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Do not assume content reflects current
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United States iw y
“sae New Mexico's Forest
cere, Resources
Fisepalce Bulletin Dwane D. Van Hooser
Renee A. O’Brien
April 1993 e 4
Dennis C. Collins
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THE AUTHORS
DWANE D. VAN HOOSER is program manager of the
Forest Survey Program at the Intermountain Research
Station, Ogden, UT. He holds a B.S. degree in for-
estry and an M.S. degree in forestry and business
management from Southern Illinois University,
Carbondale. He began his Forest Service career in
1964 with the Southern Forest Experiment Station,
New Orleans. Before coming to Ogden, he held a staff
position at the Forest Service national headquarters in
Washington, DC.
RENEE A. O’BRIEN is a range scientist and team
leader for research in the Forest Survey Program, In-
termountain Research Station. She holds a B.S. de-
gree in botany from Weber State University, Ogden,
UT, and B.S. and M.S. degrees in range science from
Utah State University, Logan. She began her profes-
sional career with the Forest Service in 1981 with the
Intermountain Station.
DENNIS C. COLLINS is a forester in the Forest Sur-
vey Program at the Intermountain Research Station.
His primary area of responsibility is resource analysis.
He holds a B.S. degree in forest management from the
University of Montana. He began his Forest Service
career in 1978 with the Intermountain Station.
RESEARCH SUMMARY
The forest land base in New Mexico totals more than
15 million acres, of which 1.5 million acres are in a re-
served status that precludes certain activities, such as
wood cutting. Of the more than 13 million nonreserved
acres, more than 56 percent are administered by pub-
lic agencies. Stands of timber species are found on
6.1 million acres. The woodland resource, typified by
stands of pinyon-juniper, accounts for more than 9.0.
million acres. These areas contain wood volumes of
6.0 billion cubic feet and 5.8 billion cubic feet, respec-
tively. This report presents additional information on
the land base, timberland and woodland area, and
associated inventory volume, growth, mortality, and
~ removals.
PREFACE
The primary objective of Forest Survey—a continu-
ing, nationwide undertaking of the Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture—is to assess the renew-
able resources on the Nation’s forest lands. Periodic
State-by-State resource inventories are key to accom-
plishing the objective. Forest Survey was initially
authorized by the McSweeney-McNary Act of 1928.
Its current mandate is the Renewable Resources
Research Act of 1978.
The Intermountain Research Station with headquar-
ters in Ogden, UT, conducts the forest resource inven-
tories for the Rocky Mountain States of Arizona,
Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Nevada,
Utah, and Wyoming. These inventories provide infor-
mation on the extent and condition of the forests—their
wood volume and wood growth removals, and mortal-
ity for State, privately owned, and most other forest
lands outside the National Forest System. These
data, when combined with similar information on Na-
tional Forest lands, provide a basis for forest policies
and programs for the orderly development and use of
renewable resources.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Intermountain Research Station gratefully ac-
knowledges the cooperation of the State Office of the
Bureau of Land Management and of the Bureau of In-
dian Affairs, both in the U.S. Department of the Inte-
rior. We extend a special note of gratitude to Bill
Chapel and James Norwick, former New Mexico State
Foresters; to Ray Gallegos, New Mexico State Forester
and his staff; and to the private land owners who pro-
vided information and access to field sample locations.
The cover illustration was drawn by Myrna Finke,
visual information specialist in the Bureau of Land
Management's Albuquerque District Office.
HIGHLIGHTS
Area
Total land area in New Mexico is 77.7 million acres.
Forests cover about 15.2 million acres; 6.2 million
are timberland, and 9 million are woodland.
Sixty percent of the forest is in the public domain,
with most in the National Forest System.
Some 23 percent of the timberland area is reserved
from timber harvesting, but 4.8 million acres are not.
About 81 percent of the nonreserved timberland is in
sawtimber-size stands.
Ponderosa pine is the dominant forest cover type,
occupying nearly 3 million acres, or roughly 60 per-
cent of the timberland.
Of the 8.9 million acres of nonreserved woodland —
forest, 4.8 million are in the public domain.
* Over 85 percent of the woodland forests are pinyon-
juniper.
Intermountain Research Station
324 25th Street
Ogden, UT 84401
Volume
Net volume of growing stock on nonreserved timber-
land is 6 billion cubic feet; two-thirds is on the Na-
tional Forests.
Sawtimber volume is about 19 billion board feet
(Scribner).
The ponderosa pine type contains 43 percent of the
volume; most of the remainder is in the Douglas-fir
type.
Most of the volume—87 percent—is in sawtimber
stands.
Seventy percent of the cubic-foot volume is in trees
less than 17.0 inches d.b.h.
Net volume of woodland species on woodland is
5.3 billion cubic feet, with pinyon representing more
than half the volume.
Nearly half of the woodland volume is in the 8.0- to
14.0-inch d.r.c. classes.
Growth
Net annual growth of growing-stock is about 150 mil-
lion Cubic feet, or 3 percent of the volume; 136 mil-
lion of the annual growth is in softwoods.
Nearly half of the growth is accounted for by ponde-
rosa pine; most of the remainder is in Douglas-fir,
white fir, and Engelmann spruce.
Woodland growth equals 61 million cubic feet. More
than half is accounted for by pinyon.
Mortality
¢ Growing stock trees containing 14 million cubic feet
of volume died in 1986.
Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine sustained the heavi-
est losses.
Small sawtimber trees accounted for 45 percent of
softwood mortality, with poletimber-size trees ac-
counting for roughly 25 percent.
Insects, disease, and weather were the major known
Causes of morality.
Practically all of the 2.7 million cubic feet of wood-
land mortality was in pinyon.
Removals
¢ Thirty-one million cubic feet of timber were removed
from New Mexico’s forests in 1986.
e Pondercsa pine accounted for more than two-thirds
of the removals.
¢ Nearly all of the removals were in the form of
sawlogs.
¢ More than four-fifths of the total removals came off
National Forest System lands.
CONTENTS
Page
LMtKOGUCH@ Mee vemrntees are cetee ss ahs te escent scecenes 1
AbldistoniGaliBackdhoprrse cn cctere eet te ec tietevssscose tess 1
New! Mexico's Forest Wamasiectisc ci itesesesens oes 2
TAU OFS GC heehecocecmoosehecaeecebes: Bctee eee cee hb nee ee eee ere 3
QWIMeNSlnlp eres rec see sce cce ee eee eee ee Ss 3
RONESIMMV DOS ute mew teste oeetae ice, reir, euletince: SWB 4
POMGEKOSa PING ress serter ete eee ence ee nesettases 4
DOUGIaS iitaiea ersten rte ect ea teseee rake eter esttec eee. 6
SPOMUCE Eile tere Seee eee aL a mesa er eres cag meMeua Lote i
VV Inte’ Feires Sree eee Ss TP RPA Ee Bae ec 8
NSPE Meet acter eee edie rears A 9
StamaySiZereecen sree riekt cr seh ae eats ee ne 9
FOGUCIIVILY, CLASS heme antecret eee rere acre ee rec 10
Stand Volume*PerAcre 2201 elas 11
StamdiGompositiomee scree ces eccreer eerie ene 11
NACIUTIING GiBcmcsaseco trance ice ae een nay aR Se der eee 2
CUBIC Ol Cee eter sc ten een aera tere 12
Sawtimbets VOW MO seca. 2 wcsac.cosssceoreseecete wane seueee 16
Components Ol Came ccs. s-ccsee cece eeeteces see ceetes 16
GO Witle eee se sae ceeh eth enter ec Wueh lak ise ak 16
MO Mtalityircte eee teste toc eteteln aa ae raastie ous ote 18
FROMONV aS ere. Mire. se eek ledin seed ags ak acucstetalavede 20
FROUMGWOOGIMANVCS tis. seres cesceecsatecesceexesch-maceence’ 20
KOQGINGIRESICU Cy... ees sence eenctecehecccch sues act 21
AVRO Yolo ETAVG | acunscescena rent eccacer ee ane cena pene Renee tee nee 22
PNG Apter teecti atte silt oct vans odie sects caasseisiueeuencueaseeeeee 22
Volume ee eeeenne Teer ee iivers cea a Se SE er 26
CompomentsioliCiamgers:: mye ee. ce keere eee ote 28
RroductiFotentiall: het... Ree ee Le 28
Christmasvlineese.-s se oe ee eee 28
FEMCEPOSIS ater. Mie eee He eds We 29
EUCIWOOC Be Ree are MN ee ee. 29
FON@StHIMGUSt\ortecseeecee. cs ceccesscuerestee cee Meter ee 30
Understory Vegetation Conditions ............eeeeee 30
Important Species OCCUrrence .............sccseeseeeees 32
Habitat [iy Pinger cers cee rrerese ence deenescesueecee eee 33
Soil Surface’ Conditioms erxcceeoee ees estes sso ees 34
Methods eee ere a MES Tene ee De eaack ees 36
SAMMI lMOPE MO tar eeeorecces.zeccecusteeeccasveccdehavectacsheseveess. 36
MONIMIMOlOGY ra! wren reece ec eteeMee ten wcrticee carvesceideetcs 37
RETEREMCESIN create ee ene ae JT 43
FOREST SURVEY TABLES
Area
1. Total area by ownership class and land
classsiINewiMexico; 1987s. eee eee. 45
2. Area of forest land with percent standard
CHlOMmINEWAIMEXICOMMOBI/. fecccerseeceseeceessexes-seeress 46
10)
Page
. Net volume, net annual growth, and annual
mortality of growing stock and sawtimber for
all species on forest land, with percent
standard error, New MeXiCo ............::cccesseceeneees 46
. Area of forest land by forest type, owner
group, and land class, New Mexico, 1987 ........ 47
. Area of timberland by forest type, stand-
size class, and productivity class, New
MexiCO; 1987): ie ition cack eee dete et eee 48
. Area of National Forest timberland by forest
type, stand-size class, and productivity class,
New: Mexico, 987) cen c5. arses sen ieee neon 49
. Area of other publicly owned timberland by
forest type, stand-size class, and productivity
Class};Now! Mexico 98 )7cessecceeesseene. concer eset aees 50
. Area of privately owned timberland by forest
type, stand-size class, and productivity class,
New Mexico 1987.2 sien nscecetcs crac eenen er eneneaee 51
. Area of timberland by stand volume
(International %-inch rule) per acre and
owner group, New Mexico, 1987 ...........:eeeeee 52
Area of timberland by forest type and area
condition class, New Mexico, 1987................6. 52
Number of Trees
lake
Number of growing-stock trees on timber-
land by species and diameter class, New
MeXiCOP TSB trees) er eee eee 53
. Number of cull and salvable dead trees on
timberland by owner group for softwoods
and hardwoods, New Mexico, 1987 ................ 54
Volume
13.
14.
18.
9?
Net volume of growing stock on timberland
by owner group, forest type, and stand-size
Class;New/Mexico}1987.c20c..cemerecres-cree cen: 55
Net volume of sawtimber (International
%-inch rule) on timberland by owner group,
forest type, and stand-size class, New
MexiCO G98 aS kee eee 56
. Net volume of sawtimber (Scribner rule) on
timberland by owner group, forest type, and
stand-size class, New Mexico, 1987 ................ 57,
. Net volume of growing stock on timberland
by species and owner group, New Mexico,
NOG ese ease ce wu' ste seen ted tulean tea voce selec me amunres inca 58
. Net volume of sawtimber (International
%-inch rule) on timberland by species and
owner group, New Mexico, 1987 ..............eee 58
Net volume of sawtimber (Scribner rule) on
timberland by species and owner group,
New: Mexicowi987 cee aeeee ee 59
Net volume of growing stock on timberland
by species and diameter class, New Mexico,
20.
21.
22:
23.
24.
25!
Net volume of sawtimber (International
%-inch rule) on timberland by species and
diameter class, New Mexico, 1987................0 60
Net volume of sawtimber (Scribner rule) on
timberland by species and diameter class,
New Mexico; 1987 siccccccreccectinve-coteccs tee 61
Net volume of timber on timberland by class
of timber for softwoods and hardwoods,
New Mexico; 1987ie is iis e cc eeeerseeceeeeees 61
Net volume of growing stock on timberland
by forest type and species, New Mexico,
IC] Vigan cs Perna reece nee ocr les Pita heen aocecon 62
Net volume of sawtimber (International
%-inch rule) on timberland by forest type
and species, New Mexico, 1987 ............::::c0 62
Net volume of sawtimber (Scribner rule) on
timberland by forest type and species,
New Mexico; 1987) ...08) cic crcee cc romeo 63
Growth
26.
lke
28.
29!
30.
31.
Net annual growth of growing stock on
timberland by species and owner group,
New Mexico; 1986is6 nis a ee eee 64
Net annual growth of sawtimber (International
%-inch rule) on timberland by species and
owner group, New Mexico, 1986 .................:00 64
Net annual growth of sawtimber (Scribner
rule) on timberland by species and owner
group, New Mexico, 1986 ...............:.:ececcseeeeneees 65
Net annual growth of growing stock on
timberland by species and diameter class,
New Mexico, 1986 a .2......cc8-tcee.c.seeveess-cce ceeeee ne 66
Net annual growth of sawtimber (International
%-inch rule) on timberland by species and
diameter class, New Mexico, 1986................... 66
Net annual growth of sawtimber (Scribner
rule) on timberland by species and diameter
class, New Mexico, 1986 ..............eeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeees 67
Mortality
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
Annual mortality of growing stock on
timberland by species and owner group,
New Mexico, 1986) ....2... css sccecarety ences eee 68
Annual mortality of sawtimber (International
Y%-inch rule) on timberland by species and
owner group, New Mexico, 1986 .............::c0000 68
Annual mortality of sawtimber (Scribner rule)
on timberland by species and owner group,
New Mexico; 1986-225... c-cc-c.teeeenee acres sereeees 69
Annual mortality of growing stock on
timberland by species and diameter class,
New Mexico; 1986 ... .c.c:0..dc.c.csersiereneeerececttos 70
Annual mortality of sawtimber (International
Y%-inch rule) on timberland by species and
diameter class, New Mexico, 1986...............00 70
37.
38.
39.
40.
Page
Annual mortality of sawtimber (Scribner rule)
on timberland by species and diameter class,
NewiMexicoml OSGi eee eis, be Be 71
Annual mortality of growing stock on
timberland by species and cause of death,
NewiMexico) 1986! tics eee se tects.seesecretacteotes UP
Annual mortality of sawtimber (International
%-inch rule) on timberland by species and
cause of death, New Mexico, 1986 .................. Wie.
