the  red  patches  jireceding  the  a|>pear- 
ance  of  bed-sores  E.  Pernio,  a  chil- 
blain. E.  Roseola,  a  form  marked  by 
a  dull  ret!  hue.  .May  be  idiopathic,  or  the 
symptomatic  eruption  preceding  scarlet 
fever,  measles,  cti-.  E.,  Scarlatiniform, 
somewhat  like  that  of  scarlet  fever,  imt 
usually  in  defined  patches.  Frequently 
accomjwnies  septicaemia,  puerperal  fever, 
etc.  E.  Simplex,  congestion  due  to  ex- 
ternal irritation.  E.  Urticaria,  the  early 
stage  of  urticaria,  q.  z'. 

Erythras'ma  (f/n'rt|jof).  A  vegetable  para- 
sitic di.sease  producing  brownish  patches. 
Appears  usually  on  the  folds  of  the  a.xilke 
and  inguinal  regions.  Resembles  Titu-a 
Versicolor,  but  is  more  insignilicant.  Due 
to  ver)-  minute  microspores. 

Eryth'roblast.     See  Leucocyte. 

Erythrochloro'pia  (tin<MiJor,  ;f?.wpof, 
green,  (ji/',  eye).  A  form  of  subnormal 
color  perception  in  which  green  and  red 
are  the  only  colors  correctly  distinguished. 

Erythrodex'trin.  A  dextrin  formed  by 
the  action  of  saliva  on  starch.  It  gives  a 
red  eolor  with  iodine. 

Erythrogran'ulose.  A  granular  sub- 
stance, found  in  starch  grains,  coloring  red 
with  iodine. 

Erythromelal'gia  Irpi'Opo^,  /ie?.oc,  limb, 
u'/.yitf,  |>ain).  An  affection  of  the  extremi- 
ties characterized  by  great  redness  ami 
pain. 

Erythroph'leine.     See  Cusca  /i,iri: 

Erythrops'ia  (eiivOin^,  uij'ir,  vision).  An 
abnormality  of  vision  in  whicli  all  objects 
a|i|M-3r  red. 

Erythrox'ylon.  f'oca,C'ura.  The  leaves 
of  /:'.  ciirii,  a  shrub  indigenous  to  the 
Andes  Mountains.  (Not  to  l«  confouniled 
with  cocoa.)  Contains  an  alkaloid,  cocaine, 


q.  v.,  to  which  its  properties  are  mainly 
due.  An  aromatic  tonic  and  cerebral 
stimulant.  Stimulates  the  brain,  produc- 
ing a  remarkable  power  of  enduring  hun- 
ger and  fatigue.  Large  doses  produce 
hallucinations.  Efl'ects  similar  to  those  of 
cotVee,  but  more  intense.  Much  used  by 
the  natives  for  sustenance  during  long 
journeys.  The  leaves,  smoked,  are  bene- 
ficial in  hay  fever.  E.,  Ext.  Fid.  Uose 
^ss-ij.  Difticult  to  obtain  good  leaves. 
^Vines  and  elixirs  of  coca  are  numerous. 

Es'bach's  Method.  A  test  for  all>umin 
in  urine,  the  albumin  being  precipitated  by 
a  solution  of  picric  and  citric  acids  (10-20- 
970  parts  of  urine) ;  the  number  of  grammes 
per  1000  c.c.  being  indicated  on  the  gradu- 
ated tube  of  the  albumimeter. 

Es'char  (fCT^«/w<j,  to  scab  over).  The 
slough  or  scab  following  cauterization, 
burns,  etc. 

Escharofic.  A  substance  which,  applied 
to  the  skin,  prcxluces  an  eschar.   A  caustic. 

Es'culus  Hippocasta'num.  Horse- 
chestnut.  The  fruit  of  the  common 
"  buckeye,"  or  horse-chestnut.  Recom- 
mended in  hemorrhoids.  Dose  gi-.  iij. 
Unof. 

Es''erine.  An  alkaloid  derived  from  I'hy- 
.sostigina,  q.  v. 

Es'march's  Bandage,  or  Apparatus. 
The  bandage  is  of  elastic  rubber,  antl  is 
used  u|K)n  a  limb  to  be  amputated,  in  order 
to  drive  the  blood  out  of  it  iiy  progressive 
ai)plication  of  turns  ai)out  the  limb  toward 
the  trunk. 

Esod'ic  (£(T(j,  within,  ofV»;,  way).  Pertain- 
ing to  afferent  or  centripetal  nerves,  or 
tliose  conveying  impressions  toward  the 
Central  nervous  system. 

Esopho'ria.     See  Hcterophoria. 

Esoter'ic  (mwrf/jof,  within).  Secret,  mys- 
terious.    Arising  within  the  organism. 

Esotro'pia.     See  .Slrnhisiuiis. 

Es'sence  (essen/iir).  That  (|uality  of  a 
thing  giving  it  ])eculiaiity  of  iH)wcr.  The 
peculiar  ([ualilies  of  a  drug  extracted  and 
reduced  to  a  small  compass. 

Essen'tial.  Pertaining  to  the  essence  of 
a  substance.  Pertaining  to  the  iH-culiar 
and  distinctive  characteristic  of  a  di>ea--e. 

E'ther  {,,///er,  the  u])|)er  air).  The  tenu- 
ous subtle  fluid  filling  space  and  intir|K-ne- 
trating  all  Inxlies,  the  medium  of  trans- 
mission of  the  vii)ratory  activities  called 
light,  heat,  eleclricily  ami  magnetism. 
Used  also  to  designate  a  large  class  of 
organic  com|K)un<ls.      S|)«-lle<l  al.so  </•///</■. 

Esther.     A    thin,   colorless,   volatile,  luid 


ETHEREAL 


150 


EUONYMUS 


highly  inflammable  liquid,  in  composition 
a  di-ethylic  oxide  (C2H5)20.  It  is  used 
mainly  as  a  solvent  for  fats  and  oils,  and 
as  an  anaesthetic.  Internally  it  is  anodyne, 
antispasmodic,  diaphoretic,  and  narcotic. 
Inhaled  it  is  an  anaesthetic,  and  a  cardiac 
stimulant  in  toxic  doses,  paralyzing  the 
respiratory  centers.  E.,  Acetic,  proper- 
ties likeethylic  ether.  Dose  V!\^  x-gj.  E., 
Commercial,  contains  94  per  cent,  of 
ether.  It  is  unfit  for  use  except  as  a  solvent. 
E.  Fortior,  should  contain  94  per  cent,  of 
ethylic  oxide.  Dose  Tf\,x-_:5J.  E.,  Hy- 
driodic,  unof.  Dose  for  inhalation  tT\^xv. 
E.,  Hydrobromic,  unof  Dose  T\x-^]. 
E.  Oleum,  contains  equal  parts  ether 
and  heavy  oil  of  wine.  E.,  Spt.,  Comp., 
commonly  known  as  Hoffman's  anodyne. 
It  consists  of  ether  30,  alcohol  67,  ethereal 
oil  3  per  cent.  Dose  Tt\^  v-^:^].  E.,  Spt., 
Nitrosus,  sTiwet  spirit  of  nitre,  a  solution 
of  ethyl  nitrite  in  alcohol.  Dose  3  ss-  5  ss. 
Ethe^real.  Pertaining  to  the  ether  or  to 
ether. 

Etheriza^'tion.       The    administration   of 
ether   to    produce    anesthesia.      This   is 
effected  by  inhalation  of  the  vapor. 
E'therism.    The  symptoms  of  etherization. 
Ethnics    [r/0iKog,   moral).     The  science  of 
human  feelings,  thoughts  and  actions  rela- 
ting to  duty  or  morality.     E.,  Medical, 
the   duties   a  physician   owes   to   himself, 
his  profession  and  his  fellow-men. 
Ethmoceph'alus  {ffifJO(;,  ethmoid,  KecpaT^rj, 
head).     A  cyclocephalic  monstrosity  with 
a  rudimentary  nose,  the  two  eyes   being 
closely  approximated. 
Eth'moid    [ifii^ioQ,  a  sieve).     The  cribri- 
form bone  of  the  nose,  perforated  for  the 
transmission  of  the  olfactoiy  nerves. 
EthnoFogy  [fOvoq,  a  nation,  Aoyof,  a  dis- 
course).    The    comparative    study  of  the 
races  of  mankind. 
Ethoxy-caFfeine.       A    remedy    recom- 
mended   to    relieve    the    pain   of    herpes 
zoster,  and  migraine.     It  is  also  said  to 
prevent  the  gastric  pain  often  caused  by 
cocaine. 

EthyFamine.  A  ptomaine  formed  in  putre- 
fying yeast,  in  wheat-flour,  and  in  distilla- 
tion of  beet-sugar  residues.  It  is  a  strongly 
ammoniacal  liquid,  boiling  at  18.7°, — mis- 
ciljle  with  water  in  every  proportion, — com- 
bustible, and  possesses  strong  basic  proper- 
ties.    Non-poisonous. 

Eth^yl  Chlor^ide.  Chloric  Ether.  An 
anaesthetic  resembling  chloroform  in  action. 
Use  sometimes  followed  by  corneal  opacity. 
Unof. 


Eth''ylene.  A  hydro-carbon  radical,  having 
the  molecular  structure  C2H^.  It  is  char- 
acterized by  strong  affinities,  especially  for 
chlorine,  with  which  it  unites  to  form  an 
oily  compound.  Hence  its  common  name, 
olefiant  gas. 

Ethylidenedi''aniine.  A  poisonous  pto- 
maine obtained  from  decomposing  haddock. 
Injections  of  the  ptomaine  in  mice  and 
guinea-pigs  produce  aliundant  flow  of  se- 
cretion from  the  nose,  mouth  and  eyes. 
Pupils  dilate  and  eyeballs  project.  Violent 
dyspnoea  follows  and  continues  until  death, 
that  does  not  take  place  for  twenty-four 
hours  or  more.  The  heart  is  stopped  in 
diastole. 

Etiola^tion  (Fr.  etioler,  to  blanch).  The 
paleness  or  blanching,  in  plants  or  man, 
from  confinement  in  darkness. 

EtioFogy  (ama,  a  cause,  "koyoQ^  a  dis- 
com^se).  A  treatise  on  or  pertaining  to 
the  causes  of  disease. 

Eucalyp^tus.  The  leaves  (lanceolate, 
after  3  years'  growth)  of  the  E.  globulus, 
or  Blue  Gum,  native  to  Australia,  but  now 
cultivated  in  California.  Contains  a  vola- 
tile oil,  which  yields  eucalyptol,  a  cam- 
phor, by  distillation.  An  aromatic  bitter, 
promoting  digestion.  Highly  antiseptic 
and  anti-malarial.  Valuable  in  atonic  dys- 
pepsia and  in  intermittent  fevers.  E., 
Fid.  Ext.,  alcoholic.  Dose  rtl^x-gj.  E. 
01.,  the  volatile  oil.  Dose  TTLx-xxx,  in 
emulsion.   E.,Tinct.  Unof.   Dose  ^ss-ij. 

Eudiom'eter  {tv&ia,  calm  weather,  /uerpov, 
a  measure).  An  instrument  for  ascertain- 
ing the  composition  of  tlie  air. 

Eudipleu^ra  [ev,  well,  6cg,  twice,  TT?i£vpa, 
the  side).  In  biology  a  designation  of 
those  organic  forms  composed  of  two 
equal  and  symmetrical  halves. 

Eu^genol.  A  product  obtained  from  the 
residue  of  the  distillation  of  oil  of  cloves. 
Antiseptic.     Unof. 

Eu'kalyn.  A  substance  similar  to  inosit, 
arising  from  the  fermentation  of  melitose. 

Eulach'ion  Oil,  or 

Eulacho^ni  Oleum.  Candle-fish  Oil.  Eu- 
lachon  Oil.  The  oil  of  the  fish  T/m/e- 
ichthys  pacificus,  or  candlefish.  Less  dis- 
agreeable than  cod-liver  oil,  for  which  it  is 
often  substituted.     Dose  ^j-iv.     Unof. 

Eu^nuch  (evvovxoQ,  guardian  of  the  couch). 
One  from  whom  the  genital  organs  have 
been  removed  or  mutilated  so  as  to  render 
him  impotent. 

EuoiT'ymus.  Wahoo.  The  bark  of  E. 
atropnrpiircus.  An  astringent  tonic  and 
purgative,  resembling  rhubarb,  jalap,  aloe, 


EUPATORIUM 


151 


EXCLUSION 


etc.,  but  rather  milder.  Beneficially  em- 
ployed in  dropsy  and  hepatic  atVectioiis. 
E.,  Ext.  Dose  gr.  j-v.  Euonymin, 
unof.,  the  essential  principle.  Dose  gr. 
ss-v. 

Eupato'rium.  Thoroughwort.  Boneset. 
The  leaves  and   flowering  tops  of  E.  per- 

foliatiim.  A  bitter  tonic  and  diaphoretic, 
of  value  in  remittent  and  typhoid!  fevers. 
Thought,  also,  to  be  a  ta-nifuge.  E.,  Fid. 
Ext.     Dose  Tr^x— _^j. 

Euperistal'sis.     See  Pcn'stalsis. 

Euphor'bia  Pilulif'era.  Has  reputed 
value  in  a.>thnia  and  cardiac  dyspncea. 
Dose  of  the  extract  gr.  j.     Unof 

Eupho'ria  (fioo/wK-,  easily  earned).  The 
sense  of  well-being  or  health. 

Euphra'sia.  Eycbright.  A  small  an- 
nual, formerly  much  used  in  eye  affections. 
Of  utility  as  an  a.stringent  lotion  in  con- 
junctivitis. Valuable  in  breaking  up  nasal 
catarrh  and  in  hay  fever.  E.,  Tinct., 
strengtli  1.9.     Dose  Tt\j-v. 

Euplas'tic  (fi',  well,  -'/.acGo,  to  form). 
Pertaining  to  lymph  of  a  healthy  form, 
consistency,  efc. 

Eupnce'a  [tv,  well,  — vfw,  to  breathe). 
Normal  and  easy  respiration. 

Eustach'ian  Cath'eter.  An  instrument 
for  dilating  the  E.  tube,  introduced  along 
the  floor  of  the  nose. 

Eustach'ian  Tube.  The  canal  extending 
from  the  tympanum  to  the  pharynx. 

Euthana'sia  (u',  well,  Haiarog^  death). 
.•\n  easy  or  calm  death. 

Euto'cia  (romig,  childbirth).  An  easy 
n.atural  delivery. 

Evac'uant  {tfaruo,  to  empty).  A  medi- 
cine which  increases  the  secretion  or  evacu- 
ation of  an  organ,  especially  the  bowels. 
A  purgative. 

Evacua'tion  {n-acuo).     Defecation. 

Evapora'tion  (e,  away,  vapor,  vapor). 
In  i)harmacy,  the  ])rocess  of  converting  a 
liquid  into  va|X)r  by  the  agency  of  heat. 

Eve^ning  Prim'rose.  The  flowering  tops 
of  (.Enothcra  biennis.  Recommended  in 
asthma  with  gastric  irrital)ility.  Dose  of 
the  fid.  ex t.  Jss-^j.     Unof. 

Eventra'tion  (<•,  out  of,  Tcufer,  the  belly). 
I'trrtainiiig  to  an  extrusion  of  the  alKlomi- 
nal  viscera;  especially  in  a  monstrosity. 
Used  also  as  a  synonym  of  /\niin/ons 
Abdomen. 

Ever'sion  of  the  Eyelid.  A  folding  of 
the  lid  u|K)ti  itself  for  the  |)ur|xjsc  of  ex- 
|)Osing  the  conjunctival  surface  or  sulcus. 

Eviscera'tion  (/■•,  <mt,7'M<rr(/,  the  Imwels). 
'ITie  removal  of  flu;   viscera.     E.,  of  the 


Eye,  removal  of  the  entire  contents  of  the 
globe  of  the  eye,  leaving  the  sclerotic 
intact.  An  operation  in  place  of  enuclea- 
tion, and  following  which  some  operators 
insert  a  glass  or  metal  shell  globe,  called 
artifiiial  7'ifnoiis,  to  preserve  the  shai)e, 
etc.,  of  the  eyeball.  E.,  Obstetric,  the 
removal  of  the  alxlominal  or  thoracic 
viscera,  in  embryotomy. 

Evolu'tion  (f-7/('A/£',  to  unroll).  Thedevelop- 
nicnt  or  unrolling  of  the  organs  and  func- 
tions, and  the  stages  of  growth  of  an  organ- 
ism. See  Z>(7;-i'/«/.(w.  E.,  Spontaneous, 
a  tenn  expressive  of  the  occurrence  in  child- 
birth of  a  series  of  changes  effected  by  the 
organisms  themselves,  whereljy  a  shoulder 
presentation  is  transfoniied  within  the 
pelvis  into  a  combined  breech  and  shoulder 
j)resentation  and  delivery  eflected. 

Evul'sion  [eve/lo,  to  pluck  out).  Forcible 
tearing  or  plucking  away  of  a  part,  as  a 
polypus,  tonsil,  etc. 

Exacerba'tion  i^cxacerbo,  to  be  violent). 
Increased  violence  of  the  symptoms  of  a 
disease. 

Exan'thema,  or  Ex'anthem  {e^nvdijiia, 
eruption).     An  eniption  of  the  skin. 

Excava'tion  of  the  Optic  Nerve.  A 
hollowing  or  "  cupping "'  of  the  disc,  or  optic 
nerve-entrance,  that  may  be  physiological 
or  congenital,  and  without  particular  signifi- 
cance; ox  pathological,  the  result  of  glau- 
coma, optic  atrophy,  etc. 

Excen'tric  Pains.  Radiating  pains,  symp- 
tomatic of  s]:)inal  disease,  due  to  irritati(.>n 
of  the  jxDsterior  nerve-roots.  The  pains  are 
felt  to  be  in  the  peripheral  organs,  hence 
the  name  al)ove. 

Excip'ient  [e.vcipio,  to  take  up).  In  phar- 
macy, any  substance  used  to  give  an  agree- 
able or  convenient  form  to  the  ingredients 
of  a  prescription. 

Excis'ion  ((vn/^i/o,  tocut  off).  The  opera- 
tion of  removing  a  part  or  tissue  by  cut- 
ting. 

ExcitabiFity  [excito,  to  rouse).  The  ([ual- 
ity  of  reacting  to  stimulus. 

Exci'tant.  A  remedy  that  stimulates  the 
activity  of  an  organ. 

Excito-  (e.rcito).  A  Latin  prefix  denoting 
stiniulition  or  excitation.  E. -motor,  ikt- 
taining  to  nerves  arousing  motor  function. 
Also,  a  drug  or  agent  that  increases  activity 
cf  the  motor  nerve  centers.  E. -reflex, 
pertaining  to  a  reflex  action  that  ends  in 
muscular  action. 

Exci'tor.     See  Sympathetic  Ophthalmitis. 

Exclu'sion  {excluilo,  l<>  shut  out).  A 
sinitting    out.     E.,    Diagnosis    by,    the 


EXCORIATION 


152 


EXPECTORATION 


reaching  a  final  or  most  probable  diagnosis 
by  successively  excluding  one  hypothesis 
after  another  as,  from  a  consideration  of  the 
symptoms,  impossible. 

Excoria'tion  (^.r,  from,  corium,  the  skin). 
Abrasion  of  the  skin,  or  removal,  partial 
or  complete,  of  a  limited  portion  of  the 
same. 

Ex^crement  {excerno,  to  sift  out).  The 
fteces. 

Excrementi''tious.  Pertaining  to  the  ex- 
crement. 

Excres''cence  [excresco,  to  grow  out).  An 
abnormal  outgrowth  upon  the  body. 

Excre^ta  {excej-no).  The  natural  dis- 
charges of  the  body,  particularly  those  of 
the  bowels. 

Ex'cretin.  A  substance  extracted  from 
human  fseces,  related  to  cholesterin ;  of  un- 
known history  and  constitution. 

Excre^'tion  {excerno).  The  separation  of 
the  fluid  waste  products  of  an  organ,  or  the 
body  as  a  whole,  out  of  the  blood.  The 
fluids  so  excreted. 

Ex^cretory  [excerno).  Pertaining  to  ex- 
cretion. E.  Duct,  a  canal  conveying  the 
excretion  from  the  excretory  organ  to  the 
discharging  point. 

Exenceph'alus  {e^,£-yKE(pa?iov).  A  mon- 
strosity with  the  brain  outside  the  cranial 
cavity,  associated  with  vertebral  fissure. 

Exentera^tion  (ef,  evrepov,  intestine). 
Removal  of  the  intestines  or  thoracic 
viscera  in  embryotomy. 

Ex^ercise  [exerceo,  to  keep  busy).  Func- 
tional activity  of  the  muscles.  E., 
Active,  that  exerted  by  the  will  of  the 
patient.  E.,  Passive,  when  the  part  is 
moved  by  another,  or  acted  upon,  as  in 
massage. 

Exfolia'tion  [ex/o/?'o,  to  shed  leaves). 
The  lamellar  (or  other)  separation  of  bone 
or  other  tissue  from  the  living  structure 
in  I?/y  AWrosis,  etc. 

Exhala^tion  [exhah\  to  breathe  out).  The 
vapor,  subtle  particles,  etc.,  given  off  by 
the  body  through  the  skin,  lungs,  etc. 

Exhaust^'ion  [exhaurio,  to  pour  out). 
Drawing  out  or  emptying.  Apj)lied  espe- 
cially to  great  loss  of  vital  and  nervous 
power  from  fatigue,  or  protracted  disease. 

Exhib''it  [exhibeo,  to  give).  To  adminis- 
ter medicine. 

Exhil'arant  (exhilaro,  to  cheer).  An 
agent  to  enliven  and  cheer  the  mind.  E. 
Gas,  Nitrous  Oxide  gas. 

Exhuma^tion  [ex,  humus,  ground).  The 
digging  up  after  interment,  or  again  bring- 
ing a  dead  body  out,  for  examination  in 


medico-legal  inquiries,  or  for  reinterment, 
etc. 

Exod''ic  (ffu,  out  of,  oSoq,  a  way).  Ap- 
plied to  nerves  transmitting  impulses  out- 
ward from  the  central  nervous  system. 

Ex''ogen  (ffw,  yevvau,  to  produce).  A 
plant  whose  growth  is  by  means  of  ex- 
ternal deposit  upon  the  trunk  or  branch. 
See  Endogen. 

Exom^phalos.     See  Hernia. 

Exopath^ic  (efw,  nadoq,  pain).  Pertaining 
to  those  causes  of  disease  coming  from 
without  or  beyond  the  organism.  See,  also, 
Endopathic. 

Exophor^'ia.    See  Heterophoria. 

Exophthalmic.  Pertaining  to  exophthal- 
mos.    E.  Goitre.     See  Goitre. 

Exophthalmos  (ef,  otpPal/uoc).  Abnor- 
mal prominence  or  protrusion  of  the  eye- 
balls. E.,  Pulsating,  that  characterized 
by  a  bruit  and  pulsation,  due  to  an  aneu- 
rism that  pushes  the  eye  forward. 

Exosmo'sis.     See  Osmosis. 

Exosto'sis  (tf,  ooTEov,  bone).  Abnormal 
enlargement  or  growth  of  bone,  especially 
a  deposit  of  bony  tissue  upon  the  surface 
preexisting  bone. 

Exoter^ic  [e^u-EpiKoq,  external).  Synony- 
mous w^ith  Exopathic. 

Exot^ic  [e^uTiKog,  foreign).  Pertaining  to 
plants  and  products  from  another  country. 

Exotro'pia.     See  Strabismus. 

Expec^tant  (expecto",  to  look  out  for). 
Awaiting  or  expecting  ;  applied  to  a  plan 
of  treatment  consisting  in  watching  the 
progress  of  a  disease,  and  not  interfering, 
with  therapeutical  measures,  unless  war- 
ranted by  special  symptoms. 

Expecta^tion  of  Life.  The  average  num- 
ber of  years  that  persons  of  a  given  age, 
taken  one  with  another,  live,  assuming  that 
they  die  according  to  a  given  table  of  the 
probabilities  of  life.  It  thus  has  no  rela- 
tion to  the  most  probable  life  of  a  single 
given  individual.  E.  of  L.,  Complete, 
the  addition  of  one-half  year  to  the  Cur- 
tate Expectation  to  allow  for  that  portion  of 
a  year  lived  by  each  person  in  the  year  of 
his  death.  E.  of  L.,  Curtate,  the  average 
number  of  whole  or  completed  years  lived 
by  each  person. 

Expecf'orant  {ex,  out,  pectus,  the  breast). 
A  remedy  that  acts  upon  the  pulmonic  mu- 
cous memljrane,  to  promote  or  modify  its 
secretions. 

Expectora^tion  [ex, pectus).  The  fluid  or 
semi-fluid  matters  from  the  lungs  and  air 
passages  expelled  by  coughing  and  spit- 
ting. 


EXPERIMENTUM  MIRAHILK       ir,3       EXTRACTION  OF  CATARACT 


Experimen'tum  Mirab'ile  of  Kirch- 
ner.  An  hvpnutic  phciionienou  in  ani- 
mals; a  lien,  c".  _^'.,  remaining  in  a  fixed 
position  when  the  head  is  pressed  down 
and  a  chalk  line  made  from  its  beak. 

Ex'pert  [<x/',-r/its,  proved).  A  person  es- 
jx-cially  qualified  in  a  science  or  ait.  E., 
Medical,  a  physician  j^ieculiarly  fitted  by 
e.\ixrience  or  especial  learning  to  render 
a  true  opinion  in  medico-legal  or  diag- 
nostic questions. 

Expira'tion  {c-xpiro,  to  breathe  out).  The 
act  of  breathing  forth,  or  expelling  air 
from  the  lungs. 

Explora-'tion  {exploro,  to  search  out).  The 
be;irching  out  the  condition  of  a  disea.sed 
organ  or  part  by  means  of  auscultation, 
palpation,  percussion,  t'A-.  Also  the  search- 
ing a  wound  to  learn  its  nature,  course, 
etc.,  and  if  foreign  bodies  may  be  present. 
Also  the  examination  of  the  female  geni- 
tal organs  by  the  finger  or  instrument  for 
diagn(.>slic  purjwses. 

Explor'atory.  Pertaining  to  exploration. 
E.  Puncture,  the  puncture  of  a  cavity  or 
tumor  anil  extraction  therefrom  of  some  of 
the  contents  to  leani  the  nature  of  the 
same.  E.  Trocar,  one  especially  adapted 
for  E.  puncture. 

Explor'er.  An  instnmient  for  use  in  ex- 
ploration. E.,  Electrical,  an  instrument 
for  detecting  a  bullet  by  means  of  the  elec- 
tric current. 

Explo'sives.     See  Consonants. 

Expres'sion.  \  pres'^ing  out.  The  forci- 
ble separation  of  linuids  from  .solids  by 
pressure.  E.  of  Foetus  or  Placenta, 
assisting  the  exjuilsion  of  the  same  by 
pressure  u]xin  the  abdominal  walls. 

Expul'sion,  Sponta'neous.  The  extru- 
sion of  tin-  fiutus  or  the  placenta  without 
external  aid. 

ExpuKsive  {expello,  to  drive  out).  Per- 
taining to  the  extrusion  or  driving  out  of 
the  fd-tus  in  childbirth,  the  voiding  of  the 
fa-ces,  urine,  i-tc. 

Exsan'guine  (ex,  sanguis,  WooCl).  IJlood- 
le-,^. 

Exsicca'tion  {ex, sicca,  dry).  The  process 
of  depriving  a  .solid  of  its  moisture  (jr  vola- 
tile con.-ilitucnls  by  the  agency  of  mo<lerate 
heat. 

Ex'strophy  {iKtrrpxpu,  to  evert).  Con- 
genital ab.scnce  of  the  anterior  wall  of  the 
bladder  and  alxlomcn,  with  extroversion 
of  the  blarlder. 

Extcn'sion  {,tf,-n,/o,Ui  stretch  out).  Trac- 
tion made  u|Kjn  a  fractured  or  (iJNlotated 
limb  in  order  to  bring  the  jmrts  in  projjcr 


apix)>ition.  E.,  Angular,  a  miiluK.1  of 
reilucing  and  maintaining  old  dislocations 
of  the  hip.  E.,  Counter,  traction  ujwn 
the  trunk  or  the  tmnkend  of  a  fractured 
limb  in  adilition  to  extension.  E.,  Double, 
upon  both  limbs  in  hiji-joint  disease,  e/r. 
E.  Stage  in  Labor,  one  of  tlie  st;iges 
of  lalK)r,  consisting  in  the  bending  of  the 
f(Vtal  head,  the  occiput  toward  the  back. 

Exten''sor  {rxh-m/o).  That  which  stretches 
out  or  extends.  E.  Muscles.  See  il///5r/i-. 
E.  Tet^anus.  In  general  spasms  the 
extensor  muscles  overcome  the  llexors,  and 
the  spasm  thus  becomes  an  £.  T. 

Extirpa'tion  (cxtirpo,  to  root  out). 
Thinough  excision  or  out-rooting  of  a  part. 
E.  of  the  Eyeball,  comjiletc  removal  of 
the  globe  of  the  eye.     Enucleation. 

Extra-.     A  Latin  prefix,  meaning  oulsidc, 

7i'////i  l(t. 

Extraction  of  Cataract.  Removal  of  the 
cataractous  lens  by  surgical  operation. 
The  mothotls  proi^sed  or  jiracticed  are  al- 
most numberless.  Daviel's  Method,  im- 
proved by  ySVtV-,  was  by  a  semicircular  flap, 
upward  in  Daviel's,  downward  in  Heer's, 
in  the  cornea,  or  at  the  margin,  with  rupture 
of  the  capsule  and  expression  of  the  lens. 
This  method  is  being  revived  and,  with 
modification,  adopted  by  a  large  number 
of  modem  ojienitors,  and  is  called  the  Flap 
Extraction.  The  Discission  Operation 
is  used  in  .soft  cataract,  and  consists  in  in- 
troducing a  needle,  whereby  the  capsule  is 
broken  and  the  anueous  humor  gains  access 
to  the  lens-substance, which  then  isabsorlied 
or  taken  out  by  suction.  In  v.  Graefe's 
Peripheral  Linear  Method,  the  Oi-aefe 
lance-knife  enters  the  sclerotic  1. 5  nim. 
from  the  corneal  border,  and  2  nun.  below 
the  horizontal  tangent  of  the  upper  border 
of  the  cornea,  and  is  at  first  directed  down- 
ward, but  the  counter])uncture  is  finally 
made  o])]X)site  the  ptjint  of  puncture.  The  cut 
U])ward  is  then  made  jiarallel  to  tlu'  plane 
of  the  iris,  fi)lk)wed  by  an  iridectomy,  ca|)- 
sulotomy,  and  expression  of  the  lens.  The 
change  in  v.  Graefe's  Modified  Linear 
Extraction  consists  chiefly  in  bringing 
the  section  to  the  corneo  sikral  juiietion. 
Needling,  or  the  needle -operation. 
See  above,  under  Discission.  The  Sim- 
ple Method,  now  advocated  by  many  ()|th- 
thaimic  surgeons,  consists  in  a  (laj)  fonn- 
ing  section  an<l  an  <lMli■-^ioll  of  the  iridec- 
tomy. The  Suction  Method  cdusisls  in 
the  extraction  of  .soft  cataracts  by  sucking 
the  lenlicidar  matter  through  a  syringe 
nozzle  intriKluced  into  the  lens  substance. 


EXTRACTOR 


154 


EYETEETH 


Extracfor  [ex,  traho,  to  draw).  An  instru- 
ment for  extracting  bullets,  sequestrse,  etc. 
E.,  Screw,  armed  with  a  screw  attach- 
ment ;  a  tii-efond. 
Extract^um  {extraho).  An  extract.  In 
pharmacy,  a  semi -solid  preparation  ob- 
tained by  dissolving  the  soluble  parts  of 
drugs,  and  evaporating  the  solution  thus 
obtained.  Alcohol  and  water  are  the  most 
common  solvents.  There  are  32  official 
extracta.  E.  Fluidum,  a  fluid  extract. 
An  alcoholic  extract  or  concentrated  tinc- 
ture of  a  strength  such  that  I  cubic  centi- 
meter represents  the  medicinal  powers  of 
I  gramme  of  the  drug.  Approximately 
I  minim  of  the  fluid  extract  represents  i 
grain  of  the  drug.  In  some  of  the  fluid 
extracts  alcohol  is  used  as  the  solvent; 
in  others  alcohol  and  water,  and  in  still 
others  alcohol  and  glycerine.  There  are 
79  official  extracta  Jlitida. 
Extra-pol''ar  Region.  That  lying  outside 
the  electrodes,  as  opposed  to  the  Intra- 
polar  Region,  or  area,  that  lying  within 
or  directly  beneath. 

Extra-u''terine  (exfj-a,  uterus).     Without 
theutems.    E.-u.  Pregnancy.    See  Fre^- 
nancy.      E.-u.  Life,  that  after  birth. 
Extravasa^tion    [extra,   vas,    a    vessel). 
Filtration  or  effusion  of  blood,  serum  or 
fluid  into  adjacent  tissues. 
Extrin^sic    [extrittsiciis,   from    without). 
External,  outward.     E.  Muscles,  those 
attached  to  the  trunk  and  extending  to  the 
limbs. 
Extrover-'sion.     See  Exstrophy. 
Exuda^tion    [exudo,  to  sweat).       Filtra- 
tion or  oozing  of  the  serum  of  the  blood 
through  the  walls  of  the  vessels. 
Eye  (Sax.  edge,  Lat.  oculns).     The  organ 
of  vision.    E.,  Accommodation  of.   See 
Acco77imodation.     E.,    Appendages    of, 
the  eyelids,   brows   and    lachrymal   appa- 
ratus.    E.,   Apple  of,  formerly  the  eye- 
ball;  the   pupil.     E.,  Artificial,  a  thin 


shell  of  glass,  celluloid  or  other  substance, 
colored  like  the  natural  eye,  placed  in  the 
socket  after  enucleation.  E.,  Compound, 
the  organ  of  vision  formed  of  several  crys- 
tal spheres,  as  in  the -lower  crabs.  E., 
Diagrammatic,  of  Listing,  a  diagram 
of  the  eye  for  the  more  exact  calculation 
of  the  passage  of  rays  of  light  through 
the  eye.  E.,  Pineal  or  Epiphysial,  the 
rudimentary  median  eye  in  some  lizards. 
E., Schematic,  an  ideal  or  normal  eye. 
Eye^ball.     The   globe   of  the   eye.     E., 

Dislocation  of.     See  Dislocation. 
Eye^'bright.     See  Euphrasia. 
Eye^brow.     The  supercilium.     The  con- 
nective tissue,  skin    and  hairs   above  the 
eye.     The  hairs  serve  chiefly  to  prevent 
the  sweat  from  falling  into  the  eye. 
Eye''-cells.     Cup-shaped  cells   of  porce- 
lain enameled  black  to  place  over  the  eye 
after  operations. 
Eye-glass.     A    lens   worn   in   one    eye. 
Eye-glasses,  pince-nez,   worn    instead    of 
spectacles,  and  held  in  position  by  a  spring 
acting  upon  the  bridge  of  the  nose. 
Eye^-ground.     A  synonym  of  the  fundus- 
oculi   or   internal   aspect  of  the   vitreous 
chamber  of  the  eye. 
Eye'lashes.     The  cilia;  the  hairs  of  the 
eyelid.     E.,    Evulsion   of,    pulling   out 
the  same.     E.,  Transposition  of,  shift- 
ing an  excised  strip  of  cilia  and  lid  edge 
containing  the  hair  bulbs  to  a  new  position, 
or  otherwise  altering  the  direction  of  the 
lashes  by  operation. 
Eye^lid.     The   protective  covering  of  the 
eyeball,  composed  of    skin,  glands,    con- 
nective and  muscular  tissue,  the  tarsus  and 
conjunctiva,  with  the  cilia  at  the  free  edge. 
Eye -strain.    The  excess  and  abnormalism 
of  effort  with  the  resultant  imtation,  caused 
by  ametropia  or  insufficiency.    Used  also  of 
the  effects  of  excessive  use  of  normal  eyes. 
Eye'teeth.     The  canine  teeth  of  the  upper 
jaw. 


155 


FAR  I'OINT 


F.  Abbreviation  of  Fahreuheit :  also  of 
Fac^  make,  and  of  Fiat,  let  there  be  made. 

Fl.  or  Fid.     Abbreviation  of  Fluid. 

Ft.     Abbreviation  of  Fiat. 

Face  {/acies,  the  face).  A  name  applied 
to  the  lower  and  anterior  part  of  the 
head,  including  the  eyes,  nose,  mouth, 
cheeks,  lips,  «•/(•. 

Fac'et  (I-r.//. £•//<•, a  little  face).  A  small 
plane  surface.  The  articulating  surfaces 
of  bones.  Also,  the  flat  surfaces  occa- 
sionally seen  in  calculi,  caused  by  friction 
upon  each  other.  In  Zoology,  a  segment 
of  the  com}X)und  eye  of  an  insect. 

Facial  (/acics).  I'ertaining  to  the  face. 
F.  Angle,  the  divergence  between  a 
line  drawn  from  the  upper  jaw  tangent 
to  the  forehead,  and  another  to  the  ex- 
ternal auditory  foramen.  F.  Artery.  See 
.■ir/c-ry. 

Facul'tative  { /acu/tas,  capah'iWty).  Per- 
taining to  functional  or  acquired  power. 
In  bacteriology,  ampliibious  as  to  oxygen. 
F.  Aerobia.  See  Aerobia.  F.  Anaero- 
bia.  See  Auaerobia.  F.  Hyperopia, 
a  division  of  manifest  hyperopia.  F.  Para- 
sites, those  that  develop  in  non-organ- 
ized media.    See,  e.g.,  Kaulins'  Liquid. 

Fac'ulty  (  facu/tas).  A  special  action  of 
the  mind  through  the  instrumentality  of  an 
organ  or  organs.  Also,  the  corps  of  pro- 
fessors and  instructors  of  a  university  and 
its  colleges.  F.,  Medical,  the  corps  of 
professors  and  instructors  of  a  medical  col- 
lege. 

Fac'cal  {/ux,  sediment).  Pertaining  to 
th<-  feces. 

Fae'ces  {fax).  The  dregs  of  a  liquor,  as 
wine.  Also,  the  alvine  discharges  or 
excretions  of  the  lx)wels. 

Fahr'enheit'sThermom'eter.  See  T/ur- 
tn  inettr. 

Faint  (Jingo,  to  feign).  A  condition  of 
languor.  Also,  a  state  of  syncope  or 
swo<jning. 

Falc'iform  (yCz/.r,  a  sickle).  Having  the 
shajx:  of  a  sickl*;.  F.  Process,  a  pro- 
cess of  the  dura  mater  which  separates  the 
liemi>|)lieres  of  the  brain. 

Fairing.  Umpiiing;  losing  one's  cqui- 
lil>riui.'i.  F.  of  Womb.  .See  I'tcnis. 
F.  Sickness, a cotnnion  ttrm  for  e|)ilepsy. 

Fallo'pian  Tubes.     See  Ovidurts. 

Fall'-rheotomc.  An  arrangement  where- 
by  a  weigiit   injures   a  niu-scle,  and  also 


breaks  and  makes  a  galvanometer  circuit ; 
by  this  instrument  it  was  shown  that  the 
demarcation  cuirent  took  a  certain  time  to 
develop. 

False  [fai/o,  to  deceive).  Not  genuine. 
Feigning  or  closely  counterfeiting.  F. 
Bittersweet.  See  Clinibitig  Staff-tree. 
F.  Gromwell,  the  root  of  Onos»iodiuin 
virginiaiiuin.  Reputed  to  be  tonic  and 
diuretic.  Dose  of  fid.  ext.  n\,xv-3ss. 
Unof.  F.  Passage,  a  jiassage  foiined  by 
the  laceration  of  the  urethra,  caused  by  the 
forcible  introduction  of  a  catheter  or  other 
instiiiment  in  the  wrong  direction.  F. 
Ribs.  See /v'//'j.  F.  Water,  a  collection 
of  tluid  in  catarrhal  endometritis. 

Falx  (Lat.).  A  sickle.  F.  Cerebelli,  the 
sickle-like  processes  between  the  lobes  of 
the  cerebellum.  F.  Cerebri,  the  sickle- 
like  process  of  the  dura  mater. 

Fam'ily  [familia,  a  household).  The  per- 
sons ])elonging  to  a  household.  Inliiology, 
a  class  of  genera  similar  in  organic  struc- 
ture. 

Fam'ine  {fa»iis,  hunger).  Severe  and 
continued  hunger.  Also,  a  general  scarcity 
of  food,  which  results  in  the  star^•ation  of 
many  people.  F.  Fever.  Same  as  Relap- 
sing Fez'cr,  q.  v. 

Fang.     See  Tedh. 

Fan'tome.     See  Phantom. 

Farad'.  The  unit  of  electrical  capacity. 
Practically,  a  capacity  suft'icient  to  hold  one 
coulomb  of  current  having  a  ]xjtential 
of  one  volt.  The  micro-farad,  ^500555 
part  of  the  theoretical  farad,  is  conmionly 
used.  A  practical  form  of  condenser  of 
one  farad  capacity  consi.sts  of  300  leaves 
of  tinfoil,  each  16  centimeters  in  diameter, 
se])arated  l>y  leaves  of  mica.  Tiie  entire 
surface  is  aUjut  1. 1  sq.  meters  area. 

Farad'ic.  The  induced  current,  named 
from  its  discoverer,  Michael  I'araday.  See 
(  ttrreiit. 

Faradiza'tion.  The  apjjlication  of  the 
induced  current  to  a  diseased  part,  or  in 
disease. 

Far''cy.     See  Equinia. 

Fari'na  {/arina).  The  ground  or  pow- 
dered fecula  of  seeds,  especially  that  of 
corn,  liarley,  lye  and  wheat. 

Farina'ceous  {farina).  Having  the 
nature  of  or  yielding  flour.  Al.su,  ap- 
plied to  very  fine  furfuraceous  exfoliations. 

Far  Point.     See  J'liHituin  Keiitolum. 


FARRANT'S  SOLUTION 


166 


FEEDING 


Par^'rant's     Solu^tion.     See    JMounting 
Fluids. 

Far-sight^edness.     A  colloquial  term  for 
Ilyperuictropia . 

Fas^cia  {fascia,  a  band).  The  membran- 
ous fibrous  covering  of  muscles  and  other 
organs.  F.,  Anal.  See  F.,  Jschio-irc- 
tal.  F.  of  Arm  [Brachial),  invests  the 
muscles  of  the  arm,  attached  to  the  clavi- 
cle, acromion  and  spine  of  the  scapula. 
F.,  Cranial,  a  firm,  dense  layer,  adherent 
to  the  skin  and  occipito-frontalis  muscle. 
F.,  Cervical,  Deep,  invests  the  muscles 
of  the  neck  and  encloses  the  vessels  and 
nerves.  F.,  Cremasteric,  forms  a  looped, 
thin  covering  of  the  spermatic  cord.  F., 
Cribriform,  the  sieve-like  covering  of  the 
saphenous  opening.  F.  Dentata,  a 
serrated  band  of  gray  substance  of  the 
dentate  convolution  of  the  cerebrum.  F. 
of  the  Dorsum  of  the  Foot,  forms  a 
sheath  for  the  dorsal  tendons  of  the  foot. 
F.,  Iliac,  lines  the  back  part  of  the  ab- 
dominal cavity,  covering  the  psoas  and 
iliacus  muscles.  F.,  Infundibuliform, 
the  funnel-shaped-membrane  enclosing  the 
cord  and  testis  in  a  distinct  pouch.  F., 
Intercolumnar,  from  the  margins  of  the 
external  abdominal  ring,  forming  a  sheath 
for  the  cord  and  testis.  F.,  Ischio-rec- 
tal,  covers  the  perineal  aspect  of  the  leva- 
■  tor  ani  muscle.  F.  Lata,  the  dense 
fibrous  aponeurosis  surrounding  the  thigh, 
called  the  Beep  F.  of  the  Thigh.  F.,  Deep, 
of  Leg,  continuous  with  the  last,  surrounds 
the  leg.  F.,  Lumbar,  the  posterior 
aponeurosis  of  the  transversalis  muscle, 
divided  into  three  layers.  F.,  Obtura- 
tor, continuation  of  the  pelvic,  surrounds 
the  obturator  muscle.  F.,  Pelvic,  lines 
the  cavity  of  the  pelvis,  continuous  with 
the  transversalis  and  iliac  fascia.  F., 
Perineal,  the  deep,  called  the  triangular 
ligament,  closes  the  front  part  of  the  out- 
let of  the  pelvis,  attached  to  the  pubes  and 
rami  of  the  ischium.  F.,  Recto-vesical, 
the  visceral  layer  of  the  pelvic  F.,  invests 
the  prostate,  bladder  and  rectum.  F., 
Transversalis,  continuous  with  iliac  and 
pelvic  F.,  lies  between  transversalis  muscle 
and  peritoneum. 
Fascic^ulus  (dim.  of  fascis).  A  little 
bundle,  as  the  fasciculus  of  fibers  that  com- 
pose a  nen'e. 

Fat.     See  lissue  and  Oil. 

Fatigue^   (faligo).     \Vearincss,  tiredness. 

That  condition  of  diminished  capacity  for 

work  produced  in  a  muscle  by  prolonged 

activity.     F. -stuffs,  the  accumulation  of 


decomposition  products   in   the  muscular 
tissue  and  to  which  fatigue  is  probably  due. 

Fat^ty  Degen^eration.  See  Degenera- 
tion. 

Fau^ces  (Lat.).  The  gullet  or  windpipe. 
Ihe  space  surrounded  by  the  palate,  tonsils 
and  uvula.  F.,  Isthmus  of,  the  space 
at  the  back  of  the  mouth  enclosed  by  the 
margin  of  the  palate,  the  back  of  the  tongue, 
the  pillars  of  the  soft  palate  and  the  tonsils. 
F.,  Pillars  of,  the  fold  of  mucous  mem- 
brane between  the  base  of  the  uvula  and 
the  posterior  border  of  the  tongue. 

Fau^na  [Fau/nes,  the  god  of  agriculture). 
The  animal  life  of  a  locality  or  epoch. 

Fa^vus  {favus,  honeycomb).  Honey- 
comb Ringwonn,  Tinea  Vera,  Tinea 
Lupinosa,  Porrigo  Lupinosa,  Porrigo  Fa- 
vosa. A  contagious  parasitic  affection  of 
the  skin  characterized  by  sulphvu-yellow, 
cup-shaped  crusts  within  the  epidenuis, 
especially  in  the  scalp  and  hairy  parts  of 
the  body. 

Feb^rifuge  [febris,  {ever,  f /go,  to  dispel). 
An  agent  that  lessens  fever. 

Fe^brile  {febris,  a  fever).  Pertaining  to 
or  having  the  symptoms  of  a  fever. 

Fe^'bris.     See  Fever. 

Fences.     See  Faces. 

Fech^ner's  Law.  The  more  expanded 
and  accurate  statement  of  Weber's  Law 
as  to  the  relation  between  the  intensity  of 
stimuli  and  the  changes  in  the  resulting 
sensations,  a  constant  ratio  existing  be- 
tween the  strength  of  the  stimulus  and  the 
intensity  of  the  sensation.  With  increase 
of  the  stimulus  the  sensation  increases  only 
as  the  logarithm  of  the  stimulus.  As  there 
is  a  lower  limit  [threshold)  or  liminal  in- 
tensity of  excitation,  so  there  is  an  upper 
or  maximal  height  of  sensibility.  Between 
the  two  is  the  Range  of  Sensibility. 

Fec'ula  (dim.  of  fcx,  sediment).  The 
starchy  part  of  a  seed.  Also  the  sediment 
subsiding  from  an  infusion. 

Fecunda'tion  [f-cii>idns,  fi-uitful).  Fer- 
tilization ;  impregnation  ;  the  act  of  mak- 
ing fmitful.  F.,  Artificial,  impregnation 
by  means  of  artificial  intromission  of  the 
spermatic  fluid  in  the  vagina  or  uteras. 

Fecund^ity  [fecunditas).  The  capability 
of  reproduction. 

Feed^ing.  The  taking  of  food  or  aliment. 
F.,  Artificial,  the  introduction  of  food 
into  the  Ijody  by  means  of  artificial  devices, 
such  as  the  stomach-pump  or  in  the  form 
of  an  enema.  F.  Bottle,  a  glass  flask 
armed  with  a  rubber  nipple,  used  in  feed- 
ing liquid  food  to  infants.     F.  by  Rec- 


FEIILIXG'S  SOLUTION 


157 


FERMENTS 


turn,  the  introduction  of  food  into  the  rec- 
tum in  the  fonu  of  an  enema  or  supjwsi- 
tor)-. 

Feh'ling's  Solu''tion.  As  this  sohition 
d<->cs  net  keep  well,  Prof.  Ilolland  ailvises 
its  manufacture  as  follows  :  To  be  kept  in 
two  distinct  parts.  A.  Take  copj>er  sulph. 
34.64  gms.  and  water  enoujjh  to  make 
500  c.c.  M.  B.  Pure  Kochelle  salt  173 
gms.;  sol.  sodium  hydrate  (sp.  g;r.,  1. 33), 
100  c.c,  and  water  enough  to  make  500  c.c. 
For  use,  mi.\  equal  volumes,  and  thus  m:ike 
Fehling's  solution.     See  Copper. 

Feh'ling's  Test  for  Sugar.  Boil  i  inch 
of  l'ehling"s  solutiun,  and  while  hot  add 
urine  and  Unl  again.  If  no  red  or  yellow 
color  appears,  add  more  urine  until  the 
volume  is  1^4  inches.  Again  raise  to  toil- 
ing jxjint  and  set  aside.  If  yellow  or  red 
cuprous  o.xitle  appears,  the  urine  is  saccha- 
rine. 

Fel  Bo'vis  (Lat.).  O.x-gall.  The  biliaiy 
litjuid  of  the  domestic  ox.  Bos  taurns.  It 
is  a  dark-green,  ropy  sul  stance,  consisting 
mainly  of  sotlium  glycocholate  and  tauro- 
cholate,  together  with  cholesterine.  A 
tonic,  antiseptic  antl  jiurgative,  useful  in 
emulsifying  the  fatty  jwrtions  of  food.  F. 
B.  Inspissatum,  100  parts  fresh  ox-gall, 
strained  and  cvajxirated  to  15  parts.  Dose 
gr.  v-xv.  F.  B.  Purificatum,  ox-gall 
3,  alcohol  I  jiart.  Should  stand  24  hours 
before  straining;  then  evajx^rate  to  con- 
sistence of  pilular  mass.     Dose  gr.  v-xv. 

Fel'lic  Acid.  C^jH^qO^.  A  constituent 
(.f  the  Mlc. 

Fel'lows'  Syrup  of  Hypophosphites, 
proprietar)'.  Unof.  Each  3  contains  hyjx)- 
phosph.  of  iron  gr.  j,  quinine  gr.  3^,  strych- 
nine gr.  -f}f,  calcium  and  manganese  &&. 
gr.  j,  ])otassium  q.  s.     Dose  ^j. 

Fel'on.     See  Paiouyrhia. 

Fe'male  [/iiiit//ii,  a  young  woman).  The 
sex  that  brings  forth  the  young  of  a 
species.  In  surgery,  that  part  of  a  doublc- 
liml>ed  instrument  that  receives  the  com- 
plementary [lart.  In  Igtaiiy,  the  llower 
that  contain.*  the  ovary.  F.  Catheter,  a 
catheter  having  a  short  tul>e  witli  a  slight 
curve. 

Fem'oral  (finmr,  the  thigh  l)one).  Per- 
taining to  the  femur.  F.  Arch,  that 
formed  by  Pou|iart\  liganniit.  F.  Artejy. 
.Sc-e  /{rti-ry.  F.  Ring,  the  alKlnniinal  end 
of  the  femoral  canal,  normally  closed  by 
the  crural  septum  and  the  p<rit(jneum. 

Fe'mur  (I at.).  The  thigh  l<one,  the 
longest  anil  luaviest  l»oni-  of  the  IxKly, 
articulating  with  the  acetabulum  and  tibiu. 


Fenes'tra  (Lat.,  a  window).  In  anatomy, 
a  name  given  to  two  apertures  of  the  ear, 
the  /•".  Ovd/is  and  /".  A'o/i/fi(/<i. 

Fen'estrate  {^fenestra).  Having  apertures 
or  openings. 

Fen'nel.     See  Fatiiiiiliitn. 

Fermenta''tion  [fciniiiit/ini,  leaven). 
The  molecular  decomposition  of  an  or- 
ganic stnicture  by  means  of  an  organized 
or  unorganized  ferment.  F.,  Acetic, 
the  fermentation  whereby  weak  alcoholic 
solutions  are  converted  into  vinegar ; 
caused  by  the  Bacillus  accti,  etc.  F., 
Albuminoid ;  tlie  agents  of  this  decom- 
position are  the  Bacil/iis  iillniiiiiiiis,  B. 
ctitcnuln,  B.  clavifoniiis,  B.  dislortus,  B. 
filifonnis,  B.  gcnicuUitis,  B.  scaber,  B. 
tennis,  B.  uroccphalus,  etc.  F.,  Am- 
moniacal ;  the  agent  of  the  ammoniacal 
fenntiitation  of  urine  is  the  iMicrococcns 
nrcc.  F.,  Butyric,  the  conversion  of 
butter  into  butyric  acid,  due  to  a  microbe, 
Bacillus  butyyiius.  F.,  Gluconic  ;  glu- 
cose is  transformed  by  the  action  of  the 
li/icroioccus  oblonL;'us.  F.,  Lactic,  the 
decomposition  or  "  .souring '"  of  milk,  caused 
liy  the  microbe.  Bacillus  lacticns.  F., 
Propionic ;  the  Bacillus  cavicit/a  decom- 
poses saccharine  solutions,  producing  pro- 
pionic acid.  F.,  Putrefactive,  the  de- 
comjKisition  commonly  known  as  putrefac- 
tion, caused  by  various  microbes,  especially 
the  J/icrococcus  pyogenes  {albus,  aureus, 
citreus,  tenuis,  salivarius,  etc.).  F.,  Vis- 
cous, the  Jl/icrococcus  viscosus,  secreting 
a  gunmiy  substance  in  the  culture  liquid. 
See,  also,  Ferments. 

Fer'ments  [/eri/ientiini,\c:i\'c\\).  Bodies 
exciting  chemical  changes  in  other  mat- 
ters with  which  they  are  brought  in  con- 
tact. F.,  Organized,  or  Living,  grow 
and  multiply  at  tiic  expense  of  tlie  sub- 
stances in  which  they  occur, — but  only  .so 
long  as  the  ferment  is  living.  Yeast  is  the 
representative  of  the  cla.ss,  causing  fer- 
mentation by  splitting  u])  sugar  into  CX)^ 
and  alcohol.  See  Fernienlalion.  F., 
Unorganized,  nf)n-li\ing,  nitrogenous 
ladies  |)ro(luced  williin  the  body  by  the 
vital  activity  of  the  proto|)lasm  of  the  cells. 
They  are  soluble  in  water,  glycerine,  and 
can  be  precipitated  by  alcohol.  The  fol- 
lowing is  a  list  of  this  cla.ss:  Ptyalin,  in 
saliva,  converts  starch  into  maltose.  Pep- 
sin, in  ga.stric  juice,  con\  erts  proteids  into 
l^eplones  in  an  acid  medium.  There  are 
also  in  ihe  gastric  juice  milk-curdling, 
fat-splitting,  and  lactic  acid  fernunts, 
whose  function  is  indicated  l>y  the  niuncb. 


FERN 


158 


FERRUM 


In  the  pancreatic  juice,  there  is  F.,  Dias- 
tatic  or  Amylopsin,  converting  starch 
into  maltose ;  Trypsin,  converts  proteids 
into  peptones  in  an  alkaline  medium; 
F.,  Emulsive,  emulsify  fats  ;  F.,  Fat- 
splitting,  or  Steapsin,  splits  fats  into 
glycerin  and  fatty  acids  and  F.,  Milk- 
curdling.  In  the  intestinal  juice,  there  is 
a  F.,  Diastatic,  changes  maltose  into 
glucose  ;  F.,  Proteolytic,  changes  fibrin 
into  peptone;  Invertin  chai^ges  cane- 
into  grape-sugar;  and  F.,  Milk-ciirdlhig, 
and  /'.,  Diastatic,  are  also  found  in  blood, 
chyle,  liver,  milk,  etc.  Pepsin  and  other 
ferments  are  also  found  in  muscle  and 
urine;  and,  lastly,  a  Fibrin-forming  F. 
is  also  found  in  blood. 

Fern  (Sax.y>ar«).  A  name  given  to  the 
cryptogamous  plants  of  the  order  Filices. 
See  Aspidium. 

Ferrein',  Tubule  of.     See  Pyramid. 

Fer'ro-  i^ferrunt,  iron).  A  prefix  used 
with  the  names  of  certain  salts  of  iron. 

Fer^rum.  (Lat.)  [Geti.  Ferri.)  Iron. 
Fc  =  56.  Quantivalence  11,  iv.  A  metal 
having  a  luster  varying  from  silver  white 
to  gray.  In  pharmacy,  a  fine  non-elastic, 
soft  wire  is  used.  F.  Redactum,  iron 
by  h)drogen,  occurs  in  fine  powder  ob- 
tained by  the  reduction  of  ferric  oxide 
by  hydrogen.  A  constituent  of  the  blood, 
to  the  red  corpuscles  of  which  it  gives 
color.  An  irritant  in  large  or  long- 
continued  doses.  In  small  doses  a 
stimulant  and  slightly  astringent  tonic. 
Highly  valuable  in  anaemia,  but  contra- 
indicated  in  plethora.  Externally  many 
of  the  soluble  salts  are  excellent  styptic 
and  astringent  lotions.  Dose  gr.  j-v. 
Ferri  Acetat.,  Liq.,  a  33  per  cent,  so- 
lution in  water.  F.  Acetat.,  Tinct.,  has 
liq.  ferri  acetas  50,  alcohol  30,  acetic  ether 
20  parts.  Styptic  and  stimulant.  Dose 
gr.  X-  5  iij.  F.  Bromidi,  Syr.,  contains  10 
per  cent,  of  ferric  bromide.  Sedative  tonic, 
recommended  in  nervous  disorders.  F. 
Carb.,  Saccharat.,  contains  15  per  cent, 
of  ferrous  carbonate.  Stimulant  to  diges- 
tion. Dose  gr.  ij-x,  with  food.  F.  Carb., 
Massa,  Vallet's  mass;  ferrous  sulphate 
100,  sodium  carbonate  no,  honey  36, 
sugar  25,  syrup  and  distilled  water  aa 
q.  s.  ad  fac.  loo  parts.  F.  Comp.,  Mis- 
tura,  Griffith's  mixture;  ferrous  sulphate, 
myrrh,  sugar,  aa  18,  potassium  carbonate  8, 
spt.  lavender  50,  rose  water  900.  Essen- 
tially a  carbonate  of  iron.  Dose  gr.  iij-v. 
F.  Pilulae,  Comp.,  Griffith's  pill,  con- 
taining each,  ferrous  sulphate  gr.  ^,  so- 


dium carb.  gr.  3^,  myrrh  gr.  jss,  syrup  q.  s. 
F.  Chloridum,  strongly  acid,  astringent, 
haemostatic  and  styptic.  Never  used  in- 
ternally. F.  Chlor.,  Liq.,  an  aqueous  so- 
lution containing  38  per  cent,  of  the  salt. 
Dose  n\^ij-x ;  rarely  used.  F.  Chlor., 
Tinct.,  contains  liq.  chlor.  ferri  35,  alco- 
hol 65  parts.  "Very  commonly  used,  and 
one  of  the  best  tonic  preparations.  Dose 
rT\^v-xx.  F.  Citras,  soluble  in  water, 
insoluble  in  alcohol.  A  mild  stimulant. 
Dose  gr.  ij-v.  F.  Citras,  Liq.,  a  solution 
of  ferri  citras,  35  per  cent,  in  strength. 
Dose  gr.  v-xv.  F.  Citras,  "Vinum,  am- 
monio-ferric  citrate  4,  tinct.  orange  peel, 
syrup,  aa  12,  stronger  white  wine  72  parts. 
Dose  5J-ij.  F.  Hypophosphitis,  feme 
hypophosphite,  soluble  in  very  dilute 
hydrochloric  acid.  Dose  gr.  v-x.  F. 
lodidum  Saccharat.,  soluble  in  water. 
Tonic.  Dose  gr.  v-x.  F.  led.,  Pil., 
contain  reduced  iron,  iodine,  liquorice, 
sugar,  acacia,  and  water,  coated  with 
balsam  of  tolu  in  ether.  Dose  j-ij 
p'lls.  F.  lodidi,  Syr.,  contains  10  per 
cent,  of  the  iodide.  Dose  ITLv-xxx.  F. 
Lactas,  ferrous  lactate, — best  solvent, 
sodium  citrate.  Dose  gr.  j-iij.  F.  Ni- 
tratis,  Liq.,  aqueous,  contains  6  per  cent, 
of  salt,  styptic  and  astringent.  Dose  IT^v 
-XV.  F.  Oxalas.  Dose  gr.  ij  in  pill. 
F.  Oxid.  Hydratum,  ferric  hydrate, 
prepared  by  adding  aq.  ammonia  8  parts 
to  a  solution  of  ferric  sulphate  10  parts. 
An  antidote  for  arsenical  poisoning,  pre- 
pared when  needed.  F.  Oxid.  Hydrat. 
cum  Magnesia,  prepared  when  needed 
from  sol.  fenic  sulphate  1000  gr.,  water 
2000  grains,  to  which  is  added  magnesia 
150  gr.  water  ^  xxxij.  An  antidote  for 
arsenic.  F.  Emplastrum,  strengthen- 
ing plaster;  ferric  hydrate,  dried  Canada 
turpentine.  Burgundy  pitch,  aa  10,  lead 
plaster  70  parts.  F.  Trochisci,  have 
each  of  ferric  hydrate  dried  gr.  v,  vanilla 
gr.  jL,  sugar  and  mucilage  of  tragacanth 
q.  s.  Dose  j-iij  each  day.  F.  Phos- 
phas,  an  adjuvant  to  laxative  pills,  gr.  v 
-X.  F.  Pyrophosphas,  tasteless  and 
non-astringent.  Dose  gr.  ij-v.  F.  Sul- 
phas, copperas,  proto-sulphate  of  iron,  fer- 
rous sulphate,  astringent  and  irritating. 
An  ingi-edient  of  )>il.  aloes  et  ferri,  q.  v. 
F.  Sulph.  Precipitat.,  the  foregoing  pre- 
cipitated from  solution  by  alcohol.  Dose 
gr.  ss-ij.  F.  Subsulph.  Liq.,  Monsel's 
solution,  an  aqueous  solution  of  basic  sul- 
phate of  iron,  powerfully  astringent,  st\q)tic 
and  haemostatic,  rarely  given   internally. 


FERRUM 


159 


FEVER 


Dose  gj-  iij-x.  F.  Sulph.  Exsiccat., 
dried  ferams  sulphate,  the  most  astringent 
and  irritating.  Dose  gr.  ss-ij,  in  pill.  F. 
Valerianas,  valerianate  of  iron,  soluMe 
in  alcohol.  Dose  gr.  i-iij,  in  pill.  F. 
et  Ammonii  Citras,  citrate  of  iron  3, 
water  cif  ammonia  i  part.  Dose  gr.  ij-v. 
F.  et  Ammonii  Sulphas,  anunonic- 
sulphate  of  iron,  ferric  alum.  Least  astrin- 
gent of  sulphates.  Dose  gr.  ij-v.  F.  et 
Ammonii  Tartras,  amnionic  tartrate  of 
iron.  Deise  gr.  v-xx.  F.  et  Potassii 
Tartras,  least  disagreeable  of  all  iron 
prejjarations.  Dose  gr.  v-x.  F.  et 
Quininae  Citras,  has  12  per  cent,  of 
quinine.  Astringent  and  stimulant.  Dose 
gr.  iij-v.  F.  et  Quin.  Cit.,  Liq.,  of 
douliiful  value.  Dose  ITLv-xv.  F.  Vi- 
num  Amarum,  hitter  wine  of  iron,  con- 
tains liq.  citrate  of  iron  and  quinine  8, 
tinct.  orange  peel  12,  S)Tup  36,  stronger 
white  wine  44.  A  gocnl  sul'Stitute  for  the 
various  "elixirs  of  cali>aya  and  iron." 
Dose  3J-iv.  F.  et  Strychninae  Citras, 
contains  I  per  cent  of  strychnine.  Astrin- 
gent and  stimulating.  Dose  gr.  j-iij.  F.  et 
Ammonii  Acetas,  Mist.,  I'.asham's  mix- 
ture, contains  tinct.  fer.  chloride  2,  acetic 
acid  3,  liq.  ammonii  acct.  20,  elixir  au- 
rantii  10,  s)Tup  15,  water  50  parts.  Very 
agreeable,  tonic  and  diuretic.    Dose  3  ij-v. 

rNOFFICI.XL   rREPARATIONS. 

F.  Dialysatum,  dialysed  iron,  a  ten  per 
cent,  oxychloride  in  water.  Astringent 
and  stj-jjtic,  but  only  feetly  chalybeate. 
I)o.-5e  n\^x-xxx.  F.  Arsenias  (not  to 
lie  confounded  with  arsen/A-  <<(  iif)n). 
Do.se  gr.  yg-'.  F.  et  Manganesii 
lodidi  Syr.,  containing  in  each  tkl.  3 , 
50  gr.  of  i(xlides  in  prci|)ortion  of  3  of  iron 
to  I  of  manganese.  I  )ose  TTLx-xxx-  ^].  F. 
et  Manganesii  Phosphat.,  Syr.,  syxup 
of  pliosjdiate  of  iron  and  manganese.  Each 
3 contains  2  gr.  phosph.  of  iron  and, I  of 
manganese.  Dose  ^].  F.  Mistura 
Aromat.,  pale  cinchona  1  ark  4,  ca- 
lumba  2,  cloves  l.iron  wire  2,  tinct.  carda- 
mon  comj).  12,  tin(t.  orange  peel  2,  water 
of  |«|i]Hnnint  50.  Dose  ,5J-ij.  F.  Mist. 
Laxans,  ferrous  sulphate  gr.  ij,  magnesia 
sul|)hate  3J,  dilute  sulphuric  acid  n\iij, 
.spt.  chlorofomi  TTLxx,  water  of  ])eppermint 
ari  fac.  ^j.  Fcrro-salina,  Mist.,  mag- 
nesium suljihate  _^j,  |iolas^ium  ditartratc 
2J.  dried  sulphate  of  iron  gr.  x,  water 
,^xxxij.  Dow  a  wineglassful.  F.  Phos- 
phatum  Quininz  et  Strychninae,  Syr., 
Ea^loii's  symp,  unof     llath  ^j  contains 


gr.  j  phosph.  of  iron,  gr.  j  quinia  and  gr. 
^'5  strychnia. 

Fer^tile  {fertilh,  fmitful).  Prolific,  fruit- 
ful. In  botany,  applied  to  flowers  having 
a  pistil. 

Fertiliza'tion  of  the  Ovum.  See  /v- 
itinaation. 

Feru'la.  Giant  fennel.  A  genus  of  the 
order  Umbellifem;.     Also,  a  splint. 

Festina'tion  {/cstino,  to  hasten).  A  symp- 
tom of  paralysis  agitans  anil  other  diseases 
in  which  the  patient  shows  in  walking  a 
tendency  to  take  ciuicker  and  (juicker  steps. 
Propulsion  or  retropulsion  are  coincident 
symptoms. 

Fe'ver  (/rdrts,  a  fever).  A  systemic  dis- 
ease or  symptom  of  disease  whose  distinc- 
tive characteristic  is  elevation  of  tem])era- 
ture,  accompanied  also  by  quickened  cir- 
culation, increased  katabolism  or  tissue- 
wa.-te  and  disordered  secretions.  F., 
Abdominal.  See  Typhoid  F.  F.,  Af- 
rican. See  F.,  Yellow.  F.  and  Ague. 
See  /•'.,  lutermitlent.  F.,  Anomalous, 
one  whose  s)Tnptoms  are  irregular.  F., 
Ardent,  a  malarial  fever  to  which  immi- 
grants to  a  tropical  country  are  peculiarly 
liable.  F.,  Articular.  See  Dtm^'ue. 
F.,  Asthenic,  one  with  a  low  fever  tem- 
perature, weak  circulation  and  great  loss 
of  ner\ous  force.  F.,  Atypic.  See  /'., 
aitoi/iiiloiis.  F.,  Bilious,  one  accom- 
panying affections  of  the  digestive  organs. 
F.,  Catarrhal,  that  with  catarrhal  aftec- 
tions  of  the  air  passages.  F.,  Catheter, 
a  se%'ere  remittent  fever  sometimes  follow- 
ing the  passage  of  the  catheter.  F., 
Cerebro-spinal,  a  malignant  epidemic 
fever  characterized  by  spasmodic  actions 
of  the  muscles  of  the  neck,  retraction  of 
the  head,  hyperasthesia,  rfr.,  with  lesions 
of  the  cerebral  and  spinal  numbranes;  due 
to  a  si)ecil"ic  poison.  F.,  Congestive,  a 
malignant  form  of  a  remittent  or  intermit- 
tent malarial  fever.  F.,  Continued,  one 
in  which  there  is  a  slowly  continuous  rise 
of  temperature  until  a  not  high  crisis  is 
reached,  whence  the  fever  ends  fatally  or 
slowly  subsides.  F.,  Enteric.  See  /'., 
'J'yplioiil.  F.,  Eruptive,  that  accom 
panied  or  succeedeil  by  an  eruption  of  the 
skin.  Examples  are  Scarlet  F.,  Mt-asUs, 
A"df/i('ht,  SniiillpoXy  V'lKiinnfion,  Vnri- 
celln,  Fiysipdos,  Dens^iif.  F.,  Essen- 
tial. See  /'".,  liliof.tlhif.  F.,  Idio- 
pathic, one  in  which  no  local  alletiion 
cau.ses  the  disorder.  F.,  Inflammatory, 
the  .same  as  sim|)le  Citi/iiiiml  /.  F., 
Intermittent,  one  in  which  the  symjiloms 


FEVER  BUSH 


160 


FICUS 


intermit,  with  intermediate  periods  of  free- 
dom from  the  febrile  attack.  F.,  Mala- 
rial, remittent,  or  Fever  and  Ague.  F., 
Jungle,  a  remittent  fever  of  India.  F., 
Malignant,  a  severe  and  fatal  form.  F., 
Pernicious,  a  malignant  fatal  type  of  re- 
mittent or  intermittent  malarial  fever.  F., 
Relapsing,  an  epidemic,  contagious  type 
due  to  a  specific  poison,  similar  to  yellow 
fever.  F.,  Remittent,  a  paroxysmal  fever 
with  exacerbations  and  remissions,  but  not 
intermissions.  F.,  Septic,  due  to  the 
admission  of  septic  matter  into  the  system. 
F.,  Typhoid,  or  enteric  fever,  an  acute, 
self-limited  febrile  affection  due  to  a  spe- 
cific germ,  and  having  characteristic  lesions 
in  Peyer's  patches  and  the  solitaiy  glands. 
F.,  Typho -malarial,  a  malarial  fever 
with  typhoid  symptoms.  F.,  Typhus, 
ship  or  jail  fever,  a  contagious  specific  type 
connected  with  filth  and  overcrowding. 
F.,  Yellow,  an  acute,  infectious,  paroxys- 
mal, malignant  fever,  characterized  by 
three  stages^the  febrile,  the  remission,  and 
the  collapse;  due  to  a  specific  poison. 
Destioyed  by  frost. 

Fe^ver  Bush.  Spice-wood.  The  bark 
and  fruit  of  Benzoin  odorifcrum.  An  aro- 
matic stimulant  and  tonic.  Properties  due 
to  a  volatile  oil.  Dose  of  fid.  ext. — bark 
5J-ij,  of  the  berries  n\^xx-3J.     Unof. 

Fe^verfew.  The  herb  Pyrcthrum  par- 
thciihtin.  A  stimulant  tonic  vv'ith  emmena- 
gogue  and  anthelmintic  properties.  Dose 
of  fld.  ext.  3J-ij.     Unof. 

Fi''ber  [Jibra,  a  thread).  A  filamentary  or 
thread-like  organ  or  part  of  an  organ.  Ap- 
plied to  the  thread-lilvc  filaments  of  mus- 
cular, cartilaginous  and  tendinous  tissues. 
F.  of  Corti,     See  Corti. 

Fibbers  of  Tomes.  Elongated  and 
branched  processes  of  the  odontoblasts  of 
the  pulp,  filling  the  dentinal  tubules  of 
teeth. 

FibriPla  (dim.  oi Jibra).  A  small  fiber  or 
component  filament  of  a  fiber.  A  name 
applied  to  minute  nerve  filaments. 

FibriPlar.  Pertaining  to  fibrilke.  F.  Con- 
tractions, short  contractions  occurring 
alternately  in  different  bundles  of  muscular 
fibers. 

Fibrilla^tion.    See  Fibrillar  Contractions. 

Fi^brin  {fibra,  a  fiber).  A  native  albumin 
or  ])roteid,  a  substance  that,  becoming 
solid  in  shed  blood,  plasma  and  lymph, 
causes  coagulation  of  these  fluids.  It  then 
exists  in  the  shape  of  innumerable,  excess- 
ively delicate,  closely-packed,  microscopic, 
doubly-refractive    fibrils,    entangling     the 


blood  corpuscles,  as  in  a  spider's  web,  and 
with  them  forming  the  blood  cloior placenta 
sanguinis.  Fibrin  forms  about  0.2  per 
cent,  of  the  blood  and  is  insoluble  in  water 
and  ether.  It  is  changed  into  syntonin  by 
dilute  hydrochloric  acid. 

Fibrin'ogen  (yfi^rm,  }evi'a«,  to  beget).  A 
native  proteid  of  the  globulin  class,  obtained 
from  blood  plasma,  serous  transudations, 
etc.  According  to  Schmidt  it  is  one  of  the 
chief  elements  in  the  formation  of  fibrin 
(the  other  being  Paraglobulin),  which 
occurs  dissolved  in  the  plasma,  aided  by  a 
fibrin  ferment. 

Fibrinoplast^in.     See  Paraglobulin. 

Fi^bro-  (_/f(^rrt',  afiber).  A  prefix  used  with 
words  to  denote  fibrous  structure.  F.- 
blasts,the  formation  of  new  fibrous  tissue. 
F. -cartilage,  a  variety  of  cartilage  having 
fibrous  structure.  See  Cartilage.  F.- 
myoma.  See  Myoma.  F.-neuro- 
myoma.  See  Neuroma.  F. -plastic, 
fiber-forming.  F.-plastin.  See  Para- 
globulin. F. -sarcoma,  a  tumor  having 
structural  resemblance  both  to  fibroma  and 
spindle-celled  sarcoma. 

Fi^broid  [Jibra,  eiSo^,  likeness).  A  term 
applied  to  such  structures  as  possess  a  fib- 
rous appearance,  but  cannot  be  separated 
into  fibers.     Also,  a  fibroid  tumor. 

Fi^'broin.  An  albuminoid,  the  chief  con- 
stituent of  the  cocoons  of  insects  and  spider- 
web. 

Fibro^ma  [Jibra,  oma,  a  tumor).  Fibroma 
Molluscum,  Molluscum  Simplex,  Mollus- 
cum  Pendulum,  Molluscum  Fibrosum.  A 
disease  of  the  skin  marked  by  the  pres- 
ence of  soft  tumors  within  the  connective 
tissue  of  the  deeper  layers  of  the  corium 
and  subcutaneous  tissue.  They  are  usually 
hemispherical,  and  vary  in  size  from  a  pin's 
head  to  that  of  an  orange.  Occur  on  all 
parts  of  the  body,  and  frequently  extend 
to  the  nerve  trunks,  where  they  have 
been  found  in  post-mortem  examination. 
Thought  to  be  due  to  obstmction  of  the 
lymphatics.  F.  Fungoides.  See  Mycosis. 

Fib'ula  (L.  a  buckle).  The  smaller  or 
splint  bone  at  the  outer  part  of  the  lower 
leg  articulating  above  with  the  femur,  and 
below  with  the  astragalus  and  tibia.  It 
forms  the  external  malleolus. 

Fi''cus.  (Lat.  a  fig-tree.)  The  fig.  The 
fleshy  receptacle  of  F.  carica,  native  to 
Asia  Minor,  and  cultivated  throughout 
Europe  and  tropical  America.  Contains 
62  per  cent,  of  grape  sugar  when  dry. 
Somewhat  laxative  and  fairly  nutritious. 
Constituent  of  conjeclio  settncE. 


FIELD  OF  VISION     , 


161 


FIT 


Field  of  Vision.  Sometimes  sjx)ken  of 
as  simply  the  fielJ.  The  extent  of  indi- 
rect vision  with  fixation  of  the  visual  axis 
upon  one  jx)int.  Its  limit  for  white  light 
is  alxDut  90°  outward,  70°  inward  and 
alK)ve,  and  60°  downward.  The  F.  for 
colors  is  more  restricted,  that  for  Mue  is 
nearly  as  large  as  white,  red  and  green 
more  narrow.  F.,  Testing,  the.  See 
Perinutcr.  F.,  Contraction  of  the,  oc- 
curs in  certain  retinal  and  cerebral  aflec- 
tions. 

Fig.     See  Ficiis. 

Fig' wort.  The  herb  Scrophiiltiria  nodosa. 
Alterative,  diuretic  and  anodyne.  Some- 
times u---ed  in  form  of  ointment  in  piles. 
Dose  of  tld.  ext.  3  ss-j.     Unof. 

Fil'ament  {fii'uni,  a  thread).  A  small 
thread-like  structure  or  part  of  an  origan, 
as  a  muscle,  nerve  or  tendon.  F.,  Sperm- 
atic, the  caudal  filament  of  the  sperma- 
tozoa. 

Fila'ria  [filtt/n).  A  genus  of  thread-like 
worms  lielonging  to  the  order  A'e»tah>dti. 
Many,  if  not  all  of  them,  are  parasitic.  F. 
Medinensis,  the  Guinea  IVorm,  q.  v. 
F.  Sanguinis  Hominis.  Craw  Craw. 
A  nematode  worm  native  to  the  Guinea 
coa>t  of  Africa,  which,  entering  the  blood 
and  lymphatics,  causes  lym]>h  abscesses 
and  certain  forms  of  Elephantiasis,  </.  v. 

Fil'iform  ( /f///w).  Thread-like.  F.  Bou- 
gie. St-e /^'o/ti^ir.  F.  Papillae,  the  small- 
e.-.t  and  most  numerous  of  tlie  P.  of  the 
tongue,  occurring  over  its  whole  surface. 

Fil'let,  Ol'ivary.  A  fa.sciculus  of  nerve 
fibers  enclosing  tlie  olivary  body  of  the 
medulla. 

Filo-pres'sure  {filiim).  Compression  of 
a  vessel  l>y  means  of  a  wire. 

Fil'ter  (ftUnun,  felt).  An  apparatus  for 
.straining  and  removing  from  water  or  otiier 
ii(|uid  s<jlutioiis  tlie  impurities  il  may  con- 
tain. F.,  Chamberland's,  or  C.'s  Bou- 
gie, a  filter  of  peculiar  con.struction  that 
allows  no  microl)cs  to  pass. 

Filtra'tion  (fiiOum).  The  operation  of 
.straining  tlirough  IjIIjuIous  pajK-r.  The 
l^'.st  white  filter  paj)cr  should  l)e  used  for 
filtiriiig   alkaline  or  alkaloidal  .solutions. 

Fi'lum  Termina'le.  The  terminal  strands 
of  tlic  spinal  cord,  extending  from  the 
first  luml>ar  vertebra  through  the  cauda 
c'|tjina. 

Fim'briac  (ft»i/ina,a.  fringe).  Threads; 
a  fringe,  f".  of  Fallopian  Tube,  the 
fringe-like  processes  of  the  outer  extremity 
<if  the  oviduct. 

Fing'ers.    (Sax.)   Tlic  digits  of  the  hand. 
II 


Fire-damp.     See  Marsh  Gas. 

Fire'weed.    The  hcvh  ErccJithifcs  Iiicraii- 

folia.  Infests  peppermint  fields  of  Michi- 
gan. Tonic  and  astringent.  Of  reputed 
service  in  dysenterj'.  Dose  of  fld.  ext. 
_3ss-j.     L'nof 

First  Inten'tion.     See  I/t-aliitg. 

Fish'er's  Test.  See  rhaiyl-hydrazin 
Test. 

Fish''-skin  Disease.     See  lehthyosis. 

Fis'sile  yfiiuio,  to  split).  That  which  may 
be  split  or  cleft. 

Fis'sion  {fiiido).  Reproduction  by  split- 
ting into  two  or  more  equal  parts. 

Fissipara'tion.     See  Cell. 

Fissip'arous  {findo).  A  sexual  genera- 
tion by  (ission. 

Fis'sure  {fuulo).  A  groove  or  cleft.  A 
term  applied  to  the  clefts  or  grooves  in 
various  organs,  as  F.  of  Bichat,  the 
transverse  fissure  of  the  brain.  F.  Gla- 
serian,  the  fissure  of  the  glenoid  fossa. 
F.  Longitudinalis,  the  cleft  in  the 
median  line  on  the  upper  surface  of  the 
brain.  F.  of  Sylvius,  the  cleft  between 
the  anterior  and  middle  lobes  of  the  brain. 

Fist  (Sax.yfrj/).     The  finiily-closed  hand. 

Fis'tula  {fntilo').  A  suppurating,  tube- 
like passage  in  the  body.  F.,  Aerial, 
opening  into  the  larynx,  trachea,  elc.  F., 
Anal,  about  the  anus.  F.,  Blind,  a  va- 
riety of  anal,  urinary  or  other  fissure  with 
but  one  opening.  F.,  Blind,  External, 
an  anal  F.  with  but  one  oi>ening  external. 
F.,  Blind,  Internal,  anal  lissure  with  hut 
one  opening  internal.  F.,  Blind,  Uri- 
nary, suppurating  tracks  opening  into  the 
urethra,  but  without  external  openings. 
F.,  Biliary,  of  the  biliary  <lucts  or  gall- 
bladder. F.,  Complete,  with  two  open- 
ings, internal  and  external.  F.,  Fecal, 
abdominal  F.,  opening  into  the  intestine. 
F.  in  Ano.  See  .liial  /•".  F.,  Mam- 
mary, or  Milk,  of  the  mamma  or  its  ducts. 
F.,  True,  one  that  discharges  the  secreti^on 
of  an  organ.  In  F.  recto-labial,  recto- 
urethal,  recto-vaginal,  and  recto-vesi- 
cal,  the  gut  connnunicates  by  a  listulous 
track  witii  tlie  laliia  niajora,  tlie  uretiira, 
the  vagina,  or  the  bladder,  resix'Ctively. 
F.,  Thiry's,  an  artificial  intestinal  V. 
made  in  the  dog  to  obtain  intestinal  juice. 
F.,  Vellas',  the  same,  l>ut  so  made  that 
the  1<K)|)  is  sujjplied  by  its  own  1)1ikk1  ves- 
sels and  nerves,  isolated,  and  with  an 
up|KT  and  lower  ajK-ilure. 

Fit  (Sax.//,  a  .song).  A  i)<)pu!ar  name  ap- 
plied to  any  sudden  paroxysm  of  ailisease, 
but  especially  to  one  of  epilepsy 


FIXATION 


162 


FLUXION 


Fixa''tion  {Jixus,  fixed).  A  making  firm 
or  rigid.  F.  Forceps,  those  used  for  fix- 
ing or  holding  a  part  in  position  during  a 
surgical  operation. 

Flank  {^flacais,  sofi).  The  part  of  the 
body  between  the  ribs  and  the  upper  bor- 
der of  the  ilium. 

Flap  (O.  E.  Jlappan,  to  break).  A  loose 
and  partly  detached  portion  of  the  skin  or 
other  soft  tissue.  F.  of  Amputation. 
See  Amputation.  F.  Extraction.  See 
Extraction  of  Cataract. 

Flat-foot.     See  Talipes. 

Flafulence  [Jlattcs,  breath).  A  condi- 
tion marked  by  the  presence  of  gases  in 
the  alimentaiy  canal.  It  arises  mainly 
from  the  fermentation  of  the  contents  of 
the  stomach  and  intestines. 

Fla''tus  [flatus).  A  term  applied  to  gases 
in  the  stomach  and  bowels. 

Flax-seed.     See  Linum. 

Flea.     See  Pulex. 

Flea''bane.     See  Erigeron. 

Fleece  of  Stealing.  An  interlacing  of 
fibers  passing  from  the  cortex  about  the 
dentate  nucleus. 

Fleischl's  Law  of  ContraC'tion.  That 
the  excitability  of  a  ner\"e  varies  at  certain 
points  in  its  course. 

Fleit'mann's  Test  for  Arsenic.  Put 
some  strong  potassium  hydrate  into  a  test 
tube  and  a  few  pieces  of  pure  zinc ;  clasp 
over  mouth  of  tube  paper  wet  with  silver 
nitrate  and  boil.  If  the  paper  is  not 
stained  no  arsenic  is  present. 

Flesh  (Sax.  flense^.  The  soft  tissues  of  the 
body,  especially  the  muscles.  F.,  Proud, 
a  colloquial  term  for  the  soft  and  inflamed 
granulation  of  the  edges  of  a  wound. 

FlexibiFitas  Ce''rea.  (Lat.)  A  condition 
of  the  limbs  in  catalepsy  in  which  they 
resist  passive  movement  and  seem  as  if 
made  of  wax. 

Flex''ible  {flexus,  bent).  That  which  may 
be  bent.  F.  Catheter,  a  catheter  made 
of  flexible  substance.  F.  Collodion. 
See  Pyroxyline. 

Flexile  [flexilis,  pliable).     Easily  bent. 

Flex''ion  [flexus).  The  operation  or  pro- 
cess of  bending.  F.,  Forcible,  in  surgery, 
a  mode  of  treating  aneurism  by  a  forcible 
bending  of  the  limb  so  as  to  compress 
the  popliteal  artery,  thereby  reducing  the 
volume  of  blood;  also,  of  breaking  up 
adhesions  of  the  joints  by  mechanical 
bending. 

Flex-'ion-stage  of  Labor.  One  of  the 
stages  of  labor  consisting  in  a  bending  of 
the  head  forward  toward  the  chest. 


Flex''or  {flexus').  A  name  applied  to  those 
muscles  which  bend  a  limb  or  part.  See 
Muscle. 

Flex''ura  (Lat.,  a  bending).  A  bending  or 
curve  in  an  organ. 

Floating  Ribs.     See  Hibs. 

Floc^culus  (dim.  of  floccus,  a  tuft  of 
wool).     A  small  lobule  of  the  cerebellum. 

Flood''ing.  A  popular  name  for  the 
copious  bleeding  from  the  womb  during 
child-birth. 

Floor  of  Pelvis.     See  Pelvis. 

Floor-space.  The  distance  apart  of  beds 
required  for  proper  ventilation  of  hospitals. 
It  should  be  not  less  than  jJj  o^  the  cubic 
space. 

Flor'ida  AlFspice.  The  leaves  of  Caly- 
canthus  fioridus.  A  pleasant  aromatic 
stimulant.  Dose  of  fld.  ext.  gtt.  x-xxx. 
Unof. 

Flou^ren's  Doctrine.  That  the  whole  of 
the  cerebrum  is  concerned  in  every  psy- 
chical process. 

Flow  (Sax.  fowan).  The  free  discharge 
of  a  liquid,  as  the  blood. 

Fluctua''tion  [fuctuo,  to  float  or  roll). 
Tlie  wave-like  motion  of  contained  fluid 
upon  pressure,  or  by  succussion. 

Flu^id  {fuo,  to  flow).  A  substance  whose 
molecules  move  freely  upon  one  another. 
Also  applied  to  the  liquid  tissues  of  the 
body. 

Fluidrachm''.     See  Weights. 

Fluores^cence  {fuo).  A  property  pos- 
sessed by  certain  substances,  consisting  in 
the  emission  of  colors  while  light  is  being 
passed  through  them.  Quinine,  fluorspar, 
and  several  structures  of  the  eye,  possess 
this  power.     See  also  Phosphorescence. 

Fluorescein  [fluo).  An  amoi-phous  pro- 
duct of  the  reduction  of  fluoresceine,  the 
latter  an  anhydride  of  resorcin.  On  account 
of  its  neutral  quality  and  green  fluorescence, 
it  has  been  used  to  study  the  movements 
of  the  intraocular  fluids. 

Flu'orine.  F=:  19;  quantivalence  I.  One 
of  the  elements.  It  has  not  been  isolated, 
but  is  probably  a  gas.  All  the  salts  are 
highly  corrosive  and  poisonous  in  their  full 
strength.  Ammonium  fluoride  is  recom- 
mended by  Lucas  in  h}'pertrophy  of  the 
spleen.  Dose  Ti:\^v  of  a  gr.  iv  to  5J  solu- 
tion.    Unof. 

Flux  {fuxus,  flowing).  An  abnormal  flow 
of  any  of  the  excretions  of  the  body,  espe- 
cially the  foeces.  Also,  a  synonym  for 
Dysentery. 
Flux''ion  (  fluxus').  Gathering  of  blood 
or  other  fluid  to  one  part  of  the  body. 


P'OCAL 


163 


FORCEPS 


Fo^'cal  {fih'us,  a  fire-place).  Pertaininc;  to 
or  ctcupying  a  focus.  F.  Disease.  See 
Disease.  F.  Haemorrhage,  localized  H., 
ill  contradistinctiun  t(.i  diltuse  or  dissemi- 
nated. F.  Meningitis,  involving  but  a 
small  area  of  the  membranes.  F.  Mye- 
litis, lucali/ed,  in  contradistinclion  to 
ditTuse  or  disseminated.  F.  Sclerosis, 
the  chronic  indurating  fonu,  sumeiimes 
called  Scli-roHc  Myelitis. 

Fc'cus  [focus).  The  princijial  seat  of  a 
disease.  Thejx>int  (called /;7;/c7/<;//^vw5) 
whereto  are  gathered  the  rays  of  light  by 
a  convex  lens  or  a  concave  mirror.  F., 
Negative,  or  Virtual,  the  imaginary 
focus  of  an  object  i)]aced  within  tlie  ])rinci- 
]>al  focus.  Conjugate  Foci,  interdepen- 
dent foci. 

Foenic'ulum.  Fennel.  The  fruit  of  F. 
vulgare.  Properties  due  to  a  volatile  oil. 
A  mild  stimulant  and  aromatic  carmina- 
tive. F.,  Aq.,  2  parts  of  the  oil  in  loo 
of  water.  Dose  3SS-5J.  F.,  Ol.,  the 
volatile  oil.     Dose  tTLij-v. 

Fce'tal.     Pertaining  to  the  foetus. 

Fce'ticide  {/a-fus,  unliom  offspring,  cado, 
to  kill).  The  killing  of  the  foetus  in  the 
worn!)  by  intent. 

Fce'tid  [fateo,  to  become  putrid).  Hav- 
ing a  foul  odor. 

Fce'tus  (/<i/us,  offspring).  Tlie  product 
of  conception  from  the  fourth  month  of 
intrauterine  life  to  delivery.  Often  used 
of  the  whole  ]>eriod  of  intra-uterine  life. 
F.,  Altitude  of,  the  general  form  and  direc- 
tion of  the  tiaink  and  the  pc>sition  of  the 
limbs  in  relation  to  it.  F.,  Papyraceous, 
a  retained  dead  fetus  inumniilied  and 
compressed.  F.,  Presentation  of.  See 
rrcsentation. 

Fold.  A  temi  applied  to  the  plication  or 
doubling  together  of  various  parts  of  the 
IxKly.  F.,  Recto-vaginal,  the  fold  of 
the  peritoneum  descending  in  front  of  the 
rectum.  (Called  in  the  male  the  rccto- 
rf.ioil  fold.) 

Folie  a  deux  (Fr.).  See  Insanity,  Com- 
tiiiiiiiiiiteil. 

Fol'liclc  (dim.  oi follis,z.  pair  of  bellows). 
In  anatomy  a  very  small  secretory  cavity 
or  sar,  as  the  follicles  of  I,iel>crkiihn.  F., 
Graafian,  the  small  vesicular  i^odies  in  the 
cnnii  al  layer  of  the  ovarv',  consi.sting  of 
flattened  granular  cells  with  oval  nuclei 
and  memlirana  |)ropria,  each  ab<iut  yft'.-oy 
inch  in  dianieier.  F.,  Sebaceous,  the 
.sacs  lying  within  the  skin  which  secrete 
the  oily  fluid  with  which  the  skin  Ls  soft- 
ened. 


Follic^ulose  {follis).  Full  of  follicles^ 
liaxing  the  appearance  of  follicles. 

Fomenta''tion  \^f>//ii)itiim).  The  appli- 
cation of  cloths  .soaked  in  hot  medicinal 
solutions,  to  reduce  intlanimation  or  allay 
pain.  Also,  the  application  of  hot  dry 
cloths.     Also,  the  decoction  applied. 

Fons  Pulsati''lis.     See  Foiitoitilh-. 

Fonta'na's  Markings.  Delicate  micro- 
scopic transverse  folds  of  ner\'e-fibers,  to 
which  is  due  their  non-retraction  when 
divided. 

Fontana's  Spaces.  Those  between  the 
jjrocesses  of  the  ligamentum  pectinatum 
iridis. 

Fontanelle''  (dim.  oi  foittaiiu,  a  spring, 
from  the  ajipearance  and  feeling).  The 
membranous  spaces  of  the  infant's  head, 
from  delayetl  ossification  of  the  cranial 
bones.  F., Anterior,  that  at  the  point  of 
union  of  the  frontal,  saggital  and  coronal 
sutures.  See  also  Brigmn.  F.,  Pos- 
terior, that  at  the  point  of  junction  of  the 
apex  of  the  lami)doidal  sagittal  suluu?s. 

Food  (Sax.  foda).  Anything  used  for  the 
nourishment  or  formation  of  tissue.  The 
substances  ordinarily  employed  as  aliments. 
Foods,  Isodynamic.  Ihose  producing 
an  eipal  amount  of  heat.  F.,  Plastic,  pro- 
teids.  F.,  Respiratory,  fats  and  carbo- 
hydrates. (The  nomenclature  of  the  two 
last  rests  ujwn  an  eiToncous  theory-.) 

Foot  (Sax.  fdl)-  "Hie  organ  at  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  leg  ;  one  of  the  organs  of 
locomotion.  In  bimana  and  C|uadrumana  it 
consists  of  the  tarsus,  metatar.sus,  and  ]  ha- 
langes,  or  toes.    F.  Clonus.    See  Cliiius. 

Fora'men  {foio,\.o  ])ierce).  A  passage  or 
opening.  F.  Caecum,  the  blind  jassage 
al  tiie  root  of  the  spine  of  the  frontal  1  one. 
Ajiplied  also  to  other  caeal  foranuna. 
F.  of  Magendie,  an  opening  in  the  inferior 
boundary  of  the  fourth  vintricle.  F. 
Magnum.  That  in  the  occipital  bone 
coninnniicating  with  the  spinal  canal.  F. 
of  Monro,  an  opening  under  the  arch  of 
the  fornix.  F.  Ovale,  an  0]>ening  be- 
tween the  auricles  of  the  fotal  heart.  F. 
of  Winslow,  the  aperture  tliat  extends 
between  the  large  sac  of  the  omentum 
and  the  cavity  of  the  al  donien. 

Force  {fortis,  strong).  That  which  pro- 
iluees  or  arrests  motion. 

For'ceps  {forceps,  a  pair  of  tongs).  An 
instrument  with  two  blades  atid  handles 
for  pur|x")scs  of  seizing,  traction,  etc.,  in 
surgical,  obstetrical,  and  otlier  operations. 
F.,  Angular,  fcrcej IS  bent  for  insertion  into 
a  canal.     F.,  Arterial,  specially   adapted 


FORCIBLE 


164 


FRACTURE 


for  seizing  an  artery ;  many  varieties  are 
named  after  inventors.  F.,  Bone,  ex- 
ceptionally strong,  for  use  in  operations 
upon  bones.  F.,  Bullet,  of  peculiar  con- 
struction, to  extract  bullets.  F.,  Canula, 
long,  slender  forceps  enclosed  in  a  tube, 
that  open  by  protruding  the  blades.  F., 
Craniotomy ;  the  halves  are  crossed  and 
adapted  to  embryotomy.  F.,  Dental, 
adapted  for  extraction  of  teeth.  F.,  Ec- 
tropion, adapted  for  seizing  the  lid  in  ec- 
tropion operations.  F.,  Gouge,  cutting 
forceps  for  operations  upon  bone.  F.,  Iri- 
dectomy, delicate  forceps  for  seizing  the 
iris.  F.,  Midwifery,  or  Obstetric,  for 
seizing  the  foetal  head  in  labor  and  by 
traction  aiding  its  exit ;  a  great  number  of 
varieties. 

Forc'ible.  With  force  or  power.  F.  Ex- 
tension.    See  Extension. 

For^cipressure  i^  force,  and  presser,  to 
squeeze).  The  arrest  of  a  minor  haemor- 
rhage by  pressing  the  end  of  the  divided 
vessel  with  a  pair  of  spring  forceps,  the 
pressure  being  continued  for  24-36  hours. 

Fore-arm.  That  part  of  the  arm  between 
the  wrist  and  the  elbow. 

Fore -brain.  The  anterior  of  the  encepha- 
lic vesicles  into  which  the  primary  nei-ve- 
system  of  the  embryo  divides  at  an  early 
stage. 

Fore-gut.  The  cavity  in  the  raised  cephalic 
end  of  the  embryo,  called  also  Head- 
gut. 

Fore^head.  That  part  of  the  face  between 
the  orbits  of  the  eyes,  the  hair  above,  and 
the  temples  at  the  sides. 

For''eign  Bod''y.  A  substance  in  a  wound 
or  cavity  acting  as  an  irritant. 

Foren'sic  i^forensis,  belonging  to  the 
fonmi).  Pertaining  to  a  court  of  law.  In 
medicine,  that  part  of  the  science  con- 
nected with  judicial  inquiry.  Also,  medi- 
cal jurisprudence. 

Forc'skin.     The  prepuce. 

Forma^tio  Reticula^ris  (Lat.).  The  in- 
tercrossing of  the  fibers  in  the  medulla. 

Form''ative  Cells.  Large  spherical,  re- 
fractive cells  beneath  the  hypoblast. 

Formica''tion  i^forniica,  an  ant).  A  sensa- 
tion like  that  produced  by  ants  or  other 
insects  crawling  upon  the  skin. 

Form''ula  (dim.  oi forma,  a.  form).  A  pre- 
scribed method.  In  pharmacy,  a  list  of 
the  names  and  respective  quantities  of  sub- 
stances entering  into  a  com]30sition.  In 
chemistry,  a  method  of  representing  the 
gravimetric  structure  of  a  compound  by 
symbols.     F.,  Constitutional,  one  that 


shows  structure  and  proportionate  compo- 
sition of  its  component  parts.  F.,  Em- 
pirical, that  showing  the  constitution  of  a 
body  without  showing  how  the  molecules 
are  grouped.  F.,  Graphic.  Same  as 
Constitutional.  F.,  Rational.  Same  as 
Constitutional. 

For^nix  {^fornix,  ?es\  arch).  The  triangular 
lamina  of  the  white  substance  of  the  brain, 
extending  into  the  lateral  ventricles  and 
arching  downward. 

Fortifica^tion  Spect^'rum.  A  term  used 
of  the  appearance  of  a  peculiar  subjective 
visual  sensation  in  migraine.  The  luminous 
shape  of  its  outer  edge  assumes  a  zigzag 
form,  with  angles  like  a  fortification. 

Fos^sa  {fossa,  a  ditch).  A  depression,  fur- 
row or  sinus.  F.,  Canine,  the  depression 
on  the  external  surface  of  the  superior 
maxillary  bone,  forming  the  origin  of  the 
levator  anguli  oris  and  compressor  nasi 
muscles.  F.,  Cranial,  any  fossa  of  the 
skull.  F.,  Iliac,  the  smooth  internal  sur- 
face of  the  ilium.  F.,  Lachrymalis,  the 
depression  in  the  frontal  bone  for  the  recep- 
tion of  the  lachrymal  gland.  F.,  Nasal, 
the  nostrils.  See  Nasal  Fossce.  F., 
Navicularis,  a  fossa  within  the  penis, 
foiTned  by  a  dilatation  in  the  spongy  por- 
tion of  the  urethral  passage. 

Fossette^  (Fr ).  A  dimple  or  small  de- 
pression. 

Fourchette^  (Fr.,  a  fork).  A  fold  of  mu- 
cous membrane  at  the  junction  of  the 
labia  majora. 

Fove^a  [fovea,  a  small  pit).  Applied  to 
many  depressions  in  the  body  or  its  organs, 
but  more  particularly  to  \he  fovea  centralis 
retince,  a  little  pit  in  the  macula  lutea  op- 
posite the  visual  axis,  the  spot  of  distinct- 
est  vision,  where  the  retinal  cones  are 
massed  together  and  the  rods  and  some 
other  parts  are  absent. 

Fowl'er's  Method.     See  Urea. 

Fowl'er's  Solution.     See  Arsenic. 

Fox-glove.     See  Digitalis. 

Frac'tional  Cultiva'tion.  The  isolation 
of  one  variety  of  microorganism  from  a 
mixture  of  several  in  order  to  study  or  cul- 
tivate it.  This  is  done  by  attenuation  of 
the  medium  so  that  a  drop  will  proloably 
contain  but  one  organism.  Distilled  water 
was  first  used  as  the  attenuating  medium, 
but  gelatinized  media  are  now  used.  Bre- 
feld  and  Nageli  suggested  the  procedure, 
and  Lister  isolated  the  first  microbe,  the 
bacillus  lacticus  of  Cohn. 

Frac'ture  {frango,  to  break).  The  break- 
ing of  a  bone,  either  by  external  force,  or 


FR.ENUM 


165 


FRONTO- 


by  the  action  of  the  muscles  of  the  body. 
Applied  also  to  the  breaking  of  a  cartihige. 
F.,  Barton's,  oblique,  of  the  lower  end 
of  radius,  beginning  in  the  articulating  sur- 
face. F.-Bed,  a  double  inclined  plane 
for  fractures  of  the  hip.  F.,  Capillary, 
consistini;  of  only  a  line  crack  or  fissure. 
F.,  Comminuted,  with  shattering  of  the 
bone.  F.,  Colics',  one  of  lower  end  of 
radius  with  di>i)lacement  backward.  F., 
Complete,  entirely  through  the  bone.  F., 
Complicated,  with  injur.-  to  adjacent 
jiaris.  F.,  Compound,  with  communi- 
cating wouml  of  the  skin.  F.,  Depressed, 
with  dejiression  of  the  fractured  part  be- 
low the  normal  level,  as  in  fracture  of  the 
skull.  F.,  Double,  one  bone  is  fractured 
in  two  places.  F.,  Dupuytren's,  frac- 
ture of  the  fibula  with  retraction  and  dis- 
placement outward,  and  with  laceialion  of 
the  ligaments  of  the  foot.  F.,  Epiphy- 
seal, with  separation  of  the  epiphysis  of  a 
bone.  F.,  Greenstick,  one  side  of  the 
lone  is  broken,  the  other  bent.  F.,  Im- 
pacted, with  forcible  compression  of  the 
parts  into  each  other.  F.,  Pott's,  same 
as  Dupuytren's,  without  laceration  of 
the  inferior  tiliio-fibular  ligaments.  F., 
Simple,  without  rupture  of  the  skin  or 
mucous  membrane.  F.,  Spontaneous, 
with  but  a  slight  force  to  cause  it,  as  in 
diseases  of  the  bone. 

Frae'num  (Lat.,  a  curb).  A  ligament, 
fold  of  integument,  or  other  part  which 
checks  or  limits  the  movement  of  any 
organ,  as  F.  Labiorum,  the  fourchettc  or 
lower  commissure  of  the  labia  piiiiendi. 
F.  Linguae,  the  bridle  of  the  tongue. 

Fragil'itas  (Lat.).  Brittlene.ss.  In  phy- 
siology, a  want  of  flexile  strength.  F. 
Cri'num,  a  brittlcncss  of  the  hair,  wliieh 
breaks  or  s|iliis.  F.  Ossium.  Abnormal 
briitieness  of  the  bones. 

Fragmenta'tion  [fragmentuni,  a  piece). 
The  suWivision  into  fragments.  F.  of 
Calculi,  Spontaneous,  the  exfoliation 
and  i»reaking  u|)  of  a  calculus  i)y  the  action 
of  the  uric  acid  or  other  morbid  products 
in  the  bladder. 

Framboe'sia.  Yaws,  Plan,  Amlxiyna  But- 
ton, I'arangi,  Coco,  Kndemic  Verrugas. 
A  contagious  disease  of  the  skin  character- 
ized iiy  dirty  nr  iiright  red  raspi)erry-like 
tulK-rcle-s  ;  a|)|><aring  usually  on  the  face, 
tfxrs  anfl  genital  organs. 

Fran'gula.  i'.uckthom.  'I"he  bark  (one 
year  old)  of  /\/iiiiiiiiu!  /'*.,  or  ald<-r  buck- 
thorn. I'nsh  iiark  a  violent  irritant  ;  old 
bark  a  non  irritant  purgative  much  used  in 


constipation  of  pregnancy.  F.,  Ext.  Fid. 
Dose  J  ss-ij. 

Frank'incense.  A  name  given  to  a  va- 
riety of  resinous  aromatic  substances,  espe- 
cially the  exudation  of  Ai>ifs  exiflsa. 

Frank'lin  Spec'tacles.     iiee Bz/'oca/. 

Fra'serin.     See  A»ic-ncan  Columbo. 

Frec'kles.     See  Lentigo. 

Freea'ing.  The  congelation  of  liquids, 
especially  of  water.  F.  Fluids,  li(|uid 
preparations,  syrupy  or  gummy  in  con- 
sistence, with  boric  acid,  in  which  tissue 
specimens  are  immersed  prior  to  freezing 
and  section-cutting.  F.  Machine,  an 
apparatus  for  producing  intense  cold  by  the 
eva^ioration  of  condensed  gases.  F.  Mi- 
crotome, a  microtome  attached  to  a  con- 
trivance for  freezing  artificially  the  tissue 
to  be  sectioni/ed.  Used  with  very  st)ft 
tissues.  F.  Mixture,  a  mixture  of  salts 
which  in  undergoing  solution  absorb  heat. 

Frem'itus  (I^t.,  a  murmur).  A  tremor 
caused  by  the  sympathetic  vibration  of 
the  body  in  consonance  with  some  other 
vibrating  body.     Also  a  murmuring. 

Fri'able  {frio,  to  rub).  Easily  broken  or 
ci"umbled. 

Fri'ar's  BaFsam.     See  Benzoin. 

Fric'tion  {frico,  to  rub).  The  act  of  rub- 
bing. Tlie  process,  in  medicine,  called 
shampooing.  Also  the  inunction  of  a 
medicinal  substance  by  rubbing.  F. 
Sound,  the  sound  observed  in  ausculta- 
tion, caused  l)y  the  rubbing  of  adjacent 
parts. 

Fried'reich's  Disease.  Hereditary 
Ataxia,  or  Hereditary  Ataxic  I'aiaplegia  ; 
depending  on  combined  posterior  and  lat- 
eral sclerosis  of  the  cord,  differing  from 
tabes  and  ataxic  paraplegia  in  the  early 
age,  hereditaiy  nature  and  some  other 
s\mptoms. 

Frigorif'ic  [fngus,  cold,  facto,  to  make). 
That  which  i>roduces  extreme  cold. 

Fringe-tree.  The  bark  of  the  root  of 
Chioiiitiitliiis  I'irginica.  A  mild  diuretic, 
ajierient  and  reputed  alterative.  Dose  of 
(Id.  ext.   3;.ss-j.       Unof. 

Fro'mann's  Lines.  Silver  nitrate  stain- 
ings  of  the  axis-cylinders  of  nerves  at  their 

niHJeS. 

Fronf'al  {from.').  Pertaining  to  the  an 
teriori)art  or  aspect  of  an  organ  or  body. 
F.  Bone,  the  anterior  l)one  of  the  skull  and 
suiH-rior  of  the  face.  F.  Sinuses,  tiie 
cavities,  one  over  each  orbit,  ol  the  frontal 
liorie. 

Fronto-  {/rons).  A  prefix  denoting  an- 
terior jxjsilion. 


FROST-BITE 


166 


FURUNCULUS 


Frost-bite.  Injury  to  the  skin  or  a  part 
from  extreme  cold,  resulting  in  inliamma- 
tion  and  gangrene. 

Frost-wort.     See  Helianthemum. 

Fructifica''tion  [^fructus,  fruit,  facto,  to 
make).  The  fonnation  and  development  of 
the  seed  or  fi-uit  of  a  plant.  Applied  also 
to  animal  reproduction. 

Frugiv^orous  [/ru.v,  fruit,  voro,  to  de- 
vour).    Fmit-eating. 

Friihlingskatarrh.  See  Vernal  Conjunc- 
tivitis. 

Fruit  iyfructiis).  The  developed  ovary  of 
a  plant,  and  especially  the  succulent,  fleshy 
parts  gathered  about  the  same.  Also  ap- 
plied to  the  offspring  of  animals.  F. 
Sugar.     See  Sugar. 

Fuch^sin.  Rosei'n,  Magenta,  Eosin,  Ani- 
line Red.  The  hydrochloride  of  rosanilin, 
a  lustrous,  green,  crystalline  salt  imparting 
an  intense  red  to  solutions.  In  large  doses 
produces  violent  emesis  and  purging.  In- 
jected into  a  vein  causes  staggering  and 
trembling.  Very  efficient  in  reducing  al- 
buminuria.    Dose  gr.  j^-iv. 

Fu'cus  Vesiculo^sus.  Bladder-wrack, 
Sea-wrack.  A  marine  alga  abundant  on 
the  seashore.  Alterative  and  tonic.  Em- 
ployed in  goitre  and  glandular  enlarge- 
ments, but  mainly  as  an  empiric  remedy 
for  the  absoiption  of  fatty  tissue  in  obesity. 
An  extract  for  such  purpose  is  sold  under 
the  name  of  anti-fat.     Unof. 

FuFminate  ( fulinen,  lightning).  A  com- 
pound of  fulminic  acid  with  a  base,  usually 
silver,  gold  or  mercury ;  characterized  by 
highly  explosive  qualities. 

Fumiga^tion  [fumigo,  to  smoke).  Disin- 
fection by  exposure  to  the  fumes  of  a  vapor- 
ized disinfectant. 

Func^tion  {fungor,  to  perform).  The  nor- 
mal or  special  action  of  a  tissue,  organ  or 
part  of  the  body. 

Func'tional  [jfungor').  Pertaining  to  the 
special  action  of  an  organ,  whether  physio- 
logical or  pathological. 

Fund^ament  [fitndo,  to  be  at  the  bottom). 
The  foundation  or  base  of  a  thing.  Also 
the  anus. 

Fund'us  [fundus,  the  bottom).  The  base 
of  an  organ.  F.  Glands,  microscopic 
tul^ular  glands  of  the  cardiac  portion  of  the 
gastric  mucous  membrane.  F.  Oculi,  the 
posterior  and  interior  portion  of  the  eye 
seen  by  the  ophthalmoscope,  comprising 
chiefly  the  retina,  papilla,  retinal  vessels, 
etc. 

Fun'giform  (//w^^^,  a  mu.shroom).  Hav- 
ing the  fonn  of  a  mushroom.     F.  Papil- 


lae, elevations  over  the  middle  and  front 
part  of  the  tongue. 

Fun'gus  [fungus).  An  order  of  plants 
without  stems,  leaves  or  roots,  consisting 
of  juxtaposed  cells,  without  chlorophyl. 
They  reproduce  by  spores.  The  chief 
classes  are  the  Hyinenomycctes,  Basidiouty- 
cetes,  AscoiiiyceicSj  and  Ooinycetes.  F.  of 
the  Dura  Mater,  a  tumor  of  the  skull,  of 
malignant  nature,  originating  in  the  layers 
of  osteal  cells.  F.  of  Brain,  hernia 
cerebri,  F.  Haematodes,  a  bleeding 
tumor. 

Fun'gus  Foot.  Madura  Foot,  Myceto- 
ma, Ulcus  Grave.  An  endemic  disease 
of  India  affecting  the  foot  or  the  hand, 
accompanied  by  mammillaled  pustules,  in 
each  of  which  is  a  deep-seated  sinus.  It  is 
now  thought  that  the  presence  of  fungoid 
growths  is  an  incidental  feature  and  not  a 
cause. 

Fu^nic  [funis,  a  rope).  Pertaining  to  the 
funiculus. 

Funic^ulus  (dim.  of  funis).  The  sper- 
matic or  the  umbilical  cord. 

Fu^nis.     See  Umiuiicus. 

Fun''nel  (Old  Fr.  fond).  A  wide-mouthed, 
conical  vessel  ending  in  a  tube,  designed 
for  the  speedy  and  safe  transportation  of 
liquids  from  one  vessel  to  another.  Also 
used  as  a  .support  for  paper  filters. 

Furfura'ceous  [furfur,  bran).  Resem- 
bling bran.  Applied  also  to  dandriff-covered 
skin. 

Fu^'ror  Uteri-'nus.     See  Nymphomania. 

Furred  (Old  Fr.  forre,  a  sheath).  A 
coating  of  granular  or  epithelial  scales  and 
other  matter  upon  the  tongue. 

Fur^rowr  (Sax.  furh).  A  groove  or  trench. 
F.,  Genital, .  a  groove  in  the  Wolffian 
body,  appearing  about  the  sixth  week  of 
pregnancy. 

Furun'culous  [furunculus,2,hd\\).  Per- 
taining to  the  continuous  production  of 
furuncles. 

Furun^culus  (I,at.).  A  boil.  A  local 
inflammatory  affection,  commonly  invest- 
ing a  skm-gland  or  hair-follicle,  ending 
in  necrosis  and  central  suppuration  of 
adjacent  parts.  It  begins  with  a  painful 
induration,  followed  by  a  swelling,  that 
finally  sujjpurates  and  sloughs  the  "  core." 
F.  Orientalis.  Oriental  Boil,  Aleppo  Boil, 
Delhi  Boil,  Biscara  Button,  Gafsa  Button, 
Kandahar  Sore,  Pendjeh  Sore,  Natal  Sore. 
A  local  disease,  marked  by  the  successive 
formation  of  papule,  tubercle,  scab,  and 
sharjDly  circumscribed  ulcer,  on  the  face, 
especially  the   cheeks  and   angle  of  the 


FUSEL  OIL 


167 


GALL 


mouth.  Common  along  Uie  shores  of  the 
Mediterranean  Sea. 

Fu'sel  Oil.     .See  ALohol. 

Fusible  (/usus,  melted).  That  which 
can  l>e  easily  fused  or  melted. 

Fu'siform  [J'ttsus,  a  spindle).  Spindle- 
shaped. 


Fu'sion  {/it>i(/<>,  to  ix)ur  out).  The  process 
of  lii|utf\ ing  a  solid  by  the  agency  of  heat. 

Fustiga'tion  {//is//i;ii,  to  heat).  Fhigella- 
tion.  F.,  Electric,  an  ai^plication  of  elec- 
tricity in  which  the  .surface  of  the  hotly 
is  rapidly  tapped  with  the  electrodes  of  an 
induced  current. 


G.     Abbreviation  of  ^^raww/£\ 

Gal.     Abbreviation  of  gallon. 

Gr.    Abbreviation  of  grain. 

Gtt.    Abbreviation  of  gn/la  or  g7if((r. 

Gad-fly  {god,  a  goad).  A  dipterous  insect 
belonging  to  the  genus  Tabamis,  .Mso,  ap- 
plied to  riies  of  the  genus  CEstris. 

Gad'inine  (from  GaJits  callarias,  had- 
dock). .\  ptomaine  obtained  from  decom- 
ix»sing  hatldock, — also  from  cultures  of  the 
Ixicteria  of  iiuman  f.eces.  It  acts  as  a  de- 
cided poison  when  given  in  large  doses. 

Gad'uin  {gmlus,  the  codfish).  A  fatty 
principle  occurring  in  cod-liver  oil. 

Gaert'ner,  Ducts  of.  Remains  of  the 
Wolttian  liodies  jjersisting  in  certain  ani- 
mals. 

Gaf'sa  Button.  See  I'unininlm  Orien- 
talii. 

Gag  (Mid.  Eng.  gaggm,  to  suffocate).  An 
instrument  placed  between  the  teeth  to 
prevent  the  closing  of  the  jaws. 

GalaCtagogue  ( } «/.«,  milk,  a)  n,  to  bring). 
An  .-igi  Ml  that  increases  the  secretion  of 
milk  ill  tlie  Ireast. 

GalaC'tia  [y<i/.n).  The  family  or  class  of 
di.>>eases,  according  to  (IcxkI's  Nosology, 
eml tracing  defective  or  abnormal  secretion 
of  milk. 

Galac'tocele  {yn?Ji,  Krp.r/,  tumor).  A  cystic 
tumor  of  the  female  breast  owing  to  the 
closure  of  the  milk  duct. 

Galactom'eter.     See  I.artonteter. 

Galactoph''agus  {^ya'/xi,  <l>uyu,  to  eat). 
Milk-caling. 

Galactoph'orous  {yn?M,  tpopro,  to  lx?ar). 
Milk-licaring.  G.  Ducts,  the  excretory 
ducts  of  tli(-  mammif. 

Galactoph'orus.  An  artificial  nipple 
placed  over  the  natural  organ  in  order  to 


facilitate  suckling  and  also  to  protect  the 
natural  ni]iple  when  abraded. 

Galacto-phthi'sis  {ya?ia,  <p6iaig,  con- 
sunijttion).  Emaciation  and  debility  due 
to  excessive  secretion  of  milk. 

Galactophy^gous  (jaZa,  <ptv)ij,  to  flee). 
Having  the  jjower  to  reduce  or  arrest  the 
secretion  of  milk. 

Galactopoiet''ic  (ya^-ra,  nottu,  to  make). 
A  term  applied  to  agents  or  remedies  that 
induce  the  secretion  of  milk. 

Galactopo'sia  (jaTia,  vivo,  to  drink). 
"  Milk-cure."  The  treatment  of  diseases 
by  the  use  of  milk  diet. 

Galactorrhe''a  (ya^a,  pto),  to  flow).  An 
excessive  secretion  and  flow  of  milk  in  a 
nursing-woman. 

Galact'oscope.     See  Lactoscope. 

Galacfose  (}rz/'.«).  A  carbohydrate  ob- 
tained by  boiling  lactose  with  dilute  min- 
eral acids.  It  crystallizes,  is  very  ferment- 
alile,  and  lias  the  reactions  of  glucose. 

Galactother'apathy  (jo/«,  (hpa-tta, 
treatment).  The  treatment  of  disea.se  in 
suckling  infants  by  the  administration  of 
the  remedies  to  the  mother  or  wet-nurse. 

Galba'num.  A  gum  resin  of  lurula  gal- 
hiinum,  native  to  Asia.  Expectorant, 
stimulant  and  antisp.ismcxlic.  Useful  in 
chronic  bronchitis  and  catarrh.  Dose  gr. 
x-xx.  G.  Pil.  Comp.  See  Asaftitiita. 
G.  Emplastrum,  galbanuin  16,  turpen- 
tine 2,  ilurgundy  pitch  6,  lead  pla-^ter  76 
[larts. 

Ga'lium  Apar'ine.  (loose  ('.rass.  A  suc- 
culeiu  plant,  the  juice  of  which  is  a  jM>pu- 
hir  remi'dy  in  strumous  allections.     I  Jose 


.f  tl 


le  JUICC     i,  v. 


Unof 


Gall    (  \'t>ii,   bile).      The  liile.     The  jnicc 
normally  secreted  by  the  liver.     G.  Blad- 


GALLA 


168 


GASKELL'S  CLAMP 


der,  the  pear-shaped  sac  in  the  right  lobe 
of  the  Uver,  constituting  the  reservoir  for 
the  bile.  G.  Stones,  the  calcareous  con- 
cretions occasionally  formed  in  the  gall- 
bladder and  its  ducts. 

GaKla  (Lat.).  Nut-gall.  An  excrescence 
on  the  leaves  of  dyer's  oak,  Quenus  lusi- 
tanica,  caused  by  the  deposited  ova  of  an 
insect.  Contains  tannic  acid  from  10-75 
per  cent.,  gaUic  acid  5  per  cent.  G., 
Tinct.,  20  per  cent.  Dose  ^ss-iij.  G. 
Unguentuna,  10  per  cent.  See  Add, 
Tannic. 

Gal'lic  {galla,  an  oak-gall).  Pertaining 
to  the  oak-gall  or  nut-gall.  G.  Acid.  See 
Acid,  Gallic. 

Gallon.  A  standard  unit  of  volumetric 
measurement,  having  in  the  United  States 
a  capacity  of  231  cu.  in.,  and  equivalent 
to  a  weight  of  58,328.8  grains  of  distilled 
water  at  maximum  density.  In  Great 
Britain  its  capacity  is  277.27  cu.  in. 

Gallon's  Whistle.  An  instrument  for 
testing  the  power  of  hearing  shrill  notes. 

Galvan''ic  {Galvani,  an  Italian  physician 
and  scientist).  Pertaining  to  galvanic  or 
chemical  electricity.  G.  Battery.  See 
Battery.  G.  Belt,  a  belt  composed  of 
alternate  plates  of  copper  and  zinc  sepa- 
rated by  pieces  of  felt  moistened  with 
dilute  acid.  Designed  to  be  worn  around 
the  waist.     G.  Cautery.     See  Cautery. 

Galvaniza'tion.  The  transmission  of  a 
current  of  low  electro-motive  force  through 
any  part  of  the  body,  for  the  purpose  of 
diagnosticating  or  curing  disease. 

Galvan''o-  i^Galvani).  A  prefix  denoting 
connection  with  chemical  or  current-elec- 
tricity. G. -cautery.  See  Cautery.  G.- 
puncture,  the  introduction  of  fine  needles, 
that  complete  an  electric  circuit,  into  the 
skin  or  other  tissue.  Also  a  form  of 
galvano-cautery  employing  a  current  of 
the  necessary  electro-motive  force  to  heat 
the  needle  to  whiteness. 

Galvanom''eter  [fieTpov,a  measure).  An 
instrument  used  for  the  qualitative  deter- 
mination of  the  presence  of  an  electric 
current. 

Gamboge''.     See  Cainbogia. 

Gang^liform  {^ganglion  and  fonna,  a 
form).  Formed  like,  or  having  the  nature 
of,  a  ganglion. 

Gang^lion  (ya}7/l<ov,  a  knot).  A  sepa- 
rate and  semi-independent  nen'ous  center 
communicating  with  other  ganglia  or 
nerves,  with  the  central  nervous  system  and 
peripheral  organs.  Used  also  of  an  en- 
larged bursa  in  connection  with  a  tendon. 


Ganglia,  Basal,  the  ganglia  at  the  base 
of  the  brain,  comprising  the  corpus  stria- 
tum (caudate  and  lenticular  nucleus),  optic 
thalamus  and  corpora  quadrigemina.  Bid- 
der's Ganglia,  two  ganglia  at  the  auricu- 
lar groove  of  the  frogs  heart.  An  alpha- 
betical table  is  appended  of  the  principal 
ganglia,  showing  their  location,  roots  and 
distribution  (see  p.  169). 

Gangrae''na  Oris.     See  Sto?natitis. 

Gan^grene  [jayypaiva,  a  sore,  from  ypaivu, 
to  gnaw).  Mortification  or  death  of  a  part 
of  the  body  from  failure  in  nutrition.  The 
putrefactive  fermentation  of  a  dead  limb  or 
tissue.  G.,  Constitutional,  that  dependent 
upon  systemic  disease,  such  as  diabetes,  or 
circulatory  disease.  G.,  Dry,  shriveling 
and  desiccation  from  insufficiency  of  blood. 
G.,  Embolic,  caused  by  an  embolus  that 
cuts  off  the  supply  of  blood.  G.,  Hos- 
pital, a  contagious  form  arising  in  crowded 
conditions  without  antiseptic  precautions. 
G.,  Moist,  with  abundance  of  serous 
exudation  and  rapid  decomposition.  G., 
Primary,  without  preceding  inflammation 
of  the  part.  G.,  Secondary,  with  pre- 
ceding inflammation.  G.,  Senile,  that 
attacking  the  extremities  of  the  aged.  G., 
Symmetric,  attacking  corresponding  parts 
of  opposite  sides.  Called,  also,  Raynaud^ s 
G.     See,  also,  SpJuiceloderma. 

Gan''grenous.  Pertaining  to  or  being  of 
the  nature  of  gangrene. 

Gaps,  Cra^nial.  Certain  occasional  con- 
genital fissures  of  the  skull. 

Garb^age.  The  refuse  materials  of  kitch- 
ens, cookery,  etc. 

Gar^gle  (dim.  of  garga,  the  throat).  To 
rinse  or  wash  the  interior  of  the  throat  and 
upper  part  of  the  pharynx.  Also,  a  wash 
for  the  throat. 

Gar^lic.     See  Alliiirn. 

Gar^rot  (Fr.  ga rotter,  to  bind).  An  in- 
strument for  compression  of  an  artery 
by  twisting  a  circular  bandage  about  the 
part. 

Garru-'lity.     See  Vuh'a. 

Gar''rya.  California  feverbush.  The  leaves 
of  G.  Fremotitii.  A  bitter  antiperiodic, 
popular  on  the  Pacific  coast  as  a  remedy 
in  malarial  diseases.  Dose  of  the  fld.  ext. 
TTLx-xxx.     Unof. 

Gas  (Dutch,  geest,  a  ghost).  Any  sub- 
stance which  is  normally  aeriform.  Sub- 
stances normally  in  a  liquid  or  solid  state 
are  usually  called  vapors  when  changed  to 
an  aeriform  condition. 

Gas''keirs  Clamp.  An  instrument  for 
compression  of  the  heart  so  that  the  pulsa- 


TABLE  OF  GANGLIA  (ALPHABETICAL), 


Name. 

Location. 

Roots. 

Distribution. 

Abdominal. 

See  Semilunar. 

Andersch    (Petrous 
or  Inferior). 

Petrous    Portion 
Temporal  Bone. 

Hypoglossal. 

Nerves  at  Base  of  Skull." 

Arnold. 

See  Otic. 

Cardiac  (IVris- 

Beneath   Arch   of 
Aorta. 

Cardiac  Plexus. 

Cardiac  Plexus. 

Carotid. 

Carotid  Artery. 

Carotid  Plexus. 

Carotid  Plexus. 

Cervical  (Inferior). 

Last  Cervical  Ver- 
tebra. 

7th  and  8ih  Cervical,  Mid- 
dle Cervical. 

Cardiac  Nerves  and  Plexus,  etc. 

Cervic.-il  (Middle  or 
Thyroid). 

Opp.    5th    Cervica 
Vertebra. 

Cervical     and     Spina 
Nerves  and  Ganglia. 

Cavernous  Plexus,  Laryngeal, 
Cardiac,  etc. 

Cervical  (Superior). 

Opp.  2d  and  jd  Cer- 
vical Verlcbrie. 

Cer\'ical,  Petrosal,  Pncu- 
mogastric,      Hypoglos- 
sal, etc. 

Suji.,  Inf.,  Ext.,  Int.   Branches 
Carotid  and  Cavernous  Plex- 
uses, etc. 

Ciliary. 

See  Ophthalmic. 

Diaphragmatic. 

Under  Surface  Dia- 
phragm. 

Phrenic  Plexus. 

Inf.  Vena    Cava,    Supra-renal 
Capsule,  Hepatic  Plexus. 

Gasserian. 

Petrous    Portion 
Temporal  Bone. 

Fifth. 

Oplnlialmic,  Su  >.  Maxillary 
and  Inf.  Maxi  lary. 

Jugular    (or  Supe- 
rior). 

Jugular  Foramen. 

Hypoglossal. 

Continuation  of  Hypoglossal. 

Lenticular. 

See  Ophthalmic. 

Meckel. 

See  Spheno-Pala- 
tine 

Ophthalmic. 

Back  of  Orbit. 

Ophthalmic  of  the  Fifth, 
Third,  Sympathetic. 

Short  Ciliary. 

Otic  {Arnold). 

Foramen  Ovale. 

Inf.  Maxill.-\iy,Int.  Ptery- 
goiti,  Auriculo-Tempo- 
ral,     Sympathetic, 
Glosso-Pharyngeal,  Fa- 
cial. 

Tensor   Tympani,  Tensor    Pa- 
lati,  Chorda  Tympani. 

Ribes. 

Ant.    Communicat- 
ing Artery. 

Cords  of  Sympathetic. 

Cords  of  Sympathetic. 

Semilunar. 

See  Gasserian. 

5emilunar-3. 

Front  of  Crura  of 
Diaphragm. 

Solar  Plexus. 

Solar  Plexus. 

Spheno-Palatine. 

Spheno-  maxillary 
Fossa. 

Su|).    Maxillary,    Facial, 
Sympathetic. 

Ascending  (Orbit\  Pcscciiiiing 
(I'alalc),  Internal  iNosi),  Pos- 
terior (Pharynx). 

Submaxillary. 

Above   Sub -maxil- 
lary Oland. 

Gustatory,  Cliorda  Tym- 
paiii,  Syinpalhi-tic. 

Mouth  and    S  u  b  in  a  x  i  1 1  a  r  y 
Gland. 

Supra-renal.              j 

'unction    of  Great 
Splanchnic. 

Solar  Plexus. 

Su]>ra-rcnal  Capsule, 

Thyroid.                    ! 

5ee  Cervical  (Mid- 
dle). 

\WJ 


GASP 


170 


GAULTHERIA 


tions  of  the  am-icles  and  ventricles  may  be 
separately  registered ;  used  in  the  study  of 
cardiac  pulsation. 

Gasp  (Ice.  gaispa,  to  yawn).  To  catch 
for  breath.  To  breathe  spasmodically  with 
open  mouth. 

Gasse^rian.     See  Ganglion. 

Gas''tero-  (7a(Tr;?p,  the  belly).    See  Gastro. 

Gas'tral  {yaariip).  Pertaining  to  the 
stomach  or  abdomen. 

GastraFgia  [yaarjjp,  aXyo^,  pain).  Pain 
of  the  stomach.  A  mild  form  is  sometimes 
called  gastrodytiia. 

Gastrec^tomy  {ja<jT7]p,  ekto/.i?/,  a  cutting 
out).  Resection  of  the  pyloric  extremity 
of  the  stomach. 

Gas^tric  '{^yaarrjp').  Pertaining  to  the 
stomach.  G.  Digestion,  that  part  of  the 
digestion  of  food  performed  by  the  gastric 
juice  ;  the  conversion  of  albuminous  bodies 
into  peptones.  G.  Fistula,  a  perforation 
or  communication  other  than  the  normal 
one,  between  the  stomach  and  peritoneal 
cavity,  or  with  the  outer  part  of  the  body. 
G.  Follicles.  See  Glands,  Peptic.  G. 
Juice,  the  normal  secretion  of  the  tubular, 
peptic  glands  of  the  stomach.  A  clear, 
colorless  liquid,  having  an  acid  reaction 
containing  from  .5  to  2  per.  cent,  of  solid 
matter  in  solution.  A  small  amount  of 
hydrochloric  acid  .2  to  .4  per  cent.,  and  a 
ferment  called  pepsin,  are  the  essential 
elements. 

Gastri'tis  (yaCTr;/^,  (r<f,  inflammation).  In- 
flammation of  the  coats  of  the  stomach. 

Gas^tro-  [yaarr/p).  A  Greek  prefix  denot- 
ing connection  with  or  relation  to  the 
stomach.  G. -colic,  pertaining  to  both 
the  stomach  and  the  colon.  G. -colitis, 
concurrent  inflammation  of  the  stomach 
and  large  intestine.  G.-colpotomy,  the 
operation  of  the  Cesarean  section  in  which 
the  opening  is  made  through  the  /inea  alba 
into  the  upper  part  of  the  vagina.  G.- 
duodenal,  pertaining  to  the  stomach  and 
duodenum.  G.-elytrotomy.  See  Ca:sa- 
rean  Operation.  G.-enteralgia,  concur- 
rent pain  of  the  stomach  and  bowels.  G.- 
enteric,  pertaining  to  both  stomach  and 
bowels.  G. -enteritis,  concuirent  in- 
flammation of  stomach  and  bowels.  G.- 
enterostomy,  formation  of  a  fistulous 
connection  between  the  .stomach  and  duo- 
denum in  obstruction  of  the  pylorus.  G.- 
enterotomy,  intestinal  incision  through 
the  abdominal  wall.  G. -epiploic,  per- 
taining to  stomach  and  omentum.  G.- 
hysterectomy.  See  Cctsarean  Operation. 
G.-hysterotoniy.    See  Ccesarean  Opera- 


tion.    G. -stenosis,  a  stricture  or  morbid 
contraction  of  the  stomach. 

Gas^'trocele  (yaarr/p^  mfki],  hernia).  A 
hernia  of  the  stomach. 

Gastrocne^mius.     See  Muscle. 

Gastrodyn'ia  {yaaT7/p,  odvvrj,  pain).  A 
mild  pain  of  the  stomach.  See  also  Gas- 
tralgia. 

Gas''trolith  {yaarrjp,  Tiidog,  a  stone).  A 
calcareous  formation  in  the  stomach. 

GastroPogy  {ynanjp,  Aoyog,  a  treatise).  A 
treatise  on  the  stomach  and  its  functions. 

Gastromala^cia  [yacrn/p,  /iia?MKia,  soften- 
ing). An  abnormal  softening  of  the  struc- 
tural tissue  of  the  stomach. 

Gastrop^athy  [yaarr/p,  nadog,  suffering). 
Any  disease  or  disorder  of  the  stomach. 

Gastrorrha^gia  [yaarrip,  p//yvvfii,  to  break 
forth).     See  Jleviateinesis. 

Gastror''raphy  {jaGT?]p,'pap],  suture).  Su- 
ture of  wounds  of  the  abdominal  wall  or 
stomach. 

Gastrorrhce''a  [yaarr/p,  peu,  to  flow).  A 
regurgitant  flow  of  gastric  mucus  or  liquid 
from  the  mouth. 

Gast^roscope  [yaaT?/p,  gkowcu,  to  see).  An 
instrument  for  viewing  the  interior  of  the 
stomach.  Consists  essentially  of  a  tube  with 
incandescent  electric  light  and  reflecting 
prisms. 

Gastros''copy.  The  inspection  of  the  inte- 
rior of  the  stomach  by  means  of  the  gastro- 
scope. 

Gastro''ses  {yaaTrjp).  A  general  term  for 
diseases  of  the  abdomen  or  of  the  stomach 
only. 

Gastros''tomy  {yoGrrjp,  arofia,  mouth). 
The  establishing  a  fistulous  opening  into 
the  .stomach. 

Gastrot^omy  (jaari/p,  Ts/urtj,  to  cut).  Inci- 
sion of  the  abdomen  or  stomach. 

Gastrox^ia  [yaar/ip,  o^vg,  acid).  Abnormal 
acidity  of  the  contents  of  the  stomach. 

Gas^trula  [yuarf/p).  In  Haeckel's  classi- 
fication, the  larval  form  of  all  animals 
above  the  protozoa. 

Gath^ering.  A  popular  name  for  abscesses, 
pustular  inflammations  and  suppmating 
sores. 

Gaule's  Experiment.     See  Cytozodn. 

Gaulthe^ria.  Wintergreen,  Teaberry, 
Methyl  Salicylate.  The  leaves  of  winter- 
green,  G.  procumbcns,  an  evergreen  plant. 
Properties  due  to  a  volatile  oil,  tliat  is 
also  found  in  black  birch  and  several  other 
plants.  Stimulant,  astringent,  and  antipy- 
retic. Used  in  rheumatism  and  gout,  or 
where  salicylate  acid  is  indicated.  G.,  Ol., 
oil  of  wintergreen,  much  used  as  a  flavor. 


GAUZE 


171 


GENITALIA 


Dose  n\_iij-x.  G.,  Spt.,  oil  of  wintergrecn 
3,  alcohol  97. 

Gauze.     See  Anfisr/<fii\ 

Gavage''  (Fr.).  Forced  feeding.  Applied 
to  the  feeding  of  weak  infants  by  the  aid 
of  an  ( I'sophage.xl  tube. 

Gel'atine  {g^/o,  to  congeal).  An  albuminoid 
substance  of  jelly-like  consistence,  obtained 
by  boiling  skin,  connective  tissue,  and  bones 
of  animals  in  water.  The  glue  of  com- 
merce is  an  impure  variety.  G.  Capsules, 
ca[>suk'S  of  gelatine  designed  for  containing 
medicines  of  nauseating  taste.  G.,  Medi- 
cated, a  soft  basis  consisting  of  gelatine 
3,  zinc  oxide  3,  glycerine  5,  water  9  parts, 
to  which  antiseptic  or  other  medicaments 
may  be  added.  IVeferable  to  greasy  oint- 
ments. All  unof.  G.  Culture-medium, 
a  jelly  made  by  a  solution  of  the  best  com- 
mercial food  gelatine  in  the  proportion  of 
6,  8  or  10  parts  to  loo  of  water,  with  i  or 
2  parts  of  dried  peptones  or  glucose  (the 
latter  not  u-^ed  if  the  culture  is  to  be  made 
on  slides),  for  increased  nutritive  value. 
Bicarl)onate  of  soda  is  used  to  neutralize 
the  acid  reaction.  This  in  bacteriology  is 
simply  known  as  Gelatine. 

Gelat'inous.  Resembling,  or  having  the 
nature  of  gelatine.  G.  Tissue.  See 
Animal  Tissue. 

Gel'Dse.  A  culture-medium  used  in  bac- 
teriological investigation.  Gelatine  lique- 
fies at  23°  or  24°  C.,  and  is  thus  inferior  to 
gelose,  for  those  cultures  that  retjuire  a 
higher  degree  of  heat  for  their  proper  devel- 
opment. The  base  of  gelose  is  a  vegetable 
mucilage,  derived  from  an  Indian  sea- 
weed, Gelidiuni  spiniformc,  of  which  a 
jelly  is  made,  2  to  3  parts  (to  100)  of  dried 
I>eptones  added;  lo  to  15  parts  of  this 
sul)stance  to  50  parts  of  water,  with  I  to  5 
of  glycerine,  forms  the  nutritive  jelly  called 
gelose. 

Gel'osine.  A  mucilage  extracted  from  a 
species  of  alga  found  in  Japan.  Soluble 
in  water  and  alcohol.  An  excellent  ex- 
cipient  for  jxjwders,  tinctures  and  salts. 
Unof 

Gelsem''ium.  ^'ellow  Jasmine.  The  root 
of  G.  senipen'irens,'!i\)\iw\M\\.  in  the  .south- 
em  U.  S.  Pro[)erties  mainly  due  to  an 
alkaloid, ^^/t^*////';/',  a  jx)werful  motor  de- 
pressant, antispasmodic  and  <liaphorelic. 
In  toxic  floses  produces  diplopia,  extreme 
muscular  weakness,  and  an.estliesia,  death 
<KCurring  from  as|)hyxia.  Useful  in  exal- 
tation of  nerve  action,  cerebros])inal  men- 
ingitis, etc.  E.s|x:cially  valuable  in  remit 
tent  and  malarial  fevers.     Dose  gr.  ij-xx. 


G.,  Ext.  Fid.,  alcoholic.  Dose  IT^^ij-xx. 
G.,  Tinct.,  15  ix;r  cent,  in  strength.  Dose 
n\^v-xxx.  Gelsemina,  the  alkaloid.    l)ose 

Gemel'lus  (dim.  of  >,'-<'w/;///.f,  twin). 
Double.  In  pairs.  G.  Muscle,  the  gas- 
trocnemius muscle,  on  account  of  its  double 
origin.     See  Miiscle. 

Gem'inate  {^geviinus).  In  pairs.  In 
l>otany,  i)arts  that  are  disposed  in  pairs. 

Gem'inous.     Simic  as  Ge/ninate. 

Gemma'tion.     See  Budding. 

Gen'erate  [genero,  to  beget).  To  beget, 
to  produce  of  the  same  kind. 

Genera'tion  (^'fwt'rf?//*',  a  begetting).  The 
begetting  or  production  of  otispring.  G., 
Organs  of,  those  that  are  functional  in 
reproduction;  the  genitalia.  G.,  Spon- 
taneous, the  supposed  production  of  or- 
ganic matter  or  beings,  from  inorganic 
matter.  G.,  Alternations  of.  See  Altcr- 
iitj/ions  of  G. 

Gener''ic  {^gettus,  a  kind).  Pertaining  to 
the  same  genus. 

Gene''siai  {yeveaiq,  origin).  Pertaining  to 
generation.  G.  Cycle,  the  periods  of 
ovarian,  uterine,  and  mammary  activity,  into 
which  the  reproductive  life  of  the  female 
is  divided;  the  first  extending  from  puberty 
to  conception,  the  second  from  conception 
to  gestation,  and  the  third  from  gestation 
through  lactation. 

Gen^'esis  ()ere(T/f).  The  act  of  begetting. 
Generation. 

Genefic  (^eveaiq,  generation).  Pertaining 
to  generation.     Also,  anything  inherited. 

Genic'ulate  Bodies.  Two  oblong,  flat- 
tened bodii-s  on  the  outer  side  of  the 
coqiora  nuadrigemina  and  under  the  back 
part  of  the  optic  thalamus. 

Gen'io-  (yeviiov,  the  chin).  A  prefix  denot- 
ing connection  with  the  chin. 

Gen'ital  {genitalis,  pertaining  to  genera- 
tion). Pertaining  lo  the  organs  of  genera- 
tion or  to  reproduction.  G.  Cord,  tlie 
union  of  the  two  ducts  of  Wolfl  and  of 
Miiller  to  form  a  common  cord  in  the 
emi'iyo.  G.  Eminence,  or  Tubercle, 
an  eitvation  appearing  about  the  6tli  wei-k 
of  embryonic  life,  in  front  of  tlie  cloaca, 
and  from  which  the  ]>enis  or  clitoris  is 
developed.  G.  Fissure,  a  fuirow  extend- 
ing from  the  genital  eminence  of  the 
embryo  to  the  cloaca.  G.  Folds,  two 
plications  at  the  side  of  the  orifice  of  the 
cl<  aca.  G.  Sense,  the  degree  of  vigorous- 
ness  of  the  development  of  ovisacs. 

Gcnita'lia  {^^enitiilis).  The  organs  of 
generation. 


GENITO- 


172 


GIACOMINI'S  METHOD 


Gen''ito-  {^genitus,  begotten,  from  gigno,  to 
be  born).  A  prefix  denoting  connection 
or  relation  to  the  genital  organs. 

Gen^tian,  or  Gentia'na.  The  root  of  G. 
lutea,  a  European,  and  of  G.  catesbai,  an 
American  species.  A  simple,  non-astrin- 
gent bitter.  Highly  esteemed  as  a  sto- 
machic tonic  in  convalescence  from  acute 
diseases  and  malarial  fever.  G.,  Ext.  Dose 
gr.  j-v.  G.,  Ext.  Fid.  Dose  ^ss-j.  G., 
Infusum  Comp.,  unof.,  gentian  lo,  bitter 
orange  peel  2^,  coriander  2^,  alcohol 
40,  water  to  make  320.  Dose  3J-5J. 
G.,  Mist.  Alkalin.,  unof,  dil.  hydrocyanic 
acid  tT\^iij,  sodium  bicarb,  gr.  xv,  infus.  of 
gentian  comp.  to  make  ^j.  Dose  5J.  G. 
et  Sennae  Mist.,  unof.,  infus.  of  senna 
^^^iij,  comp.  tinct.  cai'damom  ^j,  comp. 
infus.  of  gentian  ^vj.  Dose  ^x.  G., 
Tinct.  Comp.,  contains  gentian  8,  bitter 
orange  peel  4,  cardamom  2,  dil.  alcohol 
to  make  100.     Dose  ^ss-ij. 

Gen^u  (^f'/n^,  the  knee).  Pertaining  to  the 
knee.  G.  Extrorsum,  outward  bowing 
of  the  knee, — bow-legs.  G.  Valgum,  in- 
ward curving  of  the  knee, — knock-knees. 
G.  Varum.     Same  as  G.  Extrorsum. 

Gen''uclast  {^genu,  tOiau,  to  break).  An 
instriiment  for  breaking  irreducible  adhe- 
sions of  the  knee-joint. 

Gen^u  Cor''pus  Callo'si.  A  name  given 
to  the  reflected  part  of  the  corpus  cal- 
losum. 

Genuflex''  {^genu,  flexus,  bent).  Bent  at, 
or  like,  the  knee.     Also,  bent  at  any  joint. 

Ge'nus  [genus,  a  family).  A  species  or  a 
number  of  species  marked  by  one  or  more 
common  characteristics  that  distinguish 
them  from  the  species  of  another  family. 

Genyplast^y  [yevvg,  the  cheek,  n-^aaau,  to 
form).  The  operation  for  reforming  or 
restoring  the  cheek  imperfect  either  from 
injury  or  from  congenital  malformation. 

Geog^raphy  (77/,  the  earth,  jpa^u,  to  write). 
In  medicine,  a  description  of  the  earth's 
surface  with  reference  to  climatology,  and 
the  distribution  of  disease,  with  relation  to 
origin  and  locality. 

GeoFogy  [jt],  7Myoq,  a  treatise).  The  sci- 
ence treating  of  the  structural  development 
of  the  earth. 

Geom''etry  [yrj,  /lerpov,  sl  measure).  That 
branch  of  mathematical  science  treating  of 
the  relations  of  magnitudes. 

Geoph''agism  [jt/,  tpayu,  to  eat).  The 
practice  of  earth-  or  clay-eating,  practiced 
in  a  few  localities. 

Gera''nium.  Cranesbill-root.  The  root 
of  G,  maculatum.     Properties  due  to  tan- 


nic and  gallic  acids.     Useful  in  diarrhoea, 
infant  colic,  etc.     G.,  Ext.  Fid.     Dose 

GeratoFogy  (yrjpag,  old  age,  Tioyoc,  a  treat- 
ise).    A  treatise  concerning  old  age. 

Ger^Iach's  Network.  An  exceedingly 
delicate  fibrous  network  of  the  finest  nerve 
fibrils  in  the  gray  matter  of  the  cord. 

Ger^lach's  Theory.  Pertains  to  the  con- 
nection of  the  nerve-fibers  and  ganglionic 
cells  of  the  cord. 

Gardner's  Disease.  An  affection  (of  farm- 
hands) characterized  by  sudden  paroxysms 
of  ptosis,  vertigo,  muscular  paresis,  and 
cervico-occipital  pain. 

Germ  [gerz/wn,  a  sprout).  The  ovum, 
spore,  or  zoospore  that,  by  fecundation, 
is  capable  of  developing  into  an  organism 
like  that  whence  it  was  derived.  G.  of 
Disease,  the  special  virus  or  spore  by 
which  a  disease  becomes  communicable. 
G.  of  Sac,  the  vesicle  constituting  the 
blastoderm  of  mammals.  G.,  Specific, 
same  as  Germ.  G.  Theory  of  Disease, 
the  theory  that  contagious  and  infectious 
diseases  are  communicated  by  means  of  the 
transference  to  and  development  of  a  spe- 
cific seed  or  spore  within  the  organism  of 
the  animal  infected. 

German  Breast  Tea.  A  decoction  of 
althaea,  </.  v. 

German  Chamomile.     See  Matricaria. 

Germ  Epithe^liurn.  Cylindrical  cells  on 
the  surface  of  the  median  plate  of  the  me- 
soblast. 

Ger^minal.  Pertaining  to  a  germ  or  the 
genesis  of  a  tissue  or  organ.  G.  Area, 
the  area  gerniinaliva,  or  euibryonal  shield, 
a  white  round  spot  upon  one  side  of  the 
vitelline  membrane  in  which  the  blasto- 
demi  becomes  double.  G.  Matter.  See 
Protoplasm.  G.  Membrane,  the  blasto- 
derm. G.  Spot.  The  nucleolus  of  the 
ovule.     G.  Vesicle.     The  nucleus. 

Germina''tion  [germinatio,  a  sprouting). 
The  sprouting  of  a  seed.  The  beginning 
of  the  development  of  an  ovum,  spore  or 
germ. 

Gero''ni  Specic'sa.  An  Andean  plant, 
having  a  reputation  as  a  local  remedy  in 
syphilis  and  rheumatism.     Unof. 

Gerontox''on.     See  Arcus  Senilis. 

Gesta''tion  [gero,  to  bear).  Same  as 
Pregnancy. 

Giacomini's  Method  of  Preserving 
the  Brain.  Immerse  in  a  saturated  solu- 
tion of  chloride  of  zinc  ;  turn  several  times 
daily  and  inject  600  grms.  of  the  liijuid 
through  the  carotids.     Remove  membranes 


GIANT 


173 


GLAND 


in  48  hours.  Allow  to  remain  in  solution 
until  it  begins  to  sink,  then  immerse  in 
alcohol  for  lo  days.  Immerse  in  glycer- 
ine until  it  sinks ;  remove,  allow  to  dry, 
and  varnish. 

Gi'ant  ( i,'-4'<;-f,  lai^e  or  ponderous).  An 
adult  of  a  sjiecies  excessively  developed  in 
stature  and  proportions. 

Gibbos'ity  {^nddosus).  The  condition  of 
being  giblious. 

Gib'bous  {gil'bosus ,  hunchbacked). 
Bunched  or  bulged  out.  Abnonnully 
crot)ked. 

Gi'Dert's  Syrup.     See  Hydrargyrum. 

Gid'diness  (^Sa.\.  i^'ddiati,  to  be  merry). 
A  sensation  of  whirling  or  unsteadiness 
of  llie  Iwdy,  usually  accompanied  by  more 
or  le.-is  nau>ea. 

Gig'gcr.     See  Piihw. 

Gimbernat's  Ligament.     See  Lii^ameni. 

Gin.     See  Spiritus  ;  a.\>o,Juni/'t:rus. 

Gin'ger.     See  Zingiber. 

Gingi'va  (Lat.).  Ihe  vascular  tissue  sur- 
rounding the  necks  of  the  teeth  and 
covering  the  alveoli.  In  the  plural  it  is 
popularly  known  as  the  gums. 

Gingi'va!  [gingiva).  Pertaining  to  the 
gums.  G.  Line,  the  blue  or  purplish 
line  along  the  gums  where  they  meet 
the  teeth,  indicative  of  chronic  lead-poi- 
soning. 

Gingivi'tis  {gingiva).  Inflammation  of 
the  gums. 

Gin'glymoid()7)7/'.i^,uof,ahinge).  Resem- 
tiling  a  liinge-joint. 

Gin'glymus.     See  Diar't/trosis. 

Gin'seng.  The  fleshy  root  of  several  spe- 
cies of  J'anax.  An  aromatic  bitter  with 
tonic  projXTties.     Unof. 

Giral'des,  Organ  of.  The  vasa  aberrantia 
of  the  Wolfilan  Bodies. 

Gir'dle  (Sax.  gyrJcl,  a  waistband).  Any 
band  designed  to  go  around  the  Ixxiy.  G., 
Pelvic,  the  l>ones  (or  cartilages)  form- 
ing the  supix)rt  for  the  lower  limbs  of 
vertelirates.  In  mammals  they  consist  of 
the  ilium,  ischium  and  os  puliis.  G.  Sen- 
sation, ux  Pain,  a  sensation  as  thoiigli  a 
band  liad  been  tied  around  the  ])elvis,  or 
one  of  the  limlis.  A  .symptom  of  atlections 
of  the  spinal  conl. 

Giz'zard  (Old  Kr.  Gisier).  The  strong 
muscular  stomach  of  l)irds. 

Glabella  (dim.  of  ;7(//v/-,  sm<K)th).  The 
triangular  spate  l>clweeii  tlie  eyeiirows. 

Gla'brous  (glaher).  .SukhjiIi.  In  Ixitany, 
de.stitutc  of  hairs  or  down. 

Gla'cial  (x'/ac/Vj,  ice).  Icy  Rcscml'ling 
ice  in  a[)|x;arancc. 


Glacia'tion  [g/aciis).  Assuming  a  condi- 
tion like  that  of  ice.  Also  producing  ero- 
sive elTects  like  those  of  moving  ice. 

Gladi'olin.  A  certain  alkaloid  occurring 
in  brain  tissue. 

Gladio'lus  ^^dim.  of  gladius,  a  sword). 
The  middle  or  second  piece  of  the  sternum. 

Glair'ine.     See  Banginc-. 

Glai'ry  [glair,  the  white  of  egg).  Slimy. 
.\lso,  alliuminous. 

Gland  [g/ans,  an  acorn).  A  name  given 
to  various  small  racemose  or  ovoid  organs 
of  the  i)ody,  both  secretive  and  excretive 
in  function,  withdrawing  from  the  blood 
material  for  other  puqKases,  or  that  is 
injurious  or  of  no  use  to  the  economy.  In 
structure  they  may  be  sini])le,  saccular  or 
tubular.  Also,  the  bullions  end  of  the  penis 
and  clitoris.  G.,  Arytenoid,  the  small 
muciparous  glands  in  front  of  the  arytenoid 
cartilage.  G.  of  Bartholini,  two  small 
glands,  one  on  each  side  of  the  vagina, 
opening  through  ducts  on  the  iiuier  surface 
of  the  nymphce.  Also,  the  .sublingual 
glands.  G.,  Bowman's,  tubular  glands 
of  the  olfactoiy  region.  G.,  Brunner's, 
the  granular  l)Oilies  occurring  in  the  duo- 
denum. G.,  Buccal,  the  glands  between 
the  buccinator  muscle  (of  the  cheek)  and 
the  adjacent  mucous  membrane.  G., 
Cervical,  the  lymphatic  glands  of  the 
neck,  also  called  ceifica/ gang/ion.  G., 
Ceruminous,  the  glands  that  secrete 
the  wax  of  the  ear.  G.,  Coccygeal,  a 
gland  at  the  tip  of  the  coccyx.  G.,  Cow- 
per's,  two  small  glands  anterior  to  the 
prostate  gland.  G.,  Duodenal.  See  (7., 
Brunner's.  G.,  Ebner's,  serous  glands 
of  the  tongue.  G.,  Epiglottic,  the  mu- 
ciparous glands  about  tiie  epiglottis.  G., 
Gastric,  the  glands  of  the  stomach — tuliu- 
lar  and  peptic.  G.,  Haversian,  the 
fatty  bodies  lying  iichind  the  synovial 
fringes  of  most  joints.  G.,  Iliac,  the 
glands,  six  or  eight  in  number,  lying  on 
both  sides  of  the  iliac  vessels,  that  re- 
ceive certain  lymj)hatics  and  the  ellerent 
vessels  of  tiie  inguinal  glands.  G.,  La- 
bial, the  racemose  glands  near  the  edges 
ofthelii)s.  G.,  Lachrymal.  See /,(/,/// r- 
tnal  Glands.  G.,  Laryngeal,  the  nuui- 
parous  glands  scattered  about  the  region 
of  the  larynx  G.,  Lieberkiihn's,  the 
columnar  gbmds  di.striiiuled  over  the 
nmcous  membrane  of  the  inlistiiies.  G., 
Lingual.  See  S.ilnuiry  C'linds.  G. 
of  Littri,  the  gl  inds  in  the  subnmeous 
ti.ssue  of  the  uretiira.  G.  of  Luschka. 
See   Ccitygeal  Gland.     G.,  Mammary, 


GLANDERS 


174 


GLIOMA 


the  milk-secreting  glands  in  the  breasts  of 
the  female.  G.,  Meibomian,  the  minute 
follicles  between  the  cartilage  and  conjunc- 
tiva of  the  eyelids.  G.,  Molar,  the 
glands  between  the  masseter  and  bucin- 
nator  muscles  of  the  cheek.  G.,  Moll's, 
sweat  glands  opening  into  the  hair-follicles 
of  the  eyelashes.  G.  of  Naboth,  the  small 
glandular  bodies  within  the  mouth  of  the 
uterus.  G.,  Nuhn's,  mixed  glands  near 
the  tip  of  the  tongue.  G.,  Odoriferae,  the 
glands  behind  the  cervix  of  the  penis,  ex- 
creting the  smegma.  G.,  CEsophageal, 
the  glands  in  the  submucous  tissue  of  the 
oesophagus.  G.,  Pacchionian,  the  so- 
called  granulations  clustered  about  the  outer 

■  surface  of  the  dura  mater,  pia  matar,  and 
certain  sinuses  of  the  brain.  G.,  Palatine, 
the  small  glands  forming  a  continuous 
layer  near  the  surface  of  the  hard  palate 
and  about  the  soft  palate.  G.,  Parotid. 
See  Salivary  Glands.  G.,  Peptic,  the 
glands  situated  all  over  the  mucous  coat  of 
the  stomach  secreting  the  gastric  juice. 
G.,  Payer's,  the  clustered  glands  near  the 
lower  end  of  the  ileum.  G.,  Pharyngeal, 
the  racemose  glands  of  the  pharynx.  G., 
Pineal.  See  Pineal  Gland.  G.,  Pitui- 
tary. See  Pituitary  Body.  G.,  Pros- 
tate. See  Prostate  Gland.  G.,  Salivary. 
See  Salivary  Glands.  G.,  Sebaceous, 
the  minute  saccular  glands  in  the  corium 
of  the  skin,  that  secrete  the  sebum.  G., 
Solitary,  the  glands  scattered  through  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  smaller  intes- 
tine. G.,  Sublingual.  See  Salivary 
Glands.  G.,  Submaxillary.  See  Sali- 
vary Glands.  G.,  Sudoriferous,  the 
glands  of  the  skin  that  secrete  sweat.  G., 
Suprarenal,  the  suprarenal  capsules.  See 
Capsule.  G.,  Thymus,  a  temporary  organ 
lying  mainly  in  the  neck,  attaining  its  full 
growth  at  two  years  and  practically  disap- 
pearing at  puberty.  G.,  Thyroid,  a  lobu- 
lated  gland  in  the  upper  part  of  the  trachea. 
G.,  Tracheal,  the  minute  ovoid  glands 
abundant  in  the  posterior  part  of  the  trachea. 
G.  of  Tyson.  See  G.  Odorifercr.  G., 
Uterine,  the  tubular  follicles  distributed 
throughout  the  mucous  membrane  of  the 
uterus.  G.,  Vulvo-vaginal,  the  gland 
of  Bartholini.  G.,  Weber's,  mucous 
glands  near  the  root  of  tongue. 

Gland^ers.     See  Eqidnia. 

Glans  Pe^nis.  The  conical  shaped  body 
forming  the  head  of  the  penis. 

Glass  (Sax.  gltzs).  A  brittle,  hard,  and 
transparent  substance  consisting  usually  of 
the  fused,  amorphous  silicates  of  potassium 


and  calcium,  or  sodium  and  calcium,  with 
an  excess  of  silica.  When  glass  of  a  high 
refractive  index  is  required,  lead  silicate  is 
also  added.  G. -blowers'  Disease,  a 
term  formerly  used  to  designate  any  infec- 
tious disease  of  the  lips,  especially  syplii- 
litic  eruptions.  Also,  applied  to  pulmo- 
nary emphysema.  G.,  Crown,  a  very 
hard  glass,  made  from  sodium  sulphate 
and  lime.  Has  a  low  refractive  index  but 
considerable  chromatic  dispersion.  Used 
in  lenses  of  optical  instruments.  G.,  Flint, 
composed  of  lead  and  potassium  silicates. 
Has  a  very  high  refractive  index.  Used  in 
lenses  of  optical  instruments.  G.,  Solu- 
ble, potassium  or  sodium  silicate. 

Glas^ses.  A  synonym  of  spectacles  or 
optical  lenses. 

Glau^ber's  Salt.     See  Sodium. 

Glauco^ma  (jMlvko^,  sea-green).  A  dis- 
ease of  the  eye  whose  essential  and  char- 
acteristic symptom  is  an  abnormally  height- 
ened intraocular  tension,  resulting  in  hard- 
ness of  the  globe,  excavation  of  the  pa- 
pilla or  optic  nerve,  a  restriction  of  the 
field  of  vision,  corneal  ansesthesia,  colored 
halo  about  lights,  and  lessening  of  visual 
power  that  may,  if  unchecked,  proceed  to 
blindness.  The  etiology  is  obscure.  G.  Ab- 
solutum,  or  Consummatum,  the  com- 
pleted glaucomatous  process,  with  blind- 
ness. G.  Acutum,  the  first  or  the  re- 
newed attack,  with  the  characteristic  and 
inflammatory  symptoms,  generally  intermit- 
ting after  a  few  days.  G.  Fulminans, 
an  acute  attack  coming  on  with  great  sud- 
denness and  violence.  G.  Hsemorrha- 
gicum,  that  associated  with  retinal  haemor- 
rhage. G.,  Secondary,  that  consequent 
to  other  ocular  diseases.  G.,  Simplex, 
without  inflammatory  symptoms. 

Gleet  (Sax.  glidan,  to  slip  down).  The 
chronic  stage  of  gonoiThoea  with  muco- 
puiiilent  discharge. 

Glen-'oid  {yh/v?/,  a  cavity.  A  name  given 
to  any  part  or  organ  having  a  shallow 
cavity. 

Gli^a  Cells.     See  Deitcr's  Cells. 

Gli'adin.     See  Gluten. 

Glio^'ma  {ylia,  glue).  A  name  given  by 
Virchow  to  a  variety  of  round-celled  sar- 
coma, consisting  of  a  tumor  of  neuroglia 
cells,  occurring  in  the  central  mass  of  the 
brain,  or  of  the  spinal  cord.  G.  of  the 
Retina  ("  encephaloid  of  the  retina  "),  a 
glioma  .springing  from  the  connective  tissue 
of  the  retina,  usually  occurring  in  the  young, 
and  involving  the  choroid,  optic  nerve, 
and  extending  finally  into  the  brain.     G., 


GLIOMATOSIS 


175 


GLUCOSINE 


Pseudo-,  of  the  Retina,  metastatic  puru- 
lent choroiditis,  simulating  the  appearance 
of  retinal  glioma. 

Gliomato'sis.  Exul)erant  masses  of  glio- 
ma-like  tissue  in  S)Tingo-myelia. 

Gliomyxo'ma.  A  term  applied  to  tumors 
having  the  character  both  of  glioma  and 
viyx'»ia. 

Gliosarco'ma.  Such  tumors  as  have  both 
the  neuroglia  cells  of  glioma  and  the  fusi- 
form cells  of  sarcoma. 

Glis'son.     See  Capsule. 

Globe  of  the  Eye.     The  eyeball. 

Glo'bin  (x'^o/'ies,  a  globe).  A  native  pro- 
teid  of  the  globulin  class,  one  of  the 
products  of  the  decomposition  of  hamo- 
glol'in. 

Glob'ular  (dim.  of  ^^M'us).  Having  the 
shape  of  a  glol>e  or  sphere. 

Glob'ule  [dim.  of  j^'/o/'us).  A  small  globe. 
In  biology,  any  minute  spherical  structure. 
In  phannacy,  a  small  pill  or  pellet. 

Glob'ules  of  Donne.     See  Blood-PIntes. 

Glob'ulin.  One  of  the  native  proteids  of 
the  general  class  called  glolmlins ;  it  is 
obtained  from  the  crystalline  lens. 

Glob'ulins.  A  class  of  native  proteids 
comprising  (jlobulin,  Vitellin,  Para-,  or 
Serum-globulin,  Filirinogen,  Myosin  and 
Globin.  They  are  ins<.iluble  in  distilled 
water,  but  solul'le  in  dilute  neutral  saline 
solutions.  These  solutions  are  coagulated 
by  heat,  and  precipitated  by  a  large  amount 
of  water.  They  yield  acid-albumin  when 
acted  upon  by  dilute  acids,  and  alkali-all 'U- 
min  by  dilute  alkalies.  Vegetable  Glob- 
ulins have  l)een  studied,  and  named  7<xv- 
toble  Myosin,  I  'iUlliit,  and  Panv^lt  liuliii, — 
found  in  the  seeds  of  plants. 

Glo'bus  (I .at.).  A  ball  or  globe.  G. 
Epididymis.  See  Kpididyiiiis.  G. 
Hystericus,  the  "lump"  or  choking 
sensation  occurring  in  hysteria,  caused 
prolialily  by  spasmodic  contraction  of  the 
frsfjphagus  and  pharyngeal  muscles.  G. 
Major,  the  larger  end  or  head  of  the  epi 
didymis.  G.  Minor,  the  lower  end  of 
the  epididymis. 

Glom'erate  {:;lo»trro,  to  wind  around). 
A  descri|jtive  term  applied  to  any  gland 
consisting  of  vessels  bunched  together  like 
a  iiall  of  thread. 

Glomer''ulus,  or  Glom'erule  (dim.  of 
f^loHiiis).  A  knot  or  small  njundctl  m.ass. 
G.  Malpighii.     See   Miilpif^hian  Ihidifs. 

Glos'sa  {'I'fxjrnii).  'Hie  tongue;  al.so  the 
f.K  ulty  of  articulate  s|x-cch. 

Gloss^al  (y'/xjoaa).  Pertaining  to  the 
tongue. 


Glossal'gia  (jP-uctcto,  a/.)Of,  pain).  Any 
pain  in  the  tongue. 

Glossec'tomy  [-^/uaaa,  eKroin/,  excision). 
.Amputation  or  e.xcision  of  the  tongue. 

Glossi''tis  {^Auaaa,  iTtg,  inflammation). 
Inllammation  of  the  tongue. 

Glos''so-  (jAtxTCTtt).  A  prefix  denoting 
connection  with  the  tongue.  G.-hyal, 
pertaining  conjointly  to  the  tongue  and 
the  hyoid  bone.  G. -pharyngeal,  per- 
taining jointly  to  the  t(.ingue  and  the  pharynx. 
G. -pharyngeal  Nerve.  See  A'crve. 
G. -spasm,  s|)asni  of  the  tongue. 

Glossog'raphy  (j/wfrira,  --/ijaijxj,  to  write). 
A  descriptive  treatise  upon  the  tongue. 

Glossology  [y/.uaaa,  ?.o-}og^  a  treatise). 
A  treatise  concerning  the  tongue. 

Glossophy'tia  (}/<j(t<to,  <pi<roi\  a  plant). 
l>lack  Tongue.  A  dark  discoloration  of 
the  tongue,  due  to  accumulations  of  .si>ores, 
dead  epithelium  and  accidental  impurities. 

Glossople'gia  [y/.cjaaa,  rrAT/yTi,  a  stroke). 
Paralysis  of  the  tongue. 

Glossot^omy  [^/.(jaaa,  refivu,  to  cut). 
The  dissection  of  the  tongue.  Also,  the 
excision  of  the  tongue. 

Glos^sy  Skin.     See  Alrophodervia. 

Glot^tis  (;/w77«,  the  tongue).  The  ritna 
glottidis.  The  opening  between  the  ary- 
tenoid cartilages,  or  the  interv^al  betwein 
the  vocal  chords.  Over  it  is  the  e])iglottis, 
a  thin  lamella  of  cartilage  covering  the 
lary-nx  during  deglutition. 

GIu''cose  (;  T^vKvq,  sweet).  Dextrose,  Levu- 
lose,  Grape  Sugar,  Starch  Sugar.  A  sub- 
stance obtained  from  starch  by  the  action 
of  the  natural  ferment  diastase,  and  by  the 
catalytic  action  of  mineral  acids  on  starch. 
Less  soluble,  and  therefore  less  sweet  than 
cane  sugar,  but  equally  nutritious.  Much 
used  as  an  adultiTant  of  cane  sugar. 
Dextrose  differs  from  levulose  in  its  beha- 
vior to  the  ix)larized  ray  that  is  turned  by 
the  former  to  the  right,  and  by  the  latter 
to  the  left. 

Glu'coside  {glucose,  eifioq,  like).  A  name 
given  to  a  series  of  com|>ounds  that  may 
be  resolved  by  the  presence  of  acids  into 
glucose  and  another  ])rinciple. 

Glu'cosine.  N'arious  i)toiiiainc-bascs  ob- 
tained by  the  action  of  ammonia  on  glu- 
cose. One  of  these,  tn'lin^A*^  =^  ^)' 
corresjxmds  in  fornuila  and  gmeral  prop- 
erties to  a  remarkable  unnamed  I  ase 
fonned  during  the  alcoholic  fermenlatiun 
of  sugar  or  molas.ses, —  Morin's  baj«, 
C",H,„N.^: — a  colorless,  strongly  refract- 
ing, very  mobile  oil,  with  a  nau.senus, 
pyritline  like    odor.       It    prtKluces    sluixir, 


GLUE 


176 


GOITRE 


paralysis,  diminution  of  sensibility,  dilata- 
tion of  pupils,  lowering  of  pulse  and 
temperature,  coma,  and  death.  Alkaloidal 
bases  have  also  been  found  in  petroleum, 
paraffine-oil,  chloroform,  benzole,  ether, 
amyl  alcohol,  and  in  most  solvents  in  com- 
mon use. 

Glue.  An  impure  gelatine  obtained  from 
the  hides  and  hoofs  of  animals. 

Glute^al  [yXovTog,  the  buttock).  Pertain- 
ing to  the  gluteal  muscles  or  to  the  but- 
tocks. G.  Artery.  See  Ariery.  G. 
Nerve.  See  Nei-ve.  G.  Reflex,  a  con- 
traction of  the  gluteal  muscles  when  the 
skin  over  the  buttock  is  stimulated. 

Glu''ten  ly  gluten,  glue).  A  substance  re- 
sembling albumin,  with  which  it  is  proba- 
bly identical.  Occurs  abundantly  in  the 
seed  of  cereals  in  the  form  of  cubical  cells 
surrounding  the  starchy  fecula  of  the  seed. 
It  consists  mainly  of  gluten-fibrin,  gluten- 
casein,  gliadin  and  mucedin. 

Glyc'erine  [^'\vkv<;').  Propenyl  hydrate. 
A  viscous,  syrupy,  colorless  substance  de- 
rived from  certain  fats — mainly  palm  oil — 
by  decomposing  them  with  superheated 
steam.  Pure  glycerine  is  an  emollient;  the 
impure  article  an  irritant  to  the  skin. 

Glyc'erine  Cu''pric  Test  (for  sugar). 
To  an  inch  of  potassium  hydrate  in  a  test- 
tube  add  a  few  droj)s  of  copper  sulphate 
and  a  few  of  glycerine.  Boil  and  add 
suspected  urine  by  small  amounts  up  to 
less  than  one  inch  in  the  tube.  Sugar 
will  throw  out  the  cuprous  oxide,  red  or 
yellow. 

Gly'cerite,  or 

Glyceri^tum.  A  glycerite,  or  mixture  of 
medicinal  substances  with  glycerine.  There 
are  two  official  glycerites. 

Gly'cin.  Called,  also,  glycocoll,  amido- 
acetic  acid,  or  gelatin  sugar;  derived  from 
gelatin. 

GlycochoFic  Acid  (j'kvK.vq,  x^'^^Vt  bile). 
An  acid  found  in  the  bile. 

Gly^cocol.     See  Glycin. 

Gly^cogen  {y7\.vKvq,  jEvvau,  to  produce). 
A  white  amorphous  powder,  tasteless 
and  odorless,  forming  an  opalescent  solu- 
tion with  water,  insoluble  in  alcohol.  Com- 
monly known  as  animal  starch.  Occurs 
in  the  blood  and  the  liver,  by  which  it  is 
elaborated.  Changed  by  diastasic  ferments 
into  glucose. 

Gly^conin.     See  Vitellus. 

Glycosu^ria  (^yTMKvq,  ovpov,  the  urine). 
The  existence  of  grape  sugar  in  the  urine. 
See  Diabetes.  G.,  Tests  for.  See  Boctt- 
cher's,  Fehling's,  Glycerine,  Cupric,  In- 


digo-carmine, Favfs,  Picrosacchari- 
?netcr,  Phenyl-hydrazin,  Roberts'  Differ- 
ential Density,  Saccharonieter,  TnmiDiers. 

Glycyrrhi^za.  Liquorice  Root.  The  root 
of  G.  glabra.  A  demulcent  and  mild  lax- 
ative, of  sweet  taste.  In  combination  with 
other  medicaments,  an  excellent  expector- 
ant. Much  used  as  an  excipient  in  pills, 
troches,  etc.  G.,  Ext.,  the  liquorice  of 
commerce,  occurring  in  black  rolls.  G., 
Ext.  Purum,  made  with  aq.  ammonia 
and  water  by  percolation  and  evaporation. 
G.,  Fid.  Ext.,  prepared  with  water  and 
alcohol.  G.,  Mist.  Comp.,  Brown  mix- 
ture, pure  extract,  sugar,  acacia,  aa  3  parts, 
tinct.  opium  camph.  12,  vin.  antimony  6, 
spt.  nitrous  ether  3,  water  70.  Dose  3  j-  5  ss. 
G.  et.  Opii  Trochisci,  have  each  G.  ext. 
gr.  ij,  ext.  of  opium  gr.  ■^■^,  acacia,  sugar, 
oil  of  anise  q.  s.  Dose  j-ij.  G.  Ammo- 
niatum,  the  sweet  principle  of  the  root 
made  soluble  by  ammonia.  Dose  gr. 
v-xv. 

Gme''lin-Heintz  Reaction.  A  test  for 
bile-pigments  in  urine.  Nitric  acid  con- 
taining some  nitrous  acid  is  added  to  the 
liquid,  and  if  bile-pigments  be  present,  a 
play  of  colors  follows,  beginning  with 
green  and  passing  through  blue,  violet,  red 
to  yellow. 

Gme^lin's  Test.  See  Gnielin-Heintz  Re- 
action. 

Gnat  (Sax.  gmct).  A  dipterous  insect,  the 
Cnlex  pipiens,  differing  but  slightly  from 
the  common  mosquito,  with  which  it  is 
popularly  included.  The  "  bite  "  consists 
in  a  piercing  of  the  skin  and  the  with- 
drawal of  a  minute  quantity  of  lilood.  It 
has  no  sting  nor  poison  glands. 

Gna'thic  [yvaHoc;,  the  cheek  bone).  Per- 
taining to  the  cheek  or  the  upper  jaw. 

Goad^by's  Solution.  A  solution  of  salt 
and  corrosive  sublimate  in  water,  for  pre- 
serving meat  against  putrefaction. 
■  Gob'let  Cells.  Chalice-like  cells  lying 
between  the  epithelial  cells  of  the  intestinal 
villi. 

Gog^gles  (E.  goggle,  to  roll  the  eyes). 
Spectacles  with  colored  lenses  and  wire  or 
cloth  sides,  to  protect  the  eyes  from  ex- 
cessive light,  dust,  etc. 

Goi^tre  [gut/ur,  throat).  Enlargement, 
particularly  if  hjrpertrophic,  of  the  thy- 
roid gland.  Called,  also,  Bronchocele  and 
Tracheocele.  It  generally  accompanies 
cretinism.  G.,  Exophthalmic,  a  disease 
characterized  by  one  or  more  of  three 
symptoms — cardiac  palpitation,  goitre  and 
exophthalmos. 


GOKRHU 


177 


GRACILLIS 


Gok'rhu.  The  fruit  of  Pcdalium  nturex, 
found  in  East  Indies.  Much  used  by  the 
natives  in  enuresis  and  spemiatorrhoea. 
Used  in  infusion  of  3J  to  Dj  of  boihng 
water.     Dose  mi  lib.     L'nof. 

Gold.     See  Aurum. 

Golden  Rod.  The  leaves  of  Solidago 
odcra.  Aromatic  stimulant  and  carmina- 
tive. A  volatile  oil  distilled  from  the  |>iant 
is  used  in  llatiilence.  Dose  of  the  Hd.  ext. 
5J-ij ;  of  the  oil  n\^ij-x.     Unof. 

Golden  Seal.     See  Hydrastis. 

Gold'-thread.     See  Cof-tis. 

Goltz's  Balancing  Experiment.  Ani- 
mals lose  their  jxjwcr  of  e(|uilil)riuni  witli 
removal  of  the  midbrain  or  corjx)ra  quad- 
rigemina. 

Goltz's  Croaking  Experiment.  A  pithed 
male  frog  croaks  when  the  skin  of  its  back 
or  tlanks  is  stroked. 

Goltz's  Embrace  Experiment.  During 
the  breeding  season  the  body  of  the  male 
frog  between  the  skull  and  fourth  vertebra 
embraces  even.-  rigid  object  with  which  it 
is  brought  into  contact. 

Goltz's  Statical  Theory.  Every  position 
of  the  head  causes  the  endolymph  of  the 
semicircular  canals  to  exert  the  greatest 
jiressure  upon  some  part  of  the  same,  thus 
in  varj-ing  degree  exciting  the  nerve-termi- 
nations of  the  ampulkv. 

Gompho'sis.     See  Synitrthrosis. 

Gona'gra  (yoi'v,  the  knee,  ay()a,  a  seizure). 
Gout  of  the  knee  or  knee-joint. 

Gonarthri''tis  {yovv,  apHpov,  a  joint).  In- 
Hammatinn  of  the  knee-joint. 

Gonarthroc'ace  (;"Jt,  aptlpov,  kuktj,  evil). 
A  cancerous  or  ulcerated  afiection  of  the 
knee-joint,  popularly  known  as  white  swel- 
ling. 

Gonarthrof'omy  (yorv,  affipov,  a  jfiiit, 
TtfjiD,  to  cut).  Incision  into  the  knee- 
joint. 

Gonecysf'ic  {yn'j],  semen,  Kvarc^,  a  blad- 
•  Icr).    Pertaining  to  the  veiicidcB  scniiiialcs. 

Gonepoiet''ic  {yovri,  iroieu^  to  produce). 
I'crt.iining  to  the  secretion  of  semen. 

Gonococ'cus  {yot>r/,  kokko^,  a  kernel). 
A  micTol>e  thought  to  be  the  specific  cause 
of  gonorrh'ira..     See  (Jonurrliaa. 

Gon'ion.     See  Skull. 

Gonorrhcc'a  ( yr;/,  /</(j,  to  flow).  Etymo- 
l<4;ically,  an  involuntary  di.-.charge  of  se- 
m<'n,but  generally  ap|)lii.-d  lo  an  infectious 
pus-ljke  discharge  from  the  genital  organs. 
The  gonococcas  of  Neisscr  is  believed  to 
\k.  the  S[)ecific  microlK.*  of  goiiorrhcea.  It  is 
a  diplococcus,  found  in  clumps  of  from  10 
to  2a,  surrounded  by  a  mucous  envcloiie. 
12 


G.  Balani,  affects  the  glans  penis.  G. 
Ophthalmia.  See  Ophthalmia.  G. 
Rheumatism,  a  rheumatic  affection  of 
the  joints  ;is  a  scf|ucl  of  gonorrhti-a. 

Gonos^cheocele  (yoi//,  oaxtor,  the  scro- 
tum, K///J/,  a  tumor).  A  swelling  of  the 
testicle  with  semen. 

Gonyon''cus  (}oi'i',  the  knee,  oyKo^,  a 
tumor).     A  tumor  or  swelling  of  the  knee. 

Goose  Grass.     See  Galium  Apariue. 

Goose  Skin.  Cutis  Ansera,  Goose  Flesh. 
A  jx)pular  name  for  a  well-known  condi- 
tion of  the  skin  marked  by  prominence 
about  the  h.air  follicles  of  acute  papules. 
See  Arnrtor  Pili  Muscle. 

Gor'get  {j;ur<;'es,  a  chasm).  A  channeled 
instmnient  .similar  to  a  grooved  director. 
It  may  be  blunt,  cutting,  hooked,  etc: 

Gossyp'ium.  Cotton.  The  hairs  of  the 
seed  of  6\  herbaceuvi.  Freed  from  imi)uri- 
ties,  and  deprived  of  natural  fatty  matter, 
it  becomes  the  absorbent  cotton  of  surgery. 
Soluble  in  an  ammonio  solution  of  copper 
sulphate.  The  root  is  thought  to  have 
emmenagogue  properties ;  the  oil  is  an  ex- 
cellent substitute  for  olive  oil.  G.  Rad. 
Cortex,  cotton-root  bark.  Dose  gr.  xxx- 
5J.  G.  Rad.  Ext.  Fid.,  prepared  with 
glycerine  and  alcohol.  DosetT\^  xxx-^j. 
G.  Seminis  Ol.,  the  expressed  oil,  consti- 
tutes most  of  the  so-called  olive  oil  of 
commerce.     See,  also,  Pyroxylin. 

Gouge  (Fr.).  An  instrument  for  cutting 
or  removal  of  bone  or  of  other  hard  struc- 
tures. 

Gou'lard's  Extract.     See  Lead. 

Gout  [s^utta,  a  drop).  A  disease  character- 
ized by  an  excess  of  uric  acid  or  alkaline 
urates,  esjjecially  sodium  urate,  in  the  fluids 
of  the  body.  The  latter  is  first  dei)Ositi'<l 
alx)ut  the  articular  surfaces  of  the  small 
joints,  but  in  time  the  arteries,  cardiac 
valves  and  connective  tissue  of  the  kidneys 
may  i)e  involved.  The  metatarso-phalan- 
geal  of  the  great  toe  is,  curiously,  tiie 
favorite  ]X)int  of  attack,  and  the  helix  of 
the  ear  is  another  favorite  seat.  To])hi  form 
al)OUt  the  alfccted  part.  To  decreased 
solui)ility  of  the  urates,  due  to  increased 
acidity  of  the  blood  ;  increased  fonnation 
of  uric  acid,  and  failure  in  function  of  the 
kiilniy, — is  ascrilicd  the  cause  of  gout. 

Gow'ers'  Method, — of  counting  tin-  cor- 
jniscks  of  the  blood  by  the  hiemacylo- 
metcr. 

Graaf^ian  Fol'licles.     See  I'csicle. 

Grac'ilis.  See  .Muscle.  G.  Experiment, 
an  cxijerinient  ix-rformrd  upon  the  ^jraciiis 
muscle   of    the   frog,  showing   that    pure 


GRADUATED  CONES 


178 


GRAVITY 


muscular  excitation  does  not  travel  back- 
ward from  the  muscle  to'  the  nerve. 

Grad^uate  [gradus,  a  step).  To  take  a 
degree  from  a  college  or  university.  Also, 
a  person  on  vi^hom  a  degree  has  been  con- 
ferred. Also,  in  pharmacy,  a  glass  vessel 
upon  which  the  divisions  of  liquid  measure 
have  been  marked. 

Grad^'uated  Com^press.  A  compress 
made  of  pieces  decreasing  progressively  in 
size,  the  apex  or  smallest  piece  being  ap- 
plied to  the  focus  of  pressure. 

Graduated  Cones.     See  Cones. 

Grafe's  Symp^tom.  In  exophthalmic 
goitre,  when  the  eyeball  is  directed  down- 
ward, the  upper  lid  does  not,  us  usual,  fol- 
low, but  remains  in  a  state  of  spasmodic 
elevation. 

Graft  (ypaOig,  a  style).  A  small  portion  of 
skin,  bone,  periosteum,  nerve,  e/c,  inserted 
into  or  upon  a  raw  surface  or  tissue  deficient 
in  the  special  structure  desired.  G-, 
Sponge,  the  insertion  of  antisepticised 
sponge  to  act  as  a  framework  for  the  granu- 
lations. 

Grain  (^gramim,  corn).  A  general  name 
applied  to  starch-producing  seeds,  or  those 
of  the  cereals.  Also,  any  small  seed.  In 
pharmacy,  a  small  pill.  Also,  the  ^y g^f 
part  of  the  Troy  pound. 

Graminiv^orous  [grainen,  grass,  voro,  to 
devour).     Feeding  upon  grass. 

Gramme  [ypa/i/xa,  a  Greek  weight).  The 
weight  of  a  cubic  centimeter  of  distilled 
water  at  its  maximum  density.  The  gravi- 
metric unit  of  the  metric  system  of  weights 
and  measures.     See  Metric  System. 

Gram's  Method.     See  Grani's  Solution. 

Gram's  Solution.  A  decoloring  agent 
used  in  bacteriological  studies,  consisting  of 
iodine  i  part,  potassium  iodide  2,  water  300. 
The  preparation  is  taken  from  the  color- 
bath,  washed  and  plunged  into  this  solution 
until  it  takes  a  blackish  tinge,  then  washed 
in  alcohol  until  decoloration  is  complete. 
This  process  is  called  Gram's  Method. 

Grana^tum.  Pomegranate.  The  cortex 
of  the  root  of  Pitnica  G.  contains  a  liquid 
alkaloid,  pelletierine.  One  of  the  most 
efficient  anthelmintics  against  tapeworm, 
rarely  failing  to  bring  away  the  whole 
worm.  G.,  Fid.  Ext.  Dose  ^ss-jss. 
G.,  Decoctum,  fresh  bark  gxvij,  water 
,^xvij,  boiled  to  ^  xij  and  strained.  Dose 
t^  iv-vj.  Pelletierine  Tannas,  tannate 
of  the  alkaloid,  known  as  a  patent  medi- 
cine under  the  name  of  Tanret's  Pelle- 
tierine. Dose  gr.  ss-j,  followed  by  a  quick 
purgative.     All  unof. 


Grandry's  Corpuscles.  Occiu-  in  the 
beak  and  tongue  of  the  duck  and  goose,  in 
the  epidermis  of  man  and  mammals,  etc. 
They  are  terminations  of  sensory  nerves, 
and  are  also  called  Tactile  or  Touch  Cor- 
puscles of  Merkel. 

Gran^ular  Lids.     See  Trachoma. 

Granula^tion  (dim.  of  grauum,  a  grain). 
The  operation  of  reducing  coarsely  ciystal- 
line  substances  to  particles  of  uniform  size 
by  solution  and  rapid  evaporation,  with 
constant  stirring.  Some  substances,  like 
ferrous  sulphate,  are  best  granulated  by 
filtering  a  strong  solution  into  alcohol. 

Granula^tions  [grattuhim-).  Papilla-,  or 
grain-like  growths  that  spring  up  in  the 
healing  of  wounds  and  ulcers. 

Gran^ule  [graiittlum).  In  anatomy,  any 
small  rounded  grain,  such  as  is  found  in 
the  Malpighian  bodies  of  the  spleen.  Also 
a  spore  or  an  isolated  cell.  In  pharmacy, 
a  small  pill.  G.,  Elementary,  irregular 
protoplasmic  bodies  in  blood,  smaller  than 
ordinary  corpuscles. 

Granulo^ma  {grnniilnm).  A  term  used 
by  Virchow  to  include  such  neoplasms  as 
do  not  advance  beyond  the  stage  of  granu- 
lation tissue.  G.,  Fungoides.  See 
Mycosis 

Gran^'ulose.  The  starch  granules  or  staixh 
enclosed  by  coats  of  cellulose. 

Gran^um.     See  Grain. 

Grape  Sugar.     See  Glucose. 

Graining  [grata).  A  frame  or  screen 
composed  of  bars.  Also  a  sound  produced 
by  the  friction  of  very  rough  surfaces 
against  each  other.  In  optics,  a  glass  ruled 
with  exceedingly  fine  parallel  lines  to  pro- 
duce chromatic  dispersion  in  the  ray  of 
light  reflected  from  it. 

Grattage''  (Fr.).  A  method  of  mild 
scraping  or  curetting  the  internal  walls  of 
the  uterus  by  means  of  a  brush. 

Grav^el.  In  surgery,  a  common  name  for 
the  larger  calculi  or  urinary  concretions. 
Also,  any  difficult  or  painful  micturition. 
G.  Plant.  See  Trailing  Arbutus.  G. 
Root,  Queen  of  the  Meadow,  the  root 
of  Eupatorium  purpureum.  Therapeutic 
properties  like  those  of  Boneset.  See 
Eupatcn'ium. 

Graves's  Disease.  See  Goitre,  Exoph- 
thalmic. 

Grav^id  [gi-avo,  to  load).  With  child. 
Pregnant.  G.  Uterus,  the  womb  during 
pregnancy  or  gestation. 

Grav^ity  {gravis,  heavy).  The  property 
of  possessing  weight.  Also,  a  condition 
of    serious   import.       G.,    Specific,    the 


GRAY  MATTER 


GUANO 


measured  weight  of  a  substance  com- 
pared with  that  of  an  equal  volume  of 
another  taken  as  a  standard.  For  gaseous 
fluids  hydrogen  is  taken  as  the  standard ; 
for  liquids  and  solids,  distilled  watej  at  its 
maxinuim  density. 

Gray  Matter.     See  Brain. 

Great  Lau'rel.  The  leaves  of  Rhoiioden- 
J>\^n  Niiixiintini.  An  expectorant.  Use- 
ful in  obstinate  coughs.  Dose  of  fld.  ext. 
TTLv-xv.     Unof. 

Green.  A  simple  color  of  the  spectrum. 
G.  Dragon.  The  corm  of  Amni  dra- 
r,'nfiii>n.  Kxj>ectorant  and  diaphoretic. 
Dose  of  fld.  ext.  ny-x.  Unof.  G. 
Osier,  the  hark  of  Contiis  circinata.  -An 
astringent  tonic  and  febrifuge.  Dose  of 
fld.  ext.  n\^  x.\-3J.  Unof.  G.  Sickness. 
See  Chlorosis. 

Gregarin'idae  {grex,  a  herd).  A  cla.ss  of 
jjarasitic  protozoa,  of  extremely  simple  na- 
ture. 

Griffe.     See  Mulatto. 

Griffith's  Mixture.     See  Ferriim. 

Griffith's    Pills.     See  Ferrum. 

Grinde'lia.  The  leaves  and  flowering  top 
of  G.  roluista,  found  in  California.  An 
antispasmodic  and  motor  depressant,  in 
large  doses  producing  mydriasis.  \'alu- 
able  in  asthma,  bronchitis  and  whooping- 
cough.  Dose  of  the  fld.  ext.  ITLx-^j. 
G.  Squarrosa,  common  ague  weed.  An 
herb  popular  in  the  western  U.  S.  as  a 
remedy  for  ague  and  malarial  diseases. 
1  lis  proved  serviceable  in  chronic  rheuma- 
tism. Dose  of  the  fld.  ext.  Tt\^xv-xxx. 
Unof. 

Grind'ers'  Asth'ma.  A  chronic  affection 
of  the  lungs  resulting  from  the  inspiration 
of  metallic  or  siliceous  dust,  accumulating 
in  the  lungs,  and  producing  symptoms 
similar  to  those  of  consumption.  Called 
also  G.  Kot  and  G.  Disease. 

Grippe.     .See  Iitjliicnza. 

Groin.  Tlie  depression  between  the  belly 
and  the  thigh. 

Groove  {\'>..,groof,  a  channel).  A  furrow, 
or  channel.  G.,  Dental.  See  Dental 
Groove.  G.,  Infraorbital,  the  furrow  at 
the  jxjstcrior  of  the  suiK.'ri<ir  maxillary 
1/onc  on  its  orbital  surface,  which  fmally 
develops  inio  a  canal  of  the  same  name. 
G.,  Occipital,  the  furrow  on  the  inner 
surface  of  the  temjKjral  bone,  in  which 
the  fxcipital  artery  lies. 
Ground  Laurel.  See  Trailint^  Arbutus. 
Ground-nut  Oil.  I'lranut  Oil.  A  hxed 
oil  expressed  fr<im  the  embryo  of  the  seed. 
of  llic  |)eaDut,  Arachis  liypogaa.     Kcscui- 


bles  olive  oil  in  general  properties,  for 
which  it  is  often  substituted. 

Growing  Pains.  A  temi  apjilied  to  neu- 
ralgic pains  of  the  limbs  occurring  during 
youth. 

Growth  (Sax.  gro-wan,  to  increase).  The 
augmentation  of  the  hotly  taking  place 
between  infancy  and  manhood.  Also, 
the  increase  of  any  part  of  the  lx)dy  by 
addition  to  the  number  of  its  cellular  ele- 
ments without  the  production  of  structural 
abnormality  or  differentiation  into  unlike 
tissues. 

Gru'el  (dim.  of  grutiiin,  meal).  A  decoc- 
tion of  com-  or  oat-meil  boiled  to  a  thick 
paste  in  water. 

Gru'mous.  Knotted, or  in  granular  masses. 

Gru'tum.     See  Milium. 

Guacha'ta.  The  flowers  of  a  Mexican 
plant ;  contains  several  bitter  tonic  princi- 
ples. 

Gua'co.  The  leaves  of  Mikania  G., 
much  used  in  S.  America  in  snake-l'ites. 
Thought  to  be  of  value  in  chronic  rheuma- 
tism.    Dose  of  fld.  ext.  ^ss-j.     Unof. 

Guai'acol.  An  active  constituent  of 
crea.sote.  Has  been  recommended  instead 
of  creasote  in  phthisis.  DoseTTLJ-iij.  Unof 

Guai'acum.  Lignum  Vita;.  The  heart 
of  the  tree,  and  also  tlic  oleo-resin  of  G. 
officinale.  A  prompt  diaphoretic,  expecto- 
rant and  alterative.  Efticient  in  tonsillitis, 
neuralgic  dysmenorrhnca,  amenorrhtva  and 
rheumatism.  Formerly  much  used  as  an 
antisyphilitic.  G.,  Tinct.,  strength  20 
per  cent.  Dose  IT^v-^jin  »iuiila:^i: 
G.,  Tinct.  Ammoniat.,  has  guaiac  20, 
arom.  spt.  annnonia  So  parts.  Dose  n\,v 
-  7,  ss. 

Guan'idine.  A  toxic  derivative  from 
guanine. 

Gua''nine  {t^iano).  A  leucomaine  dis- 
covered by  Unger  in  1844,  as  a  constituent 
of  guano.  Since  then  it  has  been  proved 
one  of  the  deconiposilion-prtxlucts  of  im- 
clein  in  both  animal  and  vegetal )lc  organ- 
isms. In  the  case  of  the  lower  animals  it 
is  evidently  the  endjiroduct  of  kataliolic 
change.  Guanine  and  creatine  a|)pear  to 
mutually  replace  each  other — tioth  being 
substituted  guanidines.  It  is  an  interme- 
diate pro<luct  in  the  formation  of  urea.  It 
is  non-ixji.sonous  and  a  musclestinuilant. 

Gua'no  (I'eniv.  /iiianti,  dung).  The 
excrement  of  sea  fowl  found  on  certain 
islands  in  the  rainless  n  gion>  of  the  I'a- 
cific  Ocean,  ("onsists  essentially  of  alka- 
line urates  and  phosphates.  U.->cd  exter- 
nally in  certain  skin  di:>eascs. 


GUARANA 


180 


GYRI 


Guara^na.  A  dried  paste  prepared  from 
the  seeds  of  PatilUnia  sorbilis,  found  in 
Brazil.  Contains  an  alkaloid,  guaranine, 
identical  with  caffeine.  Employed  chiefly 
in  nervous  sick  headache.  Commercial 
preparations  not  always  trustworthy.  Dose 
of  the  fid.  ext.  rr^  x-3  ij. 

Gubernac^ulum  Testis  (Lat.).  The 
conical-shaped  cord  attached  above  the 
lower  end  of  the  epidydimis  and  governing 
the  descent  of  the  testes  in  foetal  growth. 

Gubler's  Tumor.  A  prominence  over 
the  carpus  of  the  dorsum  of  the  hand  in 
chronic  wrist-drop  from  lead-poisoning. 

Guillotine.  A  surgical  instniment  for 
excision  of  the  tonsils  or  growths  in  the 
larynx,  etc. 

Guin''ea  Worm.  A  nematode  worm  of 
tropical  countries,  that  in  the  human  tis- 
sues in  which  it  burrows  may  develop  to  a 
length  of  several  feet,  producing  inflamma- 
tory ulceration,  unless  removed. 

GuFlet.     See  Oesophagus. 

Gum.  A  name  loosely  applied  to  con- 
creted juices  of  plants.  Chemically,  a 
.substance  yielding  vincic  acid  when  treated 
with  nitric  acid.     See,  also,  Gums. 

Gum  Arabic.     See  Acacia. 

Gum-boil.     Abscess  of  the  jaw. 

Gum  Dammar.  The  resin  of  a  species 
of  pine,  Daminara  orien talis,  native  to  the 
East  Indies.  An  ethereal  solution  is 
used  by  microscopists  as  a  mounting  fluid. 

Gum'ma  (Fr.  Gomme).  Gum-like  tumors, 
resulting  from  a  peculiar  caseation  of  terti- 
ary syphilitic  inflammatory  deposit. 

Gums.     See  Gingiva. 

Gun  Cotton.     See  Pyroxylin. 

Gurgling  Sound.  The  peculiar  sound 
caused  by  air  passing  through  a  li<]uid.  It 
is  heard  in  breathing,  when  the  bronchi 
or  pulmonary  cavities  contain  a  fluid  sub- 
stance. 

Gur''jun  BaFsam.  Balsamum  Diptero- 
carpus,  Wood  Oil.  An  oleo-resin  obtained 
from  several  species  of  Diptocarpus,  a  tree 
native  to  Southern  Asia.  Similar  to  Copaiba 
in  therapeutic  effects.  Dose  TTLx-^ij,  in 
emulsion.     Unof. 

Gus''tatory  (gusto,  taste).  Pertaining  to 
the  special  sense  of  taste  and  its  organs. 

Gut.     A  common  name  for  intestine. 

Gufta  (Lat.).  A  drop.  Also,  freely  used 
as  a  minim  or  sixtieth  part  of  a  fluid 
drachm.  G.  Nigra,  or  Black  Drop,  a 
dilute  acetic  acid  containing  saffron,  and 
flavored  with  sugar  and  nutmeg.  Unof. 
G.  Rosacea.  See  Acne.  G.  Serena, 
a  synonym  of  Amawosis. 


Gufta  Per''cha.  The  elastic  gum  exud- 
ing from  Isonandra  gutta,  a  tree  growing 
in  the  East  Indies ;  the  best  solvents  are 
chloroform,  oil  of  turpentine  and  carbon 
disulphide.  G.  P.  Liq.,  a  solution  in  91 
parts  of  commercial  chloroform  with  9 
parts  lead  carbonate.  I'or  protective  appli- 
cation to  slight  wounds  and  eruptions.  See, 
also,  Traiimaticinc. 

Gutta^'tim  [gutta).  A  pharmaceutical 
term  signifying  drop  by  drop. 

GmVXmt  [g2ittur,ihQ  throat).  The  throat 
with  reference  to  the  trachea. 

Guftural  (guttu?-).  Pertaining  to  the 
throat. 

Gufturo-tef'any  [gicttur,  tetany).  A 
form  of  stuttering  in  which  the  pronuncia- 
tion of  such  sounds  as  g,  k,  q,  is  difficult. 

Gymna^sium  [yvfivoc,  naked).  A  place 
designed  and  fitted  with  appliances  for  the 
systematic  exercise  of  the  muscles  and 
other  organs  of  the  body.  Also,  in  Ger- 
many, a  high  school. 

Gymnasf'ic  [yvfjvog).  Pertaining  to  the 
science  of  preserving  health  by  bodily  ex- 
ercise. 

Gymnas''tics  (yvjuvo^).  The  science  of 
preserving  (and  formerly  of  restoring), 
health  by  bodily  exercise.  G.,  Medical, 
any  physical  exercise  designed  to  restore 
or  promote  health.  G.,  Ocular,  regular 
muscular  exercise  of  the  eye,  to  overcome 
muscular  insufficiency  of  the  eye.  G., 
Swedish,  a  system  of  exercises  to  restore 
paretic  muscles. 

Gynaecology  [yvvr;,  a.  woman,  Tioyo^).  A 
A  treatise  on  the  diseases  of  woman. 

Gynaecomast^ia  {ywr/,  fiaa-og,  a  breast). 
A  term  used  to  denote  the  excessive  devel- 
opment of  the  breasts  of  a  man,  either  with 
or  without  atrophy  of  the  testicles. 

Gynan^dria  {yvvrj,  avrjp,  a  man).  The 
same  as  Hermaphroditism. 

Gynatre'sia  {yvvri,  a,  without,  Tirpr/jui,  to 
perforate).  The  obliteration  or  imperfora- 
tion  of  the  vagina. 

Gynoplasf'ic  (}i»i7/,  Tr/laor/Kor,  suitable  for 
moulding).  Pertaining  to  the  closing  of 
unnatural  openings,  or  the  dilatation  of 
contracted,  narrow  openings  in  the  female 
organs  of  generation. 

Gyp'sum  [yvijiog,  lime).  Native  calcium 
sulphate.     See  Calcium. 

Gyra^tion  (gyro,  to  turn  or  whirl).  A 
turning  in  a  circle.     Also,  giddiness. 

Gy'ri  (pi.  of  gyrus,  a  circuit).  A  name 
applied  to  the  spiral-shaped  cavities  of  the 
internal  ear,  and  also  to  the  convolutions 
of  the  brain. 


GYRUS 


181 


H.EMATIC 


Gy'rus  {x}'rus,  a  circle).  A  term  applied 
to  the  convolutions  of  tlie  brain.  Also,  the 
winding  of  the  cochlea.  G.,  Angular, 
the  jX)Sterior  division  of  the  lower  parietal 
lobule  of  the  brain.  G.,  Annectant,  the 
first  and  second  external  occipital  gyri. 
G.,  Ascending  Frontal,  the  anterior 
central  gyrus.  G.,  Ascending  Parietal, 
the  }X)sterior  central  g^ms.  G.,  Anterior 
Central,  the  convolution  Ixjunding  an- 
teriorly the  fissure  of  Rolando,  extending 
from  l)ehind  that  fissure  backward  to  the 
margin  of  the  great  longitudinal  fissure  of 
the  brain.  G.,  Posterior  Central,  the 
convolution  lx)unding  posteriorly  the  fissure 
of  Kolantlo,  joining  the  anterior  central 
g)Tus  at  the  upper  and  lower  ends.  G., 
Cuneus,    the   small   convolution  joining 


the  posterior  end  of  the  gyrus  fomicatus 
with  the  apex  of  the  cuneus.  G.,  Den- 
tate, a  small  notched  convolution  of  giay 
matter  in  the  hijipocampal  fissure.  G., 
Frontal  Inferior,  a  convolution  of  the 
frontal  lobe  of  the  brain,  called  also  the 
third  frontal  convolution.  G.  Hippo- 
campi, the  convolution  at  the  inferior 
median  edge  of  the  upper  lobe  of  the 
brain.  G.,  Marginal,  the  convolution  on 
the  inner  surlace  of  tlie  great  longitudinal 
fissure  of  the  cerebrum.  G.,  Occipital, 
a  name  given  to  several  convolutions,  one 
of  which,  the  G.  Occipital  Primus,  or 
first  annectant  of  Huxley,  connects  the 
jiarietal  and  occipital  lobes.  G.,  Tem- 
poral, a  convolution  on  the  under  surface 
of  the  temjxjral  lobe. 


H 


H.  Abbreviation  of  hypermeiropia.  In 
chemistry,  the  symbol  of  hydrogen.  In 
I)harmacy,  the  abbreviation  of  haustus,  a 
draught. 

Haben'ula  [habrna,  a  rein).  A  ribbon-like 
structure.  In  anatomy,  the  sujierficial  gray 
nucleus  of  the  optic  thalamus  in  front, 
and  superior  to  the  posterior  commissure. 

Hab'it  {haheo,  to  have).  That  condition 
or  quality  that  one  naturally  possesses,  or 
that  may  be  acijuired.  The  tendency  to 
rei)eat  an  action  or  condition.  In  biology, 
the  apiKiarance  and  mode  of  living  of  an 
organi/eil  Inking. 

Hab'itat  {hahito,  to  dwell).  The  natural 
locality,  or  geographical  range  of  an  ani- 
mal or  plant. 

Habita'tion  {hahito).  A  dwelling  place. 
The  natural  locality  of  an  animal  or  a 
plant. 

Hab'itus  {/labeo,  to  have).     A  habit. 

Hae'ma-  {(Kim,  bkxxl).  A  Greek  prefix 
signifying  blrxxl. 

Haemacy'anin  (niua,  Kvaro^,  blue).  A 
blue  coloring  matter  found  in  the  blood 
and  the  bile. 

Haemacytom'cter.     See  lf,cmoc\toiiuler. 

Hacmadynamom'cter.  See  /Acmoiiyiia- 
momettr. 


Hae'magogue  [ai/m,  ayu,  to  expel).  A 
remedy  or  agent  that  excites  or  increases 
menstpjal  discharge. 

Hae'mal  {aifja).  Pertaining  to  the  blood 
or  vascular  system. 

Haemalo^pia  {niua,  oij',  the  eye).  Effu- 
sion of  blood  in  the  eye.      Kiythroiwia. 

Haemarthro'sis  (atfia,  njAtiJot^,  a  joint). 
I'.llusion  of  blood  into  a  joint. 

Haemastat'ics  {(I'/^n,  (JTariKoq,  standing). 
That  l>ranch  of  ])hysiology  treating  of  the 
laws  of  tlie  ei|uilibrium  of  the  blootl. 

Haemastheno'sis  {mun,  anthiua,  weak- 
ness). A  weakening  or  deterioration  of 
the  blood. 

Haematachom'eter.  See  ILcmolachom- 
tier. 

H3ematangio''sis  {ai/in,  ayyemv,  a  blood 
vessel.     Any  disease  of  the  blood  vessels. 

Haematemc'sis  {nifin,  r/zfu,  to  vomit). 
\'omitiiig  of  blood,  from  any  cause. 

Haematenceph'alon  {aiint,  r-)KKj)ii?.iii\t\\{^ 
i>rain).  \  h.euKirrhage  or  bleeding  witliin 
the  brain. 

Haematherm''ous  («',"",  '^'/'/"A  heat). 
Having  warm  blooil. 

Haemaf'ic  {<iiiiii).  liloody.  IVrliining 
III,  full  of,  or  having  tin;  color  of  blotKl. 
Al.so  a  tonic  t<j  the  blocnl. 


H.EMATIDROSIS 


182 


HtEMATOSPONGUS 


Haematidro''sis  [ai/ja,  idpuatg,  sweat). 
Bloody  sweat.  Ephidrosis  druenta.  A 
sanguineous  perspiration  of  the  sweat  glands 
caused  by  the  extravasation  of  blood  into 
the  coils  and  ducts,  whence  it  is  carried  to 
the  surface  mixed  with  sweat. 

Hae^matin  {^aifia).  An  amorphous  prin- 
ciple of  the  blood  with  steel-black  metal- 
lic luster.  It  is  insoluble  in  water,  alco- 
hol, or  ether,  but  dissolves  freely  in  dilute 
acids  and  alkaline  solutions.  Should  not 
be  confounded  with  hematin,  a  synonym 
of  kcE/natoxylin. 

Haemato-  {aijia).  A  Greek  prefix  signi- 
fying blood. 

Hae''matoblasts  {^atjua,  ^laarog,  a  cell). 
Hayem's  tenii  for  blood-plates. 

Hse'matocele  [a/./ia,  kt/X?/,  a  tumor).  A 
tumor  fonned  by  the  extravasation  and 
collection  of  blood  in  a  part. 

Haematoceph^alus  [at/ua,  Ke<l)aX/},  the 
head).  An  effusion  of  blood,  or  a  san- 
guineous tumor  of  the  brain.  Also,  a 
monstrosity  characterized  by  the  effusion  of 
blood  into  the  cerebral  hemispheres.  Also, 
a  vascular  tumor  that  is  sometimes  ob- 
served in  the  pia  mater  of  anencephalic 
monstrosities. 

Haematocol'pos  (a///a, /co/lTTof,  the  vagina). 
HDemorrhage    into   the    vagina.      Also   a 
■    collection  of  menstrual  discharges  within 
the  vagina. 

Hae^matocyst  [anm,  Kvarig,  a  bladder). 
A  cyst  containing  blood.  Also  an  effusion 
of  blood  into  the  bladder. 

Haemato^des.     See  Hamatomyces. 

Haematogen'ic  [at^a,  yeveaq,  birth  or 
origin).  Pertaining  to  the  formation  of 
blood. 

H3ematog''enous  [aifia,  yevog,  a  kind). 
Derived  from,  or  having  its  origin  in,  the 
blood. 

Hsematoglobin.     See  Hcvmoglobin. 

Haematohidrc'sis.     See  Hamatidrosis. 

Haematoid'in  (aifxa,  ecdog,  resemblance). 
A  derivative  of  hsemoglobin,  probably 
identical  with  the  bile-pigment,  bilirubin. 

HaematoFogy  [ai/ia,  T'.oyoq,  a  treatise).  A 
treatise  on  the  blood,  its  nature  and  func- 
tions. 

HaematoFysis  (af/^a,^!'^;^,  a  solution).  A 
solution,  or  an  imperfect  coagulation  of  the 
blood. 

Haemato^ma  (aifia,  ufia,  tumor).  A  tu- 
mor, fungus,  or  swelling  containing  blood. 
H.  Auris,  an  effusion  of  blood  or  serum 
between  the  cartilage  of  the  ear  and  its 
covering,  occurring  in  various  forms  of 
insanity.     H.  of  Dura  Mater,  an  effusion 


under  the  dura  mater,  consisting  of  flattened 
sacs  containing  blood. 

Haematom^eter.  See  Hcemodynamonieter. 

Haematome''tra  [aifia,  /^yrpa,  the  womb). 
Haemorrhage  in  the  womb.  Also,  a  collec- 
tion or  distention  of  the  uterine  ca^•ity 
with  menstrual  discharge,  due  to  obstruc- 
tion. 

Hsematoinphal''ocele  [aifia,  ofKpalog,  the 
navel,  Kr//Ji,  a  tumor).  A  tumor  or  a  her- 
nia at  the  navel  distended  with  blood. 

Haematom^yces  {aifia,  fivKT/g,  a  fungus). 
A  ha;matoid  variety  of  encephaloid  cancer. 
Called,  also,  Fungus  Ha-matodes. 

Haematomye^lia  {aijia,  ^wAof,  marrow). 
Haemorrhage  into  the  spinal  cord.  The 
symptoms  vary  with  the  seat,  but  paralyses, 
vasomotor  and  trophic  changes,  loss  of 
sensation,  etc.,  are  common. 

Haematomyeli''tis  [aifia,  juve?Mg,  irig,  in- 
flammation). An  acute  myelitis  in  which 
there  is  paralysis  arising  from  effusion  of 
blood  into  the  spinal  cord. 

Haematopericar^dium  (atfia,  TrepiKapdiov, 
the  pericardium).  An  effusion  of  blood 
into  the  pericardium,  due  to  rapture  or 
perforation  of  the  walls  of  the  heart. 

H3ematoph''agous  [ai/ia,  (payu,  to  eat). 
Blood-eating ;  pertaining  to  insects  such  as 
the  gnat,  mosquito,  (?/r.,  that  suck  the  blood. 

Haematoplasfic  [ai/ia,  irXaariKog,  plastic). 
Blood-forming. 

Haematopoie'sis  [ai^ua,  ttouu,  to  make). 
Blood-making.     See,  also,  //amafost's. 

Haematopor^phyrin  [aifia,  iropcpvpni',  pur- 
ple). Iron-free  hajmatin,  a  decomposition 
product  of  haemoglobin. 

Haematops''ia  [ai/ua,  wi/',  the  eye).  An 
extravasation  of  blood  in  the  subconjuncti- 
val tissues  of  the  eye.     Bloodshot. 

Haemator^rhachis  {^ai^ua,  'pax^S,  the  spine). 
Spinal  haemorrhage. 

Haematorrhce'a  (aifittj  peu,  to  flow).  A 
passive  flow  or  discharge  of  blood.  A 
haemorrhage. 

HaematosaFpinx  [aifj.a,  aaTiTny^,  a  tnim- 
pet).  A  distention  or  obstruction  of  the 
Fallopian  tubes  with  blood. 

Haematos'cheocele  [aiua,  oax^ov,  the 
scrotum,  w/?./;,  a  tumor).  A  tumor  or  dis- 
tention of  the  scrotum  with  blood. 

Haematos^copy  (aii-ia,  gkottsu),  to  see.) 
Examination  of  the  blood  and  blood-discs. 

Haematosep'sis.     See  Septicccmia. 

Haem^atosine.     See  Ilccniatin. 

Haemato''sis  [aifiaToio,  to  make  bloody). 
The  process  of  the  formation  of  blood  and 
the  development  of  blood  corpuscles. 

Haematospon'gus.     See  I/ic/nato/nyces. 


H.tMATOXIC 


183 


H.^iMORRHAGE 


Haematox'ic  (^aifia,  to^ikov,  a  jxjison). 
Pertaining  to  a  poisoned  or  impuie  con- 
diiion  of  the  blood. 

Haematox'ylon.  Logwood.  The  heart 
of  //.  campcchiiinum.  Occurs  in  dark 
brown  ra:>pings  or  coarse  i)owder.  Con- 
tains tannic  acid  and  a  coloring  principle, 
hicmatoxxlin,  that  becomes  grayish  -  red 
by  tiie  action  of  light.  A  mild  astringent. 
H.  Ext.  Dose  gr.  v-xx.  H.  Decoc- 
tum,  strength  I  to  17.    Dose  3J-ij.   Uiiof. 

Haematozo'on  (aiua,  fwor,  an  animal). 
Any  living  organism  or  animal  in  the 
blood. 

Haematu''ria  [ai^a,  ovpov,  urine).  Blood 
in  the  urine.  Called,  also,  /lumaftorsis. 
It  is  due  to  injur)',  local  disease,  general 
disorder,  or  the  presence  of  entozoa. 

Haemautog'raphy  [aiua,  avrog,  self, 
-jpiiou,  to  write).  The  tracing  of  the  pulse- 
c\iT\e  by  the  jet  of  blood  from  a  divided 
arterj-  caught  upon  paper  drawn  in  front 
of  it. 

Haemid'rosis.     See  Hirmathidrosis. 

Hae'min.  Chloride  of  h.i^matin.  A  doubly 
retractive  pleochromatic  crystalline  sub- 
stance derived  from  blood.  H.  Test  (for 
blood  in  urine) ;  from  the  colored  earthy 
phosphates  hsmin  may  be  extracted  in 
several  ways. 

Haemochro'mogen  [aifia,  xP'^t^^^  color, 
yEvvau,  to  beget).  A  reduced  alkali-ha:- 
matin. 

Hsemocryst'alline.     See  Ilicnioi^'loHn. 

Haemocy'anin.  A  substance  correspond- 
ing to  hemoglobin,  found  in  the  plasma 
of  iiivertebrala. 

Hae'mocyte  [aifia,  Kvrng,  cell).  A  gene- 
ral term  for  the  corpuscles  of  the  blood. 

Haemocytol'ysis  {(n/m,  /ciTof,  '/.v(j,  to  un- 
loose). The  dissolution  of  blood  cor- 
pu.>clcs  under  heat. 

Haemocytom'eter  [aifia,  Kvroq,  a  cell, 
fitTfMiv,  a  measure).  A  device  for  esti- 
mating the  relative  number  of  corpuscles 
in  the  blood. 

Hacmocytotryp''sis  {nt/in,  Kvrnr,  cell, 
Tftiijiu,  to  ruli).  The  breaking  U[)  of  blood 
cor|/U.selcs  under  strong  pressure. 

Haemodromom'cter  [ni/in,  Aim/iog,  s\xe(i, 
fteT(xiv,  a  measure).  An  instrument  for 
mca.suring  the  rate  of  the  flow  of  i)lcxxl 
in  the  bloofl-vcssels. 

Hacmodynamom'eter  {ai/m,  6vva/tig, 
strength,  iiirjiiiv,  a  measure).  A  con- 
trivance for  measuring  the  tension  or  pres- 
sure of  blood  agaitist  the  walls  of  (he 
arteries.  Careful  ex|x.Timents  .show  that 
ID   man,   the    pre.ssure   of   bloo<l    in    the 


carotid  artery  is  about  that  of  six  inches  of 
mercury. 

Haemoglo'bin  (aifia,  glohits,  a  round 
body).  HaMnatoglobin,  HKmocrystalline. 
A  doubly  refractive,  pleochromatic  colloid 
or  crystalline  matter  existing  in  the  cor- 
puscles of  the  blood,  to  which  the  red 
color  of  the  latter  is  due.  In  man  the 
amount  is  13-77  percent.,  in  woman  12.59 
percent.,  reduced  by  pregnancy  to  9  to  12 
per  cent. 

Haemoglobinoni''eter  {Jurmoglobin,  //fT- 
^oi\  a  measure).  An  instrument  for  the 
quantitative  estimation  of  hemoglobin  by 
comparing  the  color  of  a  solution  of  an  un- 
known with  that  of  a  known  strength. 

H3emoglobinu''ria  [Jiiciiioglobin,  ovpov, 
the  urine).  The  presence  of  h.xmoglobin, 
red  coloring  matter  of  the  blood,  in  the 
urine,  due  to  its  solution  from  the  red 
corpuscles  and  subsequent  transmission  to 
the  urine.  It  occurs  after  transfusion  of 
blood,  during  certain  stages  of  septicaemia, 
and  after  severe  burns.  It  is  not  attended 
with  the  presence  of  any  structures  of  the 
blood  in  the  urine,  thus  diltering  from  lucma- 
turia.  H.  Test:  to  a  suspected  sample 
add  a  drop  of  acetic  acid  and  boil ;  a  red 
coaguluni  indicates  h.vmoglobin.  See,  also, 
Alincns  Test,  Ilionin  and  Htllcr. 

Haem'oid  [ai/ia,  the  blood,  e/rfof,  likeness). 
Having  the  appearance  of  or  resembling 
blood. 

Haemom'eter.     See  Ilici)iody)iamomcter. 

Haemome'tra  [ai/ia,  fa/rpa,  the  womb). 
The  retention  of  menstrual  discharge  in  the 
womb  or  uterine  cavity  owing  to  obstruc- 
tion. 

Haemophil'ia  {ni/ia,  (l)i?.ia,  love  of).  An 
alnionnal  tendency  to  hemorrhage,  or  ease 
of  lileeding. 

Haemophthal''mia  {ai/in,  o6fia7tio(;,  the 
eye).  A  h;vmorr]iage  into  the  interior  of 
the  eye.  It  may  arise  from  roiitusitin,  from 
iridectomy,  or  by  rupture  of  a  vessel. 

Haemopneumotho'rax  («'/'«,  nvevfca, 
wind,  Ihjpii^,  the  chest).  An  effusion  of 
air  and  blood  within  the  pleura. 

Haemop'tysis  {(u/ia,  rrri'w,  to  spit).  The 
spitting  of  l)l<i<xl. 

Haem'orrhage  [ni/in,  /^r/yvvfii,  to  burst 
forlii).  Tile  llowingof  blood  from  wounded 
or  broken  vessels.  H.,  Accidental,  finm 
|)reinature  detachment  of  the  |ilacenta  when 
nonnally  placed.  H.,  Capillary,  oo/ing 
of  i)loo<l  from  a  wound  witliout  a  llnw  from 
large  vessels.  H.,  Collateral,  in  acute 
inlianunations.  H.,  Complementary, 
succeeding  to  another  hiemorrliagi-  that  iiiis 


HEMORRHOIDS 


184 


HANGING 


been  cut  short.  H.,  Consecutive,  ensu- 
ing some  time  after  injury.  H.,  Critical, 
occurring  at  the  turning  point  of  some  other 
disease.  H.,  Post-partum,  prh/iaiy, 
within  24  hours  after  labor;  secondary, 
after  24  hours.  H.,  Unavoidable,  from 
detachment  of  a  placenta  prsevia.  H., 
Vicarious,  abnormal  discharge  of  blood 
from  some  other  part  of  the  body  than  the 
vagina,  and  occurring  in  suppression  of  the 
menses. 

Haem^orrhoids  {^//amorrhois, -pWts).  Piles. 
An  anal  disease  consisting  of  inflammatory 
swellings  of  the  tissues  about  the  anus, 
sometimes  with  eversion  of  the  rectal  mu- 
cous membrane.  H.,  External,  situated 
without  the  sphincter  atti.  H.,  Internal, 
within  the  anal  orifice. 

Haemostat''ic  (aifia,  araniiog,  stationary). 
Having  the  property  to  arrest  hemorrhage. 
Also,  an  agent  or  remedy  that  arrests  or 
restrains  bleeding. 

Haemotachom^eter  {ai/xa,  raxoc,  swift- 
ness, fiETpov,  a  measure).  An  instrument 
for  measuring  the  rate  of  flow  of  arterial 
blood. 

Haemothor''ax  [ai/ja,  6opa^).  The  empty- 
ing of  a  wounded  or  ruptured  vessel  within 
the  thoracic  cavity. 

Hae^ser's  Formula.  See  Christison^s 
Fonmda. 

Haid'inger's  Brushes.  A  visual  phe- 
nomenon seen  upon  directing  the  eye  to- 
ward a  source  of  polarized  light,  due  to  the 
double-refractive  character  of  the  elements 
of  the  macula. 

Hair.  The  hirsute  appendage  of  the  skin. 
Each  hair  consists  of  a  bulb  and  a  shaft. 
The  former  is  situated  in  the  true  skin,  but 
is  enveloped  in  a  sheath  of  epidermis. 

Hair-cap  Moss.  Robin's  Rye.  The 
leaves    and    stems  of    Polytrichum  juni- 

pertim.  A  powerful  diuretic.  Dose  of 
the  decoction"a^/?(^. ;  of  the  fld.  ext.  3J-ij. 
Unof. 

Half^-breed.  A  popular  term  applied  to 
offspring  whose  parents  belong  to  different 
races. 

Halistere^sis.  The  loss  by  fully  formed 
bones  of  ^  to  |^  their  lime-salts,  resulting 
in  osteomalacia. 

Ha^litus  (Lat.,  a  vapor).  A  vapor.  Also, 
expired  breath.  H.  Oris  Fcetidus,  tainted 
or  foul  breath.  H.  Sanguinis,  the  cha- 
racteristic smell  of  the  blood,  peculiar  to 
each  kind  of  animal. 

Hallucina^tion  [allucijior,  to  wander  in 
mind).  The  highest  degree  of  subjective 
sensation,  dependent  alone  upon  patholo- 


gical stimulation  of  the  sensory  cortical 
centers.  (Illusion  is  where  sensations  are 
modified  and  mistaken  by  the  sensorium.) 

HaFlux,  or  HaKlus  [hallux).  The  great 
toe.  The  great  toe  when  ovemding  the 
second  toe.  H.  Valgus,  displacement  of 
the  great  toe  outward,  or  its  contraction. 

Ha^lo  (aAwf,  a  threshing  floor).  The 
brownish  circle  about  the  female  nipple, 
called  also  the  areola ;  the  luminous  or 
colored  circles  seen  by  the  patient  about 
light  in  glaucoma. 

Ha^logen  {alq,  a  salt,  yevvau,  to  produce). 
A  term  fomaerly  applied  to  chlorine,  bro- 
mine and  iodine,  as  acid  elements,  other 
than  oxygen,  that  formed  salts  when  com- 
bined with  bases. 

Ha^loid  {d'Ag,  eiSog,  likeness).  A  term 
sometimes  applied  to  the  chlorine,  bromine 
and  iodine  salts  of  the  various  bases. 

Ham  (Sax.  Jianim').  That  part  of  the  leg 
between  the  knee  and  hip  joints. 

Hamame^lis.  Witch  Hazel.  The  leaves 
of  H.  virgmica.  Properties  not  fully 
known.  Thought  to  be  tonic,  styptic  and 
sedative.  Appears  to  affect  circulation 
in  a  manner  similar  to  aconite.  Highly 
recommended  as  a  haemostatic.  A  prep- 
aration of  this  drug  is  sold  under  the 
name  of  Pond's  Extract.  H.,  Fid.  Ext. 
Dose  TTLJ-^j.  Hamamelin,  unof,  an 
extract   of  uncertain   composition.     Dose 

gr-  j-ij- 
Ham''mer,  Thermal.     Same  as  Cautery, 

butt 071. 

Ham^mer-toe.  A  distortion  of  the  second 
toe,  in  which  it  is  bent  upward. 

Ham^mock  (Span.  Iiainaca).  A  couch  or 
bed  made  of  netting  or  canvas,  suspended 
at  the  ends.  Much  used  aboard  vessels 
and  in  tropical  regions. 

Ham^string.  The  tendons  of  the  posterior 
muscles  of  the  thigh.  Also,  to  cripple  by 
cutting  the  tendons  of  the  muscles  of  the 
thigh.  H.,  Inner,  the  tendons  of  the 
semimembranosus,  sartorius,  and  semiten- 
dinosus  muscles.  H.,  Outer,  the  tendons 
of  the  biceps  flexor  cruris. 

Ham^ular  [hanius,  a  hook).  Pertaining 
to  or  shaped  like  a  hook. 

Hand  (Sax.).  The  organ  of  prehension 
in  bimana  and  quadrumana,  composed  of 
the  carpus,  the  palm  and  the  fingers. 

Hang^ing.  Death  by  suspension  of  the  body 
from  the  neck,  by  a  rope  provided  with 
a  slip  noose.  The  immediate  cause  of  death 
may  be  asphyxia,  cerebral  hemorrhage 
(from  strangulation),  or  dislocation  or 
fracture  of  the  cervical  vertebrae. 


HANGNAIL 


185 


HEARING 


Hang'nail  (Sax.  angHirs^l,  a  sore  by  the 
nail).  A  partly  detached  piece  of  epi- 
dermis at  the  root  of  the  nail,  the  friction 
against  which  has  caused  intlammation  of 
the  abraded  surface. 

Haphemet'ric.     .See  ^sthesionuter. 

Hap'loscope  ((It/ooc,  single,  ffMiTfw,  to 
see).  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
visual  axes. 

Hard'hack.  The  leaves  and  twigs  of 
Spima  tomentosa.  Astringent  and  tonic. 
A  popuhu-  New  England  remedy  in  diar- 
rhtea  and  cholera  infantum.  Dose  gr. 
v-xv,  in  decoction, — of  fld.  ext.  gss-j. 
Uncf. 

Hare'lip  {hare,  lip).  Congenital  fissure 
of  tlie  lip.  H.,  Complicated,  with  cleft 
or  niallbrmation  of  the  l>one  also.  H., 
Double,  two  clefts  of  the  lip,  or  one  of 
each  lip.  Twisted  or  Harelip  Suture, 
figure-of-S  suture  a!)OUt  a  pin  thrust  through 
the  lips  of  freshened  edges  of  the  cleft. 

Har'rison's  Groove.  A  depression,  later- 
ally, from  the  xiphoid  cartilage  in  persons 
with  chronic  difficulty  of  breathing. 

Harts'horn.  A  name  po[iularly  given  to 
ammaninm  hydrate.     See  Aniinoninm. 

Har'vest  Bug.     See  Leptiis  .littitmnalis. 

Hasch'isch.     See  Cann<i/>is. 

Has'sall's  Corpuscles.  Concentric,  gran- 
ular, nuclear,  endothelial  cells  in  the  me- 
dulla of  the  thymus. 

Hatters'  Disease.  A  fonn  of  constitu- 
tional mercurial  ]X)isoning.  Also  a  skin 
disease  arising  from  the  use  of  mercury  and 
arsenic.  Also  an  acute  irritation  of  the 
respiratory  tract  caused  iiy  the  fumes  of 
nitrogen  tetroxide ;  all  these  chemicals 
being  used  in  hat-making. 

Haunch  ( Fr.  hanche).  The  part  of  the 
l)o<ly  including  the  hips  and  buttocks. 

Haust'us  (//a//r/'(>,  tojxjur  out).  In  phar- 
macy, a  dratight.  A  jxtrtion  of  medicine 
ill  the  form  of  a  draught. 

Haul  Mai.     See  l-'.pilcpsy. 

Havef'sian  Canal.     See  Bone. 

Hawlc'ing.  (  learing  the  throat  by  a  pe- 
culi:ir  exjiiratory  current  of  air. 

Hay  Asth'ma.     See  Hay  Fner. 

Hay'craft's  Method.     See  Uric  Acid. 

Hay'den's  Vibur''num  Compound.  .See 
/  'it'll  mil  in. 

Hay  Fever.  .\  disexse  of  the  mucous 
membranes  of  the  nasal  and  respiratory 
j)a->sages,  als'j  at  times  involving  the  con- 
junctiva and  fycl>all.  Il  i^  mirkt-d  by 
catarrhal  iiidammation,  cory/a  luxl  abun- 
dant lachrjination.  It  is  thought  to  l>e 
due  to  the  [Kjllcn  of  the  grains  and  (iiiicr 


grasses.  It  is  also  attributed  to  the  influ- 
ence of  microbes  that  float  in  the  air. 

Hay's  ReaC'tion.    See  Strassl'iirg's  '/est. 

Hay's  Test.  Eor  the  presence  of  bile- 
acids,  tliat  lower  the  surface-tension  of 
fluids  in  which  they  are  dissolved.  Throw 
a  small  cjuantity  of  sulphur  on  the  surface 
of  the  fluid  containing  bile-acids,  and  the 
sulphur  will  sink  and  be  precipitated  in  a 
few  minutes. 

Head  (Sax.  heafod).  The  anterior  or 
upper  part  of  the  body.  That  part  of 
the  body  containing  the  brain  or  central 
ner\'e-system.  Also,  the  upper  end  of  a 
long  bone,  as,  the  femur. 

Head'ache.  Any  [lain  in  tlic  head,  gen- 
eral or  local,  arising  from  any  cause  what- 
ever. According  to  llughlings-Jackson, 
frontal  headaches,  such  as  "sick"  and 
"bilious"  headaches,  are  due  to  disorders 
of  the  digestive  system ;  headache  at  the 
vertex,  to  cerebral  troubles;  and  occipital 
headache,  to  anivmia.  Eye-strain  is  a  fre- 
quent source  of  headache,  especially  of  the 
frontal  region. 

Head^-breeze,  Electro-therapeu''tic.  A 
device  for  general  static  cephalic  electriza- 
tion by  a  head-plate  with  numerous  in- 
sulated pencils  for  subdividing  and  accu- 
mulating strong  currents,  and  giving  more 
gradual  elVects.     See  Static  Breeze. 

Head'-fold.  An  inflection  or  tucking-in 
of  the  layers  in  front  and  beneath  the  head 
of  tiie  cml)ryo. 

Head'-gut.     See  Fore-i^ut. 

Head** -locking.  A  tenn  in  ob.stetrics  de- 
noting the  entanglement  of  the  heads  of 
twins  at  the  time  of  birtii. 

Heal'ing  (Sax.  hn-lan).  Union  and  cica- 
trization of  a  wound.  Ajijjlied  generally 
to  the  cure  of  disease.  H.  by  First  In- 
tention, without  llie  granulating  jirocess. 
H.  by  Second  Intention,  by  the  inter- 
mediation of  granulations.  H.  by  Third 
Intention,  the  direct  union  of  twt>  already 
granulating  surfaces. 

Health  (Sax.  hiclth).  That  condition  of 
the  iKidy  and  its  organs  necessary  to  the 
proi>cr  ])erformance  of  their  normal  func- 
tions. A  hale,  or  whole  condition  of 
i>ody. 

Hear'ing  (Sax.  hyran).  The  special  sense 
liy  whicii  the  .sonorous  vilirations  of  the 
air  are  conununicated  to  the  mind.  Tiie 
cereliral  center  is  excited  i)y  the  vibration 
of  the  fluid  contents  of  tiie  laliyriiith,  or 
terminal  organs  of  the  auditory  nerve. 
.Sound  is  com|X)sod  of  three  factors,  |)itch, 
intensity  and  timbre.     The  first  depeiidf 


HEART 


186 


HELLEBORE 


upon  the  number  of  the  aerial  viljrations  ; 
the  second  upon  their  amphtude ;  the  third 
upon  their  form. 

Heart.  The  organ  giving  the  initiative 
and  chief  impulse  to  the  circulation  of  the 
blood.  It  is  enveloped  by  a  membranous 
tissue  called-  the  pericardium.  Consists 
essentially  of  four  cavities,  a  right  auricle 
and  ventricle,  and  a  left  auricle  and  ven- 
tricle. H.,  Dilatation  of,  the  abnormal 
increase  in  size  of  any  or  all  of  the  cavities 
of  the  heart.  H.,  Hypertrophy  of,  an 
abnormal  increase  of  the  muscular  tissue 
of  the  heart.  H.,  Sounds  of,  the  sounds 
observed  in  the  auscultation  of  the  heart, 
occurring  synchronously  with  the  con- 
traction and  the  closure  of  the  valves,  etc. 
H.,  Valves  of.     See  Valz'e. 

Hearf^burn.  A  burning  feeling  at  the 
stomach  and  lower  part  of  the  chest,  caused 
by  the  acetic  or  putrefactive  fermentation 
of  the  food. 

Heat.  A  mode  or  rate  of  vibration  of 
ethereal  or  physical  wave-motion.  Within 
certain  limits  of  intensity  it  is  essential  to 
the  development  of  all  organized  beings; 
above  a  certain  degree,  destructive  to  all 
organization  and  life.  As  regards  the 
body,  a  temperature  above  98.6°  F.  Also, 
in  physiology,  the  period  of  sexual  excite- 
ment in  the  females  of  many  animals. 
H.,  Animal,  the  heat  generated  within 
the  bodies  of  living  animals  by  the  libera- 
tion of  the  latent  heat  contained  in  the 
food.  H.,  Latent,  physiologically  the 
potential  energy  existing  in  a  complex 
proteid  molecule,  and  which  is  liberated 
by  the  simplification  of  the  latter,  or  the 
katabolic  processes  of  the  organism.  H., 
Prickly.  See  Ui-ticaria.  H.,  Specific. 
See  Specific.  H.  Stroke,  a  nervous 
affection  characterized  by  sudden  syn- 
cope, enfeebled  circulation  and  respira- 
tion, caused  by  exposure  to  intense  heat. 
Called  also  Sunstroke. 

Hebephre^nia  (';//3?7,  puberty,  <^priy,  the 
mind).  A  special  form  of  mental  de- 
rangement occurring  in  young  persons  of 
both  sexes  at  or  soon  after  the  age  of 
puberty. 

Heb^etude  (Jiebeto,  to  be  blunt).  Dull- 
ness of  the  senses  and  intellect.  A  term 
applied  to  the  state  of  partial  stupor  in 
affections  of  the  brain. 

Hec'tic  [mTLKoq,  habitual  or  consumptive). 
Habitual.  A  word  now  commonly  used 
in  connection  with  certain  constant  symp- 
toms of  phthisis,  as  H.  Fever,  the  febrile 
symptoms  concurrent  with  pulmonary  con- 


sumption. H.  Flush,  the  flushed  cheek 
accompanying  pulmonary  consumption. 
H.  Spot,  same  as  //.  Flush. 

Hec^togramme  [ckutov,  one  hundred, 
grai)i?iu').     One  hundred  grammes. 

Hec^tolitre  [kKarov,  liter).  One  hundred 
liters. 

Hec^tometre  {ekutov,  fiieter).  One  hun- 
dred meters. 

Hedeo^ma.  Pennyroyal.  The  leaves  and 
tops  of  H.  pulcgioides,  distinguished  by 
their  aroma.  Properties  due  to  a  volatile 
oil.  Stimulant  and  canninative.  Has 
some  value  as  an  emmenagogue.  Useful  in 
flatulent  colic  of  children.  Odor  ex- 
tremely repulsive  to  fleas  and  mosquitoes. 
H.  01.,  the  volatile  oil.  Dose  n\^ij-x. 
H.  Spt.,  unof.,  10  per  cent,  of  the  oil  in 
alcohol. 

Hed^rocele  [iSpa,  the  anus,  ot;?.?/  a  tumor). 
A  hernia  in  which  the  part  protrudes 
through  the  notch  of  the  ischium.  Also, 
prolapsus  of  the  anus. 

Heel  (Sax.  held).  The  hinder  part  of  the 
foot 

Helco''sis  {i?iKuaig,  ulceration).  The  for- 
mation and  development  of  an  ulcer. 

HePcoid  (f/Aof,  an  ulcer).  Resembling 
an  ulcer. 

HePenin.     See  Inula. 

HelianthePla.  The  root  of  //.  temiifolia. 
Aromatic,  expectorant,  antispasmodic,  and 
in  large  doses  emetic.  Of  reputed  service 
in  pulmonary  complaints.  Dose  of  the 
fid.  ext.  TTLv-xxx.      Unof 

Helianth''emuni.  Frostwort,  Rock  Rose. 
The  herb  //.  canadense.  Astringent,  aro- 
matic, tonic  and  alterative.  Useful  in 
diarrhoea,  scrofula  and  secondary  syphilis. 
Dose  of  fld.  ext.  TT\^v-xx.     Unof. 

HePicine  [p^^S,,  a  spiral).  Tortile,  or 
spiral  in  structure.  H.  Arteries,  arteries 
proceeding  from  the  profundie  penis 
branches  of  the  pudic,  and  from  the  dorsal 
arteries  of  the  penis. 

Heli^coid  (eA;f).  Having  a  structure  with 
S])i rally  arranged  parts. 

HelicotrC'ma.  The  opening  connecting 
the  scala  tyiupaiii  and  vestibuli  of  the 
spiral  canal  of  the  cochlea. 

Heliother'aphy  i^rjlioq,  the  sun,  deprnveia, 
treatment).  The  treatment  of  disease  by 
exposure  of  the  body  to  sunlight.  Sun- 
bathing. 

Heliotro''pin.     See  Piper. 

He^lix  (f/'i/f,  a  coil).  The  margin  of  the 
external  ear. 

HePlebore,  or  Helleb''orus.  The  root  of 
//.  7iiger,  black  hellebore.     Properties  due 


HELLEBOREINE 


187 


HEMIEHLEPSY 


to  two  glucosides,  helhhorin  and  helle- 
boretn.  A  drastic  hydragogue  cathartic, 
and  emmenagogue.  Formerly  a  popular 
remedy  in  insanity,  dropsy,  and  amenor- 
rhcea.  HelUhordn  is  somciimes  used  in 
cardiac  affections  as  a  subsiilute  for  digi- 
talis, its  action  being  obtained  by  smaller 
doses-and  less  irritation.  H.  Nigri.,  Ext. 
Unof.  Dose  gr.  j-x,  cautiously .  H. 
Nigri.,  Ext.  Fid.  Unof.  Dose  n\,ij-xv. 
Helleborin.  Unof.  Poisonous,  insoluble 
in  water.  Helleborein.  Unof.  Very 
solui'le  in  water.     Dose  gr.  x,t~To- 

Hellebore 'ine.     See  ILllebor\\ 

Heller's  Blood-test.  A  test  for  blood  in 
urine  :  Add  to  urine  half  its  volume  of 
solution  of  caustic  potash  and  heat  gently. 
The  earthy  phosphates  are  precipitated  and 
carry  the  hamatin  with  them,  falling  as 
garnet-red  tlocculi. 

Heller's  Test  (for  albumin  in  urine). 
Pour  down  the  side  of  the  test-glass  con- 
taining the  urine,  pure  nitric  acid.  A 
white  zone  of  coagulated  albumin  between 
the  acid  and  urine  indicates  the  presence 
of  albumin.    (.See,  also,  Roberts'  Reai^cnf). 

Helminth'agogue.     See  Anthcl>nintic. 

Helminthi'asis  {Diuvg,  a  worm).  A  con- 
dition marked  by  the  presence  of  parasites 
in  the  body,  especially  of  intestinal  worms. 
.Also,  disorders  or  lesions  caused  by  worms. 

Helmin'thics.     See  Antlielntititics. 

Helminthorogy  (i'/.iuvq,  ?.n-,og,  a  treatise). 
A  treatise  on  worms,  especially  those  para- 
sitic ujxin  the  body. 

Helminth'ous  (i'/.uiv).     Wormy. 

Helo'des  (fZ-of,  a  swamp).  Swam])y,  or 
mar-h y.  Also,  a  fever  attended  by  profuse 
sweating.     Also,  marsh  fever. 

He'ma-.     See  I  fa;  in  a  to-. 

Hem'atin.  A  synonym  for  hirmatoxylin. 
.Sec  Uuiiidloxylon. 

Hemeralo''pia  ('^/icfxi,  day,  <ji/>,  the  eye). 
Night-blindness,  a  .symptom  of  several  dis- 
ea.->es  of  the  eye,  of  failure  of  general  nutri- 
tion, fU.  Vision  is  good  in  day  or  strong 
light,  but  fails  at  night.  An  unfortunate  dif- 
ference of  detinition  |)revails  in  reference  to 
this  won!  and  Xydalopia.  Sometimes  it  is 
defined  as  a  condition  the  reverse  of  that 
given  alxjve. 

Hemi-  (''/,«'.  half).  A  Clreek  ])refix,  mean- 
ing one-half.  In  anatomy  and  physiology 
it  is  ap|)lied  to  one  of  the  two  lateral 
liahes  of  the  Uxly. 

Hcmiachromatops''ia  {'T//navf,  ;j'^6j/i«, 
»<)lor,  "V'f,  ^'H''')-  Defective,  or  absent 
color  vision  in  corres|X)ndiiig  halves  of  the 
field  of  vision. 


Hemi-albumin.     See  Anti-a!l>umiii. 

Hemialbu'minose.  The  same  as  Hemi- 
albiiiuose. 

Hemial'bumose.     See  Peptones. 

Hemianaesthe'sia  ('/////,  avaiath/ata,  want 
of  feeling).  Partial  or  complete  loss  of 
the  sense  of  feeling  in  a  lateral  half  of 
the  body. 

Hemiano'pia.     See  Hemianopsia. 

Hemianops''ia  (''////,  half,  av  neg,  oi/>/f, 
sight).  Blindness  of  one-half  of  the  visual 
field.  It  may  be  bilateral  (binocular)  or 
monolateral  (monocular  or  uniocular),  ac- 
cording as  it  affects  one  or  both  eyes.  H., 
Binasal,  due  to  an.v.sthesia  of  the  tem- 
poral halves  of  the  retina,  the  nasal  fields 
thereby  becoming  invisible.  H.,  Bitem- 
poral, the  reverse  of  the  last.  H., 
Crossed  or  Heteronymous,  a  general 
term  for  either  binasal  or  bitemporal  II. 
H.,  Homonymous,  the  most  common 
form,  affecting  the  inner  half  of  one  lield 
and  the  outer  of  the  other.  H.,  Inferior 
and  Superior,  the  upjjer  or  lower  halves 
of  the  retina  are  insensitive. 

Hemiatax'ia  ('7/",  ara^ia,  disordered 
movement).  Inability  to  produce  orderly 
or  systematic  movements  on  one  side  of 
the  body. 

Hemiathetc'sis  {'iiut^aBETO(;,  without  fixed 
po>ition).  A  term  for  athetosis  or  invol- 
untary rhythmic  movements  of  one  side  of 
the  body  only. 

Hemiat^rophy  ('?///<,  arpcvpia,  lack  of  nour- 
ishment). Imperfect  or  impaired  nutrition 
confined  to  one  side  of  the  body. 

Hemiceph'alus  {'>/in,  KKpa/.//).  A  name 
applied  to  a  monster  fcetus  in  which  the 
cerel)ral  hemispheres  and  skull  are  absent 
or  undeveloped.     See  Anencephalus. 

Hemichore'a  (')///<,  jopf/n,  a  convulsive 
twitching).  A  form  of  chorea  in  which 
the  convulsive  movements  are  confined  to 
one  side  of  the  Ixxly  only. 

Hemicra^nia  (>///',  Kpavmv,  he.ad).  Neu- 
ralgia or  headache  of  one-half  of  the  head. 

Hemidiaphore'sis  ('//'/,  ihuoDpi/mr,  sweat- 
ing). .Sweating  of  one  lateral  half  of  the 
Ixxly  only. 

Hemidysaesthe'sia  (''/"',  '^'C,  dithcuU, 
(iiilh/(Tir^  sensation).  Enfeebled  or  dulled 
sensation  in  a  lateral  half  of  the  bixly,  or 
in  half  of  one  of  the  organs  of  .sense. 

Hemienceph'alus  {'r//ii,  cvKcipn/m;).  A 
monstrosity  without  organs  of  .sense,  but 
|xjs.sessing  otherwise  a  nearly  normal 
brain. 

Hemiep'ilepsy  (V////,  rTTi?tpj>in,  epilepsy). 
A    form    of   epilepsy    in  which  the  con 


HEMIHIDROSIS 


188 


HEPATOGRAPHY 


vulsions  are  confined  to  one  lateral  half  of 
the  body. 

Hemihidro''sis  ('?//»,  hlpug,  sweat).  The 
same  as  henndiaphoresis. 

Hemim^elus  (V///<,  IjLe}^^,  limb).  An  eclro- 
melic  monstrosity  with  deficient  or  atro- 
phied forearms,  legs,  feet  and  hands,  with 
normal  arms  and  thighs. 

Hemiop'ia  (V//zi,  u-\p,  eye).  The  older  term 
for  hemianopsia.  Hemiopia  refers  to  the 
seeing  half  of  the  retina,  hemianopsia  to 
that  part  of  the  field  not  seen. 

Hemip^agus  (V;//<,  Trajog,  united).  A 
monomphalic  monstrosity  united  by  the 
thoraces,  and  with  a  common  mouth. 

Hemiparaple^gia  ('////<,  irapaTrh/yia,  paral- 
ysis of  the  limbs).  Paralysis  of  a  lower 
limb  on  one  side  only. 

Hemipar^esis  {'vfic,  Tvapeatg,  impairment 
of  strength).  Paresis,  or  weakening  of  the 
strength  on  one  side  of  the  body  only. 

Hemi-pep'tone.     See  Peptones. 

Hemipho^nia  (V//yz,  (^uvt],  the  voice). 
Speech  having  the  characteristics  of  half- 
voice,  half- whisper;  used  by  patients  in 
great  weakness  and  exhaustion. 

Hemiple^gia  (V;//y,  Trhiyr],  a  stroke). 
Paralysis  of  the  motor  nerves  of  one  side 
of  the  body,  due  usually  to  a  lesion  of 
some  part  of  the  coipus  striatum  and  in- 
ternal capsule,  or  of  the  cms  cerebri,  of 
the  opposite  side  of  the  brain.  H.,  Al- 
ternate, unilateral  injury  to  the  pons, 
causing  paralysis  of  the  facial  nerve  on 
the  same  side,  but  paralysis  of  the  oppo- 
site side  of  the  body.  H.,  Cerebral,  the 
ordinary  form  first  described  above.  H., 
Crossed,  paralysis  of  the  muscles  of  the 
eye  supplied  by  the  third  nerve  on  the 
opposite  side  to  the  one  otherwise  affected. 
H.,  Facial,  motor  paralysis  of  one  side 
of  the  face.  H.,  Hephsestic,  from  the 
use  of  the  hammer  by  smiths ;  not  properly 
a  special  type.  H.,  Spastic,  a  form  oc- 
curring in  infants,  in  which  the  affected 
limb  is  subject  to  convulsive  twitchings. 
H.,  Spinal,  paralysis  of  one  side  or  of 
the  whole  body  without  loss  of  sensation 
of  the  opposite  side.  Due  to  disease  of 
the  spinal  cord. 

Hem^ispasm  {'rifu,  ajraafiog,  a  spasm).  A 
spasm  or  convulsive  movement  affecting 
only  one  side  of  the  body. 

Hem^isphere  {'r//ii,  afaipa,  a  ball).  Half 
a  sphere.  H.,  Cerebral,  either  lateral 
half  of  the  cerebrum. 

Hem''lock.     See  Coiiium. 

He^mo-.     See  Hccmo-. 

Hem-'orrhage.     See  Hemorrhage. 


Hem'orrhoids.     See  HcEtnorrhoids. 
Hen'bane.     See  Hyoscyatnus. 
Henle,  Fenestrated  Membrane  of.  The 
layer  of  longitudinal   elastic    fibers  of  the 
inner  coat  of  arteries.   H.,  Loop  of.    See 
Tiilndi  Urinifcri. 
Hensen's  Experiment.    Proving  that  the 
so-called    auditory  hairs  of  the    crustacean 
Mysis  vibrated  to  a  particular  note. 
HepataFgia  (^i]~ap,  the  liver,  aAyog,  pain). 
Pain  in  the  liver,  but  more  especially  the 
paroxysmal  pain  occasionally  affecting  the 
right  hypochondrium. 
Hepatec'tomy  ['rjirap,  turefivu,  to  cut  out). 
Excision  of  a  protruding  portion  of  the 
liver. 

Hepaf'ic  ['rjirap).  Pertaining  or  belonging 
to  the  liver.  H.  Duct.  See  Duel.  H. 
Lobes,  the  natural  anatomical  divisions 
of  the  liver,  usually  designated  as  right, 
left,  quadrate,  spigehan  and  caudate  lobes. 
H.  Zones,  certain  areas  in  an  hepatic 
lobule.  The  central  area,  capillaries  and 
cells  form  the  Hepatic  Vein  Zone,  specially 
liable  to  cyanotic  changes ;  the  area  next 
the  periphery  of  the  lobule  is  the  Portal 
Vein  Zone;  and  the  area  between  the 
two  the  Hepatic  Artety  Zone. 
Hepatiza''tion  ('7;7ra/3).  An  abnormal 
change  in  lung-tissue,  in  which  it  becomes 
solid  and  friable,  somewhat  resembling 
that  of  the  liver.  H.,  Gray,  the  condition 
of  a  lung  in  the  third  stage  of  pneumonia. 
H.,  Red,  that  in  the  second  stage  of 
pneumonia.  H.,  'White,  the  condition 
of  the  lungs  in  stillborn  s}q3hilitic  children. 
H.,  Yellow,  the  condition  of  the  lung  in 
the  third  stage  of  pneumonia  when  tinted 
by  numerous  pus  cells.  See  Pneumonia. 
Hepati^tis  ['rjirap,  nig,  inflammation).  In- 
flammation of  the  liver. 
Hep^atocele  ['rjivap,  K7/lr],  a  tumor).  A 
form  of  hernia  in  which  the  liver  pro- 
trudes through  an  opening  in  the  abdo- 
minal wall. 
Hepatocirrho''sis  {'/jnap,  Kippog,  yellow). 

CiiThosis  of  the  liver. 
Hepatocysf'ic  ('r/irap,  Kvarog,  a  bladder). 

Pertaining  to  the  liver  and  gall-1  (ladder. 
Hepatodyn^ia  ['//Trap,  oSvvij,  pain).     Pain 

in  the  liver. 
Hepatogen''ic  {'yrrap,  yevvau,  to  beget). 
Pertaining  to  conditions  produced  by  the 
liver,  as  H.  Icterus,  also  called  absorp- 
tion icterus,  or  jaundice,  caused  by  the 
absorption  of  bile  already  formed  in  the 
liver. 
Hepatog^raphy  {r/~ap,  ypacpu,  to  write). 
A  description  of  the  liver. 


HEPATOLITIIIASIS 


189 


HKKPES 


Hepatolithi''asis  {r'/-ap,?j0iaaic,  presence 
of  calculus).  A  disease  characterized  by 
gallstones  or  other  concretions  in  the 
liver. 
Hepatorogy  {>i~ap,  Pojof,  a  discourse). 
A  treatise  on  the  nature,  structure  and 
functions  of  the  liver. 
Hepatomala'cia    [I'lrrap,    /laXoKO^,   soft). 

Softenint;  of  the  liver. 
Hepator'rhaphy     {r'/~(ip,    pa<p'],    suture). 

.Suture  of  the  liver. 
Hepatorrhex'is   {rprap,  prj^tc,  a  rupture). 

Burstini;  or  rupture  of  the  liver. 
Hepatot'omy  {'j~ap,  -tuvu,  to  cut).   Inci- 
sion of  tlie  liver. 
Herb  [  herba,  grass).     Any  annual  or  peren- 
nial plant  that  yearly  dies  to  the  root.     In 
pharmacy,  the  leaves,  stems  and  tlowers  of 
an  annual  or  perennial. 
Herbiv'ora   {herl>a,  vo>o,  to  devour).     A 
name  foimerly  given  to  a  division  of  mam- 
malia.    .\nimals  that  feed  on  vegetation. 
Herbiv'orous  {/icrlm^voro).  A  descriptive 
tenn    applied  to  animals  that    subsist  on 
vegetation. 
Herbst's    Corpuscles.        Sensory    end- 
organs  in  the  tongue  of  the  duck. 
Hered'itary   (^>iires,   an  heir).     Acquired 
by  inlieritance.      H.  Disease,  one  trans- 
mitted to  the  offspring  by  the  parent.     H. 
Syphilis.     See  Syphilis. 
Hered'ity  {/wres).    The  law  by  which  nat- 
ural form,  structure,  and  conditions,  both 
of  mind  and  l>ody,  are  repeated  in  offspring 
or  de.-CL-iidants. 

Hering's  Theory.     See  Cohr-seiimlion. 
Hermann's    Difference    Theory.      See 

J >ijjFc'>  eii:  c. 
Hermaph'rodite  [Epfir/c;,  Mercury,  A(ppn- 
Sirr/,  Venus).  One  with  some  congenital 
malfcrm.ation  of  the  genital  organs,  such  as 
epispadias,  hyjxjspadias,  cleft  of  the  scro- 
tum, <■/<•.,  that  makes  the  dclermination  of 
sex  somewhat  doubtful.  H.,  Apparent, 
the  external  non-essential  organs  are  the 
only  ones  of  the  ojJiKJsite  sex.  H.,  Bi- 
lateral, a  testicle  u|»n  each  side.  H., 
Female,  essentially  female,  but  with  simu- 
Ial<--<1  male  organs.  H.,  Lateral,  a  testicle 
ujx'n  "iKf  side,  an  ovary  u|K)n  the  other. 
H.,  Male,  the  reverse  of  //.  /■;■///<//<•  H., 
Neuter,  with  no  organs  essentially  male  or 
female.  H.,  Spurious,  non-essential  pctu 
liaritics  (as  the  beard  in  a  female)  witlmut 
abnormality  of  the  genital  organs.  H., 
Transverse,  the  exiem.il  organs  of  one 
sex,  the  internal  (jf  another.  H.,  True, 
essential  organs  of  JKjth  sexes  present.  H. 
with  Excess,  the  individual  j)Osscsscs  all 


the  organs  of  one  sex  with  some  of  the 
opposite  sex. 

Hermef'ical  [Epiirig,  the  god  Mercury,  the 
reputed  founder  of  alchemy).  Pertaining 
to  chemistry.  Also,  having  resistance  to 
chemical  action.  H.  Sealing,  the  closure 
of  an  outlet  by  cementatitm  or  fusion,  so 
that  it  is  impervious  to  air.  Also,  the 
closing  or  covering  of  a  wound  by  imj)er- 
vious  dressings. 

Her''nia  [/leniia,  from  tpvoq,  a  sprout).  A 
tumor  formed  by  the  protrusion  of  the  con- 
tents of  a  cavity  (usually  the  abdominal) 
through  its  wall.  Hernias  maybe  called 
after  their  locality,  as  Epigastric,  Ecmoraly 
LigitinalyPcj-ineal,  Scrotal, Umbilical, etc.; 
according  to  their  condition,  as  Encysted, 
RcJucililc,  Strangulated,  Purulent,  etc.  ; 
according  to  the  contents,  as  Cerebral,  In- 
testinal, Omental,  Vesical,  etc.  ;  or,  lastly, 
according  to  their  origin,  as  Acquired, 
Congenital,  Infantile,  etc.  H.,  External, 
one  ap|>earing  upon  the  external  surface  of 
the  body.  H.,  Femoral,  the  protrusion 
takes  place  through  the  femoral  ring  be- 
neath I'oupart's  ligament.  H.,  Humor- 
al, swelled  testicle.  H.,  Incarcerated, 
a  strangulated,  obstructed  or  irreducil>le 
II., — variously  used.  H.,  Incomplete, 
not  fully  ])assed  through  the  opening.  H., 
Inguinal,  passing  aliove  Poup.art's  liga- 
ment. H.,  Inguinal,  Direct,  to  the  inner 
sitle  of  the  epigastric  artery,  not  following 
the  course  of  the  spennaiic  cord.  H., 
Oblique  Inguinal,  through  the  inguinal 
canal  following  the  course  of  the  sperm- 
atic cord.  H.,  Irreducible,  that  cannot 
be  put  back,  but  that  is  not  strangulated. 
H.,  Obstructed,  obstruction,  but  not 
jx)sitive  strangulation.  Hernial  Sac,  the 
serous  membrane  pushed  before  it  liy  a 
hernia.  H.,  Strangulated,  such  con- 
striction as  to  prohibit  ])assage  of  blood 
and  fivces.  H.,  Umbilical,  appearing  at 
the  navel.  H.,  Ventral,  tliidugh  the 
alnlominal  wall  in  fiont  other  tli.m  at  the 
alxiominal  ring. 

Herniopunc'ture    [hernia,  puiirtura,    a 

|)riikini,').     The  ])uncture  of  a  hernia. 
Her'niotomy (//(•/;//,;, 7f7/i'(.),tocut).  (Oper- 
ation for  tlie  relief  of  hernia  by  .section  of 
the  constriction. 

Heroph''ilus,  Torcu'larof.  See  Torculir. 
Her'pes  (//ito,  to  creep).  Fonnerly 
cree|)ing  eru|)tioiis,  now  appliecl  to  eni|)- 
tions  marked  iiy  the  presence  of  groups  of 
tlie  same  U])<in  an  exantiiem  itous  bilsc. 
H.  Circinatus  Bullosus.  .See  llydroa. 
H.  Esthiomenos.  "iiic  I.upus.  H.  Faci- 


HERPETIC 


190 


HETEROTOPIA 


alis  or  Labialis,  an  eruption  on  the  lower 
part  of  the  face,  most  frequently  about  the 
mouth.  Thought  to  be  of  neurotic  origin. 
Called  also  //.  Fcbrilis  and  Hydroa  Fe- 
brilis.  H.,  Gestation.  See  Hydroa. 
H.  Iris.  See  Erythema.  H.  Progeni- 
tal,  consists  of  vesicles  grouped  upon  an 
inflamed  base,  on  the  genitals,  especially 
the  prepuce  and  labia,  frequently  a  sequel 
of  gonorrhoea  and  soft  chancre.  H. 
Tonsurans.  See  Pityriasis  Rosea.  H. 
Zoster.     See  Zoster,  Herpes. 

Herpet^ic  (fpirr/f,  a  disease  of  the  skin). 
Pertaining  to  herpes. 

Herpet^iform  {^pT^^^,  for7na,  a  form). 
Having  a  likeness  to  herpes. 

HerpetcFogy  {epirr/g,  ?ioyug,  a  treatise). 
A  treatise  on  skin  diseases. 

Hes^selbach's  Triangle.     See  Triangle. 

Heteradelph^us  [erepog,  other,  ads'Acjioc, 
brother).     The  same  as  Heteropagtis. 

Heteradc'nic  {krtpoq,  aSi/v,  gland).  Per- 
taining to  or  consisting  of  tissue  that  is 
unlike  normal  glandular  tissue,  though 
essentially  glandular. 

Heteradeno^ma.  Tumor  foimed  of  hetera- 
denic  tissue. 

Het^ero-  [irspoc,  other).  A  Greek  prefix 
denoting  diversity  or  unlikeness. 

Hetero-aFbumose.     SeeAtinmoses. 

Hetero-autoplasty,  grafting  of  skin  from 
one  person  upon  the  body  of  another. 

Heteroceph^alus  (irepog,  KEcpaArj,  the 
head).  A  foetal  monstrosity  with  two  heads 
of  unequal  size. 

Heterochron^ic  {irepog,  xpovog,  time).  Ir- 
regular in  occurrence.  Occurring  at  dif- 
ferent times,  or  at  other  than  the  proper  time. 

Heterod^ymus  [erspog,  diSv/uog,  twin).  A 
double  monster,  the  accessory  part  being 
but  an  imperfect  head. 

Heterog^amy  (erfpocya/iof, marriage).  A 
term  applied  to  different  forms  of  sexual 
development  arising  from  difference  in  nu- 
trition or  environment.  It  is  typified  in 
the  Phylloxera  vastatrix,  the  development 
of  which  is  far  more  complex  when  the 
insects  are  bred  under  ground,  on  the 
roots  of  the  grape  vine,  compared  with  that 
when  the  insects  breed  upon  the  leaves  of 
the  vine.  In  the  latter  case  the  successive 
generations  consist  of  apterous,  oviparous 
females  only ;  in  the  former  the  cycle  con- 
sists of  male  insects,  apterous  females  for 
peq^etuating  and  winged  females  for  spread- 
ing the  species. 

Heterogenc'ity  (krtpog,  yevog,  a  kind). 
The  condition  or  quality  of  being  hetero- 
geneous. 


Heteroge'neous  (erepof,  ysvog).  Differ- 
ing in  kind  or  nature;  composed  of  differ- 
ent substances,  not  homogeneous. 

Heterogen^esis  {erepog,  yeveaia,  genera- 
tion). Organic  deviations  in  the  situation 
or  character  of  organs,  ete.  Also,  the  fact 
of  a  living  parent  giving  rise  to  offspring 
that  pass  through  a  totally  different  series 
of  states  from  those  exhibited  by  the  pa- 
rent, and  not  returning  into  the  parent's 
cycle  of  changes. 

Heterogenet^ic  {krepog^  ysveaia).  Pertain- 
ing to  heterogenesis. 

Heteroinfec^tion  {Erepog,  iajino,  to  taint). 
Infection  transmitted  by  a  person  who  is 
himself  not  infected. 

Heterologous  [ETspog^  loyog,  an  account). 
Differing  in  structure  or  form  from  the 
normal.  H.  Series,  a  series  derived  from 
each  other  by  chemical  metamorphoses. 
H.  Tissues,  morbid  tissues  that  have 
no  structural  relation  with  the  nonnal  tis- 
sues of  the  part.  H.  Tumors,  tumors 
having  a  different  tissue  from  that  of  the 
pan  in  which  they  are  situated. 

Heteromorph''ism  {erepog,  p.op<pTi,  form). 
A  condition  marked  by  difference  in  form, 
as  compared  with  the  normal  form.  In 
chemistry,  the  property  of  crj'stallizing  in 
different  forms. 

Heteron''oinous  {erepog,  vo^uog,  a  law). 
Abnoiinal.  Deviating  from  ordinary  laws 
or  types. 

Heterop''agus  {erepug,  other,  Trayiog, 
united).  A  parasitic  monstrosity  with  nor- 
mal head,  upper  and  lower  extremities, 
but  with  a  parasite  attached  to  the  anterior 
abdominal  wall. 

Heterop^athy  {ererog,  rradog,  affection). 
The  treatment  of  a  disease  by  inducing  a 
different  morbid  condition  to  neutralize  it. 
Abnormal  reaction  to  stimulus  or  irritation. 

Heteropho^ria  {erepog,  different,  (popog,  a 
tending).  A  tending  of  the  visual  lines  in 
some  other  way  than  that  of  parallelism. 
It  may  be  Esophoria,  a  tending  of  the 
lines  inward;  or  Exophoria,  outward  ;  or 
Hyperphoria,  a  tending  of  the  right  or 
left  visual  line  in  a  direction  above  its  fel- 
low. Hyperesophoria,  a  tending  of  the 
visual  lines  up  and  inward.  Hyperexo- 
phoria,  up  and  outward. 

Heteroplast^ic.     See  Pletei-ologotts. 

Heterotax''ia  {erepog,  ra^ig,  order).  A 
congenital,  but  not  hereditary,  displace- 
ment of  an  organ  or  part.  Especially  a 
malposition  of  internal  organs. 

Heterotop'ia  {erepog,  roTror,  a  place).  Ab- 
normal positioii.      Misplacement  of  an  or- 


HETEROTROriA 


191 


HISTOGENESIS 


gan  or  part.  Also,  any  abnormal  g^wth 
of  tissue  fureii:;n  to  that  part  of  the  bot'.y 
wherein  it  is  situated. 

Heterotrop'ia.     See  Strabismus. 

Heterotyp'ic  {hepoq,  rvrof,  a  pattern.) 
AppHcd  to  a  monstrosity  consisting  of  a 
willdcvelopeil  fivtiis  from  whicl)  grows 
an  immature  sccondarj'  fietus. 

Heteroxanth''ine.  A  leucomaine  isolated 
from  urine  in  1SS4.  In  comix)siiion,  it  is 
methyl-xanthine,  and  is  intermediate  be- 
tween xanthine  and  paraxanthine  or  di- 
methyl-xanlhine ;  exists  in  the  urine  of 
man  in  tlie  same  proportion  as  paraxan- 
thine. But  it  exists  in  urine  of  the  dog 
iiiiiUiOm/'tinieJ  by  paraxanthine,  and  the 
same  fact  has  been  observed  in  the  urine 
of  leucoc)'tha'mic  j^ersons.  It  is  thou<j;ht 
by  Solomon  to  have  its  origin  in  the  kid- 
ney. Its  physiological  action  is  not  yet 
fully  known.  Xanthine,  heteroxanthine, 
and  ])araxanthine  form  normally  a  homolo- 
gous series  of  xantliine  l)odies  in  the  urine. 

Hewson's  Experiments.  To  prove  that 
the  blood  vessels  exert  a  restraining  in- 
fluence on  coagulation. 

Hexicol'ogy  {iiiq,  state  or  condition,?/)yof, 
science).  The  relations  of  a  creature  to 
its  environment. 

Hia'tus  {/;/(',  to  gai^e).  A  sjiace  or  open- 
ing. Also,  the  vulva.  H.  of  Fallopius, 
the  shallow  groove  on  the  petrous  portion 
of  the  tem])oral  l)one. 

Hiberna'tion  (/lilieniiis,  winter).  The 
dormant  condition  or  winter  sleep  of  cer- 
tain animals,  notai^y  bears,  hedgeliogs, 
etc.,  in  which  animation  is  almost  sus- 
pended. Respiration  and  circulation  are 
greatly  reduced,  and  nutrition  is  performed 
mainly  at  the  expense  of  the  fatty  tissues 
of  the  animal. 

Hic'cough  {/tir,  a  mimic  word;  cough). 
A  s|)asmodic  contractinn  of  the  dia])hr;igm 
causing  inspiration,  followed  iiy  a  sudden 
closure  of  the  glottis. 

Hick'ory.  The  barkof  shelll)ark  hickory, 
Oiryn  alba.  Tonic  and  anti-intermittent. 
Useful  in  malarial  fevers.  Dose  of  lid. 
ext.  !5ss-j.     Unof. 

Hide-bound  Disease.    See  Sr/,-roi/t-r»in. 

Hi'dro-  (i<i/j(jc,  sweat).  A  prefix  signify- 
ing ssveat. 

Hidropede^sis  (<''V"^f.  ~'/<^'J<"C,  a  leaping). 
Exce.vsivc  sweating. 

Hidropoiii'sis  ((''/"■'C.  ^"ir(J,  to  make). 
(  aiLsing  the  formation  and  cxcretirm  of 
sweat. 

Hidros^chesis  {i^i>cjr,  a,xif":,  retention). 
Ketcntion  or  suppression  of  the  sweat. 


Hidro'sis  [U^puq).  The  formation  and 
excretion  of  sweat. 

High'more,  Antrum  of.  Tlie  l.irge cavity 
in  the  body  of  the  superior  maxillary  bone. 

Hi'lum  (Lat.  a  little  thing).  A  small  fis- 
sure, notch,  or  depression,  especially  the 
notch  on  the  internal  or  concave  border 
of  the  kidney. 

Hind'brain  (Ger.  hinterJiirn').  A  division 
of  the  brain,  developing  from  a  funnel- 
shaped  tube  in  the  embryo  to  an  anterior 
lobe  that  becomes  the  cerebellum,  and  a 
posterior  lobe  that  becomes  the  medulla 
oitlongata. 

Hinge -joint.     See  Diarthrosis. 

Hip  (Sax.  hype).  The  upper  part  of  the 
thigh  at  its  junction  with  the  buttocks. 

Hip-joint  Disease.  An  arthritis  of  the 
hip-joint ;  an  affection  of  early  life,  and  ac- 
cording as  it  begins  in  the  head  of  the 
femur,  the  acetabulum,  or  in  the  synovial 
membrane  and  proper  structures  of  the 
joint,  is  divided  respectively  into  Femora/, 
Acetalnilar  and  Arthritic.  Its  etiology  is 
obscure,  its  symptoms  pain  (coxalgia), 
swelling,  and  deformity.  Coxalgia  is  in- 
correctly used  as  a  synonym. 