Annual mortality of sawtimber (Scribner rule)
on timberland by species and cause of death,
New! Mexico ni986 ee Le ee 73
Removals
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
Annual removals from growing stock on
timberland by species and owner group,
New Mexico; 1986.2... 0ei a in lece 73
Annual removals from sawtimber (Inter-
national 4-inch rule) on timberland by
species and owner group, New Mexico,
Annual removals from sawtimber (Scribner
rule) on timberland by species and owner
group, New Mexico, 1986 ..............cccssceeesreeeees 74
Annual removals from growing stock on
timberland by species and removal type,
NGWIMEXICO; O86... geese eee, ccc sseccsacscesscavases 74
Annual removals from sawtimber (Inter-
national 4-inch rule) on timberland by
species and removal type, New Mexico,
ILLS) contecosbeeapcecrichoneuete selec cl ae eane aee une ener 75
Annual removals from sawtimber (Scribner
rule) on timberland by species and removal
type, New Mexico, 1986 .............cccccccccssreeeeseees 75
Annual removals from growing stock on
timberland by owner group and removal
type, New Mexico, 1986 ...............ssccccsssscsesseees 75
Annual removals from sawtimber (Inter-
national %4-inch rule) on timberland by owner
group and removal type, New Mexico, 1986 ....76
Annual removals from sawtimber (Scribner
rule) on timberland by owner group and
removal type, New Mexico, 1986 .................00 76
Area by Owner Group
50.
51.
52.
53.
Area of woodland by forest type and owner
Group;;New Mexico, 11987 .....0..:.s.cccc.cscassvesesese 76
Area of woodland by owner group, forest
type, and productivity class, New Mexico,
NOG i eemrce sete es ven cae ec eertbe tual. pach egaenean ey UU
Area of woodland by owner group, forest
type, and volume-per-acre class, New
MEXICOMNOS 7a eeere cares teen che een, ae, 78
Number of trees on woodland by owner
group, species, and diameter class,
INGWEMEXICO; 198 Ziq. ee scasecrselsccavstach scseoscceteeeeek 79
Volume by Owner Group
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
Net volume on woodland by species and
owner group, New Mexico, 1987 ..............::20 80
Net volume of woodland species on wood-
land by owner group, species, and diameter
ClassHINew Mexico! 1987 Mie? ic ccieteecst ects 81
Net volume on woodland by owner group,
forest type, and productivity class, New
MEXICO grrr ten cc ee veceeretera eee rstasccttee 82
Net volume on woodland by owner group,
forest type, and volume-per-acre class,
NGWAMEXICOS T9870 oe te acts ki isere teers cteecacenee 83
Net dead volume of woodland species on
woodland by owner group, species, and
diameter class, New Mexico, 1987.............:0006 84
Net dead volume of woodland species on
woodland by owner group, forest type, and
productivity class, New Mexico, 1987................ 85
Net dead volume of woodland species on
woodland by owner group, forest type, and
volume-per-acre class, New Mexico, 1987........ 86
Growth by Owner Group
61.
62.
63.
64.
Net annual growth on woodland by species
and owner group, New Mexico, 1986............... 87
Net annual growth of woodland species on
woodland by owner group, species, and
diameter class, New Mexico, 1986................0 88
Net annual growth on woodland by owner
group, forest type, and productivity class,
INGWAMOXICON SSG)... tee cscs ecscclceeduessocsvesuseeec 89
Net annual growth on woodland by owner
group, forest type, and volume-per-acre class,
NEWIMeXICO: 1986 aide. ies coiecsseccsciteveiaee beast 90
Mortality by Owner Group
65.
Annual mortality on woodland by species
and owner group, New Mexico, 1986............... 91
County Tables
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
“ue
Area of timberland by county and owner
group, New MexXico, 1987 ............cceeesssesereeeeees 92
Net volume of growing stock on timberland
by county and owner group, New Mexico,
Net volume of sawtimber (International
%-inch rule) on timberland by county and
owner group, New Mexico, 1987 .................08 94
Net volume of sawtimber (Scribner rule)
on timberland by county and owner group,
NGWAMEXICOMMOB 7 ce eectecccetstecceecuassnesowsensnesucscess 95
Net annual growth of growing stock on
timberland by county and owner group,
News MexicowniGSG cn teic sco ccasvssovescseersvaonetace 96
Net annual growth of sawtimber (International
%-inch rule) on timberland by county and
owner group, New Mexico, 1986 ...........c:cceee 97
Us
73.
74.
Ue
76.
Wf.
Page
Net annual growth of sawtimber (Scribner
rule) on timberland by county and owner
group,New Mexico; 1 OSGpe sewer eens 98
Annual mortality of growing stock on timber-
land by county and owner group, New Mexico,
Annual mortality of sawtimber (International
%-inch rule) on timberland by county and
owner group, New Mexico, 1986 ..............006 100
Annual mortality of sawtimber (Scribner rule)
on timberland by county and owner group,
NewaMexico: W986... ..22.2-0. eeneee:cieccacconeeeccaass 101
Annual timber removals from growing stock
on timberland by county and owner group,
New: Mexico G86. ocsictet sc ccccstees cuca neseos serene 102
Annual timber removals from sawtimber
(International %-inch rule) on timberland
by county and owner group, New Mexico,
78.
9):
80.
Sit
82.
Annual timber removals from sawtimber
(Scribner rule) on timberland by county
and owner group, New Mexico, 1986.............. 104
Area of woodland by county and owner
groupNewiMexico rs OS ee cee: ree 105
Net volume of woodland species on wood-
land by county and owner group, New
Mexico,; 198 Fasecvesct Avot eee een ee eens 106
Net annual growth of woodland species
on woodland by county and owner group,
NewiMexicos 1lOSG iene eee nee 107
Annual mortality of woodland species on
woodland by county and owner group, New
Mexico, 1986). dicsracet.nceetstoss: are meee eee 108
PLANT ASSOCIATION TABLES
83.
84.
Distribution of timberland plots by habitat
type; New. Mexicosii987 ac. sss seers 109
Distribution of woodland plots by community
type, New Mexico, 1987 ...............:::sseeeeeeeeeeees 110
NEW MEXICO
[____] Public Lands
Indian Reservation
National Parks and Monuments
Military Lands
National Forest
[National Wildlife Refuge
NEW MEXICO
Bureau of Land Management).
’
—Distribution of land by ownership class, New Mexico, 1991 (U.S. Department of
Figure 1
the Interior
Farmington
SAN JUAN
SANDOVAL
Albuguer 1 ! aay
@ i Ea
BERNALI
1
x
|
i}
rorRaNce! |
|
e
Pp
|
Be OcPRRO
kh.
- LINCOLN
~
. MAJOR FOREST TYPES
NEW MEXICO
fF eee 8 1989
FOREST SURVEY—INTERMOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE—FOREST SERVICE
SCALE
20 10 0 10 20 30 40 Miles
_—— SS —— ee
LEGEND
SPRUCE-FIR [27 PINYON-JUNIPER
DOUGLAS-FIR [___] NONFOREST
ASPEN
PONDEROSA PINE
| ROOSEVELT
—
m
>
——— i
|
Figure 2—Distribution of major forest types, New Mexico, 1987.
New Mexico’s Forest Resources
Dwane D. Van Hooser
Renee A. O’Brien
Dennis C. Collins
INTRODUCTION
This resource bulletin presents the major findings of the latest Forest
Survey of New Mexico. It combines data collected by the Intermountain
Research Station and its cooperators during 1986 and 1987 with informa-
tion for the National Forests provided by the Forest Service, Southwestern
Region.
The data in this report reflect changes from previous reports (Choate
1966). These changes have three basic sources: changes in sampling design
and intensity, changes in land classification and use, and biological and
physical changes in the forest. The changes in definitions and survey stan-
dards make detailed comparisons with previous inventory results unwise.
Relative trends in growth, mortality, and harvest levels can be identified.
Both the biological and physical changes, as well as land use, are impor-
tant for the future of the State’s forest resources. Figures are in the text
near where they are first referenced. Tables are in a separate section. A
glossary explains the meaning of specialized terms used in the text, such as
poletimber, sawtimber, sawlog portion of sawtimber trees, and rough trees.
A HISTORICAL BACKDROP
The history of the development of New Mexico’s forests follows the gen-
eral pattern of the Nation. Nomadic tribes of hunter-gatherers known to
have inhabited the Southwest as long as 15,000 years ago first used the for-
ests. Over the centuries, the hunting culture gave way to a more commu-
nal culture, with settlements sustained by farming. During this period,
the great pueblos developed arts, crafts, and religion. Early tribes had
hunted and gathered herbs, seeds, and nuts, and some firewood. The later
farming cultures continued those uses. Since they did not have strong cut-
ting tools, they fashioned dwellings and other structures from stone and
adobe bricks, using small poles for structural support in ceilings and else-
where. In addition, the forested mountains became sacred grounds for the
tribes. The ruins of cities, canals, and other structures remain as evidence
of these native Americans.
Next came the Spanish conquistadors and missionaries. Coronado and
his legions were looking for gold and exploring the new land; missionaries,
such as Father Escalante, were venturing into land now known as New
Mexico. They used the forests to provide shelter and food. The Spanish oc-
cupation resulted in only modest increases in the use of wood. Architecture
and construction showed Spanish influence, but was similar to that of the
Indians. Pinyon and juniper were the main species used for firewood and
for fenceposts in ranching operations. The forces of nature remained the
major physical influence on the forests.
The full economic potential of the Southwest’s resources could be cap-
tured only after vast improvements in transportation and technology, such
as the railroad. The Federal Government gave railroads vast land grants
as incentives to offset high risks associated with such ventures. Construc-
tion of railroads and towns and development of mines required large quan-
tities of timber. The existence of distant as weli as local markets spurred
solutions to the problems of accessing timber. Lumbering became an eco-
nomic enterprise in its own right.
By the end of the 19th Century, unacceptable environmental and social
consequences were becoming apparent throughout the West from the es-
sentially free use and grants of public forest land in the name of local eco-
nomic development. In 1892 the first forest reserve in New Mexico was set
aside under provisions of the General Land Law Revisions Act of 1891 in
what is now the Santa Fe National Forest. This Act, the legislation grant-
ing New Mexico statehood, and other acts that followed created the owner-
ship distribution that exists in New Mexico (fig. 1).
Today, the forests are expected to provide a variety of goods and services.
Timber production is a primary use, but so are watershed protection, wild-
life habitat, grazing, developed recreation, and wilderness.
NEW MEXICO’S FOREST LAND
The forests in New Mexico, like those in other Rocky Mountain States,
occur in or near mountain ranges (fig. 2). Forests are found in the Sangre
de Cristo and San Pedro Mountains in northern New Mexico; in the Zuni,
Tularosa, and San Mateo Mountains in western New Mexico; and in the
Jicarilla, Capitan, Sacramento, and Guadalupe Mountains in south-central
New Mexico. Southwestern New Mexico has a small concentration of for-
est land at the southern tip of the Peloncillo Mountains. The cottonwood
type is one exception to the forest/mountain correlation. Here, the correla-
tion is nearly reversed with cottonwood occurring principally on wet sites
in or along major waterways. The Rio Grande River bottom is a good
example of prime cottonwood sites.
Generally, the forest land is concentrated in north-central and west-
central New Mexico. Ifa line were extended from Clayton to Silver City,
nearly 90 percent of the State’s forest land would be north and west of the
line.
New Mexico’s varied topography provides landscapes ranging from desert
to alpine tundra. The key factors in the forests’ location and species
composition are climatic available moisture and temperature. Both are
strongly influenced by elevation and topography, varying greatly through-
out the State. Elevations range from less than 3,000 feet along the Pecos
River in the southeast to 13,161 feet atop Wheeler Peak north of Taos.
As in most mountainous areas, species occur in altitudinal zones. At
lower elevations, more trees are found on cool, moist north and east slopes,
than on south and west slopes that tend to be drier and hotter.
Precipitation in New Mexico is poorly distributed for tree growth. Sum-
mer rains usually come during short, high intensity storms. Much of the
moisture is lost as surface runoff. Because the humidity is very low, the
evaporation rate is high. In addition, the growing season often includes
long periods of drought. The air is usually cool at higher elevations, but
the sun heats the soil surface, damaging young trees. The mountains expe-
rience severe winters with heavy snowfalls and cold temperatures. The
Ownership
wide variation in moisture and temperature account for the relatively
small number of timber species found in the State.
More than 15 million acres of land meet the criteria for forest; that is, at
least 10 percent of the area is stocked with forest trees. Forest represents
nearly 20 percent of the State’s total land area (table 1).
Forest areas are classified into three categories—two determined vegeta-
tively, one determined politically (fig. 3). The political category is “reserved,”
indicating that an administrative action or statute precludes harvesting.
An example would be the Gila Wilderness in west-central New Mexico.
Some 1.5 million acres—10 percent of New Mexico’s forest area—are
reserved.
The two vegetatively determined classifications are based on the composi-
tion of the forest area. If the area is at least 10 percent stocked with tree
species traditionally used in manufacturing forest products, the area is
classified as timberland. Otherwise, the classification is woodland. Timber
species are aspen (Populus tremuloides) and cottonwood (Populus spp.) and
all conifers except the pinyons and junipers. Woodland species include the
pinyons, junipers, and all other tree species not classified as timber species.
TIMBERLAND
New Mexico has 6.2 million acres of timberland, with 4.8 million poten-
tially available for multiple use (table 1).
Nearly three-fifths of the timberland is administered by public agencies
(fig. 4). The National Forest System, which controls nearly 2.7 million
acres, represents the largest single “ownership” in the State. The Bureau
of Land Management (BLM), New Mexico State Department of Natural
Resources, and various county and municipal governments administer just
over 135,000 acres of timberland (table 1).
Reserved
forest land
10% Timberland
31%
Woodland
59%
Figure 3—Distribution of forest land area by land class, New Mexico, 1987.
Forest Types
National Forest
System
56%
Private
41%
(Bureau of Land Management—1%
State of New Mexico—1.7%
Other public — Misc. Federal and
2.8% county and municipal—0.1%)
Figure 4—Distribution of timberland area by owner group, New Mexico,
1987.
Timberland areas in private ownership equal nearly 2.0 million acres.
Owners vary from individuals to large corporations, including Indian
tribes, farmers, and ranchers.
Private landowners are allowed to do more or less what they wish to
their lands. Public agencies, on the other hand, are governed by specific
rules, regulations, and processes. The National Forest Management Act,
the National Forest Land Policy and Management Act, and the National
Environmental Policy Act direct how management plans are to be devel-
oped and what they are to contain. Whereas private owners decide how to
manage their lands, the entire populace of the United States has a say in
how public lands are managed.
One of the most fundamental classifications of timberland is forest type,
based on the tree species that represents the dominant component of the
stand. Forest type is an indicator of current condition. It usually repre-
sents a seral stage, rather than the climax potential of the forest. It is an
indicator of the types of consumptive and nonconsumptive products a forest
area might produce, providing managers some understanding of manage-
ment options. In few instances is a stand composed of a single species.
Usually, the type indicator will be the species that accounts for the most
stocking in the stand, while other associated species are less abundant.
PONDEROSA PINE
The ponderosa pine type is New Mexico’s most extensive timberland
type, accounting for about 2.9 million acres, or 60 percent of the State’s
timberland (table 5; fig. 5). It usually grows between 6,000 and 8,500 feet in
elevation. This type is characterized by ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)
growing in pure stands (fig. 6), or in association with Douglas-fir (Psewdotsuga
menziesii) in the mountains, or Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) and pinyon
(Pinus edulis) in the foothills.
WO
Percent
Douglas- Ponderosa Spruce- White Spruce Aspen Cottonwood
fir pine fir fir
Forest Type
Figure 5—Distribution of timberland area by forest type, New Mexico, 1987.
¥
Sas mee
Seget 1s <—
Fae a Seo or ha wee
Figure 6—Ponderosa pine stand in the Gila Wilderness, NM.
Ponderosa pine has always been the mainstay of the timber industry
in New Mexico. Large-scale use began after construction of the first rail-
roads. Ponderosa pine forests near Las Vegas, Pecos, and Santa Fe were
heavily exploited for ties and construction materials between 1878 and
1881. Later, the wood’s versatility brought demand for many other uses,
such as poles, posts, mine timbers, and—most of all—lumber. About
73 percent of the lumber cut by New Mexico sawmills has been ponderosa
pine. Although other species have gradually become more important, in
1986 ponderosa pine still accounted for 69 percent of the State’s total
timber products.
DOUGLAS-FIR
In New Mexico, Douglas-fir grows as a timber type on 842,000 acres, or
18 percent of the timberland area, second only to ponderosa pine. Douglas-
fir seldom grows in pure stands. Within the species’ 8,000- to 9,500-foot
elevational range, it mixes with ponderosa pine at lower elevations and
with true firs (Abies spp.) and spruce (Picea spp.) at higher elevations.
White fir (Abies concolor) and aspen are common associates throughout
the Douglas-fir type. Eighty-one percent of the area of Douglas-fir type
is classed as sawtimber (table 5; fig. 7).
Figure 7—Douglas-fir stand in Jemez Canyon, NM.
Figure 8—Spruce-fir stand on the Cibola National Forest, NM.
The area of the Douglas-fir type is decreasing, but not as rapidly as other
types, especially ponderosa pine. Many existing aspen and ponderosa pine
stands have an understory of Douglas-fir and white fir that will eventually
replace the overstory unless management practices or fire change the
successional trend.
Douglas-fir is suitable for many uses. Timber has been sawed into
boards, dimension stock, sheathing, flooring, and railroad ties for many
years. Before 1962, Douglas-fir was almost always second to ponderosa
pine in volume sawed for lumber. In 1962, however, the 47-million-board-
foot cut of Douglas-fir fell behind ponderosa pine and Engelmann spruce.
By 1986, it had again become the second most harvested species.
SPRUCE-FIR
Spruce-fir stands, mostly found just below timberline, have a mixture of
species. Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) is the most important com-
mercial tree, although subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) is generally as numer-
ous in the stand (fig. 8). Other species that occur less frequently include cork-
bark fir (Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica), white fir, and Douglas-fir, as well as
limber (Pinus flexilis) and bristlecone (Pinus aristata) pines.
About 70 percent of the 228,000 acres of spruce-fir type is in sawtimber
stands (table 5). Although the area of the spruce-fir type is relatively
small, it is important for water yield. Since these lands receive more pre-
cipitation per acre than any other class of forest, water runoff is high. Rec-
reation values are also significant, particularly for wilderness travel.
WHITE FIR
The white fir forest type covers about 464,000 acres, or 10 percent of
New Mexico’s timberland. Occurring above 8,000 feet in the south to above
11,000 feet in the north, this type consists of white fir trees growing in as-
sociation with Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, and aspen (table 5). In young
stands the trees tend to form full crowns and are often harvested for
Christmas trees. Mature stands will contain trees in excess of 25 inches
diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) and over 100 feet tall (fig. 9).
White fir generally produces poor-quality wood. The trees are highly sus-
ceptible to heart rot and windshake. They also tend to shatter easily when
felled. The type provides good wildlife habitat, especially seeds for food.
Red squirrels cache and eat the seeds. The type is also valuable for water-
shed protection and esthetics (Healy 1991).
Figure 9—White fir stand at about 9,000 feet elevation, New Mexico.
Stand Size
Figure 10—Mature aspen stand, with ponderosa pine understory, near
Los Alamos, NM.
ASPEN
Aspen is the predominant species on 140,000 acres of timberland in the
State. Aspen grows almost entirely in single-aged stands, many of which
originated after fires within the last 100 years. An understory of mixed
conifers is common (fig. 10).
Although little aspen is being harvested now, it is well suited for pulp-
wood, excelsior, core stock, and lumber for certain uses. Demand could
develop in New Mexico as it has elsewhere.
Aspen stands are also important for other resource values. Aspen root
sprouts, and forbs and understory vegetation are excellent forage for big
game and livestock. On well-managed lands, aspen is considered as satis-
factory as conifers for watershed protection. However, it is a better soil
builder. Aspen’s brilliant autumn foliage is one of the forest’s main scenic
attractions.
Timberland in New Mexico is dominated by stands of sawtimber-size
trees. In all, some 3.9 million acres are in this category (fig. 11; table 5).
Productivity Class
Seedling/sapling L, Nonstocked
Poletimber-~
Sawtimber
Figure 11—Distribution of timberland area by
stand-size class, New Mexico, 1987.
Poletimber-size trees comprise the dominant component on nearly 700,000
acres, with slightly less than 1 percent of the area in seedling/sapling
stands. An additional 159,000 acres are considered timberland, but be-
cause of recent harvesting are less than 10 percent stocked. The relative
distribution of stand-size classes within each ownership closely follows the
distribution for all ownerships. Sawtimber stands dominate, followed by
poletimber, and so forth.
New Mexico’s timberland is not among the most productive in the West,
but certain individual forest types demonstrate relatively high growth po-
tential. About a third of the area has the ability to produce more than 50
cubic feet per acre per year, including 237,000 acres that could produce
more than 85 cubic feet per acre per year in stands that totally occupy the
available growing space. The majority of the area is much less productive,
capable of growing no more than 50 cubic feet per acre per year (table 5).
The ponderosa pine type usually occurs just above the pinyon-juniper
type on drier sites that receive limited moisture. This type accounts for
more than 60 percent of the timberland in the State, but only 11 percent
has an annual productivity potential of 50 cubic feet or more per acre. The
more productive types such as spruce, white fir, and aspen, occur on cooler,
more moist sites. They account for just 16 percent of the area, but at least
two-thirds of these types have a wood-growing potential exceeding 50 cubic
feet per acre per year. Some lands have the potential to produce 120 cubic
feet per acre per year or more (table 5).
Stand Volume Per
Acre
Stand
Composition
Potential for growing
Major forest type 50+ cubic feet/acre/year
Percent of type
Douglas-fir 60
Ponderosa pine 11
Spruce-fir 64
White fir ER
Spruce 79
Aspen 65
Since a large proportion of the timbered acres support stands of sawtimber-
size trees, fairly high board-foot volumes per acre would be expected (fig. 12).
On average, New Mexico’s timberland contains 4,835 board feet per acre.
The 1,500- to 5,000-board-foot class accounts for nearly half of the timber-
land area. Sixteen percent of the area contains less than 1,500 board feet
per acre, while 10 percent supports stands containing more than 10,000
board feet per acre (table 9).
Within each owner group, the 1,500- to 5,000-board foot per acre category
is the dominant classification, but the relative position of the other catego-
ries differs for different ownerships (fig. 12). On the National Forests,
more area is in the higher volume classes. For example, 43 percent of the
timberland on National Forests contains more than 5,000 board feet per
acre, and 75 percent of the 10,000+-board-foot-per-acre category is on the
National Forests. Nearly 80 percent of the private timberlands supports
stands containing less than 5,000 board feet per acre, with only 7 percent
having stands containing more than 10,000 board feet per acre (table 9).
New Mexico’s timberlands contain an estimated 1.7 billion trees, nearly
all meeting the minimum merchantability standards for growing stock. Al-
together, some 1.6 billion—96 percent—are in this classification (table 11).
Of those trees not classified as growing stock, one-half are salvable dead.
The remainder consists of cull trees. Of those, nearly three-fourths are
considered rotten culls (table 12).
Most growing-stock trees are conifers, while just 12 percent are hard-
woods, cottonwood and aspen. The dominant conifer is ponderosa pine, ac-
counting for 47 percent of the softwocd stand table (fig. 13). The next most
abundant conifer is Douglas-fir with 292 million stems or 21 percent of the
stand table. White fir accounts for 13 percent of the standing inventory,
Legend
Ea <1,500
1,500-4,999
[_) 5,000-9,999
2 10,000+
<1,500 1,500-4-999 5,000-9,999 10,000+ NFS Other public Private
Stand-volume class Owner group
Figure 12—Distribution of timberland area by stand-volume class,
and by stand-volume class and owner group, New Mexico, 1987.
14
Volume
50-
40
30 5
Percent
20-5
10+
EE
4 ial LZ}
Douglas- Ponderosa Whitebark Limber Subalpine
White Engelmann Aspen Cottonwood
fir pine pine pine fir fir spruce
Species
Figure 13—Distribution of growing-stock trees on timberland by species,
New Mexico, 1987.
with Engelmann spruce accounting for 9 percent. The remaining 10 per-
cent of the forest is composed of subalpine fir, limber pine, and bristlecone
pine (table 11).
Most of New Mexico’s timberlands contain significant numbers of
sapling-size trees (fig. 14). Fully 55 percent of the softwood inventory and
65 percent of the hardwood stands are in this size class. The proportion of
poletimber-size trees is about equal for softwoods and hardwoods, 28 and
31 percent, respectively. Sawtimber-size trees are 17 percent of the soft-
wood stands, while just over 4 percent of the hardwoods are in this size
class (table 11).
Generally speaking, stands exhibiting the size class distribution in figure
14 are considered to have a reasonably balanced structure for future devel-
opment. If this distribution is representative of stands throughout the
State, then forest cover will certainly be maintained, if not increased.
The volume of wood found in trees may be measured in cubic feet, the to-
tal volume of wood that could potentially be used, or in board feet, the vol-
ume that could potentially be used by a sawmill.
CUBIC VOLUME
New Mexico’s timberlands contain 6.2 billion cubic feet of wood volume,
with 96 percent in trees meeting growing-stock merchantability standards.
Softwood species represent 92 percent, or 5.5 billion cubic feet in trees
meeting the merchantability standards. Within the softwood inventory,
more than three-fourths of the growing-stock volume is contained within
the sawlog portion of sawtimber-size trees. These trees also contain an ad-
ditional 250 million cubic feet in their upper stem portion. Poletimber-size
conifers contain an additional 982 million cubic feet, or 18 percent of the
softwood growing-stock inventory (table 22; fig. 15).
12
a
Hardwoods
Percent
- '~ Softwoods
10 7 ek
a —
|
0 (iS Se as Ne sealer = era Us —__—————
Saplings Poletimber Small Large
sawtimber sawtimber
Tree-size class
Figure 14—Distribution of growing-stock trees on timberland by
tree-size class, New Mexico, 1987.
80
ISoftwoods [.__|Hardwoods
Percent
Sawlog Upper stem Rough Rotten Salvable
Sawtimber Poletimber Cull trees dead
Class of timber
Figure 15—Distribution of cubic-foot volume on timberland by
class of timber for softwood and hardwood, New Mexico, 1987.
13
Of the 172 million cubic feet of softwood volume classified as other than
growing stock, nearly three-fourths is salvable dead trees. While the trees
have limited utility for the forest products industry, they are preferred by
many fuelwood cutters and are valuable for cavity-nesting birds. These
trees also are critical for ecosystem functions.
The remaining softwood volume is cull trees, about evenly distributed be-
tween rough and rotten trees (table 22). Since cull trees have more than
two-thirds of their volume in defective or missing wood, the usable volume
represents only one-third of the volume in cull trees. The net volume of
172 million cubic feet of “usable” wood in cull trees could represent a total
of nearly a half billion cubic feet. This represents a significant carbon sink.
Since increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide could lead to global
warming, carbon sinks are gaining attention.
Hardwood species contain 8 percent of the total volume in growing-stock
inventory. The majority of the hardwood volume is in poletimber-size trees
(fig. 15). Some 280 million cubic feet is contained in this size class. Saw-
timber-size trees contain 191 million cubic feet of growing stock, with 94
percent of the volume in the sawlog portion of the bole. Another dissimi-
larity between the softwood and hardwood inventories is the non-growing-
stock component. Thirteen percent of the standing hardwood inventory is
non-growing stock, compared to 3 percent for softwood. The distribution of
this material differs, with hardwoods having slightly less than half in the
salvable dead component and less than 10 percent in rough cull trees (table 22).
The dominant species in terms of volume is ponderosa pine. It accounts
for nearly 2.5 billion cubic feet of growing stock, equal to 42 percent of the
standing inventory (fig. 16). To put this volume in perspective, it’s 10 cubic
feet for each man, woman, and child in the United States. Douglas-fir is
the next most plentiful species with 1.3 billion cubic feet of volume, or 22
percent of the inventory. Two species—white fir and Engelmann spruce—
together account for 22 percent of the inventory. Aspen, the dominant
hardwood, accounts for 448 million cubic feet, or 7 percent of the growing-
stock volume (table 16).
The distribution of volume by owner group differs somewhat from the
distribution of area by owner group (fig. 17). For example, the National
Forest System contains 65 percent of the growing-stock volume, but only
56 percent of the timberland area. An inverse relationship exists on pri-
vate land, which has just 32 percent of the growing-stock volume but ac-
counts for 41 percent of the timbered area. The volume share contained on
other public land, 2 percent, is about equal to its area, 3 percent (tables 9
and 16).