Hippocamp''us  (iTrrof,  horse,  Ka^tnog,  a 
sea  monster).  A  name  applied  to  the  con- 
volutions, //  major  and  //.  minor,  the 
former  situated  in  the  inferior,  and  the  lat- 
ter in  the  posterior  horn  of  the  ventricles 
of  the  brain. 

Hippocory'za.     See  Eqiiitiia. 

Hippu'ric  Acid.  Kenzoylamidoaccticacid. 
An  odorless,  monobasic  acid  occurring  in 
large  amount  in  the  urine  of  heri)ivora, 
and  in  them  the  chief  end-product  of  the 
metabolism  of  nitrogenous  substances. 
Human  urine  contains  a  small  amount 

Hip'pus  {\--oq,  horse,  from  analogy  to  the 
movement  of  the  same).  Spasmodic  j)upil- 
laiy  movement,  independent  of  the  action 
of  light. 

Hir''sute  [hiisutiis,  shaggy).  Covered  with 
hair  or  1  eristics.     Shaggy. 

Hirsu'ties  (///;-.r////^f).  llypertrichiasis.  Ily- 
jjerlrichosis.  I'olytriciua.  Trichauxis.  Ily- 
]>crtrophy,  excessive,  or  abnormal  growth 
of  tlie  hair  cither  in  quantity  or  in  position. 

Histioid.     See  J/istoit/. 

Histochem'istry  (('(Trof,  a  web  or  tissue, 
ihiiiiistry).  The  chemistry  of  organic 
ti.ssue. 

Histodial'ysis  ('ffror,  (ha7vcor,  a  resolu- 
tion).    The  dissolution  of  organic  tissue. 

HistOgen'csis  (((iror,  )iir<n.>,  to  beget). 
Tlie  study  of  the  origin  and  ilevelopment 
of  organic  tissues. 


HISTOH^MATIN 


192 


HOMOLOGOUS 


Histoh3e''niatin  ((crrof,  heematin).  A  pig- 
mentary extractive  of  the  suprarenal  bodies. 

Hist^oid  (('ffrof,  EidoQ,  likeness).  Pertain- 
ing to  tissue  derived  from  the  mesoblast, 
as  a  histoid  tumor.     See  Neoplasfn. 

Histology  {^iGToq,  TMyoq,  a  treatise).  The 
study  of  the  intimate  structure  of  tissues. 

Histolysis  (icrrof,  7,vaig,  dissolution).  Dis- 
integration and  dissolution  of  organic  tis- 
sue. 

Histon''oiny  (iorof,  vo/xog,  a  law).  The 
laws  of  the  development  and  airangement 
of  organic  tissue. 

HistophysioFogy  [larog,  (pvaig,  nature, 
2x)yog,  a  treatise).  A  treatise  concerning 
the  functions  of  the  various  tissues. 

Histot^omy  [larog,  refivu,  to  cut).  The 
dissection  of  any  organic  tissue. 

Hives.  A  name  loosely  applied  to  almost 
any  papular  eruption  of  the  skin.  In 
Great  Britain,  applied  to  croi/p  and  to 
chicken-pox ;  in  the  United  States,  limited 
to  a  transitory  form  of  urticaria. 

Hoang  Nan.  A  Chinese  preparation  ob- 
tained from  Strychnos  gaullhcria.  Proper- 
ties due  to  small  percentage  of  strychnine. 
Recommended  as  an  alterative  in  syphilis, 
leprosy  and  similar  diseases.  An  alleged 
preventive  of  hydrophobia  if  given  in  large 
(gr.  xv)  doses  during  period  of  incubation. 
Dose  gr.  ^-K-     Unof. 

Hoarse'ness  (Sax.  has).  Harshness  of 
voice  depending  on  some  abnormal  condi- 
tion of  the  larynx  or  throat. 

Hodg''kin's  Disease.  See  Lympkade 
noma. 

HofTs  Malt  Extract.     See  Malt. 

HoKagogue  (oAof, whole,  ayuyog,  leading). 
A  medicine  or  remedy  that  expels  or 
drives  out  the  whole  of  a  morbid  substance. 
A  radical  remedy. 

Holm'gren's  Tests.  See  Blindness, 
Color. 

Ho^lo-  [pMq,  entire).  A  Greek  prefix  sig- 
nifying entirety. 

Holoblasf'ic  {o\oq,  jUaarog,  a  sprout). 
Pertaining  to  the  segmentation  of  the 
ovum. 

Homat''ropine.     See  Atropine. 

Home''sickness.  Nostalgia.  An  urgent 
desire  to  return  to  one's  home.  May  be 
accompanied  by  a  morbid  sluggishness  of 
the  functions  of  the  various  organs  of  the 
body,  developing  into  profound  melan- 
choly. 

Hom'icide  [homo,  a  man,  ccedo,  to  kill). 
The  killing  of  a  human  being  without 
malice  or  intent,  as  distinguished  from 
murder  or  manslaughter.    Also,  the  taking 


of  human  life  in  general  by  another.  Also, 
one  who  takes  the  life  of  another. 

Ho^mo  (Lat.).  Man.  The  sole  genus  of 
the  order  Biviana. 

Homocent^ric  [piiog,  the  same,  K^vrpov^ 
a  center).  Concentric.  Having  tlie  same 
center.  H.  Rays,  a  pencil  of  light-rays 
either  cone-shaped  or  rod-shaped. 

Homocer^ebrin  (6/zof,  cerebrin).  A  nitro- 
genous glucoside  obtained  from  brain- 
tissue. 

Hom^ceo-  [oixoioq,  like).  A  Greek  prefix 
signifying  like  or  similar. 

Homceomorph^ous  {ojioiog,  /uop<pT/,  a 
form).  Like  or  similar  in  form  and  struc- 
ture. 

Homceop^athy  [o/ioiog,  like,  Tradog,  ail- 
ment or  disease).  A  word  applied  by 
Hahnemann  to  a  system  of  treatment  of 
disease  by  the  use  of  an  agent  that,  ad- 
ministered in  health,  "  would  produce 
symptoms  similar  to  those  morl)id  condi- 
tions for  the  relief  of  which  the  agent  or 
medicine  is  given."  The  hypothesis  ex- 
pressed by  the  adage,  "  similia  si}nililms 
cnrantnr."     See  Regular,  and  Allopathy. 

Homceoplast''ic.  Pertaining  to  a  neo- 
plasm resembling  its  matrix-tissue  in  tex- 
ture. One  diflering  widely  in  this  respect 
is  heteroplastic.  If  separated  in  posi- 
tion, it  is  said  to  be  heterotopic  ;  in  date, 
heterochronic. 

Homogene^ity  [pnog,  alike,  yzrog,  a  kind). 
The  condition  of  being  homogeneous. 

Homoge^neous.  Having  the  same  nature 
or  qualities.  Similar  or  identical  in  struc- 
ture. 

Homogen''esis  [ojiog,  yevvau,  to  beget). 
A  term  used  to  denote  the  fact  that  a  liv- 
ing parent  gives  rise  to  offspring  that 
passes  through  the  same  cycle  of  changes 
as  itself. 

Homog''eny.     See  Ilomogenesis. 

Homog^onous' (o//of,  yovog,  seed).  With 
like  or  similar  offspring. 

Homoiother^mal  (6//owf,  like,fffp//;ii,  heat). 
Pertaining  to  animale  that  are  "  warm- 
blooded," or  that  maintain  a  uniform 
temperature  despite  variations  in  the  sur- 
rounding temperature. 

HomoFogous  [ofio?ioyia).  Having  the 
same  structural  form,  use,  or  type.  H. 
Series,  in  chemistry,  a  graduated  series 
of  compounds  having  a  common  difference. 
See  Hydrocarbon.  H.  Tissues,  those 
identical  in  type  of  structure.  H.  Tu- 
mor, a  name  given  by  Virchow  to  a  tumor 
consisting  of  tissue  identical  with  that  of 
the  organ  whence  it  springs. 


HOMOLOGUE 


193 


HUMERUS 


Hom'ologue  (o/^o/ojof).  A  particular 
organ  common  to  any  numl)er  of  sjK'cies, 
classes,  or  orders  of  animals. 

Homol'og^  (ouog,  /.ojof,  a  treatise).  The 
science  treating  of  the  comj>arative  study 
of  the  same  part  or  organ  in  different 
species  and  orders  of  animals,  and  also  to 
the  study  of  organs  or  parts  develojied 
from  the  same  eml)ryonic  structure.  Also, 
the  nioqjhological  identity  of  parts  or 
organs  in  different  animals. 

Homon'omous  {opog,  vofu>g,  a  law).  Gov- 
t.nied  by  or  under  the  same  law. 

Homon'ymous  {o/ior,  ovvua,  a  name).  A 
term  applied  to  names  that  have  the 
same  sound  or  pronunciation,  but  different 
mexnings. 

Homother'mic  [6^og,  Oep/it/,  heat). 
1  laving  uniformity  of  tenn^erature  or  bodily 
heat. 

Hom'otype  {ouog,  rv-ng^  a  pattern).  A 
part  corresponding  and  similar  to  an- 
other part,  as  the  humerus  to  the  femur, 
fU. 

Hondu''ras  Bark.     See  Cascara  Amarga. 

Honey.     See  ^/c/. 

Honeycomb  Ringworm.     See  Flavtis. 

Hook  (Sax.  hoc).  A  cur^'ed  instrument. 
H.,  Blunt,  an  instrument  described  by  its 
name,  for  exercising  traction  uixin  the 
fnetus  in  an  arrested  breech  presentation. 
H.,  Tyrrell's,  a  blunt,  slender  hook  for 
oi)erations  u|kjii  the  eye. 

Hop.     See  Jfumitlus. 

Hope'ine.     See  Ilumithis. 

Horde'olum  {/lonitum,  a  grain  of  barley). 
A  stye ;  a  furuncular  inflammation  of  the 
connective  tissue  of  the  lids,  near  the  hair 
follicle. 

Hor'deum  (Lat.).  Barley.  H.  Decorti- 
catum,  barley  deprived  of  its  husk  ;  cun- 
nioiily  called  pearl  barley.  H.  Germi- 
natum,  malt,  q.  v. 

Hore'hound.     See  Marmbium. 

Hori'zon  [lnuluv,  the  horizon).  The  line 
separating  the  visible  from  the  invisible 
part  of  the  earth  f'-om  a  single  ixjint  of 
view. 

Horizon'tal  (npi<,un>).  Parallel  to  the  hori- 
zon. 

Hor''mion.     Sec  Skull. 

Horn  (Sax., //(TM).  The  hard  projection 
u.sed  as  a  defensive  weajHin,  growing  on 
the  heads  of  certain  animals.  Horns  may 
Ijc  |)cruianenl,  a.s  in  the  ox;  or  deciduous, 
a.s  in  the  deer.  Also,  the  hardened  epi- 
thelial .substance  of  wlii<  h  the  horn  is 
com|Kj.s<<l.  H.,  Cutaneous.  Sec  C'crz/M 
(Juliitifiim. 

»3 


Horner's  Muscle.  The  Tensor  Tarsi 
Muscle. 

Horop'ter  (o/iof,  a  loundaiy,  oirrr/p,  an  ol> 
servcr).  Tiie  sum  of  all  the  points  seen 
single  by  the  two  retiniv  while  the  fixation 
point  remains  stationary. 

Horripila'tion  [liorreo,  to  stand  on  end, 
/i/t/s,  the  hair).  A  sensation  as  if  the 
hairs  of  the  skin  were  stiff  and  erect. 

Hor'rors  [liorn-o).  A  ix)pular  name  for 
delirium  tremens,  q.  v. 

Horse-Chestnut.  See  Esculus  Jlippo- 
idstanum. 

Horse-Radish.  The  fresh  root  of  Cock- 
lea  ria  (irHtortieia.  Properties  due  to  a  vola- 
tile oil.  Stimulant,  diuretic,  and  exter- 
nally a  rubefacient.  Much  used  as  a  condi- 
ment.    Dose  of  fld.  ext.  3J-ij.     Unof. 

Hos^pital  [Ih'spiliile,  a  large  house).  A 
building  for  the  care  and  treatment  of  sick 
or  infirm  people.  H.  Fever,  a  feveri.sh 
condition  formerly  common  in  hospitals, 
due  to  ill-ventilation  and  unsanitary  con- 
ditions. Also,  the  fever  symptomatic  of 
gangrene.  See  Fever,  H.  Gangrene, 
a  contagious,  phagedenic  gangrene  occa- 
sionally attacking  wounds  or  open  sores. 
It  is  confined  mainly  to  military  hospitals, 
and  believed  to  l">e  of  microbic  origin. 

Hos^'pitalism.  The  morbific  influences 
arising  from  the  gathering  of  diseased  per- 
sons in  a  hospital,  which  seems  to  have  a 
tendency  to  produce  septic  diseases. 

Host  [liostis,  a  stranger).  A  landlord.  The 
organic  l>ody  u\K>n  which  parasites  live. 

Hot-spots.     See  Temperature  Sense. 

Hot^tentot  Apron.     See  Apron. 

Hound's  Tongue.  The  leaves  and  root 
of  Cynoglossum  officinale.  Anodyne,  de- 
mulcent and  astringent.  Dose  of  fld.  ext. 
_^ss-j.     Unof. 

Hour-glass  Contrac'tion.     See  Uterus. 

Housemaid's  Knee.  See  Abscess,  Bur- 
sal. 

Howship's  Lacu'nae.  Depressions  in 
which  lie  the  osteoclasts  of  eroded  or 
s|>ongy  I  Mine. 

Huin'gan.  The  seed  of  a  plant  native  to 
the  Andes.  Infusion  used  in  urinary 
affections. 

Hum.  A  low  rhythmical  murmur.  H., 
Venous.     .See   Venous. 

Humec'tant  (huinecto,  to  make  moist). 
A  diluent.  Also  a  substance  used  to 
moisti-n. 

Hu'meral  {humerus').  Pertaining  to  the 
liunierus. 

Hu'merus.  (I.at.)  Tiie  largel)oncof  the 
upjK-r  arm.     Also  the  shoulder. 


HUMIDITY 


194 


HYDRANGIOLOGY 


Humid^'ity  (Jntmor,  moisture).  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  moist. 

Hummer  lyhumor).  Any  fluid  or  semi-fluid 
part  of  the  body.  H.,  Aqueous,  the 
transparent  fluid  that  fills  the  anterior 
chamber  of  the  eye.  H.,  Vitreous,  the 
transparent  gelatine-like  substance  filling 
the  posterior  chamber  of  the  eye. 

Hu^moral  {Jniinor).  Pertaining  to  the 
natural  fluids  of  the  body.  H.  Path- 
ology, a  theoiy  among  the  Greeks  that  all 
diseases  resulted  from  a  disordered  or  ab- 
normal condition  of  the  fluids  or  humors 
of  the  body. 

Hu^mulus.  Hop.  The  fruit-cones  of 
//  lupulus.  Contains  various  principles, 
hopeine  and  lupulin  being  most  important. 
A  bitter  stomachic  tonic  and  feeble  hyp- 
notic, increasing  cardiac  action.  A  poul- 
tice of  hops  is  a  favorite  remedy  in  inflam- 
mations. H.  Infusum,  unof,  ^ss-Oj. 
Dose  5J-iv.  H.  Tinct.,  20  per  cent,  in 
strength.  Dose  ,^j-ij.  Lupulinum,  the 
glandular  powder.  Dose  gr.  v-xv.  L. 
Fid.  Ext.,  alcoholic  Dose  ^ss-ij.  L. 
Oleoresina,  ethereal.  Dose  gr.  ij-v.  L. 
Tinct.,  unof.,  strength  I2j^  per  cent. 
Dose  gss-ij. 

Hun^ger  (Sax.  /mngot-).  A  condition 
marked  by  a  sensation  of  emptiness  of  the 
stomach  and  intense  desire  for  food. 

Hunte^rian  Chancre.     See  Chancre. 

Hunt^er's  CanaF.     See  Canal. 

Hunts^man's  Cup.    See  Trumpet  Plant. 

Hutch^inson's  Teeth.  A  notched  or 
furrowed  condition  of  the  free  edges  of  the 
permanent  teeth,  especially  the  central  in- 
cisors of  the  upper  jaw;  due  to  inherited 
syphilis. 

Hux''hani's  Tincfure.  Red  cinchona 
bark  5  iv,  orange  peel  ,^iij,  serpentaria 
gr.  Ixxx,  Spanish  saiTron  gr.  clx,  cochineal 
gr.  Ixxx,  brandy  ^  xl,  digested  four  days. 
Dose  ^^ss-ij. 

Hy'alin  {halMq,  glass).  A  translucent  sub- 
stance, called,  also,  canalized  fibrin,  that 
sometimes  occurs  in  miliary  tubercle. 
Also,  the  membrane  or  sac  forming  the 
wall  of  hydatid  cysts. 

Hy^aline  (iicAof).  Resembling  glass  in 
transparency.  H.  Cast,  or  Cylinder,  a 
clear,  nearly  transparent  urinary  tube-cast. 
H.  Degeneration,  a  degeneration  of 
fibrous  tissue  that  becomes  transparent, 
jelly-like,  and  homogeneous  in  stracture. 

Hyali^tis  (va\oq,  irig,  inflammation).  In- 
flammation of  the  hyaloid  membrane.  Used 
a.s  a  synonym  for  inflammation  of  the  vit- 
reous humor. 


Hy'aloid  (m/lof,  eiSog,  like).  Transparent; 
like  glass.  H.  Artery,  in  the  .embiyo,  a 
branch  of  the  arteria  centralis  retina;,  tra- 
versing the  vitreous  humor  to  the  posterior 
capsule  of  the  lens.  Its  hyaloid  sheath 
forms  the  Canal  of  Cloquet.  Persistence 
of  this  artery  after  birth  has  been  observed. 
H.  Membrane,  a  delicate,  transparent 
membrane  surrounding  the  vitreous  humor, 
except  in  front,  where  it  becomes  fibrous 
and  strong  and  forms  a  leaflet  of  the  zo- 
nula of  Zinn. 

Hyaloidi^tis,     See  Hyalitis. 

HyaFoplasma.     See  Protoplasm. 

Hy^brid  {Jiybrida,  a  mongrel).  A  term 
signifying  the  offspring  of  two  individuals 
of  distinct  but  closely  related  species. 
Among  animals,  the  mule  is  the  best  known 
hybrid. 

Hydarthro''sis.     See  Hydrarthrosis. 

Hydaf'id  [ydajiq,  a  vesicle).  The  cyst  of 
the  embryo  of  Tcenia  echinococciis  in  the 
human  body;  frequently,  also,  loosely  ap- 
plied to  vesicular  tumors  and  cysts  of  many 
kinds.  They  are  most  frequent  in  the  liver, 
but  are  found  in  most  any  tissue,  even  in 
bone.  Synonymous  with  H.  Cyst.  H. 
Mole.  '6&e.  Mole,Hydatidiform.  H.  of 
Morgagni,  certain  short  processes  of  the 
tunica  vaginalis  testis. 

Hydatid'iform  [vdarig,  forma,  form). 
Having  the  foiTn  of  a  hydatid.  Resem- 
bling a  hydatid.  H.  Degeneration  of 
Chorion,  or  Vesicular  Mole.    See  Mole. 

Hydrac^id.  A  term  sometimes  used  in 
chemistry  denoting  an  acid  formed  by  a 
combination  of  hydrogen  and  some  acid 
element  or  radical  other  than  oxygen. 
Hydrochloric  acid,  HCl,  and  hydrogen  or 
hydric  sulphide,  H^S,  are  examples. 

Hydradeno^ma.  Adenoma  with  serous 
or  watery  contents. 

Hydrae^'mia  (hdup,  water,  mfia,  the  blood). 
A  watery  condition  of  the  blood  due  to  de- 
fective renal  secretion,  or  to  imperfect  fibri- 
nation.  Accompanies  albuminuria  and 
certain  other  exhausting  diseases. 

Hy^dragogue  {y6up,ayu,io  ex\ie\).  A  pur- 
gative that  causes  liquid  alvine  discharges. 

Hydram^nios  {vdup,  water,  a/Ltviov,  foetal 
membrane).  An  abnormal  amount  of 
amniotic  fluid. 

Hydran^gea.  The  root  of  JI.  arhorescens, 
a  saxifrage.  Much  used  by  the  Cherokee 
Indians  in  calculi  of  the  bladder,  and  said 
to  be  of  certain  utility.  Dose  3  ss-ij.  Unof. 

HydrangioFogy  (/'(Jwp,  ayytiov,  a  vessel, 
/lojof,  a  treatise).  A  treatise  on  the  nature 
and  functions  of  the  lymphatics. 


HYDRARGYRIA 


195 


HYDRATE 


Hydrargyr''ia.     See  Mcriurialisin. 

Hydrargyri'asis.     See  McnuriaHsm. 

Hydrar'gyrum.  Mercury,  llg  ^=  200; 
qu;uuiv;ilence  II,  IV.  Tlie  only  liquid 
metallic  element,  hence  the  common  name, 
quicksxXsQX.  In  medicine  the  metal,  its 
nitrate,  o.xides,  chlorides  and  iodides  are  the 
salts  most  commonly,  the  suljihide  and  cya- 
nide less  frequently,  used.  A  tonic,  purga- 
tive, and  alterative  in  small  doses  continued 
not  too  long  a  time.  In  larger  doses,  or  too 
long  contiimed,  is  apt  to  produce  ptyalism. 
In  "  biliousness,"  mercurial  purgatives  have 
long  been  a  favorite  remedy,  blue  mass, 
and  mercurous  chloride  or  calomel  being 
usually  employed.  In  syphilis  mercuiic 
chloriile  and  iodide  are  generally  con- 
sidered a  specific.  In  the  form  of  calomel, 
useful  in  glandul.ir  inllamniations.  For- 
merly much  used  in  the  same  form  in 
typlKiid  and  malarial  fevers.  The  soluble 
salts  of  mercury  are  highly  poisonous. 
H.  Ammoniatum,  ammoniated  mercury, 
"  white  precipitate,"  mercur-ammonium 
chlnride.  Used  externally.  H.  Ammo- 
niatum Ung.,  "  white  precipitate  tiint- 
ment," — ammoniated  mercury  10,  iienzo- 
ated  lard  90  parts.  H.  Chloridum  Cor- 
rosivum,  corrosive  chloride  of  mercury, 
mercur/c  chloride, "  bichloride  of  mercuiy," 
"corrosive  sublimate."  Soluble  in  water 
and  alcohol;  antisyphilitic.  l>osegr.  s'fj-j'j. 
\'ery  |xjisonous.  H.  Chloridum  Mitis, 
mild  chloride  or  subchloride  of  mercury, 
mitxcwxoiis  chloride,  "calomel," — laxative, 
tonjc  and  anti]5)Tetic.  Insoluble  in  water 
and  alcohol.  1 'ose  gr.  .-.'.(-x.  H.  cum 
Ammonia,  Emplastrum.  .See  Aiumo- 
niuin.  H.  cum  Creta,  mercury  with 
chalk,  "chalk  mixture,"  "gray  powder," 
contains  mercury  38,  sugar  of  milk  12, 
prejjared  chalk  50,  ether  and  alcohol  c|.  s. 
Dose  gr.  ss-x.  H.  Cyanidum,  mercuric 
cyanide.  Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Recommended  in  diphtheria,  with  aconite. 
Dose  gr.  yJij-r'fj.  roi.soncus.  H.  Em- 
plastrum, mercurial  plaster, — Mercury 
30,  (.live  oil  10,  resin  10,  lead-ijlastcr  50 
j»arts.  H.  et  Arsenii  lod.,  Liq.,  Dcmo- 
van's  Solution.  See  Arsenic.  H.  Flav. 
Lotio,  unof.,  "yellow  wash"  for  syphi- 
litic s<ires, — corrosive  sublimate-  gr.  xviij, 
lime  water  _^x.  Gibert's  Syrup,  unof., 
Iiyrlrarg.  binio<lid.  gr.  iij,  ]x>lass.  icnlid. 
gr,  cij,  wati-r  Vt^  iij,  .syrup  (|.  s.  ml  f^  x. 
H.  lodid.  Viride,  ^nen  icxlide  of  nur- 
i  ury.  iiK  rcurc/^r  iixlidc.  Dr).sc  gr.  joj. 
H.  lodid.  Rubrum,  red  iiMlide  or  binio- 
dide  of  mercury,  mercuri't  iodide.    Soluble 


in  solution  of  potassium  iodide.  Poisonous. 
Dose  gr.  jV'i^fi-  ^-  Massa,  "  blue 
mass,"  "  blue  pill,"  ha.s  mercury  })^,  licorice 
5,  ahhiva  25,  glycerine  3,  confection  of 
rose  34.  Used  mainly  as  a  purgative. 
Dose  gr.  ss-xx.  H.  Nigra  Lotio,  unof., 
"black  wash"  for  s)-philitic  sores, — calo- 
mel gr.  XXX,  lime  water  5x.  H.  Nitrat. 
Liq.,  solution  of  mercuric  nitrate.  Used 
as  an  escharolic.  H.  Nitrat.  Rub.,  Ung., 
unof.,  red  ointnienl  of  miTcuric  nitrate, 
brown  citrine  ointment;  made  with  cod- 
liver  oil.  H.  Nitrat.,  Ung.,  citrine  oint- 
ment,— mercury  7,  nitric  acid  17,  lard  oil 
76.  H.  Oleat.,  contains  yellow  oxide  10, 
oleic  acid  90.  H.  Oxid.  Flav.,  yellow 
oxide  of  mercur}'.  Insoluble  in  water; 
solulile  in  nitric  and  hydrochloric  acids. 
Used  in  preparation  of  ointments,  etc.  H. 
Oxid.  Flav.,  Ung.,  contains  10  j^er  cent, 
of  the  oxide.  H.  Oxid.  Rub.,  red  oxide 
of  mercury.  L)o.se  gr.  tjV— j'j.  H.  Oxid. 
Rub.,  Ung.,  contains  10  j:>er  cent,  of  the 
oxide.  H.  Subsulph.  Flav.,  )ellow 
subsulphatc  of  mercury,  basic  mercuric 
sulphate,  "  tuqjcth  mineral."  Soluble  in 
nitro-hydrochloric  acitl.  Dose,  for  emesis, 
gr.  ij-v.  H.  Succinimidum.  Has  been 
recommended  for  hypodermic  use.  H. 
Sulph.  Rub.,  red  mercuric  sulphate, 
"cinnabar."  Used  only  in  fumigation. 
H.  Unguent.,  mercurial  ointment,  "blue 
ointment," — mercuiy  450,  lard  225,  suet 
225,  comp.  tinct.  benzoin  40,  old  mercurial 
ointment  100 ;  triturated  until  the  globules 
of  mercury  disap])ear  under  a  magnifying 
glass.  Used  to  produce  mercurial  ellect 
by  inunction. 

Hydrarthro'sis  (v6up,  water,  ai)OfMv, 
j(,pint).  An  effusion  of  fluid  in  a  joint  as  a 
result  of  chronic  synovitis.  Called  also 
Hydrops  Articuli,  dropsy  of  the  joint, 
white  swelling,  c/c. 

Hydrar'thrus.     See  Ilydraiihrosis. 

Hydras''tis,  Golden  Seal.  The  roots  of 
JI.  ciiNu/ensis.  Properties  due  to  several 
alkaloids,  the  principal  l)eing  hydrastine. 
A  simple,  bitter  tonic  with  antii)erio<lic 
properties.  Anx'sts  the  nn)venients  of 
white  blocxl  corpuscles.  An  excellent 
remedy  in  catarrh  of  stomacli  and  urinary 
organs,  and  u.seful  as  a  lotion  in  jjonorrluea 
and  gleet.  Do>e  of  the  lid.  ext.,  tt\_x-x\x  ; 
of  the  tinct. — 20|)crcent. —  ^^ss-ij.  Hy- 
drastin,  unof,  consi.sls  mainly  of  chlo- 
ride of  JK-rberine.     Dose,  gr.  iJ-v. 

Hy'drate  (/('(.'/<,  water).  A  com|><iimd  of 
an  t'icnK'iilary  atmn,  or  of  a  radical,  with 
the  radical   hyili\ixyl  ll-(.J-or-()   II,  its 


HYDRATION 


196 


HYDROCOLLIDINE 


the  hydrogen  atom  maybe  positive  or  nega- 
tive. Practically  a  hydrate  is  considered  as 
a  molecule  of  water  with  its  basic  atom  of 
hydrogen  replaced  by  another  electroposi- 
tive atom,  as  potassium  hydrate,  K-O-H, 
is  derived  from  water,  H-O-H. 

Hydra^tion  [vSup).  The  process  by  which 
a  body  or  substance  becomes  impregnated 
or  saturated  with  water. 

Hydrenceph'alocele.     See  Meningocele. 

Hydrenceph'alus.     See  Hydrocephalus. 

Hydri'asis.     See  Hydi'o-therapeutics. 

Hy^dro-  {{'6up,  water).  A  prefix  signify- 
ing 7uait'i-,  or  that  water  fonns  a  structural 
part.     See,  also.  Hydrate. 

Hydro''a  (Mwp).  Hydroa  herpetiform, 
Dermatitis  herpetiformis.  Pemphigus  pruri- 
ginosus,  Herpes  gestationis,  Heq^es  circi- 
natus  bullosus.  A  bullous  or  papular  emp- 
tion  accompanied  with  erythematous  lesions 
and  intolerable  itching,  appearing  on  un- 
covered parts  of  the  body,  as  the  face, 
hands  and  wrists.  Occasionally  resembles 
Herpes  Zoster  and  Erythema  circinatum. 
The  recognized  varieties  are  H.  Gesta- 
tionis, of  pregnancy,  and  H.  BuUeux, 
in  which  the  emption  is  attended  with 
bullee  instead  of  papulte.  H.  Febrilis. 
See  Herpes. 

Hydrobiliru''bin.  Derived  from  bilirabin, 
a  coloring  matter  of  fneces,  identical  with 
stercobilin. 

Hydrocar-'bon.  A  name  applied  to  any 
one  of  a  multitude  of  compounds  com- 
posed mainly  of  hydrogen  and  carbon,  but 
also  under  certain  conditions  containing 
other  elements  as  substitution  products. 
The  possibilities  of  the  number  of  such 
compounds  may  be  seen  in  the  following 
series,  perhaps  the  simplest,  carbon, 
C,  being  a  tetrad,  and  reciuiring  four  monad 
atoms  to  saturate  its  quantivalence  : — 
In 


Methane,  CH^. 
Ethane,  CjHg. 
Propane,  CjHg. 
Butane,  C^Hk,. 


Pentane, 


C5H12. 


either  of  these 
one  or  more  atoms 
of  hydrogen  may  be 
replaced  by  other 
atoms  or  radicals 
without  altering  the 
structure  of  the  com- 
pound 


It  will  be  noticed  that  the  members  of  the 
series  differ  by  CHj  in  the  present  case. 
The  various  members  of  the  Fat  Series  are 
usually  indicated  as  follows  : — 
Paraffine  Series,  CnH2n  -|-2>  )  ii^  which  n 


Olefines,  CjHjn, 
Acetylenes,  C^Hjn  —<i, 
of   carbon    atoms.      Thus, 
corresponding   member   of 


>■  stands  for 
J  any  number 
if  n  =  3,  the 
the    Paraffine 


series  would  be  CgHg,  etc.  All  the  hydro- 
carbons are  inflammable.  They  occur  in 
nature  as  marsh  gas  (fire  damp),  natural 
gas,  naphtha,  petroleum,  asphaltum,  ozocer- 
ite, etc.,  in  a  multitude  of  forms. 

Hy^drocele  [v6up,  k;//1  77,  tumor).  A  collec- 
tion of  serous  fluid  in  the  tunica  vaginalis, 
or  in  connection  with  the  testicle  or  cord. 
Applied,  also,  to  a  seious  tumor  in  other 
locations. 

Hydroceno''sis  (w5wp,  KEvuaiq,  evacua- 
tion). An  evacuation  of  water  either  by 
the  use  of  hydragogue  cathartics  or  by  the 
operation  of  "tapping"  the  cavity  contain- 
ing the  accumulation  of  fluid.  See  Para- 
ceiifesis. 

Hydroceph''alic  (ySup,  KEcpaTiTj).  Pertain- 
ing to  or  affected  with  hydrocephalus.  H. 
Cry,  the  shrieks  of  pain  of  the  hydroceph- 
alic child  during  the  exacerbations. 

Hydroceph^alocele  (iJw/o,  KscpaTirj,  the 
head,  k//2,tj,  a  tumor).  Congenital  hydro- 
cephalus in  which  the  encephalon  pro- 
tioides  through  the  ununited  or  undeveloped 
crarial  wall. 

Hydroceph^aloid  [vSup,  /cf^o?.)/,  the  head). 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  hydrocephalus. 
H.  Disease,  a  disease  resembling  hydro- 
cephalus, sometimes  observed  in  poorly 
nourished  infants  just  after  weaning. 

Hydroceph^alus  [vSup,  Ke(pa?[)/,  head).  A 
collection  of  fluid  in  the  cerebral  ventricles, 
preventing  closure  of  the  fontanelles  and 
causing  enlargement  of  the  skull. 

Hydrocholecys''tis  {vSup,  x^^V,  the  bile, 
Kvar/g,  a  bladder).  Dropsy  of  the  gall- 
bladder. 

Hydrocirs''ocele  [vSup,  Kipaog,  a  venous 
enlargement,  kt/?.?j,  a  tumor).  Hydrocele 
accompanied  with  varicose  veins  of  the 
spermatic  cord. 

Hydrocce''lia  (m^up,  KoiTna,  the  belly). 
Dropsy  of  the  belly  or  abdominal  region. 

HydrocoFlidine.  A  highly  poisonous 
ptomaine-base,  so  named  by  Gautier  and 
Etard,  and  declared  by  them  to  be  identi- 
cal with  the  hydrocollidine  obtained  by 
Cahours  and  Etard  by  the  action  of  sele- 
nium on  nicotine.  Nencki,  on  the  other 
hand,  asserted  its  identity  with  a  base  iso- 
lated by  him  in  1876,  to  which  he  had  as- 
cril)ed  the  fonnula  CgHjjN.  The  formula 
of  Gautier  and  Etard's  hydrocollidine  is 
CgHj^N.  This  ptomaine  was  obtained  from 
chloroformic  extracts,  from  putrefying 
mackerel,  and  putrefying  horse  flesh  and 
ox  flesh.  The  free  base  is  an  almost  color- 
less, alkaline,  oily  fluid,  having  a  strong, 
penetrating  odor  like  syringa.     So  small  a 


HYDROCOLPOCELE 


197 


HYDROrilTIIALMIA 


dose  as  0.0017  gram  of  the  hydrochloride 
injected  into  birds,  produces  di/.ziness, 
paraly>is  and  death.  'I'lie  pupils  are  nor- 
mal, and  the  heart  stops  in  diastole. 

Hydrocorpocele  (i'<S<jp,  Ko?.rTog,  K7/?.r}, 
tuMKT).     A  seruus  tumor  of  the  vagina. 

Hydrocofyle.  Pennywort.  The  leaves 
of  //.  asiatica.  Active  principle  vellariitc, 
a  bitter  tonic  and  alterative,  very  ser\'ice- 
able  in  skin  diseases,  syphilitic  sores  and 
leprosy.     Unof. 

Hydrocyan'ic.  See  Cyanogen,  and  Acid, 
J/\J)\h\aiiic. 

Hy'drocyst  (Wu/j,  Kvarig,  a  bladder).  A 
cyst  containing  a  water-like  liquid.  Syn- 
onymous with  hydatid. 

Hydroderm'a  {^h^up,  Sepfxa,  the  skin). 
I  )rLip.-y  of  the  skin. 

Hydro-electric  [ii^up,  (lectticih').  Per- 
taining to  electricity  develojied  by  the  phy- 
sical action  of  fluids  or  in  connection  with 
water.  H.  Bath,  a  bath  in  which  the 
metallic  lining  of  the  tub  is  connected 
with  one  pole  of  a  batter)-,  the  other  being 
in  contact  with  the  person  of  the  patient. 

Hy'drogen  (I'f'up,  }fi'rau,  to  produce). 
H  ^  I.  Quantivalence  i.  A  gaseous  ele- 
ment, one  liter  of  which  weighs  .0896 
gramme.  It  is  feebly  basic  and  occurs  in 
nature  combined  with  oxygen  in  the  fonii 
of  water  11,0.  It  has  been  liiiuefied  at  a 
temjjerature  of  — 286°  F.  under  a  tension 
of  650  atmospheres — a  pressure  of  about 
4.7  tons  per  square  inch.  In  combination 
■with  carlx)n,  oxygen  and  nitrogen,  it  fonns 
a  multitude  of  radicals  formerly  known  as 
"organic  "  compounds,  but  now  often  syn- 
thetically formed.  Used  largely  in  the 
qualitative  determination  of  arsenic  and 
antimony,  and  for  combustion  with-oxygen 
to  produce  intense  heat.  Ha.s  al.so  been 
used  by  inhalation  in  consumption.  H. 
Peroxide,  an  unstable  comjxjund  having 
the  com|»sition  H2O2.  A  {)Owerful  anti- 
septic and  germicide.  Used  as  a  disin- 
fectant in  diphtheria,  glandular  swellings 
and  suppurative  inllammations.  It  is  the 
basis  of  most  hair  bleaching  solutions. 
I)ose,  ^ss-ij.     Unof. 

Hydrohae'mia  (iMtjp,  «<//«,  the  blood). 
Watery,  or  ix)or  c(jndition  of  the  iihxd. 

Hydrol'ogy  (i'''(.'/',  ^">"C,  ^  treatise).  A 
tre.it is<'  (Jii  the  nature  and  uses  of  water. 

Hydrolyfic  (»' f^u/J,  ^-fw,  to  di.s.solve).  Per- 
taining to  tlie  decompf)sition  of  water,  or 
the  lilK-Tation  of  water  during  a  chemical 
rcaciif)n.  H.  Ferments,  tlic)sc  causing  a 
comiiinaiion  with  tin-  cK-mcnls  of  water  in 
the  8ul<8tances  they  dccomijosc. 


Hydro'ma  (rJwp).  A  cyst  or  sac  filled 
with  water  or  serous  fluid.  Also,  an 
cvdematous  swelling.  Also,  the  dilatation 
of  a  lymphatic  of  the  neck  from  a  cystic 
tumor. 

Hydromeningi''tis  {ii^up,  fir/i'f)^,  a  mem- 
brane). Intlammalion  of  the  membranes 
of  the  brain  or  cord,  accompanied  by  ef- 
fu.-ion  of  watery  fluids. 

Hydromenin'gocele  (/(^wp,  /ir/rr/i,  ktjIt], 
a  tumor).  A  watery  tumor  of  the  men- 
inges, protruding  through  the  skull.  Al.so, 
a  watery  tumor  in  the  arachnoid  cavity 
or  in  the  continuation  of  the  subarachnoid 
space. 

Hydrom'eter  (I'fTw/j,  perpov,  a  measure). 
An  instrument  for  determining  the  specific 
gravity  of  liiiuids  or  solutions  containing 
water. 

Hydromc'tra  {^itVop,  /i?/rpa.  uterus).  A 
collection  of  water  or  mucus  in  the  womb. 

Hydrom^phalus  (i(5wp,  o/i(pa?og,  the  na- 
vel). A  tumor  at  the  navel  distended 
with  water.  May  arise  either  from  ascites 
or  umbilical  hernia. 

Hydromy'elus  {i'''(^p,  pvel.oq,  maiTow). 
A  congenital  cavity  of  the  spinal  cord. 
Also,  distention  of  the  spinal  cord  caused 
by  the  effusion  of  water  or  serous  fluid. 

Hydron'cus  {h^up,  oyKig,  a  mass).  A  dis- 
tention or  swelling  caused  by  an  accumu- 
lation of  water.  See,  also,  CEi/c/z/a  and 
A)!tjsi7rra. 

Hydronephro'sis  {vi^up,  vetfipo^,  kidney). 
A  collection  of  urine  in  the  kidney  from 
obstructed  outflow. 

Hydrop'athy  [v(^up,  naOng,  suffering). 
The  treatment  of  diseases  by  the  use  of 
water,  externally  and  internally. 

Hydropericar''dium  [vi^uf),  TvipiKapfhov, 
(the  jK-ricanliuni).  Dropsy  of  the  peri- 
cardium. Also,  an  effusion  of  water  or 
serous  fluid  into  the  pericardium  during 
pericarditis. 

Hydroperitonae''um.     See  Asciti-s. 

Hydropho'bia  (l(^up,  <l>r>i'iog,  dread).  A 
symptom  of  rabies  in  man,  consisting  in 
fear  of  water,  or  inability  to  swallow  it. 
Used  commoidy  as  a  synonym  of  A'aln'es, 
anfl  jiarticuiarly  of  the  disease  in  man. 
H.,   Pseudo-.     See  J'.uiiiio-/iyi/ro/</ii</>itt. 

Hydropho'bic  (i(Suii>,tUt,iiic).  Pertaining 
to  or  liaving  the  nature  of  hydinphobia. 
H.,  Tetanus.     See  Kopf  tti<niiis. 

Hydrophobopho'bia  (//  v  J  r  o  ph  obi  a  , 
(poiiiir).  A  morbid  and  intense  dreail  of 
iivflroplioliia. 

Hydrophthal'mia  {t^up,  water,  ittfiiMpng, 
eye).    An  increase  of  the  fluid  contents  of 


HYDROPHTHALMOS 


198 


HYGROMETRIC 


the  eye,  resulting  in  glaucoma,  kerato- 
globus,  staphyloma,  etc. 

HydrophthaFmos.     See  Keratoglobus. 

Hydrophysoni''etra  [y6up,  (pvaa,  wind, 
fiTjTpa,  the  womb).  An  abnormal  collec- 
tion of  water,  or  other  fluid,  and  gas  in  the 
womb. 

Hydrop'ic  (iVtpoTrwtof,  dropsical).  Per- 
taining to  dropsy. 

Hy'droplasm.  According  to  Nageli,  a 
fluid  constituent  of  protoplasm. 

Hydropneumato^sis  (irfwp,  Trvev/uaTuaig, 
inflation).  An  abnormal  or  morbid  col- 
lection of  water,  or  other  fluid,  and  air 
within  any  of  the  tissues  of  the  body. 
See,  also,  Hydropnmmonia. 

Hydropneumo^nia  (yiup,  tvvevjiuv,  the 
lung).  A  disease  thought  to  consist  of  a 
serous  infiltration  within  the  lung ;  also, 
an  effusion  within  the  pleura  sometimes 
accompanying  pneumonia. 

Hydropneumopericard^ium  [v6up,  ivvev- 
fin,  air,  TVf pi impdi.ov,  the  pericardium). 
A  morbid  collection  of  air  and  water  within 
the  pericardium.  It  causes  the  clacking 
sound  commonly  known  as  the  "  water- 
wheel"  sound. 

Hydropneuinotho''rax.  See  Pncumato- 
thorax. 

Hy^drops  ('I'rfpwi/',  dropsy).  Dropsy;  an 
almormal  collection  of  fluid  in  a  cavity  or 
part  of  the  body.  See  Anasarca.  H. 
Paralyticus,  that  in  paralyzed  parts.  H. 
Spurious,  from  obstruction  of  the  natural 
outlet  of  a  secreting  organ. 

Hydroquin^one.  Obtained  from  Uva 
Ursi.  Valuable  as  an  antipyretic  without 
producing  injurious  after-effects.  Effects 
temporary.     Dose,  gr.  xv-xx.     Unof. 

Hydrorrhachi^tis.    See  Spina  (  Vciitosd). 

Hydrorrhoe^a  (wJwp,  pom,  a  flow).  A 
flow  of  water.  H.  Gravidarum.  An  ab- 
normal discharge  of  liquid  from  the  preg- 
nant uterus. 

Hydrosadeni'tis  ('vAjp,  adenitis).  In- 
flammation of  the  sudoriparous  follicles. 

Hydrosalpinx  {h8up,r>a'kmyS,,  a  trumpet). 
A  distention  of  the  Eallopian  tube  with  a 
fluid  substance,  and  its  obstruction  at  the 
fimbriated  extremity,  caused  by  inflamma- 
tion.     Frequently  a  result  of  gonorrhoea. 

Hydrosar'cocele.     See  Sarcocele. 

Hydros^cheocele  ('lAjp,  oax^nv,  the  scro- 
tum, and  Krfkr],  a  tumor). '  Dropsical  hernia 
of  the  scrotum. 

Hydrostat^ic  ('r'(yw/),(7ra(7/f, standing).  The 
science  treating  of  the  conditions  and 
properties  of  liquids  in  a  state  of  equilib- 
rium. 


Hydrotherapeu''tics  ('wTwp,  QepaiiEvu,  to 
heal).  That  part  of  balneology  treating 
of  the  hygienic  use  of  cold  water,  and  of  its 
therapeutic  application  to  the  body.  See, 
also,  Bath  and  Aqua. 

Hydrothionu^ria  ('uAjp,  Qiov,  sulphur, 
ovpov,  the  urine).  Hydrogen-sulphide  in 
the  urine. 

Hydrothc'rax  {ySup, dupa^,  chest).  Dropsy 
of  the  chest. 

Hydrot^omy  {'wlup,  te/ivu,  to  cut).  A 
method  of  dissecting  certain  tissues  by  the 
forcible  injection  of  water  into  the  arteries 
and  capillaries  whereby  the  structures  of 
the  tissues  are  separated. 

Hydrova^rium  ['v6up,  ovar/'u///,  an  ovaiy). 
Ovarian  dropsy. 

HydroxyFamine.  An  amine  having  the 
composition  NH.^(HO),  and  much  re- 
sembling pyrogallic  acid  in  physiological 
properties.  It  has  been  successfully  used 
as  a  local  application  in  psoriasis.  It  does 
not  discolor  the  skin.  The  following 
fonnula  is  used  by  Fabiy  :  hydroxylamine 
hyd'-ochlorate  2-5,  alcohol  1 00  parts,  chalk 
to  neutralize.     Unof. 

Hydrozo''a  ['vSup,  ^uov,  an  animal). 
A  class  of  the  Coelenterata  including 
the  Siphonophera,  Ctenophora  and  Hy- 
droids. 

Hygei^a  ['Tycia,  the  goddess  of  health). 
State  or  condition  of  health. 

Hy^giene  ['vyteivo^,  good  for  the  health). 
That  science  treating  of  the  laws  of  health 
in  its  broadest  sense. 

Hygreche''ma  {'vypo^,  moist,  7ixv,  sound). 
The  peculiar  sound  produced  by  a  liquid 
as  observed  by  the  stethoscope,  or  by  per- 
cussion. 

Hygrin^ic  Ether.  A  substance  of  uncer- 
tain composition,  said  to  have  mydriatic 
properties.     Unof 

Hy'gro-  {'vypoc,  moist).  A  prefix  denot- 
ing /noist  or  zvet. 

Hygro''ma  {^vypoQ,  oma,  tumor).  A  serous 
cyst.  The  bacillus  of  tuberculosis,  has 
been  found  in  four  cases  of  hygroma  con- 
taining rice  bodies. 

Hygrom^eter  ['vypog,  jusTpov,  a  measure). 
An  in.strument  for  determining  quantita- 
tively the  amount  of  moisture  in  the  air. 
This  amount,  constantly  varying,  is  ex- 
pressed in  terms  of  the  percentage  re- 
quired to  saturate  the  air  at  the  particular 
temperature  observed. 

Hygromet^ric  {'vypog,  jjerpov).  Per- 
taining to  hygrometiy,  or  the  quanti- 
tative determination  of  atmospheric  mois- 
ture. 


HYCROrillLIA  srixosA 


199 


HYPERDICROTIC 


Hygroph'ila  Spino'sa.  A  shrub  used 
in  Ceylon  ami  India  as  a  diuretic  in  dropsy. 
I'nof. 

Hygroscop''ic  ('r}pof,  aso-eu,  to  see). 
Having  the  properly  of  absorbing  moisture 
fr<,>ni  the  air. 

Hy'lonite.     See  Celluloid. 

Hy'men  \^vnr,x\  a  membrane).  The  fold 
(.if  mucous  membrane  at  the  vaginal  en- 
trance. H.,  Imperforate,  a  con!:;enital 
abnomiality,  the  hjinen  without  an  open- 
ing, thus  closing  the  vaginal  outlet  or 
inlet. 

Hyme'nal  ('t'//;/i).  Pertaining  to  the  hy- 
men. H.  Tubercles.  See  Myrtifonn 
Canmcles. 

Hymenol'og^  {'v/ir/v,  ?.o-)og,  a  treatise).  A 
treatise  on  the  nature  and  structure  of 
membranous  tissue. 

Hymenomala''cia  {'vur/r,  iia/aKoq,  .soft). 
.\n  aliKirnial  softening  of  membranous 
ti-sucs. 

Hymenomyce'tes  {'vinjv,  ^ivKr/^,  a  fungus). 
An  order  of  fungi  having  the  hymenium 
or  uml:)rella.  All  the  edible  mushrooms 
i>elong  to  this  class. 

Hymenop'tera  ('vfirp',  Trrepov,  a  wing). 
An  order  or  family  of  insects  distinguished 
by  two  pairs  of  membranous  wings.  In- 
cludes ants,  bees,  wasp,  ichneumon,  flies, 
e/r. 

Hy'o-.  A  prefix  denoting  attachment  to 
or  connection  with  tlie  liyoid  bone. 

Hyoglos^sal  {/lyoul,  y'Auaaa,  the  tongue). 
Pertaining  to  the  hyoglo.ssus.  Extending 
l)etween  the  hyoid  lx)ne  and  the  tongue. 

Hyoglos'sus.     .See  Musclt-. 

Hy'oid  Bone  (Tof/fiz/f,  similar  to  Greek 
upsilon).  A  bone  situated  between  the 
root  of  the  tongue  and  the  pharynx,  su])- 
|)orting  the  tungue  and  giving  attachment 
to  its  miLscles. 

Hy'oscine.     See  I/yostyariius. 

Hyoscy'amus.  Henbane.  The  older 
leaves  of  //.  tiii^'er.  Contains  an  alkaloid, 
hyoscyamine,  isomeric  with  and  similar  to 
atrojiinc;  also,  a  derivative  hyoscine.  An 
excellent  narcotic,  calmative  and  hypnotic, 
less  irritating  than  l^elladonna  and  stramo- 
nium. Useful  in  mania  antl  the  delirium 
of  fevers.  Hyoscyamine  is  u.seful  when 
ever  atropine  is  indicated.  A  |Kiw<rfiil 
but  uncertain  mydriatic.  H.  Abstract. 
l>tjsc  gr.  iij-v.  H.  Ext.,  Alcoholic. 
I)<<sc  gr.  j  (of  uncertain  .strength).  H. 
Ext.,  Fid.  Dose  n\,v-xv.  H.  Tinct., 
15  JxT  cent,  in  sln-ngth.  Do.se  Z^]  iv; 
as  a  hypnotic  ^ss  j.  Hyoscyamine 
Sulph.    I;ose,byixxlennic,gr.  ^i^-j'j;  by 


mouth  gr.  J4 -j.     Hyoscine  Hydrobrom. 
I  nof.     Dose  jij-^V-      ' 

Hypacou'sis, 

Hypacu^sia, 

Hypacu'sis  or 

Hypaku'sis  ('fTro,  aKtivaiq,  to  hear).  Hard- 
ness of  hearing  from  defect  of  the  auditory 
nerve. 

Hypalbumino'sis.  Morbid  diminution 
in  the  proportion  of  the  albuniin  in  the 
blood. 

HypaKgia  ('I'vro,  alyog,  pain).  Diminished 
sensibility  to  pain. 

Hy'per-  ('I'Tt/),  above).  A  Greek  prefix 
signifying  ti/>t>7'C,  beyond  ox  excessive. 

Hyperacou''sis.     See  Hypcraktisis. 

Hyperae''mia  ('iwfp,  aiiia,  blood).  A  con- 
dition of  pletliora  or  congestion  of  blood, 
esjiecially  in  the  capillaries  of  the  skin. 
H.,  Active,  caused  by  an  abnormal  sup- 
ply of  blocKl.  H.,  Passive,  caused  by 
an  impediment  to  the  removal  of  the 
blood. 

Hyperaesthc'sia  ('r'~fp,  aiaOi/aic,  sensa- 
tion). Excessive  or  exalted  sensibility  of 
the  skin.  May  be  symptomatic  or  idio- 
pathic. 

Hypersesthet'ic  {'v-ep,  aicOijai^).  Per- 
taining to  hypeni:sthesia  or  an  unusual 
sensibility  to  impressions  in  the  sensory 
nerves. 

Hyperaku^sis  {^v-aep,  amvaig,  hearing). 
An  excessive  or  exalted  sensibility  of  the 
sense  of  hearing.  Also,  a  highly  devel- 
ojK'd  sensitiveness  to  the  discernment  of 
pitch  and  timbre  of  musical  sounils. 

Hyperalbumino'sis.  An  unusual  rich- 
ness of  albumins  in  the  blood. 

Hyperalge'sia  {^tmep,  a'Ayrjaig,  sense  of 
|>ain).     Excessive  sensibility  to  pain. 

Hyperal'gia  ('vTrep,  «/}<(f,  pain).  Exces- 
sive ])ain.  H.,  Acoustic,  excessive  hy- 
pe rakusis. 

Hyperaph^ia  {'vrrrp,  a<p^,  touch).  Exces- 
sive sensitiveness  of  the  tactile  surfaces  of 
the  bcKly. 

Hypercathar''sis  ['v~ip,  linOupmr,  cUans- 
ing).  E.xcessive  purging,  or  too  free  use 
of  cath.irtic  medicines. 

Hyperchro''ma  ('»'Tr/i,  xt"-',""t  color). 
'Ilic  hy|x;rsecreti<)n  of  the  |)i|4inent  of  the 
skin,  as  in  ])litliiriasis,  syphilis,  (•/(■. 

Hypercrin'ia  ('t'Trtp,  Kpnu,  to  .sejiarate). 
Abnorm.d  or  excessive  .secretion. 

Hypercye^sis  ^'vTrtp,  Kvi/aig,  conception). 
Superfi  tation. 

Hyperdicro'tic.  Pertaining  to  the  pulse 
when  till-  |iulsc  curve  shows  the  aortic 
notch  l>elow  the  base  line. 


HYPERDISTENTION 


200 


HYPERTONIC 


Hyperdisten^'tion  ['vnep,  distendo,  to 
stretch).     Forcible  or  extreme  distention. 

Hyperdiure^sis  (^vnep,  diovpeu,  to  pass 
urine).     Excessive  secretion  of  urine. 

Hyperdynam'ia  ['vrrep,  Svvafii^,  energy). 
Excessive  strengtli  or  exaggeration  of  ner- 
vous or  muscular  functions. 

Hypereme''sis  ['vTzep,  efiectg,  vomiting). 
Excessive  vomiting. 

Hyperencep h^a  1  u s  (^'v-rrep,  eyKe(l>a?iov, 
brain).  An  exencephalic  monstrosity  with 
lack  of  the  superior  part  of  the  cranium, 
the  brain  protruding. 

Hyperephidro^sis  ('vttep,  EipiSuaig,  slight 
perspiration).  Excessive  or  long-continued 
sweating. 

Hyperesopho''ria.     See  Heteropho7-ia. 

Hyperexophc'ria.     See  Heterophoria. 

Hypergen-'esis  ['virep,  -yevvao),  to  beget). 
A  general  term  signifying  excess  or  re- 
dundancy of  the  parts  or  organs  of  the 
body.  It  may  be  normal,  as  in  the  increase 
of  the  tissue  of  a  muscle ;  or  abnormal, 
as  seen  in  monstrosities.  Also,  an  exces- 
sive production  of  the  elements  of  a  tissue 
or  organ. 

Hypergeu''sia  ['vivEp,  yEvatg,  taste).  Abnor- 
mal increase  of  the  sense  of  taste. 

Hyperglobu''lia.  Polycythcemic  plethora. 
An  abnormal  increase  of  the  red-blood 
corpuscles. 

Hyper^icum.  St.  John's  Wort.  The  flow- 
ering tops  of  //.  perforatum,  abundant 
in  temperate  climates.  A  long- known  and 
useful  remedy,  applied  locally  in  contusions 
and  ecchymoses.     Unof. 

Hyperhidro''sis  or 

Hyperidro''sis  ('vTrep,  Mpwf,  sweat). 
Idrosis,  Ephidrosis,  Sudatoria.  Excessive 
sweating.  A  functional  disorder  of  the 
sweat  glands  marked  by  excessive  secre- 
tion.    May  be  general  or  local. 

Hyperin''osis.  {'virEp,  ivog,  muscle).  Ab- 
normal increase  in  the  fibrin-factors  in  the 
blood. 

Hyperinvolu'tion  {'virEp,  involve,  to  roll 
around).  A  diminution  in  size  of  the 
uterus,  due  to  the  abnormal  involution  oc- 
curring after  pregnancy. 

Hyperkerato''sis  ['vTrsp,  Kepag,  horn,  cor- 
nea). Hypertrophy  of  the  cornea  either  in 
extent  or  thickness. 

Hyperkinc'sia  {'vttep,  Kivrjoiq,  energy). 
A  general  terra  to  denote  any  exaggerated 
spasm  or  muscular  contraction. 

Hyperkinefic  {'vrrEp,  KivijoLg).  Pertaining 
to  hyperkinesia. 

Hypermas^tia  {'viTEp,  iiaarnq,  the  breast). 
Excessive  development  or  hypertrophy  of 


the  mammary  gland,  which  remains  nonn:il 
in  structure. 

Hypermetro''pia.     Same  as  Hyperopia. 

Hypermnc'sis  ['vnEp,  /j.v//ai(;,  memory). 
Abnormal  exaltation  of  the  power  of  mem- 
ory. 

Hyperodontog''eny  {'vKEp,  odovg,  a  tooth, 
■yEvvau,  to  beget).  The  phenomenon  of  a 
third  dentition  late  in  life.  Supposed  to 
be  due  to  development  of  one  or  more  su- 
perfluous tooth-genns  which  have  remained 
dormant. 

Hyperop''ia  ('vrrEp,  uip,  the  eye).  That 
condition  of  the  refractive  media  of  the 
eye  in  which,  with  suspended  accommoda- 
tion, the  focus  of  parallel  rays  of  light  is 
behind  the  retina ;  it  is  due  to  an  abnormally 
short  antero-posterior  diameter  of  the  eye, 
or  to  a  subnormal  refractive  power  of  its 
media.  H.,  Latent,  that  part  of  the  total 
that  cannot  be  overcome  by  the  accom- 
modation, or  the  difference  between  the 
manifest  and  total.  H.,  Manifest,  that 
the  accommodation  can  overcome,  or  that 
corrigible  by  a  convex  glass  with  acting 
accommodation. 

Hyperos''mia  {'vttep,  oa/xr/,  odor).  An  ab- 
normal and  usually  morbidly  acute  sense 
of  smell. 

Hyperosto'sis  ('t;7rfp,o(Treov,bone).  Exos- 
tosis or  general  hypertrophy  of  bony  tissue. 

Hyperphc'ria.     See  Heterophoria. 

Hyperpla''sia  (^vTTzp,  TzTiaaLq,  moulding). 
The  excessive  deposit  or  augmentation  of 
the  elements  of  the  tissue  composing  an 
organ. 

Hyperplasf'ic  {'vTvsp,  irTiaaTLKog,  fit  for 
moulding).     Pertaining  to  hyperplasia. 

Hyperporc'sis  {'vttep,  irupuaig,  cementing 
or  uniting).  An  excessive  formation  of 
callus  in  the  reuniting  of  fractured  bones. 

Hyperprax''ia  {'vTrep,  Trpa^cg,  exercise). 
The  excessive  restlessness  of  movement 
characterizing  certain  forms  of  mania. 

HyperpselaphC'sia  {'vTtep,  ifir/'Aafi/ma, 
touch).  Abnormal  increase  of  tactile  sen- 
sibility. 

Hyperpyret^ic  {'vTrep,  nvp,  fire).  Pertain- 
ing to  hyperpyrexia. 

Hyperpyrex^ia  {'vttep,  nvp,  exu,  to  have). 
A  condition  marked  by  excessively  high 
temperature  or  febrile  symptoms. 

Hypersecre^tion.     Excessive  secretion. 

Hypersthen^ia  {'vwEp,  aOsnog,  strength). 
A  condition  of  exalted  strength  or  tone  of 
the  body. 

Hyperton^ic  {'vttep,  rovog,  tone).  A  con- 
dition beyond  the  natural  tension  or  tone. 
Also,  irritability. 


HYPERTRICHIASIS 


201 


HYPOPLASIA 


Hypertrichi'asis.     See  Hirsulits. 

Hypertricho'sis.     See  Hirsuties. 

Hypertroph'ic('iTfp,7/joo/;,  nourishment). 
A  condition  of  h}'pertrophy  or  excessive 
size. 

Hyper'trophy  ('i'tf/j,  Tp(xf>f/).  Excessive 
nourishment  or  increase  in  size  of  any  part 
or  oryan  of  the  Injily.  H.,  Cardiac,  may 
be  caused  by  valvular  disease,  or  by  dis- 
ease of  the  kidneys  and  other  distant 
organs,  or  by  constitutional  disease.  H., 
Concentric,  thous^h  the  wall  be  hyjjer- 
tro[)hied,  the  cavity  of  the  heart  is  con- 
tracted. H.,  Eccentric,  cardiac  H.  with 
dilatation.  H.,  Idiopathic,  when  wiihout 
further  disease  of  the  heart's  strucluro,  or 
those  of  other  organs.  H.  Numerical, 
an  increase  in  the  nunil)er  of  the  con- 
stituent cells  or  structures. 

Hypertro'pia.     See  Strubis/nus. 

Hyphae'mia  ('i'to,  a/z/a,  blooil.  ILvmor- 
rhage  within  the  glol)e  of  the  eye. 

Hjrphidro''sis  ('uto,  'wlup,  water).  Defi- 
ciency of  water.  I^ss  than  the  noiTnal 
amount  of  water  in  the  tissues  of  the 
Ixxly. 

Hypino'sis  ('uto,  <f  [gen.  n-of],  a  fiber). 
\  deticiency  of  fibrin  in  the  blood. 

Hypino'tic  ('uxo,  iq  [  trof],  the  fiber  of 
flesh).     Pertaining  to  hypinosis. 

HypnoFogy  ('uxrof,  htyoq,  a  treatise).  A 
treatise  Ujxjn  sleep  and  its  hygienic  etfects. 

Hyp'none.     See  Aci'lophenonr. 

Hypnop'athy  ('uTvof,  naOoq,  disease). 
.Sleep  due  to  a  diseased  or  morbid  condi- 
tion of  the  body,  brain,  or  mind. 

Hypno'sis  ('v-voc).  An  artificial  condi- 
tion jjroluced  by  hypnotizing.  Also,  the 
gradual  approach  of  sleep. 

Hypnot'ic  (I'Ti'of).  A  remedy  that  causes 
slce|).  .\  soixirihc.  Also,  |x-rtaining  to 
hyj)n')iism. 

Hyp'notism  {'vTvor).  A  state  of  artificial 
somnambulism;  may  \>e  produced  by  vari- 
ous means,  as,  for  example,  looking  with 
concentrated  attention  at  any  small  object 
.so  near  that  effort  is  reriuired  to  converge 
the  axes  of  the  eyes.  It  is  characterized 
by  a  partial  or  complete  absence  of  volition, 
sensation  and  self- consciousness,  except 
that  which  comes  from  the  hypnotizer  or 
s<jine  dominating  will  or  idea.  See,  al.so, 
Somtiiiinbuli'^m. 

Hypnoti''zablc.  Susceptibility  in  being 
hypnoti/cd. 

Hypnotiza'tion.  The  emj)loyment  of  the 
means  us<-d  to  hy|)ii(<tizc  a  [M-Tson. 

Hy'poblast  (  i-to,  under,  ,<X/wror, a  sprout), 
llie  internal  layer  of  the  blastoderm,  called, 


also,  the  endodenn,  entoderm  or  epithelio- 
glandular  layer,  from  which  is  developed 
the  intestinal  epithelium  (except  that  of 
the  mouth  and  anus)  antl  that  of  the  glands 
opening  into  the  intestines ;  also  the  epi- 
thelium of  the  air  passages. 

Hypobro^mite  Meth^od.  A  method  of 
estimating  the  urea  in  urine,  based  upon 
the  tact  that  when  urea  is  acted  upon  by 
sodium  hyiX)bromite  (or  calcium  hypochlo- 
rite) it  is  decomix)sed  into  nitrogen,  car- 
bon dioxide  and  water. 

Hypochon''driac  {^v-o,  xov^pnr^,  cartilage). 
IVrt.iining  to  the  hj-j^ochondriuni. 

Hypochondri'asis  ('i'-",  ,t'"''V""''"C>  one 
altecled  in  the  hypochondrium).  A  dis- 
turbance of  the  functions  of  the  nervous 
system  similar  to  melancholia,  in  which  the 
patient  believes  himself  suffering  from 
bodily  disease.  Characterized  liy  alternate 
spells  of  moodiness  and  excitability. 

Hypochon'drium.     See  Abdomen. 

Hypochro'mia  ('i'~o,  jj-pwHO,  color).  Ab- 
normal pallor  or  trans])arency  of  the  skin, 
occurring  in  certain  skin  diseases. 

Hypodermaf'ic  ('I'-o,  Jfp/za,  the  skin). 
Pertaining  to  that  which  is  under  the  skin, 
or  to  the  introduction  of  medicines  beneath 
the  skin. 

Hypoder'mic.     See  Hypoderrnatic. 

Hypodermocly'sis  ('n-o,  Sepfia,  skin, 
K?.vaig,  a  drenching).  The  hypodermatic 
injection  of  nutrient  material  beneath  the 
skin  in  the  algid  stage  of  Asiatic  cholera, 
collapse,  t'/r. 

Hypogas^tric  {'v~o,  yaa-r/p,  the  belly). 
Pertaining  to  the  hyixigastric  region.  See 
Abdomen. 

Hypogas'trium.     See  Abdomen. 

Hypogeu'sia  ('uto,  yevnig,  taste).  Dimi- 
nution in  the  sense  of  taste. 

Hypoglos''sal  ('uto,  y?.(.)r!na,  the  tongue). 
Liider  the  tongue.  H.  Nerve.  See 
A'en'e. 

Hypoglof'tis  ('uTTo,  yhjrTa,  the  tongue). 
The  under  |)art  of  the  tongue,  adherent  to 
the  lower  jaw.  y\lso,  a  swelling  at  the 
under  part  of  the  tongue. 

Hypognath'us  {'vrro,  bene.alh,  yrnOnq, 
jaw).  A  monstrosity  in  which  the  parasite 
is  attached  to  the  inferior  maxillary  l>one. 

Hypoma'nia  ('i'~",  /lavin,  madness).  A 
inudir.itr  degree  of  maniacal  exaltation. 

Hyponeu'ria  ('j'To,i'»iywi',anerve).  .Slight, 
or  diminished  nerve  |X)wer. 

Hypoph'ysis  ('rn-u,  ^lu,  to  l)c developed). 
Ihe  jiituitary  iKxly;  sometimes  called  the 
H.  Cerebri. 

Hypopla'sia.     Sec ////<;«</. 


HYPOrSELAPHESIA 


202 


HYSTEROLITH 


Hypopselaphc'sia  ('vjrn,  ijir/laipTjaic, 
touch).  Diminution  of  the  sensitiveness 
of  tactile  sensation. 

Hypop^'yon  ['v~o,  ttvov,  pus).  A  collection 
of  pus  in  the  anterior  chamber  of  the  eye, 
secondary  to  inflammation  of  adjacent 
tissues. 

Hypos''mia  ('dttu, ocr/^v,  a  smell).  Diminu- 
tion of  the  sense  of  smell. 

Hypospad^ias  ['vtto,  avrau,  to  draw).  An 
abnormal  opening  and  ending  of  the  ure- 
thra upon  the  under  surface  of  the  penis. 

Hypos''tasis('v7ro(Tr«(T;f,  a  standing  under). 
A  word  loosely  used  to  denote  faeces,  or 
any  sediment  falling  from  a  liquid,  especi- 
ally the  sediment  of  urine.  Also,  a  form 
of  passive  hyperaemia  caused  by  the  de- 
pendent position  of  the  part  affected. 

Hyposthen^ic  ['v~o,  adevo^,  strength). 
That  which  reduces  strength,  especially 
diseases  that  are  more  than  ordinarily  en- 
feebling. Also,  a  medicine  that  reduces 
the  action  of  the  heart  without  affecting  its 
rhythm. 

Hypoth^'enar  ['vTvoOsvap).  The  fleshy 
eminence  on  the  palm  of  the  hand  over 
the  metacarpal  bone  of  the  little  finger. 
Also,  the  prominences  on  the  palm  at  the 
base  of  the  fingers.  Also,  the  ball  of  the 
thumb. 

Hypother^mal  ('vrro,  Oepfit],  heat).  Tepid. 
A  temperature  placed  arbitrarily  between 
59°  and  68°  F.,  or  15°  and  25°  C.  Also, 
pertaining  to  the  reduction  of  the  temper- 
ature of  the  body. 

Hypoth^'esis  i^vrco,  Oeaiq,  a  position).  A 
supposition  set  forth  for  discussion  or  dem- 
onstration.    A  theory. 

Hypoxan'thine.  A  leucomaine,  also 
known  as  Sarcine  or  Sarkine.  Occurs, 
accompanying  adenine  and  guanine,  in 
nearly  all  the  animal  tissues  and  organs 
rich  in  nucleated  cells.  In  minute  quan- 
tities it  is  a  normal  constituent  of  urine. 
It  has  also  been  found  in  plants,  seeds, 
ferments  and  wines.  Hypoxanthine  ap- 
pears to  be  one  of  the  products  formed  by 
the  decomposition  and  successive  oxidation 
of  proteid  matter  previous  to  formation  of 
uric  acid  and  urea.  It  arises  from  adenine 
by  action  of  nitrous  acid.  It  is  non-poi- 
sonous. 

Hys^'sop.  The  leaves  and  tops  of  //  offi- 
cinalis.  An  aromatic  stimulant,  carmina- 
tive and  tonic.  Much  employed  in  chronic 
catarrh.     Dose  of  fld.  ext.   jj-ij.     Unof. 

Hy sclera  (^vr^-epa,  the  womb).  The  uterus 
or  womb.  Also,  the  vulva.  Also,  the 
placenta  or  afterbirth. 


HysteraKgia  ['varepaj  aTiyog,  pain).  Any 
pain  in  the  womb.  Also  restricted  to 
neuralgic  pains. 

Hysteratre^'sia  ['varepa,  a,  without,  tet- 
paivu,  to  perforate).  An  imperforate  or 
impei-vious  condition  of  the  mouth  of  the 

•  womb. 

Hysterec'tomy  ['varepa,  ektoutj,  a  cutting 
out).  Excision  or  removal  of  the  womb 
by  surgical  operation. 

Hyste^ria  ['vtjTepa).  A  functional  dis- 
turbance of  the  nervous  system,  supposed 
by  early  physicians  to  be  due  to  disor- 
dered condition  of  the  womb.  It  is  now 
often  considered  a  reflex  neurosis ;  not 
with  certainty  known  whether  it  is  due 
to  structural  alteration  of  any  part  of  the 
central  nervous  system,  or  to  abnormal 
blood  supply,  efr.  Paralyses,  impairment  of 
vision,  convulsions,  e^c,  are  usually  promi- 
nent symptoms.  Major  and  minor  types 
are  differentiated.  The  popular  signifi- 
cance of  the  term  is  that  of  feigned  disease. 
The  physician  usually  considers  the  affec- 
tion real.  Hypochondriasis  is  often  the 
analogue  in  men. 

Hyster^ic  ['varepa).  Pertaining  to  hysteria, 
(7.  v.     Also,  pertaining  to  the  womb. 

Hyster''ics.  A  popular  term  for  hysterical 
or  convulsive  movements  and  conditions. 

Hysteri^tis.     See  Metritis. 

Hysterocat''alepsy  {'varepa,  Karah/ijjig, 
catalepsy).  A  fonn  of  hysteria  accom- 
panied by  catalepsy. 

Hysteroclei''sis  ('i'(Trfpn,/c/l«cr<f,  a  closure). 
The  closure  of  the  os  uteri  by  scarifying 
and  suturing  the  labia — an  operation  for- 
merly employed  in  vesico-uterine  fistula. 

Hysterocye'sis  ('varspa,  KV7/aiq,  preg- 
nancy).    Uterine  pregnancy. 

Hysterodyn''ia  ['varepa,  oSvvi/, pain).  Pain 
in  the  womb. 

Hys''tero-ep''ilepsy  {Jiysteria,  ETriAr/iInn, 
falling  sickness).  A  form  of  hysteria  ac- 
companied by  convulsions  resembling  those 
of  epilepsy.  Gowers  advises  the  term 
hysteroid  in  reference  to  these  seizures. 

Hys''tero-epileptog^enous  {Jiysteria, 
ETriTirj-ipia).  Producing  hysteria  and  epi- 
lepsy. 

Hysterogen''ic  Jiysti-rM,yevvau,  to  beget). 
Causing  or  producing  hysteria. 

Hys^teroid.  Resembling  hysteria.  See 
Hystero-epilepsy.  H.  Convulsions,  con- 
vulsional  movements  with  hysterical  symp- 
toms in  various  organic  diseases  of  the 
brain,  in  epilepsy,  and  in  hydrophobia. 

Hys-'terolith  ['I'a-'pn,  h.Hoq,  a  stone).  Cal- 
culus or  stone  in  the  womb. 


HYSTEROMALACIA 


203 


ICHTIIYOLITE 


Hysteromala'cia  ('ivrrfpo,  ua/.aKo^,  soft). 
SoAcniiig;  of  the  tissues  of  the  wonil),  ren- 
dering it  liaMe  to  rupture  at  time  of  hibor. 

Hysteromalaco'ma  {JvarffMi,  /i«/a«(f). 
Softening  of  the  womb  or  of  any  part  of  it. 

Hysteroma'nia.     See  Xymphomania. 

Hysterom'etry  ('i^rrfpa,  fterpov,  a  meas- 
urch      The  nuasurement  of  the  womb. 

Hysteromyo'ma  ['I'OTepa,  niyomu).  My- 
oma or  fibro  myoma  of  the  womb. 

Hystero-neuro'sis  (^varepa,  rrv/wf,  a 
ner\'e).  -V  reflex  action  resulting  from 
irritation  of  the  uterus. 

Hystero-paral'ysis  {'t'orepa,  napahvig, 
palsy).  Faral}-sis  or  weakness  of  the  walls 
of  the  womb. 


Hysteropath'ia  {'ivrrpa,  -aftjf ,  sufl'ering). 
Any  disease  or  disorder  of  the  womb.  Also 
hysteria. 

Hysteropex''ia  ('wrrepfl,  7r;7}a'i'/Y/,  to  fasten). 
Abdominal  li.\ation  of  the  uterus. 

Hysteropto'sis  {'varepa,  Trruaig,  a  fall- 
ing).    Falling   of  the  womb.     See   JVo- 

IilpSIIS. 

Hysterorrhex''is  {'larepa,  }>i]^(q,  rupture). 
Rupture  of  the  womb. 

Hysterotomy.  See  Qcsivean  Opera- 
tion. 

Hystrici'asis  {'varpi$,  a  hedgehog).  A 
disease  of  the  hair  in  which  the  latter 
".stares"  or  stands  out  like  the  hair  of  the 
hedgehog. 


I 


I.     The  symlx)l  of  Iodine. 

lamatol^ogy  {tnua,  a  remedy,  Poyof, 
science).     .\  treatise  on  remedies. 

latralip'tic  {larpoc^,  a  physician,  a?.ei(j)u,  to 
anoint).  Pertaining  to  the  cure  of  diseases 
by  inunction. 

lat'ric  (larpor;).  Pertaining  to  the  physi- 
cian or  to  the  science  of  medicine. 

latro-  {larpevij,  to  heal).  A  Cireek  prefix 
signifying  /o  heal,  and  in  comjX)sition, 
relating  to  medicine  or  physicians. 

latrophys'ics  {larpnc,  ipirriKnr,  pertaining 
to  nature).  The  relation  of  |)hysics  or  use 
of  physics  in  disca.se  or  theraj^eutics.  The 
materialistic  explanation  of  disease. 

Iatrotech''nics  [tarpnij^  Tcx^tj,  art).  The 
art  of  healing. 

Ice  (Sax.  is).  The  solid  form  that  wafer 
takes  l)elow  o°  C.  or  32°  V.  I.  Bag,  a 
bag  of  wateqjroof  material  filled  with  ice, 
for  application  to  any  {>art  of  the  Ixxiy. 
I.  Cap,  a  bladder  or  nibi)er  cap  filled  witli 
jjounfied  ice  for  apijlication  to  tiie  Ik.-kI 
in  f  ongcslinn. 

Icc'land  Moss.     Sec  Cetraria. 

Ice^land  Spar.  A  lrans|)arent  calcium 
carlxinatecrysialli/cd  inrhoml>oidal  jirisrns. 
It  has  the  pro|xrty  of  dividing  and  doulily 
ri-fr.u ting  a  ray  of  light. 

I'chor  ('.t'*'/',  I'U^).  An  atrirj  and  thin 
puriform  discharge  from  an  ulcer  or  wound. 


I'chorous  ('V'-'P)-  Pertaining  to  pus  con- 
taiiiiuL;  ulcerative,  serum-like  ]iro(lucts. 

Ichorrhae'mia  (/,:iw/j,  atfia,  the  lilood). 
The  di.seased  condition  of  the  blood  due 
to  the  absorption  of  septic  matter.  Also, 
jjyncmia. 

Ich'thin,  or  Ich''thidin.  An  albuminous 
sul 'Stance  obtained  from  fishes. 

IchthyocoFla.  Isinglass.  The  air  blad- 
der of  the  sturgeon,  Acipcnser.  Occurs 
in  homy,  translucent,  white  sheets,  that 
fomi  a  jelly  with  hot  water.  The  jnirest 
form  of  gelatine.  I'sed  as  a  food,  for 
clarifying  li(iuids,  and  as  a  test  for  tannic 
acid.  I.  Emplastrum,  court-plaster; 
consists  of  isinglass  10,  glycerine  I,  alco- 
hol 40,  water  and  tinct.  ben/oin  (|.  s.,  spread 
u|)on  fine  white  silk  l>olting  cloth  and 
dried. 

Ichthyog''raphy  (/,v"i'f,  ypnd^u),  to  write). 
A  description  of  fishes  and  their  distribu- 
tion. 

Ichthyoid  (/,Yfl''f.  f'^'T,  a  form).  Re- 
sembling a  fish. 

Ich'thyol  ( ',v"''C  )■  -^  preparation  ob- 
tained from  certain  vnrielies  of  a.splialtum 
occurring  in  the  Tyrolese  .Alps.  It  is 
alleged  to  be  efficient  in  ee/ema  and 
psoriasis. 

Ich'thyolitc  ('v"'''.".  '''""C.  ^  stone).  A 
fossil  |K'trifaetion  or  imprint  of  a  fish. 


ICHTHYOLOGY 


204 


IDIOPLASM 


Ichthyology  (/^Y^i'f,  /ioyog,  a  treatise). 
A  treatise  on  fishes. 

Ichthyoph^agus  {ix^vg,  (pajeiv,  to  eat). 
Fish-eating.  A  word  apphed  to  such  ani- 
mals as  subsist  on  fish. 

Ichthyc'sis  {'x^vg).  Xeroderma.  Fish- 
skin  disease.  A  chronic,  hypertrophic,  con- 
genital disease  of  the  skin  characterized 
by  extreme  dryness  and  excessive  develop- 
ment of  scales  and  warty  growths.  I. 
Hys''trix,  a  form  characterized  by  thick, 
enormously  hypertrophied  warty  papillae, 
usually  localized  and  morbid,  and  con- 
sidered by  Van  Harlingen  as  a  distinct 
disease.  I.  Sauroderma,  "  lizard-skin," 
a  variety  of  /.  Simplex.  I.  Sebacea. 
See  Seborrhoea.  I.  Simplex,  a  scaliness 
developing  most  commonly  on  the  arms, 
legs  and  back,  and  not  attended  by  con- 
stitutional disturbance. 

Ichthyotox''icuin  [ix^vg,  to^ikov,  poison). 
A  name  loosely  given  to  poisoning  irom 
eating  the  flesh  of  certain  fish,  and  also 
to  the  poisonous  principle.  It  may  be  due 
to  a  natural  poisonous  principle,  or  to  pu- 
trefactive fermentation  of  the  substance  of 
the  fish.     It  is  probably  a  ptomaine. 

I''con  [ecKuv,  an  image).  An  image  or 
model. 

Iconog''raphy  [eiKuv,  ■Ypa(pu,  to  write).  A 
description  by  means  of  pictorial  illustra- 
tion. 

Icterepati^tis  [iKTspng,  jaundice,  hepatitisy 
inflammation  of  the  liver).  Jaundice  at- 
tended with  inflammation  of  the  liver. 

Ic'teric  [iKTspog).     Pertaining  to  jaundice. 

Ic'terode  [iKTspog).  Having  jaundice  or 
affected  by  it. 

Ic'teroid  [iKTspog).  Resembling  or  having 
the  nature  of  jaundice. 

Ic^terus  {iKTepog).  Jaundice,  i/.  v.  I., 
Hepatogenic.  See  Hepatogenic.  I . 
Neonatorum,  that  which  is  sometimes 
observed  in  an  infant  during  the  first  few 
days  after  birth ;  probably  an  indirect  result 
of  tying  the  umbilical  cord. 

Ic'tus  (Lat.,  a  stroke).  A  stroke  or  attack 
of  disease  coming  without  premonition. 

-ide.  A  sufiix  used  in  chemistry  to  denote 
a  combination  of  two  elementary  sub- 
stances. 

Ide^a  (<(Jert,  form  or  semblance).  A  men- 
tal representation  of  something  perceived. 
I.  Chase,  a  condition  in  acute  mania  in 
which  disconnected  ideas  and  fancies  flow 
rapidly  through  the  mind.  A  term  much 
used  by  German  authors.  I.,  Fixed,  that 
form  of  mania  in  which  one  dominant  idea 
controls  all  actions. 


Ident^ical  Points.  Corresponding  points 
of  the  two  retinae,  or  the  two  positions  in 
normal  eyes  where  the  image  of  an  object 
is  focused  upon  the  retinae. 

Ident^ist  {idein,i\\^  same).  A  term  formerly 
applied  to  such  writers  as  held  gonorrhoea, 
hard  and  soft  chancre,  to  be  due  to  the 
same  specific  virus. 

Idenfity  (/(/^/«).  Absolute  sameness.  I., 
Personal,  that  which  is  commonly  proved 
by  establishment  of  similarity  or  sameness 
of  age,  sex,  physical  characteristics,  marks, 
and  peculiar  habits. 

Ideo-mo''tor  [idea,  a  mental  image,  moveo, 
to  move).  Pertaining  conjointly  to  idea- 
tion and  movement.  I.  Center,  that 
part  of  the  gray  matter  which,  influenced 
by  ideation,  excites  muscular  movement. 
I.  Movements.  Unconscious  movements, 
due  to  impulses  of  the  mind  when  the 
attention  is  otherwise  absorbed. 

Ideoplasf'ic  (»5e«,  appearance,  Trlaaau,  to 
form).  That  stage  of  hypnotism  in  which 
the  idea  impressed  on  the  brain  of  the 
agent  is  translated  into  action. 

-ides  l^eiSog,  resembling  in  form).  A  suf- 
fix denoting  resemblance  to  the  object  with 
the  name  of  which  it  is  combined. 

-ideus  lyLSiog,  one's  own).  A  sufiix  having 
the  sense  of  possession  or  o^vnership. 

Idiempre''sis  {jSiog,  efiTTprjatg,  burning). 
Spontaneous  combustion.  Also,  sponta- 
neous inflammation. 

Id^io-  (((5wf).  A  Greek  prefix  signifying 
peculiar  to  one's  self. 

Id^iocy  [iSiojTTig,  a  private  person).  A  con- 
dition of  mental  deficiency,  usually  accom- 
panied by  physical  degeneracy.    See  Idiot. 

Idio-mus''cular  [uhor,  musculus,  muscle). 
Peculiar  to  muscular  tissue.  I.  Contrac- 
tion, the  contraction  of  a  fatigued  or  tired 
muscle  under  certain  conditions  of  stimulus, 
influence,  etc. 

Idioneuro''sis  (<(J/of,  VEwpoy,  a  nerve).  An 
affection  due  to  some  disturV)ed  or  abnor- 
mal condition  of  the  nerves  supplying  the 
affected  part. 

Idiopath^ic  [iSiog,  iradog,  suffering).  Per- 
taining to  any  disease  not  consequent  or 
dependent  upon  another.  The  antithesis 
of  sympathetic,  deuteropathic,  etc. 

Idiophren'ic  [iSiog,  <pp)iv,  the  mind).  A 
temi  employed  by  Tuke  to  denote  insanity 
due  to  disease  of  the  brain. 

Id^ioplasm  [ixhog,  nlacfia,  anything 
formed).  A  word  sometimes  used  to  de- 
note the  solid  part  of  protoplasm,  or  that 
part  capable  of  transmitting  to  offspring 
the  peculiarities  of  the  parent. 


IDIOSPASM 


205 


ILIO-LUMBAR 


Id''iospasm  (i^ioc,  a-aafiog,  a  convulsion). 
A  spasm  or  crainp  confined  to  one  part. 

Idiosyn'crasy  [idioavjUiiaata,  peculiarity 
of  tenure  rami- III).  Any  s|>ecial  or  jjeculiiu- 
characteristic  or  temjx^rament  by  which  a 
person  difiers  from  other  persons  of  ordi- 
nary habits. 

Id'iot  [ti^iurrjg,  a  private  person).  A  jierson 
of  imperfect,  deficient  or  arrested  mental 
development,  either  congenital,  or  due  to 
causes  arising  so(.>n  after  birth. 

Id'iotism.     The  state  of  idiocy. 

Idro^sis.     See  Jlypcridrosis. 

Igasu'ric  Acid.  An  acid  occurring  in 
:?t.  Ignatius  bean,  and  certain  other  plants 
containing  strychnia. 

Igna'tia.  St.  Ignatius  Bean.  The  seed 
of  Stiychnos  Igtuitii.  Properties  due  to 
the  alkaloids  strychnine  and  brucine,  of 
which  the  plant  contains  of  each  about  i 
per  cent.  Therapeutic  effects  similar  to 
those  of  nux  vomica,  q.  v.  Recommended 
in  hysteria.  Highly  efficient  in  control- 
ling the  functions  of  the  cerebro-spinal  axis. 
I.  Abstractum.  Dose  gr.  ss-j.  I. 
Tinct.,  lias  lo  per  cent,  of  the  drug. 

Ignipunct'ure  [t^'nis,  fire,///;/'.//^;v7,  punc- 
ture). A  method  of  cauterization  and 
treating  certain  forms  of  hypertrophy  by 
the  introduction  of  platinum  needles  heated 
to  whiteness  by  the  electric  current. 

Ig'nis  (l^t.).  Fire.  Combu^ticm  distin- 
guished i)y  rapid  oxidation.  I.  Actualis, 
actual  cautery.  I.  Fatuus,  the  plienome- 
non  known  as  Jack  o'  lantern,  \Vill  o"  the 
Wisp,  e/c.  Its  origin  is  not  known.  I. 
Sacer,  an  obsolete  name  for  er}sipclas. 
I.  Sancti  Antonii,  Suint  .Int/ionys  lire, 
a  common  name  for  erysipelas. 

Igni''tion  {ignis').  The  process  of  heating 
solids,  csj)ecially  inorganic  com]X)unds,  at 
a  white-hot  temperature  until  all  volatile 
matter  has  been  driven  off. 

Il'eac  Passion  [ei/jor,  a  colic  or  grijjing). 
An  ailment  characterized  by  severe  gri|)ing 
pains  and  vomiting  of  facal  matter,  to- 
gether with  .spasm  of  the  abdominal 
muscles. 

IleadeKphus  (/A/^w,  fMf/i/ior,  brother).  A 
moiioceplialic  dual  monstrosity  with  l>otlies 
united  at  the  pelvis,  with  four  lower  and 
twf)  uplK-r  extremities. 

ll'co-  (i/ii4»i).  A  prefix  signifying  con- 
nection fir  relation  to  the  ileum. 

Ileo-cae'cal  (ilen/n,  arium).  IVrtaiiiing 
or  U-Umging  to  ix)th  ileum  and  t;ecum. 
I.  Fossa,  a  dej)rcssion  in  the  lower  part 
of  the  small  intestine  at  the  lixsc  of  the 
vermiform   process.     I.    Valve,  a    valve 


consisting  of  two  folds  of  mucous  mem- 
brane that  guards  the  passage  between  the 
ileum  and  ca-cum. 

Ileo-coKic  [i/fum,  colon").  Pertaining  con- 
jointly to  the  ileum  and  the  colon. 

Ileo-coli'tis  [i/rnni,  cc/on).  Inflamma- 
tion of  the  lower  part  of  the  ileum  and 
the  colon.  It  is  commonly  known  as  in- 
testinal catarrh. 

H'eum  [et?.fu,  I  tum).  The  lower  half  of 
the  small  intestine.  Receives  its  name 
from  its  peristaltic  movements. 

Il'iac  {i/i(i,  the  fianks).  Pertaining  to  the 
ilium  or  to  the  flanks.  I.  Aneurism,  one 
occurring  at  the  groin.  I.  Artery.  See 
Artery.  I.  Crest,  the  upper  free  margin 
of  the  ilium  to  which  tlie  abdominal 
muscles  are  attached.  I.  Muscle.  See 
Muscle.  I.  Region,  one  of  the  regions 
into  which  the  abdomen  is  conventionally 
divided.     See  Ahdonun. 

Ili^acus.     See  JMttscle. 

IliadeFphus  {ilio,  a(h?.(pog,  brother).  A 
term  applied  to  fatal  monsters  united  at 
the  pelvis  but  double  above. 

Il'io-  {ileum).  A  Greek  word  used  as  a 
prefix  to  denote  relation  to,  or  connection 
with  the  ilium. 

Ilio-capsula''ris  {ilium,  capstila,  a  little 
chest).  A  muscle  occasionally  found  in 
man,  originating  at  the  anterior  lower  S]>ine 
of  the  ilium  and  inserted  into  the  ilio- 
femoral ligament. 

Ilio-fem^oral  {ilium,  femur,  the  thigh 
bone).  I'ertaining  conjointly  to  the  ilium 
and  the  femur.  I.  Ligament,  an  inverted 
V-shaped  ligament  extending  obli(iuely 
across  the  hip  joint,  from  a  spine  of  the 
ilium  to  the  trochanters  of  the  femur,  pre- 
venting over-extension  of  the  joint.  I. 
Triangle,  a  triangle  consisting  of  a  base 
drawn  from  the  summit  of  the  great  tro- 
chanter to  the  anterior  upjier  spine  oi  the 
ilium,  with  an  ai)ex  fornud  by  lines  drawn 
backward  from  the  anterior  upper  spine 
and  u])ward  from  the  summit  of  the  tro- 
chanter. 

Ilio-hypogas'tric  {ilium,  vTrnyaaTpiov, 
the  lower  belly).  Pertaining  conjointly  to 
the  ilium  and  the  hypogastrium.  I.  Nerve. 
See  A'en'e. 

Ilio-in'guinal  {ilium,  im^nten,  the  groin). 
Pirtaining  to  the  ilium  and  the  groin.  I. 
Nerve.     See  A'cnr. 

Ilio-lum''bar  {ilium,  luml'it^,  the  loin). 
Pertaining  conjtiintly  to  the  ilium  and  the 
loins.  I.  Artery,  a  branch  of  the  [Kisie- 
rior  division  of  the  internal  iliac  ailery, 
supplying  tlie  iliacus,  and  also  the  psoas, 


ILIO-PECTINEAL 


206 


IMMUNITY 


and  quadratus  lumborum  muscles.  I. 
Muscle,  that  part  of  the  quadratus  lum- 
borum muscle  that  is  inserted  at  the  tips 
of  the  processes  of  the  lumbar  vertebrae. 

Ilio-pectine^al.  Pertaining  conjointly  to 
the  ilium  and  the  pectineus  muscle.  I. 
Ligament,  that  part  of  the  iliac  fascia 
which  attaches  Poupart's  ligament  and  the 
sheath  of  the  crural  vessels  to  the  os  pubis. 
I.  Line,  the  ridge  reaching  from  the  spine 
of  the  OS  pubis  to  the  auricular  surface  of 
the  ilium. 

Ilio-pePvic.  Pertaining  conjointly  to  the 
ilium  and  the  pelvis.  I.  Abscess,  a  sup- 
puration sometimes  occurring  over  the  ili- 
acus  muscle  during  first  labor,  and  com- 
monly due  to  the  laceration  of  muscular 
fiber. 

Ilio-pso'as.  The  iliacus  and  psoas  mus- 
cles taken  conjointly. 

IPium  (Lat.).  The  upper  part  of  the  os 
i)inominatiiin.     The  haunch  bone. 

Illaquea^tion  {illaqiiea,  to  ensnare).  A 
method  of  changing  the  direction  of  mis- 
placed cilia,  by  withdrawing  them  by  a 
noose,  througli  an  opening  in  the  adjacent 
tissue  of  the  lid. 

lUegit^imacy  (//;,  not,  legitiinus,  according 
to  law).  The  condition  of  being  unlaw- 
ful, or  not  legitimate. 

lUegit^imate  (in,  legitiimis).  Not  in  ac- 
cordance with  statutory  law.  I.  Child, 
one  born  out  of  lawful  wedlock ;  a  bastard. 

Illequa^tion.     See  Illaqueation. 

lUic^ium.  Star  Anise.  The  frait  of  77- 
liciiim  aiiisatum.  Properties  due  to  a 
volatile  oil  identical  with  oil  of  anise. 

Illumina''tion  {illiiniiiio,  to  make  light). 
A  light  produced  by  a  luminous  body, 
and  reflected  by  surrounding  objects.  I. 
of  Eye,  the  lighting  up  of  the  interior  of 
the  eye  by  means  of  the  ophthalmoscopic 
mirror.  I.,  Oblique,  in  microscopy,  an 
illumination  produced  by  throwing  the  rays 
upon  the  object  at  any  angle  of  inclination. 
In  ophthalmology,  of  the  cornea,  etc.,  by 
focusing  a  pencil  of  rays  obliquely  upon 
the  part. 

Illu^sion  [illusio,  a  mocking).  See  Hal- 
lucination. 

Im^age  {imago,  a  likeness).  The  picture 
of  an  object  formed  by  the  focalized  rays 
of  light  proceeding  from  it.  I.,  Diffu- 
sion of.  See  Diffusion.  I.,  Erect,  that 
of  the  fundus  oculi  as  seen  by  the  ophthal- 
moscope, the  details  of  the  fundus  being 
in  their  natural  position.  I.,  Inverted, 
that  olitained  by  interposing  between  the 
mirror  and  observed  eye,  a  high-power  lens ; 


it  is  an  aerial  image  at  the  focus  of  the  lens 
used.  I.,  Real,  that  made  by  the  focal- 
ized reflected  rays.  I.,  Virtual,  that  pro- 
duced by  the  imaginary  focus  of  the  rays, 
as,  e.g.,  behind  a  miiTor. 

Imagina^tion  (/wrt^'-<j).  The  picture-mak- 
ing power  of  the  mind.  The  faculty  by 
which  one  creates  mental  ideas  or  pictures 
by  means  of  the  data  derived  from  ex- 
perience, ideally  revivified,  extended,  and 
combined  in  new  forms. 

Ima^go.  An  image.  Also,  the  mature  or 
winged  stage  of  insects. 

Im^becile  [inibecilliis,  weak).  Feeble  in 
mind. 

ImbeciPity  (imbecillus).  Mental  weak- 
ness or  defect.  Similar  to  that  of  idiocy, 
but  of  less  degree. 

Imbibe''  [imbibo,  to  drink).  To  drink  or 
suck  in. 

Imbibi'tion  {imbibo).  The  sucking  up,  or 
capillary  absorption,  of  moisture,  liquids, 
or  gaseous  substances  by  inorganic,  or  by 
dead  or  torpid  organic  bodies. 

Im'bricated  [imbrex,  a  roof  tile).  Dis- 
tinguished by  overlapping.  Applied  to 
the  position  and  arrangement  of  scales  in 
certain  squamous  diseases  of  the  skin. 

Imita''tion  (imitor,  to  be  alike).  A  pro- 
duction that  is  similar  to  or  a  copy  of 
another  object  or  process.  I.,  Morbid, 
the  occurrence  of  a  convulsive  or  mental 
affection  brought  about  by  observing  a 
similar  affection  in  another. 

Imme^diate  (m,  not,  medio,  the  middle). 
Direct.  Without  anything  intervening.  I. 
Contagion,  that  from  a  direct  source.  I. 
Union,  union  by  first  intention,  or  without 
suppurative  granulation. 

Immed^icable  {in,  not,  medico,  to  cure). 
That  which  does  not  yield  to  medicine  or 
treatment.     Incurable. 

Immer^sion  {in,  mergo,  to  dip).  The 
plunging  of  a  body  into  a  liquid.  In  medi- 
cine, treatment  by  a  continued  bath.  I. 
Bath,  the  liquid  employed  for  the  immer- 
sion. I.  Battery,  a  form  of  battery  in 
which,  by  inclining  the  cell,  the  elements 
are  immersed  in  the  litjuid.  I.,  Objective, 
a  microscope  objective,  usually  of  high 
power,  the  lower  lens  of  which  is  im- 
mersed in  a  drop  of  water,  glycerine  or  oil, 
placed  on  the  cover  glass  of  the  object 
under  examination. 

Immune^.  Having  the  power  of  immu- 
nity. 

Immu''nity  {immunitas,  exemption).  The 
condition  of  an  organ,  or  of  the  body, 
whereby  it  resists  the  development  of  in- 


IMMUNIZATION 


207 


IN 


fectious  or  morbid  processes.  The  inocu- 
lation of  attenuated  virus  and  of  chemical 
compounds  are  examjiles  of  methods  by 
which  I.  is  gained.  It  has  also  been  shown 
that  inriammatur)"  action  is  destnictive  i.)f 
bacterial  development.  I.,  Acquired, 
that  from  a  previous  attack  of  the  same 
disease  or  a  modified  form,  as  varioloid. 
I.,  Natural,  the  natural  resistance  of  the 
tissues,  or  system.  Immmii/ation  may  be 
transient  or  jx'nnanent. 

Immuniza'tion.  The  act  or  process  of 
tnddwiiii^  with  immunity. 

Im  'munize.    To  give  or  acquire  immunity. 

Im'pact  (///,//«;'•(>,  to  drive  into).  A  for- 
cible striking  against. 

Impacfed  (///,  />/«.,<)).  Driven  a^jainst 
and  retained,  as  a  weilge.  I.  Fracture, 
one  in  which  the  fragments  of  bone  are 
driven  into  one  another  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  shorten  the  bone. 

Impale'inent  (/;/,  /><?/,  a  pale  or  picket). 
Tlie  perforation  of  the  body  or  a  part  by  a 
nxl  or  stake. 

ImpaFudism  (/;/,  /xi/us,  a  marsh).  The 
morbid  predisixjsition  to  malarial  diseases 
Common  to  dwellers  in  marshy  regions. 

Im'par  [i/i,  not,  />ti/;  e-iual).  Odd  or  un- 
equal. I.,  Ganglion,  a  small  ganglion  on 
the  coccyx. 

Imper'forate  {ifi,neg.,  per/oro,  to  pierce). 
Congenital  and  abnormal  closure  of  an 
opening  of  the  IxKly,  as  the  anus,  vagina, 
(•/'■.     .'^ce  Oiclusicii  and  Olislruction. 

Imperfora''tion  (///,  neg.,  perforo,  to  bore 
through).  Occlusion,  es])ecially  used  of 
the  .\nu>,  Hymen,  Vagina,  </<-. 

Imper'meable  i  in,  not,  per,  through,  mea- 
tus, an  Oldening).  Not  capable  of  being 
traversed. 

Imper''vious  [in, po-vius,  capable  of  pas- 
sage).    Not  permitting  a  passage  through. 

Impeti''go  (I -at.).  I'orrigo  contagiosa. 
A  term  formerly  used  to  include  almost 
ever)'  form  of  pustular  inllammation  of  the 
skin,  mo.st  of  which  are  now  classified  witii 
other  disea.ses.  The  following  are  recog- 
nized \>y  Tilbury  Kox :  I.  Contagiosa, 
marke<l  by  di.scret<-n(ss  of  vesicles  and 
pastulcs,  caused  by  inoculation  wilii  morliid 
pus.  Ixrsions  occur  mainly  aU)ut  ninutli, 
no.striLs, chin  and  occijmt.  I.,  Duhling's, 
differs  from  tlie  foregoing  in  being  noii- 
infictious.  I.  Herpetiformis,  an  inflam- 
matory <lisea-<(;  of  the  skin  dc'cribrd  iiy 
i  hbra,  ronsisting  of  su|M-rtR  ia!  pw-lulrs  of 
I  in  Iliad  si/c,  densely  crowded  into  groups. 
Usually  circular  in  sha|H:.  Very  rare  in 
America,  and  occasional  in  Kurope. 


Implanta^'tion  (/>/,  phuito,  to  set).  The 
act  of  setting  in.  Also,  the  transplantation 
of  a  tooUi  from  the  jaw  of  one  person  to 
that  of  another.  Also,  the  engrafting  of 
epidermis  from  the  skin  of  one  jxrson  upon 
the  Inxly  of  another.  I.,  Hypodermatic, 
the  intrcKlucti(.>n  of  a  medicine  in  the  form 
of  a  soluble  bolid  under  the  skin  for  thera- 
peutic jiurposes.  I.,  Teratological,  a 
fetal  monstrosity  consisting  of  an  imperfect, 
joined  to  a  perfect  Retus. 

Impond'erable  (///,  not, /<)«(/£7(?/'/7w, that 
which  can  be  weighed).  That  which  can- 
not be  weighed.  I.  Fluids,  an  obsolete 
term,  formerly  applied  to  light,  heat  and 
electricity. 

Importa'tion  (///,/(>/-/(>,  to  carry).  Trans- 
ference from  anollier  locality  or  foreign 
country.  I.  of  Disease,  the  carrjing  of 
the  contagion  of  di.sease. 

Impos'thume  {cnroari/fia,  standing  away 
from).  A  corrupt  form  of  apostcnta.  An 
abscess. 

Im'potence  {in,  not,  possum,  to  be  able). 
Lack  of  power,  applied  especially  to  male 
incapacity  of  procreation. 

Impregna^tion  {in, pirgii(nis,w\\\\  child). 
The  slate  of  being  pregnant.  Fecunda- 
tion.    Fertilization. 

Impres^sion  {imprimo,  to  press  ujwn). 
A  hollow  or  depression.  Ajjplicd  to  a 
number  of  such  in  the  body.  I.,  Digital, 
the  mark  made  by  finger  pressure. 

Impu'beral  (/;/,  noi, pit/u-/;  ripe).  Desti- 
tute of  hair  on  the  puiies.  Not  of  adult 
age. 

Im'pulse  (/w/t'/Zc,  to  drive  against).  Any 
communicated  fcirce.  Also,  the  shock  and 
reverberation  on  tlie  chest-walls  caused  by 
the  beating  of  the  heart.  Also,  a  sudden 
s|X)ntaneous  emotion  of  the  mind  or  in- 
fluence acting  upon  it.  I.,  Cardiac,  the 
systolic  beat  of  the  heart  occiu-ring  at  the 
apex,  and  ft-lt  in  the  fifth  intercostal  space. 
I.,  Morbid,  any  strong,  unnatural  im- 
pulse, especially  one  of  an  insane  cliarac- 
Icr. 

ImpuFsion  {impillo).  The  act  of  driving 
or  urging  onward,  either  mentally  or  physi- 
cally. 

Impur'ity  (///,  not,  purus,  pure  or  clean). 
Want  of  ]iurity  or  cleanliness.  In  chem- 
istry the  condition  of  containing  some  sub- 
stance other  than  that  desired.  .Adultera- 
tion. In  nie<litine,  a  want  of  elearne>s  in 
the  .sounds  of  tlie  heart,  bill  llol  sullieielit 
lo  eau.se  a  iiiuriiiur. 

In  A  Latin  prefix  signifying  ///  or  within. 
Alst),  a  particle  signifying  negation. 


-IN 


208 


INCUBATOR 


-in,  or  -ine.  A  suffix  added  to  the  names 
of  the  halogen  elements,  chlorine,  bromine, 
iodine  and  fluorine.  Also,  a  distinctive 
termination  used  to  distinguish  organic 
bases,  particularly  the  class  known  as  al- 
kaloids. It  is  also  loosely  applied  to  cer- 
tain organic  radicals. 

Inan^imate  (w,  not,  aiii/iiHSjliie).  Not 
animate.     Dead.     Without  life. 

Inani^tion  (z«ff«/f,tomake  empty).  Empti- 
ness of  the  organs  of  digestion  for  want  of 
food.  Also,  wasting  of  the  body  from 
starvation  or  disease. 

Inap^petence  [in,  not,  appeto,  to  desire). 
Loss  or  want  of  appetite. 

Inartic^'ulate  {in,  not,  articiihis,  a  joint). 
Not  jointed  or  articulated.  Also,  vocal 
sounds  not  capable  of  aiTangement  into 
syllables,  or  of  being  understood. 

Inassim'ilable  {in,  not,  assimulo,  to  make 
like).    Incapable  of  assimilation. 

Incandes^cent  {incandesce,  to  become 
white  hot).  A  term  applied  to  a  substance 
that  has  been  heated  to  the  degree  of  emit- 
ting light.  I.  Electric  Light,  one  con- 
sisting of  a  film  of  carbon  of  high  resistance 
enclosed  in  a  vacuous  glass  globe.  The 
film  emits  a  white  light  when  the  cuirent 
passes  through  it. 

Incar^cerated.     See  Hernia. 

Incarcera^tion  {in,  carcero,  to  imprison). 
The  condition  of  imprisonment  or  confine- 
ment of  a  part.     See  Hernia. 

Incarna^tion.     See  Conception. 

In^cest  {incestus,  not  chaste).  Carnal  in- 
tercourse between  persons  of  near  relation- 
ship. 

In^cidence  {incido,  to  fall).  A  falling  upon. 
The  direction  in  which  one  body  strikes 
another.  I.,  Line  of,  the  path  of  a  ray 
or  a  projectile.  I.,  Point  of,  the  point 
upon  which  the  ray  or  projectile  is  reflected 
or  strikes. 

In'cident  {incido).     Falling  upon. 

Incinera^tion  {cineres,  ashes).  The  process 
of  heating  organic  substances  in  contact 
with  the  air  until  all  organic  matter  is 
driven  off,  and  only  the  mineral  ash  re- 
mains. 

Inci^sed  (2«(7V/(7j  to  cut).  Cut.  I.  Wound, 
one  made  by  a  sharp-edged  instrument. 

Incis^ion  {incido).  The  act  of  cutting  into 
any  tissue  of  the  body. 

Inci^'sive  {incido).  Having  the  quality  of 
cutting.  Pertaining  to  the  incisor  teeth. 
I.  Teeth.     See  Incisor. 

Inci^sor  {incido).  Any  cutting  instrument. 
I.  Nerve,  the  branch  of  the  inferior  dental 
nerve  supplying  the  incisor   and  canine 


teeth.  I.  Teeth,  the  four  anterior  teeth 
in  each  jaw. 

Incisu^ra  {incido).  A  notch.  Also,  an 
incision. 

Inclu^sio  Fceta''lis.  (Lat.)  A  form  of 
ftt^tal  parasitism  in  which  the  parasite  is 
more  or  less  included  and  overgrown  by 
the  tissues  of  the  autosite. 

Inclu^sion  {inchtdo,  to  enclose  or  shut 
in).  The  state  of  being  shut  in.  Also, 
the  act  of  shutting  in. 

Incohc'rent  {in,  not,  cohcEro,  to  stick 
together).  Not  connected  or  coherent. 
Inability  to  express  that  sequence  of 
words  or  of  ideas  necessary  to  convey 
meaning. 

Incompafible  {in,  not,  compatibilis,  en- 
durable). A  term  used  to  designate  such 
compounds  as  are  incapable  of  mixture 
without  undergoing  such  chemical  or  phys- 
ical changes  as  impair  or  destroy  their 
value.  Also,  substances  physiologically 
antagonistic,  and  therefore  useless  to  pre- 
scribe. 

Incotn'petence  {in,  not,  compatior,  to 
suffer  together).  Inability  to  perform 
natural  functions.  I.,  Mental,  a  disorder 
of  mind  sufficient  to  produce  irresponsi- 
bility.   I.,  Valvular.     See  Insufficiency. 

Incon^tinence  (/;/,  not,  contineo,  to  con- 
tain). Inability  to  restrain  the  faeces  or 
the  urine ;  involuntary  evacuation.  Some- 
times used  as  a  synonym  of  venereal  indul- 
gence. 

Incoordination  {in,  not,  con,  together, 
ordino,  order).  Not  in  natural  or  normal 
order.  In  pathology,  the  inability  to  pro- 
duce voluntary  muscular  movements  in 
proper  order  or  sequence.  I.  of  Ocular 
Muscles.     See  Insufficiency. 

Incorpora''tion  (/;/,  corpus,  a  body).  The 
process  of  intimately  mixing  the  particles 
of  different  bodies  into  a  practically  homo- 
geneous mass. 

Increma^tion.     See  Cremation. 

In^crement  {incrcnientuni,  growth).  In- 
crease or  growth. 

Incrusta''tion  {incrusto,  to  cover  with 
rind).  The  formation  of  a  crust.  Also, 
the  formation  of  a  calcareous  deposit  in 
organic  tissue  due  to  senility  or  disease. 

Incuba^tion  {incuho,  to  sit  on  eggs).  In 
medicine,  the  period  between  the  implant- 
ing of  the  contagion  and  the  development 
of  the  disease. 

In^cubator  {incubo).  A  device  for  the 
artificial  hatching  of  eggs  or  cultivation  of 
microscopic  plants.  I.,  Crede's,  a  copper 
tube    made  with    double    walls,  between 


INCUBUS 


209 


INDOL 


which  water  at  the  desired  temperature 
may  be  put,  and  withdrawn  by  means  of 
pipes  and  stop-cocks.  I.,  Tarnier's,  an 
apparatus  for  the  rearing  of  premature 
children,  consisting  of  a  l)OX  with  two 
compartments,  one  containing  the  cliiid, 
the  other,  and  lower  compartment,  being 
filled  with  warm  water,  so  as  to  keep  a 
uniform  temperature  of  S6°-SS°. 

In'cubus.     See  .\/>/;/;«</rt-. 

Incunea'tion.     See  Impaction. 

Incu'rable  (///,  euro,  to  care  for).  That 
which  cannot  be  cured  or  restored  to 
wholeness. 

In'cus  (i/itus,  an  anvil).  A  small  bone 
of  the  internal  ear  between  the  malleus 
and  stapes. 

Indenta'tion  {in,  dens,  a  tooth).  A  con- 
dition of  being  notched  or  serrated.  I.  of 
Tongue,  the  notches  on  the  borders  of 
the  toni^ue  made  by  the  teeth,  and  visible 
especially  during  inflamm.ition  of  the 
tongue. 

In'dex,  (Lat.)  The  first  finger.  Also,  the 
relation  or  ratio  of  one  part  to  anotlier,  taken 
as  a  standard.  I.,  Altitudinal,  the  height 
of  a  skull  multiplied  by  loo  and  divided 
by  its  length.  I.,  Alveolar,  the  degree  of 
prominence  of  the  jaws,  measured  by  the 
basi-alvcolar  length  multiplied  by  loo  and 
divided  iiy  the  ba-si-nasal  length.  N\  hen 
the  alveolar  index  is  le.ss  than  98,  the  skull 
is  orthognathic,  when  more  than  I03, 
prognathic,  when  intermediate  mesog- 
nathic.  I.,  Cephalic,  the  breadth  of  a 
skull  multii^ilied  I'y  loo  and  divided  by  its 
length.  When  tins  is  below  75,  tlie  skull 
is  called  dolichocephalic,  wlien  above 
80,  it  is  called  brachycephalic,  between 
these  limits,  mesaticephalic.  I.,  Nasal, 
the  greatest  nasal  widtli  iiuiltiplied  by  loo, 
and  divided  by  the  nasal  length.  \\  hen 
the  nasal  index  exceeds  53,  the  nose  is 
platyrhine,  when  less  than  48,  it  is  .said 
to  Xni.  hptorhine,  if  between  these  num- 
l)ers,  mesorhine.  I.,  Orbital,  the  or- 
bital height  multiplied  by  IOC  and  divided 
by  the  orbital  width.  If  the  oriiital  index 
Ijc  alxne  89,  it  is  called  megaseme,  if 
unrler  84,  microseme,  if  bi  Iween,  meso- 
seme.  I.,  Thoracic,  taken  at  its  widest 
|>art  is  icx>  times  the  sagittal,  divi(le<l  by 
the  transverse  measurement. 

In'dian.  Pertaining  to  India,  the  West 
Indiis,  or  to  the  alMjriginal  Americans. 
I.  Black-root,  tlic  rfx>t  of  Pterocaulon 
Pyinoilaehium.  lias  reputed  alterative 
pr(i[xrrlies.  Dose  of  flil.  extract  TT\^xv- 
XXX.  Unof.  I.  Corn.  See  /.ea  Mays. 
14 


I.  Physic,  American  Ipecacuanha,  the 
bark  of  the  root  of  Gillenia  trifoliata. 
A  mild  emetic  and  cathartic.  Dose  of  (Id. 
ext.  n\,x-xl.  Unof.  I.  Turnip.  See 
Drai^vn  A'oct, 

Ind'ia-rub'ber.  The  prepared  concrete 
juice  obtained  mainly  from  an  Indian  tree, 
J-ieus  elastieus,  and  a  South  American 
tree,  Siphonia  elustiea.  It  is  valuable 
chiefly  for  its  elasticity  and  its  insolubility 
in  water.  It  is  ditl'icultly  soluble  in  oil  of 
tuq)entine,  and  highly  soluble  in  carbon 
disulphitle.     Also,  called  Caoutchouc. 

Ind'ican.  A  glucoside  forming  the  basis 
of  indigo.  May  be  obtained  from  the  leaf 
in  the  form  of  a  yellowish-brown  syruj), 
having  an  acid  reaction. 

Indig''enous  {indii,  in,  ^':^no,  to  be  bom). 
Kative.  Originating  or  belonging  to  a  cer- 
tain locality  or  country. 

Indigest^ion  (in,  digestOy  to  dissolve). 
Same  as  Dyspepsia. 

Indigita'tion  (z«,  digitus,  a  finger).  A 
term  applied  to  the  displacement  of  a  part 
of  the  intestine  by  intussusception. 

In'digo.  A  blue  pigment  foniied  during 
the  fermentation  of  Indigofera  anil,  I. 
tinetona  and  other  species.  It  is  insoluble 
in  alcohol  or  water,  but  freely  soluble  in 
strong  sulphuric  acid.  Used  mainly  in  the 
arts  as  a  dye-stuff  Chemically,  it  is  a 
mixture  of  several  ])rincipk'S,  the  chief 
being  a  blue  coloring  matter,  indigotin. 
Therapeutically,  it  is  an  irritant  to  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  alimentary  tract, 
jiroducing  intense  nausea.  It  has  been 
used  advantageously  in  epilejisy,  chorea 
and  convulsions,  in  <loses  var)'ing  from 
^  ij- _^  ij  daily.  Unof  I. -Carmine  Test 
for  Sugar.  Put  in  30  minims  of  water 
one  pellet  indigo-carmine  and  sodium  car- 
bonate; heat  gently  to  solution ;  add  one 
drop  of  urine  and  boil  ([uietly.  A  change 
to  red  or  yellow  indicates  sugar. 

In^digogen.     See  L'roxanthin. 

Indirect'  {in,  dingo,  to  be  in  a  straight 
line).  Not  direct.  I.  Vision,  that  jier- 
ception  of  an  object  in  which  the  image 
falls  on  some  other  s]Kit  than  the  macula. 
I.  Division  of  Cells.  See  Katyo- 
kinesis. 

Indisposi'tion  {in,  di.':pono,Xo  be  out  of 
]ilace).  ,\iiy  slight  illness  or  disturbance 
of  the  fiMHtions  of  the  botly. 

Indissol'uble.     See  Insoluble. 

In'dol.  A  |)rfKlucl  of  intestinal  putrefac- 
tion ;  formed,  also,  when  jiroteifK  are  iieated 
with  alkalies  or  by  sui)erheating  with  water 
to  200°  C. 


INDOLENT 


210 


INFIRMARY 


In^'dolent  (/;;,  not,  dolco,  to  feel  pain). 
Sluggish.  Without  pain  ;  applied  to  ul- 
cers, tumors,  etc. 

Induced'  (/«(//<(ro,  to  lead  into).  Made  or 
produced  by  the  agency  of  any  means.  I. 
Current.     See  Ctirroit. 

Induc'tion  [induco).  The  establishment 
of  an  abstract  law  or  proposition  by  means 
of  specific  or  particular  illustrations.  I. 
Balance,  in  physics,  an  instrument  used 
for  the  detection  of  currents  too  weak  to 
affect  the  galvanometer.  I.  Current.  See 
Current.  I.  of  Labor,  the  bringing  on 
of  labor  by  artificial  means. 

Inducto'rium.  A  magneto-induction  ap- 
paratus for  physiological  purposes. 

In'durated  (^indiiro,  to  harden).  Hard- 
ened. I.  Bubo,  a  hard  inflammation  of 
the  lymphatic  glands,  usually  of  syphilitic 
origin. 

Indura''tion  [indurd).  The  hardening  of 
a  tissue  without  alteration  of  structure.  I., 
Brown,  a  hardening  of  lung-tissue  with 
accumulation  of  pigmentary  matter.  I. 
of  Chancre,  a  hard  nodule,  or  a  cup-like 
ring,  about  the  margin  of  a  chancre  or 
syphilitic  ulcer. 

Inebria'tion  (inebrio,  to  make  drunk). 
The  condition  of  dninkenness. 

Iner'tia  (/«,  not,  ars,  skill).  Sluggish- 
ness. In  physics,  the  inability  of  matter 
to  change  its  condition  except  by  means 
of  an  external  force.  In  physiology,  in- 
activity of  any  organ  or  function  of  the 
body.  I.,  Uterine,  the  failure  or  slug- 
gishness of  uterine  contractions  in  labor. 
I.,  Intestinal,  toi-por  of  intestinal  action, 
or  peristalsis.  I.  of  Drugs,  lack  of 
power  of  same,  from  inferior  quality,  to 
produce  their  customary  physiological  re- 
actions. 

In  extrc'mis  (in,  at,  extremis,  end).  A 
Latin  phrase,  meaning  at  the  end.  The 
common  form,  "in  extremis  mortis,^'  is  in- 
excusable. ■ 

In'' fancy  [infans,  a  little  child).  Early 
childhood.  I.,  Diseases  of,  those  to 
which  infants  are  peculiarly  lialjle. 

In'fant  [infans').  A  babe.  According  to 
English  law,  one  not  having  attained  the 
age  of  twenty-one.  I.,  Overlaying  of, 
suffocation  of  an  infant  by  the  lying  upon 
it  of  an  adult  in  sleep.  I.  Shelter,  a 
day  nursery  where  the  infant  children  of 
working  mothers  are  kept  at  a  moderate 
expense  during  the  hours  of  labor.  In 
France,  a  criche. 

Infant'icide  {infans,  cccdo,  to  kill).  The 
murder  of  an  infant. 


In'farct  [infircio,  to  fill  in).  An  obstruc- 
tion or  plug.  In  pathology,  an  organ  or 
part  filled  to  distention  with  a  coagulum. 

Infarc'tion  [infarcid).  The  plugging  or 
clotting  of  a  vessel  by  an  embolus ;  the 
masses  of  extravasated  blood  in  the  tissues 
in  embolism. 

Infect''  (inficio,  to  put  in, or  corrupt).  To 
communicate  or  transmit  the  specific  virus 
or  germs  of  disease. 

Infec'tion  [inficid).  The  communication 
of  disease-germs  or  virus,  by  any  means, 
direct  or  indirect. 

Infec'tious  [iiificid).  Having  the  quality 
of  transmitting  disease  or  the  agents  that 
cause  it. 

Infecund''ity  {in,  not,  fecundns,  fruitful). 
Sterility,  Barrenness. 

Infe'rior  (comp.  of  inferus,  low).    Lower. 

Infibula'tion  {in,  fibula,  a  clasp).  An 
operation  formerly  employed  to  prevent 
the  retraction  of  the  prepuce  over  the 
glans  penis  in  order  to  prevent  copulation. 
It  consisted  of  passing  a  ring  through 
opposite  edges  of  the  prepuce.  In  a  simi- 
lar manner  a  ring  was  passed  through  the 
labia  of  the  vagina  in  order  to  insure  the 
chastity  of  females. 

Infiltrate  {in,  Fr.,  filtrer,  to  strain).  To 
ooze  into  the  interstitial  spaces  of  a  tissue ; 
also,  the  substance  thus  having  passed. 

Infiltra'tion  {in,  Yx.,  filtrer).  The  ab- 
normal diffusion  of  any  fluid  from  with- 
out into  an  organ  or  tissue,  affecting  it 
mechanically  so  as  to  destroy  its  function. 
I.  of  Bone,  a  tubercular  infiltration  of 
bone,  consisting  either  of  matter  that  be- 
comes puriform,  or  else  of  gray  cancellous 
matter.  I.,  Calcareous,  deposits  of  lime 
or  other  calcium  salts  within  any  tissue 
of  the  body.  I.,  Cellular,  the  primary 
exudation  into  a  tissue,  conveying  white 
coipuscles.  I.,  Fatty,  the  existence  of 
oil  or  fat  globules  in  the  interior  of  a 
cell.  I.,  Plastic,  that  of  a  character 
from  which  new  norma]  growth  may  de- 
velop. I.,  Sanguineous,  an  extravasa- 
tion of  blood.  An  ecchymosis.  I.,  Tu- 
berculous, a  confluence  of  tuberculous 
granulations. 

Infinite  Distance.  A  term  in  optics  to 
denote  parallelism  of  the  light-rays.  Abso- 
lute parallelism  does  not  exist,  but,  practi- 
cally, rays  from  an  object  20  feet  away 
are  so  considered  and  called. 

Infirm''  {infirnius,  not  strong  or  firm). 
Weak  or  feeble. 

Infirm''ary  {infirmus').  A  hospital.  An 
institution   where   ill    and   infinn    people 


INFIRMITY 


211 


INGRAVESCENT 


are  maintained  during  the  period  of  treat- 
ment. 

Infirm'ity  [itifirmns).  Weakness.  Feeble- 
ness due  to  disease  or  senility. 

Inflame''  {in/Iammo,  to  set  on  fire).  To 
undergo  inflanimation.  To  become  unduly 
heated  and  turgid  with  blood,  owing  to  a 
morbid  condition. 

Inflamma'tion  (////f./wwc).  A  condi- 
tion of  nutritive  disturbance  character- 
ized by  hj-pcnvmia,  with  proliferation  of 
the  cells  of  a  tissue  or  organ,  and  attended 
by  one  or  more  of  the  syni]itonis  of 
pain,  heat,  swelling,  discoloraii(.in  and 
disordered  function.  I.,  Adhesive,  a 
synonym  of  Ihalittg  by  First  Intention. 
I.,  Aplastic,  and  I.,  Plastic.  See 
Lymf^h. 

Inflam'matory  {injlammo).  Pertaining 
to  inflammation.  I.  Exudation,  the  fluid 
exuded  from  an  inflamed  part.  I.  Focus, 
the  central  or  culminating  spot  of  an  in- 
flamed part,  or  that  at  which  su])puration 
begins.  I.  Fungoid  Neoplasm.  See 
Mycosis.  I.  Infiltration,  the  exudation 
escaping  into  the  interstices  of  an  inflamed 
tissue  and  not  removed  by  the  Ij-mphat- 
ics.  I.  Zone,  the  area  of  gangrenous 
formation  bounded  by  the  line  of  demarca- 
tion l)etween  dead  and  living  tissue.  Also 
the  line  of  demarcation. 

Infla'tion  (/«/7i',  to  puff  up).  Distention 
with  air.  In  surgery,  distention  of  the 
Ixiwels  with  air  to  relieve  obstnaction ;  or 
of  the  lungs  for  artificial  respiration ;  or 
of  the  Eustachian  tuljc  for  the  purpose  of 
examination. 

Influen'za  (Lat.,  an  influence  [thought 
to  l>e  due  to  the  stars]).  A  contagious, 
epidemic,  inflammatory  aflection  of  the 
mucoas  membrane  of  the  respiratory  tract, 
accorajjanied  by  a  muco-purulent  discharge, 
fever,  and  prostration.  Popularly  called 
by  its  I'Vench  name,  la  f^rippe. 

In'flux  (/;7,y7«",  to  flow).  An  inflow.  The 
act  of  flowing  in. 

Infra-  (infra,  beneath).  A  Latin  prefix 
meaning  beneath. 

Infra-ax'illary  [infra,  axilla,  the  arm- 
pit).     I{r!(jw  the  armpit. 

Infraclavic'ular  (infra,  chn>iiula,  the 
collar  Ixjnc).      Hehjw  the  collar-l)one. 

Infracost^al  (//;y>-a,  rcj/a,  the  ribs).  Below 
the  ribs. 

Infrac'tion  (///./r^r/iV,  breaking).  Incom- 
plete fracture  of  a  lionc  Alstj,  an  inden- 
tation or  driving  iiiwanl. 

Inframax'illary  (infra,  maxillium,  the 
jaw).     Iklow  or  under  the  jaw. 


Infra-orb'ital  {infra,  orbita,  the  orbit). 
Beneadi  or  below  the  orbit.  I.  Artery, 
the  branch  of  the  internal  maxillary-  artery 
traversing  the  infra-orbital  canal.  I.  Canal, 
the  canal  in  the  superior  maxillaiy  bone 
that  ti-ansmits  the  infra-orbital  vessels  and 
nerves.  I.  Foramen,  the  aperture  in 
tlie  superior  maxillaiy  bone  through  which 
the  infra-orbital  artery  passes.  I.  Groove, 
the  groove  leading  to  tl>e  infra-orbital 
canal.  I.  Nerve,  the  name  of  the  supe- 
rior maxillary  nerve  at  its  entrance  to  the 
infra-orbital  canal. 

Infrascap'ular  (infra,  scapula,  the  shoul- 
der-blade).    Below  the  shoulder-blade. 

Infraspina'tus.     See  Muscle. 

Infrasternal  (infra,  sternum,  the  breast 
bone).  Beneath  the  sternum.  I.  Depres- 
sion, the  depression  of  the  ensiform  car- 
tilage, commonly  called  the  pit  of  the 
stomach. 

Infundib'uliform  {infunJibulum,  a  fun- 
nel,y^rw,/,  a  ftirin).  Funnel-shaped.  I. 
Fascia,  the  funnel-shaped  membranous 
layer  that  invests  the  spermatic  cord. 

Infundib'ulum  (htfundo,  to  pour  into). 
A  funnel.  I.  of  Brain,  a  funnel-shaped 
mass  of  gray  matter  attached  to  the  jiitui- 
tary  gland.  I.  of  Cochlea,  a  sniall  cavity 
at  the  end  of  the  modiolus.  I.  of  Heart, 
the  arterial  cone  from  which  the  pulmonary 
arteiy  arises. 

Infu'sion.     See  Infusum. 

Infuso'ria  (infusum,  an  infusion).  A  class 
of  microscopic,  ciliated  organisms  belong- 
ing to  the  order  of  Protozoa.  They  repro- 
duce by  fission  and  budding,  and  also  by 
eggs  or  germs. 

Infu'sum  (Lat.).  An  infusion.  In  ]ihar- 
macy,  a  jjreparation  made  by  treating  a 
vegetable  sulistance  with  hot  or  witli  cold 
water  without  lulling.  Infusions  should, 
in  the  absence  of  sjxicific  directions,  con- 
tain I  part  of  the  substance  to  lo  of  water. 
There  are  5  official  infusa. 

Inges'ta  (im^ero,  to  cany  into).  Sub- 
stances introduced  into  the  body,  especially 
for  purjKjses  of  alimentation. 

Inges'tion  (im^ero).  Tin-  introduction  of 
footl  or  imtritiim  into  the  inuutli  or  stomach. 

In'gluvin.  A  preparation  obtained  from 
the  gi/zard  of  the  fowl,  u.sed  as  a  substi- 
tute for  pepsin  and  pancrcaiin.  Very  cfli- 
cient  in  tlie  vomiting  of  pregnancy.  Dose 
gr.  XX. 

Ingras'sias,  Processes,  or  Wings  of. 
The  less<r  wings  of  the  splunoiil  Ume. 

Ingravcs'cent  (ini^ravesco,  to  become 
heavy).       Increasing   in   weight  or  in  sc- 


INGRAVIDATION 


212 


INNOMINATE 


verity.  I.  Apoplexy,  probably  due  to 
slowly  increasing  cerebral  hemoirhage. 

Ingravida^tion.     See  Impregnation. 

Ingre^dient  {ingredior,\.o  step  into).  Any 
part  that  enters  into  the  formation  of  a 
compound. 

In-growing  Nail.     See  Onychogryphosis. 

In^guinal  [inguen,  the  groin).  Pertaining 
to  the  groin.  I.  Canal,  the  canal  trans- 
mitting the  spermatic  cord  in  the  male, 
and  the  round  ligament  in  the  female.  It 
is  situated  parallel  to  and  just  above  Pou- 
part's  ligament.  I.  Glands,  the  super- 
ficial and  the  deep  glands  of  the  groin.  I. 
Hernia.     See  Hernia. 

Inguino-Abdom''inal.  Pertaining  con- 
jointly to  the  groin  and  abdomen. 

Inhala''tion  {inlialo,  to  draw  in).  The 
in-breathing  of  air  or  other  vapor.  I. 
Diseases,  those  due  to  the  inspiration  of 
air  containing  dust  or  any  finely  divided 
matter.  See  Grinders'  Disease.  I.  of 
Medicines,  the  introduction  into  the  air- 
passages  or  lungs  of  medicinal  substances, 
in  the  form  of  vapor  or  fine  spray. 

Inhale''  [inlialo).  To  inspire  or  draw  air 
or  other  vapor  into  the  lungs. 

Inha^ler  {inlialo').  An  instrument  for  ap- 
plying, or  for  inhaling  the  vapor  of  a  liquid 
medicine. 

Inher^ited  [inhcereo,  to  cleave  to).  De- 
rived from  an  ancestor.  I.  Disease,  a 
disease  that  has  been  transmitted  to  a  child 
by  its  parent. 

Inhib^it  [inhibeo,  to  check).  To  check, 
restrain,  or  suppress. 

Inhibi''tion  [inliibeo).  The  act  of  check- 
ing, restraining  or  suppressing.  Inhibitory 
nerves  and  centers,  are  those  intermediating 
a  modification,  stoppage  or  suppression  of 
a  motor  or  secretory  act  already  in  pro- 
gress. I.,  Vasomotor,  an  influence  ex- 
erted on  the  contractile  walls  of  the  blood 
vessels,  that  causes  their  dilatation  by  a 
diminution  of  their  tone.  I.,  Voluntary, 
the  checking  or  temporary  restraint  of  a 
reflex  by  force  of  will. 

Inhib'itory  [inhibeo).  Having  the  power 
to  restrain  or  hold  in  check.  I.  Center 
of  Setschenow,  a  cerebral  center  in  the 
optic  lobes  of  the  brain  of  the  frog,  the 
stimulation  of  which  checks  reflexes.  I. 
Nerves  of  the  Heart,  those  of  the  vagus 
supplied  by  the  cardio-inhibitory  center, 
through  the  spinal  accessory  nerve.  I. 
Nerves  of  Respiration,  certain  afferent 
fibers  in  the  laryngeal  branches  of  the 
vagus  nerve,  that  exert  an  inhibitoiy  action 
on  the  inspiratory  act  of  respiration. 


Inhuma'tion  {inhiivio,  to  put  in  the 
ground).  Burial  of  the  dead  in  the 
ground. 

In^ial  (^iVLov,  the  occiput).  Pertaining  to 
the  inion.  The  posterior  aspect  of  the 
head. 

Inienceph''alus  [iviov,  eyKecpaTiov,  brain). 
A  class  of  exencephalic  monstrosities,  the 
brain  protruding  through  an  occipital  fis- 
sure. 

In^ion  i^iviov).  The  external  protuberance 
of  the  occipital  bone. 

Ini^tial  [in,  eo,  to  go).  Beginning  or 
commencing.  I.  Sclerosis,  the  primary 
induration  of  a  hard  chancre.  I.  Stage 
of  Labor.     See  Labor,  Stages  of. 

Injecf  (in,  jacio,  to  throw).  The  introduc- 
tion of  a  liquid  into  any  cavity  of  the  body, 
natural  or  artificial,  by  means  of  a  s}Tinge 
or  similar  instrument.  In  pathology,  a 
condition  of  distention  of  the  capillaries 
with  blood. 

Injec'tion  [in,  jacio).  Aqueous  or  other 
solutions  thrown  into  the  vessels,  beneath 
the  skin  or  into  any  cavity  of  the  body. 
I.,  Anatomical,  filling  the  vessels  of  a 
cadaver  or  of  an  organ  with  preservative 
or  coagulating  solutions,  for  purposes  of 
dissection,  etc.  I.,  Coagulating,  injection 
of  coagulating  solutions  into  the  cavity  of 
an  aneurism.  I.,  Hypodermatic,  by  a 
syringe  in  the  tissue  beneath  the  skin.  I., 
Nutrient,  injection  of  nutritive  fluids  into 
the  rectum  or  other  cavity.  I.,  Opaque 
Naked-eye,  for  anatomical  or  microsco- 
pical purposes,  made  of  plaster-of- Paris, 
tallow,  vermiHon  and  gelatine,  acetate  of 
lead  and  bichromate  of  potash  (yellow  in- 
jection), or  acetate  of  lead  and  carbonate 
of  soda  (white).  I.,  Transparent  Micro- 
scopic, made  with  carmine  for  red,  ferro- 
cyanide  of  potassium  for  blue,  chromate  of 
potash  for  yellow,  etc. 

In^jury  [in,  not,  jiis,  a  right).  Any  dam- 
age or  harm  to  the  body  or  any  of  its 
parts. 

In^let  of  the  PeKvis.  The  heart-shaped 
space  within  the  brim  of  the  pelvis. 

Innerva''tion  [in,  nei-vits).  The  discharge 
of  nervous  impulse  from  a  ganglionic 
center.  The  manifestation  of  nervous 
force. 

Innom''inate  [in,  without,  noinett,  a 
name).  A  term  applied  to  several  parts 
of  the  body  to  which  no  other  definite 
name  has  been  given.  I.  Artery.  See 
Artery.  I.  Bone,  the  irregular-shaped 
bone  forming  the  sides  and  anterior  wall 
of  the  pelvic  cavity. 


INNUTRITION 


213 


IN  SITU 


Innutri'tion  [in,  tiutrio,  to  nourish). 
Want  of  nutrition  or  nourishment. 

Inocula'tion  (inoi-u/o,  to  engraft).  The 
introduction  into  the  circulation  of  the 
virus  of  infectious  diseases,  or  of  certain 
medicinal  agents.  I.,  Jennerian,  vacci- 
nation, or  the  I.  of  cowjxix  virus.  I.  of 
Smallpox,  inoculation  with  the  contagium 
of  smallpox  to  protiuce  a  mild  ty|)e  of  the 
disease.  I.,  Preventive,  inoculation  of 
some  virus  to  act  as  a  preventive  of  a  more 
serious  disease  or  t}']>e  of  the  same  disease. 

I'nogen  [tg  [gen.  u'of],  fiber,  yevrao),  to 
produce).  A  name  given  to  a  hyix)thetical 
substance  held  to  occur  in  muscular  tissue, 
and  to  be  decomjxjsed,  during  contraction, 
into  carbon  dioxide,  sarcolactic  acid,  and 
myosin.  Because  of  this  behavior  it  is 
considered  the  energy-producing  substance 
of  muscle. 

Inorgan^ic  [ht,  organtan,  an  instnmient). 
A  temi  applied  to  a  body  or  a  sul  stance 
that  possesses  none  of  the  possibilities  of 
development,  growth  or  life.  I.  Constitu- 
ents.    .*^ee  Cintstitiu-nts. 

Inoscula'tion  {in,  o:cuIo,  to  kiss).  The 
joining,  at  their  mouths,  of  the  branches  of 
blood  vessels,  especially  the  extremities  of 
arteries  with  the  origins  of  veins. 

Inosin'ic  Ac'id.  An  ammonia  derivative 
from  muscle ;  of  unknown  constitution. 

Pnosit.     See  Sus^ar. 

In'quest  [in,  qinrro,  to  ask).  A  judicial 
in'juirv'.  I.,  Coroner's,  an  in^iuiry  con- 
cerning the  cause  of  the  death  of  one  who 
has  died  by  violence  or  in  some  other  un- 
known way. 

Inquisi'tion  (?*;/,  ^«^rr^).  The  ini|uiryor 
hearing  lx;fore  a  jury  or  commission  con- 
cerning the  sanity  or  lunacy  of  a  criminal 
or  a]>tr«on  charged  with  crime. 

Insaliva'tion  (/;/,  j<7//zw,  the  spittle).  The 
mixture  of  the  food  with  saliva  during 
mastication. 

Insane'  (/«,  not,  ^(7««j,  sound).  Deranged 
or  di.seased  in  mind.  I.  Ear.  See //uf-wa- 
toma  Aiiris. 

Insan'ity  (///,  santa:^.  A  derangement  or 
abnormal  condition  of  one  or  more  of  the 
mental  faculties,  without  loss  of  volition  or 
consciousness,  arising  from  causes  other 
than  l)0<lily  disease.  I.,  Acquired,  that 
arising  after  a  lon^;  [><-rii><l  of  life  of  mi-nlal 
integrity.  I.,  Alcoholic,  that  iinluced  liy 
alcoholic  excess,  usually  a  n  suit  of  he- 
reditary tendencies.  I.,  Communicated, 
that  transmitted  by  intercourse  with  an  in- 
.satic  |K-rs<^)n.  I.,  Epidemic,  a  form  occa- 
sionally manifested  among  a  numljcr  of 


people  in  common  association,  as  in  con- 
vents or  schtx)k.  I.,  Febrile,  a  maniacal 
form,  occasionally  resulting  from  acute  in- 
flammation, fever,  or  from  similar  cause. 
I.,  Hereditary,  that  ac'iuired  by  virtue  of 
hereditary  weakness  or  taint,  and  not  in- 
duced by  other  apparent  causes.  I.,  Idea- 
tional, a  term  applied  to  any  form  in  which 
there  is  maiked  perversion  of  the  reasoning 
powers.  I.,  Impulsive,  a  form  in  which 
the  patient  possesses  an  uncontrollable  de- 
sire to  commit  acts  of  violence.  I.,  Moral, 
a  form  marked  by  perversion  and  dejiravity 
of  the  moral  sense,  without  Impairment  of 
the  reasoning  and  intellectual  faculties.  I. 
of  Pregnancy,  a  form  occurring  during 
pregnancy,  characterized  by  melancholia, 
suicidal  intent,  and  abhorrence  of  friends 
and  relatives.  I.,  Primary,  a  forni,  often 
congenital,  that  arises  with  the  develop- 
ment of  the  body.  It  may  also  proceed 
from  injury  or  disease  of  the  brain  in  early 
life.  I.,  Puerperal,  a  term  sometimes 
applied  to  the  delirium  of  childlirth,  but 
more  j^roperly  to  the  mania  occurring  after 
delivery.  I.  Simultaneous,  when  two 
or  more  persons  hereditarily  inclined  be- 
come aflected  at  the  same  time.  I.,  Voli- 
tional, such  forms  as  are  marked  by  de- 
rangement of  the  will. 

Insa''tiable  Appetite.     See  Bulimia. 

Insectiv'ora  [iuse<tuvi,  an  insect,  vnro, 
to  devour).  An  order  of  plantigrade  ani- 
mals belonging  to  the  viamvtalia. 

In'sect  Pow'der.  The  jiowdered  flowers 
of  several  species  of  Fyiethnon  or  "  bu- 
hach,"  an  insecticide  in  common  use.  In 
the  United  States  the  flowers  of  P.  ciiierrr- 
folium  are  extensively  cultivated  for  this 
purpose. 

Insemina'tion  {/«j^w?'«(',  to  jilant  seed). 
The  ]ilanting  of  seed.  The  introduction 
of  semen. 

Insens'ible  (/;/,not,  scntio,  to  feel).  With- 
out the  sense  of  feeling.  Incap.able  of 
being  jjerceived  or  recognized  by  the 
senses. 

Inser'tion  (inscro,  to  set  in).  The  act  of 
setting  or  placing  in  ;  or,  that  which  is  set 
in.  I,  Velamentous,  the  in.sertion  of 
the  margin  of  the  umbilical  cord  upon  the 
chorion. 

Insid'ious  (///i/'(//<r,  an  ambush).  Peceit- 
ful.  Hidden  from  external  view.  I. 
Disease,  one  that  shows  no  apparent 
sym|)loms. 

In  si'tu  (/'«,  sifu,  position).  A  latin 
phrase   meaning   in   a  given   or  na/unil 

J>oiition. 


INSOLATION 


214 


INTENSIVE 


Insola''tion  (/;?,  sol,  the  sun).  Exposure 
to  the  sun,  either  as  a  prophylactic  treat- 
ment or  a  cause  of  disease.  Sunstroke. 
In  pharmacy,  the  ckying  or  bleaching  of 
substances  by  exposure  to  the  sun. 

InsoFuble  \in,  neg.,  solnbilis,  soluble). 
Incapable  of  solution. 

Insom''nia  (in,  neg.,  somnus,  sleep). 
Want  of  sleep.     Inability  to  sleep. 

Inspec^tion  [inspedus,  a  beholding).  In 
medicine,  the  examination  of  the  body,  or 
of  any  part  of  it. 

Inspira^tion  [in,  spiro,  to  breathe).  That 
part  of  respiration  consisting  of  the  draw- 
ing in  of  the  breath. 

Inspis^sate  [Jiispisso,  to  thicken).  To 
make  thick  by  evaporation  or  by  absorp- 
tion of  the  liquid  menstruum. 

Instaura^tion  {instaiiratio,  a  removal). 
The  first  appearance  of  a  physiological 
condition. 

In''step  [visfop,  the  bend  of  the  foot). 
The  arch  of  the  foot. 

Instilla''tion  {instillo,  to  put  in  little  by 
little).  The  pouring  of  a  liquid  gtittatiin, 
or  little  by  little. 

In'stinct  [instinguo,  to  impel).  An  in- 
herited natural  impulse  unassociated  with  a 
reasoning  conception  as  to  cause  and  effect. 

In''stitute  [instihio,  to  set  up).  A  state- 
ment of  principles.  Also,  any  establish- 
ment for  the  statement  or  dissemination  of 
principles.  I.  of  Medicine,  the  expla- 
nation or  philosophy  of  the  laws  of  the 
science  of  medicine ;  pathological  physi- 
ology. Used  sometimes  as  a  synonym  of 
pathology. 

In^strument  [instnto,  to  build).  Any 
mechanical  tool  or  device  used  in  opera- 
tion or  treatment. 

Insuffi''ciency  [in,  sub,  under,  facio,  to 
make).  Incapacity  of  normal  action.  I. 
of  Muscles,  Active,  a  phenomenon  of  a 
muscle  acting  on  two  or  more  joints  when 
the  joints  over  which  it  passes  are  so 
changed  that  it  cannot  contract  actively 
any  further  than  to  the  extent  of  the  short- 
ening from  which  it  begins  to  be  active. 
I.  of  Muscles,  Passive,  the  analogue 
of  the  phenomena  of  active  I.  in  many 
jointed  muscles,  whereby  motion  of  the 
part  is  prevented  from  the  position  of  the 
joint,  the  muscle  being  too  short  to  act 
under  such  circumstances.  I.  of  the  Ocu- 
lar Muscles,  weakness  or  paresis  of  the 
same,  in  high  degrees  resulting  in  strabis- 
mus, asthenopia,  diplopia,  etc.  I.  of  the 
Cardiac  Valves,  imperfect  closure,  per- 
mitting regurgitation. 


Insuffla''tion  (/«,  siifflo,  to  puff).  The 
blowing  of  any  finely  divided  substance 
upon  a  surface  or  into  a  cavity. 

In^sufflator  (in,  stifflo).  A  small  instru- 
ment for  blowing  fine  powders  into  a  cavity 
or  on  a  surface.  Also,  one  for  blowing  air 
into  the  lungs. 

In'sula  (Lat.).  In  anatomy,  the  island 
of  Reil. 

In''sular  (insula,  an  island).  Isolated  in 
condition,  also,  pertaining  to  the  island  of 
Reil.  I.  Sclerosis,  or  disseminated  scle- 
rosis— scattered  islets  of  sclerosis  in  the 
brain  and  cord.  It  is  called  sclerose  en 
plaques  disseniinees  by  the  French,  and 
multiple  sclerosis  by  the  Germans.  Its 
etiology  is  obscure.  The  symptoms  vary 
according  to  the  position  of  the  islets : 
Motor  derangements,  a  jerky  tremor,  pare- 
sis or  paralysis,  eye-changes,  etc.,  are  the 
most  common.  The  prognosis  is  grave, 
and  treatment  of  little  avail. 

In^sulate  (insula).  To  isolate  or  separate 
from  surroundings.  In  electricity,  to  sur- 
round a  conductor  with  a  non-conducting 
substance  or  with  one  having  an  exceed- 
ingly high  resistance. 

In^sult  (ifi,  upon,  salto,  to  leap).  The 
beginning  of  a  paroxysm  or  of  an  attack 
of  a  disease.  I.,  Apoplectic,  an  apo- 
plectic stroke. 

In^tegral  (integer,  whole).  Entire.  Es- 
sential. 

Integ^rity  [integer).  Wholeness.  En- 
tirety.    Also,  virginity. 

Integ^ument  (in,  upon,  ^^^f^^^,  to  cover).  A 
covering,  especially  the  skin.  In  botany, 
the  envelope  surrounding  the  ovule  of 
phanerogamous  plants. 

In'tellect  (inter,  between,  lego,  to  choose). 
The  mind  or  reasoning  power.  I.,  De- 
ranged.    See  Insanity. 

Intelligence  (intellectns,  a  perceiving). 
The  understanding  that  comes  from  the 
perception  of  qualities  and  attributes  of  the 
objective  world  and  manifested  in  the  pur- 
posive employment  of  means  to  attain  an 
end. 

Intem-'perance  (in,r\o\.,temperanfia, mild- 
ness). Want  of  moderation.  Immoderate 
indulgence,  especially  with  reference  to 
alcoholic  liquors. 

Inten'sity  (intcnsns,  strong).  Concentra- 
tion of  energy  or  activity.  Also,  a  high 
degree  of  energy  or  power.  I.,  Specific. 
See  Specific. 

Inten'sive  (intensiis).  Increased  in  force 
or  energy.  Strengthening  or  increasing 
the  sexual  passions. 


INTENTION 


215 


INTERNAL 


Inten'tion.  See  ILalinz. 
Inter-  {inter,  between).  A  Latin  prefix 
iigiiifying  (h-ticc-t-n. 
Interartic'ular  (in/tr,  articulns,  a  joint). 
Suuated  between  joints.  L  Fibro-carti- 
laje,  the  tlattened  cartilaj^inous  plates,  ir- 
regular in  shape,  between  the  articular 
cariiUiges  of  certain  joints. 

Interca'dence  {inter,  aiJo,  to  fall).  The 
irregular  beating  of  the  pulse  that  seems 
occa.^ionally  to  have  an  additional  beat 
between  nunnal  pulsations. 

Inter^'calary  {inter,  calo,  to  insert).  Placed 
or  inserted  l)etween.  L  Growth,  a  term 
applied  to  gjrowths  of  new  material  inter- 
stitiaily  de|X)sited. 

Interce/lular  {inter,  cellula,^^.  small  cell). 
Amoiit;  or  between  cells. 

Intercen''tral  {inter,  centnan,  a  center). 
Between  centers. 

Intercil'iuin.     See  Glabella. 

Interclavic'ular  {inter,  clavicula,\h&  col- 
lar-loiie).      I'.etwecn  the  clavicles. 

Intercolum'nar.     See  Fascia. 

Intercon'dylar,  or 

Intercon^dyloid  {inter,  KovMoq,  a  knob). 
Hetween  condyles.  I.  Eminence,  the 
S[pine  or  knob  .separating  the  two  con- 
dylar portions  of  the  tibia.  I.  Fossa,  the 
notch  l)etween  the  condyles  of  the  femur. 
L  Line,  a  transverse  line  separating  the 
popliteal  and  patellar  fossa;.  I.  Notch. 
Same  as  /.  Fossa. 

Intercos''tal  [inter,  costa,  a  rib).  The 
space  between  ribs.  I.  Arteries,  the 
aortic  arteries  of  the  intercostal  spaces. 
I.  Muscles.  See  Muscles.  L  Nerves, 
the anliri(jr  part> nf  the dorso-spinal  ncr\es. 

Intercosto-hu'meral  {infer,  costa,  hinne- 
rtts,  the  lx:)neof  the  upiJerarm).  Pertaining 
to  the  arm  and  the  space  between  the 
ribs. 

In'tercourse  (intercursus,  commerce). 
Communication.  L,  Carnal,  sexual  com- 
merce. 

Intercur'rent  {inter,  cttrro,  to  run).  Oc- 
curring or  taking  place  i)ctwcen.  L  Dis- 
ease, a  term  loosely  applied  to  disc.xses 
occurring  S|xiradically  during  a  period  of 
prevailing  c-nd<mic  or  epidemic  di.seases. 
Al.vj  us«-d  of  a  disfa.se  arising  or  progress- 
ing during  the  existence  of  another  dis- 
ca.s<-  in  the  same  jK-rsfm. 

Interdent'al  {infer,  Jens,  a  tcK)th).  Pe- 
tween  the  ti-'lh.  L  Splint,  a  si>linl  used 
in  fracture  of  llicr  jaw,  coiisi-'ting  of  a  me- 
tallic frame  at  the  neck  of  the  teeth,  held 
by  wire  vulun-s  |>a.ssing  between  the  teeth. 

Intcrdig^ital    {inter,    di^'itus,   a    linger). 


Between  fingers.  L  Membrane,  the 
skin  between  the  toes  of  palmate  looted 
animals.  L  Space,  that  between  adja- 
cent lingers. 

Interdigita^tion  {inter,  diipius).  The 
locking  or  dovetailing  of  similar  j)arts,  as 
the  lingers  of  one  hand  with  those  of  the 
other ;  or  of  the  ends  of  the  obliquus  ex- 
terniis  muscle  with  those  of  the  serratiis 
tna^^nus. 

Interfascic'ular  {inter,  fascicn/ns,  a  bun- 
<lle).     Situated  between  fasciculi. 

Interfer'ence  {inter,  and  ferio,  to  strike). 
Interposition.  L  of  Light,  the  mutual 
neutralization  of  waves  of  light,  as  shown 
in  Newton's  rings,  when  the  crest  of  one 
wave  fills  upon  the  trough  of  another.  I. 
of  Sound,  the  neutralization  of  two  sound 
waves,  one  by  the  other. 

Interlob'ular  {inter,  lobtts,  a  lobe).  Be- 
tween lobes  or  lobules. 

Intermax'illary  {inter,  viaxilla,  the  jaw- 
bone). Between  the  maxillary  bones.  I. 
Bone,  a  small  bone  between  the  superior 
maxillary  bones  of  the  foetus  that  re- 
ceives the  incisors.  It  also  occurs  in  most 
mammals. 

Interme'diate  {inter,  medio,  the  middle). 
Situated  between. 

Intermenin''geal  {inter,  firjviy^,  the  mem- 
brane enclosing  the  brain).  Between 
the  dura  mater  and  the  arachnoid ;  or, 
lietween  tlie  latter  and  the  pia  mater.  I. 
Haemorrhage,  a  h.emorrhage  between 
the  meninges. 

Internment  {in,  terra,  the  earth).  The 
burial  of  the  liotly. 

Intermetacar^pal  {inter,  metacarpus'). 
Between  metacaii)al  bones. 

Intermetatar'sal  {inter,  metatarsus'). 
Between  metatarsal  bones. 

Intermis'sion(/«A7-ww.vM,abrcaking-off). 
The  interval  between  the  paroxysms  of  a 
fever.  Also,  an  interval  when  the  pulse 
fails  to  beat  in  rhythmic  time. 

Intermit'tent  {inter,  initto,  to  send  or  oc- 
cur). ( kcuring  at  intervals.  I.  Fever. 
See  Fe-i>er.  I.  Pulse,  a  pulsation  marki'd 
by  irregular  pauses  inlirrupling  its  rliyth- 
mic  action. 

Intermus''cular  {infer,  musciilus,  a  mus- 
cle).    Situated  between  mu.scles. 

Intcf'nal  {intermis,  inward).  On  the  in- 
side. I.  Capsule,  the  band  of  nerve  mat- 
ter between  the  optic  thalamus  ancl  the 
interventricular  |Mirtion  of  the  corpus  stria- 
tum. I.  Capsule,  Knee  of,  ttie  angle 
formed  by  the  two  divisions  of  the  internal 
capsule. 


INTERNODE 


216 


INTESTINAL 


In''ternode  [inter,  nodus,  a  knot).  The 
space  between  adjacent  joints  or  knots. 
That  part  of  a  nerve-fibril  between  Ran- 
vier's  nodes  is  called  the  internodal  seg- 
ment. 

Internun''cial  [inter,  nuncius,  a  messen- 
ger). That  which  forms  a  connecting  or 
serving  medium,  as  the  nerves  and  their 
relation  to  the  muscles  and  the  will. 

Inter^nus.     See  hiternal. 

Interorb^ital  [inter,  orbita,  the  orbit). 
Situated  between  orbits.  I.  Bone,  the 
median  bone  of  fishes!  I.  Plate  and 
Septum,  a  stmcture  of  the  fore-brain, 
with  its  extension,  found  in  certain  fishes 
and  reptiles. 

Interos''seous  [inter,  ossa,  a  bone).  Be- 
tween bones.  I.  Arteries,  a  name  given 
to  various  branches  of  the  dorsal,  palmar, 
plantar  and  metatarsal  arteries  of  the 
hand,  foot  and  forearm.  I.  Muscles,  a 
name  given  to  certain  muscles  of  the 
hand,  foot  and  forearm.  I.  Nerves,  the 
nerves  supplying  the  foregoing  muscles. 

Interpari^etal  [inter,  paries,  walls).  Be- 
tween walls.  I.  Bone,  a  term  sometimes 
applied  to  the  upper,  squamous  and  non- 
cartilaginous  part  of  the  occipital  bone.  I. 
Suture,  the  sagittal  .suture,  or  that  formed 
by  the  parietal  bones. 

Interpedun^cular  [inter,  peduncuhis,  a 
little  foot).  Situated  between  peduncles. 
I.  Space,  the  pons  Tarini,  or  posterior 
perforated  space  that  forms  the  posterior 
floor  cf.  the  third  ventricle. 

Interphalang^eal  [inter,  <j>a2.ay^,  a  finger). 
Between  the  fingers  or  the  toes.  I.  Articu- 
lations, the  ginglymoid  articulations  of 
the  fingers  and  toes. 

Interpu''bic  [inter,  pubis).  Situated  be- 
tween the  pubic  bones.  I.  Disc,  the  fibro- 
cartilaginous mass  forming  the  symphyses 
of  the  pubis. 

Interscap'ular  [inter,  scapula,  the  shoul- 
der-blade). Between  .shoulder-blades  I. 
Region,  the  part  of  the  chest  between  the 
inner  border  of  the  shoulder-blade  and  the 
.spine. 

Interspi''nous  [inter,  spina,  the  spine). 
Situated  between  the  vertebrae. 

In''terstice  [inter,  status,  fixed  or  set).  A 
space  or  interval.     Also,  a  pore. 

Intersti'tial  [interstitium,  space  between). 
Pertaining  to  any  space  or  interval  between 
parts  or  organs.  I.  Absorption,  in  ab- 
scesses, the  absorption  of  tissues  between 
a  cyst  and  the  skin.  Also,  any  similar 
absorption.  I.  Atrophy,  a  condition  ob- 
served in  certain  diseases  of   the    bones 


[arthritis  defor77ians'),  in  which  the  min- 
eral matter  has  been  absorbed  to  such  an 
extent  that  only  reticulated  laminoe  remain, 
I.  Hypertrophy,  a  condition  in  certain 
diseases  of  the  bones  ia  which  there  is  an 
excessive  deposit  of  mineral  matter  in  the 
Haversian  canals  and  lacunce.  Often  ac- 
companied by  diminution  in  the  size  of  the 
bone.  I.  Keratitis.  See  Keratitis.  I. 
Pregnancy.     See  Pregnancy. 

Intertransversa^les  [inter,  transv;rsus, 
turned  across).  A  name  given  to  the  short 
bundles  of  muscular  fibers  extending 
between  the  transverse  processes  of  con- 
tiguous vertebrre. 

Intertri''go  [inter,  tero,  to  rub).  An  ery- 
thematous emption  or  lesion  of  the  skin 
produced  by  friction  of  adjacent  parts. 
See  Erythema. 

Intertrochanter''ic  [inter,  trochanter). 
Between  the  trochanters.  I.  Line,  a  ridge 
on  the  upper  end  of  the  femur  between 
the  great  and  the  lesser  trochanter. 

Intertu^bular  Sub''stance.  The  translu- 
cent, granular  substance  of  the  dentine  of 
the  tooth,  containing  most  of  its  earthy 
elements. 

In''terval  [infer,  vallum,  a  rampart).  A 
space  or  lapse  either  of  time  or  distance ; 
as  the  interval  between  the  paroxysms  of 
a  fever,  or  between  two  organs  or  parts  of 
the  body.  L,  Focal,  the  distance  between 
the  anterior  and  posterior  focal  points. 

Interventric'ular  [inter,  ventriculum,  a 
ventricle).  Between  ventricles,  as,  of  the 
heart.  I.  Septum,  the  fibrous  septum  or 
partition  between  the  ventricles  of  the 
heart. 

Interver''tebral  [inter,  ve7-tebra,  a  bone  of 
the  spine).  Between  the  vertebroe.  I. 
Discs,  the  lenticular  discs  of  fibro-cartilage 
between  the  adjacent  surfaces  of  the  verte- 
brae. L  Notch,  the  notch  at  the  base  of 
the  pedicle  of  the  laminae  on  the  sides  of 
each  vertebra.  I.  Substance.  Same  as 
/.  Discs. 

Intes''tinal  (/;?/«//;;«;;/,  the  intestine).  Per- 
taining to  the  intestine.  L  Absorption, 
the  absorption  of  the  peptonized  products 
of  digestion  by  the  capillaries,  veins  and 
lacteals  of  the  inner  surface  of  the  intestine. 
L  Arteries,  the  arteries  of  the  intestines, 
of  which  the  principal  trunks  are  the  coeliac 
axis  and  the  mesenteric  branches.  The 
lower  part  of  the  rectum  is  supplied  by  the 
hemorrhoidal  branches  of  the  iliac  and 
pudic  arteries.  L  Canal,  the  entire  in- 
testinal passage  from  the  stomach  to  the 
anus.     L  Fistula,  a  fistula  or  unnatural 


INTESTINE 


217 


INULA 


aperture   in  any  p;ut  of  an   intestine.     I. 
Obstruction,  ;iny  cause  or  agent   that  ar- 
rests or  impedes  the  prop-ess  of  the  forces. 
I.  Tract,  or  Tube.     Same  as  /.  Canal. 
Intes'tine    {in/ut,  within).     The  p.art  of 
the   digestive    tube    extending    from    the 
stomacli   to  the  anus.     I.,   Large,   com- 
prises tlie  cacum,  colon  and  rectum.     I., 
Small,  consists  of  the  duodenum,  jejunum 
and  ileum. 
In'tima  (^infinius,  lowest).     Used  instead 
of  tiDiica  iutima  ;  the  innermost  coat,  or 
thin,   transparent   endothelium   of  vessels, 
consisting  of  a  layer  of  irregular,  long,  fusi- 
form, nucleated,  squamous  cells. 
Intol'erance  (/;/,  toU-ro,  to  l>ear).     Want 
of  endurance  or  ability  to  stanil  pain.    Im- 
patience.    .Mso,  the  inability  to  endure  the 
action  of  a  medicine. 
Intona'tion    (ititcno,  to   thunder).      The 
rumbling  or  gurgling  sound  produced  by 
the  movement  of  tlatus  in  the  ix)wels. 
Intoxica'tion  (/;/,  toxicum,  a  poison).     A 
wtmi  ix>|3ularly  u.sed  to  denote  the  excessive 
use  or  an  overdose  of  an  alcoholic  liquor. 
L,  Septic.    See  .S'c///V^w/(7.    I.,Ur3emic. 
See  L'ramia. 
In'tra-    {intra,  within).       A  Latin   prefix 
signifying  wit/iin.     I.-abdominal,  within 
the  cavity  of  the  abdomen.     I.-articular, 
within  a  joint.     I.-capsular,  within  the 
cai)>ular  ligament  of  a  joint. 
Intracra'nial  (intra,  cr,iniuin,  the  skull). 
Within  the  skull.     I.  Haemorrhage,  cere- 
bral h.emorrhage. 
Intralob'ular  {intra, lolms, a  lobe).  Within 
a  lolie  or  lobule.     I.  Vein,  the  vein  ex- 
tenfling  from  the  apex  to  the  base  of  the 
liver. 
Intrameningc'al  (intra,  /trfi'iy^,  the  me- 
ninges).    .Situ.ated  within  the  substance  of 
the   membranes  of  the  brain  and   spinal 
cord.     I.  Haemorrhage,  an  effusion  of 
bloo<l  into  the  s.-ic  of  the  <iura  mater. 
Intramu'ral   (intra,  iniira,  a  wall).      In- 
trapariital.      NVitliin   the  substance  of  the 
walls  of  an  organ. 
Intra-oc'ular    {intra,    nculns,    the    eye). 
Within  the  glol)eof  the  eye.     I.  Haemor- 
rhage, an  effusion  of  bkxxl   into  any  part 
of  the  eye.     I.  Pressure,  or   Tension. 
See  Tension. 
Intra-or^bital    (intra,   orhita,    an    orbit). 
Within    the   orbit.       L    Aneurism,    an 
aneurism     within    the    orbit    of    the    eye, 
and    usually    involving    a    branch    of   the 
0|)hthalmic  artery.      L   Haemorrhage,    a 
haTnorrhagc  taking  place  wiiiiin  tin-  oriiit 
but  Ix-bind  the  capsule  of  Tenon  of  tlic  eye. 


Intrapari'etal    {intra,    />anVs,    a    wall). 
^\  iihin   the  walls  or  the  substance  of  the 
walls  of  an  organ. 
Intraperitone'al   {intra,  Trepirnminv,  the 
jxjritoneutn).      Within   the   peritoneum   or 
membranous  sac  that  contains  the  viscera. 
Intrapolar   [intra,  poins,   the   end  of   an 
axis).     Between  the  poles  or  ends  of  an 
axis.     See,  also,  Extrapolar 
Intra-uterine   {intra,  uterus,  the  womb). 
Within  the  womb.      I.  Amputation,  a 
spontaneous    aiii|)utation    occurring    occa- 
sionally to  some  part  of  the  fatus  in  utcro 
that  becomes  constricted  by  the  umbilical 
cord  or  from  other  causes.     I.  Fracture, 
that  which  occurs  to  a  fatus  in  titero.     I. 
Life,  that  period  of  the  existence  of  an 
animal  between  conception  and  birth. 
Intrave'nous    {intra,   vena,    a    vein). 
Within  the  vein.     I.  Infusion,  the  intro- 
duction of  a  solution  or  a  liijuid  into  the 
vein.     I.  Injection,  same  as  /.  Infusion. 
Intrin''sic  {intritisecus,  on  the  inside).  In- 
herent, inward. 
Intro-    {intra,    within).     A    Latin    prefix 
signifying  'within. 

Intro^itus  {intra,  ea,  to  go).    Any  aperture 
or  opening  in  the  body.      I.  Pelvis,  the 
inlet  of  the  pelvis.     I.  Vaginae,  the  ex- 
ternal a])ertiire  of  the  vagina. 
Intromis''sion  {intra,  tnitta,  to  send).  The 
introduction  of  one  body  within  the  walls 
of  another,  as  of  the  penis  into  the  vagina. 
Introsuscep'tion    {intra,  susri/ia,  to  re- 
ceive).    The  slipping  or  telescoping  of  a 
part  of  the  intestine  upon  itself. 
Introver''sion   [intra,  7hrta,  to  turn).     A 
turning    within,    as,    introversion    of    the 
uterus. 
Intuba''tion  (///,  tubus,  a  pipe).     The  pas- 
s.agc  (if  a   tube  into  or  jiast  the  lar}'nx,  to 
allow  the  entrance  of  air  to   the  lungs   in 
croup,  diphtheria,  etc.,  or  to  dilate  a  stric- 
ture, etc. 
Intumes^cence  [intunusco,  to  swell).     A 
swelling,  (if  any  character  whatever.   Akso, 
an  increase  of  the  volume  of  any  organ  or 
part  of  the  body. 
Intussuscep'tion  [intus,  within,. t/M  ///<>, 
to  receive).      Inxaginationor  involulinn  of 
one  ])art  of  the   intestine  by  andllur,  pro- 
ducing ()bstru(.tion,  etc. 
Insula.      Llecampane.     The    root    of    /. 
helcniuin.  I  "ontains  a  crystalline  substance, 
helenin,  and  fmm    20  to  40  ])er  cent,  of  a 
starch,  known  as  inulin.      \  gentle  stimu- 
lant employeii   in  iironchilis  and  to  hasten 
the  ap|M-arancc  of   the    skin  symjitoins  in 
cxanthematous  fevers.     Dose  gr.  xx-gj 


INULIN 


218 


IODOFORM 


of  the  root,  or  ^j-ij  of  a  3  ss  to  the  Oj 
decoction. 

Insulin.  A  form  of  starch  occurring  in 
Inula  heleniuni  and  other  plants.  It  is 
colored  yellow  by  iodine,  being  different 
in  this  respect  from  normal  starch,  which 
is  colored  blue. 

Inunc^tion  [initngo,  to  anoint).  The  act 
of  rubbing  an  oily  or  fatty  substance  into 
the  skin.  Also,  the  substance  used  for 
anointment. 

Invagina^tion  (invagino,  to  ensheathe). 
The  sheathing  or  telescoping  of  a  part  or 
organ  by  a  canal-like  structure,  as  the  in- 
testine. An  operation  for  obliterating  the 
canal  of  a  hernial  opening  by  the  inflam- 
mation resulting  from  pushing  the  skin 
inward  and  suturing  the  part  fast. 

I n^ valid  {in,  valeo,  to  be  well).  One  who 
is  not  well,  especially  one  who  is  chroni- 
cally ill  or  whose  convalescence  is  slow. 

Inva^sion  [in,  vado,  to  go).  The  begin- 
ning or  attack  of  a  disease.  Also,  the 
manner  in  which  the  disease  begins  its 
attack. 

Invermina^tion  (/;/,  verminatio,  wormy). 
A  condition  of  having  intestinal  worms. 

Inver^sion  {in,  vcrto,  to  turn).  A  turning 
or  jjlacing  in  a  position  the  opposite  of  the 
normal  position.  I.  of  Bladder,  a  con- 
dition in  which  the  bladder  is  in  part  or 
completely  pushed  into  the  dilated  urethra. 
Occurs  in  females  only.  I.  of  Eyelashes. 
See  Entropion.  I.  of  Image,  an  image 
projected  by  a  convex  lens  or  concave 
mirror,  at  a  point  beyond  the  focus. 

Invertebra''ta  {in,  verteln-a,  backbone).  A 
term  applied  to  animals  that  have  no  spinal 
column.  One  of  the  four  divisions  in 
which  it  was  formerly  customary  to  divide 
the  animal  kingdom. 

Invert^in.     See  Ferments. 

In^vert-sugar.  A  variety  of  glucose  that 
turns  the  polarized  ray  to  the  left.  It  is 
practically  a  mixture  of  dextrose  and  levu- 
lose,  or  fruit-sugar. 

Invisca^tion  {in,  viscttm,  bird-lime).  The 
mixing  of  food  with  the  saliva  during 
mastication. 

Involu''crum  {involvo,  to  enwrap).  The 
covering  of  a  part.  The  sheath  of  bone 
enveloping  a  sequestrum  in  dry  necrosis. 

Involuntary  {in,  not,  volo,  to  will).  Not 
by  an  act  of  the  will.  A  term  applied  to 
certain  motions  and  functions  of  the  vari- 
ous organs  of  the  body  that  are  not  con- 
trolled by,  or  are  not  dependent  on  the  will. 
I.  Contraction,  muscular  contractions 
not  resulting   from   an    act   of    will.     I. 


Muscles,  those  that  are  not  governed  by 
the  will. 

Involu^tion  {involvo,  to  roll  upon).  The 
retrogressive  change  to  their  normal  con- 
dition that  certain  organs  undergo  after 
fulfilling  their  functional  purposes.  I.  of 
Uterus,  the  return  of  the  uterus,  that  after 
gestation  weighs  about  two  pounds,  to  its 
normal  weight  and  condition. 

I''odine,  or  ledum.  I  =  127;  quan- 
tivalence  i.  A  non-metallic  element  with 
metallic  luster.  Volatilizes  at  a  low  tem- 
perature, giving  off  crimson-pm-ple  vapor. 
Occurs  in  cod-liver  oil,  most  marine  plants, 
and  shell-fish.  Soluble  in  alcohol,  in  solution 
of  potassium  iodide,  and  in  solution  of  salt. 
In  its  elementary  state  an  irritant  to  the  skin, 
and  much  used  as  a  tincture  to  produce  coun- 
ter-iiritation.  Potassium  iodide,  the  princi- 
pal form  for  internal  use,  is  an  alterative, 
ranking  as  a  specific  in  tertiary  syphilis, 
and  with  mercuiy,  available  in  all  forms  of 
that  disease.  An  excellent  remedy  in 
hepatic  cirrhosis  and  chronic  bronchitis. 
Combined  with  ammonium  it  is  valuable  in 
catarrhal  affections.  Acidi  Hydriodici 
Syr.,  contains  l  per  cent,  of  the  absolute 
acid.  Dose  .^j-iv.  Ammonii  lodidum. 
See  Amnioniitni.  Iodized  Phenol,  unof , 
a  mixture  of  iodine  and  carbolic  acid, 
usually  I  to  4.  For  local  use.  lodi  Liq. 
Comp.,  Lugol's  solution — iodine  5,  po- 
tassium iodide  lo,  water  85  parts.  Dose 
TTL  j-x,  diluted.  I.,  Tinct.,  8  per  cent,  in 
alcohol.  For  local  use.  I.  Trichlorid., 
unof,  recommended  by  Langenbach  as  an 
antiseptic  in  surgery.  I.,  Ung.,  iodine  4, 
potassium  iodide  I,  water  2,  benzoated  lard 
93  parts.  Amylum  lodatum,  iodized 
starch,  iodine  5»  starch  95  parts,  distilled 
water  100  parts,  triturated  and  dried.  Dose 
3J~5J-  Potassii  lodidum.  Dose  gr. 
v-^j.  Potass.  lodid.,  Ung.,  contains 
potass,  iodide  12,  sod.  hyj^osulph.  I,  boiling 
water  6,  benzoated  lard  81  parts.  Sodii 
lodidum,  deliquescent.    Dose  gr.  v-^^ij. 

Fodism  (zwJ^f).  A  condition  arising  from 
the  prolonged  use  of  iodine  or  iodine  com- 
pounds, marked  by  redness  of  conjunctiva 
and  mucous  membrane  of  the  res]:iiratory 
passages,  furiy  throat,  and  lachrymation. 

Iod''oform.  Tri-iodo-methane,  CHI3.  A 
compound  containing  about  9I  per  cent, 
of  iodine.  An  antiseptic  and  feeble  an- 
issthetic  highly  useful  for  local  application 
to  wounds,  abrasions  and  indolent  sores. 
Internally  a  tonic.  Its  odor  may  be  cov- 
ered with  thymol  or  oil  of  rose.  Dose,  in- 
ternally, gr.  j-v. 


lODOL 


Hi 


IRREDUCIBLE 


I'odol.  All  iotlo  C;irl)anii(le  in  the  fomi  of 
an  amoq>hous  l)ro\vn  jK)\vilor.  .soluble  in 
ether  and  oil.  More  antiseptic  than  iodo- 
form and  free  from  odor.  Locally  anaes- 
thetic. Favors  granulation.  U[  reputed 
service  in  s}-philitic  sores,  eU.     Unof. 

lo'dum.     See  loiHnc. 

\'oTi  (<(Ji',  going).  An  element  set  free  by 
electrolysis,  and  classified  as  an  anion  or 
iation,  according  as  it  is  set  free  at  the 
positive  or  negative  plate.  I.,  Migration 
of,  the  transference  of  an  ion  from  one 
pole  to  another. 

Ip'ecac.     See  Ipecacuanha. 

Ipecacuan''ha.  Ijiecac.  Tlie  root  of 
Ccpitiieiis  /.,  found  in  Brazil.  Contains 
an  alkaloid,  emetine.  An  emetic,  e.xixcto- 
rant,  and  chohigogue ;  in  very  small  doses, 
gr.  ^s,  a  mild  tonic.  Used  mainly  as  a 
safe  and  prompt  emetic,  in  membranous 
croup,  and  in  the  summer  dyscnterj'  of 
children.  Dose  as  an  expectorant  gr.  ss-ij ; 
as  an  emetic  gr.  xv-xxx.  I.,  Ext.  Dose 
n\^j-v.  I.,  Syr.,  5  per  cent,  strength. 
Dose  5J-5ss.  I.,  Vin.,  7  per  cent,  in 
strength.  DoseTTLJ-^j.  I.  Trochisci, 
contain  each  I4  gr.  of  the  drug.  I.  at  Mor- 
phinae,  Trochisci,  contain  each,  moq:)]iine 
sul])!).  j'j,  ipecac  y^j,  with  llavoring  oil  and 
sugar.  I.  et  Opii,  Pulvis,  Dover's  jx)\v- 
der,  contains  ipecac  and  0]iium  each  ID, 
sugar  of  milk  80  jjarts.  Dose  gr.  ij-xv. 
I.  et  Opii,  Tinct.,  deodorized  tinct.  of 
opium  100,  evaixjrate<l  to  85,  fld.  ext.  ipecac 
10,  alcohol  fj.  s.  ad  loO.  Dose  TT\,v-xxx. 
Em^'etine.  Dose  as  expectorant  gr.  y|^g- 
—i^\  as  emetic  \-\. 

Ipomce'a  Caeru''lea.  Tlie  seeds  of  this 
pl.iiit  have  l)e(.n  recommended  as  a  stimu- 
lant of  the  intestinal  glandular  appa- 
ratus. 

Iridec'tomy  ('/)/f,  tKTOfit],  excision).  The 
cutting  out  of  a  part  of  the  iris.  I.,  An- 
tiphlogistic, one  iKTformed  in  inllamma- 
tory  [>rocesses  to  reduce  the  same.  In 
Optical  I.,  the  piece  of  iris  excised  is 
over  a  jwrtion  of  the  lens  or  l)cneath  a 
pfirtion  of  cornea  clearer  than  that  exix)Se<l 
in  the  natural  ]nipil,  whence  arlditional 
vision  is  gained  by  tiie  iridcclomy.  Sec 
/'/////,  artifiiial.  I.,  Preliminary,  is  i)er- 
formcfl  in  a<lvance  of  the  extraction  of 
calarart,  instea<l  of  at  the  same  time. 

Iridenclci''sis,  or  Iridenklci'sis.  See 
In.lndeiii. 

Iridere''mia.     See  Aniridia. 

I'ridin.      .See  Iris. 

Iridochoroidi'tis.  'ombined  inllamma- 
tion  of  the  iris  and  choroid  of  the  eye,  the 


form  usually  assumed  in  sympathetic  oph~ 
thalmia. 

Iridocycli'tis.     See  Cyclids. 
Iridod''esis  ('/5'f,  fteaiq,  a  binding  together). 
.\  disused  method  of  displacing  the  normal 
])upil  by  ligature,  instead  of  iridectomy. 
Iridodial'ysis.      See  Coredialysis. 
Iridodone'sis   (/p/f,  iovijaiq,  a  trembling). 

Tremulousness  of  the  iris. 
Iridon'cus  ('/"f,  oyKog,  a  mass).    A  tumor 
or  swelling  of  the  iris. 
Iridople'gia(^p/f,  tt?.;?)';?,  a  stroke).  Paraly- 
sis of  the  S[)hincter  of  the  iris. 
Iridot'omy  [iptq,  ro/ir/,  section).     An  in- 
cision of  any  kind  into  the  iris. 
Fris.     Blue  Flag.      The  roots  of  /.  Terst- 
color.   Contains  a  resinous  princijile,  iridin. 
The  fresh  rhi/.omc  is  purgative,  emetic  and 
diuretic.      Ser%-iccable    in    catarrh    of   the 
duodenum,  malarial  ailments,  etc.    I.,  Ext. 
Dosegr.j-v.    I.,  Ext.  Fid.    DoseTTLv-3J. 
Iridin.     Unof.     Dose  gr.  j-v. 
I''ris  ('P'C,  a  colored  halo  or  circle).     The 
anterior  portion   of  the   vascular  tunic  of 
the  eye,  attached  to  the  pectinate  ligament 
and     ciliary    bo<ly ;     its  central     aperture 
forms  the  pupil.      I.,  Absence  of.     See 
Iridereniia.     I.,  Angle  of,  thatfurmed  by 
the  cornea  and  iris.     I.,  Prolapse  of  (or 
Hemia  of),  protrasion  through  a  corneal 
or  .scleral   aperture;  when  adherent  it  is 
called  an  anterior  synechia  :  when  adher- 
ent to  the  lens  behind,  it  is  called  posterior 
synechia.      I.,  Tremulous,  arises    from 
non-sup]X)rt  of  the  iris  in  aphakia  or  dislo- 
cation of  the  lens. 
Irish  Moss.     See  Chondrus. 
Iri'tis   ('p'C.   ""'Ci   inflammation").     Inflam- 
mation of  the  iris,  called  after  its  origin,  or 
character,  blennorrhagic,  rheumatic,  syphil- 
itic, ])laslic,  .serous,  etc.,  etc. 
Irit'omy.     See  Iridotomy. 
Fron.     See  I'ernim. 

I'ron  Wood.  The  heart  woo<l  of  Ostvra 
Mrginica.  Ttmic,  aiUiperiodic  and  ahera- 
tive.  Has  been  successfully  used  in  ma- 
larial diseases,  neuralgia  and  stnniious 
affections.  Dose  of  the  fid.  ext.  ^  ss-j. 
Unof. 
Irra'diating  (irradio,  to  emit  rays  in  every 
direeliiin).  Radiating  from  a  center,  as  a 
pain  arising  from  a  delinite  focus  of  irrita- 
tion. In  physics,  that  ])henomenon  causing 
any  light-colored  object  in  a  dark  back- 
grf)und  to  stand  out  stereographically  atul 
ap]M-ar  larger  than  it  really  is. 
Irredu'cible  (///,  not,  rci/nro,  to  had 
baek).  That  whieh  cannot  be  redueed  or 
restored  lo  its  normal  condition.    In  ciiein- 


IRRIGATION 


220 


ISOBAR 


istry,  applied  to  a  compound  that  cannot 
be  separated.  In  surgery,  applisd  to  a 
fracture  or  dislocation  that  cannot  be  re- 
placed.    I.  Hernia.     See  Hernia. 

Irriga^tion  [irrigo,  to  lead  water  to).  The 
application  of  water,  especially  a  stream, 
to  an  inflamed  or  abnormal  tissue  for  pur- 
poses of  moistening,  antisepsis,  cooling,  or 
flushing  the  part. 

Irritability  (irrito,  to  provoke).  The 
quality  of  being  susceptible  to  excitement 
or  irritation.  I.,  Faradic,  the  muscular 
contraction  caused  by  a  secondaiy  or 
induced  current.  I.,  Galvanic,  the  mus- 
cular contraction  produced  by  the  direct 
current.  I.,  Muscular,  the  inherent 
contractile  quality  of  a  muscle.  I., 
Nervous,  the  capacity  of  a  nerve  to  trans- 
mit an  impulse  after  receiving  a  stimulus. 

Ir^ritable  [irrito).  Easily  inflamed.  Sus- 
ceptible to  irritation.  I.  Bladder,  a  con- 
dition of  the  bladder  marked  l^y  constant 
desire  to  void  urine.  I.  Breast,  a  neu- 
ralgic condition  of  the  mammary  glands 
usually  associated  with  uterine  affections, 
or  with  intercostal  neuralgia. 

Ir^ritant  {irrito).  An  agent  or  remedy 
that  produces  irritation  or  inflammation. 
I.,  Chemical,  one  acting  by  virtue  of  its 
affinity  for  the  elements  or  compounds  of  or- 
ganic tissue,  as  nitric  acid,  caustic  potash, 
etc.  I.,  Mechanical,  that  causing  lesions 
or  inflammations  by  mechanical  operation, 
as  cuts,  contusions,  pressure  or  distention. 
I.,  Nervous,  one  acting  through  the  me- 
dium of  the  nerves,  as  in  sympathetic  in- 
flammations, etc. 

Irrita''tion  [irrito^.  A  condition  of  undue 
excitement.  Also,  an  inflamed  state.  Also, 
the  stimulus  necessary  to  the  performance 
of  the  functions  of  an  organ. 

Ischae^mia  (^cr;^;«,  to  check,  aifia,  blood). 
Bloodlessness.  Imperfection  of  the  sup- 
ply of  l)lood  to  a  part.     Local  anaemia. 

Is^chial  [laxio^',  the  ischium).  Pertaining 
or  belonging  to  the  ischium. 

Ischiat^ic  [laxtov).  Pertaining  to  the 
ischium.  I.  Notches,  the  notches,  greater 
and  lesser,  of  the  ischium.  The  former 
transmits  the  pyriformis  muscle,  gluteal 
vessels  and  superior  gluteal  nerve,  the 
latter,  the  tendon  of  the  olDturator  internus, 
its  nerve,  and  the  pudic  vessels  and  nerve. 
Called  also  sacro-sciatic  notches. 

Ischidrc'sis  ('ff;f<J,  to  suppress,  iSpug, 
sweat).     Suppression  of  sweat. 

Is^chio-.  A  Greek  prefix  indicating  re- 
lationship to  the  ischium.  I.-anal,i5ertain- 
ing  to  the  ischium  and  the  anus.     I. -bul- 


bar, pertaining  to  the  ischium  and  the  bulb 
of  the  urethra.  I.-cavernosus,  the  mus- 
cle that  compresses  the  veins  of  the  crus 

penis  and  assists  in  the  erection  of  the 
penis.  It  has  a  similar  relation  to  the 
clitoris.  See  Muscle.  I. -neuralgia, 
sciatica. 

Is^chiocele  {taxt-ov,  ktjTit],  a  tumor).  Is- 
chiatic  hernia. 

Ischiop'agus  {^laxi-ov,  Trayeig,  united).  A 
monomphalic  monstrosity  united  by  the 
ischia. 

Ischioperinae''al  [uxxiov^  Tvspivaiov,  the 
pcrinieum) .  Belonging  to  or  pertaining  to 
both  ischium  and  perinaeum,  the  space  be- 
tween the  anus  and  scrotum. 

Ischiorect^al  [laxiov,  rectwn).  Pertaining 
to  both  ischimn  and  rectum.  I.  Abscess 
or  I.  Cellulitis,  an  inflammation  of  the 
areolar  tissue  of  the  ischiorectal  fossa  involv- 
ing the  rectum  and  thigh.  Suppuration 
may  occur  at  any  part  of  the  inflammation, 
but  is  ordinarily  near  the  anus.  I.  Fascia. 
See  Fascia.  I.  Fossa,  a  deep  fossa  filled 
with  fatty  tissue  situated  on  both  sides  of 
the  intestine,  between  it  and  the  ischium. 

Is^chium  [loxi-ov).  The  inferior  part  of 
the  OS  innominatum  or  hip-bone ;  that 
upon  which  the  body  rests  in  a  sitting  pos- 
ture. It  fonns  a  part,  also,  of  the  aceta- 
bulum. 

Isch^nous  (icxvoq,  thin).     Emaciated. 

Is^cho-  (<ffjw,  to  suppress).  A  Greek  pre- 
fix meaning  to  suppress. 

Ischo-galac^tia  (<ffjw,  yaAa,  milk).  Sup- 
pression of  the  natural  flow  of  milk  in  the 
breasts. 

Ischonie''nia  {icxu,  fifiviam,  the  menses). 
Suppression  of  the  menstrual  flow. 

Ischuret^ic  («cr;(;u,oty)oi',  urine).  A  remedy 
or  agent  that  relieves  retention  or  suppres- 
sion of  urine. 

Ischu''ria  {icfx'^j  ovpov).  Retention  or  sup- 
pression of  lirine. 

I''singlass.     See  Ichfhyocolla. 

Island  of  Reil.  The  central  lobe  of  the 
hemisphere  of  the  brain,  situated  at  the 
base,  behind  the  fissure  of  Sylvius. 

Is''o-  («Tof,  equal).  A  Greek  prefix  signify- 
ing equality. 

Iso-amylam^ine.  A  ptomaine  obtained 
in  the  distillation  of  horn  with  potash ; 
also  occurs  in  the  putrefaction  of  yeast. 
Boils  at  95°.     Non-poisonous. 

Iso-a^piol.  A  substance  obtained  from 
apiol,  exercising  a  powerful  influence  upon 
the  vasomotor  system. 

Psobar  (idof,  fiapoc,  weight).  In  meteor- 
ology,  a    term    denoting    a   line    drawn 


ISOCHROMATIC 


221 


ITER 


through  points  having  the  same  syncliro- 
niius  barometric  pressure. 

Isochromafic  (<ffof,  ;^puua,  color).  Hav- 
ing tlie  same  color. 

Isoch'ronous  ('<T')f,  xitovor).  Having  or 
occupying  equal  intervals  of  time. 

Iscco'ria  ^/aof, equal, ko/j;/, pupil).  Ecjuality 
in  diameter  of  the  two  pupils.  Aniso- 
coria,  inequality  of  the  same. 

Isodynam'ic  [lao^,  diTuui^,  force).  Hav- 
ing ccjual  force.  I.  Foods,  those  that 
produce  an  equal  amount  of  heat  in 
undergoing  the  chemical  changes  of  diges- 
tion. 

Is'olate  (/.iY>/<7,  an  island).  To  separate 
one  from  another.  In  chemistr)-,  to  sepa- 
rate an  clement  from  its  combination.  In 
electricity,  to  insulate. 

Isorogous  [laog,  equal,  ?Myog,  a  word  or 
law).  Identical  in  comix)sition  with  those 
belonging  to  a  series,  as,  the  essential  oils, 
all  vi  which  have  the  composition  <-"io''i6- 

Isomer'ic  (ico^,  fifi>oc,  a  part).  In  chem- 
istry, applied  to  substances  having  the  same 
centesimal  composition,  but  whose  mole- 
cules have  an  essentially  dilTerent  struc- 
ture and  chemical  projierties,  as  aldehyde 
and  ethylene  oxide,  both  of  which  have 
the  formula  C.^H^U.  The  former,  however, 
has  the  structure 

Methyl.     Carbonic 
oxide. 

CH,  —  CO  — H, 

while  the  latter  is  composed  of  two  mole- 
cules of  ethylene,  joined  by  an  atom  of 
oxygen,  thus  (CII.J— O— (CHJ.  This, 
the  most  common  type  of  isomerism,  is 
sometimes  called  iiictdinerisrii.  .Mso,  ap- 
plied to  substances  having  the  same  cen- 
tesimal composition,  but  whose  molec- 
ular weights  are  in  even  multiples,  a  tyjie 
of  isomoq)hi>m  commonly  called  polvmcr- 
ism.  Also,  in  crystallograjjliy,  applied  to 
any  substance  that  crystal li/.es  in  more 
than  one  fonn.  Also,  applied  to  a  sub- 
stance existing  in  two  or  more  forms,  a  tyjje 
of  i>omeri^m  called  allotropism. 

Isomet'rical  Act.  The  tension  of  a 
nui-.tle  when  stimulated,  its  length  re- 
m:iiniiig  constant. 

l8omorph''ism  (  "T'K",  fiop^t],  a  form).  Siini- 
liir  in  crystalline  form.  Al.v),  the  replace- 
ment of  one  element  in  a  crystalline  .salt 
by  anolhcr,  wiilidut  altcratiun  lA  form  or 
syst<  m.  I.,  Hctcromcrous,  a  cf>n<lition 
of  dissimilarity  in  molecular  com|x)siiion. 
I.,  Isomerous,  a  condititjn  of  siinilaiily 
in  molecular  coin|x>siti(iti.  I.,  Polymeric, 
the  suln>lilutioD  of  two  or  more  atonu  of 


one  element  for  one  of  another,  withou'. 
alteration  of  crystalline  form. 

Isop'athy  (^ffof,  nath^,  suffering).  A 
term  used  to  denote  the  treatment  of  dis- 
ease by  the  administration  of  one  or  more 
of  its  own  prtxlucts.  Thus,  smalljxjx 
would  be  treated  by  the  administration  in- 
ternally of  the  variolous  excretions,  f/c. 

Iso-propyKamine.     See  Propyhuiiinc. 

Isop^ters  (iCTof,  o-Ti/p,  an  observer).  The 
relative  visual  acuity  of  the  retina  at  dif- 
ferent distances  from  the  macula,  both  for 
fonn  and  color. 

Fsoscope  {taog,  okotteu,  to  see).  An  in- 
strument consisting  of  two  sets  of  parallel 
vertical  wires,  one  of  which  can  be  super- 
imposed on  the  other;  designed  to  show 
that  the  vertical  lines  of  separation  of  the 
retina  do  not  correspond  exactly  to  the  ver- 
tical meridians. 

Isother'mal  {laog,  depfir],  heat).  Of  equal 
or  uniform  temperature.  I.  Lines,  in 
physical  geograi)hy,  lines  drawn  through 
places  ha\  ing  the  same  average  tempera- 
ture for  a  given  period  of  time.  Inasmuch 
as  it  fiecjuently  happens  that  two  places 
having  the  same  annual  a\erage  tempera- 
ture may  have,  one  a  climate  of  great  ex- 
tremes, the  other  a  very  ecjuable  climate,  it 
is  now  customary  to  display  comparative 
isothenns  for  the  six  wami  and  the  six 
cold  months  of  the  extra  tropical  regions. 
I.  Zones,  zones  bounded  l)y  isothermal 
lines. 

Isot'ropous  {i(yog,Tpo7!-r/,  a  turning).  Hav- 
ing the  same  shape  and  appearance  from 
whatever  jx)int  observed. 

Is''sue  (Kr.  I'ss/tf,  from,  (•.ir*',  to  go  out).  \ 
discharging  ulcer,  esijecially  that  made  arti- 
ficially for  puqxjses  of  drainage,  counter- 
irritation,  r/c. 

Is^tarin.  .\  nitrogenous,  ]ihosphori/cd  sub- 
stance of  complex  structure  occurring  in 
brain  tissue.      I'roperties  not  investigated. 

Isth'mo-  ((CT^///'«;,  a  neck).  A  Greek  pre- 
fix signifying  Ihe  /aucc's. 

Isth'mus  {laO/iog).  The  neck  or  con- 
stricted part  of  an  organ.  I.  of  Fauces, 
till-  >|)arc  between  tile  arclies  of  the  palate. 
I.  of  Thyroid  Gland,  the  transverse  cord 
connecting  the  lol)CS  of  the  thyroid  Ijotly. 

Italian  Leprosy.     See  Pellagrit. 

Itch.      See  S((i/iit:';. 

-ite.  .\  suffix  employed  in  mitieralog)'  de- 
n<iting  a  mineral,  or  of  mineral  origin. 
A  contraction  of  //Wof,  a  stone. 

I'ter  iitfr,  a  journey).  A  passage  com- 
niuiiicating  between  two  or  more  |)arts.  I. 
ad  Infundibulum,  the  passage  betweeu 


223 


JAWS 


the  third  ventricle  of  the  brain  and  the  in- 
fiindibulum.  I.  a  Palati  ad  Aurem, 
ihe  Eustachian  tube.  I.  a  Tertio  ad 
Quartum  Ventriculum,  the  aqueduct 
of  Sylvius  extending  from  the  third  ventri- 
cle to  the  fourth. 


-itis.  A  suffix  used  to  denote  inflamma- 
tion of  the  tissue  or  organ  when  terminat- 
ing the  name  of  the  organ. 

Ixo^des.  A  wood  tick.  An  insect  of  the 
natural  order  Acaridea.  I.  Ricinus,  a 
species  parasitic  on  human  beings. 


Jaboran''di.  The  leaves  of  Pilocarpus 
pinuatifolius.     See  Pilocarpus. 

Jacaran^da.  The  leaves  of  a  South  Ameri- 
can plant,  J.  lancifolia,  used  by  the  natives 
in  venereal  disease.  Dose  of  an  5  ij  to  Oj 
tincture  TT^xv. 

Jack''et  iyjacqiie,  a  coat  of  mail).  A  short 
coat.  J.,  Plaster-of-Paris,  a  mould  of 
plaster-of- Paris  cast  upon  the  body  or  part, 
for  keeping  it  rigid  and  fixed  in  a  desired 
position,  in  sprain  or  dislocation  of  the 
spine,  etc.  J.,  Straight,  a  system  of 
leather  straps  used  to  bind  violently  insane 
persons  in  order  to  prevent  self-inflicted 
injury. 

Jacksc'nian  Ep''ilepsy.     See  Epilepsy. 

Ja^cob's  Mem^brane.  A  name  some- 
times applied  to  the  layer  of  rods  and  cones 
of  the  retina 

Ja^cobson's  Nerve.  The  nerve  of  the 
tympanum.  J.'s  Organ,  two  narrow  tubes 
in  the  lower  and  anterior  part  of  the  nasal 
septum. 

Jacob's  Ulcer.     See  Rodent  Ulcer. 

Jactita''tion  {^jactito,  to  pour  forth).  The 
restlessness  and  tendency  to  frequent 
changes  of  position  that  characterize  severe 
distress  in  disease. 

Jadelot's  Furrows.  Certain  furrows  of 
the  face  of  children  in  serious  illnesses. 
Three  sets  are  distinguished  :  The  Genal 
F.,  from  the  mouth  almost  to  the  malar 
bone ;  this  and  the  nasal  are  said  to  indi- 
cate disease  of  the  gastro-intestinal  tract 
or  visceral  organs ;  the  Labial  F.,  from  the 
angle  of  the  mouth  outward  to  the  lower 
part  of  the  face,  and  "  should  direct  atten- 
tion to  the  lungs";  the  Nasal  F.,  from 
the  nasal  alje  in  a  semicircle  about  the 
mouth;  the  Oculo-zygomatic  F.,  begin- 
ning  at   the   inner   canthus   of  the   eye, 


and  passing  outward  beneath  the  lower 
lid  to  be  lost  on  the  cheek, — said  to  point 
to  disorders  of  the  cerebro-nervous  sys- 
tem. 

Jal'ap,  or 

Jala^pa.  The  tuber  of  Exogonititn  pur- 
gata.  Properties  due  to  two  resins,  jala- 
pin  and  convolvulin.  An  active  hydra- 
gogue  cathartic,  especially  useful  in  com- 
bination with  calomel.  J.  Abstractum, 
an  ingredient  of  pil.  comp.  cath.  Dose 
gr.  j-v.  J.  Resina,  precipitated  from  the 
tincture  by  water.  Dose  gr.  ij-v.  J. 
Pulv.  Comp.,  contains  jalap  35,  potas- 
sium bitartrate  65.     Dose  gr.  x-^lj. 

Jama^ica  Dogwood.     See  Piscidia. 

Jam^bu  As^su.  The  root  of  Ottonia  jabo- 
ratidi,  a  Brazilian  tree.  Thought  to  be 
stimulant  and  febrifuge.  Properties  not 
definitely  known.  Dose  of  the  fld.  ext. 
TTLx-xx.     Unof 

James^town  Weed.     See  Stramonium. 

Ja^nus,  or 

Jan'iceps  [Jatius,  a  two-faced  divinity, 
caput,  head).  A  sycephalic  monstrosity 
with  two  faces. 

Jas''mine,  Yellow.     See  Gelsemium. 

Jasun^di.     See  Saraca  Indica. 

Jaun''dice  (Fr.  jaitnisse,  yellow).  A  dis- 
ease arising  from  diseases  of  the  liver, 
obstruction  of  the  biliary  passages,  etc. 
It  is  characterized  by  yellow  coloration  of 
the  skin,  preceded  by  languor,  malaise  and 
nausea.  J.  Hepatogenic.  See  Hepato- 
genic. 

Ja^va  Tea.  The  leaves  of  OrlhosypJwn 
staminuns.  Reputed  to  be  diuretic  in 
5J-ij  doses. 

Jaw-jerk.  A  tendon  reflex  obtained  by 
suddenly  depressing  the  lower  jaw. 

Jaws.     See  Maxillary  Bones. 


JEJUNOSTOMY 


i3 


JURISPRUDENCE 


Jejunos'tomy  {/ejunurn,  arofta,  the 
mouth ).  The  making  of  an  arliticial  open- 
ing through  the  aUlominal  wall  into,  aiid 
the  lips  of  the  same  to  become  adherent 
with,  the  jejunum.  The  operation  is  de- 
signed to  pennil  the  introduction  of  food  in 
cases  of  cancer  of  the  pylorus  and  simihir 
atVi'Ctions. 

Jeju'num  (Jtjunus,  em]ity,  because  thought 
to  l)e  empty  after  death).  The  upj>er  two- 
fifths  of  the  small  intestine,  or  that  be- 
tween the  ducKlenum  and  the  ilium. 

Jel'ly  [grlcr,  to  freeze).  In  jjiiamiacy,  a 
soft,  non-viscid,  but  somewhat  ehislic  sub- 
stance of  which  hydratcd  gelatine  is  the 
best  example.  Dome^c  fruit  jellies  consist 
of  the  inspissated  juice  of  the  fruit  with 
one  or  two  |)arts  of  sugar,  together  with 
the  natural  mucihige  of  the  seeds  of  the 
fruit.  Many  of  the  im]K)rted  jellies  .sold 
in  the  United  .States  contain  no  fruit  juice, 
lieing  for  the  greater  part  ordinary  animal 
gelatine  acidified  with  tartaric  acid,  and 
liavored  with  artificial  Havors. 

Jenner'ian.  Pertaining  to  Jenner  or  to 
the  theory  or  practice  of  vaccination. 

Jequi'rity.     See  Al»-us  Precatorius. 

Jers'ey  Tea.     ^tt  Red  {Root). 

Jes'uits'  Bark.     Cinchona. 

Jig'ger  Flea.     See  Ptilcx. 

Johnson's  Picro-saccharim''eter.  .See 
Ric?\'-saiiharimi(cr. 

Johns^wort.  St.  John's  Wort.  The 
(lowering  tops  of  Ilypcrictun  perforatum. 
Re|)utcd  diuretic,  astringent  and  sedative. 
Dose  of  ext.  gr.  x-xx;  of  fld.  ext.  3J-ij. 
Unof. 

Joint.     See  Articulation. 

Joint'-disease.  Any  morbid  affection  in- 
volving the  joints  an<l  their  surrounding 
tissues.  J.,  Charcot's,  a  disease  of  the 
joints  accom|)anying  tabes  ilorsalis.  It 
is  char.-icterized  by  a  swelling,  due  to  effu- 
sion of  lluid  into  the  cavity  and  about  the 
surrounding  tissues,  followed  by  a  lax  con- 
dition, and  ending  in  distortion  ordefonnity 
of  the  joint,  with  di!nini.shed  range  of 
motion.  J.,  Hip.     .See  //ipjoiiit  Disease. 

Ju'das  Tree.  Red  Ikid.  The  bark  of 
Cenis  catiaJensis.  Astringent.  Much  used 
in  diarrlxia,  and  as  an  injection  in  leucor- 
rh'i-a.  1  lose  of  the  lid.  ext.,  n\^xv-^:5J. 
Unof 

Ju'gal  [jut^um,  a  yoke).  Connecting  or 
uniting,  as  by  a  yoke.  J.  Bone,  tlie 
malar  Inine.     J.  Process.     S*'e  /.Vipoma. 

Ju'glans.  Iluttcrniit.  'I'lie  inner  iiark 
(collected  in  aiitiitnn  i  of  th<*  r<x)t  of  /.  cine- 
rea.     A   mild  cathartic,   very  |K)pular  in 


dysentery  and  chronic  constipation.  Dose 
of  the  ext.,  gr.  v-x. 

Ju'gular  {jiti^u/unt,  the  throat).  Pertain- 
ing to  the  throat.     J.  Veins.     See   Vein. 

Ju'gum  (Lat.).  A  yoke.  J.  Penis,  a 
cushioned  forceps  or  compressor  applied  to 
the  i>enis  to  prevent  incontinence  of  urine. 

Juice  {jns,  broth).  The  fluid  or  li(|uid 
tissue  of  an  animal  or  plant.  J.  Canals, 
spaces  within  the  connective  tissues,  the 
origins  of  the  lymphatic  vessels. 

Jum'pers.  A  name  applied  to  those  af- 
Ihcted  with  a  neurosis  characterized  by 
mott>r  iiicoortlinatioii  and  convulsive  move- 
ments of  any  part  of  the  botly,  but  espe- 
cially of  the  lower  extremities,  so  that 
springing  or  jumping  movements  follow 
eflbrts  to  walk,  etc. 

Jung'le  Fever.     See  Fever. 

Ju'niper,  or 

Junip'erus.  Junijier.  The  fruit  of  J. 
coininttnis.  Properties  mainly  tlue  to  a 
volatile  oil.  A  stomachic  tonic,  diu- 
retic and  aphrodisiac.  The  oil  is  elimi- 
nated by  tlie  kidneys.  Valuable  in  chronic 
j)yelitis  and  cystitis.  J.  Infusum,  unof, 
consists  of  juniper  berries  5  j,  boiling  water 
Oj.  J.  01.,  the  volatile  oil.  DoseTr\^v-xx. 
J.  Spt.,  3  parts  of  llie  oil  in  97  of  alcohol. 
Dose  oi~.oJ-  J-  ^P^-  Comp.,  the  gin  of 
commerce;  oil  of  juniper  10,  oil  of  cara- 
way I,  oil  of  fennel  1,  alcohol  3000,  water 
(].s.  ad  5000  parts.  Dose  .^ss-j.  Oil  of 
Cade,  unof,  a  tar  obtained  l)y  the  liistil- 
lalion  of  juniper  wood.  Sometimes  used 
externally  in  eczema  and  psoriasis. 

Junk  ( Port.  y//«((),  a  rush).  In  surgery,  a 
quilted  cushion  forming  a  sling  in  which 
to  sus]H-nd  a  fractured  limb.  It  was  for- 
merly made  of  rushes  or  reeds. 

Junk'et.  Curds  and  whey ;  a  delicacy  for 
invalids,  prepared  by  taking  'j  pint  of 
fresh  milk  heated  a.s  hot  xs  agreeable  to 
the  mouth,  .add  I  teaspoonful  of  rinnet  or 
essence  of  ])epsin,  and  stir  eiumgh  to  mix. 
Let  it  stan<l  till  curdled,  and  si-rve  with 
sugar  and  nutmeg. 

Ju'nod's  Boot.  A  Imot-shaped  case,  usu- 
ally (if  stilT  leather,  m.ade  to  enclose  the  leg 
so  that  the  air  being  exhausted,  the  blood 
vessels  and  tissues  of  the  limb  are  dilated 
by  the  excess  of  blo<Kl.  It  has  been  em- 
|)loyed  to  relieve  inflammation  and  con- 
gestion of  the  viscera. 

Jurispru''dcnce(y//j,  law, //7/(/f'«//<;,  skill). 
The-  science  of  the  inter]  intali-m  and  appli- 
eatii.n  of  tlur  law.  J.,  Medical,  the  ap- 
l)lieati()n  of  nu'dieal  knowledge  to  the 
principles  of  common  law. 


JURY 


224 


KARYOLYSIS 


Ju'ry  [juro,  to  swear).  A  body  of  men 
legally  appointed  to  deteiinine  the  guilt  or 
innocence  of  a  prisoner,  or  to  determine 
the  facts  in  judicial  inquiries.  J.  of 
Matrons,  a  body  of  twelve  matrons,  for- 
merly empaneled  in  England  to  determine 
if  a  murderess,  for  whom  such  plea  was 
made,  were  pregnant.  J.  Mast,  an  appa- 
ratus for  suspending  the  head  in  the  treat- 
ment of  diseases  of  the  vertebrae. 


Jus^culum  {jiisctilum,  a  decoction).  A 
vegetable  soup  commonly  known  as  Ju- 
lienne. 

Jute.  The  fibers  of  the  bark  of  an  Indian 
plant,  Corchorus  capstilaris,  and  other  sim- 
ilar plants.  The  fibers  are  used  as  a  dress- 
ing in  surgery. 

Juven^tus  (jnvcnis^  young).  A  term  for- 
merly applied  to  that  period  of  life  between 
the  ages  of  twenty-five  and  thirty-five. 


K 


K.  The  symbol  of  Kaliiun,  or  its  more- 
used  equivalent,  Potassium. 

K.,  or  Ka.  In  electrotherapeutics,  the 
abbreviation  of  Kathode,  or  of  Kathodic. 

Kabbalist^ic.  Pertaining  to  the  Kabbala, 
or  system  of  the  treatment  of  diseases  by 
supernatural  agencies. 

Kai^rine.  An  artificial  alkaloid  prepared 
from  chinoline.  Valuable  as  a  very  power- 
ful antipyretic.  Produces  diaphoresis  and 
emesis ;  sometimes  followed  by  collapse. 
General  properties  similar  to  antipyrene. 
Dose  gr.  iij-xxx.     Unof. 

Kairoli'na.  An  antipyretic  resembling 
kairine,  but  less  efficient.     Unof 

Kak^ke.  A  disease  occurring  in  Japan, 
similar  to,  if  not  identical  with.  Beriberi. 

Kakos^mia  [kqko^,  foul,  oa/j./],  smell). 
A  repugnant  or  disgusting  smell.  K., 
Subjective,  a  disturbance  of  the  olfactoiy 
nerve  or  center,  either  from  hysteria  or 
from  disease,  giving  rise  to  the  percejjtion 
of  an  offensive  smell. 

Kakot'rophy.     Ill  nutrition.     Anaemia. 

Ka^li.     An  obsolete  term  for  potassium. 

Kalim^eter.     See  Alkali7Hcter. 

Ka'line.     See  Alkaline. 

Ka^lium.     A  synonym  for  Potassium ,  q.  v. 

KaFmia.  Laurel,  Mountain  Laurel,  Sheep 
Laurel,  Broad-leaved  Laurel,  Calico  Bush. 
The  leaves  of  K.  latifolia,  a  well-known 
evergreen  common  in  the  U.  S.  Altera- 
tive, cardiac  sedative,  and  astringent.  A 
pojjular  cure-all.  Has  proved  valuable  in 
diarrhoea  and  syphilitic  affections.  Dose 
gr.  xx-xxx;  of  the  fld.  ext.  tTLxx-^ss. 
Unof. 


Kam''ala.  Rottlera.  The  glands  and  hairs 
from  the  capsules  of  Mallotus philippcnsis, 
native  to  Southern  Asia  and  Abyssinia.  A 
purgative  and  anthelmintic  much  used 
against  lumbricoid  and  other  parasitic 
worms.  Dose  3J-^j  of  an  ^  vj  to  5  xvj 
alcoholic  tincture. 

Kan'dahar  Sore.  See  Furiincuhis  Orien- 
talis. 

Kan^dol.  A  volatile  constituent  of  coal 
tar.  Proposed  as  a  local  ana-sthetic.  Its 
rapid  evaporation  freezes  the  surface  tissue. 
Possibly  identical  with  Rhigolene.     Unof. 

Ka^olin.  White  clay.  Ihe  silicate  of 
aluminum.  Obtained  from  the  decompo- 
sition of  felspar.  Sometimes  used  as  a 
protective  application  in  eczema.     Unof. 

Kapo''si's  Disease''.  See  At/ophoderma 
Pi;^mentosiim. 

Kar'dio-.     See  Cardio-. 

Karyokinc'sis  [Kapvov,  a  nut,  KivTjaiq,  mo- 
tion). The  complicated  j^rocess  of  cell- 
division, 'and  especially  the  changes  in  the 
nucleus  called  Indirect  Division,  Mito- 
sis, or  Karyokinesis.  There  is  first 
fonned  out  of  the  chromatin  the  wreath, 
rosette,  or  spirem,  subsequently  a  star- 
shaped  form  the  Aster,  and  then  the  barrel 
form,  or  Pithos,  followed  by  the  Diaster, 
or  double  star.  Then  follows  the  separa- 
tion of  the  protoplasm  into  two  parts,  in 
each  of  which  the  chromatin  rearranges 
itself  into  a  coil,  the  whole  called  the 
Dispirem.  Two  daughter  nuclei  are 
thus  derived  from  one  mother  nucleus. 

KaryoPysis  (Kapvov,  Arw,  to  loose).  The 
segmentation  of  the  nucleus  of  the  cell. 


KARVO-MiruMA 


225 


KERAru(JLuBUS 


Karyo-mito'ma.     See  Cell-body. 

Karyom'iton.     See  Chromatin. 

Karyoplas'ma.     See  Chromatin. 

Katab'olism  \Ka-a,  ,iu'/Mj,  lo  throw  down). 
The  change  in  cells  wherel)y  their  molecule 
is  rendered  less  complex,  and  contains  less 
force.  Called,  also,  Dcstructi-.e  Metabol- 
ism.    See  Ana!\>lism  and  Mitabolism. 

Katadic'rotism  (^unray  (S/A/wrof,  double 
healing).  The  occurrence  of  a  divided  or 
double  pulsation  in  the  downward  stroke 
of  the  sphygniograph. 

Kat'alepsy.     See  Catalepsy. 

Katal'ysis.     See  Catalysis. 

Kat'aplasm.     See  Poultiee. 

Katato'nia  [Kiira,  -ovoq,  tension).  Accord- 
ini;  to  Kahlbaum,  a  form  of  mental  de- 
rangement progressing  from  melancholia 
successively  through  mania  and  stupidity 
to  iinl-ccility  and  tonic  convulsions. 

Katelectrot'onus.     .See  Cateleetrotonus. 

Kathar'ophore.  An  instrument  for  cleans- 
ing the  urethra. 

Kathar''sis.     See  Catharsis. 

Kath'ode  {KaTa,  o6nq,  path).  The  nega- 
tive jX)le  of  a  galvanic  battery. 

Kathod'ic.  Pertaining  to  the  cathode  or 
negative  ]X)le  of  a  battery.  K.  Closure 
Contraction,  the  muscular  contraction 
occurring  when  the  circuit  is  closed  with 
the  rhco|)hore  on  a  motor  point.  K.  Open- 
ing Contraction,  the  same  when  the  cir- 
cuit is  ojjened. 

Kat'ion.     See  Cation  and  Electrolysis. 

Ka'va-Ka'va.  .\va-Kava.  The  root  of 
Piper  melhysticum,  a  shrub  native  to  .South 
America  and  the  South  Sea  Islands.  \ 
diuretic  and  motor-depressant,  producing 
intoxication  when  taken  in  large  doses.  In 
small  and  moderate  doses  rescml)les  coca 
in  its  .iction  in  allaying  fatigue.    Unof. 

Keep'er.     .See  Armature. 

Ke'fir.     See  A'ephvr. 

Keh'rer's  Opera'tion.  See  Cccsarean 
Operation. 

Ke'lectome  {kji'/.tj,  a  tumor,  cktojij],  a  cut- 
ting). A  cutting  instrument  intro<luced 
into  a  tumor,  by  means  of  a  canula,  in  order 
to  obtain  a  part  of  the  substance  for  ex- 
amination. 

Kc'loid  {x'f^^i  ^  claw).  Cheloid,  Alii)ert's 
Keloid.  A  connective  tissue  neoplasm 
marked  by  irregular,  smooth,  firmly-elastic 
cicatrice-like  lesions.  Begins  as  a  small 
nrxlulc  on  the  skin,  that  finally  .-Lssumes 
an  oval,  crab-shap<-<l  form  ;  most  conunon 
<ivcr  the  sternum,  Imt  occurs  al.sf)  oti  tiic 
mamin:e,  n<ck,  arms  and  ears.  K.  of 
Addison,  forms  contractions  of  ibc  skin 


and  fasciae,  giving  a  hide-bound  look  to 
the  part.  Arises  sixjntaneously  from  the 
sites  of  cicatrices  and  other  injuries  to  the 
skin. 

Kelot''omy.     See  Herniotomy. 

Ken'tro  -  kine^sis  (kevtimv,  a  center, 
Kiv!/aic,  motion).  A  tenn  used  by  Ferricr 
to  denote  the  intlueuce  of  any  motor-nerve 
center. 

Kentucky  Coffee  Bean.     Sec  Chicot. 

Kepharic.     Sec  Cepltatie. 

Keph'alins  {Ket^a/.ri^  the  head).  A  series 
of  substances  occurring  in  brain-tissue,  con- 
taining the  radicals  kephalyl,  slcaryl,  gly- 
ceiyl,  and  neuryl.  ( )ccur  usually  as  an 
amor])]ious,  colloidal  mass. 

Kephalom'eter.     See  Cephalometer. 

Ke'phyr.  A  kind  of  fermented  milk  used 
in   Transcaucasia.     Unof.     See  Kumyss. 

Ker'asin  [Ktpa^,  a  horn).  A  cerebroside 
occuning  in  brain-tissue. 

Keratecta'sia  (sfpaf,  cKraaig,  extension). 
The  forward  protrusion  or  bulging  of  the 
cornea. 

Ker'atin  [nepng).  The  basis  of  homy  tis- 
sues, hair,  nails,  feathers,  ete.  A  mixture 
of  various  complex  substances.  Decom- 
posed, it  yields  leucin  and  tyrosin.  Neuro- 
keratin, the  substance  composing  the 
sheath  of  the  axis-cylinder  and  the  white 
substance  of  Schwann. 

Kerati'tis  («f/)af,  trig,  inflamm.ition).  In- 
llammation  of  the  cornea.  K.,  Astig- 
matic, a  form  of  K.  said  to  be  due  to 
uncorrected  astigmatism.  K.,  Interstitial, 
inflammation  of  the  interstitial  lamella-  of 
the  cornea,  usually  due  to  inherited  syiihilis. 
K.,  Punctate,  characterized  by  minute 
punctate  six)ts  on  Descemet's  membrane. 
K.,  Traumatic,  that  consecjuent  to  wounds 
or  other  injury  of  the  cornea. 

Ker'atocele  [Kepng,  Kt//i/^  tumor).  A  her- 
nia of  Descemet's  membrane  through  the 
cornea. 

Kerato-conjunctivi'tis  {Ktpng,  conjunc- 
tivitis). .Sinuillancous  inllaunnation  of  the 
cornea  and  conjuncti\a. 

Kerato-conom^eter  (Kepng,  Kuvog,  a  cone, 
fuTpov,  a  measure).  An  instrument  for  esti- 
mating astigmatism  by  the  images  retlected 
from  the  cornea. 

Keratoco'nus.     See  A'eratoi^lobns. 

Keratog'enous  (Kipnr,  yifixu,),  to  beget). 
Pertaining  to  the  fonnation  of  horny 
growths.  K.  Membrane,  that  part  of  the 
skin  or  layer  of  curium  which  develo|js 
into  nails,  claws  and  hoofs. 

Keratoglc'bus  {mpdc,  f^lobns,  a  ball). 
Distention  an<l   protrusion  of  the  cornt?. 


KERATO-IRITIS 


226 


KINETIC 


The  sclerotic  may  also  become  distended 
in  severe  cases.  When  so  extensive  as  to 
prevent  closure  of  the  lids,  it  has  been 
called  buphthalmus.  When  the  distention 
is  transparent,  regular  and  cone-shaped, 
the  apex  of  the  cone  being  the  center  of 
the  cornea,  it  is  called  keratoconus,  or 
conical  cornea.  When  the  protrusion  is 
opaque,  or  connected  witli  synechia  of  the 
iris,  it  is  called  staphyloma  of  the  cornea, 
or  anterior  staphyloma. 

Kerato-iri^tis  I^Kepag,  iritis,  inflammation 
of  the  iris) .  Combined  inflammation  of  the 
cornea  and  iris. 

Kerato^ma.     See  Callositas. 

Ker^atome  [nepag,  ro/xz;,  a  cutting).  A  knife 
with  a  peculiar  trowel-like  blade,  used  for 
making  the  incision  into  the  cornea  in  the 
operation  of  iridectomy. 

Keratomyco''sis  {^Kepag,  fiVK-?/^,  a  fungus). 
A  fungoid  growth  on  the  cornea. 

Ker'atoplasty  [nepag,  irAaaau,  to  form). 
Plastic  operations  upon  the  cornea,  espe- 

■  cially  the  transplantation  of  a  button  or 
excised  portion  of  cornea  from  an  animal 
eye  to  that  of  the  human.  This  is  effected 
by  means  of  a  peculiar  trephine,  by  which 
the  tissue  to  be  transplanted  is  removed 
from  the  animal's  eye,  and  the  place  for 
its  reception  is  made  in  the  human  eye. 
Sometimes  called  trephining  the  cornea. 

Ker'atoscope  [nepag,  c/coTrew,  to  observe). 
An  instrument  for  examining  the  cornea, 
and  testing  the  symmetry  of  its  meridians 
of  curvature. 

Keratos^copy.     See  Retiiioscopy. 

Kerato'ses  [Kcpag).  A  class  of  skin  dis- 
eases characterized  by  thickened  epidermis, 
and  the  presence  of  such  callosities  as  horns, 
warts,  etc. 

Kerato''sis  Pila^'ris  [Kepag,  pihis,  hair). 
Called,  also.  Lichen  pilaiis,  and  L.  spinii- 
losHS.  An  affection  of  the  skin  marked  by  a 
pin-head-sized  conical  elevation  investing 
the  hair  follicle  and  somewhat  resembling 
gooseflesh  and  ichthyosis. 

Ker^atotome.     See  Keratoine. 

Kc'tone.  In  chemistry,  an  organic  com- 
pound consisting  of  the  unsaturated  radical 
^C=0  united  to  two  alcohol  radicals. 
May  be  considered  as  derivatives  of  second- 
ary alcohols,  bearing  the  same  relation  to 
them  as  the  aldehydes  bear  to  the  primary 
alcohols. 

Kibe.     See  Chilblain. 

Kid''neys  (Mid.  Eng.  kidneer).  The  two 
large  glandular  bodies  situated  in  the  lum- 
bar regions,  by  which  the  urine  is  secreted. 
They  consist  of  the  kidney  proper,  and  ex- 


cretory duct  or  ureter.  The  former  consists 
of  an  outer  cortical  substance,  and  an  inner 
medullary  matter.  K.,  Bright's  Disease 
of.  'AeeBrighCs  Disease.  K.,  Floating, 
one  misplaced  or  movable.  K.,  Large 
Mottled,  that  of  parenchymatous  nephritis, 
mottled  with  gray  patches.  K.,  Large 
Red,  the  kidney  of  Bright's  disease  extrava- 
sated  with  blood.  K.,  Large  White,  one 
affected  with  lardaceous  degeneration ;  also, 
that  of  the  advanced  stage  of  Bright's  dis- 
ease. K.,  Pelvis  of,  the  funnel-shaped  ex- 
pansion of  the  ureter  formed  by  the  infundi- 
bula.  K.,  Small  White,  the  final  stage 
of  the  large  white  kidney  after  loss  of  its 
substance  from  atrophy.  K.,  Surgical, 
a  name  sometimes  given  to  pyelo-nephritis, 
or  distention  of  the  kidney  attendant  with 
inflammation,  abscesses  of  the  cortex,  and 
retention  of  urine  mixed  with  foetid  pus. 

Kies''tine.     See  Kyesteln. 

Kilogramme  (;j;</lwi,  one  thousand, 
ypafi^a,  a  gramme).  One  thousand 
grammes,  or  2.2  pounds  avoirdupois. 

Kilogramme^'tre  (jAw/,  ypa/ifia,  juerpov, 
a  measure).  A  term  denoting  the  energy 
required  to  raise  one  kilogramme  one  meter 
in  height;  equivalent  to  7.233  foot-pounds. 

KiFolitre  [x^Xioi,  Turpa,  a  liter).  One 
thousand  liters,  or  61,027.05  cu.  in. 

KiPometre  (;t7?ao<,  fierpov,  a  measure). 
One  thousand  meters,  or  1093.6  yards. 

Kinaesthe-'sis  [mveu^  to  move,  aiad>/atg, 
sensation).  That  quality  of  sensations 
whereby  we  are  aware  of  our  positions  and 
movements,  especially  those  of  the  auto- 
matic type;  distinct  from  the  muscular 
sense. 

Kinemafics  [Kivr//ia,  a  motion).  The 
science  of  motion  without  reference  to  its 
origin  or  effects. 

Kinesiat^rics.     Same  as  Kinesipathy. 

Kinesiom^eter  {kivijok;,  fiErpov,  a  meas- 
m-e).  An  instrument  for  detennining 
quantitatively  the  motion  of  a  part. 

Kinesioneurc'ses  [mvy/aig,  vevpov,  a 
nerve).  Functional  abnormalism  of  the 
motor  centers  or  nen'es. 

Kinesip''athy  {Kivr/aig^  ivaOog,  suffering). 
The  treatment  of  disease  by  gymnastic  or 
calisthenic  movements  of  the  parts  of  the 
body  involved. 

Kinesod''ic  [klv7]glq,  o6og,  a  way).  Per- 
taining to  those  nerve  fibers  conveying 
motor  influences.  Also,  the  motor  tracts 
of  the  nerve-system. 

Kinet'ic  [Kivt/aig).  That  which  produces 
motion.  Pertaining  to  those  forces  that 
produce  motion. 


KING'S  EVIL 


227 


KRESOL 


Kings  Evil.     A  name  foniK-rly  jwpularly 
applied  to  scrofula,  on  account  of  a  belief 
that  it  could  be  cured  by  the  touch  of  the 
kiiiij. 
King's  Yellow.     See  Orpinunt. 
Ki'no.     The    inspissated  juice   of   Pl^ro- 
tiirptts  niarsiipiit»i,io\xxnl'\n  India.     .Sinii 
lar  in   action    to   tannic   aciil,   and    u-cd 
mainly  as    a    constituent   of   j^argles    and 
diarrhifa   mixtures.      K.,  Tinct.,    lo   |)er 
cent,  of  the  drag.     L)o»e  TTLx-.^ij.     K., 
Pulv.  Comp.,  unof.,  kino   15,  opium  I, 
cinnamon  4.     Dose  gr.  v-xx. 
Kinom'eter  (\/rftj,  lo  put  in  motion, //frpor^ 
a  measure).     An  instrument  to  measure  the 
amount  of  displacement  of  ihe  uterus  in  c;\se 
of  tumor  or  cellular  inflammation  of  the 
jK'lvis. 

Ki'otome  (kiuv,  the  uvula,  tout],  a  section 
or  cutting;).     An  instrument  for  amputating 
the  uvula,  or  for  dividing  strictures. 
Kis'singen    Water.     A    laxative     tonic 

mineral  water  of  Bavaria. 
Klang.     See  Timbre. 
Kleptoma'nia    (/c/.fTru,    to   steal,  finvia, 
madness).     A  form  of  emotional  insanity 
manifested  by  a  morbid  desire  to  commit 
theft.      It   is   sometimes   accompanied  by 
impaired  intellect,  and  is  often  hereditary. 
Knead'ing.     The  same  as  Petrissage. 
Knee  (^Sax.  cneo).     The  joint  of  the  l)ones 
of  the   thigh    and  foreleg.     K.  Cap,   the 
patella.      K.   Joint,    a    hinge-joint    con- 
sisting of  the  articulation  of  the  condyle 
of  the  femur  with  the  up|)er  extremity  of 
the  tibia  and   the  jxistcrior  surface  of  the 
patella.     K.,    Housemaid's.      See  Ah- 
Siisu  Bur:a/.    K.  Jerk,  Patellar  Tendon 
Reflex,    K.    Reflex,   or    K.    Phenom- 
enon, arellex  of  the  tendon,  consisting  of  a 
slight  convulsive   kick,  due  to  a  light  blu'v 
on  the  p.itclla  tendon.    K.  Pan,  the  patella. 
K.  Knock.     See  Giiik. 
Knife  (^.Sax.  <.ni/).     An  instrument  for  cut- 
ting.    In    surgery,    knives  are   of  various 
sha|H.-s  and  sizes,  according  to  their  use. 
Knit'ting.     The  union  and  becoming  rigid 
of  a  fracture. 

Knock -knee.  See  Genu. 
KnuckTes.  The  joints  of  the  phalanges 
with  the  nietacar])al  Ix^nes  and  with  each 
other;  alMj  a  loop  cjf  intistinc. 
Kce'nig's  Manomet'ric  Flames. 
Toothed  or  zigzag  flame  |)i(. lures  seen  in 
a  revolving  mirror,  and  pro<luced  by  the 
viiiTalions  of  the  voice  against  a  thin  mem- 
brane that  sc|»arales  the  gits  chamber  sup- 
plying a  small  liurner  frcnn  the  air  cliamU-r 
into  which  one  speaks.      The  form  of  the 


flame  picture  is  cluiracteristic  for  each 
vowel,  and  varies  with  the  pilch. 

Ko'la  Nut.  The  seed  of  Su-riitliti  <7<u- 
inntata.  Used  in  [wirls  of  Central  Africa 
as  a  substitute  lor  tea  and  cofl'ee.  Contains 
an  alkaloid  similar  to  caflein.  A  cerebral 
stimulant  and  cardiac  tonic.  Dose  of  a  20 
per  cent,  tincture,  3J.     Unof. 

KoFpo-.     See  Colpo-. 

Kolpo-perine'oplasty  (ko'/.-o^,  nepivaiov, 
TT/Aiaau,  to  k)rm).  An  operation  for  the 
cure  of  procidentia. 

Kommabacil'lus.  See  Spirillum  C/ioIene. 

Koos'so.     .See  Brayera. 

Kopf-tet'anus.  Cei)halic  tetanus,  due  to 
wounds  of  the  head,  chiefly  in  the  region 
of  the  liflh  nerve.  Initial  trismus  is  asso 
ciated  with  paralysis  of  the  face  on  the  siile 
of  the  injury.  In  some  cases  there  is  also 
phaiyngeal  s]iasin,  so  that  the  name  Hy- 
drophobic Tetanus  has  also  been  given 
to  this  form  of  tetanus. 

Kopio'pia  {Ko-oq,  weakness,  wi/',  ihe  eye). 
A  .Synonym  of  asthenopia.  K.  Hysterica, 
a  term  applied  to  those  symptoniN  which  in- 
dicate hypeniisthesia  of  the  liflh  and  optic 
nerves. 

Kor^e-.     See  Core-. 

Koros^copy,     See  Retinoscopy. 

Kou^miss.     See  Kumyss. 

Kous'so.     See  Brayera. 

Krame^ria.  Rhatany.  The  root  of  K. 
tiianJra  and  A',  tomcntosa,  shrubs  native 
to  South  America.  Possesses  the  same 
astringent  qualities  as  tannic  acid.  A  popu- 
lar remedy  for  fissure  of  the  anus,  spongy 
gums,  etc.  K.  Ext.,  in  water.  Dose  gr. 
v-x.  K.  Ext.,  Fid.  Dose  n\,v-3J.  K. 
Syr.,  contains  of  the  fluid  extract  35,  syruj) 
65.  Dose  3ss-,5ss.  K.  Trochisci,  con- 
tain each  gr.  j  of  the  extract. 

Krauro'sis  {hiKii'iiuoiKii,  lo  become  dry). 
.Slirivelingand  dryness  of  a  pari,  especially 
of  the  vulva. 

Krause's  End-bulbs.  Terminal  bodies 
of  .sensory  nerves  in  the  skin  and  mem- 
branes of  all  mannnals.  They  are"  elon- 
gated, oval,  or  rt)und  botlies  0.075  '"  o'4 
mm.  long. 

Kre'atin  (Ay>fof,  flesh).  A  con.siituent  of 
muscular  and  other  ti.ssues  having  basic 
prn|)crties. 

Krea'tinin  (xprnf).  C^II^NjO.  A  deriv- 
ative of  kreatin  ;  astrong  organic  base  occur- 
ring in  normal  urine. 

Kre'sol.  An  aromatic  substance  united 
with  sul|>li<inic  aiiil,  occurring  in  urine,  in 
two  (nrnis,  orthokresol,  and  parakresol; 
metakresol  is  an  isomer  of  the  latter. 


KRINOSIN 


228 


LABOR 


Krin^'osin.  A  nitrogenized  fatty  substance 
of  the  brain,  occurring  in  long  tilamentai'y 
crystals.  Soluble  in  boiling  ether  and  al- 
cohol. 

Kryptophan''ic  Acid.  Said  to  occur  as  a 
free  acid  in  urine,  though  regarded  by 
Landwehr  as  an  animal  gum. 

Kiihne's  Pancreas  Powder.  Prepared 
by  the  prolonged  extraction  of  fresh  pan- 
creas of  ox  with  alcohol  and  then  with  ether. 

Ku^myss.  Koumiss.  Originally,  fermented 
mare's  milk.  Of  high  repute  among  Rus- 
sians as  a  food  for  phthisical  patients. 
Largely  made  in  the  United  States,  by  fer- 
menting cow's  milk  ^  xxix  with  yeast  5  ss, 


and  grape  sugar  5  ij.  Made  in  quart  bottles 
and  drawn  with  a  champagne  faucet.  An 
excellent  food  in  general  debility  or  chronic 
affections  of  the  kidneys. 

Ku^rung  Oil.     See  Fongamia. 

Kyes^tei'n  (^K.v?/aig,  conception,  eodijg,  a  cov- 
ering). A  lilmy  deposit  of  decomposing 
urine,  at  one  time  thought  to  be  diagnostic 
of  pregnancy. 

Ky^mograph  i^Kv/ia,  a  wave,  ypafu,  to 
write).  A  wave- writer.  An  instrument 
for  reproducing  graphically  the  variations 
in  the  pressure  of  the  blood. 

Kypho^sis  (/cy^wcif,  hump-back).  Hump- 
back.    Angular  curvature  of  the  spine. 


L.  The  abbreviation  of  Lf//,  and  also  of 
Lih'a,  a  pound. 

Labarraque's  Solution.     See  Chlorine. 

La'bia  (Lat.,  a  lip).  The  lips.  Applied 
to  lip-like  structures  and  to  the  edges 
of  an  incised  wound.  L.  Majora  or  L. 
Pudendi  Majora,  two  folds  of  skin  of  the 
female  external  genital  organs,  arising  just 
below  the  mons  veneris,  surrounding  the 
vulval  entrance,  and  meeting  at  the  ante- 
rior part  of  the  perineum.  L.  Minora,  or 
Nympha,  two  folds  of  skin  at  the  inner 
surfaces  of  the  labia  majora. 

La^bial  [labia).  Pertaining  to  the  lips. 
•    L.  Bone.     See  Intermaxilla)y . 

La''bials  [labia').  The  consonant  sounds 
which  are  formed  mainly  by  the  lips.  See 
Consotiants. 

Labidom'eter  {laliiq,  forceps,  fierpov,  a 
measure).  A  forceps  designed  to  measure 
the  dimensions  of  the  head  of  a  foetus  in 
the  pelvis. 

La'bile  [labor,  to  glide).  Easily  falling 
off.  In  electro-therapeutics  a  labile  appli- 
cation is  the  passing  of  the  electrode — 
usually  the  negative — along  and  touching 
the  skin  over  the  track  of  a  nerve. 

La^bio-  glos''so-  larynge''al  Paralysis 
[labium,  a  lip,  }'/i(j(7r7«,  the  tongue,  Aa/ivy^, 
the  larynx).      See  Bulbar. 

Labio  -  glosso  -  pharyngeal  ( la  b  in  m , 
yAwffffa,    (papvy^,   the    gullet).      Per- 


taining conjointly  to  the  lips,  tongue  and 
gullet. 

La^biomancy  [labituii,  fiavreua,  a  divina- 
tion). The  power  of  understanding  what 
is  said  by  observing  the  motions  of  the  lips 
in  speech. 

Labioplas''tic  [labium,  nXaaau,  to  form). 
Pertaining  to  an  operation  for  restoring  the 
lip,  after  injury  or  partial  destruction  of  the 
same. 

LabiotenaC'ulum  [labium,  tenaculum,  an 
instrument  for  gripping).  An  instrument 
for  holding  the  lips  in  a  position  required 
for  examination  or  operation. 

La^bium  (Lat.).  A  lip.  Also,  any  structure 
consisting  of  a  strip  or  flap  of  elastic  tissue 
that  closes  upon  an  orifice. 

La'bor  (Lat.).  "Work.  Parturition  ;  bring- 
ing forth  young:  the  process  whereby  the 
foetus  and  its  appendages  are  expelled 
from  the  mother.  L.,  Artificial,  when 
effected  or  aided  by  other  means  than 
the  forces  of  the  maternal  organism.  L., 
Conduct  of  the,  management,  hygienic, 
medical  or  surgical ,  of  the  parturient  woman. 
L.,  Difficult.  See  Dystocia.  L.,  Dry, 
when  there  is  a  deficiency  of  the  liquor 
amnii,  or  when  there  has  been  a  prema- 
ture rupture  of  the  l)ag  of  waters.  L., 
False,  or  False  Pains.  See  Pains, 
L.,  Insanity  of.  See  Insanity.  L.,  In- 
strumental, one  requiring  the  use  of  in- 


LABORATORY 


229 


LACTIFEROUS 


stniments  to  extract  the  child.  L.,  Mech- 
anism of,  the  inoveraenl.s  of  ailjustment 
whereby  the  fcctus  is  accomnnnlateil  to  the 
dimensions  and  variations  of  the  liirtli-canal 
in  its  [xissiige  llirough  it.  L.,  Missed, 
retention  of  the  dead  fttus  ///  itU-ro  le 
yond  the  [Kriotl  of  nonnal  jjcstation.  L., 
Natural,  or  Normal,  or  Physiological, 
•when  eltecied  by  the  sole  [xiwer  of  the  \w.\- 
temal  orijani>m.  L.,  Pathological,  wiicn 
devialinj;  from  the  normal  type  by  reason 
of  weakness  of  the  maternal  forces,  anoma- 
lies of  the  pelvis,  or  of  tlie  ftttus,  or  of 
complications,  all  being  causes  of  ob- 
structed L.  L.,  Postponed,  ilehiyed 
beyond  nine  months.  L.,  Premature, 
taking  place  before  the  normal  period  of 
ge>tation,  but  when  the  fcetus  is  viable. 
L., Stages  of,  the  tirst  begins  with  dilata- 
tion of  the  OS,  and  ends  with  complete  di- 
latation, so  the  Iiead  can  jiass;  the  second 
ends  with  the  expulsion  of  the  child ;  the 
third  {^placental)  includes  the  expulsion 
of  the  placenta. 

Lab'oratory  {laboratoritinf).  A  room  or 
place  ilesigned  for  experimental  work  in 
chemi>ir}-,  physiology,  biology,  etc. 

Lab'rador  Tea.  The  leaves  of  Ledum 
latifolium.  Demulcent,  expectorant  and 
tonic.     Dose  of  fld.  ext.,  3J-ij.     Unof. 

Labur'num.  The  leaves  of  Cyslisiis  I. 
I'roiK-rties  due  to  an  alkaloid,  cyslisiii.  In 
small  doses  diuretic  and  resolvent.  In 
larger  doses  jX)isonous,  irritating  the  ali- 
mentary tract,  and  producing  purging, 
vomiting  and  exhaustion.     Unuf. 

Lab''yrinth  {/.(i.ivptvlhq').  A  name  given  to 
the  series  of  cavities  of  the  internal  ear,  com- 
prising the  vestibule,  cochlea  and  the  semi^ 
circular  canals.  L.,  Bony.  See  L.,  osseous. 
L.,  Membranous,  the  membranous  cav'- 
ty  witliin  the  osseoas  labyrinth,  frf)m  which 
it  is  partly  separated  by  the  i)erilym|ili.  It 
comjirises  two  sacs  contained  witliin  the 
vestibule,  the  .semicircular  canal  and  the 
canal  of  the  cochlea.  L.,  Osseous,  the 
Ixjny  capsule  of  the  internal  ear,  coninniiii- 
cating  in  front  with  the  cochlea  and  behind 
with  the  semicircular  canals.  L.  Pit. 
See  .-tui/ifoiy. 

Lac  (Lat.).  Milk.  Also,  the  resinous  sub- 
stance d(|)o^ited  on  trees  by  an  insect  of 
the  gcnas  io<rus. 

Laccra'tion  {/aerro,  io  tear).  Meciiani<al 
rupture  by  a  tearing  acticjn.  L.  of  Pcri- 
nxum,  a  tciU'ing  through  the  wall  se|>a- 
rating  the  vagina  and  ix-rin.iuni,  which 
occurs  'x:tasionally  to  a  female  in  child- 
birth. 


Lachnan'thes  Tinctoria.  Red  Root. 
A  plant  ])opular  in  j)arts  of  the  U.  S.  as 
an  expectorant  and  alterative  in  phthisis. 
I  )ose  of  a  ID  per  cent,  tincture,  \\x. 
Unof. 

Lach^rymal  (Jachryma,  a  tear).  Having 
reference  to  the  organs  of  the  secretion, 
transfer,  or  excretion  of  tears.  L.  Appara- 
tus, the  lachrymal  gland,  ducts,  canal, 
sac,  and  nasal  duct.  L.  Artery,  the  first 
branch  of  the  ophthalmic,  supplying  the 
gland.  L.  Bone,  upon  the  nasal  side 
of  the  orbit,  articulating  with  the  frontal, 
tlie  ethmoid  and  superior  maxillar}'  bones, 
in  which  levins  the  lachiynial  groove  and 
na.-al  duct.  L.  Canals,  or  Canaliculi, 
superior  and  inferior^  extend  from  the 
puncta  to  the  sac,  and  sene  to  convey  the 
excess  of  tears  from  the  eye  to  the  nose. 
L.  Ducts,  seven  to  fourteen  in  number, 
extending  oblit|uely  from  the  gland  to  the 
fornix  conjunctiva;,  carrying  the  tears  to 
the  conjunctival  surface  of  the  globe.  L. 
Gland,  the  gland  secreting  the  tears,  situ- 
ated in  a  depression  of  the  frontal  bone, 
the  L.  fossa,  at  the  u]iper  and  outer  angle 
of  the  orbit.  L.  Probe,  a  probe  for 
exploring  or  dilating  the  canaliculi  and 
na.'^al  duct.  L.  Puncta,  the  minute  orifices 
of  the  canaliculi,  upon  the  eyelids  near  the 
innercanthus.  L.  Sac, a  saccifomi enlarge- 
ment of  the  up]icr  part  of  the  nasal  duct, 
into  which  the  canaliculi  empty.  L.  Style, 
a  probe  used  in  stricture  of  the  nasal  duct. 

Lach'ryma  (Lat.).     A  tear. 

Lachryma'tion.  An  excessive  secretion, 
or  an  overllow,  of  tears,  from  any  cause. 

Lacin'iate  {laeinia,  the  llap  of  a  gar- 
ment).    Jagged  or  fringed. 

Lac'mus.     Sec  Litmus. 

Lac'rimal.     See  Ltuhrymal. 

Lactalbu'min  (/</<■,  allntiiuit).  An  alka- 
loid asserted  to  have  been  found  in  milk. 

Lacta'tion  (/at/c,  to  suckle).  Suckling. 
Api)lled  also  to  the  period  during  which 
the  child  suckles. 

Lac'teal  (A/r,  milk).      IVrtaining  to  milk. 

Lactcals.  The  lymphatics  of  the  small  in- 
testine which  take  up  the  chyle. 

Lac'telne  {Inc).     Same  as  l.aitoliue. 

Lac'tic  (A/r).  IVrtaining  to  milk  or  its 
<lerivalives.  L.  Acid.  See  Aciii,  Litetie. 
L.  Fermentation.     Sec  Fermentation. 

Lac'tide.  A  crystalline  substance  obtained 
by  heating  lactic  acid  or  any  of  its  i.somers. 

Lactiferous  {he,  ferro,  to  carry).  A 
term  ap|>lied  to  vessels  that  convey  milk. 
L.  Ducts,  the  ducts  of  the  mammaryglaiid. 
L.    Glands,   the    mammary  glands.     L. 


LACTIFUGE 


230 


LALLATION 


Swelling,  a  distention  of  the  breast  aris- 
ing from  the  obstruction  of  a  lactiferous 
duct. 

Lac^tifuge  {iac,  fugo,  to  put  to  flight). 
Any  medicine  or  agent  that  checks  the 
secretion  of  milk. 

Lactig^enous  (/^r,  yevvau,  to  produce). 
Milk-producing. 

Lac^tinated  (/«().  Containing  sugar  of 
milk. 

Lac'tis  (gen.  of  lac).  Pertaining  to  milk. 
L.  Redundantia,  an  excessive  flow  of 
milk.  L.  Retentis,  suppression  of  the 
flow  of  milk. 

Lactiv'orous  {lac,voro,\.o  devour).  Sub- 
sisting on  milk. 

Lacto-.  A  Latin  prefix  denoting  connec- 
tion with  or  relation  to  milk.  L. -pepsin, 
a  proprietary  mixture  claimed  to  contain 
pepsin,  diastase,  and  pancreatin,  acidulated 
with  lactic  and  hydrochloric  acids.  One 
drachm  should  peptonize  ^  viij  of  albumin, 
casein  or  fibrin,  or  emulsionize  ^  xvj  of 
cod-liver  oil.  See  Pepsin.  Unof.  L.- 
peptone,  same  as  L.-pepsin.  L. -Phos- 
phate, any  phosphate  combined  with  lac- 
tic acid.    L. -protein,  a  derivative  of  milk. 

Lac''tocele.     See  Galactocele. 

Lac^toline.     Condensed  milk. 

Lactom'eter  [lac,  [leTpov,  a  measure).  An 
instrument  for  determining  the  ([uantitative 
constituents  of  milk  by  its  specific  gravity. 

Lac'tone.  An  aromatic,  colorless,  inflam- 
mable fluid,  derived  from  the  dry  distilla- 
tion of  lactic  acid. 

Lac^toscope  i^lac,  milk,  CKOTceu,  to  ex- 
amine). An  instrument  for  estimating  the 
proportions  of  water  and  milk-globules  of 
milk. 

Lac^tose  {fnc).  Sugar  of  milk.  A  con- 
stituent of  the  milk  of  mammals.  Cjg- 
^24^1 2*  Sweet,  but  less  soluble  than 
cane  sugar.  Much  used  in  pharmacy  for 
triturations.  The  vehicle  of  most  homoeo- 
])athic  preparations. 

Lactosu^ria  [lactose,  sugar  of  milk,  ovpov, 
the  urine).  A  term  for  the  presence  of 
sugar  of  milk  in  the  urine. 

Lactuca^'rium.  Lettuce.  The  milky  juice 
of  Lactuca  virosa,  a  biennial  plant.  Con- 
tains a  crystalline  substance,  lactiicerin, 
to  which  its  properties  are  thought  to  be 
due.  A  mild  hypnotic  with  sedative  and 
diuretic  properties.  Somewhat  similar  to 
opium,  but  without  depressant  after-effects. 
PVequently  an  ingredient  of  patent  cough 
mixtures.  L.  Ext.,  Fid.  Dose  TTLx-^^^j. 
L.  Syr.,  contains  5  per  cent,  of  the  drug. 
Dose  3J-^j. 


Lactu''cerin.     See  Lactucarium. 

Lactu''cerol.  The  isomeric  components 
of  lactucerin. 

Lactu''cin.  A  crystalline  extractive  of 
lettuce. 

LactU''con.     Same  as  Lactiicin. 

Lactu''men  [lac,  milk).  A  synonym  of 
Porrigo  larvalis.  Also,  applied  to  that 
form  of  aphthfe  in  which  the  spots  have  a 
fanciful  resemblance  to  clots  of  curd. 

Lacu^na  [lacus,  a  lake).  A  little  hollow 
space.     A  mucous  or  lymphatic  follicle. 

Lacunae.  Irregular  cavities  of  bone  arranged 
concentrically  around  the  Haversian  canals. 

Lacu^nar  [lacus).  Pertaining  to  the  lacu- 
na;. L.  Spaces,  the  iixegular  fissures 
between  the  fasciculi  of  connective  tissue, 
forming  the  beginnings  of  the  lymphatic 
vessels. 

La^cus  (Lat.).  A  small  hollow  or  cavity 
in  a  tissue.  L.  Lachrymalis,  the  space 
at  the  inner  canthus  of  the  eye,  in  which 
the  tears  collect,  near  the  punctum. 

Ladies'  Bed-straw.  Cheese  Rennet.  The 
herb  Galium  verum.  Refrigerant  and 
diuretic.     Dose  of  fld.  ext.  ^ss-j.     Unof. 

Ladies'  Slipper.     See  Cypripcdium. 

LsemoparaPysis  [T^ai/nog,  the  gullet,  irapa- 
Avaig,  palsy).     Paralysis  of  the  oesophagus. 

Laemosteno^sis  [Aaifwr,  a-svuniq,  a  stric- 
ture). Constriction  of  the  phaiynx  and 
oesophagus. 

Lae^sis.     See  Lesion. 

LaetiPicant  [Icefijico,  to  make  glad).  A 
term  applied  to  any  remedy  acting  as  a 
stimulant  tonic  in  melancholy  and  languor. 

Laevogy'rous  [lazuis,  Xeh,  gyrus,  a  circle). 
Having  the  quality  of  rotating  the  polar- 
ized ray  to  the  left. 

Laevoro''tatory  [Iccinis,  roto,  to  turn).  Same 
as  La'vogyrus. 

Lae^vulin  (Jaivus).  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  a  substance  probably  identical  with 
glucose,  occurring  in  immature  grain  and 
the  tubers  of  certain  composite  flowers. 

Lae^'vulose.     See  Levidosc. 

La  Fayette's  Mixture.    See  Copaiba. 

Lag^arous  (T^ayapoq,  lax).  Lax,  loose  or 
soft. 

Lagnei''a  (A«yve/a,  coition)  Same  as 
Satyriasis.    Also,  coition.    Also,  the  semen. 

Lagne^sis  {^kayvi]q).     Same  as  Satyriasis. 

LagophthaFmus  (/lrtyuf,.a  hare,  from  the 
popular  notion  that  a  hare  sleeps  with  open 
eyes).      Inability  to  close  the  eyes. 

Lagos''toma.     See  Hare-lip. 

Lalla^tion  [Icikoc^,  bal)l)ling).  Any  unin- 
telligible stammering  of  S]:)eech,  such  as 
the  prattling   of  a  babe.    More  properly, 


LVLONEUROSES 


231 


LANGUAGE 


the  defect  or  peculiarity  of  speech,  usually 
racial,  in  which  /  is  substituted  for  r. 

Laloneuro'ses  (^/a/.of,  vevpov,  a  ner\e). 
All  impairment  of  speech  arising  from 
spasniLKiic  action  of  the  nenes.  It  in- 
cludes stammering  and  aphthoiigia. 

Lalop'athy  (/^/.of,  ;ra<^of,sufiering).  Any 
ilisordcr  of  speech.      Also,  aphasia. 

Lamarck''ism.  The  theoiy  of  evolution  as 
held  by  the  disciples  of  Lamarck.  It  is 
based  on  Lamarck's  theory  that  matter 
acted  uf>on  by  heat,  light  and  electricity 
may  spontaneously  generate  life  of  low, 
homogeneous  organisms,  and  that  such  or- 
ganisms would  develop  (]ualities  of  hetero- 
geneity and  organs  as  governed  liy  their 
surroundings,  and  esjx;cially  by  their  wants 
or  desires.  To  this  pre]X)nderating  influ- 
ence of  new  wants  Lamarck  ascribes  the 
chief  r6le  in  evolution,  while  Darwin  em- 
phasize.", the  advantage  of  accidental  varia- 
t'ons  in  the  struggle  for  existence. 

Lamb'da.     See  Skull. 

Lambdoid'al  [/ui/Ji3(^a,  ei6nc,  resem- 
blance). Resembling  the  Greek  letter  A. 
L.  Suture,  the  suture  connecting  the  oc- 
cipital with  the  two  parietal  l>ones. 

Lambert's  Method.  A  metliod  of  mix- 
ing colors  by  colored  wafers  and  a  slip  of 
glass.  Hy  means  of  reflections  from  the 
surface  of  the  latter  a  color  may  be  in  part 
reflected  and  superimjxjsed  on  another 
color. 

Lamel'la  (dim.  of  lamina,  a  plate).  A 
descriptive  term  ai)plied  to  any  foliation  or 
.scale  like  apjx-arance.  L.  of  Bone,  the 
concentric  rings  surrounding  the  Haversian 
canals. 

Lamel'lar  (A7w^7/f7,  a  thin  plate).  Having 
the  nature  of,  or  resembling  any  thin,  osse- 
ous or  membranous  tissue.  L.  Cataract. 
Sec  Cataract. 

Lame'ness.  The  condition  of  inability  to 
use  the  limbs  freely,  or  without  pain. 

Lam'^ina  [lamina,  a  plate  or  scale).  A 
descriptive  term  used  to  designate  foliated 
structure.  Also,  any  thin  layer  of  Ixinc, 
membrane, or otlurlissue.  L.,  Bowman's, 
the  stnictureless  mi-mbrnne  between  the 
anterior  layers  of  epithelium  and  the  fibrous 
ti.ssuc  of  the  cornea  of  the  eye.  L.  Cinera, 
the  connecting  layer  of  gray  matter  l)etween 
the  cor])us  callosum  and  the  optic  com- 
missure. L.  Cribrosa  of  the  Sclerotic, 
the  jfcrforaterj  hunitia  through  whicli  the 
«ij)tic  nerve  enters  tlie  glolx-  of  the  <-ye. 
L.  Cribrosa  of  the  Temporal  Bone,  a 
.sm;tll  lamin.'iled  lone  forming  the  end  of 
the  internal   auditory  meatus.      L.  Dor- 


salis,  one  of  the  two  ridges  bordering  the 
medullaiy  groove,  th.it  unite  to  foi-m  a  canal 
which  finally  develops  into  the  cerebro- 
spinal canal.  L.  Fusca,  the  pigmentary 
tissue  of  the  sclerotic  fonning  the  outer 
layer  of  the  perichoroidal  sinus.  L.  Spi- 
ralis, a  thin  jilate  in  the  ear,  osseous  in  the 
inner  part  and  membranous  in  the  outer, 
that  divides  the  spiral  tube  of  the  cochlea 
into  the  sfala  tvvipaiii  and  siala  Vistihuli. 
L.  Spiralis  Ossea,  a  thin  jilate  of  bone 
that  winds  spirally  around  the  mcKliolus 
of  the  cochlea.  L.  Superchoroidea,  the 
delicate  membrane  of  the  outer  surface  of 
the  choroid  tunic  of  the  eye. 

Lamina^ria  [lamina).  The  cured  lower 
part  of  the  stem  of  L.  ihntitp7ti.  .L.  Bou- 
gie, a  l)ougie  made  of  the  stalk ;  u.sed  for 
urethral  dilatation.  L.  Probe,  a  prolie 
made  of  the  stalk,  used  to  dilate  the  cana- 
liculi  and  nasal  duct.  L.  Tent,  a  tent 
made  of  the  stem  of  the  plant,  for  dilata- 
tion of  the  ci'n'ix  ulcri. 

Lamina''tion  [lamina).  Arranged  in 
plates  or  layers.  An  operation  in  embry- 
otomy, consisting  in  cutting  the  skull  in 
slices. 

Lam'ium  Al'bum.  The  leaves  and 
stems  of  the  jjlant  Z.  album.  Properties 
due  to  an  alkaloid.  Lamina.  Useful  in 
mcnorrhagia.  Dose  of  the  tincture  ^  ss-ij. 
Unof. 

Lanc^eolate  [lancola,  a  little  spear). 
Having  the  form  of  a  lance-head. 

Lan'cet  (dim.  lancca,  lance).  A  two- 
edged  surgical  instrument  for  incising 
tumors,  etc. 

Lanc'inate  [lancitto,io  tear).  To  lacerate, 
pierce,  or  tear. 

Lanci^si,  Nerves  of.  The  stri,,-  Imii^itii- 
dinalts.  The  elevated  longitudinal  bands 
of  white  matter  of  the  coqius  callosum  of 
the  i)rain  iiounding  the  raph(^. 

Lan'dry's  Paral'ysis.  A  form  of  paraly- 
sis descril)ed  by  Landry,  characterized  i>y 
loss  of  motor  ]X)wer  in  the  lower  extremi- 
ties, gradually  extending  to  the  upper  ex- 
tremities, and  to  the  centers  of  circulation 
and  respiration. 

Land  Scurvy.     See  Purpura. 

Lan''essin.  A  preparation  of  wool  fat 
similar  to  lanolin. 

Langerhan's  Cells.  Certain  m<idilie<l 
epithelial  cells  forming  thesimj>le>t  nerve- 
endings. 

Lang''uage  [lini^ita,  the  tongue).  The 
arti(  ulate  smnuN,  signs, or  syniboK  whereby 
tiiought  is  conununicated.  L.,  Center 
for.     See  Aphasia. 


LANGUOR 


232 


LARYNGEAL 


Lang''uor  (Lat.  faintness).  Lassitude. 
Disinclination  to  take  bodily  exercise,  or 
to  exert  one's  self. 

Lan^olin.  A  cholesterine  fat  obtained 
from  sheep's  wool.  Recently  introduced 
as  a  basis  for  ointments.  It  does  not 
saponify  or  become  rancid  and  is  charac- 
terized by  remarkable  penetrative  powers. 
Unof. 

Lan^tanine.  An  alkaloid  extractive  of 
yerba  sagrada.  Asserted  to  have  antiperi- 
odic  and  antipyretic  properties.  Has  been 
successfully  used  in  intermittents.  Dose, 
gr.  XV— XXX.     Unof. 

Lan^'termann's  Notches.  The  appear- 
ance of  the  intemodal  segments  of  the 
nerve-sheath  under  the  influence  of  cer- 
tain reagents,  dividing  the  same  into  strips 
obliquely  cut  at  the  ends. 

Lanu^go  [latta,  wool).  The  down-like 
hair  that  appears  upon  the  foetus  about 
the  fifth  month  of  gestation. 

LapaC'tic  {7.aKaaau,  to  empty).  Empty- 
ing. Also,  any  pm-gative  medicine  or 
substance. 

Lap''aro-  (lanapa,  the  abdominal  walls). 
A  Greek  prefix  denoting  connection  or  rela- 
tion to  the  abdomen  or  abdominal  walls. 

Laparo-colofomy  (laivapa,  koTiov,  the 
colon,  TO/17/,  a  cutting).    Inguinal  colotomy. 

Laparo-cystec'tomy  {lanapa,  kvgtlq,  a 
cyst,  EUTOjiT],  an  excision).  The  excision 
of  an  extra-uterine  fostus  with  its  cyst 
through  an  incision  of  the  abdominal 
wall. 

Laparo-cystot''omy  (TMwapa,  Kvorig,  to/^tj, 
a  cutting).  An  incision  through  the  pa- 
rietes  into  a  cyst  containing  an  extra-uterine 
foetus,  for  the  purpose  of  removing  the 
same. 

Laparo-elytrot''omy,  See  Cesarean  Ope- 
ration. 

Laparo-enterot''omy  {T.aTrapa,  evTspov, 
an  intestine,  tout?,  a  cutting).  An  incision 
into  the  intestine  in  the  iliac  region,  for 
the  relief  of  an  intestinal  obstruction. 

Laparo-gastrot'omy  [laivapa,  yaGTijp, 
the  stomach,  to/it],  a  cutting).  An  incision 
through  the  abdominal  walls  for  the  pur- 
pose of  reaching  the  stomach. 

Laparo-hysterecfomy  (lairapa,  vorepa, 
the  womb,  sKTOfiTf,  an  excision).  The  re- 
moval of  the  womb  through  an  incision  in 
the  abdominal  walls. 

Laparo-hystero-oophorec'tomy.  See 
Cesarean  Operation,  Porro's  Opn-ation. 

Laparo-hysterot^omy.  See  Gastro-en- 
terotomy. 

Laparo-ileof'omy   (AoTrapa,  ileum,  to^ij. 


a  cutting).     The  formation  of  an  artificial- 
anus  in  the  groin. 

Laparos''copy  {/.airapa,  okotteo),  to  exam- 
ine). The  examination  of  the  abdomen 
by  the  stethoscope,  plessimeter,  or  by  other 
instrumental  means. 

Laparo-splenofomy  [lanapa,  ff7r/l?/T,  the 
spleen,  tojii],  a  cutting).  The  surgical 
incision  or  entrance  upon  the  spleen, 
through  the  abdominal  walls. 

Laparot-'omy.  See  Cesarean  Opera- 
tion. 

La''pis  (Lat.  a  rock).  An  alchemic  teitn 
applied  to  any  non-volatile  substance.  L. 
Divinus,  a  mixture  of  cupric  sulphate, 
potassium  nitrate  and  ammonio-potassium 
sulphate,  aa  l6  parts.  L.  Mitigatus. 
See  Argentuni. 

Lap^'pa.  Burdock.  The  root  of  the  com- 
mon burdock,  L.  officinalis;  contains  a 
bitter  principle,  a  resin,  and  tannin.  Aperi- 
ent and  diuretic.  Has  some  reputation  as 
an  alterative  in  constitutional  blood  dis- 
eases. A  tincture  of  the  seed  has  been 
recommended  in  skin  diseases.  Dose  of 
the  root  3J-ij,  in  infusion  or  tinctmre. 

Lard.     See  Adeps, 

Larda''cein.  An  animal  proteid,  an  indi- 
gestible amyloid  substance,  chiefly  occur- 
ring as  a  pathological  infiltration  into 
various  organs,  as  the  liver,  spleen,  etc. 

Larda''ceous.     See  Amyloid. 

Lark''spur.  The  seed  of  Delphinum 
consolida.  Diuretic  and  emmenagogue. 
Dose  of  fld.  ext.  H\,j-x.     Unof. 

Lar^va  {larva,  a  ghost).  That  form  insects 
take  in  emerging  from  the  egg,  com- 
monly known  as  the  caterjaillar  or  "grub" 
stage.  Also,  applied  to  the  immature  form 
distinguishing  many  of  the  lower  verte- 
brates before  maturity. 

Lar'val  [la>i<a^.  Pertaining  to  or  existing 
in  the  condition  of  a  larva. 

Larynge''al  [Tiapvy^,  the  larynx  or  wind- 
pipe). Pertaining  to  the  larynx.  L.  Artery, 
the  superior  thyi-oid  artery.  L.  Cough, 
a  shrill,  metallic  cough  of  nervous  origin, 
occuiring  occasionally  without  symptoms 
of  disease  of  the  lungs.  L.  Crisis,  an 
acute  laryngeal  spasm,  occurring  in  the 
course  of  tabes  dorsalis.  L.  Dilator,  an 
instrument  designed  to  dilate  the  larynx, 
when  the  latter  has  become  constricted  by 
cicatricial  tissues,  or  from  other  causes, 
L.  Mirror,  a  small  circular,  silvered-glass 
miiTor  used  in  laryngoscopy.  L.  Nerve. 
See  Nerve.  L.  Paralysis,  a  loss  of  power 
of  some  or  of  all  of  the  muscles  of  the 
larynx.     L.   Spaces,  the  upper,  middle, 


LARYNGECTOMY 


233 


LATEX 


and  lower  parts  into  which  the  lajnix  may 
l>e  convcnii.ntly  divided. 
Laryngect^omy  [?.apv}^,  eKTour;,  a  cutting 
out).     An  operation  for  the  extirpation  of 
the  hirjiix. 
Laryngis'mus  {?.apt'yyiCu,  to  vociferate). 
Atemi  loosely  applied  to  various  spasnKxiic 
aft'ections  of  the  lar)nx.       L.  Stridulus. 
Same  as  LarjTigospasm. 
Laryngi'tis   (/.apv)^,  iric,  inflammation). 
A   calairhal    inflammation  of  the    laiynx 
accompanied    liy  sore   throat,  hoarseness, 
and,  usually,  painful  deglutition  and  cough. 
In   severe   cases   there   may   be   oedema, 
dyspnoea,  and  suffocation.     In  infants  it  is 
much  the  same  disease  as  croup.     It  also 
accompanies   malignant   afibctions  of  the 
throat   and    trachea,  such   as   diphtheria, 
cancer,  c-tr. 
Laryn'go-fis''sure     [7.apvy^,  Jissura). 
Division  of  the  laniiix  for  the  removal  of 
tumors  or  foreign  bodies. 
Laryngog'raphy     (}.apv)'^,     ypaijxj,     to 

write).     A  description  of  the  larynx. 
Laryngology  (/o/>''}f,  /-oyog,  a  treatise). 
A  treatise  on  the  lar}'nx. 
LaryngoparaKysis    (/api^'f,   TzapalvGig, 
palsy).     Loss  of  the  voice  or  paralysis  of 
the  vocal  cords  from  nervous  affections,  not 
local  di  <ea.se. 
Laryngop'athy  (Pa/jvyf,  "Kadog,  a  suffer- 
ing).    A  tenn  including  all  affections  of 
the  lar\-nx. 
Laryngophan'tom  (lapv)-^,  ipavracrfia,  a 
vision).     An  artitkial  larj'nx  designed  for 
illustrative  puqx)Ses. 
Laryn'go-pharynge'al  (?apvyS,  ^"/"'>s, 
the  throat).      Pertaining  conjointly  to  both 
lar}'iix  and  pharj-nx. 
Laryngoph^ony  [}Mpvy^,<puvi],  the  voice). 
The  sfjund  of  the  voice  ob.served  in  the 
aascultaiion  of  the  larynx  with  the  stetho- 
scoi>e;  also  the  sound  of  the  voice  observed 
in  the  auscultation  of  a  large  cavity  in  the 
lung. 
Laryngople''gia  (?npvy^,  T^^vyv,  a  .stroke). 

Paralysis  of  the  muscles  of  the  larynx. 
Laryn'gospasm  {?MpvyS,  aran/ior,  a 
S|).-i.sm).  .S|)asmo(Iic  Cfintract ion  or  closure 
of  the  glottis;  s|).ismr>ilic  cri>u|),  as  dis- 
finguish<d  from  inflammatory  croup. 
Laryn'goscope  (/"/"'/i^,  okoziu,  to  ol)- 
scrvc).  An  inslfumetit  for  examination  of 
the  larynx. 

Laryngo-steno'sis  {?.apvy^,  arrvucir^  a 
contraction).  Contraction  in  size  of  the 
larv'nx. 

Laryngot'omy  {?uiptiyS,  rr/jvu,  to  cut), 
'llic  ojK.Tation  of  incision  of  the  larynx. 


Laryngo-trache'al  [?Mpi'y^,  rpnxFta,  the 
windpipe).  I'ertaining  conjointly  tu  the 
larynx  and  the  trachea. 

Laryngotracheot^omy  {?iapvy^,  rpaxfia, 
ro/i;?,  a  section).  That  fonn  of  the  operation 
of  tracheotomy  in  wliich  the  cricoid  carti- 
lage, and  some  of  the  upper  rings  of  the 
trachea  are  divided. 

Lar''ynx  (Tuipv)  f ,).  The  upper  part  of  the 
air  passage,  between  the  trachea  and  tlie 
base  of  the  tongue.  It  comprises  three 
single  cartilages,  the  thyroid,  cricoid,  ami 
epiglottis,  and  three  pairs  of  cartilages,  the 
arytenoid  and  those  of  Santorini  and  Wris- 
berg.  It  is  lined  with  an  extremely  sensi- 
tive mucous  membrane,  which  fonns  two 
transverse  lipi^ed  folds  that  constitute  the 
vocal  cords. 

Lasciv''ious  (/(7.fr/r7(7,wantonness).  Libidi- 
nous. Wanton.   Having  an  unlawful  desire. 

Las''situde  {lassi/s,  tired).  A  state  of  ex- 
haustion or  weakness,  arising  from  causes 
ottier  than  fatigue. 

La'ta.     See  Aliryachit. 

La'tency  [/ateo,  to  be  hid).  The  condition 
of  being  latent  or  concealed. 

La'tent  [latco).  Concealed.  Not  manifest. 
In  pliysics,  applied  to  heat  that  apjia- 
rently  disappears  when  a  litjuid  is  vapor- 
ized or  a  solid  melted.  L.  Period,  the 
time  required  for  the  inculcation  of  a  disease. 

Lat'erad  [In/ us,  the  side).  Toward  the 
lateral  aspect  of. 

Lat^eral  {^/atcrii/is).  At,  belonging  to,  or 
pertaining  to  the  side.  The  aspect  of  the 
side  viewed  from  the  middle.  L.  Col- 
umn, that  column  of  the  spinal  cord 
between  the  anteio-  and  posterolateral 
fissures.  L.  Operation,  that  form  of  oi)era- 
tion  in  lithotcuny  in  which  tlie  opening  is 
made  on  the  left  side  of  the  perinaum. 
L.  Plates,  the  part  of  the  mesol)last  lying 
external  to  the  proverlebrx.  L.  Sinuses, 
the  two  veins  of  the  dura  mater  situated  in 
the  attached  margin  of  tlie  tentorium  cere- 
belli. 

Lateri''tious  (/afrr,  brick).  Pt-rtaining  to 
aw  uriiiaiy  sediment  resembling  brick-dust. 

Latero-cervi''cal  {/d/rrn/is,  (I'l-'ix,  the 
neck).     At  or  alwut  the  side  of  tlie  neck. 

Latero-dor'sal  {/aft-ralis,  dorsum,  the 
back).     At  or  near  the  side  of  the  back. 

Latero-flex'ion  {lateralis, JlectOyXo  i)end). 
Pending  to  one  side. 

Lateropul'sion  (la/crali.':,  ftello,  to  drive). 
y\n  involuntary  motion  or  bearing  to  one 
si<le. 

La'tex  (L.al.,  Iii|uid).  The  saj)  or  the  juice 
of  the  tui)es  or  vessels  of  plants. 


LATHYRUS  CICERA 


234 


LEIPOTHYMIA 


Lath^yrus  Cic^era.  A  species  of  vetch, 
commonly  known  as  "  chick-pea."  See 
Lathyrism. 

Lath^yrism  (^aBvpiq,  spurge).  The  con- 
vulsive movements,  tremors  and  paraplegia 
arising  from  the  use  of  the  seeds  of  Lathy- 
riis  cicera. 

Latis^'simus  (superl.  of  latus,  vi'ide).  An 
adjective  signifying  vi^idest.  It  is  used  as 
a  descriptive  temi  with  certain  muscles. 
L.  Colli.  See  Muscle  i^Platysma  lily- 
oides).     L.  Dorsi.     See  Muscle. 

Laud^anin.  One  of  the  alkaloids  of  opium. 
It  is  soluble  in  chloroform  and  alkaline 
solutions. 

Laud'anum.     See  Opium. 

Laugh^'ing  (Sax.  hlehhan).  A  succession 
of  rhythmic,  spasmodic  expirations  with 
open  glottis  and  vibration  of  vocal  cords. 
L.  Gas.    See  Nitrogen. 

Laur'el.     See  Kalmia. 

La''va  (Lat.,  a  flood  or  torrent).  The 
molten  ejecta  of  a  volcano. 

Lavage  (Fr.).  Irrigation  or  washing  out 
the  stomach. 

Lavamen^tum  (Javo,  to  wash).  An  in- 
jection. 

Lav^ender,  or 

Lavan''dula.  The  flowers  of  L.  vera. 
Properties  due  to  a  volatile  oil.  Aromatic, 
stimulant  and  carminative,  but  used  mainly 
as  a  flavor  and  adjuvant  of  other  medi- 
cines. L.  Ol.,  the  volatile  oil  distilled 
from  the  whole  herb.  Dose  tr^j-v.  L. 
Ol.  Florum,  the  oil  distilled  from  the 
fresh  flowers,  preferable  to  preceding. 
Dose  Tty-v.  A  constituent  of  Spt.  Odor- 
atus.  L.  Spt.,  3  parts  of  the  oil  in  97  of 
alcohol;  a  perfume.  Dose  ^ss-j.  L. 
Tinct.  Comp.,  oil  of  lavender  8,  oil  of 
rosemary  2,  cinnamon  18,  cloves  4,  nut- 
meg 10,  red  Saunders  8,  alcohol  680,  water 
270,  dilute  alcohol  to  make  1000.  Dose 
,::5ss-ij,  a  constituent  of  Fowler's  solu- 
tion. 

Laveran,  Corpuscles  of.  See  Bacillus, 
of  Malaria,  and  Plasviodium. 

Lax  [laxo,  to  loosen).     Loose.    Not  tense. 

Lax^ative  [laxo).  An  agent  that  loosens 
the  contents  of  the  bowels.  A  mild  pur- 
gative. 

Laxa''tor  i^laxo^.  That  which  loosens  or 
relaxes.  A  name  applied  to  various  muscles. 
L.  Tympani.     See  Muscle. 

Lay^er  (Sax.  leger,  a  couch).  A  mass  of 
uniform,  or  nearly  uniform,  thickness, 
spread  over  or  covering  a  considerable 
area. 

Lazaret''to  (Ital.,  a  pest  house).     A  quar- 


antine establishment.  Also,  a  place  for 
fumigation  and  disinfection. 

Lead.     See  Plunibum. 

Lead-poisoning.  Either  due  to  acci- 
dental or  industrial  introduction  of  lead  into 
the  system.  The  symptoms  are  disturbed 
nutrition,  anaemia,  the  gingival  line,  lead 
colic,  constipation,  pains  in  the  limbs,  local 
muscular  paralysis  (wrist-drop)  and  wast- 
ing, saturnine  encephalopathy,  etc.  The 
treatment  consists  in  stopping  ingress  of 
lead  to  the  system,  its  elimination  by 
iodide  of  potassium,  aperients,  etc. 

Leaf  Cup.     See  Bearsfoot. 

Lean^ness.  A  condition  of  having  less 
than  the  normal  amount  of  flesh.  It  may 
be  natural,  or  the  result  of  disease. 

Leav^en  {Jevo,  to  raise).  A  name  given 
to  several  species  of  ferments  belonging  to 
the  class  of  saccharoinycetes,  of  which  the 
culture  known  as  "sour  dough"  is  a  com- 
mon example. 

Lec^ithin  ('XekiOoq,  yolk  of  egg).  A  class 
of  nitrogenized,  phosphorized  substances 
occurring  in  brain-  and  nerve-tissue. 

Lectua'lis  (dim.  of  lectus,  a  bed).  Per- 
taining to  a  bed  or  couch.  Also,  diseases 
that  confine  one  in  bed.     Also,  a  patient. 

Lec^tulus  (dim.  of  lectus).  A  bed  or 
couch.  Also,  a  couch  or  mattress  contain- 
ing medicinal  substances.  L.  Medicatus, 
a  dry  fermentation. 

Leech  (Sax.  Iwce,  physician).  Hirudo 
Medicinalis,  of  the  order  Hirudinea,  class 
Annelida,  sub-kingdom  Vermes.  To  extract 
blood  by  leeching.  L.,  Artificial,  the 
apparatus  for  cupping. 

Lees  (A.  S.  hvs,  dregs).  The  dregs  or  solid 
matter  held  in  suspension  by  a  lii|uid,  that 
finally  settles  at  the  bottom  of  the  vessel. 
Especially  the  sediment  of  vinous  liquors. 

Leg.  The  lower  extremity  of  man,  espe- 
cially that  part  from  the  knee  to  the  ankle. 
An  organ  of  locomotion  of  man  and 
other  animals. 

Legif'imacy  {legiti77to,  to  make  lawful). 
The  condition  of  being  within  the  bounds 
of  the  law.  Also,  the  statutory  recogni- 
tion of  a  child  born  within  wedlock,  or 
within  a  period  of  time  necessary  to  gesta- 
tion, which  may  elapse  after  the  death  of 
the  father. 

Legu''min.     See  Casern. 

Leiomyo^ma  (Aewf,  smooth,  ^/vf,  a 
muscle).  A  forai  of  myoma  characterized 
by  unstriped  muscular  fiber. 

Leipothy^mia  (AfZTrw,  to  relin(|uish,  i9v//of, 
the  mind).  A  term  denoting  fainting  or 
syncope. 


LEITER'S  TUBES 


235 


LEPROSY 


Lei'ter's  Tubes.  Tubes  of  soft,  flexible 
metal  designed  for  bending  about  any 
j>art  of  tlie  body.  Cold  water  is  passed 
through  the  tul>es,  thereby  reducing  the 
tcmi>erature  of  the  parts  encased. 

Lem'on.     See  l.imon. 

Lens  (Lat.,  a  lentil).  A  regularly-sha]ied 
piece  of  glass  or  cr)'stal  for  the  refraction 
of  rays  of  light.  The  crystalline  lens  of 
the  eye.  L.,  Achromatic.  See  Achro- 
tnatic.  L.,  Biconcave,  a  thick-edgetl  lens 
having  concave  spherical  surfaces  upon 
its  opposite  sides,  called  al>o  a  negative  or 
minus  lens;  used  in  spectacles  to  correct 
myopia.  L.,  Biconvex  [positive  or  //us 
lens),  a  thin-edged  lens;  it  has  two  con- 
vex surfaces ;  used  to  correct  hypero])ia.  L., 
Cylindrical  (either  minus  or  //us),  one 
ground  upon  a  cylindrical  tool,  i.e.,  one 
witii  a  plane  surface  in  one  axis  and  a  con- 
cave or  convex  surface  in  the  axis  at  right 
angles  to  the  same.  L.,  Decentered, 
one  in  which  the  optical  center  is  not 
opjKisite  the  pupil  of  the  eye.  L.,  Peri- 
scopic,  one  with  concavo-convex  or 
convexo-concave  surfaces,  the  opposite 
sides  being  of  different  curvatures;  to 
avoid  spherical  aberration,  and  to  gain  a 
greater  field  of  clear  vision,  called  tneniscits 
lenses.  L.,  Plano-concave,  Plano- 
convex, Piano-cylindrical,  has  a  plane 
surface  upon  one  side  and  a  curved  surface 
u|xjn  tlie  reverse.  L.,  Spherical,  one 
whose  cur\x'd  surface  is  a  segment  of  a 
sphere,  either  concave  or  convex,  in  con- 
tradistinction to  a  cylindrical  lens.  L., 
Sphero-cylindrical,  one  with  a  spherical 
surface  ujxin  one  side,  and  a  cylindrical 
u|>on  the  reverse,  used  for  the  correction  of 
either  myopia  or  hyperopia,  combined  with 
astigmatism.     See  S/eetacle- Lenses. 

Lentic'ular  (dim.  of  /ens').  Pertaining  to 
orn-M-mliling  a  kns;  also  a  descriptive  term 
applied  to  an  inslr.imcnt  witli  a  cur\ed 
cutting  edge  for  removing  the  rough  edges  of 
iKjnc  m.ide  by  the  trephine.  L.  Ganglion. 
See  (J<in:;/ion.  L.  Nucleus,  the  extra- 
ventricular  [lortion  of  the  ciirjius  striatum. 

Lenti'go  (/ens).  Freckles,  Kphelides. 
C'ircuinscrilH-d  s|)Ots  or  patches  of  i)ig- 
mcnt,  small  in  size  and  occurring  mainly 
on  the  face  and  hands.  I'rcckles  rarely 
occur  lH:fore  eight  years,  and  arc  not  com- 
mon in  aged  jx-rsons.  Mo.st  fre<|uent  among 
people  of  light  Complexion. 

Len'tor  [len/us,  adhesive).  V'i.scidity  of  a 
li'iuid. 

Lconti'asis  (leo,  a  lion).  See  E/e/hanti- 
asis.     L.  Ossa.     See  Oiteitis. 


Lep'er  (P.fTrpof,  scaly).  One  affected  with 
leprosy. 

Lep'ido-  (/'.fTT^f,  a  scale).  A  Greek  pretix 
signifying  a  scale,  or  scaly. 

Lep'idoid  (/f^^f).  Having  the  appear- 
ance of  a  scale. 

Lepidoplas'tic  (/fjr^f,  Tr^adtrw,  to  form). 
Funning  scales. 

Lepidop'tera  (^cmf,  Trrfpov,  a  wing).  An 
oriler  of  insects  distinguished  l)y  feather- 
like  scales  antl  a  sjiirally  coiled  suctorial 
apparatus.  The  order  includes  butterflies 
and  moths. 

Lepid'osis  (?.£-/f).  Same  as  Ichthyosis. 
Also,  a  .synonjTii  for  Lepra. 

Lep'ocyte  (/f-oc,  a  husk  or  sheath,  Kvrof, 
a  cell).     A  nucleated  cell. 

Lep'othrix  (/.^770f,  (^)iS,,  a  hair).  A  condi- 
tion of  the  hair,  es]>ecially  that  of  the  arm- 
pits, in  which  the  shaft  becomes  encased 
in  a  sheath  of  hardened  sebaceous  matter. 
Also,  tlie  topical  ihrcad-like  form  assumed 
by  certain  species  of  bacteria  of  the  order 
Sell  izvmyeetes. 

Lep'ra  [Xenpa,  a  leper).  Leprosy.  F^le- 
pliaiitiasis  Gnvcorum.  Leontiasis.  Psori- 
asis. An  endemic,  chronic,  and  highly 
malignant  disease,  somewhat  analogous  to 
sy]ihilis  in  pathological  character.  Preva- 
lent in  Europe  and  Asia,  especially  along 
the  Mediterranean  shores.  Rare  in  Korth 
America,  except  on  Pacific  coast.  A  con- 
stitutional disease  preceded  by  malaise, 
debility  and  languor,  ft)llowed  by  character- 
i>tic  bullous,  macular,  or  tubercular  lesions 
of  the  skin.  L.,  Tuberculated,  charac- 
terized by  massive  infiltrations  and  the 
formation  of  tui)ereles,  connnonly  on  the 
face,  breasts,  scrotum  and  penis.  L., 
Non-tuberculated,  a  form  of  the  disease 
characterized  by  macular  patches  that 
spread  peri])hera!ly,  until  much  or  the 
whole  of  the  skin  is  involved.  In  later 
.stages  the  disca.se  extends  into  the  subcu- 
taneous tissues,  muscles  and  bones,  re>ult- 
ing  in  disarticulation  and  destruction  of  the 
joints  of  the  fingers  and  toes.  This  form 
of  leprosy  is  nearly  always  marked  i)y 
anaslhesia  of  the  |iarts  involved.  L., 
Mixed  Tuberculated,  involves  l)Oth 
fonns  of  thedisea.se.  There  is  very  .strong 
evidence  in  favor  of  the  contagious  ih.ir- 
acler  of  the  disea.se,  and,  also,  that  it  is 
intimately  connected  with  the  develop- 
niint  of  a  six'cifie  baiiiliis. 

Lepropht  hal'm  ia  (//t/u/,  i»i>lln?/ior, 
the  eye).  Ophthalmia  of  a  leprous  cliar- 
acter. 

Lep'rosy.     See  I.e/ra. 


LEPTANDRA 


236 


LEUCOCYTOSIS 


Leptan^dra.  Culver's  Root.  The  rhizome 
and  rootlets  of  L.  virginica.  Properties 
thought  to  be  due  to  a  glucoside,  leptan- 
drin.  A  tonic,  laxative,  and  cholagogue. 
Indicated  in  indigestion  and  chronic  con- 
stipation. Dose  of  the  ext.  gr.  j-iij,  of 
the  fld.  ext.  n\^xx-_:^j. 

Lep^to-  (^igTrrof,  thin,  small,  slender).  A 
Greek  prefix,  signifying  small  or  slender. 

Leptoceph^alic,  or 

Leptoceph''alous  (?.eT-of,  Ke(pa7vTj,  head). 
Having  an  abnormally  small  head. 

Leptoceph^alus.  A  monstrosity  with  an 
abnormally  small  head. 

Leptomeningi''tis  [lETrTog,fir]viy^,  a  mem- 
brane). Inflammation  of  the  pia  and 
arachnoid  of  the  brain  and  the  spinal  cord, 
in  contradistinction  to  Pachymeningitis, 
though  meningitis  alone  usually  signifies 
the  same  as  leptomeningitis.  See  Menin- 
gitis. L.  Cerebralis,  an  inflammation, 
confined  usually  to  the  pia  mater  of  the 
convex  siuface  of  an  anterior  lobe  of  the 
cerebram.  L.  Spinalis,  any  inflamma- 
tion of  the  pia  mater  of  the  spinal  cord. 

Lep^torhine.     See  Index. 

Lep^tothrix  (XzTtroq,  Opi^,  a  hair).  A 
genus  of  the  family  Bactei-iacces,  whose 
elements  form  straight  filaments,  often  of 
great  length.  Possibly  indistinguishable 
from  the  genus  Bacillus.  The  only  L. 
studied  is  L.  Buccalis,  very  common  in 
the  mouth,  playing  a  large  part  in  the  for- 
mation of  dental  tartar  and  the  production 
of  caries  of  the  teeth.  L.  Gigantea,  found 
in  tartar  of  the  teeth. 

Lep'tus  Autumna''lis.  Harvest  Bug. 
Mower's  Mite.  A  parasite  that  burrows 
under  the  skin,  causing  lesions  similar  to 
those  of  itch. 

Le^sion  [Irdo,  to  hurt).  Any  injury,  hurt 
or  wound  in  any  part  of  the  body.  In 
pathology,  any  morbid  change.  L.  of 
Continuity,  a  division  or  break  in  any 
part  that  is  normally  continuous.  L.  of 
Nutrition,  any  pathological  alteration  in 
the  capillary  system,  consisting  of  increase 
or  decrease  in  the  amount  of  blood  required 
for  assimilation  and  absoiption. 

Lc'thal  (/l7/ff//,  a  forgetting).  Deadly.  Per- 
taining to  or  producing  death. 

Leth^argy  {/'if^i).  A  condition  of  drowsi- 
ness or  stupor  that  cannot  be  overcome  by 
the  will.  See,  also,  Somnambulism.  L,., 
African.     See  African  Lethargy. 

Let^tuce.     See  Lactucarium. 

Leucae^mia.     See  LciicocytJuvmia. 

Leucas''mus,  Acquired.  See  Leuco- 
derma. 


Leuchae''mia.     See  Leucocytha:7nia. 

Leu''cin  (Aewf^f,  white).  A  crystalline 
substance  probably  identical  with  amido- 
caproic  acid,  occurring  in  the  pancreas, 
spleen,  thymus  gland  and  other  parts  of 
the  body.  It  is  a  product  of  pancreatic 
digestion. 

Leu''co-  (Zemof).  A  Greek  prefix  signify- 
ing white. 

Leu''coblast.     See  Lencocyte. 

Leu^cocyte  (AEiwof,  kvtoq,  cell).  The  col- 
orless or  white  corpuscles  of  the  blood, 
probably  derived  from  the  lymph  glands, 
and  also  from  the  spleen  and  marrow. 
Similar  corpuscles  are  found  in  many  other 
tissues,  and  appear  thickly  wherever  in- 
flammation is  set  up.  They  are  without 
envelope,  and  are  capable  of  amoeboid 
movements.  Tliey  average  about  25^^ ^^ 
an  inch  in  diameter,  but  three  classes  are 
differentiated  :  The  small,  with  one  or  two 
nuclei,  and  a  small  amount  of  protoplasm ; 
those  the  size  of  the  red  corpuscles ;  the 
large  amoeboid,  with  much  protoplasm.  A 
phagocytic  function  has  been  ascribed  to 
them.  They  are  divided  into  two  kinds, 
leucoblasts  and  erythroblasts,  the  latter 
transformed  into  colored  blood  corpuscles 
in  the  spleen  and  bone  marrow. 

Leucocythae''mia  (Afi'/iof,  Kvrog,  hollow, 
aiiia,  the  blood).  A  disease  of  the  blood- 
making  organs,  characterized  by  an  abnor- 
mal increase  of  the  number  of  white  cor- 
puscles, together  with  enlargement  of  the 
spleen,  lymphatics,  and  disease  of  the  me- 
dullaiy  substance  of  the  bone.  The  liver 
and  kidneys  are  also  sometimes  involved. 
The  etiology  is  obscure ;  the  haemoglobini- 
zation  of  the  leucocytes  does  not  take  place, 
and  hence  the  increase  of  untransformed 
white  corpuscles.  Anaemia,  breathlessness, 
muscular  lassitude,  hemorrhages,  retinal 
and  other  pain  in  bones,  etc.,  are  the  most 
frequent  symptoms.  See  Charcot-Robin 
Crystals. 

Leucocytogen^esis  (Ievko^,  yevvau,  to 
beget).  The  formation  of  white  corpuscles 
in  the  blood. 

Leucocyto'mata  [levKoq,  K.vTog,  a  hollow). 
A  word  used  to  include  all  tumors  contain- 
ing cellular  growths  similar  in  constitution 
to  the  white  corpuscles  of  the  blood,  such 
as  tubercle,  lupus,  lepra,  etc. 

Leucocyto'sis  (Ariwof,  Kvrog).  A  tran- 
sient increase  in  the  number  of  white  cor- 
puscles in  the  blood,  not  accompanied, 
as  in  leucocythnemia,  by  splenic  and  glan- 
dular enlargement  or  disease  of  the  bone 
marrow. 


LEUCODERMA 


237 


LEUCOPATHIA 


Leucodef'ma  (Pfivcof ,  while,  depfta,  skin). 
\'itiligo  ;  ac'|uircd  Icucasmus  ;  leuco- 
patliia ;  piebald  skin.  An  acquired  dis- 
ease marked  by  the  existence  and  growth 
of  white  patches  with  iiTegular  rounded 
borders  of  darker  skin.  L.,  Congenital, 
see  AlHnism. 

Leu'coline.     See  Chinolina. 

Leuco'ma  (/maoc).  An  opacity  of  the 
cornea  the  result  of  an  ulcer,  wound,  or  in- 
flammation, and  giving  it  the  ajijiearance 
of  ground  gla^s. 

Leu'comaines  [/^vKufia,  white  of  egg). 
"  Uasic  substances  found  in  the  living 
tissues  either  as  the  products  of  fermenta- 
tive changes  or  of  retrograde  metamor- 
phosis." Bouchard  and  SchSr  believe 
they  are  generated  in  the  intestinal  tract 
and  absorL)ed  thence  into  the  system.  They 
are  divided  into  two  groups,  according  to 
tlieir  relations  with  the  analogue  chosen  as 
a  tyix: :  the  Uric  Acid  Group  comprises 
Adenine,  IljiHjxanilune,  Guanine,  Xan- 
thine, llctero.xanthine,  Para-xanthine,  Car- 


mine, Pseudoxanthine,  and  Spermine.  The 
Creatinine  Group  comprises  Cruso- 
creatinine,  Xanthocreatinine,  Amphicre- 
atinine  and  two  unnamed  bases.  Among 
yet  undetermined  Icuconiaines  are  bases 
known  to  exist  in  expired  air,  and  animal 
exhalations.  The  aqueous  extract  of 
vajxDrs  exhaled  by  dogs  has  been  Riund  to 
cause  death  w  ilhin  24  hours,  when  injected 
into  the  veins  of  other  animals.  The  same 
violent  poison  is  said  to  produce  pulmonary 
phthisis  in  contined  air  by  contiimous  in- 
fluence. Sewer-air  is  thought  to  contain  a 
kinilred  poison.  The  Icuconiaines  of  the 
saliva  are  also  yet  undetemiined — though 
it  is  known  that  normal  saliva  contains 
several  toxic  substances,  and  that  the 
aqueous  solution  of  saliva  at  100°  poisons 
or  narcotizes  birds.  The  leucomalnes  of 
the  venom  of  poisonous  snakes  are  also 
still  undetermined.  There  are,  also, 
several  undetermined  leucomalnes  of  urine 
and  of  animal  tissues.  The  following 
table  is  from  \'aughan : — 


TABLE 

OF  LEUCOMAINES.    (VAUGHAN 

AND  NOVN.) 

NAME. 

1 

FORMULA. 

DISCOVERER. 

SOURCE. 

PHYSIOLOGICAL    ACTION. 

Adenine. 

CsH.N, 

Kossel. 

Nuclein-containing  or- 
Rans. 

Non-poisonous.  Muscle- 
stinuilant. 

Hypoxanthine. 

C.H.N.O 

Scherer. 

Nuclirin-containing  or- 
gans. 

Non-poisonous.  Muscle- 
stitnulaiu. 

Guanine. 

C.H.N.O 

L'ligel. 

Nuclein-containing  or-  Non-poisonous.  Muscle- 
gans;  Guano.                    stinuilant. 

Xanthine. 

C.H.N.O, 

Marcet. 

Nuclein-coiUaining  or-  Non-poisonous.  Muscle- 

gans;  Calculi. 

stimulant. 

Hcleroxanthine. 

C.H.N.O, 

Salomon. 

Urine. 

Paraxanthinc. 

C,H,N«0, 

Thuiiichum, 
Salomon. 

II 

Camine. 

C,H,N\0, 

Wcidcl. 

Licbig's  Meat  Extract.  Not  known  to  be  poison- 

ous.  Muscle  slimulauL 

Pseudoxanthine  (?) 

C^H.N.O 

Gautier. 

Muscle. 

Sinrrniiiic. 

C,H.N 

Schrcincr. 

Spcrma.    In  tissues  of 
Icucocylha-mics. 

Cruso-creatinine. 

C.H.N.O 

Gautier. 

Muscle. 

XaTitho-crcatiiiine. 

C.M.oN'iO 

II 

II 

Poisonous. 

Ainiihi-crcaiinc. 

C.H,.N,0. 

tt 

II 

L'nitamed. 

C,,H,.N,„0. 

II 

■1 

II 

C,H.,N.(>, 
CjM.NO, 

II 
Pouchct. 

II 
Urine. 

II 

II 

*  Leuco'matous    {7 rvKuftn).     Having   the 

nature  of  Icucoma.   Affecte<l  with  hucoma. 

LeucomycIi''ti8  {'/ivKor,  /tvi'/nr,  marrow). 

Inflammation  of  the  me<lullary  .substance 

of  the  spinal  cord. 

Leuconecro'sis  {?JVKnr,  vrKftuntr,  death). 
A  fonn  of  dr)'  gangrene,  disliiiguisln-d  by 
light  or  nearly  n.itural  color  instc  ad  of  the 
Usual  dark  color  of  gangrene. 


Leuconos''toc.  A  genus  of  the  family  of 
C'occacees  having  its  eKim'nts  dis|><)St-d  in 
chains  and  envek)iH(l  in  a  slieath  nf  tnugh 
jelly.  L.  Mesenteroides,  abundant  in 
molasses,  l>eet  root  juice,  and  in  sugar 
relineries. 

Lcucopath'ia  {'/ivhuv,  -^rdHor,  suffeiing). 
Albinism.  L.,  Congenital.  SvvA//ini\»k 
L.,  Acquired.     See  l.cucodcniia. 


LEUCOPHLEGMASIA 


238 


LIEBIG 


Leucophlegma'sia  [TievKog,  (pXeyjua, 
phlegm).  A  condition  marked  by  a  ten- 
dency to  dropsy,  accompanied  by  a  pale, 
flabby  skin,  and  general  oedema  of  the 
whole  body.  Also,  subcutaneous  emphy- 
sema. 

Leucopla''sia  [XevKog,  TrXaaig,  formation). 
A  name  given  to  formations  of  white  spots 
or  plates  on  the  epidermis  and  epithelium. 

Leucorrhce^a  [TievKog,  pEu,  to  flow).  An 
ailment  characterized  by  a  mucopurulent 
discharge  from  the  female  genital  canal, 
attended  with  catairhal  inflammation.  The 
pus  is  usually  filled  with  Trickoinonas  vagi- 
nalis,  a  large  rod-like  bacterium,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  various  species  of  leptothrix  and 
micrococcus  normally  present.  According 
to  the  secreting  part  it  is  termed,  cervical, 
uterine,  vaginal,  vulvar,  etc. 

Leuco^ses  (/iev/cof).  Diseases  of  the  lym- 
phatic system. 

Leuco'sis  {XtvKoq').  Abnormal  whiteness 
of  the  skin.  Also,  the  development  and 
progress  of  leucoma. 

Leukae^mia.     See  Leucocyihivmia. 

Leu^kocyte.     See  Leucocyte. 

Leukocyto'sis.     See  Leucocytosis. 

Leukoder^ma.     See  Leucoderma. 

Leukoplak^ia  (AfVKOf ,  TT/laf ,  a  flat  surface). 
Certain  white  fungoid  patches,  sometimes 
forming  on  the  dorsum  of  the  tongue  and 
mucous  surface  of  the  cheeks  and  lower 
lip. 

Leu''sin.  A  crystalline  body  found  in 
brain-tissue. 

Levant^  Wormseed.     See  Santonica. 

Leva^tor  {Icvo,  to  lift).  That  which 
raises.  A  name  given  to  several  muscles. 
See  Muscle. 

Levatc'res  Costa'' rum.     See  Muscle. 

Leviga-'tion  [Icvigo,  to  make  smooth).  The 
trituration  of  a  substance  made  into  a 
paste  with  water  or  other  liquid.  When 
perfomied  with  a  muUer  on  a  slab  of  por- 
phyry it  is  called  porphyrization. 

Lev^ulose.  The  natural  sugar  of  fruits. 
See  Sugar  and  Glucose. 

Ley^den  Battery.  A  series  of  Leyden 
jars  connected  tandem. 

Leyden  Jar.  A  glass  jar  coated  within 
and  without  with  tinfoil,  reaching  nearly 
to  the  neck,  and  suiTnounted  by  a  knobbed 
conductor  connecting  with  the  inner  coat- 
ing. It  is  designed  for  the  temporary 
"accumulation"  of  electricity,  or  rather 
for  the  preservation  of  the  high  potential 
to  which  the  inner  foil  may  be  charged. 
It  is  discharged  by  connecting  the  outer 
foil  with  the  knob. 


Lia''tris  Odoratis''sima.  Southern  Va- 
nilla. Contains  ciintarin,  the  flavoring 
principle  of  the  tonka  bean.     Unof. 

Libid^inous  [Jibidinosus,  lustful).  Char- 
acterized by  strong  sexual  desire. 

Li^bra  [libra).  A  weight  of  twelve  troy 
ounces,  or  5760  grains.  Also,  applied  to 
the  avoirdupois  pound  of  sixteen  ounces, 
or  70CX)  grains. 

Lice.     See  Louse. 

Li^cense  [licentio).  An  official  permit  or 
authority  conferring  on  the  holder  the  right 
and  privilege  of  exercising  his  profession. 

Licen^tiate  [licentio).  A  term  sometimes 
applied  to  a  person  who  practices  a  pro- 
fession by  the  authority  of  a  license. 

Li^chen  {leixTiv,  a  lichen).  A  term  now 
restricted  to  those  diseases  in  which  in- 
flammatory papulae  undergoing  no  change 
are  the  main  feature  of  the  disease.  L. 
Ruber,  an  inflammatory  disease  marked 
by  pin-head  or  pea-sized  papules,  which 
may  be  smooth,  but  more  often  scaly,  and 
deep  red.  May  be  discrete  or  confluent. 
The  most  common  form  in  the  U.  S.,  known 
as  L.  ruber,  or  planus,  is  distinguished  by 
angular  spots.  The  acuminate  form,  L. 
Acuminatum,  is  rare.  L.  Scrofulosus, 
characterized  by  small  and  chronic  inflam- 
matory, red  papules,  usually  arranged  in 
circles,  and  occumng  in  scrofulous  subjects. 
According  to  Van  Harlingen  it  is  rarely 
met  with  in  the  U.  S.  L.  Pilaris.  See 
Keratosis  Pilaris.  L.  Simplex.  See 
Eczema.  L.  Spinulosis.  See  Kerato- 
sus  pilaris.  L.  Tropicus.  See  Milia- 
ria. 

Licheni''asis.  The  condition  of  one  af- 
fected by  the  disease  lichen. 

Li'chenold  of  the  Tongue.  A  peculiar 
chronic  and  spreading  rash  of  the  tongue, 
at  first  appearing  in  light  crescentic  bands 
The  etiology  is  obscure. 

Lid.     See  Eyelid. 

Lic'ben's  Test  (for  acetone  in  the  urine). 
Acidulate  with  hydrochloric  acid  and  distill. 
When  treated  with  tincture  of  iodine  and 
ammonia  there  is  a  turbidity,  due  to  the 
formation  of  iodoform. 

Lie^berkiihn's  Jelly.  An  alkali-albumin 
produced  by  the  action  of  strong  caustic 
potash  upon  egg-albumin. 

Lie'bermann's  Reac^tion.  A  test  for 
proteids.  A  violet-red  color  is  obtained  by 
boiling  animal  proteids  with  concentrated 
hydrochloric  acid. 

Lie^big.  A  celebrated  German  physiolo- 
gist. L.'s  Beet  Tea,  the  soluble  extrac- 
tive matter  of  lean  meat.    It  is  prepared  by 


LIEN 


239 


LIGHT 


macerating  a  pound  of  lean  meat,  free  from 
fat  and  cut  into  small  pieces,  in  a  pint  of 
cold  water,  in  which  Ttlxxx  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  and  gr.  xl  of  scxlium  chloride 
have  l>een  dis.-olved.  The  liquid  is  ex- 
pressed and  strained.  L.'s  Bouillon. 
See  Bouillon.  L.'s  Extractum  Carnis, 
a  proprietary  preparation,  consisiing  ol  the 
soluble  librin  of  meat  with  the  natural 
mineral  salts  and  a  flavoring  principle  os- 
ma/!ome.  L.'s  Infant  Food,  a  proprie- 
tary subjtance,  having  the  following  com- 
jxisition  :  wheat  Hour,  malt  tlour,  aa  3  ss, 
potassium  bicarl)onate  gr.  vij,  distilled 
water  _^j,  cow's  milk  ^^  v,  mix  thoroughly 
and  l>oil.     L.'s  Method.     See  Urea. 

Li'en  (I.at.).     The  spleen. 

Lienomala'cia  ^^//Vw,  ^laf.aKia,  softening). 
Softening  of  the  tissue  of  the  spleen  of  a 
morbid  character. 

Li'entery  (/.f/of,  smooth,  ei'repor,  an  in- 
testine). A  kind  of  diarrhtta  in  which 
the  food  passes  rapidly  through  the  bowels 
without  undergoing  digestion. 

Life  (Sax.  ///").  The  force  or  principle 
underlying  or  causing  the  phenomena  of 
organized  beings.  The  power  by  which 
an  organism  exists  and  exercises  self-move- 
ments in  response  to  emotions  or  sensations 
and  adapts  itself  to  its  environment.  L., 
Change  of,  that  jieriod  in  the  life  of  a 
female  at  which  menstruation  ceases.  L., 
Duration  of.     See  Probable. 

Life  Everlasting.  Cud  weed.  The 
herbs  Gtitiphiiliunt  mari^antaceuin  and  G. 
polycephalum.  Tonic,  astringent  and  ano- 
dyne. A  domestic  remedy  of  some  repute 
in  affections  of  the  chest  and  bowels. 
Dose  of  a  decoction  ad  lib. ;  of  the  lid.  ext. 
TT\^xv-:5J.    Unof. 

Life  Root.  Ragwort.  The  herb  Senecio 
aureus  gathered  in  flower.  Expectorant 
and  tonic.  Formerly  ased  by  the  Indians 
as  a  vulnerary ;  a  favorite  remedy  of  tiie 
eclectic  jjractitioners.  Dose  of  a  decoction 
ad  lib.  ;  of  fld.  ext.  tT\_xxx-3J.     Unof. 

Life  Table.  A  table  constructed  to  .show 
the  numi)er  and  ages  of  the  living,  and  the 
numl)cr  and  ages  of  tin-  dying  in  a  com- 
munity or  sfK-iely.  Halley's,  the  earliest 
English  tai'le,  was  constructed  in  the 
second  half  of  the  iSth  Century,  and  sug- 
gested De  Mf)wre's  Hy]xjtiicsis  (q.  t».). 
Price's  Northampton  L.  T.  was  ased 
by  the  Iv)uitaMt  l.ilc  .\ssurance  <  o,  u|K/n 
its  establishment  in  1762.  These  tallies 
were  not  construi  ted  by  a  compari.son  of 
the  deaths  and  the  living  at  each  age, 
but  from  the  deaths  only,  and  since  births 


and  deaths  are  not  equal,  and  since  migra- 
tion also  disturbs  the  stationariness  of 
population,  these  tables  are  not  correct,  as 
they  overstate  the  mortality  of  young  adults 
ancl  tlo  not  dissociate  males  and  females. 
Dr.  Farr  constructed  three  English  L.  T., 
de>ignated  respectively,  Nos.  i,  2  and  3, 
and  various  other  tables  have  been  made, 
called  the  Healthy  Districts,  the  Upper 
Class  Experience,  the  Healthy  Males, 
the  Clerical  Experience  Tables,  etc. 
The  last  notewortliy  table  is  the  New 
English  L.  T.,  by  Dr.  t)gle,  that  starts 
with  a  million  males  and  a  million  females 
and  shows  the  number  surviving  at  each 
age,  and  the  mean  exj^ectation  of  life  at 
each  age. 

Lig'ament  (Jigo,  to  bind).  A  band  of 
flexible,  compact  membranous  tissue  con- 
necting the  articular  ends  of  the  bones, 
sometimes  enveloping  them  with  a  capsule. 
L.,  Poupart's,  the  crural  arch  or  lower 
border  of  the  aponeurosis  of  the  external 
oblique  muscle.  L.,  Gimbernat's,  that 
part  of  the  aponeurosis  of  the  external 
oblique  muscle  which  is  reflected  down- 
ward and  outward,  toward  the  os  pubis. 
Also  called  the  third  insertion  of  Poupart's 
gland.     L.  of  Zinn.     See  Zonula. 

Liga'tion  {Hgo').  The  operation  of  tying; 
used  especially  of  arteries.  L.  of  Cord, 
applying  a  ligature  aliout  the  umbilical 
cord  of  the  newborn  child. 

Lig'ature  {Jigo).  A  cord  or  thread  of  any 
material  for  tying  arteries,  etc.  L., 
Animal,  made  from  sheep  or  catgut,  the 
tendons  or  sinews  of  various  animals,  etc. 
L.,  Antiseptic,  rendered  free  from  infec- 
tive material  by  soaking  and  cleansing  with 
germicidal  solutions.  L.,  Intermittent, 
the  tourniquet,  relaxed  at  times.  L., 
Lateral,  partial  occlusion  only  of  the 
lumen  by  a  loose  ligature.  L.,  Metallic, 
made  of  silver  or  other  metal. 

Light  (Sax.  led/it).  That  form  of  ethereal 
vibration  or  undulation  which,  when  im- 
])inging  u])on  the  retina,  produces  the 
sen.sation  of  vision.  L.,  Diffused,  that 
reflected  simultaneously  from  an  inlinite 
number  of  surfaces,  or  that  has  been  scat- 
tered by  means  of  a  concave  mirror  or 
lens.  L.,  Dispersion  of.  See  /,.,  .S/'cc- 
trum  of.  L.,  Electric,  that  prcxluced  by 
the  |)a.s.sage  of  electricity  through  a  me- 
dium having  liigli  resistance,  such  as  the 
carbon  lihn  of  the  im  aiidescent,  or  the  in- 
terval of  air  between  the  carbons  of  the  arc 
light,  the  medimn  of  high  resistance  iieing 
heated    to    whiteness.      L.,    Monochro- 


LIGHTNING 


240 


LINE 


matic,  that  which,  on  being  analyzed  by 
a  prism,  consists  approximately  of  waves 
of  one  length  only.  L.,  Reflection  of, 
that  property  by  which  a  ray  of  light  strik- 
ing an  object  rebounds,  or  is  bent  back. 
Rays  falling  on  a  plane  surface  are  re- 
flected at  an  angle  equal  to  that  of  the 
incident  ray.  Objects  are  perceived  by  the 
light  reflected  by  them.  L.,  Refraction 
of,  that  property  by  which  a  ray  or  pencil 
of  light,  when  passed  through  a  prism,  is 
bent  out  of  its  course.  Refraction  occurs 
when  a  ray  of  light  passes  through  media 
of  differing  densities.  L.,  Spectrum  of, 
a  name  given  to  a  ray  of  light  that  has 
been  decomposed,  its  primary  component 
parts  unequally  refracted  and  projected 
upon  a  screen.  See  Wave-Lengths. 
Lightening.  An  atmospheric  discharge  of 
electricity.  In  the  form  commonly  known 
as  "chain"  or  "bolt"  lightning,  the  elec- 
tricity has  an  extremely  high  potential,  and 
a  stroke  under  such  circumstances  is  in- 
variably fatal  when  the  discharge  passes 
through  a  living  body.  The  form  known 
as  "sheet"  lightning  is  a  "brush"  dis- 
charge of  low  potential,  and  harmless.  L^ 
Pains,  the  sharp,  momentary  pains  occur- 
ring in  tabes. 

Lig^neous    {lignis,   wood).     Having   the 
nature  of  wood. 

Lig^num  Vi''tae.     See  Guaiacum. 
Lig^ula    (dim.  of  lingua,  a  tongue).     A 
little  tongue.     Also,  a  name  given  to  the 
tongue  of  an  articulate.     Also,  a  genus  of 
cestoid  worms.     See  Lingula. 
Li^lac.     The  leaves  and  fruit  of  Syninga 
vulgaris.    A  bitter  tonic  with  reputed  anti- 
periodic  properties.     Unof. 
Lily   of  the   Valley.      See    Convallaria 

Majalis. 
Limb  (Sax,  lim,  a  twig).  An  arm  or  leg. 
An  organ  of  prehension  or  locomotion.  L., 
Artificial,  a  mechanical  substitute  for  an 
arm  or  a  leg.  L.  Plexus,  the  supposed 
rearrangement  of  nerve-strands  so  as  to 
connect  nerves  derived  from  different  parts 
of  the  spinal  cord  with  particular  groups  of 
muscles. 
Lim'bus  {limlms,  a  border).  A  border  or 
hem.  The  circumferential  edge  of  any  flat 
organ  or  part.  L.  Corneae,  the  edge  of 
the  cornea  at  its  juncture  with  the  sclerotic 
coat. 

Lime  (Per.  litnu,  a  lemon).  The  fruit  of 
several  species  of  Citrus.  L.  Juice,  the 
juice  of  the  lemon  or  lime.  Should  con- 
tain, when  bottled,  a  small  percentage  of 
sulphurous  acid  to  prevent  fermentation. 


Lime.  The  popular  name  for  calcium 
oxide,  CaO  (quick  lime),  and  calcium 
hydrate,  Ca(HO). 

Limbic  {Tuijioq,  hunger).  Pertaining  to 
hunger. 

Lim^inal  Inten''sity.  ^&q  Fechner's  Laiu. 
Lim^itans,  or 

Lim^iting.  Bounding.  L.  Membrane, 
the  thin  membrane  on  which  the  epithe- 
lial tissue  of  the  various  glands  rests. 
Limitro'phic  {limitropiis,  a  name  given 
to  Roman  lands  furnishing  subsistence  to 
soldiers).  Remak's  name  for  the  great 
ganglionic  cord  of  the  sympathetic  nerve- 
system. 
Limnomephi''tis  (liiivrj,  a  pond,  mephi- 
tis, a  noxious  odor).  A  general  name  for 
noxious  odors  arising  fi-om  marshy  ground 
or  swamps. 

Li'mon  (gen.  limonis^.  Lemon.  The  fruit 
of  Citrus  limonwn.  Of  the  same  genus  as 
the  orange  and  the  lime.  The  rind  contains 
a  volatile  oil  identical  in  structure  with  oil 
of  turpentine.  The  pulp  yields  about  7  per 
cent,  of  citric  acid,  which  has  about  the 
same  properties  as  acetic  acid,  but  has 
much  value  as  a  refrigerant  and  antiscor- 
butic. The  expressed  juice  is  largely  em- 
ployed as  a  refrigerant  drink  in  fevers. 
L.  01.,  the  volatile  oil.  Dose  1i\j-v.  L. 
Syr.,  lemon  juice  40,  lemon  peel  2,  sugar 
60,  water  q.  s.  ad  loo.  L.  Spt.,  "essence 
of  lemon,"  6  parts  of  oil  and  4  of  peel  in 
90  parts  of  alcohol.  Acidi  Citrici,  Syr., 
citric  acid,  water,  aa  8,  spt.  lemon  4,  water 
980. 
Limoph''thisis  (/l^uof,  hunger,  0&<(Tif,  wast- 
ing). The  wasting  of  the  body  due  to  pri- 
vation and  lack  of  food. 
Limopsc'ra  [hfiog,  ipupa).  A  kind  of 
scabies  (or  pruritus?)  asserted  to  attack 
man  and  other  animals  after  long  priva- 
tion from  food. 
Limo^sis  (ilz/zof).  Unnatiu-al  appetite. 
Also,  a  name  given  to  a  class  -of  diseases 
distinguished  by  depraved  appetite. 
Limother^apy  {Itfioq,  Oepaneia).  The 
treatment  of  disease  by  partial  or  total  de- 
privation of  food. 

Line  {linum,  athreadof  flax).  In  geometry, 
that  extension  of  dimension  which  has 
length,  but  neither  breadth  nor  thickness. 
Also,  the  -^^  part  of  an  inch.  In  anatomy, 
an  imaginary  conventional  boundary  or 
guide-mark.  L.,  Axillary,  a  vertical 
line  drawn  through  the  anterior  fold  of  the 
axilla.  L.,  Blue,  or  L.,  Burton's,  the 
gingival  line.  L.,  Curved,  of  Ilium, 
projecting  curved  lines  on  the  dorsum  of 


LINEA 


241 


LINI 


the  ilium.     L.,  Curved,  of  Occiput,  pro- 
jecting lines  arching  outward  on  each  side 
of  the  occijntal  protuberance.  L.,  Facial, 
the  line  joining  the  most  prominent  part 
of  the  forehead  with  the  alveolar  process 
of  the  upjier  jaw.     L.,  Focal,  the  meri- 
dional or  a.\is  line  of  a  cone  of  light-rays. 
L.,  Holden's,  a  sulcus  below  the  fold  of 
the  groin,  starting  from  the  femoro-scrotal 
furrow,    and    dying    away    between    the 
great  trochanter  and  sujx^rior  iliac  spine. 
It  crosses  the  middle  of  the  capsule  of  the 
hip.     Ls.,  Incremental,  wavy  lines  of 
dentine  granules  traversing  the  dentine  of 
a  tooth,  showing  its  stages  of  growtli.    L., 
Internal  Supracondyloid,  the  lower  ex- 
tension of  the  inner  angle  of  the  shaft  of 
the  humerus,  to  which  the  intermuscular 
septum  is  attached.      Ls.,  Lizars',  a  line 
joining  the  posterior  iliac  spine  and  a  ]X)int 
midway  between  the    tuber  ischii  and  the 
great   trochanter;    also   a   line    from   the 
posterior  iliac  sjjine  to  the  inner  point  of 
trisection  of  a  line  between  the  tuber  and 
the  trochanter.    The  upper  point  of  trisec- 
tion of  the  former  indicates  the  emergence 
of  the  gluteal  artery ;  tlie  middle  of  the  latter, 
the  six)t  where  the  sciatic  artery  leaves  the 
pelvis.      L.,  Mammary,  a  vertical  line 
drawn  through  tlie  nipple.    Ls.,  Median, 
Anterior  and  Posterior,  the  lines  whose 
plane   divides  the  body   into  symmetrical 
lateral    halves.     L.,   Nelaton's,  the  line 
passing  across  the  middle  of  the  acetabu- 
lum and  over   the   top  of  the   trochanter, 
joining  the  superior  spine  and  tuber  ischii. 
L.,    Parasternal,  a   line   separating    the 
median    from    tlie    lateral    regions   of  the 
thorax.  Ls.,  Sternal,  vertical  lines  dropped 
from  the  sternal  ends  of  the  clavicles,  one 
on  each  side.     L.,  Thompson's,  a   red 
line  of  vascular  tissue  along  the  margin  of 
the  gums,  frequently  noticeai^le  in  phtliisis. 
Lin'ea  (I^at.).     An  imaginary  or  real  line 
use<l  as  an  anatomical  boundary  or  guide- 
mark.     L.  Alba,  the  median  fusion  of  the 
tendons  of  the  alxioininal  mascles,  extend- 
ing  from   the   mcta^lc^lUIn   to  the  pui)es. 
L.  Albicantis,  certain  irregular  glistening 
slri.e  often  observed  in  the  skin  after  child- 
birth.    L.  Aspera,  the  narrow,  prominent 
buttress    ridge    along    tli<.-    hinder   a•^IH•ct 
of    the   femur.       L.    Cephalica,    a   line 
of    the    palm    of    the     hand,    extending 
from   the   level   of  the   metacari)0-phalan- 
gcal    joint    to    the    middle    of    the    fifth 
metaciiq>al.       L.     Hepatica,    a   vertical 
line   of  the  jKilm  of  the   hand,  extending 
Lorn  the  rasccta  to  the  vallecula  uf  the 
l6 


middle  finger.  L.  Ilio-pectinea,  or 
Ilio-pubi,  a  line  forming  the  brim  of  the 
pelvic  cavity.  L.ae  Nuchales  Superi- 
ores,  lines  on  l>oth  sides  of  the  occipital 
protuberance  passing  outward  and  becom- 
ing continuous  with  the  hinder  edge  of  the 
mastoid  process.  L.  Quadrata,  a  faint 
line  in  the  femur,  descending  from  a  small 
roughness  vertically  above  the  level  of  the 
lesser  trochanter;  it  receives  the  insertion 
of  the  quadrati  femoris.  L.  Semilunaris, 
a  curved  line,  concave  inward,  extending 
from  the  cartilage  of  the  eighth  rib  to  the 
pubes;  it  marks  the  outer  edge  of  the  rec- 
tus abdominalis  muscle.  L.  Solea,  an 
obliciue  line  of  the  tibia  at  the  attachment  of 
the  soleus  muscle.  L.  Splendens,  the 
line  of  pia  mater  substance  along  the  an- 
terior median  fissure  of  the  spinal  cord.  L. 
Sterno-mastoides,  a  line  drawn  from 
the  interval  between  the  two  heads  of  the 
sterno-mastoid  to  the  mastoid  process. 
L.ae  Transversae,  white  depressed  ab- 
dominal lines,  one  at  the  level  of  the  um- 
bilicus; one  opposite  the  tenth  rib;  and 
one  at  the  seventh  rib  cartilage.  They 
mark  the  lines  of  the  tendinous  intersection 
of  the  rectus  abdominalis  with  its  attach- 
ment to  the  overlying  tendons. 

Lin'eament  {/iiiea,  a  line).  The  outline 
of  the  face.  Also,  the  outline  of  the  cm- 
1  ir)o. 

Lin'ear  [linca).  A  line.  A  twelfth  part 
of  an  inch.  L.  Extraction.  See  Cata- 
ract. 

Lin'gam.     See  Phallus. 

Ling'ism.     See  Ling's  System. 

Ling's  System.  A  method  of  treatment 
of  disease  by  gymnastic  and  other  rhythmic 
movements  of  the  body,  employed  by  Ling, 
a  Swedish  ]:)hysician. 

Ling''ual.  Sha{)ed  like  the  tongue.  Per- 
taining to  the  tongue.  L.  Bone.  See 
J/yoid. 

Linguet'ta  Lamino'sa.     See  Lini^iila. 

Lin'gula  (dim.  of  liiii^na,  a  tongue).  A 
transversely  lamellose  lobule  between  the 
valve  of  Vieussens  and  the  central  it)biiie 
of  the  cerebellum.  Called,  also,  the  Hit- 
gut-tta  laminosti.  Also,  a  thin,  lamellated 
|iart  of  the  petrous  process  of  the  sphenoid 
l)one.  It  is  also  called  the  li'xi'l',  and 
also  the  procfssus  f<,tiostt$  attficiis.  L. 
Mandibularis,  the  prominent,  thin  scale 
of  Ixine  partly  surrounding  the  largo  fora- 
nun  of  the  lower  jaws;  it  scn'es  as  the 
attachment  of  the  spheno-mandibuhu"  liga- 
ment. 

Li'ni.     I'l.  oi  liititm. 


LINIMENTUM 


242 


LISTERIAN  METHOD 


Liniment^um  [lino,  to  smear).  A  lini- 
ment. A  thin,  liquid  ointment  for  external 
application,  usually  a  solution  of  a  medici- 
nal substance  in  an  excipient  of  oil  or  oil 
mixtures.   There  are  ten  official  liuimenta. 

Lin''seed.  See  Linuin.  L.  Oil.  See 
Liniim. 

Lint  {Jlnum,  flax).  A  loosely  woven  or 
partly  felted  mass  of  broken  linen  fibres, 
made  by  scraping  and  "  picking"  old  linen 
cloth.  It  is  universally  used  as  a  dressing 
for  wounds  and  raw  surfaces. 

Lignum  (Lat.).  Flaxseed.  Linseed.  The 
seeds  of  L.  tisitatissimitni^  the  common 
flax  plant,  containing  30-40  per  cent,  of 
fixed  (linseed)  oil  in  embryo  of  seed,  and 
15  per  cent,  of  mucilage  in  epithelium.  A 
demulcent,  emollient  and  expectorant,  use- 
ful in  all  inflammations  of  mucous  mem- 
branes. L.  01.,  the  fixed  oil  of  flaxseed 
expressed  cold,  a  glyceride  of  linoleic  acid. 
Dose  ^ss-ij.  L.  Infus.,  unof,  "flaxseed 
tea,"  flaxseed  ^iij,  liquorice  root  '^],viZ.Xsx 
^x,  infused  four  hours.  Dose  indefinite. 
Carron  Oil,  linseed  oil  emulsified  in  lime- 
water. 

Lio-myo''ma.     See  Myoma. 

Lipacidae'mia  (/l^Trof,  fat,  acidiis,  sour, 
aiiia,  blood).  The  presence  of  fatty  acids 
in  the  blood,  with  diminution  of  its  alka- 
linity. 

Lipacidu''ria  (A^Trof,  aciJus,  ovpov,  urine). 
An  excess  of  volatile  fatty  acids  in  the 
urine. 

Lipae''mia  {^Xnrog,  atfia).  The  presence 
of  an  emulsion  of  fine  oil  globules  in  the 
blood. 

Lip^'arocele  (/IzTrapof,  fat,  «:?//l;/,  a  tumor). 
A  tumor  of  the  scrotum. 

Liparom''phalus  (Aiirapof,  o/i(palog,  the 
navel).  A  fatty  tumor  situated  at  the 
navel,  or  involving  the  umbilical  cord. 

Liparoscir^rhus  [TiLirapog,  OKippog,  a  can- 
cerous growth).     A  fatty,  scirrhous  tumor. 

Lip''arous  {liirapoq).     Fat.    Obese. 

Lipemania.     See  Lypemania. 

Lipo'ma  (Airrof,  fat).     A  fatty  tumor. 

Lipomatc'sis  (AiTrof).  The  production  of 
lipoma. 

Lip^pia.  The  leaves  of  L.  mexicana. 
Demulcent  and  expectorant.  Does  not 
nauseate.  Dose  of  the  tincture  3  ss-j. 
Unof 

Lippitu''do  [lippus,  watery  condition  of  the 
eyes).  A  condition  marked  by  a  moist  and 
raw  margin  of  the  eyelids,  which  discharge 
purulent  matter. 

Lips.  The  fleshy  folds  surrounding  the 
orifice  of  the  mouth.     See  also  Labium. 


LiquefaC'tion  {liqiiefacio,  to  change  to 
liquid  form).  The  condition  of  having 
been  changed  to  a  liquid. 

Liq^uid  [liquo,  to  melt).  That  form  of  a 
substance  in  which  the  molecules  are  in  a 
state  intermediate  between  attraction  and 
repulsion.  Water  between  0°  and  100°  C. 
is  the  best  example. 

Li^quor  (Lat.).  A  liquid.  In  pharmacy, 
any  solution  in  water  of  non-volatile  sub- 
stances, except  infusions, decoctions,  syrups, 
but  including  the  solution  of  gutta-percha 
(in  chloroform).  There  are  28  official 
Uqiiores.  In  anatomy,  any  fluid  of  the 
body.  L.  Amnii,  the  liquid  in  which  the 
foetus  lies.  At  the  middle  of  pregnancy 
it  equals  in  weight  that  of  the  fstus.  If 
serves  a  number  of  useful  functions,  and 
in  labor  protects  the  foetus  and  cord  from 
pressure,  dilates  the  os  and  lubricates  the 
genital  canal.  L.  Cotunnii,  the  perilymph 
secreted  by  the  fibro-serous  membrane  of 
the  internal  ear.  L.  Sanguinis,  the  serum 
of  the  blood  with  one  or  more  elements  of 
fibrin. 

Liq^uorice.     See  Glycyrrhiza. 

Lisp^ing.  A  kind  of  defect  of  speech, 
natural  or  acquired,  in  which  sibilant  letters 
are  sounded  like  linguals,  especially  j  a.sth. 
It  sometimes  arises  from  too  great  length 
of  the  tongue. 

Lister^'ian  Method  of  Dressing 
Wounds.  Carbolic  acid  was  the  first 
antiseptic,  but  from  its  volatility  and  slow- 
ness of  action  as  a  germicide,  it  was  re- 
placed by  corrosive  sublimate.  But  this 
proved  iiritating  and  was  precipitated  by 
the  albumin  of  the  blood  serum.  What 
might  be  called  the  Third  Method  was 
the  antiseptic  dressing  called  Sero-subli- 
mate  Gauze,  consisting  of  a  gauze  charged 
with  a  solution  of  corrosive  sublimate  in 
the  serum  of  the  blood.  This  was  found 
difficult  to  manufacture  and  was  harsh  and 
non-absorbent.  The  Fourth  Method  con- 
sisted in  a  combination  of  chloride  of 
ammonium  and  bichloride  of  mercury, 
called  Sal-alembroth.  This  was  likewise 
objectionable  because  of  its  ready  solubility 
in  the  blood  serum.  Fifth  Method,  a 
gauze  containing  three  or  four  per  cent,  by 
weight  of  the  biniodide  of  mercury.  This 
was  irritating  to  the  skin.  A  Sixth 
Method  is  the  latest,  and  believed  to  be 
the  ideal  antiseptic  dressing.  It  consists  in 
the  application  of  a  gauze  impregnated  with 
a  solution  of  a  double  cyanide  of  zinc  and 
mercury.  This  is  said  to  be  non-volatile, 
unirritating,  insoluble  in  water,  and  only 


LISTERISM 


243 


LITHOTRITY 


soluble  in  3000  parts  of  blood  serum.  It 
possesses  but  little  genuicidal  jxjwer,  but 
I  :  1200  keeps  animal  fluids  free  from 
putrefaction.  Corro.->ive  sublimate  I  :  4000 
may  l>e  added  as  a  gennicide. 

List'erism.  A  general  name  for  the  an- 
tiseptic and  aseptic  treatment  of  wounds 
according  to  the  principles  tirst  enunciated 
by  Lister.     See  Lisdriiin  Mcttud. 

Lisf'er's  Method.  See  Listerian  MclhoJ, 
and  also,  ir.iiunal  Culdviition. 

List'ing's  Eye.     See  Eyf. 

Listing's  Law.  Pertains  to  the  move- 
ments of  the  eyeball :  When  moved  fiom 
the  jwsitiun  of  rest,  the  angle  of  rotation  in 
the  second  ]X3silion  is  tlie  .same  as  if  the 
eye  were  turned  alout  a  ti.ved  a.xis  i)eqxn- 
dicul.ar  to  the  first  and  second  jx)sitions  of 
the  visual  line. 

Li'ter.     See  Metric  System. 

Lithagog''ue  [}.i<doq,  a  stone,  ayu,  to  drive 
out ).  Any  agent  or  remedy,  not  mechan- 
ical, which  tends  to  exj^el  calculi  from  the 
bladder. 

Lith'arge.     See  Lead. 

Lithect'asy  (A/^'of,  eKTeivu,  to  dilate). 
Dilatation  of  the  urethra  and  neck  of  the 
bladder  for  the  removal  of  calculi. 

Lithi'asis  (At^of ).  The  formation  of  cal- 
culus. 

Lith'ic  Acid.     See  C/ric  Acid. 

Lith''ium.  Li  =;  7 ;  quantivalence  I.  One 
of  the  r.irer  alkaline  metals,  a  few  of  the 
salts  only  lx;ing  used  in  medicine.  Because 
of  its  low  atomic  weight,  its  high  saturating 
power  makes  its  salts  more  alkaline  than 
those  of  sodium  antl  jx)ta.ssium.  The  car- 
bonate and  citrate  are  u.sed  largely  in  rheu- 
matism and  gout.  L.  Benzoas.  See 
Benzine  Acid.  L.  Bromidum.  .See 
Bromine.  L.  Carbonas,  not  deliiiues- 
ceiit.  Dfjse  gr.  ij-xv.  L.  Citras,  (klii|ucs- 
cent.  Dose  gr.  v-xxx.  L.  Salicylas. 
.See  .S'li/ix. 

Lith'o-  {'/.Soc,  a  stone).  A  Greek  prefix, 
signifying  calculus,  or  stone. 

Lithoceno'sis  ('/itlor,  Knunir,  evacuation). 
The  extraction  of  the  fr;igments  of  calculi 
that  have  lx.'en  crashed  or  mechanically 
tlivided. 

Lith'oclast.     See  Lithotrite. 

Lithodial''ysis  (/'""C,  J<«?.i'(j,  to  dis- 
.s<)lv<).  1  he  di.s-solution  of  calculus  in  the 
Ma.!.|.T. 

LithoKapaxy  (?j6or,  ?M7Ta^t^,  removal). 
An  0[<eration  of  crushing  and  of  removing 
stone  at  the  .same  time  by  irrigation. 

Lithol'cin  {'/jllor,  oleum,  oil).  A  substance 
•iniilar  to  vaseline,  and,  Ixrcausc  of  its  anti- 


septic and  antiparisitic  qualities,  proposed 
as  a  substitute  for  it.  It  is  oily,  of  neutral 
reaction,  without  smell  or  taste,  and  con- 
tains no  fat. 

LithoFogy  (/'.(ft)f,  "^-oyot^,  a  treatise).  A 
treatise  on  the  nature  and  treatment  of  cal- 
culi. 

Lithol'ysis.     See  Lithodialysis. 

Lithome'tra  (//ftif,  ^tirpa,  the  womb). 
U>silicatitiiis  in  the  womb. 

Lithontrip''tic  {7.iQoq,  r/w.'Jw,  to  wear  down). 
See  Lithotriptic  and  Antilithie. 

Lithopae'dion  (/.(('<'f,  nciKhov^  a  child). 
The  calcified  or  nnimmified  remains  of  a 
dead  fetus  carried  in  the  uterus  or  aldonii- 
nal  cavity  long  after  the  normal  period  of 
gestatitm. 

Lith'ophone  i2iOo(,  (puvrj,  sound).  .\n 
instrument  for  detecting  by  sound  the 
jirescnce  of  calculi  in  the  bladder. 

Lith'oscope  (//""f,  aKinrtu,  to  examine). 
An  instrument  for  the  detection  and  ex- 
amination of  calculi  of  the  bladder. 

Lithot^omy  (?Ahg,  re/iru,  to  cut).  Incision 
into  the  l)ladder  to  remove  calculus.  L., 
Bilateral,  the  incision  of  the  jK'rinieum  is 
curved,  just  in  front  of  the  rectum,  and 
the  lithotome  entered  by  an  incision  into 
the  urethra  at  this  point.  L.,  Lateral, 
the  perineal  incision  is  about  lyi  inches  in 
front  of  tlie  rectum  and  to  the  left  of  tlie 
raplie,  the  cut  being  downward  and  out- 
ward. L.,  Median  or  Marian,  the 
perineal  incision  is  in  the  median  line  one- 
half  inch  in  front  of  the  anus,  by  a  straiglit, 
double-edged  bistoury.  L.,  Medio-lat- 
eral,  a  modilication  of  the  lateral  ojiera- 
tion.  L.,  Medic-bilateral,  a  niodification 
of  the  bilateral.  L.,  Pre-rectal,  a  modili- 
cation of  the  bilateral.  L.,  Recto-vesi- 
cal,  extraction  of  the  stone  by  an  incision 
through  the  rectum.  L.,  Supra-pubic, 
by  an  incision  above  the  pubis  wlure  tlie 
1 'ladder  is  not  covered  by  peritoneum.  L., 
Urethral,  incision  of  the  urethral  mucous 
memtirane.  L.,  Vaginal,  by  incision 
through  the  vaginal  wall. 

Lithotresis.     See  I.ithotritv. 

Lithotrip'sy  (}Miic,  ^i^i^^-,  to  pulverize). 
The  operation  of  crushing  calculi  of  the 
bladder. 

Lithotrip'tic.     See  Lithontiiptie. 

Lithotrip'tor  (/ill<>c,  r/iiiiu).  An  instru- 
ment designed  for  crushing  calculi  of  the 
bladder. 

Lithot'rity  (hfto^,  rpifiu,  to  wear  by  fric- 
tion), fnisniiig  a  stone  in  the  iijadder,  by 
the  lithotrite,  into  fragments  small  enough 
to  pass  the  urethral  canal. 


LITHOUS 


244 


LOCHIOMETRA 


Lith''ous  {h6og).  Having  the  nature  or 
appearance  of  calculi  of  the  bladder. 

Lithure^sis  (hdog,  ovpriaig,  making  water). 
The  voiding  of  small  calculi  with  the 
urine. 

Lithu^ria  (JitJiiiun,  ovpov,  urine),  A  con- 
dition marked  by  the  presence  of  lithic 
acid,  or  of  lithium  salts  in  the  urine. 

Lit''mus.  Archil.  A  blue  pigment  ob- 
tained from  Rocella  tinctoria,  a  lichen. 
Employed  in  chemical  determinations  to 
detect  the  presence  of  free  acids  and  free 
alkalies.  L.  Paper,  Blue,  unsized  paper 
steeped  in  a  solution  of  litmus ;  turns  red 
in  contact  with  acid  solutions.  L.  Paper, 
Red,  unsized  paper  steeped  in  litmus  tinc- 
ture colored  red  with  acid  ;  turns  blue  on 
contact  with  alkaline  solutions. 

Lit''ter  {Jectica,  a  couch).  An  extemporized 
stretcher  or  couch  with  liandles  for  carrj'ing 
sick  or  wounded. 

Live^do  {liveo,  to  grow  black).  Same  as 
livor. 

Liv^er.  The  largest  glandular  organ  of 
the  body,  situate  on  the  right  side  of  the 
abdominal  cavity  just  below  the  diaphragm ; 
its  principal  function  is  the  secretion  of  l>ile ; 
it  also  affects  the  constituents  of  the  blood 
in  its  passage  through  the  gland.  It  has 
five  divisions,  the  right  lobe,  left  lobe,  lobus 
Spigelii,  lobus  quadratus,  and  lobus  cau- 
datus.  The  last  two  are  considered  pro- 
longations of  the  lobus  Spigelii. 

Liv^id  {Jiveo).  Discolored  from  the  effects 
of  congestion  or  contusion. 

Li''vor  {lived).  Lividness.  The  discolor- 
ation consequent  upon  severe  contusion  and 
congestion  of  the  part. 

Lix  (Lat.).  Wood-ashes  or  the  lye  there- 
from. 

Lixivia''tion  (Jixiviuni).  The  process  of 
leaching  ashes.  Also,  the  process  of  dis- 
solving any  alkaline  salt  from  the  insoluble 
impurities  with  which  it  is  mixed. 

Lixiv^ium  [lixiviiini).  The  filtrate  ob- 
tained by  leaching  ashes ;  practically  a  solu- 
tion of  an  impure  potassium  hydrate. 

Loath^ing.  Intense  disgust,  that  may 
excite  nausea. 

Lc'bar  (Johns,  a  lobe).  Pertaining  to  a 
lobe. 

Lo'bate  [lohus).     Having  lobes. 

Lobe  (Ao/^or).  A  name  used  to  designate 
the  parts  or  divisions  into  which  an  organ 
may  be  separated  by  fissures  and  constric- 
tions, as  the  lobes  of  the  brain,  liver,  ear, 
etc.  Lobes  of  Brain,  each  half  of  the 
outer  cerebral  surface  is  divided  by  fissures 
into  five  lobes,  the  frontal,  parietal,  occi- 


pital, temporo-sphenoidal  and  central,  or 
Island  of  Reil.  Lobes  of  Liver.  See 
Liver.  Optic  Lobes.  The  quadrigemina 
tubercula. 

Lobe^lia.  Indian  Tobacco.  The  leaves 
and  tops  of  L.  ifijlata.  Contains  a  liquid 
alkaloid,  lobe/in,  the  active  principle.  An 
expectorant,  antispasmodic  and  emetic. 
In  larger  doses  a  motor-depressant  and 
narcotic.  Valual)le  in  asthma  and  dry 
cough.  The  main  ingiedient  of  empiric 
consumption  cures.  An  excellent  enema 
in  strangulated  hernia.  L.,  Acetum,  i6 
per  cent,  of  the  drug.  Dose  n\^v-5J.  L., 
Fid.  Ext.  Dose  n\j-x.  L.,  Infus.,  unof., 
3J  to  Oj.  Dose  3J-^j.  L.,  Tinct.,  20 
per  cent,  of  the  drug.  Dose  ITLv-xxx. 
Lobelin,  the  impure  resinoid.  Dose 
gr.  ss-j. 

Lo^belin.     See  Lobelia. 

Lob^ular  i^lobii/its').  Like  a  lobule.  Per- 
taining to  any  lobule. 

Lob^ulus  (dim.  oi  lobus).  A  small  lobe  or 
division  of  an  organ.  L.  Caudatus,  the 
tailed  lobe  or  elevation  of  the  liver  that 
separates  the  right  extremity  of  the  trans- 
verse fissure  from  that  of  the  vena  cava. 
L.  Centralis.  The  Superior  Vermiform 
Process.  L.  Paracentralis,  that  part 
of  the  motor  cortical  zone  of  Charcot  on 
the  inner  surface  of  the  cerebral  hemi- 
spheres. L.  Quadratus,  the  square  lobe 
under  the  right  lobe  of  the  liver.  L. 
Spigelii,  the  lobule  projecting  from  the 
back  part  of  the  under  surface  of  the 
liver. 

Lo^bus  [lobus,  a  lobe).  A  lobe.  Any 
well-defined,  rounded  part  of  an  organ. 
L.  Caudatus.  See  Lobulus.  L.  Quad- 
ratus.    See  Lobulus. 

Localiza''tion  {locus,  a  place).  The  desig- 
nation of  the  seat  of  any  pain,  iiritation  or 
disease.  L.,  Cerebral,  the  designation 
of  the  place  of  a  localized  irritation  (neo- 
plasm, injury,  etc^  by  means  of  the  study 
of  the  symptoms  of  the  patient ;  often  of 
great  importance  in  trephining.  The  posi- 
tion of  the  motor  and  sensory  centers  of 
the  brain.     See  Center. 

Loch^ia  (/lojof,  confinement).  The  dis- 
charge from  the  genital  organs  during  two 
to  four  weeks  succeeding  labor.  L.  Alba, 
the  whitish  flow  that  takes  place  from 
about  the  seventh  day.  L.  Rubra,  the 
sanguineous  flow  of  the  first  few  days.  L. 
Serosa,  the  serous  discharge  taking  place 
about  the  fifth  day. 

Lochiome^tra  (/lo;j'£<a,  ^n}rpa,  uterus).  A 
collection  of  the  lochia  in  the  uterus. 


LocniorvRA 


245 


LOXIA 


Lochiop'yra  {?j^xeioc,  pertaining  to  child- 
bed, ~vp,  fire).  Pueqxral  fever.  Same 
as  I-(K:hop)Ta. 

Lochiorrha'gia  {?MX€ia,  pr/yii'fit,  to  Imrst 
fortli).     An  excessive  flow  of  the  kxrhia. 

Lochiorrhoe'a  [?.oxf(a,  /)f(j,  to  How).  Ab- 
normal flow  of  the  lochia. 

Lochios''chesis  (7.n\eia,  the  serous  dis- 
cliarije  after  childbirth,  (T,vfo,  to  retain). 
Retention  of  tlie  lochia. 

Lochometri'tis  (/'"jof,  a  wom.in  just  de- 
livered, vietritis,  inflammation  of  the 
woml)).  The  infl.imm.ition  of  tlie  womb 
Conse<iuent  \\\<ox\  pueqx^ral  fever. 

Lochoperitoni'tis  (^/'■op'f.  fi'ri/oiiitis). 
Infl.immation  of  the  peritoneum  accom- 
paiiyini;  or  following  childbirth. 

Lochop''yra  (/('.v%  ~vp,  fire),  Puaqjcral 
fever. 

Lochoty'phus  {7-oxn^,  ~i<ioq,  stujwr).  C"on- 
tagious  ]nuTi>eral  fever  of  a  tyi)hus  type. 

Locked-jaw.     See  I'risnius. 

Lock  Hospital.  An  English  hospital  for 
the  gratuitous  treatment  of  venereal  dis- 
eases. 

Locomo'tion.     Animal  Movement. 

Locomo'tor   Atax'y.     See    A/axj',   and 

Lo'co  Plant.  See  Astragalus  Afollisst/iius. 

Lc'cus.  An  indelinite  tcnn  in  anatomy, 
meaning  a  j)lacc  or  position,  as  L.  Cseru- 
leus,  a  bluish-tinted  eminence  on  the 
fasciculi  teretcs  of  the  fourth  ventricle  of 
the  brain.  L.  Niger,  a  dark  area  in  the 
center  of  the  section  of  the  crus  cerebri. 
L.  Perforatus,  the  anterior  and  jX)sterior 
jjerforated  S|>ots  at  the  base  of  the  brain 
thnnigh  which  many  vessels  pass. 

Loeb'isch's  Formula.  See  Chnstison' s 
J-oriiiuhi. 

LcemoFogy.     See  Loimology. 

Loewe's  Ring.  A  demonstration  of  the 
yellow-s[X)t  which  in  a  strong  light  appears 
surrounded  by  a  bright  area.  Clerk -Max- 
well's experiment  consists  in  looking 
through  a  solution  of  chrome  alum  wlun 
there  is  .seen  an  oval  purpli.sh  S]>ot  due  to 
the  j)igment  of  the  yellow  sjxit. 

Logoplc'gia  {/ojor,  word.ff).//)^,  a  stroke). 
An  aphasic  symjUom,  consisting  in  the 
im|)OS'.ii)iIity  of  utt(  ring  a  word  though  the 
mitiior)'  of  its  sound,  /•/<•.,  is  cli;ar. 

Logorrhoe'a  (/'//or,  /)f(j,  to  flow).  Ab- 
normal rapidity  of  sixicch  ;  a  symptom  of 
ccribral  irritation. 

Log'wood.     See  Hinnaloxylon. 

LoimoKogy  (?jititnr,  a  ]>lague,  hiytn;,  a 
Irialisc).  A  irealis<-  on  the  nature  of  con - 
tugious  epidemic  diiieascs. 


Loin:;.  The  lunibi,  or  lower  part  of  the 
back  in  the  region  of  the  hips. 

Longev'ity  Uonga,  long,  vidi,  life).  Ixing 
life. 

Longi-  {h'ngiis,  long).  A  Latin  prefix 
signifying  length  or  extent. 

Long'ing.  The  earnest  desire  for  any- 
thing ;  often  present  in  the  female  during 
pregnancy. 

Longis''simus  (super,  of  loii:;^us,  long). 
Longest.     L.  Dorsi.     See  Muscle. 

Long^itude  (lotigitudd).  Angular  dis- 
tance from  any  standard  meridian  perjien- 
dicular  to  the  jilane  of  the  axis. 

Longitu'dinal  {L'tigiliii/o).  In  anatomy, 
lengthwise,  or  in  a  direction  the  op])Osite  of 
transverse.  L.  Sinus,  the  triangular  sub- 
cranial canal  extending  from  the  crista  galli 
to  the  tentorium. 

Longsightedness.     See  Hyperopia. 

Lon'gus  [/cviffiis,  long).  Long.  L. 
Colli.     See  Aluscle. 

Loop  of  Henle.     See  Ttibitii  i'rini/iH. 

Lordo'ma  (^/npfinu,  to  bend  inward).  The 
anterior  or  forward  incun'ation  of  the 
spine. 

Lordo''sis  {lop6ou).  Anterior  cun'ature 
of  the  s])ine. 

Lore'ta's  Opera'tion.  The  forcible 
dilatation  of  the  pylorus  for  the  relief  of 
stricture,  by  la|jarogaslrotomy. 

Lostor'fer's  Corp'uscles.  The  gianular 
masses  alleged  by  Lostorfer  to  have  been 
found  in  the  blood  of  syphilitic  patients. 

Lo''tion  (lo/io,  a  wash).  Any  medicinal 
solution  for  external  use.  L.,  Black.  .See 
Ilydrar^yritiii.  L.,  Goulard's.  Li(iuor 
I'lumbi  Subacetatis.  See  riumhtim.  L., 
Red,  zinci  sulph.  gr.  x,  spt.  rosmarin., 
tinct.  lavcnd.  comp.  aa  .^jss,  aq.  3  x.  llse 
locally.     L.  for  Mouth,  acid  pyrolig.  tjj, 


afjua; 


Use  exttrnally.     ( )r,  tinct. 


myrrh.  ,^ss,  jxatass.  chlor.  ,^iij,  aqux' 
5  iv.  L.,  Cold  Evaporating,  plunibi 
.icet.  _^j,  pulv.  oi)ii  _;^j,  a(|u;e  Oj.  ( )r, 
Ii(|.  plumbi  subacctat.  _^iv,  tinct.  opii,  3  ij, 
.a'|u:v  C)j.     For  external  use. 

Louse.     See  J'eifiett/iis. 

Lov'age.  The  root  of  I.ignsticum  leris- 
tiiuiii  and  /.n'istiiiint  offieiititle.  Stinui- 
lant,  aromatic,  carminative  and  emm<-na- 
gogue.      Dose  of  lid.  ext.  _^j-ij.     I'nof. 

Lower,  Tubercle  of.     See  Tubercle. 

Lowe's  Ring.     See  Loire's  A'if/g- 

Loxar^thron  (/'"for,  .slanting,  niiOpox',  a 
joint).  Any  obli(|ue  or  abnormal  jjifcc- 
tion  of  a  joint,  not  caused  by  spasm  or  luxa- 
tion. 

Lox^ia.     See  I'orticoUis. 


LOXOTOMY 


246 


LYCOPODIUM 


Loxot''omy  (?.ofof,  teuvu,  to  cut).  That 
form  of  amputation  commonly  known  as 
the  oblique  section. 

Loz''enge.  A  medicated  tablet  with  sugar 
as  a  basis.     See  Trochiscus. 

Lubric^ity  {li/b?-ico,  to  make  slippery).  A 
synonym  of  lasciviousness. 

Lu^cid  {lucidus,  clear).  Clear,  shining, 
unobscured.  L.  Interval,  the  transitory 
return  of  normal  mental  action  and  sanity 
in  ceitain  forms  and  cases  of  insanity. 

Lu^es  (Awu,  to  loose).  Formerly  a  pesti- 
lential disease ;  at  present  used  as  an 
euphemism  for  syphilis. 

Lu''gors  Solution.     See  Iodine. 

Lumba''go  [lu/nbus,  the  loin).  Pain  in  the 
structures  about  the  loins,  whether  neural- 
gic, rheumatic,  etc. 

Lum''bar  {^/mnlms,  the  loin).  Pertaining 
to  the  loins,  especially  the  region  about  the 
loins.  L.  Abscess,  an  abscess  in  the 
lumbar  region.  L.  Region.  See  Abdo- 
men. 

Lum^bi  (pi.  of  Lunihus).     The  loins. 

Lum'bricoid  [liimbricus,  slippery,  zi6oq, 
likeness).  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling  a 
lumbricus. 

Lum^'bricus  (Lat.).  A  name  given  to  a 
genus  of  worms,  including  the  common 
earth  wonn,  and  certain  intestinal  worms. 

Lu^'men  {lumen,  ligbt).  A  term  applied 
to  the  cavity  of  a  vessel  when  examined 
in  transverse  section. 

Lu'nacy  [luna,  the  moon).  A  popular 
name  for  insanity,  so  called  from  the  tra- 
ditional belief  that  it  was  influenced  by  the 
moon. 

Lu''nar  (Jumi).  Pertaining  to  the  moon. 
L.  Caustic.     See  Argentu/ii. 

Lu''natic  [Juna).  Affected  with  lunacy  or 
insanity. 

Lunette''  (Fr.).  A  spectacle  lens.  Also, 
a  general  term  including  telescopes,  marine 
glasses,  spectacles,  and  all  similar  devices 
to  aid  vision. 

Lungs.  The  organs  of  respiration,  in 
which  the  impure  venous  blood  is  oxidized 
by  the  air  drawn  through  the  trachea,  bron- 
chi, and  air  vesicles.  Consist  of  right  and 
left  lungs,  the  latter  being  divided  into  two, 
the  former  into  three  lobes. 

Lung^wort.  The  leaves  of  Pitlmonaria 
officinalis.  Demulcent  and  mucilaginous. 
A  favorite  medicine  in  lung  complaints. 
Dose  of  fld.  ext.  ,^ss-j.     Unof. 

Lu^nula  of  Nails.  The  white  convex  or 
semilunar  area  of  the  nails  near  their  root. 

Lup'ia  (Aw7rf:w,  to  molest).  A  name  given 
to  several  kinds  of  malignant  tumor,  phage- 


denic ulcer,  and  fungoid  growth.  ■  See  also 
jMolluscum. 

Lu'piform.     Same  as  lupoid. 

Lu'poid.    Having  the  nature  of  lupus. 

Lu^pulin.     See  Hnmulus. 

Lu''pulus.     See  Hunmlus. 

Lu^pus.  A  descriptive  term  applied  to  a 
number  of  skin  diseases.  L.  Erythema- 
tosus, Seborrhcea  Congestiva,  Lupus 
Superficialis,  Lupus  Sebaceus.  A  cellular 
infiltration  of  neoplastic  matter,  resembling 
inflammation  in  its  clinical  behavior.  First 
appears  in  the  form  of  grouped  red  spots, 
that  ultimately  coalesce  into  slightly 
raised  patches.  Most  frequent  on  the  face. 
Unlike  L.  Vulgaris,  does  not  end  in  ulcera- 
tion. Initial  lesions  are  always  eiythema- 
tous.  L.  Exedens.  See  L.  Vulgaris. 
L.  Vulgaris,  Lupus  Exedens,  Herpes 
Esthiomenos ;  a  form  of  disease  thought  to 
be  of  tubercular  origin,  marked  by  a  cellu- 
lar infiltration  of  neoplastic  matter,  pro- 
ducing brown-tinted  tubercles  or  patches, 
that  either  ulcerate  or  atrophy,  leaving  a 
scar.  On  the  face,  it  frequently  extends 
into  and  involves  cartilage  and  mucous 
tissue.  Since  the  discovery  of  tubercle 
bacilli  in  the  lesions  many  pathologists 
consider  it  a  tuberculosis  of  the  skin. 
Common  in  Europe,  but  of  rare  occurrence 
in  America. 

Lusch^ka's  Gland.  The  coccygeal  gland. 
A  small  conglobate  body  lying  near  the  tip 
of  the  coccyx  just  above  the  coccygeal 
attachment  of  the  sphincter  ani.  Function 
not  known. 

Lu^'sus  Natu''rae  (ludo,  to  play,  nattira, 
nature).  A  freak  of  nature.  Any  abnor- 
mal departure  from  that  which  is  natural. 

Lu^tein  {gluteus,  yellow).  A  yellow-colored 
principle  occurring  in  the  corpora  lutea  and 
in  clotted  blood. 

Luxa^tion.     See  Dislocation. 

Lux^us  Consump^'tion.  The  supposed 
direct  combustion  or  oxidation  of  the  super- 
fluous food-stuffs  absorbed  into  the  blood. 

Lycan''thropy  (Tivkoq,  a  wolf,  nrdpurro^j  a 
man).  A  form  of  mania  in  which  the  person 
imagines  himself  a  wild  beast. 

Lycoper^don  Gigante^um.  Puff"  Ball. 
The  hypha  of  a  fungus  common  to  timber- 
covered  regions,  the  spore  receptacle  of 
which  attains  to  a  size  of  I  j^-2  J^  inches  in 
diameter.  The  dust,  consisting  mainly  of 
spores,  is  sometimes  used  as  a  haemostatic. 

Ly^copin.     See  Bugle^veed. 

Lycopo'dium.  The  spores  of  Z.  claTuitum, 
common  club  moss.  Used  mainly  in  phar- 
macy to  facilitate  the  rolling  of  pills  and 


LVE 


217 


LYTTA  VESICATORIA 


to  preTent  their  adhesion.  Employed  in 
mucous  inflammations  by  homueopaihic 
practitioners. 

Lye  (Sax.  /<j.r,  to  leach).  Formerly  the 
solution  of  alkaline  hydraics  obtained  by 
leacliinj;  ashes.     Any  alkaline  solution. 

Lying-in.     See  Pueifital  State. 

Lymph  (/rw///<7,  water).  The  fluid  in  the 
lymphatic  vessels,  the  product  of  the  filtra- 
tion of  the  liquid  jxirtion  of  the  blood 
through  the  walls  of  the  capillaries.  Ap- 
plied, also,  to  certain  products  of  lymph- 
exudation  in  wounds,  etc.  L.,  Aplastic, 
a  lymph  product  of  inflammation  that  will 
not  form  emiirjonic  tissue.  Called,  also. 
Corpuscular  or  Croupous  L.  L.,  Fibrin- 
ous, same  a>  L.,  Plastic.  L.  Follicles, 
or  Glands.  Branched  lacunar  labyrinth- 
ine sjwces  comix>sed  of  adenoid  tissue  in- 
tercalated in  the  course  of  the  lymphatic 
vessels.  They  are  not  true  glanils.  L. 
Hearts,  exist  in  certain  cold-blooded  ani- 
mals, the  frog,  «•.  J,'. ,  having  two  axillary 
and  two  sacral  hearts  for  pumping  the 
lymph.  L.,  Inflammatory,  that  thrown 
out  as  a  product  <_if  intlannnation  in  wounds, 
etc.  L.,  Koch's.  The  more  common 
term  for  the  t1ui<l  called  by  Koch,  i'arat- 
oloid,  the  com]X)sition  of  which  has  not 
yet  been  divulged,  recommended  by  Koch 
for  h\-podermatic  injection  in  cases  of  tu- 
l)ercular  disease.  L.,  Plastic,  fibrinous 
lym[)h.  that  forming  embryonic  tissue. 

Lympha'den  [lytnplta,  mb/v,  a  gland).  A 
general  name  for  a  lymphatic  gland. 

Lymphadeni'tis  ( lympha,  adi/v,  iTi^).  In- 
llaminalicju  of  a  lymphatic  gland. 

Lymphadeno'ma.  lloflgkin's  Disease. 
Malignant  lym|)hoina  or  hy|xrrtrophic  dis- 
ease of  the  lymjihatic  glands  of  the  body, 
with  anx-mia,  emaciation,  ^/i-.  L.,  Leu- 
kaemic,  when  a.ssf)cialed  with  leucocytlue- 
mia  and  enlarg<ment  of  the  s|)lecn. 

Lymphangeiec'tasis  {/rmp/ia,  ay/miv, 
iKTitrjir^,  widening).  Abnormal  dilatation 
of  the  lymphatic  vessels. 

Lymphangeiog''raphy  (lympha,  ay,ni>\\ 
-jixii.x.i,  to  write).  A  description  of  the 
lyin|.liaiiLs. 

Lymphangeiol'ogy  {lympha,  a}-) nor,  '/d- 
yof,  a  treatise).  A  treatise  on  tiie  lym- 
phatics. 


Lymphangei'oma  {lymp/ia,a-)-)eiov).  A 
dilated  or  varicose  condition  or  tumor  of 
the  lymphatic  vessels.  L.  Tuberosum 
Multiplex,  the  rare  condition  of  new 
growth  of  lymphatic  vessels  in  the  skin. 
Consideretl  by  \'an  ILirlingen  as  a  form 
of  fibroma  inolluscum. 

Lymphangio-myo''ma.     See  Myoma. 

Lymphangi'tis.  Inllammalion  of  lym- 
phatic vessels. 

Lymphat'ics  {lympha^.  The  capillaiy 
tubes  extending  to  nearly  every  part  of  llie 
body,  from  which  they  take  up  the  lymph, 
forming  the  principal  part  of  the  absorbent 
.sy>tem. 

Lymphenteri''tis  [lympha,  evrepov,  the 
bowels,  irir,  inflammation).  Inflammation 
of  the  bowels  with  serous  infiltration. 

Lymphoder'ma  Pernicio''sa.  A  name 
used  l)y  \'aii  Harlingen  to  designate  a  cer- 
tain form  of  J/ycos/s. 

Lymph'oid  (lympha.  en^nc,  form).  Having 
the  a|)pearance  or  character  of  l}inph. 

Lympho^ma  (lympha).  A  lymph  tumor. 
Also,  lymphadenoma.  The  term  includes 
formations  not  strictly  tumors  but  hyper- 
plasias of  the  tissues  proper  to  lymphatic 
glands. 

Lymphorrha''gia.  Effusion  or  flow  of 
lymph  from  a  ruptured  lymphatic  vessel. 

Lyon's  Appara'tus.     See  C'rca. 

Lypema'nia  ('/vt?/,  sadness,  mania).  A 
form  of  dementia  accompanied  by  severe 
mental  depression  and  refusal  to  take 
food. 

Lypothy'mia  (?vt;/,  dv/io^,  the  mind). 
Severe  mental  prostration  from  grief  Not 
to  be  confounded  with  LeiiKithymia. 

Ly'ra  of  For'nix.  Certain  longitudinal, 
transverse,  and  obli(|ue  lines  on  the  uiuler 
surface  of  the  fornix,  the  arrangement  of 
which  bear  a  faiKiful  resemblance  to  a 
harji. 

Ly'sis  (/I'fJ,  to  loose).  A  tcnn  somewhat 
loosely  used,  but  now  applied  to  the  de- 
cline of  a  disease,  especially  a  fever. 

Lys'sa  (/vnnn,  madness).  A  synonym  of 
I  iydropliubia  or  Rabies. 

Lys'sin.  The  sijecific  virus  or  gei-m  of 
hydrophobia. 

Lyssopho''bia.     See  Pscuilohyilrophobia. 

Lytta  Vesicato'ria.     See  Caiitharis. 


M 


248 


MAGISTRAL 


M 


M .  The  abbreviation  of  Myopia,  of  Minim , 
and  of  Misce,  mix. 

Ma.     An  abbreviation  of  MilUampb-e. 

Mac.  An  abbreviation  of  Macera,  macer- 
ate. 

II.     An  abbreviation  of  Micro-millimeter. 

Macdow^el's  Frsenum.  The  accessory 
fibers  strengthening  anteriorly  the  inter- 
muscular septum  of  the  deep  fascia  of  the 
arm  attached  to  the  great  pectoral  tendon. 

Mace.     See  Myristica. 

Macera''tion  i^macero,  to  make  soft).  Ex- 
traction of  the  medicinal  qualities  of  a 
substance  by  steeping  or  infusing.  Applied, 
also,  to  a  softening  and  non-putrefactive 
decomposition  of  the  dead  foetus  long  car- 
ried in  the  uterus. 

Ma^cies  fumades,  a  wasting).  Atrophy, 
leanness,  wasting. 

Mac^ro-  {fxaKfjog,  long,  great).  A  Greek 
prefix  signifying  great,  long,  or  extensive. 

Macrobi'osis  [/laKpoc,  (iioQ,  life).  A  con- 
dition characterized  by  long  life. 

Macrobiot^ics  [fjuKpog,  fJtog).  A  name 
given  to  a  proposed  system  of  living,  con- 
ducive to  length  of  life. 

Macrocepha^lia  [ficiKpog,  Kccpah/,  the 
head).  Excessive  development  of  the 
head  in  size.  A  systematic  deviation  in  a 
genus  or  a  species  distinguished  by  abnor- 
mally large  heads. 

Macroceph''alous  [fiaKpog,  ke^cXj;). 
Characterized  by  an  abnormally  large 
head. 

Macrochei^'lia  (juaKpoc,  ;\;£tAof,  a  lip). 
Excessive  size  or  development  of  the  lips ; 
a  characteristic  of  certain  negro  and  ne- 
groid tribes. 

Mac'rocosm  (/naKpog,  Kocfiog,  world).  The 
world  or  cosmos  in  contradistinction  to 
man,  the  microcosm,  or  little  universe. 

Mac'rocytes  {fj.aKpog,  icvrog,  cell).  Giant 
blood-corpuscles,  found  in  the  blood  in 
pernicious  ana:mia,  leukaemia,  ete. 

Mac'rodont  [/laKpog,  oSnvg,  tooth). 
Large-toothed.  Used  of  the  comparative 
size  of  the  teeth  of  different  races.  When 
the  dental  length  multiplied  by  loo  divided 
by  the  basinasal  length  exceeds  44,  the 
skull  is  considered  macrodont,  if  under 
42  a  microdont,  if  intermediate  a  meso- 
dont. 
Macrcglos^sia  [paKpog,  great,  yluaaa, 
tongue).  Hypertrophic  development  of 
the  tongue. 


Macrom'elus  [fiaKpog,  jueTiog,  an  organ  or 
member).  A  term  used  to  denote  the 
excessive  development  of  any  organ  or 
member. 

Macroph''agus  [fiaKpog,  (payEiv^  to  eat). 
See  Phagocyte.  _ 

Macrops''ia.     See  Megalopsia. 

Macrosce'lia  [fmnpog,  crueXog,  a  leg).  One 
marked  by  excessive  development  of  the 
legs. 

Macroscop''ic  [paKpog,  ghotveu,  to  see).  A 
term  applied  to  anything  large  enough  to 
be  seen  by  the  naked  eye  in  distinction  from 
microscopic  bodies. 

Macro^sis  [puKpog).  A  term  denoting  a 
state  of  increase  in  volume. 

Macroso^matous  (/uaKpng,  cufia,  a  body). 
Having  a  large  body.  Also,  applied  to  a 
foetal  monstrosity  characterized  by  an  ab- 
nonnally  large  body. 

Macrosto^ma  (//a/cpof,  aro/ia,  mouth). 
Congenital  fissiu^e  of  the  angle  of  the 
mouth,  producing  a  large  opening. 

Mac'rotin.  A  resin  extracted  from  cimi- 
cifuga  by  alcohol,  and  precipitated  by  water. 
See  Cimicifuga. 

Mac^ula  (Lat.).  A  spot  or  small  patch. 
M.  Acusticse,  the  terminations  of  the 
auditory  nerve  in  the  saccule  and  utricle. 
M.  Cribrosa,  a  name  given  to  the  perfora- 
tions of  the  fovea  hemispherica  for  the 
passage  of  the  filaments  of  the  auditoiy 
nerve.  M.  Germinal,  the  small  spot 
constituting  the  germinal  vesicle  or  nucleus 
of  the  ovum.  M.  Lutea,  the  yellow 
spot  of  the  retina  called,  sometimes,  the 
spot  of  Soemmering,  but  usually  called 
simply  the  macula.  The  depression  in  its 
centre  is  called  the  fovea  centralis.  It  is 
the  point  of  clearest  vision  and  is  pierced 
by  the  visual  axis. 

Mac'ulate  {macula,  a  blemish  or  spot). 
Spotted. 

Mad.  A  popular  term  applied  to  an  animal 
affected  with  hydrophobia.  I'opularly 
used  as  a  synonym  of  insane.  M.  house, 
formerly  an  insane  asylum. 

Madaro'sis  [f/n^apog,  bald).  Loss  of  the 
eyelashes  or  hairs  of  the  eyebrows. 

Mad^ness.     See  Insanity  and  Mania. 

Madu''ra  Foot.     See  Fungus  Foot. 

Magen^die's  Solu^tion.     See  Morphine. 

Magen^ta.     See  Fuchsin. 

Mag'istral  [Afagister,  a  master).  A  term 
used  in  England  to  denote  those  medicine." 


MAGMA 


249 


MALE 


that  are  prepared  on  prescription,  in  ilis- 
linction  to  those  prepared  or  sold  without 
the  physician's  order. 

Mag'ma  (ua;  ua,  dregs).  Sediment,  dregs ; 
;iny  pulpy  ma.ss. 

Magne'sium  (Mg  =  24.3;  quantivalence 
II ).  One  of  the  alkaline  metals  represented 
in  medicine  by  several  mineral  and  organic 
salts.  The  sulphate  occurs  in  sea-water 
and  many  rocks  and  soils.  Its  physiologi- 
cal ert'ccts  are  antacid  and  laxative.  Valu- 
able in  acidity  of  stomach,  colic,  sick  head- 
ache, c/<-.  M.  Carbonas.  Dose  gr.  x-':^]. 
M.  Citras  Granulatvis,  "  granulated 
citrate  of  magnesia,"  combined  with  citric 
acid,  sugar,  scKlium  bicarbonate,  alcohol, 
and  water.  Dosc^ij-^j.  M.  Citratis, 
Liq.,  contains  M.  carbonate  gr.  200,  citric 
acid  gr.  400,  syr.  citric  acid  gr.  1 200,  potas- 
sium bicarlxinate  gr.  30,  water  <].  s.  ad. 
^xij.  Dose  .^iv-vj.  M.  Oxid.,  Mag- 
nesia, the  oxide  of  the  metal,  a  constituent 
of  several  laxative  mixtures.  Dose  gr. 
x-^j.  M.  Ponderosa,  hea\'y  or  calcined 
magnesia.  Dose  gr.  x-^j.  M.  Sul- 
phas, "  epsom  .salt,"  "salts,"  much  used 
as  a  ]vipular  purgative.  Dose  .^j-.^j. 
M.  Sulphis.  Dose  gr.  x-xxx.  M.  Tro- 
chisci,  each  contains  magnesia  gr.  iij, 
nutmeg,  gr.  ^^,  sugar,  tragacanth,  water, 

Mag'net  (from  Mdf^nesia,  a  district  in  Asia 
Minor,  where  lodestone  was  fust  found). 
Lodestone,  a  magnetic  oxide  of  iron.  Also, 
a  piece  of  .steel  that  holds  its  property  of 
magnetism  permanently.  M.,  Electro, 
a  piece  of  soft  iron  temiwrarily  magnetized 
by  induction  or  by  insertion  into  a  helix. 

Mag'netism.  That  projierty  of  attraction 
and  rc|)ulsion  of  masses  of  like  elements 
manifested  es|)ecially  by  iron  and  c.'rtain 
of  its  ores;  and  also,  l)y  nickel,  cobalt, 
and  other  elements  in  a  less  degree.  M., 
Animal,  an  empiric  term  for  hypnotism. 
Sci-  S  iitnavihulisni  and  //\'f>n''fism. 

Magneto-induc'tion.  The  production  of 
an  induc(?d  current  by  the  insertion  of  a 
magnit  within  a  coil  of  wire. 

Magnetom'eter  {imii^ne/,  /uTpnv,  a  meas- 
ure). A  .series  of  magnets  sns|KMuled  .so 
as  to  record  graphically  variations  in  di- 
riTtif)ti  anil  intensity  of  magnetic  force. 

Magnct-opera'tion.  The  ()|)erati()n  of 
removing  foreign  l)0<lies  of  steel  from  the 
cy  by  the  aiil  of  a  niiignet. 

Magno'lia.  The  liark  of  Af.  f^lauca,  the 
common  swamp  sassafras,  and  several  other 
s|Mci(s  of  the  same  ordrr.  An  arom.Uic, 
bitter   tonii-,  iM(i>ular  as  a  remedy  in  rheu- 


matism and  malarial  fevers.     Dose  5  ss-j. 
Unof. 

Maid'enhead.  Popular  expression  for 
maidenhootl.     Virginity. 

Maieut^ics  [/^laitvrr/g,  an  obstetrician). 
Midwifer)-,  obstetrics. 

Maim.     Same  as  Mayhem. 

Main-en-Griffe.     See  Claw-haud. 

Maize.     Indian  com.     See  Zca  Mays. 

Make.  "The  make,"  a  coUoiiuialism  for 
designating  the  making  C)f  the  electric  cur- 
rent by  applying  the  electrode  to  the  con- 
ducting surfaces  of  tlie  Ixnly.  Intemii>tion 
of  the  current  is  called  The  Break. 

Makrocythae''mia  (//(//./wf,  long,  great, 
KVTor,  cell,  aiiui,  blood).  A  condition  in 
which  the  size  of  the  red-bkx)d  coi^puscles 
is  increased,  owing  to  malaria,  anamia, 
lead-poi.soning,  etc. 

Makrops''ia.     See  Megalopsia. 

Mai.     Sec  Epih-psy. 

Ma'la.  (Lat.)  The  cheek  bone  or  prom- 
inence of  the  cheek. 

Mala'cia  (//rtAoKOf,  a  softening).  Any 
morbid  softening  of  tissue.  Also,  a  de- 
]iraved  appetite. 

Malaco'ma  {iin?nKng).  The  softening  of 
any  organ  or  part  of  the  body.  Also,  a 
synonym  of  mollusctim  sebaceum. 

Malaco'sis  (^/a7MKog).  The  condition 
distinguished  by  the  abnormal  softening  of 
the  tissues  of  any  part  of  the  body.  Also, 
the  progress  of  malacoma. 

Malacos''teon.     See  Osteomalacia. 

Malacot'omy  {//n?.aKog,  tf/ivu,  to  cut). 
Incision  of  the  abdomen.     Laparotomy. 

Mal'ady.     .\ny  illness  or  disease. 

Malag'ma.     See  Poultice. 

Malaise  (Fr.  vialaise).  A  general  feeling 
of  illness  accompanied  by  restlessness  and 
discomfort. 

Ma'lar(wi////w,  apple).  Pertaining  to  the 
clieikorup|K'r  maxillary  bone.  M.  Bones, 
(he  two  cheek  l)ones. 

Mala'ria  (It.  tnala  aria,\yAi\  air).  A  term 
now  ai^jjlied  to  the  germs  of  noxious 
microscopic  organisms,  |)ossibly  a  sjiecies 
of  bacillus,  which  cause,  or  are  connected 
with,  the  various  forms  of  fever  occurring 
mainly  in  wet  and  marshy  regions.  M. 
Cachexia,  the  depraved  and  morbid  con- 
dition of  liie  system  due  to  ex|>osuri'  to 
marsh  miasma  or  malaria.  M.,  Bacillus 
of.      .Sec  /iiiii//iix  I'f  A/a/iiria. 

Malassimila'tion  (ma/i/s,  bad).  Im])er- 
fcct  digestion  and  a.ssimila(ii>n  of  fixnl. 

Mai  dc  Mer.     (I'r.)     .Seasickness. 

Male.  Tiie  masculine  .sex,  or  what  |vr- 
lains  to  the  same.      In  l>otany,  applieil  lo 


MALFORMATION 


250 


MAMMIFEROUS 


flowers  witli  stamens,  but  without  ovaries. 
M.  Fern,  the  Aspiditan  felix  mas.  M. 
Organ,  the  Penis.  M.  Uterus.  See 
Reproductive  Organs. 

Malforma^tion.  Congenital  or  other  ab- 
normality of  shape  or  structure. 

Malgaigne's  Hooks.  An  instrument  for 
holding  the  parts  of  a  fractured  patella  in 
apposition  while  healing. 

MaFic  (malum,  an  apple).  Pertaining  to 
malic  acid,  an  acid  derived  from  the  juice 
of  apples. 

Malice  Prepense''  (Fr.  malice,  evil,  p7-e- 
penser,  to  premeditate).  In  law,  a  pre- 
meditated determination  to  commit  a 
crime. 

Malig^nant  [mahis,  evil).  Used  of  dis- 
eases that  increase  with  rapidity  or  that 
proceed  to  a  fatal  end.  M.  Papillary 
Dermatitis,  or  Paget's  Disease  of  the 
Nipple.  See  Dermatitis  and  Carcinoma. 
M.  Pustule.     See  Pnstnla  Maligna. 

Malin^gerer  (Fr.  malinger^.  A  term  ap- 
plied to  one  who  feigns  illness,  or  defect. 

MaFleable  (;;/rt//:7«,  a  hammer).  Capable 
of  being  beaten  or  rolled  into  thin  sheets ; 
applied  especially  to  metals. 

Mallea^tion  *yinal!eiis).  A  spasmodic  ac- 
tion of  the  hands,  consisting  in  continuously 
striking  any  near  object.  It  is  a  symptom 
of  chorea. 

Malle^olus  (Lat.  dim.  of  malleus^.  A 
part  of  a  process  or  bone  having  a  hammer- 
head shape.  M.,  External,  a  name  by 
which  the  lower  extremity  of  the  fibula  is 
.sometimes  known.  M.,  Internal,  the 
pyramidal  process  of  the  internal  surface 
of  the  lower  extremity  of  the  tibia. 

MaFleus  [ma/lens).  A  bone  or  ossicle  of 
the  internal  ear  having  the  shape  of  a 
hammer.  It  is  articulated  with  the  incus, 
and  the  tensor  tympani  muscle  arises  from  it. 

Malpigh'ian  Bodies.  The  small,  rounded 
masses  occun-ing  in  the  cortical  substance 
of  the  kidney,  composed  of  a  collection 
of  tubular  vessels  enclosed  in  a  capsule, 
called  the  AI.  Capsule.  The  convoluted 
tube  is  known  as  the  M.  Tuft.  M.  Cor- 
puscles, a  name  given  to  certain  whitish, 
minute  granules  in  the  red  substance  of  the 
spleen. 

Malposi''tion  [mains).  The  improper  or 
abnormal  position  of  any  part  or  organ. 

Malprac^tice  (malm).  A  term  applied 
to  that  treatment  of  a  disease  which  is 
contrary  to  that  taught  by  experience;  as 
the  improper  setting  of  a  fracture  or  reduc- 
tion of  a  dislocation.  Also,  the  unlawful 
production  of  an  abortion. 


Malpresenta''tion  [malzts,  presens,  a  com- 
ing). A  position  of  the  child  at  birth  in 
such  form  that  its  delivery  is  difficult  or 
impossible. 

Malt.  The  seed  of  common  barley,  Hor- 
deum  distichum,  genninated  until  the 
maximum  amount  of  diastase,  the  ferment 
that  converts  starch  into  grape  sugar,  is 
developed.  Nutritive,  and  valuable,  also, 
for  the  diastase,  which  aids  in  the  diges- 
tion of  farinaceous  foods.  Employed  in 
wasting  diseases,  preferably  mixed  with 
milk.  Alellin^s  Infant  Food,  Horlick's 
Food,  popular  preparations,  consist  mainly 
of  granulated  extract  of  malt.  Hoff's  Malt 
Extract  contains  a  small  percentage  of 
alcohol.  M.,  Ext.,  the  soluble  principles 
of  malt,  mainly  diastase  and  glucose.    Dose 

Malthu''sianism  [Maltlins,  an  English 
Economist).  The  doctrine  that  the  in- 
crease of  population  is  proportionately 
greater  than  the  increase  of  subsistence. 

Malf'ine.  A  name  given  to  various  pro- 
prietary preparations  of  malted  wheat,  or 
barley,  useful  to  invalids  for  food. 

Malt  Liquors.  Fermented  and  clarified 
solutions  of  malt  that  have  been  subjected 
to  vinous  fermentation,  hops  being  added 
to  prevent  acetous  fermentation  subse- 
quently. Beer  is  made  by  a  comparatively 
slow  fermentation,  and  coniains  about  2.5 
per  cent,  of  alcohol.  Ale  and  Porter  are 
fermented  more  rapidly.  The  malt  used 
in  making  porter  is  browned,  giving  the 
liquor  a  darker  color.  Contain  about 
4.7  per  cent,  of  alcohol.  Malt  liquors 
contain  about  5  per  cent,  of  albuminous 
matter,  2  of  phosphates,  and  I  of  carbon 
dioxide. 

Malt^ose.  A  sugar  derived  by  the  action 
of  diastase  on  the  fecula  of  barley.  It  is 
considered  by  some  chemists  as  identical 
with  dextrine,  and  by  others  as  an  isomer 
of  dextrine. 

Mam'elon.     See  Nipple. 

Mam^'elouc.     See  Mulatto. 

Mam''ma  [itafi/m,  the  child's  word  for 
mother).  The  milk-secreting  gland  of  the 
mother.     The  breast. 

Mamma''lia  [mamma).  A  division  of  the 
class  of  vertebrates  including  all  animals 
that  suckle  their  young. 

Mam^mary  [mamtna).  Pertaining  to  the 
mamma'.     M.  Gland.     See  Gland. 

Mam^mate  [mamma).  Having  mammre 
or  breasts. 

MammiFerous  [ma?n>?ia,  fero,  to  bear). 
Having  mammae  or  milk-bearing  glands. 


MAMMILLA 


251 


MANUBRIUM 


Mammil'la  (dira.  of  w./ww./).     A  small 
l)ri.iiuincnce  or   papilla.      M.  of  Breast, 
the  nipple  or  teat.     M.  of  Kidney,  the 
conical-shaped  apex  of  the  kidney  at  the 
jx)int  where  the  urine  escapes. 
Mammilla'ria.     See  Tuber  Ciiierenm. 
Mammilla'tion  (dim.  of  intTmiiui).  A  term 
applied  to  certain  granulations,  especially 
oil  some  mucous  surfaces. 
Mammi''tis  [r/iawwa).     Inflammation  of 
the  lireasts. 
Mam'mose    [mam^fia).     Having  full    or 

abnormally  large  breasts. 
M  an .  The  only  genus  of  the  order  Biinana, 
class  Mammalia.  A  term  used  generally 
to  include  the  human  race.  M.,  Descent 
of,  the  theury  that  man  has  developed,  by 
successive  gradations,  from  lower  fonns 
of  animal  life. 

Man'aca.  The  root  of  Franciscea  iini- 
Jfora.  Known  in  Brazil  as  vegetable 
mercur)'.  Excites  the  lymphatic  system. 
In  high  repute  as  an  antisyphilitic.  In 
small  doses  a  resolvent.  In  larger  doses 
a  purgative.  Dose  of  the  fld.  ext.  Ti\_x. 
Unof. 
Mandib^ula,  or 

Mandib''ulum    {^inandere,    to   chew).     A 
name    sometimes    applied    to    the  inferior 
maxillary  lone. 
Mandrag'ora    {jiavfipa,   a  stable).      The 
mandrake.     See  Podophyllum.     Also,  the 
plant  Aliopa  mandragoi-a. 
Man'drake.     !-lee  Poilophyllum. 
Man'drin.    The  firm  stem  or  guide  (usually 
of  metal )  to  give  rigidity  to  a  flexible  cath- 
eter whilst  it  is  Ijeing  in.serted. 
Man'ganese,  or 

Manga'num  (Mn  ^--  54  ,  (|uantivalcnce  11, 
IV).  A  silver-white  metal  having  the  gene- 
ral proiK-rties  of  iron.  L'.sed  in  medicine 
and  pharmacy  in  the  form  of  oxides,  sul- 
phates, and  iodide.  In  small  doses,  a 
general  tonic ;  in  large  doses,  a  gastroin- 
testinal irritant.  M.  Oxid.,  Nig.,  "  black 
oxide  of  mangane.-ic,"  u^e<l  in  tlic  manu- 
facture of  chlorine  gas.  M.  Sulphas, 
emetic  and  cholagogue,  useful  in  jaundice 
and  catarrh  of  biliary  passages.  Dose  gr. 
ij  V.  Potassii  Permanganas,  an  excel- 
lent anti>eptic  and  gi  rniieide,  eflicienl  a.s  a 
Ifxral  wa.sh,  3j  to  <)j,  in  dipliilieria,  scar- 
latina, etc.,  in  cancer  and  foul  ulcers, 
tainted  bnalh,  and  the  fetid  otlor  from  the 
feet.  M.  lodidi,  Syr.,  iniof.,  c<intains  J5J 
of  the  salt  to  ear  li  _^  j  of  .^yni]).  I  )«)se 
n\,x-xxx.  M.  et  F"crri  lodidi,  Syr., 
unof.  Dose  n\^x-xxx.  M.  et  P'crri  Car 
bonas  Saccharatus.     i>ose  gr.  v-xx. 


Mange  (Fr.  mani^^,  eaten).  A  disease  of 
most  domestic  ijuadrupeds,  caused  by  a 
sj>ecies  of  acarus,  parasitic  upon  the  skin. 
Man'' go.  The  bark  of  Maitgifcra  iiulica. 
An  unofficial  remedy  having  reputed  pro- 
perties as  an  astringent  and  tonic  to  the 
mucous  memlirane.  Has  been  recom- 
mended in  catarrh  of  the  nasal  passages 
and  purulent  discharges  of  the  vagina. 
Also,  the  fruit  of  Ganinia-mans^pstana, 
the  mangosteen.  Has  astringent  properties 
similar  to  the  preceding.  Unof. 
Man'hood.  That  period  in  which  a  man 
possesses  all  his  physical  and  generative 
faculties  in  full. 

Ma'nia  [fiadofiai,  to  rage).  Delirium  or 
madness  not  accompanying  fever  or  acute 
disease.  M.  a  Potu.  See  Dtlirium.  M., 
Dancing,  an  epiilemic  of  choreic  or  con- 
vulsional  movements  especially  prevalent 
in  the  Middle  Ages.  M.,  Puerperal,  a 
form  of  mania  or  abnormal  mental  action 
sometimes  following  childbirth. 
Mani'acal  (wi/;//V7,  madness).    Having  the 

nature  of  madness  or  insanity. 
Man'icure  {^iiianus,  the  hand,  cura,  care). 
The  processes  employed  in  caring  for  and 
beautifying  the  hand.     Also,  one  who  pro- 
fessionally attends  to  the  care  of  the  hand 
and  nails.     Also,  a  chiropodist. 
Man'ikin.     A    model  of    plaster,  papier 
mac  hi,  etc.,  designed  to  show  the  anatomy 
or  functions  of  an  animal  or  organ,  espe- 
cially of  a  human  being. 
Manipula'tion    {manipulus,    a  handful). 
The    act    of  doing    with    the    hands ;    an 
operation   or    experiment    in   which    the 
hands    are    particularly    employed ;    dex- 
terity in  such  acts.     A  method  of  reducing 
hernia  and  treating  aneurism. 
Man'na.     The  exudation  of  the  flowering 
ash,    Fraxiniis    oritus,    and    other    trees. 
I'roix;rties   due   to   mannite   or   manna — 
sugar,  glucose,  and  a  resinous   principle. 
A  mild  laxative.      May  be  ailvantageously 
comliined  with  rhubarb  or  magnesia  citrate. 
Dose  3J-ij.     L'nof. 
Man''nikin.     See  Manikin. 
Man'nite.     Sec  Manna. 
Manom'eter  (/unnr,  rare,  /irrpnv,  a  meas. 
urc).     An  instrument,  in  principle  similar 
to  a  barometer,  by  which  the  tension  nf  a 
vajHir  is  measured.     It  consists  essentially 
of  a  V-tube  partly  filled  with  mercury. 
Manomet'ric  Flames.     See  A'lv;//;'. 
Manu'brium  ( 1,.  t>t,inn  habere^  to  hold  in 
ili(     lian<l).      A    haft    or   handle.      M.   of 
Malleus,  a  vertical  process  nl  Imhu-  tdirn 
ing  the  handle-shaped  atlacLnunt  of  the 


MANUSTUPRATION 


252 


MARSUPIAL 


Pertaining  to  or  affected 


malleus  of  the  ear.     M.  of  Sternum,  the 
upper  piece  of  the  breast-bone. 

Manustupra^tion.     See  Mastip-bation. 

Manzani^ta  (Sp.,  small  apple).  The  leaves 
ol  Arctostaphylos  glauca,  common  to  Cali- 
fornia. Astringent  and  tonic  with  refer- 
ence to  the  urinary  organs.  Resembles 
uva  ursi.  Dose  of  the  fld.  ext.  n]^xx-xxx. 
Unof. 

Maple  Sugar.     See  Saccharutn. 

Maquer's  Salt.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  a  compound  known  as  "  super-arseniate 
of  potassium." 

Maran''tic  [f/apaivo,  to  grow  lean).  Per- 
taining to  marasmus,  or  to  general  malnutri- 
tion and  prostration.  M.  Thrombosis, 
primary  thrombosis  of  the  cerebral  sinuses 
in  connection  with  general  malnutrition. 

Maraschi^no.  A  liquor  made  from 
morcUo  cherries. 

Marasmat^ic. 
with  marasmus. 

Maras^moid  (/tapaa/uog).  Resembling  or 
simulating  marasmus. 

Marasmop'yra  {/lapaa/uog,  ivvp,  fire). 
Hectic  fever. 

Maras^mus  {fiapaivu,  to  grow  lean).  A 
gradual  general  deterioration  of  the  mental 
and  physical  forces,  with  emaciation.  See 
Alaraulic. 

Mar^cor.     See  Marasmus. 

Mar^ea  (inare,  the  sea).  Mountain  sick- 
ness. A  malady  characterized  by  nausea 
and  violent  headache,  occasionally  over- 
coming persons  who  ascend  to  high  alti- 
tudes. 

Mar'garin.  An  artificial  sulistitute  for 
I  mtter. 

Mariotte's  Experiment.  A  device  for 
demonstrating  the  existence  of  the  blind 
.spot  of  the  eye,  consisting  in  placing  a 
spot  upon  a  paper  at  such  an  angle  with 
the  visual  axis  that  the  image  falls  upon 
the  papilla. 

Mariotte's  Law.  The  law  of  physics  that 
the  volume  of  a  gas  varies  inversely  as  the 
pressure  to  which  it  is  subjected. 

Mariotte's  Spot.  The  blind  spot,  or 
papilla. 

Mar^joram.     See  Origanum. 

Mar^malade,  or 

Mar^melade  (Port.  7iiarmello,  a  quince). 
A  conserve  prepared  from  the  cjuince, 
which  is  sliced  and  preserved  in  a  saturated 
syrup.  At  present  the  orange  is  mainly 
used  instead  of  the  quince. 

Mar^riageable.  Of  an  age  when  mar- 
riage may  be  legally  perfonned. 

Mar'' row.    A  substance  composed  of  water, 


fat  and  albuminous  matter,  existing  in  the 
cavities  of  many  of  the  long  bones.  M. 
Cells,  large  nucleated  cells  showing  amce- 
boid  movement  M.,  Spinal,  the  spinal 
cord. 

Marru^bium.  Ilorehound.  The  leaves 
and  tops  of  71/  vulgare.  Contains  a  bitter 
principle  and  a  volatile  oil.  In  small 
doses  a  mild  stomachic  tonic ;  in  larger 
doses  a  laxative.  Exerts  a  soothing  effect 
in  catarrh  of  the  nasal  passages,  and  is 
therefore  an  ingredient  in  various  cough 
niLxtures.     Dose  ,^ss-j.     Unof. 

Marsh.  A  swamp  or  bog.  M.  Fever. 
See  Malaria.  M.  Gas,  Methyl  Hydride, 
Fire-damp,  Methane;  a  hydrocarbon  hav- 
ing the  composition  CH^.  Occurs  in 
swamps  as  a  prodxict  of  the  decomposition 
of  vegetable  tissue.  Constitutes  a  large 
proportion  of  common  illuminating  gas. 
M.,  Rosemary,  the  root  of  Statice  caro- 
liniana.  A  bitter  astringent,  resembling 
kino,  in  therapeutic  properties.  A  popular 
New  England  remedy  for  canker  and 
aphthous  affections  of  the  mouth.  Dose  of 
ild.  ext.  gss-j.     Unof. 

Marshall's  Vestigial  Fold.  A  crescen- 
tic  fold  of  serous  membrane  of  the  peri- 
cardium containing  the  remains  of  the  left 
superior  vena  cava. 

Marsh's  Test.  A  delicate  qualitative  test 
for  the  presence  of  arsenic.  The  sus- 
pected tissue  or  substance  is  introduced 
into  a  flask  containing  chemically  pure  di- 
lute sulphuric  acid  and  zinc,  which  is  fitted 
with  a  delivery  tube,  the  end  of  the  latter 
being  constructed  so  as  to  form  a  jet  burner. 
If  arsenic  be  present,  hydrogen  arsenide 
will  be  formed  and  will  escape  with  the 
nascent  hydrogen.  If  the  lighted  jet  be 
impinged  against  a  piece  of  white  porce- 
lain, the  arsenic  will  be  reduced,  and  will 
form  a  steel-white  mirror  on  the  porcelain. 
For  a  more  delicate  test,  the  delivery  tube 
is  made  about  three  feet  in  length,  and  by 
heating  it  at  a  point  two-thirds  the  dis- 
tance from  the  generating  fiask,  the  minor 
is  formed  in  the  tube.  By  delicate  manip- 
ulation the  mirror  may  be  chased  back 
and  forth  along  the  tube,  or  even  separated 
from  a  film  of  antimony  reduced  at  the  same 
time.  The  arsenic  deposit  is  distinguished 
from  a  similar  deposit  of  antimony  by  its 
solubility  in  potassium  hypochlorite. 

Marsu^pial  [f-iapavnog,a  pouch).  Pouched. 
In  zoology,  an  order  of  animals  the  females 
cf  which  are  distinguished  by  pouches  be- 
hind the  mamm:\.-,  ^n  which  the  young  are 
in  part  developed. 


MARSLTIUM 


253 


MATICO 


Marsu'pium  (^apav-o^).  A  px)ucb.  In 
anatomy,  the  large  pouch  of  the  peritoneum. 
In  zoology,  the  pouch  in  which  the  young 
of  certain  species  are  in  part  developed. 

Mas'culine  (liim,  of  was,  a  male).  Of 
the  male  gender. 

Mask.  In  surger)-,  a  bandage  applied  to 
the  tace  in  ciise  of  er)  sipelas  and  extensive 
burns  or  scalds. 

Masked.  Covered  with  a  mask;  con- 
cealed. M.  Disease,  one  that  is  con- 
cealed by  other  concomitant  symptoms. 
M.  Reaction,  in  chemistry,  one  that  is 
concealed  by  a  concuirent  reaction. 

Mass  [wiissti,  a  mass).  Any  aggregation 
of  matter.  M.,  Blue.  See //)'</';<; r^nvv/w. 

Mas'sa.  Ama.ss.  In  pharmacy,  a  medicinal 
substance  together  with  an  excipient  which 
gives  it  the  adhesive,  jilastic  <|uality  neces- 
sary to  form  a  pill.  There  are  three  olli- 
cial  r/iiissir. 

Massage  (Fr.,  from  ftaaau,  to  knead).  .\ 
method  of  elTecting  changes  in  the  local  and 
general  nutrition,  action,  etc.,  of  the  body 
by  rul)l)ing,  kneading,  itc.,  the  suix'rficial 
parts  of  the  body  by  the  hand  or  an  instru- 
ment. Effleurage,  a  stroking  movement 
made  in  a  centripetal  direction.  M., 
Friction,  suiK-rticial  rubbing.  Petris- 
sage, a  ])ortion  of  muscle  or  tissue  is  picked 
up  subjected  to  firm  pressure  and  rolled 
from  l)elow  upward.  Tapotement,  ;)er- 
cussion  by  the  hand  or  an  instruiaent  de- 
vised for  the  puqx)se. 

Mas'seter.     See  Muscle. 

Mas'taden  (finnroc,  the  breast,  a^)v,  a 
;^!and).      The  mammary  gland. 

Masta^gia  (/moTor,  a'/.yof;^  a  pain).  Any 
jKiin'in  the  breast. 

Mas'terwort  Cow  Parsnip.  The  root  of 
Jfcia.  Iciivi  Liiiutttm.  Stimulant,  can.iina- 
tive  and  antispasmodic.  A  jxjpular  New 
Kngland  remedy  for  "fits."  Dose  of  lid. 
ext.  .^j-ij.     Unof. 

MastheIco''sis  {/latrror^  e?Mucrig,  ulcera- 
tion).     Ulceration  of  the  breast. 

Mas'tic.     .See  Masticlie. 

Mastica''tion  [riinstico,  to  chew).  The  pro- 
cess of  chewing  and  of  insalivalion. 

Mas'ticatory.  A  term  applied  to  remedies 
or  .igenls  designed  to  l)c  masticated  or 
chewed ;  also,  agents  increasing  the  flow  of 
saliva. 

Mas'tiche.  Mastic.  The  resin  exuding 
from  J'istitcia  /cttliscus.  The  greater  part 
vjluble  in  alcohol ;  the  remainder  .stjluble  in 
ellicr.  Used  chiefly  in  dentistry  as  a  t<-m- 
|K^>rary  fdling  for  teelh  that  have  been  pre- 
pared for  their  i>crmancnt  filling. 


Masti'tis  [imarog,  the  breast).  Indamm.i- 
tion  of  the  female  breast.  M.,  Parenchy- 
matous, true  M.  of  the  jiroper  glandu- 
lar sub>tance.  M.,  Submammary,  or 
Paramastitis,  inflammation  of  the  con- 
nective tissue  between  the  gland  and  the 
thorax.  M.,  Supra-mammary,  inflam- 
mation of  the  superficial  connective  tissue 
of  the  breast. 

Mas'to-  [fiaaroc).  A  Greek  prefix  signify- 
ing the  breast. 

Mastodyn'ia  [fiaarog,  o6vv7],  pain).  I'ain 
in  tile  female  breast. 

Mas'toid  (//a(j7((t).  Having  the  shape  of 
the  breo-st,  a  descriptive  term  applied  to  a 
process  and  to  a  foramen  of  tlie  temixjral 
bone.  M.  Cells,  the  cells  exhibited  in 
the  .-structure  of  the  ma.stoid  process.  M. 
Process,  the  ])rotn.uling  part  of  the  tem- 
ptiral  bone  felt  behind  the  car. 

Mastoide'an  [wasd'/J).  Tertaining  to  the 
mastoid  process. 

Mastoideocente'sis  [mas/o/W,  a  process, 
Kfi'Ti/air,  a  puncture).  Perforation  of  the 
mastoid  process. 

MastoFogy  (^/uaaTog,  h)-}oi;,  a  treatise).  A 
treatise  on  the  breast,  its  anatomy  and 
diseases. 

Mastome''nia  {fjacrrog,  fiijv,  month).  Vi- 
carious menstruation  from  the  breast. 

Maston^cus  [/laauir,  o)K()g,  a  tumor). 
Any  tumor  of  the  breast,  mammary  gland, 
or  nipple. 

Mastorrha'gia  {/naarog,  p^-}^inifii,  to  break 
forth).      Hemorrhage  from  the  breast. 

Mastoschir^rus  [/Kiarog, aKift/mr, a  cdnccr). 
.Scirrhous  cancer  of  the  breast. 

Masturba''tion(w<7««.f,thehand,.f////r<j,  to 
ravish).  Production  of  the  venereal  orgasm 
by  the  hand;  .secret  vice. 

Mate.  Paraguay  Tea.  The  leaves  of  //ex 
/iini^'inij^'et/s/s,  an  infusion  of  which  is 
used  in  South  America  as  a  substitute  for 
tea  and  cofTee.     Projierties  due  to  caffeine. 

Master.    Sec  Dura  Mater  m\A  Pia  Mater. 

Mate'ria  Med'ica.  A  name  used  to 
designate  the  materials  and  substances  used 
as  me<licines.  They  are  conveniently  di- 
vided into — I.  Tho.se  acting  uikiii  the  ali- 
mentaiy  canal.  II.  Those  aJfecting  tlie 
secretory  and  excretory  vessels.  1 1 1.  1  ho.se 
acting  u|K)n  llu' organs  of  circulation.  IV. 
Tlio.se  alfectiiig  the  brain  and  nervous 
system.  V.  Those  acting  on  the  muscular 
fiber.  VI.  Those  acting  U|)on  the  skin  i>y 
external  a|)plicati<in. 

Matc'rialism.     See  .spiritualism. 

Mat'ico.     The    le.ives    of   .Irtauthe  elon- 

gata.     An  aromatic  tonic,  stimulant,  and 


MATRICARIA 


254 


MEDICINE 


aphrodisiac.  Valuable  in  catarrhal  dis- 
eases of  the  mucous  membranes.  The 
leaves  are  efficacious  as  a  hremoslat.  Dose 
of  the  fid.  ext.  3  ss-ij ;  of  a  10  per  cent, 
tinct.  "^  ss-ij. 
Matrica^ria.  German  Chamomile.  The 
flower-tops  of  M.  chamoinila.  Contains  a 
volatile  oil  and  a  bitter  extractive  principle. 
A  mild  tonic,  and  in  large  doses,  emetic 
and  antispasmodic.  A  popular  domestic 
remedy  among  German  people.  The 
chamomilla  of  the  homoeopathic  practice. 
Dose,  of  the  infusion,  indefinite. 

Matric'ulate  [///at7-irit/a,  a  register).  To 
receive  admission  and  to  enroll  one's  self 
among  the  members  of  a  college. 

Ma^trix  (Lat.,  a  mould  in  which  anything 
is  cast).  That  part  or  tissue  into  which 
any  organ  or  process  is  set,  as  the  matrix 
of  a  tooth  or  of  a  nail. 

Matura^tion  [matttro,  to  ripen).  The 
period  of  ripening.  The  culminating  stage 
of  inflammation  marked  by  the  collection 
and  excretion  of  pus  in  some  part  of  the 
inflamed  tissue. 

MaxiFla  (Lat.).  The  jaw,  either  upper  or 
lower. 

Max^illary.  Pertaining  to  the  maxilla:  or 
jaws.  M.  Bones,  the  bones  of  the  jaws, 
consisting  of  an  inferior  or  lower,  and  a 
superior  or  upper  jaw.  M.  Sinus,  the 
antrum  of  Ilighmore. 

Max^imal  [/naxi/iiiis,  the  greatest).  See 
JMaxiimtni. 

Max^imum  (Lat.,  the  greatest).  The 
greatest  or  highest  degree.  M.  Dose, 
the  largest  that  may  be  safely  given. 

May.  The  name  of  the  fifth  month.  Also, 
a  descriptive  term  applied  to  many  flowers 
that  mature  in  that  month.  M.  Apple, 
see  PodopIiylluiH.  M.  Flower,  see  Trail- 
im^  Arbutus. 

May^hem  (Old  Fr.  niehaigner,  to  hurt).  A 
legal  tei-m  signifying  the  violent  and  un- 
authorized privation  by  another,  of  any  use- 
ful part  or  organ  of  the  body. 

McMunn's  Elixir.     See  Opii  Dcodorata. 

Me 'able  {//leabilis,  easily  penetrating). 
Capable  of  being  readily  traversed  or 
passed  through. 

Mead  (Sax.  medu).  Dilute,  fermented 
honey  or  syrup,  variously  flavored. 

Mea'sles.  An  acute  infectious  disease 
characterized  by  fever,  catarrh  of  the  eyes 
and  respiratory  tracts,  and  an  eruption 
over  the  whole  body.  M.  of  Pork.  See 
Pork. 

Meas^ures.  See  Weights  and  Metric 
System. 


Mea''tus  {jneo,  to  flow  or  pass).  A  passage. 
M.  Auditorius  Externus,  the  canal  ex- 
tending from  the  concha  to  the  tympanum. 
M.  Aud.  Internus,  the  internal  auditory 
canal.  M.  Urinarius,  the  orifice  of  the 
urethra. 

Mechan^ics  (////;(;avw?;,  a  machine).     The 
science  which  treats  of  forces  and  powers 
and  their  application,  either  directly  or  by 
the    intervention   of  machinery.     It    may 
treat  of  bodies  at  rest  (statics),  or  in  motion 
(dynamics). 
Mech^anism    (fir/xav?/).      Any    structure 
having  the  nature  of  a  machine.     M.  of 
Labor.     See  Labor, 
Meckel's  Ganglion.     See  Ganglion. 
Meco-narceine   A  preparation  of  narceine 
(one  of  the  alkaloids  of  opium),  free  from 
moi"phine.     Its  h)'pnotic  power  is  said  to 
be  great,  but  without  lethal  effects. 
Meco'nic  Acid   [^u/kuv,  a  poppy).     One 
of  the  extractives  of  opium.     Properties 
not  well  known.     Unof. 
Meco'nium.     The  first   facal  discharges 
of  the  newborn. 

Media  of  the  Eye.  The  refracting  sub- 
stances from  the  anterior  surface  of  the 
cornea  to  the  retina. 
Me'dian  [meditts,  the  middle).  Middle  or 
mesial.  M.  Line.  See  Line. 
Mediasti'num  {i)iedio  stando,  standing  in 
the  middle).  A  middle  portion  or  septum 
separating  adjacent  parts.  The  pleural 
folds  or  septum  extending  from  the  spine 
to  the  sternum. 

Me^diate  {tncdius,  the  middle).     Indirect. 
Also   applied    to    the  medium   interposed 
between  the  surface  of  the  body,  and   the 
instruments  in  percussion  and  auscultation. 
Med'ical  [medico,  to  heal).     Pertaining  to 
medicine,  or  the  healing  art.     M.  Juris- 
prudence.    See  Jurisprudence, 
Med'icament  i^vtedico).     A  medicine. 
Med'icated  (medico).     Impregnated  with 
medicine.     Also,   purified  and  made  fit  for 
medical  use. 
Medic'inal  {medicina,  medicine).    Pertain- 
ing to,  or  having  the  nature  of  a  medicine. 
Med'icine   (medicina).     The  science  and 
art    of  healing    and    curing   disease;    the 
"healing  art;"  including  the  sciences  of 
anatomy,   physiology,  hygiene,   obstetrics, 
pathology,  therapeutics,  surgery  and  phar- 
macy.    Used  also  in  a  restricted  sense  of  a 
particular  drug  or  therapeutic  application. 
M.   Chest,    a    case   or  compartment    for 
storing  or  conveying  medicines.  M.,  Clin- 
ical, pertaining  to  the  study  of  disease  liy 
the   bedside  of  the   patient.     M.,   Con- 


MEDICO-CIIIRURGICAL 


MELANEPIIIDROSIS 


servative,  a  method  of  treatment  with  the 
object  of  presen  ing  the  vital  forces,  and 
not  by  active  measures  to  endanger  the  Ut'e 
of  the  patient ;  also  used  in  the  ordinary 
sense  of  the  word  as  relying  u}X)n  well 
understood  or  old  methods  of  treatment 
rather  than  ujK->n  new  and  comparatively 
untried  i)lans.  M.,  Eclectic.  See  Eclec- 
tic. M.,  Empiric.  See  Empiric.  M., 
Forensic,  nr  M.,  Legal,  the  relations  of 
met.licine  to  jurispnidcnce,  invulviiig  the 
diagnosis  of  hisanity,  ([uestiuiis  in  toxi- 
colugj',  surgery,  etc.  M.,  Patent,  a  mix- 
tiu-e  or  compound  of  sundry  drugs  lor  tlie 
sale  of  which  the  devisor  geti  a  patent 
from  the  government. 

Med'ico-chirur'gical  {inedictis,  a  physi- 
cian, .v"/""/';"f>  ^  surgeon).  Pertaining 
conjointly  to  medicine  and  surgery. 

Med'icus  (lat.).     A  physician. 

Medi'na-worm.     See  Guinea  Worm. 

Me'dium  {weciius,  the  middle).  That  in 
which  anytliiiig  moves  or  through  which  it 
acts.  In  medicine,  the  conditions  by  which 
a  patient  is  surrounded,  especially  those  of 
light,  temperature,  and  ventilation. 

Me'dius  (nieJiiis,  middle).     The  middle. 

Medul'la  ^marrow).  A  fatty  substance  or 
m.irrow  occupying  certain  cavities.  M. 
Oblongata,  the  upper  enlarged  part  of 
the  spinal  cord  extending  from  the  atlas 
to  the  pons  Varolii.  M.  Spinalis,  the 
spinal  cord  or  marrow. 

Medul'lary.  Pertaining  to  the  medulla. 
Al.-o,  pertaining  to  tiie  white  substance  of 
the  brain  contained  within  the  cortical  en- 
veloj)e  of  gray  matter.  M.  Canal,  the 
hollow  interior  of  long  Ixjnes,  in  whicii  the 
marrow  lie.^.  M.  Groove,  a  longitudinal 
groove  at  tlie  anterior  jj.irt  of  the  em!)r)'o- 
nal  shield  of  the  blastoderm.  M.  Mem- 
brane, the  areolar  envelo|K.'  of  tlie  marrow 
of  the  longix^nes.  M.  Sheath,  the  semi- 
fluid, fatty  white  matter  between  the  en- 
veloping sheath  and  the  central  axiscylin- 
d(  r,  or  essential  [jart  of  a  nerve.  M. 
Tube,  the  closing  of  tlie  M.  Groove, 
f<jrining  a  closed  M.  or  neural  tul>e. 

Medulliza''tion.  .Softening  of  l>one- tissue 
in  ostiilis. 

Meg'a-,  or 

Mcg^alo-  (//r;«f,  gen.,//c)a/of).  A  Greek 
jjrefix  signifying  I'lfji^f. 

Megaceph^'alic  (nfynt,  Kr<f>a>T],  head). 
L'sL-d  of  a  skull  whose  cajKicity  (mea.sured 
by  filling  with  shut  through  the  foramen 
m.ignum)  exceeds  1450  c.cm.  if  less  than 
1350  it  is  called  microcephalic,  if  be- 
tween these  numbers,  mesoccphalic. 


Meg'alo-.     See  Met^a-. 

Meg'aloblast.     See  Corpuscle. 

Megaloceph'alic.   Same  as  megacephalic. 

Megalodac^tylous.  Pertaining  to  an  ab- 
normal or  excessive  devclupment  and  size 
of  the  fingers  or  toes. 

Megalops'ia  («f}a/of,  large,  wi/''f)  sight). 
An  apparent  increase  of  the  size  of  objects; 
ascribed  to  changes  in  the  retinal  end- 
organs. 

Meg^'aseme.     See  Index. 

Me'grim  (Fr.  /ni^raiiic).  Neuralgia  or 
headache  of  one-half  of  the  heail  or  uixm 
one  side,  sometimes  attended  by  aphasic 
and  visual  symjitoms  and  sensory  disturb- 
ance. 

Meibo'mian  Glands.  Tlie  sebaceous 
glands  of  the  eyelids,  each  having  an  ex- 
cretory duct  opening  at  the  free  border. 
Their  secretion  prevents  the  tears  from 
contact  with  the  skin.  There  are  30  to  40 
in  the  upper  and  20  to  30  in  the  lower  lid. 

Meiocar'dia.     See  Aiixocivdia. 

Meiss^ner.  A  German  anatomist.  M., 
Corpuscles  of.  See  Corpuscles,  Tactile, 
of  Wagner.  M.,  Plexus  of,  a  plexus  of 
ner^-es  found  in  the  submucous  layer  of  tlic 
small  intestines. 

Mel.  Honey.  The  substance  dejx)sited  in 
the  honeycomb  by  the  common  honey  bee, 
Apis  viellifica^  and  a  few  oilier  hymenop- 
terous  insects.  Consists  of  a  .solution  of 
cane  and  grape  sugars,  with  coloring  and 
odorous  matters.  Emollient,  nutritive,  and 
often  laxative,  its  properties  depemling 
mainly  on  the  character  of  the  flowers  from' 
which  it  is  taken.  An  excellent  vehicle 
for  expectorant  gargles,  etc.  M.  Despu- 
matum,  clarified  honey,  prepared  by  heat- 
ing, skimming  and  straining  the  natural 
product.  M.  Rosae,  honey  of  rose;  red 
rose  S,  clarilled  honey  92  parts,  dilute  alco- 
hol, ij.  s.     Used  locally  as  a  gargle. 

Melae^na  {iit?.(ig).  The  affectioii  commonly 
known  as  black  vomit.  M.  Cholaea,  same 
as  Melasictcrus. 

Melanae''mia  (in?Mg,  aifia,  the  blood).  A 
morbid  condition  of  the  blood  due  to  its  in- 
sufficient aeration. 

Melancho'lia  (/ii?.ag,  Koh],  bile,  from  a 
former  snpix)silion  that  it  was  due  to  exces- 
sive biliary  secretion).  An  affection  marked 
by  depression  of  spirits  and  gloominess. 
Melancholy. 

Mel'ancholy.     See  Melancholia. 

Melanephidro^sis  [/iF?.ar,  iipiAix.mir,  mor- 
bid ])(  r-piration).  A  term  sometimes  a|)- 
plied  to  Angelicas  Sudor.  Sec,  alM), 
C/iroinidrosis. 


MELANIN 


256 


MEMBRANE 


MeFanin  (  jxeTm^,  black).  A  black  pig- 
mentary matter  occmring  natm-ally  in  the 
choroid  coat  of  the  eye,  the  skin  of  the 
negro,  and  pathologically  in  the  urine  and 
melanotic  tumors.  Sometimes  found  in  the 
tubercles  of  the  lungs. 

Melanis''mus.     See  Melanicterus. 

Mela^no-  {fieAag,  black).  A  Greek  prefix 
signifying  dark-colored  or  black. 

Melanocarcino^ma.     See  Melanoma. 

Melanoco'mous  [fiE?Mg,  ko/xt/,  tlie  hair). 
Black-haired. 

Melanoder^ma  {/ue/iag,  black,  Sep/in,  the 
skin).  A  fonii  of  chloasma  in  which  the 
skin  is  covered  with  fawn-colored  or  dark 
brown  patches. 

Melancede^ma  (,«f/\nf,  black,  cedetna,  a 
swelling).  A  term  sometimes  applied  to 
melanosis  of  the  lungs. 

MeFanoid  {jit7Mr^,  Eidog,  likeness).  Re- 
sembling dark-colored  pigmentary  spots. 

Melano'ma  [/isTiavou,  to  become  black). 
A  disease  marked  by  the  development  and 
growth  of  black  or  dark-colored  tubercles 
within  the  tissues  of  the  viscera. 

Melanop''athy.  A  disease  that  changes 
the  normal  pigmentation  of  a  part. 

Melanorrha^gia.     See  Mehcna. 

MelanosarcC'ma  (jit\ag,  sarcoma).  Sar- 
coma with  excessive  pigmentation. 

Melanoschir^rus  [jiemk^,  CT/t7ppof,a  tumor). 
A  form  of  scirrhous  cancer  characterized 
by  unusual  pigmentaiy  development. 

Melano''sis  [fie'Xag).  The  condition  of 
abnormal,  dark  or  black  pigmentary  dis- 
coloration of  the  skin  in  irregular  patches. 
Also,  the  progress  of  melanoma.  Also, 
the  development  of  pigmentaiy  clots  in 
tuberculosis  of  the  lung. 

Melanothan''atos.     See  Plague. 

Melanof'ic  [fielag).  Pertaining  to  mela- 
nosis. 

Melanu''ria  (^nelaq,  ovpov,  the  urine).  A 
black  pigmentaiy  substance  sometimes 
found  in  the  urine. 

Melanu'rin.     See  Melanuria. 

Melasic'terus  i^fithag,  ncrepog,  jaundice). 
Black  jaundice.  Bilious  meltena.  A  form 
of  jaundice  characterized  by  excessive  dis- 
coloration of  the  skin. 

Melas''ma  (/zeZaf).  Any  morbid,  dark 
discoloration  of  the  skin. 

Melez^itose.  A  carbohydrate  derived 
from  Larch-manna. 

Melice^ra  [/j.e?.i,  honey,  Krjpoq,  wax).  A 
term  loosely  applied  to  tumors  whose  con- 
tents have  a  honey-like  appearance. 

Melis^sa.  Balm.  The  leaves  and  tops 
of'  Af.    officinalis.      Contains    tannin,    a 


bitter  extractive  and  an  essential  oil.  A 
mild  diaphoretic.  Employed  chiefly  as  a 
flavor. 

Melitae^mia  (//eZz,  atua,  the  blood).  The 
condition  arising  from  the  presence  of  sugar 
in  the  blood. 

Melita^'gra  {fieloq,  a  limb,  aypa,  a  seiziu-e). 
A  synonym  for  impetigo.  Also,  any  arth- 
ritic or  rheumatic  pain  in  the  limbs. 

MeFitose.  A  carbohydrate  derived  from 
Eucalyptus-manna. 

Melitu'ria  {i-leM,  ovpov,  urine).  Diabetes 
mellitus.  M.  Inosita.  Inosite  in  the 
urine. 

Mellin's  Infant  Food.     See  Malt. 

Melli^ta  (plm-al  of //fA<,  honey).  Pharma- 
ceutical preparations  known  as  honeys. 
They  consist  of  honey,  either  natural,  clari- 
fied or  flavored.  There  are  three  officinal 
mellita. 

Mellitae''mia.     See  Melitcemia. 

Melon^cus  (jirtXov,  an  apple).  A  tumor 
on  the  cheek. 

Melon-seed  Bodies.  Gelatinous  bodies, 
somewhat  resembling  melon  seeds,  found 
in  joints  and  tendon  sheaths.  The  method 
of  their  origin  is  in  dispute. 

MeLoplasty  [jn-fkov,  itlaaau,  to  fonn). 
The  operation  of  engrafting  or  forming  a 
new  growth  of  tissue  upon  the  cheek,  in 
repair  of  an  injury. 

Melotrid''ymus  (//e/lof,  a  limb,  Tpi6v/jog, 
threefold).    A  fcetal  monstrosity  with  three 
pairs  of  limbs. 

Mem^ber  {jnemhrum,  a  limb).  Any  limb 
of  the  body,  prehensile,  locomotive  or 
functional. 

Membrana  (Lat.),  or 

Membrane.  In  anatomy,  a  term  applied 
to  almost  any  thin,  enveloping  or  lining 
substance.  M.,  Basement,  a  thin,  trans- 
parent membrane  between  the  epithelium 
and  vascular  layer.  M.,  Decidua.  See 
Dccidiia.  M.,  Jacob's,  the  layer  of 
rods  and  cones  of  the  retina.  M.,  Mucous, 
the  analogue  of  the  skin  investing  those 
internal  cavities  and  organs  exposed  to  or 
communicating  with  the  air.  M.,  Nicti- 
tans,  the  membrane  known  as  the  third 
eyelid,  situated  in  the  inner  corner  of  the 
eyes  of  birds  and  certain  quadrupeds.  M . 
ofReissner,  a  delicate  meml^rane  stretch- 
ing across  the  outer  wall  of  the  cochlea. 
M.  Ruyschiana,  the  internal  layer  of  the 
choroid  coat  of  the  eye.  M.,  Schnei- 
derian,  the  mucous  membrane  lining  the 
nasal  fossse.  M.  Serotina,  that  adherent 
part  or  layer  of  the  membrana  decidua 
which   is  last  developed.     M.,    Serous, 


MEMBR,\NOUS 


257 


MENTAGROPHYTON 


the  tissue  lining  such  cavities  as  are  not 
open  to  the  air.  M.,  Synovial,  a  mem- 
brane covering  the  inner  surface  of  liga- 
ments connecting  the  articular  surfaces  of 
joints.  M.,  Tympanum,  the  membrane 
separating  the  internal  from  the  external 
ear. 

Mem'branous  {»ic'/nbrd).  Having  the 
nature  of  a  membrane. 

Mem'brum  Viri'le  (Lat.).     The  penis. 

Mem'ory  ymcmoriii,  a  recalling).  That 
faculty  of  the  mind  tliat  enables  one  to 
recall  ideas,  events  and  the  images  of  ob- 
jects that  have  produced  sensation.  M., 
Loss  of.     See  Amncsid. 

Mendo'sus  i^nunJux,  false).  False;  ap- 
plied to  certain  incomplete  parts,  as  the 
floating  ribs. 

Menhidro'sis,  or 

Menidro'sis  {f^'iv,  't^pu<:,  sweat).  A  form 
of  vic;mous  menstruation  said  to  consist  in 
monthly  excess  of  sweat  instead  of  the 
men.strual  flow. 

Meniere's  Disease.  A  disease  or  injury 
probably  of  the  semicircular  canals,  charac- 
terized by  vertigo,  deafness,  tinnitus  aurium, 
etc.     Called,  also,  auditory  vertigo. 

Menin^geal  [/jir/vr^^,  a  membrane).  Per- 
taining to  any  membrane  of  the  brain, 
esi>ecially  the  dura  mater. 

Menin'ges  (pi.  of  fir/viy^,  a  membrane). 
A  name  applied  to  the  membranes  of  the 
brain,  the  dura  mater,  pia  mater  and 
arachnoid. 

Meningi'tis  (uT]iny^,  membrane,  irtq).  In- 
flammation of  the  membranes  m  the  Irain 
or  cord,  by  which  is  u.'^ually  meant  ol  the 
Pia-arachnoid,  these  two  membranes  being 
pathologically  inseparable,  and  inflamma- 
tion of  the  dura  mater  being  called  Pachy- 
meningitis. See,  also,  Le/>torni-ii7Pig'tis. 
M.,  Acute,  is  due  to  traumatism,  adjacent 
disease,  general  disease,  specific  disea.se, 
etc.  The  qualifying  terms.  Basilar,  Chronic, 
Alcoholic,  Kjjidemic,  Purulent,  Sj^nal, 
Syphilitic,  Tubercular,  etc.,  indicate  the 
situ  or  nature  of  the  special  tyyie. 

Mcningitopho''bia.  An  exaggerated  fear 
of  meningiti.s,  sometimes  producing  the 
sj-mptoms. 

Menin'go-  (nrp'iy^,  a  membrane).  A 
(jreck  pnTix  denoting  a  mt-mbrane.  M.- 
encephalitis,  a  term  sr)rnelinies  used  as  a 
synonym  for  chronic  cerebritis. 

Menin'gocele  {,i"/^iyS,  it'i'>/,  tumor).  A 
hernia  of  the  nieninges  of  the  brain. 

Menin'gosis  {jnixT,^).  A  Irrtn  denf)ting 
the  union  of  Ixmcs  by  attachment  of  cur- 
tilage. 

17 


Men^'inx  [utfviy^).  A  name  applied  to  the 
dura  mater. 

Menis'cus  {^ijvioko^,  a  crescent).  A  con- 
cavo-convex lens.  See  J'crisco/>ic.  Also, 
a  term  applied  to  a  certain  interarticular 
cartilage. 

Menisper^mum.  The  roots  of  Jl/.  cana- 
dciise,  or  Canadian  moon  seed.  Has  re- 
puted tonic  pro[)erties.  Used  in  tlie  southern 
part  of  the  United  States  as  a  substitute  for 
sarsaparilla.     Dose  gr.  v-xx  in  infusion. 

Menolip'sis  {^t/i'cg,  menses,  lef\l>iq,  an 
omission).  A  term  denoting  the  retention 
or  absence  of  the  menses. 

Men'opause  [fti/rec,  ~avai^,  cessation). 
The  end  of  the  menstrual  life,  usually  oc- 
curring from  45  to  50. 

Menopla'nia  {^/i>/vtg,  TrP.av;/,  a  deviation). 
A  term  applied  to  a  discharge  of  blood 
occurring  at  the  menstrual  period,  but 
derived  from  some  other  part  of  the  body. 
Also,  any  deviation  or  aberration  of  the 
menstrual  flow. 

Menorrha'gia  [/irp-'eg,  prjyvv/ii,  to  break 
forth).     Excessive  menstrual  flow. 

Menorrhce'a  (/'//iff,  /)fw,  to  flow).  The 
normal  flow  of  the  menses.  Also,  exces- 
sive menstruation. 

Menos^tasis  {/"/veg,  araaig,  standing).  A 
suppression  of  the  menstrual  flow. 

Men^ses  [mc/isis,  a  month).  The  recur- 
rent monthly  discharge  of  blood  during 
sexual  life  from  the  genital  canal  of  the 
female.  See  Moistruation.  M.,  Exces- 
sive, or  Immoderate  Flow  of.  See  Mcn- 
orthagia.  M.,  Obstruction,  or  Diminu- 
tionof.  SeeAnioiorr/iiiii.  M.,  Suppres- 
sion of.    ?)tc A»iinor?-/iaa a\v\  J/citoSi't/sis. 

Men'strual  [wcnstri/us,  monthly).  Per- 
taining to  menstruation. 

Menstrua'tion  (///r//struiis).  That  func- 
tion of  the  female  organism  whose  most 
obvious  plunomenon  is  the  menstrual  flow. 
M.,  Vicarious,  the  discharge  of  blood  in 
connection  wiih,  or  at  the  time  of,  men- 
struation, but  taking  place  from  some  other 
organ  or  part  than  the  vagina.  Atopomen- 
orrhrca. 

Men'struum.  A  liquid  used  for  eflfccting 
solution.      A  solvent. 

Mensura'tion  (//irtisnro,  to  measure).  The 
estimation  of  (luantity  or  dimension.  In 
anatomy  the  (|uantitative  estimation  of  the 
dimensions  of  any  organ  or  part  of  the 
l>o<ly. 

Men'tagra.     See  Sycosis. 

Mentagroph'yton  {////■titiii^'id,  ifivTuv,  a 
jilanl).  .'\  eryplogamous  plant  thought  to 
be  the  cause  of  Sycosis. 


MENTAL 


258 


MESOBLAST 


Men'tal  [mc'/is,  the  mind).  Pertaining  to 
the  mind.  Also,  pertaining  to  the  7nentu?n 
or  chin. 

Men''tha  Piperi-'ta.  Peppermint.  The 
leaves  and  tops  of  M.  pipo-ita,  or  common 
peppermint.  Properties  due  to  a  volatile 
oil,  in  which  form  it  is  commonly  used. 
An  aromatic,  stimulant,  carminative,  and 
antispasmodic.  Valuable  internally  to  re- 
lieve flatulent  colic,  and  externally  to 
relieve  superficial  neuralgia.  Of  reputed 
value  in  typhoid  fever,  and  as  an  antiseptic 
in  parasitic  skin  diseases.  M .  Pip .,  Aqua, 
contains  2  parts  of  the  oil  in  looo  of  dis- 
tilled water.  Dose  indefinite.  M.  Pip., 
Ol.,  the  volatile  oil,  consists  of  a  liquid 
turpene  and  a  camphor,  7nenthol,  q.  v 
Dose  rry-v.  M.  Pip.,  Spt.,  essence  of 
peppermint,  contains  lo  per  cent,  of  the 
oil  and  I  per  cent,  of  the  herb  in  alcohol. 
Dose  TTLx-xxx.  M.  Pip.,  Trochisci,  each 
contains  ^-^'-^  of  the  oil,  with  sugar  and 
tragacanth.     Dose  indefinite. 

Men-'tha  Vir^idis.  Spearmint.  The 
leaves  and  tops  of  common  "kitchen" 
mint,  M.  viridis.  Properties  due  to  a 
volatile  oil,  differing  slightly  in  taste  and 
odor  from  oil  of  peppermint.  Medicinal 
properties  like  those  of  Af.  piperita.  M. 
Virid.,  Aq.,  2  parts  of  the  oil  in  looo  of 
water.  M.  Virid.,  Ol.,  the  volatile  oil. 
Dose  tTLij-v.  M.  Virid.,  Spt.,  alcoholic, 
contains  lo  per  cent,  of  the  oil  and  i  per 
cent,  of  the  herb.     Dose  TTLx-xl. 

Men''thol.  Menthol  Camphor.  A  stearop- 
tene  prepared  by  subjecting  oil  of  pepper- 
mint to  a  low  temperature.  The  solid 
substance  deposited  is  the  menthol  of  phar- 
macy. Used  externally  in  neuralgia,  sci- 
atica, etc.     Unof. 

Men''tum.     The  chin. 

Mephit'ic  {Mephitis,  a  mythological  divin- 
ity). A  term  applied  to  any  foul  or  noxious 
vapor. 

Mercap''tan  [mercurius,  vaercnry,  captans, 
seizing).  An  obsolescent  name  given  to  a 
class  of  alcohols  in  which  the  oxygen  is  re- 
placed by  sulphur. 

Mercier's  Bar.  The  crescentic  ridge  of 
sulimucous  tissue  forming  the  posterior 
iioundary  of  the  trigone  of  the  bladder. 

Mercu''rial.  Pertaining  to  mercury.  M. 
Rash,  an  eczematous  eruption  arising 
from  the  continued  use  of  mercury.  M. 
Palsy,  a  paralysis  or  an  involuntary  spas- 
modic twitching  of  the  voluntary  muscles 
sometimes  affecting  persons  habitually  ex- 
posed to  the  vapor  of  mercury.  M. 
Tremors,  same  as  M.  Palsy. 


Mercu''rialisin.  A  name  for  the  morbid 
condition  arising  from  the  too  free  or  the 
long  continued  use  of  mercury.  Its  most 
common  form  is  described  under  Eczema. 

Mer^cury.  '^^&  Hydrargyrum.  M.  Weed, 
the  herb  Mercurialis  annua.  Purgative, 
diuretic  and  emmenagogue.     Unof. 

Merid^ian.  An  imaginary  great  circle  sur- 
rounding any  globe  and  intersecting  the 
poles.  M.  of  the  Eye,  an  imaginary 
circle  surrounding  the  globe  of  the  eye, 
vertical  if  supposed  perpendicular,  or  hori- 
zontal if  level.  A  lens  is  also  described 
in  the  same  way. 

Meridro^sis  [fiepog,  a  part,  iSpug,  sweat). 
A  tenn  denoting  local  perspiration. 

Merismope^dia,  or 

Meris''ta.  A  bacterium  multiplying  by  two 
rectangular  divisions,  thus  forming  a  group 
of  four  cells  in  one  plane. 

Merkel's  Touch  Corpuscles.  See  Gran- 
dry's  Corpuscles. 

Meroblas^tic  (fiepog,  a  part,  jilaaTog,  a 
shoot).  A  term  applied  to  those  ova  in 
which  the  yolk  is  designed  mainly  for 
nutritive  purposes,  and  does  not  enter  into 
the  structm^al  development  of  the  embryo. 

Mer''ocele  [fiepog,  Kifh],  tumor).  A  syno- 
nym of  Femoral  Hernia. 

Mer^ycism  [fnjpvuLaiioq,  ruminatipn).  Re- 
gurgitation and  rechewing  of  food.  Rumi- 
nation ;  a  fact  observed  sometimes  in  man. 

Mesaticeph-'alic.     See  Index. 

Mesenceph-'alon  [[ieooq,  the  middle,  ey- 
/c£(pa/loi',  the  brain).  One  of  the  divisions 
of  the  brain,  consisting  of  the  lobe  of  the 
left  ventricle  together  with  the  optic  lobes, 
the  conarium  and  hypophysis. 

Mesente^ries  {/leaog,  Evrepa,  the  bowels). 
Those  folds  of  the  peritoneum  which  con- 
nect certain  parts  of  the  intestine  with  the 
abdominal  wall. 

Mesenteri^tis  (/necog,  evrepov,  an  intes- 
tine, LTig,  inflammation).  Inflammation 
of  the  mesenteric  region. 

Mesen''teron  {fieaog,  evrepov).  The  middle 
portion  of  the  alimentary  tract  in  the 
embryo. 

Mc'sial  (fieaog).     Same  as  Median. 

Mes'merism  [A/esmer,  an  investigator  of 
the  phenomena).  The  phenomena  com- 
monly known  as  animal  magnetism,  now 
better  known  as  hypnotism. 

Mc'so-  (fieaog,  the  middle).  A  Greek  pre- 
fix signifying  middle. 

Mc'soblast  (/zfffof,  (^T^aaTog,  sprout).  The 
middle  layer  of  the  blastoderm,  probably 
derived  from  the  hypoblast,  and  from 
which  are  developed  the  vascular,  muscu- 


MESOC.ECUM 


259 


METANEPHROS 


lar  and  skeletal  systems,  the  generative 
glands  and  excretory-  organs.  Called  also 
Mcsodemi. 

Mesocae'cum  [fuaoc,  cacuni).  The  mes- 
entery that  connects  the  back  part  of  the 
ca'cuin  \vith  the  right  iliac  fossa. 

Mesoceph'alic.     See  Megacephalic. 

Mesoceph'alon.     See  Pom  Varolii. 

Mesoco'lon  ^aaaoq,  colon).  The  mesen- 
tcrj'  connecting  the  colon  with  the  alxiom- 
inai  wall.  It  is  divided  into  ascetuiiug, 
transT-'erse  and  descending  parts.  M.  Sig- 
moid, the  fold  of  the  peritoneum  joining 
the  sigmoid  flexure  to  the  left  iliac  fossa. 

Me'soderm  {j^^aoq,  depfia,  skin).  The 
.Mcsul.klit. 

Mesod'me.     See  I^Ldiastiniim. 

Mes'odont.     See  Macrodonl. 

Mesogas'tric  (wfdof,  yaarijp,  the  stom- 
ach).     Pertaining  to  the  uml)ilical  region. 

Mesogas'trium  [inaoq,  -jaarr/ii).  The 
umbilical  region  of  the  aMomen. 

Mesognath'ic.     See  Index. 

Mesolo'bus.     See  Corpus  Callosum. 

Mesomet^rium  (,"f(Tof,  ftr/rpa,  the  womb). 
The  vaicul.u  membranous  tissue  connect- 
ing the  body  of  the  womb  with  the  ad- 
joining parts. 

Mesoneph''ros.      See    Reproductive 

OrgdtlS. 

Me^sophyll  {/uaoc,  (pv7^xn>,  a  leaf).  The 
parenchyma  or  cellular  tissue  situated 
within  the  epidermis  of  the  leaf. 

Mesor''chium  [fitao^,  opxif,  testicle).  A 
fold  of  the  peritoneum  holding  the  foetal 
testes  before  their  descent,  at  alxjut  the 
fifth  month. 

Mesorec'tum.  The  narrow  fold  of  the 
peritoneum  connecting  the  upper  part  of 
the  rectum  with  the  sacrum. 

Mes'orhine.     See  Index. 

Mesos'celus.     .See  Perintium. 

Mes'oseme.     See  Index. 

Mesoster'num.     See  Gladiolus. 

Mesothe''nar  {firaar,  thvap,  the  palm). 
'l"he  nui^cle  drawing  the  thumb  toward 
the  \y.\\m  of  the  hand. 

Mesotccchi'tis.     See  Mediastinum. 

Mesova^rium  (fitnor,,  oriariuni,  the  ovary). 
A  })eritoneal  fold  connecting  the  embrjonic 
ovary  to  the  Wolffian  Ixxly. 

Mesoxalyure'a.     .See  Alloxan. 

Mctaba'sis  (/nrti,  jinwci,  to  go  beyond). 
Any  radical  change  in  disease.  Also,  a 
change  in  the  treatment  of  a  disease. 

Metabol'ic.  Pertaining  to  A/e/u/Kilism. 
M.  Equilibrium,  the  (quality  between 
the  aliv»q)tion  aii<l  assimilation  of  kxx], 
and  the  excretion  of  cfTclc  or  end-products. 


Metab'olism  (/ifra/JaXAw,  to  change).  A 
change  taking  place  in  the  intimate  con- 
dition of  cells  whereby  their  molecule  is 
mure  complex  or  contains  more  force — ana- 
bolism — or  less  complex — katabolism.  The 
former  process  is  also  called  constructive  or 
synthetic  M.,  the  latter,  destructive  M. 

Metacar'pus  {utra,  with,  KapTrog,  the 
wrist).  The  bones,  five  in  number,  of 
the  palm  of  the  hand ;  that  part  l)etween 
tlie  carpus  and  the  phalanges. 

Metach'ysis  (jiera,  ;ti'a<f,  an  effusion). 
The  transfusion  of  blood.  Also,  the  in- 
troduction of  any  substance  into  the  blood 
liy  mechanical  means. 

Metacye'sis  {fnra,  Kvi/a(g,  uterine  gesta- 
tion).    Extra-uterine  gestation. 

Metagen'esis  [f^cra,  yevvau,  to  beget).  A 
tenn  used  to  denote  the  series  of  changes 
in  organic  development  commonly  known 
as  alternation  of  generation. 

Metakrc'sol.     See  A'resol. 

Met'al  [/jEra7.?.ov,  a  metal).  In  physics, 
any  elementary  substance  distinguished  by 
malleal)ility,  ductility  and  fusibility. 

MetaPbumin.     See  Paratbunii>i. 

Metallog'raphy  {^p.tTa'KT'jov,  ypa<l>u,  to 
write).     A  descriptive  treatise  on  metals. 

Met'alloid  (/uera/lAov,  Ei6og,  form).  Re- 
semliling  a  metal,  in  luster  and  color. 

Metallos^copy.     See  Aletallothcrapy. 

Metallother'apy.  A  method  of  treating 
certain  hysterical  or  paralytic  affections  by 
the  ap]olication  of  different  metals  to  the 
affected  part.  There  is  usually  a  transfer 
of  the  anaesthesia,  etc.,  to  the  limb  of  the 
other  side.  Called  also  Burcquism  and 
Metalloscojiy. 

Metamer'ic.     See  Isomeric. 

Metamorphop''sia  {fi£TafMp(pnu,  to  change 
shape,  cji/vf,  sight).  An  apparent  dis- 
tortion or  change  of  form  of  oi>jects,  sup- 
posed to  be  produced  by  changes  in  the 
relative  position  of  the  retinal  end-organs. 

Metamor''phosis(//fra,//opoo(j,tochange). 
A  term  denoting  the  structural  changes  in 
form  which  all  organisms  undergo  during 
their  development.  Applied  particularly  to 
that  form  of  sexual  repro<luction  in  which 
the  embrv'o  undergoes  a  series  of  marked 
changes  of  external  form  (e.g.,  the  chrys- 
alis, the  pui)a  stage,  etc.),  and  in  none  of 
which  is  re|)r<Kluction  jx)ssible  until  the 
sexually  develo|x?d  form  (tlic  imago-slage 
of  butterflies)  is  produced. 

Mctaneph'ros  (fitra,  veifipnc,  a  kidney). 
The  jK)sterior()f  the  three  segmental  botiies 
of  the  firtus,  whiih  forms  the  rudiment  of 
the  ()crmanctit  kidney  and  ureter. 


METAPIIENYLENDIAMIN 


260 


METRAUXE 


Metaphenylendi'amin.  A  base  similar 
in  action  to  the  toxic  ptomaines,  quickly- 
producing  death  in  animals,  with  ptyalism, 
vomiting,  diarrhoea,  and  excessive  urinary 
secretion.     See  Paraphcnylendiatnin. 

Metaphys''ics  {jiera,  (pvaig,  nature).  That 
science  which  includes  the  investigation 
and  discussion  of  the  nature  of  mind  and 
all  supersensible  phenomena.  M.,  Medi- 
cal, the  consideration  of  the  essential 
nature  and  cause  of  disease.  The  philoso- 
phy of  disease. 

Metapla^sia  [fiera,  Trlaaciu,  to  fonn).  A 
type  of  morbid  tissue-change  consisting  in 
the  transformation  of  one  species  of  ti.ssue 
into  another. 

Metas^tasis  {^fiedidTrjiii,  to  transpose). 
The  change  in  position,  manifestation  or 
character  of  a  disease,  illustrated,  e.g.,  in 
mumps,  the  inflammation  of  the  parotid 
sometimes  disappearing  in  a  (metastatic) 
orchitis.  Such  cases  are  probably  explained 
by  supposing  the  transfer  of  the  pathogenic 
virus  from  one  place  to  another  by  the 
blood-current. 

Metaster^num  [fisra,  sternum,  the  breast- 
bone). The  xiphoid  or  ensiform  appendix. 
See  Xiphoid. 

Metatarsophalan''gian.  Pertaining  to 
the  metatarsus  and  phalanges. 

Metatar''sus  (rapaog,  the  arch  of  the  foot). 
The  bones  of  the  arch  of  the  foot,  five  in 
number,  situated  between  the  tarsus  and 
phalanges. 

Metath''esis  {/uEra,  TL6r//Ji,to  change).  An 
operation  designed  to  effect  a  transforma- 
tion or  change  of  the  seat  of  disease  from 
one  part  to  another. 

Metatrc'phia  (//era,  Tpo(prf,  nourishment). 
Any  morbid  condition  or  process  of  nutri- 
tion. 

Metenceph''alon  [/xera,  ey/ce^a/lov,  brain). 
That  pail  of  the  fcetal  brain  which  devel- 
ops into  the  ineduUa  oblongata. 

Mc'teorism  {fiereupii^u,  to  elevate).  A 
term  used  to  denote  the  presence  of  gases 
in  the  abdominal  cavity. 

Meteoriza''tion  {/usTeupti^o)).  The  forma- 
tion of  gas  in  the  abdominal  cavity. 

Meteorology  [peTEupov,  meteor,  /loyof,  a 
treatise).  A  treatise  on  the  phenomena  of 
the  atmosphere  and  the  laws  of  its  motions. 

Me^'ter.     See  Metric  System. 

Methac'etin.  An  analogue  of  phenace- 
tine,  having  the  same  antipyretic  qualities 
as  the  latter,  but  more  soluble.     Unof. 

Methaemoglo^bin.  A  mixture  of  albu- 
min, haemoglobin  and  hcematin,  supposed 
at  first  to  be  a  distinct  substance. 


Meth-'ane.     See  Marsh  Gas. 

Methoma''nia  (^peOr],  drunkenness,  pavia, 
madness).     Same  as  Alania  a  Potu. 

Meth^yl.  In  chemistry,  a  radical  molecule, 
having  the  composition  CHg.  It  is  the 
base  of  a  large  number  of  compounds, 
including  an  alcohol,  methyl  spirit  and 
several  ptomaines.  M.-guanidine,  a  pto- 
maine, long  known  as  a  product  of  the 
oxidation  of  creatine  and  creatinine.  Has 
been  obtained  from  horseflesh  after  four 
months'  decomposition  at  low  temperatiu-e, 
and  from  cultures  of  the  comma-bacillus. 
A  colorless,  easily  deliquescing  mass,  pos- 
sessing a  strong  alkaline  reaction.  It 
is  highly  poisonous.  The  symptoms  are 
dyspnoea,  muscle-tremor  and  general  clonic 
convulsions.  M.-hydrantoin,  a  leuco- 
maine  base  isolated  from  dogs'  flesh.  M. 
Hydride,  marsh  gas.  M.  Spirit.  See 
Alcohol.  M.  Violet.  An  aniline  dye 
used  for  staining  bacteria.  Under  the 
name  of  Pyoktaniii  Stilling  recommends 
it  very  highly  as  an  effective  bactericide  as 
strong,  and  without  the  toxic  qualities  of, 
bichloride  of  mercury,  and  other  germicidal 
substances. 

Meth^ylal.  A  substance  prepared  by  dis- 
tilling methyl  alcohol  with  sulphuric  acid. 
Hypnotic  and  antispasmodic.  Dose  gj. 
Unof. 

MethyFamine.  A  colorless  gas  having 
the  composition  N(CH3)H2,  easily  con- 
densing to  a  colorless  liquid.  It  is  used 
mainly  as  a  reagent  in  certain  organic 
tests.  It  occurs  also  as  a  ptomaine  in  cer- 
tain putrefactions,  notably  that  of  fish.  It 
is  found  in  herring  brine,  to  which  it  gives 
odor. 

Meth''ylene  Dichlo-'ride.  A  general 
anaesthetic,  frequently  used  instead  of 
chloroform.  Asserted  by  Genther  and  Eich- 
holz  to  be  more  susceptible  to  management 
than  the  latter  in  protracted  operations. 
Much  of  the  methylene  dichloride  con- 
tains 50-75  per  cent,  of  chloroform. 
Unof 

Mentis.     See  Mulatto. 

Metoa''rion  [pera,  after,  uiapiov,  the  ovule). 
The  corpus  luteum. 

Metop^agus  [p?jrci7rov,  front,  irayeig, 
joined).  An  ensomphalic  monstrosity  with 
united  foreheads. 

Me^tra  [pr]Tpa,  the  womb).  The  uterus  or 
womb. 

Metranae''mia  [pr/rpa,  ancemia,  lack  of 
blood).     Uterine  anaemia. 

Me^trauxe  {/irirpa,  the  womb,  av^y,  in- 
crease).    Hypertrophy  of  the  uterus. 


METRECTOPIA 


261 


MICROBE 


MetrectC'pia  {furpa,  the  womb,  eKro-o^^ 
displacement).  Displacement  of  tlie 
womb. 

Metric  System.  A  decimal  system  of 
weiglits  and  measures  employe<l  in  France 
and  Germany,  and  osed  generally  in  the 
sciences  of  chemistry  and  physics.  The 
standard  is  the  nuUr,  the  nysA'fTffrr  P''^"''  °f 
a  quadrant  of  a  meridian  circle  of  tlie 
earth.  The  standard  of  capacity  is  the 
lite-r,  a  cubical  volume  y'j  meter  in  each 
dimension.  The  standard  of  weight  is  the 
gramme,  the  weight  of  yg'^^  liter  of  dis- 
tilled water  at  its  maximum  density.  The 
multiples  are  exjjrcssed  by  the  prefixes 
deca,  ht\to  and  kilo  ;  the  sulxiivisions  by 
the  prefixes  deci,  centi  and  tnilli. 


\ooo 

meters 

= 

I  kilometer. 

lOO 

meters 

= 

I  hectometer. 

10 

meters 

= 

I  decameter. 

.1 

meter 

= 

1  decimeter. 

.01 

meter 

= 

I  centimeter. 

.OOI 

meter 

= 

I  millimeter. 

lOOO 

liters 

^^ 

1  kiloliter. 

100 

liters 

= 

1  hectoliter. 

10 

liters 

m^ 

I  decaliter. 

.1 

liter 

= 

I  deciliter. 

.01 

liter 

=. 

I  rciitililer. 

.001 

liter 

== 

I  milliliter. 

1000 

grammes 

= 

I  kilogramme. 

lOO 

grammes 

cat 

1  hectogramme, 

10 

grammes 

= 

I  decagramme. 

.1 

gramme 

= 

I  decigramme. 

.01 

gramme 

= 

I  centi)^ramme. 

.OOI 

gramme 

== 

I  milligramme. 

In  common  practice,  however,  the  follow- 
ing divisions  only  are  used,  the  others  being 
expressed  in  figures  : — 

10  millimeters    —    i  centimeter, 
loo  centimeters    ^     I  meter. 
1000  meters  —    i  kilometer. 


looo  cubic  centimeters 


I  liter. 


looo  milligrammes    —    i  gramme. 
1000  grammes  —    i  kilogramme. 

The  following  are  the  equivalent  values  : — 

1  meter      —  39.37    inches. 

1  liter          —  2. 1 1    pints. 

I  gramme  —  15.43    grains. 

I  minim     —  .016  centimeter. 

See,  also,  IVc-if^/i/s  and  Afcastires. 

Mctri'tis  (ftr/Tftn,  the  womb,  irir,  inflam- 
nialion).  Inllamination  of  the  uterus. 
Endometritis.  See  same.  Parame- 
tritis, inllainiiiatiun  of  the  tissues  con- 
nected with  the  uterus.  Perimetritis, 
inflammation  of  th<:  uli-rinc  [x-riioiicum. 

Metrocol'pocele  (//r/r/wi,  Ko'/.-rrnr,  KJi'/.rj, 
tiiiiifjr).     A  tumor  of  the  vagina  and  womb. 

Metrodyn'ia  (/it/tim,  uAvyi/,  pain).  Any 
pain  of  the  womb. 


Metromalacc'sis  {ftr^rpa,  fia/.aKog,  soft). 
The  condition  and  progress  of  softening  of 
the  tissues  of  the  uterus. 

Metropath'ic  (fir/rpa,  TraOog^  suffering). 
Pertaining  to  affections  of  the  womb. 

Metroperitoni'tis  [ut/rpa,  /cn'/ont/is). 
Peritonitis  involving  inllammalion  of  the 
womb. 

Metrophlebi''tis  [firjrpa,  ^/'.fi/',  a  vein, 
iTig,  intlammation).  Inflammation  of  the 
veins  of  the  uterus. 

Metrorrhag'ia  {^^i]Tpa,  pr/yvvfiai^  to  burst 
forth).  Uterine  hemorrhage  not  due  to 
menstrual  discharge. 

Metrorrhex'is  {fi>/rpa,  p;/j/f,  a  nipturc). 
Rupture  of  the  womb. 

Metrorrhce'a  {fir/rpn,  peu,  to  flow).  Any 
morbid  uterine  discharge. 

Mefroscope  {fi>/Tpa,  okottcu,  to  observe). 
An  instiTimeiit  for  examining  the  uterus. 

Mexican  Ginger.  The  fresh  root  of 
Zingiber  (.'Jficiniile.     Unof.     See  Zini;;ilhr. 

Meynert's  Projection  Systems.  The 
first  is  comixjsed  of  the  fibers  from  the 
cortex  of  the  brain  through  the  corona 
radiata  in  a  radiate  direction.  The  sec- 
ond, longitudinal  bundles  of  fibers  pro- 
ceeding downward  to  the  ganglionic  gray 
matter  reaching  from  the  third  ventricle 
through  the  aqueduct  of  Sylvius  to  the 
lowest  part  of  the  gray  matter  of  the  spinal 
cord.  The  third,  the  peripheral  nerves, 
motor  and  sensory,  proceeding  from  the 
central  tubular  gray  matter. 

Meze'reon,  or 

Meze'reum.  The  bark  of  Daphne  m. 
A  powerful  sialogogue  and  in-itant  poison, 
producing  purging  and  gastroenteric  in- 
flammation. Used  as  an  antisj'philitic, 
combined  with  sarsaparilla,  l)ut  chiefly  as 
a  local  irritant  to  stimulate  indolent  ulcers. 
M.,  Ext.,  used  in  iire]iaiation  of  liniment 
of  nuistanl.  M.,  Ext.  Fid.,  ust'<l  in  prepa- 
ration of  M.  Um^.,  consisting  of  fld.  ext. 
me/ereon  25,  lard  So,  and  yellow  wax  12 
parts. 

Mi''asm,  or 

Mias'ma  (/uaivu),  to  pollute).  .\  term 
loosely  ajiplied  to  the  floating  germsof  any 
form  of  micn)bic  life,  especially  those  gen- 
erating in  marshy  localities. 

Miasmat'ic.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the 
nature  of  miasma. 

MicristoPogy.     .Sec  //is/o/flgy. 

Mic'ro-  [/iiKpor,  small).  A  Greek  prefix 
signifying  minute. 

Mic'robe  (fiiKpor,  sm.tll,  ,3i()r,  life).  The 
general     name     of     miiTourganisms,     or 

organic  structures,  whether  animal  or  vcge- 


MICROBIAN 


262 


MICROSCOPE 


table,  that  require  the  microscope  for  their 
study.  A  large  number,  so  far  as  known, 
are  not  pathogenic.  Those  that  are  so  are 
eliminated  by  the  kidney  and  other  organs 
under  certain  conditions,  or  by  phago- 
cytosis, or  by  natural  antagonism.  Their 
thermal  death  point  is  from  129°  to  140°  F. 

Micro^bian,  or 

Micro 'bic.  Pertaining  to  microbes  or  germ 
action. 

Microbioh ae''m i a  (/urepof ,  fiwg,  ai/ua, 
blood).  A  designation  of  those  diseased 
conditions  resulting  from  microorganisms 
in  the  blood. 

Microbiology.  The  biology  of  microbian 
hfe. 

Mic^'roblast.     See  Corpuscle. 

Microblep^haron  (/xiKpog,  jileipapov,  lid). 
Abnormal  smallness  of  the  eyelids. 

Microbrach^ius  {fiiKpog,  small,  ppaxiuv, 
arm).     Congenital  absence  of  the  arms. 

Microceph''alic.     See  Megacephalic. 

Microceph''alous  {/iiKpog,  Ke^aTirj,  the 
head).  Having  a  small  head.  In  botany, 
flowers  arranged  in  small  heads. 

Microchein''istry  [/uiKpog,  x'//^"^,  chem- 
istry). The  chemical  investigation  of  the 
more  minute  substances  of  nature.  Also, 
the  study  of  chemical  reactions,  in  which 
a  drop  each  of  the  reagent  and  the  sub- 
stance to  be  tested  are  made  to  coalesce  on 
a  porcelain  or  glass  plate,  the  reaction  being 
observed  under  a  microscopic  objective  of 
low  power. 

MicrocoC'cus  [fiiKpog,  KOKKog,  kernel). 
According  to  Mace  the  first  genus  of  the 
family  of  coccacees,  a  microorganism  having 
spherical  elements,  isolated,  united  by  twos 
or  by  larger  numbers,  or  disposed  in  chap- 
lets,  or  masses  of  zoogloese.  Sometimes 
they  are  united  in  a  way  to  resemble 
bunch  of  grapes  and  are  then  called  Sta- 
phylococcus [prai^vKrj^  grape).  When 
united  in  couples  they  are  called  Diplo- 
cocci  (dzTT/'iOOf,  double).  If  arranged  in 
strings  or  chaplets  they  are  called  Strepto- 
cocci (orpeTTTOf,  sinuous).  Certain  species 
are  pathogenic,  others  are  notable  as  chromo- 
genic,  others  have  a  fermentative  function, 
and  some,  no  discoverable  function.  M.  of 
Yellovsr  Fever.  No  results  at  present 
warrant  the  belief  that  the  specific  microbe 
has  been  isolated.  The  same  may  be  said 
of  the  M.  of  Hydrophobia.  M.  of 
Measles.  The  M.  of  Cornil  and  Bab^s 
resembles  the  M.  Pyogenes :  of  possible 
specificity.  M.  of  Scarlet  Fever.  The 
etiology  of  the  disease  is  not  made  certain 
by  bacteriological   research,     A  Table  is 


appended  giving  the  characteristics  of  the 
principal  M.     (See  pp.  263-271.) 

Mic'rocosm  [fuapog,  Koofiog,  a  world). 
Man  in  contradistinction  to  the  universe,  or 
the  macrocosm,  a  man  being  considered  as 
the  epitome  of  the  cosmos. 

Microcoulomb,     See  Coulotnb. 

Mic'rocyst,  A  cyst  of  diminutive  size,  or 
one  derived  from  another. 

Mic'rocytes  (fiiKpog,  Kvrog,  cell).  Dwarf 
corpuscles  found  in  the  blood  in  ansemia, 
regarded  as  young  fonns. 

Microcythae^mia  {/ntKpog,  Kvrog,  cell,  aifia, 
blood).  Abnormal  smallness  of  the  cor- 
puscles of  the  blood,  caused  by  certain 
poisons  and  diseases. 

Mic'rodont,     See  Macrodont. 

Microfar''ad,     See  Farad. 

Microglos''sia  {jiiKpog,  yTiuaaa,  tongue). 
Abnormal  smallness  of  the  tongue. 

Microg^raphy  [/ainpog,  ypa<pu).  A  descrip- 
tion of  bodies  that  are  studied  under  the 
microscope.     See  PJioto-Diicrography . 

Microkin^esis  (piKpog,  Kivr/atg,  movement). 
A  term  applied  to  certain  involuntary  mus- 
cular movements  in  an  infant  which  do  not 
cease  by  the  application  of  external  stimuli. 

MicroFogy  [fnKpog,  "koyog,  a  treatise).  A 
treatise  on  minute  objects,  especially  micro- 
scopic objects. 

Microm'elus  {tiiKpog,  small,  fieT^og,  limb). 
Congenital  smallness  of  the  limbs. 

Microm''eter  [/niKpog,  fierpov,  a  measure). 
An  instrument  designed  for  measuring  ex- 
ceedingly small  dimensions. 

MicromiKlimeter  {/xiKpog,  mj7/ime/er). 
The  one-thousandth  part  of  a  millimeter  or 
one-millionth  part  of  a  meter.  It  is  the 
unit  of  certain  microscopic  measurements. 

Microor'ganisms,     See  Microbe. 

Microph'agus  [fiiKpog,  small,  ^ayeiv,  to 
eat).     See  Phagocyte. 

MicrophthaFmus  [/utKpog,o(()6a?Lfiog).  An 
abnormally  small,  but  otherwise  healthy 
eye. 

Microps-'ia  (piKpog,  small,  (oing,  sight). 
An  apparent  diminution  in  the  size  of  ob- 
jects, supposed  to  be  produced  by  changes 
in  the  retinal  end-organs. 

MiCropyle  [jiiKpog,  'kvT.tj,  door).  A  minute 
canal  traversing  the  vitelline  membrane  of 
certain  animal  ova. 

Mic'roscope  {/uiKpog,  aKorreu,  to  see).  An 
optical  instrument  for  the  magnification  and 
definition  of  substances  too  small  to  be 
seen  with  the  naked  eye.  In  a  good  clini- 
cal microscope,  definition,  resolution  and 
penetration  are  to  be  sought  rather  than 
magnification. 


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Residue  colored 
by  Gram's  meth- 
od. 

Docs  not  seem 
to  be  pathoge- 
nic. 

Inflamma  t  i  on 
similar  to  prim- 
itive  iiiliclion, 
but  develo  ling 
more  rapidly. 

0 

j: 

0, 
c/3 

Pathogenic.  In- 
flamma  tion, 
with  redness 
at  point  of  in- 
oculation. 

0 

1 

« 

Oxygen 

attenuates 

the  virulence. 

Somewhat  mobile 
coccus,  I  M  ;    re- 
united  in  diplo- 
cocci. 

Mobile    coccus, 
0.5  to  I  fx  in  di- 
ameter. 

in' 

3 
(J 

5" 

Spherical  coccus, 
0.3  iJL ;   united  in 
chains. 

Spheroidal  coccus 
in  diplococci   or 
in  short  chains. 

—  •3  o  >  ct  --  B 
5  c  -5  U-,  3  C  11 

Develops 

rapidly  at 

35°. 

Soon  forms 

long  chains 

at  35°. 

Culture 

orange 

yellow,  the 

color 

showing 

from  the 

first  day. 

Cultures 
not  visible 

to 
naked   eye. 

Yellow 
culture, 

Verv 

abundant 

in  two  days. 

Elevated 
spots,  at 

first  wliite, 
then 

•   orange- 
yellow. 

.2  K 

O"— 

2  " 

Citron-yellow 

colonics, 

which 

divide  with 

ago.     Do 
not  liquefy. 

Liouefies  the 

gelatine  and 

produces 

yellowish 

flakes  on 

the  surface. 

Does  not 
liquefy.  Dirty 
yellow  mu- 
coid   mass ; 
colors  jelly 
yellow,  with 

greenish 
fluorescence. 

Does  not 

liquefy.     In 

streaks,  the 

medium  band 

whitish,  with 

indented 

borders. 

Glue-like  yel- 
low mem- 
brane, invest- 
ing surface. 
Liquefies 
slowly. 

Small, 
yellow, 
homogene- 
ous  granu- 
lar spots. 

Small, 

round, 

granular 

colonies. 

Rounded 
colonies, 
with  sinu- 
ous bor- 
ders, slight- 
ly brown- 
ish-yellow, 
growing  to 
I  cm.    The 
gelatine 
softening 
around  it. 

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patients 

aflected 

with 

Biskra 

boil. 

< 

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The   diplococci 
have  a  tendi-ncy 
to   raiipe   tliem- 
selves  in  lines  in 
the  cultures.  Do 
not   discolor  by 
Gram's  nielhoa. 

Rapidly    produ- 
ces   lactic    acid 
in  bouillon  and 
milk. 

Produces    lactic 
acid  inmilka'id 
bouillon. 

Not  pathogenic 

_o 
>> 

X 

§• 

u 

a 
a 

Pathogenic    to 
cows      and 
goats. 

Pathogenic. 
Fresh  cultures 
injected    into 
the    teat  of   a 
sheep  re  p  re- 
duce   the    dis- 
ease. 

Causes  a  rapid 
gangrene  in 
mice,  death  re- 
sulting in  three 
days. 

Produces  glyco- 
nic  acid  at  ex- 
pense   of  glu- 
cose. 

V    . 
>  rt 

«  3 

V    . 

>  rt 

11 

0 

X 

0 
i-i 
.1) 

< 

Diplococci,    2-2.5 
H  ;    often   united 
in    chains,   with 
undulatory 
movements. 

3 

u  3 

w  0 

a— 
=  i 

s- 

Rounded  coccus, 
I  ^ ;     united    In 
sinuous    chap- 
lets. 

Very  small    coc- 
cus, 0.3  /x  ;  soli- 
tary or  in  mas- 
ses,   never    in 
chains. 

Round     cellules, 
i.5>*;  forming 
lonfj:     sinuous 
chains. 

Cellules,  I  to  2  fi; 
in  long  flexuous 
chaplets. 

Develops   ! 
very  rapid- 
ly.      Dense 
and  com- 
pact 
flakes. 

In   24  hours 
forms    long 

chains  at 
35°.    Liquid 

remains 
limpid,   de- 
positing a 
light  sedi- 
ment. 

•* 

c* 

•  ~  tn 
^^ 

3  2 

c  — 

U 

Well  culti- 
vated in 

saccharine 

solutions. 

In  24  hours 
forms  a 

."c3 

V  > 

4> 
> 

Beautiful 

white 
colonies. 

Inflated 
colonies, 
citron- 
yellow. 

Thin,   gray 
layer,  with 
festooned 
border,   be- 
coming 
slowly 
yellowish. 

Whitish 
band,  with 
lobed  bor- 
ders. 

Small, 
round  colo- 
nies the 
length  of 
the  streak. 
Clear 

f latches 
lich   may 
run  togeth- 
er in  a  thin 
white  pel- 
licle. 

Thick  pel- 
licle, at  first 
white,  then 

yellowish. 

Does  not 
liquefy.     In 

streaks, 
forms  milk- 
white  plaques 

1^ 
in  a 

Does  not 
liquefy.    Thin 
pellicle  on 
surface,  and 
light  cloudi- 
ness in  the 
canals. 

Liquefies 

after  second 

day. 

Small,  gray 

colonies, 
having    ap- 
pearance of 
alveoli  on 
surface. 

Small, 
round,    yel- 
lowish 
granular 
colonies. 

Colonies 

with 
brownish 
centers  sur- 
rounded 
with  an 
aureole  of 
liquefaction 

•c  .  i 
^_  e  s  <«  «   . 

«  a  «  — ar_  in 

C  E  in'~—  -  S 

Air. 

Mammary 
gland,  and 
milk  of  con- 
tagious 
mammitis 
of  cows. 

Breast  in 

gangrenous 

mammitis 

of  milch 

sheep. 

Gangrene 
of  mouse, 
produced 
by  inocula- 
tion of 
putrid 
blood. 

■0  V 
So 

i 
3 

tn 

9 
V 

3 

M.  of  conta- 
gious mammi- 
tis of  cows. 

M.    of  conta- 
gious mammi- 
tis of  sheep. 

M.  of   progres- 
sive    necrosis 
of  the  conjunc- 
tiva of  mouse. 

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Large, 

grayish- 

wnite  layer. 

Thick 
band, of a 
beautiful 
golden- 
yellow. 

Liquefies. 

Cloudy 
liquid,  with 
yellowish  . 
deposit. 

Brilliant, 
translucent, 
thin  culture 

in  S 
u 

Thick, 
orange- 
yellow  oand 

Does  not 

liquefy.     Mu 

cold,  white, 

sninewhat 

thick   colony. 

Liquefies 

rapidly. 

Liquid 

milky,  with 

white 

deposit. 

Liquefy 
rapidly. 
Liquid 
cloudy,  with 
gold-.,  cllow 
deposit. 

No  develop- 
ment. 

Thick  cul- 
ture, rose    or 
flesh-colored. 
Sottening  the 
surface  of  the 
gelatine  very 
little. 

Liquefies 

slowly. 

Liqaid  and 

thin    viscid 

veil. 

Small, 
transpa- 
rent.discoid 
colonics, 
whose  de- 
velopment 

stops 

quickly. 

Whitish 

colonies, 

liquefying 

the  gelatine 

Small, 

round,  yel- 
low-gray 
colonies, 

liquelying 
rapidly. 

Small,  rose- 
colored 
buttons, 
often  in 

elevations, 
forming 

large  discs. 

Round 

colonies ; 

opaque, 

white, 

liquefying 

slowly. 

1 

in 

3 

0. 

in 

3 
A. 

in 

3 

0. 

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firm  ab- 
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M.     Salivarius 
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rabbits,   mice 
and  guinea  pigs 
in  4  to  6  days. 

1      '  J=  00 

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Ul 

Kills    the   rabbit 
in  twelve  days. 
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walls  of  the  ab- 
scess. 

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Round 
colonies. 

White  the 
length  of 

the    streak. 

Greenish 
culture  ; 
growing 
rapidly. 

Docs  not 
liquefy.     Cul- 
ture whitish. 

Does  not 
liquefy. 
Flat  cultures, 
of  a  brilliant 
porcelain- 
white. 

Does  not 

liquefy. 

Yel  owish, 

pearly 

pellicle. 

Does  not 

liquefy. 

Greenish, 

nail-shaped 

colonies. 

Does  not 
li(iuefy. 
White  pelli- 
cle,  whence 
spring  long, 
spiral  fila- 
ments, losing 
themselves  in 
the  jelly. 

Small. 

arched 
colonies, 
of  a  bril- 
liant white. 

Large, 
viscid  colo- 
nies ;  green- 
ish, with 
tiearly 
uster. 

Colonies 
form  small 
masses  of 
filaments 
twisted 
spirally. 

Sputum 
ami  con- 
tents of 
cavities  in 
the    phthis- 
ical. 

Micrococ- 
cus pseudo- 
tuberculo- 
sis 

Air.  Found 
in  abund- 
ance in 
ammonia- 
cal  urine. 

u 

< 

Lymph  of 

pustules    of 

varicella. 

0) 

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O 

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271 


MICROSEME. 


272 


MILK. 


Mic'roseme.     See  Index. 

Microso^mia  {^umpog,  aufia,  the  body).  An 
arrest  of  growth  resulting  in  a  dwarfing  of 
the  whole  body. 

Microspo''ron  (^/iiiKpog,  airopov,  a  seed).  A 
fungus  to  which  several  diseases  of  the 
skin  and  hair  are  believed  due.  M.  Au- 
douini,  the  cause  of  Pelade,  a  disease  of 
the  hair-covered  skin.  M.  Diphtheriti- 
cum,  micrococci  or  rod-like  forms  differ- 
entiated by  Klebs  as  the  specific  causes  of 
the  affection.  M.  Furfur,  the  specific 
fungus  of  PitjTiasis  versicolor.  M. 
Septicum,  a  round  coccus  found  by 
Klebs  in  the  blood  of  septicaemia. 

Mic^rostat  [fiiKpog,  igttjjuc,  to  stand).  A 
stage  and  finder,  for  attachment  to  a  micro- 
scope. 

Micros''toma  [fiiKpoq,  aro/na,  mouth).  Ab- 
normal smallness  of  the  mouth. 

Mic^rotome  [/uiKpog,  to/it/,  a  cutting).  An 
instrument  for  making  thin  sections  for 
microscopic  examination.  M.,  Freezing, 
one  in  which  the  tissue  is  suirounded  by  a 
freezing  mixture  and  frozen,  in  order  to 
obtain  the  hardness  required  for  section- 
izing.  The  microtomes  of  Rutherford, 
Hamilton,  Williams,  Lewis  and  Cathcart 
are  the  most  used. 

Microzy^ma  {/xiKpog,  C^'/aog,  leaven).  Mi- 
nute particles  of  living  matter,  the  real 
agents  of  the  functions  of  the  organism, 
according  to  the  theory  of  Bechamp,  the 
perversion  of  whose  function  constitutes 
disease.  They  secrete  a  ferment,  Zyuase, 
which  in  disease  is  transformed  into  patho- 
genic microbes.  Microzytnatous  has  lately 
been  proposed  as  a  more  correct  term 
than  zymotic,  and  would  include  tuber- 
culous, syphilitic,  pneumonic,  and  other 
diseases. 

Micturi''tion  (jnicturiro,  to  pass  water 
often).  An  abnormally  frequent  desire  to 
vu-inate.     Also,  to  urinate. 

Mid^riff.     See  Diaphragm. 

Mid''wife  (Sax.  mid,  zuif,  a  wife).  A 
female  obstetrician.  A  female  nurse  who 
attends  women  in  childbirth. 

Migraine^.     See  Megrim. 

Migra''tion  [migro,  to  wander).  In  zool- 
ogy, the  periodical  departure  of  certain 
animals,  especially  birds,  to  another  climate. 
M.  of  Ovum,  its  passage  from  the  ovary 
to  the  Fallopian  tube.  M.  of  White 
Corpuscles,  one  of  the  phenomena  of 
inflammation,  consisting  in  the  passage  of 
the  white  corpuscles  of  the  blood  through 
the  vessel-wall. 

Mik''ron.     Same  as  Micromillimeter. 


MiKdew  (Sax.  miideavj).  Any  fungus 
producing  discoloration,  parasitic  upon 
vegetable  matter. 

MiFfoil.     See  Achillea. 

Milia^ria  {milium,  millet).  Sudamina; 
Miliaria  Alba.  A  disorder  of  the  sweat 
glands,  consisting  of  an  obstmction  to  the 
escape  of  their  secretion.  M.  Crystal- 
lina,  a  non-inflammatory  form  of  the  dis- 
order. M.  Papulosa,  Lichen  Tropicus, 
or  Prickly  Heat,  a  form  in  which  prior 
inflammation  causes  the  obstruction.  M. 
Rubra,  or  Vesiculosa,  an  inflamed  con- 
dition due  to  distention  of  the  glands. 
Red  Gum,  or  Strophulus,  a  form  occur- 
ring in  nursing  infants;  due  to  excessive 
swathing.  Miliary  Fever,  or  Sweating 
Sickness,  an  epidemic,  febrile  disease, 
in  which  profuse  sweating  and  miliaria  are 
prominent  symptoms. 

Miliary  Fever.     See  Miliaria. 

Military  Med^icine,  or  Suf'gery.  The 
treatment  of  the  diseases  and  wounds  to 
which  soldiers  and  sailors  are  liable. 

MiFitary  Sur^gery.  See  Militaiy  Medi- 
cine. 

MiLium  [milium,  millet  seed).  Grutum; 
Strophulus  Albidus;  Acne  Albida;  Tuber- 
culum  Sebaceum.  A  small  pearly  white 
tumor  seated  just  below  the  epidermis, 
commonly  about  the  forehead,  orbit,  cheeks 
and  scrotum.  When  the  tumor  receives  an 
infiltration  of  calcium  carbonate  and  phos- 
phate, it  is  known  as  cutaneous  calculus. 

Milk.  A  secretion  by  the  mammary  glands 
of  mammalia,  consisting  of  an  emulsion 
of  casein,  albumen,  fat,  lactose  and  mineral 
salts,  in  about  88  per  cent,  of  water.  Cream 
consists  mainly  of  the  fats  rising  to  the 
surface  of  the  milk.  Skim-milk  is  the 
residue  left  after  the  removal  of  the  cream. 
Buttermilk  is  cream  from  which  the  fatty 
matter  has  been  removed.  The  sp.  gr.  of 
good  milk  varies  from  1.027  ^  1-034.  It 
should  contain  not  less  than  10  per  cent, 
of  cream.  M.,  Condensed,  the  milk  of 
cows  from  which  a  large  part  of  the  water 
has  been  evaporated  and  sugar  added.  M., 
Deficiency  of.  Ste  Agalactia.  M.,  Ex- 
cessive Secretion  of.  See  Galactor- 
rhcca.  M.  Fever,  certain  phenomena, 
possibly  with  a  slight  rise  of  temperature, 
attending  the  establishment  of  the  secre- 
tion of  milk.  M.-leg.  See  Phlegmasia 
Alba  Dolens.  M. -plasma,  the  clear  fluid 
in  which  the  milk-globules  float.  M.- 
sickness,  a  disease  supposably  caused  by 
the  milk  from  a  cow  that  had  eaten  im- 
proper food.     M.  Teeth,  the  first  or  tem- 


MILKERS'  CRAMP. 


273 


MITOMA. 


porar)'  teeth.       M. -curdling  Ferments. 
See      Ferments.  M.-rice       Culture 

Medium.     To   loo  parts  by  weii^ht  of 
tinely    powdered  rice    add    210   p;m.s    by 
measure  of  a  3  to   I  mi.xture  of  milk,  and 
bouillon.     Beat  together  and  sterilize.     M. 
Weed.     Silk-weed.  The  root  of  .'/5<7t//<;.f 
cornuti.     Properlici  similar  to  those  of  A. 
tuberosa.    A  popular  cure-all  in  the  South- 
em  States.     Dose   of  tld.   e.\t.    TTL-x-^j. 
Unof. 
Milkers'  Cramp.     A  spasmodic  contrac- 
tion of  the  e.\tensors  and  flexore  of  the 
forearm  in  consecjuence  of  continuous  ex- 
ertion in  milking. 
Milliam'pere.    C)nethousandth  of  an  am- 
pere, =  1  volt  divided  by  ICXX). 
Milliam'peremeter.     An  ammeter  for  ex- 
ceedini^ly  delicate  electrical  measurements. 
Mil'ligramme.     See  Metric  System. 
Milliliter.     See  Metric  System. 
Mil'limeter.     See  Metric  System. 
Millon's  Reagent.     Made  by  dissolving 
10  grammes  of  mercury  in  20  grammes  of 
nitric  acid,  diluting  the  solution  with  an 
equal  volume  of  water,  and  decanting  in 
twenty-four   hours.     Proteids  warmed  in 
contact  at  70°  C.  yield  a  purple-red  color. 
Mime'tic  {uifir/ai^,  a  mimicry).     Imitating 
or  resembling  something  else. 
Mim'icism.      Neuropathic    imitation    of 

words,  gestures,  etc. 
Mind.  The  understanding.  The  reason- 
ing and  intellectual  faculties  considered  as 
a  whole.  M.  Blindness,  loss  of  jxawer 
of  recognition  of  the  nature  of  olijects, 
though  without  loss  of  si^ht;  due  to  cor- 
tical lesion.  M.  Deafness,  an  analogous 
fact  in  reference  to  hearing. 
Mindere'rus,   Spirit  of.     See  Ammoitii 

Acrt.is,  I.i(j. 
Min'eral  [viinera,  a  mine).  Any  chemi- 
cal coml.)ination  containing  an  organic  l)ase 
found  in  the  earth.  M.  Oil,  petroleum. 
M.  Pitch,  Ijitumen.  M.  Water,  water 
naturally  or  artilicially  im|)regnale(l  with 
mineral  salts  or  oxides.  C)wing  to  the  great 
and  increasing  imjKjrtance,  medically  and 
hygienically,  of  the  natural  sj)ring  waters 
of  the  United  Slates,  a  classified  list  of 
the  springs  of  the  country  has  l)ccn  pre- 
pared and  inserted  as  an  appendix.  The 
general  classes  iiit(j  wliieh  ihe  s|)rings  are 
grou|x.-d  indicate  the  therapeutic  actions  of 
the  waters.  Analyses  of  typical  examples 
of  each  cla«s  are  given  in  full;  of  tlie  rest, 
the  active  ingredij-iits  are  indicnted  by  the 
chemic.il  fonnulx-.  .Mkaline  aiul  Carlxin- 
atcd  springs  arc  usually  hut.  Saline  and  Sul- 


phur  springs  may  l>e  either  hot  or  cold. 
Silicious  springs  are  always  hot. 

Mineral'ogy  {^iiiinera,  a  mine,  foyoq,  a 
treatise).     A  treatise  on  minerals. 

Miners'  Cachex'ia.  ':>ec  Anc/iylostomiasis. 

Miners'  Nystag'mus.     See  Xystagmiis. 

Min'im  (dim.  oi  minits,  little).  The  one- 
sixtieth  of  a  fluid  drachm,  or  about  one 
drop. 

Mint.     See  Me  tit  It  a  J'iriJis. 

Mirage^  (Fr.  inirer,  to  look  at  carefully). 
An  illusion  caused  by  the  reflection  of 
objects  against  the  surface  at  which  two 
layers  of  air  of  unequal  density  rest,  the 
ligliter  on  the  heavier. 

Mir'ror  (Fr.  mirer).  \  term  applied  to 
any  polished  surface  that  reflects  a  large 
proportion  of  the  liglit  falling  uixin  it.esije- 
cially  a  glass  silvered  on  the  anterior,  or 
coated  with  a  tin  amalgam  on  the  jX)Sterior 
surface.  Mirrors,  plane  or  focusing,  are 
used  in  the  ophthalmoscope,  laryngoscope, 
otoscojje,  etc.,  to  reflect  light  into  the 
cavity  studied,  and  thus  illuminate  it  for 
observ'ation. 

Miry'achit  (Rus.).  A  peculiar  disease 
observed  in  some  oriental  tribes,  the  chief 
characteristic  of  which  consists  in  mimicry 
by  the  patient  of  everything  said  or  done 
by  another.  The  same  disease  is  called 
Lata  by  the  Javanese. 

Miscar'riage.     See  Abortion. 

Mislacta'tion.     See  Galactia. 

Mis'tletoe.     See  Viscum. 

Mistu'ra  (I>at.).  A  mixture.  In  phar- 
macy an  aqueous  preparation  of  an  in.solu- 
ble  substance  held  in  stispension,  usually 
by  the  addition  of  soluble  gum,  egg- 
emulsion,  etc.  There  are  1 1  official  mis- 
tunr. 

Mite.  A  term  loosely  applied  to  various 
small  insects,  especially  to  Acarus  siron. 

Mith'ridatism.  That  immunity  from  the 
efliects  of  a  jwison  induced  by  the  adminis- 
tration of  gradually  increased  doses.  The 
selection  of  the  word  h;is  reference  to  the 
fai>ie  concerning  Mithridatcs,  King  of 
Pontus,  that  he  became  so  charged  wilh 
the  ]X)i.sons  he  exix'rimented  with,  that  he 
olitained  an  immunity  from  tiiem  all. 

Mit'igated     Stick,     or     Caustic.      See 

.■ir:',ntiim. 
Mit'igating(w///"^f,tosoftcn).   Assuaging, 
allaying.     Also,  a  descriptive  term  applied 
to  anodynes. 

Mitoch'ysis  (//'ror,  thread,  .v^'C,  liquefac- 
tion).    Cell  nmliiiiliLition  either  direct  or 
by  mitosis. 
Mito'ma.     Sec  Ccll-My. 


MITOSIS. 


274 


MONATOMIC. 


Mitc'sis  [jucToc).  The  process  of  the  for- 
mation of  rays  or  star-like  forms  prior  to 
cellular  division.     See  Karyokinesis. 

Mistral  Valve.     See  Valves. 

Mixed  Blood.     See  Mulatto. 

Mix'ture.     See  Mistura. 

Mnemon^ics  [fivrjii)],  the  memory).  The 
act  of  remembering.  The  science  of  the 
cultivation  of  the  memory  by  systematic 
methods. 

MobiFity  {rnobilis,  movable).  That  prop- 
erty by  which  the  position  of  a  body  may 
be  changed.  The  condition  of  being 
movable.  M.  of  Fractures,  Abnor- 
mal, the  condition  of  unusual  motion  of 
parts  consequent  upon  fracture. 

Modio^lus.  The  central  pillar  or  axis  of 
the  cochlea,  around  which  the  spiral  canal 
takes  two  and  one-half  turns. 

Mo'dus  Operan^di  [inodus,  a  mode,  oper- 
andus,  an  action).  Method  of  the  per- 
formance of  an  action. 

Mogigraph'ic  {f^oyig,  with  difficulty, 
ypa(fu,  to  write).  Difficulty  or  inability  to 
execute  writing  movements. 

Mogipho^nia  {fioy/g^  (puv?/,  voice).  Loss  of 
power,  or  difficulty  in  the  use  of  the  voice. 

Mohr^enheimer's  Space.  The  groove 
between  the  cephalic  vein  and  humero- 
thoracic  artery  on  the  deltoid  muscle. 

Mo^la.     See  Afo/e. 

Mo'lar  Teeth.     See  Teet/t. 

Molas^ses.     See  Theriaca. 

Mole  {mola,  a  mass).  A  proliferative 
degeneration  of  the  chorionic  villi,  pro- 
ducing a  mass  ofbeny-like  vesicles  attached 
to  the  placenta.  Called  vesicular  AL,  hyda- 
tidiforin  or  myxomatous  degeneration  of 
the  placenta.  Also  applied  to  a  small,  pig- 
mented spot  of  the  skin. 

MoFecule  [inohi).  The  smallest  quantity 
into  which  the  mass  of  any  substance 
can  be  physically  divided,  or  the  smallest 
quantity  that  can  exist  in  a  free  state.  A 
molecule  may  be  chemically  separated  into 
two  or  more  atoms.  The  integrity  and 
properties  of  a  substance  reside  in  its  mole- 
cules. 

Molec'ular.  Pertaining  to  molecules,  or 
composed  of  the  same.  M.  Weight,  the 
weight  of  a  molecule  of  any  substance  as 
compared  with  the  weight  of  an  atom  of 
hydrogen.  It  is  equal  to  the  sum  of  the 
weights  of  its  constituent  atoms. 

Moli^men  (Lat.  an  endeavor).  Any  effort 
or  attempt.  M.,  Menstrual,  the  men- 
strual act  or  function. 

Molisch's  Test  (for  sugar).  To  5  c.c. 
of  the  fluid  add  2  drops  of  a  1 7  per  cent,  alco- 


holic solution  of  a-naphthol,  or  a  solution  of 
thymol.  Add  I  to  2  c.c.  of  concentrated 
sulphuric  acid,  and  shake.  The  presence 
of  sugar  colors  the  a-naphthol  mixture 
deep  violet,  the  thymol  deep  red. 
MoFline  {^mollis,  soft).  A  soap  of  potash 
and  cocoanut  oil,  proposed  as  a  basis  for 
ointments.  Unof. 
MoUit^ies  (wt'/Zw).  Softness.  M.Ossium. 

See  Osteo-malacia. 
Mollus''cous    {tnolluscufu,   a    shell  fish). 
Pertaining  to  the  mollusca  or  second  divi- 
sion of  the   animal  kingdom.     Also,  per- 
taining to  or  having  the  nature  of  a  mollusc. 
Mollus''cum.    (Lat.)    A  term  applied  to 
several    diseases  of  the  skin.     M.  Con- 
tagiosum,  MoUuscum  Sebaceum,  Mollus- 
cum  Sessile,  Acne  Varioliforme,  Molluscura 
Vemicosum.      Small,    sessile,    gland-like 
tumors   formed  in  the  rete.     The  tumors 
are  discrete,  nearly  hemispherical,  opaque 
and  of  nearly  pinkish  luster.     Usually  con- 
fined to  the  face,  neck,  scalp  and   breast. 
Generally  considered  contagious.    M.  Fi- 
broma.   See  Fibroma.     M.  Pendulum. 
See  Fibroma.     M.   Simplex.      See   Fi- 
broma. 
Molyb''do-    {fioTivfiSog,  lead).      A   prefix 
denoting  reference  to  or  connection  with 
lead.    In  chemistry,  signifying  composition 
with  the  element  molybdenum. 
Momen''tum  [i)tomen^  a  motion).  Amount 
of  force.     Also,  the   quantity  of  potential 
energy  possessed  by  a  body  in  motion.    It 
is  estimated  as  the  product  of  its  weight 
expressed  in  units  of  gravity,  by  its  velocity 
expressed  in  units  of  time.     It  is  usually 
expressed  in  the  formula  m=wv,  and 
may  be  estimated  in  foot-pounds  or  kilo- 
grammeters. 
Momor^dica  Bu''cha.     A  species  of  cu- 
cumber native  to  Brazil.     It  is  a  powerful 
drastic  purgative,  useful  in  dropsy.    Unof. 
Mon-  {jMovug,  one).     A  Greek  prefix  de- 
noting one  or  single. 
Mon''ad.     See  Quantivalence. 
Monoamine.     See  Amifie. 
Mo^nas.     M.  Warmingii,   M.  Okeni,  M. 
Vinosa  and  Rhabdomonas  rosea,  are  prob- 
ably  the  vibratile   cilia,  from   Beggiatoa, 
disconnected  and  free  in  the  water. 
Monas''ter  [juovoc,  aarr^p,  a  star).    Applied 
to  the  stage  in  development  of  the  ovum 
when  a  pencil  of  rays  extends  toward  each 
pole  of  the  cell. 
Monatom'ic  [fiovoc,  atom).    In  chemistry, 
an  atom  of  an  element,  or  a  radical,  which 
is  saturated  by  a  single  monad  atom.     See 
Quantivalence. 


MONELITHRIX. 


>75 


MORBID. 


Monelith'rix.  A  I'onn  of  alrophy  of  the 
hair  characterized  by  a  beaded  appearance. 

Mon'era  (fioiii^).  An  order  of  minute, 
marine  rhizopods,  including  some  of  the 
kiwcst  forms  of  life. 

Mon'o-  (uoiui;).  A  Greek  prefix  signify- 
ing i>«<f  or  sitti^U. 

Monobrach''ius  (Morof,  ,?/)n\7(jr,  arm). 
A  developmental  defect  consisting  in  ab- 
sence of  one  arm. 

Monoceph'alus  \^umn^,  Kt<paA^,  head).  A 
double  monstrosity  consisting  of  a  single 
head  with  two  licdies  more  or  less  fuseil. 

Monochromat''ic  (/iorof,  ^pw//«,  a  color). 
Having  but  one  color. 

Mon'ocle  [fun-og,  octtlus,  eye).  A  single 
lens  or  eye-glass. 

Mon'oclinic  \^^iiovo^,  K?jvr/^  bed).  Pertain- 
ing to  (lowers  that  have  the  male  and 
female  <.>rgans  in  a  single  perianth. 

Monococ'cus  [fiovo^,  kokko^,  grain).  A 
single  coccus;  one  not  united  in   chains, 

Monoc'ranus  {fiovog,Kpavtoi>^the  cranium). 

A  fetal   monster  with  a  single  mass  of 

brain. 
Monoc'ular  [uovog,  cculus,  an  eye).     A 

term    applied    to    an    optical    instrument 

having   but  one  eye-piece.     Also,  having 

but  one  eye,  or  pertaining  to  one  of  the 

eyes. 
Monoc'ulus  (//orof,  octiltis).     In  surgery, 

a  bandage  for  covering  one  eye. 
Monce^cious     (^fiovoq,    oiKia,     a     house). 

Having  male  and  female  organs  united  in 

one  animal. 
Monog'amous    (/iwof,   ■)afto^,  marriage). 

H.iviiig  but  one  wife.      In  Ixjtany,  flowers 

which  are  isolated  from  one  anotiicr  or  not 

collected  under  a  single  capitulum. 
Monoge'neous  [fiovng,  yevnq,  race).     ( )f 

one  race  or  family.     In  lx)tany,  having  but 

one  surface  of  increase. 
Mon'ograph  (/ioi'of,  yfxi<f>u,  to  write).     A 

treati.se    or   memoir    considering  a   single 

subject. 
Monoloc''ular    (unvnq,  /oiuhis,  a   cell   or 

caviiy).      Having    one    cell.      Unicellular. 

.Also,  a  one-celled  cystic  tumor. 
Monoma''nia   (//orof,  /laivn/iai,   to   rave). 

A  form  of  mania  or  marlness  in  which  the 

pers<jn  is  insane  or  demented  on  one  sub- 
ject only,  l)eing  .sound  on  all  others. 
Monoma''niac  (/invar,  finvtn).     A  [x-rson 

wlio  is  insane  or  irrational  on  one  subject 

only. 
Monom'phaluB    ifinvn^,  nitil>a?nr,  navel). 

A  ilouiilr  monstrosity  united  together  with 

a  common  umbilicus. 


Monople'gia  (//orof,  nXfj)rj,  a  stroke). 
I'.ualysis  of  a  single  limb. 

Mon'opus.  A  developmental  defect  con- 
sisting in  absence  of  one  lower  limb. 

Monor'chid.     See  CryptorihiU. 

Monoso'ma  ^//oiof,  ffu//a,body).  A  double 
monstrosity  with  a  single  body  and  two 
heads. 

Mon'ospasm  [/lovog,  airaafiog).  Convul- 
sion or  si>a>m  due  to  cortical  lesion  and 
atTecting  limited  or  localized  areas,  as  the 
facial,  brachial,  cioiral,  ch\ 

Mon'sel's  Solution.     See  r'crrum. 

Mon'ster.     See  Monstrosity. 

Monstros'ity  {^nio>istniin).  A  fvtus  or 
being  with  an  abnomial  development  or 
deficiency  of  parts  or  some  vice  of  con- 
fomiation.  These  may  be  compound  or 
double,  single  or  simple,  according  as  the 
monster  is  composed  of  the  malformations 
of  one  or  more  elementar)- organisms.  M., 
Parasitic.  A  class  of  Comiwund  M.  in 
whicli  a  subsidiary  part  is  nourished  by  the 
principal  organism. 

Mon'strum.     See  Monstrosity. 

Monthly,  or  Monthly  Courses.  A  pop- 
ular designation  for  the  monthly  menstrual 
flow. 

Mens  Ven^eris  (Lat.).  The  female  pubic 
eminence,  bounded  by  the  hypogastrium 
above,  the  labia  niajora  below,  and  the 
groin  upon  either  side. 

Montic^ulus  Cerebel'li  (Lat.).  The 
small  convex  projection  on  the  upj^er  part 
of  the  median  line  of  the  cerebellum. 

Moon-blindness.  Amblyopia  caused  by 
exposure  of  the  eyes  to  the  moon's  light 
during  sleep. 

Moon'seed.     See  Mfiiisf>,-rntu»i. 

Moore's  Test  (for  sugar).  Caustic  potash 
or  soda  is  added  until  the  mixture  is 
strongly  alkaline,  and  it  is  then  boiled. 
If  sugar  be  jiresent,  a  yellow,  brown  or 
brownish-black  coloration  is  obtained.  If 
nitric  acid  be  added,  the  odor  of  burned 
sugar  and  formic  acid  is  obtained. 

Mortal  [mori-s,  manners  or  customs).  ( 'on- 
forming  to  those  laws  and  customs  neces- 
.sary  for  the  iiealthy  and  riglitcous  develop- 
ment of  the  fatuities.  M.  Insanity.  See 
Jusaiiitv. 

Mor'bi.  Plural  of  morhus.  Agens 
Morbi,  the  cause  or  .igent  of  (liMa-<e. 
Ens  Morbi,  the  l)eing  or  essential  ({uality 
of  dise.ise. 
Mor^bid  (w<j;/'W.f,  disease).  Pertaining  to 
dJM-a.sc  or  a  departure  from  health.  M. 
Anatomy,  the  anatomy  of  organs  or  tis- 
sues in  a  stale  of  disease.     M.  States  of 


MORBIDITY. 


276 


MORTON'S  SOLUTION. 


Mind,  a  melancholic  or  other  abnormal 
condition  of  the  emotions  that  are  not  due 
to  external  causes. 

Morbid^ity  [vwrins).  The  quality  of  dis- 
ease. Also  the  conditions  inducing  dis- 
ease. Also  the  statistics  of  the  diseases  in 
a  community  at  a  given  period. 

Morbid^ity  and  MortaFity.  A  teiTn  ex- 
pressive of  the  statistical  relations  of  disease 
and  the  death-rate. 

Morbif^ic  {mordus,/adi>,  to  make).  Caus- 
ing or  inducing  disease. 

MorbiFli.     See  Rubeola. 

Mor^bus  (Lat.).  A  disease  or  illness. 
M.  Brightii.  See  Brighfs  Disease.  M. 
Caducus.  Ste Epilepsy.  M.  Caeruleus. 
See  Cyanosis.  M.  Coxarius.  See  Cox- 
algia.  M.  Elephas.  See  Elephantiasis. 
M.  Senilis,  the  physiological  retrogression 
frequently  seen  in  old  age.  M.  Medico- 
rum,  the  mania  of  those  who  seek  the 
advice  of  physicians  for  imaginary  dis- 
eases. Over-much  doctoring.  See  also 
Alorbi. 

Mor^dant  [>)iordeo.,  to  take  hold).  A  name 
given  to  such  substances  as  precipitate  or 
"  fix  "  dye  colors  within  the  fibers  of  any 
texture,  or  to  the  staining  reagents  of  bac- 
teria. 

Morgagn^i,  Hy^datid  of.     See  Hydatid. 

Morgue  (Pers.  Marg,  death).  A  dead 
house.  A  place  where  unknown  dead  are 
exposed  for  identification. 

Mo'ria  [/uupog,  fool).  A  form  of  dementia 
characterized  by  talkativeness  and  childish 
silliness. 

Mor^ibund  [morior,  to  die).  Dying.  Ripe 
for  dissolution.     Dead. 

Mor^ioplasty  {/uopiov,  part,  ivlaaau,  to 
form).     The  same  as  autoplasty . 

Moroco^nium.     See  Asyhtm. 

Morodoch^ium.     See  Asylian. 

Morphi^na,  or 

Mor^phine  (Mop(l>evg,  god  of  sleep).  The 
principal  alkaloid  of  opium,  to  which  the 
properties  of  that  drug  are  chiefly  due. 
Anodyne,  hyjonotic,  and  narcotic.  ^  gr. 
equals  one  gr.  opium  of  average  strength. 
M.  Acetas,  soluble  in  water.  Dose  gr. 
Jg-j.  M.  Pulv.  Comp.,  Tully's  powder, 
contains  morphia  sulphate  I,  camphor, 
liquorice,  and  calcium  carl  lonate  aa,  20  parts. 
Dose  gr.  v-xv.  M .  Hydrochloras,  occurs 
in  silky  crystals,  soluble  in  water.  Dose 
gr.  2^0-j.  M.  et  Ipecacuanhse,  Troch., 
each  contains  gr.  ^-^  of  morphine.  M. 
Liq.  Sulph.,  Magendie's  solution,  unof., 
contains  morphine  sulph.  gi-.  xvj  to  each 
fl.^.    Dosel\x-xv.    M.  01eatum,uiiof., 


contains  morphine  10,  oleic  acid  90  parts — ■ 
for  local  use.  M.  Sulphas,  acicular  crys- 
tals, soluble  in  hot  water.     Dose  gr.  |-J. 

Mor^phinism.  The  diseased  condition 
caused  by  the  excessive  and  habitual  use 
of  morphine. 

Morphinoma''nia  (Mop^enC/iavm,  mania). 
Excessive  use  of  morphine  injections. 

Morphce^a.  A  synonym  of  circumscribed 
scleroderma.  See  Scleroderma  and  Ke- 
loid. 

Morphog^raphy  (jiop(^,  a  form,  ypaipo),  to 
write).  A  descriptive  treatise  or  history  of 
natural  forms. 

MorphoFogy  [fiop^Tj,  Xoyog,  a  treatise). 
The  science  of  the  external  fonn  or  shape 
of  organisms  or  of  their  parts. 

Morphom^etry  [fioptprj,  /^erpoi',  a  measure). 
The  measuring  or  estimation  of  the  external 
form. 

Morpho^sis  [/uop(pou,  to  form).  Any  mor- 
bid formation  or  oi'ganic  change. 

Morrh^use  Oleum.  Cod-liver  Oil.  The 
fixed  oil  from  the  livers  of  the  cod-fish, 
Gadus  Alorrhiia  and  other  species  of 
Gadus.  The  best  and  only  official  is  pale 
yellow  in  color,  usually  obtained  from 
drippings.  An  easily  assimilated  nutritive 
food,  indicated  in  phthisis,  nervous  debility 
and  strumous  skin  diseases.  Black  coffee 
and  oil  of  eucalyptus  are  the  best  vehicles 
for  administration.  Dose  3J-ij  on  a  full 
stomach,  or  5  j-ij  by  inunction.  Glyconin 
Emulsion,  contains  ol.  monhuse  5  iv, 
glyceritum  vitelli  (glyconin)  ^ix,  arom. 
spt.  ammonia  gj,  sheny  wine  ^ij,  dil. 
phosphoric  acid  ^  iv,  essence  of  bitter 
almond  3)  to  Oss.  of  alcohol.  Dose  ^ij. 
Morrhuol.  Unof.  An  alcoholic  extract 
of  the  oil  containing  bromine,  iodine  and 
phosphorus.  Alleged  to  have  the  thera- 
peutic properties  of  the  oil. 

Mors  (I.at.).  Cessation  of  life.  Death. 
M.  Nigris.     See  Plague. 

Mor'sus  Diab'oli.     See  Eimbricr. 

Mor'tal  [mors).  Perishable.  Liable  to 
death  or  dissolution. 

Mortality  [tnors).  The  state  of  being 
mortal.  Also,  the  DeatA-rate.  M.  Table. 
See  Life  Table. 

Mor^tar  [inortaritan ,  an  urn).  An  urn- 
shaped  vessel  for  containing  substances 
for  pulverization.  It  is  usually  of  iron, 
porcelain,  or  agate. 

Mortifica^tion.     See  Gangrette. 

Mor^ton's  Solution.  A  solution  consist- 
ing of  potassium  iodide  gr.  xxx,  iodine  gr. 
X,  glycerine  5  j,  used  for  injection  in  spina 
bifida. 


MORTUARY 


MOXOSPIIVRA 


Mor'tuary  {inortuariuin,  a  torn!)).  A 
house  or  tomb  for  tennxarar)'  burial. 

Mor'ula  [rnorus,  a  mulberry).  In  embr)'- 
olog)',  the  mass  of  cells  derived  from  the 
cleavage  and  multiplication  of  the  nucleus 
of  tlie  impregnated  ovum.  Called,  also, 
the  segmentation  spheres,  or  tlie  mulberry 
mass.  The  cells  themselves,  from  the  fact 
that  all  the  tissues  of  the  future  einbiyo  are 
formed  from  them,  :ire  called  Blastomeres. 

Mor'van's  Disease.  An  ulcerative  and 
necrotic  disease  of  the  fingers,  with  anas- 
tliesia,  and  extending  to  the  hand,  arm,  and 
even  the  head.  The  feet  may  be  impli- 
cated. 

Morve.     See  Eqitinia. 

Mos'chus.  Musk.  The  dried  secretion 
obtained  from  the  follicles  of  the  prepuce 
of  the  musk,  deer,  ^1/  Moschifgroiis.  Al- 
ways liable  to  adulteration,  but  the  Chinese 
musk  is  considered  the  best.  A  diffusible 
stimulant  acting  on  the  ner^•ous  centres. 
Used  with  advantage  in  the  collapse  of 
typhoid  fever  and  pneumonia.  Used 
chietly  as  a  perfume,  the  odor  being 
somewhat  aphrodisiac.  Dose  gr.  ij-x. 
M.  Tinct.  lo  per  cent,  in  strength. 
Dose  5Jss. 

Mosqui'to.     See  Ctilex. 

Moth'er.  A  female  parent.  Also,  any 
nidus  producing  certain  lower  forms  of 
life,  especially  a!ga\  Also,  any  residue 
contained  in  a  solution,  as  M.  Liquor;  see 
M.  Water.  M.  Nucleus,  see  Karyokin- 
esis.  M.  Water,  the  remaining  solution 
of  salts  and  other  substances  that  fail  to 
crystallize  after  the  s|X)ntaneously  crystal- 
lizable  salts  have  been  removed.  M.  of 
Vinegar,  the  filaments  of  Afycoderma 
aciti  found  in  vincg.ar,  so  called  because, 
when  introduced  into  a  saccharine  sohition, 
it  convi-rts  the  same  into  vinegar. 

Mother's  Mark.     See  Ani^fioma 

Moth'erwort.  The  herb  Leonurus  cardi- 
aid.  Kmmenagogue,  nervine,  and  anti- 
spasmodic. A  [xjpular  remedy  in  amenor- 
rha-a  and  hysteria.  lJo.se  of  fld.  ext. 
T  ss-ij.     Unof. 

Mo'tion  {movtn,  to  move).  Continuous 
thangt;  of  position.  ALso,  an  evacuation 
of  the  lx>wels.  M.,  Involuntary,  a 
movcmirnt  of  an  organ  or  part  whii  h  is  not 
an  act  of  volition.  M.,  Voluntary,  any 
change  of  position  of  an  organ  or  part  due 
to  an  act  of  will. 

Mo'tor  (minteo).  A  mover.  A  term  ajiplied 
to  various  muscles  and  to  a  class  of  nerves. 
M.  Centers,  sec  Cntter.  M.  Nerves, 
those  efferent  nerves  that  induce   mu.scular 


contraction  and  rela.xation.   M.  Oculi,  see 
Xet-'e.     M.  Vaso-,  see  V'aso- Motor. 

Moto'res  Oculo'rum.  See  AV;7r,  Motor 
Octia. 

Moto'rial  End-plates.  A  name  given 
by  Kiihne  to  the  fomi  of  termination  of 
motor  nerve  fdaments  in  minute  discs. 

Mouches  Volantes.  See  Musc<e  Voli- 
tantis. 

Mould.     Sec  /■'/inj^'-us. 

Mound''ing.  The  rising  in  a  lump  of 
muscle-fibers  when  struck  by  a  slight  firm 
blow.  It  isobser\-ed  in  the  thin  and  feeble, 
and  in  certain  diseases,  as  late  ataxia. 

Mount'ain-climbing.    .See  Tfrraiiicure. 

Mount'ain  Laurel.     See  Kahuia. 

Mount^ain  Sickness.     See  Marea. 

Mounf'ing  Fluids.  Viscid  solutions  for 
mounting  section-cuttings  of  microscopic 
specimens.  Camphor,  ioiline,  glycerine 
jelly,  Canada  balsam,  gum  danunar,  glycer- 
ine, turpentine,  etc.,  are  used;  but  FaiTant's 
Solution,  as  modified  by  Hamilton,  is  highly 
commended :  Make  a  saturated  solution  of 
ai-senious  acid  in  distilled  water  by  boiling. 
Let  it  stand  for  twenty- four  hours,  and 
filter.  Mix  equ;d  ([uantities  of  this,  glycer- 
ine and  water,  and  add  picked  gum  acacia 
to  make  a  syrupy  liquid.     Filter. 

Mouth.  The  superior  terminus  of  the  ali- 
mentary canal.  The  oval-shaped  cavity  in 
which  mastication  takes  place. 

Mouvements  de  Manege.  A  form  of 
forced  movement  where  the  animal  mns 
al)out  in  a  circle. 

Move'ment.  A  motion  or  action.  M., 
Acquired,  those  acquired  after  much 
practice  and  the  exercise  of  voluntaiy  con- 
trol. M.,  Forced,  unsymmetrical  move- 
ments of  the  body  from  unilateral  injury 
of  the  motor  centers  or  the  conducting 
paths,  as  in  the  following:  Index  M., 
when  the  anterior  part  of  the  Uidy  is 
moved  about  the  stationary  po-sterior  part. 
Rolling  M.,when  the  animal  rolls  on  its 
long  axis.     M.  Cure.     .See  KinesipcUhy. 

Mower's  Mite.     .Sec  I.epttis  Aiifinnnn/is. 

Mox'a.  A  term  used  to  designate  com- 
bustible organic  matter  which,  by  burning 
in  contact  with  the  skin  protluces  deep- 
seated  cautery.  The  Chinese  moxa  con- 
sists of  bundles  of  .Xrtcmesia.  In  modem 
surger)',  rolls  of  cotton  half  an  inch  in  di- 
ameter, impregnated  with  nilic  '^  j  to  ,^  viij 
:ir>' used.  Unof.  M.  Bearer,  or  Porte- 
Moxa,  an  instrument  for  ap|)lying  the 
aliove. 

Moxosphy'ra  (ntn.rn,  fT<pvfm,  a  hammer). 
A  hammer  heated  in  lK)iling  water  and  ap- 


MUCEDIN 


278 


MULTIPAROUS 


plied  to  the  skin  for  purposes  of  counter- 
irritation. 

Muce'din.     See  Gluten. 

Mu''cigin.  A  sul)stance  found  in  goblet- 
cells,  which,  uDon  the  addition  of  water, 
yields  mucus. 

Mu''cilage.     See  Mitcilago. 

Mucilag^inous.  Pertaining  to  mucilage 
or  gum. 

Mucila^go.  (Lat.)  A  mucilage.  In  phar- 
macy, a  thick,  viscid  liquid  found  by  ex- 
tracting the  soluble  mucilaginous  principles 
of  certain  plants  in  water.  There  are  5 
unofficial  7nncilagines. 

Mu''cin.  An  albuminoid  tissue,  the  char- 
acteristic substance  in  mucus,  occurring 
also  in  saliva,  bile,  mucous  tiseue,  synovia, 
etc.  Decomposed  it  yields  leucin  and 
tyrosin. 

Mu^cocele  [iinicus,  mfkr],  tumor).  A  mucus 
tumor  or  distention  of  the  lachrymal  sac. 

Mu^coid.     Resembling  mucus. 

Muco-pu''rulent  [jiv^a,  sap,  wvpo^,  putre- 
fying). In  the  condition  of  secreting 
mucus  mingled  with  pus. 

Mu'cor.  One  of  the  polymorphic  forms  of 
Penicillium,  a  mould-fungus  growing  on 
many  substances,  but  chiefly  on  articles 
of  food,  excreta,  etc.  Like  Eurotium, 
Aspergillus,  etc.,  this  fungus  is  not  consid- 
ered the  specific  cause  of  diseased  condi- 
tions of  the  mucous  passages,  though  in 
cases  of  bronchiectasis  vomicae,  pulmonary 
gangrene,  etc.,  it  produces  hyphce,  conidise 
and  sometimes  conidiophores. 

Mu'cosine.  An  albuminoid  substance 
derived  from  mucus, — isomerous  with 
keratine. 

Mu''cous  (^vfa).  Containing  or  having 
the  nature  of  mucus.  A  term  applied  to 
those  tissues  that  secrete  mucus.  M. 
Membrane.   See  Membrane. 

Mu^cus  {fiv^cL).  The  viscid  liquid  secre- 
tion of  the  mucous  membrane,  composed 
essentially  of  mucosine  holding  in  suspen- 
sion desquamated  epithelial  cells,  leuco- 
cytes, etc. 

Mug''wort.  The  leaves  and  tops  of 
Artemisia  vulgaris.  Therapeutical  prop- 
erties similar  to  those  of  wormwood.  See 
Absinthium.  Dose  of  fld.  ext.  TtLxx-gj. 
Unof. 

Mulaf'to  (Sp.  muleto,  dim.  of  mule,  a 
mule).  The  offspring  of  a  negro  mother 
and  a  white  father,  or  of  a  white  mother 
and  negro  father.  The  term  is  also  loosely 
used  of  other  and  all  degrees  of  intermix- 
ture. Accordingto  the  classification  adopted 
and  recognized  in  the  French  slave-colonies, 


the  people  of  color  were  supposed  to  repre- 
sent a  whole  of  128  parts  white  and  128 
parts  black.  Nine  different  varieties  of 
mixed  race  were  recognized  ;  but  between 
each  of  these  existed  a  vast  number  of  in- 
termediate shades  and  interblendings  for 
which  no  classification  was  attempted,  or 
could  be  made,  even  in  theory : — 


Parts. 

White. 

Black. 

I. 

The    sacratra,  nearest  of 
all  to  the  pure  negro  type, 
may  be   the  result  of  5 
combinations,   and   may 

have 

8-  16 

1:2-120 

2. 

The     griffe,    result    of  5 

comb 

21-  32 

96-104 

^■ 

The    capre,   or    marabou, 

result  of  5  comb 

40-  48 

80-  88 

A- 

The  niulatre  (mulatto),  re- 

sult of  12  comb 

56-  70 

58-  72 

.■i- 

The  quartero7i  (quadroon), 

result  of  20  comb 

71-  76 

32-  57 

6. 

The  mills,  result  of  6  comb. 

104-112 

16-  24 

7- 

The  mameloiic,  result  of  5 

comb 

I 16-120 

8-  12 

8. 

The  quarteronni,  result  of 

4  comb 

122-124 

4-    6 

9- 

The sa>tg-»ie/&  (lit.  "  mixed 
blood  "),    the  result  of  4 

comb 

125-127 

I-    3 

MuFberry  Cal''culus.     See  Calculus. 

MuFberry  Mass.     See  A/orula. 

MuFder's  Test.     See  AVubauer's  Test. 

MuFlein.     See  Verbascum. 

Muller's  Duct.  See  Reproductive  Organs. 

Miiller's  Fluid.  For  hardening  tissue 
specimens :  Potassic  bichromate  grm.  45  ; 
Sodic  sulphate  grm.  20;  Water  2  liters. 

Muller's  Ring.  The  internal  os  uteri,  the 
upper  limit  of  the  cervical  canal. 

Miiller's  Ring  Muscle.  Certain  fibers 
of  the  ciliary  muscle  lying  near  the  ciliary 
border,  abnormally  developed  in  hyper- 
opia. 

MuFti-  (pi.  o^viultiis,  much).  A  Latin  pre- 
fix signifying  many. 

MuFtifid.     See  Aluscle,  Multifidus  Spince. 

Multigrav'ida  {tnultus,  many,  gravidus, 
pregnant) .  A  woman  who  has  been  preg- 
nant several  times. 

Multilob'ular  {jnultus,  lobus,  a  lobe). 
Many  lobed. 

Multiloc'ular  [inultus,  loculus).  Many- 
celled. 

Multip''ara  [tnultus, parire,  to  bring  forth). 
One  bearing  several  offspring  at  a  birth. 
Also,  applied  to  one  who  has  borne  several 
children.     See  Pregnancy,  Multiple. 

Multip''arous.      Referring  to  a  multipara. 


MULTIPLE  NEURITIS 


279 


MUSCULAR 


Multiple  Neuri'tis.  A  dise;\se  in  which 
many  nerves  are  attacked  by  intlammation 
at  the  >ame  time.  IkTi-l)eri  is  commonly 
ret;anlcd  as  an  endimic  muhiple  neuritis. 
Multiple  neuritis  may  be  sjKJntaneous, 
or  without  assignable  cause ;  toxic,  due 
to  alcohol  and  chronic  jx)isoning ;  infec- 
tious, or  complicated  with  other  diseases ; 
epidemic  or  endemic.  The  symptoms  are 
pain,  tenderness  of  nerves  and  muscles, 
an;vsthe>ia,  motor- paral  y  sis  ,  spasms, 
cramps,  v;iso-motor  changes,  <tr. 

Multiplica'tor,  or  Multiplier.  An  in- 
strument for  detection  c>f  an  electric  cur- 
rc-nt  and  for  measuring  its  strength. 

Multipo'lar  yniiKus,  f>o!tts,  a  ix)le).  Hav- 
ing more  than  two  poles.  Also,  nerve 
Cells  having  more  than  two  processes. 

Multiv'orous  [^inultus,  voro,  to  devour). 
Voracii^ius. 

Mummifica'tion.     See  Gansp-ene,  Dry. 

Mum'my  i^ntufnin).  An  embalmed  Ixxly, 
esjiecially  a  body  embalmed  after  the 
Egyptian  process. 

Mumps.      See  Parotids. 

Munro's  Foramen.     See  Foramen. 

Murex'ide  Test.  A  test  for  the  presence 
of  uric  acid.  The  suspected  substance  is 
moistened  by  nitric  acid,  evajwrated  to 
dn-ness,  and  again  moistened  with  ammo- 
nium hydrate.  The  residue,  after  evapo- 
ration, h.is  a  yellow  or  pink  yellow  color, 
if  uric  acid  l>e  present,  which  turns  to  a 
rich  purple-red  on  the  addition  of  ammo- 
nium hydrate. 

Muriat'ic  (mun'ti,  brine).  Pertaining  to 
sea-salt.  Also,  the  common  name  for 
hydrocliL'ric.     See  .IciJ,  Hydrochloric. 

Mur''iiiur.  A  mimetic  name  for  the  rhyth- 
mic sounds  observed  in  auscultation,  made 
by  the  friction  of  moving  currents  in  the 
organs  of  respiration  and  circulation.  See 
Jhuit.  M.,  Arterial,  the  sound  made  by 
the  arterial  current.  M.,  Cardiac,  those 
soun<ls,  diastolic  or  systolic,  jiroduced  in 
health  or  disease  by  the  muscular  actions 
of  the  heart  and  the  passage  nf  the  bliKxl 
through  the  same.  M.,  Haemic,  the 
sounds  due  to  changes  in  the  cjuality  or 
amount  of  the  blood  itself,  and  not  to 
changes  in  the  vessels  or  valves.  M., 
Respiratory,  the  normal  or  abnorm.il 
s<jUM(ls  of  tli<r  passage  of  the  air  through 
the  bronchi  an<i  lung  tissue  during  inspira- 
tion and  ex|)iration.  M.,  Uterine.  .See 
.SouJJle.  M.,  Venous.  See  limit  df 
iliahle. 

Mus''cae  Volitan'tes  (IaI.  s.-\me;  IV. 
Aloucha  volantci).     Floating  sjjots  or  im- 


perfections in  the  field  of  vision,  due  to 
shadows  of  vitreous  cells. 

Mus''ca  Hispanio'la.     See  duitharis. 

Mus'cardine.  A  disease  of  silkworms, 
due  to  the  mycelial  fungus  Botrytis  bassi- 
atta. 

Mus'carine.  A  ptomaine,  the  well-known 
to.\ic  principle  obtained  by  Schmiedeberg 
from  jX)isonous  mushro(.>ms \^.\i;aricus  iniis- 
Ciiriiis),  and,  later,  obtained  by  Brieger 
from  haddock  after  five  days'  decomixisi- 
tion.  Very  small  doses  of  this  ptomaine 
l)rcxluce  in  rabbits  profuse  salivation  and 
lachrymation,  contraction  of  pupil,  profuse 
diarrhiea,  and  passing  of  urine  and  semen, 
and,  finally,  convulsions  and  death.  Mus- 
carine belongs  to  the  Choline  group,  and, 
like  that  of  the  other  ptomaines  of  th.it 
group,  its  action  may  be  antagonized  by 
subsequent  injection  of  atropine. 

Mus''cle  [Mtisculiis).  Organic  tissues  pos- 
sessing contractile  power  und^  nerv'ous  or 
other  stimulus;  they  provide  the  means 
of  movement  in  animals,  and  are  of  two 
kinds,  the  striped  and  smooth,  the  first  be- 
ing voluntary,  the  second  not  directly  sub- 
ject to  the  will.  M.  of  Animal  Life, 
Striped  or  Voluntary  M.,  those  under 
the  control  of  the  will ;  they  are  composed 
of  fasciculi  of  fibers  enclosed  in  a  delicate 
tissue  called  internal  perimysium.  M.  of 
Organic  Life,  Unstriped  or  Involun- 
tary M.,  those  comjxjsed  of  spindle- 
shaped,  contractile  fibers  and  nucleated  cells 
collected  in  bundles.  A  table  airanged 
alphaiietically  is  ajipended,  showing  the 
princijjal  muscles  of  the  human  body,  with 
their  origin,  insertion,  innervation  and  func- 
tion. (See  pp.  280-290.)  M. -plasma, 
the  liquid  obtained  from  fresh  muscle  by 
expression,  preferably  after  freezing.  Its 
coagulation  is  the  essential  condition  of 
rigor  mortis,  antl  is  comparal )le  to  the  coagu- 
lation of  blood.  The  solid  proteid  thus 
se])arated  is  called  myosin.  Two  of  its  pro- 
teids,  paramyosinogen  and  myosinogen  go 
to  form  the  clot,  while  the  other  three,  myo- 
globulin,  albumin  and  my<iall'iiininose  re- 
main in  the  muscle  seniin.  M. -serum, 
the  li(iuid  residue  left  after  the  separation 
of  the  clot  by  coagulation  of  muscle-plasma. 
See  MiiSilr  plaaiita. 

Mus'cular.  Pertaining  to  a  muscle  or  to 
muscles.  M.  Fiber,  the  fibirs,  each 
sheathed  in  a  delicate  meinlirane,  which 
com|X)se  the  mass  of  muscular  tissue.  It 
consists  of  two  varieties,  striix-d  and 
uiistri|K-d,  the  latter  being  associated 
with  involuntary,    tlie    former   with    vol- 


TABLE  OF  MUSCLES  (arranged  alphabetically). 


Name. 

Origin. 

Insertion. 

Innervation. 

Function. 

Abductor  minimi 
digiti. 

Pisiform  bone. 

Outer   tuberos.,  os 
calcis  and  plantar 
fascia. 

First  phalanx  little 
finger. 

Ulnar. 

Abductor  of  little 
finger. 

Abductor  minimi 
digiti. 

First  phalanx  little 
toe. 

Ext.  plantar. 

Abducts  little  toe. 

Abductor  polli- 
cis. 

Trapezium. 

First  phalanx  of 
thumb. 

Median. 

Draws  thumb  from 
median  line 

Abductor  polli- 
cis. 

Inner  tuberos.,  os 
calcis. 

First  phalanx  great 
toe. 

Int  plantar. 

Abducts  great  toe. 

Accelerator    uri- 
nas. 

Central    tendon   of 
perinaeuni  and  me- 
dian rapbd. 

Bulb,   spongy  and 
cavernous  part  of 
penis. 

Perinaeal. 

Ejects  urine. 

Adductor  brevis. 

Ramus  of  pubes. 

Upper  part  linea  as- 
pera  of  femur. 

Obturator. 

Adducts  and  flexes 
thigh. 

Adductor  longus. 

Front  of  pubes. 

Middle  of  linea  as- 
pera  of  femur. 

Obturator. 

Adducts  and  flexes 
thigh. 

Adductor    mag- 
nus. 

Rami  of  pubes  and 
ischium. 

All    linea  aspera  of 
femur. 

Obturatorand  great 
sciatic. 

Adducts  thigh  and 
rotates  it  out- 
ward. 

Adductor    polli- 
cis. 

3d  metacarpal. 

First    phalanx  of 
thumb. 

Ulnar. 

Draws  thumb  to 
median  line. 

Adductor    polli- 
cis. 

Tarsal  ends  3  mid- 
dle metatarsal. 

Base  first   phalanx 
of  great  toe. 

Ext.  plantar. 

Adducts  great  toe. 

Anconeus. 

Back  of  ext.  condyle 
of  humerus. 

Olecranon  and  shaft 
of  ulna. 

Musculo-spiral. 

Extends  forearm. 

Aryteno-  epiglot- 
tideus  inferior. 

Arj'tenoid    (anteri- 
orly). 

Epiglottis. 

Recurrent    laryn- 
geal. 

Compresses  saccule 
of  lar>'nx. 

Aryteno-  epiglot- 
tideus  superior. 

Apex  of  arytenoid. 

Aryteno-  epi  glot- 
tidean  folds. 

Recurrent    laryn- 
geal. 

Constricts  aperture 
of  larynx. 

Arytenoideus. 

Post,  and  outer  bor- 
der of  one  aryte- 
noid. 

Back  of  other  aryte- 
noid 

Sup.  and  recurrent 
laryngeal. 

Closes  back  part  of 
glottis. 

Attollens  aurem. 

Occi  pi  to -frontal  is 
aponeurosis. 

Pinna. 

Branch    cervical 
plexus. 

Elevates  pinna. 

Attrahens  aurem 

Lateral  cranial  apo- 
neurosis. 

Helix. 

Facial. 

Advances  pinna. 

Azygos  uvulae. 

Post,   nasal   spine 
of  palate  bone. 

Uvula. 

Facial      through 
spheno -palatine 
ganglion. 

Raises  uvula. 

Biceps  (2  heads). 

I.    Long  — Glenoid 
cavity.   2.   Short-— 
Coracoid  process. 

Tuberosity    of 
radius. 

Musculo-cutane- 
ous. 

Flexes  and  supi- 
nates  forearm. 

Biceps  (2  heads). 

I.  Ischial    tuberos- 
ity.   2.   Linea   as- 
pera. 

Head  of  fibula. 

Great  sciatic. 

Flexes  and  rotates 
leg  outward. 

Biventer  cervi- 
cis. 

Transv.    processes, 
2-4  upper  dorsal. 

Sup.  curved  line  of 
occipital. 

Portion     of    c  0  m- 
plexus. 

Retracts  and  ro- 
tates head. 

Brachialis  anti- 
cus. 

Lower    half  shaft 
of  humerus. 

Coronoid   proc.   of 
ulna. 

Muscul  0-  cutan  e- 
ous,    musculo-spi- 
ral. 

Flexes  forearm. 

280 


TABLE  OF  MUSCLES  ( 

-VRRANGED  ALPHABETICALLY).— a'«//««r^. 

Name. 

Origin. 

Insertion. 

Innervation. 

Function. 

Buccinator. 

Alveolar  process  of 
maxillary    bones 
and   pterygo-niax- 
illary  ligament. 

Orbicularis  oris. 

Facial. 

Compresses  cheeks 

Cer\icalis  ascen- 
dcns. 

Angles  of  5  upper 
ribs. 

Tra  n  s  V  e  r  s  e  pro- 
cesses  of  4tli,  5th 
and  6lh  cervical. 

Branches  of  cer\'i- 
cal. 

Keeps  neck  erect. 

Cocc>geus. 

Ischial  spine. 

Coccyx. 

Sacral 

Supports  coccyx, 
and  closes  pelvic 
outlet. 

Coniplexus. 

Transv.  process  7th 
cervical  and  3   up- 
per   dorsal,     and 
artic.  processes  of 
4th  to  6th  cervical. 

Occipital  bone. 

Sub-occipital,  great 
occipital,  and 
branches  of  cervi- 
cal. 

Retracts  and  ro- 
tates head. 

Compressor    na- 
ris. 

Sup.  maxillary. 

Fellow  muscle. 

Facial. 

Dilates  nostril. 

Compressor    na- 
rium  minor. 

Alar  cartilage. 

Skin  at  end  of  nose. 

Facial. 

Dilates  nostril. 

Compressor  ure- 
ihrar. 

Ramus  of  pubes. 

Fellow  muscle. 

Perinaeal. 

Compresses  ure. 
thra. 

Crico-  ar>tenoi- 
deus  lateralis. 

Side  of  cricoid. 

Angle  and  ext.  sur- 
face of  arytenoid. 

Recurrent    1  a  r  y  n- 
geal. 

Closes  glottis. 

Crico  -  ar>-tenoi- 
deus  posticus. 

Back  of  cricoid. 

Base  of  arytenoid. 

Recurrent    laryn- 
geal. 

Opens  glottis. 

Crico-thyroid. 

Cricoid  cartilage. 

T  hyroid  cartilage 
(lower  inner   bor- 
der). 

Sup.  laryngeal. 

Tenses  vocal  cords. 

Constrictor    (in- 
ferior). 

Cricoid  and  thyroid 
cartilages. 

Pharyngeal  raph6. 

Glosso-  pharyngeal, 
pharyngeal  plexus 
and  external  laryn- 
geal. 

Contracts  pharyn- 
geal caliber. 

Constrictor  (mid- 
dle). 

Cornua  of  hyoid 
and  s  I  y  1  o-h  y  0  i  d 
ligament. 

Int.  pterygoid  plate, 
ptcrygo-max,  lig., 
jaw    and    side  of 
tongue. 

Pharyngeal  raplifi. 

Glosso  -pharyngeal 
and  g  losso-p  ha- 
ryngeal  plexus. 

Glosso  -pharyngeal 
and    pharyngeal 
plexus. 

Contracts  pharyn- 
geal caliber. 

Constrictor    (su- 
perior). 

Pharyngeal  raphd. 

Contracts  caliber  of 
pharynx. 

Coraco-  brachi- 
al is. 

Coracoid      process 
of  scapula. 

Superciliary  ridge. 

Inside  shaft  of  hu- 
merus. 

Musculo-cutaneous 

Draws  arm  forward 
and  inward. 

Corru^ator    su- 
percilii. 

Orbicularis    palpe- 
brarum. 

Facial. 

Draws  eyebrow 
down  anil  in. 

Crureus. 

See  yastus  Intemus 

Deltoid. 

Clavicle,  acromion  Shall  of  humerus, 
and  spine  of  scapu- 
la.                             1 

Sub-scapular. 

Rotates  humerus 
inward. 

Depressor  anguli 
oris. 

Ext.  obi.    line  inf. 
maxillary. 

Angle  of  mouth. 

Facial. 

Depresses  angle  of 
mouth. 

Depressor    alae 
nasi.                     j 

Incisive  fossa  sup. 
maxillary. 

Septum  and  nin  of 
nose. 

Facial. 

Contracts  nostril. 

2«1 


TABLE  OF  MUSCLES  (arranged  alphabetically).— C(7«////«,</. 


Name. 

Origin. 

Insertion. 

Innervation. 

Function. 

Depressor  1  a  b  i  i 
inferioris. 

Ext.  obi.  inf.  max- 
illary. 

Lower  lip. 

Facial. 

Depresses  lip. 

Diaphragm. 

Ensiform  cart.,  6  or 
7  lower  ribs,  liga- 
menta  a  r  c  u  a  t  a  , 
bodies   of  lumbar 
verteb. 

Central  tendon. 

Phrenic. 

Respiration  and  ex- 
pulsion. 

Digastric    (ante- 
rior belly). 

Inner    surface    inf. 
m  a  X  i  1 1  a  ry ,  near 
symphysis. 

Digastric  groove  of 
mastoid  process. 

Hyoid  bone. 

Inf.  dental. 

Elevates  hyoid  and 
tongue. 

Digastric  (poste- 
rior belly). 

Hyoid  bone. 

Facial. 

Elevates  hyoid  and 
tongue. 

Dilator  naris  an- 
terior. 

Alar  cartilage. 

Border  of  ala. 

Facial. 

Dilates  nostril. 

Dilator      naris 
posterior. 

Nasal    notch    sup. 
maxillary. 

Skin  at  margin  of 
nostril. 

Facial. 

Dilates  nostril. 

Dorsal     interos- 
sei,  4. 

Sides  metacarpal. 

Bases  of  phalanges. 

Ulnar. 

Abduct  fingers  from 
median  line. 

Dorsal     interos- 
sei. 

Sides  metatarsals. 

Base     ist    phalanx 
corresponding  toe. 

Ext.  plantar. 

Abduct  toes. 

Erector  penis. 

Ischial     tuberosity, 
crus  penis  and  pu- 
bic ramus. 

Crus  penis. 

Perinseal. 

To  maintain  erec- 
tion. 

Erector  spinae. 

Iliac  crest,  back  of 
sacrum,    lumbar 
and    three    lower 
dorsal  spines. 

Divides  into  sacro-lumbalis  and  longissimus  dorsi. 

Extensor   brevis 
digitorum. 

Os  calcis,  external- 
ly. 

ist    phalanx    great 
toe  and  tendons  of 
extensor  longus. 

Ant.  tibial. 

Extends  toes. 

Extensor  carpi 
radialis  brevior. 

Ext.    condyloid 
ridge  of  humerus. 

Base  3d  metacarpal. 

Post,  interosseus. 

Extends  wrist. 

Extensor  carpi 
radialis  longior. 

Lower  J^  ext.  con- 
dyloid ridge  of  hu- 
merus. 

Base  2d  metacarpal 

Musculo-spiral. 

Extends  wrist. 

Extensor  carpi 
ulnaris. 

Ext.  condyle  of  hu- 
merus. 

Base   5th    metacar- 
pal. 

Post,  interosseus. 

Extends  wrist. 

Extensor  coccy- 
gis. 

Last  bone  of  sacrum 
or  first  of  coccyx. 

Lower  part  of  coc- 
cyx. 

Sacral  branches. 

Extends  coccyx. 

Extensor     com- 
munis   digito- 
rum. 

Exter.   condyle    of 
humerus. 

All  2d  and  3d  pha- 
langes. 

Post,  interosseus. 

Extends  fingers. 

Extensor  indicis. 

Back  of  ulna. 

2d  and  3d  phalanges 
index. 

Post,  interosseus. 

Extends  index. 

Extensor  longus 
digitorum. 

Outer  tuberosity  of 
tibia  and  shaft  of 
fibula. 

2d  and  3d  phalanges 
of  toes. 

Ant.  tibial. 

Extends  toes. 

Extensor  minimi 
digiti. 

External  condyle  of 
humerus. 

2d  and  3d  phalanges 
little  finger. 

Post,  interosseus. 

Extensor  of  little 
finger. 

Extensor    primi 
internodii     pol- 
licis. 

Back  of  radius. 

Base  ist  phalanx  of 
thumb. 

Post,  interosseus. 

Extends  thumb. 

282 


TABLE  OF  MUSCLES  (arranged  alphabetically).— G'«////«.-j'. 


Name. 

Origin. 

Insertion. 

Innervation. 

Function. 

1 
Extensor  ossis  Back  of  radius  and  Base  of  metacarpal 
metacarpi    pel-    ulna.                            of  thumb. 
licis. 

Post,  interosseus. 

Extends  thumb. 

Extensor     pro-  Middle  of  fibula, 
pri  us  pol  licis.      j 

Base    last    phalanx 
great  toe. 

Ant.  tibial. 

Extends  toe. 

Extensor  secun- 
di  i  n  tc  r  nod  ii 
pullicis. 

Back  of  ulna. 

Base   last    phalanx 
of  thumb. 

Post,  interosseus. 

Extends  thumb. 

Flexor  accesori- 
us  (2  luads). 

I.  Inner;     2.  Outer 
surface  os  calcis. 

Tendon  flexor  lon- 
gus digit. 

Ext.  plantar. 

Accessory  flexor  of 
toes. 

Flexor     brevis 
dii^ilorum. 

Inner    tubcros.    os 
calcis  and  plantar 
fascia. 

2d  phalanges  lesser 
toes. 

Int.  plantar. 

Flexes  lesser  toes. 

Flexor    brevis 
pollicis. 

Trapezium,     trape- 
zoid, OS  nia^tium, 
base  of  3d  metacar- 
pal. 

Base  1st  phalanx  of 
thumb. 

Median  and  ulnar. 

Flexes  thumb. 

Flexor    brevis 
minimi  digiti. 

Unciform  bone. 

ist  phalanx  of  little 
finger. 

Ulnar. 

Flexes  little  finger. 

Flexor     brevis 
minimi  di^iti. 

Base    5th    metatar- 
sal. 

Base  1st  phalanx  of 
little  toe. 

Ext.  plantar. 

Flexes  little  toe. 

Flexor    brevis 
pollicis. 

Cuboid  and  ext.  cu- 
neiform bones. 

1st  phalanx  of  great 
toe. 

Int.  plantar. 

Flexes  great  toe. 

Flexor  carpi  ra- 
dialis. 

Internal  condyle. 

Metacarpal  bone  of 
index. 

Median. 

Flexes  wrist. 

Flexor  carpi  ul-i.  Inter,  con  d  yie. 
naris  (i  heads).     2.    Olecranon  and 
ulna 

I 

5th    metacarpal 
annular    lig.    and 
pisiform  bone. 

Ulnar. 

Flexes  wrist. 

Flexor   longus  Shaft,  of  tibia, 
digitorum.           1 

Last  phalanges  of 
toes. 

Post,  tibial. 

Flexes  plialanges 
and  extends  toes. 

Flexor    longus 
pollicis. 

Flexor    longus 
pollicis. 

Flexor      profun- 
dus digitorum. 

Shaft  of  radius. 

Last     phalanx     of 
thumb. 

Ant.  interosseus. 

Flexes  the  phalanx. 

Lower   %    shaft 
fibula. 

Last  phalanx  of 
great  toe. 

Post,  tibial. 

Flexes  great  toe. 

Shaft  of  ulna. 

Last  phalanges  by 
4  tendons. 

Ulnar  and  ant.  in- 
terosseus. 

Flexes  the  pha- 
langes. 

Flexor    sublimis 
d  i({i  t  orum  (j 
heatts). 

I.  Inner   condyle. 
2.  ("oronoid   p  ro- 
cess.       3.    Oblique 
line  of  radius. 

2d   phalanges  by  4 
tendons. 

Median. 

Flexes  2d  pha- 
langes. 

GastrocncraiusU 
heads). 

Condyle  of  femur. 

Os  calcis  by  tcndo 
Achillis. 

Int.  popliteal. 

Extends  foot. 

GemelliM   infe- 
rior. 

Tuberosity  of  ischi- 
um. 

Great  trochanter. 

Sacral. 

Ext.  rotator  of 
thigh. 

Gemellus  •  upc- 
rior. 

Ischial  spine. 

Great  trochanter. 

Sacral. 

Ext.  rotator  of 
ll.iKh. 

Genio-byoid. 

Inf.    genial     tulwr- 
clc    of   inf    maxil- 
lary. 

Body  of  hyoid. 

Hypo-glossal. 

Elevates  and  ad- 
vances hyoid. 

2»3 


TABLE  OF  MUSCLES  (arranged  AI.FKABETICAI.JJV).— Continued. 


Name. 

Origin. 

Insertion 

Innervation. 

Function. 

Genio-hyo-glos- 
sus. 

Sup.    genial    tuber- 
cle  of  inf.    maxil- 
lary. 

Hyoid  and  bottom 
of  tongue. 

Hypoglossal. 

Retracts  and  pro- 
trudes tongue. 

Gluteus    maxi- 
mus. 

Sup.    curved     iliac 
line  and  crest,  sac- 
rum and  coccyx. 

Fascia,  and   femur 
below    great    tro- 
chanter. 

Inf.  gluteal  and  sac- 
ral plexus. 

Extends,  abducts, 
and  rotates  thigh 
outward. 

Gluteus  medius. 

Ilium  between  sup. 
and    mid.    curved 
lines. 

Oblique  line   great 
trochanter. 

Sup.  gluteal. 

Rotates,  abducts, 
and  advances 
thigh. 

Gluteus     mini- 
mus. 

Ilium  between  mid. 
and   inf.  curved 
lines. 

Great  trochanter. 

Sup.  gluteal. 

Rotates,  a  bd  ucts, 
and  draws  thigh 
forward. 

Gracilis. 

Rami  of  pubes  and 
ischium. 

Tibia,  upper  and  in- 
ner part. 

Obturator. 

Flexes  and  abducts 
leg. 

Hyo-glossus. 

Cornua  of  hyoid. 

Side  of  tongue. 

Hypoglossal. 

Depresses  side  of 
tongue. 

Iliacus. 

Iliac     fossa,    crest, 
base  of  sacrum. 

Lesser  trochanter. 

Ant.  crural. 

Flexes  and  rotates 
femur  outward. 

Infracostals,  lo. 

Inner     surface     of 
ribs. 

Inner    surface   of 
2  or  3  ribs  below. 

Intercostal. 

Inspiration. 

Infra-spinatus. 

Infra-spinous  fossa. 

Great  tuberosity  of 
humerus. 

Supra-scapular. 

Rotates  humerus 
outward. 

Intercostals,   ex- 
ternal, II. 

Outer     lip     of    inf. 
costal  border. 

Sup.  border  of  ribs 
above. 

Intercostal. 

Raise  ribs  in  inspi- 
ration. 

Intercostals,     in- 
ternal, 12. 

Inner     lip     of    inf. 
costal  border. 

Sup.  border  of  ribs 
below. 

Intercostal. 

Depress  ribs  in  ex- 
piration. 

Inter-spinales. 

Between  spines  of  contiguous  vertebrae. 

Inter-transver- 
sales. 

Between  transv.  proc.  of  contiguous  vertebrae. 

Latissimusdorsi. 

Spines    of  6   lower 
dorsal  and  lumbar 
and    sacral    verte- 
brae, crest  of  ileum, 
and  3   or  4  lower 
ribs. 

Bicipital  groove  of 
humerus. 

Subscapular. 

Draws  arm  back- 
ward and  down- 
ward. 

Laxator  tympani 
major. 

Spinous  process 
sphenoid     and 
tube. 

Neck  of  malleus. 

Facial. 

Relaxes  membrana 
tympani. 

Levator  a  n  g  u  1  i 
oris. 

Canine    fossa    sup. 
maxillary. 

Angle  of  mouth. 

Facial. 

Elevates  angle  of 
mouth. 

Levator  a  n  g  u  1  i 
scapulae. 

Transverse     p  r  o  - 
cesses  of  4  upper 
cervical. 

Post,  border  of  sca- 
pula. 

5th     cervical     and 
cervical  plexus. 

Elevates  upper 
angle  of  scapula. 

Levatores  costa- 
rum,  12 

Trans,  proc.  of  dor- 
sal vertebrae. 

Each     to     the    rib 
below. 

Intercostal. 

Raise  ribs. 

Levator  ani. 

Post,    body   and 
ramus     of    pubes, 
pelvic  fascia,  ischi- 
al spine. 

Rectum,  c  oc  c  y  x, 
and  fibrous  raphe. 

Sacral  and  perineal. 

Supports  rectum, 
vagina,  eic. 

Levator      labii 
inferioris. 

Incisive    fossa    inf. 
maxillary. 

Skin  of  lower  lip. 

Facial. 

Elevates  lower  lip. 

284 


TABLE  OF  MUSCLES  (arranged  alphabetically.— (;(;«//««.v/. 


Name. 

Origin. 

Insertion. 

Innervation. 

Function. 

Levator    labii 
superioris. 

Lower    margin    of 
orbii. 

Upper  lip. 

Facial. 

Elevates  lip. 

Levator  labii  su- 
perioris  alaeque 
nasi. 

Nasal  process  sup. 
maxillary. 

Alar  cartilage   and 
upper  lip. 

Facial. 

Elevates  lip,  dilates 
nostril. 

Levator  palati. 

Petrous  portion  of 
temple. 

Soft  palate. 

Spheno-  palatine 
ganglia  (facial). 

Elevates  soft  pal- 
ate. 

Levator     palpe- 
bral sup. 

Lesser    wing    of 
sphenoid. 

Upper  tarsal  carti- 
lage. 

Third. 

LiAs  upper  lid. 

Lingualis. 

Under    surface    of 
tongue. 

Chorda  tympani. 

Elevates  center  of 
tongue. 

Longissimus 
dorsi. 

Erector  spinae. 

Transverse      p  r  0  - 
cesses    of    lumbar 
and     dorsal     7-11 
ribs. 

Branches  of  lumbar 
and  dorsal. 

Erects  spine  and 
bends  trunk  back- 
ward. 

LonRUS  colli : — 

1.  Superior   ob- 
lique portion. 

2.  Inferior     ob- 
lique portion. 

3.  Vertical  por- 
tion. 

Transverse     p  r  0  - 
cesses  3d-5th  cer- 
vical. 

Bodies     of     ist-3d 
dorsal. 

Bodies  of  3  dorsal 
and  3  cervical. 

Anterior      tubercle 
of  atlas. 

Transverse     pro- 
cesses 5th-6th  cer- 
vical. 

Bodies     of    2d-4th 
cervical. 

Lower  cervical. 

• 

Flexes  cervical  ver- 
tebrae. 

Lumbricales,  4. 

Tendons    of    deep 
flexor. 

Tendons    of    com-  Median  and  ulnar. 
mon  extensor. 

Flex  ist  phalanges 

Lumbricales,  4. 

Tendons     flexor 
longus. 

Second     phalanges 
lesser  toes. 

Int.  and  ext.  plan- 
tar. 

Accessory  flexors. 

Masscter. 

Zygomatic  arch. 

Angle    and    ramus 
of  jaw. 

Inf.  maxillary. 

Muscle  of  masti- 
cation, molar 
teeth. 

Multifidus    spi- 
n^e. 

Sacrum,      iliac 
spine,  artlc.   proc. 
lumbar    and     cer- 
vical   vertcb.,  and 
transverse    proc. 
of  dorsal. 

Laminae  and  spines 
next    4    vertebrae 
above. 

Post,  spinal  branch- 
es. 

Erects  and  rotates 
spinal  column. 

Musculus  acces- 
sorius  ad  sacro- 
lutnbalem. 

Angles  of  6  lower 
ribs. 

Angles  of  6  upper 
ribs. 

Branches  of  dorsal. 

Erects  spine  and 
bends  trunk  back- 
ward. 

Mylo-hyoid. 

Mylo-hyoid      ridge 
of  inf.  maxillary. 

Body  of  hyoid  and 
raphi. 

Inf.  dental. 

Elevates  and  ad- 
vances hyoid. 
Forms  floor  0  f 
iiiuuth. 

Obliquus  capitis, 
inferior. 

Spinous  proc.  atlas. 

Trans,  proc.  same. 

Sub.    and    great 
occipital. 

Rotates  atlas  and 
cranium. 

Obliquus  capitis, 
superior. 

Trans,  proc.  atlas. 

Occipital  bone. 

Sub.   and    great 
occipital. 

Draws  head  back- 
ward. 

Obliquus   exter- 
nus. 

8  lower  ribs. 

Middle    line,    iliac 
crest     Poupart's 
ligament. 

Intercostal  ilio- 
hypogastric, i  1  io- 
inguinal. 

Compresses  viscera 
and  flexes  thorax. 

Obliquus,    i  II  fc- 

rifir. 

f)rl)itiil    |ilatc    sup. 
maxillary. 

Sclerotic. 

Third. 

Rotates  eyeball  up 
and  out. 

286 


TABLE   OF   MUSCLES 

(ARRANGED    ALPHABETICALLY).— Cowi'/wi/^^/. 

Name. 

Origin. 

Insertion. 

Innervation. 

Function. 

Obliquus     inter- 
nus. 

Lumbar  fascia,  iliac 
crest,    Poupart's 
ligament. 

Four   lower   ribs, 
linea  alba,  pubic 
crest,  pectineal 
line. 

Intercostal,     ilio- 
hypogastric, ilio- 
inguinal. 

Compresses  viscera 
and  flexes  thorax. 

Obliquus  supe- 
rior. 

Above  optic  fora- 
men, through  pul- 
ley. 

Sclerotic. 

Fourth. 

Rotates  eyeball 
down  and  out. 

Obturator  inter- 

IIUS. 

Obturator  foramen 
and  membrane. 

Great  trochanter. 

Sacral. 

Ext.  rotator  of 
thigh. 

Obturator  exter- 
nus. 

Obturator  foramen 
and  membrane. 

Digital  fossa,  base 
of   great  trochan- 
ter. 

Obturator. 

Ext.  rotator  of 
thigh. 

Occipito- front- 
alis. 

Sup.    curved    line 
of  occiput    and 
angular  process  of 
frontal. 

Aponeurosis. 

Post,   auricular, 
small  occipital, 
facial. 

Moves  scalp.  Facial 
expression. 

Omo-hyoid. 

Upper    border     of 
scapula. 

Body  of  hyoid. 

Descendens     and 
communicans 
noni. 

Depresses  and  re- 
tracts hyoid. 

Opponens   mini- 
mi digiti. 

Unciform  bone. 

5th  metacarpal. 

Ulnar. 

Flexes  little  finger. 

Opponens    polli- 
cis. 

Trapezium. 

Metacarp;;l  of 
thumb. 

Median. 

Flexes  thumb. 

Orbicularis  oris. 

Nasal  septum    and 
canine    fos  sa    of 
inf  maxillary, 
by  accessory  fibers 

Forms    lips    and 
sphincter  of  mouth 

Facial. 

Closes  mouth. 

Orbicularis    pal- 
pebrarum. 

Internal  margin  of 
orbit. 

Outer  margin  of 
orbit. 

Facial. 

Closes  eyelids. 

•in. 

Palato-glossus. 

Soft  palate. 

Side  and  dorsum  of 
tongue. 

Spheno-  palatine 
ganglion. 

Constricts  the 
fauces. 

Palato-p  h  a  r  y  n- 
geus. 

Soft  palate. 

Thyroid      c  a  r  t  i  - 
lage    and    p  h  a  - 
rynx. 

Spheno-pal at  in  e 
ganglion. 

Closes  posterior 
nares. 

Pal  maris  inter- 
ossei. 

Palmar  surfaces  2d, 
4th  and  5th   meta- 
carpals. 

Bases  of  ist  phalan- 
ges of  correspond- 
mg  fingers. 

Ulnar. 