The distribution of volume by tree-size class differs considerably between
softwoods and hardwoods. Poletimber-size conifers contain 18 percent of
the softwood volume, while similar size hardwoods contain 59 percent of
the total hardwood growing stock (table 19). Part of this difference can be
attributed to the d.b.h. thresholds between poletimber and sawtimber for
the species groups. For softwoods, the sawtimber threshold is 9.0 inches;
for hardwoods, 11.0 inches. The hardwood poletimber volume summaries
include trees from 9.0 to 10.9 inches d.b.h., while the softwood summaries
include such trees in sawtimber. This difference only reduces the hard-
wood poletimber volume by some 20 percent and would result in the hard-
wood poletimber volume still being 37 percent of the total.
Over half of the softwood growing stock is in small sawtimber, with
30 percent classified as large sawtimber; that is, trees greater than
14
Percent
Douglas- Ponderosa Limber Subalpine White Engelmann Aspen
fir pine pine fir fir spruce
Species
Figure 16—Distribution of growing-stock volume on timberland by
species, New Mexico, 1987.
Area [] Volume
National Forest Other Private
System public
Owner Group
Figure 17—Distribution of timberland area and growing-stock volume
on timberland by owner group, New Mexico, 1987.
15
Components of
Change
17.0 inches d.b.h. For hardwoods, 32 percent of the growing-stock volume is in
small sawtimber-size trees, with less than 10 percent in large sawtimber-size
trees (table 19).
The volume of growing stock within each individual species is similar to
that for each species group, except for subalpine fir, which has 31 percent
of the volume in poletimber-size trees, 56 percent in small sawtimber-size
trees, and only 13 percent in large sawtimber-size trees (table 19).
SAWTIMBER VOLUME
The growing stock on New Mexico’s timberland includes some 23 billion
board feet (International “%-inch rule) of sawtimber (table 20). The distri-
bution of this material by species follows that for growing stock, with pon-
derosa pine being dominant. Douglas-fir, with 23 percent of the total saw-
timber volume, is second; white fir and Engelmann spruce rank third and
fourth with 11 and 10 percent, respectively. As with growing stock, aspen
is the fifth most abundant species, contributing some 951 million board
feet—4 percent—to the sawtimber inventory (table 20).
The distribution of sawtimber by ownership also follows that for growing
stock. Lands administered by the National Forest System contain 15.2 bil-
lion board feet of sawtimber, representing about two-thirds of the standing
volume. Other public ownerships account for 473 million board feet, or 2 per-
cent of the inventory. Private owners have more than 7 billion board feet,
or 32 percent of all sawtimber in New Mexico (table 17).
The distribution of softwood volume by tree-size class is split about 60:40
between small sawtimber and large sawtimber; for hardwood species the
split is about 80:20. Subalpine fir is an exception for softwood, with 80 per-
cent in small sawtimber trees and just 20 percent in trees over 17.0 inches
d.b.h. (table 19).
A comparison of the board-foot and cubic-foot volumes in the sawlog por-
tion of growing-stock trees indicates that the overall size of the population
may be decreasing. The distribution of trees by size class is skewed to pole-
timber and small sawtimber-size trees. For example, the current board
foot:cubic foot ratio is 5.2, compared to 5.4 in 1962 (Choate 1966)—a
5 percent reduction. A comparison of volume distribution reflects this
trend. In 1962, the volume in trees 17.0+ inches d.b.h. approached 60
percent of the inventory, compared to 40 percent in 1987.
To assess forest dynamics, three factors must be examined: the rate at
which the forest is growing, the rate at which it is dying, and the rate at
which volume is being removed through harvesting.
GROWTH
New Mexico’s forests are adding nearly 164 million cubic feet of growing
stock annually to the standing inventory, including 702 million board feet
of sawtimber. This represents an annual “rate of return” of nearly 3.0 per-
cent in the absence of mortality. In 1986, 13.8 million cubic feet of growing
stock was taken from the inventory after dying, leaving a net increase of
150 million cubic feet (tables 26 and 32). Of the sawtimber-size trees, just
over 48 million board feet was taken from the inventory after dying, leav-
ing a net gain of 654 million board feet (tables 27 and 33).
On average, this represents an increase of 31.3 cubic feet per acre per
year, only two-thirds of the increase New Mexico’s timberlands potentially
could produce (tables 5 and 26). This apparent deficit can be partially ex-
plained by current stocking levels and stand structure.
Stocking is an expression of the extent to which trees use the site. It is
determined by comparing the actual number of trees or their basal area
with a specified standard determined by the forest type. Stands are consid-
ered fully stocked when an increase in the number of trees per acre does
not increase average growth. This condition usually occurs when per-acre
stocking is 60 to 80 percent. As stocking increases above 80 percent,
growth begins to decline due to overstocking in growing-stock trees, space
preempted by cull trees, or conditions adversely affecting growth such as
brush or rock outcroppings.
In New Mexico, only about one-fifth of the stands are fully stocked (fig. 18).
A small proportion (some 4 percent) is considered overstocked with
growing-stock trees. Stands with medium stocking occur on nearly one-
third of the timber acres (table 10). Within these stands, a very small pro-
portion contain inhibiting brush or other conditions precluding seedling
establishment or exerting an undue competitive influence affecting growth
of growing-stock.
The final stocking components, poorly stocked and nonstocked, occur on
more than one-fourth of New Mexico’s timbered acres (table 10). Poorly
stocked stands are those in which growing-stock trees occupy less than 40
percent of the potential growing space, while nonstocked stands contain
virtually no trees. These stands present the best opportunity for increasing
net annual growth through intensified management.
Thus, based on stocking alone, full potential growth would be nearly im-
possible to attain. Producing two-thirds of the potential growth attainable
when only 1 acre in 5 is fully stocked is relatively good performance.
Stand structure also affects current growth. Overall, 55 percent of the
trees in New Mexico are less than 5.0 inches d.b.h. They do not contribute
to growth, but do take space, competing with those trees that do contribute.
i
Mature Over- Fully Medium Poorly Nonstocked
stocked stocked stocked stocked
Stocking Condition
Figure 18—Distribution of timberland area by stocking condition, New
Mexico, 1987.
WA
An additional 2 percent of the stands are comprised of large sawtimber
trees that are approaching biological maturity and not producing much an-
nual increment. The remainder of the stands are comprised of diameter
classes contributing to stand growth. Twenty-eight percent is in poletimber-
size trees, and 15 percent is in small sawtimber-size trees (table 11).
These trees that comprise less than half of the stand are achieving two-
thirds of the growth potential of the timbered acres. One final comment
relative to stand structure. Some 1.7 billion trees grow on New Mexico’s
timberlands with 1.6 billion or 96 percent classified as growing stock.
Although, the cull and salvable dead trees occupy growing space and com-
pete with growing stock for water and sunlight, they apparently are not
as important in affecting growth as stocking.
National Forest System lands outperform those of the other owners
(fig. 19). Seventy-one percent of the potential growth is achieved there,
compared to 66 percent for all owners and 58 percent for the private sector
(tables 6-8 and 26).
Cottonwood leads net annual growth by species with a rate of 4.0 percent.
This is not unexpected, since cottonwood grows on moist sites such as those
found along the Rio Grande River. Other good performers are aspen and
white fir. Both grow at an annual rate of 2.9 percent. New Mexico’s domi-
nant species—ponderosa pine—grows at a respectable rate of 2.5 percent.
MORTALITY
As trees grow, some die. In 1986, trees that died contained 13.8 million
cubic feet of growing stock, including 48.3 million board feet of sawtimber
(tables 32 and 33). This represents 0.2 percent of the standing inventory
and 8.4 percent of gross growth. Destructive agents come in many forms.
Several may be active on a single tree. As a result, it is often difficult to
determine the exact cause of death. In 1986, some 4.2 million cubic feet of
60 (|
Potential net growth {_] Current net growth
Cubic feet/acre/year
National Forest Other public Private All Owners
System
Owner group
Figure 19—Potential vs. current net growth of growing stock on
timberland by owner group, New Mexico, 1986.
18
Insects Disease Weather Other Unknown
Cause of death
Figure 20—Distribution of growing stock mortality on timberland by
cause of death, New Mexico, 1986.
growing stock—30 percent of total mortality—was taken from the inven-
tory due to unknown causes (fig. 20; table 38).
The leading causes of death that could be determined were insects, dis-
ease, and weather. Insects alone killed trees containing 4.7 million cubic
feet of growing stock; root rots and stem diseases took out an additional
2.8 million cubic feet. Weather, usually wind and lightning, killed trees
with 1.5 million cubic feet of growing-stock volume (table 38).
One species—Douglas-fir—was hit particularly hard. Nearly 6.5 million
cubic feet of growing stock was killed in 1986. This represents 0.5 percent
of the standing inventory of the species and 47 percent of total mortality.
Insects were the most significant cause, accounting for more than 60 per-
cent of the mortality. Insect-killed Douglas-fir was the single largest com-
ponent of mortality in 1986, nearly equaling the volume lost to unknown
causes for all species, and exceeding the total volume lost to disease (table
38). Informed sources felt the mortality was due to an outbreak of Douglas-
fir beetle (Rogers 1990).
Insects and disease do more than simply kill trees. Insects, such as shoot
and tip moths, and diseases, such as dwarf mistletoe, stunt growth and kill
young trees. Defoliating insects also reduce growth and kill susceptible
trees. As a result it takes longer to produce trees of merchantable size and
the stems may be lower quality, making them less useful and desirable for-
est products.
Some silvicultural techniques are designed to manipulate stands before
insects and disease become established. Harvesting larger, older trees is
one method to decrease susceptibility to bark beetle. Other techniques in-
clude thinnings, and planting resistant species. Chemical controls have
been employed with relative success. Because of environmental concerns,
chemical controls may well become a technique of the past.
19
Tree mortality may have positive effects. Foresters sometimes enhance ~
wildlife habitat by producing snags for those birds that glean for their food
and for birds that need old, dead trees for nesting cavities.
REMOVALS
The final component of change is removals. It is categorized as growing-
stock volume removed as: (1) roundwood harvest for products such as
sawlogs, pulpwood, posts, and poles; (2) logging residues; and (3) timber
stand improvement and other silvicultural operations, diversion of forest
land to nonforest, and land withdrawals for reserved areas such as parks
and designated wilderness. Volume estimates for the third category are
best generated from remeasurement surveys. This report’s inventory data
were developed from an initial visit; thus, removals related to diversion of
forest land to nonforest or reserved uses will not be included.
Roundwood Harvest—In 1986, 30.1 million cubic feet of growing stock,
including 166.2 million board feet of sawtimber, was harvested from New
Mexico’s timberlands (McLain 1989a). This represents 0.5 percent of the
total inventory and 20 percent of net annual growth. Not unexpectedly,
the majority of the harvest—92 percent—was in sawlogs (fig. 21). The
remainder was made up of posts, poles (corral and utility), round pulp-
wood, house logs, and excelsior bolts.
Ponderosa pine accounted for more than two-thirds of the harvest vol-
ume. Douglas-fir followed with 16 percent of the harvest, with true firs ac-
counting for 9 percent. Without exception, the harvest volume of each spe-
cies represented less than 1 percent of its standing inventory. The range
was 0.8 percent for ponderosa pine to 0.2 percent for Engelmann spruce.
The National Forests in New Mexico were the main supplier of round-
wood, supplying more than four-fifths of the harvest volume. The BLM
Figure 21—Sawlogs being harvested from New Mexico forest.
20
Figure 22—Broken portion of merchantable stem to be bucked
out and left in the woods.
contributed a little volume, with the remaining 16 percent (4.7 million cu-
bic feet) coming from privately owned lands.
Nearly 90 percent of the harvest came from six counties, with the remain-
der coming from eight other counties (McLain 1989a). The production
leader was Rio Arriba County with 42 percent of the harvest. Catron and
Otero Counties contributed 18 percent and 10 percent of the harvest vol-
ume, respectively; Cibola, Sandoval, and San Juan Counties combined for
another 18 percent.
Logging Residue—Not all material cut during a roundwood harvesting
operation makes it out of the woods. Trees break during felling, with unus-
able sections cut out and left (fig. 22); some trees are cut with more than a
1-foot stump; and top sections left behind may have large end diameters
greater than 4.0 inches diameter outside bark. Moreover, harvesting op-
erations may damage nonproduct growing-stock trees. Even though this
material does not make it to a primary wood-processing plant, it is part
of the volume removed from the inventory. McLain (1989b) found that for
every 1,000 cubic feet of growing stock delivered to the mill, 33 cubic feet
were left in the woods as logging residue. In addition, 10 cubic feet of resi-
due were created by damaging nonproduct trees. These volumes must be
included in removals to accurately assesss the impact of harvesting on
standing inventory. Some material was harvested from salvable dead trees
and from nongrowing-stock portions of live trees. This must be “added”
back to balance the removals. In 1986, 30.1 million cubic feet of product
volume, including 548,000 cubic feet of salvable dead and nongrowing stock,
was delivered to primary processing plants. An additional 1.3 million cubic
21
Area
feet remained in the woods as logging residue. Thus, total removals from
growing stock were 31.2 million cubic feet, including 184.6 million board
feet (International %-inch rule) (tables 44 and 45).
One “product” accounted for, but usually insignificant in terms of total
removals, is fuelwood. In 1986, McLain (1989c) found that just over 5,000
cords were harvested (fig. 23).
Taken together, the components of change indicate that New Mexico’s
timberlands are sustaining themselves (fig. 24). The 1987 standing inven-
tory of 6 billion cubic feet of growing stock is the result of 164 million cubic
feet of growth or 2.7 percent, offset by losses of 14 million cubic feet or 0.2
percent to mortality and 31.2 million cubic feet (0.5 percent) to removals.
The growing-stock inventory’s net annual gain is more than 150 million cu-
bic feet or 2.3 percent.
Figure 23—Fuelwood stacked and ready to use.
WOODLAND
New Mexico has just over 9.0 million acres of woodlands. Only 1.5 per-
cent are in reserved status (table 1).