Adductors  of  fin- 
gers. 

Palmaris  brevis. 

Annular     ligament 
and  palmar  fascia. 

Skin   of  palm  of 
hand. 

Ulnar. 

Corrugates  skin  of 
palm. 

Palmaris  longus. 

Internal  condyle. 

Annular    lig.    and 
palmar  fascia. 

Median. 

Tenses  fascia. 

Pectineus. 

Ilio-pectineal    line 
and  pubes. 

Femur  below  lesser 
trochanter. 

Ant.  crural,  obtura- 
tor. 

Flexes  thigh  and 
rotates  it  out. 

Pectoralis  major. 

Clavicle,      sternum 
and    costal    carti- 
lages. 

Ext.  bicipital  ridge 
of  humerus. 

Ant.  thoracic. 

Draws  arm  down 
and  forward. 

Pectoralis  minor. 

3d,  4th,  and  5th  ribs 

Coracoid  process. 

Ant.  thoracic. 

Depresses  point  of 
shoulder. 

Peroneus  brevis. 

Middle     %    shaft 
fibula,  externally. 

Head  and  shaft  of 
fibula. 

Base    5th  metatar- 
sal. 

Musculo-cutaneous 

Extends  foot. 

Peroneus  longus. 

First    metatarsal 
great  toe. 

Musculo-cutaneous 

Extends  and  everts 
foot. 

286 


TABLE  OF  A\USCLES  (arranged  alphabetically).— a>//////«,-</. 


Name. 

Origin. 

Insertion. 

Innervation. 

Function. 

Peroneus  tertius. 

Lower  Vi  of  fibula. 

5th    metatarsal 
bone. 

Ant.  tibial. 

Flexes  tarsus. 

Plantaris     iiiter- 
ossei. 

Shafls  5d,  4th  and 
5th  metatarsal. 

Base  I  St  phalanges 
of  same. 

Ext.  plantar. 

Adducts  toes. 

Plantaris. 

0  u  te  r    bifurcation 
of   liiica    aspera 
and    post.   lig.  of 
Icnee. 

Os  calcisby  tendof- 
Achillis. 

Int.  popliteal. 

Extends  foot. 

PI  at  ysm  a  my- 
oides. 

Clavicle,  achromion 
and  fascia. 

Inf      maxillarv, 
angle    uf    mould, 
etc. 

Facial   and    s\iper- 
ficial  cervical. 

Wrinkles  skin  and 
(.kpiesses  niuutli. 

PopI  ileus. 

Ext.  condyle  of  fe- 
mur. 

Shaft  of  tibia  above 
obli>iuc  line. 

Int.  popliteal. 

Flexes  leg. 

Pronator     quad- 
ratus. 

Lower  %  of  ulna. 

Lower   ^   shaft  of 
radius. 

Ant.  interosseus. 

Pronates  hand 

Pronator  radii 
teres. 

Int.    condyle    and 
coronoid  process. 

Outer  side  shaft  of 
radius. 

Median. 

Pronates  hand. 

Psoas  magnus. 

Bodies    and   trans- 
verse process,  last 
dorsal  and  all  lum- 
bar vertebrae. 

Lesser  trochanter. 

Lumbar. 

Flexes  aud  rotates 
thigh  outward, 
and  flexes  trunk 
on  pelvis. 

Psoas  parvus. 

Bodies  last    dorsal 
and    ist    lumbar 
vertebrae. 

Ilio-pectineal    emi- 
nence   and    iliac 
fascia. 

Lumbar. 

Tensor  of  iliac 
fascia. 

Pterygoid  (ex- 
ternal). 

Two  heads.      Ext. 
pterygoid  plate  of 
sphenoid. 

Neck  of  condyle. 

Inf.  maxillary. 

Draws  inf  maxil- 
lary forward. 

Pterygoid  (in- 
terna^. 

Pterygoid  fossa   of 
sphenoid. 

Inner  surface    of 
angle  of  jaw. 

Inf  maxillary. 

Raises  atid  draws 
inf.  maxillary  for- 
ward. 

Pyramidal  is. 

Pubes. 

Linea  alba. 

Ilio-hypogastric. 

Tenses  linea  alba. 

Pyramidalis  nasi 

Occipito-frontalis. 

Front  of     sacrum, 
through  great  sci- 
atic foramen. 

Compressor  naris. 

Facial. 

Depresses  eyebrow 

Pyriformis. 

Great  trochanter. 

Sacral. 

External  rotator  of 
thigh. 

Quad  rat  us    fem- 
oris. 

Tuberosity  ischium 

Quadrate  line  of 
femur. 

Sacral. 

Ext.  rotator  of 
thigh. 

Quadratus    lum- 
Dorum. 

Crest  of  ilium, 
transverse  process 
lower  3   lumbar 
vertebra-. 

Last  rib,  transverse 
process  last  3  lum- 
bar vertebra;. 

Lumbar. 

Flexes  thorax  later- 
ally. 

Quadriceps     ex- 
tensor. 

Includes  the  rectus,  vastus  int.  and  ext.,  and  crureus  muscles.    Common  tendon 
contains  the  patella. 

Rectus    abdomi- 
nis. 

Pubic  crest. 

Cartilages  5th  to  7th 
ribs. 

I  n  t  ere  ostal, ilio- 
hypogastric, i  1  io- 
inguinal. 

Compresses  viscera 
ami  flexes   thorax. 

Rectus  capit  is 
anlicus  major. 

Transverse  pro- 
cesses 3d -6th  cer- 
vical. 

Basilar  process. 
Basilar  process. 

Cervical  plexus. 
Cervical  plexus. 

Flexes  head. 

Rectus  capitis 
anticus  minor. 

Transverse  process 
and    lateral    mass 
of  atlas. 

Flexes  head. 

287 


TABLE  OF  MUSCLES  (arranged  ALrHABETICALLY).— C^«//;//.tv/. 


Name. 

Origin. 

Insertion. 

Innervation. 

Function. 

Rectus  capitis 
posticus  major. 

Spine  of  axis. 

Inf  curved  line  oc- 
ciput. 

Sub.  and  great  oc- 
cipital. 

Rotates  head. 

Rectus  capitis 
posticus  minor. 

Post,  arch  atlas. 

Below    inf.   curved 
line  occipital. 

Sub.  and  great  oc- 
cipital. 

Draws  head  back- 
ward. 

Rectus  externus. 

Two    heads,    outer 
margin  optic  fora- 
men. 

Sclerotic. 

Sixth. 

Rotates  eyeball  out- 
ward. 

Rectus  femoris. 

Ant .     inf.    iliac 
spine,  brim   aceta- 
bulum. 

Tuberosity  of  tibia. 

Ant.  crural. 

Extends  leg. 

Rectus  inferior. 

Lower  margin  optic 
foramen. 

Sclerotic. 

Third. 

Rotates  eyeball 
downward. 

Rectus  iiiternus. 

Inner  margin  optic 
foramen. 

Sclerotic. 

Third. 

Rotates  eyeball  in- 
ward. 

Rectus  lateralis. 

Transverse  process 
of  atlas. 

Jugular  process. 

Cervical  plexus. 

Draws  head  lat- 
erally. 

Rectus  superior. 

Upper  margin  optic 
foramen. 

Sclerotic. 

Third. 

Rotates  eyeball  up- 
ward. 

Retrahens  aurem 

Mastoid  process. 

Concha. 

Posterior-auricular. 

Retracts  pinna. 

R  h  o m  b  o  i  deu  s 
major. 

Spines  of  5   upper 
dorsal. 

Spines  of   7th   cer- 
vical and  ist  dor- 
sal. 

Root    of    spine    of 
scapula. 

5th  cervical. 

Elevates  and  re- 
tracts scapula. 

Rho  mboideu  s 
minor. 

Root   of    spine    of 
scapula. 

5th  cervical. 

Retracts  and  ele- 
vates scapula. 

Risorius. 

Fascia    over    mas- 
seter. 

Angle  of  mouth. 

Facial. 

Draws  out  angle. 

Rotatores  spinas. 

Transv.  proc.  2d  to 
1 2th  dorsal. 

Lamina  next  dorsal 
above. 

Dorsal  branches. 

Rotate  spinal  col- 
umn. 

Sacro-lumbalis. 

Erector  spinae. 

Angles  of  6   lower 
ribs. 

Branches  of  dorsal. 

Erects  spine  and 
bends  trunk  back- 
ward. 

Sartorius. 

Ant.  sup.  spine  ili- 
um. 

Upper     int.     shaft 
tibia. 

Ant.  crural. 

Flexes  and  crosses 
legs. 

Scalenus  anticus. 

T  u  bercl  e  on   ist 
rib. 

Transverse     p  r  0  - 
cesses  3d-6th   cer- 
vical. 

Lower  cervical. 

Flexes  neck  later- 
ally. 

Scalenus  medius. 

ist  rib. 

Transv.     processes 
6  lower  cervical. 

Lower  cervical. 

Flexes  neck  later- 
ally. 

Scalenus  pos  t  i- 
cus. 

2d  rib. 

Transv.     processes 
3  lower  cervical. 

Lower  cervical. 

Bends  neck  later- 
ally. 

Semi-membrano- 
sus. 

Tuberosity  of  ischi- 
um. 

Inner  tuberosity  of 
tibia. 

Great  sciatic. 

Flexes  leg  and  ro- 
tates it  inward. 

Se  m  i  spi  na  1  is 
colli. 

Transv.  proc.  4  up- 
per     dorsal      and 
artic.  proc.  4  lower 
cervical. 

Spines  2d  to  5th  cer- 
vical. 

Cervical  branches. 

Erects  spinal  col- 
umn. 

Se  ni  i  s  p  i  n  a  1  i  s 

dorsi. 

Transv.  proc.  lower 
dorsal. 

Spines  last  2  cervi- 
vical  and  4  upper 
dorsal. 

Branches  of  dorsal. 

Erects  spinal  col- 
umn. 

288 


TABLE  OF  A\USCLHS  (arranged  ai.piiabeticallv).— (:"<;;////;//<•</. 


Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Semi-  tendinosus  Tuberosity  of  ischi-il'pper  and   i  ii  n  e  r  Great  sciatic 

surface  of  tibia. 


Serratus  magnus  8  upper  ribs. 


Inner  margin  post, 
border  scapula. 


Serratus  posticus  Spines  of  last  two 
inferior.  dorsal    anil  first 

three  lumbar. 


Four  lower  ribs. 


Serratus  posticusj 
superior. 


Soleus. 


Sphincter  ani. 


Sphincter  va- 
gina.-. 


Spines  of  7th  cervi- 
cal and  two  upper 
dorsal. 


Shail  fibula,  oblique 
line  tibia. 


Tip  of  coccyx. 


Central   tendon  of 
perin£eum. 


Splenius    capitis  Half  of  lig.  nuchae 
et  colli.  and  spines  of  6  up- 

per dorsal. 


Spinalis  colli. 


Spinalis  dorsi. 


Stapedius. 


Sterno-c  1  e  i  d  o 
mastoid. 


Spines    of  5th    and 
6tb  cervical. 


Last  two  dorsal  and 
first  two  lumbar 
spines. 


Interior  of  p  y  r  a- 
mid. 


Stcrno-hyoid. 


Two  heads.sternum 
and  clavicle. 


2d,  3d,  4th,  and  5th 
ribs. 


Os  calcis  by  tendo- 
Achillis. 


Tendinous     center 
of  perlnaeum. 


Post,  thoracic. 


Function. 


Flexes  leg  on  thigh. 


Elevates  ribs  in  in- 
spiration. 


Post,    branches  of  Depresses  ribs    i  n 
dorsal.  •  e.xpiratioii. 


Post,  branches   of 
cervical. 


Int.  popliteal. 


Hemorrhoidal. 


Raises    ribs  in   in- 
spiration. 


Extends  foot. 


Closes  anus. 


Corpora  cavernosa  Homologue     of    accelerator    uriitae    in 
and  clitoris. 


Into    occiput    and 

mastoid, also  trans- 
verse processes  of 
4  upper  cervical. 


Into  spine  of  axis 
or  3d  and  4th  cer- 
vical spines. 


Remaining     dorsal 
spines. 


Neck  of  stapes. 


Sternum  and  clavi- 
cle. 


Stemo-thyroid. 


Stylo-glossus. 


Stylo-hyoid. 


Stylo- p  haryn 
geus. 

Subanconeus. 


Subclavius. 


Subcrureus. 


Sternum  and  carti- 
lage of  first  rib. 


Styloid  process. 


Styloid  process. 


Styloid  process. 


Humerus      above 
olecranon  fossa. 

Cartilage  of  ist  rib. 


Mastoid  process. 


Hyoid  bone. 


Side    of  thyroid 
cartilage. 


male. 


Post,    branches  of  Retracts  head  and 


cervical. 


Cervical  branches. 


Steadies  neck. 


Dorsal  branches. 


Facial. 


Spinal  accessory 
and  cervical  plexus 


Descending  &  com- 
municating branch 
es  hypoglossal. 


Side  of  tongue. 


Body  of  hyoid. 


Thyroid  cartilage. 


Ant.  inf.  part  of  fe- 
mur. 


Supinator  brevis  Ext.  condyle    hu 


Post.  lig.  of  elbow. 


Under    surface    of 
clavicle. 


Synovial    sac    be- 
hind patella. 


Neck  of  radius  and 


Hypoglossal. 


Hypoglossal. 


Facial. 


keeps  neck  erect. 


Erects     spinal 
column. 


Depresses  base  of 
stapes. 


Depresses    and  ro- 
tates head. 


Depresses  hyoid. 


Depresses  larynx. 


Elevates    and   re- 
tracts tongue. 


Draws  hyoid   up 
and  back. 


Glosso-pharyngeal,  Elevates  pharynx, 
and     pharyngeal 


plexus. 


Musculo-spiral. 


Sth  and  6th  cervi- 
cal. 


Ant.  crural. 


mt-rus.     oblique    its  bicipital  tuber- 


Post,  intcrosscus. 


Tensor  of  ligament. 


Draws     clavicle 
downward. 

Draws  sac  up. 


Supinatcs  hand. 


line  of^ulna. 


Supinator  longus  Ext.  condyloid 
ridge  of  humerus. 


Supra-spinale*. 


osity. 

Styloid  process  of  Musculo-spiral. 
radius. 


Supinates  hand. 


19 


Lie  on  spinous  processes  in  cervical  region. 

289 


TABLE   OF   MUSCLES 

(ARRANGED    ALPHABETICALLY).— Cow/w/w^^. 

Name. 

Origin. 

Insertion. 

Innervation. 

Function. 

Supra-spinatus. 

Supra-spinous  fossa 

Great  tuberosity  of 
humerus. 

Coronoid  process 
inf.maxil  ary. 

Supra-scapular. 

Supports  shoulder 
joint,  raises  arm. 

Temporal. 

Temporal  fossa  and 
fascia. 

Inf.  maxillary. 
Otic  ganglia. 

Brings  incisor 
teeth  togethor. 

Tensor  palati. 

Scaphoid   fossa    of 
sphenoid. 

About  hamular  pro- 
cess into  soft  palate 

Renders  palate 
tense. 

Tensor  tarsi. 

Lachrymal  bone. 

Tarsal  cartilages. 

Facial. 

Compresses  puncta 
and  lachrymal  sac. 

Tensor  tympani. 

Temporal      bone, 
Eustachian    tube 
and  canal. 

Handle  of  malleus. 

Otic  ganglia. 

Renders  tense  mem- 
brana-tympani. 

Tensor     vaginae 

femoris. 

Iliac  crest   and  ant. 
sup.  spinous  pr  o- 
cess. 

Fascia  lata. 

Sup.  gluteal. 

Tensor  of  fascia. 

Teres  major. 

Inf.   angle   scapula. 

Int  bicip.  ridge  of 
humerus. 

Sub-scapular. 

Draws  arm  down 
and  back. 

Teres  minor. 

Axillary  border    of 
scapula. 

Thyroid  and   crico- 
thyroid membrane 

Inner  surface    of 
thyroid. 

Great  tuberosity  of 
humerus. 

Circumflex. 

Rotates  humerus 
outward. 

Thyro-a  r  y  t  e  n  - 
oideus. 

Arytenoid,  inf.  and 
ant.  surface. 

Recurrent  laryn -Relaxes    vocal 
geal.                            cords. 

Thyro-epiglot- 
tideus. 

Epiglottis. 

Recurrent  laryn- 
geal. 

Depresses  epiglot- 
tis. 

Thyro-hyoid. 

Side    of  thyroid 
cartilage. 

Body   and     greater 
cornu  of  hyoid. 

Hypoglossal. 

Elevates  larynx. 

Tibialis  anticus. 

Outer    tuberosity 
and  upper  part  of 
shaft  of  tibia. 

Int.   cuneiform  and 
ist  metatarsal. 

Ant.  tibial. 

Flexes  tarsus  and 
elevates  inner  bor- 
der of  foot. 

Tibialis  posticus. 

Shaft  of  fibula  and 
tibia. 

Tuberos.     scaphoid 
and  int.   c  u  ne  i  - 
form. 

Post,  tibial. 

Extends  tarsus  and 
inverts  foot. 

Trachelo  -mas- 
toid. 

Transv.    proc.    o  f 
3d-6th  dorsal,  and 
artic.  proc.  of  3  or 
4  lower  cervical. 

Mastoid  process. 

Branches   of  cervi- 
cal. 

Steadies  head. 

Transversalis. 

Poupart'slig.,    iliac 
crest,  6  lower  ribs, 
lumbar  vertebrae. 

Linea    alba,    pubic 
crest,  pectineal 
line. 

Intercostal,     i  1  io- 
hypogastric,     ilio- 
inguinal. 

Compresses  viscera 
and  flexes  thorax. 

Transversal  is 
colli. 

Transverse  pro- 
cesses   of   3d -6th 
dorsal. 

Head  5th  metatar- 
sal. 

Transverse     p  r  0  - 
cesses  of  5  lower 
cervical. 

Cervical  branches. 

Keeps  neck  erect. 

Transversus 
pedis. 

1st  phalanx  of  great 
toe. 

Ext.  plantar. 

Adducts  great  toe. 

Transversus  pe- 
rinaei. 

Ramus  of  ischium. 

Central  tendon. 

Perinaeal. 

Tensor  of  central 
tendon. 

Trapezius. 

Sup.  curved  line  of 
occipital,    spinous 
processes,    last 
cervical    and  a  1 1 
dorsal. 

Clavicle   and  spine 
of    scapula,    and 
achromion. 

Spinal  accessory 
and  cervical  plex- 
us. 

Draws  head  back- 
ward. 

Triangularis 
sterni. 

Ensiform       cart., 
costal  cart,  of  3  or  4 
lower  true    ribs, 
and  sternum. 

Border  of  inner  sur- 
faces  2d,  3d,  4th 
and     5th   costal 
cartilages. 

Intercostal. 

Expiration. 

Triceps  (j>  heads) 

Ext.  and    Int.   near 
musculo  -spiral 
groove,    shaft    of 
humerus,    middle 
or  long,  lower  mar- 
gin glenoid  cavity. 

Olecranon    process 
of  ulna. 

Musculo-spiral. 

Extends  forearm. 

Vastus  externus. 

Ant.    Border    great 
trochanter  and 
linea  aspera. 

Tuberosity  of  tibia. 

Ant.  crural. 

Extends  leg. 

Vastus    internus 
and  crureus. 

Inner    lip    linea 
aspera  of  femur. 

Tuberosity  of  tibia. 

Ant.  crural. 

Extends  leg. 

Zygomaticus 
major  et  minor. 

Malar  bone. 

Angle  of  mouth. 

Facial. 

Elevates  lip  out- 
ward. 

290 


MUSCULATION 


291 


MYCOSIS 


untar)'  motion.  M.  Force,  the  energy 
produced  in  muscular  motion.  It  is  thought 
to  be  derived  from  the  oxidation  of  the  fats 
or  carlo-hydrates  of  muscular  tissue.  M. 
Motion,  the  phenomena  attending  a  self- 
pruduccd  change  of  position  of  the  body 
or  any  of  its  parts.  It  consists  of  volun- 
tary, involuntary,  and  mixed  movements. 
See  Motion.  M.  Rheumatism,  rheu- 
matism seated  in  or  aflecting  the  muscles. 
M.  Sense,  the  sense  of  motion  and 
weight  upon  which  the  adjustment  of  the 
body  to  its  surroundings  depends.  Sen- 
sory ncrve-librils  jjrobably  exist  in  muscles 
that  intermediate  these  sensations.  M. 
System,  all  the  muscles  of  the  l)ody  in 
their  co-relation.  M.  Tumor.  See 
Mvorna. 

Muscula'tion  {niuscu/us,  a  muscle).  The 
muscular  endowment  of  the  Ixxiy  or  a  part. 
The  action  of  the  muscles  of  the  lody,  in- 
cluding the  study  of  volimtary  motions  and 
locomotion. 

Mus'culine.  The  semi-solid  albuminoid 
of  which  is  comixjsed  the  principal  part  of 
the  contractile  fibers  of  muscle. 

Mus'culi  Pectina'ti  {patcti,  a  comb). 
Small  muscular  columns  traversing  the 
inner  surface  of  the  appendix  auricula;  and 
the  adjoining  portion  of  the  wall  of  the 
sinus. 

Mus'culo-  [iniisciihis).  A  Latin  word  used 
as  a  prdix  to  denote  connection  with  or 
relation  to  muscular  ti.ssue.  M. -cutane- 
ous. See  iVeiiic.  M.- spiral.  See 
A'en't. 

Mus'culus.     Afiiscle. 

Muse'um  (Moivra,  a  muse).  Formerly, 
any  library  or  place  devoted  to  the  arts 
and  sciences,  liecaasc  these  were  supjosed 
to  Ik.-  presided  over  by  the  Mases.  Any  s}s- 
tematic  CfiUection  of  olijects  of  nature,  or 
of  art.  M.,  Anatomical,  a  collection  of 
the  various  specimens  of  the  natural  parts 
of  the  body  in  their  nonnal  or  pathological 
state. 

Musk.  See  Moichus.  M.  Root.  See 
Siiiiiliul. 

Muskeg  Moss.  A  plant  of  the  Xorth- 
we^tern  United  .States,  recommended  as  a 
cheap  and  excellent  ab^rl)ent  material  fur 
surgical  drcs-iiigs. 

Mu8''scl-Poi''soning.  The  toxic  effecis 
in  man  sometimes  re^ulting  from  eating 
mu-ssois,  cs|)ecially  the  inytilm  tdulii.  .See 
Mytiloloxine. 

MuBsita''tion  (mussito,  to  mutter).  The 
muttrring  fre>iuently  observed  in  .s<vcrc 
iilucss,  consisting  of  the  movement  of  the 


lips  without  the  production  of  articulate 
speech. 

Must.  The  unfiltered  and  unfonncntcd 
juice  of  the  grape. 

Mus'tard.     See  SinaJ^is. 

Mute.  Dumb.  Unable  to  use  articulate 
speech. 

Mutila''tion  {niutilo,  to  cut  off).  The 
state  of  being  cut  or  excised.  Al.so,  the 
condition  of  those  parts  remaining  after 
the  excision  or  amputation  of  a  member 
or  part. 

Mutis'ia.  The  seeds  of  M.  vicicrfolia ,  a 
plant  native  to  Andean  regions.  Has 
reputed  qualities  as  a  cardiac  tonic  among 
the  natives,  and  also  in  various  affections 
of  the  respiratory  organs.     Unof. 

Mu'titas  (/«/^//«,  mute).  Dumbness.  M. 
Atonica,  dumbness  arising  from  disorder 
of  the  nerves  of  the  tongue.  M.  Organ - 
ica,  that  from  loss  of  the  tongue.  M. 
Surdorum,  dumbness  consequent  upon 
congenital  deafness. 

Myal'gia  i^jivq,  a^^of,  pain).  Any  pain 
of  tlie  muscles. 

Mya^sis.  The  presence  of  worms  in  the 
nasal  cavities. 

Myasthe^nia  (//I'f,  aaQtvtia,  weakness). 
Aluscular  debility. 

MycC'lium  {/ivk)/^,  a  fungus).  The  ten- 
drils or  filaments  of  germinating  fungi- 
spores. 

Myceto^ma.     See  Futtgus  Foot. 

Mycoder'ma  {^/ivKifg,  mucous,  <hp/ia,  skin). 
A  genus  of  fungi  forming  like  a  membrane 
ujx)n  or  in  fermenting  liquors.  M.  Aceti, 
the  microbe  of  the  acetous  fermentation, 
constituting  the  viotlu-r  of  vinci^ar.  M. 
Saccharin!  and  M.  Vini,  alcoholic  fer- 
ments. 

Mycoder''mis  [fivurj^,  Sepfin).  The  various 
species  of  microbic  or  fungoid  organi>ms 
found  in  the  excreta  of  certain  skin  dis- 
eases, especially  of  favus. 

Mycodermosphac'elus  {niycot/erma, 
s/^/iiiic'/us).  A  gangrenous  affection  of  the 
nuiciius  membrane  of  any  part. 

Mycohae'mia  [/ivm/r,  niii<i,  blood).  A 
generic  name  for  those  affections  caused  l>y 
the  i)re.sence  of  microorganisms  in  the 
blood. 

Mycon'ostoc  Grega'rium.  .\  class  of 
mil  rcpurgani-.ms,  liiile  studied,  probably 
idi  iitiial  with  the  gcmis  CluJothrix. 

Myco'sis.  (iranuloma  I'ungoides;  Kc- 
zema  Hy|MTlrophicum;  I nllaminatory  Fun- 
goid Neoplasm;  Lymphodernia  I'erniciosa. 
Ulcerative  .Scrofuloderma ;  I'ibroma  i'un- 
goides.     A   disease   of  the   skin   charac- 


MYDALEINE 


292 


MYLO- 


terized  by  soft  maramillated  tumors,  show- 
ing an  abnormal  growth  of  lymphatic 
glands,  which  frequently  develop  into  fun- 
gous ulcers.  A  mucous  tumor  or  polypoid 
growth.  M.,  Acute,  of  the  Blood,  a 
name  proposed  by  Neelson  for  septic 
intoxication  from  microbes  in  the  blood. 
M.,  Toxic,  of  the  Blood,  putrid  intoxica- 
tion or  saprcemia,  death  being  due  to 
ptomaines.  M.  of  Brain,  colonies  of 
micrococci  in  the  brain  as  a  result  of  septi- 
caemia, diphtheria,  etc. 

Myda^leine  (/ij;daAeof,  putrid).  A 
ptomaine  obtained  from  putrefying  cada- 
veric organs.  It  is  apparently  present  in 
liver,  spleen,  etc.,  after  seven  days'  putre- 
faction, but  it  is  not  obtainable  before  the 
third  or  fourth  week.  It  has  an  entirely 
specific  action  as  a  poison,  producing  maxi- 
mum dilatation  of  pupil,  injection  of  ear 
vessels,  increase  of  temperature,  peristaltic 
action  of  intestines.  Post-mortem  shows 
contraction  of  the  bladder  and  intestines, 
and  the  stopping  of  the  heart  in  diastole. 
Animals  recover  from  small  doses. 

Mydatox^ine.  A  ptomaine  obtained  from 
horseflesh  and  human  flesh  after  4  months 
of  decomposition.  It  is  toxic,  producing 
lachiymation,  diarrhoea,  and  dyspnoea  in 
animals;  but  is  not  a  strong  poison.  A 
base,  CjHj.NOj,  with  which  it  is  associ- 
ated, is,  however,  a  very  violent  poison, 
producing  effects  partly  like  curara  and 
partly  like  mussel-poison — paralysis  a  few 
minutes  after  injection,  during  which  cer- 
tain reflexes  are  preserved,  but  the  animal 
cannot  move  from  its  place.  The  same 
effects  are  produced  by  mydatoxine,  but 
more  slowly. 

My'dine  [/ivi^nu,  to  putrefy).  A  non- 
poisonous  ptomaine  obtained  by  Brieger 
from  the  putrefaction  of  human  internal 
organs.  The  free  base  is  strongly  alkaline, 
has  an  ammoniacal  odor,  and  is  character- 
ized by  its  strong  reducing  properties. 

Mydri^asis  {fiv6pia(nc).  Abnormal  dilata- 
tion of  the  pupil  of  the  eye. 

Mydriafic.  A  medicine  or  agent  which 
causes  mydriasis,  or  dilatation  of  the  pupil. 

MyelaFgia  (/xue/lof,  marrow,  aXyog,  pain). 
Any  pain  in  the  spinal  cord. 

Myelano''sis  (/zveAof,  avaXuaL^^  wasting). 
Same  as  myelatrophy. 

Myelap^oplexy  [fivtlog,  a7ro7v?,r/^ia,  a 
stupor).  Apoplexy  due  to  a  hcemorrhage 
in  the  spinal  cord. 

Myelafrophy  [fiveXnc,  aTpn(pta,  wasting). 
Any  wasting  or  atrophy  of  the  spinal 
cord  or  medullary  substance. 


Myeletero''sis  [fj.ve?Mg,  erepuaig,  altera- 
tion). Any  morbid  alteration  of  the  spinal 
marrow  or  other  medullary  substance. 
My^elin.  A  name  given  by  Thudichum  to 
a  class  of  compounds  obtained  from  the 
white  matter  of  the  brain.  Occurs  usually 
as  a  white,  amorphous,  ivory-like  mass,  but 
crystallizes  from  an  ethereal  or  alcoholic 
solution.  Aiiiido-myclin  and  Sphyngo- 
viyclin  differ  from  myelin  mainly  in  con- 
taining one  or  more  additional  nitrogenized 
radical  molecules. 

Myeli^'tis  {jivs.7Mq,  <r<f).  Inflammation  of 
the  spinal  cord,  with  diminution  of  con- 
sistence usually  but  not  always  present. 
The  term,  "  Softening  of  the  Cord,"  as  a 
synonym,  is,  therefore,  incorrect.  M. 
Acute,  due  to  exposure  to  cold,  injuries, 
acute  general  diseases,  etc.,  is  followed  by 
sensory  disturbances  and  motor  paralysis, 
complete  or  incomplete,  according  to  the 
part  involved  and  the  degree  of  the  inflam- 
mation. M.,  Compression,  due  to  com- 
pression of  the  cord.  M.,  Concussion, 
due  tb  concussion,  direct  or  indirect.  M., 
Focal,  when  a  small  area  is  affected.  M., 
Diffuse,  when  large  areas  are  attacked. 
M.,  Disseminated,  when  there  are  sev- 
eral foci.  M.,  Transverse,  a  variety  of 
M.  Focal,  the  area  extending  through  a 
transverse  section  of  the  cord. 

My^elo-  (/iwAof,  marrow).  A  Greek  pre- 
fix denoting  reference  to  or  connection 
with  the  spinal  cord,  or  other  medullary 
substance. 

Myelocele.      See  Spina  Bifida. 

My^eloid  (//nc/lof,  e/Jof,  a  form).  Resem- 
bling maiTOW  in  structure  or  appearance. 
Also  applied  to  a  form  of  sarcoma  distin- 
guished by  multinucleated  cells. 

Myelo^ma  (//veAof).  A  tumor  or  enlarge- 
ment of  the  medullary  substance. 

Myelomala'cia  (//ve/lof,  /mZa/cof,  a  soften- 
ing).    A  softening  of  the  spinal  cord. 

Myelomeningi''tis  i^nve7Mq,ii7]viy^,  a  mem- 
brane, LTig,  inflammation).  Inflammation 
of  tlie  membrane  investing  the  spinal  cord. 

Myelom^yces.     See  Myeloma. 

My^'elon  (//wAof).  The  spinal  cord,  or 
medulla  spinalis. 

MyeFoplacques,  or  Myeloplax''es.  A 
name  sometimes  given  to  the  giant  cells  of 
the  marrow.     See  Cell. 

Myelosclero''sis.  Sclerosis  of  the  spinal 
cord  or  of  the  marrow  of  bones. 

Myi''tis  (//vf,  irtq,  inflammation).  Inflam- 
mation of  a  muscle. 

My^lo-  {f-ivlrj,  a  mill).  A  Greek  prefix 
denoting  connection  with  the  lower  jaw 


MVO- 


293 


MVORCVTES 


or   the    molar    teeth.      M.-hyoid.      See 
Muscle. 

My'o-.  (/iif,  a  niusclcV  A  (!ivok  prefix 
signifying  a  muscle.  M.-albuminose. 
One  of  the  proteicfs  of  muscle-pla.-;ma, 
closely  associated  with  the  myosin  fcraient. 
See  MuscUplasnia. 

My'oblast  (//tr.  muscle,  ,?/acr7of,  a  cell). 
Kml>r)\)nic  cells  which  de>'elop  into  mus- 
cul.ir  tissue. 

Myocardi'tis  (//I'C,  Ka^nSia,  the  heart,  /7/f, 
inflammation).  Inflammation  of  the  mus- 
cular tissue  of  the  heart ;  the  parencliyma- 
tous  and  the  interstitial  are  the  two  chief 
forms. 

Myocar'dium.  The  muscular  mass  of  the 
lieart. 

Myochron'oscope  {/'if,  muscle,  K/joiof, 
time,  CKo-iu,  to  examine).  An  inslnament 
for  measuring  the  rapidity  of  muscular  con- 
traction or  the  iiro])agation  of  nerve-stimu- 
lus throuijh  a  muscle. 

Myoclo'nus  Multiplex.  Clonic  spa.sm 
chronically  affecting  the  muscles  of  the  legs 
or  arms,  and,  also,  sometimes  of  the  hack, 
generally  constant,  but  sometimes  parox- 
ysmal.    A  disease  of  obscure  nature. 

Myoc'tonine.  A  bitter  extractive  ofAco- 
ttitiim  lycoclonuin.  A  jx)werful  [oison  re- 
sembling curare  in  action.  1.5  grains 
caused  the  death  of  a  cat.     Unof 

Myo'des  {wi'f.  <J''w,  an  excess).  Exces- 
sively muscular.  Also,  the  fleshy  expan- 
sion of  the  neck. 

Myodesop'sia.     See  Mitsca:  I'olitante!:. 

Myodynam'ic  (wrr,  fJi-ra/v/r,  power).  Per- 
taining to  the  force  of  mu.scular  contraction. 

Myodynamonr'eter  (//I'f,  i^vvaiu^,  ittrpnv, 
a  measure).  An  instrument  for  measuring 
muscular  strength. 

Myodyn'ia  {uvr,  oihtr/,  pain).  Any  pain 
ill  the  muscles. 

Myoglob'ulin  {fnr;  glol>uli)i).  One  of 
the  proteids  of  muscle  [ilasma,  resembling 
serum-globulin,  coagulated  at  63°  C.  See 
Muscle-plasvia . 

My'ogram.  The  mu'^cle-curve  as  in- 
srrilxfl  by  the  myograph. 

My'ograph  {fiw,  }V"9^<  to  write).  An 
instnimcnt  for  determining  the  duration  of 
each  |)hasc  of  a  muscular  contraction. 

Myog'raphy  (/nr,  yjmipu).  A  description 
of  the  muscles. 

Myohae'matin.  A  nitrogenous  coloring 
matter  of  muscles,  esiK-cially  of  the  lower 
animals,  h.'i-mf>globin  being  the  coloring 
maiirr  f)f  human  vcilunlary  muscles. 

My'oid  (//ir,  >/(tor,  form).  I  laving  a  re- 
semblance to  mu.scular  tissue. 


Myoide'ma  (/^I'f,  ouh/ftn,  a  small  tumor). 
A  name  given  to  the  small  eminences 
sometimes  occurring  on  the  muscles  of 
consumptive  patients. 

Myolem'ma  {fjvq,  "kv^^ia,  a  covering). 
The  thin  membrane  enveloping  the  hbrilLe 
of  muscle.     Same  as  Sarco/onnm. 

Myol'ogy  (//ir, /ojoc,  a  treatise).  A  trea- 
tise on  the  nature,  structure  and  functions 
of  muscles. 

Myo'ma  (wi'f).  A  muscular  tumor.  Also, 
an  affection  of  the  skin  marked  by  the 
growth  of  small,  reddi.sh  tumors  consisting 
of  involimtarx  muscular  liber,  sessile,  freely 
movalle  and  i^olated  in  the  skin.  If  small 
and  multiple,  they  are  called  lio-tuyovias ; 
if  a  large  single  tumor,  dartmc  myoma; 
if  they  contain  much  fibrous  tissue, y7<^/<»- 
myoma ;  if  vascular  and  erectile,  aitgio- 
viyonui ;  if  the  lymphatics  are  involved, 
ly  1)1  fiJuiiti^io- myoma. 

Myomala'cia  (/n'f,  fja?.ttKog,  a  softening). 
An  al  normal  and  morbid  .softening  of  the 
muscles.  M.  Cordis.  See  So/titiiiig  of 
the  I/t-aiL 

Myomec^tomy.     See  Jlfyomotomy. 

Myom^eter.  An  instiaiment  for  measuring 
the  .shortening  of  a  muscle  in  contracting. 

Myomot''omy  [myoma,  ekto/i?/,  excision). 
The  operation  of  excising  fibro  myomata 
of  the  uterus  by  incision   through  the   ab- 

■  dominal  wall. 

Myoparalysis.  Parnlysis  resulting  from 
nniscular  abnormality  without  affection  of 
the  nervous  centers  or  nerves. 

Myop'athy  (/'t'f,  Trntlnc.  suflering).  A 
generic  term*  for  any  disease  of  a  mu.scle  or 
of  the  muscular  system. 

Myo^pia  (//t'w,  to  close,  wi/',  the  eye ;  myojies 
having  the  habit  of  ]iarlinll)  closing  the 
lids  to  avoid  spherical  alienation).  Near- 
sightedness ;  an  optical  defect,  usually  due 
to  a  too  long  antero-jxisterior  diameter  of 
the  globe,  whereby  the  focal  image  is 
formed  in  front  of  the  retina.  M.,  Pro- 
gressive, continuous  increase  of  iM.,  due 
to  iiuKMsing  elongation  of  the  eyeball. 
M.,  Malignant,  rapidly  progressing 
myopia. 

Myop'ic.  pertaining  to  or  having  the 
nature  of  myojiia.  Nearsightetl.  M. 
Crescent,  a  yellowish-white,  crescentic 
area  alniut  the  papilla,  due  to  atrophy  or 
breaking  away  of  the  choroid,  and  ex- 
jxisure  of  the  sclerotic;  seen  in  myopia, 
I'Ul  often,  also,  in  other  refractive  condi- 
tions. 

Myor'cytes  Wcisman'ni.    A  small  para 
sitic  round  worm  found  in  nuiscle. 


MYORRHEXIS 


294 


MYTILOTOXINE 


Myorrhex^'is  {[iix,  pe^ig,  a  tearing).  Lacer- 
ation or  rupture  of  a  muscle. 

Myosarco^ma.  A  sarcoma  with  myoma- 
tous elements,  or  having  originated  in  a 
myoma. 

My^osin.  A  native  proteid  of  the  globulin 
class,  the  chief  proteid  in  dead  muscle.  Its 
coagulation  in  muscle  after  death  causes 
rigor  mortis. 

Myosin'ogen  [myosin,  yevvau,  to  beget). 
One  of  the  proteids  of  muscle-plasma, 
coagulated  at  56°  C.      See  Muscle-plasma. 

Myo^sis  (ui'w,  to  close).  Abnonnal  small- 
ness  of  the  pupil  of  the  eye. 

Myosi^tis  (/^vf,  a  muscle,  iriq,  inflamma- 
tion). Inflammation  of  muscular  tissue. 
It  may  be  confined  to  the  perimysium, 
or  to  the  fibrous  elements  of  the  muscle, 
and  may  be  rheumatic,  purulent,  tuber- 
culous, or  syphilitic  in  nature.  M.  Ossi- 
ficans, is  characterized  by  the  formation 
of  osseous  deposits  in  the  tissues. 

My'ospasm  [fivg,  anao/ioQ,  a  convulsion). 
A  spasmodic  contraction  of  a  muscle.  A 
cramp. 

Myotaf'ic  {fivg,  reivu,  to  stretch).  Per- 
taining to  the  deep  reflexes  or  contractions 
of  the  muscles  dependent  upon  passive 
tension  for  their  elicitation.  A  term  sug- 
gested by  Cowers  to  replace  the  inaccurate 
one.  Tendon  Reflexes,  the  tendons  not 
being  etiologically  connected  with  the 
phenomenon.  "  The  irritability  on  which 
they  depend  is  due  to  and  demonstrative 
of  a  muscle  reflex  action  which  depends 
on  the  spinal  cord."  Increased  Myotatic 
Irritability  is  a  symptom  of  severe  diseases 
of  the  cord,  of  hemiplegia,  etc. 

Myot^ic.  An  agent  causing  myosis,  or 
contraction  of  the  pupil.  The  one  most 
used  by  ophthalmologists  is  eserine.  Mor- 
phine, pilocarpine,  muscarine  and  other 
drugs  also  contract  the  pupil. 

Myot^omy  {fivg,  TOfiTi^  a  cutting).  The  inci- 
sion or  dissection  of  muscles.  See  Tenotomy. 

Myot'onus  [jivg,  rovog,  stretching).  Mus- 
cular tone,  quality,  or  tension. 

Myr^ciae  Oleum.  Oil  of  Myrcia;  Oil  of 
Bay.  The  volatile  oil  of  the  Bayberry, 
M.  acris.  An  aromatic,  pungent  liquid, 
used  chiefly  as  a  perfume  and  in  cosmetics. 
Somewhat  refreshing  in  faintness  and  head- 
aches. M.,  spt.,  "  bay  rum,"  contains — -oil 
of  bay  16,  oil  orange-peel  i,  oil  pimento  i, 
alcohol  1000,  water  782  parts,  mixed  and 
filtered  through  carbonate  of  magnesia. 
Myrtol,  obtained  by  distilling  the  leaves. 
Recommended  in  acute  bronchitis.  Dose 
gr.  iv-viij.     Unof. 


Myringi''tis  {/mpty^,  the  membrana  tym- 
pani).  Inflammation  of  the  membrana 
tympani. 

Myringodec'tomy  (jivpiv^,  the  tympanum, 
EKTE/uvu,  to  cut  out).  Excision  of  a  part  or 
of  the  whole  of  the  tympanum. 

Myrin''go  Mycc'sis  [juvpiv^,  fivar/g,  a 
fungus).  A  fungous  growth  within  the 
meatus,  or  on  the  tympanum. 

Myris^tica.  Nutmeg.  The  kernel  of  the 
seed  of  Jlf.  fragrans,  indigenous  to  the 
East  Indies.  Also,  the  fleshy  covering  of 
the  fruit,  called  mace.  Properties  due 
mainly  to  a  volatile  oil.  An  aromatic 
stomachic  and  tonic.  In  large  doses  a 
powerful  narcotic.  The  oil  is  sometimes 
employed  as  a  rubefacient  in  paralysis  and 
rheumatism.  Much  used  as  a  condiment. 
Dose  gr.  v-xx.  M.  Ol.,  the  volatile  oil. 
Dose  n\j-v.  M.  Spt.,  a  3  per  cent,  solu- 
tion in  alcohol. 

Myrme^'cia  [fivpii?]^,  an  ant).  A  name 
api^lied  to  certain  warty  growths  on  the 
palms  and  soles  which  produce  the  sensa- 
tion of  formication. 

MyrobaFanus.  The  fruit  of  AL  embelica 
{Philantkiis  E.  of  Linnreus).  It  has  a 
slight  laxative  followed  by  an  astringent 
effect,  and  is  highly  recommended  in 
dysentery,    chronic   diarrhoea,   etc.     Dose 

.^iJ-5J-     Unof. 

Myrophc'rum  (juvpov,  an  ointment,  i^fpw, 
to  carry).  An  instrument  for  applying 
ointment  to  narrow  openings  or  parts  of  a 
body  difficult  of  access. 

Myrrh.  The  resinous  substance  obtained 
from  Balsamodendron  M.,  indigenous  to 
Arabia.  In  small  doses  a  stimulant,  in 
larger  doses  an  irritant  to  the  gastro-intes- 
tinal  membrane.  Valuable  in  amenorrhoea 
and  bronchial  catairh.  An  excellent  mouth 
wash  and  lotion  for  spongy  gums.  Used 
chiefly  in  dentifrices.  M.  Tinct.,  20  per 
cent.     Dose  t\x-xxx. 

Myr^'tiform  [myrtum,  a  myrtle-berry, 
forma,  form).  Shaped  like  a  myrtle- 
berry  or  leaf  M.  Caruncles.  See  Ca- 
runcuhe.  M.  Fossa,  a  shallow  pit  be- 
tween the  edge  of  the  pyriform  aperture 
above  and  the  sockets  of  the  front  teeth 
below. 

Myr''tol.     See  Alyrcice  Oleum. 

Mys^tax  [/nvara^,  the  upper  lip).  The 
upper  lip.     Also,  the  moustache. 

Mytilotox''ine.  A  ptomaine,  the  specific 
poison  of  toxic  mussel  [Afyt/lus  edulis). 
This  poison  is  formed  during  the  life  of  the 
animal,  under  special  conditions.  It  is  not 
now  believed  that  poisonous  mussel  is  a 


MVX<i:nEMA 


295 


NAPE 


special  variety;  but  Schmidlinann  and  \'ir- 
cbow  have  shown  that  ediMe  mussel  may 
l)ecome  poi>onous  after  lieing  left  in  fdtliy 
water  for  fourteen  days,  and  that  the  poi- 
sonous mu>sel  itself  may  hecoine  eilihle  if 
kept  for  four  weeks  in  good  water.  I'utrid 
mussel  does  not  contain  niytilotoxine.  The 
free  base  does  not  exist  by  itself  for  any 
length  of  time,  and  soon  becomes  converted 
into  an  inert  subst;mce.  The  physiok'gical 
efiects  strongly  resemble  those  of  curara. 
It  used  to  l)e  l>elieved  that  mussel-jx)isoning 
was  due  to  copix-r  obtained  by  the  animals 
from  the  l>ottoms  of  ships;  but  Chrislison 
and  others  have  shown  that  copper  cannot 
produce  the  symptoms. 
Myxcede'ma  [I'v^n,  ouhu,  to  swell).  A 
diseivsc  characterized  by  a  dropsical  gather- 


ing of  a  nuicuslike  substance  in  and  alniut 
the  connective  tissue,  and  atrophy  of  the 
thjToid  gland.  It  is  sometimes  induced  by 
siugical  interference  with,  or  by  ablation 
of,  the  thyroid  gland.  See  Cac/uxia 
Sintmif>rh'a. 

Myxo''ma  {ftv^a,  mucus,  offtd).  A  tumor 
connxised  of  colloid  or  gelatinous  struc- 
tures held  in  a  network  of  celluhir  or  adi- 
j^ose  ti.-sue. 

Myxomato'des.  Partially  degenerate  .sar- 
comata, or  tumors  with  sarcomatous  and 
mucous  tissue  combined. 

Myxo'matous  Degeneration  of  Pla- 
centa.    See  A/o/e. 

Myxo-sarco'ma  {fjv^a,  mucus ;  onp^, 
tlesh ;  ofia,  tumor).  A  sarcoma  of  soft  gela- 
tinous structure  or  contents. 


N 


N.  The  sjTnljol  of  Nitrogen;  also,  the 
sign  of  the  index  of  refraction. 

Na.     Symlx)l  of  Natrium  (or  Sodium). 

Naba'lus.  The  leaves  of  vV.  altissimns. 
A  |)oultice  of  the  jwunded  fresh  leaves  has 
lx!en  useful  in  ulcers,  gangrenous  sores,  etc. 
I'nof. 

N  a 'both.     See  Ovule. 

Nae'gele.     See  Pelvis. 

Naevus.  (Lat.)  A  mark  or  blemish  due 
to  the  dilatation  of  the  blood-vessels  near 
the  surface  of  the  skin  or  within  its  texture. 
N.  Maternus.  See  ^\'.  Vascularis.  N. 
Pigmentosus.  Pigmentary  mole.  liirtli- 
mark.  Congenital  pigmentary  dei^isits 
with  or  without  other  changes  of  the  skin. 
It  may  be  N.  Spilus,  or  siin])le  discolora- 
tion of  the  skin  ;  N.  Verrucosus,  charac- 
terized by  rough,  warty  a])[>earance ;  N. 
Lipomatodes,  soft  and  llaccid  fmni 
abundance  of  fatly  tissue;  or  N.  Pilosus, 
jx>ss<'ssing  a  growth  of  hair.  N.  Sangui- 
neus. .See  .V'.  /  </;r«/</;7i.  N. Vascularis. 
N;evu8  V'a.sculosus ;  Navus  Saiigiiineu-i. 
Uirthm.irk.  A  congenital  overgrowtli  of 
cutaneoa'i  vascular  tis.suc  presenting  almost 
every  variety  of  size  and  f<jnn.  (leiierally 
on  a  level  with  the  skin,  but  sonulimes 
raised  aljove  it.      Its  principal  varieties  are  : 


Capillary  Naevus,  a  form  marked  by  the 
distention  and  aggrciration  of  the  ca])il- 
laries;  Port-wine  Mark,  a  variety  of 
capillary  dkvus;  Venous  Naevus,  a 
raised,  convex,  and  sonntimes  lobulated 
form,  consisting  of  thin-walled  veins  and 
siiuiscs  liound  together  by  C(.)nnective  tissue. 
N.  Vasculosus,  same  as  X.  Vascularis. 

Nail.  The  horny  lamina  covering  the  lack 
of  the  end  of  each  linger  and  toe.  N.,  In- 
growing, an  overlapping  of  the  nail  by  the 
(lesh,  from  pressure,  giving  rise  to  fllccra- 
tion. 

Nan'ism  (vrtiof,  a  dwarf).  Abnormal 
sniallne.ss  of  size  from  arrested  develop- 
ment.   Dwarfishness. 

Nanoceph'alus  [mvor,  at (/>a? //,  the  head). 
\\  illi  a  dwarfed  or  diminutive  head. 

Na'noid  (laiof,  t/iim;,  a  fonn).  Dwarf- 
like,  or  resembling  a  dwarf  in  abnormal 
proixirtions. 

Nanom'elus  (vnvnr,  //rPoc  a  limli).  A 
fii  tal  monstrosity  characterized  by  under- 
sized liiniis. 

Nanoso''mia.     See  Microsomia. 

Na'nus  (rrtiv/f).  Dwarfed.  ( )f  Uss  llian 
ordinary  .stature. 

Nape.  The  back  pail  of  the  neck;  the 
nudia. 


NAPHTHA 


296 


NATURALIZATION 


Naph''tha  {^Arabic, nafata).  A  name  loosely 
applied  to  various  volatile,  inflammable, 
liijuid  hydrocarbons  obtained  in  the  frac- 
tional distillation  of  petroleum  and  coal 
tar.     It  is  an  excellent  solvent  for  fats. 

Naph^thalin.  A  white,  crystalline  sub- 
stance having  the  composition  C,QHg, 
derived  from  the  distillation  of  coal  tar. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether.  An  excel- 
lent antiseptic,  and,  internally,  a  decided 
expectorant.  Useful  as  a  dressing  for  in- 
dolent sores,  and,  internally,  in  pulmonaiy 
catarrh.  Dose  gr.  v-^ss  in  emulsion. 
Unof. 

Naph^thalol.     See  Befol. 

Naphtho^lum,  or  Napth^ol.  Beta  Naph- 
thol.  A  coal  tar  product,  CjjHgSOj,  hav- 
ing strong  disinfectant  qualities.  It  is  pre- 
pared by  treating  naphthalin  vk'ith  sulphuric 
acid.     Unof. 

Nar^cein  [vapuT],  sleep).  An  alkaloid  ex- 
tractive of  opium,  resembling  morphine, 
but  rather  more  hypnotic.     Unof 

Nar^colepsy  [vapKT/,  Xafj.(3avu,  to  seize).  A 
term  applied  to  the  sudden  but  short  attacks 
of  deep  sleep  occasionally  accompanying 
gouty  and  diabetic  affections. 

Narco'ma  [vapKr/).  The  condition  of  stupor 
produced  by  the  use  of  a  narcotic. 

Nar^cose  {yapKif).  In  a  condition  of 
stupor. 

Narco^sis  [vapnoo),  to  benumb).  The 
deadening  of  pain,  or  production  of  incom- 
plete or  complete  an?2sthesia  by  the  use  of 
narcotic  agents,  such  as  alcohol,  opium, 
eic. 

Narcot'ic  {vapnou).  A  hypnotic  that  also 
allays  pain.     See  Narcosis. 

Nar^cotine  [vapKou).  An  alkaloid  extract- 
ive of  opium.  Antiperiodic  and  tetaniz- 
ing.  Has  no  narcotic  or  hypnotic  effects. 
Unof. 

Nar'cotism  [vapmu).  The  condition  re- 
sulting from  the  continued  use  of  a  nar- 
cotic. 

Nard.     See  Spikenard. 

Narega''nia.  The  bark  of  JV.  alata. 
Properties  due  to  an  alkaloid,  nareganin. 
It  is  useful  in  bilious  disorders  and  rheu- 
matism. The  alkaloid  has  proved  valuable 
in  dysentery.     Dose  gr.  xv.     Unof. 

Na'ris.     The  nostril.     See  Nasal  Fossce. 

Na^sal  [iiasus,  the  nose).  Pertaining  to 
the  nose.  N.  Bones,  the  two  small 
bones  forming  the  arch  of  the  nose.  N. 
Duct.  See  Lachrymal.  N.  Fossae, 
the  nostrils.  The  cavities  in  the  middle  of 
the  face  leading  to  the  internal  surfaces  of 
the  nose. 


Nas^cent  [tiascor,  to  be  born).  A  term 
applied  to  gaseous  substances  at  the 
moment  of  their  liberation  from  chemical 
union. 

Na''sion.  The  nasal  process  of  the  max- 
illa.    See  Skull. 

Nas^myth's  Mem''brane.  The  epithelial 
membrane  enveloping  the  enamel  of  the 
teeth  during  their  development. 

Na^so-  iyiiasus).  A  Latin  name  used  as  a 
prefix  to  denote  connection  with  or  rela- 
tion to  the  nose.  N.-la^bial,  pertaining 
conjointly  to  the  nose  and  lips.  Applied 
to  certain  muscles.  N. -palatine,  pertain- 
ing to  both  nose  and  palate.  Also,  the 
name  of  the  nerve  entering  the  nasal  fossa 
and  passing  across  the  roof  of  the  nose, 
to  the  roof  of  the  mouth,  supplying  that 
part  of  the  mucous  membrane  behind  the 
incisor  teeth.  N. -pharyngeal,  pertaining 
conjointly  to  the  nose  and  the  pharynx. 

Na^sus.    (Lat.).     The  nose. 

NataF  Sore.    See  Furunculus  Orientalis. 

Na^tant  {nato,  to  swim).  Swimming  or 
floating  at  the  surface  of  a  liquid. 

Nantes.  The  buttocks.  N.  of  Brain.  See 
Corpora  Qiiadrigemina. 

Na^'tive  APbumins.  A  class  of  animal 
proteids  occurring  in  a  natural  condition 
in  animal  solids  and  fluids.  They  are 
soluble  in  water,  not  precipitated  by  alka- 
line Carbonates,  sodium  chloride,  or  very 
dilute  acids.  Their  solutions  are  coagulated 
by  heat  at  65°  to  73°  C.  Dried  at  40°  C.  they 
yield  a  clear,  yellow,  amber-colored,  friable 
mass  soluble  in  water,  called  soluble  albu- 
7nin.  The  two  chief  varieties  of  N.  A.  are 
serum-  and  egg-albumin. 

Na'trium.     See  Sodium. 

Na^tron.  Native  sodium  carbonate.  Also, 
sodium  or  potassium  nitrate.  This  was 
formerly  the  exclusive  meaning  of  the 
word. 

Naf'ural.  Pertaining  to  nature.  N.  His- 
tory, a  term  including  a  description  of  all 
the  products  and  phenomena  of  nature,  but 
now  usually  restricted  to  the  sciences  of 
zoology  and  botany.  N.  Order,  one  of 
the  divisions  in  the  classification  both  of 
animals  and  plants,  varying  in  its  technical 
meaning  according  to  the  system  of  classi- 
fication. N.  Philosophy,  the  science 
treating  of  the  physical  properties  of  matter 
at  rest  and  in  motion.  It  is  now  usually 
called  P/iysics. 

Naturaliza^tion.  The  process  by  which 
a  plant  or  an  animal  transferred  from  its 
natural  habitat  adapts  itself  to  its  new 
suiToundings. 


NATURE 


297 


NEOrLASM 


Na'ture  {natus,  lom).  The  quality  or 
characicristic  of  a  thing.  The  whole  uf 
the  properties  of  an  object.  The  world  or 
universe  considered  as  a  whole. 

Nau''sea  (rwif,  a  ship).  Sickness  at  the 
stoniacli,  with  inclination  to  vomit. 

Nau'seous  (raif ).     Afl'ected  with  nausea. 

Na'vel.     .See  C'wi>i7iius. 

Na'vel-string.     See  imdi/uus. 

Navic'ular  [n.ir'i\-u/u,  a  little  ship).  I?oat- 
sluipeil.  N.  Bone.  See  Sca/Zioit/.  N. 
Fossa,  a])i)lied  to  several  cavities,  espe- 
cially to  a  depression  lx;tween  the  vaginal 
aj^rture  and  the  fourchette,  and  to  a 
dilatation  of  the  lu-ethra  near  the  glans 
penis. 

Near  Point.     See  Puyiiluin  Ihoximitm. 

Near-sight'edness.     See  Myopia. 

Nearthro'sis  (ifor, new,a/)W/j(^<f, ajoint). 
A  new  and  abnormal ly-produced  articula- 
tion, either  the  result  of  a  fracture,  disloca- 
tion, disease  of  l)one,  etc. 

Neb'ula  (Lat.  a  cloud).  A  faint,  grayi.sh 
opacity  of  the  cornea.  When  more  pro- 
nounced, it  is  called  leucoma. 

Neck.     See  Ceii'ix. 

Necrobi'Dsis  {ycKpoq,  (iiog,  life).  Molec- 
ular dissolution.  Death  of  a  part,  such  as 
caries,  necrosis  or  gangrene. 

Necroco'mium.     See  Morgue. 

Necrodo'chium.     See  Morgue. 

Necrorogy  {vinpnc,  /o)0f).  A  register 
cnntaininj^  tlie  statistics  concerning  the 
cauMS,  ]Kirticulars,  and  rate  of  mortality. 

Necroph'agous  (ifK/wf,  c^a)tiv,  to  eat). 
A  term  applied  to  those  animals  that  feed 
on  (had  or  putrid  flesh.     Carrion -eaters. 

Necrop'sy  {veKpn^,  oipir,  seeing).  The 
examination  of  a  dead  ixxly. 

Necros'copy.     See  A'ecropsy. 

Necro'sis  (rcKpou,  to  kill).  Mortifiration 
or  death  of  Ixjne,  coiresponding  to  gan- 
grene of  the  soft  parts,  and,  like  it,  acute 
or  chronic,  dry  or  moist,  inllammatory, 
senile,  ^/r.  Sce.aLso,  Exfoliation,  Scqui's- 
truni,  Ittvolucrum.  The  term  is  also  used 
of  l(x:al  fieath  of  any  parts,  and  may  l)e 
due  to  mechanical,  chemical,  tliermal,  or 
denutrition.ll  causes.  N.,  Coagulative, 
the  i)r<-ci|iitation  of  filtrin  by  a  (sup|)o.secl) 
ferment,  in  death  of  tissue  cells  from  deiiu- 
trilion,  .so  that  the  part  becomes  hard  and 
swollen.  'ITie  process  is  l)clieved  analo 
gous  lo  that  taking  place  in  coagulation  of 
the  blo<><l. 

Nccrot'omy  (vrKpnc,  niiru,  to  cut).  The 
dissi-ction  of  a  <lea<l  \toi\y. 

Needle  (Sax.  uei//).  An  in.strument  used 
in  .surgery  for  puncturing  tissues,  ligaling 


vessels  and  for  other  purposes.  N.,  Aneu- 
rism, with  a  handle,  ami  with  the  eye  at 
the  point,  especially  atlapted  for  ligaling. 
N.,  Cataract,  for  operating  upon  the  cala 
ractous  lens  or  its  capsule.  N.,  Des- 
champ's,  with  the  eye  at  the  i>oint,  and 
with  a  handle  for  ligaling  arleiies.  N., 
Discission,  for  insertion  through  the  cor- 
nea, and  breaking  the  lens-capsule  and 
substance.  N.,  Stop-discission,  with 
a  shoulder  on  the  shank  so  it  will  not  enter 
too  far.  N.,  Exploring,  groovetl  to 
bring  away  a  lew  drops  of  the  contents  of 
a  tumor  or  abscess.  N.,  Hare-lip,  with  a 
small  canula  for  leaving  in  the  lips  after 
withdrawing  the  needle.  N. -holder,  a 
handle  for  clasping  a  needle.  Also,  an 
insulated  handle  for  holding  the  needles 
employed  in  certain  forms  of  electro-cau- 
tery. N.  Operation.  See  Extraction 
of  Cataract. 

Nee'dling  (of  Cataract).  See  Extraction 
of  Cataract  (Discission). 

Neefs  Hammer.  An  automatic  anange- 
nient  for  opening  and  breaking  the  cuirent 
in  an  inductorium. 

Neg''ative.  That  quality  the  opposite  of 
positive.  N.  Pole,  that  pole  of  a  galvanic 
cell  connected  with  the  carbon  or  least 
oxidizable  plate.  Also,  that  pole  of  an 
electric  generator  toward  which  the  as- 
sumed electric  current  flows. 

Ne'gro  [iiiger,  black).  A  race  of  people 
distinguished  mainly  l)y  woolly  hair,  black 
skin,  and  thick  protruding  lips.  The 
melanochroi  of  Huxley's  classilication. 
Also,  an  individual  of  the  race.  See 
A/u/atto. 

Nel'aton's  Line.  One  diawn  from  the 
anterior  superior  spinous  process  to  the 
tuber  ischii. 

Nematachom'eter  (vT//in,  thread,  rnv"f, 
rapidity,  //;r/;()r,  measure).  An  instrument 
for  measuring  the  rapidity  of  transmission 
of  nervous  impulses  in  j)eri|)heral  nerves. 

Nem'atoid  (i'///rt,  e/Jof,  form).  Filiform. 
Kesrmbling  a  thread. 

Nematoid'ea  {i'r//m,  Euhg).  A  name  a|)- 
jilicd  lo  certain  sjjecies  of  jarasitie,  in- 
testinal worms. 

Nemc'us  (I'r/fja).  In  l)Otany,  a  term  ap- 
plied to  certain  cryptograms  characteri/.ed 
by  lilamenlous  or  thread  like  s]K)res. 

Ne'o-  (i'(of,  new).  A  (lr<ek  prelix  signi- 
fying tti-!ll. 

Neoga'la.     Sec  Colostrum. 

Ne'oplasm  (t'f  of,  Tr'/.aajui,  a  growth).  I  he 
al 'normal  and  exaggerated  growth  of 
tissue  existing  in  IxKly,  ritlur  normally  oi 


NEOPLASTIC 


298 


NEURAL 


abnormally  located.  N.,  Compound 
Histioid,  derived  from  compound  tissue 
elements — angeioma,  carcinoma,  etc.  N., 
Mesoblastic,  derived  from  the  mesoblast, 
include  the  Sarcomata,  and  the  Histioid 
(P'ibroma,  Lipoma,  Chondroma,  Osteoma, 
Myoma). 

Neoplas^tic.  Pertaining  to  a  neoplasm. 
Applied,  also,  to  plastic  operations  for  re- 
storing lost  tissue.     See  Autoplasty. 

Ne^oplasty.     See  Autoplasty. 

Nepen^the.  An  old  name  for  an  Egyp- 
tian anodyne,  probably  opium.  Also,  a 
genus  of  plants  including  the  pitcher  plants. 

NepheFium.     See  N^cbitla. 

Nephraemorrha^gia  [vecppoc,  the  kidney, 
aifia,  the  blood,  prp/vvfu,  to  pour  out), 
Hemorrhage  from  the  kidney. 

Nephralgia  (ve^/iof,  aljoq,  a  pain).  Any 
pain  of  the  kidney. 

Nephrapost^asis  [vE<ppoq,  anocraaLq,  sup- 
purative inflammation).  Abscess,  or  sup- 
purative inflammation  of  the  kidneys. 

Nephrat^ony  (yajjpoQ,  a  negative,  tovoc, 
tone).     Atony  or  paralysis  of  the  kidneys. 

Nephrau''xe  {vecppog,  av^//,  increase).  En- 
largement of  the  kidney. 

Nephrec^tomy  (vEi^poq,  eKTojuy,  excision). 
Excision  of  the  kidney. 

Nephrelcc'sis  {^vsippog,  ElKoaig,  ulceration). 
A  condition  of  ulceration  of  the  kidneys. 

NephreFcus  (vt:<j>pog,  eIko^^  an  ulcer).  An 
ulcer  of  the  kidney. 

Nephremphrax'is  [vrcppog,  e/u.(j)pa^tg,  ob- 
struction). Obstruction  of  the  vessels  of 
the  kidneys. 

Nephrit^ic.     Pertaining  to  nephritis. 

Nephri^tis.  Inflammation  of  the  kidneys. 
See  Brighf s  Disease. 

Neph^rocele  [vefpog,  Kifkr],  a  tumor). 
Hernia  of  the  kidney. 

Neph^rolith  [ve<ppo(;,  XiHo^,  a  stone).  Cal- 
culus or  stone  in  the  kidney. 

Nephrolithot^omy  [vefpoc,  hOoc,  TOfir/, 
cutting).  Operation  for  calculus  of  the 
kidney. 

Nephropyo^'sis  [vscppog,  nvtoatg,  suppura- 
tion).    Suppuration  of  the  kidney. 

Nephror^rhaphy  {yE<ppoQ,  pacps,  suture). 
Suture  of  the  kidney  to  the  wall  of  the 
abdomen,  in  floating  kidney,  instead  of 
nephrectomy. 

Nephrot'omy  (vEcppng,  tejuvu,  to  cut). 
Incision  of  the  kidney. 

Nephrozy^mose.  An  animal  gum  some- 
times found  in  urine. 

Ne'reum.  The  leaves  or  root  of  JV. 
odortim,  the  common  oleander.  The  ex- 
tractive principles  exert  a  marked  effect  on 


the  motor  centers,  in  lethal  doses,  produc- 
ing paralysis  and  death  from  heart  failure. 
In  small  doses,  a  cardiac  tonic  resembling 
digitalis.  Doseof  the  extract  gr.  ^.  Unof. 
Nerve  (jiennts).  Nerves  are  fibrillar  or 
tube-like  cords  of  albuminous  tissue  pro- 
ceeding from  ganglia,  chiefly  of  the  cord 
and  encephalon,  to  other  ganglia  or 
plexuses,  or  to  peripheral  organs,  forming 
the  routes  of  intercommunication  for  motor, 
vasomotor,  sensory,  volitional,  trophic,  or 
other  stimuli,  whereby  the  organism  is 
bound  into  a  unit,  and  controlled  from  a 
central  source.  N.,  Anabolic,  one  di- 
rectly or  indirectly  bringing  about  con- 
structive metabolism.  N.,  Augmentor, 
the  cardiac  sympathetic  nerves.  N., 
Katabolic,  one  producing  chemical  de- 
structive changes  in  a  muscle  or  tissue. 
N.,  Vaso  -  Motor.  See  Vaso  -  Alotor. 
An  alphabetical  list  of  the  principal 
nerves,  with  their  function,  origin,  dis- 
tribution, and  branches,  is  appended.   (See 

PP-  299-304-) 

Nerve-stretching.  Mechanical  elonga- 
tion or  tension  of  an  exposed  nerve,  for 
neuralgia,  spasmodic  contraction,  etc. 
N.-s.,  Subcutaneous,  by  flexion  or 
massage  of  the  part  instead  of  exposing 
the  nerve. 

Nerve  Tumor.     See  Neuroma. 

Ner'vine  (^nervus').  A  remedy  that  calms 
nervous  excitement  or  acts  favorably  on 
nervous  diseases. 

Nervi  Nervo^rum.  A  term  sometimes 
applied  to  the  small  nerves  supplying  the 
nerve  sheaths. 

Ner''vous.  Pertaining  to  nerves.  Applied 
to  conditions  of  nervous  hyperesthesia  and 
neurasthenia.  N.  System.  See  Cerebro- 
spinal. 

Net'tle.  The  root  of  Urtica  dioica,  the 
common  stinging  nettle.  A  common 
domestic  remedy  in  nephritic  complaints 
and  hemorrhages.  Astringent,  diuretic  and 
antiscorbutic.  Dose  of  fld.  ext.  n\^xx-xl. 
N.  Rash.     See  Urticaria. 

Neu^bauer's  Test  (for  sugar).  A  solution 
of  indigo-cannine,  rendered  alkaline  with 
sodic  carbonate,  is  added  to  the  suspected 
solution  until  a  slight  bluish  color  is  ob- 
tained. With  heat,  if  sugar  be  present, 
the  color  passes  into  purple,  red  and  yellow. 
Shaken  with  air,  the  fluid  again  becomes 
blue. 

Neuradyna'mia.     See  Netirasthenia. 

Neu'ral.  Pertaining  to  nerves.  N.  Axis, 
the  spinal  cord.  N.  Tube,  the  clo.sed 
medullary  groove  of  the  epiblast. 


TABLE  OF 

NERVES   (-'\LriI.\BETICAL) 

Name. 

Function. 

Origin. 

Distribution. 

Branchks. 

Abducens     (6th 
cranial). 

Motion. 

4th  ventricle. 

External  rectus  of 
eye. 

Articular. 

1  Trophic,  sensory  (?) 
Trophic,  sensory  (?) 

Ant.  crural. 

Knee-joint. 

Capsular,  synovial. 

Articular,  2. 

Ulnar. 

4th  ventricle. 

Elbow-joint. 

Filaments. 

Auditory   (Sth 
cranial,     portio 
mollis  of  7th). 

Hearing. 

Internal  ear. 

Vestibular,  coch- 
lear. 

Auricular      (.\r- 
iioUi's). 

Sensation. 

Pncumogastric. 

External  ear. 

Filaments. 

Auricular  (^oj/.). 

Motion. 

Facial. 

Retrahens  a  u  r  e  m 
occipilo-frontalis. 

Auricular,  occipital. 

Auricularis  mag- 
tius. 

Sensation. 

Cervical   i>lexus  2d 
and  3d  cervical. 

Parotid  gland,  face, 
ear. 

Facial,  posterior 
mastoid. 

Auriculo-  tempo- 
ral. 

Sensation. 

Inf.  maxillary. 

Pinna  and  temple. 

Ant.  and  post,  tem- 
poral. 

Buccal. 

Sensation.  (Mo- 
tion ?) 

Inf.  maxillary. 

Cheek. 

Sup.  and  inf.  buc- 
cinator ami  ext. 
pterygoid. 

Cardiac  (cervical 
and  thoracic). 

Motion. 

Pneumogastric. 

Heart. 

Branches  to  cardiac 

plexuses. 

Cervical,  8. 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

Cord. 

Trunk    and    upper 
extremities. 

Ant.  and  post, 
divisions.  See 
Plexus. 

Cervical,  ist  (ant. 
div.). 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

Cord. 

Rectus  lat.  and  two 
ant.  recti. 

Branches  and  com- 
m  u  n  i  c  a  t  i  n  g  to 
pneumogast.,  hy- 
poglos.,  synip. 

Cervical,     ist 
(post.  div.). 

Motion   and   sensa- 
tion. 

Cord. 

Recti,  obliqui,  com- 
plexus. 

Branches,  coniiuu- 
nicating  and  cuta- 
neous hlaments. 

Cervical,  2d  (ant. 
div.). 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

Cord. 

Communicating. 

Ascending,  de- 
scending, commu- 
nicating and  fila- 
ments. 

Cervical,     2d 
(post  div.) 

Motion  and   sensa- 
tion. 

Co-d. 

Obliq.    inf.,     scalp, 
ear,     coniplcxus, 
spleiiius,     trach. 
mastoid. 

Internal  or  occipi- 
talis major,  and 
external. 

Cervical,  3d  (ant. 
div.). 

Motion   and  sensa- 
tion. 

Cord. 

Communicating. 

Ascending,  de- 
sceiKling,  loniinu- 
nicating  iilamciits 

Cervical,     3d 
(post.  div.). 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

Cord. 

Occiput,  etc.,  sple- 
n  i  u  s ,  complexus, 
elc. 

Internal,  external 
and  filaments. 

Cervical,  4lh 
(ant.  div.). 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

Cord. 

Shoulder  and  com- 
municating. 

Communicating  fil- 
aments, muscular, 

ftC. 

Cervicals,  5th   to 
Sth  (nnt.  div.). 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

Cord. 

Brachial  plexus. 

Communicating. 

Crrvirals,  4th  to  Motion  and  scns.i- 
8th  (post.  div.).     lion. 

Cord. 

Muscles   and    skin 
of  neck. 

I  ti  t .  and  c  X  t . 
binnchi-s. 

299 


TABLE   OF   NERVES   (ALPHABETICAL).— G7«A««^^. 


Name 

Function. 

Origin. 

Distribution. 

Branches. 

Cervico-facial. 

Motion. 

Facial. 

Lower  part  face  and 
part  ol  neck. 

Buccal,  supra-max- 
illary, infra-max- 
illary. 

Chorda  tympani. 

Motion. 

Facial. 

Tongue,  etc. 

Filaments. 

Circumflex. 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

Brachial  plexus. 

Teres    minor    and 
deltoid. 

Upper  and  lower. 

Colli,  superfici- 
alis. 

Sensation. 

Cervical  plexus. 

Platysma    muscle 
and   antero-lateral 
parts  of  neck. 

Ascending  and  de- 
scending branches 
and  filaments. 

Com  muiiican  s 
noni. 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

2d  cervical,  3d  cer- 
vical. 

Descendens  noni. 

Omo-hyoid  and  fila- 
ments. 

Communicating. 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

Cervical  plexus. 

Spinal  accessory. 

Branches. 

Communicating. 

Sensation  and  mo- 
tion. 

ist  and  2d  cervical. 

Pneumogastric,  hy- 
poglossal,   sympa- 
thetic. 

Three  branches  and 
filaments. 

Crural,  anterior. 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

Lumbar  plexus. 

Thigh. 

Middle  and  int. 
cutaneous,  long 
saphenous,  muscu- 
lar, articular. 

Cutaneous. 

Sensation. 

Musculo-spiral. 

Skin  of  arm,  radial 
side  forearm. 

One  internal,  two 
external. 

Cutaneous. 

Sensation. 

Ulnar. 

Wrist  and  palm. 

ist  and  palmar  cu- 
taneous. 

Cutaneous    (dor- 
sal). 

Sensation. 

Ulnar. 

Little  and  ring  fin- 
gers. 

Filaments  and  com- 
municating br. 

Cutaneous  (ext.). 

Sensation. 

2d  and  3d  lumbar. 

Skin  of  thigh. 

Anterior,  posterior. 

Cutaneous  (int.). 

Sensation. 

Brachial  plexus. 

Forearm. 

Ant.  and  post, 
branches  and  fila- 
ments. 

Cutaneous  (less- 
er int.)  {"  IVns- 
berg.") 

Sensation. 

Brachial  plexus. 

Inner  side  of  arm. 

Filaments. 

Cutaneous  (mid- 
dle and  int.). 

Sensation.  Motion? 

Ant.  crural. 

Thigh  and  commu- 
nicating. 

Com  m  un  icati  ng 
and  filaments. 

Dentals    (post, 
and  ant.). 

Sensation. 

Sup.  maxillary. 

Teeth. 

Filaments. 

Dental  (inf.). 

Sensation. 

Inf.  maxillary. 

Teeth,    muscles, 
gland. 

Mylo-hyoid,  incisor, 
mental,  dental. 

Digastric. 

Motion. 

Facial. 

Post,  belly  of  digas- 
tric. 

Filaments. 

Dorsal,    12    (ant. 
and  post.  div.). 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

Cord 

Muscles    and   skin 
of     chest      and 
trunk. 

External,  internal, 
cutaneous,  etc. 

Facial  (7th   cra- 
nial,    portio 
dura). 

Motion. 

4th  ventricle. 

Face,    ear,    palate, 
tongue. 

Petrosals,  tym- 
panic, chorda-tym- 
)ani,  post.-auricu- 
ar,  digastric, 
stylo -hyoid,  tem- 
poro-facial,  cer- 
vico-facial. 

300 


TABLE  OF  NERVES  (Ai.i'iiAi 

.  1:TICAL).— C<'«//«Af<v/. 

Name. 

FUNCTION. 

Origin. 

Distribution. 

Branchbs. 

Frontal. 

Sensation. 

Ophthalmic. 

Forehead  and  lids. 

Sup  ra-orbi  ta  1, 
supra-lrochlear. 

Gastric. 

Motion. 

Pneumogastric. 

Stomach. 

Filaments. 

Genito- crural. 

Motion  and   sensa- 
tion. 

2d  lumbar. 

Cre  master  and 
thigh. 

Genital,  c  r  u  r  al, 
communicating. 

Glosso-phar>n- 
geal,  9th  cranial 

Sensation  and  taste 

4th  ventricle. 

Tongue, middle  ear, 
tonsils,  pharynx. 

Tympanic,  carotid, 
pharyngeal,  ni  u  s- 
cular,  tonsillar,  lin- 
gual. 

Gluteal  (supe- 
rior). 

Motion. 

Sacral  plexus. 

Glutei,  tensor  vagi- 
uit  fern. 

Filaments. 

Gustatory. 

Taste  and  sensation 

Inf.  maxillary. 

Tongue  and  mouth. 

Branches  and  fila- 
ments. 

Hepatic. 

(?) 

Pneumogastric. 

Liver. 

Hepatic  plexus. 

Hypo  glossal, 
i^th  cranial. 

Motion. 

4th  ventricle. 

Glossus  and  hyoid 
muscles. 

Descendens  n  0  n  i, 
muscular,  t  h  y  ro- 
hyoid. 

Ilio-hypogastric. 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

ist  lumbar. 

Abdominal  and 
gluteal  regions. 

Iliac,  hypogastric, 
communicating. 

Ilio-inguinal. 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

ist  lumbar. 

Inguinal     region 
and  scrotum. 

Muscular,  cutane- 
ous and  communi- 
cating. 

Infra-orbital. 

Sensation. 

Sup.  maxillary. 

Nose  and  lip. 

Palpebral,  nasal, 
labial. 

Interosseus 
(anterior). 

Motion. 

Median. 

Deep    muscles    of 
forearm. 

Branches  and  fila- 
ments. 

I  n  t  e  r  OS  seu  s 
iposterior). 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

Musculo-spiral. 

Carpus  and  radial, 
ami  post,  brachial 
regions. 

Branches  and  fila- 
ments. 

Lachr)-mal. 

Sensation. 

Ophthalmic. 

Gland  and  conjunc- 
tiva. 

Filaments. 

Laryngeal     (r  e- 
currcnt  or  infe- 
rior). 

Motor. 

Pneumogastric. 

Larynx. 

Branches  to  all 
muscles  except 
crico-thyroid. 

Lar>ngeal  (supe- 
rior). 

Sensation  and   mo- 
tion. 

Pneumogastric. 

Larynx. 

External —  cr  i  co  - 
thyroid  muscle  and 
thyroid  gland.  In- 
tiTiial  — in  u  CO  u  s 
nienib.,laryn.x,  etc. 

Lumbar  (5). 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

Cord. 

Lumbar  and  genital 
tissues,  etc. 

Ant.  and  post,  di- 
visions, lumbar 
plexus,  ftc. 

Masseteric. 

Motor. 

Inf.  maxillary. 

Masseter    muscle 
(and  temporal  ?). 

Filaments. 

Maxillary  (in- 
ferior). 

Sensation,    motion, 
and  taste. 

Trigeminus. 

Muscles  of  mastica- 
tion,   car,     cheek, 
tongue,  teeth. 

Cheek,  face,  teeth. 

Masseteric,  auricu- 
lo-liinporal,  Inu- 
cal,  gustatory,  inf. 
dental. 

M.Txill.iry     (su- 
|M-ri<ir). 

5)cnsation. 

Trigeminus. 

Orbital,  splieno-  >a- 
latine,  dent  a  s, 
infrn-orbital. 

301 


TABLE  OF  NERVES  (alphabetical).— c^«//««^^. 


Name. 

Function. 

Origin. 

Distribution. 

Branches. 

Median. 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

Brachial  plexus. 

Pronat.   rad.   teres, 
flexors,   2    lumbri- 
cales,       fingers, 
palm,  etc. 

Muscular,  ant.  in- 
terosseus,  palmar 
cutaneous. 

Motor  oculi  (3d 
cranial). 

Motion. 

Floor  aqueduct  Syl- 
vius. 

All  muscles  of  eye. 

Except  rectus  ext., 
obliq.  sup.,  and 
orbic.  palpeb. 

Muscular. 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

ist  and  2d  cervical. 

Muscles. 

Rec.  cap.  lat.,  rec. 
ant.  m  ajo  r  et 
minor. 

Muscular. 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

Cervical  plexus. 

Sterno-mastoid.lev. 
ang.  scap.  .scalenus 
med.,  trapezius. 

Branches. 

Muscular. 

Motion. 

Brachial  plexus. 

Longus    colli,    sca- 
leni,     rhomboidei, 
subclavius. 

Branches. 

Muscular. 

Motion. 

Musculo-spiral. 

Triceps,    anconeus, 
supinat.  long.,  ex- 
tens,  car  pi  rad . 
long.,brach.  antic. 

Internal,  posterior, 
external. 

Muscular. 

Motion. 

Median. 

Superficial  muscles 
of  forearm. 

Branches  and  fila- 
ments. 

Muscular. 

Motion. 

Ulnar. 

Flex.  carp,  ulnaris, 
flex,     profund. 
digit. 

2  branches. 

Muscular. 

Motion. 

Great  sciatic. 

Biceps,     semimem- 
branosus,   semi- 
tendinosus,  adduc- 
tor niagnus. 

Filaments. 

Muscular. 

Motion. 

Sacral  plexus. 

Pyriformis,  obtura- 
tor    int.,    gemelli, 
quadratus  femoris. 

Filaments. 

Muscular. 

Motor. 

Ant.  crural. 

Pectineus  and  mus- 
cles of  thigh. 

Filaments. 

Musculo- cutane- 
ous. 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

Brachial  plexus. 

Coraco-brach.,    bi- 
ceps,   brach.  anti- 
cus,  forearm. 

Branches,  ant.  and 
post. 

Musculo- cutane- 
ous. 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

Ext.  popliteal. 

Muscles   of    fibular 
side  of  leg,  skin  of 
dorsum  of  foot. 

Internal,  external. 

Musculo-spiral. 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

Brachial  plexus. 

Back    of  arm    and 
forearm,    skin    of 
back  of  hand. 

Muscular,  cutane- 
ous, radial,  post, 
inteross. 

Nasal. 

Sensation. 

Ophthalmic. 

Iris,  ciliary  gangli- 
on, nose. 

Ganglionic,  ciliary, 
infra-trochlear. 

Obturator. 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

Lumbar  plexus. 

Obturator  ext.,  ad- 
ductor,  joint    and 
skin. 

Ant.  and  post, 
articulating  and 
communicating. 

Obturator,  ( a  c  - 
cessory). 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

Lumbar  plexus. 

Pectineus  and  hip- 
joint. 

Branches  and  fila- 
ments. 

Occipitalis    m  i  - 
nor. 

Sensation. 

Sec.  cervical. 

0  c  c  i  pito^ frontalis 
ear,  etc. 

Communicating, au- 
ricular filaments. 

(Esophageal. 

Motion. 

Pneumogastric. 

Stomach. 

CEsophag.  plexus. 

302 


TABLE  OF  NERVES  (ALPIiabktical).— r,';///////,v/. 


Name. 

Function. 

Origin. 

Distribution. 

Branches. 

Olfactory  (ist 
cranial.) 

Smell. 

Frontal   lobe,  optic 
t  h  a  1.,  island  Kcil. 

Schneidcriaii  mem- 
brane of  nose. 

20  branches. 

Ophthalmic. 

Sensation.                  Trigeminus. 

Forehead,      eyes, 
nose. 

Frontal,  lachrymal, 
nasal. 

Optic  (ad  cranial) 

Sight. 

1 

Cortical  center    in 
occipital  lobe. 

Retina. 

None. 

Orbital. 

Sensation. 

Sup.  nia.xillary. 

Temple  and  cheek. 

Temporal  and  ma- 
lar. 

Palmar    Cutane- 
ous. 

Sensation. 

Median. 

Thumb  and  palm. 

Outer  and  inner. 

Palmar  (deep). 

Motion. 

Ulnar. 

Little  finger,  dorsal 
and  palmar   inier- 
osscous,   2   inner 
lumbricalcs      ab- 
ductor pollicis,  etc. 

Branches  and  fila- 
ments. 

Palmar  (super- 
ficial). 

Sensation  and  mo- 
tion. 

Ulnar. 

Palmaris   br  e  v  i  s, 
inner    s  i  d  e   of 
hand   and    little 
finger. 

Filaments  and  two 
digital  branches. 

Patheticus     (4th 
cranial). 

Motion. 

Valve  Vieusscns. 

Sup.  oblique   of 
eye. 

None. 

Petrosals. 

Motion. 

Facial. 

Ganglia  and  plexus. 

Great,  small,  ex- 
ternal to  Meckel's 
gang.,  otic  gang., 
and  nicning.  plex- 
us, respective  y. 

Phar>ngeal. 

Motion. 

Pneumogastric. 

Pharjnx. 

Pharyngeal  plexus, 
muscles  and  mu- 
cous membrane. 

Phrenic. 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

3d,  4th,  and  5th  cer- 
vical. 

Diaphragm,  per  i- 
cardiuin, pleura, f/r 

Branches  and  fila- 
ments. 

Superficial  and 
deep. 

Plantar      (exter- 
nal). 

Motion  and  sensa-  Post,  tibial, 
tion. 

Little  toe  and  deep 
muscles  of  foot. 

Plantar    (inter- 
nal). 

Sensation  and  mo- 
tion. 

Post,  tibial. 

Soleof  foot,  adduct.  Cutaneous,  muscu- 
pollic,  flexor  brev.    lar,  articular,  digi- 
dig.,  toes,  flc.             tal. 

PneumoRast  ric 
(loth    cranial 
"  Par  Vagum"). 

Sensation  and  mo- 
tion. 

4th  ventricle. 

Ear,      pharynx, 
larynx,       heart, 
lungs,  icsophagus, 
etc. 

Auricular,  pharyn- 
geal, sup.  1  ar  y  n- 
geal,  recurrent  la- 
ryngeal, cardiac, 
pulmonary,   leso- 

>liageul,     gastric, 

lepalic. 

Popliteal   (exter- 
nal). 

Sensation  and   mo- 
tion. 

Great  sciatic. 

Extensors   of  skin 
of  foot. 

Ant.tibial,nuisculo- 
cutaneous. 

Popliteal    (intcr- 
nal^ 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

Great  sciatic. 

Knee,       jjastrocne- 
miiis  tiliialis,  plan- 
taris,  soleiis,  popli- 
teus.skinof  fciot,<'/r 

Articular,  muscu- 
lar cutaneous,  ext. 
saphenous,  p  1  a  n- 
tar. 

Pulmnnary   (ant. 
and  post.). 

(?) 

Pneumogastric. 

Lungs. 

Brani'lifs  to  pultno- 
narv  plexuses. 

Pudic, 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

Sacral  plexus. 

Perineum,    anus, 
genitalia. 

Inf  Hemorrhoidal 
jierineal, cutaneous 
dorsal  of  penis. 

Radial. 

Sensation. 

Musculo-cutancous 

Thumb   and    3    fin- 
gers. 

I'.xicrnal  a  n  il  in- 
ternal. 

303 


TABLE  OF  NERVES  (alphabetical).— Cow/'m?/^'^. 


Name. 

Function. 

Origin. 

Distribution. 

Branches. 

Sacral,  5. 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

Cord. 

Multifidus      spinae, 
skin     gluteal     re- 
gion, etc. 

Filaments  and  sa- 
cral ple-xus. 

Saphenous  (long 
or  int.}. 

Sensation. 

Ant.  crural. 

Knee,  ankle,  etc. 

Cutaneous,  patellar, 
c  0  mm  unicating, 
filaments. 

Sciatic  (great). 

Motor    and    sensa- 
tion. 

Sacral  plexus. 

Skin  of  leg,  muscles 
of   back    of   thigh 
and    those   of  leg 
and  foot. 

Articular,  muscu- 
lar, popliteals. 

Sciatic  (small). 

Sensation  and  mo- 
tion. . 

Sacral  plexus. 

Perineum,  back  of 
thigh  and  leg,  glu- 
teus maximus. 

Muscular,  cutane- 
ous. 

Spheno-palatine. 

Sensation. 

Sup.  maxillary. 

Meckel's  ganglion. 

See  Ganglion. 

Spinal  accessory 
(nth  cranial). 

Motor. 

4th  ventricle. 

Sterno-cleido   mas- 
toid, trapezius. 

Semilunar  gan- 
glion, renal  and  su- 
pra-renal plexus. 

Branches  and  fila- 
ments. 

Splanchnic 
(great). 

Sympathetic. 

Thoracic  ganglia. 

C  om  m  un  i eating 
and  filaments. 

Spl anchnic 

(lesser). 

Sympathetic. 

loth  and  nth   tho- 
racic ganglia  great 
splanchnic. 

Coeliac    plexus 
and  great  splanch- 
nic. 

C  om  mu  n  icating 
and  filaments. 

Splanchnic 
(renal). 

Sympathetic. 

Last  thoracic   gan- 
glion. 

Renal    and     coeliac 
plexus. 

Communica  ting 
and  filaments. 

Stylo-hyoid. 

Motion. 

Facial. 

Slylo-hyoid    m  u  s  - 
cl'e. 

Filaments. 

Subscapular,  3. 

Motion. 

Brachial  plexus. 

S  ub  s  c  a  p  . ,     teres 
maj.,    and     latiss. 
dorsi. 

Filaments. 

Supra -clavicular 

(descending). 

Sensation. 

3d  and  4th  cervical. 

Skin     of    neck, 
breast  and  shoul- 
der. 

Sternal,  clavicular, 
acromial. 

Supra-orbital. 

Sensation. 

Frontal. 

Upper    lid,    fore- 
head. 

Muscular,  cutane- 
ous and  pericra- 
nial branches. 

Supra-scapular. 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

Brachial  plexus. 

Scapular  muscles. 

Branches  and  fila- 
ments. 

Supra -trochlear. 

Sensation. 

Frontal. 

Forehead. 

Muscular  and  skin 
branches. 

Sympathetic. 

See  Sympathetic,  Ganglion,  and  Plexus. 

Tempore- facial . 

Motion. 

Facial. 

Upper  part  of  face. 

Temporal,  malar, 
infra-orbital. 

Thoracic  (post, 
or  long). 

Motion. 

Brachial  plexus. 

Serratus  magnus. 

Filaments. 

Tibial  (anterior). 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

Ext.  popliteal. 

Tibialis   antic,  ex- 
tensor long,  digit., 
peroneus  ter.,  etc., 
joints  of  foot,  skin 
of  great  toe,  etc. 

Muscular,  external, 
internal. 

Tibial    (poste- 
rior). 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion. 

Great  sciatic. 

Tibialis  post, flexor 
long,  digit.,  flexor 
long,   pollic,   skin 
of   heel   and    sole, 
knee-joint. 

Plantars,  muscular, 
plantar  cutaneous, 
articular. 

Thoracics  (ante- 
rior and  ext.) 

Motion. 

Brachial  plexus. 

Pectoralis  major  et 
minor. 

Branches  and  fila- 
ments. 

Trigeminus      or 
trifacial  (5th  cra- 
nial). 

Motion  and   sensa- 
tion.    (Taste.) 

Medulla. 

Skin  and  structures 
of  face,  tongue  and 
teeth. 

Ophthalmic,  sup. 
and  inf.  max.  divi- 
sions. 

Tympanic. 

Motion. 

Facial. 

Stapedius  and  laxa- 
tor  tympani  mus- 
cles. 

Filaments. 

Ulnar. 

Motion  and  sensa- 
tion 

Brachial  plexus. 

Muscles,  etc.,  shoul- 
der    and    wrist 
joints,  and  skin  of 
little  finger. 

Two  articular,  mus- 
cular, cutaneous, 
dorsal,  sup.  pal- 
mar, deep  palmar. 

304 


NEURALGIA 


305 


NKURO-EI'ITIIELIUM 


Neural'gia  (iTiywr,  aP.jof,  pain).  Nerve- 
pain.  It  may  he  spontaneous  or  due  to 
external  cause.  Sjxintaneous  or  idiopathic 
N.  is  probably  central  in  origin.  'IIr' 
pathology  is  obscure,  as  also  the  origin  of 
the  "  tender  points,"  or  hy|)er  sensitive 
areas,  especially  at  emergent  sj)ots.  The 
causes  of  N.  differ  widely,  and  depend  also 
ujx)n  the  s]X'cial  situation  or  nerves  aflecletl. 
If  of  the  fifth  ner\'e  it  is  called  tic  doulour- 
eux, or  prosopalgia,  and  is  the  most  fre- 
quent variety.  Others  are  ocular,  cervico- 
occipital,  ccn'icobrachial  and  brachial, 
trunk,  leg  (^sciatica),  visceral,  f/r.  Accord- 
ing to  character,  classed  as  epileptiform, 
retlex  or  sympathetic,  traumatic,  lierpetic 
(zoster),  hysterical,  rheumatic,  gouty,  dia- 
Itetic,  anamic,  malarial,  sj-]ihilitic,  de- 
generative, <•/(-.  N.,  False.  Ner%e-iwins 
due  t<_i  mechanical  compression  of  a  nerve. 

Neuranagen'esis  (rfiywi',  afWjFnnu,  to 
renew).  Regeneration  or  renewal  of 
ner\e  tissue. 

Neurasthe'iiia  {vevpov,  aaOn'eia,  weak- 
ness). Deficiency  or  exhaustion  of  nervous 
force.  Debility  of  the  nervous  centers. 
N.  Gastrica,  feeble  digestion  of  a  purely 
nervous  origin. 

Neurec'tasis.     See  Nerve-stretchitv:;. 

Neurec'tomy  [\'rvpov,  ektout],  excision). 
The  o] oration  of  excising  the  whole  or 
part  of  a  ner\'e. 

Neu'ridine.  A  ptomaine,  the  first  diamine 
isolated  from  animal  tissues  by  Bricger  in 
1884.  It  is  one  of  the  most  common 
products  of  |jutrefaction  ;  has  been  obtained 
from  putrid  human  flesh,  horseflesh,  lish, 
gelatine  and  cheese.  It  can  be  obtained 
from  fre.sh  eggs  in  the  prei)aration  of  cho- 
line by  heating  with  l)aryta,  and  from  fresh 
l)rain  by  heating  with  2  j)er  cent,  hyd'o- 
chloric  acid.  It  is  almost  invariably  accom- 
panied by  choline  in  the  process  of  putre- 
faction :  according  to  the  duration  of 
putrefaction,  choline  decrea-ses  and  yields 
corre-,ixjnding  increase  in  trymethylamine, 
while  neuridine  ihcreascs  in  (|uantity  ac- 
conling  to  nature  of  decomixjsiiig  organ. 
The  greatest  yield  is  from  gelatinous  ti>sue, 
such  as  intestines  ;  tis.sues  like  those  of  the 
liver  and  spleen  yield  little.  Neuridine  is 
isomeric  with  cadaveriiie.  The  free  b.asc 
has  an  excessively  re|)ulsive  seminal  odor. 
It  is  .soluble  in  water;  not  in  ellur  ami 
alcohol.  I'ure  neuridine  is  not  |K)is<)nous, 
Init  when  mingled  with  the  prcMlucts  of 
putrefaction,  has  a  toxic  effect  like  |K-|)to 
tiixine.  This  h<<lds  Iruc  uf  other  non 
|)oi.s«n(ms  liases. 
20 


Neurilem'ma  (rfv/wn',  7.efi^(i^  the  bark  of 
a  plant).     The  sheath  encasing  a  nerve. 

Neuril'ity  (I"r.  ni-i>ri/it^).  The  stimulus 
or  [Hiwer  jxDssessetl  by  a  ner\e  filler  to 
cause  contraction  of  a  muscle. 

Neu'rin.  The  albuminous  basis  forming 
the  substance  of  nerve  tissue. 

Neu'rine.  A  highly-ix)isonous  ptomalne- 
ba>e  of  the  choline  grouji.  Its  genesis  is 
still  rather  obscure;  liut  it  has  been  found 
to  occur  with  choline  in  a  manner  sug- 
gesting its  derivation  from  choline  by  the 
removal  of  water.  Has  been  obtained 
from  human  brains  and  human  flesh,  horse- 
flesh, and  beef.  The  free  base  has  a  strong 
alkaline  reaction,  and  yields  a  cloud  on 
contact  with  fumes  of  hydrochloric  acid. 
As  a  jX)ison  its  action  resembles  that  of 
muscarine.  The  injection  of  a  few  milli- 
grams into  frogs  produces  in  a  short  time 
complete  i>aralysis  of  the  extremities,  with 
deadening  of  reflex  excitability.  Respira- 
tion first  stops,  then  the  heart  decreases  its 
action,  and  finally  is  arrested  in  diastole. 
At  this  point  an  injection  of  atropine  does 
away  with  the  effect  of  neurine,  so  that  the 
heart  begins  to  beat  again.  Direct  appli- 
cation of  the  poison  to  the  eyes  of  animals 
produces  contraction  of  the  pupil ;  the 
same  symptom  follows  injection.  The 
peristaltic  action  of  the  intestines  is  so 
heightened  that  continual  evacuation  takes 
place  until  death,  which  is  accompanied 
by  clonic  convulsions.  Atropine  jwssesses 
so  strong  an  antagonism  to  neurine,  that 
the  injection  of  even  a  small  (juantity  is 
sulticient  to  disiiel  these  symptoms. 

Neurit'ic.     Pertaining  to  neuritis. 

Neuri'tis  {vtvpov,  inc,  inflammation).  In- 
flammation of  a  nerve,  es]>ecially  of  a  nerve- 
trunk.  The  nerve-structure  itself  is  little 
subject  to  inflanmiatoi-y  lesions,  which  are 
usually  confined  to  the  coverings,  and 
therefore  is  more  jnoperly  termed  />t'n- 
neuritis.  N.,  Multiple.  See  Multiple 
Neuritis.  N.,  Peripheral,  is  confineil  to 
the  terminal  tilameiits  of  nerves.  N.,  Op- 
tic, of  tlu'  optic  nirve.      See  rapillitii. 

Neu''ro-  {y'lvpnv').  A  (Jreek  prefix  signify- 
ing connection  with  or  relation  to  a  nerve. 

Neu'rocyte  {vfvfwv,  n\rr(\q,  cell).  A  nerve 
cell ;  the  es.seiilial  eliineiit  of  nervous  stnic- 
tures. 

Ncurodynam'ic(i'Myior,  r'i'iY;///i;,stri-ngth). 
rrrUiiiiiiig  to  tlie  jxtwer  of  a  nerve  current 
or  of  the  nervous  forces  of  the  system. 

Neurodyn'ia.     See  .Wnmli^'id. 

Ncu'ro-epithc'lium.  The  retinal  layer 
uf  the  rods  and  cones. 


NEUROFIBROMA 


306 


NIGHT-BLINDNESS 


Neurofibro''ma.  A  tumor  of  the  neuri- 
lemma, composed  of  cellular  and  fibrous 
tissue. 

Neuro^glia.  A  name  given  by  Virchow 
to  the  connective  tissue  of  nerve,  brain  and 
spinal-cord  substance. 

Neurog'raphy  [I'evfMv,  ypa<pu,  to  write). 
A  descriptive  anatomy  of  the  nerves. 

Neuro-ker''atin.     See  Keratin. 

NeuroFogy  [vevpov,  Tioyog,  a  treatise).  A 
treatise  on  the  nerves. 

Neuro'ma  (^revpnv).  An  abnormal  en- 
largement in  the  course  of  a  nerve  ;  a  nerve 
tumor.  Also,  N.  Cutis,  a  tumor  of  the 
skin,  resembling  myoma,  consisting  mainly 
of  firm  connective  tissue,  starting  from  the 
neurilemma.    Pathologically  considered  as 

fibro-iieuro-mvoina. 

Neuromala^cia  (vevpov,  naXaKo^,  a  soften- 
ing).    A  softening  of  nerve  tissue. 

Neurom^atous  i^vevpov).  Having  the  na- 
ture of  a  nerve  tumor. 

Neuromime^sis  [vevpov,  iitfirjaLq,  imita- 
tion). Nervous  or  hysterical  mimicry  of 
disease. 

Neuro-mus''cular  [vevpov,  tnuscubis,  a 
muscle).  Pertaining  conjointly  to  nerves 
and  muscles. 

Neuromyeli''tis  [vevpov,  fiveTiog,  marrow). 
Inllammation  of  nerve  tissue  or  medullary 
substance. 

Neuromy'elous  [vevpov,  fivelog).  Per- 
taining to  or  of  the  nature  of  nerve  or 
medullary  substance. 

Neuropath'ic  [vevpov,  iradog,  suffering). 
Pertaining  to  nervous  diseases. 

Neuropathology  [vevpov,  rradog,  /loyof, 
a  treatise).  A  treatise  on  diseases  of  the 
nerves. 

Neurop''athy  [vevpov,  nadoq).  Any  dis- 
ease of  the  nerve  system. 

Neurophysiology  [vevpov,  ^vGtq,  nature, 
Aoyog,  a  treatise).  A  treatise  on  the 
physiology  of  the  nerves. 

Neuror^rhaphy  [vevpov,  pa(j)?/,  a  suture). 
The  operation  of  joining  a  divided  nerve 
by  sutures. 

Neuro-retini^tis.  Combined  inflammation 
of  the  optic  nerve  and  the  retina. 

Neuro'sis  [vevpov).  An  abnormal  nervous 
action  or  an  affection  of  the  nerves  or 
nerve-centers  of  a  functional  nature.  N., 
Cutaneae,  a  term  used  to  express  ab- 
normal functional  conditions  of  the  sensory 
cutaneous  nerves.  N.,  Reflex,  a  func- 
tional nervous  disease  whose  origin  is  in 
some  irritation  or  part  distinct  from  that 
in  which  the  affection  is  manifested.  Such 
a  neurosis  may  result  in  organic  lesions. 


Neuro-stear''ic  Acid.  An  acid  isomeric 
with  stearic  acid,  occuiTing  in  the  brain. 

Neuro-stear^ic  Ether.  A  substance 
formed  by  treating  phrenosin,  an  element 
of  brain-tissue,  with  sulphuric  acid  and 
alcohol. 

Neurosthe^nia  [vevpov,  aderog,  power). 
Great  nervous  power,  or  abnormal  excita- 
tion of  the  nervous  centers. 

Neurothe'le  [vevpov,  OrfAT],  a  nipple).  A 
nervous  papilla. 

Neurot'ic.  Pertaining  to  the  nerves  or  ner- 
vous phenomena,  and  especially  to  neuroses. 
In  therapeutics  neurotics  are  such  drugs  as 
have  a  special  influence  upon  nervous  cen- 
ters and  functions. 

Neurot^omy  [vevpov^  Te/xvu,  to  cut).  Divi- 
sion of  a  nerve. 

Neutraliza^tion  [neuter,  neither).  That 
process  or  operation  which  precisely  coun- 
terbalances or  cancels  the  action  of  an 
agent.  In  medicine,  the  process  of  check- 
ing the  operation  of  any  agent  which  pro- 
duces a  morbid  effect. 

Neu^'tral  Mix^ture.  Liquor  potassii  ci- 
tratis.     See  Potassium. 

New-born.  The  child  during  a  short 
period  after  l)irth. 

New-forma^tion.     See  Neoplasm. 

Nick^el.  Ni^58;  quantivalence  ii,  iv. 
A  metal  of  silver-white  luster,  resembling 
iron  in  physical  properties.  Asserted  to 
be  a  compound  body,  in  1889,  by  Krauss, 
of  Munich.  Much  used  for  plating  metallic 
surgical  appliances.  N.  Bromide,  recom- 
mended in  epilepsy.  Dose  gr.  v-x.  N. 
Sulphate,  has  been  used  as  a  nerve  tonic 
in  tabes  dorsalis.  Dose  gr.  iij-v.  All 
unof. 

Nicol's  Prism.  A  polished  prism  of  Ice- 
land spar,  cut  diagonally  across  the  prin- 
cipal axis,  the  sections  being  joined  to- 
gether by  means  of  Canada  balsam.  It 
has  the  property  of  reflecting  the  ordinaiy 
ray  of  light  out  of  the  field,  while  the  so- 
called  polarized  ray  is  transmitted. 

Nicoti''anin.  The  solid  volatile  principle 
to  which  tobacco  owes  its  flavor. 

Nic^otine.     See  Tabacum. 

Nic^otinism.  The  constitutional  effects 
of  the  continued  or  excessive  use  of  to- 
bacco. 

Nic'titating  Membrane.  ?>&e  Membrane. 

Nictita''tion  [nictito,  to  wink).  Abnormal 
frerjuency  of  winking. 

Ni'dus  Hirundi^nis  (Lat.,  a  swallow's 
nest).  A  deep  fossa  of  the  cerebellum 
near  the  uvula. 

Night-blindness.     See  Hemeralopia. 


NIGHT-BLOOMING  CEREUS 


307 


NOMENCLATURE 


Night-blooming  Ce'reus.  The  flowers 
of  Caitus x^iniii'i/ioni.  Sedative  and  iliu- 
retic.  Useful  in  functional  ;ulnients  uf  the 
heart,  {^ipitation  and  angina  pectoris. 
Dose  of  the  lid.  e\t.  ^^alcoholic)  n\_.\-.\xx. 
Inof 

Night'mare.  A  feeling  of  di.-tress  or  suf- 
focation during  sleep,  atleniled  with  fright, 
hideous  dreanis  and  often  with  inability  to 
stimulate  muscular  contraction  e.\cej)t  in  a 
ver}"  slight  degree. 

Night-soil.     .See  y-'u-ns. 

Niphablep'sia.     See  BlinJiicss,  Siunv. 

Nip'ple.  The  conical  elevation  in  the 
center  of  the  areolar  of  the  mamma.  The 
mammilla. 

Ni'sus  («//('/•,  to  endeavor).  The  j>eri- 
odical  desire  for  procreation  manifested  in 
the  spring  sea-on  by  certain  species  of  ani- 
mals. Also,  tlie  contraction  of  the  dia- 
phragm and  aMoniinal  muscles,  for  the 
expulsion  of  the  f.vces  or  the  urine. 

Nit.  A  popular  name  for  the  larviv  of 
several  species  of /£v//Vw//<j/  they  are  at- 
tached to  the  hair  during  incubation. 

Ni'trate.  Any  salt  of  nitric  acid.  All 
nitrates  are  soluble  in  water.  N.  Test 
Reagent.     See  Acid  Phoivl  Sulphate. 

Ni'tric  Acid  Test.     See  Jlellei's  Test. 

Ni'tric  Magne'sian  Rea'gent.  See  Rob- 
erts' Reai^ent. 

Ni'trite  yviTpov,  niter).  A  salt  of  nitrous 
acid,  IlN'Oj.  Also  apjilied  to  certain  com- 
binations with  organic  radicals,  as  nitro- 
glycerine, C^I  IsfN*  ).^)^,  nitrobeiizol,  amylic 
nitrite,  etc.  N.,  Amylic,  nitrite  of  amyl, 
CjHijNf  )2,  pfjssesses  a  fruity  cnior.  Inhaled 
it  causes  tumultuous  action  of  heart  and 
lowered  res|3iration.  Useful  in  angina  pecto- 
ris, asthma,  ^-A".  Occasionally  useful  in  sea- 
sickness. Dose,  internal,  y\,\i-],  dissolved 
in  alcr)hnl;  by  inhalation,  n\,ij-v.  Nitro- 
glycerine, an  oily  li(|uitl  soluble  in  alco- 
hol, and  extremely  exijlosive.  Theraix;u- 
tic  action  like  that  of  amylic  nitrite.  Dose 
m  ij^jj— s"?-  Dose  of  the  tincture,  I  per 
cent,  in  alcohol,  TT\_  V^-x.  N.,  Sodium, 
like  amylic  nitrite,  but  less  prompt.  Liii- 
ployed  in  d(!.s<|uamative  nephritis  wlu-ti 
accomjjanied  by  weak  action  of  lieart. 
Dose  gr.  >^-v. 

Nitro-  {^vnpnv^.  A  Greek  prefix  <lenoiing 
com|x>sition  with  nitrog<-n.  Also,  denc«ting 
roinixisition  with  the  radical  NO.^. 

Ni'trogcn    (r(r/»</r,    ■)fvv(uj,   to   prcnlucc). 
N  =  I4;  quanti valence  I,  III,  V.     One  of 
the  nonmitallie  elements,  gaseoas  at  ordi 
nary  t»-m[><-ratures.     A  coni|>on<*nt  element 
of   ammonia,   various    acids,  and   a   great 


numlier  of  animal  and  vegetable  tissues. 
Forms  alxjut  79  jx_'r  cent,  of  the  air.  Most 
active  in  combination  with  oxygen.  The 
salts  of  nitric  acid  are  called  nitrates,  of 
nitrous  acid  nitrites. 

Nitroglyc'erine.     See  Nitrite. 

Ni'trous  Ox'ide.  LaughingGas.  .\  gase- 
ous comiHJund,  having  the  structure  Is.j<  )j. 
Inhaled,  produces  mental  exaltation  and 
cerebral  excitement,  followed  by  ana;sthe- 
sia.      Much  used  in  dentistry. 

Njin'io  Wood.  A  remedy  used  in  West 
Africa  against  gastric  pains  and  loss  of  aj)pe- 
lite.  Klfects  similar  to  tho.se  of  coca.  Unof. 

Noctur'nal  {nox^  night).  Pertaining  to  the 
night-time;  oi)eraiing  or  jK-rfonning  nor- 
mal functions  in  the  night  instead  of  during 
the  ilay.  N.  Blindness.  See  I/cmcra- 
lopia.  N.  Emission,  and  N.  Pollu- 
tion.     See  Sperntatorrhcea. 

No'dal  Point  \>iodus,  a  knot).  The  jxjint 
of  intersection  of  convergent  rays  of  light 
with  the  vi.sual  axis  of  the  eye.  The  First 
A^.  P.  is  6.96S5  mm.  behind  the  sununit 
of  the  cornea.  Second  A\  P.  is  7.3254 
mm.  behind  the  summit  of  the  cornea,  or 
0.1254  mm.  behind  the  lens. 

Node  [no<///s).  Oblong,  indurated  swell- 
ings or  tumors  u|X)n  l)one  in  some  fonns 
of  periostitis  and  osteitis.  N.,  Parrot's, 
bosses  of  new  bone  on  the  outer  table  of 
the  skull,  the  result  of  sy]>hilis.  N., 
Ranvier's,  certain  constrictions  occurring 
in  the  course  of  medullated  nerve-fil)ers,  so 
that  the  sheath  of  Schwann  lies  u[X)n  the 
axis-cylinder.  The  part  of  the  nerve  be- 
twrcn  the  nodes  is  called  an  interannular 
or  intoniodal  segment. 

Nodose'  (nodus).  Characterized  by  nodes 
or  nodosities. 

Nodo'sis  {nodus).  The  condition  of  Iiav- 
iuL,'  or  forming  nodes. 

Nodos'ity.     See  AWe. 

Nod'ule  (dim.  of  ii,'di/s).  .\  little  knot  or 
excrescence.     N.  of  Arantii.     See   (.'or- 

pus.  N.  of  Cerebellum,  the  anterior 
tcnninalion  of  the  infrrior  vermiform  pro- 
ci'ss  of  the  cerebellum  situated  in  front  of 
ilic  uvula. 

Nceud  Vital.     See  Center,  Respiratory. 

No'li  Me  Tan'gere.     Sec  Rodent  I'lcer. 

No'ma  (iv/;(.j,  to  eat  away).  A  synonym  of 
uU'crativi-  stomatitis.  .Applied  al.so  toother 
corroding  ulcers.  .Said  to  l>e  of  bacterial 
origin. 

Nomcncla'ture  (nonien,  a  name,  calo,  to 
call).  t\  term  denoting  the  syslc'malic  ap- 
jilication  and  arrani^emenl  of  tlie  <lislinclive 
names  employed  in  any  science. 


NON 


308 


NUCLEUS 


Non-(«^;/,  not).     A  Latin  prefix  denoting 
negation. 

Non  Com''pos  Men''tis.  (Lat.)  A  legal 
term  denoting  an  acquired  unsoundness  of 
mind,  of  such  character  that  one  is  incap- 
able of  conducting  his  own  affairs. 
Nor'ma  (Lat.  a  measure).  In  anatomy, 
a  view  or  aspect — essentially  of  the  skull. 
N.  Basilaris,  a  view  or  aspect  of  the  skull 
looking  toward  the  under  side.  N. 
Facialis,  an  aspect  looking  toward  the  face. 
N.  Lateralis,  the  aspect  looking  toward 
either  half;  a  profile  view.  N.  Occipi- 
talis, the  aspect  looking  toward  the  back 
of  the  skull.  N.  Verticalis,  the  aspect 
viewed  from  above,  or  that  looking  at  the 
top  of  the  skull. 

Nor^mal  {invma).  That  which  conforms 
to  the  natural  order  or  law. 
Nor''moblast.  See  Corpuscle. 
Nor'ris's  Invis''ible  Corp^uscle.  Color- 
less transparent  biconcave  discs  of  the 
same  size  as  the  red  ones,  invisible  in  the 
serum  because  their  color  and  refractive 
discs   are   the   same  as  that  of  the   liquor 

sanguinis ;   believed  by  Norris  to  exist  in 

the  blood.     Probably   colored   discs   that 

have  lost  their  hsemoglobin. 
Nose.     The  organ  of  smell,  composed  of  a 

framework  of  bone  and  cartilage,  covered 

externally  by  the   skin  and  internally  by 

mucous  membrane,  the  mcmbrana  pituita- 

ria.     N.    Bleeding,   hemorrhage    from 

the  nasal  passages.     Epistaxis. 
Nosoco'mium   (i<oaoq,  disease,  ko/jeu,  to 

take  care  of).     A  place  designed  for  the 

care  of  the  sick.     A  hospital. 
Nosog^eny  [voaog,  yevvau,  to  beget).    The 
development  and  progress  of  diseases. 
Nosog^raphy  [voao^,  ypa<po)j  to  write).    A 
descriptive  treatise  on   the   character  and 
nature  of  diseases. 
NosoFogy   (voaog,  Tioyog,  a  treatise).     A 
treatise  on  the  classification  of  diseases. 
Nosoma^nia  [vomg,  fiavia,  mania).     The 

belief  that  one    suffers    successively   from 

many  diseases. 
Nosopho'bia    [vnaoq,   <po[iog,   fear).     The 

exaggerated  fear  of  disease. 
No''sophyte    [voaog,   (jjvtov,   a    plant).     A 

term  applied  to  any  pathogenic  microbe,  or 

minute  parasitic  organism  which  produces 

disease. 
Nosofrophy    (votrof,   Tpe4>u,    to  nourish). 

The  proper  care  of  the  sick. 
Nostalgia  (I'Offrtw,  to  return,  a/lyof,  pain). 

I  lomesickness. 
Nos^trils    (A.   S.   nosu,   nose;    thyrel,  to 

drill).     The  nares. 


Nos''trum  [nosier,  ours).     A  term  loosely 

applied  to  any  quack  medicine  or  cure-all. 
Notal'gia  (rwro^,  the  back,  o/lyof,  pain). 

Any  pain  in  the  back. 
Notch.     An  indentation,  especially  on  the 

circumferential  edge  of  a  bone. 
Notenceph''alocele.     Tumor  of  the  brain 

in  a  notencephalus. 
Notenceph''alus    {vutov,   ejnEfnTinv,   the 

brain).     An  exencephalic  monstrosity  with 

the  brain  outside    the  cranium  and  at  the 

back. 
No^tochord  [vutov,  jopd;;,  a  chord).     A 

cellular    cord    inclosed    in   a  structureless 

sheath,  which  in  the  embryo  finally  devel- 
ops into  the  vertebral  column.     Also,  the 

spinal  cord. 
Nox^ious    [noceo,    to    hurt).      Harmful; 

poisonous  or  deleterious. 
Nubec^ula  (dim.  of  mihes,  a  cloud).  The 
cloudiness  caused  by  the  suspension  of 
insolul)le  matter  in  the  urine. 
Nu^bile  [ntibo,  to  marry).  Marriageable. 
Of  an  age  capable  of  procreation  or  child- 
bearing. 

NubiFity  [nuho).  The  state  of  develop- 
ment marked  by  ability  to  consummate 
maiTiage. 

Nu'cha.     See  Nape  of  the  Neck. 

Nu^clear  [nucleus,  a  cell).  Pertaining  to 
the  nucleus.  See,  also.  Cell-body.  N. 
Paralysis,  paralysis  from  lesion  of  the 
nucleus  or  center.  N.  Spindle,  the 
diaster  or  double-star  of  the  protoplasmic 
vitellus. 

Nu^cleate  [nucleus).     Having  nuclei. 

Nu'clein.  An  albuminoid  substance  occur- 
ring in  the  nuclei  of  blood-corpuscles,  pus, 
spermatozoids,  brain,  milk,  etc.  It  re- 
sembles mucin,  and  is  perhaps  an  inter- 
mediate product  between  albumin  and 
lecithin. 

NucleoTus  (dim.  of  nucleus^.  The  small 
granular  vesicle  within  the  cell-nucleus. 

Nu^cleoplasm.     See  Chromatin. 

Nu'cleus  [nucleus).  The  center  around 
which  the  mass  of  a  crystal  aggregates. 
In  biology,  the  small  vesicular  body  witliin 
the  mass  of  protoplasm,  usually  a  trans- 
lucent fluid  within  a  definite  wall.  In 
physiology,  the  controlling  or  motor  cen- 
ter of  a  muscle  or  organ.  N.,  Anterior, 
or  N.  Ambiguus,  a  center  near  that  of 
the  pneumogastric.  N.  Cinereus,  a  term 
sometimes  used  to  designate  the  gray  sub- 
stance of  the  restiform  bodies.  N.  Cau- 
datus,  the  caudate  nucleus,  a  ])art  of  the 
corpus  striatum.  N.  Lenticularis,acluster 
of  gray  matter  of  the  corpus  striatum.     N. 


NULLIPAROUS 


309 


NYSTAGMUS 


of  Pander,  the  upper  expanded  end  of 
the  tlask-shaped  mass  of  white  yelk  in  the 
hen's  egg. 

Nullip'arous  (uullus,  none,  pario,  to  bring 
fortli).  Apphed  to  a  woman  who  has  not 
Iwriie  a  child. 

Num'miform  {iit/mrnus,a.  coin).  Having 
the  fonn  o\  a  coin. 

Num'mular  (dim.  of  nunnntts).      Resem 
bhng  a  small  coin  in  fonn.   Also,  the  rounded 
clots    of    sputum    sometimes    observed    in 
phthisis. 

Nurse  (Fr.  A^ournW).  The  caretaker  of 
an  infant.  Extended  to  include  those 
caring  for  the  sick.  N.,  Dry,  one  who 
does  not  suckle  the  infant.  N.,  Wet,  one 
who  suckles  the  infant.  N.,  Hospital, 
those  caring  for  the  sick  in  a  hospital.  N., 
Professional,  one  devoting  himself  or 
herself  to  the  care  of  the  sick  as  a  life  work 
or  profession. 

Nuta'tion  (///</<>,  to  change).  Nodding  or 
oscillation  of  the  head. 

Nut-gall.     See  Ga//a. 

Nut'meg.  See  Myn'sficii.  N.  Liver, 
applied  to  the  ap]>earance  of  the  liver  re- 
sulting from  imperfect  circulation,  whether 
from  oljstruclion  or  from  cardiac  disease. 

Nu'triant  (wM/r/o,  to  nourish).  A  medicine 
or  agent  that  modifies  nutritive  proces.ses. 

Nu'trient  [nutrio).  A  substance  which 
nourishe.s.     A  food, 

Nutril'ity  [nu/rio).  The  jwwer  of  a  cell 
or  an  organism  to  perform  the  function  of 
nutrition,  with  the  processes  that  are  neces- 
sary thereto. 

Nu''triment  ( mitn'o).  Anything  that  nour- 
ishes or  forms  living  tissue. 

Nutri'tion  (nn/n\>).  The  processes  in- 
volved in  the  absorption  and  .issimilation 
of  those  substances  forming  living  t'ssue 
or  sup|)orting  the  processes  of  life. 

Nu'tritive  (nit/n'o).  Having  the  quality 
of  aflording  nutrition. 

Nu'trix.      A  nurse. 

Nux  Vom'ica.  Dog  Hutton.  The  seed 
of  S/>y(  /tfios  .Vux  I'ontt'ca.  Properties  due 
mainly   to  two  alkaloids,  siryihiiine  and 


bnti  iur,  and  with  which  its  jirojierties  are 
iilentical.  In  small  do.ses  a  bitter  tonic, 
exciting  the  secretions  and  stimulating  the 
functions  of  the  l)ody.  In  larger  doses  it 
exalts  the  function  of  the  spinal  cord, 
prcH.lucing  tetanic  spasms  of  the  extensor 
inu.scles.  In  toxic  doses  paralyzes  the 
functions  of  spinal  cord,  arrests  respiration 
and  causes  death  from  suffocation.  \'alu- 
able  as  a  general  tonic  in  cardiac  failure,  in 
hemiplegia,  dyspniea  and  certain  forms  of 
amblyopia.  The  proix)rtion  of  strychnine 
in  nux  vomica  varies  from  \-\  j)er  cent. 
N.  v.,  Abstractum.  Dose  gr.  ^.gradu- 
ally increased.  N.  V.,  Ext.  Dose  gr. 
■s-j.  N.  v.,  Ext.  Fid.  Dose  n\j-v. 
N.  v.,  Tinct.,  20  per  cent,  of  the  drug. 
Dose  TTLv-xx.  Brucina  (unof.),  ^.^  the 
strength  of  strychnine  and  in  action  three 
times  as  slow.  Dose  gr.  j^^^-J.  Strych- 
nina,  strychnine,  the  alkaloid,  exceedingly 
bitter ;  chloroform  best  solvent.  Dose  gr. 
7.'o~2V-  ^'  Sulphate,  soluble  in  water. 
Dose  gr.  ^V-jV- 

Nyctalo''pia  (I'lf,  night,  wi/',  the  eye). 
The  condition  in  which  one  sees  better  by 
night  or  in  semi-darkness  than  by  daylight. 
See  Ilcmeralopia. 

Nymph'a.     See  Labia. 

Nymphae''a  Odora'ta.  Sweet -.scented 
\\'aler  l.ily.  Tiie  root  of  tlie  well-known 
].lant.  Contains  gallic  and  tannic  acids, 
to  wliich  its  properties  are  due.  Bitter 
and  astringent.  Dose  of  an  5  j-Oj,  decoc- 
tion ,^ss-j.     Unof. 

Nymphoma''nia  {iiympha,  /lavta,  mad- 
ness). Excessive  or  furious  sexual  desire 
on  the  part  of  women.  Called,  also,  //ys- 
Un '/nan ill,  and  Furor  utcnntis. 

Nymphofomy  {vviKpr/,  tf/ivu,  to  cut). 
The  surgical  removal  of  the  nympho:. 

Nystag'mus  (fi'aray/ior,  no<l<ling  of  the 
head  when  sleei)y).  An  oscillatory  move- 
ment of  the  eye  balls,  generally  horizontal, 
and  usually  a.'^socialed  with  some  other 
ocular  abnormality.  Miner's  N.,  develops 
in  adult  life  in  coal  miners,  from  some  im- 
perfectly understood  cause. 


o 


310 


OCHRE 


O 


O.  The  chemical  symbol  of  Oxygen,  and 
used  also  in  prescriptions  as  an  abbrevia- 
tion of  Octarius,  a  pint. 

Oa^rium.     See  Ov<irui?n. 

O^asis.  In  surgery,  an  isolated  spot  of 
healthy  tissue  surrounded  by  diseased 
tissue. 

Ob-  iyO/>,  on,  against,  towards).  A  Latin 
prefix  signifying  on,  against,  towards,  etc. 

Obdormi^tion  i^ob,  dormio,  to  sleep).  The 
phenomenon  known  as  "sleep"  of  the 
limbs,  the  benumljing  of  a  part  due  to 
obstruction  of  nervous  function. 

Obduc'tion  (<?/',  duco,  to  lead).  Post- 
mortem examination.     Necropsy. 

ObeFion  [oj-ieAai,  paq)?/,  sagittal  suture). 
See  Skull,  Landmarks  of. 

Obese'  (obedo,  to  eat).  The  condition  of 
fatness  or  extreme  fleshiness. 

Obes'ity  [obcdd).     Fatness,  corpulency. 

Obfusca'tion  {obfusco,  to  make  black). 
The  act  of  darkening  or  of  producing  be- 
wilderment of  sight. 

Obit'uary  [obilus,  dead).  Pertaining  to 
death.     A  notice  or  account  of  one  dead. 

Objec'tive  (('/yVt7"(7,  to  throw  against).  In 
medicine,  a  tenii  applied  to  the  symptoms 
observed  by  the  physician  in  distinction  to 
those  felt  by  the  patient.  In  psychology, 
pertaining  to  all  things  lying  external  to 
one's  self  in  contradistinction  to  subjective, 
pertaining  to  the  essential  ego,  or  observer. 
In  optics,  the  lenses  of  optical  instniments 
collecting  the  pencil  of  rays  reflected  from 
or  transmitted  by  the  object.  O.,  Im- 
mersion.    See  Lens. 

Obli'quus  (Lat.,  slanting).  Slanting;  ob- 
lique. A  term  applied  to  various  muscles. 
O.  Muscle.     See  Muscle. 

Oblitera'tion  (oblitero,  to  efface).  Extinc- 
tion, or  change  in  the  shape  or  condition  of 
a  part. 

Observa''tion  {observatid).  The  exami- 
nation of  a  thing.  Also,  used  as  synony- 
mous with  case. 

Obses''sion  (^/^.ff'ww,  to  beset).  Besetment. 
Possession  as  by  evil  spirits. 

Obsoles'cence  [obsolesco,  to  grow  old). 
The  state  of  becoming  old  or  going  out  of 
use.     Also,  the  cessation  of  growth. 

Obstetric'ian.  One  who  practices  ob- 
stetrics. 

Obstefrics  [obsto,  to  stand  before).  The 
care  of  women  in  pregnancy,  childbirth 
and  the  puerperal  state. 


Obstipa''tion  [obsHpo,  io  close  t\^i).  Same 
as  Constipation. 

Obstruc'tion  {obsfruo,  to  stop  up).  Ab- 
normal stoppage  or  blocking  up,  usually  by 
foreign  bodies,  of  a  canal  or  opening  of 
the  botly.     See  Imperf oration,  Occlusion. 

Ob''struent  (obstruo,  to  close  up).  In 
therapeutics,  any  remedy  or  agent  closing 
the  orifices  of  vessels  or  ducts. 

Obtund'ent  [obtundo,  to  make  dull).  In 
therapeutics,  any  remedy  that  relieves  or 
overcomes  initation. 

Obtura'tor  (obturo,  to  stop  up).  That 
which  closes  a  cavity.  In  surgery,  an 
instrument  for  closing  an  opening  caused 
by  a  wound  or  a  disease.  O.  Artery. 
See  Artery.  O.  Foramen,  a  foramen  in 
the  anterior  part  of  the  os  innominatiim. 
O.  Muscle.  See  Muscle.  O.  Nerve. 
See  Ncrzie. 

Obtu'sion  iyobtttndo,  to  blunt).  The  blunt- 
ing or  weakening  of  the  normal  sharpness 
or  strength  of  sensation ;  a  symptom  of  cer- 
tain diseases. 

Occip''ital.  Pertaining  to  the  occiput.  O. 
Bone,  the  bone  of  the  skull  situated  at  its 
posterior,  middle,  and  inferior  part. 

Occip'ito-  {^occiput).  A  Latin  word  used  as 
a  prefix  to  denote  connection  with  or  rela- 
tion to  the  occipital  bone.  O.-atloidean, 
pertaining  conjointly  to  the  occipital  bone 
and  the  atlas.  O.-axoid,  or  O. -axial. 
Pertaining  to  both  the  occipital  bone  and 
the  axio,  or  second  vertebra.  O.-breg- 
matic,  pertaining  conjointly  to  the  occipit- 
al bone  and  the  bregma.  O.- frontalis. 
See  Muscle.  O. -parietal,  pertaining  con- 
jointly to  the  occipital  and  parietal  bones  of 
the  head. 

Oc'ciput  [ob,  against,  caput,  the  head). 
The  back  part  of  the  head. 

Occlu'sion  [occludo,  to  shut  up).  A 
closure,  blocking  or  shutting  up  of  a  nor- 
mally patent  aperture,  as  of  the  anus,  ear, 
etc.  A  synonym  of  Lmperforation  and 
Obstruction. 

Oc'ellated.     Resembling  or  having  eyes. 

OceKli  (dim.  of  oculus).  The  simple  eyes 
of  insects. 

Ochle''sis  (o;j;/lof,  a  crowd).  The  morl)id 
condition  induced  by  crowding  many  sick 
people  in  a  single  room  or  under  one  roof. 

O'chre  (w^'pof,  pale  yellow).  A  name 
given  to  clay  variously  colored  by  the 
oxides  of  iron. 


OCTAGONAL 


311 


CESOPIIAGEAL 


Octag'onal  (oktu,  eight,  -juiia,  an  angle). 
Having  eight  .sides  and  angles. 

Octa'rius  (('</i>).  An  eighth  part  of  a 
gallon.     (3ne  pint.     SntuIkjI  O. 

Oc^to-  t^I-U.  eight).  .\  Latin  (or  Greek) 
nunural  whicii,  prefixed  lo  a  word,  denotes 
relerence  to  tlie  number  eight. 

Oc'ular  [i>i-ii/ns,  the  eye).  Pertaining  to 
the  eye.  Also,  the  eye-piece  of  a  niicro- 
scoj>e  or  telescojie.  O.  Muscles,  Exter- 
nal, the  six  mu-scles  moving  the  glohi-  ufthe 
eye.  See  .)//«< /«v.  O.  Muscles,  Internal, 
the  ciliary  and  iris  nuisclcs.  O.  Sheath, 
the  loose  sheath  like  tissue  extending  from 
the  ai>ex  of  the  orbit  of  the  eye  to  the  di- 
ameter of  the  globe,  the  |K)>terior  part  of 
which  up  to  the  passage  of  the  tendons  of 
the  external  ocular  muscles  is  called  f/ic- 
Citpsule  of  Bi'iiiu-f,  and  the  anterior  por- 
ticin,  ///(•  Capsule  of  Tt'non. 

Oc'ulist  (Oiti/its).  An  ophthalmic  sur- 
geon. 

Oculomoto'rius  [ocu/tts,  motor,  a  mover). 
The  third,  or  motor  oculi  nerve. 

Oc'ulus.     See  Eye. 

Odaxes'mus  (oi^a^r/afior,  a  .sharp  biting,  as 
by  an  acid).  A  tenn  denoting  the  bitten 
tongue,  lip,  or  cheek,  occurring  during  an 
e[)ilepiic  tit. 

-ode,  -odes  ((."V/f  full).  A  Greek  suffix 
<ienoting  fulness. 

Odont-.     See  Oi/onto. 

Odonta-'gra  {(xhix,  nypa,  seizure).  Neu- 
ralgic, rheumatic,  gouty  pain  in  the  teeth. 
Al>o,  a  kind  of  forceps  for  the  surgical 
removal  of  teeth. 

Odontal''gia  [(u^nvr,  a7.-i<tr,  a  pain).  Pain 
in  the  teeth.      TfX)thache. 

Odonti'asis  (o<5oiy).     The  cutting  of  the 

teeth. 

Odonti'tis  (ofJovf,  irtq,  inflammation).  In- 
tlainmaiion  of  a  tooth. 

Odon'to-  ((xSovr  [gen.  o<Iorrof]  a  tooth). 
A  ( ireek  wonl  which,  pretixed  to  another, 
signifies  connection  with  or  relation  to  a 
tooth, 

Odon'toblast  (m^ovr,  fi'/.aaror,  a  bud).  A 
name  a|)|)lied  to  the  columnar  cell-,  forming 
the  outer  layer  of  the  pulp  of  teeth. 

Odontog'eny  (o<\ov^,  ytyiuu,  lo  l)cgct). 
Same  as  Odontosis. 

Odontog'raphy  {oAovr,  ypmtxj,  to  write). 
Tlie  des'  riptivc  anatomy  of  the  teeth. 

Odon'toid  {oiSoi'r,  mSnr,  riwinblaiife).  Re- 
sembling a  t<x)th.  St-rrated.  Also,  the 
dentate  process  of  the  second  vertebra. 

Odon'tolith  (mSnfr,  '/.illor,  a  stone).  The 
call  areous  slonelike  accretion  on  the  teeth 
popularly  known  as  "  tartar." 


Odontol'ogy  (odoif,  ?.o}vg,a.  treatise).  A 
treatise  on  the  teeth. 

Odontol'oxy  (o()m<g,  /o^of,  slanting). 
Irregularity  or  oblinuily  in  the  arrangement 
of  the  teeth. 

Odonto'ma  (oiJouf  owt)).  \  tuini>r  arising 
in  connection  with  the  teeth,  or  made  up 
of  dental  tissue. 

Odontonecro'sis  (oJovf,  vEKfiuaig,  death). 
l)i>soIuti(.)n  of  the  tissues  of  the  teeth. 

Odontonosol'ogy  [othvg,  voaoc,  a  disea.se, 
/.o)of,  a  treatise).  A  treatise  on  diseases 
of  the  teeth. 

Odontop'athy  (oi'oi'f,  tooth,  -nlhr,  mal- 
ady). Abnormal  or  pathological  conditions 
of  the  teeth,  or  related  organs. 

Odontopri'sis  (oJoi'f,  Trinaig,  a  rasping). 
'I'he  action  known  as  stridor  dcntium,  or 
grating  of  the  teeth.  In  children  it  is  often 
sympl^iinatic  of  intestinal  worms. 

Odonto'sis  (oiJiu'f).  The  fonnation  and 
development  of  teeth.     Dentition. 

Odontother'apy  (odoyf,  thiHurem,  treat- 
ment). The  proper  care  and  treatment  of 
the  teeth. 

Odontotrip''sis  [o^nvg,  rpiiio),  to  nib 
down).  The  natural  abrasion  or  wearing 
away  of  the  teeth. 

Odon'trypy  [o6ovg,  TpvTrau,  to  perforate). 
The  perforation  of  a  tooth  for  the  purpose 
of  removing  diseased  pulp. 

O'dor  (Lat.).  A  scent,  smell  or  perfume. 
Fragrance. 

Odoriferous  {odor,  pro,  to  carry).  Bear- 
ing (xlor  or  scent.     Fragrant. 

-odyne  {o&vvij,  pain).  A  suflix  denoting 
pain. 

CE'coid.  A  term  apjilied  to  red  corpus- 
cles of  the  bl(K)d  that  have  been  deprived 
fif  their  h;emoglobin. 

CEdc'ma  (o/(!<(j,  to  .swell).  I-'fTusion  of 
serous  lluid  in  the  sul)cutane(ius  arei)l.\r 
tissues.  When  general,  it  is  called  Ana- 
sarca. O.  Neonatorum,  (vtlema  of  the 
new  l)orn.  .V  subcutaneous  swelling  in 
newly-l)orn  infants,  caased  by  an  eflusion 
of  serum  into  the  subcutaneous  tissue. 
Appears  within  two  or  three  days  alter 
birth.  Always  accompanied  with  di'creas- 
ing  vitality  and  ends  fatally. 

CEdem'atous.     <  iiaracterized  by  <vdema. 

QEnan'thylic  Acid.  A  comjilex  ether 
foriiieil  by  the  aitiiui  of  nitric  acid  on  fatty 
substances,  especially  castor  oil. 

Q2noma''nia  {luvitc,  win(r,  /luvm,  madnt-.ss). 
I'lxcessive  use  of  or  desire  ftir  intoxicating 
lii|uors.      .Mso  delirium  tremens. 

CEsophage'al  [usip/iii^its).  Pertaining  to 
the  (jesopliagas. 


CESOPHAGISMUS 


312 


OLEOMARGARINE 


CEsophagis^mus.  Spasm  or  spasmodic 
stricture  of  the  oesophagus.  (Syn.,  cesopk- 
irjj-is/// ,  a'sop/iagospas»i. ) 

CEsophagi''tis  [asophagus,  itis,  inflamma- 
tion).    Inflammation  of  the  oesophagus. 

CEsophag^oscope  [o:sophagus,  anowEu,  to 
examine).  An  instrument  for  the  examina- 
tion of  the  resophagus  by  artificial  hght. 

CEsoph^agospasm.    See  CEsophagis/niis. 

CEsophago-steno''sis  {a'sophagus, 
CTtrog,  narrow).  The  condition  marked 
by  constriction  of  tlie  oesophagus. 

CEsophagos''tomy  {cesophagus,  arofia^ 
an  orifice).  The  operation  of  making  an 
artificial  opening  of  the  oesophagus. 

CEsophagot^omy.  Incision  of  the  oesopha- 
gus. 

(Esophagus  [oLtd,  to  cany,  (payeiv,  to  eat). 
The  gullet.  The  musculo-membranous 
canal,  about  nine  inches  in  length,  extend- 
ing from  the  pharynx  to  the  stomach. 

CEs^trual  (^oiaTpog,  the  gad-fly).  Pertain- 
ing to  oestruation. 

CEstrua^tion  [oiarpog).  The  condition  of 
being  under  the  influence  of  intense  sexual 
passion. 

(Es^trum  [oiarpog).  The  sensation  in 
animals  occurring  at  the  crisis  of  coition. 
The  orgasm. 

Offic'ial  (offi.ciu?n,  an  office).  In  phar- 
macy and  materia  medica,  a  medicine  or 
preparation  emanating  from  and  sanctioned 
by  the  pharmacopoeia. 

Offic^inal  [opifichia,  a  workshop).  That 
which  pertains  to  or  is  authorized  in 
pharmacy.  O.  Preparations,  those 
that  are  kept  for  sale  in  apothecary  stores. 

Ohm.  In  electricity,  the  unit  of  resistance. 
Practically,  it  is  the  resistance  of  a  pure 
silver  wire  one  meter  in  length  and  one 
millimeter  in  diameter.    The  theoretical  or 

absolute  unit  is  yttooVooo  P'^'''^  °f  ^^^ 
unit  practically  used.  O.'s  Law,  the  law 
that  the  current  varies  directly  as  the  elec- 
tromotive force,  and  inversely  as  the  resist- 
ance.    It    is    usually    expressed    by   the 

formula  C=  ^5 ,  in  which  C  is  the  current 

R  -\-  r 

in  amperes;  E,  the  electromotive  force 
in  volts  ;  R,  the  resistance  of  the  external, 
and  )■  that  of  the  internal  part  of  the  cir- 
cuit, in  ohms. 

-oid  (e«5of,  like).  A  Greek  suffix  signify- 
ing likeness  or  resemblance. 

Oid^ium  (woi',  egg,  zi&oq,  like).  A  para- 
sitic funtrus;  the  disease  it  causes  of  the 
vine,  called  tvhite  disease  or  Meunier,  or 
Erysiphe  Turkeri.  O.  Albicans  is  found 
in    thrush,    upon    the    tongue,    etc.      O. 


Lactis,  the  white  mould  found  on  milk, 
bread,  etc. 

Oil  [oleuDi).  A  term  popularly  applied  to 
the  essential  as  well  as  to  fixed  oils.  O. 
of  Cade.  See  Juniper.  O.  of  Rose. 
See  Attar  of  Rose.     O .  of  Tar .     See  Fix. 

Oils.  Liquid  or  solid  substances  charac- 
terized by  unctuousness  to  the  touch,  and 
inflammability.  They  may  be  volatile  or 
they  may  be  non-volatile  or  fixed.  O., 
Fixed,  or  fatty  acids,  are  usually  mixtures 
of  olein,  stearin,  and  palmitin,  which  are 
salts  respectively  of  glycerine,  oleic,  stearic 
and  palmitic  acids.  Fixed  oils  leave  a 
permanent  greasy  stain  on  paper.  O., 
Volatile,  or  essential  oils,  are  characterized 
by  a  pungent,  aromatic  odor.  They  vapor- 
ize usually  at  ordinary  temperatures,  and 
leave  no  permanent  stain  on  paper. 

Oinoma^nia  (ntvoq,  wine).  A  peculiar 
form  of  recurring  insanity,  associated  with 
and  excited  by  the  drinking  habit. 

Oint^ment.     See  Ungiientum. 

Oleag^inous  [oleiiin,  oil).  Having  the 
nature  or  lubricant  properties  of  oil. 

Olean^der.     See  Nerium. 

O'leate.  A  salt  composed  of  any  metallic 
or  alkaline  base  with  oleic  acid.  There 
are  two  official  oleates  in  pharmacy,  olea- 
tum  hydrargyri  and  oleatuni  veratrinie, 
neither  of  which  is  a  definite  chemical  com- 
pound. 

Olec^ranon  [uXev?],  the  elbow,  Kpavor,  the 
head).  The  large  process  forming  the  head 
of  the  ulna. 

OleFiant  Gas.  Heavy  oil  of  carbon.  See 
Ethylene. 

Ole^ic  Acid.  A  compound  of  olein  with 
glyceryl  as  a  base. 

Olein.  A  simple  oil,  a  constituent  of  many 
of  the  common  oils  and  fats. 

Oleo-  [oleni?t).  A  Latin  word  used  as  a 
prefix  to  denote  connection  with  or  relation 
to  an  oil.  O. -resin.  In  pharmacy,  a 
preparation  consisting  chiefly  of  a  mixture 
of  natural  oils  and  resins  extracted  from 
vegetable  substances  by  percolation  with 
stronger  ether.  There  are  6  official  oleo- 
resina'.  O.-saccharure,  a  preparation 
made  by  saturating  thirty  grains  of  sugar 
with  one  drop  of  volatile  oil. 

01eomar''garine.  An  artificial  butter 
made  by  removing  the  excess  of  stearine 
from  tallow  or  suet  (or  from  lard  in  winter 
seasons),  and  flavoring  the  residue  with  the 
natural  flavoring  principle  of  butter.  The 
fat  is  melted  at  a  temperature  not  exceed- 
ing 110° — otherwise  the  product  becomes 
granular  and  coarse — and  in  cooling  the 


OLEUM 


313 


OMPIIALO-MKSENTERIC 


excess  of  stearine  is  separated  l)y  crj-stalliza- 
tion ;  the  remainder  is  oleomargarine. 
When  prepared  frum  pure  materials,  the 
artificial  prcnlact  is  less  liable  to  Ix-come 
rancid  than  the  ordinarj'daiiy  butter,  being 
free  from  the  bacteria  frequently  found  in 
the  latter. 

0''leum.     See  Oils. 

Olfac'tion  [o/c-o,  to  smell, yii/i',  to  make). 
The  sfiisc  t>f  smell. 

Olfactom'eter.     See  Osmometer. 

Olfac'tory  {^olftictits).  Tertaining  to  olfac- 
tion or  the  sense  of  smell.  O.  Nerve. 
See  \en'e. 

Oligae'mia.     .Sec  Oligo/urmiii. 

Origo-  ('</■/} Of,  want  of,  or  dehciency).  A 
Greek  word  which,  pretixeil  to  another 
r<x)t,  signities  want,  or  deficiency. 

Oligocho'lia  (o/./jof,  x'^^'h  Lii'i^).  A  de- 
ficiency of  bile. 

Oligochy'lia  {o7.r,o<;,  x^^^t  chyle).  A 
deficiency  of  chyle. 

Oligochy'mia  {^o'/.iyoq,  x^'F°i>  juice).  A 
deficiency  of  chyme. 

Oligocythae'mia  {o?.f}o(,  Kvrog,  a  cell, 
aiiiii.  the  bkKxl).  .\  deficiency  of  red  cor- 
puscles in  the  blood. 

Oligogalac'tia  (n/.f/og,  yii?.a,  milk).  De- 
ficiency in  the  secretion  of  milk. 

Oligohae'mia  ("/'}'>c,  aiua,  blood).  De- 
ficiency or  |>ovcrty  of  the  blood. 

OligomenorrhcE'a  (o/.i}i)g,  fiijv,  month, 
l>ttj,  to  tlow).  Iiisutticiency  of  the  men- 
strual flow. 

Oligospermat'ic  {o/.iyo^,  airepfia,  seed). 
Pertaining  to  <  )ligosix;rmia. 

Oligosper'niia  (o//;of,  want  of,  a'lrep^a). 
A  (kficicncy  in  the  secretion  of  semen. 

01igure''sis  (oPjyof,  ovpeu,  to  pass  urine). 
A  diminution  in  the  quantity  of  urine  se- 
cretc<l  or  [Kissed. 

Oli'vae  Ole'um.  Sweet  Oil;  Olive  Oil; 
S.ilad  <  lil.  The  expressed  oil  from  tiie 
fniitof  O/fti  /w/;YJ/f?,  cultivated  in  Southern 
K\iu>\)c  and  Califurnia.  A  greenish-yellow 
oil,  of  neutral  reaction,  consisting  of  olcin, 
a  glyceride  of  oleic  acid,  72  per  cent.,  anil 
|jalinitin,  a  glyceride  of  |)alinitic  acid,  2S 
jjer  cent.  In  commerce,  usually  adulterated 
with  cottonseed  oil.  Nutritive  and  laxa 
live.  Useful  locally  in  burns  and  acute 
inflammation  <>(  the  skin.      Dose  ^^  ss  j. 

OFivary  Bod'ics.  Theoval-sha|R-diKKlics 
Ixhind  the  anterior  pyramids  of  the  medulla 
oblongata. 

Ol'ive  Oil.     See  O/mr  Oleum. 

Ol'iver's  Test  (for  biliary  acids),  Tne 
Kc.igcnt :  I»is^olvc•  gr.  xxx  of  pulverizeil 
meat  peptone,   gr.   iv    salicylic  acid,    and 


n\^xxx  strong  acetic  acid  in  water  q.  s.  ad 

fac.  5viij.  The  Test:  Mix  11 3J  of  the 
reagent  with  TT\^xx  of  urine  previously  di- 
luted to  a  staiuiard  sjiecific  gravity  of  1 .008. 
A  faint  ha/e  is  proiluced  by  the  trace  of 
biliary  salts  in  normal  urine,  but  if  these 
are  in  excess  a  milky  cloud  appears. 

Omal'gia  (w/^of,  scapula,  a/.jof,  pain). 
Neuralgia  of  the  shouUler. 

Omarthri'tis  {ynoq, arthritis,  inflammation 
cif  a  juiiu).  Inflammation  of  the  tissues 
involved  in  the  shoulder  joint. 

Omei're.  A  vinous  and  acetous  fermented 
milk  used  in  parts  of  .Africa. 

Omen'tal  (<W£v//«///,  the  caul).  Pertaining 
to  the  omentum. 

Omenti'tis  {^omentum,  itis,  inflammation). 
Iiillamniation  of  the  omentum  or  caul. 

Oment'um  [ometi,  a  sign).  A  fold  of  the 
peritoneum  covering  or  enclosing  the  vis- 
cera. The  hrpnto-j^astric  or  sinalUr  O. 
surrounds  the  liver;  the  great  O.  the 
stomach ;  the  colic  O.  the  transverse  colon ; 
the  gastro-splenic  O.  connects  the  spleen  to 
the  stomach. 

Omniv^orous  {omiiis,  all,  two,  to  de- 
vour).    Subsisting  on  all  kinds  of  foocl. 

O'mo-  ((juof,  the  scapula).  A  Greek  word 
which,  prefixed  to  another  root,  denotes 
connection  with  or  relative  to  the  scapula. 

O'mo-  (w,"'»f,  raw).  A  Greek  prefix  signi- 
fying raw  or  ciude. 

Omo-hy'oid  (u/zof,  /lyoides,  the  hyoid 
bone).  Pertaining  conjointly  to  the  scapula 
and  the  hyoid  lx)ne.  O.  Muscle.  See 
MnscL: 

Omopha''gia  {cJii'K,  raw,  <^aynr,  to  eat). 
.\  term  ajiplied  to  the  practice  of  eating 
raw  food. 

O'moplate.     See  Scitpula. 

Omoto'cia  (w/'of,  unripe,  roKOf,  a  birth). 
.\  premature  birth.     A  miscarriage. 

Omphalelco'sis  (o//(/>a/of ,  the  navel, 
</A(,)(T/r,  ulceration).  Ulceration  of  the 
umbilical  cord. 

Omphal'ic  (o//(^rt?.of).  Pertaining  to  the 
navel  or  umbilicus. 

Omphali'tis  [(iii(l><i/or,  itic,  inflammation). 
Iiiflammalion  of  the  navel  or  its  atljacent 
tissues. 

OmphaPo-  (o/z^aXnc,  the  navel).  A  <  Ireek 
word  |)refixe(i  to  another  root,  to  denote 
comieition  with  or  relation  to  the  umbilicus 
or  navel. 

Omphal'ocele  (o//<,V;?or  Kr/'/r/,  a  tumor). 
A  synonym  of  umbilical  hernia. 

Onnphal'o-mescnter''ic  (i>/tip<i?or,  urmv- 
Tipai ,  the  iiieseiitirie.s).  IVilaiiiing  con- 
jointly to  the  navel  and  the  mesenteries. 


OMPHALONCUS 


314 


OPERATOR 


Omphalon''cus  [o/i(paXoc,  oyKog,  a  tumor). 
A  tumor  or  swelling  at  the  navel. 

Omphalorrha'gia  [ofKpalog,  priyvviii,  to 
burst  forth).  Hemorrhage  from  the  um- 
bilicus. 

OmphalorrhcE''a  (o/z^aZof,  pew,  to  flow). 
An  effusion  of  lymph  at  the  navel. 

Omphalosite  [oficpa/.oc;,  oitoq,  nourish- 
ment). A  monster  that  lives  only  so  long 
as  connected  with  the  mother  by  the  um- 
bilical cord. 

Omphalot^omy  (o//0a?iof,  te/ivu,  to  cut). 
The  surgical  separation  of  the  cord  at  the 
umbilicus. 

Om'phalus  {piKpaloq).     The  umbilicus. 

O^nanism.     Incomplete  coitus. 

On^cograph.  The  registering  portion  of 
an  oncometer. 

OncoFogy  (o}/<:of,  tumor,  Zoj'Of,  a  treatise). 
A  treatise  on  boils,  tumors  and  abscesses. 

Oncom^eter  {oyKoq,  fierpuv,  measure).  An 
instrument  for  measuring  the  size  of  a 
tumor,  or  the  volume  of  any  lobular  organ. 

Oncot^omy  (oy/cof,  t£/uvu,  to  cut).  The 
lancing  or  opening  of  a  boil  or  abscess. 

Oneirodyn'ia  [oveipov,  a  dream,  o6vvr]^ 
pain).  A  term  loosely  applied  to  restless- 
ness and  disquietude  of  the  mind  during 
sleep.     Nightmare. 

Onoba''io.  An  arrow-poison  used  by  the 
natives  of  Obock. 

Ontogen''esis  {uv,  existence,  yevvau,  to 
beget).  The  development  of  the  indi- 
vidual cell  into  the  mature  being. 

Ontog^'eny  (uv,  yEvvau,  to  beget).  The 
history  of  the  development  of  single  beings, 
or  of  the  individual  from  the  ovum  to  death. 
See  Phylogcny. 

Ontolog^ic  («!',  \oyoq,  a  treatise).  Per- 
taining to  Ontology. 

Ontol'ogy  (wr,  'koyoQ).  The  metaphysical 
inquiry  into  the  nature  and  essential  quality 
of  beings,  or  of  being  in  the  abstract. 

Onychaux^is  (owf,  the  nail,  av^ri,  in- 
crease). A  hypertrophied  condition  of 
the  nail. 

Onych^ia  (ovv^').  A  chronic  inflammation 
of  the  matrix  of  the  nail.     See  Paronychia. 

Onychi^tis  [ovv^,  itlq,  inflammation).  In- 
flammation of  the  nails. 

On^ycho-  (wtf).  A  Greek  prefix  denot- 
ing connection  with  or  relation  to  the 
nails. 

Onychc'cline  {ovv^,  kIivtj,  a  bed).  Same 
as  Onychostroma. 

Onychogryphc'sis.  A  thickened,  ridged 
and  curved  condition  of  the  nail.  Some- 
times takes  the  well-known  fonn  of  in- 
growing nail. 


On''ychoid  (owf ,  e«5of,  resembling).  Re- 
sembling a  nail.  Having  a  texture  like 
that  of  the  nails. 

Onychomyco^sis  (OTi'f,;/m7;f,  fungus).  A 
parasitic  disease  of  the  nails  of  men  and 
the  hoofs  of  the  horse,  mule,  e/c.  In  man 
it  is  termed  Dry  Caries.  It  is  caused  by 
the  fungus  A  chorion  keratophagiis. 

Onychonc'sus  {pvvS,,  voaoo,,  a  disease). 
Any  disease  of  the  finger-  or  toe-nails. 

Onychopho^sis.  A  disease  of  the  toe- 
nails, consisting  of  thickened,  horny  layers 
of  the  epidermis  accumulated  beneath  the 
nail,  raising  it  from  its  bed,  and  sometimes 
altering  its  growth. 

Onychophy^ma  (oii'f,  the  nails,  (^vpa,  a 
tumor).  A  morbid  degeneration  of  the 
nails  sometimes  observed  in  leprosy  and  in 
tertiary  syphilis. 

Onychopto''sis  (oi'if,  tttooic,  a  falling). 
The  falling  off  of  the  nails. 

Onychostro^ma  [ovv^,  crpupa,  a  mattress). 
The  matrix  or  sensitive  tissue  of  the  finger 
foitning  the  bed  of  the  nail. 

On'yx  (ovv^,  from  the  resemblance  to  the 
lunule).  A  collection  of  pus  between  the 
corneal  lamella;,  at  the  most  dependent 
part.     See  Hypopyon. 

Onyx''is  {ovv^).  An  abnormal  incurvature 
or  ingrowing  of  the  nails. 

O'oblast  (uov,  an  egg,  /?Aacrrof,  germ). 
The  primordial  ovule. 

Oog^amous  [uov,  yapoc,  mamage).  Ap- 
plied to  organic  beings  that  are  reproduced 
by  means  of  an  ovum. 

Oophoralgia  {odpho?-u/n,  an  ovary,  a?q'og, 
pain).  Any  pain  of  neuralgic  character  in 
the  ovaries. 

ObphoreC'tomy  {^oophoriini,  eKTopt],  ex- 
cision). Excision  of  the  ovary  of  the  female. 
Battey's  Operation,  the  removal  of  one 
or  both  ovaries  to  hasten  the  menopause. 

Oophori^tis.     See  Ovaritis. 

Opac'ity  {opacus,  dull).  A  condition  dis- 
tinguished by  impenetrability  to  light. 
Non -transparency.  O.  of  Lens.  See 
Cataract. 

Opaque  Nerve  Fibres.  Persistence  of 
the  medullary  sheaths  of  the  optic  nerve 
fibres  beyond  the  lamina  cribrosa  fonning 

brilliant  white  patches  u])on  the  retina  as 
seen  by  the  ophthalmoscope. 

Opera^tion  [opcror,  to  labor,  to  do).  A 
.surgical  procedure  upon  the  body.  O., 
Major,  the  more  serious  and  imjiortant  of 

surgical  operations.  O.,  Minor.  See 
Surgery,  Minor.  O.,  Plastic.  See  Sur- 
gery. 

Op'erator.     A  surgeon. 


OPERCULAR 


31;-) 


OPlirilALMOSCOPY 


Oper'cular  {i^/>crcii!ii»t,  a  lidV  Pertaining 
to  an  operculum.  Designed  for  closing  a 
cavity. 

Oper'culum.  (I-at.)  A  lid  or  cover.  In 
lotany,  the  cover  of  the  peristoma  of 
mosses.  In  ichthyolog)',  aii  osseous  forma- 
tion which,  in  part,  closes  the  great  open- 
ing of  the  gills.  O.  Ilei,  the  valve  of 
Bauhin.  O.  Laryngis,  the  epiglottis. 
O.  Oculis,  the  eyelids. 

Ophid'ia  (i>0'f,  a  ser|x-nt).  An  order  of 
reptiles  including  snakes. 

Ophidom'onas  Sanguin'ea.  An  old 
n;inu'  for  h'e^^t^iaUyi]  rosco /'c-rsiiiita. 

Oph'ryon  (ij^/nf,  eyebrow).  The  gla- 
l-ella.     See,  also,  Si-ii//,  Landmarks  of. 

Ophthalmat'rophy.  Atrophy  of  the  eye- 
lull. 

Ophthal'mia  (fxya^/iof).  An  inflamma- 
tion of  the  su|>erlicial  tissues  of  the  eye, 
and  e<])ecially  of  the  conjunctiva.  O., 
Catarrhal,  a  synonym  of  simple  conjunc- 
tivitis, a  liy|)envmia  of  the  conjunctiva  with 
a  catiurhal  or  mucopurulent  secretion. 
O.,  Egfyptian,  Granular,  or  Military. 
See  Trachoma.  O.,  Gonorrhceal,  an 
acute  and  severe  form  of  purulent  conjunc- 
tivitis, caused  iiy  infection  from  urethral  dis- 
charges. O.  Neonatorum,  a  gonorrlni^al 
or  purulint  O.  of  the  New-born,  the 
eyes  having  l>een  infected  liy  the  mother's 
urethral  discharge.  O.,  Neuro-paralytic, 
ocular  disease  from  lesion  of  die  Gasserian 
ganglion  or  nerves  sup])lying  the  eyeball. 
O.,  Phlyctenular,  or  O.,  Pustular, 
characleri/eil  by  the  forniaiion  of  blebs, 
phlycteiml.e  or  pustules  u]>on  the  bulbar 
conjunctiva.  O.,  Purulent,  a  conjuncti- 
vitis with  purulent  discharge.  O.,  Sym- 
pathetic, i^t.  Sympathetic.  O.,  Tarsal. 
See  Blepharitis. 

Ophthai'mic  {'x^kOnnc^.  Pertaining  to  the 
eye.  O.  Artery.  See  Artery.  O.  Gang- 
lion.    See  Gam^/iou. 

Ophthalmit'ic  [(Mpda/.fior).  Pertaining  to 
(  i|ihtlialtnitis. 

Ophthalmi'tis  (')^«?//c>r,  irir,  inflamrna- 
tinn).  lormerly  synonymous  with  <  )ph- 
thalmia,  but  latterly  used  as  indicating  in- 
llammalion  of  sf)me  of  the  derix?r  ti.s.sues 
of  the  eye,  or  restricted  to  the  term  .SVw- 
pathrtic  ().,  which  see.  Consult,  also, 
/  '<!  nophthalm  itis. 

Ophthal'm-,  i>x 

Ophthal'mo-  (<»'/><r/iir>r,  the  eye).  ,\ 
( ircck  prefix  signifying  conncrtinn  with 
or  relation  tf)  the  c-ye.  O.-blennorrhcea. 
See  (> p h  t  /i  (I / m  i a,  (ii'tiorrhniil.  O.- 
ncuritia,  a  term  proix^vd  to  dcscriln:  a 


peripheral  neuritis  of  the  ophthalmic  branch 
of  the  tilth  nerve.  In  part  synonymous  wiili 
he 'pes  zoster  ophthalmicus. 

Ophthal'mocele.  See  Staphyloma  and 
E.xophthalmus. 

Ophthalmoco''pia  {o<;>6n7./io(:,  kotoc  fa- 
tigue).    Fatigue  of  the  visual  powers. 

Ophthalmo3yn''ia  (<>t;>lhi/.ft()^,  ("5i'i7/,  pain). 
Any  violent  jiain  in  the  eye  not  resulting 
from  intlamnialion. 

Ophthalmog'raphy  [o(;>6(i7.,uog,  ypn<f>u,  to 
write).     A  descriptive  anatomy  of  the  eye. 

Ophthal'molith  [o(;>(ki'/.fio^,  /uOug,  stone). 
A  calculus  of  the  eye  or  of  its  parts. 

Ophthalmol'ogy  ((i(f>Ha?fto^,  '/.oyo^,  a  dis- 
course). The  science  of  the  diseases  anil 
abnoniialities  of  the  eye  and  of  their  cure. 

Ophthalmomala'cia  [o(f>H(i?.fiog,  uahiKia, 
stiftness).  Abnuinial  softness  of  the  tis- 
sues and  globe  of  the  eye. 

Ophthalmom''eter(o(p<ya//iof,yUfr/70j',  meas- 
ure). An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
eye,  especially  (latterly)  the  refraction  of 
the  cornea. 

Ophthalmoplasty  (n<^0a7.iios,  Tr?.aamj,  to 
fonn).  Plastic  operations  u[X)n  the  eye  or 
accessory  parts. 

Ophthalmople''gia  [o(f>B(i?.iioQ  iz'kjjyr],  a 
stroke).  Paralysis  of  the  ocular  nmsclcs. 
O.  Externa,  of  the  external  muscles;  O. 
Interna,  of  the  internal  muscles,  or  com- 
bined iridoplegia  and  cyclo|)legia. 

Ophthalmophthi'sis.   See  Phthisis  Bulbi. 

Ophthalmorrha'gia  (n(pHa?./iog  p?/}i't'/ii, 
U>  iireak  lorth).    ,\  h.vmorrlKige  of  the  eye. 

Ophthalmorrhex'is  {'xptkuiior  ^r/^,  a  burst- 
ing).    .\  bur>ting  or  ru[)tureof  the  eyeball. 

OphthalmorrhcE'a  (opll<i?.fiog,  piu,  to 
How).     A  flow  of  blcKxl  from  the  eye. 

Ophthal'moscope  [ocJi'T/ imq,  okotthj,  to 
see).  .\n  initnwuent  invented  by  Ili-hn- 
holt/  for  examining  the  fundus  or  interior 
of  the  eye.  It  consists  e.s.sentially  of  a 
miiTor  with  a  hole  in  it,  through  which  the 
observer  limks,  the  cavity  of  the  eye  being 
illuminated  by  light  retlecteil  from  (he 
mirror  into  the  eye  and  seen  by  means  of 
the  rays  reflected  from  the  eye-ground  back 
through  the  hole  in  the  mirror.  The  O.  is 
fitted  with  lenses  of  dilTerent  jxiwers  that 
may  Ik?  revolved  in  front  of  the  observing 
eye,  and  these  neutrali/e  the  anietrnpia  of 
tilher  eyi-,  thus  rendering  the  diM.iiK  of  the 
fundus  oculi  clear.  The  autophthalmo- 
scope  is  so  construcle<l  that  one  may  ob- 
serve till'  <letail>  of  his  own  eye-groun<l. 

Ophthalmos'copy  (<Hplln'/  fute,  chonnj). 
1  he  e\aiiiiii;ilii>ii  of  the  inti-rior  of  the  eye 
by  means  of  the  ophthulmosco|>c. 


OPHTHALMOSTAT 


316 


OPTIC 


OphthaFmostat.     See  Blepharostat. 

Ophthalmotonom^etry.  Measurement  of 
the  intraocular  tension. 

OphthaFmotrope.  An  instmment  for 
illustrating  the  movements  of  the  eyes. 

Ophthalmoxen^osis.  See  Xe>-ophthal- 
viia. 

Ophthalmox''ysis  [o(p0a?i,/jog,  ^vu,  to 
scrape).  The  treatment  by  scraping  or 
scarification,  sometimes  employed  in  cer- 
tain affections  of  the  conjunctiva. 

Ophthalmozo''a  [oipda'ti/iog,  C,uov,  an  ani- 
mal). A  name  applied  to  certain  entozoa 
which  are  parasitic  upon  the  eye  and  its 
appendages. 

-opia.     See  -ops. 

O^piane.     Same  as  Narcotine. 

expiate  (oTTOf,  juice).  A  preparation  of 
opium.  Also,  any  preparation  which  in- 
duces sleep. 

Opisthof'onoid  {oinodo,  at  the  back,  teivu, 
to  stretch).  Bent  or  stretched  backward  as 
in  tetanus.     Resembling  tetanus. 

Opisthofonos  [oiriatio,  reivu).  A 
tetanic  condition  of  the  muscles,  especially 
of  the  back,  whereby  the  body  is  rigidly 
bent  forward,  the  extremities  backward. 

O^pium.  The  gummy  exudation  of  the 
white  poppy,  Papavei-  sotnin'/ermn,  found 
in  Asia.  Obtained  by  incising  the  unripe 
capsules.  Best  quality  comes  from  Smyrna 
and  Turkey.  Contains  morphine,  about 
20  other  alkaloids,  2  organic  acids,  and 
various  other  extractive  principles.  Anal- 
gesic, hypnotic,  and  powerfully  narcotic. 
In  small  doses  exalts  mental  faculties  and 
arrests  secretions,  except  perspiration ;  in 
full  doses  produces  nausea  and  diaphoresis 
in  addition ;  in  toxic  doses,  death  by 
paralysis  of  respiratory  organs;  cyanosed 
face,  clammy  sweat,  slow  pulse  and  con- 
tracted pupils  being  the  most  apparent 
symptoms.  Useful  in  allaying  pain,  to 
produce  sleep  in  the  insomnia  of  low 
fevers,  to  check  excessive  secretion,  and  to 
produce  diaphoresis.  Of  great  value  in 
peritonitis  and  inflammation  of  serous  mem- 
branes. O.  Acetum,  vinegar  of  opium, 
"black  drop,"  prepared  with  nutmeg, 
sugar,  and  dilute  acetic  acid.  Opium 
strength  10  per  cent.  Dose  TTLv-xx.  O. 
Denarcotisatum,  powdered  opium  freed 
from  substances  soluble  in  ether ;  14  per 
cent,  of  morphine  and  a  varying  per  cent, 
of  narcotine.  Dose  gr.  ss-iij.  O.  Em- 
plastrum,  extract  opium  6,  Burgundy 
pitch  18,  lead  plaster  76  parts.  O.  et 
Glycyrrhizae,  Troch.,  each  contains  gr. 
■^jj  of  opium.     Dose,  j-iv.     O.  et  Ipe- 


cacuhanae,  Pulv.,  Dover's  powder,  con- 
tains ipecac  10,  opium  10,  sugar  of  milk 
80  parts.  Dose  gr.  v-xv.  O.  et  Ipe- 
cacuhanae,  Tinct.,  contains  deodorized 
tincture  of  opium  100  parts  evaporated  to 
85,  fi.  ext.  ipecac  10,  dilute  alcohol  q.  s.  ad 
100.  Dose  n\^v-xv.  O.  Ext.,  an  aqueous 
extract  containing  glycerine.  Dose  gr.  j4^-j. 
O.  Liq.  Comp.,  compound  solution  of 
opium,  unof ,  strength  10  per  cent.  Dose 
TT^v-xx.  O.  Pil.,  each  contains  l  gr. 
opium  with  ^  gr.  soap.  Dose  j-iij.  O. 
Pulv.,  powdered  opium;  should  contain 
12-16  per  cent,  of  moi"phine.  Dose  gr. 
ss-iij.  O.  Tinct.  Camph.,  camphorated 
tincture  of  opium,  paregoric;  contains 
opium,  benzoic  acid,  camphor,  oil  of  anise 
aa  4,  glycerine  40,  dil.  alcohol  ad.  looo 
parts.  Dose,  for  an  infant,  gtt.  v-xx; 
for  an  adult,  3J-iv.  O.  Tinct.  Comp., 
Squibb's  diarrhcea  mixture,  contains  lauda- 
num, spt.  camphor,  and  tinct.  capsicum  aa 
^j,  pure  chloroform  '7,  iij,  stronger  alcohol 
q.s.  ad.  5V.  Dose  gtt.  x-^j.  O.  Tinct. 
Deodorata,  McMunn's  elixir,  an  aqueous 
extract  shaken  with  ether,  the  residue 
being  dissolved  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Opium  strength  10  per  cent.  Dose  Tr^v- 
XX.  O.  Tinct.,  laudanum,  contains  20 
per  cent,  of  opium.  Dose  TTLv-xx.  O. 
Vinum,  wine  of  opium,  Sydenham's 
laudanum,  a  vinous  tincture,  with  cinna- 
mon and  cloves;  opium  strength  10  per 
cent.     Dose  TtV.v-xx. 

Opodeldoc.     See  Sapo. 

Opodid''ymus  (gji/;,  the  eye,  diSv/nog, 
double).  A  monosomic  dual  monstrosity 
with  a  single  body  and  the  heads  united  be- 
hind ;  two  faces ;  the  eyes  vary  in  number. 

OppC'nens  (^od,  against,  pono,  to  place). 
Opposing,  a  descriptive  term  applied  to 
certain  muscles  that  bring  the  thumb  and 
fingers  in  juxtaposition. 

Oppres^sion  {opprinio,  to  bear  against). 
Any  sensation  of  pressure  or  weight  upon 
any  part,  especially  the  chest. 

-ops, 

-opsia, 

-optic  (wi/%  the  eye).  Various  forms  of  a 
Greek  suffix  denoting  connection  with  or 
relation  to  the  eye. 

Op''tic  or  Op''tical  (oTvro/uai,  to  see).  Per- 
taining to  vision  or  its  organ,  or  to  the 
science  of  optics.  O.  Atrophy,  atrophy 
of  the  optic  nerve.  See  Atrophy.  O. 
Commissure.  See  Cot7imissttre.  O. 
Disc.  See  Z>Z5(-.  O.  Lobes,  the  corpora 
quadrigemina.  O.  Nerve.  See  Nerves, 
cranial.     O.    Neuritis.     See  Papillitis. 


OPTICS 


317 


ORIFICE 


O.  Thalamus.  See  Thalamus.  O. 
Tract.     See  Tract. 

Op'tics  [orrrouai).  That  branch  of  Phys- 
ics treating  of  the  laws  of  liijht,  its  refrac- 
tion and  reflection,  and  of  its  relation  to 
vision.     See  Dioptrics. 

Op'tograph  {cmTouai,  ■)pa6<j,  to  write). 
Fi.xation  of  the  image  of  an  external  ol>ject 
upon  the  retina. 

Optom'eter  [o-rouai,  furfMi).  An  instru- 
ment f<-ir  facilitating  tlie  measuremiiU  of 
the  refraction  of  the  eye. 

O^ral  (OS  [gen.  oris],  the  mouth).  Pertain- 
ing to  the  mouth. 

O'ral  Whiff.  .\  ]x;culiar  intermittent,  ex- 
piratory noise  i_'f  tlic  l>ri-atii,  supixjsed  indi- 
calicm  of  intraliioracic  aneurysm. 

Or'ange.     .^ee  Au>\intium. 

O'ra  Serra''ta  (Lat.).  The  serrated  end- 
ings of  the  zonule  of  /.inn,  or  ligament 
of  the  lens,  and  the  retina. 

Orbic'ular  (dim.  of  orbis,  a  circle).  Hav- 
ing a  circular  .shai)e.  A  term  applieil  to 
certain  muscles  of  the  eyelid  and  the  mouth. 

Orbicula''ris.     See  Muscle. 

Or'bit  (crf^M,  a  circle).  The  Ixjny  pyramidal 
cavity  in  which  the  eyeball  is  suspended. 
Seven  l)ones  enter  into  its  fomiation,  its 
somewhat  indeterminate  sides  lx;ing  called 
the  roof,  the  floor,  the  inner  and  outer 
walls. 

Or'bital.     Pertaining  to  the  orbit. 

Orchei'tis.     See  Orchitis. 

Or'cheocele.     See  Orchiocele. 

Or'cheoplasty  (o/>v'f.the  testicle,  TT/.aaau, 
to  form).  The  surgical  repair  following 
the  loss  of  any  part  of  the  .scrotum  from 
di.sea.se,  by  supplying  flaps  of  healthy  tissue 
from  an  adjacent  part. 

Orchect'omy.     See  Orchotomy. 

Orchialgia  {opxii,  oXyoq,  pain).  Any 
pain  m  the  testicle.     Same  as  Or,  hiodynia. 

Or'chid-  (o/';t'f,  a  testicle).  A  (ireek 
prefix  signifying  connection  with  or  relation 
to  the  testicles. 

Or'chiocele  [opx'^,  i»}'>-1,  a  tumor).  A 
tumor  of  the  testicle.  Scrotal  hirnia.  .\ 
name  loos<ly  ai)plied  to  several  different 
diM-.xses  of  the  testicles  and  their  envelo|HS. 

Orchiodyn'ia  ("pxic,  '"h-i'v,  pain).  Any 
shaq»  pain  in  the  testicles. 

Orchioscir'rhus  ('v»  r'C.  iKip/'ior,  an  indur- 
ati-d  tumor).  A  hard  cancerous  tumor  of 
tlie  te^ti^,le. 

Orchit'ic   ("/'A''C)-     Pertaining  to  orchitis. 

Orchi''ti8  (<>i>X"'.t    '''C)-      Iiillammalion  of 

the  testicle. 

Orchot'omy  ('V'.l'f  rt/ivu,  to  cut).  Cas 
Iration. 


Or'deal  Bark.  See  Casca.  O.  Nut.  See 
jytvsostigma. 

Or^der  [ori/o,  a  rule).  Systematic  arrange- 
ment.    See,  also,  Xatural. 

Or'gan  (i>p)uvui).  Any  part  of  the  l>0(.ly 
having  a  determinate  function.  May  L)e 
general,  as  tlie  organs  of  circulation,  respi- 
ration, digestion,  etc.;  or  may  be  special, 
as  O.  of  Corti.  See  Corti.  O.  of 
Rosenmiiller,  the  renmant  of  certain  fuetal 
strucluris  in  tlie  ovaries. 

Organ'ic  (o/>;ar(»r).  I  laving  or  pertaining  to 
organs.  Also,  relation  to  a  disease  or  ail- 
ment due  to  abnormal  structure  (organic), 
in  contradistinction  to  that  due  to  iiTcgu- 
larities  of  action  (  functional).  O.  Chem- 
istry, tiie  chemistry  of  the  substances 
involved  in  the  transfonnation  processes  of 
life  and  decay.  Also,  the  chemistiy  of  the 
carbon  com]>ounds.  O.  Constituents. 
See  Constituents.  O.  Life,  the  vitality 
inherent  to  the  organs  both  of  animals 
and  of  plants.  O.  Reflexes,  those  per- 
taining to  the  acts  of  micturition,  erec- 
tion, ejaculation,  defaxation,  and  those 
connected  with  digestion,  respiration,  etc. 

Or'ganism  [apyavov).  Whatever  is  organ- 
ized or  conijxjsed  of  organs.  The  assem- 
I'lage  of  organs  constituting  a  living  l>eing. 

Organiza^tion  [apyavov).  The  condition 
of  an  organized  body.  The  harmonious 
unity  of  the  organs  and  essential  parts  of  a 
living  structure. 

Organogen'esis  (^npynvov,  yerva<o,  to  pro- 
duce). I'he  process  of  the  development 
and  growth  of  an  organ. 

Organog^eny.     See  Organo<;enesis. 

Organog'raphy  [opyavov,  ^patpu,  to  write). 
A  descri])tive  treatise  of  the  organs  of  an 
animal  or  plant. 

Organology  [npyavov,  ?^}of,  a  treatise). 
A  treatise  on  the  nature  and  functions  of 
the  various  organs  of  the  btKly. 

Organon'omy  (apyivnv,  lo/mr,  a  law), 
riic  iiaiural  laws  of  the  conduct  and  func- 
tions of  organic  life. 

Organ'um.     .See  Organ. 

Or'gasm  (opynct,  to  swell).  Any  eager 
desire  or  excitemi-nt.  The  crisis  of  vene- 
real p.T.ssion.     See  O-istrum. 

Orien'tal  Boil.  See  Jurunculus  Orien- 
talis. 

Oricnta'tion  (onor,  to  ri.se  [in  the  ea.st]). 
The  cfeterniination  of  the  east  |)oint,  ami 
Iii-nce  of  till-  oihiT  jKiints;  the  din-clion 
of  a  locality.      The  locali/atijin   of  oiie's- 

M-lf. 

Or'ifice  (i<s,  a  nmutli,  facio,  to  make). 
The  moutli  or  entrance  to  any  cavity. 


ORIGANUM 


318 


OSCHEOCELE 


Origa''num.  Wild  Marjoram.  The  leaves 
and  stems  of  O.  vulgare.  Properties 
are  due  mainly  to  a  volatile  oil.  Tonic, 
stimulant  and  carminative.  Formerly  a 
popular  emmenagogue.  Dose  ^j-ij  in 
infusion. 

Or^igin  {origo,  to  arise).  A  beginning  or 
source.  Used  of  a  muscle  to  denote  its 
more  fixed  attachment  or  that  nearest  the 
axis  ot  the  body. 

Ornithog^raphy  {opvtg,  a  bird,  ypacpu,  to 
write).     A  description  of  birds. 

OrnithoFogy  {opvu^,  Aoyuq,  a  treatise).  A 
treatise  on  the  nature  and  habits  of  birds. 

Orog^raphy  {opoQ,  ypa^u,  to  write).  A 
descriptive  treatise  on  the  distribution  and 
physical  geography  of  mountain  ranges. 
Also,  same  as  Orology. 

Orohydrog^raphy  [opog,  'vSup,  water, 
ypa(p(j,  to  write).  A  descriptive  treatise 
on  the  mutual  relation  of  divides  and 
drainage  basins. 

OroFogy  {opcg,  ?M-yog,  a  treatise).  A 
treatise  on  the  geological  history  of  moun- 
tain ranges. 

Or^piment.  A  common  name  for  arsenic 
tersulphide,  As.^Sg,  also  known  as  King's 
yellow.      It  is  poisonous. 

Orrhorrhce^a  [oppog,  serum,  peu,  to  flow). 
An  abnormally  great  flow  of  serum.  Also, 
a  watery  discharge. 

Cruris  Root.  The  rhizome  of  Iris  jffor- 
etitina.  Contains  a  volatile  oil  and  various 
extractive  principles.  Aromatic  and  astrin- 
gent. Much  used  for  flavoring  and  as  a 
dentifrice.     Unof. 

Ortharthra''gra  {npOog,  right,  apOpov,  a 
joint,  ay  pa,  a  seizure).  A  term  used  to 
denote  true  gout  in  distinction  from  rheu- 
matic and  other  painful  affections  of  the 
small  joints. 

Or^tho-  {opdog,  right,  straight).  A  Greek 
prefix  denoting  right,  straight,  noiTnal,  or 
true. 

Orthoceph''aly  [opOog,  Ke^alr],  head).  A 
skull  with  a  vertical  index  from  70. 1  to  75. 

Orthodon^tia  [opOaq,  o6<wg,  a  tooth).  The 
correction  of  irregularities  of  the  teeth. 

Orthogna^thic,  or 

Orthogna^thous.     See  Index. 

Ortho-kre''sol.     See  Kresol. 

Orthomor^phia  {opOog,  uopiprj,  form).  The 
correction  of  abnormalism  of  shape  or 
form  by  surgical  procedure. 

Orthopae^dic  [opHng,  straight,  naig,  child). 
Originally  referred  only  to  children,  now 
used  of  the  means  of  straightening  and 
remedying  congenital  or  accjuired  deformi- 
ties of  any  age. 


Orthopho''ria  {opdog,  right,  (popog,  a  tend- 
ing). Stevens'  term  for  a  tending  of  the 
visual  lines  in  parallelism. 

Orthopnce^a  {opOog,  nvor],  breathing).  A 
condition  marked  by  quick  and  labored 
breathing  in  which  the  patient  finds  relief 
only  by  maintaining  an  upright  position. 

Orthoprax^y  (opdog,  npaaau,  to  work). 
The  mechanical  treatment  of  deformities 
of  the  body. 

Orthop'tic  [opdog,  onTOjiai,  to  see).  Per- 
taining to  normal  binocular  vision.  O. 
Training,  a  method  of  correcting  the 
monocular  or  defective  vision  of  those 
having  strabismus  or  insufficiency,  by 
stereoscopic  and  other  ocular  exercises  of  a 
gymnastic  kind. 

Or'thoscope  [opdog,  straight,  ckotveu,  to 
see.)  An  instrument  for  examination  of 
the  eye  through  a  layer  of  water,  whereby 
the  curvature,  and  hence  the  refraction  of 
the  cornea  is  neutralized  and  acts  as  a 
plane  medium. 

Orthoscop^ic  [opdog,  gkokeu).  Pertaining 
to  an  orthoscope  or  orthoscopy.  Applied 
to  lenses  cut  from  the  periphery  of  a  large 
lens  in  such  a  manner  as  to  act  as  a  decen- 
tered  lens. 

Orthos^copy  [opdog,  gkokeu).  The  exami- 
nation of  the  eye  by  the  orthoscope ;  also, 
the  microscopic  examination  of  objects  in 
such  a  way  that  they  appear  as  flat  bodies 
without  relief. 

Orthot'onos  {opdog,  rovog,  tension). 
Tetanic  cramp  in  which  the  body  lies  rigid 
and  straight. 

Oryctog''raphy  [opvurog,  anything  dug 
out,  ypacpu,  to  write).  A  description  of 
minerals,  or  of  fossils. 

OryctoFogy  [opvKTog).  A  treatise  on  the 
nature  and  character  of  minerals  and  fos- 
sils. 

Ory^za  [opvL,a).  The  common  rice  plant, 
O.  sativa,  belonging  to  the  graniinecB. 
Its  seed  consists  mainly  of  starch,  and  is 
one  of  the  most  nutritious  of  the  various 
grains.  Also,  in  pathology,  descriptive  of 
the  fajcal  discharges  of  cholera  which 
closely  resemble  rice  water. 

Os.  The  mouth.  O.  Externum,  the 
opening  or  entrance  to  the  vagina.  O. 
Internum,  the  orifice  of  the  womb.  O. 
Uteri.     Same  as  O.  Internum. 

Os  (oCTTfoi',  a  bone).     A  bone. 

Os''cheal  [ocx^ov,  the  scrotum).  Pertaining 
to  the  scrotum. 

Oschei''tis  [oox^w,  irtg,  inflammation). 
Inflammation  of  the  scrotum. 

Os''cheocele.  A  synonym  of  scrotal  hernia. 


OSCIIEOLITII 


319 


OSTEO-DENTINE 


Os'cheolith  (oo^Yfov,  A^^of,  a  stone).  Scro- 
tal calculus. 

Oscheon'cus  {ooxeor,  ojKof,  swelling). 
CEilcma,  swelling  or  tumor  of  the  scrotum. 

Oscheoplas'tic  (')ff,\;for,  7r/«ff(T(j,  to  form). 
IVrtaiiiing  to  plastic  operations  ujxju  the 
scixiluni. 

Oscilla'tion  (.'.rr/'/A',  to  sway  back  and 
forth).  A  swinging  or  vibration.  Also, 
any  trenuilous  motion. 

Oscita'tion  [osii/o,  to  yawn).  The  act 
of  yawning  or  gaping. 

Oscula'tion  (<lim.  of  os,  a  mouth).  The 
union  or  anasiomosis  of  vessels  or  tubes 
by  their  mtmlhs.     Also,  tlie  act  of  kissing. 

Os'culum  ^(lim.  of  ci).  A  small  aperture, 
the  moutli  of  a  small  vessel  or  lul>e. 

-ose.     A  l^tin  sutt'ix  signifying  full  of 

-osis.  A  Greek  suffix  signifying  the  pro- 
gress or  condition  of. 

Os'mazome  [offf-r/,  a  smell,  ^u/teur,  a 
flavor).  An  extractive  substance  of  a 
brownish-yellow  color  developed  by  heat 
in  mu>cular  fibers,  which  imparts  to  cooked 
meats  their  [^culiar  flavor. 

Osmidro'sis.     See  Bro?nidrosis. 

Os'mium  [oafiij).  One  of  the  rarer  chem- 
ical elements.  Its  soIuIjIc  combinations 
are  poisonous.  O.  Acid,  Os(  )^,  h;is  been 
used  advantageously  in  sciatica,  in  hypo- 
dermatic injections  of  gr.  -^^.     Unof. 

Osmom'eter  [urriitir,  an  impulse,  fierpov,  a 
measure).  An  instrument  for  measuring 
or  testing  osmosis  or  the  osmotic  action 
of  a  liquid. 

Osmo'sis  (uafiog).  That  pro|x;rty  by  wliich 
li<[uids  and  crystalline  substances  in  solu- 
tion pass  through  septa  which  ordinarily 
are  impervious. 

Osmot'ic  (uxjiiiir).     Pertaining  to  osmosis. 

Osphyal'gia  (fKr^i'cthe  loin,  a?.}0(;,  ])ain). 
Sciatica.  Also,  any  |)ain  in  the  hips  and 
loins. 

Os''sa  1 1)1.  of  (V,  al)one).  Rones.  O.  In- 
nominata,  the  irregular  Ixines  forming  tiie 
sides  and  anterior  wall  of  the  |K-lvis.  O. 
Lata,  the  broatl  or  flat  lx>nes  comj^sing 
the  walls  of  cavities,  as  the  IxDnes  of  the 
cranium  in  distinction  from  O.  Longa, 
the  long  Ujnes,  as  those  of  the  limbs.  O. 
Triquetra.  See  IVormiiin  Horii-s.  O. 
Wormian.    Sec  Wormian  Bones. 

Os'sein  (oj,  a  Ixinc).     A  combination  of 
protcids,  mainly  c<jllag<-n,  and  an  ail'umin 
oid    com|Kjsing    the   organic    structure    of 
Ixine. 

Os''sicles  (dim.  of  c^f).  A  name  by  whicii 
the  small  Ujncs  of  the  ear  arc  sometimes 
known. 


Ossic'ula.     See  Ossules. 

Ossic'ulum  (ilim.  of  cv).  A  little  lone. 
An  ossicle. 

Ossiferous  {os,  fero,  to  bear).  Bearing 
(IT  protlucing  lone  tissue. 

Ossifica'tion  (c>.f,  Jiicio,  to  make).  The 
forniatii^m  of  lone. 

Ostae'mia  [nanov,  a  lone,  atfia,  the  blood). 
A  morbid  condition  of  lone,  distinguished 
iiy  its  turgescence  with  blood. 

Ostal'gia  [^«a-tov,  aAyi)^,  a  jjain).  Any 
])ain  vl'  nervcms  origin  in  a  lone. 

OsteallcE'osis  [oartnv,  a/.'/j>iuoi(,  altera- 
tion). A  metamorphosis  or  metal )olism  of 
the  substance  of  bone,  as  exemplified  in 
osteosarcoma. 

Osteanaph^ysis  {oartov,  avatpvu,  to  pro- 
duce).    The  reproduction  of  lone  tissue. 

Ostearthroc'ace  (^uartor,  aiytljxn-,  a  joint, 
KUKo^,  bad).  A  cancerous  ulceration  or 
malignant  caries  of  the  lones  of  a  joint. 

Os'teine.  The  organic  constituents  of 
bone. 

Ostei'tis  (^nartov,  i~n).  Inflammation  of 
bone,  producing  a  softening  or  medulliza- 
tion  of  the  bone  tissue.  O.  Deformans, 
the  lones  yielding  to  pressure,  .and  be- 
coming distorted. 

Ostem'bryon  (ocrrfoi',  efififwnv,  a  fcctus). 
.\  hardening  or  ossification  of  the  f<etus. 

Ostempye'sis  [oareov,  Efi~vr/ai^,  suppura- 
tion). Abscess  or  any  sujipurativc  lesion 
of  a  tone. 

Os'teo-  [oaTcov).  A  Greek  word  which, 
pretixed  to  another,  signifies  connection 
with  or  relation  to  lone. 

Osteo-an'eurysm  [oarrov,  ai'Fvpvr(j,  to 
exjjand ).    Aneur)'sm  of  the  osseous  arteries. 

Osteo-arthri'tis  {^tiartov,  arthritis,  intlam- 
mation  of  a  joint).  A  chronic  inllanuna- 
tion  of  the  joints  accompanying  rheumatism 
or  caused  by  it. 

Os'teoblast  {oajtov,  (iXnaro^,  germ).  The 
germinal  cells  deiosited  in  the  development 
of  bone. 

Osteocamp''sia  (oartov,  Kn/i-uj,  to  bend). 
Abnormal  curvature  of  bono  without 
fracture. 

Os'teocele  {oartoy,  Kt/?.ri,  tumor).  A  lone- 
like  substance  found  in  old  hernial  sacs. 

Osteocla'sia  (ofTTtov,  k/iu,>,  to  break). 
Thtrapciitic  fracture  of  lK)nes. 

Os'tcoclast  {oartov,  k>jiu).  An  instru- 
ment for  |)erforming  osteoclasia. 

Ostcocop'ic  ((wrr/'ir,  tmrriic,  ])ain).  Per- 
tainiiig  to  |>.iin  in  U>nes. 

Ostco-dcnf'inc  (i>artin\  dentine),  A  tis- 
sue of  the  nature  of,  and  intermediate  in 
structure  lH.-tween  bone  and  dentine. 


OSTEODERMIA 


320 


OTO- 


Osteoder''mia  (ocrreov,  6ep/ua,  skin).  The 
existence  of  osseous  formation  in  the  skin 
or  outer  covering.  Occurs  normally  in 
many  animals,  and  occasionally  abnormally 
in  man. 

Osteodias''tasis  (oorfov,  Jmcrracr/f,  a  sepa- 
ration). Separation  of  bone  without  frac- 
ture. 

Osteodyn''ia  (^oareoVj  odvvrf).  Same  as  os- 
talgia.      Also,  a  chronic  pain  in  the  bone. 

Osteogen^esis  (ocrrfoi',  yevvau,  to  beget). 
The  development  and  formation  of  bone 
tissue. 

Osteog''eny.     See  Osteogenesis. 

Osteog^raphy  [oareov,  ypacfxj,  to  write). 
A  descriptive  anatomy  of  the  bones  and 
tlieir  articulations. 

Osteohalistere^sis  [oareov,  dXg,  salt, 
arepecj,  to  deprive).  A  term  denoting  the 
partial  loss  of  the  mineral  constituents  of 
bone  concomitant  with  curvature. 

Os^teoid  [oareov,  ejrfof,  resemblance). 
Resemliling  or  having  the  nature  of  bone. 

OsteoFogy  [nareov,  Aoyog,  a  treatise).  A 
treatise  on  tlie  nature  and  structure  of  the 
bones. 

OsteoFysis  [oareov,  Tivaig,  dissolution). 
Absoq^tion  and  disappearance  of  bone. 

Osteo^ma.     A  bony  tumor. 

Osteomala'cia  [oareov,  /uaAaKog,  soft). 
Softening  of  bone  from  loss  of  its  earthy 
constituents,  and  consequent  reduction  to 
a  cartilaginous  state. 

Osteomyeli^tis  [oareov,  fiveloQ,  marrow). 
Inflammation  of  the  marrow  of  bone. 

Osteomy^elum  [oareov,  juveTiog,  marrow). 
The  marrow  of  bone. 

Osteonab^rosis  [oareov,  avaflpou,  to  ab- 
sorb). The  natural  absorption  of  Ijone  as 
exemplified  in  the  absorption  of  the  tem- 
porary teeth. 

Osteonagen''esis  [oareov,  avayevvau,  to 
regenerate).  The  regeneration  or  repro- 
duction of  bone. 

Osteon'cus  [oareov,  oyKog,  tumor).  A 
tumor  of  a  bone.     An  exostosis. 

Osteonecrc'sis  [oareov,  veKpou,  to  kill). 
The  decay  or  molecular  dissolution  of  bone. 

Osteon^osus  [oar eov,voao(;,  disease).  Dis- 
ease of  lione. 

Osteopae'dion.     See  Lithopirdion. 

Osteop'athy.     See  Osteonosiis. 

Osteophy'ma  [oareov,  tpvfia,  a  swelling). 
Any  tumor  or  swelling  of  the  lione. 

Os''teophyte  [oareov,  (pvu,  to  produce).  A 
bony  outgrowth  or  nodosity. 

Osteophy''ton  [oareov,  cfivrov,  a  Y>\a.ni).  An 
abnormal  or  morbid  growth  of  ijone.  A 
bone-tumor. 


Os''teoplaque.     A  layer  of  bone. 

Os^teoplast  [oareov,  iv'Aaaau),  to  form).  A 
form  of  cell  occurring  in  the  growth  or 
formation  of  bone. 

Osteoplas''tic  [oareov,  nl.aaau).  Pertain- 
ing to  plastic  operations  upon  bone. 

Osteoporc'sis  [oareov,  rvetpu,  to  pierce). 
A  retrogressive  change  of  compact  into 
cancellous  form  of  bone,  either  from  dis- 
ease or  from  growing  senility. 

Osteor''raphy  (otrreoi'jpa^//, suture).  Bone- 
suttue. 

Osteosarcc'ma  [oareov,  sa^xoma').  A 
fleshy,  medullary,  or  cartilaginous  tumor 
with  bony  framework  growing  within  a 
bone,  at  first  attended  by  enlargement,  but 
afterward  by  absorption  of  bone  tissue. 

Osteoscir''rhus  [oareov,  aKip'poq,  a  hard 
tumor).  A  term  loosely  applied  to  scir- 
rhous tumors  of  bone. 

Osteosclerc'sis  {oareov,  aKkripuaiq,  hard- 
ening).     Induration  of  bone. 

Osteof'omy  [oareov,  reitro),  to  cut).  In- 
cision, or  surgical  operation  upon  bone. 

Os''teotrite  [oareov,  rpi(3cj,to  wear  away). 
An  instrument  for  operations  upon  bone. 

Osti^tis.     See  Osteitis. 

Os'tium  [ostium,  mouth).  The  door  or 
mouth  of  a  tubular  passage.  O.  Inter- 
num, the  minute  orifice  at  the  beginning 
of  the  oviduct.  O.  Abdominale,  the 
orifice  of  the  oviduct  communicating  with 
the  peritoneal  cavity. 

Otacous'tian,  or 

Otacous^tic  [ovq  [gen.  wrof],  the  ear, 
aKovaiq').     Pertaining  to  or  aiding  audition. 

Otalgia  [ovq,  aTiyog,  pain).  Any  pain  in 
the  ear.     Earache. 

Oten'chytes  [ovg,  eyxvf^,  to  pour  in).  A 
syringe  for  the  ear. 

Othsemato''ma  (ovf,  ha:mato7na).  Hsema- 
toma  of  the  ear. 

Othelco'sis  [dvq,  tkmq,  an  ulcer).  Sup- 
purative ulceration  of  the  ear. 

Otiat^rics  [ovq,  larpiKog,  pertaining  to  the 
healing  art).  A  consideration  of  the  na- 
ture and  principles  involved  in  the  proper 
treatment  of  diseases  of  the  ear. 

0''tic  (oiif).  Pertaining  to  the  ear.  O. 
Ganglion.     See  Ganglion. 

Oticodin^ia  [ovq,  <hvr],  vertigo).  Vertigo 
from  disease  of  the  ear. 

Oti^tis  [ovq,  irtg,  inflammation).  Inflamma- 
tion of  the  ear.  O.  Externa;  interna; 
media;  of  the  external,  internal,  and  mid- 
dle ear,  respectively. 

Oto-  [ovg  [gen.  urog'^,  the  ear).  A  Greek 
word  which,  prefixed  to  a  root,  signifies 
connection  with  or  relation  to  the  ear. 


OTOBLENORRIICEA 


321 


OVEN 


Otoblenorrhce'a  (oif ,  ,3?.fv»'a,  mucus,  pru, 
to  flow).  Any  abnurmal  discharge  of 
mucus  from  the  ear. 

Otocatarrh'  (oif,  Karappoq,  an  outflow). 
Catarrh  of  the  ear. 

Otoclei'sis  (oif,  k/.£i(j,\.o  close).  Closure 
of  the  ear. 

Otoco''nia  (oif,  Kovtq,  dust).  The  fine 
granules  of  calcium  carl>onate  that  are 
fiauid  ill  the  labjTinlh  of  the  internal  ear. 

O'tocrane  i^orf,  A/jnivoi-,  the  heail).  The 
cavity  of  the  skull  holding  the  ossco-carti- 
laijinc>us  capsule  of  the  labyrinth  of  the  ear. 

Otodyn'ia  (oi^,  oivvt],  pain).  I'ain  in  the 
e;ir. 

Otogang'lion.     See  Gani^li\»i,  Otic. 

Otog'raphy  {m^,  yj)a<i>u,  to  write).  The 
descriptive  anatomy  of  the  ear. 

C'toliths  (oi'C,  ?./Wof,  a  stone).  The  two 
rounded  l>odies,  consisting  of  granules  of 
calcium  carlonate  held  in  a  delicate  sac, 
which  are  contained  in  the  labyrinth  of 
the  ear. 

Otorogy  (oif,  ?o>of,  a  treatise).  A  treat- 
ise on  the  ear. 

Otomy'ces,  (ot-r,  ,//■-«»?{•,  fungus).  A  fungus 
growtli  within  the  ear. 

Otomyco'sis  (oif,  jtvKtjc,).  The  condition 
of  the  growth  of  fungi  within  the  ear. 

Oton'cus  (oi'f,  0} Kof,  tumor).  An  aural 
tumor. 

Otoneuralgia  (oi'f,  neura/giii').  Neuralgia 
of  the  ear. 

Otop'athy  (oi-f,  nafloq^  suffering).  Any 
affection  of  the  car. 

Otopharyng'eal.  Pertaining  to  the  ear 
and  phar)nx.  O.  Tube,  the  Eustachian 
tul>e. 

O'tophone  {ovc,  (fxjrrj,  the  voice).  An  ear- 
truin[x-t,  or  other  device  for  gathering  and 
intensifying  soundwaves. 

Otopie'sis  (ovr,  ~if\.(J,  to  press).  Exces- 
sive ])ressure  u[X)n  the  labyrinth  and  consc- 
fiuent  deafness. 

O'toplasty  (oi'f.  7:'/iinnu,  to  form).  The 
0|)eration  of  re|)airing  certain  lesions  of 
the  extirnal  eariiy  the  engraftingof  healthy 
tis>ue  frcjin  some  other  part  of  the  i)ody. 

Otopyorrhoe'a  (oif,  TCfd',  pus,  /mj,  to 
flow  |.     Same  as  Otopyosi.s. 

Otopy'osis  (ffif,  TTvuv,  pus).     A  di.scharge 
of  pu^  from  the  ear. 
Otorrha'gia  (oif,  |tlf)^•v|n,  to  burst  forthV 
A    di.schar;;e  of   blood   from  the   external 
auditor)'  meatus. 
OtorrhcE'a    (ovr,   pru,  to   flow).     A    dis- 
rhar^je  from  the  external  auditory  meatus. 
O'toscope  ("If,  OKOTTiu,  to  oliMTve).     An 
ijiblrumcnt  for  examining  the  ear. 
21 


Otos'teal  (ovf,  oareov,  a  bone).  Pertain- 
ing to  the  bones  of  the  ear. 

Otot'omy  [iJix,  rtfivu,  to  cut).  Dissection 
of  the  ear. 

Oua''baine.  A  glucoside  extractive  of  the 
\\\kh\  of  a  s|iecies  of  Ajxjcynea.  Highly 
p)i>onous.     A  cardiac  stimulant.     I'nof. 

Ou'loid  (ov?Mr,  a  scar,  eu^u^-,  resemblance). 
Resembling  a  scar.  Also,  a  form  of  cica- 
trix characteristic  of  lupus,  elephantiasis 
and  syphilis. 

Oulorrha'gia  {oi'/.oi\  the  gum,  pr/^it'iii, 
to  burst  forth),  llamorrhage  from  the 
gums. 

Ounce  [uiicia,  a  contraction  of  iituiccia, 
a  twelfth  part).  A  twelfth  part  of  the  Troy 
pound,  or  4S0  grains.  Also,  a  sixteenth 
part  of  the  avoirdupois  pound,  or  437.5 
grains. 

Ourol'ogy  (pvpov,  7.oyo^,  a  treatise).  A 
treatise  on  the  nature  and  secretion  of  urine. 

Ouros'copy  (oiytor,  anorreu,  to  examine). 
'I'he  examination  of  the  urine  for  purposes 
of  diagnosis. 

Ova  (pi.  of  (T7/W,  an  egg). 

Ovalbumin  {^(n'ui!i,all>iiwi>i).  The  albu- 
men of  the  egg,  in  distinction  from  that  of 
the  blood. 

Ovaral'gia,  or 

Ovarialgia  [ovarium,  an  ovary,  aZjof,  a 
pain).     Pain  in  the  ovaries. 

Ova'rian  [cKuirium).  Pertaining  to  the 
ovaries. 

Ova'riocele  {ovuriin/i ,  Kri??/,  tumor). 
Tumor  of  the  ovary.  O.,  Vaginal,  in- 
version of  the  vaginal  wall  by  one  or  both 
o\aries. 

Ovariocentc'sis.     Puncture  of  the  ov.aiy. 

Ovariot'omy  (oTdrittr/t,  rcfivu,  to  cut). 
The  surgical  removal  of  the  ovaries. 

Ovari'tis  {oi'an'nm,  iriq,  inflammation). 
Inflammation  of  the  ovaries  and  their 
adjacent  membranes. 

O'vary  (iK'/trn,  an  egg,  (iriinn,  place  of). 
The  organ  for  the  deposit  and  evolution  of 
the  primordial  ovules  corresixmding  to  the 
testicle  of  the  male,  and  situate  in  the  |)os- 
terior  wing  of  the  broad  ligament.  O., 
Bulb  of  (or  .S/("/;-j'  /W/ion)  a  m.iss  of 
IiKxmI  vessels  of  the  ().,  connnunieating 
with  the  uterine  plexus.  O.,  Bulbous 
Portion  of,  the  main  body  of  the  ovary. 

Oven.  An  instnnneiit  used  in  experiments 
uiKin  nu(roi>es,  for  sterilization  of  culture 
media,  for  niaintaininn  the  cultuies,  f-/<-.,at 
a  constant  tem|Kralure  by  an  aiiloin;ilic 
mechanisni.  Tiiose  »)f  Past<ur,  d'.\rs<m- 
val  and  naWs,  es|H.'cially  the  two  lost,  are 
the  ones  most  u.sed  in  laboratories. 


OVER-CROWDING 


322 


OXYNTIC 


Over-crowding.  The  fact  of  too  many 
people  living  or  sleeping  in  an  apartment, 
with  the  consequent  failm-e  in  sanitary  and 
hygienic  arrangements,  whence  result  dis- 
eases peculiar  to  such  conditions. 

Overlying.     See  Infant. 

Over-pressure.  Applied  chiefly  to  the 
unhealthy  results  of  a  school-system  that 
forces  too  long  and  continuous  periods  of 
study  upon  the  pupils,  with  consequent 
abnormal  or  unhealthy  conditions  of  mind 
or  body. 

Overri^ding.  Overlapping  of  one  end  of 
a  fractured  bone  upon  another. 

0''viducts  [o7'ie//i,  ductus,  a  canal).  Small 
tubes  upon  either  side  of  the  uterus  through 
wliich  the  ovule  passes  to  the  uterus.  O., 
Ampulla  of,  or  O.,  Pavilion  of,  the  ex- 
panded portion  of  the  abdominal  end  of 
the  oviduct,  whose  fringed  edge  is  called 
the  fimbria. 

Ovifica''tion  {ovum,facio,  to  make).  The 
production  of  ova. 

O^viform  {ovutn,  forma,  a  form).  Having 
the  form  of  an  egg.     Oval. 

Ovina^tion  'yovis,  a  sheep).  The  process 
of  inoculation  with  the  specific  virus  of 
sheep-pox. 

Ovip'arous  [m'utn,  pario,  to  bring  forth). 
A  term  applied  to  those  species  of  animals 
the  females  of  which  bring  forth  their 
young  in  the  egg-stage  of  development. 

Oviposi^tion  [ovum, pono,  to  place).  The 
act  of  laying  or  depositing  eggs  by  the 
females  of  oviparous  animals. 

Ovipos''itor  [oznim, pono).  An  organ  in 
insects  by  which  eggs  are  deposited. 

O^visac  (ovum,  sac).  The  ovum  in  its 
capsule  with  the  membrana  granulosa  and 
the  liquid  of  the  ovisac.  Called  the 
Graafian  Follicle  or  Vesicle. 

O^vula  of  Naboth.     See  Ovutc. 

Ovula^tion.  The  maturation  and  escape 
of  ovisacs. 

Ovule  (dim.  of  ovum,  an  egg).  The  un- 
impregnated  ovum.  O.,  External  Mi- 
gration of,  the  transfer  of  an  ovisac  from 
the  right  ovary  to  the  left  oviduct,  or  from 
the  left  to  the  right.  O.,  Migration  of, 
the  transfer  of  the  ovisac  to  the  oviduct. 
O.  of  Naboth,  cystic  obstructions  of  the 
ducts  of  the  cervical  glands  of  the  uterus. 
O.,  Polar  Cells  of,  certain  cells  thrown 
off  upon  the  surface  of  the  vitellus  of  the 
unimpregnated  ovum.  O.,  or  Cells, 
Primordial,  the  primitive  ovules  in  the 
substance  of  the  ovary. 

O^vulum.     See  Ovule. 

O'vum.     See  Ovule. 


OxaFic.  See  Acid,  Oxalic.  Also,  per- 
taining to  wood  sorrel. 

OxaFis  [p^vq).  An  order  of  plants  in- 
cluding the  plant  familiarly  known  as 
wood  sorrel.  Many  of  the  species  contain 
oxalic  acid. 

Oxalu^ria  [o^aloq,  ovpov,  the  urine).  A 
term  used  to  indicate  the  presence  of 
calcium  oxalate  in  the  urine. 

Oxalu^ric  Acid.  A  product  derived  from 
oxalyurea. 

Oxalyure^a.  Parabamic  acid.  An  acid 
derived  by  oxidizing  uric  acid  or  alloxan 
with  nitric  acid. 

Oxeo^le  (ofiif).     Any  medicated  vinegar. 

Oxida^tion  (o^vq).  In  chemistry,  the 
process  of  the  atomic  combination  of  oxy- 
gen with  any  other  element. 

Oxhide  (ofyf ).  Any  binary  combination  of 
oxygen. 

Oxy-  (oft'f,  sour  or  sharp).  A  prefix  de- 
noting chemical  combination  with  oxygen. 

Oxysesthe^sia  [o^vq,  acOi/aiq,  sensation). 
A  condition  of  increased  acuity  of  sensa- 
tion. 

Oxyakoi^a  {o^vq,  aKovi],  auditory  sensation). 
Same  as  Hyperakusis. 

Oxyaph''ia.     See  Oxyesthesia. 

Ox^ydum.     See  Oxide. 

Ox^ygen  (o^vq,  yevvau,  to  beget).  O  = 
l6;  qunntivalence  II.  One  of  the  ele- 
ments. A  colorless,  tasteless,  odorless 
gas,  constituting  one-fifth  of  the  atmos- 
phere, eight-ninths  of  water,  three-fourths 
of  organized  bodies,  and  about  one-half  the 
crust  of  the  globe.  It  is  eliminated  by 
vegetable  life,  and  is  characterized  by  its 
affinity  for  the  other  elements,  with  every 
one  of  which  it  unites  excepting  fluorine. 
It  is  an  active  element  in  most  of  the  acids, 
and  in  all  the  coiTosive  alkaline  hydrates. 

-In  medicine,  it  is  usually  administered  in 
combination,  but  its  value  in  this  respect  is 
incidental.  It  is  inhaled  as  a  therapeutic 
agent  in  diseases  of  the  respiratory  organs 
and  blood,  acting  as  a  prompt,  tonic  stimu- 
lant to  the  centers  governing  respiration 
and  circulation.     Unof 

Oxygena^tion  (n^vq,  -yevvau).  The  satura- 
tion of  a  substance  with  oxygen,  either  by 
chemical  combination  or  by  mixture. 

Oxyhsemoglo'bin  [o^vq,  luemoglobin'). 
Normal  hamoglobin  in  which  the  oxygen 
is  easily  detected.  Forms  from  86  to  94 
per  cent,  of  dry,  red  human  corpuscles. 

Oxyn^tic  (p^vq).  A  name  applied  to  the 
glands  of  Heidenhain,  that  secrete  the 
acid  principle  found  in  normal  gastric  juice. 
See  Delomorphous. 


OXVOI'IA 


3-23      rAGENSTECIlKKS  UIMMENT 


Oxyo''pia  ("^ir,  sbarji,  ait/',  the  eye).  More 
than  ordinary  acuiiy  of  visi<.>n. 

Ox'y-salts  (o^"ti).  In  chcmistn-,  a  salt 
cuntainintj  oxygen  in  comhination  with 
both  base  and  acid. 

Oxytoc'ic  ("^i<;.  roMjf,  brinijing  forth).  A 
medicine  thai  hastens  child  birth  by  stimu- 
lating uterine  contraction. 


Oxytoc'ous.     See  Oxytocic. 

Ozae'na  ^c'//,  a  stench).  A  foetid  ulcera- 
tion und  discharge  of  the  nose. 

Ozo'kerite.     Earth-\va.\,  fossil-wax. 

O'zone.  .\n  allotrojiic  fonn  of  oxygen 
having  the  structure  Oj  ;  an  active  oxi- 
dizing agent,  ix)sse.ssing  antiseptic  proj)er- 
ties. 


P.  I'sed  in  chemical  nomenclature  as  the 
symlxjl  of  Phosphorus. 

Pab''uluin  (I-at.).  Eood.  Anything  nutri- 
tive. 

Pacchio''ni's  Glands.  A  name  given  to 
certain  granulations  occurring  in  the  upper 
longitudinal  sinus  of  the  cerebral  mem- 
branes. 

Pachulo'sis.     See  Pachylosis. 

Pach''y-  f^iraxv^,  thick).  A  Greek  word 
which,  used  as  a  prefix,  denotes  thickness 
of  a  part  or  organ. 

Pachyae'mia  (-«v''C,  o'/"i,  the  blood). 
.Abnornial  or  morbid  thickening  of  the 
blocni. 

Pachybleph'aron  (~n;tt'f,  l3?j-(papov,  the 
eyelid).  Thickening  of  the  eyelids  arising 
from  tuliercles  or  other  excrescences  on 
their  margin. 

Pachyceph'alic  (-a  v'T,  «'"<'«?'/,  the  head). 
A  coiHJiiioii  of  unusual  thickness  of  the 
skull. 

Pachyder'matous  (rraxix,  6rp/in,  the 
skin),  'i'hitk  skinned.  In  zoolngy  per- 
taining to  an  order  of  nuitiinialia. 

Pachyder'mia.     .See  I-'.liplmntiiisis. 

Pachylo'sis  (irnxvc^,  thjck).  An  extra- 
ordin.iry  development  of  ei)idcrmis,  arising 
from  hy|x-rtrophy  of  the  skin. 

Pachymeningi'tis  (thixvc,  /t^rrji,  the 
nii'iiirigrs).  Iiillammation  of  the  dura 
mater;  called  also  external  meningitis, 
p<Ti|)achymeningitis,  and  |KTimeningitis. 
i'sually  due  tt>  extension  from  adjacent 
disease,  e8[)eLiaIly  tarii-s.  'i'he  syni|>l(ims 
are  much  the  same  as  in  internal  nienin- 
gills. 

Pachyn'tic  (tm^-iv).  rertaining  loan  ab- 
n(.Tmal  thickening  or  hardening  of  a  part. 


Paci'ni's  Corp'uscles.     See  J'ti/er. 

Pack.  A  blanket  wrung  out  of  hot  or  cold 
water  and  (|uickly  wrapped  about  the 
patient. 

Pac'quelin's  Caufery.     See  Cautery. 

Pad.  A  small  bag  stulTed  with  cotton, 
hair,  etc.,  used  as  a  cushion  for  the  sup{X)rt 
of  any  part  of  tlie  body. 

Paedarthroc'ace  (to/c,  apftiwv,  a  joint, 
Ka/vj?,  ulceration).  A  necrotic  ulceration  or 
caries  of  the  joints  of  children. 

Paederas'tia  (Ta<f,  epuf,  passion).  An 
unnatural  lust  for  a  Ixjy,  a  vice  much  prac- 
ticed during  the  decline  of  the  C^ireek  and 
Roman  civilizations. 

Paedia'tric  (~«/f,  larpia,  medical  treat- 
ment).    Pertaining  to  Padiatrics. 

Paediat'rics  (rraic,  Kirfiia).  The  treatment 
of  the  (lih<ases  of  children. 

Paedom'eter  {rrair,  inriinv,  a  measure). 
.\n  instrument  for  determining  the  weight 
and  height  of  a  new-l)orn  child. 

Paedonosol''ogy  (n-n/f,  vunoc,  a  disease, 
'/.u)(ir,  a  treatise).  A  treatise  on  tliseases 
peculiar  to  infancy  and  childluxxl. 

Paedon'osos  {~(ii(;,  vumtr).  A  disease  of 
ciiildluxxl. 

Paedop''athy  ("«/(-,  TrnOur,  sufl'ering).  The 
science  of  the  diseases  of  children,  their 
iK-alini  III,  cfr. 

Paedophthi'sis  (rrn/f,  iplltrji^,  wasting). 
Tabetic  or  other  wasting  disease  of  children. 

Pacdotroph'ium  (rrn/r,  t/h^,  to  nouri.sh). 
A  foundling  iiospiial,  or  one  for  orphan 
( liiltlii-n. 

Pagcnstcch'er's  Ointment.  <  )ne  to  three 
grains  of  the  yellow  o\id<'  o(  nuriiwy  to 
the  drachm  oi  vaseline.  I'sed  in  oph- 
thalmic practice. 


FACET'S  DISEASE 


324 


PALPEBRAL 


Paget's  Disease  of  the  Nipple,  See 
Dermatitis  and  Carcino7na. 

Pain  (TToa'r/,  a  penalty).  Suffering.  Dis- 
tressing or  agonizing  sensation.  It  is 
usually  symptomatic  of  disease  or  morbid 
condition  of  a  part  or  organ. 

Pains  of  Labor.  A  synonym  for  uterine 
contractions,  since  these  are  attended  by 
pains,  increasing  in  severity  according  to 
the  intensity  and  frequency  of  the  con- 
tractions. After-P.,  those  following  labor, 
and  caused  by  the  uterus  contracting  to 
expel  clots,  etc.,  or  to  resume  its  normal 
proportions.  P.,  False,  those  occurring 
in  the  latter  part  of  pregnancy,  not  pre- 
ceded by  the  premonitory  signs  of  labor, 
and  not  directly  caused  by  labor.  P., 
Irregular,  those  not  recurring  according 
to  the  normal  periodic  or  rhythmical  nature 
of  uterine  contractions.  P.,  Premoni- 
tory, so-called  painless  contractions  pre- 
ceding the  advent  of  true  labor. 

Paint^ers'  Colic.     See  Colica  Pictonum. 

Palaeo-  (TraAa^,  long  ago).  A  Greek  root 
used  as  a  prefix  denoting  early,  long  ago,  etc. 

Palaeol^ogy  {jvaTiai,  '^oyoq,  a  treatise).  A 
treatise  on  antiquities. 

Palae^ontog^'raphy  {jraTiai,  ovra,  life- 
forms,  -yfKupu,  to  write).  A  description  of 
the  forms  and  conditions  of  early,  or  at 
present  extinct  forms  of  life. 

Palaeontology  [7Ta?.at,  ovra,  ?ioyog,  a  treat- 
ise). A  treatise  on  the  early  life-forms  of 
the  earth. 

Palseozo'ic  [nalai,  ^uov,  a.n  animal).  Per- 
taining to  the  geological  age  preceding 
that  of  the  carlioniferous  age,  the  age  in 
which  the  first  life-forms  appeared.  Also, 
pertaining  to  the  life-forms  of  that  age. 

PaFate  \y palatum,  a  roof ).  The  upper  wall 
or  roof  of  the  mouth.  Consists  of  a  hard 
palate  adjacent  to  the  gums  and  alveolar 
arches,  and  a  soft  palate  forming  an  in- 
complete septum  between  the  mouth  and 
pharynx. 

Pal'atine  {^palatum).  Pertaining  or  be- 
longing to  the  palate.  P.  Arches,  the 
arches,  posterior  and  anterior,  upon  each 
side  of  the  throat.  P.  Canals,  several 
canals  in  the  palatal  portion  of  the  superior 
maxilla. 

Palati'tis.     Inflammation  of  the  palate. 
Palatoglos'sus.     Pertaining  to  the  palate 
and  the  tongue.    P.  Muscle.    See  Muscle. 
Palatogna^thus    {^palatum,  yvafh^,  jaw). 

Cleft  palate. 
Palatopharyng''eal     <y  palatum,     (papvy^, 
the  pharynx).    Pertaining  conjointly  to  the 
palate  and  the  pharynx. 


Palator'raphy.     See  Staphylorraphy. 

Palatos^'chisis  (^palatum,  ox^^i^,  to  split). 
Cleft  or  split  palate. 

Pala^tum  (Lat.).     The  palate. 

Pale  (Fr.  pale).  Deficient  or  wanting  in 
color  natural  to  health.  P.  Bark.  See 
Cinchona.  P.  Rose.  See  Rosa  centifo- 
lia. 

Pale''ness.     Same  as  Pallor. 

Palindro^mia  {jrakiv,  again,  6poiiog,  a 
course).  Recurrence  or  growing  worse 
of  a  disease. 

Palingenesis  (jvaJ-iv,  yevvao,  to  beget). 
Rebirth ;  regeneration. 

PaPliative  {^pallia,  to  dissemble).  A  drug 
relieving  or  soothing  the  symptoms  of  a 
disease  without  curing  it. 

PaFlor  (Lat.).  Paleness.  The  whiteness 
or  loss  of  color  arising  from  lack  of  cir- 
culation, loss  of  blood,  morbid  condition 
or  diminution  of  blood  in  the  capillaries. 
It  is  frequently  a  sign  of  disease. 

Palm  l^palma).  The  inner  side  of  the 
hand. 

PaPma.     See  Palm. 

PaPmae  Plica^tae.  The  arborescent  rugce 
of  the  interior  of  the  ceivix  uteri. 

PaPmar  i^palma).  Pertaining  to  the  palm 
of  the  hand.  P.  Arches,  the  curved  an- 
astomotic extremities  of  the  arteries — radial 
and  ulnar — of  the  hand.  P.  Arteries. 
See  Artery.  P.  Fascia,  the  sheath  invest- 
ing the  muscles  of  the  hand.  P.  Mus- 
cles.    See  Muscle. 

Palma''ris.     See  Muscle. 

PaPmature  iyPalma).  Union  of  the 
fingers,  either  congenital  or  from  burns, 
wounds,  etc. 

PalmiPla.  A  family  of  Algae  believed  by 
Salisbuiy  to  be  the  origin  of  the  spores 
that  produce  malarial  fever. 

PaPmipede  (^palma,  pes,  the  foot).  Hav- 
ing palmated  or  webl)ed  feet. 

PaPmitine.  A  solid  crystallizable  sub- 
stance which,  with  stearine,  comjxjses  the 
greater  proportion  of  .solid  fats.  It  occurs 
both  in  animal  and  in  vegetable  fats.  It  is 
a  constituent  of  palm  oil,  from  which  it 
derives  its  name.  Chemically,  it  is  a  salt 
of  palmitic  acid  with  glyceryl  as  a  base. 

Palm  Oil.  The  fixed  oil  expressed  from 
the  fruit  of  the  Guinea  palm,  Elais  guin- 
eiisis.  Used  in  the  manufacture  of  soap 
and  glycerine.     Unof 

Palpa^tion  [palpo,  to  handle  gently). 
The  sense  of  touch.  In  medicine,  diagnosti- 
cation  or  exploration  with  the  hand. 

PaPpebra  (Lat.).     The  eyelid. 

PaPpebral.     Pertaining  to  the  palpebrse. 


PALPITATE 


325 


PANPHOBIA 


Pal'pitate  (frequentative  of  pn/po,  to 
tiuivcr).  To  flutter,  tremble  or  l)oat  ab- 
normally fait ;  applied  especially  to  the 
heart. 

Palpita''tion  {/>a//<o).  Any  spasmotlic 
lluttering  or  tremor,  especially  the  abnor- 
mally rapid  beating  of  the  heart. 

Pal'sy.     .S;e  J'lim/ysii. 

Palu'dal  (/.///w,  a  niar.sh).  IVrtaiiiing  to 
a  marsh  or  the  exhalations  of  marshes. 

Palu'dous  (/ii/us).  M:irshy  or  .Nwampy. 
Having  the  nature  of  or  aHected  with 
marsh  fever. 

Palus'tral  (/'a/us).  Pertaining  to  or  having 
the  nature  of  marsh  fever. 

Pampin'iform  (panipiniis,  a  tendril, 
forma,  form).  Having  the  form  of  a 
tendril.  P.  Plexus.  See  I'lcxus  (sper- 
matic). 

Pan-  ^neuter  of  waf  [gen.  TrniTor],  all, 
everjnhing).  .V  tireek  word  signifying  all, 
everything.  The  iorca  panto-  is  frequently 
employed. 

Panace'a  [rrmaKrin,  a  cure-all).  A  cure- 
ail ;  a  name  apj^licd  to  various  emj)iric 
prejiarations  alleged  to  cure  a  multitude 
of  diseases. 

Pana''do  (Sp.  panado).  Bread  softened  in 
water.     Also,  a  bread  poultice. 

Pana'ris.  Phlegmonous  inllammation  of 
the  linger  or  toe.      Whitlow. 

Panarthri'tis  (Taf,rt/>^'/j(()'.  joint).  General 
inflammation  of  the  structures  of  a  joint. 

Pan'as's  Solution.  A  mild  antiseptic 
colKrium  serviceable  in  conjunctivitis,  l)le- 
pharitis,  etc.  Contains  hydrarg.  biniodide 
I,  absolute  alcohol  400,  distilled  water  ad 
20,000  parts. 

Pan'ax.   ( jinseng.  The  root  of  /'.  qtiiinjue- 

foliuiii.  Much  used  in  China  as  a  cure-all. 
A  drinulcent  and  mild  ]3urgative. 

Panchres'tus  (~"f,  all,  xi"/'^'"?'  useful). 
.Same  a.s  Panacea. 

Pan'creas  (~af,  xpra^,  flesh).  A  large 
racemose  gland,  from  six  to  eight  inches 
in  length,  lying  transversely  across  the 
])OStcrior  wall  of  the  aixltimen.  It  secretes 
a  limpid,  colorless  fluid  for  the  digestion 
of  oils  and  fats.  The  sweetbread  of  ani- 
mals. P.,  Small,  a  glandular  mass  fre- 
quently found  under  the  true  jjancreas, 
and  similar  in  structure. 

Pancreatalgia  (pancreas,  a?.}nr,  a  pain). 
Pain  in  the  jhincreas. 

Pancreatcc'tomy  (pancreas,  tKro/irj,  ex- 
cision). Kxcision  of  a  jiortion  or  all  of  the 
(ancrcas. 

Pancrcat'ic.  I'ehiiiging  to  the  pancreas. 
P.   Duct,  the    cllerent  duct  carrying  the 


secretions  of  the  pancreas.     P.   Fluid  or 
Juice,  the  fluid  secreted  by  the  pancreas. 

Pancre'atin.  The  juice  of  the  pancreas. 
Contains  seveial  ferments.  Emulsifies  fats 
in  alkaline  solutions.  An  active  digestive 
of  amyloids  and  albuminciids.  Rect)m- 
mended  with  soups,  gruel,  milk,  <•/<■.,  which 
it  partly  pe])toni/es.  An  excellent  ad 
juvant  to  cod  liver  oil.  Pancreaticus 
Liquor,  prei)ared  by  tiigesting  j'igs'  pan- 
cre;vs  with  four  times  its  weight  of  alcohol. 
Dose  5J-5SS.     L'nof. 

Pancreati'tis  (pancreas,  iri^,  inflamma- 
tion).     Inflammation  of  the  i)ancreas. 

Pancreaton'cus(/<7;/(VV(/5,o}w*t,atunior). 
.\  tumor  of  tlie  pancreas. 

Pancreatot'omy  ( pancreas,  T£fnu,  to  cut). 
Incision  of  the  pancreas. 

Pandem'ic.     See  EpiJcniic. 

Pandicula'tion  (pando,  to  stretch  out). 
The  act  of  yawning  or  .stretching  the  limbs, 
esj^ecially  on  waking  from  sleep.  It  is 
.sometimes  svniptomatic  of  fever,  hysteria, 
and  of  malarial  afiections. 

Pang.     A  sharp  momentaiy  pain. 

Pangen''esis  (J^oc,  all,  ytvvai^,  to  l)eget). 
Theor)-  of  Darwin  to  give  a  physical  ex- 
jilanation  of  hereditary  transmission  by  the 
hypothesis  of  a  primordial  living  matter 
through  whose  gradual  modification  all 
living  forms  have  ari.sen. 

Pan''gens  (~of,  yswau).  The  active  parti- 
cles regarded  as  the  vehicles  of  hereditary 
characters  in  Darwin's  hypothesis  of  pan- 
genesis. 

Panidro'sis  (j^aq,  K^puq,  sweat).  General 
jHTspiration. 

Pan'is  (I. at.).     Bread. 

Panneuri^tis.  A  synonym  of  multiiile 
neuritis. 

Pannic'ulus  (dim.  of  paiiniis,  a  piece  of 
cloth).  A  small  piece  of  cloth.  In  anatomy, 
a  small  memlirane. 

Pan'nus  (panntis).  Conical  vasculari- 
zation, due  to  irritants  or  long-conlinui'd 
inflammation.  (The  cornea  is  normally 
non -vascular.) 

Panopho'bia.     See  Pauphobia. 

Panophthal'mia.    See  I'atiophlhalmitis. 

Panophthalmitis  (n-ac,  m^ki/poi;,  eye). 
A  synonym  of  ])arencli\iiiatous,  metastatic, 
or  siqipiirative  choroiditis;  oi-  an  acute  aiul 
severe  gen<ral  inflammation  of  the  eyeball. 
It  usually  Kads  to  loss  of  the  eye. 

Panoti'tis  (Tnf,  ovf,  car,  niq,  inflamma- 
tiiiii).     (Jeneral  inflammation  of  the  ear. 

Panpho'bia  (rr(/c,<;>i,<i»,  dread).  A  ground- 
less <lr<  ikI  or  fear  of  everything.  A  form 
of  hyixKhondriasis. 


PANSPERMIA 


326 


PARAGLOBULIN 


Pansper^mia  (Traf,  CKep/ua,  germ).  The 
theory  ihat  the  germs  of  disease  are  uni- 
versally disseminaled  in  the  air  and  earth, 
awaiting  only  a  suitable  soil  in  which  to 
germinate. 

Pansperm'ism.     See  Abiogcncsis. 

Pansphyg^mograph.  See  Sphygmograph. 

Pan^sy.     See   Viola  Tricolor. 

Pantamorph'ic  (Traf,  a/j.jp(j>ia,  shapeless). 
Completely  deformed. 

Pantanenceph^alic  (7ra;,ai%  without,  evke- 
(paPiOv,  brain).  A  foetal  monstrosity  desti- 
tute of  brain. 

Pantatro'phia  (vraf,  aTpo<pia,  atrophy). 
Genaral  atrophy,  or  that  involving  all  parts. 

Pan'to-.     See  Pan-. 

Pantoscop'ic.     See  Bifocal. 

Pap'ain.  Papaiva.  A  ferment  obtained 
from  papaw  milk,  the  juice  of  Carica  pa- 
paya, a  tree  native  to  South  America.  Has 
the  digestive  properties  of  pepsin,  but  is 
far  more  active,  dissolving  the  fibrin  in 
neutral,  acid,  or  alkaline  liquids.  An  excel- 
lent solvent  of  false  membranes.  Unof. 
Papayotin,  the  coagulated  juice. 

Papa''ver.  The  poppy,  whose  juice  and 
extracts  possess  narcotic  properties.  Opium 
is  obtained  from  the  P.  somniferum. 

Papav^erine.  An  alkaloid  extractive  of 
opium.  Reported  inert  by  some  observers, 
and  a  convulsant  narcotic  by  others.   Unof. 

Pawpaw.  The  seed  of  Asmina  triloba.  A 
prompt  emetic.  Dose  of  fld.  ext.  TTLx— 
XXX.     Unof 

Papil^la  (Lat.,  a  nipple).  In  anatomy, 
any  small  conical  eminence,  as  the  nipple. 
In  pathology,  a  pimple  or  pustule.  P. 
Circumvallate,  the  lenticular  papillae  at 
the  root  of  the  tongue.  P.  of  Eye.  See 
Disc.  P.  of  Kidney,  the  projections  of 
the  apices  of  the  cones  of  the  kidneys. 
P.  Lachrymal,  the  opening  into  the 
canaliculus  of  the  eyelid.  P.  Medul- 
lary, the  small  eminences  on  the  medulla 
oblongata.  • 

Pap'illary  [papilla).  Pertaining  to  a 
papilla.     Also,  pertaining  to  the  nipple. 

Papilli^tis  [papilla,  ltiq).  Inflammation 
of  the  papilla  of  the  eye,  the  ophthalmo- 
scopic indication  of  inflammation  of  the 
optic  nerve,  or  optic  neuritis.  The  old 
terms  choked  disc,  descending  neuritis,  etc., 
implied  unproved  theories  of  causation, 
and  have  led  to  the  adoption  of  the  better 
term  papillitis.  Intracranial  diseases,  tu- 
mors, etc.,  are  the  most  frequent  cause. 

Papillo'ma  of  the  Skin.  A  term  loosely 
employed  to  include  corns,  warts,  horns, 
and  certain  ncevi. 


Pap'pus  (TraTTTTOf,  down).  The  fine  down 
first  appearing  on  the  cheeks  and  chin. 

Pap^ule  [papula,  a  pimple).  A  small  ele- 
vation of  the  skin.  If  the  papule  enclose  a 
fluid  or  serum  it  is  tenned  a  vesicle ;  if  it 
contain  pus  it  is  termed  li  pustule. 

Papyraceous  [papyrus,  parchment).  Pa- 
per-, or  parchment-like. 

Paquelin's  Cautery.     See  Cautery. 

Para-  (-apa, beyond, reverse, c/c).  AOreek 
prefix  signifying  beyond,  beside,  the  oppo- 
site of,  etc. 

Paraba^nic  Acid.     See  Oxalyurea. 

Parablas''tic.     See  Archiblastic. 

Parabu'lia.  Abnormal  action  of  the  vo- 
lition. 

Paracentc'sis  [-napa,  by,  /cevrew,  to  pierce). 
Piercing  or  tapping  a  cavity  of  the  body, 
such  as  the  chambers  of  the  eye,  the 
thorax,  etc.,  for  the  evacuation  of  fluid,  etc. 

Paracentral  Lobule.     See  Lobulus. 

Paracine^sis  [~apa,  Kan/atq,  motion). 
Morbid  movements  of  the  voluntary 
muscles  arising  from  a  diseased  condition 
of  the  motor  nerves  or  centers. 

Paracolpi^tis  [-apa,  by,  an/.-oc,  vagina, 
iTig,  inflammation).  Inflammation  of  the 
structures  about  the  vagina. 

Paracou^sis  [napa,  aKovu,  to  hear).  Any 
perversion  of  the  sense  of  hearing.  P. 
Willissii.     See  Dea/ness  (Paradoxical). 

Paracu''sis.     See  Paracousis. 

Paracye''sis  [rrapa,  nvr/aig,  pregnancy). 
Any  morbid  fonn  of  pregnancy,  especially 
extra-uterine  pregnancy. 

Paradidymus.     See  Giraldes. 

Paradox^ia  Sexua^'lis  (Lat.).  The  ab- 
normal exhibition  of  sexual  instincts  in 
childhood  or  prior  to  puberty. 

Paradox'ical  Muscular  Contraction.  A 
slow  tonic  contraction  occurring  in  a  muscle 
when  suddenly  relaxed  or  when  its  course 
is  suddenly  shortened. 

Paraesthe^sia  [Tvapa,  aiadr/aig,  sensation). 
Morbid  or  altered  sensation. 

Paraesthet'ic  [izapa,  aiati/iaig).  Pertain- 
ing to  or  having  the  nature  of  paresthesia. 

Par'affine  [paruni,  little,  nffiuis,  affinity). 
A  white,  odorless,  translucent,  crystalline 
hydrocarbon  obtained  from  coal-tar,  or  by 
the  destructive  distillation  of  wood.  In  a 
pure  state  it  resembles  white  wax  in  physi- 
cal properties. 

Paragen^esis.     See  Hybrid. 

Parageu^sis  [napa,  jevai^,  taste).  Any 
depraved  condition  or  perversion  of  the 
taste. 

Paraglob^ulin.  A  native  proteid  of  the 
globulin  class  obtained  fzom   blood-serum 


PARAGLOSSA 


327 


PARAMVOTONE 


and  other  fluids  of  the  Ixxly.  Called,  also, 
Fibropla:5tin,  I'ibrinoplastiii,  and  Scrum- 
gloL>ulin. 

Faraglos'sa  {~apa,  ■)?.L>aan,  the  tongua). 
Swelling  of  the  tongue.  Also,  an  hypcr- 
tropliy  of  the  tongue,  usually  congenital. 

Paragraph'ia  (,"<'/»",  }/j<io<j,  to  write).  An 
apha-ic  >yniptom  in  which  there  is  inability 
to  express  words  in  writing. 

Parakre'sol.     See  A'rrso/. 

Paral'bumin.  This  and  metalbumin  are 
two  proteid  sul  stances  or  native  alliumins 
found  by  Scherer  in  TO\iy  solutions  in  ova- 
rian cysts. 

ParaPdehyde.  A  modified  fomi  of  alde- 
hyde, of  which  it  is  a  ix)lymeric  form, 
CgII,._,()j.  Hy]motic  and  diuretic,  with 
many  of  the  properties  of  chloral  and  none 
of  its  dangers.  \'aluable  in  insomnia, 
mania  antl  fever.     Dose  TTLx.v-^  ijss. 

Paralex'ia  [irapa,  ?.r/-}u,  to  read).  An 
ai)ha>iic  s)-mptom  consisting  of  inability  to 
read. 

Paralge'sia  [-rapa,  a/.}0(,  pain).  Absence 
of  jmin  or  of  sensation.     Anaesthesia. 

Paral'gia  (-apa,  aXyoc).  Certain  dis- 
agreeable cutaneous  sensations,  as  formi 
cation,  cold,  burning,  cfc. 

Paral'ogism  {-a/ia,  ^.oyn^).  The  logical 
error  of  considering  effects  or  unrelated 
phenomena  as  the  causes  of  a  condition. 

ParaPysis  [-npa,  /ru,  to  loose).     A  com- 
f)lLte  loss  or  great  diminution  of  the  power 
of  motion  in  one  or  in  a   number  of  the 
voluntar)'  muscles.      It  may  be  confined  to 
a  lateral  half  of  the  Ixxiy,  or  it  may  alTect 
the   entire  lower   half.     P.,  Acute  As- 
cending, ]ialsy  beginning  in  the  legs  and 
ascending    to    the    other    muscles    of   the 
Ixxly.     Its  pathology  is  obscure,  and  it  is 
a  ver)-  fatal  malady.    P.,  Agitans,  "  .Shak 
ing  Palsy,"    a    form   marked   by  constant 
tremor  or  alternate  contraction  and  relaxa- 
tion of  the  muscles  of  the  part   involved. 
The    motions    are    regular    and    rhythmic 
(distinction    from    insular   sclerosis).      P., 
Alternate.    See  H.tiiipUi^ia.    P.,  Bell's, 
a  jKiralysis  of  the  facial  muscles  arising  in 
a  lesion  of  the  pfjrtio  dura.     P.,  Bulbar, 
I Jibio(;ios.so-Phar)'ngeal    P.,    a    form    of 
jaralysis,  the  chronic  form  of  which  is  pro- 
gressive, attacking  the  bulbar  nerves,  and 
involving  at  first  only  the  mu.sclcs  of  the 
Ii|>s,  tongue,  and  phannx.    It  is  sometimes 
a  sei|uel  to  ex|)osute  to  sc-vere  cold,  ftr., 
but    mf)rc    fre<ju>-ntly    it     follows    morbid 
growths    and    syphilitic    affections.      It    is 
usually  contineti  to  the  latter  half  of  lifej 
and   its  prognosis    is  always  grave.     P., 


Diphtheritic,  a  form  sometimes  occuiring 
in  i)aiients  convalescent  from  diphlheiia. 
It  rarely  extends  beyond  the  palate.  P., 
Divers'.  See  Caisson  Disease.  P., 
Duchenne's.  Same  as  Pseutiohype}-- 
trophic  /'.    P.,  Hemiplegic.     See  lleiiii- 

plei^ia.  P.  of  Insane,  a  form  usually 
progressive  and  incurable,  and  increasing 
as  tiie  powers  of  the  brain  diminish.  P., 
Landry's.  See  P.,  .hute  Asee/n/i/ti;^. 
P.,  Paraplegic.  See  J'arapleg^ia.  P., 
Pseudohypertrophic,  a  fumi  cliaracter- 
i/.ed  by  diminished  power  of  motion,  1  ut 
marked  also  by  increased  volume  of  the 
mnscles  affected.  P.,  Reflex,  a  j^alsy 
arising  from  iiritalion  reflected  from  an 
irriiatetl  or  diseaseil  peri[)heral  organ  to 
jiarts  themselves  healthy.  It  takes  various 
forms,  frei|uently  that  of  paraplegia.  P. 
Venenata,  that  arising  from  the  absoiption 
of  poisonous  sul >stances,  such  as  leail,  anti- 
mony, curare,  etc.  P., Writers',  |  aralysis, 
with  incoordination  of  the  muscles  of  the 
wrist  and  lingers  from  overuse. 

Paralyt^ic  {~af>a,  /.vu).  Having  the  na- 
ture of  paralysis.  ^Affected  with  jwralysis. 
Also,  a  person  suflering  from  paralysis. 

Paramagnet^ic  (Tro/jr/.  !iitii;iie/ie).  A  term 
applied  to  the  or(linar}-forni  of  magnetism, 
in  w  hich  the  orientation  is  north  and  south, 
in  distinction  to  diamagneti.sm. 

Paramastitis.  Inflammation  of  the  tissue 
about  the  mamma;. 

Parame'nia  [-apa,  //r/i'fr,  the  menses). 
DillKuU  or  disoixiercd  menstmation. 

Parametri'tis.     See    Metri'tis. 

Paramim'ia.  Gesture  not  accordant  with 
tlie  meaning  of  the  words  used. 

Para-mito'ma.     See  Cell-body. 

Paramne'sia  (-r;/)a,/ir;/or/(;, remembrance). 
Loss  of  the  memory  of  the   nuaning  of 

words  sfX)ken  or  written. 
Paramor'phia   (rrapa,  f^op<l»/,  form).     Ab- 

nonnalily  of  form. 
Paramor'phine.     See  Thebaiue. 
Paramyoclo'nus  Multiplex.     .See  Myo- 

elomis. 
Paramyosin'ogen  {napa,  myosin,  yirvnu, 

to  beg<t).      ( )ne  of  the  |>rMteids  of  nuiscle- 

plasma.     ( 'oagulates  at  47°  f.   See  .^///J■|•/<•• 
/|/l/>  W(/. 
Paramy'otone  Congenital.     A  rare, 

obscure  and  strange  family  affection,  allied 

to  Thomst'n's    Disease  in  gi-neral  features. 

The  chief  .symptom  is  tonic  spasm,  Listing 

from  15  "liriules  to  siveral  hours,  atficting 

chiefly  the   facial   muse  li-s,  but    also  those 

of  the  extremities;  directly  excitetl  by  cold 

and  allayed  iiy  warmth. 


PARANEPHRITIS 


328 


PARENCEPHALIS 


Paranephritis  [napa,  nephritis,  inflamma- 
tion of  the  kidneys).  Inflammation  of  the 
suprarenal  capsule. 

Paran'gi.     See  Frambasia. 

ParancE^a.     See  Paranoia. 

Parano'ia  [wapa,  voeu,  to  think).  Pri- 
mary monomania ;  a  mental  disease  charac- 
terized by  delusions  arising  without  apparent 
cause.  Mental  vigor  and  control  are  not 
lost.  Heredity  usually  plays  an  important 
role.  Most  cases  run  a  chronic  course, 
and  degenerate  finally  into  gradual  weak- 
ening of  the  mental  powers  or  the  domina- 
tion of  fixed  ideas.  A  paranoiac  is  com- 
monly called  a  "  crank." 

Para-pep'tone.     See  Peptone. 

Parapha^sia  [napa,  (pr/fii,  to  speak).  A 
form  of  aphasia  in  which  there  is  inability 
to  connect  ideas  with  the  proper  words  to 
express  the  ideas. 

Paraphenylendi^amine.  An  isomer  of 
metaphenylcndiamine.  It  causes  great  ex- 
ophthalmos when  injected  into  the  bodies 
of  animals. 

Paraph^ia  [wapa,  a^?;,  touch).  Abnormal- 
ism of  the  tactile  sense. 

Paraphimo''sis  [irapa,  (pt/uou,  to  bridle). 
Retraction  and  constriction  of  the  prepuce 
behind  the  glans  penis. 

Parapho^nia  (Tra/ia,  ^wi^;;,  the  voice).  Any 
abnormal  alteration  or  condition  of  the  voice. 

Paraplas''ma.  Any  abnormalism  of  growth 
or  form.  Also  used  as  a  synonym  of 
protoplasm. 

Paraplas''tic  [napa,  irTiaariKoq,  capable  of 
being  moulded).  Having  morbid  forma- 
tive powers.  Also,  a  descriptive  term  ap- 
plied to  morbid  growths. 

Paraplec'tic  [napa,  n'krp/r],  a  stroke). 
Stricken  with  paraplegia.     Paralyzed. 

Paraple''gia  [napa,  7r/\/;y?/).  Paralysis  of 
the  body,  usually  of  the  lower  extremities, 
including  the  bladder  and  rectum,  and 
occasionally  the  upper  extremities.  It  may 
be  of  traumatic  or  congenital  origin,  or  due 
to  disease  of  the  cord.  P.,  Alcoholic, 
due  to  chronic  alcoholism,  but  proltably  a 
result  of  peripheral  neuritis  rather  than  a 
cord  disease.  P.,  Ataxic,  presenting  the 
symptoms  of  paraplegia  and  ataxy,  and  due 
to  combined  disease  of  the  posterior  and 
lateral  columns.  P.,  Congenital  Spas- 
tic, caused  by  meningeal  haemorrhage  dur- 
ing birth.  P.  Dolorosa,  due  to  morbid 
growths  in  the  spinal  column,  pain  being  a 
prominent  symptom.  P.,  Primary  Spas- 
tic, that  due  to  transverse  lesion  of  the 
cord  above  the  lumbar  enlargement,  and 
characterized  by  tonic  spasm. 


Paraple^gic  [napa,  nXt/y?^).  Pertaining 
to  or  aftected  with  paraplegia. 

Parapoph'ysis  [napa,  anoiftvu,  :o  risi. 
from) .  In  comparative  anatomy  the  process 
homologous  to  the  lower  transverse  process 
of  the  vertebra. 

Parap'oplexy  [napa^  apoplexy).  A  masked 
or  slight  form  of  apoplexy. 

Parap^sis  [napa,  anrofmi,  to  touch).  A 
loss  or  vitiated  condition  of  the  sense  of 
touch. 

Parasecrc'tion.  Any  abnormality  of  se- 
cretion. 

Par^asite  [napa,  mrog,  food).  An  animal 
or  vegetable  that  lives  upon  or  infests  the 
body. 

Parasif'ic  [napa,  mrog).  Pertaining  to 
or  having  the  nature  of  a  parasite. 

Parasit^icide  [parasite,  cado,  to  kill).  Any 
substance  destmctive  of  parasites. 

Paraspa''dia  (napa,  anao,  to  draw).  An 
opening  of  the  urethra,  usually  congenital, 
on  one  side  of  the  penis. 

Paraboloid.  Koch's  term  for  his  anti- 
tuberculous  lymph.     See  Lymph. 

Paratrim''ma  [napa,  rpcjiu,  to  rub).  In- 
tertrigo.    Chafing.     See  Erythejiia. 

Paraxan^'thine.  A  leucomaine,  discovered 
in  1883,  and  since  shown  to  be  a  normal 
constituent  of  urine,  though  present  in  very 
small  quantities.  It  was  formerly  called 
urotheo-bromine.  Paraxanthine  is  isomeric 
with  theobromine,  also  with  dioxy-dime- 
thyl-purpurine.  It  is,  therefore,  a  dimethyl- 
xanthine. 

Parax'ial  [napa,  axis^.  In  anatomy,  a 
descriptive  term  applied  to  certain  muscles 
which,  in  the  bimana,  are  represented  by 
the  intercostal  and  abdominal  muscles. 
Those  lying  near  the  axis  of  the  body. 

Parec^tasis  [nnpa,  ckteivu,  to  stretch  out). 
Excessive  stretching,  distention,  or  dilata- 
tion of  a  part  or  organ. 

Paregor''ic.  See  Opii  Tinct.  Campho- 
rata. 

Parei''ra.  The  root  of  Chondolendon  toinen- 
/()^//w,or  pao-pareiratree.  Native  to  South 
America.  Diuretic  and  laxative.  Tonic 
to  the  mucous  memlirane  of  the  genito- 
urinary organs.  Valuable  in  cystitis,  gon- 
orrhfva,  leucoiThrea,  etc.  Used  internally 
and  locally  for  the  bites  of  poisonous  ser- 
pents, etc.  P.,  Ext.  Fid.  Dose  ^ss-.r^j. 
P.  Infus.,  unof.  Dose  ,^j-ij.  Pareirine, 
the  active  alkaloid,  unof.,  a  motor  and  res- 
pi  ratoiy  paralyzant. 

Parei'rine.     See  Pareira. 

Parenceph^alis(7ra/9a,£7/ce^aA^,  the  brain). 
The  cerebellum.  • 


PAREXCHVMA. 


329 


PARVOLINE 


Paren'chyma  {napa,  ey}[eu,  to  moisten.) 
The  sjK-'citic,  essential,  or  active  constituents 
of  Lin  organ  in  contradistinction  to  its  inter- 
stitial parts. 

Parenchy'matous  {-apa,  f),tfw,  to 
moisten).  Having  the  nature  of  paren- 
chyma. P.  Inflammation.  According 
to  older  authors,  the  inilanunation  of  the 
substance  of  an  organ  as  oppo.seil  to  that 
of  its  lining  membranes.  Now  nearly 
fallen  into  disuse,  since  the  process  within 
a  tissue  constitutes  but  one  of  the  phenomena 
of  inflammation,  which  is  never  a  one-sided 
process. 

Parepidid'ymis.  See  Organ  of  Giral- 
tiis. 

Parepithy'mia  {-apa,  eTrittviiia,  a  desire). 
A  term  apjilied  to  morbid  or  depraved 
desires  or  habits. 

Par'esis  (-apa,  n/ui,  to  let  go).  Slight 
I«iralysis ;  partial  loss  of  muscular  power. 

Paresthe'sia.     See  Partrst/itsiti. 

Pare'tic.  I'ertaining  to  or  affected  with 
paresis.  Also,  a  person  sufiering  from 
paresis. 

Paridro'sis  [-apa,  tSpuaig,  sweating). 
(Qualitative  changes  in  the  secretion  of 
sweat. 

Pari'etal  ( f-arn-s,  a  wall).  Pertaining  to  a 
wall.  P.  Bones,  those  that,  by  their 
union,  form  the  sides  and  roof  of  the 
skull. 

Par'is  Green.     See  Q^per. 

Parish's  Chemical  Food.  See  Phos- 
phorus. 

Park'inson's  Disease.  See  Paralysis 
A<^it<i>t>-. 

Paroccip'ital.     Tlie  mastoid  apophysis. 

Parompharocele  [Trapa,  niiipa/or,  the 
navel,  A7//7/,  a  tumor).  Hernia  in  the 
region  of  the  navel. 

Paroni^ria  (rzapa,  nvnpnv,  a  dream").  De- 
praved or  morbid  dreaming.  A  condition 
markeil  by  imj)erfcct  slecj)  and  by  dream- 
excitement  or  action  of  the  voluntary  mus- 
cles. 

Parony'chia  (rrnpa,  onf,  the  nail).  In- 
flamm.ition  and  formation  of  an  abscess 
under  or  beneath  the  fmger-nails.  Applied 
also  to  inflammation  of  the  flexor  tendons 
and  sheaths  of  the  Angers.  WhilUno  is 
the  jKipular  name  fur  these  affections. 

Parooph'oron.     See  Paririuirium. 

Paro'pia  (T«^)a,  o^/,  eye).  The  angle  of 
the  eyelids  toward  the  temples. 

Paros'mia  f-«/tM,'»/T//;/,  smell).  Hallucina- 
tions of  smell,  usually  unpleasant. 

Parosto'sis  [rrnpn,  uarmv,  n.\*>\\r).  The 
abnonnal  fonnati(jii  of  Ixjne  ouLside  of  the 


p)eriosteum,  or  in  the  connective  tissue  sur- 
rounding the  jieriosteum. 
Parot'id   (-apa,  uvc,  the   ear).     Near  the 
ear.      P.  Duct,  the  excretory  duct  of  the 
parotid  gland.    P.  Glands.    See  Siilivary 

(.iiiltttis. 

Parotidi'tis.     .See  J\a\^titis. 

Parotidon'cus.     See  J\)roti/is. 

Paro'tis  (I^t.).     The  Parotid  Clland. 

Paroti'tis  (rra/ia,  oiy,  the  ear).  Inflamma- 
tion of  the  parotid  gland,  commonly  called 
the  mumps. 

Parova'rium  (rrn/)n,oa/)Mi',  ovary).  A  few 
tubules  or  remnants  of  the  Wolftian  bodies 
in  the  broad  ligament  of  the  female. 
Called,  also.  Body  of  Rosentnuller. 

Par'oxysm  (-apa,  o^viu,  to  sharpen). 
The  period  of  increa.se,  or  crisis  in  the 
progress  of  a  disease. 

Par  PiqClre.     See  Culture. 

Pars''ley  Root.  '1\\q  xoo\.o{  Petroselinum 
sathuin.      See  Apiol. 

Parthen''icine.  The  alkaloid  of  Par- 
thiiiiiiii!  hyslcrophorus,  native  to  the  West 
Indies.  It  has  proved  efficacious  in  neu- 
ralgia and  in  intermittent  fever.  Dose  gr. 
^-ij ;  as  an  anti|>eriodic,  gr.  v-xv. 

Parthenogen'esis  (-apOivog,  yevvau,  to 
beget).  A  term  denoting  the  successive 
generation  of  procreating  females  that  pro- 
duce without  fertilization.  The  common 
black  scale  bug,  Lecaneum  olea,  of  the 
oleander  is  an  example,  all  the  insects 
being  oviparous  females. 

Partu'rient  (parturientis,  about  to  bring 
forth).  The  condition  of  being  in  lalx)r. 
liringing  forth. 

Parturiom^eter.  An  instrument  for  meas- 
uring the  ex]nilsive  force  of  the  uterus  and 
indicating  the  existing  stage  of  lal)or. 

Parturi'tion  (p.irtiirio,  to  bring  forth). 
The  act  of  giving  birth  to  young.  .See 
/.(i/inr. 

Par'tus  (paro,  to  bring  forth),  (living 
birth.     The  bringing  forth  of  oflspring. 

Paru'lis  ( -apn,  ovhiv,  the  gums).  Alveolar 
aliscess  of  the  gums,      (iumboil. 

Paru''ria  (rrapa,  ov/iov,  urine).  .Any  abnor- 
malism in  the  passage  of  the  urine. 

Par  va''gum.    See  .Vt-nYS,  /'tit'uinogastric. 

Par'voline.  \  name  given  to  ( Jauiier  and 
I'.tard's  ptomaine-base  ("^II|.,N',  obtained 
(iSSi)  from  decom]>osing  mackerel  and 
hor.seflesh,  and  isomeric  with  W'aage's 
svnthetic  parvoline.  The  free  base  is  an 
oily,  amiier-colori-il  fluid,  having  ihe  odor 
of  hawthorn  iilos.>>oms.  Its  consiitution 
and  physiological  action  have  not  yet  liccn 
dcfuiitely  settled. 


pasque  flower 


330 


PAVY'S  DISEASE 


Pasque  Flower.     See  Pulsatilla. 

Pas^sion  [pa/ior,  to  suffer).  Any  intense 
emotion  of  the  mind.  Intense  sexual  ex- 
citement. Ip  pathology,  a  term  formerly 
used  to  include  all  acute  diseases.  P., 
Iliac,  a  disease  of  the  bowels  character- 
ized by  intense  griping  pains  and  severe 
emesis. 

Pass^ive  {/>al2or).  Not  active.  P.  In- 
sufficiency of  Muscles.  See  Instiffi.- 
ciency.  P.  Motion,  the  movement  of  a 
limb  or  part  of  the  body  made  by  the  sur- 
geon or  by  external  agency,  and  not  by 
the  patient  himself. 

Paste  (-acrra,  a  mess).  Any  tenacious 
substance  for  cementing  or  uniting  parts, 
especially  a  semi-solution  of  starch  or  flour 
in  water.  Also,  a  confection  of  gum  ara- 
ble, sugar  and  water,  flavored  with  any 
aromatic  substance.  Also,  a  cautery  com- 
posed of  arsenic  acid,  cinnabar  and  caustic 
alkali. 

Pasteuriza^tion.  The  destruction  of  the 
microbic  life  in  a  substance,  especially 
in  wine,  milk,  etc.,  so  that  it  will  not  de- 
compose. 

Pasteur's  Liq^uid.  An  artificial  liquid, 
of  mineral  constituents,  the  first  devised, 
for  nutrition  of  bacteria.  They  flourish  in 
it,  but  not  so  well  as  when  proteid  con- 
stituents are  also  added.  It  is  composed 
of  water  loo  parts,  crystallized  sugar  lo 
parts,  carbonate  of  ammonia  and  ashes  of 
yeast,  each,  l  part. 

Pasteur's  Oven.     See  Oven. 

Pas''til,  or 

Pastille  (dim.  of  pasta,  paste  or  confec- 
tion), A  lozenge  or  similar  shaped  mass 
composed  of  aromatic  substances  employed 
in  fumigation.  Also,  a  troche  or  tablet 
of  medicinal  substance. 

Patch.  In  pathology,  an  irregular  spot  or 
discoloration  upon  the  skin.  P.,  Mucous. 
Same  as  Condyloma. 

PateFla  (Lat.  a  dish).  The  knee-pan. 
The  small  round  sesamoid  bone  in  front  of 
the  knee  in  the  tendon  of  the  quadriceps 
extensor  femoris. 

Patellar  [f>atella).  Pertaining  to  the 
patella  or  knee-cap.  P.  Reflex,  or  P. 
Tendon  Reflex.     See  A'nee  (jerk). 

Patient  {pateo,  to  be  open).  Open,  ex- 
posed.     P.  Medicine.    See  Medicine. 

Pathe'ma  {~atto^,  disease).  Any  disease 
or  morbid  condition. 

PathematoFogy.     Same  as  Patholo::v- 

Pathet^ic  {mitto^).  That  which  appeals  to 
or  stirs  the  passions.  P.  Muscle.  See 
Muscle.     P.  Nerve.     See  Nerve. 


Path^etism  [Txadoq).  A  generic  term  to 
express  such  mental  abnormalities  as  hyp- 
notism, telepathy,  clairvoyance,  etc. 

Path^finder.  An  instrument  for  finding 
the  openings  of  an  urethral  stricture. 

Path^ic  {naQoq).  Pertaining  to  a  morbid 
condition.  Also,  one  who  tolerates  the 
commission  of  an  unnatural  crime  upon  the 
person. 

Pathogen''esis  {iradog,  yEvvau).  That 
branch  of  pathology  treating  of  the  origin 
and  development  of  disease. 

Pathoge^nic  [iratfog,  yevvau,  to  beget). 
Having  the  property  or  power  to  cause 
disease.  Applied  especially  to  the  various 
forms  of  microbic  life  which,  introduced 
into  the  system,  cause  disease. 

Pathog^eny  [Tzadoq,  yevvau,  to  beget). 
That  branch  of  pathology  treating  of  the 
origin  and  development  of  disease. 

Pathognomon^ic  [-aftog,  yn/vuGKu,  to 
know).  A  term  applied  to  a  symptom 
characteristic  and  indicative  of  a  particular 
disease,  or  one  that  distinguishes  it  from 
other  similar  diseases. 

Pathog^raphy  (-n-attog,  ypacpu,  to  write). 
A  description  of  diseases. 

Patholog'ical  {nnOog,  "Aoyog,  a  treatise). 
Pertaining  to  pathology.  Morbid  or  dis- 
eased.    P.  Anatomy.     See  Anatomy. 

PathoPogy  [ivaHog,  2.oyng).  That  branch 
of  medical  science  treating  of  diseases  and 
morbid  physiological  conditions,  their  na- 
ture, causes  and  phenomena. 

PathoFysis  {nadog,  Ivu,  to  dissolve).  The 
dissolution  of  tissues  -or  substances  by  the 
influence  of  disease. 

Pathonom^ia  [nadog,  vofiog,  law).  The 
study  of  pathological  laws. 

Pathopho'bia  [Tvafiog,  (pofiog^  fear).  Ex- 
aggerated dread  of  disease. 

Pathopoic'sis.     The  creation  of  disease. 

Pa'tient  {patior,  to  suffer).  One  who  is 
under  the  care  of  a  physician.  A  sick 
person. 

Pafulous  [pa  tea,  to  be  open).  Expanded; 
open. 

Paunch.  The  abdominal  cavity  and  its 
contents.  In  comparative  anatomy,  the 
largest  stomach  of  cud-chewing  animals. 

Pave'ment  Epithe''lium.  See  Epithe- 
lium. 

PaviPion  [papilio,  a  canopy).  A  name 
sometimes  given  to  the  expanded  portion 
of  a  canal  or  tube.  P.  of  Ear,  the  au-- 
ricle.  P.  of  Fallopian  Tube,  the  free 
expanded  extremity. 

Pavy's  Disease.  Intermitting  or  recur- 
rent albuminuria. 


PAW'S  TEST 


331 


PELLAGRA 


Pavy's  Test.  The  use  of  ammonia  in- 
stead of  cau^tic  alkali  in  Fehling"s  solu- 
tion. 

Pearl  Barley.     See  Barhy. 

Pearl  White.     See  Bismuth. 

Pearly  Bodies.  Birds'  nest  bodies;  epi- 
demiic  spheres.  Peculiar  laminated  grains 
found  in  epithelioma. 

Pear'son's  Solu'tion.     See  Arsenic. 

Pec'cant  (/<.V(>,  to  sinl.  A  tenn  formerly 
denoting  any  ahnonnal  condition  of  what 
were  termed  the  "humors"  of  the  body. 
Patliogenic;   morbid. 

Pec'tase.  An  albimiinoid  substance  de- 
riveti  from  fmits,  roots,  c-tc. 

Pec'ten  \^pccUii,  a  comb).  The  fa?tal  os 
pubis. 

Pectinate  Ligament.  Fibers  of  connec- 
tive tissue  at  the  angle  of  the  anterior 
chaml)er  of  the  eye,  1  jet  ween  the  iris  and 
cornea. 

Pectinc'us.     See  Muscle. 

Pectin 'iform  {pecteii,  forma,  a  form). 
Having  the  form  of  or  resembling  a  comb. 
Fimliriated  or  serrated. 

Pec'toral  {pectus,  the  breast).  Pertaining 
to  the  breast.  Also,  a  descriptive  tenu 
a|)plied  to  certain  muscles  of  the  breast. 

Pectora'lis.     See  Muscle. 

Pectoriroquy  {pectus,  loquor,  to  speak). 
A  [jeculiar  resonance  over  pulmonary  cavi- 
ties, made  by  the  voice,  cough,  or  rdles. 

Pec'tase.  A  term  formerly  applied  to  a 
gelatinous  comixjund  occurring  in  fruits, 
intermediate  between  starch  and  glucose, 
lis  exact  conijxjsition  is  not  known. 

Pec'tus  (Lat.,  the  breast).  That  part  of 
the  Ixxly  between  the  neck  and  the  ab- 
domen. 

Pe'dal  (/«,  the  foot).  Pertaining  to  tiie 
fret. 

Ped'erasty.     See  Pirderastia. 

PediaPgia  {pes  [gen.  /(•'//.?],  the  foot, 
a'~i<>c,  a  pain).      Pain  in  the  foot. 

Ped^icle  (dim.  oi pes,  the  foot).  In  lotany, 
a  slender  stalk.  In  pathology,  the  narrow 
jiart  <jf  a  tunKjr  or  morbid  growlli  by  wiiicli 
it  is  ati.iched  or  which  sup|xjrts  it. 

Pedic'ular  (dim.  oi  pes).  Pertaining  to  a 
I)e<iicle  or  little  foot  stalk. 

Pedicula'tion  {peJicu/us).  The  st.-itc  of 
Ix-ing  iou>y. 

Pediculo'sis.  A  term  used  to  designate 
llie  symptoms  pr(><luce<l  by  lice.  Consisls 
of  le.sions  caused  l)y  intoleral)lc  itching  and 
scratching. 

Pcdic'ulus  (I .at.  pes,  a  Umx).  A  louse. 
The  name  of  a  '^'enus  of  the  siilHh\ision  r)f 
tctozoa  i)ara.-.itic  ujx^n  human  l)cings.     P. 


Capitis,  Head  lx)use,  a  variety  that  in- 
fests the  scalp.  P.  Pubis,  Crab  Louse. 
a  variety  infesting  the  region  of  the  geni- 
tals. P.  Vestimenti,  Body  Louse,  a 
variety  living  in  dirty  clothes.  Sometimes 
produces  phthiriasis. 

Ped'icure.     See  Chiropodist. 

Ped'igree  (possibly  from  Vr.  pied  de  s^rue, 
a  crane's  fc>ot,  from  the  in'cgular  lines  on 
charts  of  descent).  An  account  of  gene- 
alogy or  descent. 

Pedilu''viuni  [pes,  lavo,  to  wash).  A  foot 
bath. 

Pedom'eter  {pes,  firrpov,  a  mea.sure).  .Vn 
instrument  for  automatically  measuring  the 
distance  traveled.  As  formerly  constructed, 
it  registered  the  numijer  of  footste[)S. 

Pedun'cle  (dim.  of  pes).  In  botany,  the 
footstalk  of  a  plant.  In  anatomy,  any  sup- 
porting part.  P.  of  Brain,  the  white 
cords  outside  of  the  coq)ora  alliicantia. 
P.  of  Cerebellum,  the  parts,  six  in  num- 
ber, connecting  it  with  the  rest  of  the  en- 
cephalon. 

Peinother''apy  [Treira,  hunger,  depairevu, 
to  heal).  The  cure  of  disease  by  the  de- 
privation of  food. 

Pelade'  (Fr.).  A  disease  of  the  skin  cov- 
ered with  hair,  caused  by  the  Microsporon 
Audouini.  The  fungus  develops  in  the 
su])eiticial  horny  layer  of  the  epidermis, 
causing  shedding  of  tlie  hair  and  epidermis. 
It  does  not  penetrate  the  hair  follicles;  it 
is  composed  of  round  spores.  Recent  re- 
search seems  to  show  that  pelade  is  iden- 
tical with  the  Pclliii^ra  of  Italy,  an<i  the 
Rose  Sickness  of  Spain.  Ergot  of  mai.'C 
produces  similar  phenomena. 

Pel'age  {j:t'/'/n,  the  hair).  The  hairy 
system  of  the  body  as  a  whole. 

Pelargon'ic  Acid.  A  complex  ether 
that  imparls  the  s])eciric  tla\or  to  gera- 
nium and  certain  other  aromatic  oils. 

Pelio'sis  Rheumat'ica.  Pur])ura  Kheu- 
matica.  An  acute  disease  distinguished 
by  acute  pain  in  the  joints,  and  accompa- 
nied by  an  eru|)tion  of  livid  patclu'S,  gen- 
erally raised,  and  which  do  not  i.\i.\'.-  liy 
j)ressure.  .Sometimes  associated  with  acute 
rheumatism. 

Pella'gra  (It. /<//<•,  skin,  and  <;(,';v;.  rough). 
A  disease  formerly  ennnnon  in  Italy,  lirst 
manifesting  itself  as  an  i'iytli<-matous 
eruption  followed  by  lesions  of  the  nuieous 
miinbrane  and  general  disturbance  of  the 
cerebrospinal  an<l  diges  ive  systems,  ."^up- 
jxised  to  lie  caused  by  a  fungus  parasitic 
on  mai/e.  Called,  also,  It. dim  leprosy. 
See  also  I'elude. 


PELLAGROCEINE 


332 


PELVIS 


Pellagro^ceine.  A  name  given  by  Lom- 
broso  to  a  poisonous  substance  found  in 
decomposed  corn  meal ;  but  this  was  really 
a  mixture  of  poisonous  ptomaines,  some 
of  which  produce  narcosis  and  paralysis; 
others,  symptoms  like  those  of  nicotine 
poisoning. 

Pellet'ierine.     See  Granatum. 

PeFlicle  (dim.  of  pellis,  a  skin).  A  thin 
skin,  especially  the  mycodermatous  skin 
of  solutions  of  organic  matter  connected 
with  acetous  fermentation. 

Pellic^ular  [TrelAa,  a  hide).  Resembling 
a  pellicle  or  thin  skin. 

Pel'lis  [Trel'ka).     The  skin. 

PeFlitory.     See  Pyrelhrnin. 

PeFvic  \ pelvis,  a  basin).  Pertaining  to 
the  pelvis.  P.  Aponeurosis,  the  ten- 
dinous lamina  having  its  origin  at  the 
brim  of  the  pelvis  and  lining  the  pelvic 
cavity.  P.  Canal,  the  birth  canal.  P. 
Cavity,  the  cavity  forming  the  lower  part 
of  the  abdomen.  P.  Cellulitis,  inflam- 
mation of  the  tissues  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
utems,  or  between  the  uterus  and  peri- 
nzeum.  P.  Index,  the  relation  of  the 
anteroposterior  to  the  transverse  diameter. 

Pelvim'eter  {^pelvis,  jierpov,  a  measure). 
An  instrument  for  measiu^ing  the  pelvic 
dimensions. 

Pelvim'etry  [pelvis,  fierpov).  The  esti- 
mation of  the  dimensions  of  the  pelvis. 
P.,  External,  measurement  of  the  external 
parts  of  the  pelvis,  by  which  to  estimate  the 
dimensions  of  the  internal  parts.  P.,  In- 
ternal, best  effected  by  the  hand.  See 
Pe/vis. 

Pelviot^omy  [pelvis, toi-itj,  a  cutting).  Any 
section  or  cutting  of  the  bones  of  the  pelvis, 
especially  the  division  of  the  symphysis 
pubis  in  case  of  difficult  labor. 

Pelviperitoni^tis.  Inflammation  of  the 
pelvic  portion  of  the  peritoneum.  Peri- 
metritis. 

PeFvis  [pelvis,  a  basin).  The  basin-like 
cavity  of  the  inferior  part  of  the  trunk  con- 
taining the  urinary  and  genital  organs,  and 
bounded  anteriorly  and  laterally  by  the 
innominate  bones,  posteriorly  by  the  sacrum 
and  coccyx,  and  inferiorly  by  the  floor  of 
the  pelvis.  P.  .^Equabiliter  justo- 
major,  one  equally  enlarged  in  all  diam- 
eters with  preservation  of  the  normal 
proportions.  P.  iEquabiliter  justo- 
minor,  a  normally  proportioned  pelvis,  but 
with  all  diameters  reduced.  P.,  Axes  of, 
of  inlet  or  outlet,  a  perpendicular  to  the 
middle  of  the  antero  posterior  diameter.  P., 
Brim  of,  the  entrance  to  the  cavity,  vari- 


ously called  the  inlet,  superior  strail,  ?nir- 
gi)i,  or  isthmus.  Capuron,  Cardinal 
Points  of,  four  fixed  points  of  the  pehis, 
the  two  ileo-pectineal  eminences  anteriorly, 
and  the  two  sacro-iliac  joints  posteriorly. 
P.,  Diameters  of,  of  the  inlet,  the  antero- 
posterior [sacropubii,  or  conjugate),  from 
the  sacro-vertebral  angle  to  the  pubic  sym- 
physis ;  the  transverse,  from  side  to  side  at 
the  widest  point;  the  obliques  [right  and 
left),  obliquely  between  the  points  of  Cap- 
uron ;  of  the  outlet,  the  antero-posterior 
from  the  tip  of  the  coccyx  to  the  sub-pubic 
ligament;  the  transverse  between  the 
ischial  tuberosities ;  the  obliques,  from  the 
under  surface  of  the  sciatic  ligaments  to  the 
junction  of  the  ischio-pubic  rami.  P., 
Dynamic,  that  of  the  woman  in  labor. 
P.,  False,  that  part  of  the  pelvis  (called, 
also,  the  superior  or  large  pelvis)  above  the 
ileo-pectineal  line.  P.,  Floor  of,  the 
united  mass  of  skin,  connective  tissue, 
muscles,  and  fascia;  forming  the  inferior 
boundary.  P.,  Funnel-shaped,  narrowed 
progressively  from  al)ove;  called,  also.  P., 
Masculine.  P.,  Kyphotic,  with  a  pos- 
terior curvature  of  the  lumbar  spinal 
column,  with  increase  of  the  conjugate 
diameter.  P.,  Lordotic,  with  an  anterior 
curvature  of  the  lumbar  spinal  column. 
P.,  Naegele's  Oblique,  a  pelvic  de- 
formity with  anchylosis  of  one  sacroiliac 
synchondrosis  and  other  defects  that  distort 
the  diameters  and  render  the  conjugate  ob- 
lique in  position.  P.,  Obliquity  of,  called, 
also,  the  Inclination,  the  normal  differ- 
ence between  the  axis  of  the  P.  and  that 
of  the  l)ody.  P.,  Obstetric,  the  static 
pelvis ////.f  tlie  last  luml)ar  vertebra.  P., 
Osteo-malacic,  a  distortion  causing  les- 
sening of  the  transverse  and  oblique  diam- 
eters with  great  increase  of  the  antero- 
posterior. P.,  Outlet  of.  The  inferior 
opening  of  the  pelvic  canal.  P.,  Planes  of, 
a  surface  touching  all  points  of  the  circum- 
ference. P.,  Pseudo-osteo-malacic,  a 
pelvis  deformed  by  rickets,  reseml)ling  that 
formed  by  osteomalacia.  P.,  Rachitic, 
the  distortion  produced  by  rickets  usually 
consists  in  a  sinking  in  and  forward  of  the 
sacro-verteiiral  angle,  with  other  deformi- 
ties. P.,  Roberts',  consists  in  an  anchy- 
losis of  both  sacroiliac  joints  and  rudiment- 
ary sacrum,  with  other  malformations,  the 
obli(]ue  and  transverse  diameters  being 
much  narrowed.  P.,  Scoliotic,  distortion 
produced  by  lateral  curvature  of  the  spine. 
P.,  Static,  the  bony  pelvis,  called,  also, 
the    P.,   Anatomical.     P.,   Straits  of, 


PEMI'HIGUID 


333 


PErroNEs 


superior  and  inferior,  the  planes  of  the 
inlet  and  outlet.  P.,  True,  that  l)elo\vthe 
ilio-peclineal  line,  called,  also,  the  small, 
or  inferior  }x;lvis,  or  ihe/f/f/V  caz'ity. 

Pem^phigoid  (-tuoii,  a  bli^ter,  «'Q-,  re- 
senibl.mce).  Resembling  or  having  the 
nature  of  [K-mphigus. 

Pem'phigus  [~tuot-).  An  acute  or 
chronic  eruption  marked  by  successive 
crops  of  bulLv,  which  occur  usually  with- 
out anleceilent  lesions.  P.,  Chronica, 
marked  by  oval  bulhe  with  translucent 
contents,  which  develop  bilaterally,  and 
are  followed  by  sui)erficial  excoriation, 
healing  with  pigmented  stain.  Includes 
several  \arieties,  such  as  P.  so/i/ari/ts,  /'. 
t/iutinoits,  P.  diphtheritiitis,  and  a  fatal 
form,  P.  7'e^ctans,  which  extends  rapidly, 
invcilving  large  surfaces  of  the  skin,  and 
developing  tungoid  excrescences  of  tiie 
skin.  P.,  Foliaceous,  marked  by /«;•/'/</, 
flaccid  bulla*  which  rupture  and  become 
purulent,  leaving  deep  excoriations  of  the 
skin.      P.,  Pruriginosis.       See  Ilydroa. 

Pen'cil  Flower.     See  Stylosaiitlus. 

Pendin'ski  Ulcer.  See  Fiint)iculus  Ori- 
nitalis. 

Pen'dulous  Abdo'men.     See  Abdomen. 

Penetra'tion  {/>enetro,  to  enter).  The 
entrance  of  the  j^enis  within  the  vagina, 
proof  of  which  is  a  prc-requisite  of  the 
crime  of  ra|)c. 

Pen'etrating  (penetro,  to  pierce).  P^nter- 
ing  l)eyond  the  surface.  Piercing.  P. 
Wound,  one  that  |)ierces  any  of  the  larger 
cavities  of  the  \xv\y. 

Penicil'lium  ( penitif/um,  Ti  brush).  One 
fonn  of  a  jxjlymor])lious  jiarasitic  fungus, 
of  which  asperipllus  and  mueor  arc  others ; 
the  P.  j^/iiui'um,  or  common  blue  mould 
is  a  common  example,  the  s|K)res  resem- 
bling th<ise  of  the  lri(hophyton  tonsuinns 
and  other  skin  di.seascs. 

Pe'nis  (I^t.).  The  principal  male  organ 
of  generation.  Consists  of  two  elongated 
Ixxlies  of  erectile  tissue,  the  rorponi  ein>er- 
nosa,  the  corpus  sponi^iosum,  which  en- 
close the  urinary  canal,  and  the  ^lans 
pinis. 

Pcni'tis  ( penis,  irir,  inflammation ).  Phleg- 
masia <)(  the  |)rcpuce,  .skin  or  cellular  tissue 

of  the  |ntiis. 

Pcnj'deh  Sore.     Sec  I'uninculus  Orient- 

alis. 
Pennyroy'al.     .See  lledeoma. 
Pcn'nywort.      .Sc<-  llvdroiotile. 
Pen'tagon  \th\tii,  five,  ;<(i7f/,  an   anglr)- 

A  plane  figure  having  five  equal  sides  and 

angles. 


Pe'ony.  The  root  of  Puronia  offiiinaHs. 
Of  reputed  value  in  the  convulsions  of 
children.     l)o>e,  inf.,  3ij-5J.      Unof. 

Peot'omy  (-t«f,  the  penis,  ro////,  a  cutting). 
.\m|)ut,uit>n  of  the  jxrnis. 

Pe'po.  I'umpkin  seed.  The  seed  of  eti- 
iurbita  P.  Properties  due  to  a  resin  con- 
tained in  the  inner  covering  of  the  embryo. 
Highly  recommended  as  a  tiuniafuge.  Dose 
of  the  resin  gr.  xv,  of  the  seeds  3J-ij, 
made  into  a  suitable  emulsion. 

Pep 'per.     See  Piper. 

Pep'permint.     See  Mentha  piperita. 

Pep'sin  (7rfi/''f,  digestion).  A  name  of 
iiuUtinite  meaning  given  to  the  digi-stive 
principle  of  the  gastric  fluids.  C'ommnnly 
called  a  solvent,  but  more  properly  a 
ferment  which  converts  albuminous  sui)- 
stances  into  peptones,  in  the  presence 
of  an  acid.  Prepared  by  digesting  the 
mucous  lining  of  pigs'  stomachs  in  acidu- 
lated water.  One  gr.  should  peptonize 
3000  grs.  of  albuminous  matter.  P.  Sac- 
charat.,  a  mixture  of  pepsin  and  sugar  of 
milk.  Dose  gr.  v-_^j.  P.  Liq.,  contains 
saccharated  pepsin  40,  hydrochloric  acid 
12,  glycerine  400,  water  q.  s.  ad  looo  parts. 
Dose  ^ij-iv.  See,  also,  Laetopepsin, 
Ittgluvin,  and  Ferments. 

Pepsin''ogen  {p,psin,  yevvau,  to  beget). 
The  mother-substance,  zymogen  or  proi)ep- 
sin,  existing  in  the  granules  of  the  cells, 
changeable  into  pepsin  by  hydrochloric 
acid  or  .sodium  chloride. 

Pep''tic  (TTti/vf).  Pertaining  to,  or  that 
which  ])romotes  digestion.  P.  Glands, 
tlie  fundus  glands  of  I  Kidenluini,  gastric 
follicles,  es]>ecially  numerous  near  the  car- 
diac portion  of  the  stomach. 

Peptonae'mia.  The  artiflciallyprcKluced 
existcTice  of  jK-ptone  in  the  bhxMl. 

Pep'tones  (-frrro),  to  digest).  A  cla.ss  of 
animal  [iroteids  prcKluced  during  digestion 
by  the  action  of  pepsin  and  dilute  hydro- 
chloric acid  ujxm  the  |)roteids  of  food, 
transfonning  them  inloasolubh'  fonn.  The 
))roli'i(l  molecule  is  s|il it  up  into  tw<i  groups. 
Anti-peptone  and  Hemi-peptone.  llie 
former  can  l)e  s|>lit  up  into  leucin  anil 
tyrosin  fiy  trypsin,  while  the  latter  does  not 
undergo  the  change.  The  mixture  of  the 
two  is  called  Ampho-peptone.  An  in- 
termediate IkmIv,  re:illy  a  mixliin- of  several 
Uxlies,  is  called  Pro-pcptone,  Para- 
pcptonc.or  Hcmi-albumose.  Peptones 
are  soluble  in  water,  diffusi"  through  mem- 
branes easily,  and  are  l.ivogvTous.  They 
are  the  chief  sources  of  energy  and  of  re- 
pair of  waste  for  the  economy. 


PEPTONIZED 


334 


PERICARDIAC 


Pep^tonized.  Ingested  with  or  containing 
pepsin,  either  naturally  or  artificially,  for 
the  purpose  of  aiding  digestion.  Food, 
especially  milk  intended  for  invalids,  is 
thus  treated. 

Peptonu^ria  {^peptone,  ovpov,  urine).  The 
presence  of  peptones  in  the  urine. 

Peptotox''ine.  A  poisonous  ptomaine  found 
by  Brieger  in  some  peptones,  in  digestion 
of  fibrin,  and  in  putrefying  albuminous 
substances,  such  as  fibrin,  casein,  brain, 
liver  and  muscles.  It  is  a  well-known 
fact  that  animal  tissues,  in  the  early  stages 
of  putrefaction,  possess  strong  toxic  prop- 
erties, even  before  decomposition  has  ad- 
vanced far  enough  to  effect  the  sjilitting-up 
of  the  proteid  and  carbohydrate  molecules. 
An  early  peptonization  of  the  proteids  by  fer- 
ments in  the  tissues,  which  begin  their 
action  at  once  after  death,  has  been  offered 
as  an  explanation  of  this  toxicity.  Pepto- 
toxine  has  not  as  yet,  however,  been  defi- 
nitely isolated. 

Pequet's  Res''ervoir.  The  receptaculutn 
chyli,  a  triangular  dilatation  forming  the 
beginning  of  the  thoracic  duct. 

Per-  ^per,  through).  A  Latin  prefix  signi- 
fying through.     Also,  more  than  ordinary. 

Peraceph'alus  {^per,  a,  without,  netpaATj^  a 
head).  A  term  applied  to  certain  foetal 
monstrosities  characterized  not  only  by 
want  of  upper  extremities,  but  also  by 
malformation  or  absence  of  the  thorax. 

Peracute''  {per,  acutus,  sharp).  More  than 
ordinarily  sharp  or  severe. 

Percep^tion  {per,  ra/w,  to  receive).  The 
act  of  receiving  impressions  or  obtaining 
knowledge  of  external  things  through  the 
medium  of  sensation  and  attention.  Also 
the  impression  or  idea  itself.  P.,  Differ- 
ential, the  ability  to  distinguish  differences 
between  small  changes  in  the  intensity  of 
stimulation. 

Perceptiv^ity  {per,  capio).  The  faculty 
or  capability  of  receiving  impressions  or 
ideas. 

Percola''tion  {!_,. percolo,  to  strain  through). 
The  process  of  obtaining  the  soluble  con- 
stituents of  a  substance  by  allowing  the 
solvent  to  trickle  through  the  powdered 
mass  placed  in  a  long  conical  vessel ;  a 
process  similar  to  lixiviation. 

Per'colator.  A  long,  conical-shaped  vessel 
with  a  delivery-tube  at  the  lower  extremity, 
employed  for  the  displacement  of  the  solu- 
ble constituents  of  a  body  by  lixiviation. 

Perclu'sion  {per,  claudo,  to  shut  up).  The 
condition  resulting  from  peripheral  lesion 
of  an  organ,  in  contradistinction  to  that 


resulting  from  lesions  of  the  central  ner- 
vous system  or  some  distant  organ. 

Percus^sion  {perciissio,  to  strike).  The 
striking  lightly  upon  any  part  of  the  body, 
especially  the  chest  or  abdomen,  with  the 
view  of  ascertaining  morbid  conditions  by 
the  resonance  of  the  stroke.  It  is  termed 
immediate  if  made  direct  with  the  fingers; 
mediate,  if  with  an  instrument,  as  the 
pleximeter,  interposed. 

Per'forans  {per,  foro,  to  bore).  Pene- 
trating or  perforating.  Applied  to  various 
muscles  whose  tendons  pass  through  other 
structures. 

Per^forating  Ulcer  of  the  Foot.  A  sinus 
occuixing  usually  on  some  part  of  the  foot 
which  is  subject  to  pressure.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  thick  collar  of  epidennis, 
and  extends  to  the  bone.  Caused  by 
pressure  or  injury  to  the  nerve  which  leads 
to  the  locality  affected.  In  nearly  eveiy 
case  painless. 

Perfora^tion  {per,  foro).  In  surgery,  the 
act  of  drilling  or  boring  through  any  hard 
tii-sue  as  in  trephining  the  skull.  Also,  an 
opening  in  the  continuity  of  an  organ  or 
part  arising  from  internal  or  from  external 
causes. 

Per'forator  {per,  foro).  An  instrument 
for  boring  through  the  skull. 

Perfrica^tion  {per,fneo,  to  rub).  Same 
as  inunction. 

Perfume^  {per,fumo,  to  give  off  a  vapor). 
The  odor  of  a  volatile  substance,  especially 
if  pleasant  or  agreeable.  Most  commercial 
perfumes  belong  to  the  terpene  series,  and 
have  the  uniform  composition  C^qHj^.  In 
a  few  instances  they  are  manufactured 
synthetically,  but  in  most  they  are  ex- 
tracted from  the  petals  of  flowers. 

Per^i-  {nepc,  around).  A  Greek  prefix 
signifying  around,  or  surrounding. 

Periarteri^tis  {^rspi,  afirrjpLa,  an  artery, 
iTi^,  inflammation).  Inflammation  of  the 
external  sheath  of  the  arteries. 

Periarthri^tis  {rrepi,  arthritis).  Inflamma- 
tion in  the  bursK  and  periarticular  tissues 
of  a  joint. 

Periartic'ular.    About  or  around  a  joint. 

Per^iblast  {ntpt,  (i?.aaTog,  a  germ).  The 
envelope  surrounding  the  cell-nucleus. 

Periblep''sia  {nepi,  I^J.enu,  to  look).  A 
term  applied  to  the  wild,  unnatural  look 
observed  in  delirium. 

Peric3e''cal  {nepi,  caetini).  That  which, 
surrounds  the  CKCum. 

Per'ical.     See  Fmif^us  Foot. 

Pericar'diac.  Pertaining  to  the  pericar- 
dium. 


PERICARDITIS 


335 


PERIORBITAL 


Pericardi'tis  {^pericardium,  i-iC).  In- 
flammation of  the  pericardium.  Acute 
rlieumatism  is  the  most  frequent  cause. 
May  be  complicated  witli  niyocardilis  or 
endocarditis.  The  varieties  are  classeil  as 
Fibrinous,  with  all'uminous  lymph  eliu- 
sion,  whence  an  excess  of  fibrin  is  precipi- 
tated, followed  by  absorption  of  the  liquid 
and  adhesion  of  the  walls  of  the  .-^ac ; 
Serous,  in  whicli  the  enu--ion  is  serous; 
Hemorrhagic  Fibrinous,  with  etTu>-ion 
of  blood  ;  Gummy,  from  syphilitic  intlam- 
mation  ;  Purulent,  followed  bydryinj;  of 
the  discharj^e  into  cheesy  masses;  Tuber- 
culous, a  rare  fonn.  Tumors  may  also 
cause  ]>ericarditis. 

Pericard'ium  (~fp<,  Kap(^in,  the  heart). 
Tiie  membranous  sac  or  covering  that  en- 
velops the  heart.  It  consists  of  an  external 
fibrous  and  an  internal  serous  coat. 

Per'icarp  {~tpi,  Knp-ug,  fruit).  In  botany, 
the  shell  or  cover  of  a  frait. 

Pericemen'tum.  The  layer  of  true  lione 
covering  (tie  fangs  of  the  teeth ;  formed 
Iteneatli  the  [x^riodontal  membrane. 

Perichondri''tis  (~fp',  A'O'"'/'"?.  a  cartilage, 
trir).      Innainmalion  of  the  ix^richondrium. 

Perichon'drium  [~tpi,  x"^'^P^?)  The 
membrane  that  invests  cartilage. 

Perichoroid'al  [irepi,  choroid).  Surround- 
ing the  ciioroid.  Pertaining  to  that  which 
surrounds  the  choroid  coat  of  the  eye. 

Pericolpi'tis  (~cpi,  Ko'/.TZof;,  the  vagina, 
/7(f).  Inflammation  of  the  areolar  tissue 
surniunding  the  vagina. 

Pericon'chal  (-f/J^  noyxv^  a  shell,  and  by 
application  the  cavity  of  the  carl.  Sur- 
rounding the  cavity  of  the  ear.  P.  Sulcus, 
a  sulcu-s  separating  the  helix  and  the  convex 
hinder  surface  of  the  concha. 

Pericor'neal.     Surrounding  the  cornea. 

Pericra'nium  (">/",  KfxivKtv,  the  skull). 
The  pcrio>teu!n  of  the  skull. 

Pericysti'tis  (~epi,  Kvnnr,  the  bladder, 
iTir,  inflammation).  Inflammation  of  the 
areolar  tissue  surrounding  the  bladder. 

Perides'mium  (-tpi,  iSicsuor,  a  ligament). 
Tli<-  d'lii  itc  membrane  or  covering  that 
invents  a  ligament. 

Perididymi'tis  (■srrpi,  Aiih>/inr,  a  testicle, 
iTir,  inflammation).  Inflammation  of  the 
areolar  tissue  surrounding  the  tisticles. 

Perigloftis  {-I pi,  -//^jcfjii,  the  tongue). 
The  mucous  membrane  or  villous  coating 
of  the  tongue. 

Perilaryngi'tis  {■n-rpi,  Inryni^'itis).  In- 
flaniriialioii  of  the  areolar  ti.ssue  surround- 
ing the  larynx. 

Pcr'ilymph.     Sec  A'lua  I.ahyrinthi. 


Perimeningi''tis  {~fpt,  nienin^itisy  In- 
flammation of  the  dura  mater. 

Perim'eter  (Tf/w,  /lerpnv,  measure).  An 
instniment  for  measuring  llie  extent  of  the 
fK-Ui  of  vision. 

Perimetri'tis.     See  Metritis. 

Perim'etry  [j^fpi,  //trpov).  The  science 
of  measuring  the  extent  of  the  field  of 
vision. 

Perimys'ium  (//ir,  a  muscle).  The  sheath 
of  areolar  ti>>ue  that  invests  muscle  and 
Its  fasciculi. 

Perinae'um.     See  Perineum. 

Peri'neal  (jzfpivtov).  Pertaining  to  the 
perineum.  P.  Body,  the  elastic  and  mus- 
cular tissue  in  the  center  of  the  iKTiiieum. 

Perine'ocele  (rrcpn'toi',  Kifkr},  a  tumor  or 
rupture).     IVrineal  hernia. 

Perine'oplasty  (n-fpa'fov,  TT^mrffw,  to  form). 
I'l.astic  operations  uixin  the-|:)erineum. 

Perine'orraphy  {j^tpivfnv,  pa(pr/,  a  suture). 
Suture  of  the  ix;rincuni,  usually  from  its 
having  been  torn  in  childliirth. 

Perineosyn'thesis.  A  plastic  operation 
u|X)n  the  perineum  in  which  a  graft  of 
vaginal  mucous  membrane  is  made  to  cover 
tlie  wound. 

Perinephri'tis  {j^epi,  ve<(>pog,  the  kidney, 
iTig,  inflammation).  Inflammation  of  the 
enveloping  membrane  of  the  kidneys. 

Perineph'rium  inept,  v£(ppog).  The  en- 
veloping membrane  of  the  kidney. 

Perine^um  {nepd'eov).  Extemally  and  in 
the  female,  the  pelvic  flt)Or,  Ixiunded  by  the 
anus  behind,  the  ischial  tuberosities  at  the 
sides,  and  by  the  vulval  o|)ening.  The 
walls  of  the  rectum  and  vagina  ft)nn  its  in- 
ternal lx)undanes.  In  the  male,  the  deep 
lx)undaries  are  usually  given  as  the  rami 
of  the  pubes  and  ischia  meeting  anteriorly 
at  the  pubic  arch. 

Perineu''rine,  or 

Perineu'rium  (Trepi,  vn'pov,  a  nerve).  The 
tubular  sheath  investing  nerve-libers. 

Perioc'ular  Space.  That  between  the 
globe  of  the  eye  and  the  orbital  walls. 

Pc'riod  (Tfp/orfof,  an  interval  of  time). 
The  interval  of  time  between  pathological 
pliendineiia,  or  paroxysms  of  disease.  P., 
Monthly,  the  recurrence  of  menstniation. 

Periodic'ity  {ir-iiiinAiit;).  A  word  signilying 
the  a|itilude  of  certain  diseases  or  patho- 
logical phenomena  to  recur  at  regular  inter- 
vals. 

Periodonti'tis   (-rpi,  nAmr,  a  tooth,  irir, 
inflammation).     Inflainmation  of  th<-  mem 
bran) HIS  tissue  lining  tin-  socket  of  the  t(M)tli. 

Perior'bital  (irrpi,  prMti,  the  orbit  of  the 
eye).       rertuining   to    the    membrane   or 


PERIORCHITIS 


336 


PERMANENT  TEETH 


periosteum  of  the  socket  of  the  eye.  Used 
indefinitely  of  tissues  adjacent  to  the 
orbit. 

Periorchi^tis  (ttf/j^,  opx^Q,  the  scrotum, 
iTif ).  Inflammation  of  the  tissue  surround- 
ing the  testicle,  or  of  its  cellular  tissue. 

Periostei'tis.     See  Pejiostitis. 

Perios^teophyte  [7repi,oaT£ov,  bone,  (pvrov, 
a  growth).  A  morbid,  osseous  formation 
upon  or  proceeding  from  the  periosteum. 

Perios^teum  l^nFpt,oaTEov).  A  tough  con- 
nective tissue  surrounding  bones,  serving 
as  an  attachment  for  tendons,  and  the 
means  of  their  nourishment  and  regen- 
eration, by  acting  as  the  medium  of  inter- 
communication for  the  vascular  supply. 

Periosti^tis.  Inflammation  of  the  perios- 
teum. 

Perios''toma  {-rrepi,  ^jAw/^,  a  bone-tumor). 
Any  morbid,  osseous  growth  occuiring  on 
or  surrounding  a  bone. 

Periosto^sis  [nepi,  oareov).  Inflammatory 
hypertrophy  of  bone. 

Periot^ic  (7rfp<,  owf,  theear).  A  descriptive 
term  applied  to  the  petrous  and  mastoid 
parts  of  the  temporal  bone,  and  to  adjacent 
parts. 

Peripachymeningi''tis.  See  Pachymen- 
i  II  iritis. 

Peripatet''ic  [j^^pi,  naTeu,  to  walk).  Walk- 
ing about.  Also,  a  disciple  of  Aristotle, 
who  instructed  his  pupils  while  walking. 

Peripha^cus  {Trepi,  ^a/cof,  a  lentil).  The 
capsule  surrounding  the  crystalline  lens. 

Periph^eral  {j^tpi,  cpepu,  to  bear).  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  nature  of  a  peri- 
phery. The  external  part  or  boundary  as 
distinguished  from  the  central. 

Periph^ery  {Trepi,  (p£pu).  The  line  bound- 
ing any  surface.  The  external  part  in 
contradistinction  to  the  central. 

Per'iplasm  [nepi,  nXaapa).  The  delicate 
hyaline  layer  about  animal  cells. 

Peripleuri''tis.  Inflammation  of  the  tis- 
.sues  suiTounding  the  pleura. 

Peripneumo'nia.     See  Pncufinmia. 

Periprocti^tis  (7rf/)<,  irpuKrog,  the  anus, 
iTig,  inflammation).  Inflammation  of  the 
areolar  tissue  about  the  anus. 

Periscop^ic  {Trepi,  amTVEu,  to  see).  Applied 
to  lenses  having  a  concave  surface  upon 
one  side  and  a  convex  upon  the  other, 
either  having  the  smaller  radius  of  curva- 
ture, so  that  the  lens  may  as  a  whole  be 
positive  or  negative  (concavo-convex,  or 
convexo-concave) ;  called,  also,  Meniscus. 
The  object  of  the  lenses  is  to  cut  off"  spheri- 
cal aberration,  and  allow  the  observer  to 
look  more  obliquely  through  them. 


Peris''sad  (nepLcaEvu,  to  be  superfluous). 
Applied  to  atoms  of  uneven  quantivalence, 
as  nitrogen,  capable  of  grasping  five,  boron 
three,  and  chlorine  one,  monad  atoms. 

PeristaPsis  {izEpiaTe'/JM,  to  contract).  The 
peculiar  movements  of  the  intestine,  con- 
sisting in  a  vermicular  narrowing  of  the 
tube  from  above  downward,  thus  propelling 
the  contents  before  it.  Antiperistalsis, 
an  abnormal  movement  traveling  in  an 
upward  direction  toward  the  stomach. 
Aperistalsis,  cessation  of  peristaltic  move- 
ments. Dysperistalsis,  increased  or 
spasmodic  peristalsis.  Euperistalsis, 
normal  healthy  peristalsis. 

PeristaPtic.  Pertaining  to  peristalsis. 
Also,  an  agent  or  medicine  increasing 
peristalsis. 

Peristaph''yline  {ttepi,  ura^v/lT?,  the  uvula). 
Pertaining  to  the  uvula. 

Peristo^ma  {nepi,  aru/ia,  a  mouth).  The 
margin  of  a  mouth  or  of  any  mouth-like 
opening. 

Peristro'ma  {nrpt,  arfiujua).  The  internal 
layer  of  a  tube-like  organ.  The  villous  coat 
of  the  intestines. 

Perisys'tole  [rrEpi,  avaroTir],  a  contraction). 
A  term  applied  to  the  time  inter\'ening  be- 
tween systole  and  diastole  of  the  heart. 

Peritendin^eum.  The  tissue  surrounding 
.the  tendons  like  a  sheath. 

Perit^omy  {TTEpi,  teiivu,  to  cut).  The  op- 
eration of  the  removal  of  a  riband  of  con- 
junctival and  subconjunctival  tissue  from 
al  out  the  cornea,  for  the  relief  of  pannus. 

Peritonae''um.     See  Peritoneum. 

Peritone^al.  Pertaining  to  the  perito- 
neum. 

Peritone''um  (jczpi,  telvu,  to  extend).  The 
membrane  lining  the  interior  of  the  abdomi- 
nal cavity  and  surrounding  the  viscera. 

Peritoni'tis  (^peritoneum,  vnq).  Inflam- 
mation of  the  peritoneum. 

Perityphli''tis  (ttf/j/,  Tv<Sf}\.o(;,  the  caecum, 
niq,  inflamnmtion).  Inflammation  of  the 
areolar  substance  surrounding  the  ccecum. 

Perivas^cular  {peri,  around,  vasculuin,  a 
vessel).  That  which  surrounds  or  en- 
closes a  vessel. 

Perivasculi'tis.  Inflammation  of  the  ves- 
sel-walls. 

Per^kinism.  A  method  of  empiric  treat- 
ment devised  by  a  Connecticut  practitioner. 
It  consists  in  drawing  over  the  affected 
part  the  extremities  of  two  rods  ("  metallic 
tractors")  of  different  metals.  The  thera- 
peutic effects  were  wholly  imaginary. 

Permanent  Teeth.  The  teeth  of  the 
second  dentition. 


PERMEABLE 


337 


PETIT'S  OPERATION 


Per'm cable  {^per,  meo,  to  pass  through). 
Meable.     Capable  of  affording  pxssage. 

Permuta''tion  (/ct,  muto,  to  change). 
The  reciprocal  substitution  between  two 
comix)unds  of  one  element  or  radical  for 
another. 

Pernic'ious  {pirrniciosus ,  destructive). 
That  which  is  highly  destructive  or  mis- 
chievous.    P.  Anaemia.     See  Amcmia. 

Per'nio.     See  Chilblain. 

Perobrach'ius  {jnjpoq,  wanting,  ,3pa\iu)v, 
arm).  A  developmental  defect  in  which 
the  forearms  and  hands  are  malformed  or 
wanting. 

Perocephalus  {-rjpog,  Kr(pn?.Tf,  head).  A 
monster  with  an  abnormali>m  of  the  head. 

Perochi'rus  (~//p"f,  x^'P-  hand).  A  de- 
fect of  development  consisting  in  absence 
or  stunted  growth  of  the  hand  or  foot. 

Perom'elus  (~//p<>f,  f^e/JK,  liml)).  A  mon- 
ster with  deficient  or  stunted  limbs. 

Peronae'us,  or 

Per 'one.     Same  as  Peroneus. 

Perone'o-  {pcnmuits).  A  Latin  word 
which,  joined  as  a  prefix,  denotes  connec- 
tion with  or  relation  to  the  fibula. 

Perone'us  {/^en>n,tus).  The  fibula.  P. 
Muscle.     .See  Muscle. 

Peronospo'ra  [-epovT/^  point,  a-opov, 
spore).  A  group  of  fungi,  of  which  the 
potato-fungus  and  mildew  are  the  com- 
monest exain])les.  P.  Calotheca,  found 
\x\K>n  rolling  fruits.  P.  Ferrani,  or  P. 
Barcinonae.  The  cholera  microbe  of  Ter- 
ran,  as  late  investigations  seem  to  show  it, 
is  not  an  alga  or  bacillus,  but  a  fungus 
of  the  al)ove  group.  P.  Infestans,  the 
potato-fungas,  the  greate.st  scourge  of  this 
plant.     P.  Viticola,  mildew. 

Per'opus  {~>jp"C,  ~"''C.  fool).  A  develop- 
mental defect  in  which  the  legs  and  feet 
are  malformed. 

Pero'sis  { ~Tjp»c^).  The  condition  of  abnor- 
mal or  flefeclive  formation. 

Perox'ide.  A  term  used  in  the  old  chemi- 
cal nomenclature  to  designate  tiie  highest 
pro|xjrtions  in  which  o.xyLjcn  could  saturate 
any  tetrad  b.Tse.  P.  of  Hydrogen.  See 
J[yi{io:^en. 

Perplica'tion  (/^r, //»><»,  to  fold).  Fold- 
ing or  turning  an  incised  vessel  u|x)n  or 
within  itself. 

Personal  Equation.  The  peculiar  differ- 
ence of  each  iti<livi'luai  in  hi-,  reaction  to 
various  orders  of  stimuli. 

Pcrspira'tion.     See  Sweat. 

Perturba'tion  i/».T/M/-/y(»,todisturi)).  Func- 
tional trouble.     Kesllcs.snessordis<iiiietU(le. 
Also,  any  mental  inequilibrium.      The  em- 
22 


ployment  of  means  that  arrest  or  modify 
the  development  of  a  morbid  state. 

Pertus^sin  (/tv,  lussis,  a  cough).  The 
S|5ecific  microbe  or  virus  of  pertussis. 

Pertus'sis  {/'er,/ussis).  Whooping-cough. 
A  contagious  disease,  conlined  usually  to 
childhotxl  and  youth,  marked  l)y  sp;ismodic 
and  convulsive  coughing.  Its  course  lasts 
u.sually  for  a  period  of  six  or  seven  weeks. 
It  is  rarely  fatal. 

Peru'vian  Bark.  See  Bark,  Peruvian, 
and  Ciiuhi'iui. 

Peru''vian  Wart.  See  J'crruga  Peru- 
ana. 

Perver''sion  (/<■'',  vcrlo,  to  turn).  The 
stale  of  being  turned  away  from  the  nor- 
mal course  as  in  the  modifications  of  func- 
tion in  disease.  Also  any  morbid  cliaiige 
in  llie  lluids  of  the  body. 

Pervigil'ium  {per,  vigilium,  a  watch). 
Same  as  insomnia. 

Pes  (Lat.,  a  foot).  The  foot.  A  term  also 
applied  to  parts  of  tlie  l)ody  resembling  a 
fool.  P.  Anserinus,  the  divisions  of  the 
facial  nerve  in  its  distribuiion  to  the  facial 
muscles.  P.  Accessorius,  a  swelling 
in  the  outer  part  of  the  cornu  ammonis. 
P.  Hippocampi,  the  extremity  of  the 
1 1.  Major,  etc. 

Pes'sary  (n-eccrof,  an  oval-shaped  stone). 
An  instrument  for  placing  in  the  vagina  to 
remedy  or  supjwrt  uterine  or  cervical  dis- 
placements. 

Pessi'ma  {rKtaaot,  a  game  of  chequers). 
An  eruptive  disease  consisting  of  hard, 
sjx)ngy  pustules,  having  a  fanciful  resem- 
blance to  a  chess-i)oard.  It  is  a  form  of 
pa])ilioma 

Pest  {peslis,  a  |)]ague).  A  contagious  fei)- 
rile  disease  endemic  in  certain  oriental 
countries,  characterized  by  depression, 
cephalalgia,  peleclii.e,  bulos,  etc.  Used 
collo(|uially  for  cholera,  i)lack  death,  etc. 

Pestiferous  (pcsfis,  fcrro,  to  bear). 
I  )e>triictivc,  potikiilial. 

Pes'tilence  {pcstis).     Same  as  pest. 

Pes'tilent  (pcstis).  Having  the  nature  of 
a  potilence  or  epidemic  disease. 

Pes'tis.     .See  /'est. 

Pes'tle  {pistill/tm).  The  piece  with  which 
substances  are  beaten  in  a  morlar. 

Pefal  (n-fTii'/ot',  a  leaf).  A  leaf  of  llie 
corolla  of  a  flower. 

Pete'chia  (It.  peteche,  a  flea  bile).  Sec 
/'ill/' lira. 

Petit,  Canal  of.     See  Canal. 

Petit  Mai.      S(e  /■'.pilep^y. 

Petit's  Opcra'tion.  An  operatinn  for  the 
relief  of  straiigulaled  hernia.     It  consists 


PETRIFACTION 


338 


PHANTOM 


of  a  division  of  the  stricture  without  open- 
ing the  sac. 

Petrifac^tion  [neTpa,fac!o,  to  make).  The 
condition  of  having  turned  to  stone.  Patho- 
logically, a  process  of  transformation  char- 
acterized by  the  deposit  in  a  tissue  of 
various  salts  derived  from  tlie  blood. 
Called,  also,  Incrustation. 

Pet^rissage.     See  Massage. 

Petrola''tum.  Petroleum  Ointment.  A 
jelly-like  preparation  obtained  from  the 
residuum  of  petroleum,  soluble  in  ether, 
insoluble  in  water  and  alcohol,  known 
commercially  as  vaseline  and  cosmoline. 
An  excellent  basis  for  ointments  and  a 
valuable  emollient. 

Petro^leum  (Trerpa,  oleum,  oil).  Mineral 
oil.  A  mixture  of  various  hydrocarbons. 
"Coal  oil,"  or  kerosene,  is  one  of  the 
residua  of  fractional  distillation.  Naphtha, 
benzine,  parafifine,  and  a  substance  vulgarly 
known  as  cosmoline,  the  base  of  unguen- 
tum  petrolatum  are  among  the  most  im- 
portant components.  Externally  it  is  a 
stimulant.  It  is  an  excellent  antiseptic  and 
gennicide.  Internally  it  has  been  used  as 
an  anthelmintic  and  an  expectorant.  P. 
Ointment.     See  Petrolatum. 

Pefroline.  The  commercial  name  for  a 
combination  of  hydrocarbons  derived  from 
petroleum. 

Petro^sal  [irsTpa,  rock).  Pertaining  to  the 
petrous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone.  P. 
Sinus,  a  name  given  to  two  sinuses, 
superior  and  inferior.  The  former  is  situ- 
ated along  the  superior  border  of  the 
petrous  portion ;  the  latter,  near  the  pos- 
terior border. 

Pe^trous  Portion.     See  Temporal  Bone. 

Pet^tenkofer's  Test.  A  qualitative  test 
for  the  presence  of  biliary  acids.  A  few 
drops  of  the  suspected  liquid,  as  the  urine, 
are  dropped  into  a  fresh  solution  of  sugar 
and  dilute  sulphuric  acid.  If  biliary  acids 
be  present  a  purplish  crimson  color  is  pro- 
duced. 

Peyser's  Glands.     See  Gland. 

Pfliig'er's  Law.  "A  given  tract  of  nerve 
is  stimulated  by  the  appearance  of  cathe- 
lectrotonus  and  the  disappearance  of  an- 
electrotonus — not,  however,  by  the  disap- 
pearance of  cathelectrotonus,  nor  by  the 
appearance  of  aneleclrotonus." 

Phacomala^cia.     See  Cataract,  soft. 

Phacosclero''sis.  Hardening  of  the  crys- 
talline lens. 

Phae-.      See  Phe-. 

Phagede''na  (0ayE/v,  to  eat  away).  Erod- 
ing; gangrenous.     Extension  of  an  ulcer 


with  formation  of  sloughs.     P.  Gangren- 
osa, hospital  gangrene. 

Phag^ocyte  {(pajeiv,  Kvrog,  cell).  A  term 
applied  by  Nutschnikoff  to  the  cells  of  the 
organism  possessing  the  property  of  ab- 
sorbing and  digesting  microbes.  He  calls 
the  leucocytes,  microphagi,  and  the  term 
7iiacrophagi  is  given  to  the  permanent  tis- 
sue cells  with  large  nucleus,  such  as  con- 
nective-tissue cells,  epithelial  cells  of  the 
pulmonai-y  alveoli,  etc. 

Phagocyto^sis.  The  development  or  con- 
dition of  phagocytic  life.     See  Phagocyte. 

Phaki^tis  [(jtaKoc,  lens,  irig).  Supposed 
inflammation  of  the  crystalline  lens  of  the 
eye. 

Phakom^eter.  An  instrument  for  meas- 
uring the  power  of  lenses. 

Phakosclero^sis  {(j)aKog,  the  ciystalline 
lens,  GKhjpoQ,  hard).  Induration  or  hard- 
ness of  the  crystalline  lens. 

Phak^oscope  {(paKog,  the  lens  of  the  eye, 
CKOTreu),  to  see).  An  instrument  for  ob- 
serving and  estimating  the  change  in  the 
shape  of  the  lens  produced  by  accommo- 
dation. 

Phalacrc'sis.     See  Baldness. 

Phalan^ges  {(paAay^,  a  battalion).  The 
fingers  and  toes.  P.  of  Ear,  the  minute 
cuticular  libers  in  the  organ  of  Corti. 

Pha^lanx  (plural.  Phalanges,  (palay^).  A 
name  given  to  any  one  of  the  small  bones 
of  the  fingers  and  toes. 

PhallaPgia  [(pallog,  aT^yog,  pain).  Pain 
in  the  penis. 

Phallan^eurysm  {(i>a7ikog,  aneurysm). 
Aneurysm  of  the  penis. 

Phallon^cus  [cpaJAog,  oynoc,  a  tumor). 
Any  tumor  or  swelling  of  the  penis. 

PhaFlus  ((paXTiog).     The  penis. 

Phanakis^toscope.     See  Zoetrope. 

Phaneroga^mia  {(pavepog,  apparent,  yafing, 
marriage).  A  division  of  the  vegetable 
kingdom  comprising  all  vascular  plants 
whether  flowering  or  not,  with  exposed 
sexual  organs.  Subdivided  into  two  classes, 
the  endogenous  and  exogenous.  See 
Cryptogam  la. 

Phan'tasm  {(paivu,  to  show).  An  illusive 
perception  of  an  object  which  does  not 
exist.     A  vision  or  apparition. 

Phan^tom  [(pavraCu,  to  make  visible).  An 
apparition.  A  model,  manikin  or  effigy 
upon  or  by  which  to  illustrate  bandaging, 
surgical,  obstetrical  and  other  operations. 
Applied  also  to  false  or  simulated  symptoms 
of  disease.  P.  Child,  a  doll  used  to 
illustrate  the  phenomena  of  labor.  P. 
Face  or  Head,  a  metal  eihgy  of  a  face, 


PUARMACAL 


339 


PHIMOSIS 


with  eye-sockets  devised  to  hold  pigs'  eyes, 
wherewith  to  practice  or  illu>lrateui  K-rations 
in  ophthahnic  surgery.  P.  Stricture, 
erroneous  subjective  symptoms  of  the  pa- 
tient who  behe%'es  he  has  rectal  stricture. 
P.  Tumor,  apparent  or  simulated  tumors 
of  hysterics  and  malingerers,  lliat  disap|K'ar 
in  sleep  or  when  the  jxilient  is  etherizetl. 
Applied  also  to  collections  of  gas  or  fxces 
in  the  aMominal  cavity. 

Phar'macal  (ipapuanor,  a  drug).  Pertain- 
ing to  pharmacy. 

Pharmaceu'iics.     Same  as  Pharmacy. 

Phar'macist.     An  ajxjthecary. 

Pharmacodynam'ics  (ipaf>ftnKov,  6ii'afiir, 
force).  The  science  of  the  powers  and 
etVects  of  medicines. 

PharmacoFogy  (<pap/iaKor,  /o;of,  a  treat- 
i>e).  A  treatise  on  the  nature  and  proper- 
ties of  substances  used  as  medicines,  or 
those  employetl  in  their  preparation. 

Pharmacopce'ia  [ipapftaKoi;  ttouu,  to 
make).  A  standard  code  containing  a 
selection  of  medicinal  sulistances,  j.re|iara- 
tions  and  formulas.  The  United  States 
(1882),  and  the  British  (1885),  are  among 
the  most  comprehensive  pul  lished.  All 
except  the  United  States  pharmacoixtia 
have  been  issued  under  governmental 
authority. 

Phar'macy  (<papfjaKov).  The  science  of 
dnigs,  and  the  art  of  selecting,  preparing 
and  combining  them. 

Pharyngal'gia  (^a/ji^f,  the  pharyn.x,  a?.- 
■)'ir,  a  pain).     Pain  in  the  pharynx. 

Pharyn'geal  {QafW}^).  Pertaining  to  the 
pharynx. 

Pharyngemphrax'is  {(pnpx'y^,  efi(ipa^ic, 
fibsiruclioii).     Obstruction  of  the  pharynx. 

Pharyngis'mus.     I~lpasm  of  the  ]>harynx. 

Pharyngi'tis  {(papv}^,  /r/r,  inllammation). 
Inflammation  of  the  pharynx. 

Pharyn'go-  ((pnpiry^).  A  Greek  word 
fre<|uenlly  used  as  a  prefix,  signifying  con- 
nection with  or  relation  to  the  pharynx. 

Pharyn'gocele  {ipapif}'^,  nr/'/r/,  tumor).  A 
tumor  or  |xjuch  of  the  pharynx. 

Pharyngodyn'ia  (oupv}^,  oAwr/,  pain). 
.Any  pain  in  the  pharynx. 

Pharyn''go-glos''sal.  Pertaining  con- 
jointly to  the  |jharynx  and  tlie  tongue. 

Pharyngol'ogy.  The  science  of  the  pha- 
ryngeal me(  hanism  and  functions. 

Pharyngople'gia  (^n/jvjf,  n?~ff'y'!,  a 
.stroke).  Piwalysis  of  the  pharynx  or  of 
the  ff»oi)hngus. 

Pharyn'gospasm  ((papvy^,  airaa/ior,  a 
.sjj.-i>tn).  Any  cramp  or  spasm  of  the 
pharynx. 


Pharyngot'omy  {oapv}^,  tc^ivu,  to  cut). 
Incision  of  the  pharynx. 

Phar'ynx  (oa/ji-}^,  the  throat).  The  mus- 
culo membranous  sac  or  cavity  behind  the 
mouth,  nose  and  larynx. 

Phase  (Oiiff'f,  an  appearance).  The  con- 
dition or  st.ige  of  a  (lise;ise  or  physiological 
lunclion  at  a  given  time. 

Phenac'etine.  A  phenyl  comiKiund  hav- 
ing antipyretic  projjerties.  Recommended 
in  neuralgia  and  acute  rheumatism.  Dose 
gr.  iv-x\x.     Unof. 

Phengopho''bia.     See  Photophobia. 

Phe'nol.      See  Acid,  Cnrbolic. 

Phenolsulphon'ic  Acid.  The  "  jihenol- 
forming  substance "  fciund  .sometimes  in 
urine,  from  which  phenol  is  obtained. 

Phenom'enal  {(;ianup(ti,  to  show).  Per- 
taining to  phenomena.  Also,  apparently 
contrailictory,  or  exceptional  to  the  ordi- 
nary course  of  events  in  nature. 

Phenom'enon  [ipaivufiai).  Anything  ex- 
traordinary or  unexpected  in  nature.  In 
physiology,  any  change  in  an  organ  or 
function  appreciable  to  the  senses,  as  that 
of  respiration,  circulation,  eU.  In  pathol- 
ogy, a  symptom. 

Pheno-resor'cin.  A  mixture  containing 
carliolic  acid  67,  rcsorcin  ^;^  per  cent, 
l-nof. 

Phen'yl.  See  Add,  Carbolic.  P.  Glu- 
cosazon.  A  comi)lex  crystalline  sub- 
stance separating  in  yellow  rosette-shaped 
crystals  in  Fisher's  test.  P.  Hydrazin, 
a  colorless  oil  having  the  composition 
CjHj  (XjIIj),  .<olul)le  in  water,  the  hydro- 
chloride of  which  is  u.sed  in  Fisher's  test 
for  glucose.  P.  Hydrazin  Test  (for 
sugar).  Into  a  test-tube  ])ut  '^  in.  liry 
j)henyl-hydra/in  hydrochlorate,  add  pul- 
verized Sodium  acetate  an  e<iual  volume, 
and  fill  Yi  'ube  witii  urine.  Agitate  until 
sodium  acetate  is  dissolved,  ginlly  heating 
up  to  boiling  |)oiiit  and  lioil  for  30  seconds. 
Kxamine  tlie  sediment  with  micro.scope 
for  yellow-branching  needle  shaped  crys- 
tals of  |)henyl  glucosazon.  P.  Salicyl., 
Sec  Siilol. 

Phi'al.     Sec  Vial. 

Philos'ophy  (i:^t)nr,  a  lover, <if><5'«,  wisdom). 
Literally,  a  love  of  wiMlom.  The  coordi- 
nation of  human  knowledge.  Knowledge, 
natural,  moral,  or  mental.  P.,  Natural. 
See  PhviiiS.  P.,  Positive,  C'omteism, 
or  the  |)hilosophy  of  Augiiste  Comic. 

Phimo'sis  {ipipiH.i,  to  constrict).  I'.longn- 
tion  of  the  prepuii-  and  constiietion  of  the 
orifice,  so  that  the  foreskin  cannot  lie  re- 
tracted to  uncover  the  giaiis  ])cnis. 


PHLEB- 


340 


PHONOGRAPH 


Phleb-  {<l>7i,eip,  a  vein).  A  Greek  root 
meaning  vein,  frequently  used  as  a  prefix 
to  other  words. 

PhlebeC'tasis.     See  Varix,  Varicose. 

Phlebecto'pia  ((pAetp,  ek,  out  of,  To~og, 
place).  The  dislocation  or  abnormal  po- 
sition of  a  vein. 

Phlebemphrax''is.     Plugging  of  a  vein. 

Phlebi^tis  {(P^eiI>,  itlq).  Inflammation  of 
a  vein.  P.,  Uterine,  puei-peral  sep- 
ticaemia. 

Phleb^'ogram.  A  tracing  of  the  move- 
ments of  a  vein  by  the  sphygmograph. 

Phlebog''raphy  (^Aei/^,  ypatpcj,  to  write). 
The  descriptive  anatomy  of  the  veins. 

Phleb^olith  (^Aei//,  ?u6og,  stone).  Vein- 
stone, caused  by  the  calcareous  degeneration 
of  clots,  dtC. 

PhleboFogy  {(p^-si),  Tioyog,  a  treatise).  A 
treatise  on  the  nature  and  functions  of  the 
veins. 

Phleborrha-'gia  (^Afi/^,  pr/yvv/xi,  to  burst 
forth).     Same  as  Phleborrhexis. 

Phleborrhex^is  [ipTiEip,  pr/^ig,  rupture).  A 
rupture  of  a  vein.  Also,  hemorrhage  from 
a  vein. 

Phlebot''omy.     See  Bloodletting. 

Phlegm  (^/leyjuo).  A  watery  humor. 
Also,  the  viscid,  stringy  mucus  expectorated 
or  vomited. 

Phlegina''sia  [(pleyu,  to  burn).  A  syn- 
onym of  inflammation.  P.  Alba  Dolens, 
painful  white  swelling.  An  adhesive 
phlebitis  of  one  or  both  legs  occurring  after 
childbirth,  and  characterized  by  pain,  swell- 
ing, and  whitish  discoloration  of  the  part. 
Formerly  called  milk-leg. 

Phlegmat^ic  [(pAeyu).  Unfeeling,  indif- 
ferent.    Abounding  in  phlegm. 

Phleg^matous  {(pTiEyu).  Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  nature  of  phlegm. 

Phleg^mon  [ipAeyaovi],  inflammation).  An 
inflammation  of  an  acute  suppurative  char- 
acter beneath  the  skin. 

Phleg^monous  {(pAey/uo^'Tj).  Pertaining  to 
an  acute  suppurative  inflammation  of  sub- 
cutaneous tissue. 

Phlogis'tic  {(f)?i.oyog,  flame).  Pertaining 
to  the  energy  of  heat. 

Phlogis^ton  [fAoyog).  An  obsolete  term 
used  by  early  chemists  to  denote  fire  or 
flame  as  a  chemical  element  which  was 
united  with  oxidizable  substances,  and 
which  was  separated  from  them  during 
combustion.  The  term  disappeared  with 
the  discovery  of  oxygen. 

Phlogogen''ic  [ip/^nyng,  yevvau,  to  beget). 
An  obsolete  name  for  hydrogen.  Also, 
causing  inflammation. 


Phlogo'sis  [<p7-oyog).  Any  superficial  or 
external  inflammation.  Also,  erysipelatous 
inflammation. 

Phlorid^zin,  or 

Phlori^'zin.  A  bitter  crystalline  substance 
occurring  in  the  root  and  trunk  of  the  apple, 
pear,  and  similar  fruit  trees.  It  has  reputed 
value  in  intermittents.     It  is  thought  to  be 

o 

identical  with  salicylin.  Dose  gr.  x-xx. 
Unof 

Phloroglu'cin.  A  phloridzin  derivative 
used  for  testing  for  hydrochloric  acid,  with 
which  it  produces  a  red  tinge. 

Phlyctae'na  (ipAv/crawa,  from  (ph>o),  to 
bubble  up).  A  tumor  fomied  by  the  efiu- 
sion  of  serum  under  the  epidermis. 

Phlyc'tenoid  [(pXyaraiva).  Resembling 
phlyctasna.  Also,  a  term  applied  to  a 
variety  of  heipes. 

Phlycten^ula  (dim.  of  (ftTiVHTaiva).  A 
little  vesicle  or  blister.  An  elevation  of 
the  epidermis,  cornea,  or  conjunctiva,  by  an 
accumulation  of  serous  fluid  beneath. 

Phlycten'ular.  Having  the  nature  of 
phlyctenula.  P.  Ophthalmia,  herpetic 
eruption  of  the  conjunctiva. 

Phlyc^tis.     See  Phlyctenula. 

Phly^sis.     See  Phlyctenula. 

Phlyza^cium  [(pAvl^u,  to  inflame).  A  pus- 
tular vesicle  on  an  indurated  base. 

Phocom^elus  (</>«k^,  a  seal,  fieTioq,  limb). 
An  ectromelic  monster  with  shortened  or 
atrophied  arms  and  thighs,  the  hands  and 
feet  being  attached  almost  directly  to  the 
trunk. 

Phoe^nicism  (^o/ytf,  red).  A  synonym  of 
Rubeola. 

Phce'nodin  {(poivuSijg,  blood  red).  Same 
as  Hrematin. 

Phona^tion  {(puvTj,  the  voice,  or  sound). 
The  production  or  art  of  vocal  sound  and 
articulation. 

Phonet'ic  {(puvr^).  Pertaining  to  the  sounds 
and  articulations  of  the  voice. 

Phon'ic  {(j>uvj]).  Pertaining  to  the  voice 
or  to  articulate  sounds  of  the  voice.  Also, 
the  science  of  acoustics. 

Phonocamp''tics  {(puvTj,  Ka/xrpig,  bending). 
That  branch  of  physics  treating  of  the 
reflection  of  sound. 

Pho'nograph  {<p(JV7j,  ypa<j)0),io  write).  An 
instrument  consisting  of  a  wax-coated  cyl- 
inder revolving  under  a  stylus  attached  to 
a  diaphragm.  The  vibrations  of  the  dia- 
phragm, set  in  motion  by  the  voice,  cause 
the  cylinder  to  be  indented  by  the  stylus. 
When  the  cylinder  is  again  revolved  the 
indentations  of  the  wax  cylinder  strike 
against   the   stylus,   thereby  throwing   the 


PHONOGRAPHY 


341 


PHOSPHORUS 


diaphragm  into  vibration  and  reprcnlucing 
the  original  sounds  of  the  voice. 
Phonog'raphy  {O(jvr/,}f)aotj).     A  scheme 
of  shori-hanJ  writing  in  wliich  the  wonls 
are  sjK-lleti  according  to  their  sounds. 
Phonom'eter  (oi-'i'i,  /ifrp<»r,  a  measure). 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  intensity 
of  sound,  or  a  current  of  air  expired  during 
phonation. 
Phonop''athy  (ooi-r/,  rradog,  disease).     Dis- 
order of  the  vocal  organs. 
Phorom''eter  (dfjf,  Vighi,  fterpov,  measure). 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  intensity 
of  light ;    also,  for  me;\suring  the  relative 
strengths  of  the  ocular  muscles. 
Phos'phate.    Any  salt  of  phosphoric  acid. 
P.,  Tests  for,  in  Urine,  add  a  few  drops 
of  potassium  hydrate  and  l)<.)il.    The  earthy 
phosphates  are  thrown  out   and  separable 
by  filtering.      To  the  filtrate  add  one-third 
its  volume  of  magnesia  mixture.    The  pre- 
cipitate represents  the  phosjihoric  acid  once 
held  by  alkaline  bases,  now  in  the  f  'nn  of 
triple   phosphate.      Teissier's    Method, 
a    sediment    of   the    phosphates    is    ob- 
tained by  magnesia  mixture  in  a  50  c.c. 
graduated    tube.      I    c.c.    of  sediment    is 
equal  to  0.60  to  0.70  gramme  of  phos- 
phates per  liter,  or  0.06  to  0.07  per  cent. 
Phosphafic.      Relating  to  or  having  tlie 
nature  of  phosphates.    P.  Diathesis,  that 
condition  of  the  liody  favoring  the  dei)Osi- 
tion  of  phosphate  salts  in  the  urine. 
Phos''phenes  (i?uf,  light,  (paivu,  to  show). 
Subjective    luminous    circle    or    sensation 
cause<l,  r'.,^.,  by  pressure  uyion  the  eyeball. 
Phos^phine.     A  name  formerly  given  to 
hydrogen  phosjihide  PH3. 
Phosphores'cence  (^wf,  <^f/)u,  to  l^ear).   A 
term  ajjplied  to  the  s|X)ntaneous  luminosity 
of  certain  substances,  such  as  phosphcrus, 
calcium     sul|jhide     (("anton     phosphorus, 

IJologna  phosphorus),  while  sugar.  It  is 
ol<served  in  putrescent  organic  matter,  such 
as  dead  fush,  woo<l,  e/c.  ;  in  the  ixxlies  of 
plants  and  animals,  such  as  the  marigold, 
fire  fly,  in  the  excreta  of  animals,  the 
sweat     of    miliaria    and    the    breath    of 

phthisical  pati>-nts. 
Phosphorhidro'sis    (^^c.    <'V^<^C.    sweat). 

I'hosplnjre-.cent  sweat. 
Phosph'orism.    'Ihe  symptoms  of  chronic 

pli(js|)horus-|><)i.soning. 
Phosphoru'ria     (phosphorus,    wftnv,    the 

urine).       I'liosphorescenco    of    the    urine. 

Also,  urine  containing  an  excess  of  phos- 
phates. 
Phos'phorus  (^wr,  ^/^/jo,  to  U-ar).   P      31 ; 

quantivalencc   III.      A  noii  metal  existing 


in   three  allotropic   forms:    yellow    P.,  of 
waxy  consistence,  soluiile  in  carbon  disul- 
phide ;  red  P.,  pulverulent  and  insoluble; 
"metallic"  P.,  metallic  luster,  insohiiile  and 
inert  at  ortlinary  temix-ratures.     An  essen- 
tial element  in  bone,  brain,  and  nerve  tis- 
sues.    In  form  of  pho>phoric  acid  combined 
with  calcium,   forms  50  per  cent,  of  the 
bones.    Yellow  P.  in  Miiall  doses  is  a  brain 
and  nen'e  stimulant  and  tonic.     In  toxic 
doses  a  jK>werfuI  g.astro-intestinal   irritant, 
producing  death  by  failure  of  respiration 
and  circulation.      Hest  administered  in  the 
form  of  hy]K>phosi)hites,  similar  in  action 
but   less  severe.     Soluble   ])hosphates  are 
laxative  and  cholagogue.     Phos])honis  and 
its  compounds  are  indicated  where  the  nerve 
centers  are  implicated  in  such  ailments  as 
cerebral  softening,  progressive    locomotor 
ataxia,  jjaraplcgia  from  excessive  venery, 
etc.     A  specific   in   imiiotence.     Alkaline 
hy|K>phosphites    are    highly    beneficial     in 
diseases    of    imi)erfect    nutrition,    chronic 
phthisis,    etc.      Calcii    Hypophosphis. 
Dose  gr.   x-xxx.     Calcii    Lacto-phos- 
phat.  Syr.,  contains  of  the  preceding  22, 
lactic   acid   33,    orange    flower  water  80, 
sugar    600,    hydrochloric    acid,    water    of 
ammonia   and   water  aa   q.  s.    ad    1000. 
Dose  5J-,5J.     Calcii   Phosphas    Pre- 
cipitat.       i)ose    gr.    ij-x.      Hypophos- 
phitum  cum  Ferro,  Syr.,  contains  of  the 
syrup    of    Inpophosphiles    99,    lactate    of 
iron   I.     Dose  ,^j-5J.     Hypophosphi- 
tum     Syr.,    contains    calcium     salt    35, 
sodium  an<l  ])Otassium   salts  aft   12,  citric 
acid    I,   si)t.   lemon   2,    sugar    500,   water 
f|.  s.  ad  1000  parts.    Dose  )5J-,^j.    Ferri 
Hypophosphis,  soluiile  in  sodium  citrate. 
Dose    gr.    v-x.         Ferri.    Quininae    et 
Strychninae  Phosphat.,  Syr.,  contains 
phijsi)hates  of  iron  and    (|uinine    ftft    133, 
strychnine  4,  phosphoric  acid   Soo,  sugar 
(moo,  di.stilled  water  q.  s.  ad    10,000  parts. 
Dose    3J-ij.        Phosphatum     Comp., 
Syr.,  Parisli's  Chemical  Food ,  unof ,  con- 
tains  in   each   J5J    jihos.   of   iron    gr.    ijss, 
phos.    of    calcium    gr.    j.        Dose    ,"j-^ij. 
Oleum     Phosphoratum,    ])hosplioraied 
oil,  contains  phosphorus   1,  stronger  ether 
9,  expressed  oil  of   almond  i|.s.  ad    loO. 
Dose  n\j-v.      P.   Pil.,  each  contains   gr. 
y!„  of  the  <Irug.     Dose  j-v.     P.  Tinct. 
(|{<llevue    IIosp.),    unof,    contains    phos- 
|>horus  gr.   xxxij,  absolute  alcohol   ^^  xlvj, 
essence  vanilla   5i,  ol.  orange  jK-el,  ^iij, 
alcohol  <i.s.  ad    ^t^  xlviij.      I  )o.se  "V-.^J 
P.,  Tinct.  (Thompson's),  unof.,  contains 
phosphorus    gr.    i,    absolute    alcohol    3  v, 


PHOSPHORUS  NECROSIS 


342 


PHTHISIS 


glycerine  5Jss,  spt.  peppermint  Tr\^xl. 
Dose  TrLxx-^:^].  Potassii  Hypophos- 
phis.  Dose  gr.  v-x.  Sodii  Hypo- 
phosphis.  Dose  gr.  v-x.  Sodii  Phos- 
phas.  Dose  3J-^j-  Sodii  Pyrophos- 
phas.  Dose  ^^^ss-^ss.  Zinci  Phos- 
phidum,  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid, 
irritant  and  poisonous.       Dose  gr.  ^'q-tV- 

Phos'phorus  Necro^sis.  A  disease  char- 
acterized by  necrosis,  chiefly  of  the  jaw- 
bone, which  affects  workmen  exposed  to 
the  fumes  of  phosphorus. 

Phosphu^ria  [(pug,  ovpov,  urine).  An  ex- 
cess of  the  phosphates  in  the  urine. 

PhotaFgia  \(puQ,  light,  alyog,  pain).  Pain 
arising  from  too  great  intensity  of  light. 

Pho'to-  (0«f).  A  Greek  prefix  denoting 
connection  with  or  relation  to  light. 

Photo-chem'ical  (</>«?,  A^'//"a,  chemistry). 
Pertaining  to  the  chemical  action  of  liglrt 
as  manifested  in  silver  salts  and  certain 
other  compounds. 

Photogen^ic  {<fug,  ysvvau,  to  beget).  Pro- 
ducing light. 

Pho'tograph  {(pug,  ypa(pu,  to  write).  A 
fac -simile  of  any  object  or  design  reproduced 
by  the  chemical  action  of  light. 

Photog'raphy  {(pug,  ypa(pu,  to  write).  The 
art  of  reproducing  the  images  of  objects  by 
the  action  of  light  upon  certain  salts  which 
are  changed  or  decomposed  by  it. 

Photohaematachom'eter.  See  ILema- 
tachoineter. 

PhotoFogy  {(pug,  Tioyog,  a  treatise).  A 
treatise  on  the  nature  and  laws  of  light. 

Photomagnet''ic  {(pug,  magnetism).  Per- 
taining to  the  power  of  certain  rays  of  tlie 
spectrum  to  render  magnetic  a  steel  needle. 

Photom^eter  (0«f,  /usTpov,  a  measure). 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  strength 
or  intensity  of  light. 

Photomet^ric  {(pug,  /j-erpov).  Pertaining 
to  photometry  or  the  measurement  of 
light. 

Photoni''etry(i;4uf, /^E-pof).  The  measure- 
ment of  light,  its  rapidity,  intensity,  efc. 

Photo-microg^raphy  {(pug,  /uiKpng,  ypa(pu, 
to  write).  The  photographic  enlargement 
of  a  body  under  the  microscope. 

Photon''osus  (06j(;,  vot7()f,  disease).  A  dis- 
eased condition  arising  from  continued  ex- 
posure to  intense  or  glaring  light,  as  snow- 
blindness,  etc. 

Photopho''bia  {(pug,  light,  (pofiog,  fear). 
Dislike  of  light,  a  symptom  of  corneal, 
iritic,  and  otlier  inflammatory  condition.^  of 
the  eye. 

Phc'tophone  {(pug,  (puvt],  sound).  An 
apparatus  for  the  graphic  representation  or 


detennination  of  the  character  of  sound- 
waves by  means  of  the  sensitive  flame. 

Pho^tophore  {pug,  (pepu,  to  bear).  An 
instrument  for  examination  of  the  cavities 
of  the  body  by  means  of  the  electric 
light. 

Photop^'sia  {^ug,  o)ip,  sight).  A  false  per- 
ception of  light,  sparks,  flashes  of  fire,  e/c. 
Symptomatic  of  certain  morbid  conditions 
of  the  retina  or  of  the  brain. 

Photoptom^eter  {aug,  utp,  eye,  juerpov, 
measure).  An  instrument  for  determining 
visual  acuity. 

Photox^ylin.  A  substance  derived  from 
wood-pulp.  A  good  substitute  for  collo- 
dion in  minor  surgery,  and  as  a  medium 
for  mounting  microscopic  specimens. 

Photu^ria  (pug,  ovpov,  the  urine).  Phos- 
phorescence of  the  urine. 

Phrenasthe^nia  {(pprp,  diaphragm  or  the 
mind,  aadevog,  weak).  Paresis  of  the  dia- 
phragm. Also,  a  congenital  phrenopatliy 
consisting  in  imbecility,  idiocy,  cretinism, 
etc. 

Phrenet'ic.     Maniacal,  delirious. 

Phren'ic  {(pprjv).  Pertaining  to  the  dia- 
phragm.    P.  Nerve.     See  N'ei-ve. 

Phrenogas^tric  {(pp'jv,  yaaTJjp,  the  stom- 
ach). Pertaining  conjointly  to  the  stomach 
and  diaphragm. 

Phren^ograph  {(ppvv,  ypa(pu,  to  write).  An 
instrument  for  registering  the  movements 
of  the  diaphragm. 

PhrenoPogy  {^pip,  loyog,  a  treatise).  A 
theory  that  the  characteristics  and  pecu- 
liarities of  the  mind  may  be  determined  by 
the  conformation  of  the  skull. 

Phrenop''athy  {(pprjv,  iraOog,  suffering). 
A  general  terra  including  diseases  charac- 
terized by  perversion  or  debility  of  one  or 
more  faculties  of  the  intellect.  Mental 
alienation. 

Phreno^ses.     See  Phrenopatliy. 

Phren'osin  {ppi/v).  A  nitrogenized,  non- 
phospliorized  cerebroside  occurring  in 
brain -tissue. 

Phren^sy  {(pprjv).     Insanity,  mania,  frenzy. 

Phthiri^asis.     See  Pediculus. 

Phthis^ical  {(pO/aig,  a  wasting).  Pertain- 
ing to  or  affected  with  phthisis. 

Phthi^sis  {(pOiaig,  (pdivofiai,  to  consume). 
P^oitnerly  any  dyscrasia  producing  emacia- 
tion and  death ;  restricted  now  to  designate 
all  i)ulmonary  lesions  followed  by  dis- 
organization of  lung  tissue,  the  forma- 
tion of  cavities,  loss  of  function  and  healtli, 
and  death.  P.,  Abdominal,  the  forma- 
tion of  tui)erculous  deposits  in  the  .ab- 
dominal   cavity.      P.   Bulbi,   progressive 


PHVGOGALACTICS 


343 


PHYSOSTIGMA 


shrinkage  and  atrophy  of  the  eyeball.  P. 
Pulmonalis,  pulmonary  phthisis.  P. 
Tuberculosis,  ilie  fonnaiion  of  dejx)sits 
of  the  bacillus  tulH.'rculosis,  now  considered 
the  specific  pathogenic  cause,  directly  or 
indirectly,  of  the  hu-ge  majority  of  cases  of 
jjhthi.sis.  The  progress  of  the  di.seii>e  is 
attended  w  iih  night-sweats,  cough,  diar- 
rluea,  and  emaciation. 

Phygogalac'tics  [<i>tv)u,  to  llee,  }n/a, 
milk).  Medicines  stopping  the  secretion 
of  milk. 

Phyllox'era  {(jiv7^j)v,  a  leaf).  A  name 
given  to  several  six;cies  of  ti/ZiitAe  which, 
by  puncturing  llie  under  side  of  leaves  to 
deposit  their  ova,  produce  the  excrescences 
known  as  galls.  Also  the  /".  Vastiitrix, 
which  infests  the  roots  of  grajie  vines, 
causing  the  disease  of  the  vines  known  as 
phvlloxera. 

Phylog'eny  (<^v7xiv,  race,}frrau,  to  beget). 
The  history  of  the  development  of  a  whole 
stock  of  organisms,  from  the  lowest  form 
of  the  series  upward.  Ilaeckel's  "finida- 
mental  biological  law  "  is  expressed  in  the 
words,  "  the  ontogeny  is  a  short  repetition 
of  the  phylogeny." 

Phy'ma  [<i>v/M,  a  growth).  A  terni  used 
to  include  sujipurative  tumors  larger  than  a 
Ijoil.  .Mso,  a  class  of  diseases  including 
erysi|)elas,  oedema,  emphysema,  sciiThus, 
eff.  Also,  a  genus  of  diseases  including 
hordeolum,  sycosis,  and  anthrax.  Also,  a 
tulx;rcle. 

Phy'matoid  {(pvfia,  etihg,  resemV)lance). 
A  condition  of  cancerous  growth  distin- 
guished by  dull  yellow  color  and  a  con- 
sistence resembling  that  of  tubercle. 

Phymato'ses  {6i'fi(i).  A  general  term  for 
tulicrculous  or  scrofulous  dise.-Lses. 

Physco'nia  {ofOKur,  the  |)aunch).  A  gen- 
eral term  for  alxlominal  tumors  that  are  not 
fluctuating  nor  sonorous.  Also,  excessive 
coq>uleiicy. 

Physia''trics  (Oiwr,  nature,  (nrpin,  treat- 
ment). Healing  |K)wer  as  manifi-.sled  in 
the  various  forms  of  vital  energy  and 
n.itural  forces. 

Phys'ic  (<pvai().  The  science  of  medi- 
cine. Also,  a  general  name  for  any 
nmrdy  or  medicine.     .Msf),  a  cathartic. 

Phys'ical  (i;>iK7(r).  l'<rtaining  to  nature. 
Also,  jK-Ttaining  to  the  Ixxly  or  material 
things  in  contradistinction  to  the  mind,  or 
to  m<t,nphysical  things.  P.  Examina- 
tion, ixamiiiation  of  the  cor])or<  al  synip 
tf)ins  of  di-><-a.se  in  a  patient.  P.  Signs, 
the  indications  obtained  by  jK-rcassi(jn,  iias- 
cultation,  jKilpation,  r/r. 


Physi'cian  (^tw/f).  One  who  practices 
medicine.  In  many  Stales  of  the  I'nited 
Stales  the  term  is  restricted  to  one  who 
has  received  the  degree  as  Doctor  of 
Medicine,  or  who  has  been  legally  licensed 
to  practice  medicine. 

Phys'icist  ((^im/f ).     A  student  of  physics. 

Phys'ics  [^ovaic).  The  science  treating 
of  the  laws  governing  material  phenomena, 
especially  those  of  gravitation,  motion, 
energy,  c/c.  P.,  Medical,  that  p:m  of 
Physics  pertaining  to  the  preservation  of 
the  individual  or  management  of  disease. 

Physiognomon'ic  (<r>m/f,  yvuitui',  an  in- 
terpreter).    I'ertaining  to  physiognomy. 

Physiognomon'ics  {<j>vaig,  ^vu/iuv).  The 
science  of  physiognomy. 

Physiog'nomy  [uvcig,  yvu/tuv).  The  art 
of  reading  character  and  temperament  by  a 
study  of  the  face. 

Physiog''raphy  (^m/f ,  )y)«^w,  to  write).  A 
desciipticMi  of  the  surface  of  the  earth  as 
niodilied  l)y  the  forces  of  nature.  1-arth- 
sculpture. 

Physiol'ogy  (^iwf,  /'ojor,  a  treatise). 
The  science  of  the  functions  and  properties 
of  organized  bodies  and  especially  the 
human  body,  the  mutual  relation  and  func- 
tions of  its  organs,  and  vital  |)henomena. 

PhysioFysis  (^iwf, /rw,  todi.s.solve).  The 
disintegration  of  dead  tissue  by  the  natural 
processes  of  putrefaction,  f/c. 

Phy'socele  [(jivcm,  air,  nrj/.i/,  tumor).  An 
intestinal  tumor  of  gas  or  flatus. 

PhysocoFic  {';>voii,  lo/ic-n).  Colic  caused 
by  llatus. 

Physom''eter  ((fiiaat.),  to  inflate,  fjerpor,  a 
measure).  An  instrument  for  detenniiiing 
variations  in  the  volume  of  a  confined  body 
of  air. 

Physomc'tra  ((^rcorj,  fn/Tfia,  the  womb). 
A  swelling  or  eidargement  of  the  womb 
arising  from  gxses  pro<luced  by  the  decom- 
position of  some  substance. 

Physostig'ma.  Calabar  I'xan.  The  seeil 
of  y.  -ihtieiiosutii,  native  to  West  .Africa. 
I'ro|)<-rtii'S  mainly  due  to  alkaloids,  tsciine 
and  phy.sostigmine.  I'araly/.es  spinal  motor 
cciilirs  and  arrests  reflex  action  without 
affecting  muscular  irritability.  I'roduces, 
also,  myosis,  nausea,  and  voniiling.  In 
toxic  doses,  causis  death  by  paralysis  of 
respiratory  organs.  L'sed  advantageously 
in  tetanus  and  toqxir  of  tin-  Uiwels.  P. 
Ext.,  alcoholic.  Dose  gr.  '  <,  '...  P. 
Tinct.,  lo  jM-r  cent,  in  slicngth.  I 'osc 
n\v  XX.  Eserinc,  uniif.  IX-d  in  o|)hthal 
niology  as  a  myotic.  !  )o8e  gr.  u'o-j'j. 
Eserinc  Salicylate.     Dose  gr.  yio-jij. 


PHYTALBUMOSES 


344 


PI  LI 


PhytaFbumoses  {(pvTov,  a  plant).  Vege- 
table albumoses  resembling  true  peptones. 
Two  varieties  have  been  isolated,  desig- 
nated as  a-  and  /3-Phytalbumoses. 

Phy'to-  {(pvTov).  A  Greek  prefix  signify- 
ing connection  with  or  relation  to  vege- 
table organisms. 

Phytochemi'cal  [(pvrov,  ;t;?;/im,  chemistry). 
Pertaining  to  the  chemical  structure  and 
nature  of  plants.  Used  of  fungoid  growths 
of  the  human  body. 

Phytogen^'esis  [(1)vtov,  yevvau,  to  beget). 
The  generation  of  plants. 

Phytog^raphy  [(pvrov,  jpacpu,  to  write). 
Same  as  botany.  Also,  a  treatise  on  the 
geographical  distribution  of  plants. 

Phytolac^ca.  Poke.  The  root  and  the 
fruit  of  F.  decandra.  An  emeto-cathartic 
and  motor-depressant.  In  toxic  doses, 
death  occurs  by  paralysis  of  organs  of 
respiration.  Action  antagonized  by  alco- 
hol, opium  and  digitalis.  Serviceable  in 
malignant  tumors,  eczema,  and  similar  skin 
affections.  Dose  of  the  root  as  an  emetic 
gr.  x-xxx ;  as  an  alterative  gr.  j-v.  P., 
Ext.  Fid.,  unof.  Dose  TTLv-^j.  P., 
Tinct.,  unof.     Dose  n\^x-_:5J. 

PhytoPogy  ((puroi',  Ti-oyoc,  a  treatise). 
Same  as  botany 

Phytomy'cetes.  Moulds  occurring  in 
putrid  urine. 

PhytopathoPogy  [((ivtov,  naOog,  disease, 
?^oyog,  science).  The  science  of  plant 
disease,  or  of  human  diseases  due  to  plant- 
like organisms. 

Phy^toplasm  [(pvTov,  nlaafta).  The  vege- 
table analogue  of  protoplasm. 

Phyto^sis.     See  Impetigo. 

PhytovitePlin.  The  vegetable  analogue 
of  vitellin. 

PPa  Master  (Pat).  The  vascular  mem- 
brane, consisting  of  a  plexus  of  blood 
vessels  held  by  a  fine  areolar  tissue, 
enveloping  the  entire  surface  of  the  brain. 
It  follows  the  convolutions  and  laminae 
and  forms  the  velum  interpositum  and 
choroid  plexus  of  the  fourth  ventricle.  P. 
M.  of  Testis.     See  Tunica. 

Pi^an.     See  Frainbcesia. 

Piarrhae'mia  {'^lap,  fat,  ai/ia,  blood).  The 
same  as  lipccmia. 

Pi^ceous  [pix,  pitch).  Having  the  nature 
of  pitch.     Viscous. 

Pi'chi.  The  stems  and  leaves  of  Fabi- 
aua  imbricata,  growing  in  Chili.  A  tere- 
binthine  having  tonic  properties.  Of  re- 
pute in  treatment  of  catarrhal  inflamma- 
tions of  urinary  tract.  Dose  of  fld.  ext. 
rrLx-xl.     Unof. 


Pic'ric-acid  Test  (for  albumin  in  the 
urine).  Pour  a  layer  of  saturated  solu- 
tion of  picric  acid  upon  the  surface  of  the 
sample.  It  coagulates  any  albumin  pre- 
sent. The  precipitation  is  increased  by 
heat. 

Picrocarmine.  A  preparation  for  staining 
microscopical  specimens. 

Pic''romel.  A  mixture  of  unknown  com- 
position containing  salts  of  soda  and  various 
biliary  products. 

Picro-saccharim''eter.  An  instnnnent  for 
determining  the  amount  of  sugar  in  a  given 
sample  of  urine  by  comparison  with  the 
color  of  a  permanent  standard  solution  of 
perchloride  of  iron,  of  a  picric-acid  reduction 
of  the  urine  brought  to  a  similar  tint  as 
the  standard  by  dilution  with  water, — the 
amount  of  the  latter  required  indicating  the 
amount  of  sugar  present. 

Picrotox''in  or  Picrotoxic  Acid.  A  neu- 
tral extraction  of  the  berries  of  Cocculns 
Indicus,  and  several  allied  species  of  meni- 
spermacicE.  A  cerebral  exaltant  having 
the  combined  properties  of  belladonna  and 
nux  vomica.  In  large  doses  causes  mus- 
cular twitching,  tonic  spasm  of  the  flexor 
muscles,  etc.,  with  nausea.  Veiy  serviceable 
in  chorea,  epilepsy,  and  paralysis  of  the 
sphincters.  Dose  gr.  gV^sV*  Cocculi, 
Ext.  Fid.  Dose  n\j-iij.  C,  Tinct., 
tincture  of  cocculus,  12^  per  cent,  in 
strength.  Dose  n\^ij-xv.  P 1  a  n  a  t '  s 
Tinct.,  strength  25  per  cent.    Dose  n\j-v. 

Pie''bald  Skin.     See  Leitcoderma. 

Pic'dra.  A  disease  of  the  hair  marked 
by  the  formation  of  hard,  pin-head-sized 
nodules  on  the  shaft  of  the  hair,  thought  to 
be  a  form  of  micrococcus.  Occurs  in  the 
Andean  plateau. 

Pig^ment  [pingo,  to  paint).  The  cells  of 
coloring  matter  occurring  in  the  iris,  retina, 
hair,  and  in  the  rete  mucosum  of  the  skin. 

Pig^mentary  Mole.  See  Ncevus  Pig- 
77ientosits. 

Pilas^'tered  [pila,  a  small,  supplemental 
pillar).  In  anatomy,  flanged  so  as  to 
have  a  fluted  appearance.  P.  Femur,  a 
condition  observed  in  the  femur  of  indi- 
viduals of  certain  races  in  which  the  back- 
ward concavity  of  the  femoral  shaft  is  ex- 
aggerated, and  the  linea  aspera  prominent. 
This  exaggeration  of  structure  causes  the 
pilastered  appearance. 

Piles.     See  HcemorrJioids. 

Pi^li  [piliis,  a  hair.)  Hairs.  P.  Con- 
genital, hair  existing  at  birth.  P.  Post- 
genital,  that  appearing  some  time  after 
birth. 


FILIATION 


345 


PIROGOFFS  OPERATION 


Pilia'tion  (/<i.'u.<).  Tlie  formation  au«.l  pro- 
duction of  hair. 

Pi'liform  [/>ilus, forma,  a  form).  Having 
the  fonn  or  apptarance  of  hair. 

Pill.  See  Pilula.  P.,  Blaud's.  200  pills 
contain  ftA  30  gins,  drioil  ferrous  sulphate, 
and  carlxjnale  of  jx)tassium.  P.,  Com- 
pound Cathartic.  See  Colocynth.  P., 
Griffiths'.     ."-Ice  I'cmtm. 

Pil'lar  {pi/(t).  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
a  process  or  part  acting  as  a  supixirt ;  as 
P.  of  Abdominal  Ring,  P.  of  Diaphragm, 
(•A-. 

Pilocar'pine.     See  Piloiarpus. 

Pilocar'pus.  Jal)orancli.  The  young 
leaves  of  /'.  pennatifolius.  Properties  due 
to  an  alkaloid,  pilocarpine.  Contains  also 
jaborine ;  isomeric  and  antagonistic.  A 
powerful  diaphoretic,  paralyzing  the  vaso- 
motor system,  lowering  respiration.  Klimi- 
nated  through  the  skin.  Of  great  value 
in  dropsy,  unvmia,  jileuritis.  The  most 
efficient  remedy  known  in  alopecia.  Of 
value  h\-podermatically  in  asthma  and  alco- 
holic aml)lyopia.  Contraindicated  in  weak 
heart.  Doseof  thefld.  ext.  Tt^^v-^j.  Pilo- 
carpinae    Hydrochloras,    the    alkaloid. 


L)os 


'^  ^-  /s- 


Pilocarpidin.     L'nof., 


weaker  in  its  action  than  pilocaq>ine. 

Pilocys'tic  {pHtis,  Kvaric,  a  sac).  A 
tenn  ajijilied  to  encysted  tumors  containing 
hair  and  fatty  matters. 

Pi'lose  {/'t'/us,  a  hair).      Hair)-,  hirsute. 

Pil'ula  (Lat.).  A  pill.  In  pharmacy,  a 
spherical  ma.ss  containing  a  prescril<ed 
medicinal  substance  with  the  excijiient 
necessary  to  make  it  cohesive.  Tiie  exci- 
picnt  may  \>e  soap  and  water,  a  gum,  or 
one  of  the  various  syrups.  There  are  15 
official  piliiJic.  See  names,  constituents, 
etc.,  under  principal  ingredient. 

Pi'lus  fl.at.).      Hair. 

Pimeli'tis  ( ~iiii/ri,  fat,  itk;,  inflammation). 
Inflammation  of  any  adipose  tissue. 

Pimelorrhoe''a  ( ■rrim'Kr],  /Vu,  to  flow).  F'ecal 
discharge  of  undigested  fat. 

Pimelc'sis  (miii'/j/).  Conversion  into  fat. 
The  f.ilty  degeneration  of  any  tissue. 

Pimclu'ria  [nifit/.r],  ov/mv,  urine).  Chy- 
lutia. 

Pimcn'ta.  Allspice.  Tlie  immature  fruit 
of  /-;/;vw/r;  piiufttta.  Contains  an  aro- 
matic, pungent,  volatile  oil.  .Much  used 
as  a  flavor  and  c<ndim<  nt.  I'seful  in  flat- 
ulence and  to  |)revent  the  griping  of  purga- 
tives.    Dose  gr.  x-xl. 

Pim'ple  (piipiita).  A  small  jiustule  or 
l.l'.tfh.     .See  I'tipule,  and  ruitule. 

Pine.     See  J'ix. 


Pine'al  (fittus,  a  pine  coneV  Belonging 
to,  or  sliaped  like  a  pine  cone.  P.  Eye, 
a  rudimentary  third  eye  of  certain  lizards 
connected  with  the  homologue  of  the 
pineal  gland,  by  tlie  pineal  stock.  P. 
Gland  (so  called  from  its  resemblance  in 
shape  to  a  pine  cone),  a  small,  reddi.sh- 
gray,  vascular  lK>dy  at  the  base  of  the 
brain ;  also  called  the  coiianuni,  from  its 
conical  shape.  It  rests  above  the  nates, 
and  is  connected  to  the  cerebnmi  by  two 
peduncles.  Its  function  is  unknown.  Prob- 
ably the  remains  of  the  jiincal  eye. 

Ping  Ping.  The  root  of  a  Chinese  plant. 
I'srd  in  vesical  alleciinns. 

Pinguec'ula,  or  Pinguic'ula  {pitii^niis, 
fat).  A  small,  yellow-white  tumor  of  the 
conjunctiva,  situated  between  the  cornea 
and  the  canthus  of  the  eye. 

Pin-hole  pupil.     Kxtreme  myosis. 

Pink-eye.  I'upular  tenn  for  an  epidemic 
muco- purulent  conjunctivitis  of  horses. 
The  name  is  popularly  applied  to  a  similar 
disease  in  man. 

Pink-root.     See  Spigelia. 

Pin'na  (I. at.,  a  fin).  The  external  carti- 
laginous flap  of  the  ear. 

Pint  (Fr.  piitte,  a  spot).  The  eighth  part 
of  a  gallon. 

Pin'ta  Disease''.  Spotted  Sickness.  A 
parasilic  disease  of  the  skin  resembling 
tinea  versicolor,  the  ]iatches  varying  from 
gray  to  blue  and  black.  Conlined  to 
trojjical  America. 

Pi'nus.     See  Fix. 

Pin-worm.     See  Ascaris  Vennictilaiis. 

Pi'per.  Pepper;  Black  Pepix-r.  The  un- 
rii>e  fruit  of  /'.  iiignini,  shriveled  and 
dried.  Native  to  the  East  Indies.  Con- 
tains an  olcoresin,  an  alkaloid,  and  a  vola- 
tile oil.  Stinuilant  to  the  stomach,  and 
irritant  to  the  skin.  I'sed  mainly  to  cor- 
rect tlalulence.and  locally  in  liKinoirhoids. 
Dose  gr.  v-xx.  P.  Oleo-resina,  contains 
the  volatile  oil.  Dose  rt\^ '.j -j .  Piperine, 
the  alkaloid.  Dose  gr.  j-x.  Piperinal, 
unof.,  the  flavoring  ])rinciple  of  heliotrope. 
Called,  also,  //,//<'//(>//«,  antipyretic  and 
aniiseplic.      Dose  gr.  xv. 

Pipette'  (dim.  of ///<).  A  graduated  tube 
with  a  bulb  terminating  at  a  |K)int.  It 
is  used  for  removing  small  ]K)rtions  ol  a 
lii|ui(l,  which  are  <lrawn  into  tlie  lube  by 
suction. 

Pipsis'sewa.     See  Chimnphila. 

Piro'gofrs  Opera'tion.  A  nulhcKl  of 
amputation  at  tiie  ankle  in  which  the 
greater  part  of  the  calcamum  is  retained 
to  give  length  and  surface  to  the  stump. 


PISCES 


346 


PLACEBO 


Pis''ces  fpl.  of  piscis,  a  fish).  Fishes.  A 
class  of  vertebrates  including  all  bony- 
fishes. 

Pis^ciculture  ^piscis,  a  fish,  cidttis,  care). 
The  artificial  breeding  and  culture  of  fish, 
especially  for  the  purpose  of  stocking 
streams  and  littoral  waters  with  edible  va- 
rieties of  fish.  In  the  United  States  pis- 
ciculture is  liberally  encouraged  by  national 
appropriations. 

Piscid^ia.  Jamaica  Dogwood.  The  bark 
of  P.  erythrina.  Active  principle  thought 
to  be  a  glucoside,  piscidine.  Resembles 
opium  in  physiological  properties,  but  less 
intense  and  without  unpleasant  after- results. 
Useful  in  whooping-cough  and  neuralgia. 
Sometimes  causes  gastric  distress.  Dose 
of  the  (proprietary)  fld.  ext.  ^ss-j,  cau- 
tiously increased.     Unof 

Pis^iform  Bone  (J>iszi»i,  a  pea).  A  small, 
nearly  circular  bone  of  the  carpus  on  the 
inner  and  anterior  side. 

Pis^til  {pistilliii/n,  a  pestle).  The  essen- 
tial female  organ  of  a  flower.  It  receives 
the  pollen  or  impregnating  semen  of  the 
stamens. 

Pit.  An  indentation.  A  pock-mark.  A 
hollow  place.  A  depression  in  oedematous 
tissues  remaining  after  pressure  by  the 
finger.  P.  of  Stomach,  a  name  popu- 
larly given  to  that  part  of  the  abdomen 
just  below  the  sternum  and  between  the 
cartilages  of  the  false  ribs. 

Pitch.     See  Fix. 

Pith  (A.  S.  pida).  The  soft  cellular  tissue 
found  in  the  center  of  the  stalks  of  plants. 
Also,  the  marrow  of  bones. 

Pith^ing.  The  removal  of  the  cerebral 
lobes  of  a  frog  or  animal  for  the  purpose 
of  physiological  experimentation. 

Pith^ode.     See  Karyokinesis. 

Piloting.  Indenting.  Marking  with  pits 
or  pock-marks. 

Pitu^ita.     See  Phle;:;m. 

Pitu^itary.  Pertaining  to  phlegm.  P. 
Body,  a  small,  reddish-gray  vascular  body, 
weighing  about  ten  grains,  contained  within 
the  Sella  Turcica.  Eomierly  called  the 
P.  gland.  P.  Membrane,  the  Schneide- 
rian  membrane. 

Pityri^asis  [niTvpov,  bran).  A  term  for- 
merly used  by  Willan  to  designate  several 
forms  of  mild  dermatitis  characterized  by 
fine  scales.  The  different  forms  have  no 
pathological  affinities  beyond  the  common 
feature  of  scaliness.  See,  also,  Sehorrhcea. 
P.  Nigricans.  See  Chromidrosis.  P. 
Pilaris.  See  Keratosis  Pilaris.  P.  Ro- 
sea, Herpes  Tonsurans  of  llebra,  an  acute, 


widespread,  inflammatory  affection  of  the 
skin  marked  by  an  eruption  of  pale  red 
patches,  scaly  and  usually  of  circular  shape. 
May  be  P.  Maculatum,  or  P.  Circina- 
tum,  as  the  patches  are  irregular  or  circu- 
lar. P.  Rubra,  dermatitis  exfoliativa;  an 
inllammatory  affection  of  the  skin  involv- 
ing the  whole  surface  of  the  body,  marked 
by  a  deep  red  color  with  an  abundant 
bran-like  desquamation.  Begins  in  the 
form  of  diffused  redness  or  small  red 
patches  which  spread  rapidly  at  the  edge 
of  the  lesion.  P.  Versicolor.  See  Tinea 
Versicolor. 

Piv^oting.  The  fixation  of  an  artificial 
crown  to  a  tooth  by  means  of  a  pivot  or 
pin. 

Pix.  Pitch.  The  resinous  exudation  of 
certain  coniferous  trees.  The  varieties  in 
common  use  are  chiefly  Burgundy  pitch, 
from  the  Norway  spruce,  Abies  excelsa, 
and  Canada  pitch,  from  A.  canadensis. 
Melts  about  the  temperature  of  boiling 
water  and  softens  by  the  heat  of  the 
human  body.  Soluble  in  glacial  acetic 
acid.  Used  mainly  as  the  base  of  plas- 
ters. P.  Burgundicae  Emplast.,  contains 
Burgundy  pitch  90,  yellow  wax  10  parts. 
P.  Canadensis,  Emp.,has  Canada  pitch 
90,  yellow  wax  10  parts.  P.  cum 
Cantharide,  Emp.,  Burgundy  pitch  92,, 
cerate  cantharidis  8  parts.  P.  Liquida, 
tar,  an  empyreumatic  oleo-resin  oljtained 
by  the  destructive  distillation  of  various 
species  of  pine ;  blackish-brown  in  color 
and  possessing  the  well-known  taste  and 
odor.  Yields  oil  of  tar,  pyroligneous  acid, 
creasote  and  carbolic  acid.  A  complex 
mixture  of  resins  and  hydrocarbons.  Ex- 
ternally, a  stimulant  to  the  skin ;  inter- 
nally, a  gastrointestinal  irritant.  Ser- 
viceable in  scaly  diseases  of  the  skin  and 
of  benefit  in  bronchitis.  Dose  3J-ij.  P- 
Liq.  01.,  a  volatile  oil  distilled  from  tar — 
consists  of  various  hydrocarbons,  phenols, 
etc.  Used  locally.  P.  Liq.,  Syr.,  con- 
tains 6  per  cent,  of  tar  in  syrup.  Dose 
^ij-^-ss.  P.  Liq.  Ung.,  equal  parts  of 
tar  and  suet.  P.  Liq.  Infus.  Unof, 
made  by  shaking  I  part  of  tar  with  4  of 
water  frequently  for  24  hours.  P.  Liq. 
Vin.,  wine  of  pitch,  unof.,  tar  5  xvj,  gly- 
cerine, white  wine,  honey  aa  ^viij,  acetic 
acid  f^'),  boiling  water  Ovj.  Carbonis 
Detergens,  Liq.,  unof.,  an  alcoholic  solu- 
tion of  coal  tar — an  useful  antiseptic  in 
jiutrid  sore  throat,  etc. 

Place'bo  (fut.  oi  placeo,  to  please).  Any- 
thing prescribed  for  the  purpose  of  pleas- 


PLACENTA 


347 


PLATE 


ing  or  humoring   tlie  whim  of  a  patient 
rather  than  for  its  therapeutic  efiect. 

Placen'ta  (-/mkuix,  a  cake).  The  flat, 
circular,  spongy  Inxly  adherent  during  ges- 
tation to  the  inner  wall  of  the  uterus  and 
connected  by  the  cord  to  the  fietus,  and 
forming  the  oi^an  of  nutriiii'n  and  respira- 
tion for  the  feetus.  P.,  Adherent,  ah- 
nonnal  adherence  of  the  placenta  to  the 
uterine  wall  after  childbirth.  P.,  Battle- 
dore, insertion  of  the  cord  to  the  margin 
of  the  placenta.  P.,  Duplex,  w  In  n  com- 
posed of  two  masses  or  lobes.  P.,  Multi- 
lobed,  conijx>>ed  of  many  separate  lobes. 
P.,  Praevia,  w  hen  fixed  to  that  part  of  the 
uterine  wall  Uiat  dilates  as  lalor  ailvances, 
so  that  it  precedes  the  birth  of  the  (jreseiit- 
ing  part  of  the  fa-tus.  P.,  Retained, 
not  exjx^'lk'd  by  the  uterus  after  labor.  P., 
Subsidiary,  a  distinct  and  separate  lobe 
in  addition  to  the  usual  placental  mass; 
called  PUiceutti  Suciinttiriatu-.  P.,  Tri- 
partite, with  three  parts  or  masses. 

Placen'tal  (-/riM/iv).  Pertaining  to  the 
plaeenta.  P.,  Souffle,  a  sound  erron- 
eously attributed  to  the  circulation  of  the 
placenta. 

Placenta''tion.  The  form  and  place  of 
attachmt  lit  of  the  placenta. 

Placenti'tis.  Intlammalion  of  the  pla- 
centa. 

Plagioceph'alus  (T?.a}70f,  twisted;  Kt- 
<S>o.'/iu  head).  An  asymmetry  of  the  head, 
gi\ing  it  a  twisted  ajipearance. 

Plague  [-'/.i/yii,  a  stroke;  so  called  from 
its  suddenness  and  fatality).  A  contagious 
and  highly  fatal  epidemic  which  occurred 
in  Euro|)e  in  the  14th  century,  and  also  at 
later  jwriods.  The  disease  had  many  of 
the  characteristic  S)'mptoms  of  malignant 
ty|)hus  fever,  accompanied  by  buboes, 
melanosis  of  the  skin,  carbuncles,  and 
similar  affections. 

Pla'nat's  Tincture.     See  Picrotoxin. 

Plano'dia  1-/^17/,  a  wandering,  of?of,  a 
way).     Any  false  or  artificial  jjassage. 

Planta'go,  or 

Plant'ain.  The  leaves  of  P.  major  and 
/'.  lanifoliita,  or  common  ribl>ed  grass. 
I'rxiised  fresh  leaves  a  |)0|)ular  remedy  in 
hemorrhage,  ])ainful  abrasions  of  the  skin, 
bums,  erysi|K-las,  <•(<.     L'nof. 

Plan'tar  {f'/nnta,  the  sole).  Pertaining  to 
the  sole  of  the  frxit.  P.  Aponeurosis, 
the  triangular  shaiKvl  ajxmeurosis  occupy- 
ing tlx-  mic|il!<-  and  sides  of  the  .sole  of  the 
foot.  P.  Arch,  a  name  given  to  fine  of 
the  parts  into  wliicli  the  ext<rnal  jilantar 
artery    is  divided.       P.    Arteries.      Sec 


ArUry.      P.  Muscle.     See  Muscle.     P. 
Nerve.     See  Xeric. 

Planta^ris.  See  Plantar.  P.  Muscle. 
See  Muscle. 

Pla'num.     (Lat.)     A  plane  or  surface. 

Planu'ria  (T/ai//,  oii/)oi',  urine).  The  dis- 
charge of  urine  through  passages  other 
than  the  normal  duct. 

Plaque.     (Fr  )     A  jxitch  or  spot. 

Plas''ma.  Liijuor  Sanguinis.  The  fluid 
jxiri  of  the  bloo<l,  composed  of  serum  anil 
fibrin-making  substances,  the  latter  uniting 
siK)ntane(.)Usly  to  make  lil  rin  after  the  blexxi 
has  been  drawn  from  the  body.  See,  also, 
BIocl. 

Plas'mine.     See  Denis's. 

Plasmo'dium  (T/nffatj,  to  form).  Tissue 
feinneil  by  the  coalescing  of  anviboid  cells. 
Also,  the  intracellular  substance  of  the 
ania'l)oid  cells  in  the  blood  corpuscles  of 
mahirial  patients. 

Plas'ter  (tHT/ocrffw,  to  spread  ujion).  An 
adhesive,  solid  or  .semi-solid  medicinal  sub- 
stance spread  ujxin  cloth  or  other  flexible 
substance,  for  application  to  the  external 
part  of  the  body.  According  to  the  prin- 
cipal ingredient,  called  Emplasti-um  Aco- 
niti,  Ammoniaci,  Arnica:;,  HelladoniKe,  t'ap- 
sici,  Ilydrargyri,  Picis  cum  caiithari(ke, 
Resina?,  Saponis,  etc.  P.,  Adhesive,  resin 
plaster.  P.,  Antiseptic,  any  plaster  ren- 
dered aseptic.  P.,  Isinglass,  a  substi- 
tute for  adhesive  P.,  used  in  superficial 
wounds.  P.-of-Paris,  gypsum,  or  sul- 
phate of  lime,  used  for  making  stiff  or  im- 
nuivable  bandages  or  dressings. 

Plas''tering  of  Wine.  A  metlio<l  of  clari- 
fying wine  by  sulphate  of  lime.  It  is  con- 
sidered not  harmful  to  health,  though  it 
renders  the  wine  more  laxative. 

Plas'tic  (-'/.aaaut).  ("ajiable  of  being 
formed  or  mouliled.  P.  Operations,  the 
restoration  of  lost  parts  by  the  transfer  and 
engrafting  of  tissue  from  an  adjacent  part. 
P.  Surgery,  tiie  art  of  performing  phustic 
O|)(r.itions. 

Plastic'ity  (T/.n(Tffw).  Plastic  force.  The 
quality  of  being  plastic. 

Plasticule,  or  Plastidule.  .'\  iirotopl.ns- 
mic  molecule. 

Plastodynam'ic  {rr/.anaij,  dna/^/f,  force). 
Kefirring  to  nutritive  |K)\ver. 

Plate.  A  name  Sf)metimes  given  to  a  flat, 
protecting  process  of  Uine,  as  P.  Cribri- 
form, the  anterior  fossa  of  the  base  of 
the  skull;  P.  Pterygoid,  oin'  of  the  jiro 
cesses  of  the  sphenoid  lone.    P.  Culture, 

'I'he   culture  of  microlies   upon   n  slab  or 

plate  by  culture  media. 


PLATINUM 


348 


PLEUROTHOTONOS 


Plat^inum.     Ft  =  194. 4  ;     quantivalence 
II,  IV;  sp.  gr.  21.     A  metal  of  silver-white 
luster,  soluble    in  nitro-hydrochloric  acid 
only.  Employed  in  making  vessels  for  chem- 
ical and  phamiaceutical  use.   P.  Chloride, 
has  alterative  properties.     Dose  gr.  ss-ijss. 
Unof. 
Flatly-  (TT/lariif,  broad).     A  Greek  adjec 
tive  which,  as  a  prefix,  signifies  broad. 
Platyceph''alous     [-/.arvc,    /vt^a/i,;/,    the 
head).    Having  a  broad  skull ;  with  a  ver- 
tical index  of  less  than  70  per  cent. 
Platycne^mic    (/rXaruf,  Kvi//j.r/,    the   leg). 
Applied   to    a    bone    of    the    leg    which, 
because  of  abnormal  development,  is  ex- 
aggerated in  breadth.    Platycnemism  of  the 
femur   is  a    characteristic  of  many  tribes 
of  the  African  race,  and  is  generally  asso- 
ciated with  pilastered  femur. 
Platyhier^ic  [-rrhiTvg,  Lspa,  holy,  and  there- 
fore  applied  to  the  sacrum).     Having  a 
broad    sacrum,    in   distinction    from    doli- 
chohieric,  with  narrow  sacmm.    As  a  rule, 
females  are  platyhicric. 
Platypel'lic,    or    PlatypeFvic    (iz7Mrvq, 
7re/.if ,  a  basin,  and  applied  to  the  pelvis). 
Having   a  broad  pelvis,  in  distinction  to 
dolichipcUic^  with  narrow  pelvis. 
Platypo'dia.     Plat-footedness. 
Plat^yrhine.     See  Index. 
Platyrhin^ic  (TrAarwf,  piv,  the  nose).    Ap- 
plied   to    individuals    characterized    by    a 
width  of  nose  the  index  of  which  exceeds 
53.     See  Index. 
Platys^ma   (7r/nriif).     Anything  of    con- 
siderable superficial  dimensions.     Also,  a 
plaster.     P.  Myoides.     See  Muscle. 
Pled''get.     A  small  compress  of  lint,  flat- 
tened and  trimmed  as  required,  designed 
for  application  to  the  surface  of  a  wound  or 
lesion  to  prevent  contact  with  the  air,  and 
to  absorb  discharges. 

Pleochromat^ic  (-/cof,  full,  ;t'/)w//a,  color). 
Pertaining  to  a  high  or  exaggerated  condi- 
tion of  coloration. 
Pleomas^tia,  or 

Pleoma^zia     (7r?.fwv,     more,     fjaaroq,    a 
breast).    A  foetal  monstrosity  having  more 
than   one   breast ;    also,  the   condition   of 
having  more  than  two  mammos. 
Ple^onasm  [ir?..£ovaa/uog,  an  exaggeration). 
Any  abnormal  or  faulty  formation  marked 
by  superabundance  or  over-growth  of  parts. 
Pleonex^ia  (-Afoi'ff/a).  Greediness.  Arro- 
gance or  overbearing  temper  due  to  cerebral 
disease. 
Plessim'eter.     See  Plexi7neter. 
Ples^sor  (7r7,e(7(Tw,  to  strike).     A  plexor. 
Any  instrument  used  in  peixussion. 


Pleth'ora  {Trlijdo^,  a  throng).  Abnormal 
fullness  of  the  blood-vessels,  or  super- 
abundance of  blood.     See  Polycemia. 

Pleth^oric  {i^'kifioq).  Pertaining  to  pleth- 
ora, or  an  excessive  amount  of  blood. 

Plethys''mograph  (vrAr/t'of,  ■ypa(pu,  to 
write).  An  instrument  for  ascertaining 
changes  in  the  volume  of  any  organ  or 
part. 

Pleu''ra  [Tvlevpa,  a  side).  The  serous 
membrane  which  envelops  the  lung  ( F. 
pnlnionalis'),  and,  being  reflected  bac  ■{, 
lines  the  inner  surface  of  the  thorax  (j  '. 
Costalis). 

PleuraPgia  {j:7^Evpa,  aTiyoq,  pain).  Same 
as  Pleurodynia. 

Pleurapoph^ysis  {jrAevpa,  apophysis,  pro- 
cesses). A  term  sometimes  applied  to  the 
true  ribs. 

Pleurapos''tema  {nTievpa,  apostema,  an 
abscess).  A  collection  of  blood  or  pus 
fomiing  in  the  cavity  of  the  pleura,  result- 
ing from  inflammation,  which,  instead  of 
disappearing  by  resolution,  passes  to  the 
suppurative  stage. 

Pleur^isy.     See  Pleuritis. 

Pleuri'tis  (Tr/leupn,  a  side,  ltlq).  Inflam- 
mation of  the  pleura,  commonly  called 
pleurisy. 

Pleu^ro-  {rc'ktvpa).  A  Greek  word  used  as 
a  prefix  to  denote  connection  with  the 
pleura. 

Pleu'rocele  [h-ltvpa,  nrfkr],  tumor).  Pul- 
monary hernia. 

Pleurodyn'ia  {TT7.Evpa,  ofivvri,  pain).  A 
spasmodic  or  rheumatic  pain  seated  in  the 
muscles  of  the  chest,  especially  the  inter- 
costal muscles.  It  is  generally  accompa- 
nied by  a  sharp,  pricking  sensation  vul- 
garly known  as  a  stitch  in  the  side. 

Pleuro-pneumo'nia  (nXtvpa,  pnetimo- 
nia).  Inflammation  of  the  pleura  and  the 
lung  at  the  same  time.  Also,  an  infective 
disease  of  cattle,  characterized  mainly  by 
red  hepatization  with  acute  interlobular 
and  plem-al  inflammation.  It  is  thought 
to  be  due  to  a  microbe,  the  micrococcus 
pneumonicE. 

Pleurorrhce^'a  {-?.evpa,  peu,  to  flow).    An 

effusion  of  fluid  into  the  pleura. 
Pleurorthop^ncea    {jvAEvpa,   opdoq,   erect, 
TTvftj,  to  breathe).    Pain  in  the  side,  which 
peiTOits  free  respiration  only  when  the  pa- 
tient is  in  an  erect  position. 
Pleurosthot^onos,  or 
Pleurothot'onos  (Tr/lfvpo^ei',  from  the  side, 
TtLvij,  to  bend).     A  bending  of  the  body  to 
one  side  from  a  spasmodic  or  tetanic  con- 
dition of  the  muscles. 


PLEXIFORM 


349 


PN  EUM  ATOD  YSPNCE  A 


Plex'iform.     Resembling  a  plexus. 

Plexim'eter  (Tz?.r/aau,  to  strike,  f/erpov,  a 
measure).  An  ivop*-  disc  or  other  suhstance 
placed  on  the  Ixxly  to  receive  the  .-iroke  in 
percussion  of  the  chest. 

Plex'or.  The  instrument  for  striking  u|)on 
the  ple.ximeter. 

Plex'us  (//c-i/t),  toknit).  A  network.  The 
junctiun  of  two  or  more  nerves  or  branches 
of  nerves.  The  tenn  is  also  usctl  of  venous 
networks,  the  principal  being  the  Ovarian, 
Pampinifonn,  Pharvngeal,  Ptery-goid,  Sper- 
matic, Uterine,  Vaginal,  </c.  1  he  jirin- 
cipal  Plexuses  are  alphabetically  tabulated 
on  pages  350,  351. 

Pli'ca  (Ut.).  A  fold.  P.  Palmatae, 
oblique  projections  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  cavity  of  the  neck  of  the  ute- 
rus. P.  Semilunaris,  a  conjunctival 
fold,  in  the  inner  canthus  of  the  eye,  the 
rudiment  of  the  membrana  nictitans  of 
birds.  Also,  a  matted  condition  of  the 
hair  due  to  a  fungous  parasite.  See  I'richo- 
matosis. 

Pli'cate  (f^lica).     Folded  or  plaited. 

Pli  Courbe  (Pr.).     The  angular  gyrus. 

Plongeade'  (Fr.).  The  physiological  con- 
dition of  a  diver  with  susj^ended  respira- 
tion. The  l)lood  accumulates  in  the  veins 
and  right  side  of  the  heart. 

Plug'ging.     .^ee  Tampon. 

Plum''bic  {f<ltt»tbiini,  lead).  Pertaining 
to  the  element  lead. 

Plumb'ism.     I.ead-jX)isoning. 

Plum'bum  ^I^t.  gen.//«w^/ ).  Pb  =  207; 
quantivalence  II.  Ixad.  A  silver,  bluish- 
white  metal,  having  a  specific  gravity  of 
1 1.4;  fuses  at  alout6<X)°  F.  The  acetate, 
nitrate,  oxide,  an<l  iodide  are  used  in 
medicine.  Soluble  lead  .salts  are  |X)isonous, 
producing  ga.stro-intestinal  irritation,  'vith 
vasomotor  jiaralysis.  C/ironir  /e<iii-/-oisvii- 
itti^  is  commonly  due  to  the  action  of 
drinking  water  from  lead  pi|)es,  to  hair 
dyes,  handling  lead  pigments,  etc.  See 
Lead  J'oisuuini^.  Soluble  lead  salts  are 
astringents,  useful  locally  in  hamorrhagcs 
and  various  skin  aJfcctions.  Sometimes 
indicated  internally  in  diarrhea.  P. 
Acetas,  astringent.  Dose  gr.  .ss-v.  P. 
Carbonas,  Uxrally  as  an  ointment.  P. 
Emplastrum,  lead  plaster,  contains  lea<l 
oxide  32,  olive  oil  60,  water  lo  |)arts, 
triturated  and  lioiled  until  liomngeneous. 
P.  lodidum,  locally  an<i  internally.  I  )ose 
gr.  \.  P.  Nitras,  Icxrally;  asiringint, 
cschamtic,  and  disinfectant.  P.  Olcatum, 
unof.,  lead  oxide  20,  oleic  acid  So  jkt  cent. 
P.    Oxidum,   litharge,  a   constituent  of 


lead  plaster.  P.  Subacetat.,  Ceratum, 
Goulard's  cerate  has — (ioulard's  cxt.  20, 
fresh  cerate  of  camjihor  So  parts.  P  Sub- 
acetat., Linimentum,  Cloulards  extract 
40,  cotton-seed  oil  00  j)arts;  ancnlyne.  P. 
Subacetat.,  Liq.,  Goulards  extract,  lead 
acetate  170,  lead  oxide  120,  distilled  water 
q.  s.  ad  lOOO  parts;  an  astringent  and  cool- 
ing .-^oluiion.  P.  Subacetat.,  Liq.  Dil., 
3  parts  of  the  foregoing  ami  97  of  water. 
P.  Ung.  Carbonat.,  finely  powdered  lead 
carlonate  10,  ben/.oinated  lard  90  parts. 
Ung.  Diachylon,  Diachylon  ointment, 
contains  lead  jilastcr  60,  olive  oil  39, 
oil  lavender  I.  P.  Ung.  lodidi,  finely 
powtiered  leail  itnlide  10,  ben/oinatctl  lard 
90  ]iarts. 

Plum'mer's  Pills.     See  Autiiiuvinm. 

Plu'ral  \pUts  [gen. //wr/j],  more).  More 
than  one.  P.  Birth,  bringing  forth  more 
than  one  offspring  at  a  time. 

Pluriloc'ular.     With  several  loculi. 

Pluripar'ity.  The  condition  of  having 
borne  several  children. 

Plu'vial  {pluvia,  rain).  Pertaining  to  rain 
or  telluric  moisture. 

Pneodynam^ics  (-ifw,  SvafiiKOf;).  The 
]ihilosophy  of  respiration. 

Pneom'etry.     Same  as  Pulmometiy. 

Pne'ophore  (ttitu,  oopof,  carrier).  An 
instnnnent  to  aid  artificial  respiration  in 
the  a>phyxiated. 

Pne'oscope  (-veu,  gkoz^fu,  to  examine). 
An  instrument  for  measuring  respiratory 
movements. 

Pneumarthro''sis  (Trrfiwj,  air,  afjOpov,  a 
joint).  An  effusion  of  air  into  an  articular 
cavity. 

Pncumathac'mia  [~rev/ia,  ai/ia,  blood). 
The  proence  of  air  in  the  blood-vessels. 

Pneumat''ic(-i'ft'/;H).  Pertaining  to  gaseous 
fluids.  P.  Cabinet,  a  device  for  enclosing 
a  liml)  or  j)art  so  that  it  may  be  subjected 
to  compressed  or  rarefied  air.  P.  Trough, 
a  trough  partly  filled  with  water  for  facili- 
tating the  collection  of  gases. 

Pneumatics  (-iM'//n).  That  branch  of 
pliysit  s  treating  of  the  mechanical  pr(i|)er- 

tlrs  i.f  gas. 

Pneu'mato-    (^1717/0).      A   Greek    word 

used  as  a  prefix  to  denote  connection  with 

the  air  or  breath. 
Pncumat'ocele  {nvrv/ia,  Kr/?.ti,  tumor).   A 

tumor  or  lieinia  of  the   lung  or  other  |<art 

filled  with  gas  or  air. 
Pncumatod'ic.      Tilled  with  nir. 
Pncumatodyspnce'a   (Triifini,  dir,  difTi- 

culf,  rrriu,  to  breathe).     Emphysematous 

dyspiura. 


TABLE   OF   NERVE   PLEXUSES. 


Name. 

Location. 

Derivation. 

Distribution. 

Aortic. 

Sides  and  front  aorta. 

Semilunar  and  lumbar  Inf.     mesenteric,    sper- 
ganglia,    renal    and    matic    and    hypogastric 
solar  plexuses.                  plexuses,     filaments    to 
inf.  vena  cava. 

Brachial. 

Lower  part  of  neck  to 
axilla. 

Ant.  branches  4  lower 
cervical    and    greater 
part  ist  dorsal. 

Median,  ulnar,  musculo- 
spiral,  etc.,  of  upper  ex- 
tremity. 

Cardiac    (great     or 
deep). 

Front  of  bifurcation  of 
trachea. 

Cardiac  nerves  of  cer- 
vical ganglia  of  sym- 
pathetic, branches  rec. 
laryng.  and  pneumog. 

Pulmonary,  coronary 
and  cardiac  plexuses. 

Cardiac  (superficial  or 
anterior). 

Beneath  arch  of  aorta. 

Left   sup.  cardiac, 
branches   pneumogas- 
tric  and  deep  cardiac 
plexus. 

Coronary  and  pulmonary 
plexus. 

Carotid. 

Outer  side  int.  carotid. 

6th  nerve  and  Gasserian 
ganglion. 

Carotid  artery,  petrosals, 
communicat'g  branches. 

Cavernous. 

Cavernous  sinus. 

3d,  4th,  5th,  6th  nerves 
and  oph.  ganglion. 

Wall  of  inf.  carotid. 

Cervical. 

Opposite  4  upper  verte- 
brae. 

Anterior  branches  4  up- 
per vertebrae. 

Superficial :  to  skin  of 
head  and  neck.  Deep: 
Phrenic,  communicans 
noni,  2  muscular,  2  com- 
municating. 

Coeliac. 

Coeliac  axis. 

Solar  plexus  splanchnic 
(lesser),      pneumogas- 
tric. 

Coronary,  hepatic,  pylo- 
ric, gastro-duodenal, 
gastro -epiploic  and 
splenic  plexuses. 

Coronary  (anterior). 

Below  arch  of  aorta. 

Superficial   and    deep 
cardiac  plexuses. 

Anterior  surfaces  of 
heart. 

Coronary  (posterior). 

Coronary  artery  at  back 
of  heart. 

Deep    cardiac    plexus, 
etc. 

Filaments  to  ventricles. 

Cystic. 

Gall  bladder. 

Hepatic  plexus. 

Gall  bladder. 

Diaphragmatic. 

See  Phrenic. 

Epigastric. 

See  Solar. 

Gastric. 

Gastric  artery. 

Coeliac  plexus. 

Stomach. 

Gastro-duodenal. 

Pancreatico-duod.    ar- 
tery, right  gastro-epi- 
ploic  artery. 

Coeliac  plexus. 

Pancreatico  -duodenal 
gastro-epiploic  plexuses. 

Hemorrhoidal  (inf.). 

Rectum. 

Pelvic. 

Rectum. 

350 


TABLE  OF  NERVE 

PLEXUSES.-c>«//«w. 

Name. 

Location. 

Derivation. 

DiSTRlBimON. 

Hepatic. 

Hepatic  artery. 

Cctiiac     plexus,     left 
piicumogasiric,    right 
phrenic. 

Liver. 

Hypogastric. 

Promontory  of  sacrum. 

Aortic  plexus  and  lum- 
bar ganglia. 

Pelvic  plexuses. 

Lumbar. 

Psoas  muscle. 

Anterior  division  4  up- 
per lumbar. 

Uio-hypogas.,  ilio-ingui- 
nal,  geiiilo-crural,  i  \t. 
cutaneous,  obturator  and 
accessory,  ant.  crural. 

Mesenteric  (inf.). 

Inf.  mesenteric  artery. 

Left  side  aortic  jilcxus. 

Parts  supplied  by 
artery. 

Mesenteric  (sup.). 

Sup.  mesenteric  artery. 

Solar  plexus. 

Parts  supplied  by 
artery. 

Ovarian. 

See  Spermatic. 

Pelvic. 

Side    of  rectum    and 
bladder. 

Hypogastric    plexus 
2d  lo  4tli  sacral  nerves, 
first   two    sacral   gan- 
glia. 

Viscera  of  pelvis, plexuses 
of  peh  is. 

Phrenic. 

Phrenic  artery. 

Solar  plexus. 

Diaphragm  and  supra- 
renal capsule. 

Prostatic. 

Vesical  arteries. 

Pelvic  plexus. 

Bladder. 

Pulmonary  (anterior). 

Root  of  lungs,  anteri- 
orly. 

Ant.  pnl.  branches 
pneutnogastric      and 
sympathetic. 

Inferior  anterior  part  of 
lungs. 

Pulmonary  (i)osterior). 

Root  of  lungs,  posteri- 
orly. 

Post.  pul.  branches 
piieuMiogastric      and 
syiiipalhetic. 

Root  of  lungs,  posteriorly 

Renal. 

Renal  artery. 

Solar  and  aortic  plexus- 
es and  semilunar  gang. 

Kidney,  inf.  vena  cava, 
spermatic  plexus. 

Sacral. 

Front  of  sacrum. 

Liimbo-sacral  cord.atit. 
tliv.  3   upper  sacral 
nerves,  and  part  of  4lh 

Muscular,  pudic,  sup. 
gluteal,  great  sciatic, 
small  sciatic. 

Solar. 

Behind  stomach. 

Splanchnics  and    right 
pneumogastric. 

Semilunar  ganglia,  (ihrc- 
nic,  suprarenal,  ren:il, 
spei  malic,  cii-Iiac,  sup. 
niesen.,  aortic  plexuses. 

Spermatic. 

Spermatic  vessels. 

Renal  plexus. 

Testes  (ovaries  in  fe- 
male). 

Splenic. 

Splenic  artery. 

CcpIUc    plexus,     left 
seiniliinar   ganglia,  K. 
pneumogastric  nerve. 

Sjilecn, pancreatic  plexus, 
left  gast  r  o-ep  iiiloic 
plexus. 

Tonsillar. 

Tonsil. 

Glosso-pharyngeal. 

Tonsil,  soft  palate,  fau- 
ces. 

Uterine. 

Uterine  arteries. 

Pelvic  plexus. 

Cervix  and  lower  part  of 
uterus. 

Vaginal. 

Vagina. 

Pelvic  picxua. 

Vagina. 

Vesical. 

Vesicil  arteries. 

Pelvic  plexus. 

Veslculir  scmitmles,  vas 
deferens. 

851 


PNEUMATOGRAM 


352 


PODAGRA 


Pneumaf'ogram  [frvevfia,  ypa<pu,  to 
write).  A  tracing  showing  the  duration 
of  the  respiratory  movements. 

PneumatoFogy  [irvev/ua,  Tioyog,  a  treatise). 
A  treatise  on  breathing  and  the  breath,  or 
the  gases,  natural  or  pathological,  of  the 
economy. 

Pneumatoin''eter.     See  Pidiiiometer. 

Pneumatom''etry  [Trvevfrn,  ficrpov,  a  meas- 
ure).    Same  as  Pulmometry. 

Pneumato'sis  {^rrvevfia).  The  condition 
of  flatulent  distention  of  the  stomach  and 
bowels.     Also,  emphysema. 

Pneumatotho''rax  {nvEv/mTou,  to  distend 
with  flatus,  Oupa^,  the  chest)  Distention 
of  the  pleural  cavity  with  air  or  gas.  If 
there  be  also  serum  or  liquid  present  it  is 
called  Hydro-pneumo-thorax,  or  pneumo- 
thorax with  effusion. 

Pneumatu^ria  {Trvevfia,  ovpoVj  urine). 
Escape  of  gas  from  the  urethra. 

Pneu^mo-.     Same  as  Pneumon-. 

Pneumobac^illus.  See  Micrococcus  Fas- 
teuri  and  riieumoiiiiE. 

Pneu^mocele.     See  Pneumatocele. 

PneumocoC'cus  [nvevfiuv,  lung,  kokkoq, 
a  kernel).  Any  micrococcus  of  the  lung. 
P.  of  Frankel.  See  Alicrococcus  Pas- 
tenTi.  P.  of  Friedlander.  See  Micro- 
coccus Pneumonia:. 

Pneumoconi''osis  (^ttvev/iuv,  kovl^,  dust). 
Disease  of  the  lungs  arising  from  the  inha- 
lation of  dust. 

Pneumodynam''ics  {ttvevjiuv,  Svvaiiiq, 
power).  That  branch  of  medical  physics 
treating  of  respiration. 

Pneumogas^tric  (nvev/uuv,  yaaT7]p,  the 
stomach).  Pertaining  conjointly  to  the 
lungs  and  the  stomach,  or  to  the  pneumo- 
gastric  nerve.  P.  Nerve.  See  N'ei-ve 
Tabic. 

Pneu^mograph  [ttvev/liu}',  ypacpu,  to  write). 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  move- 
ments of  the  chest  in  respiration. 

Pneumog^raphy  {irvEv/xui',  ypa(j)u).  The 
descriptive  anatomy  of  tlie  lungs. 

Pneumohaemotho^rax.  A  collection  of 
air  or  gas,  and  blood,  in  the  pleural  cavity. 

Pneumohydrotho'rax.  A  collection  of 
air  or  gas,  and  water,  in  the  pleural  cavity. 

Pneu^molith  (irvEV/iur,  XiOor,  a  stone).  A 
calculus  in  the  lungs. 

Pneu'mon-  [rrvEVfJxjv).  A  Greek  word 
which,  in  composition,  denotes  connection 
with  or  relation  to  the  lungs. 

Pneumonae'mia  {tu'ev/uov,  a//ua,  blood). 
Congestion  of  tlie  blood  in  the  lungs. 

Pneumonec''tasis  {^ttvev/mjv,  sKraaiC,  dila- 
tation).    Pulmonary  emphysema,  or  dila- 


tation of  the  vesicles  or  bronchi  of  the 
lungs. 

Pneumo''nia  (^ttvev/uuv).  Lung  Fever. 
Inflammation  of  one  or  more  lobes  of  the 
lungs,  usually  the  symptom  of  specific,  in- 
fective disease.  P.,  Croupous,  that  com- 
monly called  simply  pneumonia,  an  acute 
disease,  the  anatomical  change  consisting 
in  the  appearance  of  a  firm  or  solid  exuda- 
tion in  the  pulmonary  alveoli.  The  dis- 
ease proceeds  through  the  following  stages : 
I.  Congestion,  in  which  there  is  intense 
congestive  hyperemia.  2.  Red  Hepatiza- 
tion, in  which  the  lung  is  bulky,  heavy, 
fiiTn  and  airless,  its  red  tint  due  to  extrava- 
sated  corpuscles  and  distended  capillaries. 
3.  Gray  Hepatization,  due  to  the  decolor- 
ization  of  the  exudation  and  pulmonary 
ana:mia.     4.  CoUiquation  and  Resolution. 

Pneumon^ic  [-vevjuuv).  Pertaining  to  the 
lungs. 

Pneumoni^tis  [nvEVfiuv,  irig,  inflamma- 
tion).    Same  as  Pneumonia. 

Pneumon^o-  {nvEVjiutv,  a  lung).  A  Greek 
word  which,  in  combination,  denotes  con- 
nection with  or  relation  to  the  lungs. 

Pneumon^ocele.     Hernia  of  the  lung. 

Pneumonoede'ma  [nvEVf-iuv^  cedema,  a 
swelling j.     CEdema  of  the  lungs. 

Pneumonomelano'sis.  Melanosis  of  the 
lung. 

Pneumono^sis  [txveviiuv').  A  generic  term 
including  all  affections  of  the  lungs. 

Pneumopericard^ium  [iri'EVfia,  pericar- 
dium). An  efl'usion  of  air  into  the  cavity 
of  the  pericardium. 

Pneumophthi^sis.     See  Phthisis. 

Pneumopyotho'rax  (^jrvEv/ua,  air,  wvov, 
pus,  6upa^,  the  thorax).  An  accumulation 
of  air  in  the  cavity  of  the  thorax  accom- 
panied with  an  effusion  of  purulent  matter. 

Pneumother^apy.  The  use  of  air  or 
ventilation  of  a  part  as  a  therapeutic  agent, 
as  in  Politzer's  method  of  filling  the 
Eustachian  tul)e  and  tympanic  cavity. 

Pneumotho^rax.  See  Pneumatothorax, 
the  more  proper  term. 

Pock  [Yy. pok,  a  little  pouch).  A  pustule 
of  smallpox. 

Pock^eting.  A  name  given  by  Storer  to 
a  mode  of  treating  the  pedicle  in  the  opera- 
tion of  ovariotomy.  It  is  accomplished  by 
bringing  the  extremity  of  the  pedicle  be- 
tween the  inner  lips  of  the  incision,  at  its 
lower  angle,  thus  securing  its  attachment 
to  the  raw  surface  of  the  abdominal  wall. 

Pock-marked.  Marked  with  the  cicatrices 
of  the  smallpox,  pustule. 

Poda^gra.     See  Podarthntis. 


PODALCIA 


353 


IXJLIUSIS 


Podal'gia  {-ovg  [gen.  rrof'of],  a?.-)o^,  a 
{lain).     Any  pain  v(  the  ftet. 

Podal'ic  (Toiv).  Pertaining  to  the  feet. 
P.  Version,  in  oltetetrics,  the  operation 
of  bringing  down  one  or  both  feet  when 
the  position  of  the  foetus  is  such  that  it 
cannot  be  dchvered  by  natural  hilior. 

Podarthri'tis  ^~f>i'f,  np^'/Jci',  a  joint,  in^, 
intlamniation).  (Jouty  inllanimation  of  the 
jt>inl.s  of  the  feet. 

Podelco^ma.     See  /'unions  Foot. 

Podenceph''alus  (""iv,  f>Af0a/of,  brain). 
A  chiss  of  e.\enccplialic  nionstro.>itics  hav- 
ing the  brain  protruiling  through  a  fissure 
in  the  cranial  vault  as  a  pedunculated 
tumor. 

Podobromhidro'sis  ("oif,  (ipu/io^,  a 
stench,  <(l/)a>f,  sweat).  Offensive  sweating 
of  the  feet.     See  Brotniii'rosis. 

Podcede'ma  (toi^,  oid/jua,  a  swelling), 
tl'ilcnia  or  swelling  of  the  foot. 

PodophyFlum.  May  Apple.  The  root 
of  mandrake,  P.  pt-Itatiim.  Contains  a 
resinous  active  principle.  A  tonic  astrin- 
gent, cholagogue  and  purgative.  Apt  to 
produce  nausea.  Recommended  in  remit- 
tent fever,  bilious  vomiting,  and  malarial 
jaundice.  Dose  of  the  root  gr.  v-xx  ;  of 
the  resin,  podophyllin,  gr.  y%-y  Dose  of 
the  abstract  gr.  '^-j ;  of  the  ext.  gr.  v-x; 
of  the  fld.  ext.  TT\j-xxx. 

Poikil'oblast.     See  Corpttscle. 

Poikil'ocyte  (-oiki/m^,  varied,  kvtoc,  a 
cell).  An  irregular  shaped  red  blood-cor- 
I)uscle. 

Poikilocyto'sis  {ttoiki^m^,  icvTog).  A  con- 
dition marked  by  irregularity  in  the  shape 
of  the  red  corpuscles  of  the  blood ;  it 
occurs  in  anaemia,  chlorosis,  etr. 

Poikilother'mic  {-oiKi/nr,  Orpnij,  heat). 
N'arying  in  tem|)crature  according  to  sar- 
roundings.  A  term  applied  to  cold-blooded 
animals,  such  as  fishes,  e/r. 

Point.  See  Piotctiire.  P.  Apophysaire, 
a  name  given  byTrous.seau  to  a  tender  s|)ot 
over  the  sjjinous  process  of  the  vcrtelmv, 
whieii,  in  neuralgic  aflVctions,  corresjxjnds 
to  tin-  origin  of  the  nerve  involved. 

Pointillage  (Kr.).  Massage  by  means  of 
the  linger  tips. 

Point-'ing  of  an  Abscess.  The  conical 
|)art  where  softening  and  fluctuation  take 
[ilace. 

Points  Douloureux  (Fr).  Tender  S|K)ts 
in  the  miirsi-  of  an  inflamed  nerve. 

Poiscuillcs'    Space.     The  lateral,  trans- 
parent  iilasmacurrent    in    thi-    ea|>il!aries, 
the  red  <  orpuscles  (lowing  in  the  center  or 
axial  current. 
'IS 


Poi'son.  A  substance  that  deranges  the 
functions  of  the  various  org.ins  by  action 
other  than  mechanical,  emlangeriiig  or  ar- 
resting vitality.  P.,  Irritant,  one  pro- 
ducing irritation  or  solution,  such  as  min- 
eral acids,  alkalies,  caustics  and  other  cc^r- 
rosive  comiiouiids.  P.  Ivy,  or  Oak.  See 
Rhus  ToxiioJetuiroit.  P.,  Narcotic,  one 
allecting  the  brain  and  nene  centers,  pro- 
ducing stujKir,  delirium,  ^/<-.,  such  aso]>ium, 
hydrocyanic  acid,  and  carlxm  numoxide. 
P.,  Narcotico-acrid,  one  that  produces 
both  irritation  and  narcotism,  such  as  strych- 
nia, etc.     See,  also,  Antiii'o/e,  and  Diui^. 

Poi'soning.  The  act  of  administering  any 
substance  destructive  to  life  or  to  health. 
P.,  Blood.     See  Septi,iEiina. 

Poke  Root.     See  J'/iyto/iUia. 

Po'lar  Globules  (f>o/us,  a  Y>o\t,  globus,  a 
globe).  The  excreted  or  separated  periiih- 
eral  pole  of  the  nucleus  or  altered  germinal 
vesicle,  nipped  off  from  the  ovum. 

Polarim'eter  (/-7/<.v,  /iiTpnv,  a  measure). 
An  iiistniiiicnt  for  detennining  if  a  trans- 
lucent substance  changes  the  plane  of  po- 
larization to  the  right  or  to  the  left. 

Polar'ity  (/o/us).  The  state  of  having  poles 
or  points  of  intensity  with  mutually  oppo- 
site qualities. 

Polariza'tion  {fo/us).  The  act  of  forming 
jKiles  or  points  of  intensity  having  qualities 
mutually  opjxisite.  P.  of  Light,  the 
separation  of  a  ray  of  light  into  two  sejia- 
ratc  jjaits  whose  planes  of  vibration  are  at 
right  angles  to  each  other.  It  is  usually 
accomplished  by  passing  the  ray  through  a 
(loui)le  refracting  medium. 

Pole  (/(///.f).  The  extremity  of  an  axis, 
especially  that  of  the  earth.  In  galvanic 
or  dynamic  eh  ctricity,  the  electro<les  of  a 
cell  or  of  a  generator.  In  magnetism,  one 
of  the  |)oints  of  maximum  intensity  of  mag- 
netic force. 

Polioencephali'tis  (no?.io^,  gray,  tvKe<pa- 
'/ov,  tlie  lirain,  irir,  innaniination).  An  in- 
flammation of  the  gray  matter  of  the  cnrtex 
of  tiie  brain, — a  theor)'  advanced  by  .Siiiim- 
p(  11  to  ex|)lain  the  occurrence  of  inf.intile 
hemiplegia. 

Poliomyeli'tis(To?/nr,  myelitis).  A  variety 
of  niyelilis  in  which  the  ^ray  matter  of  the 
c(ii(l  is  alone  or  chiefly  aflected. 

Poliomyelop'athy  (Tr»>'/<»r,  /ivihtr,  naOo^, 
disease).  Di.sease  of  the  gray  matter  of 
the  Cfird. 

Polioplas'ma.     .Sec  /'rotif/iism. 

Polio'sis  (ro/zor,  hoary  or  t;ray).  A  eon- 
jlition  rharaetcri/ed  by  iibsencc  of  piguiciit 
in  the  iiair.     ( irayncss  of  hair. 


POLITY 


354 


POLYMELUS 


PoFity  [TToT^ig,  a  city).  A  form  of  govern- 
ment. The  functions  of  tlie  government 
of  a  city  or  town.  P.,  Medical,  tlie  sani- 
taiy  regulations  of  a  community. 

Politzer's  Ear-Bag.  An  instrument  for 
filling  the  tympanic  cavity  with  air;  fre- 
quently used  by  aurists. 

Politzer's  Method.  A  method  of  inflat- 
ing the  middle  ear,  clearing  the  Eustachian 
tube  or  rendering  it  pervious,  by  filling  one 
nostril — the  other  being  closed — with  air 
from  a  rubber  bag,  the  patient,  at  the  mo- 
ment of  inflation,  exerting  the  act  of 
swallowing. 

Pollakiu''ria  {Tro7JKaKtg,  often,  ovpov, 
urine).  Abnormal  frequency  of  micturi- 
tion. 

PoFlen  [iToTirj,  meal).  The  fecundating 
dust  contained  in  the  anthers  of  flowers. 

PoFlex  (Lat).    The  thumb  or  the  great  toe. 

PoUu^tion  [^pollito,  to  defile).  In  sanitaiy 
science,  the  introduction  or  dissemination 
of  any  deleterious  or  filthy  substance  about 
a  locality  where  its  presence  would  be 
conducive  to  disease.  Especially  the  de- 
filement of  potable  water  by  sewage  or 
excreta.  In  physiology,  the  production  of 
the  orgasm  in  either  male  or  female  by 
means  other  than  sexual  intercourse.  See 
Masturbation.  P.,  Nocturnal.  See  Noc- 
turnal. 

PoKy-  (TO/'.nf,  many).  A  Greek  adjective 
which,  prefixed  to  a  root,  denotes  much  or 
many. 

Polyade'nous  [rcnkvq,  adr/v,  a  gland). 
Having  many  glands. 

Polyae^mia  (TroAuf,  aifia,  blood).  Abnormal 
increase  of  the  entire  mass  of  the  blood. 
After  major  amputations,  with  little  loss  of 
blood,  there  is  a  transient  increase,  rela- 
tively speaking,  and  this  is  called  P.  Apo- 
coptica.  A  simple  increase  of  the  water 
of  the  blood  is  called  P.  Aquosa.  P. 
Hyperaibuminosa,  an  increase  of  albu- 
mins in  the  plasma.  P.  Polycythsemia, 
an  increase  of  the  red  corpuscles.  P. 
Serosa,  an  increase  of  the  serum. 

Polyaesthe^sia  [ttoAvc;,  aiaOr/aia,  sensation). 
An  abnormality  of  sensation  in  which  a 
single  touch  is  felt  as  if  it  were  two  or 
more. 

Polyan''dry  [Trohjg,  nvr/p  [gen.  «i'r5pof],  a 
man).  The  state  or  practice  of  having 
more  than  one  husband. 

Polychrest'us  (7ro?ivg,  ;<;p^(Trof,  useful). 
An  obsolete  term  formerly  applied  to  a 
medicine  efficacious  in  many  diseases. 

Polychromat^ic  {TroXvg,  j/jw//a,  a  color). 
Having  many  colors.     Variable  in  color. 


Polyclin''ic  [TvoTivg,  uTilvi]^  a  bed).  A  hos- 
pital with  many  beds  or  where  all  diseases 
are  treated. 

Polyco^ria  {Tvolvg,  Koprj,  pupil).  Having 
more  than  one  pupil  or  opening  in  the  iris. 

Polycrot^ic  [tto'avq,  Kporoq,  pulse).  Per- 
taining to  a  pulse  that  appears  to  have 
more  than  two  rhythms  for  each  cardiac 
impulse. 

Polycye''sis  {noTivg,  Kvrjatg,  pregnancy). 
The  occurrence  of  frequent  pregnancy. 

Polycyst^ic  (jroTivg,  Kvarig,  a  sac).  Con- 
taining many  cysts. 

Polycythae'mia  {noT'.vg,  avrog,  cell,  ai/ua, 
blood).  Excess  of  red  corpuscles  in  the 
blood. 

Polydac'tylism  {-o?ivg,  SaK-vAog,  a  fin- 
ger). The  condition  of  having  one  or 
more  supernumerary  fingers  or  toes. 

Polydip^sia  [TroTivg,  ditpog,  thirst).  Ex- 
cessive thirst.  It  is  usually  present  in 
fever  and  diabetes. 

Polygalac^tia.     See  Galactorrhea. 

Polyg^alin.     See  Senega. 

Polyg'amy  {nokvg,  yafiog,  maiTiage).  The 
state  or  practice  of  having  more  than  one 
wife. 

Polygen''esis  (nolvg,  yevvau,  to  beget). 
Producing  many  offspring.     Fecundity. 

Polyglot''tides.  See  Alternations  of  Gen- 
eration. 

PoPygon  [TTo\vg,  yuvca,  an  angle).  A 
figure  having  three  or  more  sides.  A  regu- 
lar polygon  is  equilateral  and  equiangular. 

Polyg''onum  Hydropipero^ides.  Smart 
Weed.  Water  Pepper.  A  plant  common 
in  the  United  States.  Active  principle 
thought  to  be  polygonic  acid.  Stimulates  the 
action  of  heart  and  increases  arterial  ten- 
sion. Diuretic,  emmenagogue  and  aphro- 
disiac. Externally,  rubefacient  and  vesi- 
cant. Valuable  in  amenorrhoea  and  im- 
potence. Dose  of  the  ext.  gr.  j-v,  of  the 
fid.  ext.  iTLx-^j.     All  unof. 

Polyhae^mia  {nokvg,  aifia,  the  blood). 
Plethora.     Excessive  fullness  of  blood. 

Polyhydram''nios  {jrolvg,  'vdup,  water, 
afiviov).  A  disease  of  the  amnion  con- 
sisting in  an  excessive  production  of  the 
amniotic  liquor. 

Polymas^tia  [noT^-vg, many, uaorog, breast). 
The  condition  of  a  woman  having  more 
than  two  breasts  or  nipples.  They  may 
be  either  in  the  axilla  or  elsewhere  about 
the  tnuik. 

Polyma'zia.     See  Polymastia. 

Polym^elus  (TroAvf,  fit'A.ng,  a  limb).  A 
fietal  monstrosity  having  more  than  the 
normal  number  of  limbs. 


rOLVMENORRHCEA 


ooo 


roruLus 


Polymenorrhce'a  [-o?.vg,  ftr/v, month,  pto, 
to  llow).     Excessive  menslrual  llow. 

Polymer''ic.     See  /somc-nV. 

Polym'erism  [-o/.ix,  f^i^K'  a  part).  A. 
term  applied  to  such  monstrosities  as  are 
di.-«iiiiguished  by  liaviiig  more  than  the 
normal  nmnl>erof  parts. 

Polymor'phous  \^zu/.ih;,  fJOfMpr/,  a  form|. 
lla\iii:^,  or  existing  in  many  lonns.  in 
crvsuilloi^r.iphy,  applied  to  any  substance 
that  cr)»talli/cs  in  more  than  one  fonn. 

Polyneuritis.     See  Multiple  A'eur  it  is. 

Polynu'cleate  (To/.i'f,  nucleus).  With 
more  thaii  one  nucleus. 

Polyo'pia  (^To/.i'f,  (ji,'').  A  condition  of 
the  eye  wherein  more  than  one  im;ige  of 
an  object  is  fonned  upon  Uie  retina. 

Polyor'chis  (rro/if,  o/j^/f,  a  testicle). 
One  who  h;i-s  more  than  two  testicles. 

Polypar'esis  y-o7.\>q,  Trapiaig,  weakness), 
tjencr.il  progressive  paralysis  of  tlie  insane, 
or  j)anilytic  dementia. 

Polypath'ic  [-o/.vc,  -adoq,  disease).  Per- 
taining to  many  diseases  coexisting  in  one 
person,  or  to  one  disease  affecting  many 
organs. 

Polypha'gia.     See  Bulimia. 

Polyphar'macy  (^To/.cf,  ^apfiuKov,  a  drug). 
The  prescription  of  many  drugs  at  one 
time. 

Polypif'erous  {polypus,  ferro,  to  bear). 
Bearing  or  giving  origin  to  a  polypus. 

Pol'yplast  (To/.i'f,  7r/.fi(7(T(j,  to  form). 
t  omposed  of  many  cells. 

Pol'ypoid  {polypus,  tifioq,  resemblance). 
Resembling  or  having  the  shajMi  of  a  ix)ly- 

J)US. 

Pol'ypus  (rro/if,  Toif,  from  the  erroneous 
idea  that  it  has  many  roots  or  feet).  .\ 
jx'dunculated  tumor  found  csiK-cially  in  the 
cavities  of  the  nose,  ear,  rectum,  etc  It 
may  l»e  simjile  or  malignant,  and  either 
cy-itic,  mucou-s  or  fibrous. 

Polysar'cia  (ro>.vf,  ffa/jf,  flesh).  Exces- 
sive torj)uleiicy. 

Polysar'cous  (-o?.if,  ffa^f).  Pertaining 
to  excessive  corpuh^ncy  or  j»lysarcia. 

Polyscope  (rro/t'r,  oko-hj,  to  observe). 
.\n  instrument  for  examining  the  cavities 
of  the  Ifcxiy. 

Polys'kelus  (7ro?vr,  aKt7xv:,  leg).  A 
m<)n>ler  with  an  excess  of  limbs. 

Polyso'mia  (rro/ir,  (tu/ki,  Uxly).  A  mon- 
ster with  more  than  a  singh-  Uxly  or  trunk. 

Polytech'nic  (-"/'■Ci  rvir//,  an  art).  ('<iin- 
prising  many  arts. 

Polytrich'ia.     Sec  Iliisiities. 

Polytroph'ia  (tto/ct,  riinor/,  nourishment). 
Abundant  or  excessive  nutrition. 


Polyu''ria  (To/.if,  oipor,  the  urine).  Ex- 
cessive secretion  of  urine. 

Poma.de^[ pi'/// uw  an  apple).  -Vny  perfumed 
ointment  or  piep;u-ation  for  inunction  uf 
the  scalp  or  other  parts. 

Poma'tum.     Same  as  Pomade. 

Pomegran'ate.     See  Cratiatum. 

Pommeliere  l,l''r.).     Bovine  phthisis. 

Pom'pholyx  [^znfnf>o'/-v^ ,  a  bul)ble).  Cheiro- 
pompholyx;  Dysitlrosis.  A  disease  of  r.ue 
occuiTence,  consisting  of  vesicular  and  bul- 
lous eruptions  limited  to  the  hands  and  feet. 
Thought  by  Tilbury  Fox  to  l)e  a  disease 
of  tlie  sweat  gUmds.  Sometimes  used 
;is  a  synonym  for  Pemphigus. 

Po'mum  Ada^mi  (l.at.,  Adam's  api)le). 
The  ridge  or  prominence  in  the  front  of 
the  neck  caused  by  the  projection  of  the 
thyToid  cartilage. 

Pond's  Extract.     See  Hamantelis. 

Ponga'mia.  Kurung  Dil.  The  oil  ex- 
pressed from  the  seeds  of  /*.  ^^labra,  na- 
tive to  India.  Not  w  ell  known,  but  recom- 
mended in  parasitic  diseases  of  the  skin. 
Efficacious  in  ]Mtyriasis  versicolor.     Unof 

Pons  (^  1  At.  a  bridge ).  A  process  or  portion 
of  an  organ  communicating  between  two 
parts.  P.  Hepatis,  the  hepatic  sub- 
stance bridging  the  two  lobes  of  the  liver. 
P.  Tarini,  tlie  whitish-gray  matter  con- 
necting tlie  peduncles  of  the  cerebrum. 
P.  Varolii,  the  bond  of  white  fibers 
arciiing  the  medulla  oblongata  antl  con- 
necting the  lateral  lobes  of  the  cerebrum. 

Pontic'ulus  Hepaficus  (dim.  oi pons,  a 
briilge,  ;/-rtp,  the  liver).  A  bridge  of  tis- 
sue, containing  a  plexus  of  IiKkkI  vessels 
extending  from  the  surface  of  the  spige- 
lian to  that  of  the  right  lol«  of  the  liver. 

Pop'lar.     See  Popnlus. 

Poplite'al  [poples,  the  hock  or  knee). 
Pertaining  to  the  hinder  part  of  the  knee- 
joint  or  ham.  P.  Space,  the  lo/.enge- 
sha|>e(l  space  occupying  the  lower  third  of 
the  thigh  and  the  upjxjr  fifth  of  the  leg. 

Poplitc'us  (poples).  The  ham  or  hinder- 
jjart  of  the  knee-joint.  P.  Muscle.  .See 
J//,s.le. 

Popula'tion  ( p<puli,  the  i>c'0])le).  The 
nia.ss  of  |K-o|)l(.'  dwelling  within  a  t,'ivi'n 
geographical  or  |K>litical  area.  P.,  Mal- 
thusian  Law  of  Increase  of,  th  u  the 
number  of  inili\  idiials  of  a  society  ti-iids  to 
increase  faster  than  the  fiMHl  priKluci,  mj 
tliat  there  is  always  a  pressure  on  the 
iii<!ans  of  subsistence. 
Pop'ulus.  l'oi)l.'»r.  Tlie  resin  of  the  leaf 
bu<ls  of  sever.il  s|>ecies.  Used  in  l'",uro|ic 
for  jiecloral  and  nephritic  troubles.     I  iiof. 


PORENCEPHALIA 


356 


POSOLOGICAL 


Porencepha''lia  [Tvopog,  cavity,  EViie(t>a?iOv). 
Absence  of  the  brain-substance,  with  des- 
truction of  the  \yhite  cortical  substance. 
Pores  of  Skin.     A  common  name  used  to 
designate   the   efferent   ducts  of  the  seba- 
ceous and  sudoriferous  glands. 
Pork  [porats).     The  flesh  of  swine,  Sus 
scrofa.     P.,  Diseases  of.    The  muscular 
tissue  of  swine  is  liable  to  contain  worms 
or  cysticerci,  which  constitute  the  "meas- 
les" of  pork.     This   cysticercus,  derived 
from  the  excrement  of  man,  contains  the 
eggs  of  the  tapeworm,  Tania  solium.    The 
cysticercus  of  the  pig,  introduced  into  the 
intestines  of  man  develops  into  the  tape- 
wonn.     Pork    may  also    contain    a  small 
nematode    worm,    the     Trichina   spiralis. 
The  latter,  in  its  encysted  state,  will  retain 
vitality  for  several  months,  or  even  years. 
Introduced    into  the  intestines  of  man  it 
multiplies   rapidly,  soon  migrating  to  the 
muscles,  where  it  is  encysted. 
Pornog'raphy    {nopveia,  prostitution, 
ypa(pu,  to  write).     A  descriptive  treatise 
on  prostitution,  with  reference  to  public 
hygiene. 

Poro^ma.     Same  as  Porosis. 
Poro^sis  (Gr.).    A  condition  of  induration 
or  hardness  arising  from  inflammation. 
Poros^ity  [iropog,  a  ford  or  passage).     The 

condition  of  being  porous. 
Porot^omy   (rro/jof,  t£/u.vo,  to  cut).     The 
operation    of    enlarging    by    incision    the 
meatus  of  the  urethra. 
Po'rous  (Tropof).     Having  small  spiracles 

or  pores. 
Por^phyra  {rropcpvpa,  purple).  An  erup- 
tive rock.  The  leaf  or  tablet  of  the  same 
used  by  pharmacists  in  the  preparation  of 
compounds.  The  name  has  been  used  to 
designate  scurvy. 

Porphyriza''tion.     See  Levis;atio7i. 
Por'poise  Oil.     See  Delphini  Oleum. 
Porret's   Phenoiii''enon.      ^^^len  a  gal- 
vanic current  is  conducted  through  living 
muscle  the  fibers  swell  at  the  negative  pole. 
Porri''go  [porruni,  a  leek).     A  term   ap- 
plied to  several  diseases  of  the  scalp.      P. 
Contagiosa.      See    Impetigo.     P.,   De- 
calvans.     Ste  Alopecia  Areata.     P.  Fa- 
vosa.    See  Favus.     P.  Lupinosa.    See 
Faviis. 
Por'ro's   Operation.     See  Qesarean  Op- 
eration. 

Por^ta  (  Lat.  a  gate).     The  hilus,  or  that 

part  of  the  liver  or  other  organ  where  the 

vessels  enter,  as  by  a  gate. 

Por'tal  (  porta).     Pertaining  to  the  venous 

supply  of  the  liver.     P.  System,  the  sys- 


tem of  veins  collecting  the  venous  blood 

from   the  digestive  tract.     P.  Vein,  the 

large  vein  of  the  liver. 
Porte-,    or    Port-   (^porto,   to   caixy).     A 

carrier,   or  holder.      P.  Aiguille.      See 

Needle-holder.        P.    Caustic,    a   holder 

for  the  stick  of  caustic.     P.  Moxa.     See 

Moxa. 

Por''ter.     See  Malt  Liquors. 
Por^tio  Du^ra.     (Lat.).    The  facial  nerve. 

1  hat  part  of  the  seventh  pair  controlling 

the  muscles  of  the  face. 
Por''tio  MolTis.    The  auditoiy  nerve.    See 

A^ervc. 

Port-wine.     See  Mnian. 
Port-wine  Mark,  or  Stain.     See  Ncevus 

Vascularis. 
Po'rus    (Lat.).       A   callosity.       Also,    a 

canal,  duct,  or  pore. 

Position  of  the  Foetus.  The  relation 
of  the  presenting  part  to  the  cardinal 
points   of  Capuron.     For  the  vertex,  the 

face  and  the  breech,  there  are  each  four  posi- 
tions :  a  right  anterior,  a  right  posterior, 
a  left  antej'ior  and  a  left  posterior.  For 
each  of  the  shoulders  there  is  an  anterior 
and  a  posterior.  In  order  to  shorten  and 
memorize  these  positions,  the  initials  of 
the  chief  words  are  made  use  of  as  fol- 
lows :  For  vertex  presentations  the  word 
occiput  is  indicated  by  the  letter  O.,  and 
preceded  by  the  letters  Ji.  and  Z.,  for 
right  or  left,  and  followed  by  ^.  or  P.,  ac- 
cording as  the  presenting  part  is  anterior 
or  posterior.  We  thus  have  the  initials 
L.  O.  A.,  left-occipito  anterior,  to  indicate 
that  the  presenting  occiput  is  upon  the  an- 
terior left  side.  In  the  same  way  are  de- 
rived the  terms,  L.  O.  P.,  R.  O.  A.,  P. 
O.  P.  For  facial  presentations  we  have  in 
the  same  way,  L.  F.  A.  (left  fronto-ante- 
rior),  L.  F.  P.,  R.  F.  A.,  R.  F.  P.  For 
breech  or  sacral  presentations,  L.  S.  A., 
L.  S.  P.,  R.  S.  A.,  R.  S.  P.,  and  for 
shoulder  (dorsal)  presentations,  L.  D.  A., 
L.  D.  P.,  R.  D.  A.,  R.  D.  P. 

Pos'itive.  In  static  electricity,  a  conven- 
tional term  denoting  that  quality  of  the 
force  produced  by  loibbing  glass  with  silk. 
In  galvanic  and  dynamic  electricity  the 
cuiTent  flowing  from  the  least  oxidizable 
element  through  the  wire  or  conductor. 
P. Element,  the  most  oxidizable  element 
of  a  l)attery^usua!ly  a  plate  of  zinc.  P. 
Pole,  the  pole  connected  with  the  nega- 
tive plate  or  element. 

Posolog''ical  (TofTof,  quantity,  /lo}'Of,  a  dis- 
sertation). Pertaining  to  posology  or 
quantitative  dosage. 


POSOl.OGY 


3,-.7 


IXTrASSU'M 


Posol'ogy  ^^T(«(T•)^,  /«;.").  A  coiisiikra- 
tioii  of  tlie  proper  amounts  of  medicines 
to  l)e  exhihiied  in  order  to  pnxluce  de- 
sired resulti.     The  science  of  dosage. 

Posses'sion  {^possedco,  to  possess).  In 
pathology,  atTccted  with  epilepsy  or  similar 
disease.  In  this  sense  the  word  is  a  relic 
of  the  belief  in  demonology. 

Post-  (  Lat.).  A  Latin  prejiosition  mean- 
ing after.  Prefixed  to  words  it  places  them 
in  antithesis  to  those  combined  with  //■*• 
or  />>r. 

Postax'ial.     Sec  Pn-axial. 

Poste'rior  (comp.  oi poster,  after,  behind). 
A  descriptive  term  denoting  a  position  rela- 
tivL'^y  the  op|)Osite  that  of  anterior  or  front. 

Poster'ula  (dim.  oi  poiter).  The  small 
space  at  the  [wsterior  ends  of  the  turbinated 
b<.)nes  of  the  nose. 

Postglen'oid  {post,gh-noid).  A  process 
or  tubercle  of  either  temporal  lx>ne  which 
descends  behind  the  condyle  of  the  jaw 
and  prevents  backward  displacement  dur- 
ing m;istication. 

Posthaet'omy,  or 

Posthet'omy.     See  Cinumcision. 

Posthi'tis  {-onftij,  the  prepuce,  <-/f,  inflam- 
mation). Inflammation  of  the  prepuce. 
See  Balanitis. 

Post'humous  {fast,  /iiiiint^,  the  ground). 
Occurring  after  death.  P.  Child,  one  born 
after  the  death  of  its  father,  or  taken  from 
the  IxKly  of  its  mother  after  death,  by  the 
Cvsarean  oj^eration. 

Post  -  mor''tem  {mors  [accus.  viorh-ni'], 
death).  Pertaining  to  a  ]x-riod  or  condition 
after  death.  P.-m.  Caesarean  Opera- 
tion. See  Cizsarean  Ofcr,itiou.  P.-m. 
Examination,  investigation  of  the  dead 
iKxly  for  j)ur])oses  of  pathological  or  medico- 
legal iniuip.-.  P.-m.  Pustule.  See 
Dissection  IVoiinds.  P.-m.  Warts.  See 
Dissfttion  Wounds. 

Post-par'tum  {partum,  childbirth).  U.sed 
jjarticularly  in  connection  with  h.emor- 
rha^e,  etc.,  occurring  after  childbirth. 

Pos'tural  (^posittiin  from  pono,  to  jjlace). 
Pcrt.iining  to  posture  or  jxjsition.  P. 
Respiration,  a  treatment  of  apn<i  a  by  the 
in'lueiion  of  rcsijiration  through  changes 
of  [Mixture. 

Pos'ture    (positum).      A    ixwilion,   csjk' 
cialiy  the  ]x>sition  of  the  Ijody  in  health  and 
in  disease. 

Portable  ( /o/c,  lo  drink).  I-'it  or  wlmle- 
soinc  lo  drink — applied  to  watere  for 
drinking  in  distinction  to  those  for  medici- 
n.il  use. 

Pofash.     See  Potassium. 


Potas'sa.     See  l\>tassi!im. 

Potas'sic.     Referring  to  Potassium. 

Potas^'sium.  K  =  39;  quantivalence  i; 
sp.  gr.  0.S65.  A  m<tallic  element  of 
silvery  luster,  alkaline  and  characterized 
by  intense  affinity  for  oxygen.  Decom- 
poses water  violently,  replacing  one  or 
l>oth  of  its  hydrogen  atoms.  Only  the 
salts  and  oxides  are  used  in  medicine.  All 
salts  except  the  piatino-chluride  are  soluble 
in  water.  In  small  iIosls,  promotes  the 
secretion  of  gastric  juice;  in  larger  doses, 
neutralizes  the  free  acids  of  the  stomach, 
impeding  digestion ;  in  very  large  doses 
a  cardiac  poison,  i)aralyziiig  the  muscles 
and  exerting  baneful  elfocts  on  nerve  tis- 
sue. P.  Acetas,  in  small  do>es  renders 
blood  alkaline;  in  large  doses  jjurgative. 
Dose  gr.  v-^^^j.  Purgative  doses  3  ij-iv. 
P.  Carbonas,  useful  locally  in  acne  and 
acute  eczema,  internally  in  rheumatism, 
acid  urine  and  jaundice.  Dose  gr.  ij-xx. 
P.  Chloratis  Troch.,  each  contains  gr.  v 
of  tlie  salt.  P.  Chloras,  an  excellent 
mouth  wash  and  deotlorizer  and  lotion  for 
ulcers  in  solutions  of  ^ss-^j.  Useful  in 
mercurial  salivation,  and  also  in  diph- 
theria, typhoid  fever.  Dose  gr.  v-xx. 
Should  not  be  triturated  with  sulphur  or 
organic  matter.  P.  Citras,  properties 
like  those  of  acetate.  Dose  gr.  x-xxx. 
P.  Citratis,  Liq.,  citric  acid  8,  P.  dicarb. 
40;  filter  and  add  disiilK-d  wati-r  atl  50 
parts.  Dose_^ss-j.  P.  Citratis,  Mist., 
"  neutral  mixture  " — lemon  juice  lOO,  P. 
dicarl".  f].  s.  ad  saturatum.  Dose  5ss-j. 
P.  Cobalto- Nitrite,  unof.,  has  been 
used  successfully  in  angina  pectoris  and 
asthma.  Do.se  gr.  ss-j.  P.  cum  Calce, 
jwtassium,  with  calcium.  "  X'ienna  paste," 
consists  of  etjual  parts  of  liy< Irate  and 
lime.  An  escharotic.  P.  Bicarbonas, 
projierties  like  carl)onate,  to  wiiich  it  is 
preferable.  Dose  gr.  v-xxx.  P.  Bitar- 
tras,  "  cream  of  tartar,"  proin-ities  like 
those  of  acetate.  Dose  gr.  xx-_^  ss.  Pul- 
vis  Effervescens,  Comp.,  effervescing 
|x)wder,  "  .^eidlilz  ]H)\vdir,"  contains  of 
the  preceding  gr.  1 20,  mixed  with  stnlium 
dicarl  I.  in  the  blue  paper;  anil  tartaric 
acid  gr.  35  in  the  white  pa])er.  P.  ct 
Sodii  Tartras,  "  Koclit  lie  salt,"  laxative. 
DoM-  5  >s-j.  P.  Hydrate,  jHitassa, 
"caustic  |)otash,"  delii|uesc<nt  and  very 
alkalini-.  A  [Kywerful  escharotic.  P. 
Liq.,  "solution  of  |K(tassa,"  con>>islji  of 
hydrate  5b,  di.siilled  wal<T  <>)4  |iiirts,conj- 
bincd  with  bitter  tonics  i-  useful  in  atonic 
dys]K-|isia.     Locally,  a  wiLsh  in  scaly  skin 


POTATO-PASTE 


358 


PRECUNEUS 


diseases.  Dose  n\^v-5ss,  diluted.  P. 
Nitras,  "  saltpeter,"  refrigerant  and 
diuretic  in  fevers.  Dose  gr.  v-x.  P 
Nitratis,  Charta,  unsized  paper  saturated 
with  a  20  per  cent,  solution.  Used,  when 
burnt,  for  inhalation.  P.  Permanganas. 
See  Mangattese.  P.  Tartras,  refriger- 
ant and  laxative.  Dose  gr.  xx-^ss.  P. 
Sulphas,  hepatic  stimulant  and  cathartic. 
Dose  gr.  xx-  3  ss. 

Pota^to-paste.  A  substitute  for  the  solid 
potato  as  a  culture  medium  for  bacteria, 
when  a  very  extensive  surface  is  desired. 
It  is  a  stiff  paste  made  with  water  from 
the  dry,  floury  centers  of  well-boiled  pota- 
toes. 

Pota''to  Spirit.     See  AlcoJiol. 

Pc'tency  {potcns,  from  posse,  to  be  able). 
Power.     Efficacy. 

Poten'tial  {potens).  Able  or  powerful. 
A  term  applied  to  remedies  or  agents  that 
are  energetic.  In  electricity,  the  tension 
or  pressure  of  the  current.  It  is  estimated 
cjuantitatively  in  volts.  P.  Cautery.  See 
Canttvy. 

Po'tio  (Lat.),  or 

Portion.  A  drink  or  draught  of  a  medi- 
cinal preparation. 

Potoma'nia.     See  Mania. 

Pott's  Disease  or  Curvature.  See 
Caries. 

Pott's  Fracf'ure.     See  Fracture. 

Pouch  {Yr.  poche,  a  pocket).  Any  pocket- 
shaped  cavity  or  receptaculum.  P.  of 
Douglas,  the  cul-de-sac  of  Douglas,  a 
pouch  formed  by  the  I'ecto-uterine  fold  of 
the  peritonaeum.  P.'s,  Ileo-caecal,  nar- 
row-necked folds  of  the  peritonaeum,  at 
the  termination  of  the  ileum.  P.,  Ingui- 
nal, a  fold  of  the  jjeritonanim  behind  the 
aljdominal  ring.  P.  of  Rathke,  the  hy- 
pophysial pouch  in  the  embryo  prolonged 
through  the  base  of  the  skull  to  form  the 
anterior  element  of  the  hypophysis.  P. 
of  Seesel,  a  pouch  in  the  embryo  behind 
the  summit  of  the  hypophysis.  P.,  Sub- 
caecal,  a  fold  of  the  peritonjeum  behind 
and  below  the  caecum. 

PouFtice  (TfoArof,  porridge).  An  emul- 
sion of  some  soft  substance,  as  slippery 
elm,  meal,  etc.,  for  application  to  the  skin. 

Pound  (A.  S.  pimd).  A  weight  of  5760 
grains  Troy,  or  7000  grains  avoirdupois. 

Pou'part's   Lig^ament.     See  Ligament. 

Pow^der.  See  Pulver.  P.,  Insect.  See 
Insect  Powder.  P.,  Seidlitz.  See  Potas- 
sium.    (Pulv.  effervesc.  comp.) 

Pox  [pocks,  pi.  oi pork).  A  term  applied 
to   several    contagious,  pustular,  eruptive 


diseases.  P.,  Chicken.  See  Varicella. 
P.,  French.  See  Syphilis.  P.,  Small. 
See   Variola. 

Prac^tice  {-paKnur]).  The  official  duties 
of  a  physician  or  surgeon  in  his  professional 
work. 

Practi^tioner  (Fr.  practicieu).  One  who 
practices  a  profession,  especially  that  of 
medicine.  P.,  General,  one  who  treats 
all  ailments,  in  distinction  from  the  special- 
ist, who  treats  only  one  or  more  diseases, 
or  the  diseases  of  one  or  a  few  organs. 

Prae-  (Lat.).  A  Latin  preposition  meaning 
bt'fo7-e,  used  as  a  prefix  to  denote  position. 
It  places  the  words  with  which  it  is  com- 
bined in  antithesis  to  those  combined  with 
post. 

Praecor''dia  {^prce,  cor  [gen.  cordis'\,  the 
heart).  A  name  applied  variously  to  the 
diaphragm,  the  thoracic  viscera,  and  the 
epigastric  region. 

Praepu''tiuni.     See  Prepuce. 

Prae' via  {pr,e,  via,  away).  A  condition  in 
which  an  organ  or  part  stands  in  the  way, 
thereby  preventing  the  functions  of  another 
organ.     P.,  Placenta.     See  Placenta. 

Prax'is.     See  Pi'actice. 

Preatax''ic.  Pertaining  to  a  time  or  phase 
preceding  the  development  of  ataxy. 

Preax''ial  {prcr,  axis).  In  the  anatomy  of 
the  spinal  skeleton  all  parts  which,  in  man, 
are  superior  (in  other  mammals  anterior) 
to  an  imaginary  axis  drawn  at  right  angles 
to  the  general  direction  of  the  vertebral 
column.  The  remaining  inferior  (or  pos- 
terior) parts  are  classified  as  posta.xial. 

Precip^itant  [pi-ce,  caput).  Any  reagent 
causing  precipitation. 

Precip^itate  ( prce,  captit,  the  head).  Any- 
thing changing  from  a  soluble  to  an  in- 
soluble form  in  a  solution.  P.,  Red. 
See  Hydrargyrum  Oxiditiii  Pub  rum.  P., 
White,  N2(Hg2)3Cl2,  formed  by  adding 
ammonium  hydrate  to  a  solution  of  mercu- 
ric chloride. 

Precipita^tion  {pm,  caput,  a  head,  head- 
long). The  process  of  throwing  down 
solids  from  the  liquids  which  hold  them 
in  solution.  Effected  usually  by  chemical 
reaction.  Precipitates  are  crystalline,  curdy, 
Jlocculent,  granular,  or  gelatinous,  accord- 
ing to  the  form  assumed.  The  agent  caus- 
ing precipitation  is  the  precipitant. 

Precoc^ity  {prcs,  coquo,  to  ripen).  Ab- 
normal development  or  maturity  before 
time.  It  is  applied  especially  to  develop- 
ment of  the  intellectual  faculties. 

Precu'neus.     The  Lobus  Quadratus. 

Precur^sory.     See  Premonitory. 


PREDIASTOLIC 


359 


PRESCRIPTION 


Prediastol'ic  (/>nr,  Aocttc/.//,  a  dilatation). 
That  which  ]irccedes  diastole  of  the  heart. 

Predicrot'ic  Wave.  Ihe  primary  wave 
in  the  dicrotic  curve  of  the  sphyi;iiK><;rain. 

Predispos'ing  (/';<-,  Jis/'ono,  to  Ik;  li.iblc). 
.•\cti114  under  an  unusually  slight  exciting 
c.iuse. 

Predisposi'tion  {/>m,  lihpono).  That 
condition  of  the  body  which,  by  the  stimu- 
lus of  a  very  slight  cause,  renders  it  liable 
to  the  attacks  of  certain  diseivses,  espe- 
cially to  those  of  hereditary  character. 

Prefront'al  (/^.r,  frontalc,  the  frontal 
bone).  That  which  is  in  advance  of  the 
frontal.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the 
miildle  jx)rtiun  of  the  ethmoid  Iwno. 

Preg'nancy  ( //r ;';/.;//.?,  with  child).  The 
condition  of  l)eing  with  child,  or  graviil; 
the  period  from  conception  to  delivery. 
P.,  Abdominal,  that  occurring  in  the 
altdominal  or  peritoneal  cavity;  primarv, 
if  the  fertilization  take  place  in  the  cavity; 
sc\i>n,/i:ry,  if  the  embryo  or  ovum  break 
through  the  enclosing  walls  into  the  [peri- 
toneal cavity.  P.,  Cervical,  primithe,  a 
variety  of  ectopic  gestation  wherein  the 
C)vum  is  arrested  and  developed  in  tlie  cer- 
vical canal ;  sfconJary,  in  early  abortion  the 
ovum  expelled  from  the  uterine,  remains 
in  the  cervical  cavity.  P.,  Extra-uterine, 
ectopic  gestation,  the  development  of  the 
o\um  outside  of  the  normal  cavity  of  the 
uterus.  P.,  Interstitial,  a  variety  of 
extra-uterine  ami  tubal  pregnancy,  the 
ovum  developing  in  that  [Xjrtion  of  the 
oviduct  that  passes  through  the  wall  of 
the  uterus.  P.,  Multiple,  when  the 
uterus  contains  two  or  mure  fetuses.  P., 
Ovarian,  the  fecundation  ami  growth  of 
the  ovum  taking  place  within  the  ovisac. 
P.,  Plural,  the  development  of  more  than 
one  fitus  at  one  time.  P.,  Single  or 
Simple,  the  normal  development  of  a 
single  fiL'tus.  P.,  Tubal,  development 
of  the  ovum  in  the  oviduct.  P.,  Tubo- 
abdominal,  the  ovum  is  develoix-d  in  the 
ampulla  and  extends  into  the  aUlominal 
cavity.  P.,  Tubo-ovarian,  the  ovum  is 
atlai  lied  to  the  oviduct  and  ovarv.  P., 
Tubo-utcrine.     Same  .xs  hiterstitial  I'. 

Prehen'sile  ( pnhmdo,  to  seize).  A  term 
a|>|ilied  to  organs  or  parts  ndapteil  to  seiz- 
ing or  gr.-Lsping,  as  the  hamis  nf  bimana  or 
i|iiadnimana,  lliir  talons  of  birds,  fU. 

Prehcn'sion  ( pn-hftui').  The  act  of 
taking  hold  or  vizing. 

Prelum'bar.  Anterior  to  the  lumbar  vertc 
lirr. 

Prc'maturc  La'bor.     See  Labor. 


Pre'mature  Respira'tion.  Respiration 
taking  place  before  the  complete  birth  of 
the  fetus. 

Premax'illary.     See  Intirmaxi//(iiy. 

Premo'lar  (/'«-,  mohir,  one  *.>(  the  jaw 
teeth).  A  descri|)live  term  applied  to  the 
lir-t  two  pairs  of  molar  teeth  in  each  jaw. 

Premon'itory  (/'«',  inoneo,  to  warn). 
Used  of  the  initial  or  precursory  symp- 
toms, or  of  such  iis  indicate  on-coming 
disease. 

Preos'seus  [pf"",  "C,  a  l)one).  That 
which  preceiles  the  fonnation  of  bi.)ne. 
Applied  to  a  trans[)arent  substance  having 
the  chemical  characters  of  osteine,  with 
cavities  containing  osteoblasts,  from  which 
the  Ixine  is  formed. 

Prepara'tion  {/<>;e,  paro,  to  get  ready). 
Anything  maile  ready.  In  anatomy,  any 
part  of  the  Ixxly  preparetl  or  preserved  for 
illustrative  or  other  uses.  In  i>hannacy, 
any  compound  or  mixture  made  after  a 
formula. 

Pre'puce  {pnrputiuin).  The  foreskin  of 
the  penis.  P.  of  Clitoris,  the  suiK-rior 
folds  of  the  nympluu  surrounding  the 
glans  clitoris. 

Prepu'tial.     Pertaining  to  the  prepuce. 

Presbykou''sis  [TTfuGfivg,  aKovcj,  to  hear). 
Senile  lesst'ning  of  acuteness  of  hearing. 

Presbyo'pia  (-pia-ivg,  old  man,  ui/'.  the 
eye).  A  condition  reached  at  about  45-50 
years  of  age,  in  which  from  growing  in- 
elasticity of  the  lens  of  the  eye  (failure  of 
accommotlation)  the  near-ix)int  of  distinct 
vision  is  removed  to  an  inconvenient  dis- 
tance from  the  eye,  with  conse'|uent  dimi- 
nution in  size  of  the  retinal  image. 

Prcscrip'tion  ( /•;'</■,  before,  Si  ri/<o,  to 
write).  .\  fumiula  written  by  the  physician 
tt)  the  disi)cn.ser  of  medicines,  designating 
the  substances  to  Iw  cmjiloyed  in  a  mixture 
or  preparation.  The  following  shows  the 
es.sential  features  of  a  prescription  : — 

For  Mr.  Ward.  Jtme;,  iSA). 

^i  (rrcifif) Supeiseriptioii. 

Basis,     .   .  I'otassii  Accla- 

lis Siijss  1 

Adjuvant,    Tiiu-liira  DiKi- 

lalis 3j  I 

Corrrctivf,^ytu\i\  Auraii-  }  Inseriplion. 

tii Sj 

yfhtcif,.  .  DccDCli  Seopa- 

rii,   .    .    .    a<l  Sviij. 
M.  (miser)  /•■/.  nitiluram.    .   .  Siibseription. 

.Sir.    (sifrna)  —  A   t.tlilcspooiifiil   every   fmir 

llOUrH.  I)K.    PKAKK. 

P.  File,  a  contrivance  for  holding  |»rescrip- 
tioHH.  P.  Book,  a  liook  in  which  pre- 
scriptions are  pasted  for  future  reference. 


PRESENTATION  OF  FCETUS        360   PROBABLE  DURATION  OF  LIFE 


Presenta''tion  of  the  Foetus.  That  part 
of  the  foetus  that  presents  at  the  pelvic 
outlet  in  labor.  The  presentation  depends 
upon  the  position  of  the  foetus,  and  may 
be  either  the  vertex  (occiput),  the  face 
(frontal),  the  breech  (sacral),  and  either 
shoulder  (dorsal).     See  Position. 

Preser^vative  Fluid  (for  section  cuttings 
of  specimens).  Many  are  used.  Hamil- 
ton recommends  equal  parts  of  glycerine 
and  water  with  about  eight  minims  of  car- 
bolic acid  to  the  ounce. 

Presse-artere  (Fr.).  An  instrument  for 
the  compression  or  temporary  occlusion  of 
an  artery. 

Pres''sor  Fibbers.  Nerve-fibers  whose 
stimulation  excites  the  vasomotor  centers, 
and  consequently  increases  the  arterial 
tension.  Others  reflexly  diminishing  the 
excitability  of  these  centers  are  called 
Depressor  Fibers. 

Pres''sure  i^pre>/io,  to  press).  The  act  of 
pressing.  Weight  or  tension,  as  of  the 
blood  in  the  arteries,  the  intraocular  fluids, 
eic.  P.  Phosphenes.  See  Phosphenes. 
P.  Points  (or  Spots),  points  of  marked 
sensibility  to  pressure  or  weight,  arranged 
like  the  temperature  spots,  and  showing  a 
specific  end-apparatus  arranged  in  a  punc- 
tated manner  and  connected  with  the 
pressure-sense.  P. -sense.  The  sense 
of  pressure  upon  the  skin. 

Prestern^um  iyprce,sterniini).  The  manu- 
brium. 

PresystoFic  (/r^,  avoTolrj,  contraction). 
Preceding  the  systole. 

Preven-'tive.     See  Prophylactic. 

Prever''tebral  (^pre,  vertebra,  the  back- 
bone).    Situated  in  front  of  the  vertebra. 

Pri^apism  (-n-p/aTrof,  the  penis).  Persistent, 
painful  and  abnormal  erection  of  the  penis. 

Prick^le  Cells.  Certain  peculiar  cells  of 
the  rete  Malpighii  of  the  skin. 

Prick^ly  Heat.     See  Miliaria. 

Pride  of  China.     See  Azederach. 

Pri^maries.  A  term  used  of  syphilitic 
sores  the  direct  result  of  contact  or  infec- 
tion. 

Pri^mary  [^primus).  First  in  time.  First 
in  character  or  time  as  opposed  to  second- 
ary. 

Primigrav^ida  (Lat.).  A  woman  in  her 
first  pregnancy. 

Primip^ara  (^primus,  ftrsi,  pareo,  to  bear). 
A  woman  bearing  or  having  borne  her  first 
child. 

Primip-'arous  (primus,  pareo,  to  liring 
forth).  Pertaining  to  a  female  who  is 
pregnant  or  is  in  labor  for  the  first  time. 


Primi''tiae  [primus).  A  term  applied  to 
the  waters  discharged  before  the  extmsion 
of  the  foetus  at  birth. 

Prim^itive.  First  formed  ;  pertaining  to 
the  initial  stage  or  phase  of  the  develop- 
ment of  an  organ  or  tissue,  hence,  usually 
referring  to  embryological  structures,  as  the 
P.  anus,  mouth,  aorta,  circulation,  etc.  P. 
Chorion.  See  Clioiion.  P.  Kidneys. 
See  Reproductive  Organs.  P.  Groove, 
the  enlargement  and  deepening  of  the  P. 
Streak,  at  the  posterior  or  narrow  end  of 
the  blastoderm. 

Primor^dial  [primus,  ordior,  to  begin). 
Pertaining  to  the  beginning  or  primaiy 
phase.  P.  Cell,  an  embryonic  cell.  P. 
Cranium,  the  membranous  skull  of  the 
embryo.  P.  Kidney,  the  Wolffian  body. 
P.  Ova,  cells  lying  between  the  germ- 
epithelium  of  the  surface  of  the  embryo- 
logical  ovary. 

Prince's  Pine.     See  Chimaphila. 

Prin^'ciple  [principium).  A  synonym  of 
element,  essence,  or  primary  quality  of 
a  body.  P.,  Immediate,  the  compo- 
nents of  an  organized  tissue  as  it  exists 
functionally  in  the  living  tissue.  P.,  Me- 
diate, the  chemical  compounds  and  simple 
bodies  into  which  the  immediate  princi- 
ples are  decomposed.  P.,  Proximate. 
See  Proximate. 

Pri^nos.  Black  Alder.  The  bark  of  P. 
verciliatus.  Astringent  and  tonic.  Used 
in  intermittent  fever,  diarrhoea,  and,  locally, 
in  cutaneous  diseases.    Dose  '7^  ss-j.  Unof 

Prism  [pris»ia).  A  figure  with  plane 
surfaces,  triangular  or  quadrangular,  in 
which  one  of  the  dimensions  is  greater 
than  the  other  two.  Made  of  glass,  it  is 
used  for  refracting  the  sun's  rays  and  form- 
ing a  spectrum,  and  to  make  prismatic 
lenses.  Prismatic  loises  refract  the  light 
toward  the  b.ise  of  the  prism.  Their  chief 
use  in  ophthalmology  is,  in  cases  of  insuffi- 
ciency of  the  external  ocular  muscles,  to 
so  transplace  the  retinal  image  as  to  throw 
less  work  upon  the  weak  muscle. 

Prismat^ic  Spec'trum.     See  Spectrum. 

Prisop''tometer  (7rp;C«,  prism,  wi/^,  the  eye, 
fxETfMv,  a  measure).  An  instrument  for 
estimating  ametropia  by  means  of  two 
prisms  placed  base  to  base. 

Pri'vates,  or 

Privif'ies.     The  genital  organs. 

Probable  Duration  of  Life.  The  age 
at  which  any  number  of  children  born 
into  the  world  will  be  reduced  to  one-half, 
so  that  there  are  e(]ual  chances  of  their 
dying  before  and  after  that  age.     The  age 


PROBANG 


■Mn 


rR(^GNOSIS 


at  which  a  given  jKipulation  is  reduced  by 
one-half  its  nuinlier. 

Pro'bang  {/>n>l>o,  to  tn).  A  rod  of  whale- 
lone  or  other  material,  with  a  sixaiige 
attached  to  one  end,  fur  introtluction  into 
the  a'sophai^us.  P.  Ball,  wiili  ivory  bulb 
instead  of  sponge. 

Probe  (//i'^)).  A  stylus,  wire  or  rod, 
llexible,  rigid  or  jointed,  for  examining 
and  trying  a  wound,  in  reference  to  its 
depth,  contents,  e'tc.  P.,  Chemical,  one 
carrying  a  charpie  with  dilute  acetic  acid 
or  other  drug.  P.,  Drainage,  so  con- 
structed and  used  as  to  assist  drainage. 
P.,  Drum,  provided  with  a  drum  or  re- 
verberator to  enable  the  ear  to  detect  con- 
tact with  foreign  Ixxlies.  P.,  Electric, 
with  two  insulated  wires,  so  that  con- 
tact with  a  bullet  or  metal  completes  the 
circuit,  and  thus  indicates  the  presence  of 
such  a  foreign  body.  P.,  Lachrymal. 
See  Lachrymal.  P.,  Magnetic,  em- 
ployment of  the  telejihone  as  an  indicator. 
P.,  Nelaton's,  is  capi>ed  with  unglazed 
porcelain  \i.\io\\  which  a  leaden  ball  makes 
a  metallic  streak. 

Probos''cis  (I>at.).  The  feeding  organ  of 
an  insect.     Also,  the  trunk  of  an  elephant. 

Proc'ess  (pivcc'Jo,  to  issue  from).  A 
general  name  given  to  any  eminence  or 
prominence  of  bone,  as  e.  g-,  the  Mastoid 
Process.     Also,  a  lol  e  of  the  brain. 

Proces''sus  e  Cer'ebello  ad  Tes''tes 
(Lat. ).  The  i>edunclcs  of  the  cerebellum. 
See  PcJunclc. 

Proces''sus  Petro'sus  Amicus  (Lat.). 
See  Litii^iila. 

Prociden'tia.     See  Prolapsus. 

Procliv'ity  (pro,  cli-'ns,  a  slope).  Ten- 
dency or  inclination. 

Procrea'tion  ( pro,  creo,  to  create).  Beget- 
ting, generation,  or  jiroduction. 

Procta'gra  (rrpuK-or,  the  anus,  nypa,  gout). 
I'ain  in  the  anal  region. 

Proctargia  (-rpuKTor,  a?-)o^,  pain).  Pain 
in  the  anus  or  rectum. 

Proctatrc'sia  (Tpw^rof,  nTpr/aia,  imjier- 
forate).  The  irajK-rforatc  condition  of  the 
anus. 

Procteu'clisis.     Constriction  of  the  anus. 

Procteuryn'ter.  An  in.slrument  for  dilat- 
ing the  anus. 

Procti'tis  (n-puxrof,  irtc,  inflammation). 
Inflammation  of  the  anu-S  and  rectum. 

Proc'to-  (rriiLiKTur,  the  anus).  A  (ireck 
w(jrd  whi<  h,  prefixed  to  another,  signifies 
conncctifni  with,  or  relation  to,  the  anus. 

Proc'tocele  (vpunTor,  icr/'/.r/,  a  hernia). 
The  extroversion  or  prolap.sc  of  the  mucoas 


CO  it  of  the  rectum  due  to  rela.\ation  of  the 
sphincter  mu>cle. 

Proctocystofomy  (T/jwxrof,  Kvan^,  a  sac, 
Tout/,  a  cutting).  A  fonn  of  lithotomy  in 
which  the  ineisii)n  is  made  through  the 
walls  of  the  rectum. 
Proctodae''um  (^-puKror,  Aaiu,  to  divide). 
The  anus  of  the  embi-jo,  fonued  by  tiie  in- 
vagination of  the  epiblast. 

Proctodyn'ia  ("/jw/itof,  odviT/,  pain).  .\ny 
pain  in  the  anus. 

Proctopararysis.  Paralysis  of  the 
sphincter  muscle  of  the  anus. 

Proc'toplasty  (TzpuKTog,  n/.aaau,  to  fonu). 
I'Lihtic  o|x-ration  upon  the  anus. 

Proctople'gia.     See  rroctoparalysis. 

Proctopto'ma  (T/«j/irof,  ~rDua,  a  fall). 
Same  as  Proctocele. 

Proctopto''sis  {-rpuKToq,  Trruaig,  a  falling). 
Same  a>  Proctocele. 

Proctor'raphy  [-rpuKTor^  P<^'^'l,  suture). 
Suture  of  the  rectal  wall. 

Proctot'omy  [-puKToq,  refivu,  to  cut). 
Incision  of  the  anus  or  rectum  for  imper- 
foralion,  stricture,  e/c. 

Procum''bent  {pro,  luinlio,  to  lie).  Lying 
flat,  face  downward. 

Pro'drome  {~p<i,  forward,  dpofio^,  a  run- 
ner). A  forerunner  of  a  disease.  Pre- 
cursor)- symptom. 

Prodrc'mGus  (t/jo,  ^po/io^).  Pertaining 
to  the  iirecursoiy  symptoms  of  a  disease. 

Prodro'mus  ['fjo,  ('ipoiio^).  The  pro- 
drome ;  also  the  period  in  which  the  pre- 
cursoiy  signs  of  a  ilisease  occur. 

Proenceph'alus  (n-po,  eyKetfta/.n^,  brain). 
An  exencephalic  monstrosity  with  the  brain 
protruding  through  a  fissure  in  the  front.d 
region. 

Professional  or  Occupational  Neuro- 
sis. A  neurosis  caused  by  continuous 
exercise  of  one  set  of  nmscles. 

Profunda  Arteries.     Sea  Ar/i-ry-Tadlf. 

Profun'dus  (P'v,  ftiiiilus,  the  Ixjttom).  A 
de-iri|.tive  term  applied  to  any  organ  or 
jiart  that  ii  deep-seated. 

Progen'itor  (pro,  i^enitus,  begotten).  An 
ance.stor  or  forefather. 

Prog'cny  {pro,  genus,  race).  0(T>piiiig. 
I)e^cenilants. 

Proglos'sis  (Lat.).  The  jioint  of  the 
tongue. 

Proglot'tides  (|)I.  of  proglottis).  The  seg- 
ments of  the  ta|H-w<inn. 

Progna'thic,  or 

Progna'thous.     See  liiili-x. 

Progno'sis  (?rp«,  )/}  i'<j<ta(j,  to  know). 
The  |)revision  and  judgment  concerning 
the  progress  and  result  of  a  dise:isc. 


PROGNOSTIC 


362 


PROSOPOLOGY 


Prognos^tic,     Pertaining  to  prognosis. 

Projec''tion  Systenas.     See  Meynert. 

Prola^bium  ^pro,  labium,  a  lip).  The 
marginal  edge  of  the  lip. 

Prolapse'',  or 

Prolap^sus  [prolabor,  to  slip  down).  The 
falling  forward  or  down  of  some  part,  so 
that  it  protrudes  beyond  its  normal  bound- 
ary. P.  of  the  Anus  or  Rectum,  pro- 
trusion of  the  rectal  walls  beyond  the  anus. 
P.  of  Cord.  See  Co7-d.  P.  of  Iris,  pro- 
trusion through  a  corneal  wound.  P.  of 
Uterus,  protrusion  of  the  womb  beyond 
the  vulva.     See  Uterus. 

Prolep'sis  (n-po,  /la/z/Javw,  to  seize  upon). 
See  Prognosis. 

Prolifera^tion  (^proles,  offspring,  fero,  to 
bear).  Cell-genesis.  The  continued  for- 
mation and  development  of  cells  in  any 
organic  tissue. 

Prolif^erous  [proles,  fero).  A  tumor,  cyst 
or  other  structure  bearing  other  organisms 
similar  to  itself. 

Prolif^ic  [proles,  facio,  to  make).  That 
which  has  the  property  of  engendering. 
Also,  fruitful. 

Prolig'erous  [proles,  gero,  to  carry).  Per- 
taining to  a  germ  or  proliferation.  P. 
Discus,  the  elevation  of  the  cells  of  the 
membrana  granulosa  by  which  the  ovum 
is  attached. 

Prom^inence  [prominor,  to  jut  out). 
Any  conspicuous  protuberance  on  the  sur- 
face of  a  part,  especially  on  a  bone. 

Prom^ontory  [prominor).  An  elevation 
or  prominence.  P.  of  Sacrum,  the  promi- 
nence made  by  the  angle  of  the  upper 
extremity  of  the  sacrum  and  the  last  lumbar 
vertebra.  P.  of  Tympanum,  the  promi- 
nence formed  by  the  first  turn  of  the 
cochlea. 

Prona''tion  [pronus,  bent  forward).  The 
turning  of  the  hand  with  the  palm  down- 
ward. 

Prona^tor  [pronus).  That  which pronates 
or  bends  forward  a  part,  as  the  hand,  etc. 
A  descriptive  term  applied  to  several  mus- 
cles. 

Prone  [pronus).  With  the  palm  down- 
ward. Also,  inclined.  Also,  lying  with 
the  face  downward. 

Proneph^ros  (tt/jo,  vE(ppog,  the  kidney). 
The  primordial  kidney.  See  Reproductive 
Organs. 

Pronu'cleus  (contraction  oi protoniicleus). 
The  remaining  part  of  the  germinal  vesicle 
within  the  vitellus  after  the  extrusion  of 
tlie  polar  globules  is  called  the  P., 
Female ;    the   P.,   Male,   is   the   head 


of  the  male  spermatozoon  that  unites  with 
the  female  pronucleus  to  fomi  the  new 
nucleus  of  the  fertilized  ovum. 

Proof  Spirit.     See  Spirit. 

Proo'tic  (^/jo,  (^I'f,  the  ear).  Pertaining  to 
that  which  lies  in  front  of  the  ear. 

Propenylhy^drate.     See  Glycerine. 

Propep^sin.     See  Pepsinogen. 

Pro-pep^tone.     See  Peptones. 

Prophylac^tic  [TTpo(pvXa^ig,  caution).  Per- 
taining to  prophylaxis.  Also,  a  medicine 
or  agent  that  prevents  the  taking  of  dis- 
ease. 

Prophylax''is  [rrpofvTia^i^).  The  hygienic 
or  other  precautions  conducive  to  pre- 
vention of  disease. 

Proph''ysis.     See  Symblepharon. 

Propto^sis  (Trpo,  nruaiQ,  a  falling).  Any 
falling  or  downward  movement  of  an 
organ  from  its  place.     Prolapsus. 

Propulsion  [pro,pcllo,  to  push).  The  act 
of  pushing  forward.  Applied  to  a  leaning 
of  the  body  in  walking  as  if  pushed,  a 
symptom  of  certain  spinal  diseases. 

Pro^pyl.     The  radical  C3H7. 

PropyPamine.  A  ptomaine,  isomeric  with 
trimethylamine.  There  are  two  propyla- 
mines possible,  represented  by  the  formulse 
CH3.CH2.CH2.NH,  and(CH3)2.CH.- 
NII2.  The  former,  or  normal  compound, 
boils  at  47°-48° ;  while  the  latter,  or  iso- 
propylamine,  boils  at  31.5°.  Iso-propyla- 
mine  has  been  found  among  distillation- 
products  of  beet-root  molasses.  Propyla- 
mine has  been  obtained  from  culture  of  the 
bacteria  of  human  fceces,  and  a  strongly 
similar  basic  substance  from  a  cadaver. 
Both  are  non-poisonous  liquids  possessing 
an  ammoniacal,  fish-like  smell. 

Pro  re  nata.  A  Latin  phrase  signifying 
according  to  the  cis-cumstances  of  the  case. 

ProseC'tor  [pro,  sector,  a  cutter).  An 
officer  of  a  medical  college  who  prepares 
subjects  for  anatomical  dissection,  or  to 
illustrate  didactic  lectures. 

Prosenceph''alon  (vrpof,  near,  evKe(pa7iov, 
the  brain).  That  part  of  the  anterior  cere- 
bral vesicle  developing  into  the  hemis- 
pheres. 

Prosenchy''ma  [irpog,  eyxv/j.a,  an  infusion). 
Vegetable  fibrous  tissue  composed  of  elon- 
gated cells  with  thick  partitions. 

ProsopaPgia.     See  Tic  Douloureux. 

Prosopecta-'sia  [irpnauTvov,  the  face,  EKta- 
aig,  enlargement).  Morbid  enlargement  of 
the  face. 

ProsopoPogy  [rrpoaunov,  Tinyo^,  a  dis- 
course). A  treatise  on  facial  expression, 
or  physiognomy. 


prosoponp:uralgia 


363 


PROTOCASEOSE 


Prosoponeurargia  {-poauTov,  neural- 
,1^1'').     Neuralgia  of  the  lace. 

Prosopothoracop'agus.      See    Thoraco- 

pilous. 

Prostatargia  \ prostate,  [v/./'/'Z],  a?-}of, 
a  p.iin).      I'ain  in  ibe  proslaie  inland. 

Pros'tatauxe  [prostate,  fii'i>/,  increase). 
Enlargement  of  the  prostate  gland. 

Prostatec'tomy  (^prostate,  tKTOftr;,  exci- 
sion).    E.vcision  of  a  part  of  the  prostate. 

Pros'tate  Gland  {rrfX),  lari/ui,  to  st.nid). 
The  glandular  Ixxly  surrounding  the  neck 
of  the  bladder  and  l)eginningof  the  urethra. 
Commonly  called  ///<•  prostate. 

Prostat'ic.  Rel.iting  to  the  pro.state.  .Also, 
a  docriptive  tenn  applied  to  several  mus- 
cles .ind  to  a  sinus. 

Prostati''tis  [prostate,  iri^,  inflammation). 
Intlammation  of  the  prostate  gland. 

Prostatorrhce'a  [prostate,  ptio,  to  flow). 
A  thin  gleety  discharge  from  the  prostate 
gland  in  prostatitis. 

Prosthet'ic  [T/joalkaig).  Pertaining  to 
prosthesis,  or  the  use  of  artificial  instru- 
ments to  replace  lost  or  wanting  parts  of 
the  body.  P.  Dentistry,  the  science  and 
art  of  the  replacement  of  natural  teeth  by 
artificial  substitutes. 

Prostitu'tion  [pro,sto,  to  stand  [for hire]). 
The  condition  or  act  of  a  woman  who  in- 
discriminately lets  her  body  for  sexual 
intercourse.  In  many  of  the  countries  of 
Europe  prostitution  is  recognized  as  a  mat- 
ter for  hygienic  insijection,  the  prostitutes 
Ijeing  subject  to  police  surveillance  and 
medical  inspection.  In  the  United  States 
the  existence  of  the  evil  is,  in  general, 
legally  ignored. 

Pros'trate  (pro,  stcrno,  to  spread).  I-ying 
flat  or  at  full  length.  In  ]>athology,  con- 
dition of  great  loss  of  nervous  i)Ower. 

Prostra'tion  (pro,  stenio).  The  condition 
of  lieing  prostrate.  Extreme  exhaustion 
<jf  nervous  or  muscular  force. 

Pro'tagon  {-pumr,  lirst).  .\  nitrogenous 
glucoside  containing  pho.sphorus;  obtained 
from  nersoas  ti.ssues. 

Protec^tive  ( pro,  te_^o,  to  cover).  That 
which  covers  or  |)r<itrcts.  P.  Dressing, 
an  antiNeptic  dres^ing,  shielding  the  \>:\v\. 
involved  from  injury  or  .septic  contami- 
nation. 

Pro'teids  (jr/«jrof).  A  general  term  for 
the  albumins  and  albuminoid  constituents 
of  the  organism.  'I  bey  are  the  anhy 
drides  cjf  jx-ptones,  colloid,  noii  cr)'stalli/a- 
ble,  and  Ixvogyrous.  'Ihey  are  precipi 
latcd  from  .solutions  by  alcohol  an<l  variou- 
metallic  salts,  coagulated  by  heat  and  min 


eral  acids.  They  are  divided  by  I^ndois 
into  I.  The  j\'(7//7v  .<-///'/<«/ w.f,  comprising 
Serum-albumin,  Egg-albumin,  Metalbumin 
and  Paralbumin.  2.  The  (J/obitlins,  sub- 
divided into  Cllobulin,  Vitellin,  I'ara-,  or 
Serum-gloiiulin,  Fibrinogen,  Myosin,  antl 
CJlobin.  3.  The  Derived  A /on  in  ins,  or 
Albuminates,  comprising  Acid-albumin  or 
Syntonin,  Alkali  -  albumin.  Casein.  4. 
Fibrin.  5.  Peptones.  6.  Lardacein,  and 
similar  substances.  7.  Coagulated  I'ro- 
teids.  P.,  Vegetable,  proteid  substances 
found  in  plants,  especially  in  seeds,  closely 
resembling  those  in  animals,  and  have 
been  given  the  same  names  with  the  prelix 
vegetable,  as,  c.  g.,  vegetable  globulin, 
myosin,  vitellin,  casein,  ghitin,  etc.  A 
true  peptone  has  not  been  found,  but  allied 
substances  called  albumoses,  and  divided 
into  Alpha  (a-)  Beta  (,}-)  Phytalbumoses, 
have  been  dilTerentiatetl. 

Prote''iform  (/^ri;/<7«,  a  mythical  character 
who  assumed  various  shapes,  forma,  a 
form).      Having  various  forms. 

Pro'tein.  A  nitrogenous  substance  analo- 
gous to  librin.  It  is  formed  artificially  by 
the  action  of  an  alkaline  hydrate  on  al- 
bumin, fibrin,  or  casein.  The  addition  of 
acetic  acid  precipitates  the  protein  as  a 
gelatinous  translucent  precipitate. 

Proteolyt'ic.     See  Ferments. 

Pro'teoses  [-pij-nq).  The  intermediate 
bodies  formed  in  gastric  digestion  between 
the  food  ])roteids  and  the  elimination  of 
peptones,  called  anli  j)eptone,  hemi-jjep- 
tone,  (•/(■. 

Pro'teus  (I.at.).  A  class  of  microbes  of 
the  order  oi  Sc/iizoriiyeetes.  P.  Mirabilis. 
See  Barillns  Mirabilis.  P.  Vulgaris. 
.See  Ha.illiis  I'ltlgaris.  P.  Zenkeri.  See 
Barillns  Zenkeri. 

Proth''esis  ('t/w,  rifft/in,  to  place).  The 
apjjlication  of  an  artificial  instrument  to 
remedy  a  want  or  defect,  or  to  mnceal  a 
defonnity  of  the  liody.  P.  Ocularis,  an 
arlilicial  I'ye. 

Prothef'ic.     Pertaining  to  jjrothesis. 

Protis'ta  (npuro^).  According  to  H;ickcl 
a  divisiim  of  organisms  Mip|)osed  to  be 
primordial  or  primitive.  They  are  unicel- 
lular organisms  intermediate  between  the 
animal  and  vegetable. 

Pro'to-  (  zi>tjTi>r).  A  Greek  numeral  signi- 
fying ^rst.  P.  Albumose.  S<'e  Albu- 
niose. 

Pro'toblast  ( rr/iuror,  V/nnrnr,  a  cell).  A 
(til  without  distinct  cell  wall.    Protoplasm. 

Protoca'seose.  'Ilie  first  i)roduct  of  the 
<ligeslion  of  casein. 


PROTOCATECHUIC  ACID 


364 


PSEUDENCEPHALUS 


Protocatechu''ic  Acid.  Dioxy-benzoic 
acid.     It  sometimes  occurs  in  urine. 

Protoelas'tose.  One  of  the  products  of 
the  breaking  up  of  elastiH. 

Protoglob''ulose.  One  of  the  primaiy 
products  of  the  digestion  of  globuhn. 

Protomyos''inose.  A  primaiy  product  of 
the  digestion  of  myosin. 

Protoor^ganism  {npurog,  opyavov,  an  or- 
ganism). An  obsolete  term  for  certain 
unicellular  organisms  whose  classification 
was  formerly  in  dispute. 

Protopla^sis  (jrpuroq,  7r?iaaau,  to  form.) 
The  primary  formation  of  tissue. 

Pro'toplasm  [npurog,  Tr/ioaau).  Sarcode, 
Blastema,  Protoplast,  Bioplasm,  Gemiinal 
Matter.  A  term  loosely  applied  to  that 
mucilaginous,  granular  matter  of  the  cell 
which  has  the  power  of  reproducing  itself 
and  forming  new  cells.  Considered  by 
many  embi-yologists  as  the  physical  basis 
of  life.  The  word  was  coined  by  Hugo 
von  Mohl  to  designate  certain  active  con- 
tents of  the  vegetative  cell.  Other  parts 
of  the  cell  are  the  Cytoplasm,  the 
mass  exclusive  of  the  granular  contents ; 
Hyaloplasm,  the  outer  hyaline  layer; 
Paraplasm,  the  liquid  interfilar  por- 
tions; Polioplasm,  the  grayish,  granu- 
lar part. 

Pro^'toplast  (TT/jwrof,  nTiaaau).  See  Proto- 
plasm. 

Protover''tebrae.  The  cells  of  the  meso- 
hlast :  cubical  masses  disposed  in  pairs 
behind  one  another  on  each  side  of  the 
chorda  dorsalis  or  notochord. 

Protozo^a  (yrpwrof,  fwov,  an  animal).  A 
name  given  to  an  order  of  unicellular 
animals,  comprising  those  of  lowest  organ- 
ization. 

Protrac'tor  [pro,  before,  traho,  to  draw). 
That  which  draws  forward.  A  name  ap- 
plied to  several  muscles,  and  also  to  a  sur- 
gical instrument. 

Protu^berance  {pro,  tuber,  a  swelling). 
A  projecting  part,  as  P.,  Frontal,  the 
prominence  of  the  frontal  bone,  etc. 

Proud  Flesh.  A  popular  term  for  any 
morbidly  inflamed  flesh,  especially  with 
excess  of  granulations  adjacent  to  a  lesion. 
Also,  any  fungous  growth. 

Prox^imal.     Same  as  Proximate. 

Prox^imate  {proximus,  nearest).  Nearest. 
Immediate.  P.  Cause,  the  immediate 
cause  of  any  change.  P.  Principles  of 
Disease,  zymotic  principles,  or  those  or- 
ganic forms  which,  by  their  growth  and 
development,  cause  certain  epidemic  dis- 
eases. 


Pru'nin.     See  Cherry. 

Pru^num  (Lat).  Prune.  The  fruit  of  P. 
donicstica,  native  to  W.  Asia.  Laxative 
and  nutritious.     Dose  indefinite. 

Pru^nus  Virginia^na.  Wild  cherry.  The 
bark  of  P.  serotina ;  contains  amygdalin, 
and  a  volatile  oil  resembling  oil  of  bitter 
almond.  An  aromatic  bitter  increasing 
appetite  and  promoting  digestion.  Useful 
in  bronchitis  and  the  hectic  cough  of  con- 
sumption. An  ingredient  of  various  pro- 
prietary cough  mixtures.  Dose  of  the 
bark  "^  ss-j ;  of  the  fld.  ext.  ^  ss-j ;  of  a 
4  per  cent,  infusion  ^  ss-ij ;  of  a  12  per 
cent,  synip  3J-iv. 

Prurig^inous.  Pertaining  to  or  like  pru- 
rigo. 

Pruri^go  {prurio,  to  itch).  Pmriginous 
rash.  A  chronic  disease  of  the  skin 
marked  by  a  thickened  condition  and  the 
presence  of  recurring  white  or  pale  red 
papules.  Occurs  usually  on  the  extensor 
surfaces.  Accompanied  by  intolerable 
itching.  Classed  as  P.  Alitis  or  P.  Ferox, 
according  as  it  is  mild,  or  severe  with  sec- 
ondary lesions. 

Pruri^tus  [prurio).  A  defect  or  abnormal 
condition  of  the  innervation  of  the  skin 
marked  by  the  sensation  of  itching.  In 
P.  Universal  the  greater  part  of  the 
skin  is  involved.  In  P.  Ani  and  P. 
Vulvae,  the  anus  and  the  vulva  are  the 
seats  of  the  affection. 

Prus^sic  Acid.     See  Acid,  Hydrocyanic. 

Psammo^ma  [il^a/u/uog,  sand).  A  tumor 
of  or  near  the  pineal  gland  containing 
sabulous  or  calcareous  particles. 

Psam^mous.     wSee  Salmloiis. 

Psellis^mus  {^^leXkiatioq).  Stuttering  or 
stammering. 

Pseud-.     Same  as  Pseudo-. 

Pseudacu^sis  (i/^ev(f?yf,  false,  aKovu,  to 
hear).     Imperfection  or  error  of  hearing. 

Pseudsesthe^sia  [ipevdrjg,  aiadf/aig,  feel- 
ing). Any  depraved  state  of  the  sense  of 
touch,  temperature,  etc.  Also,  an  im- 
aginary sense  of  feeling  in  parts  of  the 
body  that  have  been  removed  by  surgical 
operation. 

Pseudarthri^tis  [il'Evdyc,  art/iritis).  Hys- 
terical affection  of  a  joint,  simulating 
arthritis. 

Pseudarthrc'sis  [ipev^rjQ,  apdpov,  a  joint). 
The  condition  of  having  a  false  joint  or 
articulation. 

Pseudenceph^alus  (ipevSr/c,  eyKE(f>a?Mg, 
brain).  An  exencephalic  monstrosity  with 
absent  cranial  vault  and  brain,  and  in  place 
of  the  last  a  vascular  tumor. 


PSEUDO- 


365 


I'SVCIIIC 


Pseud'o-  (\pev6r)g).  An  adjective  prefix 
dcnotini;  A/Ar  oi  sc;'/tin^\ 

Pseudo-bul'bar  Paral'ysis.  Symmet- 
rical disease  of  Ixjth  hemispheres  involving 
the  centers  or  jxiths  of  the  nerves  of  speech, 
and  thus  resembling  the  defect  of  disease 
of  the  medulla. 

Pseudo-cye'sis  (^fwd^f,  Kvrjatg,  preg- 
nancy). False  pregnancy.  The  belief  in 
the  e.vistence  of  pregnancy  on  the  part  of  a 
woman  (usually  the  result  of  desire)  accom- 
panied, perhaps,  by  uncertain  signs. 

Pseudo-gan'glion  (>/'f rJ/yf,  ^^i7«;'-//(';/). 
A  false  ganglion,  usually  a  .sli;;hl  thicken- 
ing of  a  ner\e.  P.  of  Bochdalek,  an 
enhxi^ement  of  a  branch  of  the  middle 
alveolar  nene  from  which  fibers  descend 
to  supply  the  canine  teeth.  P.  of  Cir- 
cumflex Nerve,  an  expansion  of  a  branch 
of  the  ner\e  which  goes  to  the  teres  m.ajor. 
P.  of  Cloquet,  a  thickening  of  the  pala- 
tine branches  of  the  nasopalatine  nerve. 
P.,  Valentin's,  a  slight  thickening  at  the 
junction  of  certain  divisions  of  the  middle 
alveolar  branch  of  the  maxillary  nerve. 

Pseudo-glio'ma  of  Retina.   See  Glioma. 

Pseudo-hydropho'bia  [tlievdj)^,  hydro- 
phi^bia).  Hysterical  conNTilsions  in  one 
believing  himself  to  have  been  bitten  by  a 
rabid  animal.  There  is,  however,  absence 
of  the  true  respiratory  s])asm.  It  has  also 
been  called  Lyssof>h^/>iii. 

Pseudo-hypertro'phic  ParaFysis  [ipev- 
6r/g).  A  term  a]5])lied  to  loss  or  diminution 
of  the  jx)wer  of  motion,  accompanied  by 
hy])ertrophied  muscles. 

Pseudoma'nia  (t/ifi'tSz/f,  fiavia,  madness). 
A  form  of  insanity  in  which  the  person 
affected  accuses  himself  of  a  crime  or 
crimes  of  which  he  is  innocent.  It  is 
usually  a  fonn  of  hysteria. 

Pseudomem'brane  (i/'fi'J^f,  memoran- 
um).  A  false  membrane,  such  as  the  my- 
celium of  the  funt^s  of  diphtheria. 

Pseudomcm'branous  (TJitvih/r,  tnemlnan- 
ou.).     r.  rtaining  to  false  memi)ranes. 

Pscudophthi'sis  (^>f:vih/r,  <i>ihair,  decay). 
Kmaci.ition  and  general  wasting  ari>ing 
from  other  causes  than  jmlmonary  tul>er- 
culosis. 

Pseudosclcro'sis.  An  afTeclitin  simihu- 
in  symiiioms  to  .sclerosis  but  without  the 
anatninical  lesions. 

Pseud'oscope  {\{irvi^rjr,  OKmrrut,  to  sec). 
A  jjrism.atic  instrument  so  arrangi'd  tiiat, 
f.  ^.,  if  a  spheriial  surface  Ik.-  looked  :it 
with  the  iiisiruineiit  the  im.ige  formed  in 
c.ich  rye  is  invi-rtcii  laterally.  .Shadows 
arc  reversed  and  the  ball  ap|x:ars  hollow. 


Pseudos'mia  (^evStjq,  oojir),  a  smell).  A 
defective  or  illusive  sense  of  smell. 

Pseudo-sto''mata  [xpevih/r,  arofta,  a 
mouth).  Small  holes  or  outlets  in  the 
cement  substance  of  the  alveoli  of  lung 
tissue. 

Pseudoxan'thine.  A  name  given,  it  is 
tluHii^lit  inappropriately,  by  CJautier  to  a 
leucomaine-base,  C^IIjNjC),  isolated  from 
fresh  muscle-tissue  of  beef.  It  so  much 
resembles  xanthine,  however,  that  it  may 
have  been  often  mistaken  for  that  com- 
pound— hence,  the  name  given  i>y  (.Jautier; 
but  it  differs  from  xanthine  in  its  empirical 
composition,  solubility,  and  crystalline 
form.  The  natne  PseuJoxanthitii;  was 
also  given  by  Schultzcn  and  Filehne  to  a 
lx)dy  isomeric  with  xanthine,  obtained  by 
action  of  suljihuric  upon  uric  acid. 

Psilo'sis  [fi'/.ixj,  to  remove  the  hair).  The 
removal  of  the  hair  from  a  part.  De- 
pilation. 

PsD'ae  (i/»ua,  the  loins).  The  psoas  mus- 
cles. 

Pso'as  (i/'(ja).  The  loins.  P.  Muscle. 
See  Muscle.     P.  Abscess.     See  Abscess. 

Psod'ymus  (V'""',  loins,  (5a5i'/-or,  double). 
A  sysomic  monstrosity  with  two  heads  and 
thoraces,  and  conjoined  abdominal  and 
pelvic  cavities.  There  are  two  legs,  and 
occasionally  the  rudiments  of  a  third. 

Psoitis  (i/»wa,  <r/f,  intlammation).  Inilam- 
matitm  of  the  psoas  muscles,  or  of  the  re- 
gion of  the  loins. 

Pso'ra  (xjiupa,  from  i/'ou,  to  scratch).  Same 
as  Scabies. 

Psorelco''sis  {rl'(jpa,  c/'.^wtr/f,  ulceration). 
The  ulceration  frefjuently  occurring  during 
the  progress  of  .sc.abies. 

Psori'asis  [xjiDpa,  the  itch).  Lepra; 
I,e|)ra  alplios;  Alphos.  A  chronic,  inllam- 
raatory  affection  of  the  skin,  distinguished 
by  dry,  red,  roundish  patches,  covered  with 
silvery  scales.  Commonly  affects  the  ex- 
tensor surfiice  of  the  limbs,  the  scalp  and 
the  trunk.  Hegins  as  a  small  papuK-, 
that  enlarges  at  the  margin  aiul  U-conies 
covered  with  white  .scales.  It  may  l>c 
<li(Tuse,  universal,  punctate,  guttatc,  cirei- 
nate,  gj'rate,  inveterate  (thickening  of  the 
skin)  or  ruixiitl  (when  pus  fonns  under  the 
crust). 

Psorophthal'mia.     Sec  Ophtlurltuia. 

Pso'rous  (i/'rj^ju).  rertaining  to  or  alTected 
with  the  itch. 

Psychi'atry  (V'l'V/. ''"'  mind,  /or^/Kor,  the 
hraling  art).  Tnatuunt  of  the  »list-asi-s 
of  the  mind. 

Psy'chic  (V'l'A''/^-     I'lit. lining;  to  the  mind. 


PSYCHOGENESIS 


366 


PTOMAINES 


Psychogen'esis  {tl'v^fh  ycvvau,  to  beget). 
A  tenn  used  of  the  causes  and  develop- 
ment of  mental  characteristics. 

PsychoL'ogy  {ipv;(r/,  Xojog,  a  treatise).  A 
treatise  on  the  nature  and  phenomena  of 
the  mind. 

Psychopatlr'ic  {i^vxv>  Tradot;,  suffering). 
Pertaining  to  psychopathy. 

Psychop'athy  {4'^X'/>  '^c-f^n^)-  Disease  of 
the  mind  or  of  the  intellectual  faculties. 

Psycho- physical  Law.  See  Fechners 
Law. 

Psychophys'ics.  The  study  of  mental 
processes  by  physical  methods,  especially 
the  determination  of  the  difference  of 
stimulus  required  to  produce  recognizable 
differences  of  sensation. 

PsychophysioFogy  {■'pvxr?,  physiology^. 
Mental  physiology.  A  study  of  the  physi- 
ology of  the  brain  as  related  to  mental 
and  emotional  processes. 

Psycho'ses  [^vxii).  Diseases  of  the  mind 
or  of  the  intellectual  faculties. 

Psycho^sin  (i/w^';/).  A  cerebroside  resemb- 
ling sphyngosin,  occurring  in  brain -tissue. 

Psychotherapeu^tics.  The  cure  of  men- 
tal disease  ;  also  the  treatment  of  disease 
by  mental  influence. 

Psychrom^eter  (li'i'.YPOf,  cold,  /uerpov,  a 
measure).  An  instrument  for  determin- 
ing the  amount  of  telluric  moisture  by 
precipitation  on  a  cold  surface. 

Psy^chrophore  {il'v^pog,  (popsu,  to  carry). 
An  instrument  for  the  conveyance  of  cold 
to  parts  deeply  placed,  as  by  a  double- 
current  catheter  to  the  prostate  gland. 

Psydra^cium  (i/;i'(5/jrt^,  a  blister  or  pimple). 
A  term  loosely  applied  to  various  eczema- 
tous  and  psoriforra  eruptions  of  the  skin. 

Ptar'mic  [-rrTcipfiOg,  a  sneezing).  Pertain- 
ing to  the  act  of  sneezing.  Sternutatory. 
Also,  a  substance  that  produces  sneezing. 

Pte^lea  Trifolia'ta.  Wafer-ash;  Wing- 
seed.  The  bark  of  a  shrab  yielding  a 
bitter  tonic  extractive.  A  popular  tonic 
in  debility  and  dyspepsia.     Unof. 

Pter'ion.     See  Skull. 

Pter^o-  [rvrepov,  awing).  A  Greek  word 
used  as  a  prefix  to  denote  resemblance  to 
a  wing,  or  wing-shaped. 

Pteryg^ium  (tttepov).  A  triangular  patch 
of  thickened  conjunctiva,  the  apex  point- 
ing toward  the  pupil,  the  fan-shaped  base 
extending  toward  the  canthus.  Also,  an 
abnormal  growth  of  skin  over  the  finger- 
nail. 

Pter''ygo-  [Krepov).  A  Greek  word  that, 
prefixed  to  another,  denotes  connection 
\Nith,  or  relation  to,  the  pterygoid  process. 


Pter''ygoid  [wrepov,  eiSo^,  a  form).  A  name 
given  to  two  wing-shaped  processes  of  the 
sphenoid  bone.     P.  Muscle.    See  Al/isde. 

Pterygo-max^illary.  Pertaining  con- 
jointly to  the  pterygoid  process  and  the 
superior  maxillary  bone. 

Pterygo-paKatine.  Pertaining  conjointly 
to  the  pterygoid  process  and  the  palate. 

Ptilo^sis.     See  Madarosis. 

Ptis''an  (nTiaau,  to  bruise).  Barley  water. 
Any  decoction  of  barley  designed  as  a 
medicinal  drink. 

Pto^maines  [Tr-rufm,  corpse).  Putrefac- 
tive alkaloids;  a  class  of  nitrogenous  alka- 
loidal  bases,  of  both  animal  and  vegetable 
origin,  formed  during  the  putrefaction  of 
organic  matter.  Some  are  poisonous,  but 
the  greater  number  of  those  isolated  are 
not  so.  But  all  toxic  products  of  putre- 
faction are  not  ptomaines.  Since  all  pu- 
trefaction is  dependent  upon  microorgan- 
isms, the  formation  of  ptomaines  is  also 
dependent  upon  them,  each  distinctive 
ptomaine  being  probably  due  to  a  pecu- 
liar bacterium  or  combination  of  such.  The 
dependence  may  sometimes  be  indirect  and 
complicated  with  or  also  dependent  upon 
purely  chemical  changes.  The  kind  of 
ptomaine  is  also  dependent  upon  the  stage 
of  putrefaction,  as  they  are  "  transition 
products  in  process  of  putrefaction,"  inter- 
mediates of  katabolism,  finally  becoming 
the  end-products  of  excretion.  Foods  have 
been  found  to  contain  ptomaines,  the 
principal  being  mussels,  oysters,  eels, 
sausage,  ham,  canned  meats,  cheese,  milk, 
ice-cream,  olc.  The  pathogenic  action  of 
many  bacteria  is  probably  due  to  their  pro- 
duction of  ptomaines.  In  addition  to  the 
ptomaines  given  in  the  following  table,  a 
number  of  unnamed  substances  have  lieen 
studied  that  possess  reactions  and  physio- 
logical effects  similar  or  identical  with 
well-known  vegetable  alkaloids.  These 
at  present  can  only  be  called  after  ana- 
logues, e.  g.,  Coniine-like  Substances  ; 
others  are  called  Nicotine-like,  Strych- 
nine-like, Morphine-like,  Atropine- 
like,  Digitaline-like,  Veratrine-like, 
Delphinine-like,  efr.  Selmi  found 
ptomalropines  or  cadaveric  ptomaines  so 
closely  resembling  the  vegetable  product 
that  when  treated  with  sulphuric  acid  and 
oxidizing  agents  they  gave  the  odor  of 
blossoms  (Reuss's  test)  as  distinctly  as 
the  vegetable  atropine.  A  powerful  poison 
has  been  found  in  exhumed  bodies  giving 
reactions  similar  to  strychnine,  thougli  by 
no  means  identical  with  the  latter.     Selmi 


PTOMATROPINES 


367 


PTVALIN 


believed  for  some  time  in  a  "  cadaveric 
coniine  " — so  ditticull  was  il  to  discern  llie 
proteid  product  from  a  vejjetable  alkaloid ; 
and  even  now  it  is  ven-  ditticult  for  the 
chemist  to  state  with  certainty  that  he  has 
found  true  coniine  in  the  dead  Uk!}',  unless 
the  analysis  l>e  niatle  i>efore  decomj)o>i- 
ti(.>n  sets  in,  and  enoujjh  of  tlie  base  be 
found  for  physiological  experiment.  Other 
ptomaines  have  Iven  actually  mistaken 
by  expeils  for  moqihine,  ai  in  the  Son/ogna 


trial,  at  Cremona,  in  Italy.  In  the  trial  of 
tieiieral  GibUme's  servant,  in  1S70,  on  the 
chaige  of  having  caused  his  master's  death 
by  jxjison,  the  experts  rejxjrted  delphinine 
in  the  viscera  ;  but  Scimi  found,  by  careful 
stuiiy,  that  although  the  substance  re- 
siKHided  to  ilelphinine  reactions  it  was 
not  delphinine  at  all.  N'aughan  gives 
in  detail  the  methods  of  extracting  pto- 
maines. The  following  table  is  copied 
from  him  : — 


TABLE    OF    PTOMAINES  (vaughan  and  novy). 


Name. 

• 

FORMUI-A. 

Discoverer. 

Physiological  Action. 

Methylamine. 

CH.N. 

Non-poisonous. 

Dimcthylainiiie. 

C,H,N. 

.  .   .  . 

'• 

TriinL-tliylaniiiie. 

C,H,N. 

11 

Elhylainine. 

C,H,N. 

i( 

Dicthylamine. 

C«H,,N. 

II 

Triethylainine. 

C,H,.N. 

•   •  ■ 

II 

Propylamine. 

C\H,N. 

.  .  .  . 

.... 

Aniylainine. 

CsH.^X. 

.  .   .   . 

.  .   .  . 

Hcxylamine. 

C,>}1,.N. 

.  .   .  . 

•  ■ 

Tetaiiotoxiiie. 

C.H,.N(?). 

Briefer. 

Poisonous. 

Collidiiicl?). 

CsH.,N. 

Nc-iicki. 

•   . 

Hydrocollidiiie  (?1. 

CsH.^N. 

Gaulicr  and  Etard. 

Poisonous. 

Parvoliiie  (?). 

C,H„N. 

t  1                                                        K% 

CunaiiirJ. 

C,„H,,N. 

Guareschi  and  Mosso. 

Poisonous. 

Ethylideiiediamine  (?). 

C,HsN,. 

Brieger. 

" 

Trimelhyleiiediamine. 

C,H«N,. 

(( 

II 

Pulrcsciiie. 

C«H ,  jXj. 

14 

Non-poisonous  (?). 

Cadaverine. 

C.H,,N,. 

If 

(?). 

Neuridine. 

C.H„N,. 

II 

It 

Sapriiie. 

CsH„N,. 

" 

44 

f  'nnamfd. 

c,n,„x,. 

.Morin. 

14 

MethylKiianidine. 

C,H,N,. 

Bric'Kcr. 

41 

Lnitiimed. 

^i3''ao*^4* 

Ostr. 

.        .        •        . 

" 

C,,H„N«. 

Gauticr  and  Etard. 

Mydiiie. 

C.H,,NO. 

Bricgcr. 

Non-poisonous. 

Ncurine. 

CsH,,N-0. 

«t 

Poisonous, 

L'tinamfil. 

C.H,,N"0,. 

E.  and  H.  Salkowski. 

No!i-(>uisonous. 

Choline. 

C.H,.NO,. 

Brit'KL-r. 

Pinsonous. 

Belaiiie. 

C.H,,NO,. 

*' 

Non-poisonous. 

Muscarine. 

C.H,.NO,. 

<t 

Poisonous. 

Mydatoxiiie. 

C.II,,NOi. 

II 

" 

Mytilotoxiiio. 

C.H,.NO,. 

II 

II 

Gadiniiu*. 

C\H,,NO,. 

«■ 

Non-poisonous. 

Tyiiholoxinc. 
Unnamed. 

C,II,,.\(),. 

11 

Poisonous. 

CM,, NO,. 

II 

4* 

" 

c,n,.N,r),. 

Pouchct. 

44 

" 

c,.n,„N,o.. 

Gnarcschi. 

.... 

Tclaninc. 

c,,n,oN,()«. 

Brugrr. 

Poisonous. 

Vnnamrd. 

C,M,.N,0,. 

ronrhtl. 

Tyrotoxi(  on. 

Vaughan. 

II 

Slydalriiie. 

.... 

Bricgcr. 

II 

Spasmntoitiiic. 
I'cptoloxinc. 

.... 

41 

.... 

41 

44 

Ptomafropincs.  Ptomaines  found  in  the 
cadaver. 

Pto'sis  (-rrnu,  to  fall).  romj)lclc  or  par- 
tial drr><)|)ing  and  itiability  to  raise  llic 
U|<|KT  eyelid,  due  to  paralysis  of  the  third 
nerve,  or  of  the  levator  jjaljicbrx"  or  to 
thickening  of  the  lid. 


Ptyaragogue  (tttwiPov,  saliva,  aju,  to 
driv«).  A  nu-dicine  prtvlucing  salivation 
or  increa.so<l  llow  of  saliva.     A  sial.igoguc. 

Pty'alin  (Trvn'fuv).  ,\  diastasic  ftrmnit 
existing  in  saliva,  linving  the  pniiHTly  of 
clianL^ing  stnrcli  into  dextrine  and  a  sug.ir 
called  ptyalosc.     Sec  Jernients, 


PTYALINE 


368 


PULSE 


Pty'' aline  (Trri^a/'.oi').  The  saliva.  Also,one 
of  the  constituent  ferments  of  the  saliva. 

Pty^alism  (Trrna/loi').  A  condition  marked 
by  an.  excessive  secretion  of  saUva,  arising 
either  from  the  use  of  masticatories,  siala- 
gogues,  or  from  constitutional  causes.  P., 
Mercurial,  that  produced  by  mercury.  It 
is  attended  witli  profuse  salivation,  a 
coppery  taste,  and  sometimes  by  looseness 
of  the  teeth. 

PtyaFocele.     See  Ramda. 

Pty'alum.     See  Saliva. 

Pu'berty  i^piibeo,  to  grow  to  maturity). 
The  age  when  the  young  become  capable 
of  reproduction. 

Pu''bes  (Lat.).  That  portion  of  the  os  in- 
nominatum  forming  the  front  of  the  pelvis. 
Also,  the  fleshy  and  hairy  part  covering 
the  same. 

Pu^bic.     Pertaining  to  the  pubes. 

Pubiot^omy  i^pubes,  toutj,  a  cutting).  An 
O' aeration  for  enlarging  the  diameter  of  the 
pelvis  to  facilitate  delivery  in  cases  of  pel- 
vic malformation. 

Pu'bo-.  A  Latin  root;  prefixed  to  another 
word  denotes  relation  to  the  pubes. 

Pudenda.     See  Pudendum. 

Pudendag^ra  [pudenda,  aypa,  a  seizure). 
Any  pain  in  the  genital  organs.  Also, 
syphilis. 

Puden'dum  [pudeo,  to  be  ashamed). 
Tliose  parts  of  the  female  genital  organs 
visible  externally.  These  are  the  mons  vene- 
ris, the  labia,  clitoris,  nymph^e  and  hymen. 

Pu^dic  [pudco).  A  descriptive  term  ap- 
plied to  the  genital  organs  or  related  parts. 
Also,  to  any  part  of  the  body  habitually 
concealed.     P.  Nerve.     See  Nei-ve. 

Pu'erile  (^pucr,  a  boy).  Pertaining  to 
boyhood  or  childhood.  P.  Respiration, 
a  resonant  respiration  sometimes  observed 
in  adults  similar  to  that  heard  in  vigorous, 
healthy  children. 

Puer^pera  {^puer,  pario,  to  beget).  A 
female  in  labor,  or  one  recently  delivered. 

Puer^peral  {puer,  pario).  Pertaining  to 
the  state  of  a  woman  in  childbed.  P. 
Convulsions.  See  Eclampsia.  P. 
Fever,  an  acute, heterogenetic,  contagious, 
febrile  affection  of  women  in  childbed.  P. 
Mania,  a  delirious  condition  of  women 
sometimes  occurring  in  the  puerperium. 
P.  Septicaemia.  See  P.  Fever.  P. 
Tetanus,  a  fatal  tetanic  condition  of  the 
body ;  occuiTing  rarely  in  the  puei-perium. 

Puerpe^rium  (I -at.).  The  condition  of  a 
woman  from  childbirth  to  a  reinstatement 
of  normal  health. 

Puff-ball.     See  Lyropcrdon  Gigantcum. 


PugiFlus  (Lat.,  a  handfull).  In  practice, 
the  amount  of  a  substance  that  can  be 
grasped  between  the  thumb  and  two  or 
three  fingers. 

Pu'lex  (Lat.).  A  flea.  A  genus  of  epizoa 
parasitic  upon  the  skin.  P.  Irritans,  the 
common  flea.  P.  Penetrans,  the  chigoe 
or  jigger  flea,  a  species  burrowing  under 
the  skin  to  deposit  ova.  P'ound  mainly  in 
tropical  America. 

Pullula^tion  {pullulo,  to  bud).  Any 
morbid  growth  taking  the  form  of  a  bud, 
as  certain  forms  of  condyloma. 

Pulmom^eter  i^pulmo,  a  lung,  fierpov,  a 
measure).  Any  instrument  for  measuring 
the  capacity  of  the  lungs.  Also,  an  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  air  of  respiration. 

Pulmom^etry  i^pulnw,  fiETpov).  The  quan- 
titative determination  of  the  air  concerned 
in  respiration.  Also,  the  determination  of 
the  volume  of  the  lungs. 

Pulmonary  [pulino).  Pertaining  to  the 
lung.     P.  Consumption.     See  Phthisis. 

Pulmonale  i^pulino).    Same  as  Pulmonaiy. 

Pulp  [pulpa).  A  part  of  certain  fruits. 
P.  Cavity,  a  cavity  containing  soft,  amor- 
phous matter,  as  P.  of  Spleen,  the  sub- 
stance within  the  cavity  of  the  spleen. 
P.  of  Tooth,  the  tissue  of  the  pulp-cavity 
of  a  tooth. 

Pulpi^tis  {pulpa,  His,  inflammation).  An 
infiammation  of  the  pulp  or  organic  portion 
of  a  tooth. 

Pulsatilla  (Lat.).  Pasque  Flower. 
Meadow  Anemone.  The  leaves  and  tops 
of  Anei7ione  P.  Properties  due  to  a  cam- 
phoraceous  principle,  anemonin.  Lowers 
heart  and  arterial  tension  ;  in  larger  doses 
produces  nausea  and  paralyzes  motion  and 
sensibility.  Recommended  in  amenoirhcca, 
dysmenorrhiTca  and  scaly  skin  diseases.  A 
valuable  alterative.  An  unofficial  tincture, 
consists  of  equal  parts  of  the  juice  and  al- 
cohol. Dose  n\^jo~^ '  °f  ^^^  active  prin- 
ciple gr.  yig-ij- 

Pulsa^tion  [pello,  to  drive).  Any  beating 
or  throbbing  sensation.  The  visible  or 
sensible  elevation  of  a  vessel  synchronous  or 
following  the  heart's  beat.  P.,  Retinal, 
arterial  and  venous  pulsations  are  some- 
times seen  in  the  eye  as  a  consequence  of 
the  disturbance  of  the  relative  intraocular 
and  extraocular  pressure. 

Pulse  [pulstis).  The  expansile  impulse  of 
the  arteries  from  variations  in  the  blood- 
pressure",  and  following  the  contractile 
action  of  the  heart.  P.,  AUorhythmic. 
See  Allorhythmia.  P.,  Anacrotic.  See 
Anacrotisin.     P.,  Capillary,  seen  when 


rULSIMETER 


369 


puriL 


the  capillaries  are  dilated  and  the  blood- 
pressure  is  high.  P.,  Catacrotic,  eleva- 
tions or  secondar)'  waves  in  the  line  of 
descent  of  the  pulse  tracing.  P.  Curve, 
the  tracing,  called  s|ihy.i;nH>gram  or  arterio- 
gram, of  the  pulse,  niatlc  L)y  the  spliv  tomo- 
graph or  sphyjjmoscoix".  P.,  Dicrotic, 
an  exaggerated  dicrotic  wave,  or  recoil 
wave,  the  larger  of  the  catacrotic  eleva- 
tions corresponding  to  the  closure  of  the 
aortic  valves.  P.,  Entoptical,  the  sub- 
jective illumination  in  a  dark  lickl,  after 
violent  e.vercise,  corrcsponiling  to  each 
pulse-beat.  P.,  Hard,  one  with  charac- 
ters of  high  tension  and  rigidity.  P., 
Hyperdicrotic,  when  the  aortic  notch 
falls  below  the  base  line,  a  symptom  of 
great  exhaustion.  P.,  Intermittent,  one 
in  which  the  beats  ate  irregular  or  occa- 
sionally fail.  P.,  Monocratic,  absence 
of  the  dicrotic  wave.  P.,  Paradoxical, 
failure  of  the  beat  during  inspiration, 
owing  to  jiathological  conditions  of  the 
heart  and  adjacent  [xirts.  P.,  Recurrent, 
the  appearance  of  the  pulse  on  the  distal 
side  of  the  j^xjint  of  compression  of  an 
arter)-.  P.  Tracing.  See  P.  Cunc  and 
Sphy^nioi^am.  P.,  Venous,  pulsatile 
phenomena  occasionally  obser\'ed  in  veins, 
esjjecially  in  the  eye,  owing  to  the  intra- 
ocular pressure  jiermitting  the  escape  of  the 
venous  current  during  the  heart's  diastole. 
See  also  Pulsus. 

Pulsim'eter  ( pulsus,  the  pulse,  fierpov,  a 
measure).  Any  instrument  fur  the  ([uanti- 
tative  determination  of  the  rate,  cjuality  or 
forte  of  the  pulse. 

Pul'sus  (Lat.).  The  pulse.  P.  Alter- 
nans,  a  pulse  in  which  there  is  a  regular 
alternation  of  a  high  and  low  l>eat.  P. 
Bigeminus,  the  beats  occur  in  pairs,  so 
that  a  Kjnger  pause  follows  every  two  beats. 
P.  Intercurrens,  when  an  extra  beat  is 
intercalated  in  a  normal  series.  P.  Inter- 
mittens, when  in  an  otherwi.sc  regular 
rhythm  a  l<eat  is  omitted.  P.  Myurus, 
the  iieats  lx.-coming  smaller  anil  smaller, 
and  after  a  certain  time  Ix-ginning  .xs  large 
as  iK-forc.  P.  Quadrigeminus  .and  P. 
Trigeminus,  the  irrcgularitii-s  (xrcurring 
after  every  fourth  and  third  t)eal.  See 
Puls<: 

Pulta'ceous  (puis,  jxjttage).  Having  the 
consistence  of  |»ap  or  jwttagc.  Ajjplied  to 
any  semifluid  substance. 

Pul'ver  (/'M/r/j,  a  |K.wder).    In  pharmacy, 
fjnc  or  more  mc<li(  inal  sub.staiiLcs  reduced 
to   a   state  of  vcr>'  fine  division.     There 
arc  9  olficial  pulveres. 
24 


Pulveriza'tion  [pulris).  The  operation 
ot  reducing  a  substance  to  a  powder. 

Pul'vinar  (^  Lat.).  A  pillow.  The  jws- 
leiior  eminence  of  the  optic  thalamus. 

Pul'vis.     .See  Puli\r. 

Pump.  A  machine  that,  by  creating  a 
vacuum  l)etween  its  valves,  is  useil  for 
drawing  or  translerring  a  licjuid  to  or  from 
a  reservoir.  P.,  Breast,  a  pump  for  re- 
moving milk  from  the  breast.  P.,  Stom- 
ach, a  [lump  for  removing  the  contents  of 
the  stomach  in  cases  of  jK)i>oning.  It  con- 
sists of  a  baiTel,  a  delivery  tul)e  ami  a 
flexible  tube  to  be  introduced  into  the 
stomach. 

Pump'kin  Seed.     See  Pepo. 

Puncta  (|j1.  oi punt/u»i,  a  jwint).  Points. 
A  term  variously  u>ed  in  anati'iny.  P. 
Dolorosa,  lender  or  painful  jxjint.'j  in  the 
course  of  nerves  in  an  inflamed  condi- 
tion. P.  Lachrymalia,  the  orifices  of 
the  lachrymal  canaliculi  in  the  eyelids  near 
the  inner  canthus. 

Punc'tate  {^puniluni).  Having  many 
jKiints.  Dotted.  Full  of  minute  punc- 
tures. 

Punc'tum  (I-at.).  A  point.  P.  Au- 
reum.  ^ee  Jlaculu  luhn.  P.  Caecum. 
See  Blind  Spot.  P.  Proximum,  the 
point  nearest  the  eyeatN\liich  an  object 
can  be  seen  with  distinctness  and  without 
diplopia.  P.  Remotum,  the  farthest 
p)oint  at  which  an  object  can  be  distinctly 
seen  with  suspended  accommodation.  In 
the  emmetropic  eye  it  is  theoretically 
at  an  inlinite  distance ;  in  the  hyjxropic 
eye  it  is  theoretically  beyond  this,  as  such 
an  eye  is  adapted  only  for  convergent 
rays, 

Punc'ture  {pnuctuvt).  A  wound  or  hole 
maile  by  a  iKiinted  in>trtnnent. 

Pun'gent  (////«;'<5,  to  prick).  Acrid.  Pene- 
trating. Producing  a  pricking  or  painful 
sensation. 

Pu'pa  (Lat.,  a  doll).  That  form  of  an 
insect  intermediate  between  its  larval  and 
mature  states.     A  chrysalis. 

Pupil  (pupilli).  The  round  a|KTture  in 
the  iris  of  the  eye.  P.,  Argyll  Robert- 
son's, one  of  the  early  symptoms  of  lalies, 
in  which  a  myrjlic  jjupil  ns|K)M(l>  to  aen)m- 
nuxiative  elTort  Imt  not  to  light.  P.,  Adhe- 
sions of  the,  are  the  result  of  inllamnmtion, 
and,  if  to  the  lens-capsule,  are  called  pos- 
terior svnfihiit ;  if  to  the  cornea,  anterior 
syne,  liiir.  P.,  Artificial,  an  iridectomy  or 
opening  m.ide  by  surgical  o|K-r.ition  \x\  an 
iris  witlioul  a  normal  pupil,  or  in  which  (he 
normal    pupil  is  opixsae  opacities  of  the 


PUPILLARY 


370 


PUTRESCINE 


comea  or  lens.  P.,  Exclusion  of,  total 
posterior  synechia,  the  entire  pupillary 
edge  being  adherent  to  the  capsule.  P., 
Occlusion  of,  the  pupillary  area  is  filled 
with  semi -opaque  e.xudation  -  products  of 
inflammation.  P.,  Pin  -  hole,  extreme 
myosis. 

Pu'pillary  (/«////«).  Pertaining  to  the 
pupil  of  the  eye.  P.  Membrane,  a  fcetal 
membrane  covering  the  eye  until  the 
seventh  month  of  gestation.  P.  Mem- 
brane, Persistent,  fibrillar  bands  spring- 
ing from  the  iris,  passing  to  or  across  the 
pupil,  and  sometimes  attached  to  the  lens- 
capsule, — the  remains  of  unabsorbed  pupil- 
lary membrane. 

Pupilom'eter  {pupil,  /jerpov,  a  measure). 
An  instrument  designed  for  the  measure- 
ment of  the  pupil  of  the  eye. 

Purga^tion  [pio-go,  to  cleanse).  The  act 
or  condition  of  being  purged.  Evacuation 
of  the  bowels. 

Pur^gative  (^purgd).  A  medicine  produc- 
ing watery  evacuations  of  the  bowels. 

Purg^ing  Ag^aric.     See  Agaricus. 

Pu'riform  {ttvov,  pus).  Having  the  form, 
nature  or  appearance  of  pus. 

Purkinje's  Cells.  The  pear-shaped  cells 
with  long  processes  occurring  in  the  deep 
layers  of  the  cortex  of  the  cerebellum. 

Purkinje's  Figures.  Shadows  of  the 
retinal  blood  vessels  upon  the  retina. 

Purkinje-Sanson's  Images.  Three 
pairs  of  images  of  one  object  seen  in  an 
observed  pupil,  the  first,  erect,  from  the 
anterior  surface  of  the  cornea  ;  the  second, 
erect,  from  the  anterior  surface  of  the  lens ; 
the  third,  inverted,  from  the  posterior  cap- 
sule of  the  lens. 

Pur^ple,  Visual.     See  Rhodopsin. 

Pur^pura.  A  liKmorrhage  into  the  cutis, 
due  to  disease  or  trauma.  The  extravasa- 
tion of  blood  may  take  the  following  forms : 
Ecchymoses,  bruises;  Ecchymomata,  extra- 
vasations due  to  the  rupture  of  blood  vessels 
under  the  skin  ;  Hismatidrosis,  the  lodge- 
ment of  bloody  sweat  in  the  sweat-folli- 
cles ;  Hcemorrhagic  BiiUcb,  the  effusion  of 
blood  into  a  bulla;  Papules,  the  effusion 
of  blood  around  hair-follicles ;  Petechia, 
small  spots  of  extravasation,  of  any  shape, 
not  raised  above  the  skin;  Vibices,  streaks 
long  in  comparison  with  their  width.  P. 
Haemorrhagica,  or  "  land  scurvy,"  a 
severer  form  of  the  disease  attended  with 
debility  and  constitutional  disturbance. 
Sometimes  terminating  fatally.  See  Scurvy. 
P.  Neonatorum,  the  [jurpuraof  an  infant 
at  birth.     P.  Rheumatica.     See  Peliosis 


P.  P.  Senilis,  the  purpura  of  old  age. 
P.  Simplex,  marked  l)y  the  appearance 
of  successive  crops  of  spots  under  the  skin 
and  mucous  surface  unaccompanied  by  con- 
stitutional disturbance. 

Pu-'rulent  {jtvov,  pus).  Consisting  of  or 
having  the  character  of  pus. 

Pus  i^TTvov).  The  fluid  product  of  a  suppu- 
rating wound,  sore  or  abscess.  P.,  Curdy, 
containing  cheesy  -  looking  flakes.  P., 
Healthy  or  Laudable,  that  in  a  person 
of  good  constitution  or  coincident  with 
the  normal  process  of  healing.  P.,  Ichor- 
ous, when  thin  and  acrid.  P.  Muco-, 
mixed  with  mucus.  P.,  Sanious,  mixed 
with  blood.  P.  Sero-,  mixed  with  serum. 
See  Putrefaction. 

Pus^tula  iVIalig'na.  Anthrax;  Charbon; 
Malignant  pustule.  A  gangienous  inflam- 
matory focus,  resembling  carbuncle,  caused 
by  inoculation  with  putrefactive  matter  con- 
taining the  bacillus  anthrax  of  splenic  fever. 
See  Anthrax. 

Pustula^tion  [pnsttilay  A  condition 
marked  by  the  formation  and  development 
of  jmstules. 

Pus^tule  i^piisttihi).  A  small,  cone-like 
elevation  of  the  cuticle  containing  pus. 
P.,  Malignant.     See  Anthrax. 

Putrefac'tion  i^putrithis,  rotten,  facio,  to 
make).  A  condition  resulting  from  the 
fermentation  of  albuminous  and  albuminoid 
tissues.  It  is  now  regarded  as  due  to  the 
invasion  of  the  tissue  by  various  patho- 
genic species  of  microorganisms.  At  the 
same  time  there  often  appear  various  or- 
ganic substances  classified  as  leucomaines 
and  ptomaines,  many  of  which  are  poison- 
ous. In  the  light  of  modern  science  the 
idea  of  spontaneous  decomposition  is  as 
much  out  of  the  question  as  that  of  spon- 
taneous generation. 

Putres^cence  [putresco,  to  become  rotten). 
A  state  of  growing  or  incipient  putrefac- 
tion. 

Pu^'trescine  [putresco).  A  ptomaine  whose 
composition  has  not  yet  been  certainly 
determined.  It  is  a  thin,  water-clear  liquid 
of  a  peculiar  semen-like  odor.  Almost  in- 
variably occurs  together  with  cadaverine, 
to  which  it  seems  closely  related.  Has 
been  obtained  from  putrefying  human  flesh, 
horse  flesh,  putrid  fish  and  faeces.  Is  recog- 
nizable on  fourth  day  of  putrefaction,  but 
does  not  occur  in  appreciable  quantity  till 
eleventh  day.  Amount  increases  as  putre- 
faction proceeds.  Putrescine  is  either 
dimethyl-ethylcnediamine,  or  else  mcthyl- 
ethyl-methylenediamine.    The  toxic  action 


PUTRID 


371 


PVRETOLOGY 


of  pulrcscine  was,  until  recently,  doubled. 
But  a  tctr.i-methjl  derivative  of  putrescine 
is  extremely  poisonous — pr(.>ducinj»  abund- 
ant salivation ;  dyspntea  ;  first  quickening 
and  then  decreasing  respiration ;  also  caus- 
ing contraction  of  pupils,  paralysis  of  limbs 
and  muscles  of  tioink,  i>eristaltic  action  of 
intestines,  ejaculation  of  semen,  dribbling 
of  urine,  and,  lastly,  clonic  convulsions. 
I'utrescine  itself  as  a  base  is  capable  of 
proilucing  strong  inflammation  and  ne- 
criisis. 

Pu'trid  {/<utri(ius).  That  which  has  under- 
gone putrefactive  fermentation. 

Pyae'mia  (Ti-or,  pus,  aiita,  blood).  Septi- 
avmia  with  the  formation  of  secondary 
eml)olic  or  metastatic  abscesses  in  various 
parts  of  the  iKxly. 

Pyarthro'sis  [-wv,  apdpov,  joint).  Sup- 
puration of  a  joint. 

Pyeli'tis  (  ~ve'/.oq,  a  trough,  <r/f,  infl.imma- 
lion).  Inflammation  of  the  pelvis  of  the 
kidney. 

Pye'sis  (myiv).  A  condition  marked  by 
the  fiinnalion  of  pus.     Suppuration. 

Pygodid'ymus  (Trvyiy,  the  buttock,  6i6v- 
fjo^,  twins).  A  double  fa'tal  monstrosity 
united  by  the  buttocks. 

Pygom'elus  {~v)>/,  /if/"f,  member).  A 
parasitic  monstrosity  with  the  parasite 
united  to  the  hypogastric  region. 

Pygop^agus  (~v)r/,  Tznync;,  joined).  An 
ensomphalic  monstrosity  with  conjoined 
buttocks  or  backs. 

Py'in  (mor,  pus).  A  substance  resem- 
bling mucin,  occurring  in  pus. 

Pylephlebi'tis  ("i/'/,  the  j)ortal  vein,  f/ilc- 
bitis,  venous  inflammation).  Acute  in- 
flammation of  the  ]xjrtal  vein. 

Pylethrombc'sis  (-}■'/.?/,  Hi)n/t,3nr,  a  clot 
of  blofxl).  The  con<lition  marked  by  the 
formation  of  blo<xlclots  in  the  jwrtal  vein. 

Pylorec'tomy  {pylot-us,  tKTo/n/,  an  exci- 
sion).    I'.xcision  or  resection  of  the  pylorus. 

Pylor'oplasty  [pyloi-us,  -'/annu  to  form), 
liaitic  o|x.Talion  u|)on  the  |>ylorus. 

Pylo'rus  (Ti'/(.j/x»c,  gate  ■  kee|x.-r).  The 
lower  orifice  of  the  stomach  and  entrance 
to  the  duo<lennni. 

Py'o-  (ti«i',  pus).  A  Greek  word  which, 
in  combination,  signifies  connection  with 
or  relation  to  pus. 

Pyocol'pocele  (ttwi',  KoPn-of,  the  vagina, 
/(//>//,  a  lumor).  A  suppurating  tumor  of 
the  vagina. 

Pyok'tanin.     See  Mflhyl  I'iolel. 

Pyocy'anine    (-vov^    Mvii(»r,    iilue).      A 
colore<l   extractive   derived  from   tli<-   tul 
lures  of  the  Jiacillui  pyuiyatuu  > . 


Pyogen'esis  (rrwi',  ■)tvvaij,  to  beget). 
The  secretion  or  formation  of  pus. 

Pyogen'ic  (^Tcor,  jniau).  Developing  or 
secreting  pus.  Relating  to  pus  formation. 
P.  Membrane,  the  thin,  yellow,  erro- 
neously-named layer  forming  the  interior 
iif  the  wail  of  an  abscess. 

Pyohae'mia.     See  J'vumia. 

Py'oid  (Tvor).  Resembling  or  having  the 
nature  of  pus. 

Pyome'tra  {irvov,  ftr/rpa,  the  womb).  A 
Collection  of  pus  in  the  uterus. 

Pyonephrc'sis  (  -iiir,  i  (^/)of,  kidney). 
Supi)uralion  within  the  kidney. 

Pyopneumolho^Tax(-i'<)i\7zrti'fta,fl(jf>a^). 
An  accumulation  of  air  in  the  pleura  com- 
plicated with  sii]ii)urative  inflammation. 

Pyopoie'sis.     See  Jyi[t;cnc-sis. 

Pyorrhce'a  {tziw,  ptu,  to  flow).  A  flow 
or  ili>charge  of  pus. 

Pyosal'pinx  (irvov,  aa?.7ri-}^,  &  tube).  A 
formation  of  pus  in  the  oviduct. 

Pyo'sis  {~vov).  A  condition  marked  by 
the  fonnation  of  pus. 

Pyoxan'those.  A  yellow  coloring  ex- 
tractive found  in  blue  pus. 

Pyr'amid(-v/)a//;f).  Anyconical  eminence 
of  an  organ,  as  P.  of  cerebellum,  1'.  of 
tymj)anum,  tA  .  P.  of  Ferrein,  a  tenn  aj)- 
])lied  to  the  conical  arrangement  of  tiie 
uriniferous  tubes  of  the  kidneys.  P.  of 
Malpighi,  the  conical  masses  comjiosing 
the  medullary  sub>tance  of  the  kidneys. 

Pyram'idal  (TTVfjufitg).  Shajxid  like  a 
pyramid. 

Pyramida'lis.     See  J\/it.u/c\ 

Pyre'thrum.  Pellitorj-.  The  root  of 
Atidcyclus  P.  N'aluaiile  maiidy  as  a 
masticator)'  and  sialoijogue  in  paralysis  of 
the  tongue,  and  in  rheumatic  or  neuralgic 
allections  of  the  head.  Do.se  ^ss-j.  P. 
Tinct.,  20  per  cent,  strong — used  exter- 
nally. P.  Roseum,  Persian  Pellitory. 
The  [xjwdered  flower  heads  are  used  as  an 
insectici<le. 

Pyret'ic  (mywrof,  fever).  Pertaming  toor 
all(iti<l  with  fever. 

Pyrctogcn''esis  (nvprTo^,  yrvtmq,  origin). 
Tiir  origin  and  progress  of  fever. 

Pyrctog'cnine.  A  substance  (probably  a 
|>loniaIne)  fonne<l  by  inii  ri«")rganisms. 
('om|«isition  unknown,  lias  pyrei»>genous 
rjunlities  when  inoculated  into  animals. 

Pyretog''raphy  (Ti/Mroc,  j/ki^j,  to  write). 
'Ihe  descriptive  history  anil  geographical 
<iistnbutinn  of  fevers. 

Pyrctol'ogy  (Tiyx ror,  P.ojof,  a  treatise). 
A  Ire.iiiseon  the  nature  and  characteristics 
of  fevers. 


PYREXIA 


372 


QUADRUMANA 


Pyrex''ia  (wvp,  fire,  f_Yw,  to  hold).  Ele- 
vation of  temperature  above  the  normal. 
Fever. 

Pyrexia^'lis.     See   IVarbiD-g's  Tincture. 

Pyr^idine.  A  liquid  extractive  of  coal  tar, 
useful  in  angina  pectoris,  asthma  and  the 
dyspnoea  of  laryngeal  affections.  Dose 
gtt.  vj-xv ;  in  asthma  by  inhalation. 

Pyr^iform  [pyrum,  forma,  a  form).  Pear- 
shaped.    P.  Muscle.     See  Aluscle-  Table. 

Py^ro-  (jTvp,  fire).  A  Greek  word  which, 
prefixed  to  another,  signifies  connection 
with  or  relation  to  fire. 

Pyrocat^echin.  Catechol.  An  anti- 
pyretic obtained  from  coal  tar. 

Pyr^odine.  A  white,  sparingly  solul  le 
powder,  a  powerful  antipyretic.  Dose  ^ 
to  4  grains. 

Pyrolig^neous  [T^vp,  lignum,  wood).  Per- 
taining to  the  destmctive  distillation  of 
wood.  P.  Acid,  wood  vinegar.  See  Acid, 
Acetic. 

PyroFogy  (j^vp,  \oyo<;,  a  treatise).  A  trea- 
tise on  the  application  of  heat,  especially 
with  reference  to  surgical  processes. 

Pyroma^nia  [i^vp,  iiavia,  madness).  A 
supposed  form  of  moral  insanity  which 
has  been  thought  to  actuate  incendiarism. 

Pyrom^eter  (j^vp,  /lerpov,  a  measure).  An 
instrument  for  the  measure  of  the  intensity 
of  heat  of  too  high  a  degree  to  be  esti- 
mated by  the  ordinaiy  thermometer. 


Pyro'sis  (tti'p).  An  affection  of  the  stom- 
ach characterized  by  burning  sensation, 
accompanied  by  eructations  of  an  acrid, 
irritating  fluid.     "Heartburn." 

Py'rosphyre  (^rtip,  afvpa,  a  hammer). 
Same  as  Moxosphyra. 

Pyrot^ic  {-Kvpou,  to  burn).  Having  the 
property  of  inflammability.  Also,  a  caustic 
substance. 

Pyrox'ylin.  Gun  Cotton.  Ordinary 
cotton  fiber  treated  with  strong  fuming 
nitric  acid,  the  cellulose,  Cj.2HjQOjg,  being 
changed  to  trinitro-cellulose,  CjjHpjOiq- 
(NC),2)3.  Soluble  in  ether.  Highly  ex- 
plosive by  percussion.  Collodium,  con- 
tains pyroxylin  4,  ether  70,  alcohol  26. 
Solution  should  be  complete.  C.  cum 
Cantharide,  flexible  collodion  85,  can- 
tharides  60,  chloroform, q.  s.  C.  Flexile, 
flexible  collodion,  contains  collodion  92, 
Canada  tuipentine  5,  castor  oil  3  parts. 
C.  Stypticum,  styptic  collodion,  has  col- 
lodion 55,  ether  20,  alcohol  5,  tannic 
acid  20  parts.  All  fonns  of  collodion  are 
used  as  protective  coverings  for  superficial 
wounds. 

Pythogen^ic  {jrvdu,  to  become  putrid, 
}nTm,),  to  beget).  Pertaining  to  enteric  or 
typhoid  fever;  supposed  to  arise  from  de- 
composing matter. 

Pyu^ria  {wvov,  ovpov,  the  urine).  Pus  in 
the  urine.     See  Donne's  Test. 


Q 


Q.  L.     Abbreviation  of   quantum  libet — 

as  much  as  desired. 
Q.  P.     Abbreviation  of  quantum  placet — 

as  much  as  pleases. 
Q.  S.     Abbreviation  oi  quantum  st<ffi.cit — 

as  much  as  suffices. 
Quack.     One  who  practices  quackery. 
Quack^ery.      The    pretence    of    medical 

knowledge,  skill,  or  success  by  one  without 

either.      Medical  charlatanism. 
Quadran'gular.    Having  four  angles.  Ap- 
plied especially  to  a  lobe  of  the  cerebellum. 
Quad^rant     {quadratus,    squared).     The 

fourth  part  of  a  circle,  subtending  an  angle 

of  90  degrees. 


Quadra^tus  (Lat.).  Squared.  Having 
four  sides.     Q.  Muscle.     See  Muscle. 

Quad^ri-.  A  Latin  adjective,  used  as  a 
prefix  to  denote  four,  or  four  times. 

Quad^riceps.     See  Muscle. 

Quadrigem^inal  Bodies.  See  Corpora 
Qtiadrige/nina. 

Quadrigem^inous  [quadrigemina).  Per- 
taining to  the  coipora  quadrigemina. 

Quadrilat^eral  {qualuor,  four,  latus,  a 
side).      Having  four  sides. 

Quadroon.^     See  Mulatto. 

Quadruma^na  [quatuor,  matius,  a  hand). 
An  order  of  mammalia,  including  mon- 
keys, apes,  etc. 


QUADRUPED 


373 


QUININE 


Quad'ruped    {quaftf^r,  p,-s,  a    foot).     In 

zoOlogn,-,  any  four-fuolcd  animal. 
Quadru'ple  ^quatuor, plica,  a  fold).    Four- 

fuia. 

Qual'itative  [qualitas).  Pertaining  to 
quality.     Q.  Analysis.     See  Analysis. 

Quan'titative  [^qiaiutiis,  how  much).  Per- 
taining to  quantity.  Q.  Analysis.  See 
Ana  ysis. 

Quantiv'alence  (quitiifits,  zale-o,  to  be 
able).  1  he  cliemical  strength  of  an  clenienl 
or  radical  expressed  in  terms  of  the  num- 
ber of  monad  atoms  with  which  it  will 
unite.  C  nixuilcitt  or  inonaJ  atoms,  as 
hydrogen,  H — ,  are  saturated  witii  one 
atom.  Bivalent  or  Jyad  atoms,  as  oxygen, 
-U-,  require  two.  TrivaUnt  ox  triad zXavas,, 

Boron,  -B-,  take  three.    Tetravalcnt 


as 


or 


tetrad  atoms,  as  carbon,  -C-,  take  four,  etc. 

I 
Nitrogen  is  a  pentad,  ami  sulphur  a  hc.xad. 

Quar'antine  (It.  quaranta,  forty).  The 
time  during  which  a  vessel  from  ports  in- 
fected with  contagious  or  epidemic  diseases 
is  re(|uired  l)y  law  to  remain  outside  the  port 
of  its  destination,  as  a  safeguard  against 
the  spreading  of  such  disease.  Also,  the 
place  of  detention. 

Quar'tan  [quartus,  a  fourth).  A  form  of 
inlermillent  fever,  the  paro.\:ysms  of  which 
occur  every  fourth  day. 

Quar'teron,  or 

Quarteronne''.     See  Mulatto. 

Quartz.     See  Silica. 

Quas'sia.  The  wockI  of  Picmna  e.rcelsa, 
native  to  the  \V.  Indies  and  other  tropical 
regions.  A  bitter  stomachic  tonic.  Prop- 
erties due  to  a  bitter  principle,  quassin. 
Dose  pr.  xx-xxx.  Q.  Ext.  Do.se  gr. 
j-iij.  Q.  Fid.  Ext.  Dose  .^ss-j.  Q. 
Infus.,  qu.'L'-sia  chips  ^],  water  _^  x.  Q. 
Tinct.,  lo  jjcr  cent,   in   strength.     Dose 

Quas'sin.   'I  he  active  jirinciple  of  (Juassia. 

Quebra'cho.  The  I 'ark  oi  Aspidiospcrma 
(,).  A  biiter  tonic.  In  large  doses,  lowers 
heart  action.  .Much  used  in  Chili  as  an 
anti|M-ri(xlic.  Tiic  alkaloid,  aspic li<is|>er- 
mine,  is  u.sed  in  cardiac  neuroses,  asthma, 
and  as  an  antipyretic.  Q.  Ext.  Dose 
(jr.  ij-viij.  Q.  Fid.  Ext.  Do.se  l^v-'^j. 
Q.  Tinct.,  20  |x-r  cent.  Dose  ,^j-55s. 
Q.  Vinum,  contains  quebracho  1,  alco- 
hol 2,  white  wine  16  parts.  Dose  3J-5J. 
All  unof. 

Queen  of  the  Meadow.  A  s|>ecics  of 
luipalorium. 

Queen's  Root.     .See  Slillingia. 


Quer'cus  Alba.  The  lark  of  the  white 
cuik.  l'ro|K'rties  due  to  ([uercitannic  acid, 
a  v;u-iety  of  tannin,  with  which  its  medical 
properties  are  identical.  Mucii  used  as  an 
astringent  lotion,  and  commonly  exhibited 
in  a  <lecoction  of  ^5)  to  the  Oj. 

Quick'ening.  The  first  feelings  on  the 
part  of  the  pregnant  woman  of  fetal  move- 
ments, occurring  aliout  the  lit'tli  month. 

Quick'lime.  The  i^xDpuhir  name  for  calcic 
oxiile.     See  Calcium. 

Quick'silver.  The  |iopular  name  for  mer- 
cur\-  or  Hyilrarg\-i-um. 

Quiila'ia.  .Si  a])  U.irk.  The  inner  lark 
of  Q.  saponaria,  indigenous  to  the  Andes. 
Proijcrties  due  to  a  glucoside,  sajwnarin. 
A  sternutative,  irritant  to  the  mucous  mem- 
1  rane,  and  an  expectorant.  Dose  of  a 
5  :  200  decoction  f^  j-ij. 

Quince  Seed.     See  Cydonitim. 

Quin'ia,  or 

Quini'na.  (^)uinine.  An  amcrjjhous  white 
alkaloid,  .soluble  in  alcohol,  of  extremely 
bitter  ta.ste,  derived  from  Cinchona.  A 
highly  valual)le  tonic,  antiseptic,  antijieri- 
odic,  and  anti|)yretic.  Also,  an  active 
germicide,  extremely  valuable  in  malarial 
afleclions,  intermittents,  etc.  As  an  anti- 
pyretic, is  highly  valuable  in  pneumonia, 
typluis  and  tj-jjhoid  fevers.  Advantageous 
in  all  zymotic  diseases.  Dose  gr.  j-xx 
or  xl.  Q.  Bisulphas.,  verj'  soluble  in 
water.  Dose  gr.  j-xxx.  Q.  Hydro- 
bromas,  best  salt  for  hyjXKlermic  use. 
Dose  gr.  j-xx.  Q.  Hydrochloras,  mu- 
riate of  ([uinine,  anti]>yretic  in  gr.  v-x 
doses.  Q.  Hydrochlor.  Carbamidat.,  a 
com|)Oun(l  salt  of  (|uiiiiiu'  and  urea.  Do.se 
gr.  j-iij.  Suitable  for  hyjxxlermic  use.  Q. 
Sulphas,  soluble  in  hot  and  acidulated 
water.  1  )ose  gr.  j-xx  or  xl.  Q.  Valeri- 
anas,  the  only  salt  aft'ected  bv  constituent 
acid.  Dose  gr.  j-iij.  Chinnium  Amorph. 
Boric,  i'orate  of  (|uinine.  I'nof. ;  hiniily 
recommended;  Soluble,  and  causes  but 
little  congestion  of  the  memiirana  tympani. 

Quinic  Fever.  I'ebrile  symptoms  with 
an  eruption;  occurs  among  the  workmen 
making  <|uinine. 

Quinidi'na.  A  derivative  of  (juinia,  with 
wliich  it  corres|K>n<ls  in  tliera|)cutic  effects, 
iiul  is  thought  to  ])r<Mliice  less  unpleasant 
syin|)toins  in  the  head.  Q.  Sulph.,  re.nlily 
soluble  in  aeidtdated  water  and  alcohol. 
An  excellent  antipyretic  nnd  nnliperiodic. 
Dose  gr.  j-xx  or  more. 

Quin'idine.     See  Quiitidiua. 

Quini'na.     See  Quinia. 

Quj'nine.     .See  Quinia. 


QUININE  FLOWER 


374 


RADIUS 


Qui''nine  Flower.  The  root  of  Sabbatia 
Elliottii,  abundant  in  southeast  U.  S. 
Tonic,  febrifuge  and  antiperiodic.  Of  high 
repute  in  malarial  fevers.  Dose  of  the  fld. 
ext.  f^  ss-j.     Unof. 

Quin^inism.  The  condition  induced  by 
the  continued  use  or  by  large  doses  of 
quinine.  It  is  marked  by  deafness,  singing 
in  the  ears,  etc. 

Quinoi'dine.     See  Chinoidinum. 

Quin^one.  In  chemistry,  a  class  of  com- 
pounds, derivatives  of  the  benzene  series  of 
hydrocarbons,  belonging  to  the  aromatic 
group,  and  formed  by  oxidation  of  aromatic 
bodies.  In  pharmacy,  a  solid,  volatile 
substance,  CgH^Oj,  obtained  from  cinchona 
by  the  oxidation  of  quinic  acid. 

Quinquini'na.  An  Indian  preparation, 
containing  those  alkaloids  of  cinchona 
bark  extracted  by  macerating  in  acidulated 
water,  and  precipitated  by  a  soluble  alkali. 


Quin''sy  {kvov,  a  dog,  ayx^o,  to  choke). 
The  popular  name  for  Cynanche  tonsil- 
laris, an  acute  severe  inflammation  of  the 
tonsils  and  mucous  membrane  of  the 
fauces,  accompanied  by  fever. 

Quin''tan  [ijicintus,  fifth).  An  intermittent 
fever,  the  paroxysms  of  which  occur  every 
fifth  day. 

Quintes^sence  {quintus,  essentia).  The 
active  principle  of  any  substance  concen- 
trated to  the  utmost  degree. 

Quintu^ple  [(juintus,  plica,  a  fold).  Five- 
fold. 

Quiz.  In  medical  pedagogics,  an  informal 
recitation  or  exercise  in  which  the  student 
familiarizes  himself  with  his  medical 
studies. 

Quiz-'zer.  The  preceptor  who  conducts 
the  quiz  exercise. 

Quotid^ian  (Lat.).  An  intermittent  fever, 
the  paroxysms  of  which  occur  daily. 


R 


R.  The  abbreviation  of  Recipe,  take,  and 
also  of  Right. 

R  .  or  R.  An  abbreviation  of  recipe,  used 
in  physicians'  prescriptions,  signifying 
take. 

Rab'id  [7-abidns).  Affected  with  rabies  or 
hydrophobia. 

Rab^ies  (Lat.).  Lyssa,  or  Hydrophobia. 
The  latter  term  is  usually  applied  to  the 
human  disease  consequent  upon  the  bite 
of  a  ral:)id  dog  or  other  animal.  Rabies  is 
commonly  restricted  to  the  animal's  dis- 
ease. 

Ra^cemose  [racenius,  a  bunch  of  grapes). 
Having  a  shape  resembling  that  of  a  bunch 
of  grapes.  Applied  especially  to  certain 
glands. 

Rachily^sis  {pax'g,  spine,  T^vu,  to  loose). 
A  method  of  treating  lateral  curvature  of 
the  spine  by  mechanical  counteraction  of 
the  abnormal  cur\'es. 

Rachi^tis.     See  Rickets. 

Rad^esyge.  A  disease  popularly  known 
as  Scandinavian  syphilis,  or  Norwegian 
leprosy,  bearing  more  or  less  similarity  to 
the  yaws,  and  characterized  by  malignant 


ulceration.  It  is  regarded  by  some  au- 
thorities as  a  syphilitic,  and  by  others  as  a 
leprous  disorder. 

Ra'dial  [radius,  a  spoke).  Pertaining  to 
the  radius  or  bone  of  the  forearm.  R. 
Artery.  See  Artery.  R.  Aspect,  the 
aspect  or  view  from  the  side  on  which 
the  radius  is  situated.  R.  Nerve.  See 
Xei~vc. 

Ra'diating  Pains.     Ste.  Excentric  P. 

Rad'ical  [radix,  a  root).  In  medicine,  a 
treatment  designed  to  destroy  the  disease 
instead  of  modifying  it.  The  opiiosite  of 
palliative.  In  chemistry,  a  molecule  com- 
posed of  two  or  more  elementary  sub- 
stances that  preserves  its  integrity  either 
as  a  base  or  an  acid. 

Rad'icle  (dim.  of  r«fl'2.;c).  A  rootlet.  Also, 
the  germ  of  a  root. 

Ra'dio-.  A  prefix  denoting  connection 
with  the  radius. 

Radio^lus  (dim.  of  radius,  a  spoke).  In 
surgery,  a  probe  or  sound. 

Ra'dius  (Lat.).  The  small  bone  of  the 
forearm,  so  called  from  its  resemblance  to 
the  spoke  of  a  wheel.     In  geometry,  the 


RADIX 


375 


RATSBANE 


line  drawn  from  the  center  of  a  circle  to 
its  circumference. 

Ra'dix  ^^Lat.).  The  root  or  lower  ex- 
tremity of  a  plant,  constituting  its  organ  of 
prehension,  and,  to  a  great  extent,  uf 
nutrition.  Apphed  also  to  root-like  organs 
or  parts  of  the  Kniy. 

Rage  [nt^ics,  madness).  Violent  passion 
or  anger. 

Rag'wort.     See  Li/i  Koof. 

Railvvay  Kidney.  An  affection  of  the 
kidney,  saiil  to  l>e  due  to  the  constant  jar 
of  railway  journeys. 

Railway  Spine.  .\  name  given  to  a  con- 
sensus of  morbid  nervous  symptoms  sup 
posed  to  be  due  to  concussion  of  the  spine 
from  indirect  causes,  as  after  protraited 
riding  ujxjn  railroads  and  after  railway 
injuries. 

Rak.     See  Arrak. 

Rile  (Kr.  rdl,r,  to  rattle V  The  rattling 
sound  caused  by  the  breaking  of  air  through 
impediments  in  the  lungs  and  bronclii. 
R.,  Cavernous,  the  rdle  obser\ed  in 
auscultation  where  there  is  a  cavity  filled 
with  pus.  R.,  Crepitant,  the  crackling 
sound  sym|)tumalic  of  the  first  stage  of  pneu- 
monia. R.,  Dry,  when  tiie  obstruction  is 
sticky.  R.,  Moist,  when  the  obstruction 
is  fluid.  R.,  Mucous,  the  bubbling 
sound  produced  by  the  passage  of  air 
through  bronchial  mucus.  R.,  Sibilant, 
the  sharj),  hissing  rdle  resembling  the 
foaming  of  sea  water.  R.,  Sonorous,  a 
stertorous  sound  like  a  snore  or  a  luw 
hum.  R.,  Subcrepitant  or  Tracheal, 
the  .sound  made  iy  the  jiassage  of  air 
through  mucus  accumulated  in  tlie  trachea 
or  larger  bronchi.  It  is  jwpularly  called 
the  "  rattles,"  and  is  considered  a  pnmoni- 
tory  symptom  of  death.  R.,  Vesicular, 
fine  crejjitant  sounds,  heard  esiH-cially  in 
pneumonia. 