The other forest in New Mexico is the area dominated by pinyon-juniper
(P-J), the oaks, and, to a limited degree, mesquite (Prosopis spp.). These
types, collectively referred to as woodlands, occupy, more than 8.8 million
acres. Nearly 89 percent of the woodlands is in P-J (fig. 25). Areas where
junipers occur alone account for nearly 7 percent. Oak stands occupy just
over 4 percent. Mesquite attained tree form on about 3,500 acres, prima-
rily in southwestern New Mexico, all on National Forest lands (table 50).
The pinyon-juniper type consists of pinyon, the New Mexico State tree,
and one or more of the following juniper species: alligator juniper (Juniperus
22
160
140
120
8
Million cubic feet
foe)
oO
60
40
20
0
Net annual Annual Removals Net Inventory
growth mortality change
Components of change
Figure 24—Comparison of components of change and net inventory gain
of growing stock on timberland in New Mexico, 1986.
P-J Juniper Oak Mesquite
Forest type
Figure 25—Distribution of woodland area by forest type, New Mexico,
1987.
23
deppeana), Rocky Mountain juniper (J. scopulorum), oneseed juniper
(J. monosperma), or Utah juniper (J. osteosperma). Other tree species
that may be found in this type are ponderosa pine, limber pine, and vari-
ous oaks (Quercus spp.) (fig. 26). In the juniper type, one or more of the
juniper species dominate the stand.
These types, occupying dry slopes between 4,500 and 8,000 feet, are bor-
dered by and often mixed with ponderosa pine forests at the higher elevations
and desert plant communities at the lower elevations. Pinyon-juniper and
juniper forests, commonly growing in open conditions, are highly valued for
resources such as pinyon nuts, firewood, posts, livestock forage, and sea-
sonal or year-long wildlife habitat.
The oak type is dominated by Gambel oak. Occurring between 5,000
and 8,000 feet elevation, this hardwood community covers 402,000 acres
(5 percent) of the State’s forest land (table 50). Oak is commonly used for
fenceposts and fuelwood (fig. 27).
The distribution of woodland area by owner is almost the reverse of that
for timberland (fig. 28). The National Forest System administers 35 per-
cent of woodland. Other public agencies, principally the State and BLM,
administer 20 percent, and private owners control 45 percent (table 50).
Woodlands are classified for site productivity and stand volume. Produc-
tivity is a measure of how well woodland on the site is able to sustain itself.
It is determined by attributes such as soil depth and texture, rockiness,
3 $20 os, eae
Figure 26—A typical stand of pinyon-juniper.
24
Figure 27—A typical Gambel oak stand.
Percent
National Forest Other
Private
System public
Owner Group
Figure 28—Distribution of woodland area by owner group,
New Mexico, 1987.
25
Volume
steepness of slope, and the presence of regeneration. The volume classifi-
cation could be considered a surrogate for stocking. Sites with low volume
per acre could be considered low to nonstocked; those supporting substan-
tial volume could be considered fully stocked.
Fully 86 percent of New Mexico’s 8.9 million acres of woodland is in the
high productivity class. Pinyon-juniper has 86 percent of its 7.9 million
acres in the high productivity category. Four-fifths of the pure juniper type
is in the high classification. Pure juniper occurs on the harsher sites, ex-
plaining why it is not as likely to be in the high category. Ninety-five per-
cent of the oak and all the mesquite are in the high category (table 51;
fig. 29). Oak, which regenerates by sprouting, tends to have adequate re-
generation present. Tree-form, mesquite is usually found along draws and
washes that have moisture available at least part of the growing season.
In terms of volume per acre, the State’s woodlands and the acres in P-J
tend to “gather” at the extremes. About one-third falls in the less than
400-cubic-feet-per-acre category, while an additional one-fourth of State
and P-J woodland acres is in stands supporting 1,000 cubic feet or more
(table 52). The juniper and mesquite types have most of their acres at the
lower end of the volume scale. Juniper, for example, has two-thirds of its
area in stands containing less than 400 cubic feet per acre. All of the mes-
quite stands are in this category. Oak has 28 percent of its area in stands
containing less than 200 cubic feet per acre and nearly as much in stands
supporting more than 1,000 cubic feet per acre. More than 60 percent of
the high-volume stands are found in National Forests while over half of the
low volume stands are privately owned.
New Mexico’s woodland acres contain 2.6 billion trees. The majority
(54 percent) are pinyon (table 53). One-third of the stems are juniper,
Productivity class
120
High site [___] Low site
WEE
P-J Juniper Oak Mesquite All types
Forest type
Figure 29—Distribution of woodland area by productivity class
within forest type, New Mexico, 1987.
26
Pinyon Juniper Other
Species
Figure 30—Distribution of cubic volume of woodland species on
woodland, New Mexico, 1987.
primarily oneseed. Oaks account for 12 percent of the stems. Gambel oak
is dominant, but the oaks include Emory (Quercus emoryi) and evergreen
or live oak (Q. turbinella). Miscellaneous species such as mesquite, walnut
(Juglans major), and locust (Robinia neomexicana) account for the remain-
ing 1 percent.
Thirty percent of all trees on woodland are below 3.0 inches diameter
at the root collar (d.r.c.), the threshold for “merchantable” woodland trees
(table 53). Nearly 90 percent are less than 11.0 inches d.r.c. The size
distribution for the major woodland species—pinyon, juniper, and oak—
approximates that of the State as a whole, while most miscellaneous spe-
cies are less than 3.0 inches d.r.c.
The 8.9 million acres of woodland contains 5.8 billion cubic feet of wood
(table 54). Nearly all of the volume is in woodland species; however, in ar-
eas where woodland and timberland intermingle, timber species are found
in limited numbers on woodland sites. Five timber species have 433 mil-
lion cubic feet of wood, 7.5 percent of the total woodland volume. Ponde-
rosa pine has 401 million cubic feet, followed by Douglas-fir with 22 million
cubic feet. Limber pine, white fir, and cottonwood account for the rest.
The net volume of woodland species on woodland equals 5.3 billion cubic
feet, more than half in pinyon (table 55). The junipers account for 2.4 bil-
lion cubic feet (44 percent) of the standing volume, with oaks contributing
239 million cubic feet (fig. 30).
Nearly half of the volume is contained in the 8.0- to 14.0-inch d.r.c. classes
(fig. 31). Another 12 percent is in the 4.0-inch and 6.0-inch d.r.c. classes, with
the remaining 40 percent in trees over 15.0 inches d.r.c. (table 55).
Another significant component of woodland volume is contained in dead
trees or dead portions of live trees. Dead material adds 1.4 billion cubic
feet to the volume contained on woodland (table 58). It equals 24 percent
of the live volume. More than half of this volume is contained in juniper
27
Components of
Change
Product Potential
4 6 359 110 12) SAG eS 20) 225 24 COC Cm O+
D.r.c. class (inches)
Figure 31—Distribution of cubic volume of woodland species on
woodland by d.r.c. class, New Mexico, 1987.
trees, with more than 60 percent in high volume or fully stocked stands. In
addition, more than half of the dead material is in stands of pinyon and ju-
niper on the National Forests. The distribution of dead volume by tree-size
class parallels that of the live volume component. Most of the dead mate-
rial is on live trees.
Altogether, the woodland base of 5.3 billion cubic feet is accruing 50 mil-
lion cubic feet yearly. This is less than 1 percent of the total inventory.
It reflects the loss of 2.7 million cubic feet of mortality in the absence of
harvest.
Merchantability standards for woodland species are essentially in the
mind of the consumer. Thus, all 6.7 billion cubic feet of volume is poten-
tially convertible into a “product” (tables 55 and 58). Woodland trees gen-
erally produce four marketable commodities—pinyon nuts, Christmas
trees, fenceposts, and fuelwood. Pinyon nut production was beyond the
scope of the inventory. Suffice it to say that most of New Mexico’s pinyon
nuts are consumed by humans, pinyon jays, and other wildlife.
CHRISTMAS TREES
Each pinyon tree tallied on lands outside National Forests was graded for
use as a Christmas tree based on its height and form:
Christmas tree grade Percent of inventory
Premium 0.5
Standard 2.9
Utility 8.8
Total PA
28
Assuming that the percentages apply to pinyon growing in National For-
ests, New Mexico has significant potential for Christmas tree harvest. Of
the 720 million pinyon trees growing on National Forests, 88 million would
meet minimum grade criteria, bringing the total potential Christmas trees
to 171 million statewide. By grade, the breakdown would be: 7 million pre-
mium, 41 million standard, and 123 million utility.
FENCEPOSTS
Similar standards were developed to classify fencepost potential for juni-
per trees (fig. 32). Assuming fenceposts occur on National Forest lands as
frequently as on other lands, the potential fencepost supply is 171 million
pieces, with about 60 million pieces meeting minimum standards for the
more valuable cornerposts.
FUELWOOD
Pinyon fuelwood is popular in New Mexico, as in other Western States.
In 1986, some 33,000 cords were harvested for fuelwood (McLain 1989c).
More than 26,000 cords were cut on private lands. Public lands provided
6,600 cords, most from National Forests. Pinyon was the most favored
single species, accounting for nearly 17 percent of all fuelwood harvested.
Juniper species are also commonly used for fuelwood in New Mexico. In
1986, nearly 74,000 cords were harvested (McLain 1989c). The combined
fuelwood harvest from junipers amounted to more than 37 percent of the
total. Nearly three-fourths of the juniper fuelwood was removed from pri-
vately owned woodlands, National Forests produced just over one-fourth.
A relatively small amount of juniper fuelwood was harvested from BLM
lands.
Figure 32—Juniper fenceposts ready for market.
29
FOREST INDUSTRY
By 1883, northern New Mexico was on the main line of a transcontinen-
tal railroad. Numerous lines connected various parts of the State’s inte-
rior. Construction of the railroads sparked a demand for timbers, ties, and
other forest products. The railroads delivered logging and milling machin-
ery to the State, later transporting logs to mills and lumber to local and
Plains States markets.
Logging, timber treating, and sawmilling began to expand in about 1880
in the Zuni Mountains, extending to north-central New Mexico and to the
mountains east of Alamogordo. The State’s lumber industry grew at the
end of World War I, declined during the brief depression of 1920-21, ex-
panded in 1929, then went into a tailspin during the Great Depression.
The industry found firm footing during World War II. Production de-
creased after the war, then increased sharply after 1949. Timber produc-
tion peaked at 51 million cubic feet in 1966, declining until 1986 when
production equaled 30 million cubic feet.
The timber products industry in New Mexico has always been modest
when viewed on a national scale (Baker and others 1988). The same can be
said for all the Rocky Mountain States. New Mexico’s 1986 production of
30 million cubic feet is far less than 1986 roundwood harvests for six other
States, based on the 1990 RPA data base:
Million
State cubic feet
Maine 440
North Carolina 722
Georgia 1,194
Alabama 943
Arkansas 579
Oregon 1,591
At the local level, lumbering is a substantial business in New Mexico. In
1963, 2,200 people, or one of every seven manufacturing workers, were log-
ging, milling, or otherwise converting trees or logs into products (Choate
1966). The number of jobs in the lumber and wood products sector peaked
between 1972 and 1977 at 3,200 per year, or roughly 10 percent of the
manufacturing jobs. By 1989, the number had declined to 2,500, or 6 per-
cent of the manufacturing workforce (University of New Mexico).
In 1986, New Mexico had 31 primary wood processing plants. They in-
cluded 25 sawmills, two house log plants, and one each excelsior plant, fi-
berboard plant, pole and post treatment plant, and sawmill/post and pole
yard. Nineteen of the plants are concentrated in north-central New Mexico
(fig. 33).
All the timber harvested in 1986 was processed in the State. No out-of-
State material was imported by New Mexico’s mills.
UNDERSTORY VEGETATION CONDITIONS
Habitat types and understory vegetation conditions provide more detail
on forest land diversity in New Mexico. The inventory included ocular
cover estimates of understory plant species with crown canopy cover of at
least 5 percent of the plot area on each field location. For each of four life
forms—trees, shrubs, forbs, and grasses—cover and heights were assessed.
30
COLFAX
RIO ARRIBA
Pf F
SANDOVAL
S S
SANTA FE
S
SEAMS
CIBOLA
HARDING
H
F B SAN MIGUEL
GUADALUPE
TORRANCE
CURRY
DE BACA
SOCORRO
CATRON
Sees
S
S : s re
GRANT E Ss
OTERO
i EDDY
DONA ANA
LUNA ]
HIDAL6O
Legend :
= Sawmills H= House Logs PP = Postand Poles E = Excelsior FB = Fiber Board
Source : McLain 1989a
Figure 33—Distribution of New Mexico’s primary forest industry, 1987.
31
Important Species
Occurrence
Much of New Mexico's forest land is, or has been, used for grazing. In
fact, pinyon-juniper, oak, and mesquite woodlands are considered range
types as well as forest types. The amount and types of understory vegeta-
tion on forest land sites can indicate general condition, as well as forage
potential and availability. The understory observations were used to com-
pile statistics of herbaceous and shrub cover by overstory canopy cover and
owner group, for both timberland and woodland.
Understory vegetation data were sampled by Forest Survey crews on pri-
vate and other public lands, and for the woodland inventory on the Lincoln
National Forest. Although similar data are not available for other National
Forest lands in New Mexico, average percent herbaceous cover by the ma-
jor owner categories indicates a slight difference in condition:
Average herbaceous cover
Owner group Timberland Woodland
----- Percent - - - - -
National Forest a= 23
Other public 22 17
Private 25 20
Percent tree cover, taken in classes, was cross-tabulated with average
percent herbaceous cover. These data illustrate a pattern well documented
in range literature: herbaceous understory cover decreases with increasing
overstory cover:
Average herbaceous cover
Overstory cover class Timberland Woodland
----- Percent - - -- -
1 (0-9%) 42 42
2 (10-24%) 24 23
3 (25-54%) 25 16
4 (55-84%) it 17
5 (85-100%) 17 —
Some interesting statistics about the occurrence of desirable or undesir-
able plants were obtained from the data. Broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia
sarothrae) is an undesirable plant, cyclic in nature, that has increased rap-
idly on southwestern ranges in the last decade (McDaniel and others 1984).
This shrub is poisonous to livestock and competes with desirable forage
plants on disturbed sites. Broom snakeweed had at least 5 percent crown
cover on 13 percent of all woodland, 2 percent of the National Forest wood-
land plots, 13 percent of the other public woodland plots, and 14 percent of
the private woodland plots. Just 2 percent of the timberland plots had at
least 5 percent canopy cover of broom snakeweed.
The most common plant species was blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis).
Blue grama is a good forage species, but when grazed may increase into
continuous mats that are not as desirable as a mix of species. This species
was well represented (had at least 5 percent crown canopy cover) on 29
percent of all inventory locations and 37 percent of all woodland, 34 per-
cent of other public woodland locations, 40 percent of the private woodland,
and 27 percent of the National Forest woodland. Just 5 percent of the tim-
berland was well represented with blue grama.
32
Habitat Typing
Two other species are useful for evaluating browse and winter range for
big game—especially deer. Mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus)
and antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata) are highly desirable browse
species. Mountain-mahogany was well represented on 4 percent of the tim-
berland plots and 6 percent of the woodland plots. Antelope bitterbrush,
limited to the northwestern part of the State, was well represented on only
1 percent of the plots.
Forest habitat type classification has proven useful to land managers in
areas where such classifications have been developed. In the Southwest,
habitat classification for woodlands is in its infancy. Habitat typing pro-
vides an ecological basis for categorizing environmental variations and im-
proves prediction accuracy for characteristics such as potential timber and
forage production. Climax vegetation serves as a key to the integrated en-
vironment, including climate, soil, and landform conditions. Timberland
plots were habitat typed according to classification schemes by Alexander
and others (1984), DeVelice and others (1986), Alexander and others
(1987), and Fitzhugh and others (1987). In presenting the inventory data
by habitat types, a different picture of the forest resources in New Mexico
can be drawn based on a potential climax community. These habitat types
have many silvicultural and other management prescriptions that can be
obtained from the sources mentioned above. Table 83 includes a break-
down of the timberland plots by habitat type.
The most common habitat type was Pinus ponderosa / Quercus gambelii,
occurring on 29 percent of other public and 30 percent of private timber-
land. According to Larson and Moir (1987), the resource value rating for
cattle in this habitat type is moderate in early seral stages, and low to none
in late seral stages. This type provides good wildlife hiding cover in sum-
mer and can provide good browse production from shrubs other than oak.
Oak is an important source of mast for turkeys.
The second most common habitat type was Pseudotsuga menziesii /
Quercus gambelii, occurring on 13 percent of other public and 17 percent
of private timberland. It has resource values similar to those for Pinus
ponderosa /Quercus gambelii. Ponderosa pine plots are broken down by
habitat type in figure 34.
The Pinus ponderosa /Muhlenbergia montana and P. ponderosa / Festuca
arizonica habitat types are valuable for cattle grazing in early successional
stages. These types occurred on 4 percent of other public and private land.
Resource value ratings for additional habitat types can be obtained from
the sources listed above.
Woodland plots were habitat typed by Forest Survey field crews only on
the Lincoln National Forest, using the scheme of Larson and Moir (1986).
Because these habitat types may be more descriptive of the present condi-
tions than of a potential climax in woodlands, they will be referred to as
community types for this report. The remainder of woodland plots were
categorized into community types using the Forest Survey data base and
guidelines established in the field guides by Larson and Moir (1986, 1987)
and by Bassett and others (1987). Table 84 presents the number of Forest
Survey woodland plots by community type.
One-third of the woodland plots were impossible to classify because of in-
complete information. Of the plots classified, those with oak associations
were the most common (86 percent). Pinus /Quercus or Juniperus / Quercus
33
Legend:
QUGA = Quercus gambelii
50Ra QUUN = Quercus undulata
MUMO = Muhlenbergia montana
FEAR = Festuca arizonica
BOGR = Bouteloua gracilis
MUVI = Muhlenbergia virescens
ARUV = Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
POPR = Poa pratensis
30 | Other = Muhlenbergia virescens-Festuca
arizonica, cinder, Quercus grisea
40 |
Percent
QUGA QUUN MUMO FEAR BOGR MUVI ARUV - POPR __ Other
Ponderosa Pine Habitat Types
Figure 34— Distribution of ponderosa pine series by habitat type,
New Mexico, 1987.
community types have the potential to form closed canopies if they are
not harvested or burned. These late seral stages would have low resource
value ratings for cattle and for wildlife browse. The Pinus edulis /Cerco-
carpus montanus community type (2 percent of plots) is excellent habitat
for wildlife browse and winter range. The Pinus edulis/Purshia tridentata
community type (1 percent of plots) is important deer and elk winter range.
Periodic fire may be necessary to maintain Purshia tridentata. The sparse
community types (18 percent of plots) are probably derived from woodlands
with a history of livestock grazing, and soil erosion, that have not burned.
Other resource values are outlined in the field guides mentioned above.
Ongoing research will provide more information for classification and in-
terpretation of the woodland resource.
SOIL SURFACE CONDITIONS
A certain amount of bare ground and associated erosion is an integral
part of any arid ecosystem. Bare ground increases during drought. Past
land-use history, including the removal of plants that hold the soil, has in-
creased the problem of soil erosion. Observations of litter depth, percent
bare ground, and degree of soil erosion were made at each field location to
assess the general condition and stability of the State’s forest soil resource.
About one-half of timberland plots and three-fourths of woodland plots
show some evidence of soil erosion (fig. 35).
34
Percent of field locations
Degree of erosion Timberland Woodland
None 47 22,
Light (very little sheet 48 52
erosion evident)
Medium (both sheet and rill 4 20
erosion evident)
Heavy (bad rill erosion— 1 6
gullies evident)
Some evidence of erosion was found on 63 percent of other public timber-
land plots, 52 percent of private timberland plots, 76 percent of National
Forest woodland plots, 80 percent of other public woodland plots, and 78
percent of private woodland plots.
Seventy-three percent of woodland plots and 36 percent of timberland
plots had more than 10 percent bare ground, with an average of 9 percent
bare ground on timberland and 22 percent on woodland. The amount of
bare ground is consistent across all owners in timberland, but on woodland
plots, the average bare ground is 13 percent on National Forests, 25 percent
on other public, and 22 percent on private land. Litter—undecomposed leaves,
needles, twigs, bark, etc.—was absent from over half of the woodland field loca-
tions, but from only 3 percent of timberland locations.
Considerable amounts of bare ground, coupled with the low amounts of
protective litter and sparse understory vegetation, indicate potential ero-
sion problems on the forested lands of New Mexico, especially in the wood-
land. All of these soil erosion indicators substantiate the observations that
widespread erosion exists.
60
Ea Timberland [| Woodland
50
40
30
Percent
20
10
None Light Medium Heavy
Degree of erosion
Figure 35—Distribution of erosion by degree and type of plot, New
Mexico, 1987.
35
METHODS
On lands outside the National Forest System the Intermountain Re-
search Station Forest Survey Program uses a two-phase or double sample
for stratification for land classification and data collection. The first or
map/photo phase consists of a grid of points established at a 1,000-m inter-
val on USGS quadrangle maps where map-based information such as
county and congressional districts are assigned. The points are then trans-
ferred to aerial photography for interpretation into land cover classes. The
second, or field phase consists of field visits to a subset of the first phase
photo points. These are usually on a 5,000-m grid.
Some 273,497 first phase points were established in New Mexico (fig. 36a).
Of these, 9,747 were potential field plots, and 1,182 were actually forested
(fig. 36b). All points determined to be timberland during the map/photo
phase were subsampled using the 5,000-m selection rule. Those deter-
mined to be woodland were subsampled at the 5,000-m intensity in all
units of the State except the northeast. Here a double 10,000-m grid was
used, resulting in a spacing of about 7,100 m. The final sample included
322 timberland plots, 860 woodland plots, and 8,565 nonforest plots.
Each timberland field plot consisted of up to five satellite points dis-
persed systematically over an acre of timberland. At each point, trees
5.0 inches d.b.h. and larger were selected for measurement on a variable
radius plot defined by a 20-basal-area-factor (BAF) prism on ponderosa
pine locations and a 40-BAF prism for other timberland locations. Trees
from 1.0 to 4.9 inches d.b.h. were tallied on a Ysoo-acre fixed-radius subplot.
Seedlings were tallied only if no trees greater than 1.0 inch d.b.h. were re-
corded on a point.
Each woodland plot consisted of a %o-acre, a Yio-acre, or a ¥s-acre fixed
radius plot. All trees 3.0 inches d.r.c. and larger were tallied on this plot.
Trees 1.0 to 2.9 inches d.r.c. were tallied on up to four Y%00-acre subplots,
and seedlings were tallied only if no trees greater than 1.0 inch d.r.c. were
tallied on a subplot.
The tree measurements were used to estimate volume, basal area, num-
ber of trees, and other per-acre variables, by applying volume equations
developed by Chojnacky (1985), Hann and Bare (1978), and Edminster (1977),
and other algorithms developed by the Forest Survey Program. Expansion
factors, developed by adjusting the map/photo point information to meet
known land areas, were applied to these per-acre estimates to generate
population totals. This information was combined with similar informa-
tion from the Forest Service’s Southwest Region Timber Management
staff to develop the resource summaries presented in this report.
In addition to the detailed tree measurements, several plot-level vari-
ables were recorded on both timberland and woodland field locations.
These included indicators of use by humans, wildlife, and domestic ani-
mals; indicators of understory vegetative structure and condition; size of
the forest condition and its juxtaposition to nonforest areas; and other tim-
ber and nontimber items. A more complete discussion of this procedure
can be found in Van Hooser and others (1990).
SAMPLING ERROR
The sampling methods were designed to achieve suitable sampling errors
for estimates of area and volume at the State level. Sampling error increases
36
TIMBERLAND WOODLAND NATIONAL FOREST
Figure 36—Distribution of Phase | map/photo points and Phase II field sample points, New Mexico,
1987. A. Phase |, 1,000-meter points.
TIMBERLAND WOODLAND NATIONAL FOREST
Figure 36—(Con.) B. Phase II, 5,000-meter field points.
as the area or volume considered decreases. The sampling errors presented
in tables 2 and 3, equal to one standard deviation for the sample data, may
be used to compute confidence intervals for population estimates. For ex-
ample, at the 95 percent confidence level, the confidence interval for total
growing-stock volume (in million cubic feet) is:
5,992.4 + 1.96(0.031 x 5,992.4) = 5,992.4 + 364.1
where 1.96 is the number of standard deviations. This confidence interval
indicates a 0.95 probability that the range 5,628.3 to 6,356.5 million cubic
feet will cover the true growing-stock inventory volume.
The results are reported for individual items and individual counties so
that users may combine them as desired. It is not recommended that indi-
vidual item or county data be used in isolation. The user should aggregate
data cells as much as possible. Sampling error for a combination of data
items or counties may be estimated using the following formula:
Sr SE,N X,
3 VX,
8
SE = standard error of the estimate
(expressed as a percent)
X = variable of interest (area or volume)
g = group of counties to be combined
t = total for the State
For example, the estimate of sampling error for growing-stock volume on
timberland in Rio Arriba, Sandoval, and Taos Counties is 4.8 percent. The
95 percent confidence interval of growing-stock volume is 2,460.1 + 231.4
million cubic feet.
TERMINOLOGY
Acceptable trees—Growing-stock trees meeting specified standards of size
and quality but not qualifying as desirable trees.
Area condition class—A classification of timberland reflecting the degree to
which the site is being utilized by growing-stock trees and other condi-
tions affecting current and prospective timber growth (see Stocking):
Class 10—Areas fully stocked with desirable trees and not overstocked.
Class 20—Areas fully stocked with desirable trees but overstocked with
all live trees.
Class 30—Areas medium to fully stocked with desirable trees and with
less than 30 percent of the area controlled by other trees, or inhibiting
vegetation or surface conditions that will prevent occupancy by desir-
able trees, or both.
Class 40—Areas medium to fully stocked with desirable trees and with
30 percent or more of the area controlled by other trees, or conditions
that ordinarily prevent occupancy by desirable trees, or both.
Class 50—Areas poorly stocked with desirable trees but fully stocked
with growing-stock trees.
Class 60—Areas poorly stocked with desirable trees, but with medium
to full stocking of growing-stock trees.
Class 70—Areas nonstocked or poorly stocked with desirable trees and
poorly stocked with growing-stock trees.
37
Class 80—Low-risk mature stands.
Class 90—High-risk mature stands.
Nonstocked—Areas less than 10 percent stocked with growing-stock
trees.
Basal area—The cross-sectional area of a tree expressed in square feet.
For timber species the calculation is based on diameter at breast height
(d.b.h.); for woodland species it is based on diameter at root collar (d.r.c.).
Christmas tree grade—Pinyon species are classified as Christmas trees
using the following guidelines:
Premium—Excellent conical form with no gaps in branches and a
straight bole.
Standard—Good conical form with small gaps in branches and bole
slightly malformed.
Utility—Conical in form with branches missing and bole bent or
malformed.
Cull—Not meeting one of the above classifications or over 12 feet in
height.
Cord—A pile of stacked wood equivalent to 128 cubic feet of wood and air
space having standard dimensions of 4 by 4 by 8 feet.
Cull trees—Live trees that are unmerchantable now or prospectively (see
Rough trees and Rotten trees).
Cull volume—Portions of a tree’s cubic-foot volume that are not usable
for wood products because of rot, missing and/or dead material, or other
defect.
Desirable trees—Growing-stock trees (1) having no serious defect in quality
to limit present or prospective use for timber products, (2) showing rela-
tively high vigor, and (8) containing no pathogens that may result in
death or serious deterioration within the next decade.
Diameter at breast height (d.b.h.)—Diameter of the stem measured 4.5 feet
above the ground.
Diameter at root collar (d.r.c.)—Diameter equivalent at the point nearest
the ground line that represents the basal area of the tree stem or stems.
Diameter classes—Tree diameters, either d.b.h. or d.r.c., grouped into
2-inch classes labeled by the midpoint of the class.
Farmer /rancher-owned lands—Lands owned by a person who operates a
farm or a ranch and who either does the work or directly supervises the
work.
Fenceposts—Juniper and oak species are evaluated for post potential using
the following criteria:
Line post—A 7-foot minimum length with 5 to 7 inches diameter at the
butt, 2.5 inch minimum small end diameter, and reasonably straight
and solid.
Corner post—An 8-foot minimum length with 7 to 9 inches diameter at
the butt, 2.5 inch minimum small end diameter, and reasonably
straight and solid.
Forest industry lands—Lands owned by companies or individuals operat-
ing a primary wood-processing plant.
38
Forest lands—Lands at least 10 percent stocked by forest trees of any size,
including lands that formerly had such tree cover and that will be natu-
rally or artificially regenerated. The minimum area for classification of
forest land is 1 acre. Roadside, streamside, and shelterbelt strips of tim-
ber must have a crown width at least 120 feet wide to qualify as forest
land. Unimproved roads and trails, streams, and clearings in forest ar-
eas are classified as forest if less than 120 feet wide.