Ra'mi.      I'l.  of  R,!nius. 

Ramifica'tion  [ruinns,  a  branch,  //^/(J, 
to  make).  The  branching  ami  division  of 
an  organ  or  part,  as  ol«er\ed  in  the  nerves 
and  iilood  ves.sels. 

Ramollissement  (Tr.).  A  softening  of 
any  lis-uc  or  jjart. 

Ra'mus  I  i.al).  'Ilic  branch  of  an  org.in, 
csi)CLially  of  a  vein  or  an  artery.  Al.so  tiie 
lower  part  of  the  os  innominatuin,  and  the 
infrrior  maxillary  Umc.  R.  Communi- 
cans,  the  connection  ln-tween  a  spin.d 
mrvi- ami  lis  sym|>alhelic  ganglion. 

Ran'cid  i^muii-n,  to  liecome  s<iur).  I'lie 
condition,  marked  l)y  a  shaq>  taste  and 
disagreeable  o<lor,  that    fats   and  oils  ac- 


quire by  oxidation  and  fermentation  of 
certain  of  their  principles. 

Rancid'ity  i^rani-eo).  The  state  of  being 
rancid. 

Range  (Kr.  mm^fr,  to  dis[X)seV  Scope, 
extent  or  compass.  R.  of  Accommo- 
dation. See  Aiconinioiiiition.  R.  of 
Sensibility.       See   Fichiu-r  s  La-v. 

Ra'nine  (mmi,  a  frog).  A  branch  of  the 
sublingual  artery. 

Ran'ula  (nin,i).  A  cystic  tumor  lieneath 
the  tongue,  or  in  the  floor  of  the  mouth, 
from  an  accumulation  of  saliva,  <■/(•. 

Ran'vier's  Nodes.     See  A'lv/r. 

Rape  (;•<///<',  to  seize V  Forcible  sexual 
intercourse  with  a  woman.  According  to 
the  laws  of  some  states  the  intercourse 
with  a  young  girl  is  considered  as  rape 
when  not  eflecled  through  force,  but  by 
rea.son  of  her  ignorance. 

Rapha'nia  {raphanus,  a  radish).  A  ner- 
vous affection  attended  with  .spasmo<lic 
disoriler  of  the  joints  and  tiie  limbs.  It 
has  l)een  attributed  to  a  [Kiisonous  prin- 
ciple in  the  seeds  of  the  wild  radish, 
which  are  apt,  at  certain  times,  to  become 
mixed  with  grain.  Allied  to  ergotism  and 
pellagra. 

Raphe'  (/>«9'7>  suture").  A  descriptive 
term  applied  to  such  lines  anil  sutures  as 
have  the  ajipearance  of  a  seam.  Used 
especially  of  the  median  line  of  the  Inxly. 

Rap'tus  [rapio,  to  seize).  Any  sudden 
attack  or  seizure.  R.  Haemorrhagicus, 
a  haniorrhage.  R.  Nervorum,  tramp 
or  spasm. 

Rarefac'tion  (ranis,  rare, /ii<  in,  to  make). 
The  decreasing  of  the  density  or  tension  of 
a  gaseous  substance.      MsjK'cially  the  air. 

Rar'ity  of  Atmosphere.  See  Atinos- 
plu'iic. 

Rasce'ta.  The  transverse  lines  or  creases 
of  tlie  skin  on  the  inner  side  of  the  wrist. 

Rash.  -Any  exantlumatous  eruption  of  the 
skin.     R.,  Canker.     S.mu-  as  Snirlii/iiia. 

Rasp'atory  (/v;./.',  to  scrape).  In  sur- 
gery a  rasp  or  file  for  trimming  the  rough 
surfaces  of  bones  or  for  removing  thei)eri- 
o>teum. 

Rasp 'berry.     See  Kiilms  iiLrus. 

Ra'tio  (l.at.).  The  mind  or  reasoning 
faiuitics.  In  ehenii^tr)' ami  pharmacy,  the 
pro|K>rtion  of  ingredients  or  of  atomic  com- 
|K(sition. 

Ra'tion  (ratio).  The  daily  allowance  of 
fiMnl  of  a  soldier  or  a  sailor. 

Ratsbane.  A  |)opular  name  for  various 
rat  jioisons  containing  arsenic.  Sec  f^ough 
on  Hals. 


RATTLES 


376 


RECTO-UTERINE 


Rat^tles.     See  Rale. 

Rauce'do  (^raucus,  hoarse).  Hoarseness 
arising  from  inflammation  of  the  mucous 
membranes  of  the  larynx  and  throat. 

Raulin's  Liquid.  A  nutritive  Hquid  com- 
posed entirely  of  mineral  constituents,  upon 
which  the  common  mould  Aspergillus  nigcr 
grows  more  perfectly  and  to  a  greater  size 
than  upon  any  of  the  natural  (organic)  sub- 
stances upon  which  the  parasite  habitually 
develops.  It  is  composed,  in  grammes,  of 
the  following:  water,  1500 ;  crystallized 
sugar,  70 ;  tartaric  acid,  4 ;  nitrate  of  am- 
monia, 4  ;  phosphate  of  ammonia,  0.6 ;  car- 
bonate of  potassa,  0.6 ;  carbonate  of  mag- 
nesia, 0.4;  sulphate  of  ammonia,  0.25  ;  sul- 
phate of  zinc,  0.07  ;  sulphate  of  iron,  0.07  ; 
silicate  of  potassa,  0.07.  The  suppression 
or  diminution  of  the  quantity  of  a  single  one 
of  these  salts  diminishes  the  harvest,  often 
far  more  than  the  proportion  of  the  weight 
of  the  changed  salt. 

Ray.     A  beam,  pencil  or  cone  of  light. 

Ray-fungus.     See  Actinomyces. 

Raynaud's  Disease.   Stt  Sp/iaceloderma. 

Re-.  A  Latin  prefix  signifying  back  or 
again. 

Reacquired  Movements.  See  Acqidi-ed 
Hfove/nents. 

ReaC'tion  i^re,  ago,  to  act).  The  response 
of  an  organ,  tissue,  or  the  system,  to  a  stimu- 
lus, agent,  or  influence.  Also,  recuperation 
or  return  of  power  after  depression.  In 
chemistry,  the  result  of  introducing  a  re- 
agent or  test.  In  electro-therapeutics,  the 
muscular  contraction  following  the  making 
or  breaking  of  the  current.  R.  of  De- 
generation. See  Reaction  of  Degenera- 
tion. R. -impulse,  the  supposed  recoil  of 
the  cardiac  ventricles  after  the  discharge 
of  the  blood  into  the  aorta  and  pulmonary 
artery.      R.  Time.     See  Time. 

Reac^tion  of  Degeneration  iy"De.  R."). 
Diminution  and  loss  of  Faradic  excitability 
in  both  nerves  and  muscles,  the  galvanic 
excitability  of  the  muscles  remaining  unim- 
paired, sometimes  notably  increased,  and 
always  undergoing  definite  qualitative 
modifications.  It  is  due  to  a  degenerative 
atrophy  in  the  nerves  and  muscles,  eventu- 
ally in  the  muscles  only,  whose  origin  is 
always  nervous,  paralytic  or  atrophic,  and 
whose  seat  is  in  the  peripheral  nerves, 
motor  roots  or  central  gray  substance. 
Strict  cerebral  disease  is  excluded.  The 
lesion  is  either  in  the  peripheral  nerve  or 
spinal  cord.  De.  R.  is  of  especial  value 
in  prognosis.  When  there  is  only  Par- 
tial De.  R.  [i.  e.,  slight  diminution  of  both 


galvanic  and  Faradic  excitability,  "  a  less 
maximum  contraction  rather  than  a  later 
minimum''),  the  disease  will  probably 
last  one  or  two  months  ;  if  complete  it 
will  last  much  longer. 

Rea^gent  [re,  ago).  In  chemistry,  any- 
thing used  to  produce  a  reaction,  or  to 
test  for  the  presence  of  an  element.  A 
test. 

ReaFgar.  An  old  name  for  arsenious  di- 
sulphide,  AsjSj. 

Real  Im''age.     See  Itnage. 

Reaumur's  Thermometer.  See  Ther- 
mometer. 

Receiv^er  [recipio,  to  receive).  In  chem- 
istry and  pharmacy,  the  vessel  receiving 
the  products  of  distillation. 

Receptac^ulum  Chy'li.  See  Fequet's 
Resei'voir. 

Recidive  (Fr.).     See  Relapse. 

Rec'ipe  {i-ecipio,  to  take).  A  Latin  word 
contracted  to  R,  used  as  the  caption  of  a 
physician's  prescription  and  signifying  take. 
See  Prescription. 

Reclina^tion  [reclino).  The  act  of  lying 
down.      R.  of  Cataract.     See  Couching. 

Recoil  Wave.     See  Pulse. 

Recrementi^tious  (;r,  cerno,  to  separate). 
Pertaining  to  such  natural  secretions  as 
bile  and  the  gastric  juice,  that,  after  excre- 
tion are  again  absorbed. 

Recrudes^cence  [re,  crudesco,  to  become 
raw).  The  beginning  anew  or  increase  in 
the  sym])toms  of  a  disease  after  a  short 
intermission. 

Rec'tal.     Pertaining  to  the  rectum. 

Rectal'gia  [rectum,  a'kyoq,  a  pain).  Pain 
in  the  rectum. 

Rectifica^tion  [rectus,  straight,  facio,  to 
make).  In  chemistry,  the  redistillation  of 
weak  spirit  in  order  to  strengthen  it. 

Rec'tified  [rectus,  facio).  To  make  right 
or  straight.  To  refine.  R.  Spirit,  alco- 
hol 56  per  cent,  over  proof,  or  containing 
85  per  cent,  of  spirit. 

Recti^tis  [rectum,  -itis,  inflammation).  In- 
flammation of  the  rectum. 

Rec^to-.  A  Latin  word  used  as  a  prefix  to 
denote  connection  with  or  relation  to  the 
rectum. 

Rec'tocele  [rectum,  ki/'At),  tumor).  Pro- 
lapse of  the  rectum,  causing  a  rectal  tumor 
and  even  protrusion  of  the  rectum. 

Rectot^omy  [rectum,  Ttfivu,  to  cut).  In- 
cision of  the  rectum  for  stricture,  etc. 

Recto-u''terine  [rectum,uterus,\he  womb). 
Pertaining  conjointly  to  the  rectum  and  the 
woml).  R.  Cul-de-sac,  the  pouch  of 
Doutjlas. 


RECTO-VAGINAL 


377 


REFRACTION 


Recto-vag'inal  {lectunt,  -dj^tta).  Per- 
taining conjointly  to  the  rectum  and  the 
vagina.  R.  Cul-de-sac,  the  ])Ouch  of 
Douglas.  R.  Fistula,  an  (.>iK'ning — fre- 
(luenily  traumatic — between  the  vagina  and 
the  rectum. 

Recto- ves'ical  {rectum,  xusica,  the  blad- 
der). Pertaining  conjointly  to  the  rectum 
and  the  blailder. 

Rec'tum  {^idtus,  straight).  The  lower 
jxirt  of  the  large  intestine,  extending  from 
the  sigmoid  flexure  to  the  anus. 

Rec'tus  ( l.at.).  Right.  In  a  straight  line. 
R.  Muscles.     See  Muscle. 

Recupera'tion  {rccup.ro,  to  recover). 
(  onvalescence.     Restoration  to  health. 

Recur'rent  {re,  eurro,  to  run).  In  anat- 
omy, the  bending  back  of  an  artery  or 
ner\e  toward  its  origin.  R.  Fever,  same 
as  relapsing  fever. 

Red.  The  least  refrangible  color  of  the 
spectrum.  R.  Baneberry,  the  root  of 
Acctata  Rubra,  a  very  violent  purgative. 
Dose  of  fld.  ext.  n\,v-.\.  Unof.  R.  Bark. 
See  Cinchona.  R.  -  Blindness.  See 
Hliytdness.  R.  Bud.  See  JuJas  Tree. 
R.  Corpuscles.  See  Corpuscles.  R. 
Gum.  See  Miliaria,  also,  Eucalyptus. 
R.  Lip-salve.  See  Theobrovue  Ol.  R. 
Osier,  the  bark  of  the  common  Cornus 
Scrica.  Tonic  and  astringent.  Dose  of 
fld.  ext.  Jss-j.  Unof.  R.  Precipitate. 
See  J/yilrari^'ru>>i.  R.  Rose.  See  A'osa 
Gallica.  R.  Root.  Jersey  Tea.  The 
root  of  Ceanothus  amencanus.  Alterative 
and  astrinijent.  A  jwpular  remedy  ftir  the 
sore  throat  of  scarlatina.  I)o>e  of  decoc- 
tion, ad.  lib.  Unpf.  R.  Saunders.  See 
Santaluin  Rubrum. 

Redinte^a'tion  {re,  intci^ro,  to  make 
wholi).  The  complete  restitution  o-  re- 
forming of  a  part  that  has  been  injure<l  or 
distmyed. 

Reduced  Eye.     See  Listint^. 

Reduc'tion  [reduco,  to  lead  back).  In 
surgery,  the  repl.icing  a  dislocated  Iwne, 
hernia,  or  other  part,  in  its  normal  |Ki-.ition. 
In  eheinistry,  tin-  o]KTali<in  of  exiracling  a 
metal  from  its  salt  or  other  combination. 

Reduplica''tion  (re,  duplico,  to  doui)le). 
The  doubling  of  the  paroxysms  in  certain 
fonns  of  intermittent  fever. 

Reef-knot.  A  sailor's  knot  used  in  the 
ligature  of  arteries.  It  is  not  liable  to 
slip  f)r  loosen. 

Refi'ning  (Kr.  rajfiner).  In  chemistry 
and  |)harmary,  the  separation  of  a  sul>- 
stance  from  tiur  lore  igii  mailer  with  which 
it  is  mixed. 


Reflec'tion  {re,  /F.cto,  to  l)end).  In  optics, 
the  beniling  or  turning  back  of  a  ray  of 
light  from  a  surface  that  neitiier  absoriis, 
transmits,  nor  scatters  it.  In  patholog)', 
the  beniling  back  of  an  organ  or  part  from 
its  nonnal  direction. 

Re'flex  {re/lecto).  A  bounding  back  or 
return  of  an  impulse  or  bo<ly.  R.,  Ab- 
dominal. See  Abdominal.  R.  Arc,  or 
Movement,  the  stimulus  of  an  afferent 
nerve,  and  the  transference  or  return,  by  a 
center,  of  the  impulse  through  an  eflerent 
nerve,  resulting  in  nuivtment  or  function 
of  a  perii)heral  organ.  Ketlexes  may  be 
niutcir,  secretor)',  tactile  or  inhibitor)-.  R., 
Cremasteric.  See  Cremasteric  R,Jlcx. 
R.,  Crossed.  Sec  Crossed.  R.,  Cutane- 
ous, that  arising  from  stimulation  of  the 
skin.  R,,  Deep,  the  so  called  tendon  re- 
flex, such  as  knee-jtrk,  ankle-clonus,  etc. 
R.,  Epigastric,  the  upj>er  part  of  the 
alxlominal  reflex.  R.,  Gluteal,  contrac- 
tion in  the  gluteus  muscle  when  the  skin 
over  it  is  stimulated.  R.  Jaw-Jerk.  .See 
J(ni'J,rk.  R.,  Knee.  See  Artec.  R. 
Neurosis.  See  Acuiosis.  R.  Patellar 
(Tendon).  See  A'nec.  R.,  Pathic. 
Motion  following  sensor}'  stimulus.  R., 
Plantar,  a  cutaneous  reflex  from  stimulus 
of  the  sole  of  the  foot.  R.,  Reinforced. 
See  A'einforceiiicnt.  R.,  Scapular.  Re- 
traction of  the  scapular  muscles  following 
irritation  of  the  skin  of  the  interscajiular 
region.  R.,  Tendon,  mu.scle  reflex  action ; 
myotatic  reaction ;  the  Deep  Reflexes.  See, 
also.  Clonus. 

Re'flux  [re,  Jluo,  to  flow).  Any  return  of 
a  current  by  reversal  along  its  former 
course. 

Refrac'iion  {re,  fram^o,  to  break).  The 
deviation  of  light  from  a  straight  line 
in  ]).issing  oblii|Uely  through  tran--|ian'nt 
media  of  dilfiTent  <lensities.  R.  of  the 
Eye,  the  influence  of  the  ocular  media 
ujKjn  a  cone  or  l)eam  of  light,  whereby  a 
normal  or  emmetropic  eye  |)r<)<luces  a  |)ri)|Hr 
ima^e  of  the  object  U|K)n  the  retina.  R., 
Errors  of,  <lepartures  from  the  |Miwer  of 
pHKlucing  a  normal  <jr  well defnieil  image 
u|Min  the  retina,  l)ecause of  anietrt)pia.  R., 
Index  of,  the  refractive  jxiwer  of  any 
sui'Stance  as  com|>ared  with  air.  R., 
Double,  the  [Kiwer  |x)ss<s-<il,  f.  c-,  ''V 
Inland  spar,  of  dividing  a  ray  of  lij.;!)!  and 
thus  proiliiiing  a  double  image  of  an  object. 
R.,  Dynamic.  The  static  refraction  of 
the  <'v<-,  plus  that  of  the  an  oinnKKlativc 
apparatus.  R.,  Static.  Thai  of  the  eye 
with  paralyzed  accoinnuxiatiou. 


REFRACTIVE 


378 


REMEDY 


Refrac'tive  [)-e,frango).  Tending  to  re- 
fract. Capable  of  being  turned  from  a 
straight  line. 

Refractom''eter  (refraction,  meter').  An 
instrument  for  measuring  the  refraction 
of  the  eye. 

Refrac^ture  {re,fra7igo).  The  re-break- 
ing of  fractured  bones  that  have  joined  by 
faulty  or  improper  union. 

RefrangibiKity  (re,  frango).  In  optics, 
capability  of  being  bent  away  from  a 
straight  line  :  a  properly  shown  by  a  ray 
of  light  in  passing  obliquely  into  a  denser 
or  a  rarer  medium. 

Refreshing  Action  (of  the  electric  cur- 
rent). The  restoration  of  excitability 
after  fatigue  by  the  effect  of  voltaic  alter- 
natives. 

Refrig^erant  (;v,  frigics,  cold).  A  medi- 
cine or  agent  having  cooling  properties,  or 
lowering  bodily  temperature. 

Refrigera^tion  (re,  frigiis).  The  act  of 
lowering  the  temperature  of  a  body,  by 
conducting  away  its  heat  to  a  surrounding 
cooling  substance. 

Refrig^eratory  (re,frigiis).  A  condenser. 
Also,  a  vessel  filled  with  ice  or  with  cold 
water  for  preserving  a  low  temperature. 

Regenera''tion  (re,  genej'o,  to  beget).  The 
new  growth  or  repair  of  structures  or  tis- 
sues lost  by  disease  or  by  injury. 

Regime.     See  Regimen. 

Reg^imen  (rego,  to  govern).  The  me- 
thodical and  systematized  use  of  food,  and 
the  sanitary  arrangement  of  surroundings 
essential  to  the  preservation  of  life,  both  in 
health  and  in  disease. 

Re'gion  (regio,  a  region).  One  of  the 
artificial  and  conventional  divisions  of  the 
body,  as  the  abdominal  R.  See  Abdomen, 
and  Pectoral  R.  R.  of  Broca.  The 
third  left  frontal  convolution  of  the  brain. 

Re'gional  (regio).  Pertaining  to  a  region. 
R.  Anatomy,  the  anatomical  study  of  a 
definite  and  limited  region  of  the  body  that 
has  close  anatomical,  surgical,  or  patholo- 
gical inter-relations  of  parts  or  functions. 

Re'gius  (rex,  a  king).  A  descriptive  term 
applied  to  the  golden  or  royal  color  ob- 
served in  certain  forms  of  jaundice. 

Regres''sion  (re,gradus,  a  step).  Retro- 
gression. 

Reg^ular  (regulo,  to  adjust).  According  to 
rule,  custom  or  normal  procedure,  opposed 
to  irregular  or  exceptional.  Synonymous 
colloquially  with  normal  menstruation.  R. 
Practitioner,  a  physician  of  the  school  of 
scientific  medicine  who  follows  no  clique, 
sect,  "pathy"  or  "-i.sm." 


Regurgita'tion  (re,  gurgito,  to  engulf). 
An  eructation,  flowing,  or  throwing  back 
of  the  contents  of  a  canal  or  vessel. 

Reid's  Method.  A  manner  of  reducing 
a  luxation  of  the  femur  by  manipulation. 
Also  applied  to  a  method  of  treating  aneur- 
ysm by  a  compression  bandage. 

Reil.     See  Island  of  Reil. 

Reimplanta'tion.  In  dental  surgery,  the 
replacing  of  a  drawn  tooth  within  its  socket. 

Re-infec^tion  (re,  inficio,  to  put  into.) 
Infection  a  second  time  with  the  same 
virus  or  contagium. 

Reinforce'ment  of  Reflexes.  Increased 
myotatic  iiritability  (or  reflex  response) 
when  muscular  actions  are  synchronously 
carried  out  or  other  stimuli  are  coincidently 
brought  to  bear  upon  other  parts  of  the 
body  than  that  concerned  in  the  reflex  arc. 
It  has  been  asserted  that  the  synchronous 
act  of  winking  increases  the  knee-jerk  or 
patella  tendon  reflex.     See  Reflex. 

Reinocula^tion  (re,  inoculo).  Inoculation 
a  second  time. 

Reinsch's  Test  (for  arsenic).  Add  a  few 
drops  of  HCl.,  and  a  clean  slip  of  copper, 
and  boil  for  a  few  minutes.  When  a  steel- 
gray  deposit  of  arsenic  has  been  reduced 
on  the  copper,  remove,  dry  with  blotting- 
paper  and  heat  in  an  open  glass  tube. 
Note  the  ring  of  sublimed  arsenious  oxide. 

Reissner.     See  Membrane. 

Rejuvenes^cence  (re,  jnvenesco').  Liter- 
ally the  growing  young  again,  a  super- 
stition not  wholly  confined  to  mediaeval 
times.  Metaphorically  used  of  increased 
strength  and  health. 

Relachement  (Fr.).    Same  as  Relaxation. 

Relapse^  (re,  lapsus,  from,  labor,  to  fall). 
The  return  or  recurrence  of  a  disease  dur- 
ing convalescence,  or  shortly  afterward. 

Relaps''ing  (re,  lapsus).  In  pathology, 
returning  to  a  morbid  condition.  R.  Fever, 
or  Famine  Fever,  a  mild  form  of  epidemic 
malignant  remitting  fever. 

Rela'tion  (re,  latus,  [from  fero"],  to 
carry).  Interdependence,  mutual  influence 
or  connection,  between  organs  or  parts. 

Relax^ant  (re,  laxo,  to  loosen).  Any 
remedy  or  agent  that  diminishes  tension. 

Relaxa^tion  (re,  laxo).  A  diminution  of 
tension  in  an  organ  or  a  part.  Also,  a 
condition  of  languor. 

Remak's  Ganglion.     See  Cardiac. 

Reme^dial.  Having  the  nature  of  a 
remedy. 

Rem'edy.  Any  agent  or  substance  used 
in  the  treatment  of  disease.  It  may  be 
curative,  palliative  or  preventive. 


REMISSION 


379 


RESIN  A 


Remis'sion    (><r,   miito,   to   send).     The 
period  of  diminution  of  any  paroxysmal 
disease,  especially  that  of  remittent  fever. 
Remit'tent  {remitto).     In  patholoijy,  ap 
plied  to  any  disex-^e  characterized  by  alter- 
nate periods  of  increment  and  cessation. 
R.  Fever,  a  mal;\rial  fever  characterized 
by  perJLxis  of  remission  and  exacerbation, 
but  without  periods  of  com])lite  ap>Te.\ia. 
Re''nal  l^ '•.-•'/,  a  kidney).     Pertaining:;  to  the 
kitlneys.    R.  Apoplexy,  ischuria,  or  sup 
pression  of  urine  arising   in   the    kidney. 
R.    Calculus,    any    concretion     in    the 
kidney.      R.  Glands,  the  suprarenal  cap- 
sules. 
Ren'iform  [rm,  forma,  a  form).      Having 

a  sha|)e  like  that  of  a  kidney. 
Ren'itent  [mt/'/or,  to   resist).     Resisting 
pressure. 

Ren'net.  The  prepared  inner  membrane 
of  the  fourth  stomach  of  a  calf,  or  an  infusion 
of  the  same.  It  contains  a  milk-curdling 
fennent,  that  decomposes  the  casein. 
Renova'tion  [rfnovo,  to  liecome  new), 
ilie  repair  or  renewal  of  that  which  has 
been  imjiaired. 
Repar''ative.     Reinstating,  or  restoring  to 

the  normal. 
Repel'  {rt'Pello).  To  drive  back.   To  cause 

resorption. 
Repel'lent    {npello).       Pertaining    to   or 
having  the   jxDwer  of  acting  u[X)n  morbid 
processes  to  determine  or  repel  them. 
Repercus'sion.     See  Bnllottcment. 
Repercu''tient    (rf,   prrcitsso,   to  strike). 
Pertaining    to    a    process    or    function    of 
reloimd,  or  reaction. 

Reple'tion  (re, />/<■(>,  to  In:  full).    The  con- 
dition of  being  full. 
Replica'tion    (;r,  plitn,  a  fold).     A  re- 
folding or  turning  back  of  a  part  so  r.s  to 
form  a  rluplication. 
Repose'  ( /r,  ponn,  to  place).    Rest,  relaxa- 
tion.    To  lie  at  re.st. 
Reposi'tion    (re,  ponn).      Return   of  an 
ainiormally  placed  jKirt  to  its  pro|KT  |wsi- 
tion.      Reduction  of  hernia,  dislocation,  i't<\ 
Repos'itor  [re,  poiw).     An  instrument  for 
putting  back  a  presenting  foot  or  prolapsed 
cord  in  lai>or. 
Repoussoir  (Fr.).     An  iastrument  for  ex- 
tra* ting  the  r<K)ts  of  teeth. 
Reproduce'   (/v,/»r(>(///rfl,  to  bring  forth). 
To  bring  forth  offs])ring. 
Rcproduc'tion  {re,pro</iifo).     The  In-get- 
ting of  other    individuals  similar  to   the 
parent  organism. 
Rcproduc'tive  (re,  proJufo).    Having  the 
functions  of,  or  |icrtaining  to,  n-i»ro«luciion 


R.  Function,  the  piwer  and  capability 
of  In-getting.  R.  Organs,  the  organs 
employed  in  the  procrealion  of  ollVpriiig. 
Rcproduc'tive  Organs,  Development 
of.  i'lie  Primitive  Kidneys  or  Wolf- 
fian Ducts,  Lir  ducts  of  the  Pronephros, 
are  the  first  indication  of  the  urinary  ancl 
generative  ai>p;u-atus  in  the  fertilized  ovum. 
They  ap]>ear  at  the  side  of  the  provertebr.v 
from  the  fifth  to  the  la.st  vertebra.  M  til- 
ler's Duct,  parallel  to  the  Wollfian  Duct, 
unites  with  it  to  ojien  into  the  uro  genital 
sinus,  the  otlicr  end  opening  into  the  ab- 
dominal cavity.  The  Miillerian  ducts 
become  the  l'"alki|)ian  tui)es,  hydatid, 
uterus  and  vagina,  in  the  female,  and  in 
the  male  the  lower  part  becomes  the  male 
uterus  or  vesicula  prostatica  and  the  hy- 
datid of  Morg:igni.  The  Wolffian  iKxly 
or  mesone])hros  becomes  in  the  female  the 
Parovarium  (organ  of  Rosenmuller)  or 
Paroophoron,  and  round  ligament  of  the 
utems;  while  in  the  male  there  are  pro- 
duced from  it  the  va.sa  efTerentia  (coni  vas- 
culosi),  the  organ  of  Giialdiis  and  the 
gul)ernaculum  testis.  In  the  female  the 
Wolffian  ducts  become  the  chief  tube  of 
the  parovarium  and  the  ducts  of  Gartner ; 
in  the  male,  they  become  the  convoluted 
tube  of  the  epididymis,  vas  deferens,  and 
vesicukv  seminalis.  See,  also,  Mclatie- 
plirof. 

Reptil'ea   (repo,  to   crecji).     A   class   of 
vertebrates  including  snakes,  lizards,  etc. 
Resec'tion  (rcsrco,  to  cut  off).     Excision 
of  a  portion  of  bone,  nerve,  or  other  struc- 
ture. 
Reserve  Air.     .Sec  Air. 
Res'ervoir.     See  A'ecipt.uulum. 
Resid'ual  Air.     See  Air. 
Res'idue  (residuum,   a   remnant).     That 
which   remains  after   a   part  has  i>een    re- 
moved.     In   pharmacy  and  chemistry  any 
part  remaining  after  filtration. 
Resid'uum  (Ijit.).     The   balance,  or  re- 
mainder. 
Resil'ience  {re,  sa/ii',  to  leajiV     The  act 
of  si>ringing    or    lea|)ing    back.      Healthy 
reai  tion. 

Rcsina,  (/Vw,  to  run).  A  class  of  com- 
pounds made  by  treating  the  substances 
from  which  they  are  olilained  with  alcohol 
and  preci|)ilalion  with  water  The  pre- 
cipitate constitutes  the  resin  ol  |>harniaey. 
'I'here  .are  4  official  resin;e.  R.,  Common, 
(/olophony,  the  residue  after  the  distilla- 
tion of  the  volatile  oil  from  tuqH-nlinc. 
R.,  Ccratum,  rosin  ?«;,  yillow  wax  15, 
lard  50  parl.s.      R.,  Kmplaslrum,  Kesin 


RESINOUS 


380 


RETE 


Plaster,  Adhesive  Plaster,  resin    14,  le.-.d 

plaster  80,  yellow  wax  6  parts. 

Res^inous.     Having  the  nature  of  a  resin. 

Resist^ance  [resisto,  to  withstand).  In 
electricity,  the  opposition  otlisred  by  a  con- 
ductor to  the  passage  of  the  current.  It  is 
estimated  in  ohms.     See  OAtn. 

Resolu^tion  [resoho,  to  resolve).  R.  of 
Anaesthesia,  when  muscular  and  nervous 
reactions  are  permanently  absent.  Com- 
plete anaesthesia.  R.  of  Inflammation, 
the  return  of  the  tissues  implicated  in  the 
inflammatory  processes  to.  their  normal 
condition. 

Resol'vent  [resolvo).  That  which  causes 
solution  or  dissipation  of  tissue.  A  dis- 
cutient. 

Resolving  Power.  The  power  of  a  mi- 
croscopic objective  to  show  small  parts. 

Res^onance  l^re,  sono,  to  sound).  The 
peculiar  quality  given  to  sounds  by  their 
reverberation  and  modification  by  the  re- 
sonance organs,  or  by  the  morbid  condi- 
tions of  the  chest  in  auscultation.  R. 
Organs,  the  supra-laryngeal  cavities  that 
modify  the  quality  of  vocal  sounds. 

Res'onants.     See  Consonants. 

Res^onators.     See  Resonance  Organs. 

Resor^cine,  or 

Resorci^num.  A  substance  isomeric  with 
Hydroquinone.  Resembles  carbolic  acid 
in  many  of  its  properties ;  odorless,  anti- 
septic, and  a  powerful  germicide.  Valu- 
able chiefly  as  an  antipyretic,  in  malarial 
fevers,  and  locally  as  a  lotion  in  diphtheria. 
Dose  gr.  v-xx;  as  an  antipyretic,  gj. 

Resorp'tion  [re,  sorbo,  to  absorb).  The 
absorption  of  morbid  deposits,  as  of  the 
products  of  inflammation,  exudations,  efe. 

Respira^tion  [respiro,  to  breathe  again). 
The  inspiration  and  expiration  of  air  by 
the  lungs.  R.,  Abdominal.  See  R., 
Diiipliragiitatic.  R.,  Artificial.  See 
Artificial  Respiration.  R.,  Blot's.  See 
Biot's  Respiration.  R.,  Bronchial,  the 
sound  of  the  air  in  passing  through  the 
bronchi.  R.,  Cavernous,  the  sound 
made  by  the  passage  of  air  through  pul- 
monary cavities.  R.,  Cheyne-stokes, 
a  phenomenon  observed  in  a  form  of 
dyspnoea  in  which  there  is  a  rhythmical 
increase  of  the  respirations  up  to  a  certain 
degree  of  rapidity,  then  gradually  decreas- 
ing again  to  temporary  cessation.  R., 
Cog-wheel,  when  air  reaches  obstructed 
parts  of  the  lungs  at  irregular  intervals. 
R.,  Costal,  that  produced  by  the  costal 
muscles.  R.,  Diaphragmatic,  that  pro 
duced   by   the    action  of    the   diaphragm. 


R.,  Puerile,  increased  respiratory  mur- 
mur in  an  adult  similar  to  that  normally 
existing  in  the  child. 

Res^pirator  {respiro).  An  instrument 
through  which  one  breathes  to  modify  the 
coldness  of  the  air  or  to  exclude  its  im- 
purities. 

Res^piratory  [respi>-o).  Pertaining  to 
respiration.  Also,  to  the  murmur  heard 
in  a  healthy  person  during  auscultation. 
R.  Pulse,  modifications  in  the  pulse  pro- 
duced by  respiration. 

ResponsibiFity  [respondeo,  to  answer). 
In  medical  jurisprudence,  the  account- 
ability of  a  person  for  an  act  committed. 
It  usually  turns  upon  the  question  as  to 
whether  or  not  the  person  was  of  sound 
mind  and  capable  of  controlling  his  actions 
and  thoughts. 

Res'tiform  Bodies.  A  descriptive  term 
applied  to  certain  cord-like  bodies  or  pro- 
cesses of  the  medulla  oblongata. 

Restitu^tion.     See  Rotation. 

Resuscita^tion  [i-esuscito,  to  raise  up 
again).  The  bringing  to  life,  or  restora- 
tion of  one  apparently  dead  from  asphyxi- 
ation or  suffocation. 

Retarda^tion  {^retardo,  to  delay).  Any 
hindering  or  delaying  of  a  function.  In 
obstetrics,  the  delay  in  expelling  the  foetus. 

Retch  (A.  S.  hnecan,  to  cough).  To  strain 
at  vomiting.  To  suffer  the  spasmodic  mus- 
cular contractions  by  which  the  stomach  is 
emptied  in  vomiting,  without  discharging 
any  matter. 

Re'te  (Lat.  a  net).  Any  network  or  decus- 
sation and  interlacing,  especially  of  capil- 
lary blood  vessels.  R.  Acromiale,  the 
network  of  vessels  on  the  surface  of  the 
acromion.  R.  Bipolar,  applied  to  blood 
vessels  that  unite  into  larger  stems  and 
again  divide  and  end  in  capillaries.  R. 
Carpi,  Anterius  and  Posterius,  the  net- 
work of  fine  vessels,  one  at  the  front  and 
the  other  at  the  back  of  the  wrist.  R. 
Malleolare,  Internum  and  Externum, 
the  network  surrounding  the  inner  and  the 
outer  ankle.  R.  Malpighii,  the  layers 
of  epithelial  cells  above  the  corium.  R. 
Mirabile,  when  an  arteiy  splits  into 
branches  and  reunites  in  a  tnmk  without 
forming  capillaries.  R.  Mucosum,  the 
three  lower  layers  of  living  cells  of  the 
epidermis.  R.  Olecrani,  the  network  of 
vessels  around  the  olecranon  and  at  the 
back  of  the  elbow,  formed  by  the  divisions 
of  the  profunda  and  other  arteries.  R. 
Patellare,  that  surrounding  the  patella. 
R.  Testis,  the  network  of  seminal  tubules 


RETENTION 


381 


REVERSION 


in  the  corpius  Hig'nmori  of  the  testicle.  R. 
Unipolar,  the  capillar)'  divisions  of  Motxi 
vessels  which  do  not  again  reunite. 

Reten'tion  ^;r,  Uuco,  to  hold).  The  hold 
ing  back  or  stoppage  of  any  of  the  natural 
discharges  of  the  body,  as  the  f.eces,  the 
urine,  the  menses,  f/c.  R.-Cyst,  a  cyst 
formed  by  a  secretion,  the  natural  outlet 
being  clo.^ed. 

Retic'ulated  (dim.  of  reU,  a  net).  Hav- 
ing nu-shes  like  a  net. 

Retic'ulum  (Lat.).    A  network. 

Ret'iform  Tissue.    See  Aninuil  Tissue. 

Ret'ina  ('./<).  The  chief  and  essential 
jx-ripheral  organ  of  vision,  the  third  C)r 
internal  coal  or  membrane  of  the  eye, 
niatle  up  of  the  end  organs  or  expansion 
of  the  optic  ner\e  within  the  globe.  It  is 
comiK)Scd  of  ten  layers  from  without  in- 
ward, as  follows:  i.  rigmentcells.  2. 
Rods  and  cones.  3.  E.xtemal  limiting. 
4.  External  granular.  5.  Outer  molecular. 
6.  Internal  granular.  7.  Internal  molecu- 
lar. 8.  Ganglionic.  9.  Nerve-fibre.  lo. 
Internal  limiting.  R.,  Detachment  of, 
disconnection  from  the  cluiroid.  R., 
Epilepsy  of,  a  symptom  of  migraine  or 
in  ei)ilepsy,  characterized  by  tran>ient  loss 
of  sight.  R.,  Pulsation  of.  See  Pitl- 
siitii'ii.  R.,  Central  Artery  of,  a  branch 
of  the  ophthalmic,  pierces  the  optic  nerve 
in  the  orbit,  branching  within  the  globe, 
and  su]>plying  the  retina. 

Retinac'ula  of  \A^eitbricht.  Bands  of 
ligamentous  tissue  situateil  on  the  neck  of 
the  trochanter  of  the  femur. 

Retinac'ulum  {retinco,  to  hold  back).  A 
term  applied  to  such  band.s  or  membranes 
as  hold  1  ack  an  organ  or  part,  as  the  K. 
of  the  ileo  cacal  valve. 

Reti'nal.  Pertaining  to  the  retina.  R. 
Apoplexy.  Hamorrhage  of  the  retina. 
R.  Purple.     See  Rliodopsitt. 

Retini'tis  (r<'//;/a,/r<f,  inflammation).  In- 
flammation of  the  retina,  classed  according 
to  its  etiology  into  albuminuric,  dial  etic, 
leuciLinic,  ])igincntary  (A*,  pif^iiieiilosa], 
sy|)hilitic,  etc.,  most  of  which  arc  charac- 
terized by  distinctive  ophthalmoscoi)ic  ap- 
p*-arances. 

Retinos'copy  (retinn^nKo-Ktu,  tool)Scrvc). 
A  meth(j<l  u{  e.stimating  ihe  nfradion  of 
the  <yc  by  obs<•r^alion  of  th<-  inovcnienls 
of  the  retinal  images  and  shadows  through 
the  c)|)hlhalmosc<ipic  mirror. 

Retort'.  A  vess<l  employed  in  distillation, 
containing  the  li<|uid  lo  In:  distilled. 

Retrac'tilc  [re,  Ir.tho,  lo  draw).  I  hat 
which  may  Ik:  drawn  back. 


Retrac'tion  (r<-,  tiii/ic).  The  shortening 
<.>f  a  fr.iclured  limb  from  the  broken  ends 
slipping  past  cfiie  another. 

Retrac'tor  (/v,  /;v///.').  An  instrument 
for  withdrawing  the  lips  or  edges  of  a 
wound,  or  for  pulling  the  soft  ]iarts  away 
from  the  place  of  incision  in  amputations. 

Retra'hens  (/r,  tni/io).  Drawing  back. 
R.   Muscle.     St;c  A//ts,/c-'/'ti/i/e. 

Retro-  (retro,  back).  A  Latin  prefix  mean- 
ing />tj,i~!C'iin/  or  biltiud. 

Retroac'tion.     Reverse  action. 

Retroce'dent  {retro,  eeJo,  to  fall).  Per- 
taining to  a  retrograde  condition  or  action 
cil  ilisease. 

Retroclu'sion  {retro,  back,  elaudo,  to 
shut).  A  fomi  of  acupressure,  in  which 
tlie  pin  is  jiassed  first  aliove  the  artery, 
twisted  a  half  circle  and  then  driven  be- 
low the  artery  into  the  tissues  uix)n  the  side 
first  entered. 

Retrocol'lic  {retro,  collis,  the  nape  of  the 
neck).  Pertaining  to  the  muscles  at  the 
back  of  the  neck.  R.  Spasm,  that  form 
of  wry-neck  involving  the  retrocollic  mus- 
cles,    ."sijasmodic  torticollis. 

Re'troflex  {retro, Jlecto,io\.urvi).  Turning 
1  ack  abruptly, 

Retrof^ex^ion  {retro,  fleeto).  Any  abrupt 
disiilacement,  bending  or  changing  of  nor- 
mal direction.    R.  of  Uterus.  Set:  C'terus. 

Re'trograde  ( re/ro,  _i^mc/us,  a  step).  Re- 
ceding, or  going  backward. 

Retrooc'ular  (/W/c,  oeulus,  the  eye).  Sit- 
uated behind  the  eyeball. 

Retropharynge'al  {retro,  tf>npf^S,  the 
pharynx).  l!ehind  the  pharynx.  Pertain- 
ing to  ])arts  situated  behind  the  j>harynx. 

Retropul'sion  {retro,  pello,  to  drive).  A 
driving  or  turning  back. 

Retro-u'terine  (retro,  uterus).  Pehind 
the  uterus.  R.  Hjematocele,  a  blood 
tumor  beiiind  the  uteiu>  in  the  jMjuch  of 
1  louglas. 

Rctrovaccina'tion  {retro,  Tneeinntton). 
N'accination  with  vims  from  the  cow  that 
had  been  inoculated  with  virus  from  a 
human  subject. 

Rctrovcr'sion  (retro,  7'erto,  to  turn).  A 
turning  back;  applied  es|KciaIly  U>  such 
organs  as  the  bladder,  the  womb,  ete.  R. 
of  Uterus.     See  /  terus. 

Reu'nion  (re,  unio,  to  U-come  one).  The 
joining  of  parts  whose  eonlinuity  has  Ix-en 
destroy«-d.    R.  of  Wound.    Sec  J/ea/ittj;. 

Reuss's  Test.     .See  /'tomnTnes. 

Rever'sion  (nirrto).     A   return  in  mor 
|)hol<.gy    to    the   original    ty|K;    during   or 
after  nrtiliciul  .selection. 


REVULSANT 


382 


RHEUM 


RevuFsant  [rcvello,  to  push  away).  A 
medicine  or  agent  that,  by  irritation,  draws 
the  blood  from  a  distant  part  of  the  body. 

Revulsive  {revello).     Pertaining  to  thera 
peutic  agencies  designed  to  withdraw  the 
blood  from  or  counteract  the  tendencies 
toward  a  morbid  focus  or  process. 

Rhabdomyo'ma  (pa/3(5of,  a  rod,  myoind). 
A  rare  form  of  myoma  characterized  by 
striated  muscular  fiber. 

RhachiaFgia  [fio-X'-Zi  the  spinal  cord, 
akyo^,  a  pain).     Any  pain  in  the  spine. 

Rhach''io-  (paj'f)-  -A-  Greek  word  used 
as  a  prefix  to  denote  connection  with  or 
relation  to  the  spine. 

Rhachiocamp'sis  [pax'-^,  Kafixptg^  a  bend- 
ing).    Curvature  of  the  spine. 

Rhachiochy'sis  (paxtc,  xvaig,  a  gather- 
ing). An  accumulation  of  water  or  watery 
substance  within  the  spinal  canal. 

Rhachiocypho''sis  {paxi^,  iiv(l>uaic,  a  bend- 
ing).    Gibbosity  or  hunch  of  the  back. 

Rhachiodyn^ia  (pax'^,  odw^,  pain).  Pain 
in  the  spinal  cord. 

Rhachiomyeli^tis  [paxiC,  viyelitis).  In- 
flammation of  the  spinal  cord.     Myelitis. 

Rachiople^gia  [pax^Q,  '^'^>1}''I,  stroke).  Spi- 
nal paralysis. 

Rhachioscolio''ma  (paxiQ,  anoli.ufia,  a 
curve).  Lateral  distortion  and  curvature 
of  the  spine. 

Rhachioscolio'sis  [paxiccnoliuaiq).  The 
condition  and  progress  of  curvature  of  the 
spine. 

Rhachiot''omy  [pax'?,  re/jvu,  to  cut).  An 
incision  into  or  dissection  of  the  spine. 

Rhach^is  (praj^f).     The  spinal  column. 

Rhachis^chisis  {paxic,  cr,t'C",  to  cleave). 
A  cleft  in  the  vertebral  columa. 

Rhachi-'tis.     See  Rickets. 

Rhaco^ma  (paaog).  Excoriation,  rent  or 
chapping.  Also,  a  pendulous,  relaxed 
condition  of  the  scrotum. 

Rhacc'sis  (pa/cof).  The  condition  of  one 
affected  with  rhacoma. 

Rha^cous  (paKog).    Wrinkled.    Lacerated. 

Rhag^ades,  or 

Rhaga^dia  {payng,  a  rent).  Ruptures,  ex- 
coriations, or  long  and  narrow  ulcers  which 
form  near  the  junction  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane and  the  skin,  especially  about  the 
anus.  They  are  frequently  of  syphilitic 
origin. 

Rham^nus    Purshia''na.      See    Cascara 

Raphe.     See  RaphL 
Rhat^any.     See  Kraineria. 
Rheg^ma    [p/iyjia).      A   rent,   rupture   or 
puncluie  of  the  walls  of  a  vessel  or  con- 


taining membrane ;  as,  the  coats  of  the  eye., 
the  walls  of  the  peritoneum.  Also,  the 
bursting  of  an  abscess. 

Rheg^matous  (^p//yfia).  In  a  rent  or  rup- 
tured condition. 

Rhe^ocord.     See  Rheostat. 

Rheom^eter  [fito^,  current,  fierpov,  a  meas- 
ure). A  device  for  ascertaining  the  elec- 
tromotive force  or  voltage  of  a  given  cur- 
rent. A  galvanometer.  Also,  an  instrument 
for  measuring  the  amount  of  fluid  {e.g. 
blood)  passing  through  a  canal  or  vessel. 

Rhe^ophore,or 

Re'opore  (ptw,  to  flow,  <pepu>,  to  carry). 
Any  conducting  substance  leading  from 
the  poles  of  a  galvanic  battery,  coil  or 
dynamo.  Practically  the  terminals  or 
electrodes  which  the  patient  receiving  the 
current  grasps  in  his  hands,  or  that  are 
applied  to  his  body. 

Rhe^oscope  {'pcog,  gkottco),  to  examine). 
An  instrument  for  proving  the  existence 
of  an  electric  current.  R.,  Physiologi- 
cal, or  Rheoscopic  Limb,  a  moist  con- 
ductor placed  upon  a  sensitive  nerve- 
muscle  preparation. 

Rhe'ostat  {psog,  lan^fii,  to  stand).  An 
instrument  for  the  measurement  or  com- 
parison of  resistance  of  an  electric  current. 
When  a  battery  current  of  absolute  uni- 
formity of  electromotive  force  is  required, 
a  rheostat  is  usually  introduced  within  the 
circuit  in  order  to  effect  such  uniformity. 

Rhe^otome  [peog,Teuvu,  to  cut).  An  instru- 
ment for  breaking  and  making  the  Faradic 
current. 

Rhe'um  (Lat.  [gen.  R/tet]).  Rhubarb. 
The  root  of  R.  officinalis,  the  Chinese 
variety  being  commonly  used.  Contains 
several  active  extractives.  A  popular 
tonic-astringent.  In  large  doses  purga- 
tive. R.  Ext.  Dose  gr.  x-xv.  R. 
Ext.  Fid.  Dose  ^ss-ij.  R.  Pil.,  each 
containing  rhubarb  gr.  iij,  soap  gr.  j.  Dose 
i-iij.  R.  Pil.  Comp.,  each  contains  rhu- 
barb gr.  ij,  aloes  gr.  jss,  myrrh  gr.  j,  oil  of 
peppermint  gr.  ^-^.  Dose  ij-iv.  R.  Pulv. 
Comp.,  rhubarb  25,  magnesia  65.  Dose 
I  teaspoonful.  R.  et  Sodae,  Mist.,  fld. 
ext.  rhubarb,  sodium  dicarb.,  sjrt.  pepper- 
mint aa  30,  water  ad  looo  parts.  Dose 
"Z,  ij-  5  ij.  R.  Syr.,  rhuliarb  90,  cinnamon 
18,  potassium  carb.  6,  sugar  600,  water  ad 
1000  parts.  Dose  ,:^j-^ss.  R.  Syr. 
Aromat.,  arom.  tinct.  10,  syr.,  simp.  go. 
Dose  ,:5J-5ss.  R.  Tinct.,  rhubarb  12, 
cardamon  2,  dil.  alcohol  ad  loo  parts. 
Dose  _:5J-3ss.  R.  Tinct.  Aromat., 
rhubarb  20,  cinnamon  4,  cloves  4,  nutmeg 


RHEUMARTHROSIS 


383 


KlilBAKH 


2,  dil.  alcohol  ad  loo  parts.  Dose  .^j-iij. 
R.  Tinct.  Dulcis,  rhuliarb  S,  liquorice  4, 
anise  4,  cardamon  I,  dil.  alcohol  ad  loo 
parts.  Dose  5ss-ij.  R.  Vinum,  rhu- 
barb 10,  cahunus  i,  stronger  white  wine 
ad  100  ])arts.     Dose  3J-5SS. 

Rheumarthro'sis  [pevfta,uij()pov,  a  joint). 
Rheumatism  of  the  joints. 

Rheumatargia  {ptvfia,  a//)o^,  a  pain). 
Rheumatic  ]>ain. 

Rheum''atism  (pevua).  A  disease  char- 
acterized by  severe,  fitful  and  shifting, 
lancinating  jains  in  the  joints,  in  the  parts 
surrounding  die  joints,  and  in  the  nius 
cles.  It  may  K-  acute  or  chronic.  It 
is  usually  uahered  in  by  fciiriie  symp- 
toms. The  etiology  and  pathology  are  in 
doubt.  The  difference  l)etween  R.  and 
gout  is  not  clearly  defined.  The  blood 
contains  an  excess  of  fibrin,  and  is  saiil  to 
contain  an  excess  of  lactic  aciil.  To  this 
latter  caa-^e,  also  to  cold  and  to  microorgan- 
isms, isascribcil  the  origin  of  the  affection. 
R.,  Articular,  characterizetl  by  iullamma- 
tion  of  the  joints,  and  a  tiixlcncy  to  peri- 
cardial intlammation.  R.,  Gonorrheal, 
is  as.-ociated  with  gleet,  and  attacks  the 
wrist  or  ankle  by  preference.  R.,  Muscu- 
lar, especially  affects  muscles;  is  not  com- 
plicated with  cardiac  disease. 

Rheum'atoid  <inv//a,  f/rJof,  resemblance). 
Resembling  rheumatism.  R.  Arthritis. 
See  Arthritis  DefWinans. 

Rheumatopy'ra  {Jicvfia,  Trvp,  fire).  Rheu- 
matic fever. 

Rhinacan'thus.  The  leaves  and  root  of 
A',  communis.  Pro|X'rties  due  to  rhino- 
cunthiit,  a  substance  resembling  hydro- 
f]uinone.  A  local  remedy  for  parasitic  skin 
disca-^es.      Unof. 

Rhinal'gia  (/«c  [Rcn.  'p'lof],  the  nose, 
«/}'<r,  a  i)aiiii.     Pain  in  the  nose. 

Rhinencephal'ic  ('pi<:,  fVKtipu'/.ny,  the  en- 
cephalfjn).  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature 
of  a  rhinencephalas 

Rhinenceph'alus.     bee  Rhinocfphalus. 

Rhineuryn'ter  (/"f,  rvfivru,  to  widen). 
An  in-truiiicnt  consisting  of  a  bag  or  sac, 
to  Ik-  inflated  after  insertion  into  the  no>lril. 

Rhini'tis  (/"f,  inr,  inllanimation).  In- 
flammation of  the  na^^al  mucous  membrane. 

Rhi'no-  (/"c)-  A  prefix  <len<>ling  relation 
to  or  connection  with  the  no.se. 

Rhino'byon  (/)(f, /h-u,  to  sto|>).  A  nasal 
plug  >'T  iam|)on. 

Rhinoccph'alus  (pi^,  itripn?^,  head).  A 
cyclocejihalic  monster,  the  nose  resembling 
a  IuIm:  c>r  trunk,  the  eyi-s  fused  in  the 
median  line  and  liclow  the  nose. 


Rhinodyn'ia  (pig,  oJi-r^,  a  pain).  Any 
pain  in  the  nose. 

Rhi'nolith  (pig,  hOog^  stone).  A  nasal 
calculus. 

Rhinolithi'asis  (pig,  ?if)ng).  The  con- 
iliiiun  and  progress  of  calculus  of  the  na^al 
foss;v. 

Rhinorogist  (/wf,  ?.o-joi,  science).  A 
si>eciali>l  in  the  treatment  of  nasal  diseases. 

Rhinol'ogy  (/»f, /ojof).  The  science  of 
diseases  of  the  nose. 

Rhinonecro'sis  (^f,  >i,-(-rosis).  Necrotic 
disease  of  the  nasal  liones. 

Rhinopho'nia  (/)«;,  ^wr//,  sound).  A  nasal 
t(MK-  in  speaking. 

Rhinophy'ma  (/)(f,  ^ly/o,  a  tumor).  A 
tumor  of  the  nose. 

Rhi'noplasty  (/wf,  TT}ncni.>,  (o  mould). 
Plastic  operation  uiK)n  the  nose,  to  replace 
lost  tissue. 

RhinopoPypus  (pig,  polypus).  Polyp.us 
of  the  nose. 

Rhinorrha'gia.     See  Epistaxis. 

Rhinorrhce'a  (pig,  ptu,  to  flow).  A  mu- 
cous discharge  from  the  nostrils. 

Rhinosclero'ma  (/»/f,  (TK////)of,  hard).  A 
rare  disease  of  the  skin  and  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  anterior  nares,  characterized 
by  granulations  of  neoplastic  matter,  of 
almost  stony  haidness.  Occurs  in  Brazil, 
Bahama  Islamls  and  Italy. 

Rhi'noscope  (/)'<;,  (TKo~tu,  to  observe). 
.All  instrument  for  examination  of  the  cavi- 
ties of  the  nose. 

Rhinos'copy  (/)/f,(TKo-fw).  Kxaminationof 
the  nasal  fossa-  by  meansof  the  rhiiioscoi*. 

Rhinostegno'sis.     Nasal  olistriiction. 

Rhi'zo-  (/"s'",  a  root).  A  prefix  tienoting 
connection  with  or  relation  to  a  Rxjt. 

Rhizog'raphy  (pi^n,  ypaipu,  to  write).  A 
descriptive  treatise  on  the  rcH)ts  of  plants. 

Rhizol'ogy  (/'i/C«,  /"-/og,  a  treatise).  A 
treatise  i<\\  the  Kitanical  science  of  roots. 

Rhi'zonne  (I,al.).  A  creeping  root  stalk. 
Also,  the  horizontal  jiart  o(  a  root  in  dis- 
tinction from  the  tajinxjl. 

Rho'dophane.     See  Chromoph,ine. 

Rhodop'sin  (/h«!oj',  rose,  <jt/i,  eye).    N'isual 
jmrple,  a  retinal   color  preserved  by  daik 
ncss   but    bleached  by  daylight,  found   in 
the  outer  segment  of  the  rods. 

Rhom'boid  (/»»//, lor,  »/(l<«;,  resemblaiue). 
Having  n  siia|M'  similar  to  thatol  a  ilmmb. 
A  c|iiadrilati'm1  with  op|Kisite  sides  ei|ual 
and  jtaralli'l,  and  obli<|U<-  angles. 

Rhomboi'dcus.     Sec  Musilf. 

Rhon'cus  (/'«)}  \'K\.  A  rnltling  or  wheezy 
sound  ill  the  ihront.     Si-c,  also,  N&le. 

Rhu^barb.     Sec  Kheum. 


RHUS 


384 


ROBERTS'  DIFFERENTIAL 


Rhus.     In  botany,  a  genus  of  the  order 
AnacardacecB,  of  which  the  sumachs  are 
the  best  known.     R.  Aromatica,  Sweet 
Sumach,  the  bark  of  the  root.     An  astrin- 
gent acting  upon  the  urethral  canal.     Ad- 
vantageous   in    cystitis,    incontinence    of 
urine  and  diabetes.     Dose  of  the  fld.  ext. 
TT^xv-xx.      Unof.      R.  Glabra,  Smooth 
Sumach,  the  fruit  of  R.  glabra.     Proper- 
ties  due   to    tannic    acid    and    potassium 
and  calcium  malates.     Diluted  juice  is  a 
pleasant,    astringent    drink,    in    catanhal 
affections  of  the  stomach  and  bowels.   Dose 
of  the  fld.  ext.  ^j-ij.     R.  Toxicoden- 
dron, Poison  Oak,  the  fresh  leaves  of  the 
poison    oak,    R.   toxicodendron,    and    the 
poison  ivy,  R.  radicans.     Locally  applied, 
causes  swelling  and  vesicular  eruption  of 
the  skin  and  mucous  membrane.     Recom- 
mended in  rheumatic  affectaons  of  the  skin, 
and  locally  in  erysipelas  and  eczema.     A 
favorite  remedy  with  homceopathic  prac- 
titioners.    An  unof.  tinct.  contains  fresh 
leaves  i,  alcohol  2  parts.     Dose  TrL^'o-ij. 
Rhythm    [pvflfiog).       Action    or    function 
recurring  at  regular  intervals  or  according 
to  some  systematic  plan  or  type,  as  the  R. 
of  the  heart,  of  respiration,  ftc. 
Rhyth'mical   {pvtifiog).     Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  quality  of  rhythm. 
Riches.     See  Ganglion. 
Ribs.    The  elastic  arches  of  bone  enclosing 
the  chest  or  thorax.     Normally,  there  are 
twelve  on  each  side.     The  seven  superior, 
or  true    ribs,   are   attached   to    both   the 
spine  and   the   sternum.     The  remaining 
five  are  called  false  ribs.     Three  are  at- 
tached posteriorly  to  the  spine,  and  ante- 
riorly, by  costal  cartilages,  to  the  sternum. 
The  two  lower  are  free  at  their  anterior 
extremities,  and  are  called  floating  ribs. 
Rice.     See  Oryza.    R.  Water  Evacua- 
tions.    See  Oryza. 
Ricin'ic  [ricinus).     Pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  properties  of  castor  beans  or  castor 
oil.     Also  applied  to  an  acid  derived  from 
castor  oil. 
Rici'ni  01e''um.    Castor  Oil.    A  fixed  oil 
expressed  from  the  seeds  of  R.  coniinunis, 
consisting  chiefly  of  ricinoleic  acid  in  com- 
bination with  glyceryl.     A  mild  purgative 
where    laxative    action    alone    is    desired. 
Dose  3J-3J. 
Rick''ets   {pnxiC,  spine,   itiq).     The   com- 
mon name  for  Rhachitis,  or  inflammation 
of  the  spine.     Applied  to  a  constitutional 
disease  of  childhood,  characterized  by  in- 
creased cell-growth  of  the  bones  with  de- 
ficiency of  earthy  matter,  resulting  in  de- 


formities, with  abnormal  changes  in  the 
spleen  and  liver. 
Ric^tus.     See  Risus  Sardonicus. 
Rider's   Bone.     An  osseous  formation  in 
the    adductor   muscles   of    the    leg,    from 
long-continued  pressure  of  the  leg  against 
the  saddle. 
Riding  of  Bones.     In   surgery,  the   dis- 
placement of  the   fractured  ends  of  bones 
which  are  forced  past  each  other  by  mus- 
cular contraction,  instead  of  remaining  end 
to  end. 
Ri'gor   {rigor,  cold).     Coldness,  stiffness, 
or    rigidity.       R.    Mortis,    the    muscular 
rigidity   that    occurs    a    short    time    after 
death. 
Rigid^ity    [rigidus,  stiff).     Stiffness.     In- 
flexibility.    Immobility. 
Ri^ma  (Lat.).     A  fissure.     R.  Glottidis 
or  Laryngis.     See  Glottis. 
Ri^mous    {rivia).      Having  cracks,  clefts 
or  fissures. 

Rim^ule  (dim.  of  7-ima,  a  cleft).  Any 
minute  cleft,  crack  or  fissure. 
Ring  (A.  S.,  hring).  A  circular  opening 
or  aperture,  as  R.,  Abdominal.  See 
Abdomen.  R.,  Femoral,  the  opening 
bounded  by  Poupart's  Ligament,  the  pubes, 
and  Gimbernat's  Ligament. 
Ring-finger.      The   fourth  digit  or  third 

finger. 
Ring  Scoto''ma.     See  Scotoma. 
Ring^worm.     See  Tinea  Trycophytina. 
Rinne's  Test.     A  method  of  testing  the 
hearing  so  as  to  differentiate  whether  the 
sound-conducting  or  perceiving  apparatus 
is  at  fault. 
Rin^olite.     See  Rhinolith. 
Riolan's  Muscle.     Certain  fibers  of  the 
orl)icularis  muscle  of  the  eyelid. 
Riso'rius    [rideo,  to  laugh).     The  upper 
portion  of  the  platystna  myoidcs.     It  con- 
trols certain  motions  of  the  lips  in  laugh- 
ing. 
Ri^sus  Sardon^icus.     A  sardonic  or  con- 
vulsive grin  in  certain  spasmodic  or  tetanic 
conditions. 
Ritter-Valli  Lavir.      A  nerve    separated 
from  its  center  first  increases  in  excitability, 
the  increase  beginning  at  the  central  end, 
and  traveling  toward  the   periphery ;  the 
excitability  then  falls  and  disappears. 
Rivin^ian    Ducts.     The  excretory  ducts 
of  the  sul)lingual  glands. 
Roast^ing.     The  application  of  heat  to  a 
degree  less  than   that  of  carbonization,  as 
the  roasting  of  coffee. 
Roberts'  Differential  Density  Method. 
(A  fermentation  test  for  sugar.)     Take  the 


ROBERTSON'S  PUPIL 


385 


ROUND 


specific  gravity  of  the  sus[5ected  Ii<]uid, 
e.  g.,  urine,  and  record  ;  mix  4  tld.  ouncts 
of  urine  with  half  a  cake  of  Fleischmanns 
yeast ;  preser\e,  wami,  for  24  hours,  take 
specific  gravity  and  subtract  from  that 
taken  before.  Each  degree  of  tlie  remain- 
der represents  one  grain  of  sugar  to  the 
fluid  ounce.  Muhiply  by  0.219  to  get  the 
percentage. 

Robertson's  Pupil.     See  Pupil. 

Roberts'  Reagent.  To  obviate  the  ob- 
jections to  nitric  acid  in  Heller's  Test :  To 
5  vols,  filtered  saturated  solution  mag- 
nesic  sulphate  add  I  vol.  strong  nitric  acid. 
IVocccd  with  test  as  in  Heller's  Test. 

Robin's  Rye.     See  ILurcap  Moss. 

Rob'orant  {robortis,  an  oak).  Tonic. 
Strengthening. 

Ro'bust  [ro/'us,  an  oak  tree).  Strong. 
\'igorous. 

Rochelle  Salt.     See  Potassium. 

Rock  Rose.     See  Hilianthitniim. 

Rodent  Ulcer  i^rodo,  to  gnaw).  Jacob's 
Ulcer;  Cancrtiid  Ulcer ;  Ulcus  Excedens; 
Noli  Me  Tangere.  A  cancerous  ulcera- 
tion of  the  skin,  generally  held  to  be  a 
form  of  epithelioma,  occurring  usually  in 
the  eyelid  or  the  side  of  the  nose.  Fre- 
quently persisting  for  years  before  de- 
veloping malignancy. 

Rods  of  Corti.     .See  Corti. 

Rolando.     See  J-is^iire. 

RoU'er.  A  long  strip  of  cloth  varying 
from  one  to  six  inches  or  more  in  width, 
made,  for  convenience,  into  a  cylindrical 
roll. 

Romberg's  Symptom.  Tlic  increased 
incoordination  of  movement  in  tabes 
caused  by  closing  the  eyes. 

Root.  The  place  of  origin  of  a  ner\'e. 
Also  the  base  of  an  organ.  See  a'so, 
A'ndix. 

Ro'sa  (Lat.).  A  genus  of  the  family 
rosaceir.  R.  Aqua,  pale  rose  40,  water 
200  parts,  mixed  an<l  distilled.  R.  Aq. 
Ung.,  cold  cream;  oil  of  .ilmond  50,  sjMrm- 
aceli,  white  wax  aA  10,  rose  water  ^o  parts. 
A  a^eful  emollient.  R.  Centifoiia,  I'ale 
Rose;  Cabiiage  kosc.  The  jx;tals  of  sev- 
eral vari<*ties  of  the  pink  rose.  Conlains 
an  odoriferous  volatile  oil.  R.  Confectio, 
red  rose  8,  sugar  64,  honey  12,  rose  water 
16  parts.  A  basis  for  pills.  R.  Damas- 
cena.  S<!C  Altar  of  A'oie.  R.  Fid. 
Ext.  I)osc  Ti\\-^\].  R.  Gallica,  red 
rose.  The  [xlals  of  the  uncxj)aiided  rose. 
Pro|>erti«'s  iluc  to  a  small  amount  of  tarmic 
and  gallic  aeids.  Astriiij;eiit  and  o<lonf- 
erous.      .Sometimes  used  as  a  garylc.     R. 

25 


Mel.,  honey  of  rose,  red  rose  S,  honey  92, 
alcohol  ad  100  parts.  R.  Syr.,  lid.  ext. 
ruse  10,  syrup  90  jiarts. 

Rosa'cea.     .See  Acne  Kouicfa. 

Rosan'iline.     .See  Fuchsin. 

Rose  Catarrh.     See  Hny  Iui<er. 

Ro'sein.     See  Fmhsin. 

Rosemary.     See  Rosmannus. 

Rosenmuller,  Body  of.  See  Parova- 
riiim. 

Roseo'la.     See  Erythema. 

Rose  Rash.     See  Eiythema. 

Rose  Sickness.     See  Pelade. 

Rosette.     See  Karyokvnesis. 

Ros'in.  See  i\'i-.'/«<7.  R.  Weed,  C'omp.iss 
Plant.  The  plant  Silphiiiin  htcinialiim 
secretes  an  oleo-resin  commonly  used  as  a 
chcwinggimi.  Tonic,  alterative  and  emetic. 
I)ose  of  lid.  ext.  Jss-j.     Unof. 

Rosmari'nus.  Koscmar)-.  The  leaves 
of  A',  ojfhiitalis.  ProiXMties  due  to  a  vola- 
tile oil  and  resinous  principle.  Somewh.nt 
useful  as  an  external  stimulant  in  liniments 
and  lotions.  R.  Oleum,  the  volatile  oil. 
1  lose  n\j-v. 

Ros^trum  (Lat.,  the  be.nk  [of  a  bird]). 
A  projection  or  ridge,  as  the  rostrum  of  the 
sphenoid,  or  of  the  coqius  callosum. 

Rot  (A.  S.,  r£>//(7«).  To  sutler  putrefactive 
fermentation.  Also,  a  disease  prevalent 
among  sheep  and  neat  cattle,  caused  by 
the  ])resence  of  a  cysticercus. 

Rota''tion-stage  of  Labor.  One  of  the 
stages  of  l.ilx)r  consisting  in  a  rotatory 
movement  of  the  fa-tal  head  or  presenting 
part,  whereby  it  is  accominixlated  to  the 
birth  canal.  It  may  be  internal,  before 
the  t)irtli  of  the  presenting  part,  or  external, 
afterward. 

Rota'tor  (/v/c,  to  turn).  Any  mechanical 
device  that  produces  rotation.  Also,  ap- 
|>lied  to  several  muscles  that  turn  the  j>arts 
to  whiih  they  are  attached. 

Ro'theln.      .See  Rubeola. 

Rottle'ra.     See  Katitala. 

Rouge  (l*'r.).  A  dye,  Carthamus  tine- 
to)  iu^,  useil  as  a  cosmetic.  Also,  any  cos- 
metic for  prinlucing  a  (lush  of  the  skin. 
Also,  the  form  of  ferric  ovide,  known  as 
cr<K:us  martis  and  colcothar,  used  for  |Hilish- 
ing  gla.ss. 

Round.  In  anatomy,  applied  to  various 
jiaiis  having  a  nearly  circular  section.  R. 
F'oramcn,  a  foramen  of  the  sphenoid  Uine 
transmitting  the  second  or  maxillary  branch 
of  the  fifth  |>air  of  nenes.  R.  Ligament 
of  Uterus,  a  name  ^'^en  to  two  coids 
ori^jiiiating  in  the  su|>«Tior  lateral  parts  of 
the  utcru!)  and  tcimin.uing  in  the  areolar 


RUBBING 


386 


RYE 


tissue  of  the  groins  and  labia.  R.  Worm. 
Ascaris  lumbricoides. 

Rub'bing.     See  Massage. 

Rube'do  [ritbus,  red).  Any  diffused  red- 
ness of  the  .skin.     Blushing. 

Rubefa^cient  [rubus,  facia,  to  malvc).  A 
medicine  or  agent  which  by  irritation  of 
the  ends  of  the  nerve-filaments  of  the  skin 
distends  the  capillaries  and  reddens  the  skin. 

Rubel'la  [j-itbiis).  An  infectious  fever  of 
children,  closely  resembling,  but  distinct 
from,  mild  measles,  with  an  incubation 
period  of  1 6'  to  l8  days;  sometimes  pre- 
ceded by  a  slight  premonitory  stage,  char- 
acterized by  a  papular,  irregular,  rose-red 
rash  over  the  face  and  body,  with  slight  or 
no  rise  of  temperature. 

Rubc'ola  [j-nbeo,  to  blush).  An  exan- 
thematous,  contagious  disease,  popularly 
known  as  Rothelii,  measles,  or  German 
measles.  The  diagnostic  distinctions  be- 
tween measles,  rotheln  and  scarlatina  are 
not  clear. 

Rubid^ium.  Rb  ^=  85.3  ;  quantivalence  I. 
One  of  the  rare  alkaline  metals,  resembling 
potassium  in  physical  and  chemical  proper- 
ties. R.  Chloride,  unof ,  lowers  pulse  rate 
and  raises  arterial  tension.     Dose  gr.  ij-v. 

Rubi'go.     See  Rust. 

Ru'bor  (Lat.).     Redness. 

Rumbus.  Blackberry.  The  bark  of  sev- 
eral species  of  Rubiis.  Contains  about  10 
per  cent,  of  tannic  acid,  to  which  its  prop- 
erties are  mainly  due.  Useful  in  the  sum- 
mer complaints  of  children.  Dose  gr. 
xv-xxx.  R.  Ext.  Fid.  Dose  n\,j-x. 
R.  Idaeus,  Raspberry,  the  fmit  of  several 
species  of  rubus.  Contains  various  fruit 
acids,  flavors,  etc.  Used  as  a  flavor  to 
syrups.  R.  Id.,  Syr.,  contains  the  clari- 
fied juice  of  the  fruit  with  sugar  q.  s.  R. 
Syr.,  fld.  ext.  rubus  20,  syrup  80  parts. 
Dose  3J-5J.  R-  Syr.  aromat.,  unof, 
contains  the  root  bark  with  cloves,  cin- 
namon, nutmeg,  etc.  Each  fluid  J  con- 
tains gr.  XXX  of  the  drug. 

Ruc'tus  [epvy/io^,  a  belching).  A  belch- 
ing of  wind  from  the  stomach. 

Rudimen^'tary  [rui/t's,  rough).  In  an  un- 
developed or  unfinished  state.  R.  Organ, 
one  whose  development  was  arrested  before 
reaching  a  state  of  normal  growth. 

Rue.     See  Riita. 

Ru^ga  (Lat.,  a  wrinkle).  A  wrinkle,  as 
e.  g.,  in  the  mucous  membrane  of  the 
stomach,  vagina,  etc. 

Rugi''tus.     See  Bombus. 

Rugos'ity  (Lat.).  A  condition  of  being 
in  folds,  or  wrinkles      Roughness. 


Rum.     See  Spirit. 

Ru''mex.  Yellow  Dock.  The  root  of  R, 
crispus  and  other  species  of  A'.  Proper- 
ties due  to  tannin,  calcium  oxalate  and 
chiysophanic  acid.  Astringent  and  tonic. 
Useful  in  combination  with  the  iodides. 
Dose  gr.  xv— ^^^j.  R.  Decoct.,  contains 
^  j  of  the  dried  root  to  Oj  of  water.  Dose 
5J-ij.     R.  Fid.  Ext.     Dose  Vt\,v-3J- 

Ru^minant  {j-timino,  to  chew  the  cud). 
A  class  of  the  order  of  ungulates,  embrac- 
ing the  cud-chewing  animals. 

Rumina''tion  [ruminci).  The  return  of 
ingesta — the  cud — to  the  mouth  from  the 
paunch,  and  its  remastication. 

Rump.  The  end  of  the  backbone.  The 
buttocks. 

Run.  In  pathology,  to  discharge  pus  or 
purulent  matter  from  a  diseased  part. 

Run-around.     See  Partviychia 

Ru'pia  (piiTOf).  A  form  of  syphilitic 
eruption  beginning  as  bulla;,  forming  crusts 
that  finally  fall  off,  leaving  serpiginous  pro- 
gressive ulcers. 

Rup''ture  {j-nmpo,  to  break).  Breakage 
or  laceration  of  the  walls  or  continuity  of 
an  organ,  especially  of  a  viscus.  Also, 
the  po]5ular  name  for  Hernia. 

Russel  and  West's  Method.    See  Urea. 

Rust.  The  oxides,  hydrates  and  carbon- 
ates collecting  on  the  surfaces  of  metals 
exposed  to  moist  air.  Also,  applied  to 
several  species  of  Uredo  developing  on 
the  blades  of  cereals,  and  on  the  leaves 
of  various  other  plants.  The  best  known 
of  these,  Puccinia  graminis,  is  an  alter- 
nating form  of  CEcidium  berberis  and 
Uredo  linearis,  all  of  which  are  identical. 

Ru^ta.  Rue.  The  leaves  of  R.  graveolens, 
which  furnish  oil  of  rue  by  distillation. 
R.  Oleum,  is  irritant,  rubefacient  and 
vesicatory.  Internally,  an  efficient  emmen- 
agogue.     Dose  TT^v-x  in  mucilage. 

Rutherford's  Solution.  A  decalcifying 
and  hardening  solution  for  tissue-speci- 
mens: chromic  acid  I  grm.,  water  200  c.c. 
Then  add  2  c.c.  nitric  acid. 

Rutido^sus  {pvTLc,  a  wrinkle).  A  con- 
traction or  puckering  of  the  cornea  that 
precedes  death. 

Rut^ting.  The  stage  of  sexual  excitement 
in  female  animals  coincident  with  the  rup- 
ture of  ovisacs. 

Ruyschia''na.     See  Membrane. 

Rye.  The  popular  name  of  the  grain 
Secale  cereale,  one  of  the  graiiiinaccic. 
R.,  Ergot  of.  See  Ergot.  R.,  Spurred. 
Same  as  Ergot. 


387 


SACER 


S.     The  chemical  symliol  of  Sulphur. 

Sabba'tia.  The  herl)  .S'.  Ciim/'istris,  said 
to  1*0  oi  value  in  tlie  >ick  headache  of  iii- 
ilij^estion.  Dose  of  the  tld.  ext.  5xv-n\_ij. 
Unuf. 

Sabi'na.  Savine.  The  tops  of  Junipcnts 
S.  rroperties  are  mainly  due  to  a  vola- 
tile oil.  Kesemhk's  turpentine,  but  more 
irritant.  In  lar<^e  doses  protluces  vioK-nt 
pur<jing  and  vomiting.  An  excellent 
emmenagogue.  Externally,  aseful  to  pro- 
long the  discharge  from  l>li>ters,  and  to 
.stimulate  ulcers.  S.  Ceratum,  l1d.  cxt. 
ravine  25,  resin  cerate  <)0  parts.  S.,  Fid. 
Ext.  l)o.-.e  rr\^v-xv.  S.  Ol.,  the  vulatile 
oil.     Dose  n\j-v. 

Sab'ulous  \sat>ultim,  sand).  CIritty, 
sandy.  Pertaining  to  the  sandy  dejjosit 
sometimes  found  in  urine.  Also,  to  the 
gritty  matter  called  brain-sami  founil  in 
the  ])ineal  gland. 

Sac  (.f(/i(«j, a  hag).  The  bagdike bulging 
or  covering  of  a  natural  cavity,  hernia, 
cy>t  or  tumor. 

Sac'cate  {sacius,  a  sac  or  pouch).  Con- 
tained in  a  membranous  envelope.  En- 
cysted. 

SaC'charate  {sacchanon,  sugar).  Having 
or  containing  sugar. 

Saccharephidro'sis  {sncchantm,  ephidro- 
sis').  A  form  of  hy|x;ridrosis  characterized 
by  the  excretion  oi  sugar  witli  the  sweat. 

Saccharif'erous  (saccharum,  fcro,  to 
cany).     (Containing  sugar. 

Saccharifica'tion  (sdcchanttn,  facto,  to 
make).  .Sugar-forming.  The  conversion 
of  starch  into  sugar. 

Sac'charin  {sacchanini).  A  bcnzol-sul- 
phonicimide  derived  from  coal  tar.  It  is 
characterized  by  inten.se  sweetness,  some 
300  times  that  of  cane  sugar.  It  is  used 
by  di.il»etic  patients. 

Sac'charine  (sad/inrum).  Containing  or 
having  the  nature  of  sugar. 

Saccharom'eter  {san/iarnnt,  fierpov,  a 
measure).  An  instrument  for  determining 
the  amount  of  cr/-.talli/.aMe  sugar  in  sac- 
ch.irine  solutions.  S.,  Fermentation, 
an  instrument  for  collecting  and  measur- 
ing the  |»erccntagc  of  carl«n  dioxide  gas 
evolved  in  the  fermiiitation  f>f  dialx-lic 
urin<'. 

Saccharomy'ces  (<tjr,  /i.trrtw,  iivKt/r,  fun- 
guv).  I'niccllul.ir  organisms,  of  which  the 
fungas  of  the  yc-a.st  plant  and  of  wine  arc 


common   examples.      S.    Albicans,    the 
same   (Rees)    as  the  t.>i,iiuni   u/t'iHins  ot 
Roiiin;  the  fungus  of  thiu>h.     S.  Apicu- 
lata,  a  fungus  ferment  louiul  ujk)!!  giK>se- 
berries,    <•/<■.       S.    Cerevisiae,    the     fer- 
ment  of  beer-yeast.      S.  Conglomera- 
tus,  found  in  grajK"  nuist  wlun  lernu-nta- 
tit>n    is    nearly   over.     S.    Ellipsoideus, 
the     ccnnnonest     ferment    of    wine.       S. 
Exiguus,  found  in  fermented  syrups.     S. 
Minor,  according  to  I'.ngel,  the  microl)e 
of  bakers'  ye.ist.     S.   Mycoderma  ((Ira- 
witz),  s;mie  as  S.  albicans.     S.  Pasteuri- 
anus,    a   variety  of   S.    ellipsoideus.      S. 
Reesi,  a  v:\riety  of  S.  ellipsoidtus. 
Sac'charose.      See  Siutharuin. 
Sac'charum   (l^t.).     Cane  Sugar.     The 
soluble  cr)stalline  substance,  C,  jl'a?^^!  i» 
occurring    naturally    in    the    juice    of  the 
sugar  cane,  .V.   ojfiiitianim ;    maize,    /.fa 
mays  ;  tlie  sugar  beet.  Beta  viilgari.^,  and 
the     sugar    maple,    Acer     sacchiirinum. 
riiysiologically,  it  is   a  nutritive  food  to 
adiixjse  tissue.     In  pharmacy,  in  the  form 
of  syrups,  it   is  used  mainly  as  a  vehicle, 
and  in  a  .solid  state  as  a  protective  coating 
for   pills    and    troches.      See,    also,    (//«- 
cose.  Lactose  and  Lez'iilose.     S.  Album, 
white  or  pure  cr}'stallized  sugar.    S.  Can- 
adense,     .Maple    .'->ugar,    obtained    frmn 
Acer  saccliai  iiiioit.     S.  Candidum,  Koi  k 
Candy.     S.  Lactis,  Sugar  of  .Milk.     S. 
Purificatum,  jnire  white  sugar. 
Sac'charure.     A  preparation  obtained  by 
saturating  sugar   with   a  tincture,  drying, 
and  pulverizing. 
Sac'ciform  {saccus,  a  pouch, />//«(;,  like- 
ness).     Like    a    .sac.      S.    Disease    of 
Anus,  distention  and  inllainmalion  of  the 
|)ouches  of  the  rectum. 
Sac'culated  (dim.  of  saccus').     Encysted. 
Divided    intd    little  sacs,   or   pursed    with 
divisions. 
Sac'culus    (dim.    saccus').     A   small    sac. 
S.    Communis,   Oblongus,   or   Scmi- 
ovalis.      The  utricle.     S.  Laryngis,  the 
l.iryiigeal  |)<iuch  between  the  Ml) >erior  vocal 
cord  and    the  inner  surface'  of  the  thyroid 
cartil.ige.      S.  Mucosus,  the  buiNn  of  the 
rectus  femoris  mu.s<le.     S.  of  Vestibule, 
the  smaller  of  two  vestibular   sacs  ol   the 
membranous  labyrinth  of  the  ear. 
Sac'cus.     See  .V(/. . 

Sa'ccr  (fjit.).     Sacred.     S.  Ignis,     liry- 
sijjehis.     S.  Morbus.     lipiUpsy. 


SACRAD 


388 


SALIVARY 


Sa''crad  [sacnttn,  a  bone  of  the  pelvis). 
Toward  the  sacral  aspect. 

Sa^cral  {^sacrum).  Pertaining  to  or  be- 
longing to  the  sacrum.  S.  Flexure,  the 
curve  of  the  rectum  in  front  of  the  sacrum. 
S.  Index,  the  sacral  breadth  multiplied 
by  lOO,  divided  by  the  sacral  length.  S. 
Nerves.  See  Ne^'ves.  S.  Plexus.  See 
Plexus. 

Sacra^ta.     See  Alulatto. 

Sabered  Bark.     See  Cascara  Sagrada. 

Sa^cro-  {sacruni).  A  Latin  word  used  as 
a  prefix,  denoting  connection  with  or  rela- 
tion to  the  sacrum. 

Sacrococcyge'al  [sacrum,  coccygeus). 
Pertaining  jointly  to  the  sacrum  and  the 
coccygeus. 

Sacro-il'iac  {sacmm,  iliu7)i).  Pertaining 
conjointly  to  the  sacrum  and  the  ilium. 

Sacro-ischiat''ic  (sacrum,  ischium).  Per- 
taining both  to  the  sacram  and  the  ischium. 

Sacrolumba^lis.     See  Muscle. 

Sacrolum^bar  {sacrum,  lumbus,^he;  loin). 
Pertaining  conjointly  to  the  sacrum  and 
the  loins. 

Sacro-sciafic  Notches.     See  Ischiatic. 

Sacrospi'nal  [sacrum,  spina).  Pertain- 
ing to  the  sacrum  and  the  spine. 

Sacrover^tebral  [sacrum,  verledra).  Per- 
taining conjointly  to  the  sacrum  and  the 
vertebrae. 

Sa^crum  [sacer,  sacred).  A  symmetrical 
and  triangular  bone  composed  of  five 
united  bones,  between  the  last  lumliar  ver- 
tebra and  the  coccyx  and  the  two  iliacs, 
forming  the  posterior  boundaiy  of  the  pel- 
vis. The  word  is  compounded  with  others 
to  denote  its  relations  with  them,  as  sacro- 
vertebral,  sacro-sciatic,  elc. 

Sad^dle-joint.  An  articulation  concave 
in  one  direction,  convex  the  opposite. 

Sad^dle-nose.  One  in  which  the  bridge 
is  deep  or  absent. 

Saffron,  Amer'ican.     See  Carl/iamus. 

Sage.     See  Salvia. 

Sage-femme  (Fr.,  literally  a  wise  woman). 
A  midwife.     An  accoucheuse. 

Sag''ittal  [sagitla,  an  arrow).  Pertaining 
to  various  arrow-shaped  parts.  S.  Fur- 
row, a  channel  extending  along  the  median 
line  of  the  inner  surface  of  the  vault  of  the 
cranium.  S.  Nucleus,  that  of  the  oculo- 
motor nerve.  S.  Plane,  median  plane  of 
the  body.  S.  Sinus,  the  longitudinal 
sinus.  S.  Suture,  the  suture  uniting  the 
parietal  bones. 

Sa'go.  The  starchy  fecula  obtained  from 
the  pith  of  Sagus  Lrvis  and  several  sjje- 
cies  of  palms  and  cycads.     It  is  an  excel- 


lent food  for  invalids  when  completely 
softened  by  long  boiling.  S.  Spleen, 
an  amyloid  degeneration  of  the  Malpighian 
corpuscles  of  the  spleen,  the  section  of 
which  presents  the  appearance  of  sago 
grains. 

Saint  Ag^atha's  Disease.     Mammitis. 

Saint  An^thony's  Fire.     See  Erysipelas. 

Saint  Job's  Disease.     Syphilis. 

Saint  Maury's  Thistle.     See  Carduus. 

Saint  Vi-'tus'  Dance.     See  Chorea. 

Sal  (.fa/,  gen.  j-a/w).  Salt.  Loosely  applied 
to  various  crystalline  substances.  S.  Am- 
moniac. See  Ammonium.  S.  Com- 
munis, common  salt.  See  Sodium.  S. 
Cornu  Cervi,  hartshorn ;  same  as  Am- 
monia. See  Amtiionium.  S.  Epsom, 
magnesium  sulphate.  See  Magnesium. 
S.  Glauberi.  See  Sodium.  S.  Vola- 
tilis,  a  name  applied  to  various  prepara- 
tions of  ammonium  carbonate  used  as 
smelling  salts. 

Sala^cious  [salax).     Lustful. 

Salac^ity  [salax,  lustful).  Strong  lustful 
or  venereal  deijire. 

Salsera''tus.     See  Sodium. 

Sal-alem'broth.     See  Listerian  Method. 

Salaman^drine.  A  toxic  alkaloid,  prob- 
ably a  ptomaine,  obtained  from  the  poison- 
ous secretion  of  the  salamander.  It  pro- 
duces anxiety,  trembling,  convulsions,  opis- 
thotonos and  death. 

SaFicin.  A  neutral  extractive  from  the 
bark  of  the  willow,  Salix  helix,  and 
other  species.  Chemically,  it  consists  of 
saligenin  and  a  glucose.  Dose  gr.  xx-^ij. 
See,  also,  Salix. 

SalicyFage.  Preservation  of  articles  of 
diet  by  the  use  of  salicylic  acid. 

SalicyFic  Acid.     See  Salix. 

Salig^enin.     See  Salicin. 

Sa'line    [sal).     Salty;  containing  salt. 

Sali'va  (Lat.).  The  secretion  of  the  sali- 
vaiy  glands.  Parotid  saliva  contains  a 
diastasic  ferment,  ptyalin,  and  a  small 
amount  of  urea.  Submaxillary  saliva  con- 
tains a  less  proportion  of  ptyalin,  mucin 
and  potassium  sulphocyanide.  Sublingual 
saliva  contains  mucin,  potassium  sulpho- 
cyanide and  numerous  salivary  corpuscles. 
Ptyalin  acts  upon  starch  granules,  con- 
verting them  to  dextrine  and  maltose.  The 
action  of  mucin  is  not  known.  Mixed 
saliva  is  more  potent  than  that  from  any 
single  gland.  Saliva  has  no  action  on 
proteids  or  fats. 

SaFivary  [saliva').  Pertaining  to  the  sa- 
liva. S.  Calculi,  concretions  of  calcium 
carbonate  occurring  in  the  salivary  glands. 


SALIVATION 


389 


SANGUISUGA 


S.  Glands,  the  glands,  six  in  nunil>cr, 
situated  on  each  side  of  the  mouth.  See 
J'antiJ,  Suhnuixii/iiiy,  and  Su/'lini^Uiil. 
They  secrete  the  lluids  tmpioyed  in  masti- 
cation and  detjlutition.  Kach  glanil  ojiens 
by  a  duct  into  the  muulii.  Kach  con>ists 
of  lobuk-s  aggregated  into  lol>es  which  are 
held  together  by  a  framework  of  connec- 
tive tissue. 

Saliva'tion  [sa/ira).     Same  as  IHyalism. 

Sa'lix.  W  illow.  The  bark  of  the  com- 
mon while  willow,  i'.  <;//'<;.  IVopeities 
due  to  a  constituent,  salicin,  which  is  tonic, 
antiseptic,  and  highly  desti-uctive  to  lower 
organisms.  Useful  as  an  antiinretic  in 
the  fever  accompanying  rlieumntisni.  l)ose 
of  the  glucoside  gr.  xx-^:^ij.  Lithium 
Salicylate.  Dose  gr.  v- :5J,  Salicylic 
Acid,  a  derivative  of  S.,  a  iK>werl"ul  anti- 
pyretic, useful  in  the  fever  of  septicamia, 
and  locally  in  eczema,  gangrene  and  indo- 
lent ulcers.  Dose  gr.  v-^j.  Sodium 
Salicylate,  |>ro|Xirlies  like  those  of  the 
acid,  less  irritant.     I)ose  gr.  v-^j. 

Sal'ol.  I'henyl  Salicyl.  An  antiseptic, 
till  lught  to  be  sujjerior  to  iodoform  for  local 
application,  and  of  undoubted  excellence 
as  a  dressing  for  wounds.  Serviceable  in 
intestinal  catarrlis,  cystitis  and  in  typhoid 
fever.  A  decided  antipyretic.  Dose  gr. 
XX- zj.     Unof. 

Salpmgemphrax''is  (aaP.Ttjf,  a  tube, 
moiKinnut,  to  obstruct).  Closure  of  the 
I'.usiacliian  tube. 

Salpingi'tis  {aa'/.-iy^,  iTiq,  inflammation). 
( )riginally  u.sed  to  express  inflammation  of 
the  Kuhtachian  tuln;,  but  now  often  ap- 
plied to  intlammation  of  the  Fallopian 
lul  <•. 

Salpingocye''sis  (ira/Ti-)^,  Kw/aic,  preg- 
nancy).    Tubal  ]jregnancy. 

SaKpinx  {mO.Tviy^).  A  term  a|)])licd  to 
the  Luhtachian  and  also  to  the  l-allopian 
tiilx'. 

Salt  {siil).  A  common  name  for  sodium 
chloride  (see  Sodiiitn).  In  chemistry,  a 
sul  "stance  produced  by  the  union  of  a  b.xse 
with  an  acid. 

Salta'tion  (snlto,  to  dancel.  The  dancing 
or  li-aping  s^xnetimes  noticed  in  cliDrra. 

Salter's  Swing.  A  m<jvable  susix'nsion 
rridle  for  a  fractured  leg. 

Saltpe'ter  (<rt/,  salt, /</r<7,  rock).  A  term 
formerly  Uxjscly  applied  to  various  •■(llorcs- 
c<-nt  salts,  liut  now  limited  tcj  |Milas.siuin 
nitr  it"-.      S-c  /'otdisiuin. 

Salt  Rheum.     A  fonn  of  chronic  cc/cma. 

Salts.  A  |X)pular  name  for  Mpsom  salt,  or 
magnesium  sulphate.     Sec  Mitipicsium. 


Salu'brious  (j.;/w  ).  I'ertaining  to  health. 
Healthful. 

Sal'utary  {.ut/i/s).     I'romolive  of  health. 

Salve,     .'^ee  C  'tii^iDrntu/n . 

Sal'via.  Sage.  The  leaves  of  .V.  .j/?;<i- 
intlis.  (."oniiiion  garden  sage.  Properties 
due  to  tannin,  a  re>in  anil  a  volatile  oil. 
Aromatic,  astringent  and  tojiic.  Much 
used  as  a  condiment.      Dose  gr.  xx-xxx. 

Sambu'cus.  KIder.  'Ihe  tlowers  of  S. 
iiiiuiJ,nsis.  Stimulant  and  iliaphciretic. 
'1  he  inner  bark  of  S.  is  cathartic.  I  lose 
gr.  XXX- 5  j  in  hot  infusion. 

San'ative  {snttitas,  health).  Tending  to  or 
promoting  health. 

Sanato'rium  (uiuitos).  A  health  resort. 
Al.so,  an  establishment  for  the  treatment 
of  the  sick. 

Sand.  I'ine,  rounded,  pcilished  grains  of 
silicic  oxide.  S.  Bath,  a  vessel  contain- 
ing dr)'  sea  sand  in  which  a  substance  re- 
<|uiring  a  slowly-rising  and  unifonn  tem- 
j^eiature  may  be  heated. 

San'dalwood.     See  Sinidiluvi  Album. 

Sanger's  Operation.  See  Cttsarean  Ope- 
ration. 

Sang-mel6.     See  Mulatto. 

Sanguifica'tion  [sanguis,  fat  to,  to  make). 
The  normal  ])rocess  of  the  formation  of 
blocKl  from  chyle. 

Sanguina'ria.  Blood  Root.  The  rhi- 
zome of  S.  i-aiiadciisis.  Pioiierties  due 
to  several  alkaloids,  mainly  sanguiiiarine. 
Sternutatory,  sialagogue  and  ex|)ectorant. 
In  large  doses  emetic.  Somewhat  useful 
in  atonic  dysjiepsia.  Serviceable  in  chronic 
bronchitis  and  nasal  catarrh.  Thought  to 
have  alterative  ])roperties.  S.  Acetum, 
vinegar  of  S. ;  sanguinaria  lo,  dil.  acetic 
acid  go.  Dose  tTLx-xxx;  as  imelic  3'j~ 
^^ss.  S.  Ext.  Fid.  Dose  n\j-v  as  ex- 
jH-'Ctorant,  n\_x-lx  as  emetic.  S.  Tinct., 
15  |x;r  cent,  strong.  Dose  Tft^'^.^J  ^'' 
es])ectorant,  ,^  j-iij  as  emetic.  Sanguina- 
rine,  the  alkaloid,  unof.  Dose  gr.  ,',  J; 
as  an  emetic  gr.  ^'-^-j.  Sanguinarine  Ni- 
trate.     Unof.       Kx[K'clor.int.       Dose    gr. 

I'.'-i-  .  .      . 

Sanguin'arm.     .Sec  Satii^'uniana. 
San'guine  ( <ani^uis).      IUikhIv. 
Sanguin'eous    (sani;uis).      I'ertaining    to 

the  IiI<mh1.      ItlcKMly. 
Sanguin'olcnt    (sanj^uis).      Having    tin* 

np]H-aiance  of  bloo<l.     Tinged  with  blotxl; 

«s|Kcially  applied   to   the   sjiuta   of  jmeu 

moiiia. 
Sanguisu'ga  (x.;W(,'///j,  snt,'o,{o  suckV     A 

bhxMJ    suikcr.      In    surgi-ry,  0   leei  li       S. 

mcdicinalis  or  officinalis,  a  leeih. 


SANIES 


390 


SAPROSTOMOUS 


Sarnies  [sanguis).  The  thin,  foetid,  green- 
ish, serous  fluid  discliarged  from  ulcers, 
fistulas,  efc.  It  possesses  the  elements 
both  of  pus  and  blood. 

Sa^nious  [sanies).     Pertaining  to  sanies. 

Sanita''riuni  [sanitas,  health).  Same  as 
Sanatorium. 

San^itary  [sanifas).  Pertaining  to  health. 
S.  Science,  the  science  which  includes  a 
consideration  of  all  that  can  be  done  to 
promote  public  health. 

San''ity  [s/inus,  sound).  The  condition  of 
soundness  of  mind. 

Sanson-Purkinje's  Images.  See  Fur- 
kinje-Sanson. 

San^taluni.  Wliite  Sandalwood.  The 
wood  of  a  species  of  S.  album  and  S. 
citrinum,  or  yellow  sandalwood.  Yields 
oil  of  santal,  an  astringent  oil,  useful  in 
chronic  bronchitis  and  gonorrhoea.  Usually 
adulterated  with  oil  of  cedar.  Dose  of  the 
volatile  oil  TTLx-xxx,  in  emulsion  or  cap- 
sule ;  of  the  fid.  ext.,  unof.,  alcoholic, 
3J-iij.  S.  Rubrum,  Red  Saunders,  the 
wood  of  Pterocarpus  saiitolinus.  Imparts 
a  brilliant  red  color  to  ether  and  alcohol. 

Santon''ica.  Levant  Wormseed.  The 
tlower  heads  of  Artemisia  maritima. 
Properties  due  to  a  crystalline  principle, 
santonin.  A  very  efficient  anthelmintic 
against  the  round  worm,  Ascaris  lumbri- 
coides.  In  large  doses  produces  intoxica- 
tion, chromatopsia,  and  mydriasis.  IVIost 
efficient  when  given  with  calomel.  Dose 
gr.  x-xl.  Santoninum,  the  active  princi- 
ple. Dose  gr.  ^-j.  Santonin!  Troch. 
Unof  Each  contains  gr.  ss  of  the  active 
principle.  Dose  ij-x.  Sodii  Santoninas, 
colorless  rhombic  crystals.  Dose  gr.  ij-x. 
Sodii  Sant.  Troch.,  each  contains  gr.  j 
of  the  preceding.     Dose  ij-x. 

San''tonin.     See  Santonica. 

Santori'ni,  Cartilage  of.     See  Cartilage. 

Saphe^nous  [aa(p?/^,  manifest).  Pertain- 
ing to,  or  applied  to  the  saphenous  veins, 
two  sul)cutaneous  veins  of  the  lower  limb. 

Sap^id  [sapio,  to  give  off  an  odor).  Savory. 
Having  a  pleasant  smell  and  taste. 

Sa''po.  Soap.  A  compound  of  a  fatty 
acid  with  an  alkaline  base.  The  acid  may 
be  stearic,  palmitic  or  oleic ;  the  base, 
potash  or  soda, — lime  and  magnesia  soaps 
being  insoluble.  Soaps  with  soda  base  are 
hard ;  those  of  potash  base,  soft.  In- 
ternally, soap  is  laxative  and  antilithic; 
externally,  a  discutient,  which  is  its  chief 
use.  Properties  due  to  excess  of  alkali, 
which  dissolves  the  epidermis.  S.  Alba, 
olive  oil  soap,  castile  soap.    S.  Animalis, 


curd  soap.  Unof.  Prepared  from  animal 
fat  and  soda.  S.  Calcis,  lime  soap.  See 
Lininientum  Calcis.  S.  Emplastrum, 
soap  plaster,  has  soap  lo,  lead  plaster  90 
parts.  S.  Linimentum,  soap  liniment, 
has  soap  10,  camphor  5,  oil  rosemary  I, 
alcohol  70,  water  ad  100  parts.  S.  Medi- 
catus,  made  from  almond  oil  and  .soda. 
S.  Mollis.  Unof  Made  from  olive  oil 
and  potash.  S.  Plumbi  Oxidi,  lead  soap. 
See  Lead  Plaster.  S.  Viridis,  green  soap, 
soft,  and  usually  brrum  in  color.  S.  Vi- 
ridis, Tinct.,  green  soap  65,  oil  lavender 
2,  alcohol  q.  s.,  ad  loo  parts.  Similar  to 
opodeldoc. 

Sapona^ceous  [sapo,  soap).  Having  the 
nature  of  soap. 

Saponifica^tion.  The  chemical  process 
of  saturating  or  combining  an  alkaline 
base  with  a  fatty  acid.  Conversion  into 
soap. 

Sap^onin.  A  glucoside  having  an  irritant 
and  anaesthetic  effect;  applied  locally. 

Sapph''ism.  Tribadism.  The  unnatural 
passion  of  one  woman  for  another. 

Saprae^mia  [acmpoq,  putrid,  aijia,  blood). 
A  febrile  condition  due  to  introduction  into 
the  blood  of  the  chemical  products  of 
putrefaction;  called  also  septic  intoxica- 
tion. 

Sap''rine.  A  ptomaine  found  in  human 
livers  and  spleens  after  three  weeks'  putre- 
faction. The  free  base  is  a  diamine,  pos- 
sessing a  weak,  pyridine -like  odor.  It  is 
physiologically  indifferent. 

Saprogen''ic  [auTrpog,  yevvau,  to  beget). 
Pus-forming. 

Saprog'enous  [aairpog,  yevvau).  Arising 
in  decaying  matter;  applied  to  certain 
species  of  microbes. 

Saproph^ilous  [aawpor,  (fulog,  fond  of). 
Fond  of  or  infesting  decaying  matter. 

Sap^rophyte  [aanpoq,  (jtiirov,  a  plant).  Any 
vegetable  organism  growing  or  developing 
in  decaying  matter.  Applied  especially  to 
certain  forms  of  bacteria,  bacilli,  and  mi- 
crococci found  in  connection  with  putre- 
factive fermentation. 

Saprophy^tic  [aairpnc,  ^vtov).  Pertain- 
ing to  tlie  saprophytes,  a  class  of  color- 
less parasitic  mushrooms,  moulds  or  fungi 
of  a  low  order,  existing  as  spores  or  tubu- 
lar cellules ;  they  play  a  pathogenic  role 
by  finding  a  nidus  upon  the  mucous  mem- 
brane, skin,  etc. 

Sapropy^ra  [aarrpog,  TTvp,fire).  Malignant 
typhus,  or  putrid  fever. 

Saprosto''mous  [amrpnc,  arofin,  a  mouth). 
Having  a  fetiil  or  putrid  smelling  breath. 


SARACA  INDICA 


391 


SASSAFRAS 


Sara'ca  In'dica.  Asak;  Jiv^undi.  The 
hark  is  reputeti  as  an  a>trin>;eiU  uterine 
sedative,  useful  in  nienorrhayia.  l)ose  of 
the  rtil.  ext.  n\^xv— _:5J.     Unof. 

Sarci'na  [ani)niyoi,  tloshy).  A  genus  of 
llie  family  of  Coccacees,  liavini;  spherical 
or  ovoiil  CL'lls  diviiiin<^  in  three  directions, 
thus  producing  cul)ical  masses  of  greaier 
or  less  size.  S.  Aurantiaca,  common  in 
the  atmosphere.  S.  Aurea,  from  tiie 
exudate  of  a  lung  of  corpse  dying  with 
pneuiiicnia  ami  purulent  pleurisy.  S.  In- 
testinalis,  from  intestine  of  chicken.  S. 
Lutea,  widespread  in  air.  S.  Paludosa, 
Riuiul  in  w;iste  water  of  sugar  refineries. 
S.  Pulmonum,  often  fouml  in  patho- 
logical expectorations,  having  no  a-cer- 
tained  p.athogenic  quality.  S.  Rosea, 
found  in  mar>hes.  S.  Ventriculi,  fecund 
in  the  stomach,  l>lood,  ^fc. 

Sar'cine.     See  Hypoxanthine. 

Sarci'tis  (Tn/j^,  t1esh,  -/7/f,  inflammationV 
liitlamniation  of  tieshy  tissue;  especially 
muscular  inflammation. 

Sar'co-  (ffnpf ).  A  Greek  word  used  as  a 
prefix  to  denote  connection  with  or  relation 
to  flesh. 

Saf'cocele  (ffnpf ,  Ki}7.r},  a  tumor).  A  solid 
or  flesh-like  tumor  or  enlargement  of  the 
testicle.  S.,  Hydro-,  complicated  with 
dro|)sy  of  the  tunica  vaginalis. 

Sar'code.     See  Protoplasm. 

Sarcogl'ia  (oapi,  y7ua,  glue).  Sarco- 
jjlasm ;  a  protoplasmic  substance  contain- 
ing granules  and  nuclei  com])osing  the 
eminence  of  1  )oy^re,or  the  |xiint  of  entrance 
of  a  motor  ners'e  into  muscular  filjer. 

Sar'coid  (anpi,  eiAoc,  resembling).  Re- 
scinliliiig  or  having  the  nature  of  flesh. 

Sarcolem'ma  (ryiiK,  ?.e/t/ia,  a  covering). 
A  transparent,  delicate  membrane  sur- 
rounding the  fii)ers  of  muscle. 

Sarcol'ogy  (aap^,  }.oyng,  a  treatise), 
'ihat  [Kin  of  anatomy  treating  of  tlie  soft 
li»Ues. 

Sarco'ma  (naj>^,  omn).  A  conncctive- 
tisiue  neoplasm  or  tumor  consisting  of 
some  moililication  of  embr>'onic  connective 
tissue.  The  various  sub  groups  of  this 
class,  wlujse  characters  are  indicated  liy 
tlicir  names,  are  :  I.  S.,  Round-celled, 
iri(  iudiiig   gli<im:i.      2.   S.,   Oval-cclled. 

3.  S.,  Spindle-celled,  large  and  sn>.dl. 

4.  S.,  Alveolar.  5.  S.,  Mixed.  6.  S., 
Myeloid.  7.  S..  Myxo-.  S.  S..Osteo-. 
<).  S.,  Chondro-.  i'>  S.,  Melanotic. 
II.    Psammoma. 

Sarcoiin'atous  (sar<-omtt).  Like  or  hav- 
ing the  n.iture  of  sarcoma. 


Sarcoph'agous  [ctifii,  <;m-jnv,  to  cat). 
l""le>h  eating. 

Sarcophy'ma  {oupi,  917'rt,  a  tumor). 
Same  as  sarcoma. 

Sar'coplasm.     See  Siir,o^/i,i. 

Sar'coplasts  [(yupi,  Tr/aaau),  to  form).  The 
(sui^ixjsed)  genninal  cells  of  muscular 
tissue. 

Sarcop'tes  (<T«/jf,  ko:tt(j,  to  conceal).  The 
itch  mite,  acarus  scabiei. 

Sar^cosin  (0(j/if ).  An  extractive  principle 
occurring  in  the  blood.  Chemically  it  is  a 
methyl  glycol. 

Sarco'sis  (cap^).  The  condition  of  one 
altected  with  sarcoma.  .Also,  any  abnor- 
mal growth  or  development  of  (lesh. 

Sarcosto'sis  [nap^,  ixyrtov,  lone).  Hony 
formation  or  tumor  in  muscular  tissues. 

Sarcof'ic  (aap^).  Making  or  pro<lucing 
flesh.  Also,  any  agent  or  remedy  induc- 
ing the  growth  of  llesh.  Also,  jK-rtaining 
to  sarcoma. 

Sar'cous  [aap^].  Fleshy.  Pertaining  to 
the  fle.sh. 

Sardon'ic.     See  A\'sus  Snnionicus. 

Sar'kine.     See  Ilypoxanthitii'. 

Sarsaparil^la.  The  root  of  Smifnx  iffici- 
U(i/is,  and  several  other  sj>ecies  of  the 
Smilax  family,  native  to  tropical  .Vmerica. 
Contains  an  essential  oil  and  several  ex- 
tractive principles.  Diuretic,  tonic  and 
alterative.  A  reputed  blood  purifier  and 
an  excellent  vehicle  for  [xjtassium  icnlide. 
Useful  in  tertiary  sypliili--,  scrofula  and 
similar  diseases.  S.  Comp.  Fid.  Ext., 
sarsaparilla  75,  li(|uorice  root  12,  sassafras 
bark  10,  nie/.ereum  3,  glycerine  10,  water 
and  alcohol  q.  s.  ad  loo  \rarls.  Dose  3  ss-j. 
S.  Comp.  Syr.,  sarsap.arilla  1 50,  guaiac 
wcxxl  20,  pale  rose,  liquiirice  hk)!,  si-nna 
AA  12,  s.xssafr.xs,  anise,  gaulthetia  a.l  6, 
sugar  600,  alcohol,  water,  ad  Icxx)  ]>arts. 
Dose  ,^j-.^ss.  S.  Decoctum  Comp., 
sarsaparilla  10,  sassafras,  guaiac  wo<"l, 
liquorice  nxit  aa  2,  me.sercum  i,  water  ad 
100  iwrts.  Dose  .5  )-iv.  S.  Fid.  Ext. 
Dose  .^ss-j.  S.,  Hood's,  a  proprietaiy 
nostrum  com|)o.sed  of  com|).  ext.  sarsap., 
taraxacum,  ]H)<lophyllum  and  juni|K'r  in 
alniut  the  |iro|K)rtiiin  of  their  dosage.  S. 
Syr.,  unipf.,  consists  of  a  mixture  of  the 
oils  of  guultheria  ami  viss.ifras  with  syrup 
</(/  /I'i.  Used  lus  a  flavoring  t»)  .soda 
water. 

Sar'tian  Disease.     .See  I'uriiHiuliti  Ori- 

Sarto'rius.     .'v'c  Afiisrlf. 
Sas'safras.  The  hmiI  bark  of  .S".  ,<fli  inii.'ii. 
I'lojiertiesdue  to  a  volatile  oil.     .\ronuilic 


SASSOLIN 


392 


SCALPEL 


and  stimulant  diaphoretic.  S.  Infus., 
unof.,  "sassafras  tea."  Dose  ad  libitum. 
S.  Medulla,  the  pith  of  the  sassafras 
stem,  useful  with  98  per  cent,  water  as  a 
demulcent  drink.  S.  Oil,  the  volatile  oil. 
Dose  Tt\j-v.  A  constituent  of  sarsaparilla 
syrup. 

Sas^solin.  A  native  boric  acid.  ?>&&  Boron. 

Sas^sy  Bark.     See  Casca. 

Sat^ellite  [satelles,  an  attendant).  In 
anatomy,  the  veins  accompanying  an 
artery. 

Sati^ety  {^satis,  enough).  Fullness  beyond 
desire. 

Satura^tion  [satiiro,  to  satisfy).  In 
pharmacy,  a  term  used  to  denote  that  a 
fluid  holds  as  much  of  a  soluble  substance 
as  it  can  dissolve.  In  chemistry,  that  an 
atom,  molecule  or  radical  has  combined 
with  all  the  atoms  or  radicals  it  can  hold. 

I 
Thus,  carbon,  -C-,  is  saturated  when  it 

is    combined    with   4   monad  or  2  dyad 
H 


atoms,  as 


H-i-H,  or  O  =  C  =  O. 


In 


I 
H 


meteorology,  that  condition  in  which  any 
reduction  of  temperature  will  be  followed 
by  a  precipitation  of  the  aqueous  vapor 
mingled  with  the  atmosphere. 

Sat^urnine  {Saturn,  the  alchemic  .symbol 
of  lead).  Pertaining  to  lead  or  its  toxic 
properties.  Of  gloomy  nature.  S.  En- 
cephalitis, inflammation  or  morbid  con- 
dition of  the  brain,  arising  from  lead- 
poisoning.  S.  Paralysis,  paralysis  from 
lead-poisoning.  S.  Poisoning,  lead- 
poisoning. 

Sat'urnism  [Satiti-n^.     Lead-poisoning. 

Satyri^asis  [aarvpog,  a  satyr).  Excessive 
venereal  desire.  Also,  a  synonym  of 
Lepra. 

Sauri^osis.     See  Ichthyosis  Saiiroderma. 

Sauroder^ma.     See  Ichthyosis  S. 

Sau^sage-poison.     See  Atlantotoxicon. 

Savanna  Flower.  Yellow  Nightshade. 
The  leaves  of  Urechites  siiberecta,  a  highly 
poisonous  West  Indian  plant.  Resembles 
aconite  in  action.  Properties  not  fully 
known.     Unof. 

Sa''vine.     See  Sabina. 

Salvor  {sapor,  taste).  The  taste-producing 
c|uality  of  a  substance. 

Sa''vory  {savor,  an  odor  or  flavor).  Having 
a  pleasant  odor  or  flavor. 

Saw.  A  surgical  instrument  for  the  ex- 
cision or  incision  of  bone.  S.,  Ampu- 
tating, one  especially  devised  for  amputa- 


tions. S.,  Butcher's,  allows  the  blade 
to  be  fixed  at  any  angle.  S.,  Chain,  the 
teeth  are  set  in  links  movable  upon  them- 
selves, of  service  in  certain  amputations, 
as  of  the  hip.  S.,  Hemp,  a  cord  slipped 
over  the  part  to  be  excised,  and  drawn 
back  and  forth  till  it  cuts  through  the  tis- 
sue ;  of  service  in  embryotomy  and  other 
amputations  of  deep-seated  parts.  S., 
Hay's,  a  rigid  disc  with  saw-teeth  and 
handle,  for  enlarging  an  opening,  etc. 

Saw  Palmefto.  The  fruit  of  Saba/  ser- 
rulata.  Sedative,  nutritive  and  tonic. 
Recommended  in  pulmonary  complaints. 
Dose  of  the  fld.  ext.  ^ss-ij.     Unof. 

Sax^ifrage  {saxiim,  a  rock,  frango,  to 
break,  because  sometimes  growing  in  clefts 
of  rocks).  A  genus  of  plants  or  herbs  to 
some  of  which  doubtful  medicinal  proper- 
ties are  ascribed. 

Sayre's  Jacket.  A  jacket  of  plaster-of- 
Paris  moulded  to  support  the  spine  or  part 
in  certain  diseases  of  the  spine. 

Scab  {scabo,  to  scratch).  The  crast  or 
incrustation  formed  by  the  desiccation  of 
the  secretions  of  an  ulcer  or  wound. 

Sca'bies.  Itch.  A  contagious  disease  due 
to  a  parasitic  insect,  usually  the  female  of 
Sarcoptes  scahiei,  which  burrows  under  the 
skin.  Most  frequently  affects  the  softer 
parts,  between  the  fingers  and  the  toes, 
the  inner  surface  of  the  arms,  etc.,  but  may 
extend  to  all  parts  of  the  body. 

Scabrif'ies  {scaler,  rough).  Abnormal 
thickening  of  the  finger  nails. 

Scania  (Lat.  a  ladder).  Applied  to  or- 
gans whose  serial  arrangement  of  parts 
suggests  a  scale  or  ladder-like  appearance. 
S.  Media, the  space  between  the  membrane 
of  Reissner  and  the  basilar  membrane ; 
containing  the  essential  peripheral  organs  of 
hearing.  S.  Tympani,  the  canal  lying 
below  the  osseous  lamina  and  the  basilar 
membrane  of  the  ear.  S.  Vestibuli,  the 
canal  bounded  by  the  osseous  lamina  and 
the  membrane  of  Reissner. 

Scald  (It.  scaldere,  to  heat).  The  injury 
or  destruction  of  tissue  by  hot  liquids. 

Scald-head.     See  Faviis. 

Scale  (Sax.  skal).  A  small  semi-opaque 
lamina  of  detached  cuticle.  Applied  also 
to  an  exfoliation  of  bone. 

Scale'nus.     See  Muscle. 

Scalp  (It.  scalpio,  a  husk).  The  integu- 
mentary covering  of  the  cranium.  Epi- 
cranium. 

Scal'pel  {scalpo,  to  scrape).  A  small, 
straight  knife  used  in  surgery  and  dissec- 
tion. 


SCALPRUM 


393 


SCHIZOPHVTA 


ScaKprum  {sca/po).  A  toothed  raspatory 
Used  in  irepiuning. 

Sca'ly.     Cuvoicd  with  or  having  scales. 

Scammo'nium,  or 

Scam'mony.  I'he  resinous  exudation  of 
L\'HZoI-  tiltis  S.  Properties  due  to  an  active 
l>rinci|>le,  jalajiine.  An  acti\-e,  drastic  ca- 
thartic and  liver  stimulant.  C)f  some  value 
as  an  anthelmintic  against  the  tapewomi. 
Best  coml'ined  with  calomel.  Dose  gr. 
v-x.     S.  Resina.     Dose  gr.  iij-viij. 

Scaph'a.     .'■lee  Jossa  {\a7'iiultiris). 

Scaphoceph'alous  (<T^oC"/,  a  skiff,  e)Keoa- 
/.vr,  the  brain).  Applied  to  a  boat  ;>ha]>ed 
apix^arance  of  the  cranium,  arising  from  os- 
silication  of  the  sagittal  suture  in  infancy. 

Scaph'oid  (nKuipi/)  Poal-shaped.  S. 
Abdomen,  the  sunken  appearance  of  llie 
belly  in  great  emaciation  from  wasting  dis- 
eases. S.  Bone,  a  name  given  to  a  Injat- 
shaped  bone  of  the  tarsus  and  also  to  one 
of  the  c.^q>us. 

Scap'ula  (Lat.).  The  large,  flat,  triangu- 
lar bone  forming  the  back  of  the  shoulder. 
The  shoulder-blade. 

Scapulal'gia  {scapula,  a'/ynq,  a  pain). 
Any  |)ain  in  the  shoulder-blade. 

Scap'ular  {scapula).  Pertaining  to  the 
shoulder-blade.  Also,  to  the  arteries, 
veins,  etc.,  of  tlie  shoulder-blade. 

Scap'ulary  {scapula).  A  shoulder-band- 
age. 

Scap'ulo-  {scapula).  A  prefix  denoting 
relation  to  the  shoulder,  as  S. -clavicular, 
.S.-coracoiil,  S.- costal. 

Scar.     See  Cicatrix. 

Scarf'skin.     The  epidermis  or  cuticle. 

Scarifica'tion  {scorificio,  to  make  a  small 
scratch).  The  surgical  o|>eration  of  making 
numerous  small,  su|x;rlicial  Incisions  or 
punctures,  for  giving  vent  to  fluids  or  gases, 
reducing  inflammation,  or  producing  cica- 
trices. 

Scar^ificator  {scari/icio').  An  instrument 
used  in  scarilication.  It  consists  of  a  ninii- 
Ix-r  of  small  lancets,  operated  by  a  .spring, 
so  that  a  numl>er  of  slight  incisions  arc 
made  synchronously. 

Scarlati'na  (scarlet).  An  epidemic,  ex- 
antlii  in.itous,  contagious  di.scase  character- 
i/ed  Ijy  a  .starlet  flush  spreading  pro- 
gressively from  the  face  over  the  iMxly, 
ending  in  alxjut  the  seventh  day  in  des<|ua 
mation  of  the  cuticle.  It  is  confined 
mainly  to  children.  S.  Maligna,  a  graver 
and  usually  a  fatal  form.  It  is  thought  to 
U-  iileiiliral  with  Cynattche  malif^nii. 

Scarlatin'iform,  or 

Scarlat'inoid.     Uescmbling  .scarlatina. 


Scarlat'inous.  Having  the  nature  of  or 
l)cnaining  to  sciulatina. 

Scarlet  Fe'ver.     See  Scarlatina. 

Scar 'pa.     See  Trian^U. 

Scav'enging  (A.  S.,  sca/c/i).  Kiiuiival 
of  the  waste  products  and  the  cleansing  of 
out -houses,  sewers,  etc. 

Schachowa.     See  J'ubule. 

Scheele's  Green.  The  arsenitc  of  copj)er. 
See  t  oppcr. 

Schei'ner's  Exper'iment.  To  illustrate 
the  refraction  of  the  lens  during  acconuno- 
dative  action,  by  two  jiinholes  in  a  card  a 
less  distance  ajiart  than  the  diameter  of 
the  pupil ;  ujxjn  looking  through  them  at 
two  needles,  one  behind  the  other,  the  one 
needle  not  looked  at  ajux-'ars  tlouble. 

Sche'ma  {(^x^na,  fonn).  Figure  or  design 
maile  by  the  abstraction  of  certain  e.\iep- 
tions  or  peculiaiilies,  in  order  to  show  the 
general  law  or  tyjie. 

Schemat'ic  {(\\iiiia).  Pertaining  to  or  of 
the  nature  of  a  schema.  S.  Eye,  one  show- 
ing the  projxjrtions  of  a  normal  or  typical 
eye. 

Schiff's  Test.  (Tor  uric  acid.)  Uric 
acid,  or  an  urate  in  a  .solution  of  an  alkaline 
carl>onate,  dro])ped  upon  a  blotting  paper 
saturated  with  a  .scilution  of  silver  nitrate, 
forms  a  black  sjiot  by  reduction  of  the 
silver. 

SchindyPesis.     See  Synarthrosis. 

Schis'to-  {n\inTac,  cloven).  A  prefix  de- 
noting a  fissure  or  cleaving. 

Schistoceph'alus  (ff  t"^""f>  Kf<pn^>l,  head). 
A  monster  with  a  fis.sure  of  the  skull. 

Schistoproso'pia  (ffA''^rof,  TzpoauTov, 
face).  A  cavity,  "  cleft- face,"  in.stcail  of 
the  middle  of  the  face ;  a  failure  of  devel- 
opment of  the  first  branchial  :u-ch  and 
nasal  |)rocess  of  the  frontal. 

Schistor'rhachis  (o^  (crrof,  /■xiv'd  'he 
spine).  A  condition  of  cloven  spine,  the 
canal  containing  two  chaiuuls.  Al.so, 
s|)ina  bifida. 

Schistotho'rax  {nxicr<tr,Outitai).  I'is.sure 
of  tile  stcrniuii  or  chest. 

Schizomyce'tes  {axi^t^,  to  cleave,  //i'kw, 
fungus).  The  general  name  for  bacteria  or 
microU'S.  During  their  devclopnu-nial  or 
first  stage,  they  are  not  true  parasites,  lull 
only  when  |K-netrating  into  the  IiIixkI  and 
tissues.     Sec  Schizophyta. 

Schizophy'ta  (e\ilu>,  t^v-rm',  n  |>lant,  to  pro 
(hue).     Schi/oniycelcs,  or  mierolH-s  in  a 
(lrie<l  state,  from  the  «va|ioration  or  »lt  sic 
taiion  of  the  nioisiurt-  in  whiiii  thi-y  were 
contained;   in  whicii  state  ili<  y  in.iy  pre- 
serve lluir  vitality  Ux  years,  and  U-  w.ifird 


SCHLEMM'S  CANAL 


394 


SCLEROGENOUS 


through  the  air  until  striking  a  soil  and 
moisture  suitable  for  their  development. 

Schlemm's  Canal.     See  Canal. 

Schneide'rian.     See  Membrane. 

Schreger's  Lines.  Curved  lines  in  the 
dentine  of  teeth. 

Schwann,  Sheath  of.  The  neurilemma 
of  nerve,  a  delicate,  stractureless  membrane, 
investing  the  white  sheath. 

Schwann,  White  Substance  of.  The 
medullary  sheath  or  myelin  of  a  nerve 
fiber. 

Sciat^ic  (contraction  of  ischiaticiis,  the 
ischium).  Pertaining  to  the  ischium.  S. 
Nerve.  See  A'>rzv.  S.  Notch,  Mt'^rt'^/', 
a  large  notch  of  the  ischium  transmitting 
the  pyriformis  muscle  and  the  gluteal  ves- 
sels and  nerves ;  the  lesser,  between  the 
posterior  inferior  iliac  spine  and  the  ischial 
tuberosity.  S.  Spine,  a  triangular  emi- 
nence on  the  posterior  border  of  the  body 
of  the  ischium. 

Sciat^ica  {^sciaticus,  pertaining  to  the 
ischium).     Neuralgia  of  the  sciatic  nerve. 

Sci^ence  (^scio,  to  know).  Classified  knowl- 
edge. 

Scientif'ic  {scientia,  "knowXtdge,  facto,  to 
make).  That  which  is  based  upon  knowl- 
edge.    Relating  to  science. 

SciFla.  Squill.  The  bulb  of  S.  7narithna, 
found  near  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  Prop- 
erties due  to  a  glucoside,  scillitin,  and 
several  other  principles.  An  excellent  ex- 
pectorant and  diuretic  when  combined 
with  digitalis  and  ipecacuanha.  Useful  in 
cardiac  dropsy,  chronic  bronchitis,  and 
with  tartar  emetic,  in  croup.  In  large 
doses  an  emetic  and  gastro-irritant.  Dose 
gr.  j-iv.  S.  Acetum,  "  vinegar  of  squill," 
lo  per  cent,  in  strength.  Dose  rr^x-^j. 
S.  Fid.  Ext.  Dose  n\j-v.  S.  Syr.,  has 
of  the  preceding  40,  sugar  60,  water  q.  s. 
Dose  gss-j.  S.  Syr.  Comp.,  contains 
squill,  senna,  aa  120,  tartar  emetic  3,  sugar 
1200,  calcium  phosphate  9,  dil.  alcohol 
and  water  ad  2000.  Commonly  known  as 
Coxe's  Hive  Mixture.  S.  Tinct.,  15  per 
cent,  strong.     Dose  Tr\^v-xxv. 

Scintilla'tion  [scintillo,  to  sparkle).  An 
emission  of  sparks.  Also  a  subjective  vis- 
ual sensation  as  of  sparks. 

Scir^rhoid  [oKippo^,  ei.Sog,  like).  Re- 
sembling or  having  the  nature  of  scir- 
rhus. 

Scirrhosar''ca  [cKip'pog,  <^o.p^,  flesh).  The 
scirrhous  hardening  of  the  flesh  of  new- 
born infants. 

Scir^rhous  (aKip/)0(;).  Pertaining  to  scir- 
rhus  or  hard  cancer. 


Scirrhus,  or 

Scir^rus  (amppoq).  Hard  tumor,  a  form 
of  carcinoma. 

Scis^sion  [scindo,  to  cut).  A  cutting  or 
splitting  of  anything. 

Scis^sors  (scindo).  An  instrument  with 
crossed,  closing  blades  for  cutting  or  divid- 
ing tissue.  The  blades  may  be  straight;, 
angular  or  curved.  S.,  Canula,  scissors 
for  slitting  any  canal  or  tube  longitudinally. 
S.,  Iris,  those  having  flat  blades  which 
are  bent  in  such  a  manner  that  they  may 
press  against  the  eyeball.  Also,  scissors 
used  in  iridectomy.  S.  Uvula,  those  de- 
signed for  removal  of  the  uvula.  S. 
de  Wecker's,  a  peculiar  modification  of 
iris  scissors. 

Scissu^ra  (Lat.).  A  fissure,  rent  or 
cleavage. 

Scle^ra.     See  Sclerotic. 

Scleral  Extraction.     See  Extraction. 

Sclerecta''sia  {aK/j/po(,  hard,  Enraaig,  ex- 
tension).    See  Staphyloma. 

Sclerec'tomy  (aK7ir]poc,  ektoj-U],  excision). 
Excision  of  a  portion  of  the  sclera. 

Sclere'ma  (^aKATjpog).  Sometimes  used  as 
a  synonym  of  Scleroderma.  S.  Adult- 
orum,  a  synonym  of  Scleroderma.  S. 
Neonatorum,  an  induration  of  the  skin, 
becoming  general  and  usually  appearing 
within  two  or  three  days  after  birth,  though 
sometimes  congenital.  Attended  by  de- 
creasing strength  and  lowered  vitality. 
Rare,  and  always  fatal.  Has  no  relation 
to  Scleroderma. 

Scleri^asis  [aKAijpoi;).  Any  abnormal  in- 
duration or  hardness  affecting  any  part. 

Scleri'tis.     See  Sclerotitis. 

Scle^ro-  [oKh/pog,  hard).  A  Greek  word 
used  as  a  prefix  to  denote  hardness  or  in- 
duration. S. -choroiditis.  Inflammation 
of  the  choroid  coat  of  the  eye,  involving 
the  sclerotic  coat.  S. -conjunctival,  per- 
taining conjointly  to  the  sclerotic  coat  of 
the  eye  and  the  conjunctiva.  S. -corneal, 
pertaining  conjointly  to  the  sclerotic  coat 
and  the  cornea  of  the  eye. 

Scleroder^ma  [aKAijpoc;,  rfepwd.skin).  Scle- 
rema; Scleroma  adultorum,  "  Hide-bound 
Disease."  A  subacute  or  chronic  affection 
of  the  skin  marked  by  induration,  rigidity, 
and  sometimes  attended  by  change  of 
color.  May  be  diffuse  and  symmetrical, 
S.  Diffusa;  or  confined  to  a  particular 
area,  S.  Localis,  Morphoea,  Circum- 
scribed Sclerodoma.  This  disease  is  dis- 
tinct from  Sclerema  neonatorum. 

Sclerog^enous  (aiiXiipoq,  yEvvau,  to  beget). 
Becoming  hard. 


SCLEROMA 


395 


SCROFULA 


Sclero'ma  (aK?.r/iwr).  An  abnomial  hard- 
ness or  induration  of  a  jxirt. 

Sclerome'ninx  ((T»i/.///K)f,  ni/vqi,  a  mem- 
brane I.     The  dura  malcr. 

Scleronyx'is  [aK/ijimc,  rv^i<;,  a  pricking). 
I'uncture  of  the  sclerotic. 

Sclerophthal'mia  (aK/.tjpoq,  ophthalmia). 
A  svnoiiym  of  trachoma. 

Sclerosarco'ma  \CK'/.iipoq,  sairoma,  a 
fleshy  tumor).  A  hard,  fleshy  Imiior  or 
excrescence. 

Sclero'sis  (<T\/7//Jof).  The  sclerotic  pro- 
cess consists  essentially  in  an  overgrowth 
of  the  connective  tissue  (usually,  but  not 
always,  preeedin;^  tlie  :itro|)hy)  of  nervuus 
structures.  S.,  Annular,  extending  al>out 
the  cord  like  a  ring,  in  some  c;ises  of 
chronic  myelitis.  S.,  Diffuse,  when  the 
increase  in  connective-tissue  elements  is 
through  ;i  large  part  of  the  brain  or  cord.  S., 
Disseminated,  or  Insular.  See  /nsii/ar. 
S.,  Lobar,  Infantile  Hemi|>legia,the  lesion 
being  sometimes  a  sclerosis  and  cavity  of 
the  central  hemisphere  of  the  brain.  S., 
Miliary,  a  microscojiic  lesion  shown  by 
staining  reagents  in  the  cerel>ellar  white 
substance.  S.,  Posterior  Spinal.  See 
Talus.  S.,  Primary  Lateral,  or  I'rimary 
Spastic  Paraplegia,  from  sclerosis  of  the 
pyramidal  tracts  chiefly  running  in  the 
lateral  columns.  The  symptoms  are,  first, 
weakne-ss  of  the  legs,  extensor  spasm, 
"  clasi>-knife  rigidity,"  the  dragging  gait, 
excessive  myotalic  irritability,  <•/£■.  Chance 
of  recovery  and  danger  to  life  both  small. 

Sclero-skeleton.  Osseous  de|K)sil  in  liga- 
ments and  tendons. 

Sclerofic  ((TK////K<r).  Hard,  indurated. 
Pertaining  to  the  outer  coat  of  the  eye. 
S.  Coat.     See  Sclerotica. 

Sclerot'ica  ((TK/z/^of).  Commonly  called 
the  sclerotic,  or  the  .sclerotic  coat ;  the  firm, 
tough,  while,  outer  memliraiie  of  tin  eye- 
ball, continuous  with  tin-  shealli  of  tiie 
optic  nerve  Ixrhind  and  witii  the  cornea  in 
front. 

Sclerot'ico-choroidi'tis.  .\  common 
inflainmati'in  of  the  sclerotic  and  choroid 
tunic  of  till-  eyi-,  t  ither  anterior  or  jxjsterior. 

Sclcrotin'ic  Acid.     See  /:>;'"/. 

Sclcro'tis  {<7K'/.r/iKir,  har<l).  The  ergot  of 
ryi-,  formifl  by  the  mycelium  of  th<-  gernn- 
n.'ition  of  the  .s|jliacelium.  Called  <lavi- 
cep<,  pii>pu>a. 

Scleroti'tis  (oh?.Tif>»r,  irir,  inflammation). 
Inflammation  of  the  sclerotica. 

Sclero'tium.     Same  as  Krj^til. 

Sclc'rotome  (nx'/i/iHn:,  re/ivu,  to  cut).  A 
knife  used  in  sclerotomy. 


Sclcrot'omy  {aK/iiiHn;,  -tfiviS).  The  opera- 
tion of  incising  the  sclerotica. 

ScolecoI'Dg^.     See  lltlmintholoi^-. 

Sco'lex  {(TK(j?.i/^,  a  wonn).  An  encysted 
worm,  t.enia,  or  hydatid. 

Scolio'ma  (^aKo'/.tuuii).  Curv.nture  of  the 
spine. 

Scolic'sis  (a\()?./oc.  cur^■ed).  Any  morbid 
di>tortion  or  cur^•alure  of  the  sjiine. 

Scoliot'ic  (anii/joc).   Pertaining  to  scoliosis. 

Scoop.  In  surgery,  an  instrument  resemb- 
ling a  s|xx>n,  for  tiie  extraction  of  foreign 
l>odies  from  the  softer  tissues. 

Scopa'rius.  I'.room.  The  tojis  of  the 
common  iirooin  plant,  Saio/liiimniis  S. 
Properties  due  to  a  neutral  principle,  scopa- 
rin,  anil  an  alkaloid,  sparteine.  Iliuretic 
and  laxative;  in  large  doses  cathartic  and 
emetic.  A  favorite  remedy  in  cardiac 
dro]isy  and  kidnry  complaints.  l)o>e  of 
an  3J  to  Oj  decoction,  _^j. 

-scope  [oKn-fi),  to  examine).  A  Creek 
verb  used  as  a  suflix,  signifying  to  see  or 
examine. 

Scopc'lein.  An  alkaloid  extractive  of 
SiOpolia  ja/ioniia.  A  jwwerful  mydriatic 
more  raj)id  and  more  lasting  than  atropine. 
Not  overcome  by  e.scrinc.  Recommended 
in  keratitis  and  corneal  ulcers.     Unof 

Scoracra'tia  [miup,  f;eces,  oKjtnrin,  want 
of  control).  Involuntary  evacuation  of 
the  bowels. 

Scorbu'tus.     .See  Sciiny. 

Scoto'ma  (ckotoui,  to  darken).  A  fixed 
spot  or  sjjace  in  the  field  of  vision,  corre- 
S|)oniling  to  some  abnormality  in  the  retina 
or  optical  centres  of  the  brain.  Ring 
S.,  zones  of  S.  surrounding  the_  centre 
of  the  visual  tlui<l.  S.  for  Colors,  may 
exist  without  interruption  of  lield  for  white 
light. 

Scourge.  .Any  .severe  epidemic  <li.sease 
of  a  fatal  character.  .Al^o,  a  religious 
mania  of  the  i  ?tli  and  I.jth  centuries  char 
acteri/ed  by  the  self-flagellation  of  the 
jxrrsons  affected.  Also,  to  strike  the  skin 
with  liglit  willies,  or  with  kiiott<-<l  cords  in 
order  to  pnxluce  counter-irritation. 

Scour'ing.  Purging.  Also,  <liarrlnfa. 
S.  Rush,  the  stalksof  I'.i/uiir/nni  hyeiiiiil,-. 
l)iur('tic  and  astringent.  |)o>eof  fld.  exi. 
rrLxx-'i^j.      Unof 

Scrjv'ener's  Palsy.  See  I'.i ralys i s, 
ll'rit,rs. 

Scrofula  (dim.  of  scrota,  n  sow).  A 
morbid  condition,  usually  mnsiiiutional, 
and  freiiuenlly  hendilar), ch.inultri/ed  by 
glandular  tumor>,  having  n  tendency  toNup 
puration,  leaving  indolent  uU  t-rs  ver)'  stub- 


SCROFULODERMA 


396 


SECERNING 


born  to  treatment.  It  is  apt  to  attack  the 
internal  organs,  and  is  not  infrequently 
precedent  to  phthisis  and  mesenteric  affec- 
tions. 
Scrofuloder''ma  iyscrofula,  depfia,  the  skin). 
A  term  applied  to  several  forms  of  suppu- 
rating dermatitis.  Most  commonly  occur- 
ring in  the  skin  over  caseating  and  softening 
lymphatic  glands.  Begins  with  a  red,  livid 
node,  which  subsequently  increases  until  a 
large  surface  is  involved,  with  infiltrations 
and  burrowing  sinuses.  Divided  into  two 
classes,  the  large,  and  the  small,  pustular. 
In  rare  cases  takes  the  form  of  ulcerous, 
wart-like,  or  fungous  gi'owths. 
Scrof^ulous  [s<ro/h/a).    Having  the  nature 

of  scrofula.     Affected  with  scrofula. 
Scrophulelco'sis  {^scrofa,  e/iKuaig,  ulcera- 
tion).    Scrofulous  ulceration. 
Scrophulophy^ma    {scrofula,    (pv/ua,    tu- 
bercle).    Scrofulous  tumors  of  the  skin. 
Scro^tal    {srro/u///).      Pertaining     to    the 
scrotum.     S.  Hernia,  the  gut  having  pro- 
truded through  the  external  ring  and  occu- 
pying the  scrotum.     Oscheocele.    . 
Scro'tocele     {scrotum,    Krfki],    a    tumor). 
Same  as  Hernia,  Scrotal. 
Scro'tum  (Lat.,  hide,  skin).     The  pouch 
containing  the  testicles. 
Scru^ple   {scriipiiluin).     In  Apothecaries' 
weight,  20  grains.     Represented   by  the 
sign  3. 

Scull-cap.     See  Skull. 
Sculte^tus,  Bandage  of.     See  Bandage. 
Scurf.     The   bran-like   exfoliation  of  the 
epideiTnis,  especially  from  the  scalp.     It  is 
popularly  known  as  "dandriff." 
Scur'vy  {scorluilus).     A  form  of  Purpura 
observed  both  on  land  and  at  sea  among 
persons  who  have  been  deprived  of  whole- 
some diet  for  any  length  of  time.     It  is 
aggravated  by  want  of  cleanliness  and  by 
a  diet  of  fat,  salt  meat.     It  soon  disappears 
under  a  vegetable  diet,  vegetable  acids,  etc. 
The  prevalence  of  scurvy  among  soldiers 
and  sailors  has  led  to  the  issue  of  canned 
fruits  and  vegetables  in  the  U.  S.  aiTny  and 
navy,  with  excellent  results. 
Scutella^ria.     Skull-cap.    The  leaves  and 
twigs  of  S.  lateriflora.    Has  reputed  prop- 
erties as  a  tonic  nervine,  in  tremors,  chorea, 
hysteria,  etc.    Dose  of  the  fid.  ext.  .^ss-ij. 
Scu^tiform    {scutum,    a  shield,  forma,  a 

foim).     Having  the  form  of  a  shield. 
Scu^tum   (Lat.   a   shield).     The   thyroid 

cartilage. 
Scyb'alum  {aKv[]a7MV,  fa.'cal  matter).    Ab- 
normally hard  faecal  matter  that  has  aggre- 
gated into  lumps. 


Scyth-'ian  Disease.  Atrophy  of  the  male 
generative  organs,  with  consequent  loss  of 
physical  power,  masculinity,  etc. 

Scytoblaste''ma  {aKvroq,  s\nt\d,jHacTr]^a, 
germ).  The  primitive  or  embryonic  stage 
of  the  development  of  the  skin. 

ScytoblastC'sis  ((XCTrof,  (i?LaarT//ja).  The 
condition  and  progress  of  scytoblastema. 

Seam.     See  Suture. 

Sea-sickness.  The  nausea  and  vomiting 
affecting  persons  at  sea,  or  those  who  are 
subjected  to  any  undulatory  motion  like 
that  of  a  vessel. 

Seasoning  Fever.  The  febrile  symptoms 
occurring  during  the  process  of  acclimati- 
zation. 

Sea-tangle.  The  stem  of  Laminaria 
digitata,  a  marine  plant.  The  dried  stem, 
introduced  into  a  moist  orifice  or  part, 
swells  and  dilates  the  cavity. 

Sea-wrack.     See  Fucus  Vesiculosus. 

Seba^ceous  {sebum,  suet,  fat).  Pertaining 
to  fat  or  suet,  and  especially  to  the  S. 
Glands  of  the  corium  of  the  skin.  S. 
Cyst,  Wen;  Atheroma;  Steatoma.  A 
cystic  tumor  varying  in  size  from  a  millet 
seed  to  an  orange,  situate  in  the  skin  or  sub- 
cutaneous tissue.  It  occurs  most  frequently 
on  the  scalp,  face,  back  and  scrotum,  and 
may  be  single  or  multiple.  S.  Flux.  See 
Scborrhaea. 

Sebip'arous  {sebum,  fario,  to  beget). 
Forming  or  producing  sweat. 

Seborrhce'a  {sebum,  ptu,  I  flow).  Seba- 
ceous Flux  ;  Stearrhoea ;  Seborrhagia ; 
Acne  Sebacea ;  Pityriasis ;  Ichthyosis 
Sebacea ;  Tinea  Amiantacea ;  Tinea  Ab- 
estina.  A  disorder  of  the  sebaceous  glands 
producing  an  increased  secretion,  which 
forms  a  waxy,  oily,  or  scaly  deposit  on  the 
surface  of  the  skin.  May  be  general  or 
local.  When  the  sebaceous  matter  forms 
diy  scales,  it  is  called  S.  Sicca;  if  larger 
thin  plates,  S.  Ichthyosis ;  if  fine,  dry, 
shining,  powdery  scales,  Ptyriasis  (See, 
also,  Pityriasis),  or  Dandriff ;  if  thin 
and  oily,  S.  Oleosa  ;  in  tlie  foreskin  of 
the  penis,  Smegma  Preputii.  A  rare 
form  of  S.  Sicca  attended  with  hypertrophy 
of  the  skin  and  loss  of  hair,  has  been 
described  by  Michelson  under  the  name  of 
Alopecia  Pityrodes  Universalis.  S.  Con- 
gestiva.  See  Lupus  Erythematosus.  S. 
Nigricans.  See  Chromidrosis. 
Se'bum.  See  Sevum. 
Seca'le  Cornu''tum.  See  Ergot. 
Secern'ing  {secerno,\.o  hide).  Secreting; 
applied  to  the  function  of  a  gland  or  a 
follicle. 


SECONDARIES 


397 


SEMICIRCLl-AK  CANALS 


Sec'ondaries  (jc<///;<///j-,  second).  A  name 
Sllnletil^c^  applied  to  the  secondarj'  symp- 
toms of  syphilis  in  contradistinction  from 
tlie  Primaries. 

Sec'ondary    (sfc»nt/an'us).      Following, 

succeeding  to  a  first.     S.  Cataract.     See 

Cijfaract.  S.  Haemorrhage,  ."^cc //i-wo/ - 

rhage,  Consicittive.     S.   Syphilis.      See 

Syphilis. 

Second  Intention.     See  Healing. 

Secre'ta  (^st-cono,  to  hide).  The  substance 
secreted  by  a  gland,  follicle  or  other  or^'an. 

Secre'tion  (^scccmo').  The  nalunil  function 
of  certain  organs  of  the  Inxly,  mainly  the 
glands  and  follicles.  It  consists  in  the 
separation  and  elaloration  of  lluid  or  semi- 
fluid substances  dilTering  according  to  the 
organ  in  which  they  are  secreted.  Also, 
the  sul>stance  secreted. 

Secreto-mo'tor.  Used  of  nerves  inter- 
mediating the  function  of  secretion. 

Secre'tory  ^sccerno').  Performing  secre- 
tion ;  applied  to  tho.-^e  glands  or  organs 
that  form  or  produce  secretions. 

Sectio,  or 

Sec'tion  {^seco,  to  cut).  Division  by  cut- 
ling.  Dissection.  Caesarean  S.  See 
Cesarean  Operation.  Perineal  S.  See 
Crethroloiny,  Lithotomy.  S.  of  Ten- 
dons.    See  Tenotomy. 

Secun'dine  {secundus).  The  "after- 
birth," or  that  which  remains  in  the  uterus 
after  the  expulsion  of  the  fetus.  It  in- 
cludes the  placenta,  part  of  the  umbilicus, 
and  the  membranes  of  the  ovum. 

Sed'ative  {sedeo,  to  sit).  An  agent  that 
exerts  a  soothing  effect  by  lowering  func- 
tional activity. 

Sedenta'ria  Os'sa  {sedeo,  ossa,  a  bone). 
'l"he  ischia  an<l  os  coccygis,  the  Injnes  on 
which  the  lody  rests  while  in  a  silling 
|K)Sture. 

Sed'entary  [srdeo).  Occupied  in  sitting. 
Pertaining  to  the  habit  of  .-.itting. 

Sed'iment  {sedeo).  That  which  settles  to 
the  l«f)tlom  of  a  lii|uid. 

Sed'litz.     Sec  .Seid/itz. 

Se'dum  A'cre.  A  plant  common  in  .New 
I'',ngland,  under  the  name  of  ^llllll  pef>per. 
It  is  antiscjiri'Utic,  <-metic  and  cathartic; 
also  incrca.scs  tht:  pul.se  rate.     Unof 

See.     To  exercise  the  sen.sc  of  vision. 

Seed.     See  .Semen. 

Scg'ment  {seco,  to  cut).  A  small  piece 
cut  from  the  pfriphcr)'  of  anything. 

Segmcnta'lion  Spheres.     Sec  Momla. 

Scg'regate  (if,  by  f>n<\  self,  ^'/r.r,  a  fl(x:k). 
'\^i  M-par:itc  or  set  a|>art. 

Sci'dlitz  Powder.     Sec  Potaaium. 


Seiz'ure.  The  sudden  onset  of  a  disease 
or  an  attack.  In  surgery,  the  grasping  of 
a  i>art  lo  be  operated  ujKin. 

Selec'tion  (.?«•,  ones  self,  Ugo,  to  choose). 
The  act  of  expressing  or  indicating  a 
choice.  S.,  Artificial,  the  artificial 
choice,  definitely  i)lanned,  of  such  fonns 
of  animals  or  plants  as  will  by  tlifferentia- 
tion  develop  and  reproduce  given  or  de- 
sired characteristics.  S.,  Natural,  the 
survival  of  those  individuals  of  a  si>ecies 
which  can  licst  develoj)  uniler  the  con- 
ditions and  circum>tances  of  environment. 

Sele'n^  (fft/./yi//,  the  moon).  The  white 
s|X)ts  sometimes  occurring  on  the  fmger 
nails. 

Selen'ium  {atkiivri).  Se  =  79.4;  (|u.in- 
livalence  IV.  A  rare  element,  resembling 
sulphur  in  its  i)roiKTties. 

Self-abuse.     See  Mastmbation. 

Self-digestion.     See  Autodigestion. 

Self-infection.  The  sjiread  of  infectious 
material  frt)m  a  k>cali/ed  part  to  others  or 
to  the  entire  organism. 

Self-limited.  A  term  applied  to  certain 
diseases,  especially  tlio.se  of  a  zymotic 
character,  which  run  a  definite  course,  and 
cease,  without  much  modification  by  treat- 
ment. 

Sel'la  Tur'cica  (Turki.sh  S.iddle).  The 
l)ituitary  fossa  of  the  sphenoid  bone,  lotlg- 
ing  the  pituitary  body. 

Selt'zer.  An  abbreviated  name  for  seltzer 
water,  a  famous  acid-soda  mineral  water. 

Sel'za  Water.     See  Seltzer. 

Semeiog'raphy  (ar//uiov,  sign,  ypa<pu,  to 
write).  A  descriptive  treatise  on  the  symp- 
toms of  disease. 

Semeiol'ogy  (ayficim>,  h)yo^,  a  discourse). 
Same  as  Sym/>tomatology. 

Semeio'sis  [ai/iinnv).  The  study  of  symp- 
toms as  indications  of  disease. 

Semeiot'ic  [ai//itiuv').  Pertaining  to  semei- 
olics. 

Semeiot'ics  {nj//iciov).  The  science  of 
svni|iloinatology. 

Scmelin'cident  {semrl,  once,  in,ido,  to 
hapi)c-n).  Pru|xjsed  as  a  tiesignution  of 
the  characteristic  of  certain  tliseases  by 
virtue  of  which  they  occur  but  once  in  the 
saiu'-  individual,  as  e.  g.,  small|>ox. 

Se'mcn  [ser.i,  to  s«>w).  The  fecundating 
tluiil  of  the  male,  chielly  secreted  by  the 
testicles,  comjiosod  of  the  liquor  scminis, 
the  seminal  gmmdes,  and  S|XTmato/c>a. 

Scm'i-  (semi,  one-half).  \  Latin  word 
usi<l  as  a  jirefix  to  denote  the  half  of  any- 
thing. 

Scmicir''cular  Canals.     Sec  Canal. 


SEMILUNAR 


398 


SEPTIC 


Semilu''nar  [sc/iii,  luna,  the  moon).     Re- 
sembling a  half-moon  in  shape.    S.  Bone, 
one  of  the  carpal  bones.     S.  Cartilages, 
two  interarticulating  cartilages  of  the  knee. 
S.  Fold,  the  conjunctival  folding  at  the 
inner  canthus.    S.  Ganglia,    "nee  Ganglia. 
S.  Notch,  a  notch  in  the  scapula  through 
which    the    supra-scapular    nerve    passes. 
S.  Valves.     See   Valves. 
Semimembrano''sus.    See  Muscle-Table. 
Sem^ina.     PL  of  semen. 
Sem^inal  (semen).  Pertaining  to  the  semen. 

S.  Vesicles.     See  VesicuLc  Seminales. 
Semina''tion   (semen).     The  intromission 
of  semen  into  the  uterus. 
Seminif''erous    (semen,  fero,    to    carry). 
Carrying  semen.     S.  Tubules,  the  fine, 
convoluted  canaliculi  of  the  testicles. 
Semispina'lis.     See  Muscle-Table. 
Semis^sis  (Lat.).     One  half. 
SemisuPcus.     Applied  to  several  grooves, 

foitning  sinuses  in  the  cranial  bones. 
Semitendino''sas.     See  Muscle-Table. 
SeneC'tus  (senex,  old).     Old  age. 
Sen^ega.  The  root  of  Polygala,  S.    Prop- 
erties-due to  a  glucoside,  senegin  (or  poly- 
galin).       Expectorant     and    diuretic ;    in 
large  doses  a  gastro-intestinal  irritant.  Use- 
ful   in     bronchitis,     typhoid     pneumonia, 
asthma,  etc.     S.  Abstractum.     Dose  gr. 
v-x.     S.   Fid.  Ext.     Dose  rr|^x-xx.     S. 
Syr.,  contains  fid.  ex.   l6o,  water  of  am- 
monia 4,  sugar  600,  water  ad  1000  parts. 
Dose  3J-ij. 
Senes''cence  (se7iex).     Growing  old. 
Seni'lis    (senilis,  old).       Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  nature  of  old  age.     S.,  Arcus. 
See  Arcus. 

SeniPity  (senis).  The  weakness  and  de- 
crepitude characteristic  of  old  age. 
Sen^na.  The  leaflets  of  Cassia  acutifolia 
and  C.elongata.  Contains  a  complex  glu- 
coside, cathartic  acid,  and  other  extractives. 
An  excellent  cathartic  for  children  and  in- 
fants. S.  Confectio,  senna  10,  corian- 
der 6,  cassia  fistula  16,  tamarind  10,  prune 
7,  fig  12,  sugar  50,  water  60  parts.  Dose 
3J-ij.  Known  as  "  Tamar  Indien  "  and 
"  Tropical  Fruit  Laxative."  S.,  Fid. 
Ext.  Dose  "T^y  S.,  Infus.  Comp., 
"  black  draught,"  senna  6,  manna,  mag- 
nesium sulphate  aa  12,  fennel  2,  water  loo 
parts.  Dose  5J-iij.  S.,  Syr,  senna  33, 
sugar  60,  alcohol  4,  oil  of  coriander  and 
water  to  100  parts.  Dose  ^ss-ij. 
Sensa''tion  (sentio,  to  feel).  The  cogni- 
zance or  perception  of  an  impression  com- 
ing from  an  external  source,  by  means  of 
the  peripheral  organs  of  sensation. 


Sense  (sentio).  The  faculty  of  the  nervous 
system  whereby  impressions  of  the  ex- 
ternal world  are  received  by  the  mind. 
Organs  of  the  Senses,  are  those  of 
touch,  taste,  smell,  hearing  and  sight. 
SensibiPity  (sentio).  The  capability  of  re- 
ceiving and  transmitting  impressions,  and 
of  being  conscious  of  them.  S.,  Organic, 
the  capability  of  transmitting  and  receiving 
impressions  without  being  conscious  of 
them.  (Bichat).  S.,  Range  of.  See 
Fechner''s  Law. 
Sen-'sible  (sentio).  Endowed  with  the 
sense  of  feeling. 

Sen^sitive  (^^-^/Z^)).     Capable  of    feeling; 
reacting  to  stimulus. 

Senso'rial  (sensorium).     Pertaining  to  the 
sensorium. 

Sensori-mo''tor  (sensus,  feeling,  moveo,  to 
move).  A  term  applied  to  certain  nerve- 
fibers  conjointly  concerned  in  the  phenom- 
ena of  feeling  and  muscular  contraction. 
S.  Centers,  the  same  as  or  intimately 
associated  with  the  motor  centers. 
Senso''rium  (Lat.).  The  common  center 
of  sensations.  More  especially  that  part 
of  the  brain  that  is  the  seat  of  sensation, 
in  distinction  from  the  centers  of  thought 
and  motion. 
Sen'sory  (sentio).  Pertaining  to  sense  or 
sensation.  Having  the  quality  of  sensation. 
S.  Nerves,  those  that  convey  sensations 
or  impressions  to  their  proper  centers, 
being  afi"erent  in  their  function,  in  distinc- 
tion from  motor  nerves,  which  are  efferent. 
Also,  the  nerves  of  the  special  senses. 
Sen^sualism  (sensus).  The  condition  of 
being  controlled  by  or  of  giving  way  to  the 
animal  passions. 

Sen^tient  (sentio).  Having  sensation; 
conscious  of  feeling. 
Septal  (sepalitm).  One  of  the  leaflets  or 
divisions  of  the  calyx  of  a  flower. 
Separato^rium  (separo,  to  separate).  In 
pharmacy,  a  strainer.  In  surgery,  an  in- 
strument for  separating  the  pericranium 
from  the  skull. 

Sep'sin  (ffz/i/'/f,  poison).  A  toxic  ptomaine 
found  in  putrid  yeast,  and  in  decomposed 
blood.     Composition  unknown. 
Sep''sis  (arjxpig).     In  a  toxic  or  putrefying 
condition.    Synonymous  also  with  infection 
or  pathogenic  germs. 
Septse^mia.     See  SepticcEmia. 
Sep''tic  (ai]TTu,   to  putrefy).     Relating  to 
putrefaction.      S.   Infection,    the  infect- 
ive absorption  of  sejitic  material.     S.  In- 
toxication,  non-infective    absorption    of 
septic  matter. 


SEPTICEMIA 


399 


SERIM 


Septicae'mia  {01,-0,  tufia,  blood V  An  in- 
fective disease  caused  by  the  absoq>iii>n 
of  septic  prmlucts.  /V«-w/<;  is  septic.eniia 
with  the  fonn.uion  of  second;u^'  or  em!  ohc 
abscesses. 

Septico-pyae'mia.  The  condition  of  com- 
bined septic.vniia  and  py.vmia ;  septic  and 
jiurulent  infection.  Called  sfintuiifoitx  by 
I^uIh.',  and  krypto-i^fuc-tic  l>y  Jiirgensen, 
because  of  inabihly  to  trace  tlie  source  of 
the  infection. 

Sep'tine  (ffy-rof).  A  poisonous  sulistance 
develo|)ed  as  the  ultimate  prwluct  of  i)utrid 
fermentation  of  ori^anic  matter. 

Sep'tum  (Si/'io,  to  hem  in).  A  lamina  or 
division  wall  of  l)one,  cartilage,  or  mem- 
brane. S.  Auricularum,  the  partition 
wall  l>et\veen  the  riL,'ht  and  left  ventricles 
of  the  heart.  S.  Cerebelli,  the  sejuum 
of  dura  mater  l>et\veen  the  cerel>ell.ir 
halves.  S.  Cerebri,  the  falciform  process 
of  dura  mater  of  the  cerebrum.  S. 
Cordis,  the  wall  between  the  two  sides 
of  the  heart.  S.  Crurale,  the  layer  of 
areolar  ii>sue  clusin;^  the  femoral  ring.  S. 
Lucidum,  that  l)et\veen  the  lateral  ventri- 
cles of  the  brain.  S.  of  Nose,  that  l>e- 
tween  the  two  nasal  fossiie.  S.  Pectini- 
form,  that  lietween  the  lateral  [x^rtions  of 
the  corpu-s  cavemosum  of  the  penis.  S. 
Transversum,  the  diaphragm,  and  also 
the  tentorium  cerel)elli. 

Seque'la  (sfi/uor,  to  follow).  The  con- 
seijuences  or  abnormal  conditions  following 
the  abatement  of  a  disease. 

Sequestrecf'omy  [sequestrum,  FKTe/ti'u,  to 
excise).      Kxcision  of  a  sequestrum. 

Seques'trum  (,?<•(//«■  j/;v,  to  separate  from). 
A  detached  or  dead  piece  of  IxDne  within 
a  cavity,  al)sce.ss,  or  wound.  S.,  Primary, 
that  entirely  detached  and  dcmain'ing 
removal.  S.,  Secondary,  j)artially  de- 
tached, and  unless  ver)'  loose  may  be 
{lU-shed  into  place.  S.,  Tertiary,  cracked 
or  partially  detached  and  remaining  firmly 
in  place. 

Seralbumin.  The  albumin  found  in 
the  tiKxxl,  in  distinction  from  tliat  of  the 
egg,  ai'alhuntin. 

Se'rial  (^etiii,  a  succession).  Following 
in  regular  order.  S.  Sections,  anaiomic.il 
or  microscopical  sections  made  in  con.secu- 
tive  order. 

Se'rious  (scriui,  grave).  A[)plie<l  to  such 
niorlnd  condition-s  or  symptoms  as  in<iicate 
fat.d  prognosis. 

Scr'olin  (sfium,  oUum,  oil).  A  fatly  con- 
stituent of  bIcKxJ. 

Sc'ro-  [serum).     A    prefix  denoting;  con- 


nection with  or  relation  to  senim.  S.- 
purulent,  inrtaining  to  or  being  of  the 
nature  of  a  combination  of  serum  and  pus. 
S.-sangumeous.  Having  the  nature 
l>oth  of  serum  and  blcnxi. 

Seros''ity  [serum').  Having  the  (juality  or 
likeness  of  serous  lluids,  but  not  true  secre- 
tions of  st'ious  nieinl 'lanes. 

Sero-sub'limate  Gauze.  See  Listerictn 
M.thod. 

Se'rous  (jfV-«w).  Having  the  nature  of 
sennn.  Full  of  serum.  S.  Membrane. 
See  Mentbrane. 

Ser'pens  (Lat.).  Serjientine,  sinuous.  S. 
Ulcus,  a  lislulous  ulcer. 

Serpenta^ria.  \'irginia  .Snake-root.  The 
rcHjts  of  Aristolochiit  S.  and  .-/.  retitulata. 
IVo|>erties  due  to  a  volatile  oil,  a  camphor- 
resin,  and  a  bitter  extractive.  \  stinuilant, 
tonic  and  diaphoretic,  promoting  ap])etite 
and  digestion.  Used  mainly  as  a  vehicle 
for  other  medicines.  Dose  of  the  fid.  ext. 
TTLx-xxx ;  of  the  tinct.,  ID  per  cent,  in 
strength,  _^  ss-ij. 

Ser'pentine  (  5(r/<-w  j).  .Sinuous.  Re- 
sembling snake-like  iorvn.  or  movement. 

Serpig'inous  [serpo,  to  creep).  Kesem- 
l)ling  seq)igo.  Also,  applied  to  such  skin 
diseases  as  move  or  creep  progressively 
from  one  part  to  another.  S.  Ulcer,  one 
that  changes  its  locus,  or  seems  to  creep 
from  one  part  to  another. 

Serpi'go  [seifo).    Ringworm.    See  Tinea. 

Ser'ra  Sal'via.  WiUl  Sage.  Sage-bnish. 
The  herb  Artemisia  fri^'ii/d,  connnon  in 
the  basin  region  of  N.  America.  .Xnli- 
j)erio<lic,  with  many  of  the  pro|>crties  of 
(luinine.       1  )o.se  of  lid.  ext.  .^j-ij.      L'nof. 

Ser'rated  [serru,  a  saw).  Notched  like 
tlie  iil.iile  of  a  saw. 

Serraf'iform  [serra,  forma,  x\.  form).  .Same 
as  srnated. 

Serra'tus.     See  Musele -Table. 

Serre-fine  (Fr.).  A  small  suture  u.sed 
in  accurate  ajiixjsition  of  the  lips  of  a 
wound. 

Serre-nceud  (Fr.).  An  instrument  used 
for  li^^ating. 

Ser'rulate  (dim.  of  sena).  Minutely 
iiotchi-d  or  serrati-d. 

Sc'rum  (Ijit.).  The  yellowish  fluid  scjMi- 
rating  from  the  blocxi  afli-r  the  idagulaiion 
of  the  fibrin.  .See  Jilos/.  S. -albumin, 
a  native  albumin  ox  pmleld  constiiiu-nt  of 
the  human  IkmIv,  es|><-('iully  of  the  blood, 
difT«-ring  from  egg  albumin  in  several  re- 
s|i«-cls.  Changc-alile  into  synlonin  or  acid- 
albumin  by  dilute  hydiiH'iiloric  aiid,  nn<l 
by  dilute  alkalies   into  alkalinlbuminutc 


SERUMURIA 


400 


SHOT-GUN  PRESCRIPTION 


S. -globulin.  See  Para-globnlin.  S. 
Lactis,  whey. 

Serumu''ria.     See  Albiiminui'ia. 

Ses^ame  O^leum.  Benne  Oil.  A  fixed 
oil  expressed  fi-om  the  seeds  of  S.  indiciitn, 
or  Benne  plant.  Resembles  olive  oil  in 
composition  and  properties.  Employed 
mainly  as  a  hair  oil. 

Ses''amoid  [arjaa^iov,  a  grain  [of  corn], 
EL('toQ,  like).  Resembling  a  grain.  S. 
Bones,  small  bones  (cartilaginous  in 
early  life)  developed  in  tendons  submitted 
to  much  pressure. 

Ses^qui-  (Lat.,  one  and  one-half).  A 
prefix  denoting  one  and  one-half. 

Sesquiox^'ide  of  Iron.  Fenic  oxide,  a 
salt  of  iron  having  the  composition  Fe203. 

Se^ta  (Lat.).     A  bristle. 

Seta''ceous  (^setd).     Bristly,  hairy. 

Seta'ceum.     See  Seton. 

Sexton  [seta').  A  sinus  kept  from  healing 
by  the  introduction  and  drawing  through 
it  of  a  thread. 

Setschenow's  Inhibitory  Center.  A 
cerebral  mechanism  for  the  inhibition  of 
reflex  movements.  Supposed  to  be  lo- 
cated in  the  corpora  quadrigemina  and 
medulla. 

Sc'vum  (Lat.).  Suet.  The  adipose  tissue 
or  fat  from  the  abdomen  of  the  sheep, 
strained  and  clarified.  Soluble  in  benzine 
and  ether.  Consists  mainly  of  stearin, 
with  a  small  percentage  of  palmitin  and 
olein.  Used  in  the  preparation  of  ointments 
and  liniments. 

Sew^age.  The  heterogeneous  substances 
constituting  the  excreta  and  waste  matter 
of  domestic  economy  and  the  contents  of 
drains.  It  consists  mainly  of  putrescent 
animal  and  vegetable  tissues,  faecal  matter 
and  urine — the  latter  in  a  state  of  ammo- 
niacal  fermentation — mixed  with  water,  or 
dissolved  in  it.  In  the  jjrocess  of  fermen- 
tation, marsh  gas,  ammonia,  hydrogen  sul- 
phide, and  other  gases,  are  freely  given 
off,  and  as  these  are  more  or  less  soluble 
in  water,  an  ordinaiy  water-trap  only  ])ar- 
tially  prevents  their  passage.  In  addition, 
the  constituents  of  the  sohition  are  such 
as  to  form  an  excellent  culture  fluid  for 
numerous  pathogenic  microbes,  especially 
those  constituting  the  contagium  of  cholera, 
typlioid  fever  and  similar  diseases.  S. 
Farming,  use  of  sewage  as  a  manure. 

Sex-.  A  Latin  numeral  used  as  a  prefix, 
meaning  six. 

Sex  [seco,  to  divide).  The  distinctive  dif- 
ference of  organic  beings  expressed  by 
male  and  female. 


Sexdig''ital  {^sex,  six,  digitus,  a  finger). 
Having  six  fingers  or  six  toes. 

Sex^uaL  Pertaining  to  sex.  S.  Diseases, 
diseases  of  the  sexual  organs.  S.  Inter- 
course, copulation. 

Sexuality.  The  collective  differences 
which  in  an  individual  make  such  an  one 
male  or  female. 

Shad^ow-test.     See  Retinoscopy. 

Shaft.     The  trunk  of  any  columnar  mass. 

Shakes.     Popular  for  Ague. 

Shaking  Palsy.     See  Paralysis. 

Shampoo''ing.  The  performance  of  mas- 
sage with  the  application  of  a  liniment  or 
other  fluid  substance. 

Sharpey's  Fibers.  Calcified  fibers  of 
white,  fibrous  tissue  bolting  together  the 
peripheric  lamellfe  of  bone. 

Sheath.  Applied  to  the  coverings  of 
arteries,  muscles,  nerves,  fascia,  etc.  S.  of 
Schwann.     See  Schwann. 

Sheep  Laurel.     See  Kahnia. 

Sheep -pox.  A  contagious  pustular  dis- 
ease of  sheep  similar  to  the  cow-pox  of  bos. 

Sheep  Sorrel.  The  leaves  of  common 
sorrel,  Rnmcx  acetosclla.  Acidity  due  to 
potassium  oxalate  and  tartrate.  Refrige- 
rant and  diuretic.  An  excellent  drink  in 
fevers.  Useful  as  an  antiscorbutic.  Dose 
of  infu.sion(7(^/ //3.,of  fld.  ext.  3J-ij.   Unof. 

Shells.  Tinted  spectacles,  for  protection 
of  the  eyes.     Coquilles. 

Shin  (Sax.,  seine,  the  fore-part  of  the  leg). 
The  popular  term  for  the  anterior  edge  of 
the  tiljia  or  fore-part  of  the  leg.  S.-bone, 
the  tibia. 

Shin''gles.  A  popular  name  for  herpes 
zoster. 

Ship  Fever.     Typhus  fever. 

Shiv'er.  A  tremor  or  shaking  of  the  body. 
It  may  arise  from  a  sense  of  coldness,  but 
it  is  often  concomitant  with  or  symptomatic 
of  fevers,  especially  those  of  a  contagious 
and  epidemic  nature. 

Shock.  The  depression  or  grave  effect 
produced  by  severe  injuries,  operations,  or 
strong  emotion.  S.,  Secondary,  or  In- 
sidious, a  second  attack  occurring  after 
the  first. 

Shoddy  Fever  (or  Disease).  A  febrile 
condition  caused  by  the  inhalation  of  the 
dust  in  making  "shoddy"  yams  and  fab- 
rics. It  is  characterized  by  feverishness, 
headache,  nausea,  dtyness  of  the  mouth, 
dyspnoea,  cough  and  expectoration. 

Short-sight.     See  Alyopia. 

Shot-gun  Prescription.  One  with  many 
ingredients,  with  the  hope  that  some  one 
may  cure  the  disease. 


SHOULDER 


401 


SLNAllS 


Shoul'der.  The  jxjpuhir  designation  of 
the  scapulo- clavicular  arlicul.uion  aiul 
adjacent  paris.     S.  Blade,  the  scapula. 

Show.  A  jxipular  lorin  K>r  a  saiiguiiio- 
serous  discharge  from  the  birtli-canal  prior 
to  lal)or. 

Shower-bath,  Electrical.  See  EUclrical 
SliL'wer-bath. 

Shriv'el.  To  shrink  in  bulk  and  become 
wrinkled. 

Shud'der.  A  convulsive  but  momentary 
tremor,  caused  usually  by  fright,  disgust  or 
nervous  shock. 

Sial'aden  {aia/xtv,  saliva,  nf'r/'S  a  gland). 
A  salivar)'  gland. 

Sialadeni'tis  {sin  la  Jen,  iriq,  intlam- 
mation).  Inflammation  of  the  salivary 
glaiuis. 

Sialadenon^cus  {siti/ai/en,  oyKog,  a  tumor). 
A  tumor  of  the  ,>ialivar)'  glands. 

Siaragogue.     See  /'/)'(//</;■•(><,'-«<•. 

Si'alin  [aia/^n').  Pertaining  to  or  having 
the  nature  of  ,<aliva. 

Sialo-lithi'asis  [ata?.or,  }.ifln^,  a  stone). 
The  presence  of  salivary  calculi. 

Sialon'cus  {aia7.ov^  o}Kog,  a  tumor).  A 
tumor  under  the  tongue  arising  from  tlie 
ob.struction  of  the  duct  of  the  salivary 
gland  iiy  calculus  or  other  cause. 

Sialorrhce'a  (cr/a/or,  pru,  to  flow).  Saliva- 
tion.    M.\cessive  flow  of  .saliva. 

Sib'i  (pron.  simbi).  A  Fiji  term  for  an 
ele|)hanti.'isis  or  tumor  of  the  leg  or  arm. 

Sib'ilant  (si/>i/o,  to  hiss).  Articulating  with 
a  hissing  sound.  Also,  the  nature  of 
certain  wheezy  sounds  observed  in  auscul- 
tation. 

Sick.  111.  Not  well.  In  Knglaiid  the 
term  commonly  means  nau.seated,  or  "sick 
at  the  stomach."  "  S.  Time,"  [xipularly 
used  for  the  [K-riod  of  men.struation. 

Sick-headache.  Headache  with  nausea, 
anorexia,  <•/(-.     Migraine. 

Sick'ness.  Nausea.  Also,  a  general  term 
including  all  morbid  conijitions.  S., 
Monthly.     Sec  Afi'iislruniiott. 

Side.  A  lateral  half  of  the  Ixxlyorof  any 
bilateral  organ. 

Sidero'sis  (ntih/fior,  iron).  Tlie  pigmenta- 
tion of  the  lymphatic  glands,  liver  and 
kidneys,  v>  called  from  the  presence  of  iron 
in  the  pigment. 

Sieve.  A  vessel  with  a  reticulated  lioltom. 
Used  for  the  s<"|)aratioti  of  |)ulveri/rd  fr<,m 
coarse  sulMances.  The  gauge  of  the  sieve 
is  usually  cxprcwd  in  the  numl>cr  of 
meshes  |XT  .V|uare  inch. 

Sigault's     Operation.      See    Cesarean 
Operation. 
26 


Sigh.  A  j>eculiar  prolonged  and  deep  in- 
spiration. 

Sight.  That  sen>e  by  which  the  im.age  of 
an  object  projected  ui>on  tiie  retina  is  con- 
veyed to  tlie  mind.  S.,  Day.  See  //<•- 
moitlopiii.  S.,  Long.  See  II\p(>\'pi,i. 
S.,  Night.  .See  A'wtalopia.  S.,  Old. 
See  Preshyopia.  S.,  Short.    See  Myopia. 

Sig'moid  ycsiytiay  fn'i«;,  likeness).  Hearing 
a  reseml>lance  to  the  shape  of  the  letter 
Sii^ma.  S.  Catheter,  shapeil  like  an  .S, 
for  passing  into  the  female  bl.uiiler.  S. 
Flexure,  the  l>end  in  the  colon  l>etwcen 
the  descending  jKirtion  ami  the  rectum.  S. 
Valves,  the  cardiac  semilunar  valves. 

Sign  [.^ii^mtw,  a  mark  or  device).  In 
|iathology,  any  tliagnostic  symptom.  In 
pharmacy,  a  conventional  cluu-acter  imply- 
ing a  direction  or  order. 

Sig'na  (-w";'/;<>,  to  make  a  sign).  In  pre- 
scription-writing, a  conventional  term 
meaning  "  mark."  It  designates  the  physi- 
cian's directions  to  the  p.atient  concerning 
the  medicine  prescril>ed. 

Sil'ica.  The  oxide  of  silicon,  SiO^.  It 
iiccurs  in  nature  in  the  mineral  form,  of 
which  sea-sand  is  a  familiar  example. 

Silic'ious  (\i/ici>>/).  Having  the  nature  of 
or  containing  silicon. 

Silic'ium.     See  Si /icon. 

Sil'icon.  .Si  z=  28 ;  quantivalcnce  iv. 
( )ne  of  the  elements,  and,  next  to  oxygen, 
the  most  aliundant,  forming  al>out  one- 
fourth  the  crust  of  the  glol)c.  In  medicine, 
it  is  u-sed  in  the  form  of  an  alkaline  silicate 
only.  See  J\'tiissiunt,  Soi/iuw,  and  ..'/■/i'- 
f/rsi/tni. 

Sil'ver.     See  /ir^^ni/utn. 

Silver-fork  Deformity.  A  jx-culiar  dis- 
placement of  the  wri>t  and  hand  in  frac- 
ture of  the  lower  extremity  of  the  nidiu^. 

Simple  (sinip/t-x).  Nut  coin|)lex.  Con- 
sisting of  a  single  ingredient.  Not  com- 
pound. 

Sim'ples.  A  common  tenn  for  herbs 
having  a  medicinal  value. 

Sims'  Depres'sor.  An  instrument  for 
holibng  b.n  k  the  wall  of  the  vagina  in 
examination  of  that  cavity. 

Sims'  Fced'er.  An  instrument  for  aiding 
in  the  suture  of  tissues. 

Simula'tion  (f/w«/.>,  to  feignV  In  medi 
cine,  thr  feigning  or  counterleiting  of  dis- 
ca.se.     'l"he  pretence  of  a  malingerer. 

Sim'ulo.  The  fruit  of  certain  .sjK'cies  of 
hvssop.  I)OM?  of  the  tincture  ^ss-iij. 
r'nnf. 

Sin'apis.  MuMnrd.  The  vcds  of  .V.  rt/^«j, 
white   mustard,  and   .V.  ni^'ra,  black  ntas 


SINAPISM 


402 


SKULL 


tard.  It  contains  a  feiinent,  myrosin, 
and  a  crystalline  substance,  that  when 
moistened  unite  to  form  a  volatile  oil  of 
allyl  sulpho-cyanide.  Locally,  a  powerful 
rubefacient;  internally,  a  stomachic  stimu- 
lant; in  large  doses  an  emetic.  Much 
used  locally  in  the  form  of  the  well- 
known  "mustard  plaster."  S.  Ol.,  the 
volatile  oil.  Dose  rrL>-s-X-  S-  Charta, 
mustard  paper,  consists  of  black  mustard 
mixed  with  solution  of  gutta  percha  and 
spread  on  paper.  S.  Liniment.  Comp., 
contains  oil  of  mustard  3,  ext.  mezereum 
2,  camphor  6,  castor  oil  15,  alcohol  ad 
100  parts. 

Sin^apism  {^sittapsis,  mustard).  A  mus- 
tard plaster. 

Sincip''itaL     Pertaining  to  the  sinciput. 

Sin^ciput  {semi,  caput,  head).  The  supe- 
rior and  anterior  part  of  the  head.  Also, 
the  top  of  the  head. 

Sin^ew  (A.  S.,  situi).  Tendinous  or  liga- 
mentous tissue. 

SinguFtus.     See  Hiccough. 

Sin^istrad  [sinister,  the  left  hand).  To- 
ward tlie  left. 

Sin^istral  {sinister).  Pertaining  or  be- 
longing to  the  left  side. 

Sin^uous  {sinuo,  to  wind).  Wavy;  ap- 
plied especially  to  tortuous  fistula;  and 
sinuses. 

Si'nus  (Lat.,  a  gulf).  A  cavity  or  canal 
within  bone,  the  dura  mater,  etc.  Applied 
also  to  the  pathway  or  canal  leading  from  an 
abscess.  S.  of  Aorta.  See  S.  of  I  'alsalva. 
S.,  Cavernous,  a  venous  sinus  at  the  base 
of  the  skull  receiving  the  inferior  anterior 
cerebral  veins,  and  communicating  with 
the  lateral  sinuses  and  the  facial  vein.  S., 
Circular,  a  venous  sinus  surrounding  the 
pituitary  body.  S.,  Coronary,  that  por- 
tion of  the  great  cardiac  vein  situated  in 
the  posterior  part  of  the  left  auriculo-ven- 
tricular  groove.  S.,  Longitudinal  {s7^p. 
and  inf.),  venous  sinuses  of  the  falx 
cerebri.  S.,  Maxillary,  the  antrum  of 
Ilighmore.  S.,  Petrosal  (2),  venous 
sinuses  along  the  borders  of  the  petrous 
])ortion  of  the  temporal  bone.  S.  Pocu- 
laris.  See  Vesicula.  S.,  Prostatic, 
fossae  on  each  side  of  the  veru  montanum 
perforated  by  the  orifices  of  the  prostatic 
ducts.  S.,  Pulmonary,  the  cavities  be- 
hind the  semilunar  valves  of  the  pulmonaiy 
artery.  S.,  Uro-genital,  the  cavity 
in  the  embryo  in  which  end  the  ducts  of 
the  Wolffian  bodies,  ureters,  etc.  S.  of 
Valsalva,  cavities  behind  the  aortic  semi- 
lunar valves. 


Si''phon  [ai<puv,  a  tube).  A  bent  tube,  one 
leg  being  longer,  used  to  transfer  a  liquid 
from  one  vessel  to  another.  Trocars 
and  aspirating  instruments  constructed  on 
this  principle  are  called  8. -trocars  and 
S.- aspirators. 

Siphono^ma  {Gi(pov,o/ia,  tumor).  A  perito- 
neal cylindroma,  sometimes  called  Henle's 
tubular  tumor. 

Si'ren  (aitptjv,  a  mythical  being  who  en- 
ticed by  her  singing).  An  instrument  for 
studying  the  qualities  and  properties  of 
musical  sounds. 

Sirenom^elus  [aeipi/v,  /Lie?M(;,  limb).  A 
class  of  symmelic  monstrosities  in  which 
the  extremities  terminate  in  a  point,  with- 
out hands  or  feet. 

SitioFogy  [airiov,  nourishment,  Tiuyog,  a 
treatise).  A  treatise  on  nourishment  or 
dietetics. 

Sitiopho'bia  ((7zr/ov,0o/3of, dread).  A  form 
of  insanity  marked  by  abhorrence  of  food. 

Si^tus  [situs).     A  position. 

Sitz^bath  (Ger.,  sitz,  a  seat).  A  hip-  or 
half-bath  ;  a  bath  taken  in  a  sitting  posture. 

Si'zy  [siza,  glue).  Viscous,  like  glue  or 
size. 

Ska''tol  (ff/vwp  [cTKarof],  f^ces).  Methyl- 
indol,  a  constant  ciystalline  constituent  of 
human  fKces,  formed  during  putrefaction 
in  the  intestine.  It  gives  to  faeces  their 
peculiar  odor. 

SkeletoFogy.     See  Osteology. 

SkeFeton  (o/cfAeroi').  The  articulated 
framework  of  the  bones  of  the  body. 

Skene's  Tubes.  Minute  tubular  out- 
growths from  the  rudiments  of  the  Wolf- 
fian ducts,  corresponding  to  the  vesiculse 
seminales  in  the  male. 

Skew  Muscles.  Triangular  or  quadri- 
lateral-shaped muscles,  the  plane  of  whose 
line  of  origin  intersects  that  of  the  inser- 
tion. 

Skias''copy.     See  Ketinoscopy. 

Skin  (A.  S.,  scin).  The  external  protec- 
tive membranous  covering  of  the  body. 
Also  the  organ  of  touch.  Composed  of 
three  layers,  the  epideiTnis,  or  scarf  skin, 
the  cutis  (derma),  or  true  skin,  and  the 
rete  viucosunt,  which  gives  the  color  to 
the  skin.  S. -bound.  See  Scleroderma. 
S. -grafting.     See  Graft. 

Skleri^asis.     See  Scleroderma. 

Sko'da's  Sign.  A  percussion  sound  or 
resonance  of  a  peculiar  kind  in  pleural  ef- 
fusion. 

Skull  (Dan.,  skal).  The  superior  expan- 
sion of  the  vertebral  column,  the  protective 
bony  covering  or  holder  of  the  brain  and 


SKUNK  CABBAGE 


403 


SODIUM 


organs  of  the  special  senses,  consisting  of 
the  cranium  and  face.  The  cranium  is 
made  up  of  8  Ixjnes — the  occipital,  2  parie- 
tal, frontal,  2  temptiral,  sphenoiil  and  eth- 
moid. The  face  is  comjKised  of  14  Insnes 
— two  each  n.isal,  suj'>erior  maxillar)',  lach- 
rAm.d,  malar,  palate,  inferior  turbinated 
and  one  each  vomer  and  inferior  maxil- 
lar)". S.  Cap,  the  dome  of  the  skull.  S., 
Landmarks  of,  the  eminences,  chiefly 
the  frontal  anil  parietal,  the  2  temjxjral 
ridges,  the  sutures,  and  the  following 
points  :  Asterion,  the  junction  of  the  oc- 
cipital, parietal  and  tcm|xiral  lones. 
Basion,  the  middle  of  the  anterior  wall 
of  the  foramen  magimm.  Bregma,  the 
junction  of  the  sagittal  and  coronal  sutures. 
Gonion,  the  angle  of  the  lower  jaw. 
Hormion,  the  junction  of  the  vomer  and 
sphenoid  bones  in  the  median  line. 
Inion,  the  external  occipital  protuber- 
ance. Lambda,  the  junction  of  the  .sag- 
ittal and  lamtxloidal  sutures.  Nasion, 
the  junction  of  the  nasal  and  frontal  l)ones. 
Obelion,  the  sagittal  suture  between  the 
parietal  foramina.  Ophryon,  the  |X)int 
of  crossing  of  the  middle  line  and  a  hori- 
zontal line  on  a  level  with  the  superior 
border  of  the  eyebrows.  Pterion,  the 
point  of  junction  of  the  great  wing  of  the 
sphenoid  and  the  frontal,  parietal  and  squa- 
mous bones.  Stephanion,  Inferior,  the 
intersection  of  ridge  for  tem|>oral  muscle 
and  coronal  suture.  Stephanion,  Supe- 
rior, intersection  of  ridge  for  tem|K)ral 
fascia  and  coronal  suture.  Vertex,  the 
most  elevated  point. 

Skunk  Cabbage.  The  root  of  Symploiar- 
pus  fatiiiiis.  Stimulant,  antispasmcxlic 
and  narcotic.  Dose  of  lid.  ext.  n)_x-xl. 
L'nof. 

Sleep  (A.  S.,  j/rf-/).  Tlie  state  of  rest  and 
reeui)cration  of  the  bodily  aixl  mental  vol- 
untary powers.  The  consciousne.ss  may 
alsol)e  inactive  or  dreaming — /.^..without 
the  guidance  ami  data  of  the  will  anil 
lower  centers,  and  hence  illogically  func- 
tional.   S. -walking.   .See  Somnamhulism. 

Sleeping-sickness.     See  African  J.eth- 

"'.<>'■ 

Sleepy.     Inclined  to  sleep. 

Slide.  The  glxss  plate  on  which  micro- 
.stopic  bjx^cimens  arc  placed  for  exami- 
nation. 

Sling.  A  swinging  bandage  and  carri.age 
for  supf)ortirig  a  fractured  limb. 

Slough  (Sax.,  ilo^,  a  foul  hole).  The  sepa- 
rating and  dying  particles  of  lis.sue  in 
5uj)purativc  and  ulcerative  processes. 


Sludge  (A.  S., jA^;',  mud).   Sewage-deposit. 

Smallpox.     See  Variola. 

Smart-weed.  See  I\'lygonufn  HyJr,>- 
pipfroiJrs. 

Smeg'ma  (cr//;/)/ia,  a  cleansing  substance). 
The  sebaceous  accretions  upon  the  skin. 
S.  Embryonum.  See  l\rnix.  S.  of 
Prepuce,  the  caseous  substance  secreted 
by  the  foUicles  of  the  jirepuce. 

Smell.  The  perception  of  an  odor  by 
means  of  the  olfactory  ner\'e. 

Smelling  Salts.  A  iKJjiuIar  name  applied 
to  various  preparations  of  ammonium  car- 
Ixinate  llavored  with  aromatic  substances. 

Snake-root,  Black.     See  Cimi,i/i4}^a. 

Snare.  .\  surgical  instrument  for  the  ex- 
cision of  polypi,  eU.,  in  deep-seated  cavi- 
ties. 

Sneeze  (Sax.,  ni^ran).  To  ex|)el  the 
breath  audibly  and  si)a.>modically  tlirough 
the  nose  for  the  removal  of  mucus  or  for- 
eign lx)dies. 

Snellen's  Types.     See  Test-types. 

Snore  (.\.  .S.,  snora').  To  breathe  through 
the  nose  in  such  a  manner  as  to  cau>e  a 
vibration  of  the  uvula  and  soft  palate, 
thereby  proilucing  a  deep,  audible  tone. 

Snout.      The  nose  of  an  animal. 

Snow-blindness.     See  Blindness. 

Snuffles.  .\  jxjpular  name  for  a  catarrhal 
discliarge  from  the  nose  in  infancy.  It  is 
not  infrequently  symptomatic  of  a  specitic 
disease. 

Soap.  See  Sapo.  S.  Bark.  See  Quit- 
Ilia. 

Soap^wort.  Bouncing  Bet.  The  root  of 
Saponaria  o/^cinali.<.  rro|)erties  due  to 
an  extractive,  .sajxinin.  A  paralyzant  to 
jieripheral  ner\e-endings  and  respiratory 
centers.  An  useful  alterative  in  .syphilitic 
and  scrofulous  c<)m|)laints.  Dose  of  lid. 
ext.  tT^xv  -  ^  j.      l'nof 

So'cia  Parot'idis  (I.at.).  An  occasional 
small,  separate  lol>c  of  the  parotid  glanil. 

Social  Evil.     Prostitution. 

Sociol'ogy  [u'lius,  a  fellowl>eing,  ^oj"Ci 
a  treatise).  A  treatise  on  the  mutual  rela- 
tions of  jH'ople  and  of  stK'ial  organization. 

So'da  (.\rab.).  'Ihe  oxiile,  N.x/ ).  of  the 
metal  sodium.  Also,  pipularly.  almost 
any  salt  of  sodium.  See  .S'o</iu'n.  S. 
Water,  the  so  called  soda  water  sold  by 
dmggists  and  confectioners  consists  of  til- 
lered water  impregnati-d  or  aerated  with 
carlion  dioxide.  Contains  no  Mj<la.  The 
flavoring  syru|)s  arc  fre<iucntly  unwhole- 
some.     A  good  refrigerant. 

So'dium  (gen.  sr,/ii).  Na  -  23;  <iunntiv»- 
Icncc  I ;  Sp.  gr.  0.972.     A    metal  of   the 


SODOMY 


404 


SOLUTION 


alkaline  group,  characterized  by  strong 
affinity  for  oxygen.  It  has  a  silver-white 
luster,  and  is  softer  than  lead.  It  decom- 
poses water,  forming  sodium  hydrate.  The 
action  of  sodium  salts  is  similar  to  that 
of  potassium  compounds.  S.  Acetas, 
diuretic,  a  good  saline  draught.  Dose 
gr.  xx-^j.  S.  Bicarbonas,  HNaCOj, 
"  salseratus,"  "  baking  soda  ;  "  antacid  ;  20 
gr.  neutralize  16. 7  gr.  of  citric  acid  or 
17.8  gr.  tartaric  acid.  Effervescent.  Much 
used  for  the  aeration  of  quick-made  bread. 
Dose  gr.  x-^j.  S.  Bicarb.  Troch., 
each  contains  gr.  iij  of  the  salt.  S. 
Bicarb.  Venalis,  commercial  bicarbon- 
ate. S.  Carbonas,  Na,^C03,  antacid;  20 
gr.  neutralize  9.7  gr.  citric,  or  10.5  gr.  tar- 
taric acid.  Effervescent.  Dose  gr.  v-xxx. 
S.  Carb.  Exsiccatus,  the  carbonate  dried 
until  it  loses  50  per  cent,  of  its  weight.  S. 
Chloras,  NaClOj,  the  basis  of  an  agreea- 
ble gargle.  Dose  gr.  v-xx.  S.  Chlori- 
dum,  NaCl,  common  salt,  an  agreeable 
condiment.  Dosegr.  x-^j.  S.  Ethylas, 
caustic  alcohol,  unof.,  in  contact  with  water 
breaks  into  caustic  soda  and  alcohol.  S. 
Hydrate,  Na(HO),  "caustic  soda,"  very 
alkaline  and  powerfully  escharotic.  S. 
Liq.,  solution  of  soda;  contains  56  parts 
of  the  hydrate  in  944  of  distilled  water. 
S.  Nitras,  NaNOg,  "  cubic  niter,"  "Chili 
saltpeter;  "  a  mild  cathartic.  Dose  ^j-ij. 
S.  Sulphas,  Na^SO^,  "Glauber's  Salt," 
a  mild  purgative.  Dose  gr.  v-xx;  as 
purgative  ^  ss-j. 

Sod^omy  [Sodom,  a  former  city  of  Asia 
Minor).     Sexual  connection  by  the  anus. 

Scemmering,  Foramen  of.  See  Fo7-a- 
men.  S.,  Yellow  Spot  of.  See  Macula 
Lutea. 

Soff'ening.  The  act  of  becoming  less  co- 
hesive, firm  or  resistant.  S.,  Anaemic, 
disintegration  and  liquefaction  of  the  brain 
substance  from  lack  of  blood  supply.  S., 
Colliquative,  the  affected  tissue  liquefies. 
S.  of  Brain,  a  disease  of  the  cerebral 
tissue  dependent  upon  inflammation  or 
blood-failure,  the  symptoms  varying  ac- 
cording to  the  part  affected,  but  consisting 
in  loss  of  function,  partial  or  complete.  It 
may  be  red,  yellow,  or  white:  S.,  Red 
or  Yellow,  when  haemorrhage  accom- 
panies the  ischaemic  softening,  and  the 
products  of  disintegration  of  the  blood 
mingle  with  the  nerve-substance,  giving  it 
a  red  or  yellow  hue;  S.,  White,  when 
the  ischsemia  is  unaccompanied  with  hcem- 
orrhage.  S.  of  the  Heart,  myomalacia 
cordis,  a  softening  of  the  cardiac  muscles 


consequent  on  arterial  anaemia.  S.  of  the 
Stomach,  gastromalacia,  consequent  upon 
highly  acid  contents  with  weak  circulation 
of  the  walls,  but  usually  a  post-mortem 
phenomenon.  See  Auto-digestion.  S.  of 
Thrombus,  may  be  Simple  or  Red,  Puri- 
form  or  Yellow,  the  latter  resulting  in  the 
extremely  unfavorable  Thrombophlebitis. 

SoFanine.  An  alkaloid  extractive  of 
Solarium  nigrum.  Has  reputed  narcotic 
properties  without  causing  nausea.  Dose 
gr.  ^4-iv.     Unof. 

Sola^num.  A  genus  of  the  family  of 
Solanacece. 

Solar  Plex''us.     See  Plexus. 

Sola^rium  (Lat.).    A  sun-bath. 

Sole.     The  plantar  surface  of  the  foot. 

So'lea.     See  Sole. 

So'leus.     See  Muscle-  Table. 

SoFid  [solidus).  A  substance  whose  mole- 
cules are  in  a  condition  of  strong  mutual 
attraction. 

Solidar^ity  [solidus).  The  unitary  nature 
of  the  relations  of  the  various  parts  of  an 
organism,  whereby  all  individual  parts  are 
subordinated  to  the  welfare  of  the  whole. 

Solidifica^tion.  The  act  of  becoming 
solid,  or  of  possessing  molecular  attraction. 

Solitary  Bundle.  A  strand  of  nerve- 
fibers  in  the  medulla. 

Solitary  Follicles.  Certain  minute  glands 
found  in  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  in- 
testines. 

Solitary  Glands.     See  Gland. 

So'lium.     See  Tcenia  Solium. 

SoFomon's  Seal.  The  root  of  Conval- 
laria  polygonatum.  Tonic,  mucilaginous 
and  slightly  astringent.  Formerly  a  popu- 
lar domestic  remedy  for  rheumatism  and 
gout.  Externally  employed  in  contusions. 
Dose  of  fld.  ext.  ^j-ij.     Unof. 

Soluble  [sohtbilis).  That  which  may  enter 
into  solution.  Capable  of  being  dissolved. 
S.  Albumin.  See  N'ative  Albumin.  S. 
Glass,  the  siHcate  of  sodium,  potassium, 
or  magnesium.  A  viscid  liquid  that  hard- 
ens into  a  firm  varnish  of  the  salt  when 
applied  to  bandages  and  dressings.  S. 
Stool,  fcces  of  semi-solid  consistency. 

Solu''tion  {solutiii).  The  overcoming  of 
cohesion  in  the  molecules  of  a  solid  by 
means  of  a  liquid  menstruum  and  their 
diffusion  among  those  of  the  liquid.  The 
infusion  of  the  molecules  of  a  gaseous  or 
of  a  liquid  substance  among  those  of  a 
liquid.  S.  of  Continuity,  division  of  a 
tissue  by  traumatism,  inflammation,  or  dis- 
ease. S.,  Saturated,  a  degree  of  solution 
beyond  which  no  more  of  the  molecules 


SOLVENT 


405 


SOURWOOD 


of  the  solid  can  be  ditTu^ed  ihrouijh  the 
menstruum. 

Sol'vent  [so/zv,  to  dissolve).  A  liquid 
mcnstniuin  for  effecting  solution  or  over- 
coming molecular  cohesion.  Water  is  the 
chief  solvent  for  crystalline  substances  ami 
salts,  alcohol  for  gums  and  resins,  and 
ether,  chloroform  and  l)enzine  for  fats. 

SoKvine  (sohv).  A  substance  with  great 
power  of  dissolving.  It  is  easily  absori)ed 
through  the  skin  and  dissolves  the  blood 
corjjuscles. 

So'macule  (dim.  of  cruiia,  IkkIj).  The 
smallest  sul  division  of  protoplasm  jKissible 
with  retention  of  itsphysiok>gical  functions. 

Somat'ic  [auua).  rertaining  to  the  Inxly 
or  organism  as  a  whole.  S.  Death.  See 
/)<<;///. 

Somatody'mia  {aufja,  6i<ij,  to  enter).  A 
double  fiLtal  monstrosity  witli  united 
trunks. 

Somatol'ogy  [au/ia,  ?Myog,  a  discourse). 
The  study  of  anatomy. 

Somat'opleure  [aufia,  n?.evpa,  the  side). 
The  upper  layer  of  the  mesoblast. 

Somatotrid'ymus  [auiia,  rpuSvuo^,  triple). 
A  monster  with  three  trunks  or  Ixsdies. 

Somnani''bulism  [soninits,  sleep,  antbulo, 
to  walk).  The  condition  of  half  sleep,  in 
which  the  senses  are  but  partially  sus- 
pended, termed  sleep-walking.  Also,  the 
type  of  hypnotic  sleep,  in  which  the  sub- 
ject is  iwssessed  of  all  his  senses,  often 
having  the  ap{)earance  of  one  awake,  but 
whose  will  and  con.sciousness  are  under  the 
control  of  the  operator.  Charcot  calls  this 
simply  "the  somnambulism,"  which 
constitutes  the  third  type  of  the  hypnotic 
state  ;  the  second  he  calls  the  catalepsy, 
prcxluced  by  the  gong  or  electric  light  sud 
denly  sounded  or  brought  l)efnre  the  sul) 
ject's  eyes  ;  the  eyes  are  wide  o|)en  and  the 
muscles  aciiuire  the  curious  waxy  condi 
tion  designated  as  Jiexibi/i/as  cerea.  The 
subject  .seems  to  have  no  mental  connec- 
tion with  the  outside  world.  This  latter 
characteristic  also  distinguishes  the  leth- 
argy, or  first  ty|K-  of  the  hypnotic  stale,  in 
which  there  is  unconsciousness,  irrcs])on- 
siveness  of  the  senses  to  stimulus,  and  a 
fixed  |>osition  of  certain  muscles.  Sec, 
alsf),  llypihlint. 

Somnifa'cient  {'ownii',  sleep,  /tiric,  to 
make).  A  medicine  producing  .sleep  ;  a 
hypnotic. 

Somnif'erin  (wmnus,  /irr,<,  to  Iwar).  A 
mor|)hine  ether  diwovrn-fl  by  r.dnilx-lofi, 
said  to  ix-  striiiiger  than  morphine,  without 
Liod  effects  or  inlluence  u|K)n  the  lu-art. 


Somniferous  [soninns,fero).  Producing 
sleep. 

Som'nolence  [somnusy  A  condition  of 
drowsiness  or  sleep. 

Som'nolent  [sof/inus).     Inclined  to  sleep. 

Sonde.     See  Sound. 

Son'itus.     See  Vinnitus. 

Sonom'eter  (.<o>:us,  a  .sound,  firrftov,  a 
measure).  .\n  instrument  for  determining 
the  pitch  of  a  sound,  and  also  for  deter- 
mining its  relation  to  a  cIiorI. 

Soot  (A.  S.).  A  complex  carlxsn  deposit 
of  wood-smoke ;  an  oUl  time  remedy  in 
certain  disexses. 

Sophistica'tion  {coipiariKnc,  deceitful). 
Tlie  adulteration  of  a  substance. 

So''por  (I^t.).  Sleep,  es]x;cially  the  pro- 
found sleep  symptomatic  of  a  morbid  con- 
dition. 

Soporif'erous  {s>'/<or,  /'fro,  to  l)ear).  Pro- 
ducing or  cau.sing  sleep. 

Soporific  [sopor,  facio).  A  medicine  or 
agent  which  jirotluces  sleep.     A  hypnotic. 

So'porose  [sopor).  Sleepy.  Paitaking 
of  the  nature  of  sound  sleep. 

Sorbefa'cient  [sor/ieo,  to  suck,  facio,  to 
make).  A  medicine  or  agent  that  pro- 
duces absorption. 

Sor'des  [sordco,  to  be  foul).  Filth.  Pus 
of  sujipuration.  Also,  any  filthy  or  morbid 
secretion  or  dejKisition. 

Sore  (A.  S.,  sar).  An  ulcer  or  sensitive 
inflamed  sjxit. 

Sore  Throat.  A  jxipular  name  embracing 
almost  every  inflammation  or  morbid  affec- 
tion of  the  throat. 

Sor'ghum.  A  variety  of  sugar  cane,  S. 
iijci/iaratuiii,  of  the  family  Uraminaifa. 
Also,  a  syrup  made  from  the  expressed  in- 
spissated juice  of  the  same. 

Sor'rel.     See    Sluup   Sorrel.     S.     Tree. 

.See   S.'ur-iOiHui. 

Souffle  (Fr.).  See  Miirinm.  S.,  Uter- 
ine, the  proper  tenn  for  wh.at  was  formerly 
called  the  J'/iKiUfal  .V.,  a  sound  heard  in 
the  latter  months  of  pregnancy,  caused  by 
the  entrance  of  the  bloinl  into  the  dilatetl 
arteries  of  the  uterus. 

Soul-blindness.  See  lUinJniss,  Psychi- 
.al. 

Sound  (((»/(>,  to  make  a  noise).     The  sen- 
.sation  pnxluced  by  aerial  vilirations.     S<'e 
J/fiiiint^.     Akso,  an  instrument   for   iiiscr 
lion  into  the  bladder  to  test  for  calculus. 

Sour'wood.  .Sorrel  tree.  The  leaves  of 
()\yi/c/ii/rofi  nrborrwH.  Tonic,  n-friger- 
ant  an<l  diuretic.  Of  re|>uteil  value  in 
dropsy.  Dose  of  the  fl»l.  e\t.  n\,xxx  jij. 
Unof. 


SOUTHERNWOOD 


406 


SPECIFIC 


South''ernwood.  The  leaves  and  stems  of 
Artemisia  abrotanum.  Tonic,  deobstru- 
ent  and  anthelmintic.  Similar  in  proper- 
ties to  wonnwood.  Dose  of  fid.  ext.rr\^x-xx. 
Unof. 

Sozoi^odal.  A  combination  of  sulphur, 
iodine  and  carbolic  acid.  It  is  useful  as 
an  antiseptic. 

Space  [spatiiim,  space).  A  name  given  for 
purposes  of  description  to  sundry  enclosed 
or  semi-enclosed  places  within  or  about 
the  body.  S.,  Anterior  Perforated,  a 
triangular  space  at  the  inner  side  of  the 
Sylvian  fissure.  S.,  Axillary,  the  axilla. 
S.,  Corneal,  between  the  corneal  layers. 
S.  Feelings,  Hering's  term  for  tiie  per- 
ceptions or  inferences  of  space  relations 
resulting  from  the  retinal  image.  S.  of 
Fontana,  cavernous  spaces  between  the 
fibers  of  the  ligamentum  iridis.  S., 
Haversian  or  Medullary,  in  the  can- 
cellous tissue  of  bone.  S.,  Popliteal, 
a  lozenge-shaped  space  at  the  back  of  the 
knee  and  thigh.  S.,  Posterior  Perfo- 
rated, the  back  part  of  the  floor  of  the 
third  ventricle. 

Spanae^mia.     See  AncBiiiia. 

Spanish  Fly.     See  Canlharis. 

Spanish  Needle.  The  herb  Bidens  bipin- 
nata.  Expectorant  and  emmenagogue.  A 
favorite  remedy  with  eclectic  practitioners. 
Dose  of  fid.  ext.  Tr\^xv-3J.     Unof. 

Spargo^sis  ((77r«p)n«,to  be  distended).  A 
term  loosely  applied  to  enlargement  of  the 
breasts ;  distention  of  a  secretoiy  organ ;  the 
swathing  of  a  child's  head  in  cloth;  and 
elephantiasis. 

Spar^teine.  A  liquid  alkaloid  derived  from 
Spartium  scopariiim,  the  common  broom. 
It  is  an  uncertain  diuretic  and  cardiac  tonic, 
but  is  often  efficacious  where  digitalis  fails. 
Dose  gr.  ^Vi 

Spasm  (cr— a(j/;of).  Convulsive  muscular 
contraction  local  or  general,  voluntary  or 
involuntary.  S.,  Clonic,  the  contractions 
alternate  with  relaxations.  S.,  Fixed, 
permanent  or  continuous  tetanic  rigidity 
of  one  or  more  muscles.  S.,  Habit, 
half-voluntary  spasmodic  movements,  the 
result  of  habit,  sometimes  called  Habit 
Chorea.  S.,  Synclonic,  tremulous  agi- 
tation. S.,  Tonic,  persisting  rigidity  of 
contraction. 

Spasmat^ic  (aKaafin^).  Pertaining  to 
spasm  ;  also,  one  in  convulsions. 

Spas^mi  (pi.  of  spasmus).     Spasms. 

Spas^mo-  [ajraafioc).  A  Greek  word  used 
as  a  prefix  to  denote  connection  with 
spasm. 


Spasmod''ic  [ajraa/iiog).  Pertaining  to 
convulsion  or  spasm. 

SpasmodyspncE^a  {anaofioq,  dyspttwa,  dif- 
ficult breathing).  Difticult  breathing,  at- 
tended with  spasmodic  symptoms. 

SpasmoFogy  (a-rraafiog,  'Aoyoc;,  a  treatise). 
A  treatise  on  the  nature  and  causes  of  con- 
vulsions. 

Spasmophilia  [aTraa/Jog,  (pileu,  to  love). 
A  morbid  ease  or  tendency  of  being  thrown 
into  spasms. 

Spasmotox'ine  [a-naa/iog,  to^ikov).  A 
ptomaine- base  of  composition  yet  undeter- 
mined, ol:)tained  by  Brieger  from  cultures 
of  the  tetanus-germ,  together  with  other 
unnamed  toxines,  one  of  which  produced 
a  complete  tetanus  with  salivation  and 
lachrymation.  Spasmotoxine  produces  in 
animals  violent  clonic  and  tonic  convul- 
sions. 

Spas^mous  {anaciioq).  Having  the  nature 
of  a  spasm. 

Spas^mus  (ffTacr/wf).  A  spasm.  S.  Nic- 
titans,  spasmodic  winking. 

Spas^tic  (<7-aw,  to  draw).  Pertaining  to 
spasms  or  characterized  by  them.  Drawn 
out  of  shape  or  contracted  by  disease ;  ap- 
plied especially  to  a  muscle.  S.  An- 
aemia, anaemia  with  abnormal  smallness 
of  the  arteries.  S.  Paralysis.  See  Pa- 
ralysis. 

Spat^ula  (Lat.).  A  flexible  steel  blade 
used  for  spreading  ointments,  dispensing 
medicines  and  other  purposes  in  the  man- 
ipulation of  medicines. 

Spav^in.  Inflammation  of  the  hock -joint 
in  horses. 

Spay  (oTvadtdv,  a  eunuch).  To  castrate. 
To  remove  the  ovaries  of  a  female. 

Spear^mint.     ^qq  3Icnt/ia  I 'iridis. 

Spec^ialist  (specio,  to  see  or  distinguish). 
One,  especially  a  physician  or  surgeon, 
who  limits  his  practice  to  certain  .specified 
diseases,  or  to  the  diseases  of  a  single 
organ  or  class. 

Spe^cies  (specio).  That  which  may  be 
distinguished  by  its  characteristics.  Also,  a 
group  of  things  having  a  number  of  com- 
mon characteristics.  S.,  Origin  of,  a  term 
employed  by  naturalists  to  denote  the  evo- 
lution of  differentiated  groups  or  species, 
from  groups  of  individuals  characterized 
l>y  general  similarity  or  by  homogeneity  of 
structure. 

Specif'ic  {spedes,  facia,  to  make).  That 
which  distinguishes  a  thing  or  makes  it  of 
the  species  of  which  it  is.  Also,  a  medi- 
cine which  has  a  selective  curative  influ- 
ence on  an   individual  disease.     S.  Dis- 


SPECIFICITY 


407 


Sn-.RMATOZKMIA 


eases,  those  supixiscd  to  i>e  directly 
the  result  of  the  absoqHion  and  develop- 
ment of  a  distinct  contagion,  vims  or 
microl>e;  especially  u>ed  of  syphilis.  S. 
Gravity.  See  (Jroz-ily.  S.  Heat,  the 
amount  of  heat  given  out  or  absorbed  by  a 
defmite  weight  \i  lb  or  l  kilo)  in  uniler- 
going  a  measured  chanj^e  of  temperature 
(1°  C.  or  1°  v.).  S.  Intensity,  a  term 
ttied  in  vital  statistics  to  represent  the  num- 
ber living  at  any  age  divided  by  tlic  num- 
ber dying  at  that  age.  It  is  highol  at 
al)out  14  years  of  age. 

Specific'ity.  The  (|uality  of  being  sixjcific, 
or  of  accomplishing  a  detenninate  luiKiion 
and  not  another.  The  (lualities  giving  an 
organ  or  tissue  a  distinct  ch;u-acter. 

SpeciKlum  (s/'ecio).  A  i)robe  of  silver 
anned  with  a  button  .shajjed  head,  for 
exploring  wounds,  fistuUv,  etc. 

Spectacle-Lenses.  See  I.fns.  The 
difference  between  the  old  and  new  sys- 
tems of  numl>ering  lenses  is  shown  in  the 
annexed  Table,  from  Landoldt  (page  408). 

Spec'tacles  {s/<<\/o,  to  behold).  Optical 
lenses  mounted  in  a  frame  to  wear  liefore 
the  eyes  for  the  correction  of  ametropia. 
S.,  Bifocal.  See  Bifocal.  S.,  Ortho- 
scopic.  See  Orthoscopic.  S.,  Peri- 
scopic.  See  Periscopic.  S.,  Protect- 
ive, lenses  usually  tinted,  to  shield  tiie  eyes 
from  liglit,  (lust,  heat,  etc. 

Spec'troscope  {spectmni,  an  image,  cko- 
rrf«j,  to  see).  An  instrument  for  the  pro- 
fluction  and  examination  of  the  spectrum. 

Spec'trum  (I-at.).  The  band  of  etlur- 
waves  of  a  radiant  l)ody,  having  ])a>sed 
through  a  prism,  or  having  been  rellected 
from  a  diffraction  grating,  and  thereby  ar- 
ranged regularly  according  to  their  wave- 
lengths. S.,  Solar,  is  conijxased  of  Miree 
great  divisions,  the  infra  red  (dark  or  in- 
visible heat)  waves;  the  light  waves,  and 
the  ultra-violet  or  "  actinic  "  waves.  S. 
Analysis,  determination  of  the  nature  of 
lodies  by  the  character  of  their  spectra. 

Spec'ulum  (1-at.).  An  instrument  for 
examining  the  ear,  nose,  etc.  ;  aUo,  an  in- 
stmmcnt  frjr  dilating  |)arts.  S.,  Sim's,  a 
|)eculiar  form  of  vaginal  speculum,  .some- 
times called  duckbill  .S. 

Speech  (.\.  S.,  sp.cc).  Vocal  sounds  con- 
veying ideas.     S.  Center.     SeeO/z/cr. 

Spel'ter.     (rude  /inc. 

Spend.     To  ejaculate  the  semen  in  coition. 

Sperm,  or 

Sper'ma  (ffr/p/zc/,  seed).  'Hie  semen,  or 
v«  (i,      S.  Cell,  the  s|xmiato/<»on. 

Spcrmace'ti.     Sec  CetUieuin. 


Spermacra'sia    [a-ip/ia,  oKpaaic,   weak- 
ness).    Weakness  or  imperfection  of  the 

.M'inen. 
Spermat'ic   i^aiTrpfia).     Pertaining  to  the 

semen.     S.  Artery,  a  biancli  ot  the  aoita 

sui)plying  the  tLSiicle.     S.  Cord,  the  cord 

from  the  testicle  to  the  internal  al)domiiial 

ring. 
Sper'matin  {anepfia).     Tlie  odorous,  mu- 

cilaginou.-.    matter  found    in    semen.      Its 

nature  is  unknown. 
Sper'mato-    {aijcp^ia).      A    Greek   word 

u.sed  as  a  preli.x  to  denote  connection  with 

the  semen. 
Sper'matoblast  ((j-ri>/ia,i-i?n(yr<>r,  a  geiTn. 

.V  mund  or  oval   protoplasmic  btnly  ol  the 

seminal    tubules,  the  developmental  state 

of  the  s]K'rniato/oon. 
Sper'matocele  [a-ep/ta,  ki/?.?/,  tumor).    A 

spermatic  cyst  or  ency.sted  hydrocele  of  the 

testicle  or  epididymis. 
Spermatoclem'ma   (a~ip/ia,   K/r-ru,   to 

steal).       Involuntary  emis.sion    of   semen 

during  waking. 
Spermato-cysti''tis.    Inflammation  of  the 

visicul.e  seminales. 
Sper'matocyte  (a-rp/io,  Kvrnr,  cell).  The 

genninal    cell   from   which  the  .spermato- 
zoon develops. 
Spermatog'eny(fT-fp//a,}nTaw,  to  beget). 
The   lunction  of  the  genesis  or  secretion  of 
simen. 

SpermatoFog^  {aT7epfia,7.a-)oq,  a  treatise). 
A  treatise  on  the  origin,  nature,  etc.,  of 
the  seminal  fluid. 

Spermatop^athy  {(nrrppa,  7rn0of,  di.scase). 
Di.sease  of  the  si)erm  cells  or  of  the  se- 
creting mechani.sm  of  the  same. 

Sper'matophore  [a-ippa,  ^ff/wj,  to  cany), 
'ihe  albuminous  accretions  occurring  in 
the  seminal  fluid,  w  hich  apjiear  to  be  nidi 
(if  s])(  nnato/oa. 

Spermatopoiefic  {aTztppa,  noiru,  to  1)C- 
get).  The  protluction  or  secretion  of 
semen. 

Spcrmatorrhce'a  {aizrppu,  ptu,  to  flow). 
Involuniar)'  discharge  of  semen  without 
.sexual  excitement.  S.  Dormicntum,  a 
nocturnal  emission  of  M'men.  S.,  False, 
when  spermato/oids  are  not  in  the  fluid  ; 
called,  also,  prtjstatorihcea.  S.,  True, 
when  spcnnato/oids  are  present. 

Spcrmalos'chesis  (arrippo,  a\Kriq,  sup- 
|)res.sioii).  Su|)|)res.sion  of  the  .M-minal 
fluid. 

Sper'matosporcs  {nmppa,  fi:riii>ti,  a 
s|Kire).  Tiic  cells  of  the  seminal  lubuleS 
winner  spring  the  Kpennalol>la.sls. 

Spcrmatoze'mia.     See  ,Sf>ei»iitlonhaia, 


COMPARATIVE  TABLE  OF   THE   INCH  AND   THE   METRIC 
SYSTEMS  OF  NUMBERING  SPECTACLE-LENSES. 

(FROM  LANDOLDT  ) 


Inch 

System. 

Metric 

System. 

VI 

d.S 
IS 

.E  *^  i 

a;  J3,i-. 

Mx:  0  " 
■^■^x  II 

(I,  '^ 

■5 

>> 

l-H       U 

m 

C  1- 

n   . 

u  J! 

re  .5 

(2" 

0—  OJ  - 

^^1 II 

0  c  >>« 

72 

67.9 

1724 

0.58 

0.25 

4000 

157.48 

166.94 

63 

56.6 

1437 

0.695 

0.5 

2000 

78.74 

83.46 

48 

45-3 

II50 

0.87 

0.75 

1333 

52.5 

55-63 

42 

39-6 

1005 

0.99 

I. 

1000 

39-37 

41-73 

36 

34- 

863 

1. 16 

1-25 

800 

31-5 

33-39 

30 

28.3 

718 

1-39 

1-5 

666 

26.22 

27.79 

24 

22.6 

574 

1-74 

1-75 

571 

22.48 

23-83 

20 

18.8 

477 

2.09 

2. 

500 

19.69 

20.87 

18 

17- 

431 

2.31 

2.25 

444 

17.48 

1S.53 

16 

15- 

381 

2.6 

2-5 

400 

15-75 

16.69 

15 

14.1 

358 

2.79 

3- 

ZiZ 

1317 

13-9 

14 

13.2 

335 

2.98 

3-5 

286 

11.26 

11.94 

13 

12.2 

312 

3.20 

4- 

250 

9.84 

10.43 

12 

"•3 

287 

348 

4-5 

222 

8.74 

9.26 

II 

10.3 

261 

3-82 

5- 

200 

7.87 

8.35 

10 

9-4 

239 

4.18 

5-5 

182 

7.16 

7-6 

9 

8,5 

216 

4-63 

6. 

166 

6.54 

6-93 

8 

7-5 

190 

5-25 

7- 

143 

5-63 

5-97 

7 

6.6 

167 

5-96 

8. 

125 

4.92 

5.22 

6K 

6.13 

155 

6.42 

9- 

III 

4-37 

463 

6 

5-6 

142 

7- 

10. 

100 

3-94 

4.17 

5K 

5-2 

132 

7.57 

II. 

91 

3-58 

3-8 

5 

4-7 

119 

8.4 

12. 

83 

3-27 

3-46 

4X 

4.2 

106 

9-4 

13. 

77 

3-05 

3.21 

4 

3-8 

96 

10.4 

14. 

71 

2.8 

2.96 

3K 

1    T 

JO 

84 

11.9 

15. 

67 

2.64 

2.8 

Z% 

31 

79 

12.7 

16. 

62 

2.44 

2.59 

3 

2.8 

71 

14.0 

17. 

59 

2.32 

2.46 

2^ 

2.6 

66 

15. 1 

18. 

55 

2.17 

2.29 

2^ 

2.36 

60 

16.7 

20. 

50 

1.97 

2.09 

2X 

2.1 

53 

18.7 

2 

1.88 

48 

20.94 

408 


SPERMATOZOON 


409 


SniVGMOGRAril 


Spermatozo'on  (arrepua,  C<^i',  aiumal). 
l"he  detached,  independently  mobile  cili- 
um  o{  an  enlarged  epithelial  cell  of  the 
seminal  tubules.  The  essential  element  of 
fecundation  of  the  semen. 
Sper'mine  [a-riuui).  A  leucomainc  ob- 
tained (187S)  from  semen,  also  from  testi- 
cles, heart,  liver,  and  surface  of  anatomical 
sjjecimens  kept  under  alcohol.  IVeviously 
the  substance  hatl  been  known  as  "  C'liar- 
cot-Xeumann  cr)stals,"  which  are  simjily 
phosphate  of  spermine.  Such  cr}stals 
have  been  found  in  sputa  of  emjihysema 
with  catarrh,  in  bronchial  discharjjes  of 
acute  bronchitis,  in  blo«xl,  spleen,  <•/..,  of 
leucoc)lha:mic  and  ana-mic  jxilients,  in 
normal  marrow  of  bones,  and  in  human 
semen.  S|x^miine  seems  to  have  a  veiy 
wide  distribution  in  certain  diseases,  espe- 
cially leuccxrythivmia. 
Sper'molith  [a-ifiua,  ?.iOo^,  a  stone).  Cal- 
culi in  the  spermatic  duct  or  vesicuLe  semi- 
nales. 

Sphacelin'ic  Acid.     See  Ergot. 
Sphac'elism  [Gi^aKf?.nr,  dead).     The  con- 
dition of   being   affected  with  sphacelus. 
.Also,  intlanimation  of  the  brain. 
Sphace'lium    ((T(;!»a«c?JsW,   to   destroy, 
mortify).      The   clavice|K  purpura,  or  the 
first  stai^e  of  the  formation  of  ergot. 
Sphaceloder'ma  [aonKe/nr,  ^rpua).    Gan- 
grene of  the  skin;  Symmetrical  Gangrene. 
A  local  stagnation  occurring  at  the  periphery 
of    circulation,    producing  .symmetrically- 
distributed    gangrenous   s[X)ts,    commonly 
known  as  Raynaud's  disease.    Dermatitis 
Gangrenosa    Infantum,   a    gangrenous 
eruption  fullnwing   ceitain   pustular  erup- 
tions of  children.     Diabetic  Gangrene, 
a  serpiginous  form  of  gangrene  occurring 
in  advanced  cases  of  dialx;tes,  consi-ting 
of  iKitches  forming  on  the  skin  of  limlis. 
Sphac'eloid  {^aouKt'/nr).     Resembling 

a  sphacelus  or  gangrenous  part. 
Sphac'elous    ((T^aw/or).      I'ertaining    to 

sphacelus. 
Sphac'elus  (ni^aKi?or),     The  disorganized 
or  <li  ad    |)art  of  a    limb  or  organ   alfected 
with  gangrene.      l'"ormerly    any  excessive 
jKiin  or  agitation.     See  Gitngrenf. 
Sphaeraesthc'sia  {a(paipa,  a  glolic,  aiaih/- 
air,  sensation).      Perverted  feeling,  as  of 
the  contact  of  a  ball  or  glol»eshaiKd  i^xly. 
Sphacrobactc'rium  (m>///»i,  .inhrr/iiinr,  a 
rol).     The  micriKfXcus  of  Hallier;  aclass 
of  unicellular  microlfes,  round  or  oval,  sta 
tionary,   devoid    of    cilia   or    flagclli.      A 
cl.i-ssilicalion  of  ('ohn. 
Sphac'roid.     Sec  Spheroid, 


Sphaero'ma  (apa^pa).     Any  spherical- 
shai>ed  tumor  or  protuberance. 
Sphaerom'eter.     See  Splurometfr. 
Sphe'no-  (cto//i').      A  Greek  word  used  a.s 
a   prefix   to   denote   connection    with  the 
sphenoid  K>ne. 
Sphenoceph'alus  {o<^ijv,  a  wedge,  urifxj/.rf, 
head).      A   defunnity  of  the    feetal   head 
consisting  in  a  wedge-like  shape. 
Sphe'noid  ("oi/v,  tn^nr,  likeness).     Cunei- 
form.     S.  Bone,  one  of  the  cranial  Umes 
at  the  anterior  base  of  the  skull,  articulating 
with  all  the  other  l>ones  of  the  heail. 
Spheno-max'illary  (ooi/i;  muxi/lit,  the 
jaw).     Pirtaining  conjointly  to  the  sphe- 
nciid  and  max i liar)'  Ixjnes. 
Spheno  -  pal'atine    (o^'/i',  pnlalum,   the 
palate).    Pertaining  conjointly  to  the  sphe- 
noid l)one  and  the  |)alate.     S.-p.  Gan- 
glion.    See  (^iiii^^lion. 
Spheno-temp'oral  [ai^fft<,/rmpora/).  Per- 
taining conjointly  to  the  sphenoid  and  tem- 
poral lx)nes. 

Sphefical  (a<(>atpn).     IIavingthesha]x:  of 
or  pertaining  to  a  sphere.    S.  Aberration. 
See  Aberration. 
Spherobacte'rium.  See SpJunobacterium. 
Sphero-cer'ebrin    [ai^aipa,   a   ball,  cere- 
brum).     A  nitrogeni/.ed  substance  occur- 
ring in  brain-tissue  among  a  group  of  cere- 
brinicides. 
Sphe'roid  [a<l)(upa).     A  solid  resembling  a 
sphere.     S.,   Oblate,   one   in  which    the 
polar  axi?  is   less   than   the  e(]uatorial  di- 
ameter.    S.,  Prolate,  one  in   which  the 
jx)lar  axis  exceeds  thee<iuatorial  diameter. 
Spherom'eter  {nipwpn^uirpov,  a  measure). 
.■\n  in^lruriuiU  for  detennining  the  degree 
of   curvature  of  optical  lenses  and   their 
grinding  ttwls. 
Sphinc'ter  (ff^/yyu,  tosiiueeze).    A  mascle 
surrounding   and   closing    an    orifice.     S. 
Ani,    S.   Vaginae.      See    Musih-Tal>le. 
S.  of  the  Pupil.     See  Iris. 
Sphincteral'gia  [sp/iiiittrr,  oAjof,  |xiin). 
Pain  in  the  sphincter  ani  mu.scle,  or  al>out 
the  aims. 
Sphin'gosin  (aifityyu)).     An  alkaloid  ccre- 

brioide  occurring  in  brain  tis>ue. 
Sphyg'mical   {aov)iiiH-,  the  pulse).     Per- 
taining to  the  pulse. 
Sphyg'mogram  {noryitnr,  ypa/iiia,  a  writ- 
ing).     The  tracing  made  by  the  spliygmo- 
graph.     ( 'ulle<l,  alv>, /Wif'7/'<;(7M^'',  Puhe- 
itin-e,  and  .^r/erii'^'nim. 
Sphyg'mograph    ((T<^i';Hor,    ypn<^u,    to 
write).      An     inslr\inM-iil     for     recording 
graphically  the  dilfirenlial  features  t<f  the 
pulse  in  health  and  disco-se. 


SPHYGMOGRAPHY 


410 


SPINAL  CORD 


Sphygmog''raphy  [acpvyfJ^og ,  jpa(pw).  A 
description  of  the  pulse,  its  pathological 
variations  and  their  significance. 

Sphyg^moid  [adivyfoc,  eidog,  resemblance). 
Resembling  or  having  the  nature  of  con- 
tinuous pulsation. 

Sphygmomanom^eter.  See  Blood-pres- 
sure. 

Sphygmom''eter.     See  Sphygmograph. 

Sphyg^mophone  {a(l>vy[iog,  (puv//,  sound). 
A  sjjhygmograph  that  is  operated  by  sound- 
waves. 

Sphyg''moscope  (cr^Dy/^of,  CKOireu,  to  ex- 
amine). An  instrament  for  showing 
mechanically  the  movements  of  the  heart 
or  the  pulsations  of  a  blood  vessel.  S., 
Gas-,  the  registration  made  by  a  gas  jet. 

Sphygmos''copy  [aipvy/no^,  gkotveu).  The 
art  of  tracing  the  pulse-curve  by  the  sphyg- 
moscope. 

Sphygmo-sys''tole  [afvy/nog,  sys/o/e,  con- 
traction). The  influence  of  the  cardiac 
systole  upon  the  pulse. 

Sphygmotech^ny  [atpvy/iog,  Texvr],  an  art). 
Ihe  science  and  art  of  diagnosis  by  means 
of  the  pulse. 

Sphyg'mous  {^a(pv}'fioq).  Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  nature  of  a  pulse. 

Sphyngo-my^elin.     See  Myelin. 

Spi^ca-band''age.     See  Bandage. 

Spice-wood.     See  Fever  Bush. 

Spic'ula  (dim.  of  spica,  a  spike).  A  small 
s])ike-shaped  bone  or  fragment  of  bone. 

Spider's  Web.  Formerly  muc!ti  used  as 
a  haemostatic,  and  also  in  some  systemic 
diseases. 

SpigC'Iia.  Pink-root.  The  roots  of  S. 
ntarilandica.  A  popular  vermifuge,  gen- 
erally administered  with  senna.  In  large 
doses  an  uncertain  cathartic.  Dose  gr. 
xx-g  ij ;  dose  for  child  ITLx-xx  ;  for  adult 
5j-ij.  S.,  Infus.  Comp.,  "  wonii  tea," 
unof. ;  spigelia  15,  senna,  fennel  aa  lO, 
manna  30,  water  500.     Dose  3  ss-v. 

Spige^lian  Lobe.  The  lobe  of  the  liver 
projecting  from  the  back  part  of  the  under 
surface  of  the  right  lobe. 

Spike^nard.  Nard.  A  name  given  to  the 
rhizome  of  various  species  of  valerian 
formerly  much  used  in  medicine.  Not  to 
be  confounded  with  American  spikenard, 
Aralia  racemosa. 

Spilo'ma.     See  Navus  Vascularis . 

Spilopla''nia  (a-nAoq,  a  stain,  •rr/'.rtT'Of,  level). 
Macule  of  the  skin.  Also  a  synonym  of 
Elephantiasis  Graecorum. 

Spiloplax''ia  {pixCkoq,  TvlaS,,  a  broad  sur- 
face). The  large  red  spots  symptomatic 
of  elephantiasis. 


Spi'lus  [p-LAoq).  A  mole  or  colored  mark 
on  the  skin.     Nsevus. 

Spi^na.  The  spine.  S.  Bifida,  a  hernia 
of  the  spinal  membranes  through  a  cleft 
or  abnormality  of  the  lower  part  of  the 
vertebral  column;  called,  also,  Hydrorrha- 
chitis.  S.  Ventosa,  an  osteo-sarcoma  or 
cystic  tumor  of  bone ;  in  allusion  to  the  ex- 
pansion, thinning  and  softening  of  bone 
sometimes  resulting  from  this  disease. 

Spi^nal  [spina).  Pertaining  to  the  spine. 
S.  Accessory  Nerve.  See  N'erve.  S. 
Centers,  motor  centers  situated  in  the 
spine.  The  principal  are  the  cilio-spinal, 
connected  with  the  dilatation  of  the  heart ; 
the  auro- spinal;  the  vesico-spinal ;  the 
erection  center ;  the  ejaculatory  center ; 
the  parturition,  and  numerous  vasomotor 
centres.  S.  Column,  the  vertebral  column, 
composed  of  33  vertebrre.  S.  Cord,  the 
medulla  spinalis.  See  Spinal  Cord.  S. 
Marrow,  the  spinal  cord  itself  within  the 
vertebral  canal,  S.  Nerves.  See  Spinal 
N^ei-ves.  S.  Point.  See  Point  Apophy- 
saire.  S.  System,  the  spinal  cord  and 
nerves  considered  as  a  whole. 

Spi^nal  Cord.  The  medulla  spinalis,  or 
neural  structure  occupying  the  vertebral 
canal  and  extending  from  the  atlas  to  the 
first  lumbar  vertebra,  and  terminating  in  the 

jilniii  terminale.  It  is  the  great  conducting 
medium  of  nervous  impulses  both  upward 
and  downward  and  within  itself  from  side 
to  side,  and  the  great  organ  of  reflexes. 
It  consists  of  white  matter  externally  and 
gray  matter  internally.  Fissures,  the 
anterior  median,  posterior  median,  and  two 
lateral,  divide  each  half  of  the  cord  into 
four  Columns,  anterior,  lateral,  posterior, 
and  posterior  median.  In  the  Anterior 
column  lie  the  uncrossed,  anterior  or  di- 
rect pyramidal  tract  and  the  anterior 
ground  l)undle  of  fibers.  In  the  Poste- 
rior column  are  Goll's  Column  (postero- 
median, postero-intemal)  and  the  funicu- 
lus cuneatus  (Burdach's  Column,  poste- 
rior radicular  zone,  or  posteroexter- 
nal column).  In  the  Lateral  column 
are  the  antero-lateral  tract,  the  lateral 
mixed  paths  (lateral  limiting  tract),  the 
lateral  or  crossed  pyramidal  tract,  and  the 
direct  cerebellar  tract.  Degeneration 
of  S.,  injury  of  certain  parts  of  the  brain 
causes  descending  secondary  degeneration 
of  certain  parts  of  the  cord  bearing  cen- 
trifugal impulses,  whose  trophic  centers  lie 
in  the  motor  areas  of  the  brain.  Ascend- 
ing secondary  degeneration  follows  injury 
of  the  cord  in  those  fibers  conducting  im- 


SPINAL  NERVES 


411 


SriRITUS 


pulses  in  a  centripetal  direction,  the  tro- 
phic center  being  probably  in  the  spinal 
ganglion  of  the  posterior  root.  See  //<;/- 
Urian  Lazv. 

Spi'nal  Nerves.  The  31  pairs  of  nerves 
arising  from  the  cord  are  grouped  into 
pairs  each,  Cervical  S,  Dorsal  12,  Lumbar 
5,  Sacral  5,  Coccygeal  i.  Each  arises  by 
two  roots,  a  |X)sterior  ^^ superior,  gangliated) 
root,  and  an  anterior  (inferior,  non-gangli- 
ated)  root.  On  the  first  is  the  spinal  gan- 
glion. Beyond  the  ganglion  the  two 
roots  unite  to  form  in  the  spinal  canal  the 
mixed  tmnk  of  a  spinal  ner\e.  The  an- 
terior roots  sujiply  etfcrent  fibers  to  all  the 
voluntary  muscles  of  the  trunk  and  ex- 
tremities, to  the  smooth  muscular  fibers  of 
the  bladder,  ureter,  uterus,  etc.,  vasomotor 
imjmlses,  inhibiton.-,  secretory,  and  tro[)liic 
fibers.  The  pc>sterior  intermediate  sensoiy 
and  tactile  impulses. 

Spina'lis.     See  Muscle -Table. 

Spi'nate  [spina).  Armed  with  spines  or 
thom-shaped  processes. 

Spin'dle-celled.  Having  fusiform  cells, 
a  form  of  cell  typical  of  certain  morbid 
growths,  especially  sarcoma. 

Spin'dle-shaped.  Shaped  like  a  spindle. 
Eu si  form. 

Spine  ( spina,  a  tliom  [from  the  proces.ses]). 
An  elevation,  point,  or  thorn-like  process. 
The  vertebral  column  as  a  whole.  S., 
Cauda  Equina  of.  See  Cauda  Equina. 
S.,  Filum  Terminale  of.  See  Hlum 
'I'crminalc. 

Spinobul'bar  {spina,  the  spine,  bitlbus,  the 
medulla  oblongata).  Pertaining  jointly  to 
the  spinal  cord  and  the  medulla  oblongata. 

Spi'nous  (spina).  Pertaining  to  the  s]jine. 
S.  Process,  the  a|K)|)hysis  or  prominence 
at  the  |)fjstcrior  part  of  each  vertebra. 

Spin'therism  iamiSt iii^ij,io  em\\.  sparks). 
Synchisis  scintillans  ;  the  illu.sory  sensation 
of  sparks  dancing  jjefore  the  eyes. 

Spi''ny  Clot'bur.  Tlie  herb  Xanlliiunt 
spinosiini  (?).  KejKjrted  to  be  a  s|)eciric 
in  hydrophobia.  Properties  not  investi- 
gated.     L'nof. 

Spi'ral  (spira).  A  curve  with  constantly 
increasing  diameters.  Wound  like  the 
threads  of  a  screw.  S.  Bandage.  .See 
liantl.iiy.  S.  Tubes  of  Kidney.  See 
7  ubuli   L  'rin  ifcri. 

Spi'rem.     See  Karyokinesis. 

Spiril'lum  {spirillum,  a  curled  hair).  A 
gi-nu^fjf  liacleria  fif  the  fimils'  liacicriacc-cs, 
whrj-><;  elrrnenls  are  curved,  often  funning 
a  spiral  of  several  turns.  S.,  Amylifcrum, 
found  in  water,  an  energetic  agent  of  fer- 


mentation with  excluded  air.  S.  Buc- 
cale,  iVequeni  in  the  "tartar"  of  the 
teeth.  S.  Cholerae,  the  comma-bacil- 
lus of  Koch,  aerobic,  and  of  demonstrated 
sjiecificity.  S.  Concentricum,  a  sapro- 
phytic variety  found  in  |iutrefied  blo(_Kl,  not 
pathogenic.  S.  of  Finckler  and  Prior, 
prol>al)ly  identical  with  the  false  comma- 
bacillus  found  by  Nicati  and  Rietsch  in 
fa-cal  matters,  closely  resembling  the  true 
conmiabacillus  or  S.  Cholere  of  Koch, 
but  distinctly  different.  S.  of  Nasal 
Mucus,  isolated  from  healthy  i)crson. 
Not  jiathogenic.  S.  Obermeieri,  found 
in  blood  of  patients  with  recurrent  fever. 
Pathogenic  and  six;cific.  S.  Plicatile, 
in  all  stagnant  waters.  S.  Roseum,  from 
blennorrhagic  pus,  but  certainly  not  from 
aerial  contamination.  Not  pathogenic.  S. 
Rubrum,  from  dead  body  of  sejiticaniic 
mouse.  Not  pathogenic.  S.  Rufum, 
found  in  well-water.  S.  Rugula,  abounds 
in  stagnant  water,  putrefying  li(|uids, 
dental  tartar,  etc.  S.  Serpens,  found 
in  stagnant  water  and  putrid  li<|uids.  S. 
Sputigenum,  found  in  saliva  of  healthy 
persons  and  closely  resembling  S.  Chol- 
env.  Not  studied.  S.  Tenue,  found  in 
stagnant  waters  and  macerated  solutions. 
S.  Tyrogenum,  isolated  from  old  cheese, 
resembling  S.  Cholene.  Harmless  in 
simple  ingestion,  toxic  in  injections  ;  prob- 
ably pathogenic.  S.  Undula,  found  in 
all  putrid  liciuids  forming  large  mucoid 
flakes.  S.  Volutans,  found  in  stagnant 
water,  thought  to  belong  to  the  develop- 
mental cycle  of  Beggiatoa. 

Spir''it.  See  Spintus.  S.  of  Wine.  See 
Spii-itus. 

Spir'itism.     .See  Spintualism. 

Spir'itualism.  The  theory  of  an  im- 
material entity  underlying  or  causing  or- 
ganic ])henomena,  as  opposetl  to  material- 
ism, which  last  exjilains  such  phenomena 
by  the  o[)eration  of  mechanical  forces. 
The  term  has  been  ignt)rantly  used  for 
Spin'tism,  or  "  necromancy  by  the  sup- 
posed evocation  of  the  s])irits  of  thedead." 

Spir^ituous  {spiritus).  Pertaining  to  alco- 
holic liquors. 

Spir'itus  (  Lat.).  Spirit.  In  jiharmacy,  an 
alcoholic  mixture  obtained  liy  the  distilla- 
tion of  wine,  or  fennented  saccharine  mix- 
tures, (lood  spirit  should  contain  not  less 
tlian  40  per  cent,  of  absolute;  aholiol. 
There  are  22  oflieial  spiriti.  S.  Frumenti, 
whisky,  spirit  olitained  by  the  distillation 
of  fi-rinenled  grain  (mainly  corn  or  ry<'). 
Should  contain  44-50  per  cent,  of  alcuhul. 


SPIROBACTERIUM 


412 


SPLENOGRAPHY 


S.  Juniperus,  whiskey  (rye  or  barley) 
with  which  juniper  berries  and  hops  have 
been  distilled.  S.  Odoratus,  cologne 
water,  consists  of  alcohol  800,  water  15S, 
acetic  ether  2,  oil  of  bergamont  16,  oils  of 
lemon  and  rosemary  aa  8,  oil  of  lavender 
flowers  and  orange  flowers  aa  4  parts. 
Spirit  Proof,  any  liquor  containing  at 
least  49  per  cent,  of  absolute  alcohol. 
Spirit  Rectified,  spirit  free  from  fusel 
oil,  and  containing  at  least  85  per  cent, 
absolute  alcohol.  Rum,  a  spirit  distilled 
from  fermented  alcohol.  S.  Vini  Gal- 
ilei, or  Spirit  of  Wine,  brandy ;  a  liquor 
obtained  by  the  distillation  of  wine. 
Should  contain  39-47  per  cent,  of  alcohol. 

Spirobacte^rium  [spira,  a  spiral,  bacte- 
rium). Schizomycetes  in  the  form  of 
spiral  filaments. 

Spirochae'te.     See  Spirillum. 

Spi^rograph  [spiro,  to  breathe,  ypafu,  to 
write).  An  instrument  for  registering  the 
movements  of  respiration. 

Spi'roid  [spira,  sl  spiral).  Resembling  a 
screw.     Having  spiral  convolutions. 

Spirom'eter  [spi/v,  to  breathe,  fierpov,  a 
measure).  An  instrument  used  to  measure 
the  quantity  of  air  exhaled. 

Spirom^etry  [spiiv,  fierpov).  The  estima- 
tion of  the  amount  of  air  used  in  respiration. 

Spi^rophore  [spiro,  (pEpu,  to  carty).  An 
instrument  for  use  in  artificial  respiration. 

Spis^sate.     See  Inspissate. 

Spis''situde  {spisso,  to  thicken).  The  state 
of  being  thick. 

Spit.     To  eject  sputum  from  the  mouth. 

Spitting  of  Blood.     See  HcBtttoptysis. 

Spit-'tle.     Same  as  Sputum. 

Splanchnecto''pia  {cTTXayxvov,  viscera, 
eKTorroc,  displacement).  The  abnormal 
position  or  dislocation  of  a  viscus. 

Splanch''nic  (^arcAayxi'ov).  Pertaining  to 
the  viscera. 

Splanchnog-'raphy  [(jKXa-yxvov,  ypaipu,  to 
write).  The  descriptive  anatomy  of  the 
viscera. 

Splanch''nolith  {anlayxvov,  /l^Sof,  astone). 
Calculi  in  the  viscera. 

Splanchnology  (airTiayxvov^  'koyog,  a 
treatise).  A  treatise  on  the  nature  and 
functions  of  the  viscera. 

Splanchnop''athy  [anT^ayxvov,  TraOoc,  dis- 
ease). Disease  of  the  viscera. 
Splanch^nopleure  [(jTr?,ayxvov,  n'AEvpov^ 
side).  The  lower  division  of  the  meso- 
l)last  lined  by  the  hypoblast. 
Splanchnos''copy  [a-Aayxvov,  gkottcu,  to 
examine).  Exploration  and  examination 
of  the  viscera. 


SplanchnoskeKeton    [aTT7.ayxvov,   skele- 
ton).    Osseous  formation  in  the  viscera. 
Splanchnot''omy    (anlayxvov,  TCfivu,  to 

cut).  Dissection  of  the  viscera. 
Splay-foot.  See  Talipes. 
Spleen  [anlrjv).  One  of  the  abdominal 
viscera,  situated  just  below  the  diaphragm 
upon  the  left  side ;  its  function  is  not 
certainly  determined,  though  probably 
haematopoietic.  S.,  Bacon,  an  uniformly 
lardaceous  spleen.  S.,  Sago,  the  Mal- 
pighian  follicles  are  the  seat  of  amyloid 
change. 

Splen-   iyCTvlriv).     A  Greek  word  used  as 
a  prefix  to  denote  connection  with  or  rela- 
tion to  the  spleen. 
SplenaKgia  {ctt'Xtjv,  akyog^  a  pain).     Pain 
in  the  spleen. 

Splenaux^e  [gttTitjv,  av^tf,  increase).     En- 
largement of  the  spleen. 
Splenec'tasis    [atvlrp',   en-aaig,   enlarge- 
ment).    Enlargement  of  the  spleen. 
Splenec'tomy  [aTvAj/v,  eK-ofiij,  excision). 
Excision  of  the  spleen. 
SpleneC'topy  {anh/v,  eKTonoq,  dislocation). 
Displacement  of  the  spleen. 
Splenelco^sis  {anljjv,  f^/cwcrff, ulceration). 

Ulceration  of  the  spleen. 
Splenemphrax^is    {anT^ijv,    ep.^pa^ig,    an 
obstmction).      Obstruction  of  the  spleen 
from  any  cause. 

Splenet''ic  (^anlrjv).     Splenic.     Pertaining 
to  the  spleen. 

Splen^'ic  {anlriv).  Pertaining  to  or  affect- 
ing the  spleen.  S.  Fever.  See  Anthrax. 
Splenifica''tion  [an7^r]v,  facio,  to  make). 
In  pathology,  the  conversion,  during  cer- 
tain diseases,  of  the  substance  of  the 
lungs  or  the  liver  into  tissue  resembling 
that  of  the  spleen. 

Sple'nious  {a^T7^.^Jv).      The  posterior  mas- 
toid muscle. 
Spleni'tis  {pT^'kqv,  trig,  inflammation).  In- 
flammation of  the  spleen. 
Sple'nius.     See  Muscle -Table. 
Spleniza^tion  [a-K7ji]v).     A  condition  of 
the  lungs  during  the  first  or  second  stage 
of   pneumonia,   during  which  period  the 
tissue  of  tiie  lungs  resembles  that  of  the 
spleen. 

Sple'no-  {oTTT-riv).     Same  as  Splen-. 
Spleno-colic.       Pertaining   conjointly    to 
the  spleen   and  the   colon.     S.-c.  Liga- 
ment, a  peritoneal  fold  between  the  spleen 
and  mesocolon . 
Splenodyn'ia  {anTirjv,  odvvr),  pain).     Pain 

in  the  spleen. 
Splenog^raphy  {ajrlriv,  ypa^u,  to  write). 
The  descriptive  anatomy  of  the  spleen. 


SPLENOILEMIA 


413  SPRING  CONJUNCTIVITIS 


Splenohae'mia  [arr/jp-,  ai^ia,  the  blood). 
Congestion  of  tlie  spleen.  Ilyi^eraniia  of 
the  spleen. 

Sple'noid  (arr/.r/v,  etSo^,  resemMing).  Re- 
semMiiig  the  spleen. 

Splenol'ogy  (a-'/.i/v,  /n;.  of,  science).  The 
science  ol  splenic  stnicture  ami  function. 

Spleno'ma  ((t-Aj'/i').   Tumor  of  the  spleen. 

Splenomala'cia  [a-Ar/v,  ^a'/nnog,  soft). 
Softening  of  the  tissue  of  the  spleen. 

Splenon'cus.     See  S/^leno»ia. 

Splenop'athy  [a~?.7fv,  TraOog,  disease). 
Disease  of  the  spleen. 

Spleno-phre'nic.  IVrtaiiiing  to  the  spleen 
and  dia])hra^ni.  S.-p.  Ligament.  A 
peritoneal  fold  between  the  spleen  and 
diaphragm. 

Splenot'omy  ((tt?.;/i',  refivu,  to  cut).  In- 
cision or  dissection  of  the  spleen. 

Splint.  A  piece  of  wockI,  metal  or  other 
material  for  keeping  the  ends  of  a  fractured 
iKine  in  [x."rmanent  contact  while  healing. 
S.,  Bond's,  has  a  carved  block  to  sup- 
port the  hand  and  fingers  in  a  natural, 
easy  position.  S.,  Bracketed,  inteiTupted 
by  a  iiracket  at  tlie  jx)int  of  injuiy,  so  that 
examination  of  the  same  may  be  made 
without  destroying  the  rigidity,  etc.  S., 
Desault's,  used  in  fracture  of  the  thigh, 
consisting  of  a  long  outer  and  a  shorter 
inner  splint  from  the  jx-lvis  to  the  foot, 
with  an  anterior  splint,  bandage  and  exten- 
sion.     S.-bone,  the  fibula. 

Splin'ter.  See  Stqiit-stnim.  Used,  also, 
popularly  of  a  bit  of  wood  or  other  mate- 
rial that  pierces  the  skin. 

Split  Pei''vis.  Congenital  non-union  of 
the  t)ones  of  the  pubes  at  the  symphisis. 

Spon'dyl-  [a~o\iW/.o^,  a  vertebra).  A 
Greek  word  used  as  a  prefix  to  denote  con- 
nection with  the  vertebre. 

Spondylalgia  {a-JToviv/joq,  aXyoc,,  a  pain). 
I'ain  in  the  vertet)nE. 

Spondylarthri'tis  (<TTwdf?.oc  apOpnv,  a 
joint,  iTir,  inflammation).  Inflammation 
at  a  vertebra!  articulation. 

Spondylarthroc'ace  (aTzoi'M.n^,  afiOfinr, 
a  joint,  KiiKdc,  evil ).     Caries  of  a  vertebra. 

Spondylexarthro'sis  (orroiflr/'or,  cxar- 
throiis,  out  of  joint).  Dislocation  of  a 
vf-rtebra. 

Spondyli''ti8  (anovMxir,  irir,  inflamma- 
tion i.      Infl.immalion  of  a  vertebra. 

Spondylizc'ma.    .See  Sf<on({ylolislhesis. 

Spondylodyn'ia  (<77roi'<5v/of,  oivvri^  pain). 
I'aiti  in  a  vertclira. 

Spondylolisthc'sis  (ffrrwf5if/or,  fi7.ia(hiair, 
aslipjiing).  '1  he  sliding  of  the  lower 
portion  of  the  spiial  column  into  the  cavity 


of  the  pelvis,  wliich  is  tilted  U|)ward  and 
backward,  diminishing  (in  woman)  the 
aiUero-posterior  diameter  of  the  inlet. 

Spondylop'athy  {a-oi'6v'/.o^,  T:a6oq,  a  suf- 
fering).    Disease  of  the  vertebne. 

Spondylopyo^sis  (a~tiv(^v7.(ir,p\'o.<:is).  For- 
mation of  pus,  or  suppuration  of  a  verte- 
bnv. 

Spondylot'omy  (ff-oiJi'^of ,  vertebra, 
Toitij,  section).  Section  of  vertebra:  in 
embryotomy. 

Sponge  (ctto;.  }0f).  The  skeleton  of  a 
marine  animal,  the  type  of  the  poriftra. 
It  is  much  used  as  an  absorbent  in  surgery. 
S.,  Antiseptic,  that  which  has  been 
treated  with  an  antiseptic  solution.  S. 
Bath,  the  iiibbing  of  the  body  with  a  wet 
sjx)nge.  S.  Graft.  See  Graft.  S.,  Pre- 
pared, sponge  dipped  in  melted  wax  or 
paraffine  and  pressed  between  plates.  It 
is  used  as  a  tent  for  dilatation.  S.  Tent. 
See  S.  Prepared. 

Spon^gia.     See  Sponge. 

Spon'giform  {p-oyyoq,  foniia^  a  form). 
Having  the  external  form  of  a  six)nge. 

Spon'gioplasm  {orroyyo^,  ■!7?.aa/ta).  The 
chromatin  of  the  nucleus  of  a  cell. 

Spon'giose  [oKoyyog).  Full  of  pores, 
like  a  sponge. 

Spon^goid  {ajToyyog,  eiSog,  resembling). 
Reseml  >ling  sponge. 

Spon'gy  {a-oyyog).  Having  the  texture 
of  sponge.  Very  porous.  S.  Bones, 
bones  having  a  porous,  reticulated  struc- 
ture, especially  the  turlunated  bones  of  the 
nose,  the  s])hcnoid,  and  ethmoid  bones. 

Sponta'neous(Lat.).  Voluntarily,  or  with- 
out extraneous  impulse.  S.  Combustion. 
See  Combustion.  S.  Evolution.  See 
Evolution.  S.  Generation.  See  Gen- 
eration.    S.  Version.     Sec  I'ersion. 

Sporad''ic  (a-nixj,  to  sow).  Scattered. 
Api)lied  to  diseases  that  may  spread,  but 
which  are  not  epidemic. 

Spore  (nr^ojxi,  a  seed).  A  detached 
gemma  or  fructifying  particle  of  fungi,  the 
e(|uivalent  of  the  bud,  or  germ-cell. 

Spor'ule.     .\  small  s]X)re. 

Spot,  Blind.     .See  J^/ind. 

Spot'ted  Sick'ness.     See  /'/;//</  /disease. 

Sprain.  Injury  and  conse(|uent  .soreness 
from  strain  of  a  muscle  or  tendon  by  too 
great  traction  ujHm  it.  S. -fracture,  sepa- 
ration (if  a  tendon  with  detai-linient  of  a 
small  shell  of  l)one. 

Spray  (tier.,  sprcidm,  to  spread).  In 
pharmacy,  a  li<|uid  blown  into  minute 
drojis  !iv  a  stnnig  current  of  air. 

Spring  Conjunctivitis.     Sec  i'ernal. 


SPRUE 


414 


STAPHYLOCOCCUS 


Sprue.     Thrush. 

Spunk.     See  Agaricus. 

Spu''tum  [spuo,  to  spit).  The  secretion 
ejected  from  the  mouth  in  spitting.  It 
consists  normally  of  saliva  and  mucus  from 
the  nasal  fossK  and  fauces.  In  disease,  it 
may  contain  pus,  blood  and  the  debris  of 
suppuration  of  any  part  finding  an  outlet 
through  the  mouth.  Certain  diseases, 
especially  pneumonia  and  phthisis,  are 
marked  by  specific  character  of  their  sputa. 

Squa^lor  (Lat.).  Filth.  Disorder  and  ma- 
cleanliness. 

Squa^ma  (Lat.).     A  scale  or  lamina. 

Squamo^sal.     See  Squamous. 

Squa'mous  [scjuama).  Scaly.  Charac- 
terized by  thickened  laminte  of  morbid 
cuticle.  A  temi  applied  to  an  order  of 
cutaneous  diseases,  distinguished  by  des- 
quamation. Used  also  of  certain  parts 
of  bones  having  a  scale-like  appearance. 
S.  Suture,  the  suture  between  the  squa- 
mous part  of  the  temporal  bone  and  the 
frontal  and  parietal  bones. 

Squar^ra  [eaxapa,  a  scab).  The  rough 
crusts  of  tmea. 

Squibb's  Diarrhoea  Mixture.  See  Opii 
Tinct.  Comp. 

Squill.     See  Scilla. 

Squint.     See  Strabisimis. 

Sta^bile  (stabilis).  Not  moving ;  perma- 
nent ;  in  electrotherapeutics,  opposed  to 
labile,  the  electrode  being  held  continually 
upon  a  point. 

Stactom'eter  (<Tra/crof,  a  dropping,  fiETpov, 
a  measure).  An  instrument  for  measuring 
drops. 

Sta^dium  (Lat.).     Stage  or  period. 

Staff  (A.  S.,  stcef).  An  instrument  used  in 
lithotomy  for  passing  into  the  bladder 
through  the  urethra. 

Stage  of  Labor.     See  Labor. 

Stagna^tion  iyStagnum,  a  pool  of  foul 
water).  A  cessation  of  motion.  In  path- 
ology, a  cessation  of  motion  of  any  fluid 
accompanied  by  a  morbid  condition. 

Staining,  Double.     See  Double. 

Staining  Reagents  (  for  microscopic  spe- 
cimens). Carmine  and  picro-carmine  form 
the  coloring  factors  in  the  larger  number. 
Hrematoxyline  is  highly  commended  by 
Hamilton:  12  grm.,  alum  50  grm.,  gly- 
cerine 65  c.c,  distilled  water  130.  Boil 
and  add  5  c.c.  carbolic  acid,  and  allow  to 
stand  in  the  sunlight  for  a  month  or  more. 
Osmic  acid  is  largely  employed  in  the 
preparation  of  animal  tissues.  Prepara- 
tions of  aniline  Ijlue  and  aniline  violet  are 
commonly  used  in  staining  bacteria. 


Staircase.     See  Summation. 

Sta^men  [gtti^uv^  a  standing).  The  fila- 
ment of  a  flower  with  its  anther.  It  is  the 
male  organ  of  reproduction  in  the  flower, 
bearing  the  pollen  or  impregnating  semen 
on  the  surface  of  the  anther. 

Stam^ina  [arr/fjuv).  Natural  strength  of 
constitution.  Vigor.  Inherent  force.  Also, 
pi.  of  stamen. 

Stam^mer  (A.  S.,  stamer').  To  utter  with 
hesitation.  To  articulate  only  after  re- 
peated attempts. 

Stand.  To  have  an  upright  posture.  Also, 
a  frame  or  a  table  to  place  things  upon. 
S.,  Microscope,  the  tripod  or  base  of  the 
microscope  with  the  tube,  but  without  eye- 
pieces and  objectives. 

Stand^ard  [extendo,  to  spread  out).  An 
established  rule  or  model.  A  criterion  for 
comparison. 

Stan'nic.    Pertaining  to  stannum  or  tin. 

Stan^num.     See  7in. 

Stape^dius.     See  Muscle-Table. 

Sta''pes  (Lat.,  a  stirrup).  The  stirrup- 
shaped  bone  of  the  middle  ear  articulating 
with  the  incus  and  the  fenestra  ovalis. 

Staphisa^gria.  Stavesacre.  The  seed 
of  Delphinis  S.  Properties  due  to  an  al- 
kaloid, delphinine,  and  other  extractives. 
A  violent  emetic,  cathartic  and  parasiticide. 
Lowers  activity  of  heart,  producing  adyn- 
amia. Used  internally  in  asthma  and 
rheumatism  ;  externally,  for  itch  and  lice. 
S.  Ung.,  unof.,  I  part  of  powdered 
seeds  with  2  each  of  olive  oil  and  lard. 
Delphinine,  unof.     Dose  gr.  j2~i- 

Staph^yle  (cTai^vJj},  a  grape).  The  uvula. 

Staphyli^tis  (^ara^vXTj).  Inflammation  of 
the  uvula. 

Staphylium.     The  mammary  nipple. 

Staph^ylo-  ((jTa(f>v/j/).  A  Greek  word  u.sed 
as  a  prefix  to  denote  connection  with  the 
uvula. 

Staphylococ'cus  [cTaipvlTj,  KOHKog,  ker- 
nel). A  class  of  microbes.  Family, 
Coccacees ;  genus,  micrococcus ;  of  which 
the  S.  Pyogenus  Aureus  (golden-yel- 
low), or  microbe  of  pus  and  boils,  is  the 
most  noteworthy  example.  S.  Pyogenes 
Albus,  the  white,  of  similar  patliogenic 
quality,  but  less  powerful.  S.  Pyogenes 
Citreus,  resembles  the  first,  except  in 
color;  still  less  powerful.  S.  Cereus 
Albus,  also  obtained  from  pus  ;  probably 
not  pathogenic.  S.  Cereus  Flavus, 
from  pus;  not  pathogenic.  S.  Flaves- 
cens,  intermediate  between  the  aureus 
and  albus  ;  found  in  the  pustules  of  small- 
pox.    See  Micrococcus. 


STAniVLCEDKMA 


415 


STEATORRIKTiA 


Staphylcede'ma  (aracpf/ti,  aithjim).  Any 
morbid  enlargement  of  the  uvula. 

Staphylo'ma  [ara<pv?.r/).  A  giving- way 
or  bulging  of  the  cornea  or  sclerotic  of  the 
eye  and  the  formation  of  a  tumor.  S., 
Anterior.  See  A\rtito^/of>us.  S.,  Pos- 
terior, bulging  backward  of  the  sclerolic 
at  the  |xisterii>r  pole  of  the  eye. 

Staphylon'cus  (aruovh/,  oj\of,  tumor). 
Swelling  of  the  uvula. 

Staph'yloplasty  [(Tra6v7.Tj,  Tz/.aaacj,  to 
mould).  A  |)lastic  operation  for  the  closure 
of  ckft  palate. 

Staphylopto'sis  {aTa<^v7.Ji,  nnjiir,  a  fall- 
ing). The  abnormal  elongation  uf  the 
uvula. 

Staphylor'rhaphy  {ara6v'hi,pa(pTi,  suture), 
."^uture  of  the  lips  of  a  cleft  palate  or  uvula. 

Staphylot'omy  (ffraor///,  rfurw,  to  cut). 
.Ainiiutation  of  the  uvula. 

Star  Anise.     See  Illinium. 

Starch.     See  Aniylum.     S. -sugar.     See 

Star  Grass.     See  Aletris. 

Starva'tion  (Ger.,  slerbcn,  to  die).  Death 
from  hunger. 

Star'wort.     See  Aletris. 

Sta'sis  [larTjui,  to  stand).  A  condition  of 
standstill  of  the  current  of  any  of  the 
fluids  of  the  body,  but  especially  of  the 
blood,  which  condition  forms  an  early 
stage  of  the  inflammatory  process,  with 
resultant  migration  of  the  white  corpuscles 
and  serous  exudation. 

State  [sto,  to  stand).     A  condition. 

Stat'ic  (j/t»).  At  rest.  In  equilibrium.  S. 
Breeze,  a  method  of  administration  of 
static  electricity,  consisting  in  the  with- 
drawal of  a  static  charge  from  a  patient  by 
means  of  a  [>ointed  electrode. 

Stat'ical  Theory.     See  Goltz. 

Staf'ics  {sto).  The  science  relating  to 
forces  in  a  condition  of  equilibrium.  See 
Afechanics. 

Sta'tionary  (^/o).  Not  moving.  A  de- 
scriptive term  applied  to  diseases  that 
remain  in  the  same  locality  for  a  periixl 
without  changing  their  geographical  en- 
viroiimetit,  or  that  [K'r.>ist  without  growing 
belter  or  wcjr.se. 

Statis''tics.  .\  numerical  collictinn  of 
facts  relating  to  a  subject.  S.,  Medical, 
that  part  of  medicine  pertaining  to  details 
of  mortality,  climate  and  the  geograjihical 
distribution  of  diseases.  S,  Vital.  Same 
as  .S'.,  Meditiil. 

Stat'ure  {ito^.  Tlic  height  of  any  animal 
when  standing.  In  quadru|)cds,  it  is 
measured  at   a  iKjinl  over  the  shoulders. 


In  man,  it  is  the  measured  distance  from 
the  luel  to  the  top  of  the  head. 

Stat'us  \sto).  A  condition  with  the  idea  of 
permanence  or  continuance.  S.  Epilep- 
ticus,  the  fits  of  epilepsy  following  each 
other  at  inter\als  of  only  a  few  minutes. 

Staurople'gia  (araiyjof,  cross,  tt/.;/}/?,  a 
stroke).  Crossed  hemiplegia,  or  those 
cases  in  which  the  upper  limb  on  one  side 
is  paralyzed  together  with  the  lower  limb 
on  the  opposite  side. 

Staves'acre.     See  Staphisagria. 

Steap'sin  [areap,  fat).  A  diastasic  fer- 
ment which  causes  fats  to  combine  with 
an  adilitional  molecule  of  water  and  then 
split  into  glycerine  and  their  corresponding 
acids.     See  Fernunts. 

Stc'ar  ((T-fop).     See  Adeps. 

Stear'ic  (ffrtap).  A  name  applied  to  the 
acid  derived  from  stearine. 

Stear'iform  {(5-tap,  forma).  Having  the 
ajipearance  of  or  resembling  fat. 

Ste'arine.  A  white,  solid,  crystalline  con- 
stituent of  the  fat  of  animals.  Chemically 
it  is  a  salt  of  stearic  acid  with  the  radical 
glyceryl  as  a  base. 

Stearoc'onote.  An  insoluble  but  fusible 
solid  substance  occurring  in  brain -tissue. 

Stearop'tene.  A  name  applied  to  several 
crystalline  substances  held  in  solution  in 
volatile  oils.  Called,  also,  camphors.  Some- 
times isomeric  with  the  oil,  and  sometimes 
hydrates  or  oxides  of  it. 

Stearrhce'a.  vSee  Selwrrhaa.  S.  Nigri- 
cans.    See  Chroniidrosis. 

Ste'atine  {cTtap).  Same  as  Stcnrttte. 
Also,  consisting  of  fat. 

Steaf'ocele  [areap,  kti?.tj,  a  tumor).  A 
tumor  formed  by  a  collection  of  fatty  mat- 
ter in  the  scrotum. 

Steato-crypto'ses  [arcap,  Kpurvro,  to  con- 
ceal). Abnormalities  of  function  of  the 
sebaceous  glands. 

Steato'ma  [oTcap,  onid).  A  sebaceous 
encysted  tumor.     See  Scbiiccous  Cyst. 

Steatop'agous  (arrnp,  ni'yrj,  buttocks). 
I'erlaining  to  an  abnormal  largeness  of  the 
glutei  nuiscles  and  ailjacenl  |)arts. 

Steatopath''ic  (artn^i,  Tralloc,  an  affection). 
I'ertaining  to  diseases  of  the  sebaceous 
glantls. 

Steatorrhce-'a  {armp,  peu,  to  flow.)  An 
increased  llow  of  the  secretion  of  the  seba- 
ceous follicles.  S.  Amianthaca,  a  form 
of  seU)rrh^ea  in  which  the  excess  of  solid 
constituents  gives  the  appeaiance  of  scali- 
ness  of  the  skin.  See,  al.so,  .S,bori/t<tii. 
S.  Simplex,  excess  of  sebaceous  excretion 
of  the  face. 


STEATOSIS 


416 


STERNAL 


Steatc'sis  {areap).  The  condition  due  to 
the  existence  and  progress  of  steatoma,  or 
fatty  degeneration  of  a  part.  Also,  any 
abnormal  accumulation  of  fat. 

Steel.  Iron  chemically  combined  with  a 
certain  proportion  of  carbon.  It  holds  an 
intermediate  position  between  white  cast- 
iron  and  wrought-iron,  partaking  of  the 
most  valuable  qualities  of  both.  Steel  of 
good  quality  is  fine  grained,  elastic  and 
tough. 

Stel^late  {stella,  a  star).  Having  the  form 
of  a  star.  Studded  with  stars  or  star- 
shaped  points.  S.  Bandage,  one  that  is 
wound  crosswise  on  the  back. 

SteUliform  [stella,  forma,  form).  Having 
the  form  of  a  star. 

Stel^lula  (dim.  of  j^^//(7,  a  star).  In  anat- 
omy, a  plexus  of  veins  in  the  cortex  of 
the  kidney. 

StelKwag's  Symptom.  Slight  retraction 
of  the  upper  lid  in  exophthalmic  goitre, 
whether  complicated  or  not  with  Graefe's 
symptom. 

Stem.  The  supporting  stalk  of  a  leaf  or 
plant. 

Ste''no-  (cTEvot;,  narrow).  A  Greek  word 
used  as  a  prefix,  denoting  *  narrowness  or 
constriction. 

Stenocar'pine.  A  fraudulent  anesthetic 
and  mydriatic,  asserted  to  have  been  ob- 
tained from  the  leaves  of  the  tear-blanket 
tree.  It  has  been  proved  a  mixture  of 
cocaine  and  atropine. 

Stenochc'ria  {ar^voq,  x(-)pog,  space).  Nar- 
rowness, stricture,  or  partial  obstruction. 
Also,  contraction  of  the  vagina. 

Stenog''raphy  (arfwf,  ypacpu,  to  write). 
A  system  of  shorthand  writing. 

Stenopse^ic  (cTtvoq,  opau,  to  see).  Ap- 
plied to  lenses  that  allow  the  passage  of 
rays  only  through  a  straight,  narrow  slit. 

Stenora^ic.     See  Sttmopceic. 

Sterne's  Duct.  Properly,  Stenson's  duct. 
See  Duct. 

Stenc'sis  [prtvoq).  Constriction  or  nar- 
rowing of  pores,  ducts  or  vessels. 

Stenos''tomy  [pTzvoq,  ctojm,  a  mouth). 
The  contraction  of  any  mouth  or  aperture. 

Stenotho^rax  [oTEvoq,  thorax).  Having 
a  straight,  short  thorax. 

Stenof'ic  {arevog).  Reduced  in  size,  con- 
tracted. 

Stephan''ion  (cTE^avi^,  crowned).  See 
Skull. 

Stercobi''lin  (stercus,  faecal  matter,  bilus, 
bile).  A  coloring  matter  found  in  intesti- 
nal excrement.  Identical  with  hydro- 
bilirubin. 


Stercora''ceous  [stercus).  Having  the 
nature  of  faces.  Applied  especially  to 
vomiting  when  foscal  matter  is  mixed  with 
the  ejected  substances. 

Stercorae^mia  [stercus,  aijia,  blood). 
Bouchard's  term  to  designate  that  condi- 
tion resulting  from  airest  of  intestinal  ex- 
cretion. He  estimates  that  the  amount  of 
poisonous  alkaloids  formed  in  the  intestines 
of  a  healthy  man  would,  if  absorbed,  cause 
death  in  24  hours. 

Ster^corine  [stercus).  A  faecal  extractive 
derived  from  biliary  cholesterine. 

Ster^cus  [stercus).     Fceces.     Excrement. 

Stereophant^ascope,  or 

Stereophor^oscope  [arepEog,  solid,  ^fpw, 
to  carry,  oko-ecj,  to  see).  A  stereoscopic 
zoetrope  ;  an  instrument  for  the  production 
of  a  series  of  images  apparently  in  motion 
and  also  in  stereoscopic  relief. 

Ste^reoplasm  [arepEog,  ■n'Aaafia).  Accord- 
ing to  Nageli,  a  solid,  insoluble  constituent 
of  protoplasm. 

Ster^eoscope  [aTepeng,  ckottecj,  to  see).  An 
instrument  by  which  two  similar  pictures 
of  the  same  object  are  made  to  overlap  so 
that  the  reflected  images  are  seen  as  one, 
thereby  giving  the  appearance  of  solidity 
and  relief.  The  stereoscope  is  used  in 
the  treatment  of  strabismus,  whereby  it 
becomes  an  excellent  means  of  ocular 
gymnastics.  It  is  also  of  service  in  op- 
tometry to  nullify  convergence  and  dimin- 
ish accommodation. 

Stereoscop^ic  Vision.  Binocular  vision. 
See  Stereoscope. 

Ster''ile  [sterilis,  barren).  Not  fertile  or 
capable  of  reproducing.    Used  of  females. 

SteriFity  [sterilis).  The  condition  of 
being  infertile  or  incapable  of  reproducing. 

Steriliza^tion  [sterilis).  The  condition 
of  being  infertile  orof  rendering  incapable 
of  reproducing.  In  bacteriology,  the  de- 
struction by  heat  of  the  spores  or  mature 
forms  of  bacilli,  micrococci,  or  other  forms 
of  microscopic  life.  In  most  instances  a 
temperature  of  100°  C.  (212°  F.)  devitalizes 
not  only  the  mature  forms,  but  the  spores 
as  well.  In  a  few  instances  this  tempera- 
ture is  not  fatal  to  either.  This,  e.  g.,  is 
the  case  with  B.  Tenuis,  the  rods  resisting 
100°,  and  the  spores  115° 

Steriliza'tor  [sterilis).  An  instrument  for 
sterilizing  or  killing  germs  by  heat,  includ- 
ing the  exact  determination  of  the  degree 
required  to  effect  this  in  the  case  of  differ- 
ent species. 

Ster^nal  [sternum,  the  breast  bone).  Per- 
taining to  the  sternum. 


STERN  AIa;I.\ 


417 


STIMILANTS 


StemaFgia  {sternum,  a?.)og,  a  pain).  Pain 
in  the  sternum. 

Ster'no-  (stet-num).  A  Greek  word  used 
as  a  prefix  to  ileiiote  connection  with 
the  sternum.  S.- clavicular,  ]KTt;iining 
jointly  to  the  sternum  aiul  the  coU.ir-l  one. 
S.-cleido-mastoid ;  S.-hyoid ;  S. -thy- 
roid.    Sec  J/us</ir - 7'<ji>/e. 

Stemocos''tal  {sfermtm,cos/(i,  a  rib).  Per- 
taining conjointly  to  the  sternum  and  the 
ribs. 

Ster''noid  {sternum,  tn'>or^  resemiiling). 
Resemtiling  the  sternum. 

Sternop'agus  {sternum,  Tra^.nq,  united). 
A  nionomphalic  monstrosity  united  by  the 
sternum. 

Ster'num  {crepvov,  solid).  The  flat,  nar- 
row bone  in  the  median  line  in  the  front 
of  the  chest  composed  of  three  portions, 
the  manubrium,  the  gladiolus,  and  the 
ensifonn.  or  .\iplioid  apj)endix. 

Sternu'tament  {sternuto,  to  sneeze  often). 
A  substance  causing  sneezing. 

Sternuta''tion  {^sternuto).  The  act  of 
sneezing. 

Sternu^tatory.     Provocative  of  sneezing. 

Ster^tor  (Lat.,a  snoring).  Sonorous  breath- 
ing or  snoring.  The  rasping,  rattling  sound 
produced  when  the  larjmx  and  the  air  pas- 
sages are  obstructed  with  mucus. 

Ster''torous  [stertor).  Breathing  with  a 
sonorous  sound ;  snoring, — a  symptom  ac- 
comjianying  certain  diseases. 

Steth'o-  (arr/Oor,  the  chest).  A  Greek 
word  used  as  a  prefix  to  denote  connection 
with  or  relation  to  the  chest. 

Steth'ograph.     See  Pneump^raph. 

Stethom''eter  {arr/6og,  peTpov,  a  measure). 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  amount 
of  expansion  of  the  chest  and  the  relative 
expansibility  of  the  two  sides. 

Steth'oscope  (crr/Hor,  oKmreu,  to  examine). 
An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  condi- 
tion of  the  organs  of  circulatifm  and  res- 
piration l)y  their  sounds.  It  consists  of  a 
hollow  tube,  one  end  being  placed  over 
the  locality  to  l>e  examincfi,  the  other  at 
the  ear  o(  the  examiner.  A  binaural  form 
of  the  instrument  consists  of  a  \' shaped 
tul)e,  the  flexible  iiranches  being  apj)lied 
each  to  an  ear  of  the  listener.  Hy  this 
means  not  only  arc  all  extraneous  sounds 
shut  out,  but  an  intensified  sound  is  con- 
veyed to  the  ear. 
Sthen'ic  (ff^tpor,  strength).  Strong,  active. 
S.  Fever,  synochia,  a  form  of  contiiuicd 
fever,  marketl  by  high  ixxiiiy  tim|)<-r:iture, 
'|uick  and  tense  pulse,  and  highly  colored 
urine. 

27 


Sthenopy'ra  [aVevo^,  nvp,  fever).  Sthenic 
fever. 

Stib'ium.     See  Antimotitum. 

Stich'cultur.     See  Culture. 

Stictac'ne  (trnKTor,  inmclated,  (unf).  A 
form  of  acne  in  which  the  pustule  has  a 
red  raised  base  with  a  central  black  point. 

Stiff.  Unyielding  to  flexion  or  pressure ; 
applied  especially  to  normally  movable 
parts.  S.  Joint.  See  Anchylosis.  S. 
Neck.     See  Torticollis. 

Stig'ma  {oTiym,  a  jioint).  In  botany,  that 
part  of  the  pistil  sunuounting  the  style. 
In  p.athology,  a  small  red  spot  on  the  skin. 
Also,  a  minute  cicatrix. 

Stigma'ta  May'dis.     See  Zf<7  Mays. 

Stigmat'ic  [ari-)ita).  Belonging  or  per- 
taining to  a  stigma. 

Stig'matism  [avQ^a).  A  condition  of 
the  refractive  media  of  the  eye  in  which 
rays  of  light  from  a  jwint  are  accurately 
brought  to  a  point  on  the  retina.  Synony- 
mous with  emmetropia.  See,  also,  Astig- 
matism. 

Stiginatiza''tion  {cTiyua).  Ecchymotic 
spots  upon  the  body. 

Stilette'  (Fr.,  dim.  of  Lat.  stilus, a.  point). 
The  small,  sharp-pointed  instrument  en- 
closed in  the  canula.  Also,  the  wire  of  a 
flexible  catheter. 

Still-born.     Born  lifeless. 

Stillicid'ium  (stilla,  a  drop,  catlo,  to  fall 
down).  The  flow  of  a  liquid  drop  by 
drop.  Also,  the  flow  of  the  urine  in  stran- 
gury. S.  Lachrymarium,  overflow  of 
tears  from  obstruction  of  the  canaliculus  or 
nasal  duct. 

Stil'ling,  Canal  of.     See  Cannl. 

Stillin'gia.  nueen's  Root.  The  root  of 
S.  sylvatica,  or  "  queen's  delight."  Active 
principle  not  known.  Expectorant,  diu- 
retic and  sialogogue,  with  re|)uted  altera- 
tive jjroperties ;  in  larger  doses  emetic  and 
cathartic.  Used  with  sarsaparilla  as  an 
antisyjjhilitic  in  tertiary  .stages.  Valuable 
with  quinine  in  intermittents.  Dose  of 
the  fld.  ext.  ni^x-^ij ;  of  the  tinct.,  unof., 
2  ss-ij  ;  of  the  <iccoction,  unof.  (strength 
Ti\  toOj),  5J-ij. 
Stim'ulants  {stimulus,  a  goad).  A  term 
s<.niewhat  loosely  emi)loyed  to  designate 
agents  exciting  the  functions  of  an  organ. 
S.,  Cardiac,  increase  heart  action.  S., 
Cerebral,  exalt  action  of  cereliruin.  S., 
Cutaneous,  increa.se  activity  of  skin,  pio- 
(huing  diaphoresis.  S.,  Diffusive,  have 
prompt  liui  transient  effect.  S.,  Hepatic, 
excite  t!ie  liver.  S.,  Intestinal,  ad  iqion 
Uic   digestive   track.     S.,    Local,    those 


STIMULUS 


418 


STRAMONIUM 


acting  directly  on  the  end-organs  of  the 
sensory  nerves  of  the  skin.  S.,  Renal, 
those  producing  diuresis.  S.,  Spinal, 
those  exciting  the  spinal  cord.  S.,  Stom- 
achic, those  giving  tone  to  the  stomach, 
aiding  digestion,  etc.  S.,  Vasomotor, 
those  exciting  the  vasomotor  centers. 

Stim''ulus  (Lat.).  Anything  exciting  the 
animal  economy,  or  any  part  thereof,  to 
increased  functional  activity.  Stimuli, 
Adequate  or  Homologous,  those  for 
whose  action  the  sense-organs  are  specially 
adapted.  S.,  Heterologous,  those  act- 
ing upon  the  nervous  elements  of  the  sen- 
sory apparatus  along  their  entire  course, 
homologous  S.  only  acting  upon  the  end- 
organ.  Summation  of  S.  See  Sum- 
matioti. 

Stitch.  A  popular  name  for  any  sharp, 
lancinating  pain. 

Stocking,  Elastic.  A  stocking  of  elastic 
fibers  for  the  compression  of  a  limb  affected 
with  varicose  veins. 

Sto'ma  (cr7o//a,  mouth).  The  mouth.  Also, 
the  orifices  of  glands,  tubes,  etc. 

Stomac^'ace  {arofta,  kciko^,  bad).  Canker 
of  the  mouth.  Fetor  of  the  mouth  with 
ulcerated  gums ;  also,  scorbutic  sore  mouth. 

Stom^ach  (arofia).  The  most  dilated  part 
of  the  alimentary  canal,  the  principal  or- 
gan of  digestion,  situated  in  the  abdomen 
in  the  left  hypogastric,  the  epigastric,  and 
part  of  the  right  hypochondriac  regions, 
above  the  transverse  colon  and  below  the 
diaphragm.  ,  S.  Pump,  an  instrument  for 
withdrawing  the  contents  of  the  stomach. 
S.  Tube,  a  flexibletube  for  irrigation,  etc., 
of  the  stomach. 

Stomach'ic.  A  stimulant  exciting  the 
functional  action  of  the  stomach. 

Sto^mata  (pi.  of  stoma).     Mouths. 

Stomati''tis  {aro^a,  triq).  Inflammation 
of  the  mouth. 

Stomatodyso^dia  {oTOfia,  dvaudca,  exhal- 
ing an  odor).  The  odor  of  the  breath  as 
it  leaves  the  mouth. 

Stomatop^athy  [aTojia^  iradog,  disease). 
Diseases  of  the  mouth. 

Stomat^oplasty  (arofja,  TtTiaaaa,  to  form). 
Plastic  operations  upon  or  about  the  mouth. 

Stomodse^um  [cfro/ia,  Satu,  to  divide). 
The  mouth  of  the  embryo  formed  by  a 
pushing  in  of  the  epiblast. 

Stone.     See  Calculus. 

Stone  Pock.     See  Acne  Vulgaris. 

Stool.  The  faeces.  The  evacuation  of  the 
liowels. 

Stop'page.     Cessation  of  flow  or  action. 

Sto^rax,     See  Styrax. 


Strabis''mic.  Relating  to  strabismus,  or 
affected  with  it. 

Strabismom'eter.     See  Strabometer. 

Strabis^mus  [arpajiii^G),  to  squint).  That 
abnonnality  of  the  eyes  in  which  the  visual 
axes  do  not  meet  at  the  desired  objective 
point;  due  to  incoordinate  action  of  the  ex- 
ternal ocular  muscles.  S.,  Alternating, 
when  either  eye  fixes  alternately.  S., 
Apparent,  due  to  a  large  Angle  Alpha. 
S.,  Concomitant,  the  squinting  eye  has 
full  range  of  movement.  S.,  Constant, 
when  the  condition  is  a  permanent  one. 
S.,  Convergent,  when  the  squinting  eye 
is  turned  to  the  nasal  side.  S.,  Diver- 
gent, when  the  squinting  eye  is  turned  to 
the  temporal  side.  S.,  Monocular  or 
Unilateral,  when  the  same  eye  always 
deviates.  S.,  Paralytic,  due  to  the  pa- 
ralysis of  one  or  more  muscles.  Stevens 
has  devised  the  following  terms  to  express 
the  deviations  of  the  visual  lines  in  stra- 
bismus :  Heterotropia,  a  general  term 
for  deviation  of  any  kind  ;  Hypertropia, 
of  one  visual  line  above  another ;  Eso- 
tropia, deviation  inward ;  Exotropia, 
deviation  outward. 

Strabom^eter  [arpalSog,  squinting,  /lerpov, 
measure).  An  instrument  for  the  meas- 
urement of  the  deviation  of  the  eyes  in 
strabismus. 

Straboscop^ic  (^crpaRog,  okotteu,  to  see). 
Pertaining  to  the  appearance  of  objects  as 
seen  by  one  with  strabismus.  S.  Disc, 
an  instrument  producing  distortion  of  ob- 
jects. 

Strabot^omy  (orpa/Sof,  reixvu,  io  cut).  An 
operation  for  the  correction  of  strabismus. 
.See  Tenotomy. 

Strain.  In  pharmacy,  to  separate  insoluble 
suljstances  from  the  liquid  in  which  they 
occur.  To  filter.  In  pathology,  any  ab- 
normal tension  put  on  an  organ  or  part. 
See,  also,  Eye-strain. 

Strain''er.  In  pharmacy,  a  sieve  for  filtra- 
tion. 

Strait-jacket.  A  strong  coat  especially 
designed  to  prevent  injury  of  self  or  others 
by  the  delirious  or  violent  patient. 

Straits  of  Pelvis.     See  Pelvis. 

Stramo^nium.  Thorn  Apple.  The  seeds 
and  leaves  of  Datura  S.,  the  well-known 
Jamestown  or  "jimpson"  weed.  Prop- 
erties due  to  an  alkaloid,  daturine,  iden- 
tical with  atropine  (see  Belladonna).  Has 
the  general  properties  of  belladonna,  ijut 
mcire  powerful.  S.,  Ext.  Dose  gr.  \4>-y2- 
S.,  Fid.  Ext.  Dose  rr^j-v.  S.,  Tinct., 
lo  per  cent,  strong.     Dose  TTLv-xxx.     S., 


STRAN\;Ai..i:sriii:siA 


419 


STROPHANTI  I  US 


Ung.,  Cdnlains  of  the  extract  lo,  water  5, 
l>en/uiuated  lard  S5  parts.  Daturine, 
the  alkaloid.     Dose  gr.  yig-iV- 

Strangalaesthe'sia.     See  Zomcsthcsia. 

Strangula'tion  [straii:^4lo,  to  choke). 
Clioking.  Constriction  prcnluceil  I'V  a 
lit^ature,  stricture,  etc.  Strangulated 
Hernia.     See  Heniia. 

Stran'gury  (rrr/ia;,  a  drop,  ov()ov,  urine). 
I'aiiiful  urinalion,  and  drop  by  drop. 

Strass'burg's  Test  (for  bile  acids  in 
urine)  :  DijJ  liltcr  pajK-r  into  the  urine  to 
which  a  little  cane-sugar  has  been  added  ; 
dry  i>aper  and  apply  a  drop  of  sulphuric 
acid ;  a  violet  color  is  obtained  after  a  short 
time. 

Stratifica'tion  [slratuni,  a  layer,  fucio,  to 
make).      Existence  in  airanged  layers. 

Stra^tum  (I.at.,  a  layer).  A  layer  or 
lamina.  S.  Bowmani,  the  anterior  elas- 
tic layer  of  the  cornea.  S.  Corneum, 
the  epiiiemiis.  S.  Lucidum,  one  of  the 
layers  of  the  skin. 

Strengthening  Plaster.     See  Fcrntm. 

Strepto-bacte'ria  {aT()£7vrng,  twisted).  A 
term  applied  to  liacteria,  the  rods  of  which 
occur  in  chains  or  chaplets. 

Streptococ'cus  [arpE~rog,  noKKog,  a  ker- 
nel). Micrococci  arranged  in  strings  or 
chaplets.     See  Micrococcus. 

Strep'tothrix  {a-pz-roq,  6pt^,  hair).  A 
genus  of  Schi/omycetes  with  long  fila- 
ments and  false  ramifications.  S.  Fors- 
teri,  found  in  nasal  polyjii,  etc. 

Stretch-'er  (A.  S.,  streccan).  A  portable 
cot  or  litter  for  carrj-ing  the  sick. 

Stri'a  (pi.  <itnce^  a  streak K  A  streak  or 
line.  S.  Atrophicae,  whitish,  cicatricial 
lines  of  the  skin  caused  liy  tiie  contractions 
of  skin  that  have  l^een  stretched  by  fat, 
pregnancy,  etc.  Corpora  Striata.  See 
Corpus.  S.  Longitudinales  et  Late- 
rales,  appearances  of  part  of  the  corpus 
callosum. 

Stri'ate  {stria,  a  furrow).  Marked  with 
minute  ridges  or  furrows.  S.  Body.  .See 
Corpora  .Striata. 

Strich'cultur.     See  Culture. 

Stric'ture  {strint^o,  to  compress).  The 
abnormal  narrowing  or  contraction  of  the 
lumen  of  a  canal  or  duct  from  external 
pn-ssure,  or  as  a  result  of  innammatory  or 
other  changes.  The  mo.st  constricted  |)art 
of  the  o[x;ning  through  which  a  hernia 
protrudes.  S.,  Annular,  a  ring  like  ob- 
stntcti(jn  j)roduced  iiy  a  foM  of  mucous 
ineini>ranc  or  constriction  nil  around  the 
urilhra,  gut,  etc.  S.,  Bridle,  a  fold  of 
mucous   membrane   forming   a   crcsccntic 


obstruction,  or  peiforated  in  its  center; 
called, also,  S.,  Linear,  S.,  Pack-thread, 
S.,  Valvular  antl  S.,  Hour-glass,  ac- 
coriling  to  the  peculiar  appearances.  S., 
Congestive,  a  temix)rary  interference  of 
finictiun  from  subacute  ])rostilis  ur  otlier 
passing  inllamniatiun.  S.,  Irregular,  or 
S.,  Tortuous,  so  named  from  the  com- 
plicaiions  or  peculiarities.  S.  Fever,  the 
constitutional  disturbances  sometimes  the 
result  of  acute  stricture.  S.,  Imperme- 
able, or  S.,  Impassable,  nut  iiennilting 
the  passage  of  a  bougie  or  catheter.  S., 
Irritable,  the  passage  of  the  instrument 
causes  great  pain.  S.,  Permeable  or 
Passable,  permitting  the  passage  of  the 
instiiinierit.  S.,  Recurrent  or  Contrac- 
tile, tlie  stricture  returns  after  dilatation. 
S.,  Simple,  produces  no  interruption  of 
function,  pain,  etc. 

Stri'dor  Den''tium.     See  Odontoprisis. 

Strid'ulous  {stridco,  to  make  a  creaking 
sound).  Making  a  creaking  or  grating 
sound. 

String'halt.  A  popular  name  for  a  ner- 
vous affection  manifested  in  involuntary, 
convulsive  movements  of  one  or  both 
hinder  legs  of  a  horse. 

Stro''bic  Discs.  An  illusion  of  motion 
produced  by  the  circular  motion  of  a 
sheet  of  paper  on  which  concentric  circles 
have  been  drawn.  The  circles  appear  to 
rotate. 

Stroke.  In  pathology,  a  sudden  and 
severe  seizure  or  fit  of  disea.se.  S.,  Apo- 
plectic. See  Apoplexy.  S.,  Back,  of 
the  Heart,  the  sup]iosed  "  reaction  iin 
])ul.se,"  or  recoil  of  the  ventricles  at  th^ 
moment  the  blood  is  dischaiged  into  the 
aorta.  S.,  Paralytic,  .so  called  from  the 
suddenness  of  a  jjaralylic  attack. 

Stro'ma  [rjTfxJfin,  a  bed).  The  tis.sue  form- 
ing the  substratum  or  framework  uixin 
which  the  essential  structures  of  an  organ 
rest.  S. -fibrin,  filirin  formed  direct  from 
fibrin;  formed  in  the  usual  v.ay  it  is  called 
Plasma  liiirin. 

Strom 'uhr.     See  Rheoineter. 

Strongy'lus  ((rrpo) }  uPof,  globose).  A 
species  of  entuzocin  found  occasionally  in 
the  muscular  ti.ssue  of  the  heart. 

Strophan'thus.  The  seeds  of  a  tropical 
plant,  .v.  hispi.lus  or  h'onibl-,  yielding  an 
arrow  iK)i.son.  Pr()|>i'rtits  due  to  strnphan- 
thin,  a  glucoside,  and  inaine,  an  alkaloid. 
In  medical  |)rop('rtit's  it  closely  resembles 
tligitalis,  priKlucing  loss  of  lellex  sensibility 
and  of  voluntary  motinn.  I)oso  of  the 
tincture  git.  v-x.     Unol. 


STROPHANTINE 


420 


SUBCREPITANT 


Strophan''tine.  A  toxic  alkaloid,  soluble 
in  water  and  alcohol,  derived  from  stro- 
phanthus. 

Stroph'ulus.  See  Miliaria.  S.  Albi- 
dus.     See  Milium. 

Struc'ture  [slruo,  to  build).  In  biology, 
the  molecular  arrangement  of  the  sub- 
stances that  compose  tissue.  In  anatomy, 
the  arrangement  of  the  various  tissues  that 
compose  an  organ  or  a  part.  Also,  an 
organ,  a  part,  or  a  complete  organic  body. 

Stru'ma  {struma).  Scrofula.  Also,  a 
scrofulous  swelling  or  tumor.  Also,  Bron- 
chiocele. 

Strumipri'va,  Cachexia.     See  Cachexia. 

Stru^'mous  [struma).  Scrofulous.  Hav- 
ing the  nature  of  scrofula. 

Strych^nia,  or 

Strych''nine.     See  N'ux  Vomica. 

Strych^nism  [strychnia).  The  condition 
of  one  under  the  influence  of  strychnine, 
or  affected  by  it. 

Strych-'nos.     See  Nux  Vomica. 

Stulti''tia  (stultus,  a  fool).  Poolishness; 
dullness  of  the  intellect. 

Stump.  The  extremity,  pedicle,  or  basis 
of  the  part  left  after  surgical  amputation, 
excision,  or  ablation.  S.  of  Eyeball,  the 
remainder  of  the  globe  after  excision  of  an 
anterior  staphyloma  or  after  other  capital 
operation  on  the  globe  that  deprives  it  of 
vision.  S.,  Sugar-loaf,  a  conical  stump 
due  to  undue  retraction  of  the  muscles; 
called,  also,  S.,  Conical.  S.  of  Tooth, 
that  part  remaining  after  removal  or  de- 
struction of  the  corona. 

Stun  (A.  S.,  stunian,  to  make  a  din).  To 
confuse  and  render  one  temporarily  insen- 
sible or  unconscious,  as  by  a  blow. 

Stupe.  A  fomentation.  Also,  the  cloth 
used. 

Stu'por  (Lat.).  The  condition  of  being 
but  partly  conscious  or  sensible.  Also,  a 
condition  of  insensibility. 

Stu^prum  (Lat.).     Rape. 

Stut'ter  (Ger.,  slattern).  To  hesitate  or 
make  repeated  efforts  to  articulate  a  sylla- 
ble. 

Stye.     See  Hordeolum. 

Style.  See  Stylus.  S.  Lachrymal.  See 
Lachrymal. 

Stylis'cus  {stilus,  a  pointed  instrument 
used  for  writing).  A  slender,  cylindrical 
tent. 

Sty'lo-  {stilus).  A  Greek  word  used  as  a 
prefix  to  denote  connection  with  or  relation 
to  the  styloid  process  of  the  temporal 
bone. 

Styloglos^sus.     See  Muscle -Ta^le, 


Stylohy'oid.     See  Muscle -Table. 

Sty^loid  {stilus).  Resembling  a  stylus  or 
slender,  cylindrical  column. 

Stylo-mas''toid  {stilus,  mastoit/eus,  the 
mastoid  process).  Pertaining  conjointly  to 
the  styloid  and  mastoid  processes.  S.-m. 
Foramen,  a  foramen  of  the  inferior  surface 
of  the  petrous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone. 
It  transmits  the  facial  nerve. 

Stylo-pharyngc'us.     See  Muscle -Table. 

Stylosan'thes.  The  herb  S.  elatior.  Of 
repute  in  relieving  the  irritability  of  the 
uterus  during  gestation.  Dose  of  the  fld. 
ext.  TT^x-xx. 

Sty^lus  (Lat.).  A  pointed  instrument 
formerly  used  for  writing  on  wax  tablets. 
An  instmment  for  writing  on  manifold- 
ing paper.     In  surgery,  a  sound. 

Stymato''sis  {arvfia,  stiffness).  A  violent 
erection  of  the  penis  attended  with  haemor- 
rhage. 

Styp'tic  {cTviTTLKog,  astringent).  A  medi- 
cine or  agent  that  causes  vascular  contrac- 
tion of  the  blood  vessels.     A  haemostatic. 

Sty'rax  {arvpa^).  Storax.  A  balsam 
obtained  from  the  inner  bark  of  Liqui- 
dambar  orientalis,  or  oriental  sweet  gum. 
Contains  a  volatile  oil,  styrol,  several  resins 
and  cinnamic  acid.  Stimulant,  expectorant 
and  antiseptic,  acting  like  benzoin  and  tolu. 
Used  in  bronchial  affections  and  catarrh  of 
the  urinary  passages.  Externally  an  anti- 
septic and  parasiticide.  A  constituent  of 
Friar's  balsam.     Dose  gr.  v-xx. 

Sty^rone.  A  derivation  of  Styrax.  Chemi- 
cally, it  is  an  amyl  alcohol,  and  a  highly 
antiseptic  liquid. 

Sub-  {sub,  under).  A  Latin  preposition. 
Used  as  a  prefix  it  denotes  inidcr  or 
beneath. 

Subacute'  {sub,  acutus,  sharp).  Less 
than  ordinarily  acute  or  severe.  Also,  the 
stage  of  a  disease  when  it  is  intermediate 
between  an  acute  and  a  chronic  form. 

Subarach'noid  {sub,  arachnoid).  That 
lying  directly  beneath  the  arachnoid  mem- 
brane, as  the  subarachnoid  space,  subarach- 
noid fluid,  etc. 

Subcla'vian  {sub,  clavis,  the  collar-bone). 
Situated  under  the  collar-bone.  S.  Artery. 
See  Artery-  Table. 

Subclavic'ular  {sub,  clavis,  the  collar- 
bone). Pertaining  to  the  subclavicular  bone 
or  first  rib. 

Subcrep''itant  {sub,  crcpito,  to  make  a 
crackling  noise).  Apj)lied  to  a  siliilant 
rattle,  or  to  rales  produced  by  the  bubbling 
of  air  through  a  slightly  viscous  liquid,  as 
the  mucus  of  the  bronchi. 


SUBCUTANEOUS 


421 


SUCK 


Subcuta'neous  (.(///■,  cutis,  the  skin). 
Uiukr  tlic  skin.      lly|X)dermatic. 

Subdu'ral  {sul',  c/i/m).  Beneath  the  dura 
malcT.  S.  Space,  the  space  between  the 
dura  mater  and  the  arachnoid. 

Subenceph'alon  (siti,  t-}Ktoii?.or,  brain). 
The  medulla,  [xjns  and  corpora  quadrige- 
mina  taken  together. 

Su''berin.  Pulverized  cork ;  used  as  a 
dressing  for  wounds. 

Subglossi'tis.     See  J\ivttila. 

Subgrunda'tion.  The  intrusion  of  one 
l>art  of  a  cranial  iKine  beneath  another. 

Subinflamma'tion  {siil>,  in/liuunnido).  A 
very  slight  degree  of  inflammation. 

Subinvolu'tion  [siil>,  im'o/ro,  to  roll  up). 
Imperfect  involution.  S.  of  Uterus,  the 
imperfect  or  incomplete  contraction  of  the 
womb  after  delivery. 

Sub'ject  [sub,  Jacio,  to  throw).  In  anato- 
my, a  lody  for  dissection.  In  hypnotism, 
the  i^erson  under  hypnotic  influence. 

Subjec'tive  [sub,  jacio).  Having  the 
nature  of  a  subject;  pertaining  to  one's 
inner  nature  or  personal  self.  S.  Sensa- 
tions, those  not  caused  l)y  external  stimu- 
lus.    S.  Symptoms.    See  SyDiptonis. 

Sublig^amen  [sub,  lii^o,  to  bind).  A 
form  of  tru>s  used  in  hernia. 

SubTimate  (sul'/iiiiis,  high).  The  product 
of  suijlimation.  Applied  to  a  substance 
which,  under  the  action  of  heat,  passes  at 
once  from  a  solid  to  a  gaseous  state,  and 
again  condenses  in  a  solid  form  without 
intermediate  liijuefaction.  S.,  Corrosive. 
See  Hydrari^yruiii. 

Sublima'tion  [suhlimis').  The  vaporiza- 
tion and  condensation  of  a  volatile  solid. 
The  distilled  proiluct  is  called  a  sub- 
limate. 

Sublin'gual.  Lying  l)eneath  the  tongue. 
S.  Gland.     See  Saliva. 

Subluxa'tion.     See  Dislocation. 

Submax'illary.  Lying  beneath  the  lower 
maxilla.      S.  Gland.     See  .S<ili7'n. 

Submen'tal  {su/\  m,-ittu///,{hc  chin).  Sit- 
uated under  the  chin. 

Submerge'  (sub,  rnert^o,  to  dip).  To  im- 
mi  r-c.  To  place  under  the  surface  of  a 
li'{uid. 

Submer'sion  {sub,  mnxc).  The  condi- 
tion of  l>eing  under  the  surface  of  a  liquid. 
In  j)atho!ogy,  drowned. 

Suboccip'ital.  Situate  l)cneath  the  occiput. 

Subordina'tion  (sub,  omo,  a  rack).  In 
])liysiol(.gy,  tli<;  prc)|M-rty  of  i)eing  under 
normal  sui>jection  or  c()ntrf)l.  Applii<l  to 
organs  which  dc|MTid  u|K)n  or  are  con- 
trolled by  other  organs. 


Subscap'ular  [sub,  sia/u.'ti.  the  shoulder- 
Made  I.      Under  the  shoulder-blade. 

Subse'rous.  Lying  beneath  a  serous 
memlirane. 

Subsi'dence  {su6,  sedeo,  to  sit).  In  path- 
ology, the  gradual  cessation  and  disappear- 
ance of  an  attack  of  disease.  In  pharm- 
acy, the  sediment  falling  from  a  li<iuid. 

Subsis'tence  [sub,  sisto,  to  stand).  That 
which  nourishes  or  gives  support.    Food. 

Sub'stance  [substantia).  The  material 
sul 'Stratum  or  basis  of  a  tissue  or  organ. 
See  Siibstii/i/ia. 

Substan'tia  (l.at.).  Substance.  S.  Cineria 
Gelatinosa,  the  gray  or  cortical  matter 
of  the  brain.  S.  Ferruginea,  applied  to 
one  of  the  layers  of  the  cerebellar  cortex. 
S.  Nigra,  iiigmented  matter  found  in  the 
crura  cereliri.  S.  Perforata.  See  Space-, 
Anterior  Perforated. 

Substitu'tion  [sub,  statuo,  to  place).  The 
replacement  of  one  thing  by  another.  In 
chemistry,  the  replacement  of  an  atom  or 
a  molecule  of  a  compound  by  one  of  e([ual 
valence. 

Substra''tum  [sub,  stratum,  a  layer).  An 
under  layer  or  stratum. 

SubsuUtus  [sub,  salto,  to  leaji).  Any 
morbid  tremor  or  convulsive  twitching.  S. 
Tendinum,  involuntary  convulsive  twitch- 
ing of  the  muscles,  esj^ecially  of  the  hands 
and  feet. 

Subu'beres  {sub,  ubera,  the  breasts). 
Children  at  the  breast.    Suckling  chiklren. 

Succeda'neum  [succedo,  to  take  the  place 
of).  .\  general  temi  applied  to  medicines 
that  may  be  substituted  for  one  another. 
S.,  Caput.     See  Caput. 

Suc'cinum.  .Amiier.  A  fossil  resin 
found  in  the  alluvial  de|X)sits  of  Central 
Euro|}e.  Thought  to  be  deriveil  from  an 
extinct  sj)ecies  of  pine.  Properties  due  to 
a  volatile  oil  obtained  by  destructive  tlis- 
tillation.  Ol.  Succini,  a  stimulant  and 
antispasmodic  useful  in  hysteria,  epilep.sy, 
convulsions,  etc.  Externally,  a  ruhelaeient 
employed  successfully  in  rheumatic  affec- 
tions.    I  )ose  gtt.  v-x. 

Suc'culent  [succus,  juice).     Juicy. 

Suc'cus  (Lat.).  The  juice  of  a  |)lant. 
AKo,  the  natural  fluid  secretion  of  an 
organ.  S.  Entericus,  the  secretion  of  llu- 
intestinal  nmcous  membrane.  S.  Gas- 
tricus,  the  gastric  juice. 

Succus'sion  {succussio).  A  slight  shake 
or  blow  on  the  chest  or  back  given  for  the 
|)ur|K)se  of  ascertaining  the  presence  of 
a  fluid  in  the  thorax. 

Suck  [su^'o,  to  draw  in).    To  take  nourisli- 


SUCKLE 


422 


SULPHUR 


ment  at  the  lireast.  To  create  a  vacuum 
with  the  mouth.  To  draw  in  by  the  aid 
of  the  mouth. 

Suck^le  [siigo).  To  give  suck.  To  nurse 
at  the  breast. 

Su^crose.     See  Sacchamm. 

Suc'tion  (sugo).  The  production  of  a 
vacuum — withdrawing  the  air  by  the 
mouth  or  other  means.  S.  Method  of 
Cataract  Extraction.  See  Extraction 
of  Cataract. 

Suda'mina.     See  Miliaria. 

Suda^tion  {^sudo,  to  sweat).  The  act  of 
sweating. 

Sudato'ria.  See  Hyperidrosis  and  Mili- 
aria. 

Sudato''rium  {sudor\  A  room  or  apart- 
ment for  the  administration  of  a  sweat-bath. 

Su^dor  (Lat.).  Sweat.  S.  Anglicus.  See 
Miliaria.     S.  Urinosus.     vSee  Uridrosis. 

Sudorif'erous  [sudor,  fero,  to  bear). 
Sweat-bearing.    That  which  carries  sweat. 

Sudorific  [sudor).  A  medicine  or  agent 
inducing  sweating. 

Sudorip''arous  [sudor,  pario,  to  beget). 
Producing  or  secreting  sweat.  Applied, 
also,  as  a  descriptive  term  to  the  sweat 
glands. 

Su^et.     See  Sevum. 

SuPfer  (Fr.  sonffrir).  To  feel  with  sense 
of  pain  ;  to  endure  pain. 

Suffoca^tion  [sub,  under,  fauces,  the 
throat).  Stoppage  of  the  respiration ; 
stifling. 

Suffu^sion  [stib,  fundo,  to  pour).  Aspread- 
ing  or  flow  of  any  fluid  of  the  body  into 
.surrounding  tissue  ;  an  extravasation. 

Sug''ar.  See  Saccharum.  Chemically, 
sugars  are  divided  as  follows  :  Cane  sugar, 
Cp^Hj.^O,!,  the  ordinary  sugar  of  commerce 
and  pharmacy ;  glucose  (grape  sugar  or 
starch  sugar),  Cglij.^Og ;  lactose,  sugar  of 
milk;  and  inosit,  a  variety  found  in  certain 
muscular  tissues  and  in  the  juice  of  the 
asparagus.  Closely  allied  to  sugar  are 
starch,  cellulose,  glycogen  and  dextrine, 
q.v.     S.  of  Milk.     See  Lactose. 

Sugges'tion  [suggero,  to  convey  or  lay 
under).  The  transfer  or  production  of 
ideas,  visions,  volitions  and  mental  condi- 
tions in  the  hypnotic  subject  according  to 
the  will  of  the  operator.  S.,  Post-hyp- 
notic, the  command  to  do  certain  acts 
given  the  subject  while  in  the  .somnambu- 
lic stage,  which  are  executed  by  him  after 
his  return  to  his  normal  condition. 

Suggilla^tion  [sugillo,  to  be.it  black  and 
blue).  The  condition  of  being  affected 
with  ecchymosis.    Also,  the  livid  spots  due 


to  incipient  putrefaction.    Also,  the  mark 
made  by  a  leech  or  a  cupping-glass. 

Su^'icide  [suus,  one's  self,  cado,  to  kill). 
The  voluntary  and  intentional  taking  of 
one's  own  life  ;  self-murder.  Also,  one 
who  commits  suicide. 

SuPcated  [sttlats,  a  furrow).  Grooved  or 
furrowed. 

SuPcus  [y>\.  si(lci).  A  furrow  or  groove ; 
applied  especially  to  those  of  the  cortex 
of  the  cerebrum.  S.  Spiralis,  the  grooved 
extremity  of  the  lamina  spiralis  of  the 
cochlea. 

Sulph-     See  Sulpho- 

Sulph'ates,  Test  for,  in  Urine.  Acidify 
witli  hydrochloric  acid  ;  then  add  a  solu- 
tion of  barium  chloride,  and  if  soluble 
sulphates  be  present,  a  white  crystalline 
precipitate  falls.  Compare  with  that  from 
healthy  urine  as  to  abnormality  of  amount. 

Sulph'ides.  In  chemistry,  any  combination 
of  sulpliur  with  an  element.  The  alka- 
line sulphides  are  soluble  in  water,  the 
others  are  generally  insoluble.  Sulphi- 
dum  Calcii,  unof.,  the  "  hepar  sulphuris  " 
of  homoeopathy,  used  mainly  in  the  jirepa- 
ralion  of  other  compounds.  Locally,  a 
specific  for  itch.  Sulphurata  Calx, 
sulphurated  lime,  a  variable  mixture  con- 
taining about  36  per  cent,  of  calcium  sul- 
phide and  sulphate,  narcotic  and  irritant. 
Dose  gr.  jq— |.  Sulphurata  Potassa, 
prepared  by  heating  i  part  of  potassium 
carbonate  with  2  of  sulphur.  Narcotic 
and  irritant.  Dose  gr.  ij-x.  Sulphuris 
Iodidum,used  in  ointment,  gr.  xxx  to  3J. 
S.  of  Hydrogen,  unof.,  a  gas  having 
the  odor  of  rotten  eggs  ;  highly  poisonous. 
Used  as  a  precipitant  for  certain  metals  in 
solution. 

Sulph^o-  [sulphur).  A  prefix  denoting 
chemical  combination  with  sulphur,  or  a 
sulphur  radical. 

Sulph^onal.  A  complex  organic  com- 
pound having  the  structure  diethyl  .sul- 
phon-dimethyl-methane  (CH.:,),^  =  C  = 
(C^Hj.SO.J.^.  A  prompt  and  relial)le  hyp- 
notic without  narcotic  effect,  and  asserted 
to  have  no  unfavorable  results.  Contains 
no  halogen  compounds.  1  )ifficultly  .soluble 
in  cold  water.  Soluble  in  hot  water  and 
alcohol.     Dose  gr.  v-xxx.     Unof. 

Sulph'ur.  Brimstone.  S  ==  32 ;  quan- 
tivalence  II,  IV,  VI.  A  non-metallic  ele- 
ment distinguished  by  yellow  color  and 
crystalline  properties.  One  of  the  acid 
elements.  Unites  with  oxygen  to  form  the 
most  powerful  acid  radicals.    Laxative  and 

diaphoretic.       l^ong   administered   causes 


SULPHURIC 


423 


SUITOSITORIUM 


emaciation  and  anamia.  S.  lodidum, 
used  as  an  ointment,  i;r.  \\x-_^j.  S. 
Lotum,  wa>hed  sulphur,  piejiared  by 
diijtsting  sublimed  S.  with  water  of  ammo- 
nia, and  afterward  washing.  S.  Precipi- 
tatum,  lac  sulphur,  "milk  of  suli)hur;" 
prepared  by  decomiX)Sing  calcium  sulphide 
witli  hvihuchloric  acid.  Dose  gr.  x-_:^j. 
S.  Sublimatum,  sublimed  sulphur.  Dose 
gr.  x-l.\.  S.,  Ung.,  sublimed  sulphuric, 
benzoinated  lard  70  parts.  S.,  Ung. 
Alkalinum,  washed  sulphur  20,  jxjtassium 
carbonate  10,  water  5,  ben/oinated  lard  65 
parts. 

Sulphu'ric  [stil/'/tiir).  In  cliemistiy,  a 
teclinical  name  given  to  the  anhydride  and 
derived  acid  of  sulphur  trioxide,  SO3. 

Sulphu'rous  (su//>//i/r).  In  chemistr}',  a 
teclinical  name  applied  to  the  acids  ami 
anhydride  derived  from  sulphur  dioxide, 
SO,. 

Sum'bul.  The  root  of  Ferula  S.  Dis- 
tinguished by  a  musk-like  odor.  Contnins 
angelic  and  valerianic  acids.  An  excellent 
ner\-e  tonic,  much  used  in  Russia.  Useful 
as  a  substitute  for  musk  in  nerve  affections, 
ty|)hoid  fever,  etc.      Dose  gr.  xxx-^:5J. 

Summa'tional  Tones.  Supposed  pro- 
duction of  new  tones  by  the  summation  or 
addition  of  their  numljer  of  vibrations. 

Summa'tion  of  Stim'uli.  If  a  stimulus 
in  itself  insufficient  to  cause  contraction  of 
a  muscle  be  re])eatedly  applied  in  ])roper 
tempo  and  strength,  contraction  will  finally 
be  produced.  'Fhe  same  summation  oc- 
curs in  nervous  tissue,  and  the  cardiac 
contractions  exhiliit  a  rhythm  of  in- 
creased force,  called  Staircase  or  Treppe 
Rhythm. 

Sum'mer.  The  season  of  greatest  heat. 
Also,  ai)i)lied  to  things  connected  with  that 
season.  S.  Rash,  same  as  Lichrn  Trop- 
icus. S.  Savory,  the  leaves  of  Satureia 
hortensis.  Stimulant,  carminative  and 
emmenagogue.  Dose  of  (1d.  ext.  3J-iv. 
Unof. 

Sun'burned.  A  term  applied  to  the  skin 
v*licn  superficially  inllamed  liy  ex[K)sure  to 
the  sun.  Also,  the  bron/ing  of  the  skin 
from  long  ex]K)sure  to  the  sun  or  heat. 

Sun'dew.     The    plant    Drosera    rotundi- 

fotiit.  Has  l)ecn  found  useful  in  pertussis, 
a.sthma,  and  incipient  [)hlliisis.  Dose  of 
the  flfj.  ext.  n\_  v-xx.      I'nof, 

Sun-fever.  A  name  loosely  applied  to 
severe  forms  of  various  fevers  of  the  trop- 
ical regions. 

Sun'flowcr.  The  seeds  of  Ilelinnthus 
annuui.     Contains  a  fixed  oil  and  other 


extractive  matters.  The  oil  is  not  inferior 
in  t;iste  to  olive  oil.  Expectorant  and  diu- 
retic. Dose  of  decoction  a  J.  lib. ;  of  Hd. 
ext.  ^i-ij.     Unof. 

Sun'stroke.  A  jx)pularterm  for  insolation 
or  heat-stroke.  See  IJcoi-strokt'.  S., 
Electric,  an  illogical  term  for  the  s}niip- 
toms,  somewhat  similar  to  those  of  heat- 
stroke, producetl  by  too  close  and  unpro- 
tected proximity  to  the  inten.se  light  emitted 
in  welding  metals  by  electricity. 

Su'per-  (Lat.,  above  or  upon).  A  Latin 
form  of  a  Greek  prefix  denoting  above  or 
upon. 

Superciliary  {super,  cilium,  the  eyelid). 
IVrtaining  to  the  eyebrow.  S.  Ridges, 
the  projecting  ajwphyses  at  the  anterior 
surface  of  the  frontal  bone. 

SuperciUium  (Lat.).     The  eyebrow. 

Superfecunda'tion  [super,  fccuudus). 
The  fertilization  of  two  ova  at  the  same 
menstrual  j-^riod. 

Superfic'ial  (super,  fanes,  the  face).  Con- 
lined  to  the  surface.  Not  extending  below 
tiie  surface. 

Superfic'ies.     The  surface  or  outside. 

Superfoeta'tion  {super,  fa-t us).  A  second 
impregnation  taking  place  at  a  later  period 
of  ])regnancy.  This  occurs  either  in  a 
double  uterus  or  when  menstruation  per- 
sists until  the  second  impregnation. 

Superimpregna^tion.  The  development 
of  more  than  one  ovule  at  one  time,  as  in 
plural  pregnancy. 

Supe'rior  (comparative  of  superus,  high). 
In  anatomy,  the  U|)[:)er  of  two  organs  or 
parts.  S.  Vermiform  Process,  the  up- 
per part  of  the  median  lolie  of  the  cere- 
bellum. It  is  divided  into  three  lobes,  the 
lobulus  centralis,  iiiontieiilus  cerebelli,  and 
co/iimissura  simplex. 

Superlacta'tion.  Excess  of  the  secretion 
of  milk. 

Superna''tant  {super,  natans,  swimming). 
Moating  uix)n  the  surface  of  a  lii|uid. 

Su'persalt  {super,  salt).  In  chemistr)', 
ap])lied  to  certain  salts  containing  an  ex- 
cess of  the  acid.  An  acid,  as  distinguished 
from  a  basic  salt. 

Supina'tion  {supinus,  backward).  In 
anatomy,  the  turning  of  the  hand  upward. 
In  medicine,  the  condition  of  being  su|)ine. 

Supina'tor.      See  Muscle-  'J able. 

Su'pine  {supinus).  Lying  flat.  Also,  ly- 
ing on  the  back. 

Supplemen'tal  Air.     See  Air. 

Supposito'rium  (suppo)io,  to  j  place  under). 
A  solid  ImkIv,  usually  of  lard  or  stearine, 
as  an    excipient,  containing  a   prescribed 


SUPPOSITORY 


424 


SUSCEPTIBLE 


medicinal  substance,  intended  for  intro- 
duction into  tlie  rectum  or  vagina. 

Suppos^itory.     See  Suppositorium. 

Suppres^sion  [siib,prii)w,  to  press).  A 
condition  of  being  concealed  or  retained, 
as  applied  to  the  natural  excreta  of  the 
body.  S.  of  Menses,  the  abnormal  ab- 
stention of  the  menses  beyond  their  time  of 
appearance. 

Suppura^tion  [sub,  beneath,  rcvov,  pus). 
The  fomiation  of  pus.  The  separation 
from  the  organism  of  the  products  of  in- 
flammation. These  products  lose  their 
power  of  organization  and  break  down  to 
constitute  an  abscess.  The  reason  of 
this  necrotic  tendency  is  either  that  the 
efl'usion  dies  from  lack  of  nourishment,  or, 
more  probably  (or  at  least  more  frequently), 
that  microorganisms  gain  access  to  it,  and 
bring  about  the  result,  in  a  manner  not 
yet  definable. 

Su'pra-  [supra,  above).  A  Latin  preposi- 
tion used  as  a  prefix,  and  signifying  upon 
or  above. 

Supraclavic'ular  [supra,  clavis,  collar- 
l)one).     Above  or  upon  the  clavicle. 

Supraoccip^ital  [supra,  occiput).  Situated 
above  the  occipital  bone  ;  also,  the  upper 
part  of  the  occipital  bone. 

Supraor^bital  [supra,  orbit).  Situated 
above  the  orbit  of  the  eye.  S.  Arch  or 
Ridge,  the  curved  prominent  margin  form- 
ing the  upper  boundary  of  the  orbit.  S. 
Foramen,  at  the  inner  third  of  the  last, 
transmits  the  S.  artery,  vein  and  nerve. 
Sometimes  it  is  a  notch  or  groove,  and 
called  the  S.  Notch. 

Suprare''nal  [supra,  ren,  the  kidney). 
Above  the  kidney ;  applied  especially  to 
the  suprarenal  capsules  or  bodies. 

Suprascap'ular  [supra,  scapula,  the 
shoulder-blade).  Situated  above  the 
shoulder-blade. 

Supraspi^nal  [supra,  spina,  the  spine). 
Situated  on  the  spine  or  above  its  origin. 

Supraspina^tus  [supra,  spifza).  A  name 
given  to  various  organs  situated  upon 
the  spine  or  above  its  origin.  S.  Fossa, 
the  triangular  depression  above  the  spine 
of  the  shoulder-blade.  S.  Muscle.  See 
Muscle-  Table. 

Su^ra  [sura).  The  calf  of  the  leg.  The 
projection  formed  by  the  gastrocnemius 
muscle. 

Su^ral  [sura).  Pertaining  to  the  calf  of 
the  leg.  S.  Nerve,  Superficial,  that 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  external  cuta- 
neus  of  the  peroneal  and  the  communi- 
cantes  fibulares.     S.  Vein,  one  situated 


just  beneath  the  skin  on  the  calf;  it  opens 
into  the  popliteal  vein. 

Sur''ditas  Verba^lis.  Set  Aphasia  (word- 
deafness). 

Sur^dity.     See  Deafness. 

Sur''domute  [surdus,  mutus,  mute).  A 
deaf  and  dumb  person. 

Sur^feit  (Fr.  surfait,  excessive).  A  sense 
of  fullness  approachmg  nausea.  More  than 
enough. 

Sur^geon  [xsipovpyog,  a  hand  worker). 
One  who  practices  surgery, 

Sur^gery  [xs'povpyo^).  Formerly  that 
branch  of  medicine  concerned  with  man- 
ual operations  under  the  direction  of  the 
physician.  The  scope  of  the  word  is  now 
widened,  and  is  so  bound  up  with  general 
medicine  that  a  strict  and  succinct  defini- 
tion is  impossible.  Instrumental  and  man- 
ual operative  work  is  still  the  chief  idea, 
and,  so  far  as  related  to  diseases  commonly 
or  possibly  requiring  operative  procedure, 
surgery  usually  includes  the  treatment  of 
systemic  abnormalities.  The  term  as  lim- 
ited to  a  special  branch  of  medical  science, 
as  the  obstetric,  the  gyncEcologic,  aural, 
opJithalmic,  etc.,  is  growing  into  disuse, 
while,  at  the  same  time,  the  division  of 
these  specialties  has  narrowed  the  field  of 
work  of  surgery  as  now  commonly  under- 
stood. The  surgeon  has  recouped  him- 
self by  the  inclusion  in  his  department  of 
many  subjects  not  strictly  requiring  opera- 
tive treatment,  such  as  inflammation,  fever, 
microbiology,  syphilis,  etc.,  etc.  S.,  Mili- 
tary, that  pertaining  to  gunshot  wounds 
and  other  injuries  peculiar  to  military  life. 
S.,  Minor,  includes  the  lesser  surgical 
operations,  bandaging,  the  making  and 
application  of  splints,  dressings  and  su- 
tures, counter-irritation,  cauterization, 
blood-letting,  vaccination,  etc.  S.,  Or- 
thopaedic, the  remedy  of  deformities. 
S.,  Plastic,  repair  of  absent  or  defective 
tissue  by  transference  of  tissue  from  an- 
other part  or  person.  See  Transplanta- 
tion, Autoplasty,  Rhinoplasty,  etc. 

Sur^gical.  Pertaining  to  surgery.  S. 
Kidney,  supinuative  disease  of  the  kid- 
ney. S.  Tuberculosis,  tuberculous  dis- 
ease that  may  be  reached  by  operative 
treatment. 

Sursumduc^tion  [surstou,  upon,  duco,  to 
lead).  The  power  of  fusing  two  images 
of  the  two  eyes  when  one  eye  has  a  prism 
vertically  before  it. 

Suscep'tible  [suscipio,  to  undertake). 
Sensitive  to  an  influence.  In  pathology, 
liability  to  become  affected  with  disease. 


SUSrENDEI)  ANIMATION 


425 


SWEET 


Suspen'ded  Anima'tion.  A  temi  some- 
times applied  to  the  temporaiy  cessation 
of  the  vital  functions.  It  may  be  due  to 
asphyxia,  to  sjnicope,  or  to  the  trance-like 
Cunditiun  that  closely  simulates  death,  in 
which  the  jiatient  may  remain  for  some 
hours,  or  even  days. 

Suspen'sion  (^sttt>,  penJo,  to  hang).  The 
act  or  condition  of  hanging,  as  applied  to 
an  organ  or  jiart.  Also,  a  mode  of  treat- 
ment of  certain  diseases,  especially  tabes, 
in  which  the  patient  is  so  placed  that  the 
whole  weight  of  the  body  hangs  upon  the 
neck,  the  head  being  supported  at  the  chin 
and  occiput.  The  stretching  of  the  spinal 
cord  sometimes  removes  the  cause  of  the 
disca.se  by  a  process  not  at  present  well 
untlerstood. 

Suspenso'rium  [sui,  />c-fti/o).  That  upon 
which  anything  hangs  for  support.  S. 
Hepatitis,  the  suspensoiy  ligament  of  the 
liver.      S.  Testis,  the  cremaster  muscle. 

Suspen'sory  (stt/>,  pendo).  Designed  or 
useful  fur  suspension.  Su.spending.  S. 
Ligament  of  Lens.  See  Zviiula  of 
Zinit. 

Sustentac'ulum  (susfeiifo,  to  support). 
A  supjKirt.  S.  Tali,  a  process  of  the  os 
calcis  sui)iKirling  the  astragalus. 

Susur''rus  {susiirro,  to  whisjier).  A  soft 
murmur  in  aneurism,  cardiac  diseases,  etc. 

Sutu'ra  (Lat.).     See  Suture. 

Su'tural  [su/itrd).  Pertaining  to  or  having 
the  nature  of  a  suture. 

Su'ture  (or  Sutu'ra)  Anatomical  {sito, 
to  sew).  The  marginal  union  of  Hat  bones. 
S.,  Coronal,  connects  the  frontal  and  pari- 
etal Uincs.  S.  Dentata,  tooth  like,  as  be- 
tween the  i)arietal  bones.  S.  Harmonia, 
simjjle  apix)sition  of  the  articulating  sur- 
faces. S.,  Lambdoid,  occipito-pprietal. 
S.  Limbosa,  a  beveling  and  overlajiping 
of  the  parts.  S.  Notha,  l;y  ap|)<)siti(in  of 
roughened  surfaces.  S.,  Sagittal,  inter- 
parietal. S.  Seirata,  the  edges  scrraled 
or  like  the  teeth  of  a  saw.  S.  Squa- 
mosa, by  a  scale-like  overlapi)ing.  S., 
Transverse,  junction  of  frontal  and  facial 
lories.  S.  Vera,  when  connected  by  inler- 
Icjcking  processi-s  or  indentations.  The 
various  sutures  are  mostly  named  after  the 
Ikjiu-s  im|)licated,  as  the  ethmit-sphitunddl, 

frouloiiKilitr^  sphrtto-temf'oinl,  etc. 

Su'ture,  Surgical  ( i«r>).  The  Cdajitation 
of  the  li|»s  of  a  wound  by  .sewing.  S., 
Button,  the  use  of  button  like  di.scs  to 
prevent  the  llirearj  from  cutting  through 
the  tissues  and  to  bring  in  iK-lter  a|i|K)si(ion 
large  masses.     S,  Continued.     Sw  O'/o- 


rer's  S.  S.,  Dry,  adhesive  plaster  strips 
applied  to  the  lips  of  the  wounil,  which  are 
drawn  together  by  suturing  the  selvaged 
edge  of  the  strips.  S.,  Gely's,  so  ai>plied 
as  lo  invest  the  edges  of  the  wound.  S., 
Glover's,  passes  across  the  wound  con- 
tinuously in  the  same  direction.  S., 
Harelip,  or,  S.,  Figure-of-8,  the  liga- 
ture is  wound  about  a  pin  inserted  through 
L)Oth  lips  of  the  wound,  in  the  form  of  a 
figure  8.  S.,  India-rubber,  rubber  rings 
used  instead  of  the  ligature  in  tlie  Harelip 
S.  S.,  Interrupted,  or,  S.,  Knotted, 
separate  .stitches  and  knots  in  pro.ximity. 
S.,  Lace,  single-thread  stitches  carried 
around  a  listuia,  which  is  closed  by  traction 
upon  the  ligature  acting  like  a  sphincter, 
to  ]iucker  the  lips  together.  S..  Lem- 
bert's,  similar  to  Gely's  S.  S.,  Quilled, 
quills  or  rods  laid  beneath  an  Interrupted  S. 
S.,  Twisted.  See  Harelip  S.  See,  also, 
Sviiarlhyosis. 

Svap'nia.     Denarcotized  opium. 

SwaFlowing  (A.  S.,  swe/i^aii).  The  act  of 
passing  food  or  liquids  from  the  mouth  into 
the  o'sophagus. 

Swal'low's-nest.  A  deep  fossa  of  the 
cerel)elluni  between  the  commissure  of 
the  flocculus  and  the  nodulus  and  uvula. 

Sweat.  The  secretion  of  the  sudoriferous 
glands.  It  consists  of  a  tran.sparent  and 
normally  colorless  aqueous  fluid,  holding 
in  .solution  free  lactic  acid,  sodium  lactate, 
sodium  and  potassium  chlorides,  and  traces 
of  alkaline  phosphates.  S.  Glands,  the 
small,  lobular,  reddish  bodies  situated  in 
the  true  skin  and  subcutaneous  areol.ar 
tissue.  Each  consists  of  a  convoluted  tube 
from  which  the  excretoiy  duct  passes  out- 
ward through  the  skin.  In  its  passage 
through  the  epidermis  the  duct  is  more  or 
less  s])ira]. 

Sweat'ing.  The  excretion  of  the  con- 
tents of  the  sudoriferous  glands  in  scnsilile 
quantities.  S.  Fever  or  S.  Sickness. 
See  iMiliariii. 

S  we 'dish  Sys'tem.     See  Limfs  System. 

Sweet.  A  quality  of  taste  of  which  sugar 
and  honey  furnish  examjiles.  S.  Cicely, 
the  rof)t  of  Osnii>rrhiza  lom^islylis.  An 
aromatic  stomachic,  carminative  and  cx- 
]>eit()ranf.  Dose  of  fid.  ext.  ,^j-ij.  L'nof. 
S.  Fern,  the  leaves  and  tops  of  Coinpto- 
tiia  ii'.f'lenifflia.  .Astringent,  carminative 
:nid  alterative;.  Dose  of  lid.  ext,  ^^  ss-  ij. 
I  iiof.  S.  Flag.  Skc  I'll  III  nius.  S.  Gale, 
llie  bark  of  Myrica  dale.  Astiingent  and 
stimulant.  I  »<>>«  of  lid.  e\l.  ttl^v-^^^ss. 
l'nof.    S.  Gum,  the  bark  tif  I  iquiJambar 


SWEET-BREAD 


426 


SYMPTOMATIC 


stvracijlua.  Tonic  and  astringent.  A 
popular  domestic  remedy  in  diarrhoea. 
Dose  of  fid.  ext.  Jss-j.  The  balsam  ex- 
uding from  the  tree  is  much  used  as  a 
corrigent  of  fetid  breath.  Unof  S.  Oil. 
See  OlivcB  Oleum.  S.  Sumach.  See 
Rhus  Aromatica.  S. -scented  Water- 
lily.     See  Nymphica  Odorata. 

Sweet -bread.  A  popular  name  for  the 
Pancreas. 

SwePling.  Any  morbid  enlargement,  in- 
flation, tumor,  or  protuberance. 

Swoon.     See  Syncope. 

Syco'ma  [pvaav,  a  fig).  A  condition  char- 
acterized by  warty  or  fig-like  excrescences 
on  the  soft  tissues  of  the  body,  as  the  eye- 
lids, tongue,  anus,  or  genitals. 

Syco^sis  [avKLaaiq,  like  a  fig).  Acne  Men- 
tagra;  Ficosis;  Lichen  Menti;  Folliculitis 
Barbae.  Chronic  primary  inflammation  of 
the  follicles  of  the  hairy  parts  of  the 
face. 

Sydenham's  laudanum.  See  Opii 
{  Vinuni). 

Sylvester's  Method.     See  Artificial. 

SyPvius,  Aqueduct  of.  See  Aqueduct. 
S.,  Fissure  of.     See  Fissure. 

Sym-.     An  euphonic  form  of  Syn-. 

Symbio'sis  [avuPiuaiq).  The  dwelling 
together  of  two  or  more  individuals  or  or- 
ganisms. 

Symbleph^'aron  {aw,  together,  (i?i£(paf)ov, 
the  eyelid).  The  almormal  adhesion  of 
the  eyelids  to  the  eyeball  in  consequence 
of  burns,  wounds,  etc. 

Sym^bol  {avjijio'kov ,  a  pledge).     A  sign  or 
character  denoting  an  idea.     The  follow- 
ing are  commonly  employed  in  medicine : 
R  ,  Recipe,  take  of. 
9  ,  Scruple. 
^ ,  Drachm. 
{^ ,  Fluidrachm. 
^  ,  Ounce. 
£3  ,  Fluidounce. 
TT^,  Minim. 
See,   also,  List   of  Abbreviations,  p.  vil, 

VIII,  IX. 

Sym'ele.     See  Symelus. 

Sym^elus  (ffiy/,  yiekoq,  limb).  A  mon- 
strosity with  fused  extremities. 

Syme's  Operation.  Amputation  at  the 
ankle-joint,  the  malleoli  being  sawn 
through,  and  a  flap  made  with  the  skin  of 
the  heel. 

Symmefrical  (crw,  fieTpoi',  a  measure). 
Pertaining  to  or  governed  by  symmetry. 

Sym'metry  {ovv,  fiETpnv).  In  anatomy,  a 
harmonious  correspondence  of  parts.  In 
pathology,  the    theory  that   constitutional 


diseases  affect  both  lateral  halves  of  the 
body  impartially. 

Sympathet^ic  (from  its  supposed  inter- 
mediation of  sympathy  between  organs). 
Applied  to  the  sympathetic  nerve,  or  ner- 
vous system,  a  series  of  ganglia  connected 
by  commissural  fibers  upon  each  side  of  the 
vertebral  column  from  the  base  of  the 
skull  to  the  coccyx.  It  may  be  also  traced 
into  the  head.  It  gives  origin  also  to 
numerous  plexuses,  ganglia,  clc.  See 
Plexus  and  Ganglia.  S.  Bubo.  See 
Bubo.  S.  Inflammation,  or  Irritation, 
affection  of  an  organ  arising  by  reflex  ac- 
tion, infection,  or  other  unknown  way,  syn- 
chronous or  following  similar  affections  of 
other  organs.  S.  Ophthalmitis.  Inflam- 
mation of  the  uveal  tract  of  an  eye  arising 
subsequent  to  some  injury  or  affection  of 
the  other  eye.  The  eye  first  affected  is 
called  the  exciting  eye,  or  excitor,  the 
other  the  sympathizer.  The  inflammatory 
period  may  be  preceded  by  sympathetic 
irritation,  in  which  there  is  lachrymation, 
photophobia,  etc.  Removal  of  the  excitor 
is  tlie  treatment  usually  prescribed. 

Sym'pathizer.  See  Sympathetic  Ophthal- 
mitis. 

Sym^pathy  [aw,  nndoc,  suffering).  In 
pathology,  the  mutual  relations  between 
parts  or  organs  more  or  less  distant,  as 
shown  in  the  translation  of  a  morbid  con- 
dition from  an  affected  to  an  unaffected 
organ.  A  meaningless  term  for  the  facts 
of  reflex  neuroses,  meta.stasis,  etc. 

Sympex^is  [avfiivTj^ig).  A  concretion 
found  in  the  vessels  of  certain  glands, 
especially  the  thyroid  and  lymphatic, 
and  in  the  vesiculo2  seminales. 

Symphyseofomy.  See  Ccesai-ean  Opera- 
tion. 

Sym^physis  {aw,  <pvG),  to  grow).  The 
coalescence  or  junction  of  bones,  u.sually 
of  .symmetrical  bones  in  the  median  line, 
as  S.  pubis  and  S.  of  the  jaw. 

Sympie'sis  {aw,  imaLQ,  a  squeezing).  A 
pressing  together  of  parts. 

Symp^tom  {avjiKTOjia,  a  coincident  hap- 
pening). That  change  or  phase  which 
occurs  synchronously  with  a  disease  and 
serves  to  point  out  its  nature  and  location. 
S.,  Objective,  one  observed  by  the  physi- 
cian. S.,  Subjective,  that  elicited  by 
inrjuiry  and  observed  by  the  patient. 

Symptomaf'ic  {avfiTrroua).  That  which 
may  be  interpreted  as  a  symptom.  That 
which  may  be  a  symptom  of  another  affec- 
tion, as  opposed  to  idiopathic.  S.  Fever. 
The  febrile  symptoms  of  a  disease. 


SYMPTOMATOGR API  I V 


427 


SYNNEUROSIS 


Symptomatog'raphy  {<n'ii~Tuita,  ypa<t>(.), 
to  write).     A  docription  of  symptoms. 

Symptomatol'og^  (m'u:7Ttjuu,  /o}«f,  a 
treatise).  A  treatise  on  the  nature,  pur- 
jH^irt  aiul  inter] iretation  of  symptt'nis. 

Symptom-complex.  Ihe  eusemijlc  of 
symptoms  of  a  ilisease. 

Sym'pus  [aiu-oix).  A  vice  of  develop- 
ment consisting  in  coalescence  of  the  lower 
liml'S.  A  siren  monster.  There  may  be 
hut  one  foot  (.V.  i/ionopus),  or  two  [S. 
i/i/>tt.<:),OT  the  feet  may  be  represented  only 
by  toes  (.S".  ii/tis). 

Syn-  (<TiT.  together).  A  dreek  pre]X)sition 
used  as  a  pnlix,  signifying  with  or  (os^t-t^ier. 

Synaesthe'sia  [aw,  (uath/ai^,  sensation). 
A  phenomenon  consisting  in  a  sensation 
l)eing  fell  or  located  in  one  part  of  the 
body,  the  result  of  an  irritation  at  some 
removed  or  distant  j)oint. 

Synal'gia  ((TIT,  a/}'"-,  pain).  Pain  felt  in 
a  di>tant  part  from  an  injury  or  stimulus 
to  another  part  of  the  body. 

Syn'aptase,     See  Eniiilsin. 

Synarthro'dia.     See  Synarthrosis. 

Synarthro'sis  ((tw,  n/j^oi%  a  joint).  A 
form  of  articulation  in  which  the  Ixmes  are 
immovably  lx)und  together  (witliout  any 
intervening  synovial  cavity).  The  various 
forms  are  :  Sutura,  in  which  the  processes 
are  interlocked;  Schindf/csis,  in  which  a 
thin  plate  of  one  bone  is  inserted  into  a 
cleft  of  another,  and  Gum/'hosis,  in  which  a 
conical  ])rocess  is  held  by  a  socket. 

Synceph^alus  (ffw,  together,  KFoa7jj, 
head).  .\  double  monstrosity  with  the 
two  heads  fused  into  one. 

Synchi'sis.     See  Synchysis. 

Synchondrc'sis  (ffw,  ;foi'(5por,  a  carti- 
lage). A  union  by  an  intcn'ening  growth 
of  cartilage. 

Synchondrofomy  (tit,  ;^<>v'^pnr,  Tturu, 
to  cut).  A  division  of  the  cartilage  uniting 
lom.-s,  e^[>ecially  the  symphysis  pubis. 

Syn'ohronous  (tit,  ;^7>oi'or,  time).  Occur- 
ring contemixDraneously  or  at  the  same 
interval. 

Synchy'sis  (ti^aT'^'Ci  a  mixing  together). 
A  symptom  of  disease  of  the  vitreous  humor 
of  the  eye  caused  by  tyiosin  or  cholesterine 
jjarticlcs  floating  in  the  liquefied  vitreous. 
Sctncliines  called  svnchisis  siiiitillnn^. 

Syncli'nal  (tit,  /i>/rt',  to  l)end).  IJending 
or  iiK  lining  in  the  same  direction. 

Syncli'sis  \(Jvv,  k'/jvu).  Same  as  Syn- 
(lit  inn. 

Syn'clitism  (nw,  K>iri>r,  a  lionding).  A 
roiiilitifjti  marki-<l  i)y  parallelism  or  simi- 
larity of  inclination. 


Synclc'nus  (tit,  ^?<)l•()f,  great  agitation). 
A  genus  of  <liseases,  including  those  char- 
acterized by  tremulous  motion.  Also,  any 
alinonnal,  tremulous,  muscular  motion,  as 
that  of  chorea. 

Syn'cope  (tit,  kottw,  to  faint).  A  swoon- 
ing or  fainting.  A  partial  or  complete 
temporary  susj^ension  of  the  functions  of 
respiration  and  circulation. 

Syncop'tic  (Tt'i',  kq-tu).  Pertaining  to, 
having  the  nature  of,  or  causing  syncope. 

Syn'cretism  (tjt,  Kpi/ri^u,  to  lie).  I'he 
bleniiing  of  various  tenets  or  theories  into 
one. 

Syn'crisis  (tit,  npivu,  to  coagulate).  Co- 
agulation or  solidification  of  one  or  more 
li'|uiils. 

Syndec'tomy  (tit,  ektoiij/,  a  cutting  out). 
See  Peritoiny. 

Syndel'phus  (ti'I',  aiV/'.^or,  brother).  A 
monocephalic  double  monstrosity  with  a 
single  pelvis,  united  thoraces,  four  upper 
and  four  lower  extremities. 

Syndesmi'tis  (Ti;r(5eT//of,  a  ligament,  <nf, 
inflammation).  Inflammation  of  the  liga- 
ments. 

Syndesmog'raphy  (Ti'r(5fT//of,  ipcKfx,),  to 
write).  The  structure  and  descriptive 
anatomy  of  the  ligaments. 

SyndesmoKogy  (ai't'iha/iog,  ^.oyog,  a 
treatise).  A  treatise  on  the  nature  and 
functions  of  ligaments. 

Syndesmo'sis  (TiT(S;T//or).  The  articula- 
tion of  two  or  more  bones  by  ligaments. 

Syndesmot''omy  [avr(^taiing, -efivoto cut). 
Dissection  or  section  of  the  ligaments. 

Syn'drome  (ti'i',  i^mioc,  a  nmner).  An 
obsolescent  word  denoting  the  aggregate 
sym])toms  of  a  disease.  See  Symptom- 
Co  iii  pi  i-x. 

Syne'chia.     See  Iris. 

Syner'gic  (tuv,  epynv,  work).  Pertaining 
to  synergy. 

Syn'ergy  (tit,  rpyov).  The  coml>ined 
nornial  and  harmonious  action  of  several 
or  of  all  the  organs  of  the  body.  The  aid 
or  reenforcement  of  an  organ,  function  or 
tendency  iiy  some  other  agency. 

Syngen'esis.     .See  /Cpii^'mrsis. 

Syngig^noscism  {(iw, )  lyvuiOKu,  to  know). 
A  term  |)roi)osed  as  a  synonym  of  hy])not- 
ism,  from  a  prominent  symptom,  "the 
agreeing  of  one  min  I  with  another  mind." 

Synkine'sis  (tit,  a/iv/t^c.  movement).  Ii\- 
voluntary  movement  taking  place  in  one 
jiart  of  the  iKwly  .synchronously  with  or  in 
coiise<iuencc  of  a  voluntary  or  reflex  move- 
nieiii  ill  another  |)art. 

Synncuro'sis.     See  Synilfsmosis. 


SYNOCHUS 


428 


SYRINGOMYELUS 


Syn''ochus  ((Tin'ojof ,  continuous).  A  fever 
continuing  at  an  uniform  degree  for  a  con- 
siderable period. 

Syn'onym  {aw,  ovv/xa^  a  name).  A  word 
which  can  replace  another  word  without 
alteration  of  meaning.  In  medicine,  it 
applies  to  the  various  names  by  which  a 
disease,  an  organ,  or  a  part  of  the  body  are 
known. 

Synophthalmia  {cvv,o(p6aliioq,  eye).  A 
malformation  in  which  the  orbits  form  a 
single  continuous  cavity.  Called,  also, 
Cyclopia. 

Synop^sis  {aw,  oing,  a  seeing).  A  classi- 
fied collection.     A  general  view. 

Synor'chism  {aw,  opxtg,  testicle).  Ad- 
hesion or  fusion  of  the  two  testicles. 

Synosteog^raphy  {aw,  oareov,  a  bone, 
■ypafo),  to  write).  The  descriptive  anato- 
my of  the  joints. 

Synosteo''sis.     See  Synostosis. 

Synosteof'omy  [aw,  oareov,  a  bone,  TOjurj, 
a  cutting).  The  dissection  of  the  articula- 
tions of  bones. 

Synosto''sis  {aw,  oareov,  bone).  Union 
of  fractures  or  bones  by  osseous  material. 

Syno'tis  {aw,  together,  ovg,  ear).  A 
sycephalic  monstrosity  with  the  ears  fused 
into  one. 

Syno^via  {aw,  uov,  an  egg).  The  lubri- 
cating fluid  secreted  within  synovial  mem- 
branes. 

Syno'vial  {aw,  uov).  Pertaining  to  the 
synovia.  S.  Membrane.  See  Mem- 
braiie. 

Synovi^'tis  {synovia,  itis).  Inflammation 
of  the  synovial  membrane. 

Synther^mal.     Same  as  Isothermal. 

Syn^thesis  {aw,  TtOrjiii,  to  place).  In 
chemistiy,  the  fonnation,  imitatively,  of  a 
compound  by  combining  its  proximate 
parts. 

Syn^'thetic  {aw,  tiO>//u).  Pertaining  to 
synthesis.     Compounded. 

Syn''tonin  {awrovog,  contracted).  An 
acid-albumin  obtained  by  the  prolonged 
action  of  dilute  hydrochloric  acid  upon 
minced  muscle.  It  is  also  fonned  in  the 
stomach  during  digestion. 

Syphilelcc'sis  {sypliilis,  eIkoq,  an  ulcer). 
The  condition  or  progress  of  syphilitic  ulcer- 
ation ;  condition  of  having  chancre. 

SyphileKcus  {syphilis,  eZ/cof).  Syphilitic 
ulcer.     Chancre. 

Syph'ilides  (pi.  oi  syphilis).  Diseases  of 
the  skin  due  to  syphilis. 

Syphilidocolpi''tis  {syphilis,  Knlnog,  the 
vagina,  irir,  inflammation).  Syphilitic  in- 
flammation of  the  vagina. 


Syph^ilis  {etyniol.  doubtful).  A  consti- 
tutional, contagious,  infectious,  and  inocu- 
lable  disease,  acquired  or  inherited,  with  a 
period  of  incubation,  and  giving  rise  to 
lesions  of  the  skin,  mucous  membrane  and 
deeper  tissues.  If  not  inherited,  its  first 
manifestation  is  a  chancre.  S.,  Congeni- 
tal or  Hereditary,  derived  from  one  or 
both  parents  during  foetal  life.  S.,  Pri- 
mary, the  stage  of  the  chancre  and  bubo. 
S.,  Secondary,  the  stage  of  secondary 
affections  and  of  organs  other  than  those 
directly  inoculated.  S.,  Tertiary,  the 
reappearance  of  lesions  after  the  subsidence 
of  the  secondary  symptoms. 

Syphiliza^tion.  Inoculation  with  the  pus 
of  a  chancre.  Also,  used  to  express  a 
sort  of  immunity  against  fresh  inoculations 
of  syphilis,  from  the  fact  of  previous  inocu- 
lations. 

Syphiloder'mata.     See  Syphilides. 

Syphilog^raphy  {syphilis,  ypa(^u,  to  write). 
A  descriptive  treatise  on  syphilis,  its  forms, 
geograi:)hical  distribution,  etc. 

Syph'iloid  {syphilis,  ei6og,  resemblance). 
Resembling  syphilis. 

Syphilol'epis  {syphilis,  Aeiziq,  a  scale). 
A  scaly  or  furfuraceous  emption  of  syphi- 
litic origin. 

SyphiloKogy  {syphilis,  Tioyoq,  a  treatise). 
A  treatise  on  the  origin,  nature  and  treat- 
ment of  syjDhilis. 

Syphilo'ma  {syphilis).  A  gummatous 
tumor  of  syphilitic  origin. 

Syphilopho'bia  {syphilis,  (pOfSog,  dread). 
A  morbid  condition  in  which  the  patient 
Imagines  himself  to  be  diseased  with 
syphilis.  Also,  an  intense  dread  of  in- 
fection. 

Syphion''thus  {syphilis,  lovdog,  an  eruption 
on  the  face).  The  copper-colored  erup- 
tions or  fawn-colored,  furfuraceous  patches 
of  syphilitic  origin. 

Syrig^mus  {avpiaau,  to  hiss).  Any  sub- 
jective hissing,  murmuring  or  tinkling 
sound  heard  in  the  ear.  It  is  usually  an 
accompaniment  of  disease  of  the  brain. 

Syr'inge  {avpiy^,  a  pipe).  An  apparatus 
for  the  injection  of  a  liquid  into  a  cavity  of 
the  body. 

Syringomye''lia  {avpiy^,  a  tube,  fiveh>c, 
marrow).  The  morbid  condition  caused 
by  syringomyelus. 

Syringomyeli''tis  {avpiy^,  fiVEloQ,  trig, 
inflammation).  The  inflammation  coinci- 
dent with  or  preceding  syringomyelus. 

Syringomy^elus  {avpiy^,  fiveXog).  An 
abnormal  dilatation  of  the  central  canal  of 
the  spinal  cord. 


SYRINGOTOME 


429 


tabf:s 


Syrin'gotome  {ffrpq^,  -f/zrw,  to  cut).  An 
instrument  for  incision  of  a  fistula. 

Syringot'omy  (nvpi-j^,  rour/,  a  cutting). 
The  oporalion  of  laying  open  a  listula  //; 
lino  by  incision. 

Sy'rinx.     See  Synnge. 

Syr'up,  or 

Syru'pus  (I-at.).  A  sjTup.  In  pharmacy, 
a  concentrated  solution  of  sugar  in  water, 
sometimes  containing  acetic  acid,  and 
occa-sionally  alcohnl.  Syrups  may  \ic  sim- 
ple (consisting  of  sugar  and  water  only), 
flavored,  or  medicated.  There  are  34 
othcial  svnipi.  ( 1  )escril)ed  under  the  drugs 
fonning  their  chief  ingredient.) 

Sy'soma  {ciw^  mjun,  Ixxiy).  A  double 
monstrosity  with  two  separate  heads,  hut 
with  the  Ixxlies  fused  in  more  or  less 
intimate  union. 

Syssarco'sis  (ctit,  anp^,  flesh).  The  union 
of  l>one  by  the  interjxjsition  of  muscular 
tissue. 


System  [(rvariif/a).  A  methodical  arrange- 
ment of  paits.  A  combination  of  parts  into 
a  whole.  S.,  Cerebro-spinal,  the  brain, 
sjiinal  cord  and  its  various  branclus.  S., 
Glandular,  the  glamlular  organs  cif  llie 
Ixxly  considered  as  a  whole.  S.,  Human, 
the  human  body  and  its  organs.  S., 
Muscular,  the  mu.scles,  their  mechanism, 
eU.  S.,  Nervous,  the  nerves  of  the 
body,  cerebral,  spinal,  and  ganglionic.  S., 
Osseous,  the  skeleton.  S.,  Vascular, 
the  heart  and  blood  vessels. 

Systemat'ic  [avarr/fiu).     Methodical. 

Syste'mic  [araTi/fia).  Having  the  nature 
of  or  pertaining  to  a  system.  Generalized, 
or  pertaining  to  the  whole  organism. 

Sys'tole  [avGTo/j/,  contraction).  The  con- 
traction of  the  heart  and  arteries. 

Systol'ic  [avaro/.i/).  Pertaining  to  sys- 
tole.    Drawing  together  or  contracting. 

Systrem'ma  (^ff('CT7-/)f////a,  a  swelling). 
Cramp  in  the  muscles  of  the  leg. 


T.  The  abbreviation  of  Tension,  referring 
to  the  intraocular  pressure.     See  'I'l-iision. 

T-Bandage.     See  Bnnda:^e. 

Tabac'um.  Tobacco.  The  dried  leaves 
of  A^icotina  T.,  native  to  America.  Prop- 
erties mainly  due  to  an  alkaloid,  nicotine, 
which,  ne.xt  to  |)russic  acid,  is  the  most 
rapidly  fatal  jwi.son  known.  A  ]X)werful 
deprcs.sant,  nauseant,  emetic,  diaphoretic, 
and  antispasmodic ;  is  also  narcotic  and 
se<lative,  lowering  arterial  tension.  In 
toxic  dc)scs  death  occurs  by  ])aralysis  of 
res[)iratory  centers.  Used  chiefly  as  an 
anlisiKLsmfxlic ;  very  effectual  in  tetanus. 
T.  Enema,  gr.  xx  in  "^  viij  hot  water  for 
each  enema.  T.  Vinum,  _^  j  to  t)j.  Dose 
n\_v-^:5J.  T.  01.,  obtaiiu-d  liy  distillation; 
violently  fK)is<)nrius.  Nicotine,  the  alka- 
loid, v(fry  efficient  in  siryc  hnim-  i)oisoning. 
I)f>sc  f^iK—^Q-     Prejarations  unof. 

TabcPla  (I^t.).     A  table.     A  troche. 

Ta'bes  ( I  .at.,  a  wasting).  I'ormerly  used 
as  a  synonyin  of  wasting,  shrinking,  or 
consumption.  .Now  used  as  a  synoiiyiii 
of  J'aOes  Donalii,  or  Locomotor  Ataxy,  a 


disease  dependent  upon  degeneration  and 
sclerosis  of  the  |X)Sterior  columns  of  the 
cord.  Its  most  jironounced  sym|)tom, 
incoordination  of  the  muscles  of  loco- 
motion, has  served  to  establish  the  term 
Locomotor  Ataxy  as  the  common  desig- 
nation of  the  affection.  The  anatomical 
changes  consist  of  atrophy  and  degenera- 
tion of  the  nerve-fibers  with  hypertroj)hy 
of  the  connective  tissue,  and  extend  from 
the  lumbar  region  to  the  calannis  scripto- 
rius.  The  symptoms  are  numi-rous,  but  the 
chief  are,  "  lightiiiiig-|)aiiis  ;  "  unsteadi- 
ness and  incoordination  of  locomotor  and 
other  voluntary  movements,  extending  even 
to  the  upper  extremities ;  disorders  of 
vision,  among  others  the  valiialile  Argyll 
Robertson  ])iipil;  cutaneous  ana'sthesia; 
al)olition  of  the  patellar  reflex,  cA .  T. 
Coxaria,  wasting  from  hip  joint  di.sease. 
T.  Pulmonalis,  jihthi'-is.  T.  Mesen- 
tericus,  and  T.  Scrofulosa,  old  terms 
(h'Sciiptive  of  diseases  of  tlie  digestive 
and  assiinibitive  organs  with  con-scijuenl 
wasting.     See  SuspcnUon. 


TABESCENT 


430 


TANACETUM 


Tabes^cent,  or 

Tabe^tic.  Pertaining  to  or  affected  with 
tabes. 

Ta^ble  [tabula).  Used  of  the  two  layers, 
the  outer  and  inner,  of  cranial  bones.  The 
inner,  from  its  brittleness,  is  also  called  the 
vitreous  table. 

Tab''let.     A  lozenge  or  troche. 

Taches  Cerebrales  (Fr.).  Irregular,  red, 
angio-paral) tic  patches  upon  the  skin, 
noticed  in  some  cases  of  epilepsy ;  also, 
the  spot  on  the  blastoderm  about  the  end 
of  the  first  week,  which  becomes  the  cen- 
ter of  embryonic  development. 

Tachycar^dia  {raxvQ,  quick,  Kapdia,  the 
heart).  Abnormal  rapidity  of  cardiac 
action. 

Tac^iturn  [tacco,  to  be  silent).  Habitually 
silent  or  reserved. 

Tact  [tafigo,  to  touch).  Delicacy  of  dis- 
crimination, judgment  and  act.  T.,  Medi- 
cal, skill  in  the  diagnosis  and  treatment  of 
disease.     See  Tacttis. 

Tac^tile  [tango).  Pertaining  to  the  sense 
of  touch.  T.  Cells  or  Corpuscles,  cu- 
taneous end-organs  of  the  tactile  nerves. 
See  Alcrkel,  Kraitse,  ]'atcr,  Jf'agmr.  T. 
Reflexes,  reflex  movements  from  stimu- 
lation of  the  tactile  corpuscles. 

Tacitus  [tango).  Touch.  Delicacy  of  tac- 
tile sensation.  T.  Eruditus  or  Expert- 
us,  especial  sensitiveness  of  touch  acquired 
by  long  experience. 

Tae^nia  [raivia,  a  ribbon).  An  anatomical 
term  variously  used  of  structures  resem- 
bling a  ribbon  or  band.  T.  Hippocampi, 
the  corpus  fimbriatum  of  the  hippocampus 
major.  T.  Semicircularis,  a  part  of  the 
floor  of  the  lateral  ventricle.  T.  Vio- 
lacea,  a  part  of  the  fourth  ventricle. 

Tse^nia  [raivia).  A  genus  of  intestinal 
worms.  T.  Cucumerina,  the  variety 
infesting  the  cat,  dog,  etc.  Has  been  found 
in  man.  T.  Echinococcus.  See  £c/ii- 
nococctis.  T.  Inermis,  the  beef  tape- 
worm. T.  Solium,  commonly  known  as 
the  tapeworm  ;  a  parasite  within  the  intes- 
tinal tract  of  man.  See,  also,  Alternation 
of  Generation. 

Tae^niafuge  [ta:nia,  fngo,  to  drive).  An 
agent  that  expels,  without  necessarily  kill- 
ing taenia. 

Tae^nicide  [tcvnia,  cado,  to  kill).  A  medi- 
cine or  agent  used  to  kill  the  tapeworm. 

Taf^ia.     Rum. 

Tag  APder.     See  Alnus. 

Tagliaco^tian  Operation.  A  rhinoplastic 
operation  by  which,  in  case  of  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  natural  tissue,  a  new  nose  or 


part  of  the  same  is  formed  by  a  flap  from 
the  forehead  or  other  part. 

Tail.  The  caudal  extremity  of  an  animal. 
Applied  to  tail-like  parts  of  an  organ  of 
the  human  body;  e.g.,  the  tail  of  the  epi- 
didymis or  of  the  pancreas. 

TaiF-fold.  An  embiyonic  in-folding  or 
hollow,  enclosing  the  hind-gut.  See 
Head-fold. 

Tait's  Knot.  A  peculiar  method  of  ligat- 
ing  the  pedicle  in  the  operation  of  ovari- 
otomy. 

Talc  [talcum).  A  silicate  of  magnesium, 
a  white,  unctuous,  neutral  powder  ;  some- 
times used  in  insufflating  powders. 

TaPipes  [talus,  ankle,  pes,  foot).  The 
deformity  commonly  called  club-foot,  de- 
pending upon  contraction  of  muscles  or 
tendons,  either  congenital  or  acquired.  T. 
Calcaneus,  the  patient  walks  upon  the 
heel  alone.  T.  Equinus,  the  reverse  of 
the  last ;  the  heel  is  elevated  and  the 
weight  thrown  upon  the  anterior  portion 
of  the  foot.  T.  Valgus  ("flat"  or 
"  splay"  foot),  the  foot  is  everted  or  dis- 
torted outward.  T.  Varus,  the  reverse 
of  the  last,  the  foot  being  bent  inward. 
Combinations  of  these  occur,  called  equino- 
vartis,  eqiiino-valgus,  calcaneo-variis,  cal- 
caneo-valgus,  etc. 

TaPlow.  The  solid  fat  of  neat  cattle, 
consisting  mainly  of  stearic,  palmitic  and 
oleic  acids. 

Ta^lo-  [takes,  the  ankle).  A  prefix  de- 
noting connection  with  or  relation  to  the 
heel,  as  talo-calcaneal,  talo-fibular,  talo- 
tibial, etc. 

TaPpa  (Lat.).     A  mole  or  wen. 

Ta^lus  (Lat.).  The  astragalus.  Also,  the 
ankle. 

Tam'ar  In^dien.     See  Senna. 

Tam^arac.  Ihe  bark  of  Larix  ameri- 
cana.  A  tonic  and  mild  astringent  acting 
on  mucous  membranes.  Dose  of  fld.  ext. 
;5ss-j.     Unof. 

Tam^arind.  The  pulp  of  the  fruit  of  T. 
Indica.  Contains  various  fruit  acids, 
sugar,  etc.  Laxative  and  refrigerant. 
Usually  prescribed  with  other  laxatives. 
Dose  indefinite. 

Tam^bour  (Fr.  tambonr,  a  drum).  A 
drum-like  instrament  used  in  physiological 
experiments,  so  arranged  that  it  registers 
cardiac  movements. 

Tam''pon  (Fr.).  A  portion  of  cotton, 
sponge  or  other  material  used  to  plug  tlie 
vagina,  nose,  etc.,  in  cases  of  hemorrhage. 

Tanace^tum.  Tansy.  The  leaves  and 
tops  of  T.  vulgare.     Contains  a   volatile 


TANGENT 


431 


TATTOOING 


oil  and  a  bilter  priiicii)le.  I'scful  in 
amenorrhMa,  andas  an  anthelmintic.  T., 
Ext.  Fid.  L  nof.  Dose  of  the  lid.  e\t. 
n\,.\-5J;  of  an  5J  to  e)j  infus.  5J-ij;  of 
the  volatile  oil  ytt.  j-iij.     All  unof. 

Tan'gent  (A/«;,'-c>,  to  touch).     Touching. 

Tanghin'ia.  The  seeds  of  the  plant  T. 
veiu->iij\)a,  or  ordeal  bean.  Native  to 
Madagascar.  Properties  due  to  tanghinin, 
an  extractive  closely  resembling  curare  in 
its  medicinal  properties. 

Tanghin  Poison.     .See  Taui^hinia. 

Tangle-tent.     See  .SV^  Tattgle. 

Tan'nic  Acid.     Stt  Acid  {^'Jhnnic). 

Tan'nin.     See  Acid  (  Tuitiiic). 

Tanret'sTest  (for  albumin).  The  reagent 
is  composed  of  mercuric  chloride  1.35  gms., 
potassium  iodide  3.32  gms.,  acetic  acid 
20  c.c,  distilled  water  to  make  looo  c.c. 
By  contact  it  gives  an  opacity  with  all 
proteids. 

Tan'sy.     See  Tunarctiim. 

Tape'tum  Lu'cidum.  The  l)rilliant 
greenish  reflecting  layer  or  membrana 
versicolor  of  the  eyes  of  many  of  the  lower 
animals.  Used,  also,  of  the  radiating 
fillers  of  the  coipus  callosum. 

Tape'worm.     See  Tamia  Solium. 

Tapio'ca.  A  variety  of  starch  obtained 
from  the  cassava  or  manioc  •^■\xs.\.,Jatropha 
niitni/iot.  It  is  an  e.xcellent  food  for 
invalids. 

Tapotement  (Kr.).     See  Massage. 

Tap'ping.     See  Paracentesis. 

Tar.     See  Fix  LiquiJa. 

Tar'antism.  A  choreic  affection,  largely 
a  |)layof  the  invagination  and  often  feigned, 
ascril>ed  to  the  bite  of  a  tarantula.  It  is 
jjeqjetuated  by  force  of  tradition  along 
certain  parts  of  the  Mediterranean  coast. 
According  to  popular  fancy  the  atTection 
was  cured  by  music. 

Tarant^ula.  A  si>ccies  of  spider,  I.vcosa 
T.,  closely  resembling  the  trap  d(X)r  spider, 
M\%'ale  J/euzii,  with  wliich  it  is  often  con- 
founded. Its  bite  is  poisonous.  See  'J'a- 
riinlnin. 

Tarax'acum.  Dandelion.  The  root  of 
7'.  liensleonis.  I'roperlies  due  to  a  bitter 
extractive  principle.  Tonic,  diuretic  and 
a|x-rient.  Of  re|?uted  use  in  dyspepsia. 
I  )osc  of  the  ext.  gr.  v-xxx  ;  of  the  fid.  ext. 

Tardieu's  Spots.  Kcihymotic  stains  of 
the  lung■ti-^ue  indicative  of  death  from 
aspliyxia. 

Tar^sal  {rufifitir,  tlic  instcj)).  I'crlnining 
to  the  Ujnes  of  the  instep.  T.  Cartilage, 
the  cartilaginous  layers   in  the  free  edge 


of  e.ich  eyelid.  T.  Cyst.  See  C/ta/azion. 
T.  Ophthalmia.     See  Blepharitis. 

Tarsalgia  (7(z/)(Tof,  alyoi;,  a  jiain).  Any 
pain,  especially  one  of  gouty  character,  in 
the  tarsus. 

Tarsec'tomy  {rapcoq,  CKTOfi^,  excision). 
Excision  of  the  t;irsal  bones. 

Tarsi''tis.     See  BlcplutrHis. 

Tar'so-  (raptrof).  A  prefix  denoting  con- 
nection with  or  relation  to  the  tarsus,  as 
tarso-mctatarsal  (articulation),  etc. 

Tarsophy'ma  (7«/)(T0f,  ^lya,  a  growth). 
•Any  morbid  growth  or  tumor  of  the  tarsus. 

Tar'soplasty  (ra/jCTof,  TvAuaau,  to  form). 
rUistic  operation  upon  die  eyelid. 

Tarsor'raphy  (nj/xTo^-,  /la^//,  a  suture).  An 
oi)eration  upon  the  eyelids  to  diminish  the 
palpebral  ofjening,  for  ectropion,  lagoph- 
thalmos,  etc. 

Tarsofomy  {-npaoq,  refivu,  to  cut).  Ope- 
raticm  u[>on  the  tarsus  in  cases  of  entro- 
pion, etc. 

Tar^sus  {japaoq).  The  instep,  consisting 
of  the  calcaneum,  or  os  calcis,  the  astragalus, 
cuboid,  scaphoid,  internal  middle  and  ex- 
ternal cuneiform  bones.  Applied,  also,  to 
the  cartilage  of  the  eyelid  and  called  the 
tarsal  cartilage. 

Tar''tar  (tartaruvt).  Argol.  A  popular 
name  given  to  the  acid  jjotassium  tartrate 
which  is  a  natural  product  of  cerlain  fruits, 
especially  the  grape.  T.,  Cream  of,  puri- 
fied argol  or  acid  potassium  tartrate.  T. 
Emetic,  the  tartrate  of  antimony  and 
potassium.     See  Antimony. 

Tartar'ic  i^turtarum).  Having  the  nature 
of  tartar.  Also,  applied  to  the  acid  derived 
from  tartar. 

Taste.  The  sense  by  which  savors  are 
perceived  and  discriminated.  The  glosso- 
jjharyngeal  and  the  lingual  branch  of  the 
fifth  pair  are  the  nerves  mainly  connected 
with  this  sen.se,  of  which  the  tongue  is 
tlie  chief  organ. 

Taste-bulbs,  or  Taste-buds.  The  end- 
organs  of  the  gustatory  nerves. 

Taste'less  A''gue-drop.  A  solution  of 
a  Soluble  sail  of  arsenic;  formerly  used  as 
a  remedy  for  intermittent  and  malarial 
fevers. 

Tattoo-'ing  (Tahitian).  The  ojieralion  of 
pHKlucing  piTmancnt  coltjrs  in  (he  skin  by 
the  iMlnxUntion  of  foreign  substances,  such 
as  carbon,  indigo,  and  vermilion.  ft  is  a 
iiiiinnoii  practice  among  sailors,  the  color 
Ixing  intr(j<hKed  into  the  true  skin  by 
pricking  in  with  n<edles.  T.  of  Cornea, 
an  operation  to  diminish  the  iMi|>l(':is.-int 
appearance   of  leucoma  of  the  eornia  by 


TAURIN 


432 


TELEPHONE  TINNITUS 


tattooing  the  same   so  as  to  simulate  the 

*  appearance  of  the  norma!  pupil  and  iris. 

Tau^rin.  Amido-ethyl-sulphonic  acid.  It 
occurs  in  combination  with  cholalic  acid 
and  as  taurocholic  acid  in  bile. 

Taurocho'lic  Acid.  An  acid  occurring 
in  the  bile,  usually  in  combination  with 
sodium. 

Tax^idermy  (raftf,  Sepfxa,  the  skin).  The 
art  of  preserving  and  stuffing  the  skins  of 
animals. 

Taxin^omy  [ra^i^,  an  arrangement,  vo/nog, 
a  law).  The  science  of  systematic  classifi- 
cation. 

TaxioFogy  (ra^ic;,  "knyoq,  a  treatise).  A 
treatise  on  classification. 

Tax^is  (racTffw,  to  arrange).  Arranging. 
Usually  applied  to  the  manual  reduction 
of  hernia. 

Taxon'omy.     See  Taxinoiny. 

Tayu'ga.  The  root  of  a  South  American 
plant  used  in  syphilitic  and  skin  diseases. 

T-Bandage.     See  Bandage. 

Tea.  Thea.  The  leaves  of  Thea  Chinen- 
s/s.  The  decoction  of  the  leaves  is  a 
popular  astringent  and  restorative  bever- 
age. Properties  due  to  thei'ne,  a  substance 
identical  with  caffeine.  A  cerebral  stimu- 
lant.   Dose  of  the  fld.  ext.  TTLx-^j.    Unof. 

Tea'berry.     See  Gaultheria. 

Tea-leaf  Eye.  A  muco-purulent  con- 
junctivitis caused  by  the  prolonged  appli- 
cation of  tea  leaves  to  the  eye  for  their 
supposed  therapeutic  effect  in  ocular  dis- 
ease,— chiefly  among  the  negroes  of  the 
southern  United  States. 

Teale's  Amputa''tion.  A  foiTn  of  am- 
putation in  which  two  rectangular  flaps  are 
left,  the  anterior  being  about  four  times  as 
long  as  the  posterior. 

Tears.  The  secretion  of  the  lachrymal 
gland. 

Teat.  The  nipple  :  a  part  of  the  excretory 
duct  of  the  mammary  gland. 

Tech'nical  [tekvtj,  an  art).  Pertaining  to 
the  arts. 

Technocau''sis  {r^x'^V,  unvote,  a  burning). 
Mechanical  cautery,  such  as  electro-cau- 
tery, moxa,  e/c,  in  distinction  from  the 
cautery  produced  by  chemicals. 

Technol''ogy  {texvv,  ^ioyog,  a  treatise). 
The  science  or  explanation  of  the  terms 
used  in  science  or  art. 

Tecnoto''nia  [tekvov,  a  child,  kteivu,  to 
kill).     Child-murder.     Infanticide. 

Teeth.  The  organs  of  mastication.  The 
first  set  of  teeth  in  childhood,  twenty  in 
numlier,  are  called  ;;////',  temporary  or 
deciduous  teeth.      In  the  adult   the  per- 


manent teeth  consist  of  two  incisors,  one 
cuspid,  two  bicuspids,  and  three  molars  in 
each  lateral  half  of  the  jaws.  The  poste- 
rior molar  of  each  half  jaw  is  cut  at  an  age 
of  from  20-25  years,  and  is  therefore  called 
a  wisdom  tooth.  In  stmcture,  the  tooth 
consists  of  a  hard  enamel  encasing  the 
crown;  the  dentine,  withia  the  enamel, 
constituting  the  whole  of  the  root  and  inte- 
rior of  the  crown ;  and  the  pulp,  a  bulbous 
prolongation  of  the  mucous  membrane  of 
the  gums,  which  is  traversed  by  blood  ves- 
sels and  nerve  filaments.  The  upper  part 
of  the  tooth  is  the  croivn,  the  middle  part 
the  tieck,  and  the  lower  part  within  the 
alveoli  \kie.fang  or  root. 

Teeth^ing.  The  development  and  appear- 
ance of  the  first  teeth  in  an  infant.  Den- 
tition. 

Teeto''talism  (redup.  of  total).  The  prac- 
tice of  entire  alistinence  from  alcoholic 
beverages. 

Tegmen^tum  (tego,  to  cover).  A  cover- 
ing. The  cerebral  surface  of  the  eras 
cerebri,  formed  of  the  deep  longitudinal 
fibres. 

Teg'ument.     See  Iiitegtoiient. 

Teichop^sia  (rftjof,  ui\>,  the  eye).  A 
temporaiy  amblyopia  with  subjective  visual 
images  like  fortification  angles ;  probably 
due  to  vasomotor  disturbances  of  the 
visual  center. 

Teissier's  Method.     See  Phosphates. 

Te^la  (Lat.).     A  web  or  web-like  tissue. 

TelangieC'tasis  (reXof,  the  end,  ay^/Eiov, 
a  vessel,  eKraai^,  extension).  A  term  used 
to  designate  such  fonns  of  vascular  dila- 
tation and  capillary  distention  as  are  ac- 
quired and  not  congenital.  See  Ncevus 
Vascularis. 

Telangio'sis  {te'Xoq,  ayyeiov,  a  blood  ves- 
sel).    Disease  of  the  capillaries. 

Teleg^rapher's  Cramp.  A  form  of  pro- 
fessional neurosis  similar  to  scrivener's 
palsy,  etc. 

TeleoFogy  [TE2.og,  "hoyo^,  a  treatise).  The 
doctrine  of  final  causes. 

Telep'athy  [diIe,  far,  nadoQ,  a  suffering). 
Formerly  an  empiric  form  of  treatment 
wherel)y  cures  were  guaranteed  liy  the 
exhibition  of  the  remedy  at  a  distance 
from  the  seat  of  disease.  The  term  is  now 
used  of  a  certain  form  of  clairvoyance  in 
which  one  is  .supposed  to  become  conscious 
by  dream  or  vision  of  distant  events. 

Telephone  Tin^nitus.  A  professional 
neurosis  of  the  auditory  mechanism  said 
to  be  caused  by  constant  use  of  the  tele- 
phone. 


TELESCOPE 


433 


TENDO-SYNOVITIS 


Telescope  (7///f ,  far,  OKo-eu,  lo  examine). 
An  instrument  for  observing  objects  situ- 
ated at  a  great  distance,  especially  the 
heavenly  bodies.  T.-eye,  an  abnormal- 
ism of  the  orbit  said  to  be  caused  by  the 
constant  use  of  optical  instruments,  like 
the  telescope,  microscope,  cA". 

Telester'eoscope  (rt/'/.e,  arepeng,  solid, 
(TAOTtw,  to  view  ).  An  instrument  for  obtain- 
ing a  stereoscopic  view  of  distant  objects 
by  which  such  objects  obtain  a  relief  like 
that  of  near  objects. 

Tellu'rium  [re'/./.vg,  the  earth).  Te  :=  1 28 ; 
quantivalence  II,  IV  and  \l.  One  of  the 
elements  resembling  sulphur  in  chemical 
projierties.  None  of  the  preparations  are 
used  in  medicine.  The  element  itself, 
like  selenium,  imparts  an  extremely  ftetid 
odor  to  the  exhalations  and  excreta  of  the 
body. 

Telolem'ma  (rf?.of,  end,?.a///?avw,totake). 
The  membrame  covering  the  eminence  of 
Doyere. 

Tem'per  ^tempero,  to  regulate).  That 
mixture  of  mental  and  emotional  (|ualities 
that  produces  a  predominant  cjuality  of 
disposition  or  character.  Moderation,  equi- 
poise of  mind  ;  also,  to  mingle,  modify. 

Tem'perament  [tempera nuntu/n).  A  term 
vaguely  applied  to  the  predominance  of  one 
group  or  order  of  constitutional  functions 
over  others  in  an  individual.  The  various 
divisions  of  temperament  were  based  on  the 
former  doctrine  of  the  four  humors  of  the 
body — blood,  lymph,  bile  and  atrabilis  or 
black  bile  ;  the  predominance  of  any  one 
resulting  respectively  in  a  sanguine,  lym- 
phatic, bilious,  or  melancholic  tein|)era- 
ment.  Although  the  doctrine  of  the  tem- 
peraments has  long  since  lost  its  signifi- 
cance, it  is  generally  admitted  that  an  in- 
diviilual  may  have  a  predisixjsition  to  ty])es 
of  mental  action  not  improjjcrly  classed  as 
nervous,  phlegmatic,  lymphatic,  etc. 

Tem'perance  [tempero).  Moderation  in 
satisfying  desire  ;  esjiecially  as  regards  the 
U-se  of  alcoholic  beverages. 

Tem'perate  [tcmpero).  Moderate,  without 
excess.  T.  Zone,  the  zone  of  climate 
situated  between  the  isotherms  of  30°  and 
70°  '1". 

Tem'perature  (ti-ntprro).  The  intensity 
(if  heat  or  molecular  vibration.  T.,  Abso- 
lute, that  reckoned  from  the  absolute  zero 
of  tem|X.Talure  estimated  at  273°  1h_'1ow  the 
zero  of  the  C"entigrade  thermometer.  T., 
Morbid,  any  cfjnsiileraiile  variation  from 
the  normal  tem|)erature  of  the  Uxiy.  T., 
Normal,  the  temiK-raturc  of  the  body  in  a 
2S 


state  of  health — 98.6°  F.,  as  estimated  by 
the  clinical  thermometer.  See  Thenno- 
viclcr. 

Tem'perature-spots.  \'ariations  of  the 
heat  of  the  skin,  showing  a  spccitic  end- 
apparatus  arranged  in  a  punctated  manner 
connected  with  the  temperature-sense. 
T.-S.,  are  arranged  in  a  linear  manner  or 
in  chains,  usually  slightly  curved.  Cold- 
spots,  sjx)ts  where  only  tlie  sensation  of 
cold  will  be  felt.  Hot-spots,  where  only 
heat  will  be  felt.  Both  are  ana;sthesic 
toward  pain  and  pressure.  The  cold  spots 
are  more  abuntlant. 

Tem'ple  [toitpiis,  time,  from  belief 
that  the  hair  first  turns  gray  at  this 
place).  The  flat  or  depressed  ix)rtion  of 
the  head  between  the  eye  and  ear  and 
neighboring  parts. 

Tem'poral  \tei)ipor<i,  the  temples).  Per- 
taining to  the  temples.  T.  Artery.  See 
Arte?y.  T.  Bone,  the  bone  situated  at 
the  side  and  base  of  the  skull.  It  is  di- 
vided into  a  squamous,  a  mastoid  and  a 
petrous  portion.  T.  Muscle,  ^qc  A/itsc/e- 
Table. 

Temporiza'tion  [tcmpus).  The  expectant 
treatment  of  disease.     See  Expectant. 

Tempore-  [teinpus).  A  prefix  denoting 
connection  with  the  temple,  as,  e.g.,  tem- 
poro-facial,  temporo-malar,  temporo-occi- 
pital,  etc. 

Tena^'cious  [tenax,  iowgh).  Having  the 
quality  of  toughness  or  ability  to  resist 
mechanical  strain  or  dissolution. 

Tenac'ity  [toiax).  Toughness.  Resist- 
ance to  fracture  or  dissolution. 

Tenac'ulum  (trneo,  to  hold).  .-Xn  instru- 
ment, asually  hook  shaped,  for  seizing  and 
holding  divided  vessels,  etc. 

Ten'dency  [tc/iJo,  to  stretch).  The  in- 
clination or  aim  toward  a  given  state  or 
condition. 

Ten^derness.  The  condition  of  abnomial 
sensiti\iness  to  touch.     .Soreness. 

Ten'dinous  (tcii,/o).  Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  nature  of  tendon. 

Ten'do,  or 

Ten'don  [tetuto).  A  white,  glistening, 
fibrous  cortl  comiecting  its  muscle  with  the 
more  movalile  or  more  i>eripheral  organ  or 
p.-irt.  Tendo-Achillis,  the  .Achillis  ten- 
don or  common  tendon  of  the  gastrocne- 
mius and  .soleus  muscles,  the  thickest  ami 
strongest  of  the  Unly.  Patellar  T.  Re- 
flex.    See  A'ejlex. 

Ten'do-synovi'tis.  The  "  eompownd 
ganglion"  of  older  textUK)ks,  now  recog- 
nized as  a  local  tul)erculosis. 


TENDO- VAGINALIS  GRANULOSA  434 


TEREBINTHINA 


Ten'do  -  vagina^lis    Granulosa.        See 

Tendo-synovitis. 

Tenes''mus  [tzlvu,  to  strain).  Rectal 
pain  with  spasmodic  contraction  of  the 
sphincter  ani.  The  painful  desire  to  empty 
the  bowels  without  the  evacuation  of  fa-ces. 

Ten^nis-eFbow.  A  strain  of  the  elbow, 
said  to  be  frequent  in  tennis-players. 

Ten^nysin.  A  certain  alkaloid  occurring 
in  brain  tissue. 

Tenog^raphy.     See  Tenontography. 

TenoFogy.     See  Tenontology. 

Tenoni^tis.  Inflammation  of  Tenon's  cap- 
sule. 

Tendon's  Capsule.     See  Ocular. 

Tenontog^raphy  [rn^uv,  ■ypa(pu,  to  write). 
The  descriptive  anatomy  of  the  tendons. 

TenontoFogy  [tevuv,  ?.oyo^,  a  treatise). 
A  treatise  on  the  nature,  elc,  of  tendons. 

Ten^ophyte  (rei'wv,  (pvrov,  a  growth).  An 
osseous  or  cartilaginous  growth  on  a 
tendon. 

Tenor^rhaphy  (rfi'wi',  pa((>//,  a  suture). 
The  uniting  of  a  divided  tendon  by  su- 
tures. 

Tenostc'sis  (tevuv,  ooteov,  bone).  Ossifi- 
cation of  a  tendon. 

Tenosynovi'tis  (tevuv).  Combined  in- 
flammation of  tendons  and  of  their  sheaths. 

Tenot^omy  (^tevuv,  te^vu,  to  cut).  The 
operation  of  cutting  a  tendon  to  correct 
deformities  due  to  muscular  contractions, 
and  for  the  correction  of  strabismus.  See 
Strabotomy.  T.,  Graduated,  cutting  a 
part  of  the  fibers  of  the  tendon  of  an  ocular 
muscle  for  insufficiency  or  slight  degrees 
of  strabismus. 

Ten^sion  {iencio,  to  stretch).  In  physics, 
that  force  apparent  in  mutual  repulsion  of 
the  molecules  of  gases.  It  disappears 
when  the  repulsion  is  balanced  by  gravita- 
tion. In  physiology,  the  condition  of  an 
organ  when  under  a  strain. 

Ten'sion,  Intra-ocu^lar.  The  pressure 
of  the  intraocular  contents  upon  the  scle- 
rotic. Abnormal  increase  of  the  same  is 
characteristic  of  glaucoma.  Accurate 
measurement  of  T.  is  made  by  means  of 
instruments  called  tonometers ;  for  prac- 
tical purposes  it  is  estimated  by  palpation 
with  the  fingers.  The  registration  of  T.  is 
indicated  by  the  following  terms  :  Tfi.  == 
Tension  normal ;  the  varying  degrees  of 
subnormality  by  the  sign  — ,  prefixed  to 
the  figures  1,  2,  3,  the  latter  denoting  ex- 
treme flaccidity  ;  hypertension  is  indicated 
by  the  sign  -\-,  prefixed  to  I,  2,  3,  the  lat- 
ter indicating  the  extreme  hardness  of  the 
highest  glaucomatous  pressure. 


Ten''sor  [tendo,  to  stretch).  Applied  to  an 
organ  or  part  whose  function  is  to  make 
tense.     T.  Muscles.     See  Muscle-  Table. 

Tent  lyttiido).  An  instrument  made  of 
compressed  sponge,  laminaria,  tupelo,  or 
other  material  that  will  increase  in  volume 
by  the  absorption  of  water;  used  chiefly 
for  dilating  the  cervix  of  the  uterus. 

Ten^tacle.  A  mobile,  tactile  appendage, 
as  the  antennae,  or  "  feelqrs,"  of  many 
insects  and  invertebrata. 

Tento^rium  [tendo).  An  arched  lamina 
of  dura  mater  covering  the  upper  surface 
of  the  cerebellum,  and  supporting  the  pos- 
terior lobes  of  the  brain.  T.-Cerebelli, 
is  the  common  form. 

Tephromyeli^tis.     See  Poliomyelitis. 

Tephro^sis.     See  Incineration. 

Tep^id  [tepidus,  warm) .    About  blood-heat. 

Tepida^rium  [tepidiis').  A  warm  bath. 
See  Bath. 

Tepc'pote.  Teamsters'  Tea.  The  twigs 
of  Ephedra  aiitisyphilitica.  Commonly 
known  in  the  Southwestern  U.  S.  as  canu- 
tillo  or  whorehouse  tea.  Serviceable  in 
venereal  diseases.  Dose  of  the  fld.  ext. 
5J-ij.     Unof. 

Ter-  (Lat.,  three  times).  In  chemistry, 
joined  to  the  names  of  certain  compounds 
in  which  three  acid  atoms  or  radicals  take 
part.  A  common  prefix  meaning  three,  or 
threefold. 

Teratog^eny  (jEpaq,  a  monster,  yevvau,  to 
beget).  The  formation  or  bringing  forth 
of  monstrosities. 

Ter^atoid  (re/jof,  eiSog,  resemblance).  Re- 
sembling a  monster  or  anomalous  organiza- 
tion. 

TeratoFogy  {vEpag,  loyoq,  a  treatise).  A 
treatise  on  monsters  and  other  anomalies 
of  organization. 

Terato^ma  (TEpao).  A  congenital  tumor, 
which  may  contain  various  concretions  of 
organic  tissue. 

Ter^ebene,  or 

Terebin^thina.  Turpentine.  The  oleo- 
resin  obtained  from  the  yellow  pine,  P. 
aiistraliSy  and  other  species.  Properties 
due  to  an  essential,  volatile  oil,  which  is 
the  form  mainly  used.  Stimulant,  anti- 
spasmodic, diuretic  and  anthelmintic;  ex- 
ternally a  rubefacient.  Useful  in  hemor- 
rhage of  the  intestines,  as  a  stimulant  to 
the  heart  and  in  various  zymotic  fevers. 
Externally  in  neuralgia,  gangrene  and 
rheumatism.  Dose  of  the  oil  rr\,v-xv  (of 
the  oleoresingr.  v-^j).  T.,  Canadensis, 
"  balsam  of  fir,"  a  liquid  oleoresin.  Dose 
gr.  v-xxx.     Turpentine,    Chian,  of  re- 


TEREBRATION 


435 


TETRANERVniRIN 


puted  benefit  in  cancer.  Dose  gr.  iij-v. 
T.  Liniment.,  resin  cerate  65.  oil  of  tur- 
pentine J5  parts.  Turpentine  Venice, 
usually  a  solution  of  resin  in  oil  of  tuqn-n- 
tine.  Terebene,  prepareil  by  the  action 
of  sulphuric  acitl  on  turpentine.  A  disin- 
fectant. 

Terebra'tion  [terebro,  to  bore).  The  oper- 
ation of  L>oring  or  trephining. 

Te'res  SJero,  to  rub).  A  name  given  to 
various  organs  and  parts  characterized  by 
a  round,  smooth  appearance.  T.  Muscle. 
See  Muscle-  Table. 

Term  [-epua,  a  limit).  The  time  during 
which  an)-thing  lasts. 

Ter'minal  [repfia).  Pertaining  to  the 
end. 

Terminol'ogy  {tenniittis,  a  name,  ?^oyo^, 
a  treatise).  A  treatise  on  any  systematiza- 
tion  of  names. 

Ter'nary  (/er,  three  times).  Pertaining  to 
the  number  three. 

Ter'pine.  A  terpine  hydrate  derived  from 
turpentine.  Useful  in  bronchial  and 
pubnonar)'  diseases  to  loosen  and  facilitate 
the  exj-)ectoration  of  mucus. 

Ter'ra  (Lat.).  Earth.  T.  Alba,  white 
clay.  T.  Cariosa,  rotten-stone.  T. 
Oleum,  petroleum.  T.  Ponderosa, 
bapita  or  barium  sulphate. 

Terrain-cure  (Fr.).  A  therapeutic  method 
consisting  in  mountain-climbing,  dietetics, 
e/c.,  for  plethora,  coq^ulence,  neurasthenia, 
chlorosis,  incipient  phthisis,  etc. 

Terra'queous  (/t-rm,  land,  aqtia,  water). 
IV-rtaining  to  or  consisting  of  both  land 
and  water. 

Terrene'  {terra').     Terrestial. 

Ter'tian  [tertius,  third).  Applied  to  a 
variety  of  intermittent  fever  the  paro.xysms 
of  which  recur  ever)'  third  day. 

Ter'tiary  {terlius).  Third  in  order.  T. 
Syphilis.     See  Syphilis. 

Tes'selated  {tessera,  a  square).  Formed 
into  little  S'|uares.  Chetiuered.  Having 
quadrangular  arrangement. 

Test.  In  chemistry,  a  characteristic  reac- 
tion which  riistingui>,hes  one  iKxly  from  all 
others.  Also,  the  reagent  for  producing 
a  test. 

Test'es  (pi.  of  testis,  a  witness  [of  ma-scu- 
linity]).  The  two  glandular  liodies,  situ- 
ated ill  the  scrotum,  that  secrete  the  semen. 
They  lie  in  the  aUlominal  cavity  in  early 
fiflal  life,  and  descend  into  the  scrotum 
alx)ut  the  lime  of  birth.  T.  of  Brain. 
See  Cnrpora.  T.,  Descent  of,  pa-.sage 
through  the  inguinal  canal  into  the  .scrotum. 
T.  Mulicbris.     Sec  Ovaries. 


Tes'ticles.     See  Testes. 

Testi'tis.     See  Orchitis. 

Test'-paper.     See  Litnnis. 

Test'-types.  Letters  or  ligures  of  different 
sizes  to  lest  acuteness  of  vision.  Those 
most  in  use  subtend  an  angle  of  five  min- 
utes at  the  proper  distance. 

Tetan'ic.     Pertaining  to  tetanus. 

Tetanil'la  {tetanus).  A  form  of  tetanic 
sp;ism  affecting  the  fingers  and  toes.  It  is 
observed  mainly  among  children,  and  is  a 
concomitant  of  rachitis. 

Tet'anine.  A  ptomaine  obtained  by  cul- 
tivating impure  tetanus-microbes  on  beef- 
broth.  It  has  recently  been  obtained  from 
the  amputated  arm  of  a  tetanus- ]ialient  by 
lirieger,  who  thus  demonstrated  the  pres- 
ence of  tetanine  in  tetanus-patients  during 
life.  Neveitheless,  it  has  not  been  found 
in  the  brain  and  nerve-tissue  of  persons 
dead  from  tetanus.  The  base  produces  the 
characteristic  symptoms  of  tetanus,  though 
probably  not  all,  since  three  other  toxines, 
including  spasmotoxine,  occur  with  tetanine 
in  cultures  of  the  tetanus-microbe. 

Tet'anoid  {tetanus,  e«5of,  resembling). 
Resembling  tetanus. 

Tetanom'eter  {tetanus,  fierpov,  a  measure). 
An  instrument  for  stimulating  a  nerve  me- 
chanically. 

Tetanotox''ine  {tetanus,  toxieutn,  poison). 
A  poisonous  ptomaine  obtained  as  one  of 
the  products  of  the  culture  of  the  tetanus- 
microbe,  l)y  Brieger.  It  is  tetanizingin  its 
action, — producing  first  tremor,  then  para- 
lysis and  violent  convulsions. 

Tet'anus  [rrivu,  to  stretch).  A  spasmtnlic 
and  continuous  contraction  of  muscles, 
causing  rigidity  of  the  parts  they  supply. 
See  Trismus,  Opisthotonos,  liniprosthoto- 
nos,  rieurothotonos.  Brieger  has  isolated 
four  toxic  ptomaine  substances,  from  culti- 
vations of  so-called  tetanus  bacilli  :  7'eta- 
nin,  prcKluced  sym|>toms  of  tetanus  (mice) ; 
Tetatoxin ,  caused  tremors,  paralysis  and 
convulsions  ;  Infuriate  of  Toxin,  produced 
tetanus  and  salivation;  Spasmotoxin,  pros- 
trated iiuickl)  with  clonic  and  tonic  spasms. 
T.,  Acoustic.  See  .l,oustic.  T.,  Ceph- 
alic, T.,  Hydrophobic,  T.,  Kopf.  .Sec 
h'opf-  Tetanus. 

Tetatox'in.     .Sec   'Tetanus. 

Tefra-  {Ttrpn,  four).  A  t!reek  numeral 
used  as  a  ])nfix  and  denoting  four. 

Tetrama'zia  {nrpa,  fiaartir,  bnast).  The 
presence,  normal  or  abnormal,  of  four  teats 
or  mammary  glands. 

Tetrancr'ythrin.  A  reddish  pigment 
found  in  the  blood  of  some  decaixxl  eras- 


TETRANOFSIA 


436 


THERIACA 


taceans  identical  with  that  in  the  exoskele- 
ton  and  hypoderm. 

Tetranop^sia  {jErpa,  ut}/,  the  eye).  A  con- 
traction of  the  field  of  vision  limited  to 
one  quadrant. 

Tetras^ter  {jerpa,  aarrip,  star).  The  karyo- 
kinetic  figure  when  there  is  a  fourfold 
division  of  the  nucleus. 

Tetrasto^ma  (jerpa,  arofia,  a  mouth).  A 
parasitic  worm  infesting  the  kidneys. 

Tet^ter.  A  form  of  herpes,  commonly 
known  as  ringworm.     See  Herpes. 

Tex^ture  {tcxto,  to  weave).  In  physiology, 
any  organized  substance  or  tissue  of  which 
the  body  is  composed.  Also,  and  more 
correctly,  the  arrangement  of  the  elemen- 
tary parts  of  tissue. 

Thalamenceph^alon  [thalamus,  EVKe(ba- 
Xov,  the  brain).  In  embryology,  the  pos- 
terior portion  of  the  anterior  vesicle. 

ThaFamus  [dalano^,  bed).  Used  of  the 
Thalami  Optici.  Two  large  masses  of 
ganglionic  gray  matter  at  the  base  of  the 
brain,  supposed  (enoneously)  to  be  the 
origin  of  the  optic  nerves. 

ThaFlin.  A  synthetic  chemical  product. 
A  powerful  antipyretic.  Effects  not  so 
lasting  as  those  of  antipyrine.  Apt  to  pro- 
duce collapse.     Dose  gr.  iv.     Unof. 

Than^'atoid  [davarog,  death,  etSog,  resem- 
blance). Resembling  or  having  the  ap- 
pearance of  death. 

Thanato^des  [davarog).    Mortal.    Lethal. 

Thanatom^eter  [Oavaroc,  /n^eTpov,  meas- 
ure). A  thermometer  introduced  into  the 
Stomach  or  rectum  to  detennine  if  the  de- 
pression of  temperature  is  so  great  as  to 
be  a  sign  of  death. 

Thanatophid^ia  [Oavaroq,  o(piQ,  a  serpent). 
The  class  of  serpents  whose  bite  produces 
toxic  symptoms  or  death. 

Thanatopho'bia  (^ovarof ,  ^o/3of ,  a  dread). 
A  morbid  fear  of  death. 

Thap'sia  Gargan'ica.  The  root  of  the 
plant  is  used  by  the  natives  of  N.  Africa 
as  a  counter-irritant.  Internally  a  tonic. 
Dose  of  the  fid.  ext.  Tt\^x-xxx.     Unof. 

Thaumaf'ropy  (davfia,  a  wonder,  rpoivT], 
change).  The  extraordinary  transforma- 
tion of  one  organ  or  part  into  another. 

The'a.     See  Tea. 

Thc'baine.  Called,  also,  paramorphine. 
A  powerful  tetanizer,  exalting  cerebro- 
spinal centers  and  resembles  strychnine  in 
effects.     Unof. 

The'baism.  The  condition  induced  by 
thebaine  or  paramorjjhine. 

Thebe^'sius,  Foram'ina  of.  Numerous 
minute  veins  opening  on  the  inner  surface 


of  the  right  auricle  of  the  heart.  They 
return  the  blood  directly  from  the  muscular 
tissue  without  entering  the  venous  current. 

The^ca  [pvx-V,  a  sheath  or  scabbard).  A 
sheath  or  investing  membrane.  T.  Ver- 
tebralis,  the  investing  membranes  of  the 
vertebral  cord. 

The^cal  [Oi/Kt/).  Pertaining  to  the  theca. 
T.  Abscess,  tenosynovitis,  paronychia  or 
whitlow. 

Theci^tis  {(^rjKrj,  irig,  inflammation).  In- 
flammation of  tendons  and  their  sheaths. 

The'Ine.     See  7ea. 

ThelaFgia  [O//?.?/,  a  papilla,  aTiyog,  a  pain). 
Pain  in  the  nipples. 

Theli^tis  (d'/M,  iTig).  Inflammation  of 
the  nipples. 

The^lium  [P)/?Ji).  A  papilla;  also,  a  layer 
of  cells. 

ThC'lothism  {0?/?.v,  uOeu,  to  push).  Pro- 
jection of  the  nipple,  caused  by  contraction 
of  the  transverse  muscular  fibers. 

The^nal  [devap,  the  palm).  Pertaining  to 
the  palm  or  the  sole ;  also,  towards  the 
palm. 

The^nar  [devap).  The  palm  of  the  hand; 
also,  the  sole  of  the  foot. 

Theobrom'se  Oleum.  Butter  of  Cacao. 
The  fixed  oil  of  the  seed  of  the  chocolate 
tree,  T.  cacao.  Consists  mainly  of  stearine 
with  a  little  olein.  Demulcent,  and  does 
not  become  rancid.  Used  in  making  sup- 
positories. T.  Ceratum,  "red  lip-salve," 
cacao  butter,  white  wax,  aa  35  ;  oil  of  al- 
mond 30  ;  oil  of  rose,  to  flavor,  and  car- 
mine to  color,  aa  q.  s.  Theobromine, 
the  alkaloid ;  properties  like  those  of  caf- 
fein. 

Theoma''nia  (Of of,  God,  iiavia,  madness). 
Religious  mania. 

Theoph'yllin.  An  alkaloid  discovered  in 
tea.  It  is  isomeric  with  the  base  obtained 
from  cacao  (theobromin)  and  with  para- 
xanthin,  but  differs  from  them  in  its  re- 
actions. 

Theoret^ical  [dEupeu,io  investigate). 
Based  on  theory.     Speculative. 

The^ory  [Oeupeu).  The  abstract  princi- 
ples of  a  science.  Also,  a  reasonable  sup- 
position. 

Therapei''a.     See  TJierapetdics. 

Therapeu^tic  [Oepmrevu,  to  cure).  Per- 
taining to  Therapeutics. 

Therapeu''tics  (depaTvevu).  That  branch 
of  medical  science  which  considers  the 
application  of  remedies  as  a  means  of  cure. 

Ther^apy.     See  Therapeutics. 

Theri''aca.  Treacle,  Molasses.  The  non- 
crystallizing   residue  of  the  juice   of  the 


THERM.ESTHESIA 


437 


THERMONEUROSIS 


cane,  left  after  the  process  of  evaporation. 
Comists  of  cane  sugar  solution,  caramel, 
and  various  impurities.  Rarely  used  in 
ph;u-mac)'.  Formerly  used  xs  an  antidote 
to  the  bites  of  venomous  snakes  or  insects. 

Thermaesthe'sia  [t^tpfo/,  heat,  aiatir,atg, 
sensation).  The  sensation  of  heat  or  the 
temi>erature  of  iKxlics. 

Thermaesthesiom'eter  {Oepuij,  aiaOr/oic, 
fierpor,  a  measure).  An  instmmcnt  for 
measuring  the  sensibility  to  heal  of  different 
regions  of  the  skin. 

Ther'mal  (Hepin/).     Pertaining  to  heat. 

Ther'mo-  (^dtp/jr/).  A  Greek  word  used 
as  a  prefix  to  denote  connection  with  or 
relation  to  heat. 

Thermo-cautery.     See  Cauhrv. 

Thermo  -  chemistry.  That  "liranch  of 
chemical  science  embracing  the  mutual 
nlaiioii.-  <'f  heat  and  atomic  changes. 

Thermochro'ic  [thjiiui,  xi>ou,  to  separate). 
Pertaining  to  a  quality  of  certain  sul>stances 
that  transmit  some  thennal  radiations  but 
absorb  or  change  others. 

Thermo-electric'ity.  Pertaining  to  elec- 
tricitv  giiifiMtcd  l)y  heat. 

Thermogen'esis  (^fp/'V,  yevvau,  to  pro- 
duce).    The  production  of  heat. 

Thermogen'ic  (Oepuri,  yeviau).  Pertain- 
ing tu  Thcriniigenesis. 

Ther'mograph  {ftrpur]^  }P"<!>(->,  to  write). 
Any  automatic  device  for  registering  varia- 
tions of  tem[:)erature. 

Thermom'eter  (Hepu^,  heat,  /terpnv,  a 
measure).  An  instrument  for  measuring 
the  intensity  of  heat,  consisting  of  a  res- 
ervoir of  mercury  (or  alcohol)  expanding 
into  a  vacuous  capillary  tube,  the  intensity 
being  measured  by  the  length  of  the  col- 
umn of  mercury.  T.,  Centigrade,  the 
freiving  ]xjint  is  0°  and  the  l)oiling  |)oint 
at  ioo°.  T.,  Fahrenheit's,  the  interval 
lx:tween  freezing  and  boiling  is  divided 
into  1 80  e(|ual  parts,  each  called  a  degree, 
the  zero  |)oint  being  32  degrees  or  divisions 
Itelow  the  freezing  of  water.  T.,  Reau- 
mur, the  freezing  jxiint  is  0°,  and  the 
loiling  |xjint  80°.  To  convert  the  registra- 
tion of  one  thermometer  into  that  of  an- 
other the  following  formulx'  are  useful : — 


COMI'-ARISON    OF    T1IKR.MOMETER.S. 


Let  F 

'•    C 
••    R   - 
Then  to  convert 

Fahr.  to  Cent. 
5  (l-'-li\ 


No.  of  degrees  Falirenhcit. 
"  "         CciitiKradc. 

"  "         Kc-autiiur. 


~C. 
9 
Cent,  to  Fahr. 

o 


Fahr.  to  Rcaum. 

4  (A-aa) 


-    /?. 


Fahr. 

Cent. 

Reau. 

Fahr. 

Cent. 

Reau. 

312 

100 

80 

76 

24.4 

19.6 

210 

9.S.9 

79  1 

74 

233 

18.7 

20S 

978 

7S.2 

72 

22.2 

17.8 

206 

96.7 

77-3 

70 

21. 1 

16.9 

204 

95-6 

76.4 

68 

20 

15 

202 

94-4 

756 

66 

18.9 

151 

200 

93-3 

74-7 

64 

17.8 

14.2 

198 

92.2 

73-8 

62 

16.7 

13-3 

196 

91. 1 

72.9 

60 

156 

12.4 

194 

90 

72 

5^ 

14.4 

11.6 

192 

88.9 

71. 1 

56 

13-3 

10.7 

190 

87.8 

70.2 

54 

12.2 

9.8 

iS8 

86.7 

69-3 

52 

11. 1 

8.9 

186 

8.S.6 

68.4 

50 

10 

8 

184 

84.4 

67.6 

48 

89 

7-1 

182 

83.3 

66.7 

46 

7.8 

6.2 

180 

82.2 

65.8   1 

44 

6.7 

5-3 

178 

81.1 

64.9 

42 

5-6 

4-4 

176 

80 

64 

40 

4.4 

36 

174 

78.9 

63.1 

38 

3-3 

2.7 

172 

77.8 

62.2 

36 

2.2 

1.8 

170 

76.7 

61.3 

34 

I.I 

0.9 

168 

75.6 

60.4 

32 

0. 

0 

166 

74-4 

59-6 

30 

-I.I 

-0.9 

164 

73-3 

58.7 

28 

-2.3 

-I  8 

162 

72.2 

57.8 

26 

-3-3 

-2.7 

160 

71.1 

569 

24 

-4.4 

-3-6 

158 

70 

56 

22 

-5-6 

-4.4 

156 

68.9 

55  I 

20 

-6.7 

-5-3 

154 

67.8 

54-2 

18 

-7.8 

-6.2 

152 

66.7 

53-3 

16 

-8.9 

-7.1 

150 

65.6 

524 

14 

-10 

-8 

148 

64.4 

51.6 

12 

-II. I 

-8.9 

146 

63-3 

50-7 

10 

-12.2 

-9.8 

144 

62.2 

49.8 

8 

-13-3 

-107 

142 

61. 1 

48.9 

6 

-14.4 

-U.6 

140 

60 

48 

4 

-15-6 

-12.4 

138 

58.9 

47.1 

2 

-16.7 

-13-3 

136 

57-8 

46.2 

0 

-17.8 

-14.2 

134 

56.7 

45-3 

-2 

-18.9 

-I5t 

132 

55-6 

44-4 

-4 

-20 

-16 

130 

54-4 

43-6 

-6 

-21. 1 

-16.9 

128 

53-3 

42.7 

-8 

-22.2 

-17.8 

126 

52.2 

41.8 

-10 

-23-3 

-18.7 

124 

51. 1 

40.9 

-13 

-24.4 

-19.6 

122 

50 

40 

-14 

-25.6 

-20.4 

120 

48.9 

391 

-16 

-26.7 

-21.3 

118 

47.8 

38.2 

-18 

-27.8 

-22.2 

116 

46.7 

37-3 

-20 

-28.9 

-23.1 

114 

45-6 

364 

-22 

-30 

-24 

112 

444 

35.6 

-24 

-3«' 

-24.9 

no 

43-3 

34-7 

-26 

-32.2 

-25-8 

108 

42.2 

33-8 

-28 

-33-3 

-36.7 

106 

41. 1 

32.9 

-30 

-34  4 

-376 

104 

40 

32 

-32 

-356 

-38.4 

102 

38.9 

3I-' 

-34 

-36.7 

-293 

100 

37-8 

30.2 

-36 

-37.8 

-30.2 

98 

367 

29-3 

-38 

-38.9 

-3'« 

96 

35-6 

28.4 

-40 

-40 

-32 

94 

344 

27.6 

-43 

-41. 1 

-329 

9J 

33-3 

26.7 

-44 

-42.2 

-33-8 

322 

25.8 

-46 

-43-3 

-347 

88 

31. 1 

24.9 

-48 

-44-4 

-30- 4 

86 

30 

24 

-50 

-45.6 

84 

28.9 

23-1 

-52 

-467 

-37-3 

82 

27.8 

32  2 

--$ 

-47.8 

-38.2 

80 

26.7 

21.3 

-48.9 

-39  « 

78 

25-6 

20.4 

Reaiim.  to  Fahr. 
4 


+  32  -  A. 


Thcrmoncuro'sis  (Otp/ii/,  vrv/wi',  a  nerve). 
Pyrexia  of  va.somotor  origin. 


THERMOSTAT 


438 


THYME,  OLEUM 


Ther^mostat  {depjut/,  lar/jfii,  to  stand). 
Any  automatic  device  for  regulating  tem- 
perature. 

The^sis  [deoic,  a  proposition).  A  disserta- 
tion. Usually,  the  essay  presented  by  an 
undergraduate  at  the  time  of  his  candida- 
ture for  a  degree. 

Thigh  (Sax.).  The  Femur.  The  part  of 
the  lower  limb  extending  from  the  pelvis 
to  the  knee.     T.-bone,  the  m  femoris. 

Thim'bleweed.  The  herb  Ruheckia  lan- 
ciniata.  Diuretic  and  tonic.  Has  balsamic 
properties.  Dose  of  fld.  ext.  rr\,xv-3J. 
Unof. 

Thirst  (A.  S.,  f hurst).  The  internal  sensa- 
tion causing  a  desire  for  water.  It  is 
marked  by  dryness  of  the  mouth  and 
fauces,  together  with  constriction  of  the 
pharynx  and  oesophagus. 

Thomas's  Operation.  See  Cesarean 
Operation. 

Thomsen's  Disease.  A  disease  com- 
monly congenital  and  occurring  in  families 
characterized  by  tonic  spasm  or  rigidity  of 
the  muscles,  coming  on  when  they  are  first 
put  in  action  after  a  period  of  rest. 

Thoracente''sis  [ftupn^,  the  chest,  Kevrijaiq, 
a  piercing).  The  piercing  of  the  thorax  for 
the  removal  of  any  abnormal  collection  of 
matter. 

Thorac^ic  [dupa^).  Pertaining  to  the  chest 
or  thorax,  and  also  to  certain  of  its  organs. 
T.  Duct.  See  Duct.  T.  Index.  See 
Index. 

Thoracocente^'sis.     See  Thoracentesis. 

Thoracocyllo^sis  (dupa^,  KvXkuaiq).  De- 
formity of  the  thorax. 

Thoracodid'ymus  (Bupa^,  6i6v/ioc, 
double).  A  double  monster  joined  by  the 
thoraces. 

Thoracodyn''ia  (f^upaf,  oJwv/,  pain).  Pain 
in  the  chest. 

Thoracom^eter(/?wpaf,/zfr/)ov,  a  measure). 
A  stethometer,  an  instrument  for  measuring 
the  movements  of  the  walls  of  the  chest. 

Thoracop^agus  {6opa^,  irrj-yvvfii,  to  join). 
A  double  monster  with  portions  of  the 
thorax  or  abdomen  coalescent.  T.  Tri- 
brachius,  with  two  of  the  upper  limbs 
coalescent.  T.  Tripus,  with  two  of  the 
lower  limbs  coalescent.  Prosopothora- 
copagus, heads,  breasts  and  bellies  coal- 
esced ;  it  is  also  called  Cephalo-T.,  or 
Syncephalus. 

Thorac^oplasty  [dopa^,  n^aaau,  to  form). 

Plastic  operation  u|ion  the  thorax. 
Thoracos'copy    [Oopa^,     (jkotteu,    to    ex- 
amine).    Examination  of  the  chest  for  di- 
agnostic purposes. 


Thoracosteno^sis  [Bupa^,  gtevou,  to  con- 
tract).    Contraction  or   coarctation  of  the 
chest. 
Thoracof'omy  {Oopa^  refivu,  to  cut).    In- 
cision of  the  thorax. 
ThoradeFphus  {dupa^,  a(5e?o0of,  brother). 
A    monocephalic    dual    monstrosity   with 
bodies   united    above   the  umbilicus,   four 
lower  and  two  upper  extremities. 
Tho'rax  [Oupa^).     The  conical  framework 
of  bones  and  soft  tissues  bounded  by  the 
sternum,  the    six   upper  costal   cartilages, 
ribs  and  intercostal  muscles,  with  the  dor- 
sal portion  of  the  vertebral  column. 
Thorn-apple.     See  Stramonium. 
Thor^ough-wort.     See  Eupatorium. 
Thread.     The  spun  and  twisted  fibers  of 
cotton,  linen,  or  silk.     The   latter,  uncol- 
ored,  is  preferable  for  sutures. 
Thread^ -worm.     See  Trichocephalus. 
ThrepsoFogy  (Opeijiic,  nutrition,  ?,oyog,  a 
treatise).     A  treatise  on  the  nature  and 
functions  of  nutrition. 
Thresh-' old.     See  Fechners  Laze. 
Thrill  (A.  S.,  thirlian).    Fremitus.    A  sort 
of  quiver  or  shiver  of  the  cervical  arteries 
in  certain  cases  of  cardiac  disease,  aneu- 
rism, etc. 
Throat  (Sax.).     A  common  generic  term 

for  the  fauces,  pharynx,  laiynx,  etc. 
Throb.     A  pulsation  or  beat. 
Throm''boid  [thrombus,  a  clot).     Resem- 
bling or  having  the  nature  of  a  thrombus. 
Thrombophlebi^tis    [thrombus,   (fAti\),   a 
vein,  iTir,  inflammation).     Phlebitis  from 
purifonn  softening  of  a  venous  thrombus. 
Thrombo''sis   [Opopfto^).     The  formation 
of  a  thrombus.     T.,  Marantic.     See  Ma- 
rantic. 
Throm^bus  (Lat.).  A  clot  of  blood  formed 
at  the  place  of  deposit  of  an  obstruction. 
See  Embolus. 
Thrush  (A.  S.,  thrisc).     The   aphthne  on 
the    tongue,    mucous    membrane    of    the 
mouth,  etc.,  of  infants. 
Thu'ja.      Arbor  Vitne.      The   tops  of  T. 
occidentalis.     Contains  several   active  ex- 
tractive principles.      Stimulant,  astringent 
and  aromatic.     Of  service  in  coughs,  ca- 
tarrh and  amenorrhnea.     Dose  of  the  fld. 
ext.  5  j ;  of  the  volatile  oil  tll,j-v.    All  unof. 
Thumb  (Sax.).     The  first  finger  or  toe. 
Thyme,  Oleum.     The  volatile  oil  of  T. 
vulgaris,  garden  thyme.     Properties  due 
to  two  hydrocarbons  and  thymene.    Thy- 
mol, a  stearoptene,  powerfully  antiseptic 
and  anivsthetic  to  the   skin    and   mucous 
membrane.     Used  chiefly  as  an  antisejjtic. 
As  efficient  as  and  more  agreeable  than  car- 


THVMKI.COSIS 


439 


TIN 


bolic  acid.  Dose  gr.  ss-ij.  T.,  Gauze, 
c<.>ntains  I  per  cent,  of  thymol.  T.,  Inha- 
lation, thymol  gr.  xx,  alcohol  ^  iij,  magne- 
sium carlH.>nate  gr.  x,  water  ad  3  iij,  tea- 
spoonful  to  pint  of  water.  T.,  Solution, 
for  spraying,  I  :  looo.  T.,  Ung.,  con- 
tain>  gr.  v  to  3J. 

Thymelco'sis  [th'fiog,  e7jiuaig).  Ulcera- 
tion of  the  thymus  gland. 

Thy'mic  i^t hymns).  Pertaining  to  the 
Thymus.  Also,  pertaining  to  thyme,  as 
thymic  acid.  T.  Asthma,  a  form  of 
asthma  popularly  known  as  "crowing 
breath,"'  "holding  the  breath."  It  con- 
sists of  a  temporary  suspension  or  difficulty 
of  respiration.  It  hi\s  been  attributed  to 
enlargement  of  the  thj-mus,  and  also  to 
reflex  spasm. 

Thy'mol.     See  Thyme,  Oleum. 

Thy'mus  (f^vunq).'  Used  for  T.  glaud, 
a  body  of  doubtful  function  and  glandular 
a]ijiearance  situated  in  the  anterior  superior 
mediastinum. 

Thy'reo-  (Wi'pfof,  a  shield,  and  hence  from 
similarity  of  shape  and  function,  the  thyroid 
gland  or  cartilage).     Same  as  Thyro-. 

Thy'reocele  (Hvfjeo^,  kt/'/.t;,  a  tumor).  A 
tumor  affecting  the  thyroid  gland. 

Thyreon'cus  {Ovpiog,  ovyKog,  a  tumor). 
Same  as  Th\Teocele. 

Thyreophy'ma  (fivpeng,  <pvua,  a  tumor). 
Enlargement  of  the  thyroid  gland. 

Thyro-  (Wiyjfof).  A  prefix  used,  to  denote 
connection  with  or  relation  to  the  thyroid 
cartilage  or  gland.  T. -arytenoid,  ])er- 
taining  conjointly  to  the  thyroid  and  ar)-te- 
noid  cartilages.  Also  applied  to  a  muscle. 
T.  -  epiglottideus.  See  Muscle  -  'J'able. 
T.-hyoid,  ]xrtaining  conjointly  to  the 
thyroid  and  hyoid  cartilages.  Also,  the 
name  of  a  muscle. 

Thy'roid  ("i'/"or,  f^rfor,  form).  T.  Axis. 
"^e.  Artery-Tiible..  T.  Body.  See  /'. 
Gliiud.  T.  Cartilage,  the  largest  of  the 
laryngeal  cartilages,  united  at  an  angle 
in  front,  called  the  pomum  tidiimi.  T. 
Gland,  a  ductless  gland-like  Ixxly  of  un- 
known function,  at  the  upper  part  of  the 
trachea  consisting  of  two  lateral  lobes, 
one  ujxDn  each  side  of  the  same.  See 
( 'ir  hi-xia  and  Mv.xndema. 

Thyroidec''tomy  (''r/uor,  tKTOftij,  ex- 
cision).     Excision  of  the  thyroid  gland. 

Thyroidot'omy  [Oviunr,  To/ir/,  incision). 
Incision  of  the  thyroid  gland. 

Thyrot'omy  {llv,iiiir,  ti)ivu,  to  cut).      In- 

(ision  of  the  thyroid  Uj<ly. 
Tib'ia  ( I.at,  a  lUile  or  pijn-).     The  larger 
of   the  two  l>ones  of   the   leg,  commonly 


called  the  shinlwne,  articulating  with  the 
fenmr,  fibula  and  astragalus. 

Tib'ial  (/ibiu).  I'ertaining  or  belonging 
to  the  tibia.  T.  Artery.  See  Artery- 
'J'able.  T.  Muscle,  ^cc  Muscle- 7'able. 
T.  Nerve.     See  A'eri'e-lable. 

Tic,  or 

Tic  Douloureux     [Fretich).      Neuralgia 

of  one  or  more  brandies  of  the  fifth  nerve. 
The  tenn  has  been  used  of  painless  spas- 
modic twitchings  or  distortions  of  muscles 
supplied  by  the  seventh  nerve.  These 
affections  have  been  called,  nnfalgia  dolo- 
rosa, dolor  crucians  faciei,  neurali^io  faciei, 

/'ro.so/alsna  tnsmus  dolori/icus,aud  trismus 
ma.villaris. 

Tick.  A  name  applied  indiscriminately  to 
several  species  of  acan. 

Tic'kle.  To  cause  a  spasmodic  muscular 
contraction  by  a  slight  irritation  of  periph- 
eral nerve  fibers  of  the  skin. 

TiMal  Air.     See  Air. 

TigTii  OTeum.  Croton  Oil.  The  fixed 
oil  of  the  seed  of  Crolo/i  T.,  native  to 
India.  Externally  a  powerful  irritant  pro- 
ducing piKStular  eruptions.  Useful  as  a 
counter-iiTitant  in  ovaritis,  bronchitis,  rheu- 
matism, glandular  swellings,  etc.  Inter- 
nally a  drastic  hydragogue  cathartic  ;  indi- 
cated where  prompt  evacuation  of  the 
bowels  is  required.     Dose  TTL'/^-ij- 

Tim^bre  (/->-.;  Ger.,  A'laii:^).  The  pecu- 
liar quality  of  a  tone  other  than  pitch  and 
intensity  that  makes  it  distinctive.  It  de- 
]>ends  ujxjn  the  overtones  of  the  vibrating 
l)ody. 

Time.  The  duration  of  an  event  or  phe- 
nomenon. Reaction  T.,  that  required 
for  the  conduction  of  a  sensory  impulse  to 
the  center,  combined  with  that  of  the  du- 
ration of  the  percejition,  of  the  direction 
of  attention  (a])perception),  of  the  volun- 
tary impulse,  and  of  the  return  of  motor 
im]nilse  to  the  muscles  with  their  conse- 
(|uent  activity.  The  Keaction-T.  varies 
according  to  the  ]iart  and  sense,  (/(•..stimu- 
lated. I'or  shock  on  hand  it  is  1 2  seccinds ; 
on  forehead,  13;  on  toe,  17;  sudden  noise, 
13;  vi>ion  of  electric  spark,  15;  .sound, 
16;  taste  of  sugar  and  acids,  16;  of  salt, 
15;  of  quinine,  23.      See,  also,  Dilemma. 

Tin.  Stannum.  Sn— -iiS;  i|uantiva- 
lence  11,  IV.  A  silver- white  metal,  the  thin 
foil  of  which  is  sometimes  used  to  protect 
jiharmaceutical  prejiarations.  .Should  lie 
frei-  from  lead.  T.  Chloride,  stannous 
ehlnridi-,  a  disinfectant.  T.  Pulvis,  tin 
|K>w(ler,  formerly  used  as  an  anthelmintic. 
All  uiiof. 


TINCTURE 


440 


TONIC 


Tinc'ture,  or 

Tinctu^ra  {Hugo,  to  tinge).  A  tincture. 
In  pharmacy,  an  alcoholic  solution  of  the 
medicinal  principles  of  a  drug,  and,  except- 
ing the  tincture  of  iodine,  of  non-volatile 
bases.  The  strength  of  tinctures  varies 
from  y*^  per  cent,  to  65  per  cent,  of  the 
active  principles  of  the  drug.  There  are 
72  official  tinctttm. 

Tin^ea  [tinea,  a  moth-worm).  A  generic 
term  used  of  a  class  of  skin  diseases  caused 
by  the  presence  of  filamentous  fungi.  T. 
Abestina.  See  Sehorr/icea.  T.  Ami- 
antacea.  See  Seborrhea.  T.  Decal- 
vans.  'ae.&  Alopi'cia  Areata.  T.  Lupi- 
nosa.  See  Favus.  T.  Tarsi.  See 
Blepharitis.  T,  Tricophytina,  Ring- 
worm. A  parasitic,  circular,  inflamed  spot, 
which  becomes  scaly  and  spreads  periph- 
erally, clearing  up  in  the  centre,  and  thus 
forming  the  ring-shaped  condition  which 
is  its  well-known  characteristic.  On  the 
head  it  is  known  as  T.  Tcmsurans ;  on  the 
body,  T.  Circinata;  on  the  beard,  T. 
Barba,  etc.  All  forms  are  contagious, 
and  due  to  the  development  of  the  "  tri- 
cophyton"  fungus.  A  similar  but  very 
severe  form,  occurring  in  the  Polynesian 
Islands,  is  known  as  T.  Lnbricata.  T. 
Vera.  See  Favus.  T.  Versicolor, 
Pityriasis  Versicolor ;  Chloasma  ;  Mycosis 
Microspora.  A  disease  of  the  skin  char- 
acterized by  patches  of  brown  color ;  con- 
fined mainly  to  the  trunk.  Due  to  the 
development  of  fungous  microspores. 

Tin^nitus  {tinnio,  to  tinkle).  Any  tink- 
ling or  ringing  sound.  T.  Aurium,  the 
subjective  ringing  or  hissing  sound  heard 
in  the  ears  in  various  affections  of  the 
tympanum  and  internal  ear.  T.,  Tele- 
phone.    See  Telephone -Tinnitus. 

Tire-Balle  (Fr.).  An  instrument  for  ex- 
tracting bullets  from  a  part. 

Tire -Fond  (Fr.).  An  instrument  for  pene- 
trating a  cavity  or  tissue,  transfixing  and 
withdrawing  foreign  bodies. 

Ti^sane  [TVTiaav?/,  barley-water).  Any 
decoction  or  beverage  having  slight  cura- 
tive or  restorative  qualities. 

Tis^sue  (Fr.  tissu).  Any  web-like  struc- 
ture. Applied  generally  to  the  organic 
elements  of  a  part  or  organ.  T.,  Ani- 
mal. See  Animal  Tissue.  T.,  Cel- 
lular, texture  composed  of  rounded  (or 
dodecahedral)  cells.  T.,  Fibro-cellular, 
tissue  in  the  form  of  long  fibres.  T., 
Tubular  or  Vascular,  tissue  in  the  form 
of  long  cylindrical  tubes.  T.,  Vegeta- 
ble, a  term  used  to  di.stinguish  the  web- 


like substance  which  composes  vegetable 
structure. 

Titilla^tion  {titillo,  to  tickle).  The  act  of 
tickling. 

Tituba'tion  {titubo,  to  stagger).  The  stag- 
gering gait  and  incoordination  of  motion 
accompanying  certain  diseases  of  the  spine. 

TobaC'co.     See  Tabactim. 

Tobin's  Tubes.  A  method  of  ventilation 
of  rooms  by  the  introduction  of  air  through 
tubes  placed  in  the  walls. 

TocoFogy  (roKOf,  childbirth,  'koyo^,  a 
treatise).  A  treatise  on  the  science  of 
obstetrics. 

Toe.     A  finger  or  digit  of  the  foot. 

ToFerance  [tolero,  to  bear).  The  capacity 
of  a  patient  to  withstand  certain  drugs  or 
certain  doses  of  drugs  without  injurious 
consequences. 

ToFerant.  Withstanding  the  action  of  a 
medicine  without  injuiy. 

ToTu.     See  Tolutan. 

Toma'to.  The  ripe  fruit  of  the  common 
tomato,  Lvcopersicum  esculent um.  Claimed 
to  be  useful  in  canker  of  the  mouth,  nurse's 
sore  mouth,  etc.     Unof. 

Tomen^tose  {tomentum,  a  lock  of  wool). 
Woolly.     Covered  with  down. 

Tomen^tum  (Lat.).  A  lock  of  wool.  T. 
Cerebri,  the  plexus  of  small  blood  vessels 
inside  of  the  pia  mater  and  penetrating 
the  cortex  of  the  brain.  When  detached 
they  have  a  fanciful  resemblance  to  a  lock 
of  wool. 

Tomes,  Fibers  of.    See  Fibers  of  Tomes. 

Tomoma^nia  (rE//i'u,  to  cut,  jiavia,  mad- 
ness). A  term  used  to  denote  an  excessive 
desire  or  habit  on  the  part  of  a  surgeon  to 
use  the  knife  or  to  perform  unnecessary 
operations. 

Tone  (roj'of,  from  teivu,  to  stretch).  The 
normal  activity,  strength  and  excitability 
of  the  various  organs  and  functions  as  ob- 
served in  a  state  of  health.    Also,  a  sound. 

Ton^ga.  A  drug  obtained  in  the  Fejee 
Islands,  consisting  of  a  mixture  of  barks, 
roots  and  leaves.  Of  reputed  service  in 
neuralgia.  Dose  of  the  proprietaiy  fid. 
ext.  Tt\^xxx-^:5J.     Unof. 

Tongue  (Sax.).  The  organ  of  the  special 
sense  of  taste  and  the  principal  organ,  after 
the  larynx,  of  speech.  T.,  Taste-bulbs 
of.     See  Taste-bulbs. 

Tongue-tie.  A  congenital  shortening  of 
the  frienum  of  the  tongue,  preventing  its 
mobility. 

Ton^ic  (rorof,  tone).  A  medicine  or  agent 
which  promotes  nutrition  and  gives  tone 
to  the  system.     T.  Spasm,  in  pathology, 


TOXICITY 


441 


TOURNIQUET 


the  continued  rigid  contraction  of  mus- 
cular tissue  ohser\ed  in  such  afl'ections  as 
tetanus. 

Tonic'ity  (roiof).  The  quality  of  muscu- 
lar tissue  when  in  a  condition  of  excita- 
tion. 

Tonom''eter.      See  Tt-nsion,  IntraocuLir. 

Ton'sil  {/onsilla).  The  tonsils  are  two 
glandular  organs  on  each  side  of  the  fauces, 
between  the  anterior  and  iio>t<  ritir  ]nll.irs 
of  the  soft  palate.  T.  of  Cerebellum, 
an  elevation  on  either  side  of  the  great 
median  fissure  projecting  into  the  fourth 
ventricle.  T.,  Pharyngeal,  a  mass  of 
lymphoid  tissue  between  the  Eusta«Jiian 
tul^s  in  the  pharynx. 

Tonsilli^tis  [tonsil/a,  i/is).  Inflammation 
of  the  tonsils. 

Tonsiriotome  {tonsilla,  te^vu,  to  cut). 
An  instrument  for  abscission  of  the  tonsils. 
Called,  also,  Tonsil  Guillotine. 

Ton'sure  [/eitJo,  to  clip).  The  shaving 
or  removal  of  the  hair  from  any  part. 

To'nus  (roiof,  tone).  The  quality  of  ten- 
siiin  or  tonicity  of  an  organ  or  part. 

Tooth.     See  Tt^d/i. 

Tooth'ache.  Any  pain  in  or  about  one  or 
more  teeth.  It  may  be  purely  neuralgic ; 
it  may  arise  from  caries,  or  it  may  be  due 
to  alveolar  abscess. 

To'phi.     PI.  of  Tophus. 

To'phus  (roOor,  a  stone).  Tlie  hard,  con- 
cretitinary  matter  that  forms  on  the  surface 
of  joints  affected  with  gout.  Also,  con- 
cretionary matter  in  the  kidneys.  Also, 
the  tartar  of  the  teeth. 

Top'ical  (7«Tor,  a  place).  Pertaining  to 
the  external  .situation  of  an  organ  or  part 
of  the  \xM\y,  or  to  symptomatic  localization. 
T.  Remedy,  one  applied  locally. 

Topograph'ical  [ro-or,  ypatfiu,  to  wrte). 
Pertaining  U)  tin-  relief  features  of  a 
locality.  T.  Anatomy,  the  study  of  the 
comparative  locality  of  the  various  organs 
and  parts  of  the  Ixxly  as  determined  by 
external  landmarks. 

Topog'raphy  [rorrnr,  ^jia<pu).     A  descrip 
tion  of  an  area  or  country  with  reference  to 
its  relief  features.     In  anatomy,  ajiplied  to 
the  regions  of  the  brxly,  and  es|x;cially  of 
the  brain.     See  Localization  and  Center. 

Tor'cular  Heroph'ili  (llie  wine  |)ress  of 
Ilerr)|)liilus).  A  cavity  before  the  internal 
occi|>ital  protuberance,  at  which  meet  sev- 
eral siiuises  of  the  dura  mater. 

Tor'ic.     .See  J'eriscopic. 

TormentiPla.  The  root  of  I\'tnttilla  tor- 
vii-ntilla.  A  mihl  tonic  and  xslriugent. 
Dose  of  lid.  ext.  n\^x-xl.     Unof. 


Tormi'na  (^fornii-n,  a  racking  pain).  Any 
griping  pain  in  the  bowels. 

Tor'pid  {torpco,  to  be  numb).  Affected 
wiili  torjxir. 

Tor'por  (Lat.,  numbness).  A  condition  of 
abnormal  inactivity,  numbness,  or  deficient 
sensation. 

Torrefica'tion.     See  Roastiiis^. 

Tor'rid  (/('/vvi',  to  parch).  Hot.  Burning. 
T.  Zone,  the  zone  of  climate  lying  be- 
tween the  isotherms  of  70°  P".,  north  and 
south. 

Tor''sion  [torqueo,  to  twist).  A  twisting. 
A]iplied  especially  to  the  treatment  of 
Severed  arteries  to  stop  h;vmorrhage. 

Torticol'lis  (Jorquco,  collitm,  neck).  A 
congenital  or  ac([uired  contraction  of  one 
or  more  of  the  cervical  muscles,  usually  of 
one  side,  resulting  in  an  abnormal  jxisition 
of  tlie  head. 

Tor'ula  (l.at.).  A  genus  of  cryptogamous 
plants  now  generally  embraced  among  the 
sa  cch  a  romycetes. 

To'rus  (Lat.).  A  bulging  or  elevation  of 
a  part. 

Touch  (Fr.  toucher').  In  obstetrics,  a  di- 
gital or  manual  examination  of  the  female 
genital  organs  and  adjacent  parts  for  diag- 
nostic or  therapeutic  purposes.  T.,  Ab- 
dominal, application  of  the  hands  to  the 
abdomen  for  the  diagnosis  of  pregnancy. 
Called,  also.  Palpation.  Ballottement. 
See  Ballotlemeut.  T.,  Rectal,  examina- 
tion made  by  the  finger  in  the  rectum. 
T.,  Vaginal,  is  made  with  the  index 
finger,  or  sometimes  with  the  first  two 
fingers  inserted  into  the  vagina.  T., 
Vesical,  examination  through  the  bladder, 
the  urethra  having  been  dilated  to  admit 
the  finger. 

Touch-corpuscles.     See  Tactile. 

Tour  de  Maitre  ( I'r.  "the  master's  exjie- 
dietit").  A  maiueuver  in  passing  the 
catheter  with  a  fat  jjerson,  the  instrument 
entering  at  first  with  the  handle  obliquely 
across  the  left  thigh  and  as  the  point  enters 
the  bulb,  the  handle  is  swept  around  to- 
ward the  abdcnnen. 

Tour'niquet  (l-V.  tonmer,  to  turn).  An 
instiTiment  for  compression  of  an  artery 
above  the  jX)int  of  luemorrhage,  in  injuries, 
amputations,  etc.  T.,  Esmarch's,  the 
limb  is  first  wouml  wilh  an  elastic  bandage 
from  below  upward  and  iheii  surrrounded 
wilh  a  ban<l  at  the  highest  |H)inl.  T., 
Horse-shoe,  .shaped  like  a  horseshoe,  to 
comjjress  (by  a  .screw)  only  two  points, 
and  thus  |>ermil  venous  relinn.  T.,  Pro- 
visional, one  a|)plied  loosely  that  may  l>e 


TOXEMIA 


442 


TRANSFORMATION 


tightened  at  once  upoa  the  recurrence  of 
haemorrhage.  T.,  Signorini's.  See 
Horseshoe  T.  T.,  Skey's,  also  a  modifi- 
cation of  the  same.  T.,  Spanish  Wind- 
lass, a  knotted  bandage  or  handkerchief 
twisted  by  a  stick.  T.,  Torcular,  same  as 
the  last. 

Toxae'mia  [to^ikov,  a  poison,  aifia,  the 
blood).  A  condition  of  contamination  or 
poisoning  of  the  blood. 

Toxanae^mia  (ro^tnov,  ancBmia).  Anaemic 
abnormalism  of  the  blood  produced  by- 
various  gases  and  mineral  poisons. 

Toxicohae^mia,     See  ToxcEniia. 

Toxicoder'ma  {roS,iKov,  dEpjia,  the  skin). 
Disease  of  the  skin  due  to  poisonous  sub- 
stances. 

ToxicoFogy  [to^ikov,  ?ioyoq,  a  treatise). 
A  treatise  on  the  nature  and  effects  of 
poisons. 

Toxico^ses  [to^lkov).  A  class  of  diseases 
embracing  those  caused  by  the  reception 
of  poisons  into  the  system. 

ToxiPerous  [To^tKov,/e/v,  to  heax).  Carry- 
ing or  conveying  poison. 

Tox^in.     See  Tetanus. 

Toyn^bee's  Exper^iment.  The  rarefac- 
tion of  the  air  of  the  middle-ear  by  swal- 
lowing, with  coincident  closure  of  the 
mouth  and  nares. 

Trabec'ulae  (Lat.,  pi.,  a  small  beam). 
Used  of  fibrous  septa,  and  also  of  the 
medullary  or  commissural  cerebral  fibers. 
Also,  the  fleshy  parts  of  the  cardiac  colum- 
nce  carneae. 

Tra^chea  {rpax^Ki).  The  windpipe.  A 
cartilaginous  and  membranous  cylindrical 
tube  extending  from  the  lower  part  of  the 
larynx  to  its  division  into  the  two  bronchi. 

Trachelis'mus  {rpaxTf^oq,  a  neck  or 
throat).  Convulsive  contraction  of  mus- 
cles of  the  neck. 

Trache^lo-  (rprt;t;7//lof).  A  Greek  word 
used  as  a  prefix  to  denote  connection  with 
or  relation  to  the  neck  or  throat.  T. -mas- 
toid, pertaining  conjointly  to  the  throat  and 
the  mastoid  process.  Applied,  also,  to  a 
muscle. 

Trachelor''rhaphy  [Tpaxrf^oq,  pa^rj,  a  su- 
ture). The  operation  for  the  repair  of  lac- 
eration of  the  cervix  of  the  uterus  by  suture 
of  the  torn  edges.  Called,  also,  Emmet's 
Operation. 

Tra''cheo-  {jpaxeio).  A  Greek  word  used 
as  a  prefix  to  denote  connection  with  or 
relation  to  the  trachea  or  windpipe. 

Tra^cheocele  [rpaxcia,  nrfX-q,  tumor). 
Hernia  of  the  lining  membrane  of  the 
trachea. 


Tracheostenc'sis  {rpax^M,  arevuGiq,  a 
contraction).     Contraction  of  the  trachea. 

Tracheot^omy  (^rpaxeia,  TEfivu,  to  cut). 
Incision  of  the  trachea. 

Tracho^ma  (jpaxvg,  rough).  Granular 
conjunctivitis,  a  contagious  disease  of  the 
eyelids  that  may  in  severe  cases  extend  to 
the  globe  of  the  eye.  It  is  at  first  charac- 
terized by  sago-like  elevations  of  the  pal- 
pebral conjunctiva,  and  later  by  fibrous  and 
cicatricial  tissue  that  by  friction  produces 
pannus.  The  disease  is  due  to  a  specific 
diplococcus. 

Tract  [trartus).  A  tract  or  course.  T., 
Optic,  the  course  of  the  optic  nerve  about 
the  crus  cerebri. 

Trac^tion  [tra/io,  to  draw).  The  act  of 
drawing  or  pulling. 

Trac'tus  (Lat.).     See  Tract. 

Trag^acanth,  or 

Tragacan^tha.  The  exudation  of  several 
species  oi  Asti-agalus,  found  in  Asia  Minor. 
A  natural  mixture  of  gum  arabic  and 
bassorin.  A  demulcent  employed  mainly 
as  a  vehicle  for  resins  and  insoluble  pow- 
ders. T.  Mucilage,  tragacanth  6,  gly- 
cerine i8,  water  to  loo  parts.  Dose  Jj, 
ad  libitum. 

Trag^icus  irpayog,  a  goat).  Pertaining  to 
the  tragus. 

Tra^gus  (rpayoQ).  The  small  prominence 
of  cartilage  projecting  over  the  meatus  of 
the  external  ear. 

Trailing  Arbu^tus.  Ground  Laurel, 
May  Flower.  The  leaves  of  Epigea  re- 
pens.  Diuretic  and  astringent.  Thera- 
peutic effects  much  like  those  of  Uva  nrsi. 
Indicated  in  irritation  of  the  urinary  organs. 
Dose  of  fid.  ext.  ^ss-j.     Unof. 

Trait  (Fr.  trait).  Any  natural  character- 
istic or  feature  that  is  peculiar  to  an  organ 
or  an  individual. 

Trance  (transitus,  a  passing  or  passage). 
A  popular  name  for  a  form  of  catalepsy. 

Trans-  (trans,  across).  A  Latin  preposi- 
tion used  as  a  prefix  to  denote  across. 

Transcenden'tal  [trans, scando,{o  climb). 
Beyond  the  bounds  of  experience.  T. 
Anatomy,  philosophical  anatomy. 

Transfer^ence  [trans,  fero,  to  bear).  Sup- 
posed telepathic  communication  of  thought 
or  the  clairvoyant  vision  of  events  taking 
place  at  a  wide  distance. 

Transfix''  {tratis,Jigo,  to  fix).     To  pierce. 

Transfora''tion  [trans,  foro,  to  pierce). 
See  Perforation. 

Transforma^tion  [trans,  fonno,  to  form). 
The  change  of  an  organ  or  part  into  one 
that  is  difterent  in  ajipearance  or  fact.    The 


TRANSFUSION 


413 


TRIANGLES 


formation  of  an  organ  or  tissue  beyond  its 
natural  or  nonnal  liniiis. 

Transfu'sion  [tni>is,/i4tiii,\  to  ]X)ur).  Tlie 
transfer  of  blood  or  other  lii|uid  into  the 
veins.  Arterial  T.,  the  transfusion  of 
detibrinated  blood  into  an  artery.  T., 
Direct,  or  Immediate,  when  the  bUxxi 
passes  ilircctly  from  another's  viin.  T., 
Indirect,  tir  Mediate,  when  it  is  first 
tlrawii  in  a  vessel. 

Translu'cid  {fnins,!iiri\\  to  shine).  Per- 
mitting a  partial  transmission  of  light ;  semi- 
transparent. 

Transmigra'tion  {trans,  tnigro,  to 
wander).  The  passage  of  cells  or  par- 
ticles through  a  membranous  .sejitum,  as, 
e.  i^.,  the  white  corpuscles  of  the  blood  in 
intlammation. 

Transmis''sion  {fnms,mitto,  to  send).  In 
jxitholog)',  the  communication  or  transfer 
of  a  disease  or  its  contagium  from  one 
pi-rson  or  place  to  another. 

Transpa'rent  (trans,  pareo,  to  api>ear). 
Having  the  property  of  permitting  the 
passage  of  light-rays  without  material  ob- 
struction. 

Transpira''tion  (trans,  spiro,  to  breathe). 
The  emission  of  any  vapor  or  volatile 
matter  through  the  pores  of  the  skin.  Ap- 
plied also  to  sweat  or  the  passage  of  lii|uids. 

Transplanta'tion  (trans, plauto,  to  plant). 
The  oj^eration  of  grafting.  See  Graft. 
T.  of  Cornea.     See  Keratoplasty. 

Transposi'tion  (trans,  pono,  to  place). 
In  surgL-r)-,  a  ])lastic  operation  in  which  the 
tissue  is  transferred  from  its  normal  posi- 
tion to  some  other  part,  final  removal  being 
delayed  until  after  adhesion  takes  place. 
Also  the  abnormal  position  of  organs,  as 
the  teeth. 

Transuda'tion  (trans,  sudo,  to  sweat). 
The  oo/ing  of  any  fluid  througli  the  [X)res 
of  the  skin  in  an  unaltered  condition. 

Transverse'  (trans,  Tiito, toturn).  Across 
as  di>tinguishcd  from  longitudinal.  Aj)- 
plied  to  anything  directed  crosswise  or 
placed  athwart. 

Transver'sus.     See  Muscle-Table. 

Trape'zium  (Lat.).  In  anatomy,  the  first 
l)On<-  of  the  second  row  fif  car|)al  Ikducs. 

Trape'zius.     .See  Musiie- Tabic. 

Trap''ezoid  (trapezium ,  mSuc,  like).  One 
of  the  tones  of  the  wrist. 

Trapp's  Formula.  See  Christison's  For- 
viula. 

Traubc-Hering  Curves.  I'ulse  cur\'(s 
showing  lli.'it  the  varying  activity  of  tiu" 
vasfimotor  center  suffices  to  pro<luce  undu- 
lations in  the  i<Ioo<l  pressure  tracing. 


Trau'ma  (rpai'fia,  a  wound).     A  wound. 

Traumat'ic  (Zfjavfia).  I'ertaining  to  a 
wxaiiid  or  injury. 

Traumat'icine.  A  lo  per  cent,  solution 
of  gutta  j)ercha  in  chloroform.  Used 
locally  in  superficial  wounds  and  skin 
alTections.     In  of. 

Trau'matism  (rpavita).  The  condition 
of  one  suflering  from  injury.  The  systemic 
condition  following  trauma. 

Tre'acle.     See  Thcriaca. 

Tread.     See  Cicatricula. 

Treat'ment.  The  methods  employed  in 
elVecting  the  cure  of  disease. 

Tree  of  Heaven.     See  Ailaiitlius. 

Tre'halose.  A  complex  carbohydrate  or 
crystallizable  sugar  derived  from  ergot,  and 
also  from  the  trehala  insect  cocoons. 

Tre'matode  (rp/z/ia,  a  pore).  The  de- 
scrijitivc  name  of  an  order  of  entozoa,  in- 
cluding worms  parasitic  upon  the  liver  and 
intestinal  tract. 

Tre'mens.     See  Delirium. 

Tre'mor  (treiuo,\o  shake).  An  involun- 
tary trembling  or  agitation  of  the  body,  or 
some  part  of  it. 

Tremulous  Iris.     See  Iris. 

Trepan''.     See  Trephine. 

Trephine''  (rpfrrw,  to  turn).  An  in.stru- 
ment  for  excising  a  circular  piece  of  bone, 
usually  from  the  skull. 

Trepida''tion  (irepido,  to  tremble).  A 
rhythmical  movement  of  the  foot  in  cer- 
tain paraj)legic  diseases,  and  in  epilepsy. 

Treppe.     See  Sumtnation. 

Tri-  (rpetg,  or  tres,  three).  A  numeral 
used  as  a  prefix  to  denote  three,  or  triple. 

Tri'ad.     See  Quantivalcnce. 

Tribal  Case.  A  box  of  lenses  for  testing 
and  estimating  the  refraction  of  the  eye, 
containing  biconvex,  biconcave,  cylindrical, 
prismatic  and  other  lenses  of  the  most  u.sed 
powers. 

Tri'al  Frame.  A  spectacle  frame  into 
which  the  tri.il  lenses  may  be  slipped  in 
estimating  ametropia. 

Tri''al  Lens''es.  Lenses  u.sed  in  testing 
and  estimating  the  refraction  of  the  eye. 
See  Spectacle-  Lenses. 

Triam'ine.     .See  Amine. 

Tri''angles.  Certain  s]iares,  six-cializcd 
for  surgical  |5ur|K)ses,  bounded  ujk)!!  tliree 
sides  by  arteries,  muscles,  elc.  T.  of 
Hesseibach,  at  the  lower  part  of  the  ab- 
dominal wall,  bounded  by  the  epigastric 
artery,  reitus  muscli-  and  I'miparl's  litja- 
ment.  T.,  Carotid,  Inferior,  mrdian 
line,  sterno  mastoid,  ant.  belly  omohyoi<l. 
T.,   Carotid,    Superior,    s(<rn<i  mastoid, 


TRIANGULAR 


444 


TRIMETHYLAMINE 


ant.  belly  omo-hyoid,  post,  belly  digastric. 
T.,  Neck,  Anterior,  median  line   stemo- 
mastoid,  border  of  jaw  and  line  from  angle 
of  jaw  to  mastoid  process.      T.,    Neck, 
Posterior,  sterno-mastoid,  trapezius,  clavi- 
cle.    T.,  Occipital,  sterno-mastoid,  trape- 
zius, omo-hyoid.    T.,  Scarpa's,  sartorius, 
adductor  longus,  Poupart's  ligament.      T., 
Submaxillary,   lower  jaw  and    mastoid 
process,  the   two  bellies  of  the  digastric. 
T.,  Subclavian,   post,  belly  omo-hyoid, 
clavicle,  sterno-mastoid. 
Trian^gular.     Pertaining   to  figures  with 
three  sides,  and  applied  to  a  number  of 
such  shaped  organs  or  parts  of  the  body. 
Triangula^ ris.     See  Muscle-  Table. 
Triatom'ic   (tri,  three,  atomics,  an  atom). 
In  chemistiy,  applied  to  a  molecule  or  a 
radical  that  requires  three  monad  atoms  to 
saturate  it.      See  Quantivali'iice. 
Tri^badism     [TpijSu,  to  rub).     Unnatural 
sexual  usage  of  the  clitoris  between  two 
women. 
Triba^sic   [In',  basis,  a  base).     In  chem- 
istry, an  acid  having  three  hydrogen  atoms 
replaceable  by  basic  atoms. 
Tri^ceps  [tri,  capio,  to  take).     Applied  to 
certain  muscles  that   have    three  origins. 
See  Muscle- Table. 
Trichau^xis.     See  Hirsuties. 
Trichi'asis  {dpi.^,  a  hair).     Abnormal  di- 
rection or  position  of  the  eyelashes,  so  that 
they  produce  irritation  by  friction  upon  the 
globe.     See,  also,  Distichiasis. 
Trichi'na  Spira'lis.     See  Pork. 
Trichini^asis  (trichina').     The  condition 

of  one  infested  by  trichina  spiralis. 
Trichis^mus  (Hpt^)-  In  surgery,  a 
scarcely  perceptible  fracture  ;  also,  a  capil- 
lary fissure  or  crack. 
Trichocar^dia  {Opi^,  KapSia,  heart).  A 
peculiar  condition  of  the  inflamed  peri- 
cardium roughened  by  pseudo-membranous 
elevations. 

Trichoceph'alus  {dpt^,KE(palT],i\it  head). 
A  worm  popularly  known  as  threadworm 
parasitic  upon  the  intestinal  tract. 
Trichoglos^sia  (^ptf,  y^wCTua,  the  tongue). 
Having  the  appearance  of  hair  on  the 
tongue.  The  filaments  are  formed  by  the 
thickening  of  the  sheaths  of  the  papillae. 
Trich^oid  (Opi^,  ei^ug,  resemblance).  Re- 
sembling hair. 

TrichoPogy  (^p/f,  loyoQ,  a  treatise).  A 
treatise  on  the  hair,  its  nature  and  diseases. 
TrichomatC'sis  (%/f).  A  parasitic  affec- 
tion of  the  hair  characterized  by  a  matted 
condition  and  coherence,  due  to  fungoid 
growths. 


Trichomy^sis  Nodo^sa.  A  peculiar  con- 
dition, generally  nodose  in  character, 
affecting  the  hairs  of  the  axilla  and  scrotum, 
and  due  to  the  growth  and  encapsulation 
in  the  cortical  layers  of  the  shaft  of  a  small 
rod- shaped  bacterium. 
Trichono^sis,  or 

Trichono^sos  [Opt^,  vooog,  disease).    Dis- 
ease of  the  hair. 
Trichop^athy  {0pc^,iTadog,  suffering).  Any 

disease  or  morbid  ailment  of  the  hair. 
Trichophy^ton  [Opi^,  tpvTov,  a  plant).   Any 
vegetable  organism  parasitic  upon  or  affect- 
ing the  hair. 
Trichorrex^is  Nodc'sa  {dpi^,  pr/yvv/^i,  to 
burst  forth,  «<>(//«,  a  swelling).    A  swelling 
and  bursting  of  the  hair.     Probably  iden- 
tical with  Fragilitas  Crinum.     Due  to  de- 
fective nutrition. 
Tricho^sis    {<^pt^).      A   class  of  diseases 

including  morbid  affections  of  the  hair. 
Tricor^nis  [tri,  cornu,  a  horn).     Having 
three  processes  or  prominences.    A  descrip- 
tive name  applied  to  the  lateral  ventricles 
of  the  brain. 
Tricus''pid.     See  Vah'c. 
Trienceph''alus    {rpeig,  three,   ev/ce^a/lof, 
the    brain).       A    foetal    monster   without 
smell,  hearing  or  sight. 
TriethyPamine.      A   ptomaine   obtained 
from  haddock  left  to  putrefy  in  an  open 
vessel  for  five  days  in  summer.     As  a  free 
base,  has  an  oily  character  and  ammoniacal 
odor.     Is  but  slightly  soluble   in  water; 
boils  at  89°-89.5°.     But  slightly  toxic. 
Trifa^cial.     See  Trigeminus. 
Trifo''lium    Compound.     A  sjTup   con- 
taining in  each   fluid    5   the  active  prin- 
ciples of  red  clover  gr.  32,  stillingia,  bur- 
dock, poke,  berberis  aquefolium  and  cascara 
amarga   aa    gr.    16,    prickly-ash    bark    4, 
potassium  iodide  gr.  8.     Recommended  in 
syphilis.     Dose  3J-ij.     Unof. 
Trigem'inus  {tri,  gc/niiii,  double).     The 
descriptive  name  of  the  fifth  pair  of  nerves 
which  divide  each  into  three  branches. 
Trigo^ne    of    Bladder.     See    Trigonu/n 

Vesicir. 
Trigo^num    Vesicae    [yovia,    a    comer). 
The  triangular  surface  of  the  bladder  im- 
mediately behind  the  urethral  orifice. 
Tri'labe  ijpetq,  lafijSavo),  to  grasp).     An 
instmment  with  three  prongs  for  withdraw- 
ing small  calculi  through  the  urethral  pas- 
sage.    A  lithotrite. 
TrimethyPamine.    A  ptomaine  occurring 
in  animal  and  vegetable  tissues.     Has  been 
obtained    from    leaves   of   Chenopodium, 
human  urine,  etc.     Non -poisonous. 


TRIMETHYLENE-DIAMINE 


445 


TRUNCUS 


Trimethylene-di'amine.  A  ptomaine 
obtained,  with  other  toxic  bases,  from  tlie 
culture  of  the  comma-bacillus  on  beef  broth. 
Causes  violent  cunsul^ions  and  muscle- 
tremor. 

Trior'chid  {rpFig,  three,  op\ig,  a  testicle). 
Ilaviiit;  three  testicles. 

Tripier's  Amputa'tion.  In  surger)-,  the 
horizor.tal  section  tluiiuj^h  the  os  ca/iis, 
leaving  the  upjier  part  of  this  bone  together 
with  the  a>trai;alus. 

Trip'le  Phos'phate.  Ammonio-magnesic 
phosphate,  a  urinary  precipitate  when  am- 
monia is  set  free  by  the  decom|X)sition  of 
urea. 

Trip'let  {tn-s,  three, />/ira,  a  fold).  Three- 
fold. A  series  of  three.  In  the  plural, 
three  offsjiring  at  one  birth. 

Triplo'pia  (7p/-/.oof,  triple,  wi/',  the  eye). 
A  fonn  of  polyopia,  in  which  an  object  is 
seen  as  three. 

Trip'olith,  or 

Trip'olite.  A  substance  comjx>sedof  lime, 
silicon  and  oxide  of  iron,  sometimes  used 
in  dressings  and  bandages  instead  of  plas- 
ter-of- Paris. 

Trip'sis  {-fn^u,  to  rub).  Same  as  Tri(- 
ttrarion. 

Tris'mus  (rp/Cw,  to  gnash).  Spasm  of 
the  muscles  of  mastication,  the  condition 
commonly  called  lockjaw,  a  tetanic  con- 
dition of  the  muscles  of  mastication.  T., 
Traumatic,  that  resulting  from  some 
wound  or  injury.  See,  also,  7/V  Drnilou- 
rcux. 

Trisplanch'nic  {rpeic,  three,  a-?.ay;\^vov, 
the  viscera).  The  descrijHive  name  of 
the  sympathetic  ner^e,  from  the  fact  that 
it  is  connected  with  the  viscera  of  the  three 
largest  cavities  of  the  Ixxly. 

Trit'icum.  C  ouch  grass.  The  rhi/omo  of 
T.  r^/i^-;/ J  deprived  of  its  rootlets.  Demul- 
cent, emollient  and  feebly  diuretic.  .\ 
popular  drink  in  light  fevers.  Efficacious 
in  cystitis.  Dose  .^j-,^j  in  decoction; 
of  the  (Id.  ext.,   ,^j-.5J,  diluted. 

Tritura'tiora  {(ritus,  a  rublting).  The 
process  of  reducing  a  .solid  substance  to  a 
jxjwdercd  state  by  grinding  or  rubbing. 
In  pharmacy,  a  class  of  |xjwders  having 
.sugar  of  milk  as  their  diluent  in  the  pro- 
jxjrtion  of  ten  |)arts  of  the  substance  to 
90  of  the  sugar.  There  is  l)ut  one  olticial 
trituration. 

Tro'car  (I*"r.,  trois  qunrts,  from  its  triangu- 
lar |X)int).  An  instrument  used  in  para- 
centesis, or  tap|)ing  a  cavity,  as  in  hydro- 
cele. It  consists  of  a  i>erforator  and  a 
metal  tul>c. 


Trochan''ter  (rpo  ^of,  a  wheel  or  pulley). 
The  shoulders  of  the  thigh  bone.  The 
major  and  minor  processes  at  the  cx- 
frcmity  of  the  femur  which  receive  the 
llexoi  and  extensor  muscles  of  the  thigh. 

Tro'che,  or 

Trochis'cus  {rpoxiOKo^,  a  little  wheel).  A 
troche,  pastile,  tablet  or  lozenge.  In  phar- 
macy, a  small  flattened  cake  prepared  fiom 
a  ma.-s  of  sugar  and  mucilage  as  an  excipi- 
ent,  with  a  prescribed  medicinal  substance. 
There  are  16  oflicial  trochisci. 

Troch'lea  ('/">A'of)-  A  part  or  process 
having  the  nature  of  a  pulley.  T.  of 
Humerus,  an  articulation  at  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  hunieius  over  which  a  1  and 
of  cartilage  jiasses. 

Trochlea'ris  [jpoxoq).  Pertaining  to  the 
trochlea.  Also,  ajiplied  to  the  superior 
obliciue  muscle  of  the  eye. 

Trom'mer's  Test.  A  test  for  the  pres- 
ence of  grape  sugar  or  glucose.  The  liijuid 
to  be  tested  is  filtered,  ahd  to  the  filtrate  a 
solution  of  ammonio-cupric  tartrate  is  added. 
If  glucose  be  present  the  copper  is  precipi- 
tated in  the  form  of  a  bright  orange-red 
basic  cuprous  oxide.  Boiling  facilitates  the 
precipitation,  which  is  sometimes  stubborn. 

Troph^ic  (Tpo(pr/,  nourishment).  Pertain- 
ing to  the  functions  concerned  in  initrition, 
digestion  and  assimilation.  T.  Centers, 
those  regulating  the  nutrition  of  nerves,  or 
through  them,  of  organs. 

Trophoneuro'sis  [rpoipn,  vevpov,  a  nerve). 
Alro|ihic  processes  due  to  injury  or  per- 
verted action  of  the  nerves  or  nerve  centers. 

Trophop'athy  {rpoi^tj,  TraOnq,  disease).  A 
nutiitional  tlisorder. 

Troph'oplasts  {rpcx^r],  irlaamj').  The 
granular  bodies  of  the  protoplast,  their 
function  ln'ing  nutritional. 

Trop'ical  Chloro'sis.  Sec  A)nhylosto- 
viiiisis. 

Trop'ical  Fruit  Lax'ative.     See  Seiitin. 

Trousseau's  Spots.  Red  spots  of  the 
skin  following  ])ressure. 

Trousseau's  Symptom.  Spasm  or  tetany 
from  pressure  upon  a  nerve. 

True  (A.  S.,  trmvc).  The  opjwsitc  of 
false.  rVgans  functionally  active  or  per- 
fect.    T.  Ribs.     See  Ribs. 

Trum-'pet  Plant.  Venus  I'ly-catcher, 
lluntsnian's  cu|).  The  rhi/ome  of  .SV/r- 
rncittiii  Ihiva  ;  common  in  Southern  l).  .S. 
Of  high  repute  in  cure  of  diarrluL'a.  Dose 
of  lid.  ext.  rr\,v-xv.     Unof. 

Trun'cated  (/niuius).  I  )e|)rived  of  limbs 
or  accessory  parts. 

Trun'cus  (I. at.).     See  Tnntk. 


TRUNK 


446 


TUMOR 


Trunk.  All  of  the  body  except  the  head 
and  limbs.  Applied,  also,  to  the  main 
stem  or  body  of  a  nerve  or  vessel. 

Truss  (Fr.,  troiisse).  An  instrument  for 
maintaining  a  part  in  proper  position  in 
hernia,  and  other  malposition  of  organs. 

Tryp^sin.     See  Fennetiis. 

Tryptonae''mia.     See  PeptoncEinia. 

Tryp^tone.     Pancreatic  Peptone. 

Tu'bal  [tubus,  a  pipe).  Pertaining  to  the 
oviduct. 

Tube  [tubus).  Applied  to  certain  pipe- 
like structures  in  the  body,  especially  the 
oviducts,  or  Fallopian  tubes.  Used  also  of 
surgical  instruments  having  a  similar  shape. 
T.,  Enterotomy,  an  instrument  used  in 
artificial  anus  to  prevent  protrusion  of  the 
gut.  T.,  Eustachian,  or  Oto-pharyn- 
geal,  extends  from  behind  the  soft  palate 
to  the  tympanum.  T.,  Fallopian.  See 
Oviduct.  T.,  Lithotomy  or  Perineal, 
a  form  of  instrument  used  in  operations 
for  calculi,  etc.  T.,  Stomach,  a  flexible 
tube  for  washing  out  the  stomach,  passed 
down  the  oesophagus. 

Tube-casts.  Microscopic  casts  of  the 
renal  tubules;  indicative  of  kidney  disease. 
Blood  T.-c,  composed  of  coagulated 
blood  with  corpuscles  imbedded.  They 
show  that  the  hematuria  originates  in  the 
secreting  structure  of  the  kidney.  Epi- 
thelial T.-c,  composed  of  plastic  matter 
with  imbedded  cells,  and  denoting  desqua- 
mative inflammation.  Fatty  T.-c,  free 
fat  globules  in  the  coagulated  matter,  indi- 
cating fatty  degeneration.  Granular  T.-c,. 
yellowish  or  opaque,  mucoid  or  waxy. 
Hyaline  T.-c,  transparent,  soft,  delicate 
casts,  called  mucous  casts ;  or,  well  defined, 
brittle,  transparent,  waxy  casts — the  latter 
indicative  of  serious  nephritis. 

Tu'ber  (Lat.).  The  enlarged  root  of  cer- 
tain plants ;  also,  the  generic  name  of 
plants  with  such  a  thickened  root.  Also 
used  anatomically  of  any  tuberosity  or  en- 
largement of  a  part.  T.  Cinereum, 
a  prominence  of  the  gray  matter  of  the 
brain  lying  between  the  optic  tracts  and 
the  corpora  albicantia. 

Tu'bercle  [tuberculuni).  In  anatomy,  an 
eminence  or  small  process  of  a  bone  serv- 
ing as  the  attachment  of  a  muscle.  In 
pathology,  nodular  masses  of  granular  or 
caseated  cells,  of  various  sizes,  constitut- 
ing the  affection  called  tuberculosis.  T., 
Lower's,  a  small  projection  on  the  right 
wall  of  the  auricle  of  the  heart. 

Tubefcula  Quadrigem^ini.  See  Cor- 
pora. 


Tuber^cular  Disease  of  the  Foot.     A 

disease  known  as  Fungus  Foot. 

Tuberculo^sis  [tuberculuni').  The  infec- 
tious disease  commonly  called  consump- 
tion or  phthisis  when  the  lungs  are  the  seat 
of  the  deposits,  due  to  a  specific  bacillus 
and  characterized  by  the  formation  of  tu- 
bercles in  various  parts  of  the  body. 

Tuber^culum.     See  Tubercle. 

Tuber^culum  Seba^ceum.    See  Alilium. 

Tuberos^ity  [tuber,  a  swelling).  In  anat- 
omy, any  protuberance  of  a  bone  or  pro- 
cess. T.  of  Ischium,  that  part  of  the 
ischium  on  which  the  body  rests  when  in 
a  sitting  posture. 

Tubo-ova^rian.  Pertaining  conjointly  to 
the  Fallopian  tubes  and  the  ovaries. 

Tu^bular  [tubulus,  a  small  tube).  Having 
the  form  of  a  tubulus.  T.  Glands,  the 
glands  occurring  in  mucous  membrane  of 
the  small  intestines.  T.  Membrane.  See 
Neurilemma. 

Tu^bule,  or 

Tu^bulus  (dim.  of  tubus,  a  tube,  pi.  tzibuli). 
A  small  tube.  In  anatomy,  any  minute 
tube-shaped  structure.  T.,  Dental,  the 
tubular  structure  of  the  teeth.  T.  of  Fer- 
rein.  See  Pyramid.  T.  Lactiferi,  tlie 
excretory  ducts  of  the  mammae,  15-20  in 
number.  T.  Seminiferi,  the  tuljular 
threads,  arranged  in  fasciculi,  which  com- 
pose the  substance  of  the  testicle.  T. 
Uriniferi,  the  urinary  tubes  of  the  kid- 
neys. Beginning  at  the  Malpighian  cap- 
sules, each  forms — 1st,  a  constricted  neck; 
2d,  a  wide  canal,  called  the  proxiimil  con- 
voluted tube  ;  3d,  a  spiral  tube,  called  the 
spiral  tubule  of  Schachowa  ;  4th,  the  nar- 
row, straight  tube,  called  the  descending 
limb  of  Henle's  loop ;  5th,  again  enters 
the  cortical  structure  as  the  ascending  limb 
of  Henle's  loop. 

Tu''bus  [tubus).  A  tube.  T.  Proximus 
Convolutus.    See  Tubulus  [Uriniferi). 

Tuft,  Malpigh^ian.  See  Malpighian 
Bodies. 

Tumefac'tion  [ticmeo,  to  swell,  facio,  to 
make).  A  swelling  or  enlargement  of  a 
part  arising  from  any  cause. 

Tumes^'cent  [ttimesco,  to  become  swollen). 
Swelling  or  enlargement  due  to  absorption 
of  moisture. 

Tu^'mor  [tunieo).  An  abnormal  enlarge- 
ment of  a  part  from  any  cause,  but  usually 
from  a  morbid  growth.  T.,  Floating, 
abdominal  tumors  that  are  movable  or 
escape  from  the  grasp,  as  a  floating  kid- 
ney, etc.  T.,  Malignant,  comprise  Car- 
cinomata   and   Epitheliomata.     They   are 


TUMULTUS  SERMON  IS 


447 


TYMPANUM 


also  classed  as  honiologotts  or  heterolo- 
gous, solitary  or  multtplc,  primary  or 
secondary,  etc.  T.,  Non  -  maligriant, 
comprise  most  cysts,  and  solid  tumors.  T., 
Phantom,  usually  in  hy,-.icricai  patients, 
consisting  ul  a  muscular   contracliun,  an 


accmnulation  of  flatus,  etc.,  that  disappears 
under  an  an;vsthetic  and  during  sleep. 
T.,  Semi-malignant  or  Recurrent, 
comprise  Sarcomata,  Myeloids,  Filuoiils. 
llamilion's  classification  of  tumors  is  ap- 
pended:— 


Benign, 


Malignant, 


Usually  Benign, 


Benign, 
Malignant, 


Malignant  and  Benign,  , 


TABLE   OF   CLASSIFIED   TUMORS. 

A.  Simple  Histoitl: — 
Fibroma,  Mulluscuni  fibrosum,  Neuronia"| 

(tibrous),  Painful  Subcutaneous  Tuber-  > 
de J 

B.  Compound  Histoid: — 
Bluod-aiigionia,  Aneurism,  Lymph-angi- 

onia,    .   .       

Neuroma  (true), 

C.  Sarcomata : — 
Round  cell,  Giant-cell  (Myeloid),  Gli- 
oma, Alveolar  Sarcoma,  AiiKcio-sar- 
conia,  Malignant  Epulis,  Melanotic 
Sarcoma,  Cylindroriia,  Lymphosar- 
coma, Fsammonia  (?  , 

D.  EpitliL'liomata  :  — 

I'apillnma,  Adenoma, 

Cutaneous  Horns, 

Carcinoma, 

E.  Due  to  .Microorganisms:— • 
Tubercle,  Lupus,  Gumma  (?),  Condy- 
loma (?). 

F.  Anomalous  Tumors: — 
Cysts,  Polypi. 


} 


Mesoblastic  and 
of  librous-tissue 
type. 

Mesoblastic. 
Epiblastic. 


Mesoblastic. 


Epiblastic,  Hypo- 
blastic  and  Me- 
soblastic (?). 


Tumul'tus  Sermo'nis.     See  Aphasia. 

Tu'nica  (L.,  a  cloak).  An  enveloping  or 
covering  mem! irane.  T.  Adventitia.  See 
Artery.  T.  Albuginea,  the  tibrous  cover- 
ing of  the  testis.  Applied  also  to  a  ten- 
dinous membrane  of  the  sclerotic  coat  and 
to  the  stroma  of  the  ovar)-.  T.  Intima. 
See  Artery.  T.  Media.  See  Artery. 
T.  Mucosa,  the  mucous  membrane  of  a 
part.  T.  Ruyschiana,  a  name  given  to 
the  internal  layer  of  the  choroid  coat  of  the 
eye,  consisting  of  a  ])lexus  of  capillary  ves- 
sels. T.  Vaginalis,  a  name  given  to  the 
serous  coverings  of  the  testis,  and  also  to 
the  memi>ranous  sac  (capmle  of  Tenon') 
enveIo]}ing  the  eye.  T.  Vasculosa,  the 
vascular  layer  of  the  testis,  calle<l  alhO  the 
pia  mater  of  the  testis. 

Tun^nel-anae'mia.  .See  Anchylostomi- 
a'.is. 

Tu'pelo.     See  T,nt. 

Tur'binatcd  Bones  (titrha,  a  to|)).  A 
name  given  to  the  inferior  l>ones,  one  on 
each  side  of  the  outer  wall  of  the  nasal 
fossiu. 

Turges'cence  ( titnu-sco,  to  I kci mie 
swelled).  The  swelling  or  enlargement 
of  an  organ  or  [lart  fron^  any  cause  what- 
sf)evcr. 

Tur'gid  {titrip(iu<:).     Swollen. 

Turkey  Corn.     Sec  Cory'Jalis. 


Tur''meric.  The  rhizome  of  Cucnrnia 
loni:;a.  Aromatic  and  stimulant.  The 
coloring  matter  is  used  as  a  test  for  soluble 
salts  of  boron.  Dose  of  fld.  ext.  lT\,xv-3  j. 
Unof. 

Turn'ing.     See  Version. 

Tur'pentine.     See  Terehitithina. 

Tus'sis  {ti/ssis).     A  cough. 

Tutam''ina  Oc'uli  {tutavun,  a  safeguard, 
Otnlus,  the  eye).  The  aiijiendages  of  the 
eyes — the  lids,  iirows,  lashes,  etc. 

Twin  Leaf.  The  rhizome  and  rootlets  of 
Jcffersonia  iliphylla.  Diuretic,  alterative, 
and  antispasmodic  ;  in  large  doses  emetic. 
Dose  of  fid.  ext.  rtLxx-^^^j.     Unof. 

Tylo'ma.     See  Callositas. 

Tylo'sis  (rt'/.of,  a  callosity).  A  form  of 
tilepharitis  in  which  the  lid-edge  is  thick- 
ened and  hardened.     See,  also,  Callositas. 

Tym'panic  Bone  (riy/n-nioi',  a  drum). 
The  thin  nnif  or  plate  of  bone  seimraling 
the  tymjianic  and  cranial  cavities. 

Tympani'tes  {rviinavtiv).  The  symptom 
popnhirly  known  as  "  dmm  l)elly.''  It 
consists  of  a  distention  of  liie  :il)(lominal 
walls  witli  air  or  ga.ses. 

Tym'panum    {rvii-ni'if).      Tiie    middle 
ear.       The    irregular    cavity    within    the 
jx'trous  ])ortif)n  of  tiie  temporal  lH)ne  com 
muniraling  with   the  pharynx  through  the 
Eustachian  tube. 


TYPE 


448 


TYSON,  GLANDS  OF 


Type  [rvKog,  a  stamp).  Imprint.  Charac- 
ter. A  normal  average  example.  In  path- 
ology, the  distinguishing  features  of  a 
fever,  disease,  efc,  whereby  it  is  referred 
to  its  proper  class. 

Typhli^tis  (rii(/)Aof,  the  csecum,  irig,  in- 
flammation).   Inflammation  of  the  caecum. 

Typhoid  Fe^ver  (m^of,  stupor).  A  con- 
tinued fever  due  to  a  specific  virus,  the 
bacillus  typhosis,  characterized  by  peculiar 
intestinal  lesions,  splenic  enlargement, 
maculae  of  the  skin,  diarrhoea,  prostration, 
efc.  The  morbid  changes  are  chiefly  in 
the  lower  part  of  the  ileum  and  upper  part 
of  the  colon,  and  consist  in  a  necrotic  in- 
flammatory infiltration  of  the  follicular 
structures  and  neighboring  parts,  commonly 
called  "Peyer's  Patches,"  with  a  catarrhal 
inflammation  of  the  rest  of  the  mucous 
membrane. 

Ty^pho-Mala^rial.  Applied  to  fevers 
exhibiting  symptoms  of  both  typhoid  and 
malarial  disorders. 

Typhoidette  (Fr.).  A  mild  or  benign 
type  of  typhoid  fever. 

Typhoma^nia  [rvfog,  /navia,  madness). 
The  lethargic  state  with  accompanying 
delirium,  observed  in  typhus. 

Typhotox^ine  (jvcpoQ,  to^ikov,  poison).  A 
ptomaine  discovered  by  Brieger,  and  be- 
lieved to  be  the  special  product  of  the 
Koch-Eberth  typhoid-l)acillus.  It  is  iso- 
meric with  the  base  C,Hj,^N02  obtained 
from  putrefying  horseflesh,  but  is  very  dif- 
ferent in  its  properties,  being  strongly 
alkaline,  while  the  other  base  possesses  a 
slightly  acid  reaction ;  and  the  physio- 
logical effects  of  each  are  also  different. 
Typhotoxine  produces  lethargy,  paralysis 
and  death  without  convulsions,  while  the 
unnamed  base  produces  strongly  marked 


convulsive  symptoms.  After  death  from 
typhotoxine  the  heart  is  found  to  be  con- 
tracted in  systole. 

Ty^phous  {TV(j)oq').  Pertaining  to  or  having 
the  nature  of  typhus. 

Ty^phus  Fe^ver  (ri'^of).  An  epidemic, 
contagious,  exanthematous  fever  due  to  a 
specific,  but  not  isolated,  infecting  germ ; 
characterized  by  a  peculiar  petechial  erup- 
tion and  depression  of  the  vital  powers ; 
without  lesion.  T.,  Walking,  where  the 
vital  powers  are  not  greatly  reduced. 

Typ^ical  [rvnoQ,  a  stamp).  Constituting 
a  type  or  form  for  comparison. 

Ty^pus.     See  Type. 

Tyrell's  Fascia.    The  recto-vesical  fascia. 

Tyrenie''sis  [rvpog,  cheese,  Ejisatg,  a  vom- 
iting). The  vomiting  of  caseous  matter; 
an  ailment  common  to  nursing  infants. 

Ty^rosin  (rrywf).  An  amido-acid  of  un- 
known constitution,  occurring  in  pancreatic 
digestion ;  a  decomposition  product  of  pro- 
teids,  etc. 

Tyrc'sis.     See  Caseation. 

Tyrotox''icon  {rvpog,  to^ikov,  poison).  A 
ptomaine  obtained  by  Vaughan  from  poi- 
sonous cheese,  poisonous  milk,  poisonous 
ice-cream,  etc.  Chemically,  it  is  very  un- 
stable :  it  may  disappear  altogether  in 
twenty-four  hours  from  milk  rich  with  the 
poison.  It  produces  characteristic  vertigo, 
nausea,  vomiting,  chills,  rigors,  severe 
pains  in  the  epigastric  region,  dilatation 
of  pupils,  griping  and  purging,  a  sensation 
of  numbness,  or  "pins  and  needles,"  espe- 
cially in  the  limbs,  and  marked  prostration, 
or  death.  The  symptoms  may  somewhat 
vary  in  different  individuals. 

Ty'son,  Glands  of.  The  sebaceous  glands 
secreting  the  smegma  of  the  prepuce  and 
of  the  labia  pudendi. 


UFFELMAN'S  SOLUTION 


449 


UNCINATE 


u 


Uffelman's  Solution.  To  distinguish 
liydrochloric  from  lactic  acid  in  suspected 
gastric  contents :  Add  a  few  drops  neutral 
ferric  chloride  solution  to  a  4  per  ctnt. 
solution  of  carlxilic  acid.  This  is  turneil 
yellow  by  lactic,  but  not  affected  by  hydro- 
chloric acid  when  diluted  to  the  strength 
of  gastric  juice,  0.2  per  cent. 

Ulaemorrhag'ia  {ov/or,  the  gum,  Jucinor- 
rhti^'ia).  liamorrhage  or  bleeding  at  the 
glims. 

UFcer  {u/ius,  a  sore).  Suppuration  u]X)n 
a  free  surface.  An  open  wound  that  re- 
mains stagnant  instead  of  healing,  and 
may  even  invade  adjacent  tissues.  An 
ulcer  is  distinguished  from  an  aliscess  liy 
the  fact  that  the  latter  is  within  some 
cavity ;  and  from  sloughing  or  gangrene, 
which  consists  in  the  death  of  visible 
particles,  while  ulceration  is  "  molecular 
death."  According  to  the  diathesis  of  the 
l)atient,  ulcers  are  classed  as  gouty,  scorbu- 
tic, senile,  c/c,  and  according  to  character, 
as  corroding,  hKmorrhagic,  rodent,  c/r. 
U.,  Anamite,  a  phagedenic  sore  of  hot 
countries ;  very  obstinate  to  treatment. 
U.,  Endemic,  more  or  less  local  as  re- 
gards the  countries  in  which  they  are 
found, as  .\lepjx)ljoil,  Penjdeh  sore,<7'r.  U.. 
Indolent,  that  with  indurated  elevated 
edge,  non-granulating  floor,  usually  occur- 
ring on  the  leg.  U.,  Jacob's,  rodent 
ulcer.  U.,  Weak,  with  exuberant  and 
flabby  granulations. 

Ulcera'tion  [u/ctts).  The  process  of  the 
fomialion  of  an  ulcer. 

Ulcerative  Scrofuloder'ma.  .See  /py- 
rosis. 

UFcus.  See  CYcfr.  U.  Excedens. 
See  Rodent  Ulcer.  U.,  Grave.  See  Fun- 
f^is  Foot. 

Ulefic  {nv)/i\\  gum).  Pertaining  to  the 
gum. 

Ulex'ine.  An  alkaloid  found  in  the  seed 
of  Ulex  eitropirus.  Causes  local  anesthe- 
sia.    Unof. 

Ulig^inous  (uUt^o,  moisture).  Pertaining 
to,  or  grf)wing  in  a  marshy  soil. 

Uli'tis  ('/I'/oi, /r/r,  inflanMnation).  Inflam- 
nialion  of  the  gums. 

Ul'mus.  Elm,  Sli|)|X!ry  Elm.  The  inner 
hark  of  if.  ftilva.  Contains  a  large  ])er- 
renlagc  of  mucilage.  1  icmulcrnt  and 
slightly  astringent.  \'aliiable  in  diarrli<ra, 
and  an  emollient  in  acute  inllammations. 
29 


U.  Mucilage,  elm  6,  boiling  water  100, 
macerated    for    two    hours    and    strained. 

1  )ose  aii  lib. 

Ul'na  (Eat.,  a  cubit).  The  large  bone 
tif  the  forearm. 

Ul'nar  [it/mi).     Pertaining  to  the  ulna. 

Ulna^ris  (Lat.).  Cubital.  See  Muscle- 
Table. 

Ulocarcino''nna  (ov/oi'j  carcinoma').  Can- 
cir  of  the  gums. 

Ulon'cus  (oi'/or,  o^iKo<;,  a  tumor).  A  tumor 
or  swelling  of  the  gum. 

Ulorrha'gia  (pv/.ov,  pJiyvvfii,  to  burst  forth). 
Same  as  L'lorrhcca. 

Ulorrhoe^a  (or/or,  pfw,  to  flow).  Bleeding 
at  the  gums. 

Ul'timate  i^ttl/iniiis,  super,  of  ultra,  be- 
yond), farthest,  or  most  remote.  U. 
Principle.  See  Principle.  U.  Analy- 
sis.    See  Analysis. 

-ulus.  A  Latin  suffix  denoting  the  di- 
minutive degree. 

Ultzmann's  Test.  For  bile-pigment  in 
the  urine.  Make  a  solution  of  I  jiart  caus- 
tic potash  in  3  parts  of  water;  to  this  add 

2  parts  (to  I  of  the  solution)  of  the  sus- 
pected urine,  shake  and  add  hydrochloric 
acid  to  excess.  If  bile  pigment  be  present, 
there  will  ajjpear  an  emerald  green  color. 

UmbiEical  {umbilicus,  the  navel).  Per- 
taining to  the  iiml  ilicus.  U.  Cord.  .See 
Cord.  U.  Hernia.  See  Hernia.  U. 
Region,  the  central  region  into  which  the 
ai)(iomen  is  conveniently  divided.  U. 
Ring,  the  a])erture,  closed  in  the  adult, 
through  which  the  cord  passed  in  fatal 
life.  U.  Vesicle,  in  embiyology,  a  sjihe- 
roidal  sac  a])pcaring  early  in  the  fotus  and 
disappearing  about  the  seventh  week  after 
fecundation.  It  is  situated  between  the 
chorion  and  the  amnion. 

Umbil'icated  [umbilictts).  Having  a  de- 
])ressicin  like  the  navel. 

Umbil'icus  (Lat.).  The  navel.  The  round 
depressed  cicatrix  at  the  median  line  of  the 
abdomen,  marking  the  site  of  the  aperture 
which,  in  fatal  life,  gave  pius.sage  to  the 
umbilical  vessels. 

Un'cia  (Lat.).  An  ounce.  See  U'eii;lits 
anil  Measures. 

Un'ciform  Bone  {uncus,  a  hook).  The 
h(X)k-sha|M<l  bone  in  the  lower  row  of  the 
bones  of  the  carpus. 

Un'cinate  (uncus).  Hooked.  U.  Con- 
volution, or  Gyrus,  the  continuation  of 


UNCIPRESSION 


450 


URACRATIA 


the  superior  occipital  convolution  or  gyrus 
fornicatus,  ending  in  a  hook-like  process 
near  the  end  of  the  temporal  lobe. 

Uncipres^sion,  or 

Uncipres^sure  [uncus').  A  method  of 
arresting  hsraorrhage  by  the  use  of  two 
hooks  dug  into  the  sides  of  the  wound  so  as 
to  compress  the  vessel. 

Uncon^sciousness.  The  state  of  being 
without  sensibility  and  having  abolished 
reflexes;  a  symptom  of  apoplexy,  insola- 
tion, asphyxia,  etc. 

Unc^tion  [iinctio).  The  act  of  anointing. 
Also,  an  ointment. 

Un^dulated  (dim.  of  unda,  a  wave).  Pro- 
pagated in  waves,  wave-like. 

Un^dulatory  [tmda).  Vibratory.  Moving 
like  waves.  In  physics,  the  undulatory 
theory  of  light  presupposes  the  existence 
of  an  imponderable,  tenuous  medium 
called  the  ether,  the  undulations  of  which 
give  rise  to  the  phenomena  of  light,  heat, 
and  electricity.     See  Wave-length. 

Unfruit^fulness.    Barrenness.    Sterility. 

Un^gual  (unguis^  a  claw).  Pertaining  to 
a  nail  of  the  hand  or  foot.  Applied  to 
nail-like  stmctures,  as  the  U.  Bones.  See 
Lachrvnial  Bones. 

Un^guent,  or 

Unguenfum.  Anointment.  In  pharmacy, 
a  soft,  fatty  mixture,  usually  of  lard  or  of 
vaseline  as  an  excipient,  with  a  prescribed 
medicinal  substance,  intended  for  applica- 
tion, by  inunction,  to  the  skin.  The  melt- 
ing temperature  of  the  ointment  should 
be  below  that  of  the  body.  Simple  un- 
guent consists  of  lard  80  and  wax  20 
parts.     There  are  26  unguenta. 

Un^gues  Adun^ci.     See  Onychogriphosis. 

Unguic'ulate  {unguis).  Having  or  re- 
sembling claws. 

Un^guis  (Lat).  The  nail  of  the  finger  or 
toe.  Also,  the  lachrymal  bone  which  is 
shaped  like  a  finger  nail. 

Un'gulate  [ungula,  a  hoof).  Having 
hoofs ;  applied  to  certain  orders  of  mam- 
malia. 

U^ni-  [linns,  one).  A  Latin  prefix  denot- 
ing one. 

Unicel'lular  [unus,  cellula,  dim.  of  cella, 
a  cell).  Composed  of  or  having  but  one 
cell. 

U^nicorn  Root.     See  Aletris. 

U^nicorn  U^terus.  An  uterus  with  but  a 
single  cornu. 

Unilaf'eral  [unus,  latus,  a  side).  Per- 
taining to  or  affecting  but  one  side. 

Uniloc'ular  [uuus,  locuhis,  dim.  of  torus, 
a  place).     Having  but  one  cell  or  cavity. 


Unioc'ular  [unus,  oculus).  With  but  a 
single  or  Cyclopean  eye. 

U^nion.     See  Healing. 

Unip^arous  [unus,  pario,  to  produce). 
Producing  but  one  offspring  at  a  time. 

Unipo^lar  [unus,polus,  a  pole).  Applied 
to  nerve-cells  having  but  one  process. 

U'nit  [unus).  A  single  thing  or  value.  The 
lowest  integral  value.  Ampere.  See  Am- 
pere. Coulomb.  See  Coulomb.  U.  of 
Current,  a  conductor  one  cm.  long  which, 
if  bent  into  an  arc  of  one  cm.  radius, 
will  act  with  a  force  of  one  degree  on  a 
unit  magnet  pole  at  the  center.  Erg.  See 
Unit  of  Work.  Ergten,  10,000,000,000 
ergs.  Farad.  See  Farad.  Foot-pound, 
the  work  spent  in  raising  one  pound  one 
foot,  =  13,562,691  ergs.  Horse-power, 
1,980,000  foot-pounds  per  hour,  or,  550 
foot-pounds  per  second.  Joule,  10,000,000 
ergs.  U.  Magnet  Pole,  a  magnet  having 
a  strength  of  pole  sufficient  to  repel  a 
similar  pole  at  a  distance  with  a  force  of 
one  degree.  Megalerg,  1,000,000  ergs. 
Ohm.  See  Ohm.  U.  Photometric,  the 
light  emitted  by  one  sq.  cm.  of  melted  pla- 
tinum at  its  solidification-temperature.  U. 
of  Time,  one  second.  Watt,  10  mega- 
lergs  per  second.  U.  of  Work,  the  Erg, 
or  the  work  done  in  raising  I.981  gramme, 
=  I  Dyne,  to  the  height  of  i  centimeter. 
Volt.  See  Volt.  See  Metric  System,  and 
Weights  and  Measures. 

U^nitary  [unus).  Pertaining  to  or  having 
the  qualities  of  a  unit.  Also,  pertaining 
to  monsters  having  the  ca^gans  of  a  single 
individual. 

Univ^alent  [tttius,  valeo,  to  be  able).  An 
atom  or  radical  molecule  which  can  grasp 
but  one  monad  atom. 

Univer^sal.  General.  U.  Joint,  a  ball- 
and-socket  joint  movable  in  any  direction. 

Univer^sity.  A  collection  of  colleges, 
each  having  a  special  curriculum  of  studies, 
under  one  academic  government. 

Unor^'ganized.  Without  organs, — but  not 
necessarily  lifeless. 

Unsoundness  of  Mind.  Incapacity  to 
govern  one's  affairs. 

U^pas  (Malay).  A  name  applied  to  several 
trees  found  in  the  East  Indies  containing 
a  poisonous  principle;  probably  identical 
with  strychnia.     Used  as  an  arrow  poison. 

U''rachal  [urachus').  Pertaining  to  the 
urachus. 

U'rachus  [ovpov,  urine,  £x<->>  ^o  hold).  A 
fibrous  cord  from  the  bladder  to  umbilicus, 

the  upi^er  part  of  the  obliterated  allantois. 

Uracra'tia.     See  Enuresis. 


UK.t.MIA 


451 


URETHROTOMY 


Urae'niia  [ttn-ii,  aiua,  blocxl").  The  comhi- 
natimi  uf  Miiiploms  clue  to  the  retention  in 
tlie  blood  of  the  exerenientitioiis  substances 
normally  excreted  by  the  kidneys. 
Ura'lium.  A  combination  of  chloral  hy- 
drate and  urethan,  discovered  by  Siynor 
IV>i)])i,  of  Bulogna,  in  18S9.  Said  to  be 
an  excellent  hypnotic. 
Uranis'coplasty  (^uranistiis,  the  palate, 
;r/a<T<Tw,  to  form).  The  plastic  operation 
for  the  repair  of  cleft  palate. 

Ura'nium.  U  =120;  quanti valence  11. 
One  of  the  rare  metals.  Xcitlur  the  metal 
nor  any  of  its  salts  are  used  in  medicine. 
The  oxide  is  employed  to  give  a  fluor- 
escent yellow  to  glass. 

U'ranoplasty.  The  same  as  uranisco- 
plasty. 

Uranos''chisis.     Cleft  palate. 

Ura'rin.  Same  as  Curarine,  the  active 
principle  of  Curare. 

U''rate.  Combination  of  uric  or  lithic  acids 
with  a  base.  Present  in  normal  urine. 
U.  Test,  heat  U|ij3er  part  of  a  column  of 
turbid  urine  ;  if  turbidity  be  due  to  urates 
it  will  clear  up.  Or,  add  potassium  hy- 
drate and  the  sediment  of  urates  will  dis- 
solve. 

Urbaniza'tion  {urbs,  a  city).  A  term  de- 
vised to  express  the  tendencies  of  modem 
societies  to  develop  into  cities  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  country  population,  with  a 
con.sequent  influence  ujx)n  disease,  the 
death  rate,  etc. 

Ure'a  (ovpov,  urine),  CO^NH^),.  The 
chief  solid  constituent  of  urine,  and  princi- 
pal nitrogenous  end-product  of  tissue  mcta- 
morjihosis ;  a  carbamide,  derived  mainly 
from  the  decomposition  of  uric  acid.  U. 
Test,  concentrate  urine  to  syrupy  con- 
sistence by  eva[X)ration,  add  nitric  acid. 
The  nitrate  of  urea  will  form  a  crystalline 
precipitate  of  rhombic  j)lates.  The  f|uan- 
tity  may  be  accurately  estimated  by  Fow- 
ler's method,  by  that  of  Russel  and  West, 
by  I.iebig's  volumetric  metluxl.or  by  Lyon's 
apparatus  {^Described  in  IM/iitiJ's  The 
Urine).     See  Jlypobromitc  Mtthod. 

Uream'eter  {nvfmv,  fitTpnv,  measure).  An 
instrument  for  measuring  the  quantity  of 
urea  in  urine. 

Urechi''tis  Suberec'ta.  See  Sat'ana 
/■/.K.rr. 

Urechy'sis  (m>pov,  cx^xjtf,  an  cfTusion). 
.\ny  <frusi(>n  of  urine  into  areolar  tissue. 

Urc'do.     See  I 'r/imrin. 

Urelco''sis  (iiv/inv,  I'/Kuair,  ulceration). 
L'lccralion  of  the  ur«-llira  or  urinary  organs. 

Ure^sis  [<pvixiv).     Same  as  urination. 


-uret.  In  chemistry,  a  suffix  formerly 
u.-'cd  to  denote  a  binary  comixDund  of  car- 
bon, sulphur,  etc.,  with  another  element. 
In  mcxlern  chemistry  the  suftix  /,/<■  is  used. 

Ure'ter  {ovpeu,  to  urinate).  The  canal  or 
tube  conveying  the  urine  from  the  kidney 
to  the  bladder. 

Ureteral'gia  [^ureter,  a^.yoq,  a  pain).  Any 
pain  in  the  ureters. 

Ureter^ic  {iirctcr).  Pertaining  to  the  ure- 
ters. 

Ureteri'tis  [t/r,fer,  irir,  inflammation). 
Inflammation  of  the  ureters. 

Ure^terolith  [itnUr,  /uOoc;,  stone).  Cal- 
culus in  the  ureter. 

Ureterot^omy  {ur<:(c-r,  rofir/,  cutting).  In- 
cision of  the  ureter. 

Ure'than.  Kthyl  Carbamate.  A  recently 
discovered  hypnotic  and  antipyretic.  A 
decided  antagonist  to  strychnine  and  other 
tetanizers.  Has  shown  excellent  results 
in  convulsions  and  in  tetanus.  Dose  gr. 
xx-lx.     Unof 

Ure'thra  (Lat.).  The  excretory  canal  of  the 
bladder,  extending  from  the  neck  of  the 
bladder  to  the  meatus  urinarius.  It  is  di- 
vided in  the  male  into  a  prostatic  portion, 
a  membranous  portion  and  a  spongy  ]ior- 
tion.  In  the  female  it  is  about  I  j^  inches 
in  length. 

Urc'thral  {urethra).  Pertaining  to  the 
urethra. 

Urethral'gia  [urethra ,  alyng,  pain). 
I'ain  in  the  urethra. 

Urethri'tis  (urethra,  I'tt's,  inflammation). 
Inflammation  of  the  urethra. 

Ure'throcele  (urethra,  K//?:r/,  a  tumor).  A 
]K>uchdike  thickening  of  the  wall  of  the 
urethra  in  females. 

Ure'throplasty  (///(■/// ;-(/,  77/ nna(j,to {orm). 
Plastic  operation  upon  the  urethra. 

Urethrorrha'gia  (urethra,  pr/yvvfji,  to 
1  lurst  foith ).   U^emoiTliage  from  the  urethra.* 

Urethrorrhoe'a  (urethra,  piu,  to  flow). 
.Any  inorliid  discharge  from  the  urethra. 

Ure'throscope  (urethra,  (TKnrrtij,  to  ex- 
amine). An  in.strument  for  examining  the 
interior  of  the  urethra. 

Ure'throspasm  (urethra,  aKaafin^). 
'>\y.\^m  of  the  urethra. 

Urethrosteno'sis  (urethra,  nTrvijeiit;,  a 
coiislrit(ion).     Stricture  of  the  urethra. 

Urethrot'omy  (urethra,  Tifivu,  to  cut). 
Incision  of  the  urethra  for  stricture  by  an 
uritlirotomc,  or  other  iiistrunicnl.  U.,  In- 
ternal, iiK  isioii  of  iiri'lhial  s(ri<turc  bv  a 
blade  eiilcnij  through  llic  natural  urethra. 
U.,  External,  by  iii('i>ion  through  the  ex- 
ternal wall  of  the  urethra. 


URIC  ACID 


452 


UROTOXY 


U''ric  Acid.  An  acid  found  in  the  urine 
of  man  and  the  carnivora — rarely  in  the 
herbivora — abundantly  in  the  excrement  of 
birds,  reptiles  and  mollusks.  Crystallizes 
in  small,  white,  rhombic  crystals,  insoluble 
in  alcohol  and  ether,  soluble  in  1 900  parts 
of  boiling  water,  and  in  hydrochloric  acid. 
Exists  usually  in  combination  with  the 
metals  of  the  alkaline  group.  Separated 
from  urine  by  adding  10  per  cent,  of  hy- 
drochloric acid  and  allowing  the  crystals 
to  settle  for  48  hours,  when  they  may  be 
separated  and  weighed.  Haycraft's  method 
is  a  more  exact  but  extended  process. 
Murexide  Test.     See  Miirexide. 

Uridro'sis  {nvpov,  urine,  u^puq,  sweat). 
Sudor  Urinosus.  A  pathological  condition 
characterized  by  the  presence  of  urea  in 
the  sweat.  Noticeable  in  cholera,  urtemia, 
atrophy  of  the  kidneys,  and  in  some  cases 
of  artificially  produced  diaphoresis. 

Urinse^mia  [ovpov,  atfiu,  blood).  The  ex- 
istence of  urinary  products  in  the  blood. 

U^rinal  (ov/)ov).  A  vessel  for  receiving 
urine. 

U^rinary  (ovpov).  Pertaining  to  the  urine. 
U.  Organs,  a  general  term  comprising  the 
kidneys,  ureters,  bladder  and  urethra. 

Urina^tion  [ovpov).  The  act  of  passing 
urine.     Micturition. 

U^rine  [ovpov).  The  secretion  of  the  kid- 
neys, the  chief  end-product  of  the  metabo- 
lism of  the  proteids. 

Urinif^erous  [ovpov, /era,  to  bear).  Car- 
r>ing  or  conveying  urine.  U.  Tubules. 
See  Tulndus. 

UrinoFogy  [ovpov,  "koyoq,  science").  The 
science  of  the  analysis  and  diagnostic  sig- 
nificance of  urine. 

Urinom''eter  [ovpov,  /uerpov,  a  measure). 
A  hydrometer  for  ascertaining  the  specific 
gravity  of  urine. 

U^rinous  [ovpov).  Having  the  nature  of 
urine. 

Uro-  [ovpov).  As  a  prefix,  denotes  con- 
nection with  or  relation  to  the  urine,  uric 
acid  or  an  urate. 

Urobi'lin.  A  biliary  pigment  occuixing  in 
the  urine  of  fevers  and  in  bile. 

U^rocele  [ovpov,  K?f/.r/,  a  tumor).  A  tume- 
faction of  the  scrotum,  arising  from  the 
effusion  of  urine  into  its  cavity  or  into  the 
areolar  tissue. 

Uroclr'eras  [ovpov,  jfpaf,  sand).  The 
sabulous  matter  deposited  in  standing 
urine. 

U'rochrome  [ovpov,  ;;(pu/ia).  The  chief 
coloring  matter  of  the  urine.  Exposed  to 
the  air  the  watery  solution  oxidizes,  form- 


ing Uroerythin.     Uromelanin  is  a  de- 
composition product. 
Urocyano^sis    [ovpov,    Kvavog,   blue). 

Urine  colored  blue  by  the  presence  of  in- 

dican. 
Urocysf'is  [ovpov,  Kvarig,  a  bladder).   The 

urinary  bladder. 
UrodiaFysis  [ovpov,  dialvaiq,  a  cessation). 

The  partial  and  temporary  cessation  of  the 

secretion  of  urine  by  the  kidneys  concomi- 
tant with  many  acute  diseases. 
Urodochi^um  [ovpov,  dExo/aat,  to  receive). 

An  urinal. 
UrcEde^ma  [ovpov,  oedema,  a  swelling).    A 

tumefaction  arising  from  the  distention  of 

a  tissue  or  cavity  by  the  escape  of  urine. 
Uro-er''ythin.     See  UrocArome. 
Urogen^ital  [ovpov,  genitalis).     Pertaining 

conjointly  to  the  urinary  and  genital  organs. 

U.  Sinus,  the  anterior  part  of  the  cloaca 

into  which  the  Miillerian  ducts  open. 
Uroglau^cin   [ovpov,  y'AavKoq,  green).     A 

decomposition  product  of  indican  ;  called, 

also,  urocyanin,  and  indigotin. 
Urohae^matin  [ovpov,  hczinatin).     Hrema- 

tin  in  the  urine. 
U^rolith  [ovpoVj  ?Li6og,  a  stone).  An  urinary 

calculus. 
Urolith''ic  [ovpov,  2.idog).     Pertaining  to  or 

having  the  nature  of  urinary  calculus. 
Uromel'anin.     See  Urochi-oiue. 
Urom^elus  [ovpa,  tail,  ftelog,  limb).     A 

class   of   symmelic    monstrosities   with   a 

single  hand  or  foot. 
Urom'eter.     See  Urinometer. 
Uropla^nia    [ovpov,    "KT^avrj,    wandering). 

The  abnormal  appearance  of  urine  in  other 

than  the  urinar}'  organs. 
Uropoe'sis  [ovpov,  tvoleu,  to  make).     The 

secretion  of  the  urine  by  the  kidneys. 
Uropsam^mus    [ovpov,    Traafi/uog,    sand). 

Urinary  sand. 
Urorrha^gia  [ovpov,  p?jyvvfii,  to  burst  forth). 

Excessive  secretion  and  discharge  of  urine. 
Urorrhoe''a  [ovpov,  peu,  to  flow).    The  ordi- 
nary nonnal  flow  of  the  urine. 
Uroru'bin  [ovpov,  rui>us,  red).    An  urinary 

pigment. 

Urosche''ocele.     See  Urocele. 
Uros'copy   [ovpov,  OKOTveu,    to  examine). 

Examination  and  analysis  of  the  urine. 
Uro'ses  [urine).     In  pathology,  diseases 

of  the  urinary  organs. 
Uroste''alith    [ovpov,    areap,    fat,    TitOog, 

stone).     Fatty  or  saponaceous  matters  in 

calculi. 
Urotheobro''mine.     See  Paraxanthine. 
U 'vo^oxy  [ovpov, To^iKov).    A  term  invented 

by  Bouchard  to   denote  the  standard  of 


UROUS 


453 


UTERUS 


toxicity  of  urine  necessary  to  kill  a  kilo 
gamine  of  living  substance. 

U'rous  [ovpov).  Having  the  nature  of 
urine.  In  chemistry,  applied  to  an  acid 
ilt-riveil  from  urine. 

Uroxan'thin.  Intligogen.  A  pigmentary 
substance  occurring  normally  in  human 
urine.  Its  secretion  is  enormously  increased 
in  the  first  stage  of  cholera  and  certain 
artections  of  the  liver. 

Urtica'ria  («/■//<<;, a  nettle).  Nettle  Rash ; 
Cnidosis ;  Uredo.  A  transient  eniption 
of  the  skin  accompanied  l)y  inllammation 
and  marked  by  the  presence  of  rapidly 
formed  and  evanescent  wheals.  There  are 
several  varieties  distinguished  by  various 
names.  The  following  are  noted  by 
CrL>cker:  i/.  acudi,  U.  chronica^  L'.  popii- 
losii,  and  C\  pii^nirtitosu,  in  the  last  of 
which  the  main  lesions  are  jjermanent  and 
marked  by  the  deposition  of  pigmentary 
matter. 

Urtica'tion  {nr/ini).  Flagellation  with 
nettles,  a  method  of  treatment  formerly 
employed  in  paralysis,  and  also  to  produce 
irritation. 

U'sage.  Any  common  habit,  custom  or 
manner. 

Ustila'go  May'dis.  Com  Smut.  A  fun- 
gus parasitic  upon  maize  or  Indian  com. 
Zeii  aVuvs.  Resembles  nux  vomica  and 
ergot  of  r)'e  combined,  in  medical  proper- 
ties. Rarely  employed.  U.,  Ext.  Fid., 
unof.     iJose  TTLxv-j^j. 

Us'tion  [urc,  to  bum).  A  burning.  In 
chemistry,  incineration.  In  surgery, 
cauterization. 

Us'tus  {itro).  Calcined.  Dehydrated  by 
intense  heat. 

U'terine  [uterus').  Pertaining  to  the  uterus. 
U.  Anteflexion,  or  Anteversion.  See 
L'/erus.  U.  Appendages,  the  ovaries 
and  oviducts.  U.  Gestation,  the  period  of 
time  between  concejition  andddivin-.  U. 
Inertia.  See  I'/ents.  U.  Inversion. 
Si^L-f'/,ria.  U.  Involution.  Sec  C/t-rus. 
U.  Milk,  a  lluid  between  the  villi  of  the 
placenta  in  the  cow.  U.  Pregnancy, 
nonnal  pregnancy.  U.  Souffle,  a  vascu 
jar  sound  heard  with  tiie  stethoscope,  at 
the  alidomen  of  a  5-*^  months  pregnant 
w<nnan. 

Utcri'tis  {u/erus,  t'/is,  inflammation).  In- 
llammation of  the  womb. 

U'tero-  (ntnus).  A  I^tin  word  used  as  a 
prffix  to  denote  connection  with  or  relation 
to  the  womb. 

Utcro-gcsta'tion.  Tlie  uterine  jK-riod  of 
gestation. 


Uterot'omy  [uterus,  refivut,  to  cut).  In- 
cision into  the  uterus. 

Utero-ova'rian  {^utc-nts,  i^uiriuiii).  Per- 
taining conjointly  to  the  uterus  and  the 
ovaries. 

U'terus  (Lat.).  The  womb,  the  organ 
of  gestation  and  of  parturition.  U.,  An- 
teflexion of.  See  Aiitifli.xion.  U., 
Anteversion  of.  See  Anlii'crsion.  U., 
Arbor  Vitae  of,  branch  like  elevations  of 
the  nmcous  membrane  of  the  cervix.  U. 
Bicornis,  when,  from  arresteil  develop- 
nieiit,  the  upper  ])art  of  the  uterus  is  ili- 
vided  into  two  horns  or  com[)artments. 
U..  Body  of,  that  ]>art  above  the  isthmus. 
U .,  Cervix  of,  that  p.^rt  below  the  i.sthmus. 
U.,  Columns  of,  the  ridges  or  elevations 
of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  cersix 
from  wiiich  extend  tl>e  branches  that  with 
three  columnar  central  axes  are  called  the 
arbor  vita:.  U.,  Contraction  of,  the  in- 
termittent contr.ictile  function  of  the  utcras 
whereby  the  fix'tus  is  expelled.  U.  Cor- 
diformis,  an  arrested  development  in 
which  the  uterus  is  heart-shapeil,  or  with 
a  depression  in  the  fundus.  U.,  Corpus 
of.  See  Body.  U.  Duplex,  a  double 
uteras  from  an  arrested  develo|)ment.  U., 
Fundus  of,  the  portion  alwve  a  line 
drawn  from  one  oviduct  to  the  other. 
U.,  Hour-glass  Contraction  of,  the 
formation  of  two  distinct  cavities  of  the 
body  and  neck,  the  narrowed  internal  os 
marking  the  bouiidaiy  l)etween  them.  U., 
Incarceration  of,  strangulation  by  pres- 
sure or  constriction.  U.,  Inertia  of,  de- 
ficiency of  uterine  contractions.  U.,  In- 
version of,  the  organ  is  "  upside-down, 
and  wrong-side  out."  U.,  Involution 
of,  the  process  whereby  the  uterus  is  re- 
duced to  its  normal  size  and  weight  after 
labor.  U.,  Isthmus  of,  a  slight  dejtres- 
sion  or  constriction  ujxju  the  external  sur- 
face. U.,  Neck  of,  same  as  cervix.  U., 
One-horned,  an  arrcst:Uit)n  of  develop- 
ment resulting  in  a  uterus  com|K)sed  of  a 
single  lateral  half,  usually  with  but  one 
oviduct.  Uteri,  Os  External,  the  ex- 
ternal mouth  or  opening  into  the  vagina; 
Internal,  the  internal  anatomical  limit 
between  the  body  and  cervix.  Plicae 
Palmatae,  the  radiate  branchings  of  the 
arbor  viLv  from  the  central  axis.  U., 
Procidentia  of,  protrusion  of  the  utcms 
from  the  vulvar  orilice.  U.,  Prolapse 
of,  falling  of  the  uterus,  liut  not  |irotruiling 
from  ilie  vulvar  orilice.  U.,  Retraction 
of,  the  constant  |)ro|)erty  of  the  uterus  tiiat 
tends  to  keep  the  uterine  walls  in  ap|Kjsi- 


UTRICLE 


454 


VAGINA 


tion.  U.,  Retroflexion  of,  a  bending 
of  the  posterior  uterine  surface  upon  itself. 
U.,  Retroversion  of,  when  the  fundus 
is  so  posteriorly  misplaced  that  the  axis  of 
the  body  forms  an  ol)tuse  angle  with  the 
axis  of  the  pelvic  inlet.  U.,  Souffle  of. 
See  Uterine.  U.  Unicornis.  See  U., 
One-horned 

U^tricle  (dim.  of  titer,  a  small  bag).  Any 
minute  cell  or  vesicle.  Also,  a  depression, 
the  sinus  pocularis,  between  the  ejaculatory 
ducts.  Also,  a  cavity  communicating  with 
the  semicircular  canals  of  the  ear. 

Utric^ular  [iitrhie).  Relating  to  the  utricle. 
Resembling  a  small  bag  or  bottle. 

U''va  Ur^si.  Bearberry.  The  leaves  of 
Arctostaphylos  U.  Contains  gallic  and 
tannic  acids,  arbutin  (resolvable  into  hy- 
droquinone)  and  other  sxtractives ;  astrin- 
gent, tonic  and  diuretic.  Formerly  much 
employed  in  calculous  disorders  of  the 
bladder.     Dosegr.x-^j.     U.,  Ext.  Fid. 


Do.se  TT\^x-5J.  Arbutin,  the  glucoside. 
Unof.     Dose  gr.  iij-v. 

Uvc'a  (Lat.,  a  grape,  from  the  resemblance 
to  its  color).  Also  called  the  Uveal  tract. 
The  choroid  membrane  or  vascular  tunic 
as  a  whole,  especially  the  iris  and  ciliary 
body. 

Uvei^tis.     See  Iritis. 

U^vula  (Lat.).  The  conical  membranous 
appendix  hanging  from  the  free  edge  of  the 
palate.  U.  Cerebelli,  a  small  lobule  in 
that  part  of  the  cerebellum  which  forms  the 
posterior  boundary  of  the  fourth  ventricle. 
U.,  Vesical,  a  prominence  in  the  orifice 
of  the  urethra. 

U^vular  [tivula).     Pertaining  to  the  uvula. 

Uvulat^omy.     Excision  of  the  uvula. 

Uvuli^tis  [uvii/a,  itis,  inflammation).  In- 
flammation of  the  uvula. 

UvuloptC'sis  [uvula,  tttugiq,  falling). 
Relaxed  and  pendulous  condition  of  the 
uvula. 


V.  Abbreviation  of  Vision,  or  Acuity  of 
Vision. 

Vacci^na.     Same  as  Vaccinia. 

Vacci^nal  [vacca,  a  cow).  Pertaining  to 
vaccination  or  to  vaccine. 

Vaccina'tion  (vacca).  The  inoculation 
of  the  body  with  the  virus  of  a  pustular 
disease  of  bovidce,  called  cow-pox,  in  order 
to  protect  from  or  modify  the  virulence  of 
.smallpox.  V.  Rash,  a  rash  sometimes 
following  vaccination ;  usually  transitory, 
but  sometimes  taking  eczematous  or  ery 
thematous  forms.     May  also  be  syphilitic. 

Vac'cine  (vacca).  The  lymph  occurring 
within  the  eruptive  vesicle  of  cow-pox. 
V.  Virus,  the  same  prepared  for  use  in 
vaccination.  V.,  Bovine,  that  derived 
from  the  vesicles  of  heifers.  V.,  Human- 
ized, that  from  vesicles  of  man. 

VaccineFla  (vacca).  The  secondary  erup- 
tion sometimes  following  cow-pox. 

Vaccin'ia  (vacca).     Cow-pox. 

Vaccin^ium  Crassifo'lium.  A  plant 
having  therapeutic  properties  resembling 
those  of  uva  ursi.     Useful  in  catarrhal  in- 


flammations of  the  urinary  tract.  Dose 
of  the  fld.  ext.  tTLxxx-^j.     Unof. 

Vacci^no-syph^'ilis.  Syphilis  conveyed 
by  vaccination. 

Vac'uole  (7'aciins,  empty).  A  small  space 
within  cell-protoplasm,  containing  a  clear 
fluid. 

Vac^uum  (Lat.).  A  space  from  which 
the  air  has  been  exhausted. 

Vagi''na  (Lat.,  a  sheath).  The  musculo- 
mcmbranous  canal  extending  from  the  vul- 
val opening  to  the  cervix  uteri,  the  organ 
of  copulation  in  the  female,  the  excretory 
canal  for  uterine  secretions,  and  a  part  of 
the  birth  canal.  V.,  Bulbs  of,  two  erec- 
tile organs  upon  the  lateral  and  anterior 
parts  of  the  vagina.  V.,  Columns  of, 
two  longitudinal  elevations  of  the  mucous 
membrane,  on  the  anterior  and  posterior 
wall,  v..  Cul-de-sacs  of,  four  arches 
(anterior,  posterior,  rii^ht  and  left  lateral), 
made  by  the  junction  of  the  vaginal  walls 
with  the  uterus.  V.,  Double,  an  anomaly 
of  development  consisting  in  a  du])lication 
of  the  canal.    V.,  Fornix  of,  the  combined 


VAGINAL 


455 


VARIATION 


cul-de-sacs.  V.,  Rugae  of,  transverse 
elevations  of  tin  mucous  uieiubraue  brandl- 
ing from  the  columns. 

Vagi'nal  [vtip'/iu).  Pertaining  to  the 
vaijina. 

Vag'inate  {vng^iiia).     Sheathed. 

Vaginis'mus  {7;ii^inii).  Pain,  spasm  and 
h\  j)cr.>.>the>ia  of  the  vagina  and  surround- 
ing parts. 

Vagini^tis  (raipna,  itis,  inflammation). 
Intlammation  of  the  walls  of  the  vagina. 

Vag'ino-  {t'o^hh).  A  Latin  word  used 
as  a  prefix  to  denote  connection  with  or 
relation  to  the  vagina. 

Vaginofomy  [vai^ina,  rofit/,  section).  In- 
cision of  the  vagina. 

Vag'itus  (t(7;v,  to  crv').  The  cry  of  an 
infant.     V.  Uterinus,  the  cry  of  a  child 

///   Utc'IO. 

Vagofomy  {vac^is,  TOfiTj,  section).  Sec- 
tion of  the  vagus. 

Va'gus  (z'dgo,  to  wander).  See  A'ctvc, 
I'uitiniogastric. 

Va'lence.     See  Quantivalence. 

Valeria'na.  Valerian.  The  rhizome  and 
rootlets  of  V.  officinalis.  Properties  due 
to  a  volatile  oil  which  yields  several  deri- 
vatives. Antis]3asmodic  and  gently  stimu- 
lant to  nervous  system  and  organs  of  cir- 
culation. In  full  doses  increases  heart 
action,  producing  exhilaration ;  in  toxic 
doses,  diarrh<ea,  vomiting,  reduced  sensi- 
bility and  mental  disturbance.  Excellent 
in  hysteria,  convulsion  due  to  worms,  the 
coma  of  typhus  fever,  and  whooping- 
cough,  v.,  Abstr.  Dose  gr.  v-xx.  V., 
Ext.  Fid.  Dose  n\,x-xxx.  V.,Tinct., 
20  {)er  cent.  Dose  ^ss-ij.  V.,  Tinct. 
Ammoniat.,  valerian  20,arom.  spt.  ammo- 
nia to  100  parts.  Dose  ^ss-ij.  V.,  Ol., 
the  volatile  oil.  Do.se  n\,ij-v.  See,  also, 
Ammonium,  Zinc,  Iron,  and  Quinine. 

Valetudina'rian  [valcluJo,  health).  An 
invalid. 

Val'gus.     See  Talipes. 

Vallcc'ula  (dim.  of  vnllis,  valley).  A 
small  depression, — a  name  applied  to  sev- 
eral slight  furrows  or  pits  of  the  Ixxly.  V. 
Cerebelli.     See   Valley  of  Certbcll urn. 

Valleix's  Points.  See  /'oints  Douloureux. 

Val'let's  Mass.     .See  Fcrrutn. 

VaLley  of  Cerebel'lum.  The  depression 
dividing  the  lateral  hemis|)heres  of  the 
ccn:lK.-llum. 

Valsalva's  Experiment.  Ventilation  of 
the  middle  ear  by  an  expirat(jry  eflort,  the 
nioiilli  anil  nf>s<'  being  closed. 

Valsal'va,  Si'nus  of.     .Sec  Sinus. 

Val'va.     See  Valve, 


Valve  {^7'ak\r,  folding  dcxirs).  A  mem- 
brane or  litl  so  affixed  to  a  lube  or  canal 
that  it  opens  to  permit  free  passage  one 
way,  but  closes  to  intercept  pa.ssage  in  the 
opposite  direction.  A  name  useil  chiefly 
to  designate  the  valves  of  tlie  heart.  V. 
of  Bauhin,  the  ileo-cacal  valve  at  the 
back  p;u-t  of  the  large  intestine.  V., 
Coronary,  protects  the  orifice  of  the 
coronary  sinus  and  prevents  regurgitation 
during  contraction  of  auricle.  V.,  Eusta- 
chian, between  the  inferior  vena  cava 
and  right  auricle.  V.  of  Hasner,  an 
imperfect  valve  at  the  inferior  meatus  of 
the  nose.  V.  of  Kerkring.  .See  Duo- 
lienum.  V.,  Mitral,  the  valve  opening 
from  the  left  auricle  to  the  left  ventricle. 
v.,  Semilunar,  the  three  valves  guarding 
the  oritice  of  the  j)ulmonary  artery ;  also 
the  three  valves  around  the  orifice  of  the 
aorta.  V.  of  Thebesius,  the  coronaiy 
valve  or  fold  of  the  membrane  of  the  auricle 
which  protects  the  coronary  sinus.  V., 
Tricuspid,  opens  from  right  auricle  to 
right  ventricle.  V.  of  Vieussens,  a  thin 
leaf  of  medullaiy  substance  between  the 
processes  which  extend  from  the  cerebellum 
to  the  testes  of  the  brain. 

Val'vula  (dim.  oivak'a').  A  small  valve  ; 
a  valvule.  Valvulae  Conniventes  (or 
valves  of  Kerkring).     See  Duodenum. 

Vanil'la.  The  fruit  of  V.  planifolia,  an 
orchid  found  in  tropical  America.  Odor 
due  to  a  methyl-ether,  vanillin.  An  aro- 
matic stimulant,  sometimes  employed  in 
hysteria  and  low  fevers.  Employed  chiefly 
as  a  flavor.  V.  Tinct.,  10  per  cent. 
Dose  as  desired. 

Vanillism.  The  symptoms,  among  the 
workmen  in  vanilla  factories,  due  to  the 
action  of  the  volatile  ])rinciples  of  vanilla. 

Van  Swieten's  Solution.  Corrosive  sub- 
limate I  part,  water  looo  parts. 

Va'por  (l.at.).  The  gaseous  form  of  a 
substance  which  at  ordinary  temperatures 
is  a  li'juid. 

Vaporiza'tion  [vapor).  The  process  by 
which  volatile  matters  are  separated  from 
fixed  substances  by  means  of  heat.  The 
conver>ion  of  a  solid  or  liquiil  into  a 
vapnr. 

Varia'tion  {vario,  to  change).  Tiie  change 
or  mutation  wiiich  a  part,  an  organ,  an 
individual, ora  class,  sullers  undertlie  mcKli- 
fying  influences  of  climate,  AmxI,  habits  of 
life  and  environm<-iit.  It  may  take  the 
form  of  an  arrested  development,  a  S|K'cific 
developnu'nt,  or  a  genend  devolopineiit  of 
any  or  all  organs  of  the  l>ody. 


VARICELLA 


456 


VASO-MOTOR 


Varicel'la  (dim.  of  variola,  smallpox). 
A  speLitic,  infectious  disease  of  cliildren, 
popularly  known  as  chicken-pox.  It  has 
an  incubation  period  of  eight  days,  and  is 
rarely  preceded  by  a  premonitory  stage 
of  slight  fever  and  roseolous  rash.  It  is 
characterized  by  an  eruption  of  glabrous, 
transparent  vesicles,  which  appear  in  suc- 
cessive crops  on  different  parts  of  the  body, 
bursting  the  third  to  the  fifth  day  from 
their  appearance,  finally  leaving  small, 
punctured  scabs.     Slight  febrile  symptoms. 

Var^iciform  {varix,  a  swollen  vein, /br/z/a, 
a  form).  Having  the  form  of  a  varix  or 
swelled  vein. 

Var^icocele  {tianx,  KTjhj,  a  tumor).  Dila- 
tation of  the  veins  of  the  scrotum  or  of  the 
spermatic  cord. 

Var^'icose  [vaiix\  Applied  to  swollen, 
knotted  and  tortuous  veins.  V.  Aneu- 
rism.    See  Aneu7'ism. 

Vari''ety  {varietas,  change).  In  classifi- 
cation, a  subdivision  of  a  species. 

Vari^ola  (variiis,  variegated,  spotted). 
Smallpox.  A  specific  infectious  disease 
ushered  in  with  severe  febrile  symptoms, 
which,  in  the  course  of  two  or  three  days, 
is  followed  by  a  papular  eruption  spread- 
ing over  all  parts  of  the  body.  During 
the  succeeding  two  weeks  the  eruption 
passes  through  periods  of  vesiculation, 
pustulation,  and  incrustation.  The  falling 
off  of  the  latter  produces  the  well-known 
pock-marks  or  pitted  appearance  on  the 
skin.  The  period  of  incubation  is  about 
thirteen  days.  A  secondary  fever  usually 
sets  in  during  the  pustular  stage.  V., 
Discrete,  a  form  in  which  the  pustules 
preserve  their  distinct  individuality.  V., 
Confluent,  a  severer  form,  in  which  the 
pustules  spread  and  run  together.  V., 
Malignant,  often  called  black  smallpox 
and  Jucmon-hagic  smallpox.  Its  distin- 
guishing feature  is  hfemorrhage  into  the 
skin.  It  is  invariably  fatal.  V.,  Mitigated, 
or  Modified.     See  Varioloid. 

Var^iolate  {z'ariola^.  Having  small  pus- 
tules like  those  of  variola. 

Variola^tion,  or 

Varioliza^tion.  The  inoculation  of  small- 
pox. 

Va''rioloid  [variola,  el6oq,  resemblance). 
The  slight  form  of  the  disease  variola  or 
smallpox  as  modified  by  vaccination  or  in- 
oculation. It  is  chiefly  important  from  the 
possibility  that  the  patient  may  become  a 
source  of  infection  for  others. 

Vari^olous  [variola).  Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  nature  of  variola. 


Va''rix  [varus,  crooked).  A  venous  dila- 
tation. 

Varo'lii,  Pons.     See  Pons. 

Va^rus.     See  Acne  and  Talipes. 

Vas  (Lat.,  a  vessel,  pi.  vasa).  A  vessel. 
A  generic  term  for  the  tubules  or  canal- 
like structures  for  the  conduction  of  liquids, 
secretions,  etc.,  through  the  body  or  from 
one  organ  to  another  ;  used  particularly  of 
vessels  carrying  blood.  V.  Aberrans. 
See  Vasculum  Aberrans.  V.  Aberrantia, 
sometimes  connect  the  brachial  or  axillary 
arteries  with  one  of  the  arteries  of  the 
forearm.  V.  Afferentia,  the  branches 
of  a  lymphatic  or  lacteal  vessel  previous 
to  entering  a  gland.  V.  Brevia,  gastric 
branches  of  the  splenic  artery.  V.  De- 
ferens, the  excretory  duct  of  the  testis, 
the  continuation  of  the  epididymis.  V. 
Efferentia,  the  terminal  ducts  of  the  rete 
testis ;  applied  also  to  the  efferent  vessel 
of  a  lymphatic  gland.  V.  Intestini 
Tenuis,  small  vessels  arising  from  the 
superior  mesenteric  artery  and  distributed 
to  the  jejunum  and  ileum.  V.  Recta,  the 
tubules  of  the  rete  testis.  V.  Vasorum, 
the  vessels  supplying  the  arteries  and  veins 
with  blood, — i.  e.,  the  vessels  supplying 
the  vessels  themselves.  V.  Vorticosae, 
See  J'ena. 

Vas'cular  [vasculum,  a  little  vessel).  Per- 
taining to  vessels.  V.  System,  the  ve- 
nous and  arterial  system. 

Vasculariza^tion  [vasciiluni).  The  for- 
mation and  extension  of  vascular  capil- 
laries. 

Vas^culum  (Lat).  A  small  vessel.  V. 
Aberrans,  a  tube  extending  from  the 
lower  part  of  the  epididymis  into  the  cord. 

Vas^eline.     See  Petrolatum. 

Vas^o-  [yasa).  A  Latin  word  used  as 
a  prefix  to  denote  connection  with  the 
vessels. 

Vaso-constrict^or.     See  Vaso-motor. 

Vaso-dila'tor.  Pertaining  to  the  positive 
dilating  motility  of  the  non-striped  muscles 
of  the  vascular  system.  A  nervous  mech- 
anism, with  center  and  efferent  nerves, 
probably  exists. 

Vaso-hyperton^ic.     See  Vaso-motor. 

Vaso-inhib^itory.  Pertaining  to  the 
function  of  dilatation  of  the  vessels. 

Vaso-mo^tor.  Pertaining  to  the  motility 
of  the  non-striped  muscles  of  the  arterial 
system.  V.  Center.  See  Center.  Sub- 
ordinate centres  are  distributed  throughout 
the  spinal  axis.  V.  Nerves,  the  nerves 
passing  to  the  blood  vessels  ;  stimulation 
causing    contraction,    narrowing    of    the 


VASTUS 


457 


VENTER 


lumen,  and  consequent  increase  of  blooil 
pressure.  Paralysis  of  the  center  produces 
the  opi^osite  effects. 

Vas'tus.     ^ijt;  J/itsc/e- V'lifi/ir. 

Vater's  Corpuscles.  Tactile  end-organs 
lying  in  the  .subcutaneous  tissue.  Called, 
also.  I'liiini' s  Cor/itsr/cs. 

Vec'tis  (Tt/zo,  to  carry).  An  instalment 
similar  to  the  single  blatle  of  a  forceps  used 
in  exj)editing  the  delivery  of  the  head  in 
lal)or. 

Veg^etable  {rri^co,  to  growV  A  ]ilant, 
or  j^Hjrtaiiiing  to  phint  life.  V.  Albumin. 
See  riiylalbiimose.  V.  Economy,  the 
systematic  arrapgement  of  tlic  parts  and 
org;uis  of  plants.  V.  Mercury.  See 
Maiujca  and  Anchicta  salntaris. 

Veg'etable  Pro^telds.     See  rrotetds. 

Vegeta'rian.  C)ne  who  eschews  flesh  of 
every  kind  and  subsists  only  on  vegetable 
food. 

Vegeta'tion  (I'cgeo,  to  grow).  Morbid 
or  funtjous  growths,  such  as  abnormal 
granulations,  excrescences,  warts,  t-A".  V., 
Adenoid,  morbid  growths  in  the  naso- 
pharyiigL-al  cavity. 

Vegeta'tive  ^vegeo).  Having  the  power 
of  growth,  like  a  vegetable  ;  applied  to  cer- 
tain morbid  tumors. 

Veg'eto-  [I'egco).  A  Latin  word  used  as 
a  prefix  to  denote  connection  with  or  rela- 
tion to  the  vegetable  kingdom. 

Ve'hicle  {7\-ho,  to  carry).  An}-thing  which 
carries  or  conveys.  In  ])hannacy,  any  ex- 
cipient  or  substance  serving  as  a  medium 
of  administration. 

Veil.     .See  Wlum. 

Vein  [vena).  The  veins  are  tulie-like  ves- 
sels that  gather  the  blood  from  the  lungs 
and  ]x:ripheral  organs  of  the  Ixxly  and 
convey  it  to  the  auricles  of  the  heart. 
'ITiey  are  divided  into  three  systems  or 
grou|js :  the  Pulmonary,  Systemic  and 
Portal,  the  latter  l^eing  an  a])])cndage  of 
the  systemic,  its  capillaries  ramifying  in 
the  livL-r.  Vena  Cava  Inferior,  is  fornicd 
by  the  junction  of  the  two  (  ominon  Iliac 
veins,  and  empties  into  the  right  auricle  of 
the  heart.  It  receives  I.umliar,  Right 
SjKrmatic,  Renal,  Suprarenal,  I'lircnic  and 
lii'l^tic  branches.  Vena  Cava  Supe- 
rior, formed  by  the  union  ol  the  inimnii- 
nate  veins,  conveys  the  bhxxl  fron>  the 
uj)|)er  half  of  the  Ixxly  to  the  right  auricle. 
Venae  Comitcs,  veins  that  accompany 
artrrits  in  their  course.  V.,  Emissary, 
siriall  veins  through  tlu-  cranial  foianiin:i, 
cnnni-ciing  tlnr  sinuses  with  external  veins. 
v..  Jugular,  the  two  large  venous  tiunks, 


the  internal  and  external,  from  the  head, 
neck  and  face,  eni])tying  into  the  sub- 
clavian, v..  Portal,  or  Vena  Arteri- 
osa,  the  tmnk  uniting  the  sui)erior  ami 
inferior  mesenteric,  splenic  antl  gastric 
veins,  and  carrying  the  blood  from  the  di- 
gestive viscera  to  the  liver.  V.,  Pulmo- 
nary, the  only  veins  carr\  ing  arterial  I'lood, 
beginning  in  the  pulmonary  capillaiies  and 
emptying  into  the  left  auricle.  V.,  Vor- 
ticosae,  the  venous  network  and  trunks  of 
tilt-  cheiroid  cuat  of  the  eye. 

Vein'-brooch.  An  instrument  for  com- 
pressing veins,  in  varicose  vein. 

Vein^-stone.     .See  Phlcbclite. 

Velamen'tous.     Veil-like. 

Vela'men  Vul'vae.     Sec  .,4/;v«. 

Vel'larine.     See  HyJrocotylc. 

Vellica'tion  [vcllico,  to  twitch).  The 
spasmodic  twitching  of  muscular  fiber  as 
observed  in  tic. 

Velpeau's  Band''age.     See  Bandage. 

Ve'lum  {Vi-lo,  to  hide).  Used  of  several 
curtain-  or  veil-like  stmctures.  V.  Inter- 
positum,  a  vascular  triangular  membrane, 
extending  in  a  curved  direction  across  the 
floor  of  the  fourth  ventricle.  V.,  Poste- 
rior Medullary,  the  commissure  of  the 
flocculus  of  the  cerebellum.  V.  Pendu- 
lum Palati,  the  soft  palate. 

Ve^na  [rena).     A  vein.     See  I'ti'n. 

Ve'nae  (pi.  of  vena).  Veins.  See  J'ein. 
V.  Galeni,  the  two  trunks  formed  by  the 
union  of  the  vein  of  the  corpus  striatum 
and  that  of  the  choroid  ;  empty  into  the 
straight  sinus.  V.  Thebesii,  the  small 
veins  by  \^•hich  blood  is  transmitted  from 
the  walls  of  the  heart  to  the  right  auricle. 

Venena^tion  {vinenton,  a  poison).  The 
condition  of  one  affected  by  the  venom  of 
a  [Kiisonous  insect  or  reptile. 

Vene'real   ( / '£7/«.f,  the    goddess  of  love). 
Pertaining    to    the    sexual    passion.     V. 
Diseases,  gonorrhoea,  .syphilis  and  cli;in 
ere.     V.  Sore.    See  C//(/«(7v.     V.  Wart. 
See  I  'emit  a. 

Ven'ery  {-.'enus).     Sexual  intercourse. 

Venesec'tion.     See  Blood-letting. 

Ven'om  (7'<7/(7//////).  The  jxiison  secreted 
by  certain  reptiles  and  insects,  a.s  the  rattle- 
snake, the  scorpion,  ete. 

Ve'nous  (rr/Zf/).  Pertaining  to  a  vein. 
V.  Hum,  the  nnninur  or  rushing  sound 
ol  serveil  in  the  auscultation  of  a  vein.  V. 
Naevus.     See  Ninms  Vascularis. 

Vcn'tcr  {z'enter,  Ixliy).  I'sed  of  struc- 
luics  having  a  iK-lly-like  a|i|H-:traiu'e.  V. 
of  Ilium,  the  iliac  fossa.  V.  of  Kidney, 
tiie  pelvis  of  the  kidney. 


VENTILATION 


458 


VERNAL 


Ventila''tion  {ventilo,  to  fan).  The  pas- 
sage or  act  of  passing  currents  of  fresh  air 
through  buildings,  vessels,  dwelling  apart- 
ments, mining  shafts,  etc.,  to  replace  foul  or 
vitiated  air.  In  hospitals  the  fundamental 
principle  of  ventilation  observed  is  that  each 
adult  person  confined  in  a  space  of  looo 
cubic  feet  requires  3000  cubic  feet  of  fresh  air 
per  hour  in  order  to  prevent  the  proporticm 
of  carbon  dioxide  in  the  room  from  rising 
above  ^^^  per  cent.  This  estimate  is  based 
on  the  fact  that  each  adult  expires,  on  the 
average,  -^^  of  a  cubic  foot  of  carbon  dioxide 
per  hour. 

Ven^tral  {venter,  the  belly  or  abdominal 
cavity).     Pertaining  to  the  belly. 

Ven^tricle  (dim.  of  venter').  Applied  to 
certain  structures  or  parts  having  a  bellied 
appearance.  V.  of  Arantius,  a  cul-de- 
sac  in  the  medulla.  V.  of  Brain,  the 
third,  fourth,  fifth  and  two  lateral :  V., 
Third,  between  the  optic  thalami  extend- 
ing to  the  base  of  the  brain  ;  V.,  Fourth, 
the  space  between  the  medulla  and  pons 
in  front,  and  the  cerebellum ;  V.,  Fifth, 
the  cavity  between  the  lamince  of  the  septum 
lucidum;  V.,  Lateral,  formed  by  the  upper 
part  of  the  general  ventricular  space  in  the 
interior  of  the  brain.  V.  of  Cerebellum, 
the  fourth  ventricle.  V.  of  Corpus  Callo- 
sum,  space  between  the  labium  cerebri 
and  corpus  callosum.  V.  of  Larynx,  a 
depression  between  the  true  and  false  vocal 
cords,  v.,  Left,  of  Heart,  that  at  the 
posterior  and  left  side  of  the  heart,  and 
which,  through  the  aorta,  forces  the  blood 
over  the  general  system.  V.,  Right,  of 
Heart,  that  forcing  the  blood  through  the 
pulmonary  artery  to  the  lungs. 

Ven^tricose  {venter).  Swelled  or  dis- 
tended like  a  belly. 

Ventric'ulus.     See  Ventricle. 

VentriFoquism  {venter,  loquor,  to  speak). 
Peculiar  vocal  utterance  without  the  usual 
modifications  of  the  resonance  organs,  so 
that  the  voice  seems  to  come  from  a  closed 
space  or  distance. 

Ven^trose  {venter').  Having  a  belly,  or  a 
swelling  like  a  belly. 

Ventrot^omy.  The  operation  of  surgical 
incision  of  the  abdominal  cavity. 

Ven^ula  (dim.  of  vena,  a  vein).  A  little 
vein. 

Ve^nus  Fly^catcher.   ?,ee.  Trumpet  Plant. 

Vera^trum  Vir''ide.  American  Hellebore. 
The  rhizome  and  rootlets  of  the  plant  con- 
tain jervine,  veratrine  and  other  alkaloids. 
A  powerful  depressant  of  the  heart  and 
paralyzant    of    the    spinal    cord.     Action 


similar  to  that  of  aconite,  but  regarded  as 
inferior.  Highly  esteemed  in  puerperal 
fevers,  pneumonia  and  aneurism.  V.  Al- 
bum, the  white  hellebore;  properties  simi- 
lar to  those  of  V.  llride.  V.  Ext.  Fid. 
Dose  Tr\j-iv.  V.  Ol.,  veratrine  2,  oleic 
acid  98  parts.  V.  Tinct.,  50  per  cent. 
Dose  rt^ij-x.  V.  Ung.,  veratrine  4,  alco- 
hol 6,  benzoinated  lard  90  parts.  Vera- 
trine, the  alkaloid,  prepared  from  seeds 
of  Cevadilla  or  Asagrcea.     Dose  gr.  -jo^To- 

Verbas^cum.  Mullein.  The  leaves  of 
V.  thaspus,  or  common  mullein.  Emol- 
lient, demulcent  and  slightly  anodyne.  A 
popular  domestic  remedy  in  phthisis  and 
other  pulmonary  affections,  being  palliative 
to  the  cough.  Useful  in  diarrhoea  and  in- 
flammations of  the  urinary  tract. 

Ver^det  (Fr.).  A  fungous  disease  of  maize 
due  to  the  parasite  Ustilago  segetii/n,  Uredo 
carbo  or  Sporisoriuin  niaidis,  on  the  grains. 
It  was  erroneously  believed  to  cause  Pel- 
lagra. 

Ver^juice  {verd,  green,  jtis,  juice).  The 
expressed  juice  of  unripe  fruits. 

Vermicelli  (It.,  little  worms).  An  Italian 
paste  consisting  mainly  of  flour,  cheese 
and  egg,  rolled  into  small  worm-like  cylin- 
ders.    It  is  a  favorite  ingredient  of  soups. 

Ver^micide  {vermis,  a  worm,  ccrdo,  to  kill). 
A  medicine  or  agent  that  kills  intestinal 
worms. 

Vermic^ular  (dim.  of  vermis).  Worm- 
shaped  or  with  worm-like  motion. 

Vermic^ulate  {vermis).  Resembling  or 
shaped  like  a  worm. 

Vermicula''tion  {vermis).  The  peculiar 
motion  of  certain  tubular  organs,  such  as 
the  oesophagus  and  intestines,  consisting 
in  the  progressive  contraction  of  successive 
parts  of  the  tube. 

Ver^miform  {vermis,  forma,  a  form). 
Having  a  shape  like  a  worm.  V.  Ap- 
pendage, a  worm-shaped  tube  at  the 
lower  back  part  of  the  ctecum.  V.  Pro- 
cess, two  worm-shaped  medullaiy  projec- 
tions connecting  the  two  hemispheres  of 
the  cerebellum. 

Ver'mifuge  {vermis,  fitgo,  to  flee).  A 
medicine  or  agent  that  expels  intestinal 
worms. 

Vermina''tion  {vermis).  The  condition 
of  one  affected  with  worms. 

Vernac^ular  {vernacidus,  native).  The 
language  or  dialect  of  one's  own  country. 

Ver'nal  {vernalis).  Pertaining  to  the 
spring.  V.  Conjunctivitis,  a  conjuncti- 
val inflammation  or  congestion,  occurring 
chiefly  in  the  young,  and  recurring  each 


VERNIER 


459 


VESICULA 


spring  cr  summer,  and  disapj^earing  with 
fro>t. 

Vernier.  In  physics,  a  contrivance  attached 
to  various  instruments  of  precision  for  the 
estimation  of  minute  fractions  of  any  unit 
of  distance. 

Ver'nine.  A  leucomalne-base  found  in 
yoinii^  vetch,  clover,  ergot,  etc. ;  yields 
guanine  on  heating  with  hydrochloric  acid. 
Its  discover)'  showed  another  wellcielined 
source  of  gu;uiine  l>eside  the  nucleins. 

Ver'nix  Caseo'sa.  "  Cheesy  \arnish." 
A  selacetias  deposit  covering  the  surface 
of  the  fdtus. 

Verno'nine.  The  active  principle  of  the 
root  of  Ventonia  ttigri/iijna,  an  African 
plant.  IVoperties  similar  to  digitalin,  though 
its  jx)isonous  properties  are  much  less. 

Verru'ca(Lat.).  A  wart.  A  small  jiapillaiy 
growth  on  the  skin,  variable  in  size,  shape 
and  consistency.  V.  Condyloma  Acu- 
minata, venereal  warts.  Most  fre(|uent 
in  the  glans  ]x;nis,  the  prepuce,  or  labia 
and  vagina.  According  to  \  an  Ilarlingen, 
never  a  raanife>tation  of  syi^hilitic  taint. 
V.  Digitate,  with  soft,  flexible  shaft  and 
horny  cap.  V.  Filiform,  small  and  with 
pointed  end.  V.  Plana,  flat  and  slightly 
elevated.     See  Dissci-tion  lloititi/s. 

Verru'ga  Perua'na.  Peruvian  \\'art.  A 
sj>ecific,  endemic,  inoculable  disease,  geo- 
graphically confined  to  the  narrow  gorges 
of  the  Peruvian  Andes,  consisting  of  soft, 
vascular  tumors  of  connective  tissue,  which 
finally  crack  or  break  at  the  surface.  Fol- 
lowed by  severe  haemorrhages  and  pro- 
found an.vmia. 

Ver'sion  [ver/o,  to  turn).  An  obstetric 
o] oration  whereliy  one  end  of  the  fretal 
ovoid  is  made  to  replace  the  other.  V., 
Cephalic,  turning  tin-  fetus  so  as  to  bring 
the  head  to  present.  V.  External,  eiTected 
by  external  manipulation.  V.  Internal, 
by  cMteriiig  the  hand  w  ithin  tlie  uterus.  V., 
Pelvic,  turning  the  f  i-tus  so  as  to  bring 
at)OUt  a  breech  ])re.senlation.  V.,  Podalic, 
bringing  down  <jne  or  l>oth  feet.  V.,  Spon- 
taneous, the  process  whereby  a  transverse 
jxjsition  is,  without  extenial  influence, 
thangi-d  into  a  longitudinal  one,  or  by 
wlii<  li  a  normal  |K)>iti<)t»  i.^  changed. 

Ver'tcbra  (T'.r/c).  The  vertei^nL'  are  the 
3^  ixjncs  forming  the  spine  or  vertebral 
crdumn,  divided  into  7  cervical,  12  dorsal, 
5  lumliar,  5  sacral,  4  coccygi  al.  V.  Dcn- 
tata,  till-  axis,  or  second  c<-rvii  al.  V. 
Promincns,  the  7th  cervical.  Vertebral 
Column,  the  spine,  a  designation  of  the 
whole  of  the  vertebre. 


Vertebra'ta  {verlebra,  a  back-bone).  In 
zoology,  a  great  divi>ion  of  the  animal 
kingdom,  including  all  animals  having  a 
spinal  C(_iluinn. 

Ver'tex  (Lat.).  The  superior  region  of  the 
skull. 

Ver'tical  (-vvA-j-,  a  jx>lar  axis).  Pertain- 
ing to  the  vertex.  In  a  direction  the  oj)- 
jwsite  of  horizontal.  V.  Diameter  of 
Cranium,  a  line  from  the  basion  to  the 
bregma. 

Vertig'inous  (rr;//<,v).  Affected  with 
vertigo. 

Ver'tigo  (r< ;-/<>,  to  turn).  Giddiness,  dizzi- 
ness. The  sensation  of  a  lack  of  equi- 
librium. It  may  be  due  to  pathological 
conditions  of  the  ears  (Auditory  \'.),  the 
eyes  (Ocular  V.),  the  lirain  (Cerebral  \'.), 
the  bltKxl,  <•/(•.  v.,  Aural,  I,ab)rinthine 
v.,  or  Meniere's  Disease.  V.,  Essen- 
tial, when  no  abnormalism  of  the  bocly 
exists  to  account  for  it.  V.,  Objective, 
when  objects  seem  to  the  patient  to  move. 
v..  Subjective,  when  the  patient  himself 
seems  to  move. 

Verumonta'num  (7'enis,  true,  motis,  a 
mountain).  The  caput  gallinaginis,  a 
longitudinal  ridge  in  the  floor  of  the  canal 
of  the  male  uretlira. 

Ves'ica  (I.at.).     The  bladder. 

Ves^ical  (I'esica,  a  bladder).  Pertaining  to 
or  having  the  nature  of  a  bladder. 

Ves^icant.     See  Blister. 

Ves'icatory  {'i.u-sica').  A  medicine  or  agent 
tliat.  applied  to  the  skin,  produces  a  blister. 

Ves'icle  (Lat.,  dim.  of  vcsiio).  See,  also, 
raf^tih'.  A  small  blister  or  bladder-like 
papule,  v.,  Blastodermic.  See  Blasto- 
dcrin.  v.,  Germinal.  Sec  M<i,  iiht  and 
Zona  Pel/iicit/ii.  V.,  Graafian,  tiie  ovi- 
S.1CS  of  the  ovaiy  containing  the  ova. 
V.  of  Purkinje.  See  Mmuhi.  V., 
Seminal,  the  lobulated  pouches  of  mem - 
iirane  between  the  base  of  the  bladder  aTid 
the  rectinn,  that  serve  as  reservt)irs  for  liie 
Si  men. 

Ves'ico-  (-'«/(•(/).  A  I.atin  wt)rd  used  as 
a  prefix  to  <lenote  relation  to  or  connection 
with  the  !>ladder. 

Ves'ico-rec'tal  (r'<.v/,v/,  rrrtnni).  Per- 
taining conjointly  to  tiie  bladder  and  the 
rccluni. 