Forest trees—Woody plants having a well-developed stem or stems, usually
more than 12 feet in height at maturity, with a generally well-defined
crown.
Forest type—A classification of forest land based upon and named for the
tree species forming a plurality of live-tree stocking.
Gross annual growth—The average annual increase in the net volume of
trees.
Growing-stock trees—Live sawtimber trees, poletimber trees, saplings, and
seedlings of timber species meeting specified standards of quality and
vigor; excludes cull trees.
Growing-stock volume—Net cubic-foot volume in live poletimber-size and
sawtimber-size growing-stock trees from a 1-foot stump to a minimum
4-inch top (of central stem) outside bark, or to the point where the central
stem breaks into limbs.
Growth—See definition for Net annual growth.
Hardwood trees—Trees that are usually broad-leaved and deciduous.
High-risk mature stands—Timber stands over 100 years old in which the
majority of the trees are not expected to survive more than 10 years.
Indian trust lands—Indian lands held in trust by the Federal Government.
Industrial wood—All commercial roundwood products except fuelwood.
Land area—The area of dry land and land temporarily or partially covered
by water such as marshes, swamps, and river flood plains, streams,
sloughs, estuaries, and canals less than 120 feet wide; and lakes, reser-
voirs, and ponds less than 1 acre in size.
Logging residues—The unused portions of growing-stock trees cut or killed
by logging.
Low-risk mature stands—Timber stands over 100 years old in which the
majority of the trees are expected to survive more than 10 years.
Mature stands—Stands of timber species over 100 years old.
Miscellaneous Federal lands—Lands administered by Federal agencies
other than the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, or U.S.
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management.
Mortality—The net volume of growing-stock trees that have died from
natural causes during a specified period.
National Forest lands—Public lands administered by the U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service.
39
National Resource lands—Public lands administered by the U.S. Depart-
ment of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management.
Net annual growth—Gross annual growth minus average annual mortality.
Net dead volume—Total net volume of dead trees plus the net volume of
dead material in live trees.
Net volume in board feet—The gross board-foot volume in the sawlog por-
tion of growing-stock trees, less deductions for cull volume.
Net volume in cubic feet—Gross cubic-foot volume in the merchantable por-
tion of trees, less deductions for cull volume. For timber species, volume
is computed for the merchantable stem from a 1-foot stump to a mini-
mum 4-inch top diameter outside bark (d.o.b.), or to the point where the
central stem breaks into limbs. For woodland species, volume is com-
puted outside bark for all woody material above the root collar that is
larger than 1.5 inches d.o.b.
Nonforest lands—Lands that do not currently qualify as forest land.
Nonindustrial private—All private ownerships except forest industry.
Nonstocked areas—Forest land less than 10 percent stocked with live trees.
Other private lands—Privately owned lands other than those owned by for-
est industry or farmer/rancher.
Other public lands—Public lands administered by agencies other than the
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
Other removals—The net volume of growing-stock trees removed from the
inventory by silvicultural operations such as timber-stand improvement,
by land clearing, and by changes in land use, such as a shift to
wilderness.
Poletimber stands—Stands at least 10 percent stocked with growing-stock
trees, in which half or more of the stocking is sawtimber or poletimber
trees or both, with poletimber stocking exceeding that of sawtimber (see
definition for Stocking).
Poletimber trees—Live trees of timber species at least 5 inches d.b.h. but
smaller than sawtimber size.
Potential growth—The average net annual cubic-foot growth per acre at
culmination of mean annual growth attainable in fully stocked natural
stands.
Primary wood-processing plants—Plants using roundwood products such
as sawlogs, pulpwood bolts, veneer logs, and so forth.
Productivity class—A classification of forest land that reflects biological
potential. For timberland, the index used is the potential net annual
growth at culmination of mean annual increment in fully stocked natural
stands. For woodland, characteristics that are used affect the land’s abil-
ity to produce wood, such as soil depth and aspect. Furthermore, wood-
land is classified as high site where sustained wood production is likely,
or low site where the continuous production of wood is unlikely.
40
Removals—The net volume of growing-stock trees removed from the inven-
tory by harvesting, silivicultural operations, land clearings, or changes in
land use.
Reserved forest land—Forest land withdrawn from tree utilization through
statute or administrative designation.
Residues:
Coarse residues—Plant residues suitable for chipping, such as slabs,
edgings, and ends.
Fine residues—Plant residues not suitable for chipping, such as saw-
dust, shavings, and veneer clippings.
Plant residues—Wood materials from primary manufacturing plants
not used for any product.
Rotten trees—Live poletimber or sawtimber trees with more than 67 per-
cent of their total volume cull (cubic-foot) and with more than half of the
cull volume attributable to rotten or missing material.
Rough trees—Live poletimber or sawtimber trees with more than 67 per-
cent of their total volume cull (cubic-foot) and with less than half of the
cull volume attributable to rotten or missing material.
Roundwood—Logs, bolts, or other round sections cut from trees.
Salvable dead trees—Standing or down dead trees that are currently mer-
chantable by regional standards.
Saplings—Live trees of timber species 1 to 4.9 inches d.b.h., or woodland
species 1 to 2.9 inches d.r.c.
Sapling and seedling stands—Timberland stands at least 10 percent
stocked on which more than half of the stocking is saplings or seedlings
or both.
Sawlog portion—That part of the bole of sawtimber trees between a 1-foot
stump and the sawlog top.
Sawlog top—tThe point on the bole of sawtimber trees above which a sawlog
cannot be produced. The minimum sawlog top is 7 inches d.o.b. for soft-
woods and 9 inches d.o.b. for hardwoods.
Sawtimber stands—Stands at least 10 percent stocked with growing-stock
trees, with half or more of total stocking in sawtimber or poletimber
trees, and with sawtimber stocking at least equal to poletimber stocking.
Sawtimber trees—Live trees of timber species meeting regional size and
defect specifications. Softwood trees must be at least 9 inches d.b.h. and
hardwood trees 11 inches d.b.h.
Sawtimber volume—Net volume in board feet of the sawlog portion of live
sawtimber trees.
Seedlings—Established live trees of timber species less than 1 inch d.b.h.,
or woodland species less than 1 inch d.r.c.
Softwood trees—Coniferous trees that are usually evergreen and have
needles or scalelike leaves.
41
Standard error—An expression of the degree of confidence that can be
placed on an estimated total or average obtained by statistical sampling
methods. Standard errors do not include technique errors that could oc-
cur in photo classification of areas, field measurements, or compilation
of data.
Stand-size classes—A classification of forest land based on the predomi-
nant size of trees present (see Sawtimber stands, Poletimber stands,
and Sapling and seedling stands).
State, county, and municipal lands—Lands administered by States, coun-
ties, and local public agencies, or lands leased by these governmental
units for more than 50 years.
Stocking—An expression of the extent to which growing space is effectively
used by present or potential growing-stock trees of timber species.
Timberland—Forest land where timber species make up at least 10 per-
cent stocking. (FSH 4809.11 defines commercial forest land as land pro-
ducing, or capable of producing, crops of industrial wood and not with-
drawn from timber utilization. This is synonymous with the Timberland
definition above.)
Timber species—Tree species traditionally used for industrial wood prod-
ucts. In the Rocky Mountain States, these include aspen and cottonwood
hardwood species and all softwood species except pinyon and juniper.
Timber stand improvement—Treatments such as thinning, pruning, re-
lease cutting, girdling, weeding, or poisoning unwanted trees to improve
growing conditions for the remaining trees.
Upper-stem portion—That part of the main stem or fork of sawtimber trees
above the sawlog top to a minimum top diameter of 4 inches outside bark
or to the point where the main stem or fork breaks into limbs.
Water—Streams, sloughs, estuaries, and canals more than 120 feet wide,
and lakes, reservoirs, and ponds more than 1 acre in size at mean high
water level.
Wilderness—An area of undeveloped land in the Wilderness System, man-
aged so as to preserve its natural conditions and retain its primeval
character.
Woodland—Forest land where timber species make up less than 10 percent
stocking.
Woodland species—Tree species not usually converted into industrial wood
products. Common uses are fuelwood, fenceposts, and Christmas trees.
42
REFERENCES
Alexander, Billy G., Jr.; Ronco, Frank, Jr.; Fitzhugh, E. Lee; Ludwig, John A.
1984. A classification of forest habitat types of the Lincoln National For-
est, New Mexico. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-104. Fort Collins, CO: Rocky Moun-
tain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 29 p.
Alexander, Billy G., Jr.; Fitzhugh, E. Lee; Ronco, Frank, Jr.; Ludwig, John A.
1987. A classification of forest habitat types of the northern portion of the
Cibola National Forest, New Mexico. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-143. Fort
Collins, CO: Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 35 p.
Baker, Robert D.; Maxwell, Robert S.; Treat, Victor H.; Dethloff, Henry C.
1988. Timeless heritage: a history of the Forest Service in the Southwest.
FS-409. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
208 p.
Bassett, Dick; Larson, Milo; Moir, W. H. 1987. Forest and woodland habitat
types (plant associations) of Arizona south of the Mogollon Rim and
southwestern New Mexico. Albuquerque, NM: U.S. Department of Agri-
culture, Forest Service, Southwestern Region.
Choate, Grover A. 1966. New Mexico’s forest resource. Resour. Bull. INT-5.
Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermoun-
tain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 61 p.
Chojnacky, David C. 1985. Pinyon-juniper volume equations for the Cen-
tral Rocky Mountain States. Res. Pap. INT-339. Ogden, UT: U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range
Experiment Station. 27 p.
DeVelice, Robert L.; Ludwig, John A.; Moir, William H.; Ronco, Frank, Jr.
1986. A classification of forest habitat types of northern New Mexico and
southern Colorado. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-131. Fort Collins, CO: Rocky
Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 59 p.
Edminster, Carleton B. 1977. Past diameters and gross volumes of plains
cottonwood in eastern Colorado. Res. Note RM-351. Fort Collins, CO:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest
and Range Experiment Station. 4 p.
Fitzhugh, E. Lee; Moir, William H.; Ludwig, John A.; Ronco, Frank, Jr.
1987. Forest habitat types in the Apache, Gila, and part of the Cibola
National Forests, Arizona and New Mexico. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-145.
Fort Collins, CO: Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.
116 p.
Hann, David W.; Bare, Bruce B. 1978. Comprehensive tree volume
equations for major species of New Mexico and Arizona: II. Tables for
unforked trees. Res. Pap. INT-210. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agri-
culture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment
Station. 127 p.
Healy, Steve. 1991. [Personal communication]. June. Silver City, NM:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southwestern Region,
Silver City Ranger District.
Larson, Milo; Moir, W. H. 1986. Forest and woodland habitat types (plant
associations) of southern New Mexico and central Arizona (north of the
Mogollon Rim). Albuquerque, NM: U.S. Department of Agriculture, For-
est Service, Southwestern Region. 75 p.
43
Larson, Milo; Moir, W. H. 1987. Forest and woodland habitat types
(plant associations) of northern New Mexico and northern Arizona.
Albuquerque, NM: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Southwestern Region.
McDaniel, D. C.; Pieper, R. B.; Jeffcoat, L. B.; Osman, A. 1984. Ecology
of broom snakeweed in New Mexico. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 711.
Las Cruces, NM: New Mexico State University. 16 p.
McLain, William H. 1989a. New Mexico’s timber production and mill resi-
due, 1986. Resour. Bull. INT-59. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agricul-
ture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 17 p.
McLain, William H. 1989b. Logging utilization—New Mexico, 1987.
Resour. Bull. INT-62. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 9 p.
McLain, William H. 1989c. New Mexico’s 1986 fuelwood harvest. Resour.
Bull. INT-60. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Ser-
vice, Intermountain Research Station. 8 p.
Rogers, Terry. 1990. [Personal communication]. September. Albuquerque,
NM: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southwestern Re-
gion, Forest Pest Management.
University of New Mexico, Bureau of Business and Economic Research.
Non-agricultural wage and salary employment [Data base]. Albuquerque,
NM.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1972. Forest survey hand-
book. FSH 4809.11. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service RPA (Resources Planning
Act) data base. Starkville, MS: Southern Forest Experiment Station,
Forest Inventory and Analysis.
Van Hooser, Dwane D.; Tymcio, Ronald P.; Rowland, Bruce D. 1990.
INFORS: a comprehensive inventory system with international implica-
tions. In: Global natural resource monitoring and assessments: Preparing
for the 21st century: Proceedings of conference; 1989 September 24-30;
Venice, Italy. Bethesda, MD: American Society for Photogrammetry and
Remote Sensing: 536-545. Vol. 2.
44
FOREST SURVEY TABLES
Area
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45
Table 2—Area of forest land with percent standard error, New Mexico,
1987
Type of
forest land
Timberland
Woodland
Reserved forest land:'
Timberland
Woodland
Total forest land?
Percent
standard
Acres error
4,790,800 +2.4
8,866,737 +2.0
1,402,144
144,979
15,204,660
‘Reserved land areas are estimated from aerial photos with field
verification; therefore, standard errors are not calculated.
?On this and all following tables, totals may vary due to rounding.
Table 3—Net volume, net annual growth, and annual mortality of growing stock and
sawtimber for all species on forest land, with percent standard error,
New Mexico
Forest land Item
Timberland: Net volume, 1987:
Woodland:
Growing stock (M cubic feet)
Sawtimber' (M board feet)
Sawtimber? (M board feet)
Net annual growth, 1986:
Growing stock (M cubic feet)
Sawtimber' (M board feet)
Sawtimber? (M board feet)
Annual mortality, 1986:
Growing stock (M cubic feet)
Sawtimber' (M board feet)
Sawtimber? (M board feet)
Volume, 1987 (M cubic feet)
Growth, 1986 (M cubic feet)
Volume
5,992,384
23,167,038
19,222,274
150,003
653,843
539,056
13,819
48,390
39,545
5,751,376
61,069
Percent
standard
error
+3.1
+3.1
+3.1
+4.7
+4.9
+4.7
+26.5
22:9
£219
+3.0
+4.3
Mortality, 1986 (M cubic feet)
‘International %-inch rule.
2Scribner rule.