Vcs'ico-vag'inal.  Pertaining  conjointly 
to  the  liladdt-r  and  vagina. 

Vesic'ula  (dim.  of  t'lsiiit,  a  bladder).  A 
vesiele  or  |)apule  containing  lymjih.  Ap- 
|ilird,  aK<i,  to  a  niunbt-r  of  |M>uciu's  or 
iladd<r  like  lKj<lies.  V.  Graafianae,  the 
vesicles  in  the  outer  layer  and  stroma  of 


VESICULAR 


460 


VINUM 


the  ovary,  each  of  which  contains  an  ovum. 
V.  Nabothi,  the  small  glandular  bodies 
within  the  mouth  of  the  uterus.  V.  Pros- 
tatica,the  depression  or  cul-de-sac,  called, 
also,  the  siiuis  pocidaris,  which  traverses 
the  prostate  gland  beneath  its  middle  lobe. 
It  is  the  male  homologue  of  the  uterus, 
developed  from  the  Miillerian  ducts.  V. 
Seminales,  the  two  lobulated,  membra- 
nous pouches  between  the  base  of  the 
bladder  and  the  rectum.  They  constitute 
reservoirs  for  the  semen.  V.  Serosa,  the 
false  amnion.     See  Amnion. 

Vesic'ular  (vesicida).  Pertaining  to  or 
having  vesicles. 

Vesiculif^erous  {vcsicula,  fero,  to  bear). 
Bearing  or  having  vesicles. 

Vespa'jus  (jtespa,  a  wasp's  nest).  A  fol- 
licular and  suppurative  inflammation  of  the 
hairy  part  of  the  scalp. 

Ves''sel  [vas).  Any  tube  or  canal  through 
which  the  fluids,  especially  the  blood,  of 
the  body  circulate.     See  Vas. 

Ves''tibule  [vesfionlitni,  a  porch).  A  porch 
or  threshold.  V.  of  Ear,  the  oval  cavity 
of  the  internal  ear  which  forms  the  entrance 
to  the  cochlea.  V.  of  Vulva.  See  Bulbi 
Vestibidi. 

Vestib'ulum  (Lat.).  The  vestibule  or 
cavity  of  the  internal  ear.  It  is  situated 
behind  the  cochlea  and  in  front  of  the 
semicircular  canals. 

Ve^ta.     See  Marea. 

Vet^erinary  (veterinarius).  Pertaining  to 
animals.  V.  Medicine,  the  art  and  science 
of  medicine  as  applied  to  the  domestic 
animals. 

ViabiFity  [viabiUs).  Ability  to  live ;  ap- 
plied to  the  condition  of  a  child  at  time  of 
birth. 

Vi^able  {^nabilis).  Used  of  a  child  born 
in  a  condition  of  development  which  will 
permit  of  its  living. 

Vi^al.     A  small  glass  bottle. 

V\'2indi{¥x.,viande).     Food;  Sustenance. 

Vibi^ces  [znbcx,  a  wheal).     See  Purpura. 

Vi'bratile  (vU>ro,  to  shake).  Capable  of 
vibrating. 

Vibra^'tion  {jnbro).  A  swinging  back  and 
forth  like  the  cord  of  a  musical  instrument. 
An  oscillation. 

Vi^bratives.     See  Consonants. 

Vib^rio.  According  to  Ehrenberg  a  genus 
of  micro5rganisms,  now  classed  mostly 
among  the  Bacilli,  the  remainder  as  Spirilli. 
V.  Butyrique.  See  BaciUus  bidyricus. 
V.  Proteus.  See  SpirUlum  Finckleri. 
V.  Rugula.  See  Spirdhuii  rui^ida.  V. 
Septicus.      See   BacUlus  septiciis.      V. 


Serpens.      See  Spirillum   serpens.     V. 
Undula.     See  Spirillum  jindula. 

Vibris'sae  (vibro,  to  shake).  The  stiff 
hairs  within  the  nostrils. 

Vibur^num.  Black  Haw.  The  bark  of 
V.  prunifolium.  Contains  a  resin,  viburnic 
acid,  identical  with  valerianic  acid  and 
other  extractives.  Astringent  and  anti- 
spasmodic, with  decided  nervine  proper- 
ties. Useful  in  the  nervous  diseases  of 
pregnancy.  Dose  of  the  fld.  ext.  ^ss-ij. 
V.  Opulus.  "  Cranberry  tree,"  "  Crane- 
bark,"  is  an  efficient  remedy  in  uterine  and 
abdominal  pains. 

Vica^rious  (wVf,  in  the  place  of).  Taking 
the  place  of  another;  applied  to  the  as- 
sumption of  the  functions  of  one  organ  by 
another.  V.  Menstruation.  SeeilAv/- 
strnation. 

Vice  (Fr.).  Defect,  fault,  or  deformity. 
V.  of  Conformation,  defect  of  struc- 
ture, organs  or  parts  being  either  absent  or 
imperfect. 

Vid^ian  Nerve.  The  union  of  the  great 
petrosal  and  carotid  nerves  entering 
Meckel's  ganglion. 

Vien'na  Paste.     See  Potassium. 

Vieussens,  Valve  of.     See  Valve. 

ViFlate's  Solu^tion.  A  solution  con- 
sisting of  copper  sulphate  15,  zinc  sulphate 
15,  liq.  plumbi  subacetas  30,  vinegar  200. 
Used  as  a  local  injection  in  caries. 

ViFli.  Plural  of  Villus.  The  villi  are 
small  projections  of  the  mucous  membrane 
of  the  small  intestine,  giving  it  a  velvety 
appearance.  They  are  the  chief  organs  of 
the  absorption  of  fatty  emulsion.  Applied 
to  fine  hair-like  processes  in  other  parts. 

Vil'lous  [villus,  hair).  Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  nature  of  villi.  Having  a  pile 
like  that  of  velvet. 

Vil'lus   {villus).     See  Villi. 

Vin'cula  Accesso'ria  Ten^'dinum.  The 
slender,  tendinous  filaments  which  connect 
the  phalanges  to  their  tendons. 

Vin^egar.  See  Acetujn.  V.  Wood.  See 
Acid,  Acetic. 

Vi^nous  (vinum,  wine).  Having  the 
nature  or  flavor  of  wine. 

Vi^num  (Lat.).  Wine.  The  fermented  juice 
of  fruits,  especially  that  of  grapes.  White 
7uincs  are  made  from  the  pulp ;  red  tvines 
from  pulp  and  skins,  the  latter  yielding  the 
coloring  matter.  Each  should  contain 
10-12  per  cent,  of  alcohol.  V.  Album 
Fortius,  is  made  from  V.  alb.  by  fortify- 
ing the  latter  until  it  contains  20-25  P^'" 
cent,  of  alcohol.  Sweet  wines,  such  as 
Burgundy,    Tokay,    Muscatel,   Angelica, 


VIOLA  TRICOLOR 


4G1 


VITAL 


etc.,  seldom  exceed  6-7  per  cent,  of  alco- 
hol unless  fortified.  Li.;ht  n-d  winiS,  such 
as  claret,  contain  normally  about  5  per 
cent.  Sparklini^  wines,  such  as  cham- 
pagne, derive  their  quality  from  carbon 
dioxide,  being  l)ottled  before  fennentatiun. 
They  contain  10-12  per  cent,  of  alcohol. 
V.  Aromaticum,  consists  of  strong  white 
wine  94  percent.,  with  i  per  cent,  each  of 
lavender,  origanum,  peppermint,  rosemar)', 
sage  anil  wonnwood.  V.  Portense,  r(.)rt 
Wine,  is  Rirtiticd  with  25-30  per  cent.,  and 
V.  Xericum,  Sherry  Wine,  until  it  con- 
tains about  25  j>er  cent,  of  alcohol.  There 
are  14  otiticial  vini,  of  which  II  are  medi- 
cated. 

Vio'la  Tri'color.  Pansy.  A  wild  tlower 
sometimes  known  as  heart's-ease  pansy. 
Contains  an  alkaloid,  violin,  with  emeto- 
cathartic  properties.  Mucilaginous  and 
expectorant.     Dose  gr.  x-^j. 

Viola'tion(r7('/<),  to  ravish).  Rape.  Some- 
times used  to  express  the  fact  of  coitus 
without  force,  but  by  deception,  with  the 
weak-minded,  etc. 

Vir'gin  [z'irjro).  A  woman  who  has  never 
h.id  sexual  connection  with  a  man. 

Virgina'le  Claus'trum.     The  hymen. 

Virgin'ia  Snake-root.     See  Scrpcntnna. 

Vir'ile  ^T'/;■,  a  man).  Pertaining  to  mature 
manh<x)d.     V.  Member,  the  penis. 

ViriKity  (rvV).  The  condition  of  mature 
manhorxl. 

Vir'ulence  {7'inis,  a  poison).  Malignity, 
noxiousness. 

Vir'ulent  (viius^.  Having  the  nature  of 
a  poison.     See  Virus. 

Vi'rus  (Lat.).  A  poison  which  causes  a 
morbid  process  or  disease  ;  any  pathogenic 
microlje.  It  was  formerly  applied  to  the  sj)e- 
citic  contagium  of  an  infectious  <lisea.se,  es- 
pecially to  that  of  cow-iK)x.  v.,  Attenu- 
ated, virus  deprived  of  some  of  its  ])atlio 
genie  quality  by  culture  and  mrnlification 
by  animal-inoculation  experiments,  so  that 
inoculated  in  another  |)er.son  or  animal  it 
preser\'es  the  same  against  attack  or  the 
asual  violence  of  the  disea.se. 

Vis  n.at).  Force  or  energy.  V.  Con- 
servatrix,  the  healing  [Kjwer  of  nature. 
V.  Formativa,  the  energy  of  nature  as 
manifest  in  the  fonnation  of  new  tissue 
to  replace  that  which  has  l)een  destroyed. 
V.  a  Fronte,  energy  exerted  from  before. 
V.  Inertiae,  that  force  by  virtui-  of  wlii(  h 
a  Uxly  at  rest  remains  at  rest ;  or,  if  in 
motion,  cfuiiinues  in  motion.  V.  Medi- 
catrix.  .Same  a.s  K  Conservatrix.  V. 
Vitac,  vital  force. 


Vis'cera  (pi.  of  viscus').  A  name  some- 
what Uxisely  applied  to  the  contents  of  the 
alxlomen. 

Vis'ceral  (viscera).  Pertaining  to  the 
viscera.  V.  Arches  and  Clefts,  four 
slit-like  openings  witli  intermediate  thick- 
enings of  the  lateral  wall  of  the  cervical 
region  of  the  embryo.  They  persist  in 
fishes. 

Vis'cid.     Same  as  Viscous. 

Viscid'ity.     Same  as  \'iscosity. 

Vis'cin  [7'iscu»i,  bird-lime).  Bird-lime. 
A  mucilaginous  extraction  of  the  mistletoe, 
Visciirn  Jiavescens,  Gcntiana  lutea,  and 
other  plants. 

Vis'cose  {viscum).  A  gummy  secretion 
or  prwluct  of  the  micrococcus  viscosus. 

Viscos'ity  (rwcw///).  The  property  of 
glutinousness,  rojiiness,  or  tenacity. 

Vis'cous.  Glutinous,  ropy,  sticky.  Also, 
pertaining  to  a  viscus  or  internal  organ. 

Vis'cum.  Mistletoe.  The  leaves  and 
stems  of    V.    a/hiini,    Euro]>ean,    and    V. 

Jlai'cscens,  the  .American  species.  Contains 
a  mucilage,  viscin,  bird-lime,  and  various 
other  extractives.  In  large  doses  produces 
vomiting  and  purging.  The  American 
plant  has  alleged  properties  similar  to  those 
of  digitalis.  Dose  gr.  x-^j,  in  decoction. 
Unof. 

Vis'cus  (Lat.,  pi.  viscera).  Any  organ 
of  the  thorax  or  abdominal  cavity,  as  the 
lungs,  liver,  etc.     See,  also.  Visceral. 

Visibility  {video,  to  see).  Capability  of 
l)eing  seen. 

Vis^ion  (video,  visum').  Sight.  Acuity 
(or  acuteness)  of  V.  See  Acutcncss.  V., 
Binocular.  'A^e Binocti/ar.  V.,  Double. 
See  Diplopia.  V.,  Field  of.  See  Field. 
v.,  Direct,  the  image  is  formed  at  the 
macula.  V.,  Indirect,  ujKin  the  outlying 
jxirtion  of  the  retina.  V.  for  Form,  the 
acuteness  of  V.  with  white  liglit.  V. 
for  Color,  [lerlaiiis  to  tlie  chromatic 
sense.  V.,  Peripheral,  when  the  image 
is  not  formed  at  the  macula.  V.,  Triple. 
.See   'I'riplipia. 

Vis'ual.  Pertaining  to  vision.  V.  Acute- 
ness or  Acuity.  See  A.utcncss.  V. 
Angle.  .S-e  Ani^le.  V.  Axis.  See 
Axis.  V.  Field.'  Sec  Jield.  V.  Pur- 
ple, a  substance  in  the  retina  reacting  to 
light  in  a  jieculiar  manner,  and  thought  to 
be  intimately  connected  with  vision.  See 
Rhodopsin. 

Vi'sus  (Tilled).     \'ision. 

Vi'ta(Lat.).      Life. 

Vi'tal  (7'/A/).  Pertaining  to  life.  V.  Capa- 
city, the  volume  of    air  that  can  l-e  ex- 


VITALISM 


462 


VOLUNTARY 


pelled  after  a  full  inspiration.  V.  Princi- 
ple, tlie  energizing  princi})le  on  which  in- 
dividual life  depends.  V.  Statistics, 
the  statistics  of  vital  facts,  the  science  of 
numbers  as  applied  to  the  life-history  of  com- 
munities and  nations.     See  Appettdix  B. 

Vi'talism.  The  theory  that  life  is  a  special 
force  different  from  all  other  forces. 

Vital'ity  (vita).  The  vital  force  or  princi- 
ple of  life ;  also,  the  condition  of  having 
life. 

Vi'talize  [znta).     To  endow  with  life. 

Vi'tals  {vita).  Vulgar  for  the  organs  es- 
sential to  life. 

Vitel'lin.  A  native  proteid  of  the  globu- 
lin class,  the  chief  proteid  of  the  yolk  of 

egg- 

Vitelline  (vifellus).  Pertaining  to  the 
vitclhis,  the  yolk  of  an  egg.  V.  Mem- 
brane.    See  Zona  Pcllucida. 

ViteFlus.  Yolk  of  egg.  The  yolk  of  the 
egg  of  the  common  barnyard  fowl,  Cal- 
lus domesticus.  A  viscid,  orasge-colored 
liquid  containing  oil,  cholesterin,  vitellin, 
and  albumin.  Nutritive  and  bland.  Used 
mainly  to  emulsionize  oils  and  camphors. 
Glyconin,  glyceritum  vitelli,  "  glycerite  of 
yolk  of  egg,"  consists  of  the  yolk  45,  gly- 
cerine 55  parts,  rubbed  together.  In  anat- 
omy, that  part  of  the  ovum  containing  the 
germinal  vesicle.  See,  also,  Zona  Pellu- 
cid a. 

Vitia^tion  [iiitio,  to  corrupt).  The  con- 
tamination of  any  substance,  especially  of 
the  air. 

Vitili'go.     See  Leucodertna. 

Vit^reous  (vitrum,  glass).  Glass -like, 
hyaline.  V.,  Artificial.  See  Eviscera- 
tion. V.  Degeneration,  disease  of  the 
intima  of  arteries.  V.  Humor,  or  Body. 
The  transparent,  jelly-like  substance  filling 
that  portion  of  the  globe  of  the  eye  pos- 
terior to  the  lens,  called  the  Vitreous 
Chamber.  V.  Tables,  the  dense  osseous 
laminje  on  the  inner  and  outer  surfaces 
of  the  cranial  bones. 

Vit'riol  [yitrum).  In  chemistry,  a  term 
formerly  used  to  designate  any  substance 
having  a  glassy  fracture  or  appearance. 
v..  Blue,  copper  sulphate  or  "  Ijlue  stone," 
CuSO^.  v..  Green,  feiTous  sulphate  or 
"copperas,"  FeSO^.  V.,  Oil  of,  sulphuric 
acid,  HjSO^.  V.,  White,  zinc  sulphate, 
ZnSO,. 

Virtus'  Dance,  St.     See  Chorea. 

Vivip'arous  {vivas,  alive,  pario,  to  bring 
forth).  In  zoology,  applied  to  the  young 
of  animals  which  are  brought  forth  alive. 

Vivipa'tion    [vivus,  pario).      In   embry- 


ology, that  form  of  generation  in  which  the 
ovum,  expelled  from  the  ovary,  clings  to 
the  maternal  organ  and  derives  its  nourish- 
ment directly  from  the  mother  until  birth. 

Vivisec^tion  {vivus,  seco,  to  cut).  The 
dissection  of  an  animal,  or  experimentation 
upon  it,  while  still  alive,  for  scientific  pur- 
poses. 

Vo^cal  {7'ox,  the  voice).  Pertaining  to  the 
voice  or  its  organs.  V.  Cords,  a  name 
given  to  certain  membranes  of  the  larynx 
by  which  the  sounds  of  the  voice  are  pro- 
duced. They  consist  of  superior  or  false 
cords  and  inferior  or  true  cords.  The 
latter  are  thin  bands  of  elastic  tissue  reach- 
ing from  the  wings  of  the  thyroid  to  the 
arytenoid  cartilage. 

Voice.  The  sound  produced  by  the  vibra- 
tion of  the  vocal  cords  and  modified  by  the 
resonance  organs. 

Vo^lar  {vola,  the  palm).  Pertaining  to  the 
palm  of  the  hand. 

Vola'tic  {volatuni,  from,  volo,  to  fly).  Fly- 
ing, momentary. 

Volatile  {volo).  Capable  of,  or  prone  to 
volatilization. 

Volatiliza^tion  (zwlatuni).  The  change 
of  a  solid  or  liquid  to  a  gaseous  form  by 
heat. 

Voli''tion  {volo,  to  be  willing).  The  will 
or  determination  to  act. 

VolseFla  {vello,  to  pluck).  A  forceps  for 
removing  foreign  bodies  from  the  throat. 

Volt.  The  unit  of  electromotive  force,  or 
the  force  sufficient  to  cause  a  current  of 
one  ampere  to  flow  against  a  resistance  of 
one  ohm.  The  following  is  the  voltage 
of  several  popular  cells:  Sraee  0.65,  Bun- 
sen  1.90;  Daniell  1.05  ;  Callaudo.6o;  Le- 
clanche  1. 50.  V. -ampere,  the  amount  of 
pressure  developed  by  a  current  of  one 
ampere  having  an  electro-motive  force  of 
one  volt.  Its  mechanical  equivalent  is 
about  44.2  foot-pounds  per  minute.  It  is 
sometimes  called  a  Watt. 

Volta'ic  {I'olta,  an  Italian  scientist).  Per- 
taining to  galvanic  or  batteiy  currents.  V. 
Alternatives,  in  electro-therapeutics,  cur- 
rent-reversals. 

Voltam'eter  {volt,  a  unit  of  electro- motive 
force, //fr/joi',  a  measure).  An  instrument 
for  ascertaining  the  electro-motive  force  of 
a  current  in  volts. 

VoFume.  In  physics,  the  space  which  a 
sul)stance  fills.     Cubic  dimension. 

Volumet^ric  AnaFysis.     See  Analysis. 

Voluntary  {7'oluiitarius).  Pertaining  to 
or  under  the  control  of  the  will.  V. 
Muscle,  striped  muscle. 


VOLVULUS 


4G3 


WASH 


VoPvulus  [volvo,  to  roll).  A  twistint:;  of 
the  Ixjwel  upon  itself.  An  old  name  was 
//eac  J^assion. 

Vo'mer  (Lat.,  a  plowshare).  The  thin 
plate  of  Ixjne  which  separates  the  nostrils. 

Vom'ica  (-.■onto,  to  vomit).  A  collection  of 
pus  in  the  luntjs  or  adjacent  organs  that  may 
discharjje  through  the  bronchi  and  mouth. 

Vom'it  ^;w;/c').  To  expel  from  the  stom- 
ach liy  vomiting. 

Vom^iting  (rw/zc).  The  forcible,  convul- 
sive ejection  of  the  contents  of  the  stomach, 
duo<lenum,  or  intestines  through  the  mouth. 
V.  of  Blood.  .See  I/,i-»iiitc»usis.  V., 
Stercoraceous,  the  ejection  of  f.vcal 
matter  in  emesis. 

Vomito-ni'gro(rw;/c,;//i,v;-, black).  Black 
vomit.     A  name  for  yellow  fever. 

Vom'itory  {z\>»io).  Any  agent  or  sub- 
stance that  induces  emesis.  Also,  a  vessel 
to  receive  the  ejecta. 

Vom'itus  {-■onto).  Vomited  matters.  V. 
Cruentus,  bloody  vomit. 

Vora'cious  {roro,  to  devour).  Having  an 
insatiat)le  appetite  or  desire  for  food.  See, 
also,  Bulimia. 


Vorac'lty  (7'oro).  Greediness  or  rapa- 
ciousncss  for  fcKxl. 

Vor'tex  (l.at.,  a  whirl).  A  name  ajiplied 
to  the  spiral  arrangement  of  the  fibres  of 
the  walls  of  the  heart. 

Vow'els.  The  oliief  sounds  of  the  voice, 
funned  by  the  vibrations  of  the  vocal  cords 
unmodified  by  the  resonance  organs. 

Vox.     See  Voice. 

Vul'gar  {'■u/s^^ans).     Common.     Popular. 

Vul'nerary  (x'k/hus,  a  wound).  In  thera- 
peutics, any  remedy  or  agent  useful  in 
healing  wounds. 

Vul'va  [-i'o/fo,  to  roll  up).  Same  as 
pudendum,  though  not,  strictly  speaking, 
including  the  mons  veneris.  V.,  Garrulity 
of,  vaginal  llalus. 

Vulvis'mus.     See  I'di^'nisinus. 

Vulvi'tis.      Inflammation  of  the  vulva. 

Vul'vo-  (rv/Zrw).  A  l^tin  preli.x  denoting 
connection  with  or  relation  to  the  vulva. 

Vulvo  -  vag'inal.  Pertaining  conjointly 
to  the  vulva  and  the  vagina.  V.  Glands, 
the  small  glands  situated  one  on  each  side 
of  the  vulva  near  the  vagina. 


w 


Wachendorfs  Membrane.  The  fatal 
membrane  of  the  pupil  of  the  eye.  It 
atro]jhies  about  the  seventh  month. 

Wagner  and  Meissner's  Corpuscles. 
Tactile  end-organs  lying  in  the  papilla;  of 
the  skin. 

■Wagner's  Spot.     See  Macula. 

Wahoo.      See  I:uotiymuS. 

Waist'coat,  Straight,     i^tc  Jacket. 

Wale.      See   ll/iral. 

Wallerian  Law  of  Degeneration. 
I'Vom  exjx-riments  Waller  showed  that  the 
trophic  center  of  the  anterior  roots  of  sjiinal 
nerves  lies  in  the  multi|Kj|ar  nerve  cells  of 
tlie  anterior  horn  of  gray  matter,  while  that 
of  the  |>osterior  root  lies  in  the  ganglion 
placed  u|x)n  it.  (Jencrali/.cd.the  law  pre- 
dicates that  the  course  of  the  iin|)ulses  in  a 
nerve  may  lie  a.scertained  by  tracing  the 
rourse  of  the  subsei|urnt  defeneration. 

Wall'-eye.  A  vulgarism  used  to  express 
the  a|)|K-arance  of  leucoma  of  tiie  coniea, 
or  of  eye.s  with  a  liglit  colored  iris. 


Wall  Pepper.     See  .SeJuni  Acre. 

War'burg's  Tincture.  Consists  of  aloes 
lb  j,  rad.  rhei ;  scm.  angelica; ;  confec.  Da- 
mocratis  aa  5  iv ;  rad.  helenii;  croci 
sativi ;  sem.  foenuculi ;  creta^  prep,  aa  x,  ij  ; 
rad.  gentians: ;  rad.  zeodari;e ;  pip.  cubeb;e; 
myrrh  elect. ;  camphora' ;  liolet.  laricis  ; 
aa  3J.  Digest  with  proof  spt.  ,^500,  and 
add    (|uinia    disulph.   3  x.      I'ilter.      Dose 

Ward-carriage.  An  apparatus  for  hospi- 
tal-service mounted  ujwn  wheels,  and 
containing  a  reservoir  of  water,  and  other 
materials,  instruments,  etc.,  useil  in  surgi- 
cal ojieratioiis  and  dressings. 

Wardrop's  Operation.  Ligature  of  the 
artery  beyond  an  aneurism. 

Warm-blooded.  Used  of  animals  that 
niainlain  an  uiiifonn  temperature,  whatever 
the  iliatiges  of  temi)erature  in  the  sur- 
rouniling  medium. 

Wart.      .See   I'erruici. 

Wabh.     .See  Lotion. 


WASHING 


464 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


Wash''ing.  The  mechanical  operation  of 
separating  soluble  from  insoluble  matter. 

Wast^ing.     See  Atrophy. 

Walter.  See  Aqua.  W.-bed,  a  rubber 
mattress  containing  water ;  used  to  pre- 
vent the  formation  of  bed-sores.  W.  on 
Brain.  See  Hydrocephalus.  W. -brash. 
See  Pyrosis.  W.  of  Crystallization, 
the  water  employed  in  giving  molecular 
structure  to  the  crystals  of  chemical  salts, 
to  which  their  pliysical  qualities  are  due. 
W.-cure.  See  Hydropathy.  W.,  Dis- 
tilled. See  Aqua.  W.,  Florida,  a  per- 
fume consisting  of  oleum  bergamii  ^iv, 
comp.tinct.  benzoini  f^  ij,  alcohol  Oj.  W., 
Hard,  natural  waters  containing  soluble 
calcium  salts,  distinguished  by  tlieir  curd- 
ling action  on  soap.  W.  Hemlock.  See 
Corvbaiie.  W.,  Mineral.  See  Mineral 
Water.  W.,  Rice.  See  Oryza.  W., 
Soda.     See  Soda  Water. 

Watt.  In  electro-mechanics,  one  volt- 
ampere.     See  Volt. 

Wave-Lengths  and  Frequencies  of 
Light.  Tiie  ethereal  wave-lengths,  to- 
gether with  their  frequencies,  of  the  visible 
portion  of  the  spectrum  are  given  in  the 
following  table.  The  average  vibrational 
frequency  of  white  light  has  been  estimated 
at  554  millions  of  millions  per  second. 

TABLE-  OF  THE  WAVE-LENGTH 

AND  FREQUENCY  OF  LIGHT. 

(FROM  DANIELL.) 


Line  A 

Center  of  red,  .    . 

Line  B, 

Line  C 

Center  of  orange- 
red 

Center  of  orange, 

Line   D' 

Line    D' 

Center  of  orange- 
yellow,     .   .    .    . 

Center  of  yellow, 

Center  of  green, 

Line  E 

Lined 

Center  of  b  1  u  e  - 
green, 

Center  of  cyan - 
blue, 

Line  F,    

Center  of  blue,    . 

Center  of  violet- 
blue,     

Line  G, 

Center  of  puce- 
violet 

Line  H* 

Line  H'' 


Frequencies- 

PER  SEC. 


395,000,000,000,000 

437,300,000,000,000 
457,700,000,000,000 


508,905,810,000,000 
510,604,000,000,000 


570,000,000,000,000 


617,900,000,000,000 


697,300,000,000,000 


756,900,000,000,000 
763,600,000,000,000 


Lengths 

IN  Cm. 


.00007604 
00007000 
. 00006867 
.00006562 

.00006208 
.00005972 
.00005895 
.000058S9 

.00005879 
.00005S08 
.00005271 
.00005269 
.00005183 

.00005082 

.00004960 
.00004861 
.00004732 

.00004383 
.00004307 

.00004059 
.00003968 
.00003933 


Wax.     See  Cera  and  Cerumen. 

Wax^y  Degenera^tion.  See  Degenera- 
tion. 

Weal.     See  Wheal. 

Wean.  To  cease  to  give  suck  to  off- 
spring at  a  period  when  the  latter  is  capa- 
ble of  taking  substantial  food  from  external 
sources. 

Weber's  Experiment.  A  tuning-fork  on 
the  vertex  is  heard  more  distinctly  with 
the  closed  ear.  AA^.'s  Law.  SeeFechner's 
Law.  W.'s  Paradox.  When  so  loaded 
that  it  cannot  contract,  a  muscle  may  elon- 
gate. 

Wei  de  Meyer's  Catarrh  Remedy.  A 
proprietary  remedy  composed  mainly  of 
sodium  carbonate. 

Weigert's  Method.  Hardening  and  stain- 
ing medullated  nerve-fibers,  and  so  tracing 
their  course. 

Weights  and  Measures.  The  U.  S. 
standard  unit  of  weight  is  the  Troy 
pound;  it  was  copied  in  1827,  from  the 
imperial  troy  pound  of  England,  for  the  use 
of  the  U.  S.  Mint,  and  there  deposited. 
It  is  standard  in  air,  at  62°  Fall.,  the 
barometer  at  30  inches. 

TROV  WEIGHT. 

Grains. 
24  =      I  dwt. 
480  =    20  =     I  oz. 

5760  =  240  =  12  =  I  lb.  =  22.816  cu.  in.  of  dis- 
tilled water  at  62°  Fahr. 


AVOIRDUPOIS  WEIGHT 

Drachms. 

16  ^         I  oz 

256  =       16  = 

6400  =     400  ^ 

25600  =    1600  = 

512000  =  32000  = 


=  437-5  grains  troy. 
I  lb.  =  1. 2153  lb.  troy. 

25  =    I  quarter. 

100  ^4=1  cwt. 
2000  =  80  =  20  =  I  ton. 


APOTHECARIES  WEIGHT. 

Grains. 

20  ^     1  scruple. 
60  =     3=1  drachm. 
480  =    24  ^   8  =    I  oz. 
5760  =  288  =  96  =  12  =  I  lb. 

APOTHECARIES'  MEASURE. 

60  niin.  =  1  fluid-drachm. 

8  fluid-drachms  ^  i  fluid-ounce. 
16  fluid-ounces     ^  i  pint. 

8  pints  =  I  gall. 

45  drops,  or  a  common  teaspoonful,  make 
about  I  fluid-drachm;  2  tablespoonfuls  about 
I  fluid-ounce;  a  wineglassful  about  i34  fluid- 
ounces  ;  and  a  teacupful  about  4  fluid-ounces. 

LIQUID,  OR  WINE  MEASURE. 

Gill  =  7.2187  cu.  in. 

4  ^       I  pint  =  28.875  cu.  in. 

8  =       2  =       I  quart  =  55.75  cu.  in. 
32  =       8  =       4  =      I  gallon. 
2010  =    404  =  252  :=    63  =  I  hogshead. 
4032  =:  1008  =  504  =  126  =  2=1  pipe. 
8064  =  2016  =  1008  =  252  =  4  =  2=  1  tun. 


\\'EIGHTS  AND  MEASURES        4(i5        WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


The  Standard  Unit  of  Liquid  Meas- 
ure adopted  by  the  U.  S.  ClovernmeiU  is 
the  Winchester  Wine  Gallon,  which 
contains  231  cubic  inches,  and  holds  8.339 
lbs.  Avoir,  of  distilled  water,  at  its  ma.\i- 
nium  density  weigheil  in  air,  the  barome- 
ter Ix-ing  at  30  inches. 

The  Imperial  Gallon  adopted  by 
Great  Hritain  contains  277,274  cubic 
inches,  and  equals  1.20x332  U.  S.  gallons. 

The  Standard  Unit  of  the  U.  S.  and 
British  linear  measure  is  the  yard.  It 
was  intended  to  be  exactly  the  same  for 
both  countries,  but  in  reality  the  U.  S.  yard 
exceeds  the  British  standard  by  .000S7 
inch.  The  actual  standard  of  length  of 
the  U.  S.  is  a  brass  scale  82  inches  long 
prepared  for  the  Coast  .^ur\ey  and  de|X5sited 
in  the  office  of  Weights  and  Measures  at 
the  U.  S.  Treasury  Dept.,  Washington. 
The  yard  is  between  the  27th  and  the  63d 
inch  of  this  scale.  The  temperature  at 
which  this  scale  is  designed  to  be  standard, 
and  at  which  it  is  used  in  the  U.  S.  Coast 
Survey,  is  62°  Fahrenheit. 


SQUARE  MEASURE. 


Inches. 

12= 

36= 
72= 
198= 

7920=  660 
63360=5280 


LONG  MEASURE. 


I  ft. 

3    =      I  yd. 
6=2=1  fath. 
>6.5=      55  =    2.75    =    I  pch. 

220     =110         =  40  =1  fur. 
1760      =880        =320  =8    =1  m. 


Inches. 

144= 
1296= 
39204— 
156S160 


I  foot. 

9     =1  yard. 
27225-    30.25= 
10890     -=1210 


6272640—43560     =4840 


■    I  perch. 
'  40=-!  rood. 
'  160=4=  I  acre. 


An  acre  is  69.5701  yards  square  ;  or,  208.710321 
feet  square. 


A  township  is  6  miles  sqr.  ^^    36  sect 
A  section      "i      "  =^  640  acre 


-16 


lonSi 
640  acres. 
=  160      " 
=    40      " 


SOLID  MEASURE. 

Cu.  in. 

1728  =    I  cu.  foot. 
46656  =  27  =  1  cu.  yard. 

DRV    MliASURE. 

Pint  =  33  6  cu.  in. 

2  =    I  quart  =  67.2  cu.  in. 

8  =    4  =  1  gallon  =  268.8  cu.  in. 
16  =    8  =  2=1  peck  ^  537.6  cu.  in. 
64  =  32  ■=  8  =  4  =  I  bushel. 

The  standard  U.  S.  bushel  is  the 
Winchester  bushel,  which  is,  in  the 
cylinder  fonn,  lSl<  in.  diameter  and  8 
in.  deep,  and  contains  2150  42-100  cub. 
inches. 


The  English  Impe 
rial  bushel 


{2218.192  cu.  in. 
1. 03152  l'.  S.  bush. 
I  8  Imperial  bushels. 
The   Eng.  quarter  =^  8>/(  (nearlv)  U.  S.  bu. 
(.10.2694  cubic  feet. 


Milli^amme 

Centigramme 

Dec-igranime 

Gramme 

Decagramme 

Hectogramme 

Kilogramme 

MvrioKrammc 

OiihUal 

Tonneau 


METRIC,   OR  FRENCH  WEIGHTS. 

Gramme.        Troy  Gr. 
-  .001  =      .01543 

.01    =      .15433 
=  .1      =    1.5433    Avoir.  Oz. 

—  i5-433«6  —      .03528  = 

—  .3528    " 

—  3 -527.^8  = 

—  35-2758    — 


I. 

10. 

100. 

1000. 

lOOOO. 

■  lOOOOO. 

■  lOOOOOO. 


Avoir.  I,b. 
.0022047 
.022047 
.2204737 
2.204737 

—  22  ai737 

—  220.4737 

—  2204.737 


Lit. 


METRIC,  OR   FRENCH 
U.  S.  Cu.  In. 


Milliliter 
Centiliter 
Deciliter 
Liter 
Decaliter 
Hectoliter 
Kiloliter 
Myrialitcr 
30 


.001  — 


—  .01    — 


.061-- 
.61    ■ 


■-         I. 


—  10. 


—      100.       — 


Li<pii(I 
Dry 
LI(|ui(I 
Dry 
Liquid 
Dry 
Li(|ui(l 
Dry 
/  Lic|ui(i 

•T !  ■^'^> 

,  ,,,  _  fLiquiil 
3-53«  —  \  ijry 

Li<|uicl 


—  6.1      — - 

—  61.02    — 


—  610.16 
U.  S.  Cu. 


—    35-31    — 


DRY  AND  LIQUID  MEASURE. 

u.  s. 

.00S45  gill. 

.0018    ]iint. 

.0845 
.018 

-R45 
.18 

3  113 
18       pt 
2  641 
9  (>8 
26.414 

2«37 
264.141 

2837-1 


Dry 


~  10000.        —  353.1 


fLi<|uid  2641.4 
Dry         28J.7 


gill. 

pint. 

gill  — •  21 13  pints. 

pint. 

pints  —  1.057  quarts. 

—  .908  qis.  —  .1135  p. 
gallons. 
(Its.  —  i.i35I>-  —    .284  b. 

{;aItoiiH. 
lushels. 
f;all<>ns. 
lushcls. 
gallons, 
bushels. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES.        466        WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 

METRIC,  OR   FRENCH    CUBIC    OR   SOLID    MEASURE. 


Cub.  Centimeter 

Cub.  Decimeter 

Centistere 

Decistere 

Stere 

Decastere 

Hectostere 


Cu.  Meter.     U.  S.  Cu.  In. 
=        .0001     =  .0610165 

=        .001      =      61.0165 
=        .01        =    610.165    = 
=       .1         =  6101.65      = 


U. 


I. 

10. 
100. 


S.  Cu.  Ft. 
•353105 
=       3-53105 
=      35-3105 
=    353-105 
=  3531-05 


U.  S.  Cu.  Yd. 

=        .13078 
=      1-3078 
=    13-078 
-=  130.78 


METRIC,   OR  FRENCH   LINEAL   MEASURE. 


Millimeter*  = 
Centimetert  = 
Decimeter  = 
Meter  = 

Decameter  ^ 
Hectometer  = 
Kilometer  = 
Myriameter 


Meter. 
.001 
.01 
.1 
I. 
10. 
100. 
1000. 
I 0000. 


U.  S.  In. 
=      -03937  = 
=      -3937    = 
=    3-937     = 
=  39-3685    = 


Ft. 

.00328 
.03280 
.32807  = 
3.2807  = 
=  32-807  = 
=  328.07  = 
=  3280.7  = 
=  32807, 


*  Nearly  the  ^  part  of  an  inch. 


Yd. 
.10936 
=         1.0936 
=       10.936 
=      109.36 
=    1093.6 
=  10936. 
fFuU^inch. 


Mile. 
=    .0621347 
=    .6213466 
=  6.213466 


METRIC,  OR  FRENCH  SQUARE  MEASURE. 

Sq.  Meter.      U.  S.  Sq.  In. 
Sq.  Centimeter  =       .01  ==  .155  Sq.  Ft.  Sq.  Yd. 

Sq.  Decimeter   =       .1    =         15.5    =            .10763=          .01196  Acre. 

Centiare             =     i.     =     1549-88  =         10.763     =         1.196    =  .00025 

Are                      =    ID.     =  154988.      =     1076.3         =      119-6       =  .0247 

Hectare              =  100.                          =  107630.          =  iigsg-         =  2.47 

Sq.  Kilometer    =       .38607  Sq.  Mile                                                  =  247. 
Sq.  Myriameter  =  38.607          •'                                                          =  24708. 

COMPARISON  OF  U.  S.  AND  FOREIGN  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 


Austria, 

Bremen, 

Buenos  Ayres,    .  .   . 

China, 

Cuba 

Denmark 

England 

France 

Hamburg, 

Japan,    

Mexico 

Norway  and  Sweden, 
Papal  States,   .... 

Portugal, 

Russia, 

Turkey, 


Weights. 


Name. 
Pfund 

Libra 

Catty 

Libra 

Fund 

Pound 

Kilo 

Pfund 

Monme 

Libra 

Skalpund 

Libbra 

Libra 

Funt 

Oka 


U.  S.  fts.  Av. 

=  1-235 
=  1.099 
■=  I. 0127 

=  1-3333 
■=  1.0119 
=  1.1025 

=  2.0246 
=  1.0683 
=  3-858 
=  I. 0119 
=    -937 
=    -7475 
=  1.0119 
=  0.903 
=  2.834 


Liquid  Measures. 


Name. 
Euner 
Stubchen 
Frasco 

Arroba 

Pott 

Imp.  gallon 

Liter 

Ohm 

Masa 

Frasco 

Kamea 

Barile  (w'e) 

Almude 

Vedro 


U.  S.  gals. 

=  14-95 
=      .851 
=      .627 

=   4.1 

=      -255 
=    1.2003 
=      .2642 
=  38-278 
=      -459 
=      -4 
=      .662 
=  15.412 
=    4.422 
=    3-249 


Dry  Measures. 


Name. 

Nutze 

Scheffel 

Fanega 

Sei 

Fanega 

Fonda 

Imp.  bushel 

Hectoliter 

Fass 

Fanega 

Rubblio 
Alqueire 
Chetviert 
Kilo 


U.  S.  bush. 

=  1-745 
=  2.103 

=  3-894 
=  3-472 
=  3.124 
=  3-948 
=  I-0315 
=  2.838 

=  1.56 
=  1-547 

=  .836 
=  -393 
=  5-956 


WEIGHTS  ^VJ<D  MEASURES.        4ti7        WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 


The  following  table  of  approximate  and  exact  equivalents  of  the  metric  and  common 
weights  ami  mciisurcs  may  prove  scrviceaMe. 


LENGTH. 

Accurate 
Unit  of  Mc\.surt-»it-nt.  Approximate  Equivalent.        Equivalent. 

1  iiicli 2%  cubic  ccnlinictcrs 2-539 

1  cciiliim.tcr  dJo  n>i;tt:r), 0.4  inch 0.393 

1  yard I  nifttr 0.914 

1  meter  (39.37  inches), i  yard 1.093 

1  foot 30  centimeters 30-479 

I  kilometer  (1000  meters), ?g  mile 0.621 

I  mile, iM  kilometer 1.609 


SURFACE. 

Accurate 
Unit  of  Measurement.  Approximate  Equivalent.        Equivalent. 

I  hectare  (10,000  sq.  meters), 2%  acres 2.471 

1  acre \  hectare, 0.404 


WEIGHT. 

Accurate 
Unit  of  Measurement.  Approximate  Equivalent.        Equivalent 

1  gramme 15K  Rraiiis 15.432 

I  grain 0.064  gramme 0.064 

1  kilogramme  (1000  grammes) 2i  lbs.  avoirdupois 2.204 

I  pound  avoirdupois ^  kilogramme, 0.4^3 

I  ounce  avoirdupois  (437K  grains),    .   .   .  28;^  grammes 2S.349 

I  ounce,  Troy  or  apothecary  (480 

grains) 3'  grammes 3i-io3 


Accurate 
Unit  of  Measurement.  Approximate  Equivalent.        Equivalent. 

I  cubic  centimeter 0.06  cubic  inch 01*1 

1  cubic  inch i6'/i  cubic  centimeters 16.386 

I  liter  (1000  cubic  ctnlimcters) 1  U.  S   standard  <iuart 0.946 

1  t'nitcd  States  quart 1  liter i.f>.S7 

I  (lui.I  ounce 29!^  i"hic  rtntimeters »■>  570 


WEIL'S  DISEASE 


468 


WRY-NECK 


Weil's  Disease.  An  infectious  febrile 
disorder  somewhat  resembling  typhoid 
fever,  accompanied  by  muscular  pain,  and 
grave  disturbance  of  the  digestive  organs. 

Welt.     See  Wheal. 

Wen.     See  Sebaceous  Cyst. 

Westphal's  Symptom.  Loss  of  the 
knee-jerk  in  tabes. 

Wet-nurse.     See  N'tirse. 

W^et-pack.  Wrapping  a  patient  -wi^h.  a 
wet  sheet  covered  with  dry  blankets. 

Weyl's  Test  (for  kreatinin).  Add  to 
urine  a  few  drops  of  a  slightly  brownish 
solution  of  nitro-prusside  of  soda,  then 
weak  caustic  soda  solution,  producing  a 
Burgundy-red  color,  which  soon  disappears. 
Heated  with  glacial  acetic  acid  the  color 
changes  to  green,  and  later  to  blue. 

Wharton's  Duct.     See  Duct. 

Wharton's  Jelly.     See  Cord. 

Wheal.  A  raised  stripe  or  ridge  on  the 
skin.  May  be  caused  by  a  stroke  or  by 
acute  superficial  inflammation.  W.W^orm, 
the  Acarus  scabiei,  or  itch  insect. 

Wheat.   The  seeds  of  Triticum  hibernum. 

WheeFhouse's  Opera^tion.  The  in- 
cision into  the  urethra  through  the  perin- 
?eum,  for  the  treatment  of  stricture. 

Wheez^ing.  The  half-stertorous,  sibilant 
sound  occasionally  observed  in  the  breath- 
ing of  persons  affected  with  croup,  asthma 
or  coryza. 

Whey.  The  liquid  part  of  milk  separat- 
ing from  the  curd  in  coagulation. 

Whis^ky.  See  Spiritus.  W.  Nose.  See 
Acne  Rosacea. 

White.  In  chromatics,  the  color-effect 
produced  by  a  mixture  of  the  primaiy 
colors.  W.  Leg.  See  Phleg7)iasia  Alba 
Dolens.  W.  Matter.  '$>&&  Brain.  W. 
Oak  Bark.  See  Quej-cus  alba.  W.  Pre- 
cipitate. See  P7-ecJpitate.  W.  Sub- 
stance of  Schwann.  See  Schwann. 
W.  Swelling.  See  Hydrarthrosis.  W. 
Vervain.  The  root  of  Verbena  urtici- 
folia.  Of  reputed  value  in  malarial  fevers. 
Dose  of  fld.  ext.  tTLxx-xl.     Unof. 

Whites.     See  Leucorrhcca. 

Whitlow.     See  Panaris, 

Whoop^ing  Cough.     See  Pertussis. 

Whore'house  Tea.     See  Tepopote. 

Wild  (A.  S.).  Not  domesticated.  W. 
Bergamot.  The  herb  Monardafistulosa. 
In  large  doses  a  powerful  diaphoretic.  A 
reputed  antiperiodic.  Dose  of  the  fld.  ext. 
n\,xv-3j.  W^.  Cherry.  See  Prunus 
Virginia.  W.  Liquorice.  See  Abrus. 
W.  Yam.     See  Dioscorea. 


Willis,  Circle  of.     See  Circle. 

WiKlow.     See  Salix. 

Winckel's  Disease.  An  epidemic  dis- 
ease of  children,  characterized  by  cyanosis, 
jaundice  and  hsemoglobinuria. 

Wind^pipe.     See  Trachea. 

Wine.     See  J'inum. 

Winslow,  Fora^men  of.     See  Foramen. 

Win^tergreen.     See  Gaulfheria. 

Wirsung,  Duct  of.     The  pancreatic  duct. 

Wis^dom  Teeth.     See  Teeth. 

W^itch  Ha^zel.     See  IJaina/nelis. 

With^ering.  The  shriveling  or  atrophy  of 
an  organ. 

Wolffian  Bodies  and  Ducts.  See  Re- 
productive Organs. 

Womb.     See  Uterus. 

W^ood  Oil.     See  Gurjun  Balsam. 

Wools,  Holmgren's.  A  collection  of 
colored  wools  used  in  the  detection  and 
estimation  of  subnormal  color-perception. 

Wool-sorter's  Disease.  Wool-sorters 
are  liable  to  blood-poisoning  from  various 
causes,  especially  to  the  disease  anthrax. 

Woora^ra.     See  Curare. 

Word-blindness.     See  Aphasia. 

Word-deafness.     See  Aphasia. 

Wor^mian  Bones.  A  name  given  to  the 
supernumerary  bones  of  the  skull,  which 
are  frequently  formed  owing  to  the  abor- 
tion or  imperfect  ossification  of  the  tabular 
bones. 

Worm  Tea.     See  Spigelia. 

Worm^wood.     See  Absinthum. 

Wound  (Sax.,  vund).  A  break  or  divi- 
sion of  continuity  of  the  soft  parts  caused 
by  mechanical  violence.  W.,  Contused, 
produced  by  a  blunt  body.  W.,  Gun- 
shot, caused  by  a  projectile.  W^.,  Incised, 
from  a  cutting  instrument.  W.,  Lacer- 
ated, the  tissues  are  torn.  W.,  Poisoned, 
toxic  materials  are  carried  into  the  wound, 
as  in  Dissection  W.,^/c.  W.,  Punctured, 
made  by  a  pointed  instrument. 

Wreath.     See^A'aryoh'nesis. 

Wrisberg.     See  Cartilage. 

Wrisberg,  Nerves  of.  The  nerves  sup- 
plying the  skin  of  the  arm,  branching  from 
the  second  and  third  dorsal  nerves. 

Wrist-drop.  A  paralysis  of  the  extensor 
muscles  of  the  hand  accompanying  lead- 
poisoning. 

Wrist-joint.  The  articulations  of  the  car- 
pal with  the  metacarpal  bones. 

Writer's  Cramp.     See  Paralysis. 

Writer's  Palsy.     See  Paralysis. 

Wry-neck.     See  Torticolllis. 


XANTHELASMA 


4G9 


XIPHOID  APPENDIX 


Xanthelas^ma  (fnrft)f,  e?.a(yfia,  a  lamina). 
Sj^)Ol>  of  yellowish  discoloration  of  the  skin 
of  the  face,  especially  alxjut  the  eyes. 

Xan'thic  (fiiif'of).  Yellow;  applied  to 
the  yellow  color  of  tlie  urine. 

Xan'thine  (•ai'tlo^).  A  leucomalne  found 
in  nearly  all  the  tissues  and  liquids  of  the 
animal  economy,  and  also  in  many  plants; 
also,  in  minute  quantities  as  a  normal  con- 
stituent of  urine.  It  is  formed  at  the  same 
time  with  adenine,  guanine  and  hy[X)xan- 
thine,  in  the  decomposition  of  nuclein  by 
dilute  acids.  Guanine  is  convertible  into 
it;  and  xanthine  is  thought  to  be  one  step 
lower  as  an  intermediate  product  of  nuclein 
decom[X)sition,  and  nearer  the  uric  acid 
limit  of  oxidation.  It  protiably  is  oxidized 
in  the  Ixxly  as  fast  as  formed.  It  is  non- 
poisonous  and  a  muscle-stimulant,  espe- 
cially of  the  heart. 

Xan'tho-  (farf^of).  A  Greek  word  used 
as  a  prefix  to  denote  yellow  or  yellowness. 

Xantho-creat'inine.  The  most  abundant 
of  muscle-leucomaines,  so  called  from  the 
sulphur-yellow  color  of  its  crystals,  and  its 
resemblance  to  creatinine.  It  appears  in 
the  physiologically  active  muscle  at  the  same 
time  with  creatinine,  constituting  sometimes 
one-tenth  of  the  creatinine  present.  It  has 
been  found  by  Monari  in  the  aqueous  ex- 
tracts of  the  muscles  of  a  tired  dog,  and  in 
the  urine  of  soldiers  fatigued  by  marching. 
In  large  doses  it  is  decidedly  jxaisonous, 
prwiucing  depression,  somnolence,  extreme 
fatigue,  frequent  defecation,  and  vomiting. 

Xanthoder-'ma  {^ai'ilor,  dcpua,  the  skin). 
Yellowness  of  the  skin. 

Xanthodont'ous  {^<n>hr,  o<Vivr,  a  tooth). 
^'cllow  discoloration  of  the  teeth. 

Xanthokyan'opy  (factor,  M'orof, blue,  ui/', 
eye).  Kcd-green  blindness  with  undimin- 
ished siHictrum. 

Xantho'ma  {^nvftor) .  Xanthela.sma; 
\'itiligoiilea;  Molluscum  ("hole^terique; 
Fibroma  Lipomatodes.  .Soft,  fibro-fatty, 
neoplaitic  growths  occurring  in  the  sha|)0 
of  yellowish  plates  or  tubercles  in  the 
corium.  Not  a  common  disease.  ( )ccur- 
ring  in  the  eyelid.s,  the  most  frequent  seat 
of  the  di.scasc,  it  is  called  X.  I'li/^f  lira  rum  ; 
in  the  fonn  of  jilates,  X.  PUtuum  ;  in  the 
>>ha|if  of  lul)erclcs,  X.  'J'ub,rosum,elc.  X. 
Diabeticorum.  A  rare  disease  Inraring 
wjmc  exlrrn.il  resemblance  to  xanthoma, 
but  dilfering  widely  in  pathology.     •Miu'ked 


by  firm  and  solid  lesions.     A  symptomatic 
accomiianimcnt  of  diabetes. 

Xanthop''athy  (^avft)f,  -afef,  a  sufl'ering). 
^'ellowness  of  the  skin  from  morbid  con- 
ditions. 

Xan'thophane.     See  Chromophanes. 

Xan'thophyll  (far^of,  ^I'A/'.oi',  a  leaf). 
The  yellow  coloring  matter  in  leaves  and 
petals. 

Xanthoprote'ic  Reac'tion.  The  deep 
orange  color  obtained  by  the  addition  of 
ammonia  to  the  yellow  reaction  of  proteids 
heated  with  strong  nitric  acid. 

Xanthop''sia  {^avdo^,  yellow,  oi/j/f,  vision). 
The  yellow  vision  sometimes  accompany- 
ing jauijdice. 

Xantho'sis  (far/?of).  The  yellow  pig- 
mentation sometimes  observed  in  cancer. 

Xanthrox'ylum.  Prickly  Ash.  The  bark 
of  X.  fraxineuin  and  X.  carolinianum. 
A  stimulant,  aromatic,  bitter  sialagogue 
and  emmenagogue.  Of  repute  in  chronic 
rheumatism  and  "  biliousness."  Dose  gr. 
x-xxx.  X.  Decoctum,  unof.,  3J-Oij. 
Dose  5J-ij.     X.  Ext.  Fid.     Dose^ss-j. 

Xenogen'esis.     See  Heterogenesis. 

Xenomen'ia.  See  Alcnstr nation,  Vica- 
rious. 

Xera''sia  {i'/po^,  drj-).  A  disease  of  the 
hair  marked  by  cessation  of  growth  ami 
excessive  dryness. 

Xeroder^ma.  See  Ichthyosis.  X.  Pig- 
mentC'sum.     See  AlrophoJcnna. 

Xero'ma.     See  Xerophthalmia. 

Xeroph'agy  {^'/pog,  <p(i}'tiv,  to  eat).  The 
use  of  dry  or  desiccated  aliment. 

Xerophthal'mia  (i'/pof,  dry,  o(j>0(i?.ftog, 
eye).  A  dry  and  thickened  condition  of 
the  conjunctiva,  due  to  chronic  conjunc- 
tivitis or  diseases  of  the  lachrymal  appa- 
ratus. 

Xero'sis  of  the  Conjunctiva.  See  Xi-r- 
ophlhahiiia. 

Xerosto''ma  {^'/por,  arofin,  a  mouth). 
.'\ptyali>ni,  or  dry  mouth. 

Xiphister'num  (V'<,>"C,  a  sword,  st<r»iiw). 
The  metasternum  or  ensiform  cartilage. 
See  Xiphoid. 

Xiphicos'tal  Lig''ament.  A  ligament  ex- 
tending from  the  xiphoid  bone  to  the  car- 
tilage of  the  eighth  ril>. 

Xi'phoid  Appen'dix  or  Process  (f"^'",). 
The  third  piece  or  ensiform  process  of  the 
stermim.  It  is  cartiiaginuus  in  youth  and 
osseous  in  mature  age. 


XIPHOPAGUS 


470 


Y-SHAPED  CARTILAGE 


Xiphop''agus  {^i(()og,  nayeig,  united).  A 
monomphalic  monstrosity  united  by  the 
xiphoid  cartilages  or  epigastrium.  The 
Siamese  twins  were  an  example. 

Xy'lo-  [^v?iOv,  wood).  A  Greek  word 
used  as  a  prefix  to  denote  connection  with 
or  relation  to  wood. 

Xy^loid  [^v2ov,  £i6o(,  resemblance).  Re- 
sembling or  having  the  nature  of  wood. 

Xyloid^'in  (fvAov).    A  nitrocellulose  tissue 


formed  by  the  action  of  nitric  acid  on  potato 

starch. 
Xy'lo!.      Dimethyl  benzine.      A   volatile 

hydrocarbon  somewhat  resembling  benzol. 

It  has  proved  serviceable  in  smallpox. 
Xyphod^ymus     (f^^of,   6t6v/jog,   double). 

A  sysomic  monstrosity  with  united  pelvic 

and  thoracic  cavities,  two  legs  and  with  an 

occasional  rudimentary  third  leg. 


Yam.  The  esculent  root  of  several  species 
of  Dioscorea,  commonly  known  as  the 
sweet  potato. 

Yar-'row.     See  Achillea. 

Yava-skin.     Same  as  Elephantiasis. 

Yawn^ing.     See  Pandiculation. 

Yaws.     See  Frambccsia. 

Yeast.  The  plant  Saccharomyces  cere- 
visice,  an  alga.  It  is  best  known  as  a  fer- 
ment thriving  in  saccharine  solutions, 
breaking  up  the  sugar  molecule  into  car- 
bon dioxide  and  alcohol.  In  domestic 
economy,  it  is  used  in  leavening  bread,  the 
porosity  of  the  latter  being  due  to  the  es- 
caping carbon  dioxide.  It  is  also  the 
essential  principle  in  alcoholic  fermenta- 
tion. In  medicine,  it  has  proved  of  value 
as  an  application  to  foul  ulcers  and  as  an 
internal  remedy  in  putrid  fevers. 

Yelk.  Popularly,  the  "yellow"  of  a  hen's 
egg.  Embiyologically,  the  contents  of  the 
egg  within  the  vitelline  membrane.  Y., 
Formative,  the  cicatricula  (tread)  corres- 
ponds to  the  contents  of  the  mammalian 
ovum.  Y.,  Yellow,  the  yellow  mass  cen- 
trally located.  Y.,  White,  the  albuminous 
white  of  the  egg. 


Yel'low.  A  compound  color  of  the  spec- 
trum. Y.  Dock.  See  Ritmex.  Y.  Fever. 
See  Fever.  Y.  Jasmine.  See  Gelsemimn. 
Y.  Nightshade,  See  Savana  Flower. 
Y.-spot.  ^ne.  Mactila  liitea.  Y.  Wash. 
A  lotion  consisting  of  hydrarg.  oxychloride 
gr.  ij,  liquor  calcis   ^j. 

Yer^ba  (Sp.).  An  herb.  Y.  Mansa.  The 
root  of  Amenopsis  californica.  Stimulant, 
astringent  and  tonic.  Employed  in  Cali- 
fornia and  Arizona  for  malarial  disorders. 
Dose  of  fid.  ext.  TTLxv-^j.  Unof.  Y. 
Reuma.  The  herb,  Frankenia  gratidi- 
folia,  common  in  California.  Astringent. 
Of  high  repute  in  catarrhal  affections  of 
the  urinary  tract.  Dose  of  fid.  ext.  TT\^x-xx. 
Unof.     Y.  Santa.     See  Friodictyon. 

Y- Ligament.    The  Iliofemoral  ligament. 

Yolk.     See  Yelk,  and  J'itellum. 

Young-Helmholtz  Theory.  See  Color- 
sensation. 

Youth.  The  period  between  childhood 
and  maturity. 

Y-shaped  Cartilage.  A  cartilage  that 
unites  the  three  elements  of  the  pelvis. 


ZEA  iMAVS 


471 


ZOCCIIEMIA 


Z 


Ze'a  Mays.  Maize,  Indian  Com.  The 
stiijinata  of  inai/e  ur  "corn  silk."  Active 
principle  lhou<^ht  to  be  an  organic  (niai- 
zenic)  acid.  A  mild  diuretic,  used  with 
success  in  incontinence  of  urine  and  rheu- 
matism. Dose  of  the  fld.  e.\t.  3J-ij.  .\11 
unof. 

Zelotyp'ia  [^t/?.og,  zeal,  tv-tu,  to  strike). 
A  niunuinaniacal  l)elief  that  one  is  per- 
secuted by  others. 

Ze'ro.  Any  character  denoting  absence  of 
•  luantity.  In  physics,  the  jx)int  from  which 
tlicrmometers  are  graduated. 

Zinc,  or 

Zin'cum  (I^t.  gen.  zinci).  Zn  =  64.9; 
quantivalence  II.  One  of  the  metallic 
elements,  having  a  lustre  like  that  of  lead. 
Represented  in  medicine  by  several  of  its 
salts,  all  of  which  are  more  or  less  jxaison- 
ous.  In  small  doses,  tonic  and  astringent. 
In  larger  (luantities,  strong  emetics.  Km- 
ployed  mainly  as  lotions  in  conjunctivitis, 
various  catarrhs  and  certain  skin  diseases. 
Z.  Acetas.  Dose,  internally,  gr.  ^-ij; 
as  lotion,  gr.  ij  to  3J  of  water.  Z.  Car- 
bonas  Precipitat.,  dusted  over  wounds  as 
a  protection.  Z.  Chloridum,  tonic  and 
escharotic.  Dose,  internally,  gtt.  iv-viij 
of  a  "^  ss  to  5  iij  solution,  in  spt.  ether ;  as 
a  collyrium,  gr.  j-ij  to  5J  of  water.  Z. 
Chloridum,  Liq.,  i<  to  i  j^er  cent,  in 
strength.  Z.  lodidum.  Dose  gr.  ss-ij. 
Z.  dxidum.  Dose  gr.  j-x.  Z.  Oxidum 
Ung.,  20  per  cent,  in  l)en/,oinate(l  lard. 
Z.  Sulphas.  Dose,  as  tonic  and  astrin- 
gent, gr.  ,',,-ij ;  as  emetic,  gr.  x-xxx.  Z. 
Valerianas.  Dose  gr.  ^j-ij.  See,  also, 
A:/,iis  Test. 

Zin'giber.  Ginger.  The  rhizome  of  Z. 
offiiinali-.  I'ro|KTties  due  to  an  oleo-resin. 
A  stimulant  and  carminative.  Kxctllent 
to  relieve  (latulence,  to  conect  the  gri|)ing 
of  |iurgativf.s,  and  as  a  flavoring  adjuvant. 
Z.,  Fid.  Ext.  DoseTT\^x-3ss.  Z.  Oleo- 
resina,  extracted  iiy  ether.  Dose  n\^^-ij. 
Z.,  Syr.,  2  jK-r  cent,  of  the  tinct.  in  syruj). 
Z.,  Tinct.,  20  \iex  cent.  Dose  n\^x-.!^ij. 
Z.  Troch.,  each  contains  gr.  ij  of  the 
tinct.,  with  tragacanth.  sugar,  (tc. 

Zinn,  Zonule  of.     See  /.otiuU. 

Zoan'thropy  (,''^"►'1  ai'<>i>oTor,  a  man).  A 
fonn  of  monomania  in  which  the  |M-rson 
afTectci!  imagines  him.s<  If  transformed  itiKj 
an  animal. 

Zo'ctropc  {s<jr/,  life,  T/jtrru,  to  turn).      An 


instnimcnt  that  by  revolution  of  a  scries 
of  pictures  before  the  eye  gives  them  the 
appearance  of  a  person  or  animal  in  mo- 
tion, the  pictures  successively  representing 
single  ph;ises  of  acomj^und  act.  Called, 
also,  a  p/ianiil-istoscojie. 

Zoiat^ria  (C(^i',  tarpeta,  medical  treat- 
ment). The  art  and  science  of  veterinary 
surgery. 

Zoiat'rics.     See  Zoiatrin. 

Zo'ism  (C(j<)r).  The  condition  and  phe- 
nomena of  animal  life. 

Zollner's  Lines.  A  device  to  illustrate 
false  estimates  of  direction  or  parallelism, 
by  intersecting  lines  crossing  parallel  lines 
at  a  certain  angle. 

Zona  (^Lat.).  A  zone.  A  belt,  zone,  or 
girdle.  A  name  given  to  certain  ipaces 
traversing  the  cortical  envelope  of  the 
kidney,  as  Z.  gloiiierosa,  Z.  fasciculala, 
Z.  reticularis, etc.  Z.,  Ophthalmic.  See 
Herpes.  Z.  Pellucida,  the  thick,  solid, 
elastic  envelojie  of  the  ovum,  coiTespond- 
ing  to  the  cell-wall  of  a  cell.  Called  the 
\'itelline  membrane.  It  contains  the  Vitel- 
lus  or  yelk,  corres[X)nding  to  the  cell  con- 
tents of  the  cell;  the  Cerminal  Vesicle 
(corresponding  to  the  nucleus  of  the  cell), 
which  last  contains  the  Cienninal  Sjxjt,  cor- 
res[K)nding  to  the  cell -nucleolus.  Z., 
Vasculosa,  the  medullary  substance  of 
the  Graafian  vesicles. 

Zonaesthe'sia  {zona,  aioOi/air,  scnsatitm). 
I'erverled  feeling  in  which  there  is  a  sense 
as  of  a  cincture,  or  halter,  or  constriction 
alout  a  part ;  also  called,  Stran^a/trst/ie.'n'a. 

Zone  [zona,  a  band).  A  band  of  the  earth's 
surface  between  circles  parallel  to  the  ecjua- 
tor.      Hepatic  Z.     .See  Hepatic. 

Zon'ula  (dim.  of  zona).  A  little  /one 
or  belt.  Z.  Ciliaris,  the  thin,  vascular 
layer  connecting  the  margin  of  the  retina 
with  the  circumference  of  the  crystalline 
lens. 

Zon'ule,  or  Zon^ula,  of  Zinn.  The  sus- 
jK-nsory  ligament  of  the  cryslalline  lens  of 
the  eye. 

Zon'ular  Cafaract.     See  Cataract. 

Zoo-  (^u"i\  an  animal).  A  (ircek  wtml 
used  as  a  ])relix  to  denote  connection  with 
or  relation  to  animal  life. 

Zoobiol'ogy  (C«J"r,  bii</«i^').  Animal 
physiology. 

Zocichc'mia  (C'J«i'  ,V'',""".  chcmi.slry). 
The  (luniislry  of  animal  life  and  tissui-s. 


ZOOGENESIS 


472 


ZYMOTIC 


Zo<5gen''esis  [i^uov,  yfwaw,  to  beget).  The 

generation    of    animal   forms.       Animal 

breeding. 
ZooglcE^a  (Cwov,  animal,  }?i.otog,  glue).     A 

mass  of  microbes  in  a  gelatinous  or  gluey 

substance. 
Zoogon^ia  {C^ov,  yevvau,  to  beget).    Vivi- 
parous generation. 
ZoogonoKogy  {zoogonia,  Tioyog,  a  treatise). 

A  treatise  on  the  origin  and  development 

of  animal  life. 
Zobg^onous  {^o>ov,  yewau).     Viviparous, 

in  contradistinction  to  oviparous. 
Zo6g''raphy  {Co)ov,  (j>pa^u,  to  write).     A 

descriptive  treatise  on  the  distribution  of 

animals. 
ZooFogy  {^cjop,  ?ioyog,  a  treatise).     That 

branch  of  natural   history  treating  of  the 

form,  the  nature  and  the  classification  of 

animals. 
Zobnom''ia   (C"oi',   vofiog,  a   law). 

prindples  or  laws  of  animal  life. 
Zooph^agous  [(uov,  (jyayeiv,  to  eat). 

sisting  on  animal  life. 
Zo'ophyte  (^wov,  (pvrov,  a  plant).     A  form 

of  marine  animals  externally  resembling 

plants. 
ZoophytoFogy  [zoophyte,  "^.oyoq,  a  treatise). 

The  study  of  zo5phytes. 
Zoopsychology  [C,uov,  psychology').    The 

psychology  of  animal  life. 
Zo^ospores  (Cwov,  anopov,  a  seed).     The 

detached    spore    or   seed    of   an   alga   or 

zoophyte. 
Zootech^nics  {C(Jov,  tex^V,  an  art).     The 

art  of  stock-raising,  or  care  of  animals. 
Zoof'omy  (Cwov,  refivu,  to  cut).     Dissec- 


The 


Sub- 


tion  of  animals,  in  the  study  of  compara- 
tive anatomy. 

Zos^ter,  Her^'pes.     See  Hopes. 

Zygo^ma  {(.vyufia,  the  cheek-bone).  The 
arch  in  the  bones  of  the  face  formed  by  the 
interarticulation  of  the  temporal  with  the 
cheek-bones. 

Zygomat^ic  (^nyw/za).  Pertaining  to  the 
zygoma  or  cheek-hone. 

Zygomat^icus.     See  Muscle-Table. 

Zy^lonite.     See  Celluloid. 

Zy''mase.     See  Microzytna. 

Zyme  (i^vfiTf,  a  fennent).  The  specific 
virus  or  cause,  organic  or  not,  of  a  zymotic 
disease. 

Zy^mine.     See  Zyme. 

Zy'mogen  {(vfir/,  yevvau,  to  beget).  The 
"  mother-substance  "  in  the  pancreas  which, 
taking  up  o.xygen,  forms  trypsin. 

Zymol^ogy  {sVfV,  /•-oyog,  a  treatise).  A 
treatise  on  the  origin  and  nature  of  fer- 
mentation.    Bacteriology. 

ZymoFysis  {C,viiti,  IvaLQ).  Chemical 
changes  produced  by  fermentative  action. 

Zymo^ma  [Cvuoo),  to  fennent).  Any  fer- 
ment, fermented  mixture  or  culture. 

Zymosim^eter  [(v/iuaig,  fermentation,  fis- 
Tpov,  measure).  A  device  for  measuring 
fermentative  processes. 

Zymo''sis  (C^'jW;).  Fermentation.  The 
condition  of  one  affected  by  a  zymotic  dis- 
ease. 

Zymofic  (Ct'/"/).  Pertaining  to  a  ferment 
or  a  pathogenic  microbe.  Z.  Diseases, 
those  generally  classed  as  epidemic,  en- 
demic or  contagious,  now  believed  to  be 
due  to  specific  viiiises. 


APPENDIX  A. 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

By  Judson  Daland,  m.  d., 
Of  Philadelphia. 

The  writer  has  given  considerable  thought  to  the  question  of  classification  of  mineral 
waters,  and  after  a  thorough  study  of  those  hitherto  brought  forward,  is  strongly  of  the 
opinion  that  the  heading  under  which  a  spring  is  placed  should  indicate,  as  near  as  may 
be,  the  chief  therapeutic  action  of  that  spring. 

Wliile  a  purely  chemical  classification,  such  as  the  excellent  one  suggested  by  Dr.  /\.  C. 
Peale,  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,*  is  scientifically  more  accurate,  it  is  feared  tliat 
the  practical  physician  would  be  confused  when  he  came  to  make  his  selection,  by  the 
large  number  of  subdivisions  necessitated  by  this  plan  of  division. 

Though  realizing  fully  the  imperfection  of  the  present  classification,  it  has  seemed  that 
the  needs  of  those  consulting  this  work  would  be  best  subserved  by  its  adoption. 

Occasionally  a  spring  possesses  the  marked  characteristics  of  more  than  one  class.  Such 
springs  are  entered  under  both  groups. 

All  analyses  have  Ijeen  reduced  to  the  U.  S.  gallon  of  231  cubic  inches,  so  as  to  simplify 
the  comparative  study  of  the  value  of  the  diflerent  waters,  and  for  the  sake  of  brevity,  the 
principal  ingredients  are  represented  by  their  chemical  formula;  as  follows: — • 


Lithium  bicarlxjnate. 
Ammonium  bicarbonate. 
Sodium  bilxirate,  .    . 
carlx)nate,    . 
bicarJjonate, 
chloride,  .    . 
sulphate,  .    . 
Magnesium  carlionalL-, 
bicarlx)nate 
chloride,     . 
sulphate,    . 


.  MI^IICOj, 
.  21^)3  + loHjO, 
.  Na.^C()3, 
.  Na-^HCOj, 
.  NafI, 
.  Na.,S(\, 

.  Mg(lIC03)„ 

.  MgStV 


Fe(HCO,), 


Ferrum  bicarl)onate, 
carbonate,    . 
sulphate, 
oxide,  .    .    . 
Calcium  sulphate, 

bicarbonate, 
carbonate,  . 
chloride, 
phosphate, 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen  gas, 
Carbonic  acid  gas. 


3» 


FeCO, 

l-eSO„ 

FeC), 

CaSO^, 

CallICO,),, 

CaCO,, 

CaCl.,. 

Ca,(I'()J„ 


II.,S 
CO... 


I.  DIURKTIC  WATF.R.S. 
These   springs   owe  their  action  chiefly  to  the  increased  quaniiiy  of  water  taken  iiy 
|jatienls,  who  thus  flash  out  all  the  eniuMclories,  cs|jecially  stiinuiatiiig  ihe  flow  of  urine. 

*  In  a  paper  read  before  the  Amcrlc-ati  ClimatoIoi;ical  Association. 

17:5 


474 


In  practical  medicine,  waters  of  this  class  are  used  very  extensively,  and  justly  so.  They 
are  of  undoubted  value  in  many  conditions.  It  is  needless  to  dwell  upon  the  great  benefit 
to  be  derived  from  the  increased  use  of  ordinary,  pure  drinking  water,  as  this  is  universally 
recognized,  but  in  practice  it  is  found  that  patients  take  these  diuretic  waters  more  willingly, 
in  larger  amounts  and  for  a  longer  time  than  the  ordinary  drinking  water,  of  which  they 
soon  become  satiated.  Ordinarily  it  is  best  to  take  a  large  tumbler  of  this  water  before 
breakfast,  between  meals  and  a',  bed-time,  thus  using  two  to  three  pints  in  the  twenty-four 
hours.  I  may  be  permitted  to  mention  a  few  of  the  ordinary  conditions  in  which  these 
waters  produce  their  best  results ;  and  as  first  in  importance  are  the  diatheses,  lithsemic, 
gouty,  rheumatic,  oxalic,  phosphatic  and  uric  acid.  Good  results  have  also  been  obtained^, 
in  renal  calculus,  acute  and  chronic  congestion  of  the  kidneys,  acute  nephritis  and  at  times 
in  the  course  of  chronic  Bright's  disease  and  diabetes.  As  the  use  of  pure  water,  in  large 
amounts,  produces  an  increase  in  the  amount  of  bile  and  at  the  same  time  renders  it  more 
thin,  as  was  proven  several  years  ago  by  Bidder  and  Schmidt,  these  waters  are  used  with 
excellent  result  in  acute  and  chronic  hepatic  congestion,  catarrhal  inflammation  of  the 
mucous  membrane  lining  the  biliary  passages,  known  as  catarrhal  jaundice  and  gall  stone, 
both  during  the  attack  and  in  the  interval. 

I  append  a  few  analyses  in  full  of  typical  springs  belonging  to  this  group,  followed  by 
a  full  list  of  springs  of  this  class,  with  amount  of  each  active  ingredient  in  a  U.  S.  gallon 
of  231  cubic  inches  : — 


SWEET  SPRINGS,   BEDFORD,  PENNSYLVANIA. 
(Analyst,  F.  A.  Genth.) 
One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 
Carbonate  of  calcium,      ....  0.522  grs. 

"              magnesium,    .    .    .  0.135  " 
Silicic  acid, 0.654  " 


Free    carbonic 
52.7°  F- 


acid  .66   cu. 


1. 311  " 
in.      Temp. 


POLAND   SPRING,  SOUTH   POLAND,  MAINE. 
(Analyst,  C.  F.  Chandler.) 
One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 
Sulphate  of  potassa,  ....      0.1562  grs. 

Chloride  of  sodium, 0.2636    " 

Carbonate  of  sodium,     ....  0.1333    " 
"  calcium,    ....  1.2287    " 

"  magnesium,      .    .  0.5412    " 

Oxide  of  iron  and  alumina,         traces. 

Silica, I-II97    " 

Organic  and  volatile  matter,  .    .  0.2332   " 


SUMMIT   MINERAL  SPRING,  HARRISON,  CUM- 
BERLAND  COUNTY,   MAINE. 

(Analyst,  F.  L.  Bartlett.) 
One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 
Carbonate  of  sodium  and  potas- 
sium,     1.4019  grs. 

Chloride  of  sodium, 17 13    " 

Carbonate  of  calcium, 9904   " 

Carbonate  of  magnesium,       .    .    .2476   " 
Oxide  of  iron  and  aluminium,  distinct  trace. 

Silicum, 9800  grs. 

Silicic  acid  (in  solution). 

Organic  and  volatile  matter,  .    .     .2375    " 


Total, 


3-6759 


BERKELEY  SPRINGS,  MORGAN   COUNTY, 
WEST   VIRGINIA. 

(Analyst,  A.  A.  Hayes.) 

One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains— 

Calcium  carbonate, 5.000  grs. 

Sodium  chloride, 896   " 

Calcium  chloride, 208    " 

Magnesium  sulphate, 360   " 

Calcium  crenate, 3640   " 

Ferrous  crenate, 080   " 

"       silicate, 640   " 

Loss, .064 


Temperature,  46°  F.     Total,     .  4.0287    "         Temperature,  74°  F.     Total,     .  10.888   « 


47; 


CAPON       SPRINGS,       HAMl*SMIKK       COUNTY, 
WEST   VIRGINIA. 

(Analyst,;.  W.  Mallet.) 
OneU.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 

Suljihate  of  calcium, 477  Rts. 

"         potassium, ijf'    " 

Crenate  of  iron oSo    " 

Chloride  of  sodium, 240    " 

Carbonate  of  calcium 6.701    " 

"  sodium 475    " 

"  magnesium 160    " 

"  iron, 033    " 

Alumina, 014    " 

Organic  matter, 164    " 


9-774 
Carlx)nic  acid, 6.89S 

Nitrogen, 2.962 

O.xygen I.416 

Temperature,  65.50°  F. 


CRliSSON       M.\r,NESIA       SPRING,       OVMIiRIA 
COUNTY,    PENNSYLVANIA. 
(Analyst,  F.  A.  Genth.) 
One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains— 

Sulphate  of  calcium, 0.109  grs. 

Chloride  of  magnesium,     .    .    .     0.559    " 

"  calcium, I  304    " 

"  sodium 1.229    " 

l}icarlx)nate  of  iron, 0.017    " 

"  manganese,   . 

"  m;\gnisium,  . 

"  calcium,     .    . 

"  sodium,     .    . 

"  potassium, 

Phosphate  of  calcium,    ....    0.004 

Alumina, o.ooS 

Silicic  acid, ^  914 

Jsilrous  acid, trace 

Carbonic  acid, 0.663 


trace 

0.414 

0 

0.022 

<( 

1.425 

<i 

0.206 

i( 

BEDFORD    CHALYBEATE    SPRING,    BEDFORD 
COUNTY,    I'ENNSYLVANIA. 

One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 

Sul])hate  of  calcium, 2.741  gis. 

rhos]jhate  of  calcium, 033 

Carl>onate  of  calcium,    ....     8.8S5 
"  magnesium,  .    .    .     1.201 

"  iron, 442 

"  manganese,   .    .    .     trace 

"  s<Klium, 395 

"  ]H)tassium,    .    .    .       .132 

Chloride  of  .sotlium, 120 

Silicic  acid 793 


<< 
« 


6.874 


14.942    " 
Carlxjnic  acid, 12  cu.  in. 


All  Healing  Spring,  Catoosa  County,  ( Icorgia.      MgC<  (^  7,  CaSO^  39. 

Alum  Spring,  (Jnslow  County,  North  Carolina. 

Artesian  Well,  Winslow,  Camden  County,  New  Jersey. 

Ashley  Springs,  North  Carolina. 

Augu.-^ta  Springs,  Augii.sta  County,  \irginia.     Sec  Stribling  Springs. 

It.ilh  or  Ucrkeley  .Sjirings,  Morgan  County,  Virginia.     74°  F. 

iSirclid.-ilc  S|)ring,  Conconl,  N.  II. 

l'la(  k  Harren  Spring,  Lancaslcr  Coimly,  Pennsylvania. 

llryant's  Springs,  Lincoln  County,  Ktnlurky.     Numbers  I,  11  .\\\i\  111. 


476 

Buffalo    Lithia    Springs,   Mecklenburg  County,   Virginia.     CaSO^   and   Ca(HC03)2   39, 

Li(C03)2  2,  HjS,  6.68  cubic  inches.     Temperature  60°  F. 
Capon  Springs,  Hampshire  County,  West  Virginia.     65.5°  F. 
Chalk  Creek  Hot  Springs,  Chalk  Creek,  Colorado.     130°  F. 
Chalybeate  Spring,  Bedford  Springs,  Bedford  County,  Pennsylvania.     CaCOj  9,  CaSO^  3, 

FeCOg  trace,  COj  21  cubic  inches.     52.70°  F. 
Chenowith  Chalybeate  Spring,  Bedford  County,  Pennsylvania. 
Cherry  Hill  Phosphate  Spring,  Otsego  County,  New  York.     Ca.^{rO^\  14. 
Cherry  Valley  Phosphate  Spring,  Otsego  County,  New  York. 
Clymerara  Spring,  Manor  of  Maryland,  Maryland. 
Cola  Springs,  Browns  Mills,  New  Jersey. 
Concord  Spring,  Concord,  New  Hampshire. 
Daggy  Spring.     See  Greencastle. 
Dew  Drop  Spring.     See  Greencastle. 
Epsom  Spring,  in  Wyandotte  Cave,  Indiana.     MgSO^  24. 
Estill  Chalybeate  Spring,  Estill  County,  Kentucky.     CO.^  41  cubic  inches. 
Estill  Red  Sulphur  Spring,  Estill  County,  Kentucky.     COj  40  H.^S  .56  cubic  inches. 
Farmville  Lithia  Water,  Farmville,  Virginia.     NaCl  5,  NaSO^  3,  Li(C03)2  3,  Fe(C03)j  I, 

K,Al,(SO,),  2. 
Fayette  Spring,  Fayette  County,  Pennsylvania. 
Field  Spring,  Lincoln  County,  Kentucky. 

Florida  Spring,  Montgomery  County,  New  York.     (NaHC03)2  22. 
Glen  Alpine  Springs,  Burke  County,  North  Carolina. 
Greencastle  Daggy  Spring.     Ca  CO3  14. 

Greencastle  Dew  Drop  Spring,  Putnam  County,  Indiana.     CaCOj  12. 
Grove  Spring,  Lincoln  County,  Kentucky.     CaCOj  10. 
Hawkin's  Mineral  Springs,  Wayne  County,  Indiana. 

Healing  Spring  (New),  Bath  County,  Virginia.    Ca  CO3  18,  CO^  5  cul)ic  inches.     88°  F. 
"       (Old)        "  "  "  Ca  CO3  18,  CO2  4     "  "  85°  F. 

Hot  Spririgs,  Garland  County,  Arkansas.     93°  to  105°  F. 
Howard  Well,  Lincoln  County,  Kentucky. 
Hubbardston  Well,  lona  County,  Michigan.     CaCOj  17. 
Jenisalem  Mineral  Spring,  Cannan,  New  Hampshire. 
Jordan  Chalybeate  Spring,  Rockbridge  County,  Virginia.     Co^  6. 
Kimberling  Springs,  Bland  County,  Virginia. 
Lebanon  Spring,  Columbia  County,  New  York.     73°  F. 
Leslie  Spring,  Ingham  County,  Michigan.     CaCOg  18.     CO,^  12  cubic  inches. 
Limestone  Spring,  Bedford  Springs,  Bedford  County,  Pennsylvania.     CaC03  7,  CO^  21 

cubic  inches.     51.8°  F. 
McVittey's  Saltillo  Springs,  Huntingdon  County,  Pennsylvania.     Ca  (11003)^  10. 
Magnesia  Spring  (Cresson  Springs),  Cambria  County,  Pennsylvania. 
Magnesia  Spring.     See  Versailles  Spring. 
Marion  Artesian  Well,  Grant  County,  Indiana. 

Marranetta  Mineral  Spring,  Harrisonburg,  Virginia.     CaCOa  15,  Mg  CO3  7.     50°  F. 
Massanutten  Spring,  Rockingham  County,  Virginia.     59-7°  ^'■ 
Mineral  Spring,  ten  feet  from  May's,  P)edford  County,  Pennsylvania. 
Mineral  Spring,  at  the  Mound  in  Madison  County,  Indiana. 


477 

Minnequa  Spring,  Bradford  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Missiocjuoi  Springs,  Franklin  County,  Venuont.     NallCOj  S.     COj  ? 

Monitor  Spring.     See  \'ersailles  Spring. 

New  Spring.     See  Healing  Spring.  ^ 

Northjxjrt  Mineral  Spring,  Northiwrt,  Maine. 

NuckoH's  Springs,  Grayson  County,  North  Carolina. 

Old  Spring.     See  Healing  Spring. 

Orkney  Springs  (Bear's  Wallow  .Spring),  Shenandoah  County,  Virginia.     (,'( )^  5. 

Orkney  Springs  (Healing  .Spring),  Shenandoah  County,  Virginia.     CO,  j. 

Gurry  Spring.     See  Versailles  Spring. 

Terry  Springs,  Pike  County,  Illinois.     CaCOj  14.     48°  to  50°  F. 

Pine  Grove  Mineral  Spring,  Dover,  Stratford  County,  New  Hampshire.     45°  F. 

Plummer  Bromine  Arsenic  Spring,  Ashe  County,  North  Carolina. 

Poland  Mineral  Spring,  South  Poland,  Maine. 

Rawley  Springs,  Rockingham  County,  Virginia. 

Red  Sulphur  Spring.     See  Estill  Springs. 

Red  Sulphur  Springs,  Monroe  County,  West  Virginia.     54°  F. 

Rock  Spring,  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Saltillo  Spring.     See  McVittey's  Spring. 

Santa  Barbara  Hot  Sulphur  Springs,  near  Santa  Barbara,  California.     Na^COj  17.     112° 

to  122°  F. 
St.  Helena  White  Sulphur  Springs,  No.  7,  Napa  County,  California.    CaCl  +  Na,SO^  27. 

64.5°  to  97°  F. 
Stone  Sulphur  Spring,  Lincoln  County,  Kentucky. 
Stremmel's  Gettysburg  Lithia  Spring,  Adams  County,  Pennsylvania. 
Stribling's  Chalybeate  Spring,  Augusta  County,  Virginia. 
Stribling's  Sulphur  Spring,  Augusta  County,  Virginia. 
Sweet  Springs,  Bedford,  Pennsylvania.     Temi^erature  52.7°  F. 
Thompson's  Springs,  Ashe  County,  North  Carolina. 
Underwood  Spring,  Falmouth  Foreside,  ^Laine. 
Van  Cleuve's  Mineral  Spring,  Crawfordsville,  Indiana.     CaCOj  10. 
Versailles  Magnesia  Sjjrings,  Brown  County,  Illinois.     C(  ).^  24  cubic  inches.     58°  F. 
Versailles  Monitor  Springs,  Brown  County,  Illinois. 
Versailles  Ourry  Springs,  Brown  County,  Illinois. 

Virginia  Arsenic,  Bromine  and  Lithia  Spring,  Roanoke,  \'irginia.     CaCOj  6,  Mg  SO  43. 
Warner  Spring,  Albion,  Michigan.     Ca(  1 1( '( )., ).^  17. 

White  Cliff  Mineral  Springs,  Monroe  County,  Tennessee.     Three  grains  of  Mg(HCOj),. 
Yellow  Springs,  Green  County,  Ohio.     52°  F. 

II.   Il«iX  WATFRS. 

These  owe  their  virtues  to  the  presence  of  iron,  which  usually  exists  in  the  form  of  tlie 
bicarl»onate  of  the  protoxide,  held  in  solution  by  an  excess  of  carl)onie  acid  gas.  The 
amount  of  carl<on  dioxide  is  often  considerable,  rendering  the  water  decidedly  acidulous. 
In  m.my  of  our  mineral  springs,  like  those  at  Cre.sson,  for  instance,  the  iron  exists  as 
fcrroas  sulphate,  with  more  or  less  ferric  sulphate  from  the  oxidation  of  the  former. 

The  ordinary  indications  for  the  use  of  iron  are  well  met  by  the  use  of  the  waters 
belonging  to  this  clxss. 


478 

Those  springs  containing  sulphate  of  magnesium  and  sodium,  and  alkaUes,  in  addition 
to  iron,  such  as  those  chalybeate  springs,  containing  alum,  give  excellent  results  in  chronic 
gastric  or  intestinal  catarrhal  inflammation,  especially  when  associated  with  diarrhoea. 
Thorp's  Spring,  Texas,  or  the  New  Almaden  Vichy,  of  California,  should  be  of  special 
service  in  chlorosis  as  well  as  in  the  ordinary  anaemias.  The  following  list  comprises  the 
most  important  members  of  this  group,  together  with  several  examples  where  the  analysis 
is  given  in  detail : — 

Iron  and  Alum  Waters. 


CHURCHILL  ALUM,   VIRGINIA. 

One  U.  S.  Gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 

Sulphate  of  magnesium,    .    .    .  86.064  grs 

"   calcium,     ....  88.832  " 

"   potassium,     .    .    .     2.440  " 

"    ammonium,        .    ,    0.640  " 

"    sodium,      ....     1.944  " 

Chloride  of  sodium, 4.624  " 

Persulphate  of  the  sesquioxide  of 

iron, ....  51.264  " 

Bisulphate  of  the  sesquioxide  of 

iron, 83.352  « 

Sulphate  of  protoxide  of  iron,     24.184  " 

Persulphate  of  alumina,    .    .    .  72.928  " 

Silica, 10.424  " 

Phosphoric  acid, trace 


BATH   ALUM   SPRINGS,  BATH    COUNTY,   VA. 
(Analyst,  A.  A.  Hayes.) 
One  U.S.  Gallon  (231  cu. in.)  contains — 
Chloride  of  sodium. 
Sulphate  of  calcium, 
"       "    magnesium, 
"       "    potassium, 
Crenate  of  ammonium. 
Silicate  of  sodium,     .    . 
Protosulphate  of  iron. 

Alumina, 

Silica, 


2-539  grs. 

1.282 

0.258 

1.776 

3150 

21.776 

12.20^ 

43.084 

Free  carbonic  acid,  8  cubic  inches. 


426.696 


CRESSON  ALUM  SPRINGS,  CAMBRIA  COUNTY, 
PENNA. 

One  U.  S.  Gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 
Sulphate  of  ferric  oxide,       ,    .  83.390  grs. 

"       "    aluminium,    .    .    .  21.205  " 

"       "    ferrous  oxide,        .  16.253  " 

"    magnesium,  .    .    .  27.699  " 

"    calcium,     ....  40.202  " 

"    lithium,      ....    0.047  " 

"       "    sodium,      ....    0.704  " 

"       "    potassium,     .    .    .    0.426  " 

Chloride  of  sodium,       ....     0.023  " 

Bicarbonate  of  iron,       ....     3.784  " 
"            "    manganese,   ,    .     trace 
"            "    calcium,    .    .    . 
Phosphate  of  calcium,       .    .    .     trace 

Silicic  acid, 1.868  " 


« 


145-565 


479 
SiMi'LK  Ikon  Water. 


SHARON   CHALYBE/VTE  SPRING,  SCHOIIARIK 
COUNTY,  N.  Y. 

One  U.S. Gallon  (231  cu.  in.) contains — 
Sulphate  of  magnesium,      .    .    .  20.56  grs. 

"       "    calcium, 16.27    " 

"       "    stxlium, i--,>5    " 

"       "    iron, 24.00    " 


7318 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen,  I  cubic  inch. 
Temjierature,  48°  F. 


SCHUYLER    CHALYBEATE    SPRING,    SCHUY- 
LER   COUNTY,    ILL. 

(Analyst,  Dr.  Bl.-iiiey.) 
One  U.  S.  (Jallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 
Grains. 
Suipliate  of  calcium,     .    . 
"       "    magnesium, 
"       "    iron,      .    .    . 
Alkaline  suipliate,     .    .    . 
*'         jjliDSpliale,       .    , 
Silica, I.31 


Grains. 
73936     73'>'^6 
2.9S4         2.982 
69.960      69.959 
7-832 

7-836 


I315 


NEW   ALMADEN   VICHY,   SANTA   CLARA 
COU  N  lY,    CA  LI  I-OR  N 1  A. 

One  U.  S.  Gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 
Sodium  bicarbonate, 201  grs 

"       chloride, 33    " 

Calciunr  sulphate, 

"        carlionate 

Magnesium  sulphate,      12 

Ferri  carbonate,       5 

325 


ite,    -i 
late,  / 


156.024    156.028 
Iron  and  Aperients. 

thorp's  spring,  hood  county,  te.\.\s. 

One  U.  S.  Gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 

Ferri  carbonate, 40  grs. 

Sodium  sulphate 80    " 

"      carbonate, 100    " 


74 


220 


Free  carlxinic  acid  gas,  238  cu.  in. 

Adirondack  Spring,  WTiitehall,  New  York.     CaCO,  15,  MgCOj  13,  FeCOj  4,  CO.j  54.15 

cubic  inches.     52°  F. 
Bath  Alum  Spring,  Bath  County,  Va.     No.  I.  Alum  9,  CaP'eO  14,  CO.^  ll  cu.  in.     No.  2. 

FeO  21,  Alum  12  CO,  8  cu.  in. 
liedford  Alum  Springs,  Bedford  County,  Virginia.     FeSO^  23^,  MgSO^,  13,  CaSO^  I9. 
Catter  Spring.     .See  Rock  Fnon  Spring. 
Cave  .Spring,  Bath  County,  Virginia.     FeCOj  2. 
Church  Hill  Alum  .Springs,  Near  Richmond,  \'a.     Fe.XSO^)^  135,  FeSO,  24,  M«SO^  86, 

Ca.SO,  89,  A!,,(SO,)3  73. 
Columbia  Springs,  Coiumliia  County,  N.  V.     NaCl  84,  Ca.SO^  65,  MgCl.^  31,  CaClj  22, 

FeClj  31^,  H.^S  4.48  cubic  inciies. 
Congress  .Spring,  Santa  Clara  Co.,  California.     NaCO,  123,  NaCl  1 18,  FeCOj  13. 
Crab  Orchard  Acid  Spring,  Genesee  County,  New  \'ork.     IL^SO^  83,  CaSOj  40,  FeSO^  14. 
Crcsson  Springs,  Cambria  County,  IVnnsylvania. 

Iron  Spring.      FeS(  )^  and  Fe(  IICO,).^  29,  Ca.S(\  49,  MgS(\  23. 

.Alum  Spring.     ¥cS(\  and  Fc(nCOj),  53,  CaSO,  40,  MgSO^  28,  and  Al.^SO^),  21 
(jrains. 
Faufjuier  White  Suli)hur  Springs,  Fau(|ui<'r  County,  West  Virginia.     FeSO,  2.     55°  F. 
(ieyser  SjKi  Sjiring,  S<jnoina  (  ounly,  (  aiifornia.     Nal  K  '( ),  23,  Mn(  1 1C(  )j).^  lo,  Fe(  '<  \  4. 
Iron  Ulc  Manitou  Spring,  Colorado.     CaCO,  70,  Na,COj  70,  FcCO,  7,  CO,  ?.     44°  F. 


480 

Jordan  Rockbridge  Alum,  Rockbridge  County,  Virginia.     FeSO^  l8^  COj  6  cu.  in. 
Kittanning  Mineral  Spring,  Armstrong  County,  Pennsylvania.     FeSO^  24^,  MgSO^  27, 

CaSO^  65. 
Linwood  Spring,  Linwood,  Iowa.     FeCOj  27,  NaCl  93,  NaHCOj  40,  MgCl2  23. 
Manitou  Spring.     See  Iron  Ute. 

Napa  Soda  Spring,  Napa  County,  California.     FeCOg  16,  MgCOg  52.     68°  F. 
Napa  Soda   Spring,  Napa  County,  California.     MgCOj  26,  NaliCOg  13,  Fe2(CO.j)3  8. 

68°  F. 
New  Almaden  Vichy,  Santa  Qara  County,  California.     NaHC03  201,  NaCl  33,  CaSO^ 

and  Ca(HC03)2  73,  MgSO^  12,  FeCOg  5,  CO.^  238  cubic  inches. 
New   London   Alum    Springs,    Campbell    County,  Virginia.     FeSO^    231^,   MgSO^   13, 

CaSOi  19. 
Oak  Orchard  Spring,  Genesee  County,  N.  Y.     H^SO^  133,  FeSO^  33,  CaSO^  13. 
Ocean  Spring,  Jackson  County,  Mississippi.     FeO  5,  NaCl  48. 
Ojo  Caliente   Spring,  Ojo   Caliente,  New    Mexico.     Na^COj    115,  NaCl    32,  FeCOc,  6. 

100°  F. 
Owasso,  Chalybeate,  Owasso,  Shiawassee  County,  Michigan.     FeCOg  12,  MgCOj  II. 
Pacific  Congress  Spring,  ten  miles  S.  W.  Santa  Clara,  California.     FeCOj  14,  NaCl  and 

Na^COs  242.     50°  F. 
Pacific  Congress  Spring,  near  Santa  Clara,  California.     NaCl  119,  Na^COg  123,  FeCOj 

14.     50°  F. 
Ranch  Spring,  Estes  Park,  Colorado.     Fe(HC03)2  2.     58°  F. 
Richfield  Iron  Spring,  Otsego  County,  New  York.     CaSO^  and  Ca(HC03)2 17,  Mg(HC03)2 

12,  FeO  5,  CO2  16.     46°  F. 
River  Spring,  Estes  Park,  Colorado.     Fe(HC03)2  4.     58°  F. 
Rockbridge  Alum  Spring,  Rockbridge  County,  Virginia.     FeSO^  5,  Alumina  18. 
Rock  Enon  Spring,  Frederick  County,  Va.     FeCOg  14,  MgSO^  13. 
Saline  Chalybeate  Spring,  Schuyler  County,  Illinois.     Fe2(SO^)3  70,  CaSO^  74. 
Schuyler  County  Springs,  Schuyler  County,  Illinois.     CaSO^  74,  FeSO^  70. 
Sharon  Chalybeate  Spring,  Schoharie  County,  New  York.     FeSO^  24,  MgSO^  21.     48°  F 
Sparta  Artesian  Well,  Sparta,  Monroe  County,  Wisconsin.     FeCOa  9  grains. 
Stribling  Springs,  Augusta  County,  Virginia.       K2Al2(S04)4  16,  FeSOj  9,  CaSO^  12. 
Slryker's  Mineral  Water,  Stryker,  Ohio.     K2SO4  185,  MgCl2  119,  NaCl  232,  FeCOg  10. 
Tar  Spring,  Crawford  County,  Indiana.     FeCOg  4,  CaCOg  21. 
Thorp's  Spring,  Hood  County,  Texas.     FeCOg  40,  Na2S203  80,  Na2C03  100. 
Variety  Springs,  Augusta  County,  Virginia.     FeSO^  5  (NH4)2S04  12,  CaSO^  13, 

III.  CARBONIC   ACID   WATERS. 

These  owe  their  chief  virtue  to  the  presence  of  carbonic  acid  gas,  though  many  of  them 
contain  alkalies  and  alkaline  earths  in  sufficient  quantity  to  give  them  a  special  action. 

Though  springs  of  this  class  are  very  numerous,  it  is  remarkable  to  observe  how  fre- 
quently information  as  to  the  exact  amount  of  free  carbonic  gas  is  wanting,  and  that  has 
been  noted  where  the  analysis,  as  regards  the  mineral  constituents,  has  been  conducted 
with  great  care  and  accuracy.  Then,  too,  it  would  appear,  in  many  instances,  the  water 
is  sent  some  distance  for  analysis,  so  that  considerable  escapes  and  the  water  at  the  spring 
actually  contains  a  larger  quantity  of  the  gas  than  is  shown  by  the  analysis.  Many  springs 
containing  free  carbonic  acid  gas  also  contain  such  large  quantities  of  active  inorganic 


481 


substances  as  to  compel  us  to  classify  them  under  some  one  of  the  other  groups.  The 
waters  belonging  to  this  class  are  peculiarly  agreeable  both  to  the  palate  and  to  the  eye. 
Their  bright,  sparkling  ajiiK-arance  constantly  tempts  one  to  their  use,  and  thus  patients 
receive  large  quantities  of  water  almost  without  etVort.  Fever  patients  find  these  waters 
very  agreeable,  and  the  addition  of  this  gas  acts  as  a  sedative  to  the  gastro-mucous  mem- 
brane, and  when  taken  cold  and  in  sips  relieves  nausea  and  tends  to  check  vomiting.  This 
water  when  added  to  milk  is  admirably  received  by  some  patients  with  irritable  stomach, 
and  occasionally  milk  will  be  accepted  in  this  fonn  when  it  is  absolutely  refused  in  its  pure 
state.     Another  very  popular  use  to  which  these  waters  are  put  is  in  diluting  wines. 

Wherever  a  water  surcharged  with  the  gas  is  indicated,  these  springs  are  of  esjwcial 
value,  particularly  those  containing  a  miKlerate  amount  of  the  alkalies.  The  following 
analyses  are  otTered  as  examples  of  this  group,  to  which  belong  the  well-known  A|X)llinaiis, 
Giesshiibel  and  Vichy  springs : — 


swEtrr  sPRiNcs,  west  vircinia. 
(Analyst.  W.  B.  Rogers.) 
One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 

Chloride  of  sodium 0.136  grs 

"       "    magnesium.     .    .    .    0.312    " 

"       "    c.ilcium 0.144    " 

Sulphate  of  sodium 6.344   " 

"       "    magnesium,     .    .    .  10.392    " 

"       •'    calcium, 13.168   " 

Carbonate  of  sodium,      ....  " 

"        "    calcium 30.556   " 

"        "    magnesium,  .    .    .    0.S24  " 

Oxide  of  iron, 0.144  " 

Silicic  acid 0.021    " 

Iodine, trace 

Earthy  phosphates, trace 

62.041 
Free  carbonic  acid,  88  cubic  inches. 

giesshObler  (near  carushad),  boiiemia. 
One  U.  .S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 

Sodium  carbonate, 56.76S  grs. 

Calcium        "  12.672    " 

Magnesium "  2.720    " 

Ferrous         "  0.032    " 

Potassium    "  5248    " 

"        sulphate, 1. 776    •' 

chloride, 3.00.S    '' 

Silica 5.248    " 

Alumina;, 0.136    " 

«7-936 


CLYSMIC    NATURAL    SPRING    WATER,   WAU- 
KP:SIIA,    WISCONSIN. 
(Analyst,  Ralhbeiie.) 
One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 

Chloride  of  sodium, 1. 170  grs. 

Sulphate  of  potassa, 0.456    " 

Sulphate  of  soda, 0.560    " 

I{icarl>onate  of  lime, 16.044    " 

Bicarlx)nate  of  magnesia,      .    .  13  563     " 

15icari>onate  of  iron, 0.038    " 

liicarl  onate  of  .soda,      ....     1.261     " 

Phosphate  of  soda, 0.032    " 

Silica, 0.722    " 

( )rganic  matter,       I.()i6    " 

Alumina trace 


Carbonic  acid  (?) 


35-462 


SUMMIT    SODA    SPRINCS,     ALPINE    COUNTY, 
CALIEORNIA. 

One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 

Bicarbonate  of  calcium 43--0  grs. 

Carlx)nate  of  magnesium,    .    .    .    4. 20   " 

"         "    sodium 9.50   " 

Chloride     "         "         2().22    '• 

Oxide  of  iron, 1. 75    " 

Silica, 2.06   " 

Alumina •  75    " 

Potassium, trace 

88.68 
CarlKjnic  acid,  1S6.35  cubic  inches. 


3» 


APOI.I.INARIS   SI'RINi;,    NKIENAIIR,    RHENISH    PRISSIA. 
(Analyst,  MkIit.) 
One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 

Chloride  of  .s<Klium, 20.79  grs. 

Suljiliate  of  .sfxla 12. 2       " 

Carl)on.ite  of  M»da SS"?     " 

"  "    lime, 14  ('      " 

*'         "    m.ignesia 23.93    " 

Oxide  of  iron, 0.22    •' 

Silicic  aci<l i  '>8    " 

127.89 
Carbonic  acid,  376  culiic  inches. 


482 

Bladon    Sulphur    Spring,  Choctaw  County,  Alabama.      CO2  86  cubic  inches,  and  H2S 

1.30  cubic  inches. 
Bladon  Vichy  Spring,  Choctaw   County,  Alabama.     COj  no  cubic  inches. 
Blue  Lick  Springs,  Maysville,  Kentucky.     NaCl  8,  MgCl  76,  CaSO^  59,  CO^  46  cubic 

inches,  H^S  6  cubic  inches. 
Clarendon  Gaseous  Spring,  Rutland  County,  Vermont.     COj  46.16  cubic  inches.     50°  F. 
Clysmic  Spring,  Waukesha,  Wisconsin.     Mg(HC03)2  14,  Ca(HC03)2  1 6,  CO2  amount  not 

given. 
Saratoga  Vichy  Springs,  Saratoga  County,  New  York.    NaCl  128,  Na^COj  82,  Ca(nC03)2 

95,  MgCOg  41,  CO2  3.83  cubic  inches. 
Summit  Soda  Springs,  Alpine  County,  California.     NaCl  26,  Ca(HC03)2  43,  COj  186.35 

cubic  inches. 
Sweet  Chalybeate  Spring,  Alleghany  County,  West  Virginia.     CaSO^  33,  CO2  104  cubic 

inches.     75°  F. 
Sweet  Springs,  Monroe  County,  West  Virginia.     CaC03  and  CaSO^  43,  CO2  85.86  cubic 

inches.     74°  F. 

IV.  PURGATIVE  WATERS. 

These  waters  depend  for  their  action  largely  upon  sulphate  of  sodium  and  magnesium 
and  associated  salts  held  in  solution.  An  examination  of  the  analyses  of  the  springs  thus 
classified  shows  that  chloride  of  sodium,  carbonates  of  the  alkalies  and  alkaline  earths 
with  free  carbonic  acid  are  very  frequently  associated. 

Some  of  these  springs  contain  so  small  an  amount  of  salts  that  their  action  is  but  mildly 
laxative,  while  others  are  actively  purgative. 

When  a  gentle  saline  laxative  is  indicated  these  waters  often  give  better  results  than  the 
same  amount  of  Epsom  or  Glauber's  salts  dissolved  in  pure  water,  and  are  therefore  of 
greater  service. 

In  congestion  of  the  liver,  chronic  gastric  catarrh,  with  atony,  jaundice,  lithsemia,  gout, 
and  in  the  obese,  the  regular  use  of  a  water  of  this  class,  properly  selected  and  adminis- 
tered, yields  excellent  results. 

Most  of  the  Saratoga  waters  are  purgative  and  are  more  agreeable  than  many  others, 
from  the  large  quantity  of  free  carbonic  acid  gas  present.  Analyses  in  full  are  given  of 
Congress,  Hathorn  and  Seltzer,  as  examples  of  these  important  and  valuable  springs. 

Following  the  typical  examples  here  given  will  be  found  analyses  of  Carlsbad,  Hunyadi 
Janos,  Friedrichshall  and  Ofner  Rakozy. 

CRAB  ORCHARD   SPRINGS,   LINCOLN   COUNTY,  KY. 
(Analyst,  Prof.  A.  Peters.) 
One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cubic  inches)  contains — 

Sulphate  of  magnesium,  .  205.280  grs. 
"  "  calcium,     .    .     10.792    " 

Silica, 3.264    '• 

Loss  and  moisture,  .    .    .    34.584    " 


Carbonate  of  magnesium. 

7.640  grs. 

"          "  iron,    .    .    . 

trace 

"          "  calcium, 

53-184    " 

Chloride  of  sodium,     .    . 

17,728    " 

Sulphate  of  potassium,     . 

9.912    " 

"         "  sodium,     .    . 

59.072    " 

401.454 

Carbonate  of  calcium,  magnesium,  iron  and  silica. 


483 


PAGASSA   HOT  SPRINGS,  25    MILES    KRt  iM    III-:.\1)\VATERS   OF  SAN   JUAN    RIVER,  COL. 

(Analyst,  Prof.  O.  I-ocw.) 

One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cutic  inches)  contains — 

No.  1.  No.  2.  No.  3.  No.  4. 

Grains.  Grains.  Grains.  Grains. 

CarlHsnate  of  sodium, 2.745  1-945 

"           "  lithium, 0.415  trace  trace 

"  calcium, 34-45<^  34.74«  31^34  3-i-2<)^ 

"           "  magnesium,      ....       2.S32  2.289  2. 149  2. 1 27 

Sulphate  of  potassium, 4 '<'4  4076  3-^72  4i4'> 

"         "   sotlium, 129.449  12S.597  130.769  131. lOo 

Chloride  .sotlium, 17.0S2  17-I4f>  1S.227  17409 

Silicic  acid, 3.329  3.043  3.230  2.230 

Organic  matter trace  trace  trace  trace 

194.472  191. S44  190.181  191.370 

Temi>erature  from  lOI  to  140°  V. 

LOUISVILLE,  OR  DUPONT'S  ARTESIAN  WELL,  LOUISVILLE,  KENTUCKY. 

One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cubic  inches)  contains — 

Carlxjnate  of  sodium,  .    .       1.896  grs.  Sulphate  of  .so<lium,     .    .    72.206  grs. 

"          "   magnesium,       1.632    "  "         "  niagmsium,       77. 336    " 

"          "   iron,    .    .    .       0.256    "  "         "  alumiinnn,    .    oi.Soo    " 

"           "   calcium,      .       4.160    "  "         "  calcium,    .    .     29.432    " 

Chloride  of  potassium,     .      4.224    "  Phosphate  of  sodium,  .    .       1544    " 

"         "  sodium,      .    .621.520    "  lotlitle  of  magnesium,      .         .352    •' 

"         "  magnesium,    .     I4.776    "  Uroniide  of  magnesium,  .         .464    " 

"         "  aluminum,      .       1. 208    "  Silica, 888    " 

"         "  calcium,     .    .     65.728    "  Organic  matter 712    " 

"        "  lithium.      .    .      0.104    "  l^ss, 8.120    " 

Suli)hate  of  i)Ota.ssium,     .       3224    "  911. 672^^'^ 

CarlH)nic   acid,  6.16   cuKic    inches.  Sulphuretted   hydrogen,    2.00   cubic   inches. 
Nitrogen,  1.36  cubic  inches. 

SARATlXIA  SPRINGS,   SARAT(X;A   COUNTY,   N.    Y. 
(Analyst,  C.  F.  Chandler.) 

One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cubic  inches)  contains — 

Congress.  Hatliorn.  Srltzcr. 

(irains.  Grains.  (irains. 

Carlx)nate  of  sodium,     ......       7-472  2.976  20.416 

"         "    magnesium 75-152  104.756  23.fX>4 

"         "    iron 0.248  0.808  1.240 

"         "    calcium 99-992  118.520  62432 

"          "    lithium, 2.992  0.568 

"          "    strontium, trace  trace  trace 

"         "    barium,      o.-j(>o  1424  'r:»ce 

Chloride  of  pota-ssium 8.048  9.592  1.336 

"      "    so<lium, 400.440  509.960  134. 2S8      _ 

Sulphate  of  jjotassiuni, 0.888  trace  0.552 

Phosphate  of  so<lium 0.016  o.cx)8  trace 

I(Kli<ie  of              "        0,138  o.2c)o  0.032 

Hromidcof          "        8552  1.556  0.632 

lluoride  of  calcium, trace  trace  trace 

Hiltorateof  Sfxlium, trace  tmce 

Alumina, trace  O.I  28  0.376 

Silicon, o,.S.jo  1.256  2.560 

Organic  matter, trace  traic  trace 

602.636  75<>.<><>2  24S.336 

CarUjnic  acid  gxs 362.00  cu.  in.  37(>.oo  cu.  in.  320.00  cu.  in. 


484 

Alburgh  Springs,  Grand  Isle  County,  Vermont,  15  grains  of  Na^SO^  and  K2SO4. 

Avon  New  Bath,  Livingston  County,  New  York.     CaC03  27,  Na^SO^  and  NaCl  44.     50°  F. 

Ballston  Springs,  Saratoga  County,  New  York — 

Ballston  Artesian  Lithia  Well.     NaCl  750,  CaCOg  165,  MgCOj  107,  Li2C03  6,  CO^ 

426  cubic  inches.     52°  F. 
Franklin  Artesian  Well.     NaCl  659,  Ca(HC03)j  202,  Mg(HC03)2  178,  NaHC03  94, 

KCl  34,  LiHC03  7,  CO2  460  cubic  inches.     52°  F. 
Sans  Souci.     NaCl  144,  CaCOj  43,  Mg(HC03)2  39,  FeCOj  6. 
United  States.     NaCl  425,  CaCOj  29,  CO2  244  cubic  inches.     50°  F. 
Washington  Lithia  Well.     NaCl  645,   Mg(HC03)2  158,  CaHC03  178,  Li^HCO   ll, 
Fe(HC03)2  2,  CO2  338  cubic  inches.     49°  F. 
Bedford  Springs,  Bedford  County,  Pennsylvania — 

Anderson  magnesia.     CaSO^  100,  MgSO^  40.     57.2°  F. 
Anderson  magnesia.     Iron  CaSO^  90,  MgSO^  39,  F"eC03  trace.     57.2°  F. 
Bedford  Sulphur.     CaSO^  73,  MgSO^  ^^,  H2S  trace,  CO2  6  cubic  inches.     62.6°  F. 
Beer  Springs,  Oregon,  MgSO^  48,  MgCOg  12,  CaCOg  15,  NaCl  9. 
Benham's  Carburetted  Saline  Spring,  Crawford  County,  Indiana.     NaCl  4850,  CaC03  640, 

MgCOg  173,  MgSO,  84,  Na.,SO,  21,  FeCOg  9. 
Bryant's  Mineral  Well,  Lincoln  County,  Kentucky.     MgSO^  53,  CaSO^  56. 
Butterworth  Springs,  Kent  County,  Michigan.     CaSO^  75,  MgClj  42.     54°  F. 
Charleston  Artesian  Well,  Charleston,  South  Carolina.     NajCOj  52,  MgSO^  12.     87°  F. 
Cherry  Valley  Bath  House  Spring,  Otsego  County,  New  York.     CaSO^  85,  MgC03  and 

MgS0^42,  NajSO^  11. 
Cooper's  Artesian  Well,  Hinds  County,  Mississippi.     MgSO^  23,  Na^SO^  12,  CaSO^  42. 

50°  F. 
Crab  Orchard,  Foley's  Spring,  Lincoln  County,  Kentucky, 
Crab   Orchard,  Sowder's    Spring,  Lincoln   County,  Kentucky.     MgSO^  173,  CaSO^  9I, 

NaCl  57,  CO2  ?. 
Crab  Orchard  Springs,  Lincoln  County,  Kentucky.     MgSO^  205,  Na2S0^  59. 
Crab  Orchard  Salts.     Contain  in  100  grains  MgSO^  63. 
Eaton's  White  Sulphur  Spring,  Crawford  County,  Indiana.     NaCI  121,  MgS0^42,  MgCOg 

16,  CaCOj  46.     59°  F. 
Estill  Spring.     See  Ir%'ine  Spring. 
Foley's  Spring.     See  Crab  Orchard  Springs. 
Fruit  Port  Artesian  Well,  Ottawa  County,  Michigan.     NaCl  464,  CaClj   HI,  MgCl  47, 

NaaSO^  46,  FeC03  5.44  grains.     48°  F. 
Glenn  Springs,  Spartanburgh  County,  South  Carolina.     MgSO^  96,  NajSO^  40,  HjS  24 

cubic  inches. 
Greenville  Spring.     See  Harrodsburg  Springs. 
Harrodsburg  Springs,  Mercer  County  Kentucky — 

Greenville  Spring.     MgSO^  129,  CaSO^  88,  MgCOj  23. 
Saloon  Spring.     MgSO^  223,  CaSO^  82,  Fe(  11003)2  4- 
Hartford  Sulphur  Spring,  Crawford  County,  Indiana.     NaCl  59,  MgSO^  and  Na2S0^  20, 

CaCOg  20. 
Hot  Springs,  Canon  City,  Colorado.     Na2SO^  166,  Na2C03  155,  Ca2C03  66.     102°  F. 
Hot  Sulphur  Springs,  Middle  Park,  ninety  miles  from  Denver,  Colorado.     NajSO^  25, 
Na^COj  22.     Temperature  110°  to  117°  F. 


485 

Idaho  Warm  Spnngs,  Clear  Creek  County,  Colorado.     Na.^COj  31,  Na^Sc^^  29.     106°  F. 
Indian  Spring,  BulU  County,  Georgia.     MgS(\  572,  CaSO^  57,  K^SO^  27.     63°  F. 
Ir\ine  Spring,  Estill  County,  Kentucky.     MgSC\  263,  CaSC\  and  CaCOj  62. 
Le  Roy  Springs,  I.e  Roy  Station  on  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  Wyoming.     Na,SO^ 

117,  XaCl  270,  MgCt\  51,  CaC(\  and  CaSO^  loo. 
Louisville,  or  Du  Font's  Artesian  Well,   lx)uisville,  Kentucky.     NaCl  622,  MgSO^  77, 

Na^SO^  72. 
Midland  Spring.  Midland  County,  Michigan.     K.,S(\  68,  Na^SC\  iS.     47°  F. 
Mineral  Spring,  in  dry  wash  leading  from  Detrital  N'alley  (Forty-mile  Desert)  to  the  Colo- 
rado River,  Arizona.     NaCl  232,  MgSC\  loi,  CaSO^  76,  Na^SO^  30. 
Pagosa   Hot   Springs,  twenty-five   miles   from   tlie  headwater  of   the   San   Juan    River, 
Colorado — 

No.  I.  NajSO^  129.  No.  3.  Na^SO^  131. 

No.  2.  Na.^SO^  129.  No.  4.  Na^SO^  131. 

Porter's  Sulpho- Chalybeate  Spring,  Denver,  Colorado.     Na^SO^  27,  CaCOj  10. 
Rhea  Springs,  Rhea  County,  Tennessee.     70  grains  of  CaSO,. 
Saloon  Spring.     See  Harrodslmrg  Springs. 
Saratoga  Springs,  Saratoga  County,  New  York — 

Champion.     Ca(HC()3)2  227,  NaCl  702,  Mgi  HCO,).^  194,  CO2462.     49°  F. 
Columbian.     NaCl  267,  CaCOj  68,  MgCO^  28,  FeCoj  6,  Coj  272  cubic  inches. 
Congress.     XaCl  400,    CaCOj  loo,   MgCOj    75,  NaBr  9,  Li-^COj  3,  CO.^  392   cubic 

inches.     52°  F. 
Crystal.     NaCl  336,  CaCOj  71,  MgCOg  45,  Li.^COj  3,  CO.^  312  cubic  inches.     50°  F. 
Fmpire.     NaCl  507,  CaCOj  76,  MgCoj  25,  C().^  344  cubic  inches. 
Eureka.     NaCl  117,  CaCOj  41,  MgCOj  29,  FeCO^  3,  CO.^  232  cul)ic  inches. 
Excelsior.     NaCl  371,  CaCOj  77,  MgCOj  32,  FeCO,  3,  NaCO,  15. 
Geyser.     NaCl  562,  CaCOj  118,  MgCOj  83,  Na^COj  49,  U^COj  4,  CO,  456  cubic 

inches.     46°  F. 
Glacier.    NaCl  702,  CaCO,  158,  MgCOj  115,  Li.^C03  6,  KCl  40,  CO, 465.44  cubic  inches. 
Hamilton.     NaCl  299,  CaCO,  98,  MgCO,  39,  FeCO,  5,  Na,CO,  34,  CO.^  320. 
Hathom.     NaCl  510,  CaCOj  118,  MgCOj  105,  CO.^  376  cubic  inches. 
High  Rock.     NaCl  390,  CaCOj  92,  MgCOj  33,  CO,  408  cubic  inclies      52°  F. 
Pavilion.     NaCl  460,  CaCOj  83,  MgCO,  45,  I.i.^COj  6,  CO.^  328  culiic  inches. 
Putnam  Spring.     NaCl  214,  Ca(HC03).^  68,  Mg(HCOj),  51,  CO.^  348  cubic  inches. 

51°  F. 
Red  Spring.     NaCl  70,  CaCO,  59,  MgCO.,  21. 

Saratoga  Alum.     NaCl  565,  CaCOj  57,  MgCO,  20,  CO,  212  cubic  inches. 
Sell/er.     NaCl  134,  CaCO,  62,  MgCO,  24,  CO,  320  cubic  inches.     50°  F. 
Star.     NaCl  398,  CaCO,  86,  MgCO,  37,  CO,  400  cubic  inches.     52°  F. 
Triton  Spring.     NaCl  238,  CaCO,  91,  MgCO,  42,   l.i^CO,  3  grains,  CO,  360  cubic 

inches.     60°  F. 
United  States.     NaCl  142,  CaCO,  65,  MgCO,  43,  Li,CO,  3,  CO,  240  cubic  inches. 
Union.     NaCl  458,  Ca(  ( ),  67,  Mg(  ( ),  65,  C( ),  384.96  cubic  inches.     48°  F. 
Vichy.     .See  .Alkaline  Waters. 

Walton  or  Itnline.     NaCl  1S7,  MgCO,  75,  CaCO,  26,  CO,  330  cul'ic  inches. 
Washington  .Spring.     NaCl  183,  Ca(nCO,),  84,  Mg(lICO,),  66,  CO,  364  cubic  inches. 
45"  F. 


486 

Seltzer  Spring,  Boulder  County,  Colorado.  Na.^SO^  io8,  Ca(HC03)2  43-  Temperature,  40°  F. 

Seltzer,  Springdale,  Colorado.     NajSO^  230,  Ca^COj  85,  FeCOj  8. 

Spring  Lake  Well,  Ottawa  County,  Michigan.     NaCl  406,  CaClj  113,  Na^SO^  47,  MgCl 

36.     52°  F. 
Sowder's  Spring.     See  Crab  Orchard  Spring's. 

Warm  Spring,  at  edge  of  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah.     MgSO^  60,  NaCl  234. 
Warren  Springs,  Warren  County,  North  Carolina.     CaCl   il,   CaSO^  and    CaCO^  and 

CaCl^  10,  MgSO^  8. 
White  Creek  Springs,  twelve  miles  from  Nashville,  Tennessee.     55  grains  of  CaCOj  and 

CaSO^. 

V.  ALKALINE  WATERS. 

These  owe  their  alkalinity  to  the  preponderance  of  carbonate  and  bicarbonate  of  sodium, 
and  also,  though  in  small  quantities,  the  carbonate  of  potassium,  lithium,  calcium  and 
magnesium.  These  waters  are  frequently  surcharged  with  carbonic  acid  gas,  which 
enhances  their  therapeutic  value  very  considerably,  as  it  renders  them  more  palatable  and 
converts  the  alkaline  taste,  so  unpleasant  to  many,  into  an  agreeable  acidity.  These 
springs  may  be  cold  or  hot,  and  may  contain  lime,  salt  or  iron  in  varying  amount. 

Typical  examples  of  this  class,  that  is,  springs  containing  sodium  carbonate  or  bicarbo- 
nate with  free  carbonic  acid  gas,  are,  unfortunately,  less  numerous  than  we  would  wish,  in 
view  of  their  enormous  importance  in  so  many  chronic  diseases.  Most  of  our  alkaline 
springs  contain  other  mineral  substances  which  render  them  less  valuable  in  the  treatment 
of  disease.  The  conditions  in  which  these  waters  produce  their  best  effects  are  the  follow- 
ing :  Chronic  gastric  catarrh,  especially  with  hyperacidity,  and  catarrhal  inflammation  of 
mucous  membrane  of  the  biliary  passages.  Good  results  have  also  been  obtained  in  acute 
catarrhal  nephritis,  and  not  a  few  observers  have  seen  diabetics  improve  under  its  use. 
In  acute  cystitis  and  urethritis  springs  of  this  class  do  good  by  diluting  the  urine  and 
diminishing  its  acidity,  and  so  alleviate  suffering  and  hasten  recovery ;  at  times  brilliant 
results  are  obtained  in  certain  diathetic  conditions,  such  as  lithajmia,  gout  and  chronic 
rheumatism.  From  this  brief  summary  it  is  evident  that  these  waters  constitute  a  most 
important  addition  to  our  means  of  combating  disease. 

Our  country  is  so  rich  in  mineral  waters,  it  is  in  the  highest  degree  probable  that 
numerous  springs  belonging  to  this  class  are  in  existence  and  only  need  analysis  to  make 
known  their  value.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  before  long  many  additions  will  be  made  to 
our  meagre  list  of  springs  belonging  to  this  group. 

The  following  analyses  are  examples  of  this  class,  and  I  would  particularly  call  atten- 
tion to  that  of  Vichy,  in  France,  as  a  type  of  an  alkaline  water : — 
SARATOGA  VICHY  SPRING,  SARATOGA  CO.,  N.  Y. 
Contains  in  one  U.  S.  gallon  of  231  cubic  inches — 

Chloride  of  sodium, 128.689 

"       "    potassium, 14.11^ 

Bromide  of  sodium, 0.990 

Iodide  of  sodium, trace. 

Fluoride  of  calcium trace. 

Bicarbonate  of  lithia, 1. 760 

"  "    soda, 82.873 

"  "   magnesia,   ....    41 -503 

269.928 


487 


269.928 

Bicarbonate  of  lime 95.522 

"           "   struntia trace. 

"           "    haryta 0-593 

"  "    iron, 0.052 

Snlphatc  of  polassa, trace. 

riiosphate  of  soila trace. 

Alumina 0.473 

Silica, 0.758 

Organic  matter, trace. 

lulal,  367.326 
Carbonic  acid  gas  in  one  gallon,  3S3.071  cubic  inches. 
Temperature  50°  K. 


VICIIV  CR.VNOE  GRILLE  AND  HOPITAL 
Sl'KINCS. 
(Analyst,  Mossier.) 
One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 
Graniie-Grille.     Hopital. 


Grains. 
Carbonate  of  soda,  .    .  259.03 

Grains. 

254-75 

"         "    lime,  .    .     12.23 

1S.62 

"         "    miigncsia,     2.28 

2.05 

"         "    iron,  .    .      0.60 

2-73 

Chloride  of  So<lium,    .    23.94 

8.36 

Sulj)hate  of  soda,     .    .    42.33 

47-65 

340.41  334-16 

Free  carbonic  acid  90-100  cu.  in. 


OJOCALIKNTE   SfRINO,  OJO  CALIENTE,  NEW 
MKXICO. 
(Analyst,  O.  C.  Marsh.) 
(^ne  U.  S.  gallon  (^231  cu.  in.)  contain.s — 

Sodium  carl >onate, ii5oi9grs. 

Lilliiiim         "  0.123 

Calcium         "  2.455 

Magnesium  "  I  273 

Iron  "  5  910 

Potassium  sulphate,     ....       3  019 

Sodium  "  ....       7-942 

"      chloride, 32.209 

.Silica, 0.123 

16S.053 

Carbonic  acid  undetermined. 

Temi^crature  100°  F. 


-Vdams  S[)rings,  Lake  County,  California.     MgCO,  99,  Na,Cnj  57,  CaCO,  29, CO,  300 

cubic  inches. 
IJorax  Springs.     See  Hot  Borate  Springs. 

California  Seltzer  Springs,  Mendocino  County,  Cal.     CaCO,  67,   MgCO,  43,  Na,CO,  35. 
Carlisle,  near  Puelilo,  Colorado.     60°  F. 
Clinton  .Spring,  ClifT  Street,  New  York  City.     NaCl  58,  MgCO,  35,  CaCO,  30,  ((  \  OS'i 

cubic  inches. 
Congress  Spring,  Santa  Clara  County,  California.     Na^COj  123,  NaCl  118,  FcC( ),  13. 
Hot   Borate  Springs,  Borax    I..ike,  Lake  County,  California.      NH,IIC(»,  loS,  103.  NaCl 

85,  NallCO,  77. 
Indian  .Spring,  Martin  County,  Indiana.     NaCl  39,  CaCO,  +  CaSO,  53,  MgC( ),  -(-  Mg.St  \ 

49-     53°  J-'- 
Iron  iJuke,  Canon  <ity,  Colorado.     Na/"Oj  156,  XaCl  170. 
( tlympian  Springs,  Balh  County,  Kenlurky.     NaCl  166,  Mgtij  55. 
Richfield    Sulphur    Spring,  Otsego   C<iunly,   New    York.      CaSO,  ami    Cn(HCOj),   92, 

MgSO,  and  Mg(HCO,\  39,  NaCl  21,  H,S  4  cubic  inches.     48°  F. 
.Saratoga     Vichy    Springs,    Saratoga    County,    New    Yurk.       Natl    12S,    Nii,li((),    Sj, 

Calico,  95,  CO,  3S3  cubic  incheii. 


488 

Sharon  Magnesia  Spring,  Schoharie  County,  New  York.     CaSO^  76,  MgSO^  -|-  Mg(HC03)2 

53,  H^S  ^-S  cubic  inches.     48°  F. 
Snowden  Mineral  Spring,  Valley  of  Yoncalla,  two  miles  south  of  Drain's  Station,  Oregon. 

MgCl  145,  NaCl  173,  CaCl^  115. 
St.  Louis  Magnetic  Spring,  St.  Louis,  Gratiot  County,  Michigan.     NaHCOj  86,  Ca(HC03)2 

56,  CaSO,54.     50°  F. 
Vichy  Springs.     See  New  Almaden  Springs. 
West  Baden  Springs,  Orange  County,  Indiana.     NaCl  78,  CaCOj  41,  MgC03  39,  MgSO^ 

36,  MgClj  II. 
Wilhoit  Springs,  Clackamas  County,  Oregon.     MgCOj  85,  Na^COj  88,  NaCl  201,  FeO  6, 

CO2  338.41  cubic  inches. 
Wilson's  Saline  Chalybeate,  Lexington,  Fayette  County,  Kentucky.     CaCl^  33,  MgClj  18, 

MgCOj  15,  FeCOa  2^,  COg  3^  cubic  inches. 

VL  SALINE  WATERS. 

These  waters  are  solutions  of  common  salt,  containing,  also,  small  quantities  of  the  chlorides 
of  the  alkalies  and  alkaline  earths,  and  occasionally  minute  traces  of  iodine  and  bromine. 
It  is  plain  that  the  effects  produced  by  these  springs  are  due  to  chloride  of  sodium  and  the 
increased  amount  of  water  consumed.  This  salt,  when  taken  into  the  stomach,  dissolves 
albumin  and  starches;  promotes  the  digestion  and  absorption  of  food;  supplies  the  intes- 
tines with  chyme  rich  in  albumin  and  starches ;  enters  the  blood,  which  cames  it  to  all 
the  tissues  of  the  body,  after  supplying  its  own  needs. 

In  solutions  of  suitable  strength  it  produces  an  agreeable  effect  on  mucous  membranes, 
favoring  free  and  healthy  secretion.  It  is  quickly  absorbed,  but  when  taken  highly  con- 
centrated acts  as  an  irritant  and  produces  emesis  and  diarrhoea.  The  therapeutic  dose 
is  from  one  to  five  drachms  daily. 

The  usefulness  of  these  waters  is  very  restricted,  and  is  indicated  by  what  has  been 
said  as  to  its  physiological  action.  Good  results  may  be  expected  in  certain  dyspepsias, 
with  defective  gastric  secretion  and  sluggishness  of  the  bowels,  as  well  as  chronic  inflam- 
matory exudations  which  are  being  absorbed  slowly  or  not  at  all.  When  rapid  absorption 
is  necessary  the  water  should  be  given  hot,  and  in  certain  cases  of  dyspepsia  these  results 
are  best  obtained  by  its  administration  early  in  the  morning,  before  breakfast. 

When  it  is  desired  to  administer  these  waters,  in  ordinary  cases,  preference  should  be 
given  to  those  springs  charged  with  carbonic  acid,  as  this  gas  greatly  increases  the  palata- 
bility  of  this  class  of  waters. 

These  waters,  as  well  as  the  alkaline  earths,  when  carbonated,  are  especially  valuable  in 
many  acute  affections  attended  with  fever,  particularly  when  nourishment  is  taken  in  small 
amounts,  as  they  supply  the  body  with  mineral  substances  absolutely  needed.  The  proper 
supply  of  salines  in  disease  is  too  often  overlooked. 

The  following  analyses  are  good  examples  of  these  waters : — 

HALLECK    SPRING,    ONEIDA   COUNTY,    NEW  YORK. 
(Analyst,  Prof.  Noyes.) 
One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 

Chloride  of  sodium, 624.00  grs. 

"  calcium,      ....  104.00  " 

*'  magnesium,   .    .    .     32.00  " 

Sulphate  of  calcium 40.00  " 

800.00  " 


489 


AKESION  SPRING,   SALINE  COUNTY,   MISSOURI. 
(Analyst,  C.  P.  Williams.) 
One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cii.  in.)  contains — 

Chloride  of  sotliuni,     .    .    . 

"  jK)ta.ssium,    .    . 

"  lithium,     .    .    . 

"  nui^ni-siiini,  .    . 

"  calcium,    .    .    . 

Bromide  of  magnesium,  .    . 

Nitrate  of  magnesium,    ,    . 

"         ammonium,     .    . 

Sulphide  of  sodium,    .    .    . 

Sulphate  of  calcium,   .    .    . 

"  barium,     .    .    . 

Phosphate  of  calcium,     .    . 

C;u-bonate  of  calcium,     .    . 

iron,  (ferrous) 

manganese,    . 

alumina,     .    . 

Organic  matter, 


it 
« 


75(..H4grs. 

2S.594  " 

0.294  " 

87-313  " 

74.791  " 

0.131  " 

0.178  " 

0.172  " 

2.609  " 

57-934  " 

0.150  " 

0.243  " 

40.251  " 

0.267  " 

0.199  " 

0.167  " 

0.513  " 


1049.920 


SALT  SPRING,   NEAR   ALl'.A,   HRADFORD 
COUNTY,   PENNSYLVANIA. 

(Analyst,  Genth.) 

One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains- 


Chloride  of  .sodium,  .    . 
"  iron,    .    .    , 

"  calcium, 

"  magnesium, 

Ricarl)onate  of  iron,  .    . 
"  calcium. 

Silicic  acid, 

Hromine  not  determined. 


4693.608  grs. 

trace 

780.224  " 

110.960  " 

5.25<'>  " 

1.752  " 

2.950  " 


5594750 


WIESnAUEN,  THE    KOCHBRLTS'NEN,  NASSAU, 
GERMANY. 

One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 

Chloride  of  sodium, 419.92  grs. 

"  jx)ta.ssiun), 

"  lithium,  . 

"  calcium, 

"  niagnesium, 

IJromide  of  nuignesium. 
Sulphate  of  lime,  .    . 
CarJHjnate  of  lime,     . 

"  i)roto.\ide  of  iron,      0.32    " 

502.00    " 
TemixTaturc,   156°  V.     Carbonic   acid,  52 
cui)ic  inches. 


8.96  " 

0.08  " 

28.88  " 

12.48  " 

0.16  '« 

552  " 

25, ()8  " 


Akesion    Spring,  Hrownville,  Saline    County,    Missouri.     NaCl    756,  MgCI,  87,  CaClj, 

CaSO,  and  CaCO,  173. 
Aliany  Artesian  Well,  Ferry  Street,  Albany,  New  York.     NaCl  504,  KcCO,  8,  MgCO, 

16,  Na,COj  40,  COj  224  cubic  inches.     51°  to  52°  V. 
Ijallslon  (ondo  Denlonean,  S:u-al<)g.i  County,  New  York.     NaCl  480,  CnCO,  123,  MgCO, 

93,  CO,  357  cubic  inches. 
Hallston  Spa,  Saratoga  ( 'ounty.  New  \'<.rk.     Na(  "1  144,  ( 'at :( ),  43.  Mg(  I K  ( )j).^  39. 
r.angor's  Company's  Well,  Haiigfjr,  Midiigan.      Na<  "|  15.,,  MgCl  09,  CaS(  )^  56,  CnCI. 
IJlatk  Sulphur  .Spring,  IJatii  County,  Kentucky.     58  grains  NaCl. 


490 

Blue  Lick  Springs  (Lower),  Nicholas  County,  Kentucky.     NaCl  516,  CaSO^  41,  MgCl^ 

40,  CaCOj  23,  CO2  98,  HjS  17. 
Blue  Lick  Springs  (Upper),  Nicholas  County,  Kentucky.     NaCl  516,  CaSO^  144,  MgCl^ 

37,  CaCOg  25,  COj  48  cubic  inches,  HjS  8  cubic  inches. 
Borland  Well,  Wood  County,  West  Virginia.     NaCl  240,  NaHCOj  112,  Na^SO^  38. 
Boulder  Spring  Water,  Colorado.     NaCl  514,  Ca^COj  125,  MgCOg  loo,  NagSO^  62,  CO2. 
Bryant's  Spring,  No.  4,  Lincoln  County,  Kentucky.     Na.^SO^  12,  NaCl  54. 
Canon  City  Mineral  Springs,  Canon  City,  Fremont  County,  Colorado. 

Aqua  Vida.     NaCl  121,  Na^COg  73,  MgCOj  18. 

Big  Ute.     NaCl  132,  CaCO^  43,  MgCOj  15. 

Congress.     NaCl  ^8,  MgCOg  18. 

Iron  Duke.     NaCl  80,  Na^COj  74,  MgCOg  15. 

Little  Ute.     NaCl  114,  Na^COg  74,  MgCOg  14. 
Condo  Dentonean  Springs.     See  Ballston  Springs. 

Des  Chutes  Hot  Springs,  Wasco  County,  Oregon.    Na^COg  and  NaCl  55.     143°  to  145°  F. 
East  Clarion  Salt  Spring,  Elk  County,  Pennsylvania.     NaCl  337,  CaCl2  52,  MgCl,  15. 
East  Saginaw  Company's  Well,  Michigan.     NaCl  103,  MgCl^  58,  CaCl2  14,  CaSO^  92. 
Halleck's  Spring,  Oneida  County,  New  York.     NaCl  624,  CaCl^  104,  MgCl2  32,  CaSO^  40. 
Highgate  Springs,  Franklin  County,  Vermont.     NaCl  23,  Na,^C03  14. 
lola  Mineral  Well,  Kansas.     NaCl  782,  Ca(HC03)2  49,  Mg(kc03)  21,  KCl  14. 
Kanawha   Saline  Spring,  Kanawha  Valley,  West  Virginia.     NaCl  240,  Na^HCOj  112, 

Na^SO,  38. 
La  Fayette  Artesian  Well,  Tippecanoe  County,  Indiana.     NaCl  325,  MgCOj  and  MgCl^ 

59,CaSO,56.     55°  F. 
Lansing  Spring,  Lansing,  Ingham  County,  Michigan.     NaCl  267,  Na2C03  65,  CaCOg  62, 

CO2  198  cubic  inches.     53.5°  F. 
Liberty  Hot  Springs,  or   Wagonwheel   Gap  Springs,  Morrison,  12  miles  from  Denver, 

Colorado. 
No.  I.  NajCOg  41,  NaCl  17.     Temperature  150°  F. 
No.  2.  Na2C03  84,  NaCl  19.     Temperature  140°  F. 
Livingston  Artesian  Well,  Livingston,  Sumter  County,  Alabama.    NaCl  295  grains.    68°  F. 
Lodi  Artesian  Well,  Wabash  County,  Indiana.    NaCl  502,  CaClj  and  CaSO^  104,  MgCl2  54. 
Lower  Blue  Lick  Springs.     See  Blue  Lick  Springs. 
Lubec  Spring,  Lubec  Bay,  Maine.     NaCl  90,  MgClj  60,  NaSO^  25. 
Mineral  Spring,  Walnut  Hill,  Fayette  County,  Kentucky.     NaCl  234,  MgClj  19. 
Mineral  Water,  Paint  Lick,  Madison  County,  Kentucky.     NaCl  27,  Na2C03  16. 
Ott's  Well,  Crawford  County,  Indiana.     NaCl  3781,  CaCOg  323,  MgCO^  86,  FeCOs  12, 

MgSO^  and  Na2S0^  58. 
Parnassus  Springs,  12  miles  southward  of  Pueblo,  Colorado. 
No.  I.  Na2C03  74,  NaCl  60.     Temperature  66°  F. 
No.  2.  Na2C03  69,  NaCl  61.     Temperature  72.5°  F. 
No.  3.  NajCOa  43,  NaCl  31.     Temperature  59°  F. 
Salina  Spring  (Mr.   Peterson),  near  Tarentum,  Pennsylvania.     NaCl   1927,  CaCl2  501, 

MgCl2  126,  MgC03  80,  CaCOa  161. 
Salina  Wells,  Syracuse,  New  York.     NaCl  90,  MgCL,  7,  CaC\  14,  CaSO^  36. 
Salt  .Spring,  near  Alba,  Bradford  County,  Pennsylvania.     NaCl  4694,  CaCl2  780,  MgClj 

III,  Fe(HC03)2  5. 


■191 

Salt  Sulphur,  Bath  County,  Kentucky.     NaCl  l66,  MgCl  55. 

Salt  Water,  near  Conemaujjh,  near  Saltzburg,  Indiana  County,  Pennsylvania.     NaCl  4165. 

CaCl,  91S,  MgCl.,  232. 
Sheboygan  Well,  Sheboygan,  Wisconsin.     307  grains  of  NaCl.     50°  V. 
Siloam  Springs,  Garfield  County,  Colorado.     NaCl  1 137,  Ca,SL\  78.     103°  F. 
South  Park  Springs,  Colorado.     NaCl  198,  Na^COj  156. 
South  Park  Sulphur  Springs,  South  Park,  Colorado.     NaCl  97,  NojCOj  77. 
Steamboat  Springs,  Colorado.     NaCl  240. 

St.  Louis  Artesian  Well, St.  Louis,  Missouri.    NaCl  347,  MgCL,  34,  CaCI^  27,  CO,  6,  II.^S  24. 
Sweet  Springs,  Saline  County,  Missouri.     NaCl  90,  MgCL,  22. 
Syracuse  Salt  Wells,  New  York.     NaCl  94,  MgClj  85,  CaClj  49,  CaSO,  32. 
Tarentum  .Salt  Well.     See  Salina  Springs. 
Terre  Haute  Spring,  Clay  County,  Indiana.     NaCl  316  grains. 
Thomas  Wells  Brine,  Fountain  County,  Indiana.     NaCl  4573,  CaCl,  215,  CaCOj  107, 

Mg^'l,  53- 
Upjier  Blue  Lick  Springs.     See  Blue  Lick  Springs. 

Verona  Spring,  Oneida  County,  New  York,     NaCl  720,  CaSO^  60,  CaCl,  and  MgCI.^  68. 
Wagonwheel  Gap  Springs.     See  Liberty  Hot  Sjirings. 
Waterloo  Well,  Waterloo,  Wisconsin.     NaCl  and  NaNOj  60. 
Williams  Mineral  Well,  Wootlford  County,  Kentucky.     NaCl  137,  MgCl^  16. 
Yampa  Spring,  Glenwood,  Colorado. 

VII.  CALCAREOUS  WATERS. 

The  efficacy  of  these  waters  depends  \i\x)x\  the  presence  of  the  sulphate  and  carl)onate 
of  calcium  and  other  alkaline  earths.  They  are  generally  produced  as  follows :  The  e.xce-ss 
of  carbonic  acid  in  the  water,  resulting  from  the  decomposition  of  the  carlxjnale  by  means 
of  sulphuric  acid  (this  acid  is  produced  by  the  addition  of  iron  pyrites),  acts  upon  the 
sulphates  and  carl)onates  of  the  alkaline  earths  to  dissolve  them. 

Most  of  the  lime  in  these  fountains  exists  in  the  form  of  a  sulphate,  which  is  jwpu- 
larly  known  as  gypsum.  It  is  this  salt  that  gives  these  waters  the  j)ro|x;rty  calleil 
harJitess,  i.  e.,  that  jieculiar  reaction  to  soap  and  the  special  cfTect  ujxtn  the  palate. 

'I'hese  springs  have  been  used  in  cystitis  and  diabetes,  but  with  iloubtful  results. 
Occasionally  diuresis  may  be  excited  and  in  rachitic  children  favorable  residts  may  be 
obtained,  though  the  constipating  effect  woidd  l)e  antagonized.  It  should  l>c  rememl)ere<l 
that  10  grains  of  sulphate  of  lime  to  the  gallon  tends  to  retard  digestion  and  causes  con- 
stipation, and  conse<|uently  they  arc  often  contra  inilicaleil.  In  general,  it  may  Ik.-  said 
that  springs  of  this  class  are  of  doubtful  utility,  except  when  they  contain  other  more 
active  mineral  sul>stances. 

I  apjK-nd  a  few  examples  of  this  class  of  water: — 

CATfKJSA  SI'RINC;S,  CAT<J<)SA  COUNTY,  C.KORCIA.       Ni>.    I    Al.l.  IIKAI.IM:    .slklNC. 

One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  cnntnin.s — 

Calcium  sulphate 39.cxx)grs. 

Magnesium  sulphate, 


,  ,.,.000 

carlMinate, 


Carlxjhic  acid, 4-422 

77.422 


492 


TATE  EPSOM    SPRINGS,   GRANGER    COUNTY,  TENNESSEE. 
(Analyst,  T.  S.  Anterelle.) 

One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 
Sulphate  of  calcium,  . 

"  magnesium, 

"  sodium,   . 

"  potassium. 

Chloride  of  sodium,   . 

"  iron,    .    . 

"  manganese, 

Iodide  of  sodium,  .  . 
Phosphate  of  calcium, 
Carbonate  of  calcium. 

Silica, 

Nitric  acid,     .... 


160.66 

grs 

31-97 

<i 

8.50 

« 

1-54 

« 

40.27 

<( 

2.92 

<( 

0.69 

(( 

trace 

1.14 

(( 

21.56 

« 

2.70 

« 

0.02 

« 

Temperature  55°  F. 


271.97 


Alleghany  Springs,  Montgomery  County,  Virginia.     CaSO^  96,  MgSO^  42.     53°  F. 

Aurora  Saline  Springs,  Aurora,  Oregon.     CaCl  474,  NaCl  356. 

Beauty  Spring.     See  Capon  Springs. 

Beloit  lodo-magnesian  Springs,  Beloit,  Wis.     Ca(HC03)^  15,  Mg(HC03)a  ^2.     48°  F. 

Bishop's  Well,  New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey.     CaSO^  149,  MgSO^  31. 

Blue  Ridge  Spring,  Botetourt  County,  Virginia.     CaSO^  100,  MgSO^  48. 

Bordin's  Well,  Eaton  Rapids,  Michigan.     CaCOj  and  CaSO^  85  grains. 

Butterworth  Spring,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.     CaSO^  75,  MgCl  41. 

Capon  Springs  (Beauty  Spring),  Hampshire  Co.,  W.  Va.     CaCOg  66,  COj  68  cubic  inches. 

60°  F. 
Capon  Springs  (Main  Spring),  Hampshire  Co  ,  W.  Va.     CaC03  66,  COj  68  cubic  inches. 

60°  F. 
Carlisle  Spring,  on  Arkansas  River,  twenty  miles  above  Pueblo,  Colorado.     CaC03  22, 

MgCOj  II.     65°  F. 
Catoosa  Springs,  Catoosa  County,  Georgia. 

All- Healing.     CaSO^  39,  MgSO,  and  MgCOj  34. 

Alum.     CaSO^  41,  MgSO^  and  MgCO^  36,  Al  I. 

Black  Sulphur.     CaSO^  41,  MgSO^  and  MgCOj  36. 

Buffalo.     CaSO^  45,  MgSO^  and  MgCOg  42. 

Chalybeate.     CaSO^  42,  MgSO^  and  MgCOs  35,  FeCOj  trace. 

Congress.     CaSO^  39,  MgSO^  and  MgCOj  34. 

Cosmetic.     CaSO^  42,  MgSO^  and  MgC03  36. 

Magnesia.     CaSO^  42,  MgSO^  and  MgC03  36. 

Red  Sweet.      CaSO^  44,  MgSO^  and  MgC03  38. 

White  Sulphur.     CaSO^  45,  MgSO^  and  MgCOj  40. 
Cave  Spring.     See  Chittenango  Spring. 

Chalybeate  Spring,  Estill  County,  Kentucky.     CaSO^  17,  CaC03  9,  MgSO^  10,  FeCOj  2, 
CO3  32  cubic  inches. 


Cherry  Valley  North  Spring,  Otsego  County,  New  York. 


CaSO^  150,  MgCOa  10, 


493 

Chittenango  Cave  Spring,  Madison  County,  New  York.     CaSC\  Io6,  MgCO",  14,  CO,  25.6 

cubic  inches,  HjS  3.2  cubic  inches.     49°  F. 
Chitten;ingo  M;ignesia  Sprinsj,  Madison  County,  New  \  ork.     CaSO^  Si,  MgCOj  13,  CO^ 

36  cubic  inches.     49°  t'. 
Chittenango  White  Sulphur  Spring,  Madison  Co.,  N.  V.     CaS(\  80,  CO,  36  cubic  inches. 
CHfton  Springs,  Ontario  County,  New  York.    CaSO^  and  CaCOj  79,  MgSO^  and  MgCOj  30. 
Colorado  or  Manitou  Springs,  Colorado  Springs,  Colorado. 

IronUte.     CaCO,  33,  Nap  )3  33.  MgCOj  S.     43-3°  F- 

Little  Chief.     CaCO,  42,  Na.jSO^  29,  NaCl  27.     43°  F. 

Manitou.     CaCOj  62,  Na.^  CO3  26,  MgCOj  12.     56°  F. 

Navajoe.     CaCO,  72,  Na-^COj  70,  MgCOj  19.     50.2°  F. 

Shoshone.     CaCOj  61,  N.-VjCOj  50.     48.5°  F. 

Ute  Soda.     CaCO,  22,  Na^COj  13. 
Eaton  Rapids  Well,  Eaton  Rapids  in  Eaton  County,  Michigan. 

IJordine  Well.     CaCOj  and  CaSO^,  85  grains. 

Frost  Well.     CaCOj  and  CaSO^,  42  grains. 

Mosher  Well.     CaCOj  and  CaSO^,  65  grains. 

Shaw  Well.     CaCOj  and  CaSO^,  69  grains. 

Stirling  Well.     CaSO^,  46  grains. 
East  Clarion  Spring,  Elk  County,  Fennsylvania,  NaCl  337,  CaCl,  52,  MgClj  15,  BaCl,  l'/. 
Frost  Well.     CaCO,  and  CaSO^,  42  grains. 
Gettysburg  Katalysine  Spring,  Adams  County,  Pennsylvania.     Ca(IIC03),  16,  MgSO^  7. 

57°  F- 
Greenbrier  White  Sulphur.     See  WTiite  Sulphur  Spring. 

Guilford  Spring,  Guilford  Centre,  Windham  County,  Vermont.     15.18  grains  CaCOj. 
Ilolston  Springs,  Scott  County,  Virginia.     CaSC\  20,  MgSO^  13.     68.5°  F. 
Liberty  Hot  or  Wagonwheel  Gap  Springs,  Morrison,  twelve  miles  from  Denver,  Colorado, 

No.  2.     CaC03  18. 
Magnesia  Springs.     See  Chittenango  Spring. 
Main  Spring.     See  Capon  Springs. 

Manitou  Springs,  Manitou,  Color.-ido.     CaCOj  135.     56°  F. 
M'Carthy's  Spring,  Huntingdon  County,  Pennsylvania.    95  grains  of  CaSO^  and  Ca(HCOj)2, 

42  grains  MgSO^. 
Mineral  Park  Hitter  Spring,  .Arizona.     CaSO^  69,  MgSO^  38. 
Montvale  Spring,  Blount  County,  Tennessee.     75  grains  of  CaSO^.     60°  F. 
Mosher  Well,  Eaton  Rapids,  Michigan.     CaCO,  and  Ca  S(\,  65  grains. 
Newburg  Springs,  Orange  County,  N'ermont.     17.60  grains  CaCO,. 
Red  Suljjhur,  E.still  County,  Kentucky.     CaC<  )3  and  Ca.SO,  22,  CO^,  40  cubic   inches, 

HjS,  .56  cubic  inches. 
Richfield  Magnesia  Spring,  Otsego  County,  N.  Y.     CaSO^  and  Ca(nCO,),  55,  MgS(\ 

and  Mg(HC()^).,  23,  CO,,  5  cubic  inches.     53°  F. 
Saltillo  S])rings.     See  M'Vittcy's  and  M'Carthy's  Springs. 
Shaw  Well,  Eatrm  Rajiids,  Michigan.     CaCO,  and  Ca.SO,,  69  grains. 
Sterling  Well,  ICaton  Rapids,  Michigan.     CaSO,,  46  grains. 
Tate  Ejisom  Springs,  (irangcr  County,  'l'enn<-ss<e.     Cn.SO^,  161  grains.     55°  F. 
Warm  Spring,  I'.atli  Couniy,  Virginia.     fa.SOj  15.     98°  F. 
Warren  Spring.s  (lold  sulphur),  Warren  County,  North  Carolina.     CaSOj  31. 


494 

Waukesha  Springs,  Waukesha  County,  Wisconsin. 

Arcadian  Spring.     Ca(HC03)2  i6,  Mg(HC03)j  il. 

Bethesda  Spring.     Ca(HC03)2  17.     60°  F. 

Pountain  Spring.     Ca(HC03)2  14. 

Glenn  Mineral  Spring.     Ca(HC03).2  16. 

Hygeia  Spring.     Ca(HC03)2  I7- 

Silurian  Spring. 

Waukesha  Mineral  Rock  Spring.     Ca(HC03)2  lo. 
White  Sulphur  Spring.     See  Chittenango  Spring. 
White  Sulphur  Springs,  Greenbrier  County,  West  Va.     CaSO^  74,  MgSO^  19,  HjS  1.54 

to  3.03  cubic  inches.     62°  F. 
Yellow  Sulphur  Springs,  Montgomery  County,  Virginia.     CaSO^  63,  MgSO^  21.     55°  F. 

VIII.  SULPHURETTED  AND  HOT  SPRINGS. 

These  springs  owe  their  properties  to  the  presence  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen  and  heat. 
The  sulphurets  of  sodium  and  potassium  are  often  present.  Sulphuretted  hydrogen,  next 
to  carbonic  acid,  occurs  more  frequently  in  mineral  springs  than  any  other  gas. 

It  frequently  issues  from  the  earth  in  the  neighborhood  of  some  active  volcanoes,  and  is 
probably  evolved  through  the  decomposition  of  the  sulphurets  by  hot  water.  WTien  this 
gas  is  brought  in  contact  with  the  air  it  is  readily  changed,  the  hydrogen  combining  with 
the  oxygen  and  the  sulphur  is  precipitated,  giving  to  the  water  a  milky  appearance. 

This  gas  is  irrespirable,  and  quickly  produces  death  if  inhaled  in  considerable  quantities, 
and  when  employed  for  its  local  effect  upon  the  respiratory  mucous  membrane  must  be 
largely  diluted  with  air.  The  first  symptom  of  its  poisonous  action  is  a  small,  feeble 
pulse,  with  excessive  weakness,  and  later  pulse  and  respiration  may  both  fail,  with  un- 
consciousness, followed  by  profuse  perspiration. 

Internally,  in  moderate  quantities,  peristalsis  and  perspiration  are  both  augmented. 
W^hen  the  gas  is  locally  applied  to  mucous  membranes,  it  produces  stimulation  of  secretion. 
A  sulphur  spring  of  moderate  strength  contains  not  less  than  12  cu.  in.  of  sulphuretted 
hydrogen  in  the  gallon,  though  many  springs  contain  so  small  an  amount  that  therapeuti- 
cally they  are  inert,  and  the  good  effects  observed  are  due  to  the  influence  of  the  increased 
use  of  water,  change  of  scene  and  climate,  cessation  of  work,  regular  meals,  good  hygiene 
and  hope,  all  of  which  contribute  strongly  to  restore  health  at  all  springs,  especially  the 
Diuretic  Springs. 

Many  of  these  waters  are  hot,  though  some  are  cold.  A  few  contain  an  excess  of  car- 
bonic acid,  and  any  member  of  the  other  classes  may  be  charged  with  sulphuretted  hydro- 
gen on  an  increase  of  temperature,  and  consequently  many  of  these  springs  are  also  classi- 
fied under  other  heads. 

Frequently  these  springs  are  used  as  baths,  and  with  good  results,  especially  in  chronic 
skin  affections,  as  eczema,  rheumatism  and  gout. 

Internally,  they  have  been  used  for  chronic  mucous  membrane  inflammation,  especially 
of  bronchial  tubes  and  upper  respiratoiy  tract,  and  also  in  hepatic  congestion  and  catarrhal 
phthisis.  The  sim})le  hot  springs  are  largely  used  as  baths,  and  are  of  unquestionable 
value  in  certain  cases  of  lithsemia,  chronic  rheumatism  and  gout,  as  well  as  in  dysmenor- 
rhoea,  syphilis  and  psoriasis,  pityriasis  and  eczema.  Given  as  a  douche,  good  effects  have 
been  observed  in  neuralgias,  paralyses  and  enlarged  joints  with  contractured  muscles  or 
tendons.     The  principal  hot  springs  are  found  in  Virginia,  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 


495 

The  following  analyses  are  tyjx^s  of  sulphuretted  anil  hot  sjirings  : — 

ALPENA  SPRINCK,  AI.PENA  COUNTY,  SHARON   WHITE    SI'I.PIUR   SPRING,    SCHO- 

MICHIOAN.  HARIE  COUNTY,  NEW    YoKK. 

(Analyst,  Prof.  S.  P.  Duiricld.)  q„j.  y  g  Gallon  (23!  cu.  in.)  contains— 

One  U.  S.  <rallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 
„    ,  ,  .  liicarUni.ate  of  macnoium,   .    .     24.00  grs. 

Carbonate  of  potassium,    .    .    .     trace  .  r 

r  ,^    ,.  Sulphate  of  "  .    .     3400  " 

♦•  50<lium,     ....  10.912  rrs.  '  ,  .  .,  , 

"  calcium,      ....     S5.40  " 

«'  magnesium,     .    .  ^7.2SS    "  r       ,  ■  . 

Ilvdrosulphate   of    calcium    ami 

"  iron, i.3(>o    "  -  ' 

,  .  I?      i-     ,.  mai;nosium, 3.00 

"              calcumi,  ....  3^.296    "  ^  ' ,.  , 

_, ,    . ,       ,       ,.  /^o  ,./-    ..         Chloride  of  sotiium  and  maj^ne- 

Ciiloride  of  sotlium, 0^.250  ^^ 

Sulphate  of  calcium, 30.056    *'  siuiii, .^ -^^ 

Alumina  and  silica, 3.0S8    "  140.10  " 

1S9.256    "         Sulphuretted  hydrogen,  20.5  cu.  in. 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen,    .    .    .  35.36  cu.  in.       Temperature,  48°  F. 

Carl)onic  acid, 8.40      " 

Nitrogen 0.24      " 

HAGERS  SPRING,  II.VGERS   COUNTY, 
TKNNICSSKK. 

One  U.  S.  gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 

Sulphate  of  calcium  and  hydro- 
chlorate  of  sodium,  ....  38.00    grs. 
Sulphuretted  hydrogai,    .    .    .  51.52  cu.  in. 
Carlionic  acid, 6.72      " 


HOT  SPRINGS. 


LAS   VEGAS    HOT   SPRINGS,   LAS   VEGAS, 
NEW   ME.\1CI). 
(Analyst,  Prof.  F.  V.  Hayden,  U.  S.  Geologist.) 
One  U.S. Gallon  (231  cu. in.) contains — 

No.  I.     No.  2.    No  3. 
Grains.   Grains.  Grains. 

Carbonate  of  .so<lium,    1.72       1.17       500 

"  calcium  ^ 

"  magiie    V  1.08  10.63  11.43 

sium,     j 

Sulphate   of  so<lium,  14.12  15.43  16.21 

Chloride  of  sodium,    27.26  24.37  27.37 

Pota.ssium,    ....     trace,  trace,  trace. 

Lithium, trace,  trace,  trace. 

Silicic  acid 104  tr-'fc  2.51 

I«linc, trace,  trace,  trace. 

Urr;minc trace,  trace,  trace. 


Tcmixrraturc, 


45.22     51.60     62.49 
130°  I-.  123°  I-.   123°  !•. 


HOT  SPRINGS,    GARLAND  COUNTY, 
ARKANSAS. 


One  U.  S.  Gallon  (231  cu 
Carlionate  of  magnesium, 

"         "  calcium, 
Chloride  of  sodium. 
Sulphate  "  potassium, 
"        "  sotlium, 
"       "  calcium. 
Sesquioxidc  of  iron. 
Iodine  and  bromine, 
.Silicate  calcium,    .    . 

Silica, 

Alumina 

Organic  niatltr,     .    . 


1  emiH-ralurc,  93-150"  V. 


m 


)  contains — 
o.  1 2S  grs. 
3.908  " 
0.008  " 
0.232  " 
0.376  •• 
on 2  " 
0.104  " 

trace  " 

0.464  " 

1.804  " 

0.44S  " 

().()<>4  " 

7.768  " 


496 

HOT  SPRINGS,  BATH   COUNTY,  VA. 
(Analyst,  Wm.  B.  Rogers.) 
OneU.  S.  Gallon  (231  cu.  in.)  contains — 
Sulphate  of  magnesium,     .    .    .    3.534  grs. 
"  "  calcium,       ....     3.007  " 

"         "  sodium,    .....    3.148  " 
Chloride  of  magnesium,    .    .    .    0.242  " 
Carbonate  of  calcium,    ....  16.200  " 
"         "  magnesia,      .    .    .     3.058  " 

"         "  iron, 0.221   " 

Silica, 0.103  " 

29.513  " 
Temperature,  100-106°  F. 

SULPHURETTED  AND  THERMAL  WATERS. 

Alpena  Well,  Alpena  County,  Michigan.     NaCl  68,  MgCOs  37,  CaCOj  38,  H^S  35  cubic 

inches.     52°  F. 
Arkansas  Hot  Springs.     See  Hot  Springs  of  Arkansas. 

Arrowhead  Springs,  San  Bernardino,  California.     H^S  .644  grain,  NaSO^  42. 
Auburn  Spring,  4  miles  west  of  Auburn,  New  York.     CaSO^  120,  MgSO^  26,  H^S  12 

cubic  inches. 
Avon  Lower  Spring,  Livingston  County,  New  York.     CaC03  and  CaSO^  87,  MgSO^  50, 

HjS  10  cubic  inches.     45°  to  47°  F. 
Avon  Sylvan  Spring,  Livingston  County,  New  York.     NaCl  97,  CaCOg  and  CaSO^  107, 

and  MgClj  and  MgCOg  and  MgSO^  91,  H^S  20.64  cubic  inches. 
Avon  Upper  Spring,  Livingston  County,  New  York.      CaSO^  84,  Na^SO^  and  NaCl  34, 

MgSO^  10,  H2S  12  cubic  inches.     51°  F. 
Bath  Spring,  Steamboat  Springs,  Colorado.     103°  F. 
Blount  Springs,  Blount  County,  Alabama.     H2S  30.67  cubic  inches. 
Calistoga  Hot  Sulphuretted  Spring,  at  the  terminus  of  the  Napa  branch  of  the  Pacific 

Railroad.     NaCl  22,  H^S  10  cubic  inches.     97°  F. 
Castilian  Spring,  Sumner  County,  Tennessee.     52  cubic  inches  H2S. 
Chalk  Creek  Hot  Springs,  Chalk  Creek,  Colorado.     130°  F. 
Chittenango  White  Sulphur  Spring,  Madison  County,  New  York.     CaSO^  115,  MgCOg  12, 

H.^S  12.8  cubic  inches,  COj  18.4  cubic  inches.     49°  F. 
Delaware  Sulphur  Spring,  Delaware  County,  Ohio.     H^S  96  cubic  inches. 
Des  Chutes  Hot  Springs,  Wasco  County,  Oregon.     Na.^C03  and  NaCl  55.     143-145°  F. 
French    Lick    Springs,  Orange    County,   Indiana.     NaCl    141,   CaSO^  61,  Na,2S0^   23, 

MgSO^  18,  H^S  25^  cubic  inches. 
Gardner  Magnesia  Spring.     See  Sharon  Spring. 

Gentlemen's  Pleasure  Bath.     See  Hot  Springs,  Bath  County,  Virginia.     78°  F. 
Hager's  Spring,  Hagers  County,  Tennessee.     H^S  52  cubic  inches. 
Healing  Springs,  Bath  County,  Virginia.     CaCOj  18,  CO^  5.     88°  F. 
Hot  Springs,  Bath  County,  Virginia — 

1.  Ladies'  Boiler  Bath.     110°  F. 

2.  Ladies'  Sulphur  Bath.      102°  F. 

3.  Gentlemen's  Pleasure  Bath.     78°  F. 


497 

Hot  Springs,  Canon  City,  Fremont  County,  Colorado.     CaCOj  32,  MgCO,  12,  NaCl  18. 

Temp.  95-102°  F. 
Hot  Springs,  Garland  Count}*,  Arkansas.     93-105°  F. 
Hot   Sulphur   Springs,   Midtlle    I'ark,   90  miles  from    Denver,    Colorado.     Na.,S()^    25, 

Na,COj  22.     Temp.  110-117°  ^• 
Idaho  Warm  Spring   Clear  Creek  County,  California.     Na,COj  31,  Na.jS(.\  29.     106°  F. 
Jordan's  White  Sulphur,  Frederick  County,  Virginia.     H.,S  2  cubic  inches.     57°  F. 
I>adies'  Boiler  Bath.     See  Hot  Springs,  Bath  County,  \irginia.     110°  F. 
Ladies'  Sulphur  Bath.     See  Hot  Springs,  Bath  County,  Virginia.     102°  F. 
Lil^rty  Hot  Springs,  Morrison,  12  miles  from  Denver,  Colorado.     Temp.  140-150. 
Main  Spring.     See  Paso  RoMes  Springs. 
Massena  Springs,  St.  Lawrence  County,  New  York.     NaCl  So,  CaS0^6l,  MgCl.^  30,  H,S 

5  cubic  inches. 
Middle  Park  Springs,  Colorado — 

1.  Bath  .Spring,  Na,SO^  51,  Na.^CO,  46,  NaCl  26.     117°  F. 

2.  Red  Sulphur,  Na^COj  120,  NaCl  30,  CaCO,  20.     109.5°  ^• 

3.  Saline,  Na,CO,  103,  Na,SO^  18.     91°  F. 
Mud  Spring.     See  Paso  RoMes  Springs. 

Ojo  Caliente  Spring,  Ujo  Caliente,  New  Mexico,  Na^C( ),  115,  XaCl  32,  F.  C(  \  6,  CO.^  ? 

Temp.  100°  F. 
Orkney  Springs,  Shenandoah  County,  Virginia.     HjS  4.88  cubic  inches.     59.7°  F. 
Pagosa  Hot  Springs,  20  miles  from  headwater  of  San  Juan  River,  Colorado — 

No.  I.  Na^SO^  129.  No.  2.  Na,SC\  129. 

No.  3.  Na,.S(;\  131.  No.  4.  Na,SO^  131. 

Parofjuet  Springs,  Bullitt  County,  Kentucky.     NaCl  310,  MgCl^  48,  H^S  30  cubic  inches. 
Paso  Robles  Hot  Sulphur  Sjirings,  San  Luis,  Obi^jx)  County,  California — 

1.  Main  Spring,  NaCl  and  Na^CC ),  49,  C(  )j  47.     112°  F. 

2.  Mud  Spring,  Nad  and  Na^CO,  108,  CO,  79.     122°  F. 
Pluto's  Well.     See  French  Lick  Springs. 

Proserpine  Spring.     See  P'rench  Lick  Spring. 

Rochester  or   Ix)ngmuirs  Sulphur  Well,   Rochester,  New  York.     Na^S( )^  56,  NaCl  52, 

HjS  17.26  cubic  inches.     52°  F. 
Salt  I.ake  Hot  Spring,  Utah.     Temp.  ? 
Salt  Sulphur  Springs,  Monroe  County,  West  Virginia.     Ca.S(  )^  68,  CaCO,  :i},  MgS(  >,  and 

Na,Sf  )4  44,  HjS  19.12  cubic  inches.     65.5°  F. 
Sharon  Gardner  Magnesia  Spring,  Schoharie  County,  New  \ork.     CaSO^  93J4,  MgSO, 

20,  H,S  6  cubic  inches.     48°  F. 
Sharon  Red  .Spring,  Schoharie  County,  New  Nfrk.     CaSC\  and  CaCOj  18O,  MgSO^  19, 

HjS  10.5  cubic  inches.     48°  F. 
Sharon  White  Sulphur  Springs,   Schoharie  County,  New  \'ork.     CaS()^  85,  Mg.S(\  34, 

MgfHf'Dj),  24,  H.,S  205  cubic  inches.     48°  F. 
Siloam  Springs,  Bath  Springs,  Colorado,  NaCl  I  KX).     103°  F. 
St.  Helena,  White  Sulj.bur,  NajKi  County,  California. 

No.  2.  NaQ  22,  H,S  6.15  cubic  inches.     6454°  to  97°  F. 
No.  6.  NaCl  23,  Na^SO,  11,  n.,S  4.25  cubic  inches.     64"^°  to  97°  F. 
Unnamed  Sj)rings,  (Mm wood,  Colorado,  NiiCl  2200.      124.2°  J'". 
Wagonwluvl  Gap  Springs.     See  Liljcrty  Hot  Springs. 
32 


498 

Yampa  Springs,  Glenwood,  Colorado,  NaCl  2244.     124.2°  F. 

Ypsilanti  Mineral  Spring,  Ypsilanti,  Michigan.     NaCl  832,  CaSO^  180,  MgSO^  68,  MgCl^ 
58,  MgjBr  4,  HjS  21  cubic  inches.     58°  F. 

UNANALYZED  THERMAL  SPRINGS. 

Bear  River  Hot  Springs,  near  Bear  River,  Utah.     134°  F. 

Cabello  Springs,  five  and  a  half  miles  from  Fort  McRae,  New  Mexico.     136°  F. 

Caiion  Creek  Springs,  Colorado.     Temperatm'e,  136°  to  158°  F. 

Genoa  Hot  Springs,  Washoe  County,  Nevada. 

Heartsell's  Hot  Sulphur  Spring,  South  Park,  Colorado. 

Hine's  Hot  Springs,  Lyons  County,  Nevada. 

Hot  and  Cold  Springs  in  Animas  Valley,  Colorado. 

Hot  Springs,  near  Boise  City,  Idaho.     196°  F. 

Hot  Springs,  near  Idaho  City,  Idaho. 

Hot  Springs,  near  Pyramid  Lake,  Nevada.     208°  F. 

Hot  Spring,  near  Utah  Central  Railroad,  Utah.     175°  F. 

Hot  Sulphuretted  Spring,  on  Gila  River,  Arizona. 

Jemez  Spring,  in  San  Diego  Canon,  fifty  miles  west  of  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico.     140°  F. 

Lake  Tahoe  Hot  Springs,  on  border  of  Lake  Tahoe,  California. 

Malhuer  River  Springs,  Baker  County,  Oregon.     193°  F. 

Monroe  Hot  Springs,  Castle  Creek,  sixty  miles  south  of  Prescott,  Arizona.     150°  F. 

Ouray  Mineral  Springs,  Ouray,  Colorado.     Temperature,  120°  to  134°  F. 

Ouray  Mineral  Spring  in  Uncomphagre  Park,  Colorado..     1 20°  to  140°  F. 

Ouray  Spring,  Uncomphagre  Park,  9  miles  northwest  of  Ouray,  Colorado.     Temperature, 

140°  F. 
Platte  Springs,  near  Fort  Steele,  Wyoming.     115°  F. 
Puncha  Springs,  60  miles  west  of  Caiion  City,  Colorado.     120°  F. 
San  Bernardino  Hot  Springs,  San  Bernardino  County,  California. 
South  Arkansas  Mineral  or  Poncho  Hot  Springs,  Lake  County,  Colorado.     1 20°  F. 
Thermal  Springs  in  Arizona. 

Warm  Springs,  II  miles  from  Ogden  City,  Utah.     129°  F. 
Warm  Sulphur  Springs,  Elko,  Elko  County,  Nevada. 

UNANALYZED  SPRINGS. 

The  following  list  of  more  than  300  unanalyzed  springs  shows  clearly  how  much  work 
yet  remains  before  we  shall  possess  a  full  knowledge  of  our  wealth  of  mineral  waters.  It  is 
highly  probable  that  many  of  these  springs  are  of  great  value,  and  only  await  chemical 
analysis  to  demonstrate  their  usefulness.  When  this  is  accomplished  the  medical  profession 
will  be  quick  to  recognize  their  worth  and  make  use  of  them  in  combating  disease. 

Abenquis  Springs,  Walpole,  Cheshire  County,  New  Hampshire. 
Addison  Mineral  Spring,  Addison  Point,  Washington  County,  Maine. 
Alagone  Spring,  Western  Springs,  Cook  County,  Illinois. 
Alkaline  Spring,  Yazoo  County,  Mississippi.     62°  F. 
Allen's  Springs,  Lake  County,  California, 
Alum  Spring,  Lafayette  County,  Mississippi. 
Alum  Spring,  Lewis  County,  Kentucky. 
Alum  Spring,  Madison  County,  Mississippi. 


499 

Alum  Spring,  Msrion  County,  Mississippi. 

Alum  Spring,  M;irshall  County,  Mississippi. 

Alum  Spring,  I'ike  County,  Mississippi. 

Amherst  Spring,  Ilillslxirough  County,  New  Hampshire. 

Anchosa  Spring,  Ancho-^a  Creek,  near  Quitman,  Mississippi. 

Aqua  Caliente,  or  Warner's  Ranch  Springs,  San  Diego  County,  Califoniia. 

Azule  Mineral  Spring,  San  Josd,  Santa  Clara  County,  California. 

Armstrong  Spring,  eight  miles  west  of  Searcy,  Arkansas. 

Aspinock  Mineral  Springs,  Windham  County,  Connecticut. 

Auburn  Mineral  Spring,  Auburn,  Androscoggin  County,  Maine. 

Bailey  Springs,  Lauderdale  County,  Alabama.     72°  to  So°  1'". 

Hartlett  Springs,  Lake  County  California. 

Baih  Chalybeate  Spring,  Bristol,  IVnnsylvania. 

Bedford  Spring,  Trimble  County,  Kentucky. 

Beersheba  Springs,  Grundy  County,  Tennessee. 

Bellbrook  Magnesic  Springs,  liellbrook,  (Ireene  County,  Ohio. 

Belle  Cheney  Springs,  Calcasieu  I'arish,  Louisiana. 

Belmont  Lithia  Springs,  New  White  House  Station,  New  Kent  County,  Virginia. 

Berkshire  Soda  Springs,  near  Great  Barrington,  Massachusetts. 

Big  Bone  Springs,  Boone  County,  Kentucky. 

Big  Lick,  Gallatin  County,  Kentucky. 

Birchdale  Medical  Springs,  Bradford,  Merrimack  County,  New  Hampshire. 

Black  Eartli  Mineral  Spring,  Black  Earth,  Dane  County,  Wisconsin. 

Black  Sulphur  Springs  in  Alabama. 

Black  Sulphur  Springs,  \'an  ISuren  County,  Arkansas. 

Blossburg  Spring,  Tioga  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Blue  Spring,  near  New  Amsterdam,  Harrison  County,  Indiana. 

Bogard's  Springs,  Bogards  Valley,  Indiana. 

Box  Mountain  Sulphur,  west  of  Todd's  Gap,  Kentucky.     63°  V. 

Bozrah  Mineral  Spring,  New  Ix)ndon  County,  Connecticut. 

Bradford  Spring,  Merrimac  County,  New  I  lampshire. 

Brandywine  Spring,  Clailx)me  County,  Mississipjii. 

Brunswick  Sjmngs,  Brunswick,  Essex  County,  X'emumL 

Bucnoventer  Springs,  Kentucky. 

Burdells  Well,  Caldwell  Qjunty,  Texas. 

Burner's  or  .Seven  Springs,  Shenandoah  County,  Virginia. 

Burning  Spring,  Washington  County,  Alabama. 

Byron  Acid  Spring,  Genesee  County,  New  York. 

Catalytic  Springs,  one-half  mile  from  Catalytic,  Georgia. 

Caledonia  .Spring,  I'ranklin  County,  I'eiuisylvania. 

Campljcllsville  Sulphur  Water. 

Campo  Chalyljcatc  .Spring,  California. 

Carlisle  Springs,  f!uinlK-rland  County,  IVnnsylvania. 

Carroll  White  .Suliduir  .springs,  Alleghany  County,  Maryland.     48°  K. 

Cascado  Spring,  Michigan. 

Ca.stalian  Mineral  Water,  Olancha,  Ingo  County,  California. 

Cai>tilian  Springs,  Holmes  County,  Mississippi. 


500 

Castle  Rock  Spring,  near  base  of  Mt.  Shasta,  California. 

Cayner's  Sulphur  Springs,  Botetourt  County,  Virginia. 

Cemlian  Springs,  Kentucky. 

Chameleon  Springs,  Edmonson  County,  Kentucky. 

Chalybeate  Spring,  Rochester,  Fulton  County,  Indiana. 

Chalybeate  Springs,  in  Van  Buren  County,  Arkansas. 

Chalybeate  and  Saline  Springs  are  found  in  Putnam,  Warren,  Jackson,  Clarke,  Floyd,  and 

Scott  Counties,  Indiana. 
Chalybeate  Springs  south  of  Williamsport,  Indiana. 
Chalybeate  Spring  at  Leacher's  Court  House,  Kentucky. 
Chalybeate  Springs  abundant  in  Perry  County,  Kentucky. 
Chalybeate  Springs  in  Pulaski  County,  Kentucky. 
Chalybeate  Springs,  several  on  Rockcastle  River,  Kentucky, 
Chalybeate  Spring,  Webster  County,  Kentucky. 
Chalybeate  Springs,  Whitley  County,  Kentucky. 
Chalybeate  Springs,  Clark  County,  Mississippi. 
Chalybeate  Spring,  near  Enterprise,  Mississippi.     64.4°  F. 
Chalybeate  Springs,  Itawamba  County,  Mississippi. 
Chalybeate  Spring,  near  Warren's  Mill,  on  Mackay's  Creek,  Mississippi. 
Chalybeate  Spring,  Winston  County,  Mississippi. 
Chalybeate  Spring,  Yallabusha  County,  Mississippi.     75-2°  F. 
Chalybeate  Spring  in  Amherst,  New  Hampshire. 

Chalybeate  Spring,  four  miles  from  Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania.     Temperature,  54°  F. 
Chappaqua  Spring,  Rensselaer  County,  New  York. 
Chase  City  Mineral  Water,  Chase  City,  Mecklenburgh  County,  Virginia. 
Cheltenham  Spring,  St.  Louis  County,  Missouri. 
Chick's  Springs,  Greenville  District,  South  Carolina. 
Choteau  Spring,  Cooper  County,  Missouri. 

Chrystal  Mineral  Spring,  Stoneham,  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts. 
Clear  Creek  Sulphur  Spring,  Kentucky. 
Cold  Sulphur  Springs,  Rockbridge  County,  Virginia, 
Coleman's  Well,  Jackson  County,  Mississippi. 
Colfax  Springs,  Colfax,  Jasper  County,  Iowa. 
Columbia  Springs,  Marion  County,  Mississippi. 

Commonwealth  Mineral  Spring,  Waltham,  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts. 
Corydon  Artesian  Well,  Harrison  County,  Indiana. 

CorydoR  Saline  Sulphur  Well,  half  a  mile  east  of  Corydon,  Harrison  County,  Indiana. 
Cotton  Wood  Hot  Springs,  ninety  miles  west  of  Colorado  Springs,  Colorado. 
Crabtree  Sour  Wells,  Sulphur,  Hopkins  County,  Texas. 
Crittenden  Springs,  Crittenden  County,  Kentucky. 
Crystal  Spring,  Napa  County,  California. 
Cullum  Springs,  Bladen  Springs,  Choctaw  County,  Alabama. 
Curdwell's  Springs,  Caldwell  County,  Texas. 
Daggar's  Spring,  Botetourt  County,  Virginia. 
Da  Gonia  Springs,  Warwick  County,  Indiana. 
De  Soto  Spring,  De  Soto  Parish,  Louisiana. 
Doubling  Gap  Springs,  Cumberland  County,  Pennsylvania. 


501 

Dovepark  Springs,  Dovepaik,  Clark  County,  Arkansas. 

Drennon  Spring,  Henry  County,  Kentucky. 

I  »rycien  Springs,  Tompkins  County,  New  York. 

Dunliar's  Mineral  Springs,  College  Springs,  Page  County,  Iowa. 

Eggleton's  Springs,  Giles  County,  X'irginia. 

Electro-magnesic  Springs  (Fountain  Park),  Woodstock,  Champaign  County,  Oiiio. 

Elk  Spring,  Pike  County,  Missouri. 

Elkmont  Springs,  Giles  County,  Tennessee.     58°  V. 

Elko  Wann  Spring.  Idaho. 

Elgin  Springs,  Addison  County,  Vermont. 

Englewood  Spring,  Minneajwlis,  Hennepin  County,  Minnesota. 

Ephrata  Spring,  Lancaster  County,  Penn>ylvania. 

Epsom  Spring,  Trimhle  County,  Kentucky. 

Esculapia  Springs,  Lewis  County,  Kentucky. 

Eureka  Springs,  Eureka  Springs,  Carroll  County,  Arkansas. 

E.xcelsior  Spring,  SjTacuse,  New  York. 

Everett  Crystal  Spring,  Everett,  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts. 

Fairchilds  Potash  Sulphur  Springs,  Potash  Sulphur,  CJarland  County,  Arkansas. 

Eaui|uier  NVhite  Sulphur  Springs,  Fauquier  County,  \'irginia. 

Fergusen's  Chalybeate  Spring,  on  soutiiwest  tjuarter  of  section  21,  township  11,  r.mge  6. 

Flint's  Springs,  St.  Joseph  County,  Michigan. 

Fox  Spring,  Fleming  County,  Kentucky. 

Frankfort  Springs,  Beaver  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Franklin  Spring,  at  head  of  Well's  Creek,  Mississippi.     64°  F. 

Garnet  Springs,  near  Toccoa  Falls,  Georgia. 

Garrett  Spring,  one  and  a  half  miles  from  Spartanburg,  South  Carolinx 

Geron's  Spring,  in  Northern  Alabama. 

Geuda  Springs,  Geuila  Springs,  .Sumner  County,  Kansas. 

Geyser  Springs,  Sonoma  County,  California. 

Gihon  Mineral  Spring,  Delavan,  Walworth  County,  Wisconsin. 

Glen  Flora  Mineral  Springs,  Waukegan,  Lake  County,  Illinois. 

Gower's  .Sjjring,  Ciainesville,  Georgia. 

Grand  I-edge  Spring,  Eaton  County,  Michigan. 

Grayson  Springs,  Grayson  County,  Kentucky. 

Cirayson  Sulphur  Springs,  Carroll  County,  Yirginia. 

(ireen  Spring,  (ireen  Spring,  Seneca  County,  ( )hio. 

Green's  Spring,  JefTerson  C'ounty,  Illinois. 

(Jre(rnwo<j<l  .Spring,  .Monrrx.-  County,  Missis^ijipi. 

R.  H.  Cirigsljy's  White  Sul|)liur  .Mineral  Water,  Nelson  County,  Kentucky. 

Harl<on  Springs,  twenty  miles  from  Calistoga,  California. 

Hardiasvillc  Sulphur  Spring,  Franklin  County,  Kentucky. 

Hartford  Cold  Si>ring,  Hartford,  Oxford  County,  .Maine. 

Healing  S|>rings,  Wa-.hington  County,  Alabama. 

Highland  Rock  Spring,  Hartford  County,  Connecticut. 

Highland  Tonica  S|)ring,  Hartford  County,  Connecticut. 

Hrjily  Spring,  WoonvK  ki-l,  Pruvidi-iiti-  ("minly,  Rluxle  Island. 

Hopkiiiton  Springs,  .Middlesex  County,  .MassachuM-tts. 


502 

Horn's  Mineral  Spring,  Lebanon,  Wilson  County,  Tennessee. 

Horeb  Mineral  Spring,  Waukesha,  Waukesha  County,  Wisconsin. 

Howard's  Springs,  California. 

Howell  Mineral  Water,  Hardin  County,  Kentucky. 

Huguenot  Springs,  Powhatan  County,  Virginia. 

Hurricane  Spring,  Tullahoma,  Coffee  County,  Tennessee. 

Hyson's  Iron  Mountain  Spring,  Marshall,  Harrison  County,  Texas. 

Irondale  Springs,  Raccomy,  Preston  County,  West  Virginia. 

Iron  Lake  Spring,  near  Silverton  Pass,  Colorado. 

Irvin  Sulphur  Springs,  Kentucky. 

Jackson  Springs,  Clarke  County,  Alabama. 

Johnson's  Wells,  near  Meridianville,  Alabama. 

Jones'  White  Sulphur   and    Chalybeate  Springs,  eleven   miles  from  Warrenton,   North 

Carolina. 
Kansas  Artesian  Mineral  Wells,  Manhattan,  Riley  County,  Kansas. 
Kellum  Sulphur,  Grimes  County,  Texas. 
King's  Mineral  Springs,  Muddy  Fork,  Clark  County,  Indiana. 
Kirk  Spring,  Lewis  County,  Kentucky. 
Kittrell's  Springs,  Granville  County,  North  Carolina. 
Knightstown  Spring,  Henry  County,  Indiana. 
Lampasas  Springs,  Lampasas,  Lampasas  County,  Texas. 
Lauderdale  Spring,  Mississippi. 
Lane's  Spring,  Stanislaus  County,  California. 
Lava  Springs  in  Grand  Canon  of  Colorado,  Arizona. 
Leinster  Poison  Springs,  Statesville,  Iredell  County,  North  Carolina. 
Lee's  Springs,  twenty  miles  northeast  from  Knoxville,  Tennessee. 
Lena-pi  Magnesic  Springs,  Delaware,  Delaware  County,  Ohio. 
Limestone  Springs,  twenty-one  miles  from  Spartansburg,  South  Carolina. 
Little  Geyser  Springs,  Lononia  County,  California. 
Litton's  Seltzer  Spring,  Litton's  Station,  Sonoma  County,  California. 
Liverpool  Well,  New  York. 
Lower  Soda  Springs,  Linn  County,  Oregon. 
Low's  Well,  Saratoga  County,  New  York. 
LunenVairg  Spring,  Lunenburg,  Essex  County,  Vermont. 
Magnesia  Spring,  Tallulah  Falls,  Georgia. 
Mammoth  Spring,  Fulton  County,  Arkansas.     60°  F. 
Mammoth  Well,  Nelson  County,  Kentucky. 
Manasquan  Spring,  Point  Pleasant,  Ocean  County,  New  Jersey. 
Massie's  or  Red  Sulphur  Spring,  Chillicothe,  Georgia.     54.5°  F. 
McCallister's  Soda  Springs,  35  miles  east  of  Jacksonville,  Jackson  County,  Oregon. 
Mershon  or  White  Sulphur  Spring,  Georgia.     55°  F. 
Middleton  Springs,  Middleton,  Rutland  County,  Vt. 

Milford  or  Ponemah  Springs,  Milford,  Hillsborough  County,  New  Hampshire. 
Miller's  Mineral  Spring,  Knox  County,  Kentucky. 
Mineral  Springs  in  Toccoa,  Georgia. 
Mineral  Springs,  ten  in  number,  at  Waha,  Idaho. 
Mineral  Springs,  Pike  County,  Illinois. 


503 

Mineral  Springs,  Washington  County,  Illinois. 

Mineral  Springs  at  Cowpens  Furnace,  near  Pacolet,  South  Carolina. 

Mineral  Springs  at  the  base  of  Henry's  Knob,  South  Carolina. 

Mineral  Spring  near  Parson's  Mountains,  Abbeville,  South  Carolina. 

Mineral  Spring  on  the  Soluda,  near  Pinson's  Ford,  South  Carolina. 

Mineral  Springs  near  Bingham  City,  Utah. 

Mineral  Water,  two  miles  from  Dowlingsville,  Grant  County,  Kentucky. 

Mineral  Wells,  Mineral  Wells,  Palo  Pinto  County,  Texas. 

Mineral  Wells,  Parkersburg,  Wood  County,  West  Virginia. 

Mississippi  Springs,  Hinds  County,  Mississippi. 

Missisquoi  Springs,  viz. :    Central,  Missisquoi,  Vermont,  and   Sheldon,  are  in   Franklin 

County,  Vennont. 
Monagaw  Sulphuretted  Springs,  St.  Clair  County,  Missouri. 
Montgomery  \Miite  Sulphur  Springs,  Montgomery  County,  Virginia. 
Moorcsville  Mineral  Spring,  Mooresville,  Livingstone  County,  Missouri. 
Morrison  Springs,  Morrison,  twelve  miles  from  Denver,  Colorado. 
Moultonborough  Mineral  Springs,  Moultonborough,  Carroll  County,  New  Hampshire. 
Mountain  Valley  Springs,  lo  miles  north  of  Hot  Springs,  Arkansas. 
Mt.  Clemens  Spring,  Macombe  County,  Michigan. 
New  Point  Comfort  Springs,  Blue  Lick,  Clark  County,  Indiana. 
Ochu  Mineral  Springs,  Providence,  Providence  County,  Rhode  Island. 
Oliver  Springs,  Daviess  County,  Kentucky. 
Oliver  Springs,  Anderson  County,  Tennessee. 
Ottumwa  Mineral  Springs,  Otturawa,  Wapello  County,  Iowa. 
Oxford  Mineral  Spring,  New  Haven  County,  Connecticut. 
Panacea  Springs,  Panacea  Springs,  Halifax  County,  North  Carolina. 
Parkersburg  Mineral  Wells,  Wood  County,  Virginia. 
Pearson  Springs,  California. 

Ferry  County  Springs,  II  miles  from  Carlisle,  Pennsylvania.     72°  F. 
Piedmont  Sulphur  Springs,  10  miles  north-northeast  of  Navasota,  Texas. 
Ponce  de  Leon  Spring,  Fulton  County,  Georgia. 

Powhatan  Lithia,  and  Alum  Springs,  Ballsville,  Powhatan  County,  \'irginia. 
Pulaski  Alum  Springs,  Pulaski  Countv,  Virginia. 
Quitman  Red  Sulphur,  near  Quitman,  Missouri. 
Randolph  Mineral  Springs,  Randolph,  Randolph  County,  Missouri. 
Reed's  Mineral  Spring,  Washington  County,  New  Vork. 
Reul^n  Jesse's  Mineral  Water,  Woodford  County,  Kentucky. 
Rockbridge  Baths,  Rockljridge  County,  Virginia. 
Rockingham  Springs,  Rockingham,  Rockingham  County,  \'irginia. 
Rinnah  Wells  Spring,  Andalusia,  Rock  Island  County,  Illinois. 
Roanoke  Red  Sulphur  Springs,  Roanoke  County,  Virginia. 
Robinson's  .Spring,  20  miles  from  Nashville,  Tennessee. 
Rob's  Chalylnrate  Spring,  McCracken  County,  Kentucky. 
Rochester  Spring,  12  miles  from  IIarro<lville,  Boyle  County,  Kentucky. 
Ro[K-r's  Wells,  Butler  County,  Alal)ama. 
Rus.scll  Chalyl)catc  .Sjjring,  Kentucky. 
Rubscll  Sulphur  Spring,  Kentucky. 


504 

Riiger  Springs,  Mercer  County,  Missouri. 
Saline  Chalybeate,  Colfax,  Jasper  County,  Iowa. 
Salt  Springs  at  Geddes,  New  York. 
Salt  Springs,  Lincoln,  Nebraska. 

Scarborough  Mineral  Spring,  Scarborough,  Cumberland  County,  Maine. 
Schooley's  Mountain  Spring,  Morris  County,  New  Jersey.     50°  F. 
Searcy  Springs,  White  County,  Arkansas. 
Sebra  Springs,  Kentucky. 
Seigler  Springs,  Lake  County,  California. 

Seven  Springs,  Seven  Springs,  Wayne  County,  North  Carolina  (ditto  for  Virginia,  Wash- 
ington County). 
Shannondale  Springs,  Jefferson  County,  Virginia. 
Sheathil  Rock  Spring,  Waukesha  County,  Wisconsin. 
Shenandoah  Alum  Springs,  Shenandoah  County,  Virginia. 
Shelby  Springs,  Shelby  County,  Alabama. 
Shocco  Springs,  Warren  County,  North  Carolina. 
Siloam  Springs,  Siloam  Springs,  Benton  County,  Arkansas. 
Skaggs  Springs,  California. 

Slatersville  Magnesic  Spring,  Slatersville,  Tompkins  County,  New  York. 
Social  Hill  Mineral  Water,  Kentucky. 
Sour  Lake  Springs,  Sour  Lake,  Hardin  County,  Texas. 
Springdale  Seltzer  Springs,  Boulder  County,  Colorado. 
St.  Croix  Mineral  Spring,  East  Farmingham,  Polk  County,  Wisconsin. 
Steamboat  Springs,  10  miles  from  Carson  City,  Washoe  County  Nevada. 
Stone  Spring,  Lincoln  County,  Kentucky. 
Stoveall's  Spring,  Marion  County,  Mississippi. 
Sudduth  or  Mud  Spring,  Kentucky. 

Sulphuretted  Chalybeate  Spring,  half  mile  northeast  of  Pittsfield,  New  Hampshire. 
Sulphuretted  Springs  are  found  in  Jasper,  Lawrence  and  Pike  Counties,  Indiana. 
Sulphur  Spring,  Tallulah  Falls,  Georgia. 
Sulphur  Spring,  I  ^  miles  east  of  Zoar,  Georgia. 
Sulphur  Spring,  southwest  center  of  section  15,  Illinois. 
Sulphur  Spring,  Allen  County,  Kansas. 
Sulphur  Spring,  Union  County,  Kentucky. 
Sulphur  Spring,  in  Calcasieu  Parish,  Louisiana. 
Sulphur  Spring,  near  Covington,  Louisiana. 
Sulphur  Spring,  near  Enterprise,  Mississippi. 
Sulphur  Springs,  St.  Clair  County,  Alabama. 
Sulphur  Springs,  near  Philadelphia,  Mississippi. 
Swayne's  Mammoth  Springs,  Henry  County,  Tennessee. 
Sweeney's  Chalybeate  Spring,  Kentucky. 
Syracuse  Salt  Well,  Syracuse,  New  York. 
Talladega  Spring,  Talladega  County,  Alabama. 
Tea  Spring,  Bath  County,  Kentucky. 
Texas  Sour  Springs,  Luling,  Caldwell  County,  Texas. 
Thermal  Spring,  near  Fort  Laramie,  Nebraska.     74°  F. 
Thompson's  Bromine  Arsenic  Springs,  Seven  Mile  Ford,  Smyth  County,  Virginia, 


505 

Tipton  Well,  Jackson  County,  Mississippi. 

Tolenas  Soda  Springs,  near  Suisun  City,  Solano  County,  California. 

To[)ek  Mineral  Wells,  Topek,  Shawnee  County,  Kansas. 

Trinity  Springs,  Martin  County,  Indiana.     57°  F. 

Tuscan  or  Lick  Springs,  near  Red  Bluft",  Tehama  County,  California. 

Unity  Springs,  Newport,  Sullivan  County,  New  Hampshire. 

Valhemioso  Springs,  18  miles  from  Huntsville,  Alabama. 

Victor  Spring,  Genesee  County,  New  York. 

\'olcano  Springs,  Lander  County,  Nevada. 

Wallawhatoola  Alum  Springs,  Millboro  Depot,  Bath  County,  Virginia. 

Warren  ^^^lite  Sulphur  Springs,  Warren  County,  North  Carolina. 

Washington  Bell's  Sulphur  Water,  Marion  County,  Kentucky. 

Weldon  Spring,  St.  Alban's,  Franklin  County,  Vermont. 

West  Baden  Springs,  West  Baden,  Orange  County,  Indiana. 

Western  Saratoga,  Union  County,  Illinois. 

White  Rock  Mineral  Spring,  Waukesha,  Waukesha  County,  Wisconsin. 

White  Sulphur  Springs,  Sulphur  Springs,  De  Kalb  County,  Alabama. 

White  Sulphur  Mineral  Water,  Marion  County,  Kentucky. 

White  Sulphur,  6  miles  east  of  Gower  Sj)rings,  Georgia. 

White  Sulphur  Spring,  Catawba  County,  North  Carolina. 

White  Sulphur  Spring,  Neshoba  County,  Mississippi. 

White  Sulphur  Spring  of  San  Juan  Capitraas,  40  miles  north  of  San  Diego,  California. 

White  Sulphur  Springs,  Breckenridge  County,  Kentucky. 

White  Suli)hur  Springs,  Greene  County,  New  York. 

White  Sulphur  Springs,  Ohio  County,  Kentucky. 

White  Sulphur  Wells,  Metcalf  County,  Kentucky. 

Wilbur  Springs,  near  Colusa,  California. 

Williamstown  Springs,  Anderson  County,  South  Carolina. 

Wilson's  Springs,  Spartanburg  District,  South  Carolina. 

Winchester  Springs,  Franklin  County,  Tennessee. 

Wolf  Trap  Lithia  Springs,  Wolf  Trap,  Halifax  County,  Virginia. 

Wooley's  Springs,  Limestone  County,  Alabama. 

Wootan  Wells,  Wootan  Wells,  Robe-lson  County,  Texas. 

Wyandotte  Spring,  Wayne  County,  Michigan. 

N'ates  Mineral  Spring,  Boyle  County,  Kentucky. 

Yellow  Spring,  Chester  County,  I'cnnsylvania. 

Yelvington  Spring,  Daviess  County,  Kentucky. 

Ypsilanti  Mineral  Spring,  Washtenaw  County,  Michigan. 

York  S^jrings,  Adams  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Zonian  Springs,  near  Elgin,  Kane  County,  Illinois. 

In  prcp.iring  this  article,  the  folkiwing  works  have  been  freely  consulted  :  "  Roi>ort  on 
Mineral  Springs,"  by  Committee  of  .American  Medical  Association,  iSSo;  L)r.  William 
Pcpj>cr,  Re|)orter;  Mtorman  and  Walton's  "Mineral  Springs  of  the  United  States;" 
Peale's  "  Mineral  Waters,"  I.S87,  Braun's  "Curative  KfTects  of  Baths  and  Waters,"  1875; 
U.  S.  I)is|Mn'«.itr.ry,  1884;  "Mineral  Springs  (jf  Color.ado,"  by  Charles  Denison,  MI),  and 
llicsis  on  Mineral  .Springs  of  the  United  Stales,  1882,  by  Judson  Duland,  M.D. 


APPENDIX  B. 


VITAL  STATISTICS.* 

I.  POPULATION:— 

POPULATION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


New  York  .  .  . 
Pennsylvania     . 

Ohio 

Illinois 

Missouri  .... 
Indiana  .... 
Massachusetts  . 
Kentucky  .  .  . 
Michigan     .   .   . 

Iowa 

Texas    

Tennessee  .   .   . 
Georgia    .... 
Virginia   .... 
North  Carolina 
Wisconsin  ... 
Alabama  .... 
Mississippi     .   . 
New  Jersey    .   . 
Kansas     .... 
South  Carolina. 
Louisiana    .   .   . 
Maryland    .   .   .   . 
California    .   .   .   , 
Arkansas     .   .   .   , 
Minnesota  .   .   .   , 

Maine - 

Connecticut  .  .  . 
West  Virginia  .  , 
Nebraska  .  .  .  - 
New  Hampshire 

Vermont 

Rhode  Island .  .  , 
Delaware     .   .   .   . 

Florida 

Colorado     .   .    .   , 

Oregon     

Utah 

Dakota 

Territories  .  .  .  , 


The  Union 


1800. 


589 
602 

45 


6 

423 


106 

163 

880 
478 


9 
211 

346 

342 


152 
251 


184 

i,S4 
69 
64 


13 


5.308 


1820. 


1,372 

1,048 

581 

55 

67 

147 

523 

564 

9 


423 

341 

1,065 

639 

'128 

75 

277 

503 
153 
407 

14 

298 
275 


244 

236 

83 

73 


33 


Thousands  Omitted. 


1840. 


9.633 


2,429 

1.724 

1.519 

476 

384 
686 
738 
780 

212 

43 

829 
691 

1,240 

753 
31 
591 
376 
373 

594 
352 
470 


502 
310 


28s 

292 

109 

78 

54 


50 


17,069 


i860. 


3,881 

2,906 

2,340 

1,712 

1,182 

1,350 

1,231 

1,156 

749 

67s 

604 

1,110 

1 ,057 

1,596 

993 

776 

964 

791 

672 

107 

704 

708 

687 

380 

435 
172 
628 
460 

29 

326 

315 

175 

112 

140 

34 

52 

40 

5 
189 


31,443 


1870. 


4.383 
3.522 
2,665 
2,540 
1,721 
1,681 
1.457 
1,321 
1,184 

1. 194 
819 

1.259 

1,184 

1.225 

1,071 

1,055 

997 

S28 

906 

364 
706 

727 
781 
560 
484 
440 
627 

537 
442 
123 
318 
331 
217 

125 
188 
40 
91 
87 
14 
344 


38,558 


1880. 


5,083 
4,283 
3.198 
3,078 
2,168 
1,978 
1,783 
1,649 

1.637 
1,625 

1,592 

1,542 

1,542 

1.513 

1.399 

1.315 

1.263 

1.132 

1,131 

996 

996 

940 

935 

865 
803 
781 

649 
62  s 
618 
452 
347 
332 
277 

147 
269 

194 
175 
144 
135 
567 


50,156 


*NoTE. — These  Tables,  from  the  works  of  Newsholme  and  Mulliall,  may  be  found  suggestive 
as  to  certain  results,  tendencies  and  relations  of  modern  societies  and  medical  science. 

506 


507 


INCREASE  OF  1\)PULATI0N  IN  UNITED  STATES. 


Natural. 

1831-40 2^.02 

1841-50 26.19 

1831-60 24.20 

1861-70 15.38 

1871-80 22.7S 


Total 

MMIGRATION. 

Pi 

•;r  Cknt 

4.f>5 

3267 

9  08 

35.87 

11.33 

3.S.58 

7-25 

22.63 

7.29 

30.07 

K)PULATION  OF  THE  CIVILIZED  WORLD. 


U.  Kingdom 

France  .   .  . 

Germany  .  . 

Russia    .   .  . 

Austria  .   .  . 

Italy    .  .   .  . 

Spain  .   .   .  . 

Portugal    .  . 

Belirium     .  . 

Holland     .  . 

Denmark  .  . 

Sweden  .    .  . 

Norway  .  .  . 
Switzerland 

Greece    .   .  . 

Servia    .  .  . 
Roumania 

Turkey  .   .  . 

Europe  .  . 
U.  States  .  . 
S.  America  . 
British  India 
Canada  .  .  . 
Australia  .  . 
Cape  Colony 

Total  . 


1800. 


15.570 

27,720 

22,330 

38,140 

21,230 

13,380 

10,440 

3,080 

2,960 

2,280 

900 

2,330 

8S0 

1,820 

9,200 


172,260 

5.3 'o 

20,000 

7o,(kX) 

470 

10 

40 


268,090 


Thousands  Omitted. 


1820. 


20,710 

30,380 

26,040 

44,220 

23,620 

15.790 

1 1 ,680 

3.210 

3,280 

2,510 

1,040 

2,580 

1,010 

2,040 

10,300 


} 


198,410 

9.640 

22,000 

83,000 

840 

90 

80 


314,060 


1S40, 


26,.540 

34.102 

30,590 

54.080 

28,170 

18,610 

11,820 

3.490 

4,020 

3,130 

1,290 

3.210 

1,280 

2,310 

1,020 

12,490 


236,150 

17,070 

23,500 

98,500 

1.730 

410 

270 


377,630 


i860. 


28,730 

37,290 

36,410 

65.730 

32.240 

21,820 

15.560 

4.030 

4,690 

3,620 

i,.s8o 

3,870 

i,.S90 

2,530 

1,310 

1,240 

4,390 

10,230 


275,860 

31.440 

24,800 

143.300 

3.360 

1.330 

420 


480,510 


1880. 


34,650 

37.430 

45.260 

84,440 

37,830 

28,910 

16,290 

4,350 

5,480 

4,060 

1,960 

4,610 

1,9.50 

2,SlO 

1,690 
1,920 
5,330 
8,310 


312,990 
50,410 
25,600 

191,400 

4. .340 

2,8So 

1,030 


588,550 


II.  BIRTHS:— 


r.IRTII  R.\TE  PER  looo  INMARITANTS. 


United  Kingdom 
France  .  . 
Germany  .  .  . 
Austria  .... 
HunKary  .... 
Holland  .... 
KclKiuni  .... 
Denmark  .  .  . 
Sweden     .... 

Italy  

Spain 

AuHtialia     .   .    . 


1S61-70. 


334 
26..S 
39« 
39.9 
42.2 

.3-1 -6 
312 
31 -2 
32. 1 
.37  5 
372 
390 


1871-80. 


34-3 
256 
39-8 
39-9 
430 
36.2 
322 
31.2 
30.3 
36.9 
37-2 
36.0 


1861-80. 


33-8 
26.1 
39-8 

39-9 
42.6 

35-4 
3"-7 
3«.2 
3>-2 
37-2 
37-2 
37-5 


608 


NUMBERS  IN  ALL  COUNTRIES. 


Daily. 

One  Year. 

Excess  Over 
Deaths. 

England 

Scotland 

Ireland 

United  Kingdom  .   .   . 

France  

Germany 

Russia 

Austria 

Italy  

2,441 
342 
353 

880,520 
124,652 
128,010 

352,460 
48,850 
25,055 

3,136 

2,561 

4,750 

8,525 

2,32s 

2,910 

1,620 

407 

391 

471 

171 

380 

236 
195 
495 

1,133,182 

936,000 

1,736,000 

3,116,000 

1,486,000 

1,064,000 

592,000 

150,000 

144,000 

172,000 

62,500 

139,000 

58,000 

86,000 

72,000 

180,000 

426,365 

97,000 

592,000 

779,000 

324,000 

228,000 

115,000 

30,000 

49,000 

48,600 

24,000 

62,000 

29,000 

20,500 

17,000 

40,000 

Portugal 

Holland 

Belgium 

Denmark 

Sweden 

Norway 

Switzerland 

Greece 

Roumania 

Europe     

United  States 

Canada     

Australia 

Total 

30.734 

5,750 

384 

301 

11,126,682 

2,100,000 

140,000 

109,000 

2,881,465 

950,000 

60,000 

66,000 

37.169 

13,475.682 

3,957,465 

BIRTHS  ACCORDING  TO  MONTHS  (100  PAR). 


January  . 
February 
March  .  . 
April  .  . 
May  .  .  . 
June  .  .  . 
July  .  .  . 
August  . 
September 
October  . 
November 
December 


France.     Germany.       Spain.         Italy 


105 

III 

109 

106 

99 

95 

96 

96 

97 

95 

97 

95 


103 

105 

103 

100 

97 

95 

96 

98 

106 

100 

100 

99 


114 
loS 
112 
102 
100 


91 

98 
100 

97 
100 


107 
114 
no 
106 

95 
89 

91 

93 

100 

98 
98 

97 


BIRTHS  TO  EACH  MARRIAGE. 


1861-70. 

1871-80. 

Difference. 

England 

Scotland 

Ireland      

3-98 
4-51 
4-95 
4.18 
309 
3-95 
4.09 
364 
4.27 

4.16 
4-43 
546 
4-33 
2.98 
4.21 
4-34 
3-55 
4.01 

-H  0.18 

—  0.08 
+  0.51 
+  0.15 

—  0.11 
-1-  0.26 
+  0.25 

—  0.09 

—  0.26 

United  Kingdom 

France      

Belgium 

Holland 

Denmark 

Sweden 

509 
RATIO  OF  SEXES,  BASTARDY,  ETC. 


Per  iooo  Births. 

Male. 

Female. 

Illegitimate. 

Stillborn. 

England     

Scotland 

Ireland 

United  Kingdom    .   .    . 

France 

Germany    

Russia 

5" 

514 
515 
512 
5>3 
514 
508 
516 

516 
515 
513 
514 
513 
512 
5'4 
512 
519 
521 
513 

489 
486 

4S5 
488 
4S7 
4S6 
492 
484 

4S3 
484 

4^3 
4S7 
4S6 
4S7 
4SS 
4R6 
4S8 
4S1 
479 
487 

45 
89 
23 
47 
76 

84 
31 
129 
68 
55 
56 

35 

70 

112 

102 

85 
46 
16 

52 

■46 
41 

25 
31 

43 
45 
30 
29 
35 
44 

Austria 

Italy     

Spain 

Portugal     

Holland      

Belgium 

Denmark 

Sweden 

Norway 

Switzerland 

Greece 

Roumania 

Europe    

III.  DURATION  OF  LIFE:— 


EXPECTATION    OF    LIFE    (MEAN    AFTER-LIFETIME)    ACCORDING 
VARIOUS  LIFE  TABLES  AT  SUCCESSIVE  AGES. 


TO 


De  Moi- 
vrk's 
Hypo- 
thesis. 

North- 
ampton 

Car- 
lisle 

Eng- 
lish 
Life 

Eng- 
lish 
Life 

English  Life 

New  English 
LiKK  Table 

Years 

OF 

Table. 

Table. 

Table, 
No.  I. 

Table, 
No.  2. 

Iable 

,   INO.  3. 

(Ogle). 

Age. 

Persons. 

Males. 

Females. 

Males. 

Females. 

0 

43- 

252 

38.7 

41. 1 

39-91 

41.85 

41-35 

44.62 

5 

405 

40.8 

51  3 

500 

49-7' 

50-33 

50-87 

53-08 

10 

38 

398 

4S.8 

47.2 

47-5 

47-05 

47.67 

47-60 

49.76 

«5 

355 

36.5 

450 

43-6 

43  4 

43-18 

43-90 

4341 

4563 

20 

.W 

33-4 

41.5 

40.3 

40.0 

39.48 

40.29 

.^9-'1o 

41.66 

25 

30-5 

30-9 

379 

370 

36.6 

36-12 

37-04 

356S 

37-98 

30 

38 

28.3 

34-3 

33.6 

33- 1 

32-76 

33-81 

32  10 

34-41 

35 

25-5 

257 

310 

30.4 

29.8 

29.40 

3059 

28.64 

3090 

40 

23 

23- « 

27.6 

27.1 

265 

26.06 

2734 

25-30 

27.46 

45 

20.5 

20.5 

a4-5 

23.8 

23- 1 

22.76 

24.06 

22.07 

24.06 

50 

18 

18.0 

21. 1 

20.6 

19.9 

"9.54 

20.7s 

18.93 

20.68 

.55 

'5-5 

15-6 

17.6 

17.1 

16.7 

16.45 

17-43 

1595 

17-33 

60 

13 

«3  2 

\n 

14.0 

136 

13.53 

14.34 

1314 

14-24 

65 

10.5 

10.9 

III 

10.9 

10.82 

11.51 

10..5S 

11.42 

70 

8 

8.6 

92 

8.7 

8.6 

8.45 

9.02 

8.27 

8.95 
6.87 

75 

55 

6.5 

70 

6.7 

6.6 

649 

6.93 

6-.v4 

80 

3 

4.8 

55 

5-1 

-SO 

4-93 

5-26 

4-79 

5.20 

85 

0.5 

3-4 

4> 

3-7 

3-7 

3-73 

3-9H 

356 

3-88 

90 

24 

3-3 

2.7 

.   . 

2.84 

3-01 

2.66 

2.90 

95 

,   . 

0.8 

3-5 

2.1 

.   . 

2.17 

2.29 

2.01 

2.17 

100 

•   • 

23 

•   • 

•   • 

1.68 

1.76 

1. 61 

1.62 

510 


MEAN  AGE  AT   DEATH   OF   MALES  AND   FEMALES  WHO   DIED  FROM 
CERTAIN  DISEASES  IN  THE  25  YEARS,  1848-72.     (Great  Britain.) 


Causes  of  Death. 


All  Causes, 


Whooping  Cough,  .   . 

Measles, 

Croup, 

Diphtheria  (1859-72),  . 
Scarlet  Fever  (1S59-72), 

Smallpox, 

Diarrhoea, 

Typhus 

Cholera 

Erysipelas 

Rheumatism,     .... 

Influenza 

Carbuncle, 


Mean  Age  at  Death. 


Males. 

Females. 

Mean. 

28.2 

30.8 

29-5 

1-7 

1.8 

1.8 

2.5 

2.8 

2.7 

3-1 

3-2 

3-2 

7-7 

8.1 

7-9 

5-2 

5.6 

5-4 

13-2 

10.6 

11.9 

II.8 

14.9 

13-4 

26.6 

25-4 

26.0 

30.4 

32.4 

314 

35-7 

32.8 

34-3 

398 

41.4 

40.6 

42.8 

48.8 

45-8 

59-2 

57-9 

58-6 

MEAN  AGE  AT  DEATH  OF  PERSONS  DYING  FROM  CERTAIN  DISEASES, 

1848-72;   ALSO  PROPORTION  TO  DEATHS  FROM  ALL  CAUSES, 

AND  RATES  OF  MORTALITY.     (Great  Britain.) 


Cause  of  Death. 


Whooping  Cough,     .   .   , 

Measles, 

Scarlet  Fever  and  Diph- 
theria,      

Smallpox 

Typhus, 

Childbirth,  etc., 


Mean 
Age  at 
Death, 

1S48-72. 


1.8 
2.7 

5-8 
11.9 
26.0 
31-7 


Deaths  to  1,000,000 

Deaths  from  all  Causes 

Deduced  from 


Life  Table. 


15,161 
12,865 

34,966 
6,521 

38.107 
6,921 


Registered 
Deaths. 


23,145 
19.134 

48,247 

8.535 
40,170 

7,364 


Annual  Rate  of  Mor- 
tality TO  1,000,000 
Living  of  all  Ages  De- 
duced FROM 


Life  Table. 


371 
315 

856 
160 

933 
i6g 


Registered 
Deaths. 


521 
437 

1,046 
204 
918 
168 


The  probability  that  a  live-bom  child  vi^ill  die  of  any  of  these  25  diseases  is  as  follows : — 


Smallpox, 006521 

Measles 012865 

Scarlet  Fever 030021 

Diphtheria 004945 

Whooping  Cough, 015161 

Typhus 038107 

Diarrhoea  and  Dysentery, 034366 

Cholera, 006155 

Other  Zymotic  Diseases, 027478 

Cancer 021311 

Scrofula  and  Tabes,     014106 

Phthisis, 114417 

Hydrocephalus, 01 1252 


Diseases  of  Brain, 121859 

Diseases  of  Heart  and  Dropsy, 076660 

Diseases  of  Lungs 149585 

Diseases  of  Lungs  and  Phthisis 264002 

Diseases  of  Stomach  and  Liver,     .   .    .    .052497 

Diseases  of  Kidneys, 014910 

Diseases  of  Generative  Organs 003062 

Diseases  of  Joints 003395 

Diseases  of  Skin, 002512 

Childbirth  and  Metria, 006921 

Suicide, 003479 

Other  Violent  Deaths, 030052 

Other  Causes,  .  .  ^ 198363 


511 

IV.     DEATHS:— 

DEATH-RATES  PER  looo  LIVING  IN  DIFFERENT  COUNTRIES. 


Countries. 


England  and  Wales, 

Scotland 

Ireland 

Denmark 

Norway,   ...'■■ 

Sweden 

Austria 

HunKary, 

Switzerland 

German  Knipire,  .   . 
Netherlands,      .   .    . 

BeJKiiim, 

France, 

Italy,  


Mean  Annval 

UliAI  ll-KAl  !•:   IN 

TJIli    20   MiARS, 

1861-80. 


21.9 
21.9 

J  7 -5  (17  years) 

19.7 

16.9  (10  years) 

19.2 

311 

38.7  (15  years) 

23  6  (n  years) 

26.9    (.9  years) 

24.7 

22.8 

23.6 

30.0  (18  years) 


1S81. 


18.9 
193 
175 
18.3 
16.8 

17.7 
306 
356 
22.4 
25-5 

21-5 

20  9 
22. o 
27.6 


I8S2. 


19.6 
J9-3 
17-4 
J9-3 
16.4 
17.4 
30.8 
36.6 
21.9 

257 
20.7 
20  2 

22.2 

27  5 


1883. 


19-5 
20.1 
19.2 
18.4 
17.1 

J7.3 
30-1 
32  6 
20.3 

259 
21.8 
20.8 
22.2 
275 


1884. 

1885. 

1886. 

19-5 

19.0 

«9-3 

19.4 

19.1 

186 

17.6 

18.4 

17.9 

1S.4 

179 

18.2 

16.4 

16.S 

16.1 

•7-5 

17.8 

16.6 

29.2 

29.9 

29.4 

31-4 

.   . 

32.2 

20.1 

21. 1 

20.4 

26.0 

257 

26.2 

22.2 

21.0 

21.8 

20.9 

20.1 

21. 1 

22.2 

21.9 

22.5 

26.7 

26.6 

28.3 

1887. 


18.8 
18.7 
18.3 
18.3 


28.9 


24  2 
19.7 

J93 
20.0 
27.7 


DEATH  RATE  OF  CITIES  (187S-80)  PER   1000  INHABITANTS. 


Alexandria, 
Amsterdam, 
Baltimore, 
Belfast,.   . 
Berlin,  .   . 
Birmingham 
Bombay,  . 
Bordeaux, 
Boston,     . 
Bradford, 
Breslau,    . 
Brighton, 
Bristol,     . 
Brooklyn, 
Brussels,  . 
Bucharest, 
Buda-Festh, 
Buenos  Ayres 
Calcutta, 
Chicago,  .   . 
Chrisliania, 
Copenhagen, 
Cork,     .    .    . 
Dresden,  .   . 


34-2 

237 
21. 1 
2S.2 
27.6 
19.8 

337 
26.7 

235 
21. 1 

32.5 
19.0 
19.6 

2>6 

239 
24-5 
35  2 
30.1 
3I-I 
27.2 
18.8 
22.1 
26.1 
25-4 


Dublin,     . 
Edinburgh 
Geneva,    . 
Glasgow,  . 
Hamburg, 
Havana,   . 
Hull,.    .    . 
Leeds,   .    . 
Leicester, 
Leipsic,    . 
Liverpool, 
London,   . 
Lyons,  .    . 
Madras,    . 
Madrid,    . 
Manchester 
Marseilles, 
Mexico,    . 
Milan,  .    . 
Montreal, 
Munich, 
Naples, 
Newcastle 
New  Orleans, 


27.1 
20.2 
21.2 
253 
24-5 
45-7 
23.8 
21.6 
21.8 
26.1 
26.7 
21. 1 
24.7 
38.8 

37-4 

2.S-5 

28.0 

30-9 
306 
37-2 
32.8 

33- 1 
21.8 
22.7 


New  York ,  . 
Nottingham, 
Oldham,  .   . 
Palermo,  .    . 
Paris,     .    .   . 
Philadelphia, 
Portsmouth, 
Quebec,    .    . 
Rio  Janeiro, 
Rome,   .   .    . 
Rotterdam, 
Rouen,  .   .    . 
St.  Louis,    . 
St.  Petersburg, 
San  Francisco, 
Sheffield, 
Stockholm, 
Sunderland 
Turin,   .   . 
Valparaiso, 
Venice, 
Vera  Cruz, 
Vienna,    . 
Zurich,     . 


26.2 
22.4 
22.8 
28.5 
28.6 
20.3 
19.7 
22.9 

39-4 
26.8 
233 
3  "•3 
193 
51  4 
18  1 
21.6 
24.7 
20.9 
25.6 
64.6 
22.7 

7"-5 
29.0 
25.6 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 

PERCENTACE   WHO    DIE    UNDER    5 


Norway 17 

Ireland 17 

Denmark,    ....  20 

Scotland, 20 

Sweden, 22 


England, 26 

liefgium 27 

France .^1 

Prussia 32 

Holland, a 


YEARS. 

Austria 36 

Spain 36 

Russia 38 

Italy 3'1 

Liverpool 46 


512 


V.  SICKNESS:— 


PROBABLE  SICK  POPULATION. 


England 

Scotland 

Ireland 

United  Kingdom    . 

France     

Germany    

Austria 

Italy 

Spain 

Belgium 

Holland 

Denmark 

Sweden  and  Norway 

Switzerland 

Greece 

United  States    .   .    .   . 
Australia 

Total 


Thousands  Omitted. 


Sick. 


984 

145 
I  So 


1.309 

1,682 

2,288 

2,360 

1,672, 

990 

242 

190 

76 

214 

126 

62 

1,978 

75 


13,264 


Invalids. 


492 
72 
90 


654 
841 

1,144 

1,180 

836 

495 

121 

95 

38 

107 

63 
31 

989 

37 


6,631 


Total. 


1,476 
217 
270 


1,963 

2,523 

3,432 

3,540 

2,508 

1,485 

363 

285 

114 

321 

189 

93 

2,967 

112 


19,895 


Percentage 
OF  Pop. 


5.7 

5.7 
5-3 


5.6 
6.7 
7.6 

94 

8.9 
8.9 
6.6 

7.1 
5.7 
4-9 
6.7 
5.8 
5.5 
4.1 


7.5 


AVERAGE  DURATION  IN  WEEKS  OF  ATTACKS  OF  SICKNESS. 

NEISON,  FROM  THE  RETURNS  OF  THE  SCOTCH  FRIENDLY  SOCIETIES. 


Age. 

Total  Number  of 
Attacks,  including 

those  ending  in 

Recovery  and  those 

ending  in  Death. 

Total  Amount  of 
Sickness,  including 

that  ending  in 
Recovery  and  that 

ending  in  Death. 

Average  Duration 
of  each    attack    of 
Total  Sickness,  in- 
cluding that  ending 
in  Recovery  and  that 
ending  in  Death. 

10-15 
15-20 
20-25 
25-30 
30-35 
35-40 
40-45 
45-50 
50-55 
55-60 
60-65 
65-70 
70-75 
75-80 
80-85 
85-90 
90-95 

12 

637 

985 
1074 

872 
758 
519 
537 
491 

350 

135 

116 

29 

19 

I 

39.428 
749.571 
2830.285 
5483.000 
5014.143 
4524714 
4158.714 

3445.714 
6634.285 
7171,571 
9102.286 

5934  714 
8867.999 
4588.857 
4027.000 

353.000 

3.286 
6.407 

4.443 
5.566 
4.668 
5.188 
5.486 
6.639 

12.354 
14.608 
26.004 
43.960 
76.448 
158  236 
211.947 

353.000 

All  Ages. 
10-95 

6652 

72,925.281 

10.959 

The  statistics  for  the  United  Kingdom  show  that  the  average  strength  of  the  army  at 
home  during  1886  was  92,601.  The  average  number  of  daily  sick  was  4360.31,  the  aver- 
age sick-time  to  each  soldier  17.18  days  per  annum,  and  the  average  duration  of  each  case 


)i:5 


of  sickness  20.38  days.  The  following  table  shows  the  chief  causes  of  the  78,089  admis- 
sions into  hospital  in  the  United  Kingdom  ihiring  1SS6;  also  the  number  constantly  sick 
and  the  number  dying  during  the  ye;ir  in  proiioriion  to  lOOO  of  the  troops. 


Disease  or  Injury. 


Smallpox 

Other  Eruptive  Fevers 

Enteric  Fever, 

Other  Continued  Fevers 

Dyseiiterj' 

Malarial  Fevers, 

c...  1  :i  „  ^  Prirnarv, 

S>'^'"''M  Secondary 

Gonorrhd-a, 

Alcoholism, 

Rheumatism, 

Tuhercular  Diseases 

Diseases  of  the  Nervous  Svsteni,    . 

Eye,     .   .  ■ 

"  "        Circulatory  System 

"  "         Respiratory        ' 

"  "        Digestive  " 

"  "        Generative        " 

Skin 

Other  Diseases, 

Injuries 

General  Total, 


Admissions 

INTO  Hospital 

DL'RING  1886. 


II 
598 
145 
842 

87 
562 
,236 
.097 
,632 
308 

,709 
362 
924 
,281 
835 
323 
233 
,814 
4.50 
,662 
978 


78,089 


Ratio  pbr  iooo. 


Constantly 
Sick. 


01 
30 
25 
37 
10 

23 

75 
59 
05 
08 

53 
61 

94 
80 
82 
88 
10 

97 
26 

33 
II 


47.08 


Deaths. 


.02 
.46 
.09 
.06 


•05 

.07 
.04 

1.17 
.48 

•53 

1.83 

•49 

.04 

•51 
.84 


6.68 


VI.     INFLUENCE  OF  OCCUPATION,  AND    DENSITY  OF  POPULA- 
TION,  SANITATION,  ETC.,  UPON  THE  DEATH-RATE  :— 


DEATH-RATES  IN  TOWN  AND  COUNTRY  DISTRICTS  OF  ENGLAND, 

1851-86. 


Vkar. 

I'KRSONS    TO 
A  SolARE 

Milk  in 

En<;i.and 

and  Walks.  . 

Annual  Deaths 
TO  IOOO  Persons  Living  in 

Dkatiis  in 
Town  Dis- 
tricts to  100 
Di^:atiis  in 

COINIRV   Dis- 
TRICIS,  IN 

KyrAi.   Ni'M- 
iitRs  Living. 

KiiKland 

and 
Wales. 

Town 
Districts. 

Country 
Districts. 

1851-60 

l8<ji-7o, 

1871-80 

1881, 

|S«J 

1'- 

1H\') 

1886, 

325 
365 
4>.'5 
447 
4.54 
460 
466 
473 
479 

22.2 

^•25 

21.4 
189 
196 

195 
19s 
19.0 

«9.3 

24.7 
24.8 

33-1 

20.1 
ao.9 
ao..s 
ao.6 

19.7 
30.0 

19.9 
19.7 
19  0 
16.9 
17-3 
•7-9 

17.6 
18.0 

124 
126 
122 

119 
121 
H5 
H7 
11 1 
III              1 

1 

33 


514 


The  ill  effects  of  increased  aggregation  of  population  are  much  greater  in  the  earlier 
years  of  life.     This  is  clearly  shown  by  the  following  figures  : — 


Persons  to  a  square  mile, 
Deatli-rate  at  all  ages,  .  . 
Death-rate  under  five, 


i66 
16.94 
37-80 


186 
19.18 
47-53 


379 
21.90 
63.06 


1.718 
24.81 
82.10 


4-499 
28.02 
94.04 


12,357 

32.96 

111.90 


65,823 
38.67 
X39-52 


GROUPS    OF   DISTRICTS    ARRANGED    ACCORDING    TO    DENSITY   AND 

DEATH-RATES,  1871-80. 


Annual  Death-rate 

PER    IQOO. 


Cols,     

14  and  under  15, 

I",  "  16, 

16  "  17, 

17  "  18, 

18  "  19, 

19  "  20, 

20  "  21, 

21  "  22, 

22  "  23, 

23  "  24, 

24  "  2S, 

25  "  20, 

26  "  27, 

27  "  34. 


Num- 
ber OF 

Dis- 
tricts. 


31 

62 

102 

129 

95 

50 

46 

42 

30 

27 

14 

5 

6 


Ten  Years 

,  1871-JB0. 

Mean 
Annual 
Death- 

Mean  Pop- 

Deaths. 

rate  per 

ulation. 

1000. 

2. 

3- 

4- 

171,244 

24,804 

14.48 

503,594 

78,570 

15.60 

1,379,250 

229,301 

16.63 

2,166,690 

380,980 

I7-.S8 

2,787,836 

516,671 

18.53 

2,308,721 

449,736 

19.48 

2,450.483 

503.702 

20.56 

2,551,807 

549.573 

21.54 

2,692,101 

607,008 

22.55 

2,666,484 

627,660 

23-54 

2,088,340 

509,661 

24.41 

i, 375,652 

351,318 

25-54 

350,681 

92,062 

26.36 

850,906 

257,247 

30-23 

Mean 

Density 

(Acres 

TO   A 

Person). 


2.53 
3-20 
2.48 
3-04 
330 
2.94 
1.40 

095 
0.49 

0-35 
0.30 
0.23 
0.22 
o.io 


Persons 

TO  A 

Square 
Mile. 


253 
200 

258 

jii 

194 

217 

458 

677 

1.301 

1,819 

2,166 

2,819 

2,944 
6,144 


Aberdeen,  Scotland,  which  has  13.6  per  cent,  of  its  population  living  in  one  room,  has 
the  lowest  death-rate  of  eight  great  Scotch  towns,  the  death-rate  rising  pari  passu  with 
the  diminution  in  size  of  the  average  house,  until  we  come  to  Glasgow  with  24.7  per  cent, 
of  its  population  living  in  one  room,  and  the  highest  death-rate.  In  comparing  the  twenty- 
four  districts  into  which  Glasgow  is  divided,  the  same  general  relation  is  demonstrated. 
The  population  of  Glasgow  in  1885  was  543,295,  the  number  of  deaths  13,439-  The 
distribution  of  population  and  deaths  in  the  inhabited  houses  according  to  their  size  was  as 
follows : — 


Size 

OF  House. 

Population. 

Deaths. 

Percentage  of 

Population. 

Deaths. 

One  room,     . 
Two  rooms. 
Three      " 
Four 
Five 

Institutions,  . 
Untraced,  .   . 

134,728 

243,691 

86,956 

32,742 

38,647 

6,531 

3,636 

6,325 

1,747 

.581 

^^^ 
427 
289 

24-7 

44-7 

16.0 

6.1 

7-1 
1.4 

.   . 

27.0 
47.0 
130 
4-3 
3-3 
3  2 
2.2 

and  upward,    .   •   •   • 

Whole  City,  . 

545,295 

13,439 

loo.o 

lOO.O 

515 

In  the  following  table  the  rates  jier  100,000  inhabitants  from  certain  cla.sses  of  disease 
are  shown : — 


One  and  Two- 
roo.m  holsks. 

Three  and 

FOl'R-KOOM 

Houses. 

Five  Rooms 
and  upward. 

47S 

985 

,480 

32 

799 

246 

689 

235 

11 

764 

114 
328 

91 
590 

Acute  Diseases  of  the  Lungs  (including 
Consumption), 

Nervous  Diseases  and  Diseases  of 
Nutrition  in  children, 

Accidents  and  Sypliilis  in  children,    .    . 

Miscellaneous  Unclassified  Diseases,   . 

All  Causes 

2774 

1945 

1 123 

Taking  the  average  amount  (in  excess  of  outside  air)  of  carbonic  acid,  organic  matter 
and  microurgani.'inis,  respectively,  in  the  atmosphere  of  hou.ses  of  four  or  more  rooms  as 
unity,  then  in  one-  and  two-room  houses  the  relative  amount  (Dundee)  was  as  follows : — 


Houses  of 
FoiR  Rooms 

AND  UPWARD. 

Two-room 
Houses. 

One  room 
Houses. 

Cubic  Space  per  person, 

Carbonic  Acici          .       

0.13 

1-5 

1.6 

5-1 
3-1 
55 

O.II 

2.0 
4.4 
6.7 
6.9 
30 

MicroofKanisms,  total, 

Bacteria        .        

COMPARATIVE   MORTALITY  OF   MALES   IN  CERTAIN  DUST-INIIALING 

OCCUPATIONS  FROM  PHTHISIS  AND  DISEASES  OF 

THE  RESPIRATORY  ORGANS. 


Comparative 
MoR TAi  iTV  Fig 

URE     lSS()-I-2), 

that  ok  all 

Males  being 

1000. 

Phthisis. 

Diseases  of 
Respir.\- 

lORV 

Organs. 

The  Two 

ToGETHI'.R. 

Coal  Miner 

891 

K20 

9.S« 
969 
1032 
to88 

1122 
1.309 
1667 
1742 
IH39 

126 
204 
212 

2.S2 
2.S7 
272 
308 
371 

4.V1 

202 

i.V^ 
1H6 
201 
205 
271 
274 
3^) 
3.SO 
645 
45a 

3*8 
337 
^98 
4.S3 
462 

.S43 
.S8^ 
760 

78.1 
IllK 
1148 

Cirixntir,  Joiner 

U.ik<r,  f  "onfi-i  tioner 

Mason,  Hiiildcr,  Hricklayer,  .    .    . 

Wool  Manufacture 

Cotton  Manufacture 

Quarrvni.tn, 

Culler' 

Kilemak<*r                                      ... 

Eartbtriware  Manufacture,  .   .   . 

Fishermen 

108 

90 

198 

516 


DEATH-RATES  OF  MALES,  25-65  YEARS  OF  AGE,  IN  DIFFERENT  OCCU- 
PATIONS, IN  1860-1-1871,  AND  IN  1880-2;   AND  THEIR  COM- 
PARATIVE MORTALITY  FIGURES  IN  1880-2. 


Occupation. 


All  Males, 

Occupied  Males, 

Unoccupied  Males, 

Males  in  Selected  Healthy  Districts, 


Clergyman,  Priest,  Minister, 

Gardener,  Nurseryman, 

Farmer,  Grazier 

Laborer  in  Agricultural  Counties, 

Schoolmaster,  Teacher 

Grocer, 

Fisherman, 

Carpenter,  Joiner 

Bookseller,  Stationer,     

Barrister,  Solicitor, 

Draper  and  Manchester  Warehouseman,  .    .    . 

Groom,  Domestic  Coachman, 

Coal  Miners  (as  represented  by  Miners  in  six 

districts) 

Plasterer,  Whitewasher, 

Watch  and  Clock  Maker,      

Tanner,  Fellmonger 

Shoemaker 

Artist,  Engraver,  Sculptor,  Architect 

Commercial  Traveler, 

Corn  Miller, 

Baker,  Confectioner, 

Builder,  Mason,  Bricklayer, 

Blacksmith,     

Commercial  Clerk  and  Insurance  Service,   .   . 

Tobacconist, 

Chemist,  Druggist, 

Tailor, 

Printer . 

Wool,  Worsted  Manufacture  (West  Ridiiig\  . 
Cotton,  Linen  Manufacture  (Lancashire),  .  •  . 
Physician,  Surgeon,  General  Practitioner,    .    . 

Law  Clerk 

Butcher, 

Glass  Manufacture, 

Plumber,  Painter,  Glazier, 

Cutler,  Scissors,  Needle,  Saw,  Tool-maker, 

Carter,  Carrier,  Haulier, 

Bargjeman,  Lighterman,  Waterman, 

Musician,  Music  Master, 

Hairdresser 

Brewer 

Cab,  Omnibus,  Service 

Chimney  Sweep 

Innkeeper,  Publican, 

Messenger,  Porter,  Watchman, 

Filemaker, 

Earthenware  Manufacture, 

Miner  (Cornwall), 

Costermonger,  Hawker,  Street  Seller,    .   .    .    . 

General  Laborer  (London), 

Inn,  Hotel,  Servant, 


Mean  Annual  Death-rates 
PER  1000  Living. 


1860-1-1871. 


Years  of  Age. 


25-45- 


11.27 


596 
6.74 
7.66 

9.82 

9  49 
11.26 

9  44 
10.84 

9.87 
14-34 


9-50 
10.78 
10.43 
10.39 

11-73 
12.28 

9-32 
10.72 

11-43 
10.07 
14.28 

13-19 
13.92 
12.92 
13  02 


13.81 
18.75 
13-19 
13-19 
12.48 
11.88 

14.99 
18.94 
15.11 
19  26 
1594 
17-53 
18.01 

16  27 
12  .S9 
11-94 
20.09 

18-35 
21.91 


45-65- 


23.98 


17-31 
17-54 
17-32 

2356 
17  15 
15.84 
21.36 
21.36 
22.97 
26.33 


27.90 
24.90 

26.57 
22.30 
22.91 
29.00 
26.65 
26.39 
27.16 
23.88 
2888 
21.76 
23-56 
2479 
29-38 


24-55 
37-05 
28.37 
29.32 
34.66 
3274 

30.78 
3476 
30.10 
.36.86 
35-28 
4287 
34  14 

42  30 
41  75 
41  73 
37.82 
40.64 
42.19 


1880-1-2. 


Years  of  Age. 


25-45-      45-65 


10.16 

9-71 

32-43 

847 


4.64 
552 
6.09 

7-13 
6.41 
8.00 
8.32 
7-77 
8-53 
7-54 
9.70 

8.53 

7.64 

7-79 
9.26 

7  97 
9-31 
8.39 
9.04 
8.40 
8.70 

9-25 

9.29 

10.48 

11.14 

10.58 

10-73 
11.12 
9.71 
9-99 
11-57 
10.77 
12.16 
11.21 
11.07 
11.71 
12.52 
14-25 
13-78 
13-64 
13.90 

1539 
13-73 
18.02 

1707 
1529 
13-70 
14-77 
20  26 
20  62 
22.63 


25.27 

24.63 
36.20 
19-74 


15-93 
16.19 

16.53 
17.68 
18.98 
19.16 

19-74 
21.74 
2057 

23-13 
20.96 
23  28 

25.11 
25.07 
22.64 
25-37 
23-36 
25.07 

25-03 
26.62 
26.12 

25 -.59 
2567 
24.49 
23.46 
25,16 

2647 
26  60 
27.50 
29.44 
28.03 

30.79 
29.cS 

31-71 
32.49 
34-42 
33-00 
31-13 
32-39 
33-25 
3425 
3683 
41-54 
3368 
37-37 
45-14 
51-39 
53-69 
45-33 
50.85 
55-30 


Compara- 
tive 
Mortality 
Figure, 
1880-1-2. 


Years  of 
Age. 


25-65- 


1000 

967 

2182 
804 


556 
599 
631 
701 
719 
771 
797 
820 

825 
842 

883 
887 

891 
896 
903 
911 
921 
921 
948 
957 
958 
969 

973 
996 
1000 
1015 
1 05 1 
1071 
1032 
1088 
1122 

1151 
1170 
1190 
1202 
1273 
1275 
1305 
1314 
1327 
1361 
1482 

1519 
1521 

1565 
1667 
1742 

1839 
1879 
2020 
2205 


517 

EFFECT  OF  SAXTT.VRV  WORKS  oN  THE  C.EXERAL  DE.VTII  RATE  AND 
ON  THE  MORIALITV  FROM  TVl'llUlD  FEVER  AND  I'llTHISIS. 


Towns. 

Death-rate 

BEFORE 

Constriction 
OK  Works. 

Death-rate 

after 

Construction 

OF  Works. 

Redvction  ok 

Typhoid 

PER  Ce.st. 

Reduction  of 

I'H  rnisis 

I'EK  Cent. 

Banbur\- 

234 
33-2 

237 
22.6 

239 
26.4 
29.8 
33.2 
31.8 
19.1 
275 
22.7 

20.5 
22.6 
18.6 
20.9 
20.5 
25.2 

237 
26.2 
21.6 
1S.6 
21.9 
21.0 

48 
40 
63 

56 
48 
48 
60 

36 
10 

75 
52 

41 
17 
17 
20 

47 
32 
31 
II 
32 
43 
49 
19 

Cardiff; 

Crovdoii 

Dover, 

Ely 

Leicester 

Macclesfield, 

Mcrlhyr 

Newport 

RuKby 

Sali!!l)ur\- 

Warwick 

Mean  Annual 

Period  of  Years. 

Death-rate  per 
1000  Living. 

Ten    Years,  1862-71 

22.6 

Public  Health  Act,  1872— 

Four  Years,  1872-75 

21.8 

Public  Health  Act,  1S75  — 

Five  Years,  1876-80 

20.79 

Five  Years,  1881-85 

19.30 

1886 

19.28 

1887 

18.79 

1S88 

J7.83 

VIII.     DISEASES:— 

There  appears  to  l>c  a  (kfiiiite  connection  l)etwecn  the  numhir  of  ^ood I'accination  cicu- 
trices  and  the  degree  of  protection  from  severe  sniallixix.  This  is  shown  inthe  preceding 
taltle,  and  even  more  strikingly  in  the  following  taiile  from  Mr.  Marson's  well-known 
figuri-s,  which  give  "the  result  of  his  observations,  made  during  twentylivc  years,  in 
nearly  6000  caics  of  jwst- vaccinal  .smalljxjx  "  in  the  London  Smalljxj.\  Hosi)ital. 


Casks  of  Smallpox,  Classmmed  Accoroinc;  to  iiii-: 
Vaccination  Marks. 


Unv.iccinateH 

(i>  Stati'il  to  havf  In-eti  vaccinated,  but  liaviiiK  no  cicatrix, 

(2)  llavitiK  iinr  vaccine  cicatrix 

{.S)  I  laviii({ '?''"  vaccine  (iialrii  es, 

(41  Having  Ihtfi-  vac(  ine  cicatrice* 

(5)  HavinKy""''*^  »««»•<•  vaccine  flcalrlcc« 


NuMiiER  OF  Deaths 

Per  Cent,  in  Kach 

Class  Kkspkctivki.v. 


3S^ 

aiyi 


518 


ANNUAL  MORTALITY  FROM  SEVERAL  CAUSES  PER   MILLION   LIVING 
AT  ALL  AGES  IN  SUCCESSIVE  PERIODS  AND  YEARS. 


AH  Causes, 

Smallpox, ,   . 

Measles, 

Scarlet  Fever,     .... 

Diphtheria, 

Whooping  Cough,     .    . 
Fever—       |  Jyi'^k'S-    • 

includi„g|E;!Sed, 
Puerperal     Fever     and  I 

Diseases  of  Childbirth,  J 
Diarrlucal  Diseases,     .   . 

Cancer 

Phthisis 

Hydrocephalus 

Other  Tubercular   Dis- ) 

eases, J 

Diseases    of    Nervous 

System    (including 

Convulsions) 

Diseases  of  Circulatory 

System  and  Dropsy, 
Diseases  of  Respiratory 

System, 

Diseases    of   Digestive 

System 

Diseases     of    Urinary   I 

System,      j 

Violence, 


I85I 

1861 

1871 

TO 

TO 

TO 

1881. 

1SS2. 

1883. 

1884. 

1885. 

1S86. 

1SS7. 

1S60. 

1870. 

1880. 

22,165 

22,416 

21,272 

18,880 

19,560 

19,536 

19,511 

19,010 

19,278 

18,790 

221 

16s 

236 

119 

50 

36 

82 

103 

10 

iS 

412 

440 

378 

280 

481 

348 

416 

.526 

431 

594 

876 

972 

716 

548 

520 

472 

399 

231 

215 

27s 

109 

18.S 

121 

121 

151 

158 

185 

163 

147 

157 

503 

527 

512 

416 

577 

391 

422 

477 

464 

398 

1    "' 

36 

33 

12 

12 

9 

7) 

908 

88,s 

484 

<  212 

229 

227 

234 

173 

182 

182  V 

I  44 

38 

36 

28 

24 

22 

18) 

164 

165 

167 

i    88 
\    74 

98 
74 

98 
71 

91 
69 

8S 
74 

75 
65 

871 
61 1 

1,080 

1,076 

935 

570 

664 

610 

1,001 

49S 

907 

733 

317 

387 

473 

520 

,532 

546 

559 

566 

583 

606 

2,679 

2,475 

2,116 

1,825 

1,844 

1,870 

1,812 

1,752 

1,718 

1,591 

397 

347 

3'7') 

407 

437 

445] 

705 

729 

707 

738 

654 

726 

658 

2,741 

2,785 

2,770 

2,600 

2,644 

2,702 

2,657 

2,604 

2,656 

2,5+6 

1.247 

1,549 

1,477 

1,369 

1,372 

1,465 

1,495 

1,579 

1,625 

1,643 

3,021 

3,364 

3.760 

3,427 

3,555 

3,656 

3,317 

3,699 

3,594 

3,572 

1,004 

981 

973 

1,103 

1,121 

1,117 

1,135 

1,083 

1,140 

1,068 

214 

298 

392 

381 

394 

446 

438 

441 

445 

439 

733 

765 

733 

697 

669 

675 

651 

625 

626 

642 

DEATH-RATE    UNDER    FIVE   YEARS    OF   AGE    FROM   SMALLPOX   PER 
MILLION  CHILDREN  LIVING  UNDER  FIVE,  FROM  1847-1886. 

(England.) 


Death-rate 

Death  rate 

PER  Million 

PER  Million 

Living. 

Living. 

Year. 

Year. 

At  all 

Under 

At  all 

Under 

Ages. 

5- 

Ages. 

.5- 

rl847 

430 

1380 

riS67 

440 

468 

1R4S 

720 

2097 

2.  Vaccination  oblig- 

1868 

190 

416 

1.  Vaccination    op- 

1849 

230 

1364 

atory,  but  not  efh-  -< 

1S69 

90 

297 

1850 

210 

1401 

cienily  enforced,   . 

1S70 

300 

409 

1851 

450 

2067 

,1871 

2420 

2S2I 

1852 

480 

2124 

r  1872 

540 

1843 

L  1853 

90 

893 

1873 

30 

1S5 

f  1854 
1855 

280 

675 

1874 

20 

169 

410 

531 

1875 

10 

83 

1856 

200 

514 

1876 

210 

185 

1S57 

60 

911 

1877 

710 

316 

iSs8 

90 

1379 

3.  Vaccination     ob- 

1S7S 

390 

139 

2.  Vaccination  oblig- 

1859 

420 

853 

ligatory    and     en-  - 

1879 

120 

38 

atory,  but  not  effi-  -^ 

1S60 

320 

57S 

forced, 

18S0 

120 

49 

ciently  enforced,  . 

1S61 

80 

267 

1881 

620 

2rg 

1812 

130 

339 

]S82 

no 

77 

• 

1863 

690 

1176 

1883 

30 

62 

1864 

190 

1525 

i8<'4 

220 

139 

1865 

210 

1 144 

1S85 

220 

1S7 

1 

L1866 

460 

575 

^1886 

10 

•   ■ 

510 


A  DRIKST  OF  10,403   CASES  OF  SMALLPOX   TRKATFI)  BY  DR.  GAYTON 
IN  THE  MElROrULrrAN  SMALLPOX  IlOSllTALS,  LONDON:— 


Ages. 

Yaccinated. 
Good  M.^rks. 

Yaccinated. 
iMPKKKKcr  Marks. 

"Yaccinated," 
bvt  no  eviuknce 
OK  Yacci.naito.n. 

Not 
Yaccinatkd. 

h 

i- 

. 

H 

h 

Z 

U) 

Z 

Z 

(/) 

Z 

X 

li) 

X 

u 

X 

u 

X 

lii 

Vkars. 

Cases 

< 

u 

Cases. 

h 

u 

Cases. 

< 

u 

Cases. 

< 

u 

si 

ci: 

od 

1:: 

X 

U 

d 

5 

X 

0 

D 

Q 

0-2 

4 

0 

0 

32 

3 

9 

22 

9 

41 

276 

181 

66 

2-5 

57 

0 

0 

150 

18 

12 

96 

38 

40 

40  ! 

202 

50 

5-10 

200 

2 

I 

532 

27 

•5 

207 

40 

'9 

510 

ISO 

35 

10-15 

439 

5 

I 

939 

32 

3 

214 

42 

20 

317 

74 

23 

15-20 

606 

12 

2 

1037 

66 

2 

205 

39 

19 

204 

86 

42 

20-25 

389 

n 

3 

843 

100 

13 

167 

.56 

34 

174 

83 

48 

25-30 

1S9 

12 

6 

529 

80 

15 

116 

35 

30 

105 

56 

.■53 

30-40 

147 

14 

10 

526 

78 

15 

137 

49 

36 

103 

42 

41 

40-50 

29 

4 

14 

1S6 

33 

18 

85 

24 

28 

49 

21 

43 

50  + 

19 

2 

11 

80 

18 

22>4 

46 

20 

43 

30 

13 
938 

43 
43 

AII  Ages. 

2085 

63 

3 

4854 

455 

9 

1295 

352 

27 

2169 

DISTRIBUTION  OF  DECREASED  MORTALITY  ACCORDING  TO  CAUSE. 

In  the  following  table  tlie  mortality  of  1871-80,  from  certain  defined  causes,  is  con- 
tntsted  with  that  of  the  preceding  decennium.  The  contrast  would  have  been  more 
striking  had  the  years  of  the  present  decennium  been  taken  instead. 

ANNUAL   I)K.\TI1S    I'KR    MII.TKiN    LIVING    IN   TWO   DKCENNIA — (EN(;I„\NI)). 


Cause  of  Death. 


Smallpox 

Measles 

Scarlet  Fever 

Di|>lulieria,     

Wnoopinjc  Cough 

Fever 

DiarrhtL-al  Diseases 

Cancer - 

Phthisis 

Hyflrocephalus, , 

Other  Tulx.-n  ular  Diseases , 

Diseases  of  the  Nervous  System, 

"  "        Circulatory  System  and  Dropsy, 

"  "         Respirati'rv  System,     

"  "         Digestive  System, 

"  "        Urinary  System 

Puerperal  I'evcr,  Childbirth 

Vi<»lente 

All  Ulher  and  Unstated  Causes, 

All  Causes 

Balance  of  Decrease 


1861-70. 


163 

440 

972 

1S5 

527 

8S.S 

1,076 

3«7 

2.475 

347 

437 

2,7«5 

1.319 

3.3fH 

981 

293 

161 

4.815 


23,41') 


I 87 1-80. 


2^6 
378 
716 
121 
512 
481 
935 
473 
2,116 

317 

445 

2,770 

1,477 
3.7''0 
978 
.392 
167 
733 
4,263 


21,272 


Anni'al 
Increase  or 
Dkckkase  in 

1871-80. 


+  73 

—  62 

—  2S6 

-64 

—  '5 

—  401 

—  141 
+  S6 

—  359 

—  30 
-I  8 

—  15 
+  I->8 
+  396 

—  3 

+  94 

+  2 

—  32 

—  553 


1,114 


POTTER'S  HANDBOOK. 

Materia  Medica,  Pharmacy 

AND    THERAPEUTICS. 

SECOND  EDITION.    REVISED.     766  PAGES.    OCTAVO. 

With  Thumb  Index.     Cloth,  $4.00 ;   Leather,  $5.00. 


A  Handbook  of  Materia  Medica,  Pharmacy  and  Therapeutics 
— including  the  Pliysiological  Action  of  Drugs,  Special  Therapeutics 
of  Diseases,  Official  and  Extemporaneous  Pharmacy,  etc.  By  Sami.. 
O.  L.  Potter,  m.a.,  m.d.,  Professor  of  the  Practice  of  Medicine  in 
Cooper  Medical  College,  San  Francisco;  Late  A.  A.  Surgeon,  U.  S. 
Army,  Author  of  "Speech  and  its  Defects,"  and  the  "Quiz-Com- 
])ends"  of  Anatomy  and  Materia  Medica,  etc. 

Dr.  Potter  has  become  well-known  by  his  Compends  of  Anatomy,  and  of  Materia 
Medica,  both  of  which  have  reached  four  editions.  In  this  book,  more  elaborate  in  its 
design,  he  has  shown  his  abilities  to  much  better  advantage,  and  all  who  examine  or  use 
it  will  agree  that  he  has  produced  a  work  containing  more  correct  information  in  a  prac- 
tical, concise  form  than  any  other  publication  of  the  kind.  The  plan  of  the  work  is  new, 
and  its  contents  have  been  combined  and  arranged  in  such  a  way  thai  it  offers  a  compact 
statement  of  the  sul>jects  in  hand. 

Part  I.— Matkria  Medica  and  Therapeutics,  the  drugs  being  arranged  in 
alphabetical  order,  with  the  synonym  of  each  first;  tiien  the  description  of  the  plant,  its 
preparations,  physiological  action,  and  lastly  its  Therapeutics.  This  part  is  precetled  by 
a  section  on  the  classification  of  medicines. 

Part  II.— Phar.macy  and  Pricscriition  Writing  This  is  written  for  the  use 
of  physicians  who  desire  or  of  necessity  must  put  up  their  own  prescriptions,  and  includes 
a  great  deal  of  valuable  information. 

Part  III.— Special  Therapeutics.  An  Alphabetical  List  of  Diseases— giving  the 
drugs  that  have  been  found  s.rviceable  in  each  disease,  and  the  autliority  recommending 
the  use  of  each.  Over  600  prescriptions  are  given  in  this  part,  many  being  over  the  na  nes 
of  eminent  men. 

The   Ai  ri..M>i.\  contains  many  tables,  fonnula-  and  much  collateral  malcri.il. 

From  the  1  htrafirutic  Gazette. 

"  No  new  rcmeily  i>(  any  acknowicilKcd  v.ilue  is  omitted  from  this  list.  Under  each  the  section  on 
physiul»Ki<  al  action  and  tlicrapculii  s  ha»  l)ccn  written  with  care.  ...  hi  the  eniuncration  of  drugs 
suited  to  different  disorders  a  very  siicccssfid  effort  at  discrimination  has  been  niailc,  holh  in  the  siayc 
of  iliseasc  and  in  the  cases  (iccidiarly  suited  to  the  remedy.  It  is  no  mere  list  of  diseases  folhiwcd  hy  a 
catalogue  of  driit;s,  liut  is  a  digest  of  modern  tlierai>eutics,  and  as  such  will  jirove  of  immense  use  to  its 
p<j»se*sor." 


F.  BLAKISTON,  SON  &  CO.,  PUBLISIIHRS, 

loij  Walnut  Stri;i;t,  riiii.Ahni.iMiiA. 


NEW  SERIES  OF  MANUALS. 

FOR  MEDICAL  STUDENTS  AND  PHYSICIANS. 

Demi-Octavo.     Price  of  each  book,  Cloth,  $3.00  ;    Leather,  $3.50. 

The  object  held  in  view  in  the  preparation  of  this  Series  was  to  make  books  tliat 
should  be  concise  and  praciical,  not  burdened  by  useless  theories  and  discussions,  but  con- 
taining all  that  is  needed  or  necessary  for  ihe  student  and  practitioner. 

WALSHAM'S  PRACTICAL  SURGERY.  A  Manual  for  Students  and  Physi- 
cians. By  Wm.  J.  Walsham,  mA).,  Asst.  Surgeon  to,  and  Demonstrator  of  Surgery  in, 
St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital;  Surgeon  to  Metropolitan  Free  Hospital,  Lond  ni,  etc. 
236  Illustrations.     656  pages. 

J^roDi  the  Polyclinic. 

"  While  evidently  intended  to  be  a  text-book  for  students,  and  therefore  small  in  size  and  compactly 

written,  is  nevertheless  full  enough  for  the  use  of  those  practitioners  who  desire  a  short  account  of  the 

various  surgical  principles  and  operations  involved  in  the  treatment  of  the  ordinary  run  of  surgical  cases. 

The  author  seems  to  be  a  conservative  and  judicious  surgeon  with  advanced  ideas." 

PARVIN'S-WINCKEL'S    DISEASES     OF     WOMEN.       Second    Edition. 

Including  the  Diseases  of  The  Bladder  and  Urethra.  By  Dr.  F.  Winckel,  Professor 
of  Gyniecology  and  Director  of  the  Royal  University  Clinic  for  Women,  in  Munich. 
Revised  and  Edited  by  Theophilus  Parvin,  m  d.,  Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  Dis- 
eases of  Women  and  Children  in  Jefferson  Medical  College.      150  lllus.     "J 60  pages. 

GALABIN'S  MIDWIFERY.  A  Manual.  By  Alfred  Lewis  Galabin,  m.a.,m.d., 
Obstetric  Physician  and  Lecturer  on  Midwifery  and  the  Diseases  of  Women  at  Guy's 
Hospital,  London.     227  Illustrations.     753  pages. 

From  the  Archives  o/  Gyncecology,  New  York. 

"The  illustrations  are  mostly  new  and  WELL  executed,  and  we  heartily  commend  this  book  as  far 

superior  to  any  manual  upon  this  subject." 

YEO'S  MANUAL  OF  PHYSIOLOGY.     Fourth  Edition.     By  Gerald  F.  Yeo, 
M.D.,  F  R.C.S.,  Professor  of  Physiology  in  King's   College,  London.     321   Illustrations 
and  a  Glossary.     758  pages. 
RICHTER'S    ORGANIC    CHEMISTRY.      By  Prof.  Victor  von   Richter, 
University  of  Breslau.      Authorized  translatit)n  from  the  Fourth  German  Edition.     By 
EuGAR  F.  Smith,  m.d.,  ph.d.,  Prof,  of  Chemistry,  University  of  Pennsylvania;  Mem- 
ber of  the  Chemical  Societies  of  B  rlin  and  Paiis.     Illustrated.     7 10  pages. 
GOODHART  AND    STARR,   DISEASES  OF  CHILDREN.     Second  Edi- 
tion.    By  J.  F.  Goodhart,   m.d..   Physician  to  the   Evelina    Hospital  for  Children, 
London.     Second  American  from  third  English  Edition.     Edited  by  Louis  Stakk, 
m.d.,  Clinical   Professor   of  Diseases  of  Children  in  the  Hospital  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania.     With  many  new  Prescriptions  and    Directions   for  making   Artificial 
Human  Milk,  for  the  Artificial  Digestion  of  Milk,  etc.     760  pages. 
From  the  Neiu  York  Medical  Record. 

"As  it  is  said  of  some  men,  so  it  might  be  said  of  some  books,  that  they  are  '  born  to  greatness.' 
This  new  volume  has,  we  believe,  a  mission,  particularly  in  the  hands  of  the  young  members  of  the  pro- 
fession. In  these  days  of  prolixity  in  medical  literature,  it  is  refreshing  to  meet  with  an  author  who 
knows  both  what  to  say  and  when  he  has  said  it." 

WARING'S  PRACTICAL  THERAPEUTICS.  Fourth  Edition.  A  Manual 
of  Practical  Therapeutics.  Containing  an  Index  of  Diseases.  By  Edward  John 
Waring,  m.d.,  f.r.c.p.,  etc.  Rewritten  and  Revised.  Edited  by  Dudley  W.  Bux- 
ton, m.d.,  Asst.  to  the  Prof,  of  Medicine  at  University  College  Hospital.     666  pages. 

From  The  Kansas  City  Medical  Record. 

"  As  a  work  of  reference  it  excels,  on  account  of  the  several  complete  indexes  added  to  this  edition. 
It  was  deservedly  popular  in  former  editions,  and  will  be  more  so  in  the  one  before  us,  on  account  of  the 
careful  arrangement  of  the  subjects." 

REESE'S  MEDICAL  JURISPRUDENCE  AND  TOXICOLOGY.     A  New 

Edition.  By  John  J.  Reese,  m.d..  Professor  of  Medical  Jurisprudence  and  Toxi- 
cology in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.     Revised  and  Enlarged. 

P.  BLAKISTON,  SON  &  CO.,  PUBLISHERS, 
1012  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 


?  QUIZ-COMPENDS.  ?  {v.fJ.Txrok 

Compiled  in  accordance  with  (he  latest  teachings  of  prominent  lecturers. 

They  lomi  a  niu>t  complete,  practical  and  e.\hau>tivc  set  of  manuals,  containing  infor 
mation  nowlicre  else  collected  in  such  a  condensed,  practical  shape.  Thoroughly  u])  to 
the  times,  containing  many  new  prescriptions  and  fomiuhv,  and  over  300  illustrations, 
many  of  which  have  been  drawn  and  engraved  specially  for  this  series. 

Bound  in  Cloth,  each  $1.00.    Interleaved,  for  the  Addition  of  Notes,  $1.25. 

No.  I.  Human  Anatomy.  Fifth  Edition,  including  Visceral  Anatomy,  formerly 
published  separately.  16  Lithographic  Plates,  Tables,  and  117  Illustrations. 
By  Sa.MLKL  U.  L.  rcvrri'.K,  m..a..,  M.D.,  late  A.  A.  Surgeon,  U.  S.  Anny.  Professor  of 
Practice,  Cooper  Med.  College,  San  Francisco. 

Nos.  2  and  3.  Practice  of  Medicine.  Fourth  Edition,  Enlarged.  By  Danifi.  E. 
Huc.URs,  M.ij.,  late  l)emun>trator  of  Clinical  Medicine  in  jelVerson  Med.  College,  I'hila. ; 
I'hysician-in-Chief,  Philadelphia  Hospital.     In  two  p.irts. 

No.  4.  Physiology,  including  Embryology.  Fifth  Edition.  Ry  .\i.iiF.RT  P.  Bku- 
H.VKKK,  M.n.,  I'rof.  of  I'liy>iologv,  Penn'a  College  of  1  H lUal  Surgery;  Demonstrator  of 
Physiology  in  Jefferson  Med.  College,  Phila.     Illustrated. 

No.  5.  Obstetrics.  Illustrated.  Fourth  Edition.  For  Physicians  and  Students. 
By  IIknkv  Ci.  I.andis,  m.d.,  IVof.  of  Ol)stetrics  and  Diseases  of  NVimien,  in  Starling 
Medical  College,  Columbus.     New  Illustrations. 

No.  6.  Materia  Medica,  Therapeutics  and  Prescription  Writing.  Fifth  Re- 
vised Edition.  \\'\th  especial  Reference  to  the  Physiological  Action  of  Drugs,  and  a 
complete  article  on  Prescription  Writing.      Snwe  Author  as  No.  /. 

No.  7.  Gynaecology.  By  Henry  Morris,  m.d.,  late  Demon.strator  of  Obstetrics, 
Jefiferson  Medical  College,  Philadelphia.     45  Illustrations. 

No.  8.  Diseases  of  the  Eye  and  Refraction.  Second  Edition.  Including  Treat- 
ment and  Surgery.  By  L.  Wkustkk  Fo.\,  M.U.,  Chief  Clinical  Assistant  ()|ihthalmo- 
logical  Dept.,  Jefferson  Medical  College,  etc.,  and  Geo.  M.  Gould,  m.u.  71  Illustra- 
tions, 39  ForniuLv. 

No.  9.  Surgery,  Minor  Surgery  and  Bandaging.  Fourth  Edition.  Including 
Fractures,  Wounds,  Dislocations,  Sprains,  Amj^utations  and  other  operations;  Intlanuna- 
tion,  .Suppuration,  Ulcers,  Syphilis,  Tumors,  Shock,  etc.  Diseases  of  the  Spine,  Far, 
Bladder,  Te-sticles,  Anus  and  other  Surgical  Diseases.  By  Orvh.i.k  Horwitz,  a.m., 
M.D.,  Demonstrator  of  Surgery,  Jelferson  .Medical  College.  84  Formula"  and  136  Illus- 
tions. 

No.  10.  Medical  Chemistry.  Third  Edition.  Inorganic  and  Organic,  including 
L'rine  Analysis.  For  Medical  and  Dental  Students.  By  IIknry  I.KKKMANN,  M.d., 
Prof,  of  Chemistry  in  Penn'a  College  of  Dental  Surgery,  Phila.     Third  Fdition. 

No.  II.  Pharmacy.  Bxsed  uixin  "Remington's  Text-Book  of  Pharmacy.  "  By  F.  F. 
.Stkwaki,  m.d.,  I'H.c,  late  Quiz-Master  at  Philadelphia  College  of  Pharmacy.  Third 
Pxlition.     Revised. 

No.  12.  Veterinary  Anatomy  and  Physiology.  By  Wm.  R.  Bali.oi',  m.d..  Prof,  of 
Fquine  .\natomy,  .New  \ork  College  of  Veterinary  Surgeons,  etc.      29  lllu.slralions. 

No.  13.  Dental  Pathology  and  Dental  Medicine.  Containing  all  the  most  note- 
worthy (Kjints  of  interest  to  the  Dental  student.  By  GI'.d.  W.  W.vkkin,  D.D.s.,  Clinical 
Chief,  Penn"a  College  of  Dental  Surgery,  Philadelphia.      Illustrated. 

No.  14.  Diseases  of  Children.  By  Marcus  P.  Hatkiici.d,  Professor  of  Diseases  of 
Children,  Chicago  Medical  College.     With  Colored  Plate. 

fl^ff"  These  books  are  comlautly  rn'isid  to  kttp  uf>  -ii'ith  the  latest  teaihiiii^s  ati,/  tiiuoreritS. 

P.  BLAKISTON,  SON  &  CO.,  PUBLISHERS. 
1012  Walnut  STRiiirr,  Piiii.,\ui:i.phia. 


"A  BRIDGE  BETWEEN  PHYSIOLOGY  AND  PRACTICAL  MEDICINE." 

HUMAN  PHYSIOLOGY. 

By  LANDOIS  and  STIRLING. 

THIRD  AMERICAN,  FROM  THE  SIXTH  GERMAN  EDITION. 

A  Text-Book  of  Human  Physiology,  including  Histology  and  Micro- 
scopical Anatomy,  with  special  reference  to  the  requirements 
of  Practical  Medicine.  By  Dr.  L.  Landois,  Professor  of  Physi- 
ology and  Director  of  the  Physiological  Institute,  University  of  Greifs- 
wald.  Translated  from  the  Fifth  German  Edition,  with  additions  by 
Wm.  Stirling,  m.d.,Sc.d.,  Brackenbury  Professor  of  Physiology  and. 
Histology  in  Owen's  College  and  Victoria  University,  Manchester; 
Examiner  in  the  Honors  School  of  Science,  University  of  Oxford, 
England.     Third  Edition,  revised  and  enlarged.     692  Illustrations. 

One  Volume.    Royal  Octavo.    Cloth,  $6.50 ;  Leather,  $7.50. 

From  the  Prefaces  to  the  English  Edition. 

The  fact  that  Prof.  Landois'  book  has  passed  through  four  large  editions  in  the 
original,  and  that  in  barely  six  months'  time  a  second  edition  of  the  English  has  been 
called  for,  shows  that  in  some  special  way  it  has  met  a  want.  The  characteristic 
which  has  thus  commended  the  work  will  be  found  mainly  to  lie  in  its  eminent  practica- 
bility; and  it  is  this  consideration  which  has  induced  me  to  undertake  the  task  of  putting 
it  into  English.  Landois'  work,  in  fact,  forms  a  Bridge  between  Physiology  and  the 
Practice  of  Medicine.  It  never  loses  sight  of  the  fact  that  the  student  of  to-day  is  the 
practicing  physician  of  to  morrow.  In  the  same  way,  the  work  offers  to  the  busy  physi- 
cian in  practice  a  ready  means  of  refreshing  his  memory  on  the  theoretical  aspects  of 
Medicine.  He  can  pass  backward  from  the  examination  of  pathological  phenomena  to 
the  normal  processes,  and  in  the  study  of  these,  find  new  indications  and  new  lights  for 
the  appreciation  and  treatment  of  the  cases  under  consideration.  With  this  object  in 
view,  all  the  methods  of  investigation  which  may,  to  advantage,  be  used  by  the  practi- 
tioner, are  carefully  and  fully  described.  Many  additions,  and  about  one  hundred  illustra- 
tions, have  been  introduced  into  this  edition,  and  the  whole  work  carefully  revised. 

PRESS  NOTICES. 

"  Most  effectively  aids  the  busy  physician  to  trace  from  morbid  phenomena  back  the  course 
of  divergence  from  physical  operations,  and  to  gather  in  this  way  new  lights  and  novel  indications  for  the 
coMPKEHENsroN  AND  TREATMENT  of  the  maladies  with  which  he  is  called  upon  to  cope." — American 
Jout'nul  0/  Medical  Sciences. 

"  We  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  this  is  the  work  to  which  the  Practitioner  will  turn 
whenever  he  desires  light  thrown  upon  the  phenomena  of  a  complicated  or  important  case." — Edin- 
burgh ISIedical  Journal. 

"One  of  the  most  practical  works  on  Physiology  ever  written,  forming  a  'bridge'  between 
Physiology  and  Practical  Medicme.  .  .  .  Its  chief  merits  are  its  completeness  and  conciseness.  .  .  .  Excel- 
lently clear,  attractive  and  succinct." — British  Medical  Journal. 

"As  a  work  of  reference,  Landois  and  Stirlinci's  Treatise  ought  to  take  the  foremost  place 
among  the  text-books  in  the  English  language.  The  wood-cuts  are  noticeable  for  their  number  and 
beauty," — Glasgow  Medical  Journal. 

"  Landois'  Physiology  is,  without  question,  the  best  text-book  on  the  subject  that  has 
ever  been  written." — Ne-w  i'ork  Medical  Record. 

"  The  chapter  on  the  Brain  and  Spinal  Cord  will  be  a  most  valuable  one  for  the  general  reader,  the 
translator's  notes  adding  not  a  little  to  its  importance.  I'he  sections  on  Sight  and  Hearing  are  exhaus- 
tive. .  .  .  The  Chemistry  of  the  Urine  is  thoroughly  considered.  .  .  .  The  text  is  smooth,  accurate,  and 
unusually  free  from  Germanisms;  in  fact,  it  is  good  English." — Nevj  York  Medical  Journal. 

P.  BLAKISTON,  SON  &  CO.,  PUBLISHERS, 
1012  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 


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