46
2,716
+39.8
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47
Table 5—Area of timberland by forest type, stand-size class, and productivity class, New Mexico, 1987
Forest type and
stand-size class
Douglas-fir:
Sawtimber
Poletimber
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
Total
Ponderosa pine:
Sawtimber
Poletimber
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
Total
Limber pine:
Sawtimber
Poletimber
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
Total
Spruce-fir:
Sawtimber
Poletimber
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
Total
White fir:
Sawtimber
Poletimber
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
Total
Spruce:
Sawtimber
Poletimber
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
Total
Other softwoods:
Sawtimber
Poletimber
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
Total
Aspen:
~ Sawtimber
Poletimber
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
Total
Cottonwood:
Sawtimber
Poletimber
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
Total
All types:
Sawtimber
Poletimber
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
Total
48
Productivity class Total
120-164 85-119 50-84 20-49 0-19 acres
8,502 59,541 370,126 244,669 = 682,838
1,195 — 42,291 69,387 _ 112,873
= = —= 1,108 _ 1,108
= 3,091 16,577 24,865 575 45,108
9,697 62,632 428,994 340,029 575 841,927
aa 7,042 233,656 2,156,178 —_— 2,396,876
— — 84,105 326,560 — 410,665
ee = — 12,347 1,296 13,643
oes = — 70,911 1,246 72,157
_— 7,042 317,761 2,565,996 2,542 2,893,341
= — a 1,027 —— 1,027
— = — 1,027 _— 1,027
— 13,267 95,542 48,590 — 157,399
— — 28,085 25,007 _— 53,092
— — — 3,327 — 3,327
— — 7,949 5,863 = 13,812
— 13,267 131,576 82,787 _ 227,630
7,308 71,620 270,074 94,576 — 443,578
_— 1,993 4,238 8,825 = 15,056
— _— 5,626 = = 5,626
7,308 73,613 279,938 103,401 — 464,260
= 22,861 93,696 14,387 _ 130,944
— 14,994 4,186 9,057 _— 28,237
— — _— 7,949 = 7,949
_— _ — — 5,276 5,276
= 37,855 97,882 31,393 5,276 172,406
_— — 6,014 11,067 _ 17,081
= _ 6,014 11,067 — 17,081
— 10,878 18,014 8,167 _ 37,059
1,812 12,423 39,394 25,772 _ 79,401
— — 6,657 8,271 — 14,928
= — 2,469 1,639 4,729 8,837
1,812 23,301 66,534 43,849 4,729 140,225
— ~ 24,954 — _ 24,954
— — 7,949 = = 7,949
= — 32,903 —_ — 32,903
15,810 185,209 1,112,076 2,578,661 _— 3,891,756
3,007 29,410 202,299 464,608 — 699,324
a = 6,657 33,002 1,296 40,955
= 3,091 40,570 103,278 11,826 158,765
18,817 217,710 1,361,602 3,179,549 13,122 4,790,800
Table 6—Area of National Forest timberland by forest type, stand-size class, and productivity class, New Mexico, 1987
Forest type and Productivity class Total
stand-size class 120-164 85-119 50-84 20-49 0-19 acres
Siem Sim is aig eh m la win) win) a) aie min mine minininici = ACI@S ------ > rrr ree ee errr
Douglas-fir:
Sawtimber 8,502 53,527 275,743 79,821 -- 417,593
Poletimber 1,195 — 13,632 25,211 — 40,038
Sapling and seedling — _ — 1,108 —_ 1,108
Nonstocked — 3,091 3,091 — 575 6,757
Total 9,697 56,618 292,466 106,140 575 465,496
>onderosa pine:
Sawtimber — 7,042 142,792 1,213,120 _ 1,362,954
Poletimber —_ _ 84,105 140,275 —_ 224,380
Sapling and seedling — — — — 1,296 1,296
Nonstocked — — _ 49,672 1,246 50,918
Total — 7,042 226,897 1,403,067 2,542 1,639,548
_imber pine:
Sawtimber _— _ — 1,027 — 1,027
Poletimber — — — — — —
Sapling and seedling — — — — — —-
Nonstocked — — — _ a ao
Total — _— _— 1,027 — 1,027
Spruce-fir:
Sawtimber — 13,267 59,097 18,776 _ 91,140
Poletimber _ —_ 4,238 876 — 5,114
Sapling and seedling — — — 3,327 _— 3,327
Nonstocked _— _— — 5,863 — 5,863
Total — 13,267 63,335 28,842 — 105,444
Nhite fir:
Sawtimber 7,308 50,582 182,783 63,473 — 304,146
Poletimber — — 4,238 876 _ 5,114
Sapling and seedling — — — — — —
Nonstocked _— — — — — —
Total 7,308 50,582 187,021 64,349 —_ 309,260
spruce:
Sawtimber _— 22,861 54,698 6,438 — 83,997
Poletimber — 7,045 — 1,108 _ 8,153
Sapling and seedling — — — — — —
Nonstocked — — — — 5,276 5,276
Total — 29,906 54,698 7,546 5,276 97,426
ther softwoods:
Sawtimber — — — 3,492 — 3,492
Poletimber —_ — — a ats fe
Sapling and seedling _— — —_ _ _ —
Nonstocked — _— — —_ _— —
Total — — — 3,492 _ 3,492
\spen:
Sawtimber — 2,929 10,065 592 _ 13,586
Poletimber 1,812 7,405 25,023 9,874 _— 44,114
Sapling and seedling — — 1,639 1,639 — 3,278
Nonstocked —_ — 2,469 1,639 4,729 8,837
Total 1,812 10,334 39,196 13,744 4,729 69,815
>ottonwood:
Sawtimber — _— — os — —
Poletimber — _— — _ _ —
Sapling and seedling — _— — — — _
Nonstocked — — — — _— =
Total _— — = — _ _—
\ll types:
Sawtimber 15,810 150,208 725,178 1,386,739 — 2,277,935
Poletimber 3,007 14,450 131,236 178,220 —_ 326,913
Sapling and seedling — — 1,639 6,074 1,296 9,009
Nonstocked _— 3,091 5,560 57,174 11,826 77,651
Total 18,817 167,749 863,613 1,628,207 13,122 2,691,508
49
Table 7—Area of other publicly owned timberland by forest type, stand-size class, and productivity class, New Mexico, 1987
Forest type and Productivity class Total
stand-size class 120-164 85-119 50-84 20-49 0-19 acres
Douglas-fir:
Sawtimber _— — 5,603 6,132 — 11,735
Poletimber — — — ~ = bs!
Sapling and seedling _ — — = = nat
Nonstocked — — — = = =
Total — — 5,603 6,132 _ 11,735
Ponderosa pine:
Sawtimber _— — — 85,779 _— 85,779
Poletimber — — = = =~ sted
Sapling and seedling — — — = == =
Nonstocked _ — — 941 _— 941
Total — —_ — 86,720 — 86,720
Limber pine:
Sawtimber — = = a wee aad
Poletimber — os == = a had
Sapling and seedling — — — ae at a
Nonstocked — — —_ = ae —
Total — — — = — ae
Spruce-fir:
Sawtimber — = = = = -_
Poletimber — = ai 4,249 me 4,249
Sapling and seedling — — — = = ro!
Nonstocked _— — — = —_ a
Total —_ _ — 4,249 — 4,249
White fir:
Sawtimber — 942 16,870 4,249 — 22,061
Poletimber — — = ae = a
Sapling and seedling — — = pees = ae
Nonstocked —_ — — —_ = a
Total _— 942 16,870 4,249 = 22,061
Spruce:
Sawtimber — = te a = ae
Poletimber — _— 4,186 — —_ 4,186
Sapling and seedling _ _ == a = stat
Nonstocked — — — mae —_ in
Total — — 4,186 —_— _ 4,186
Other softwoods:
Sawtimber —_— — = = = zs
Poletimber — —= = —_ aa el
Sapling and seedling — —_ _ eee pee cbse
Nonstocked — = — — a aaa)
Total — = = ae as awe
Aspen:
Sawtimber — oan ne —_ as ae
Poletimber — —s = = a= sn
Sapling and seedling — — = _ = eat
Nonstocked = a= me roe = as
Total = = eo a =z =
Cottonwood:
Sawtimber — — 6,284 = we 6,284
Poletimber — = = = ies a
Sapling and seedling — — = = = a
Nonstocked = _ aes os pass pales
Total — — 6,284 — _— 6,284
All types:
Sawtimber — 942 28,757 96,160 _— 125,859
Poletimber — — 4,186 4,249 _— 8,435
Sapling and seedling — — — — _— =
Nonstocked — — — 941 = 941
Total _ 942 32,943 101,350 = 135,235
50
Table 8—Area of privately owned timberland by forest type, stand-size class, and productivity class, New Mexico, 1987
Forest type and Productivity class Total
stand-size class 120-164 85-119 50-84 20-49 0-19 acres
BICIE CRC R CR ROOD OOOO Gr atm Ce Coo Gr One ACr@S - ------------ 7-2-2 e rere eee eee
Douglas-fir:
Sawtimber — 6,014 88,780 158,716 — 253,510
Poletimber — _— 28,659 44,176 — 72,835
Sapling and seedling — — — — == mt
Nonstocked —- — 13,486 24,865 — 38,351
Total — 6,014 130,925 227,757 — 364,696
Ponderosa pine:
Sawtimber — — 90,864 857,279 _— 948,143
Poletimber — — — 186,285 —_— 186,285
Sapling and seedling — — — 12,347 — 12,347
Nonstocked — — — 20,298 — 20,298
Total — _ 90,864 1,076,209 —_— 1,167,073
Limber pine:
Sawtimber — = —_ —_ — —
Poletimber _— = = = = a
Sapling and seedling — — — _— —_ —
Nonstocked _ _— _— _— — _—
Total — — — = a eas
Spruce-fir:
Sawtimber — — 36,445 29,814 _— 66,259
Poletimber _ _ 23,847 19,882 _— 43,729
Sapling and seedling _— — — — — _
Nonstocked — — 7,949 — — 7,949
Total — — 68,241 49,696 _— 117,937
White fir:
Sawtimber — 20,096 70,421 26,854 — 117,371
Poletimber — 1,993 — 7,949 _ 9,942
Sapling and seedling — — — — — —
Nonstocked _ _ 5,626 _ _ 5,626
Total — 22,089 76,047 34,803 _— 132,939
Spruce:
Sawtimber — — 38,998 7,949 — 46,947
Poletimber — 7,949 — 7,949 — 15,898
Sapling and seedling — — — 7,949 — 7,949
Nonstocked — — — — — _
Total _— 7,949 38,998 23,847 — 70,794
Other softwoods:
Sawtimber — _— 6,014 7,575 — 13,589
Poletimber — — — — — —
Sapling and seedling — —_ _ _ _ —
Nonstocked — _— _— _ — —
Total — — 6,014 7,575 — 13,589
Aspen:
Sawtimber — 7,949 7,949 1505) — 23,473
Poletimber — 5,018 14,371 15,898 — 35,287
Sapling and seedling — — 5,018 6,632 _— 11,650
Nonstocked — — — _— — —
Total — 12,967 27,338 30,105 — 70,410
Cottonwood:
Sawtimber _— _— 18,670 — — 18,670
Poletimber — _— — _— = _
Sapling and seedling — _— — — _— =
Nonstocked — — 7,949 _ — 7,949
Total _ — 26,619 —_ — 26,619
All types:
Sawtimber — 34,059 358,141 1,095,762 — 1,487,962
Poletimber — 14,960 66,877 282,139 _— 363,976
Sapling and seedling _ — 5,018 26,928 —_ 31,946
Nonstocked — — 35,010 45,163 — 80,173
Total _ 49,019 465,046 1,449,992 — 1,964,057
51
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53
Table 12—Number of cull and salvable dead trees on timberland by owner group for softwoods and
hardwoods, New Mexico, 1987
Owner group and Cull trees Salvable
species group Rough Rotten Total dead trees Total
Sl ta Thousand trees ------------------
National Forest:
Softwoods 6,825 7,639 14,464 3,420 17,884
Hardwoods 723 11,626 12,349 1,795 14,144
Total 7,548 19,265 26,813 5,215 32,028
Other public:
Softwoods — 53 53 910 963
Hardwoods — — — 644 644
Total — 53 53 1,554 1,607
Private:
Softwoods 918 601 1,519 15,800 17,319
Hardwoods 426 1,666 2,092 8,295 10,387
Total 1,344 2,267 3,611 24,095 27,706
Total:
Softwoods 7,743 8,293 16,036 20,130 36,166
Hardwoods 1,149 13,292 14,441 10,734 25,175
Total 8,892 21,585 30,477 30,864 61,341
54
Volume
Table 13—Net volume of growing stock on timberland by owner group, forest type, and stand-size class, New Mexico, 1987
Stand-size class
Sapling/ All
Owner group Forest type Sawtimber Poletimber seedling Nonstocked classes
in Thousand cubic feet - - - ------------------
National Forest: Douglas-fir 953,669 58,927 154 265 1,013,015
Ponderosa pine 1,379,464 245,391 — 9,631 1,634,486
Limber pine 2,276 — — — 2,276
Spruce-fir 251,867 3,246 374 764 256,251
White fir 613,777 6,863 — — 620,640
Spruce 227,955 28,678 — — 256,633
Other softwoods 5,730 — — — 5,730
Aspen 23,503 97,143 629 614 121,889
Cottonwood — — — — —
All types 3,458,241 440,248 WS 11,274 3,910,920
Other public: Douglas-fir 23,883 — — — 23,883
Ponderosa pine 47,341 — — —_ 47,341
Limber pine — — — — —
Spruce-fir — 3,318 — 3,318
White fir 33,342 — a _ 33,342
Spruce — 11,291 — — 11,291
Other softwoods — — — — —
Aspen — — — — _—
Cottonwood 10,987 — — — 10,987
All types 115,553 14,609 — — 130,162
Private: Douglas-fir 307,455 60,110 — 5,671 373,236
Ponderosa pine 776,423 114,180 254 2,063 892,920
Limber pine — — — — —_—
Spruce-fir 98,835 90,393 — 1,674 190,902
White fir 230,681 3,853 — Teche) 235,849
Spruce 129,657 19,128 1,369 — 150,154
Other softwoods 20,981 — — —_— 20,981
Aspen 40,036 33,217 2,271 _ 75,524
Cottonwood 11,736 — — — 11,736
All types 1,615,804 320,881 3,894 10,723 1,951,302
Total: Douglas-fir 1,285,007 119,037 154 5,936 1,410,134
Ponderosa pine 2,203,228 359,571 254 11,694 2,574,747
Limber pine 2,276 — — oo 2,276
Spruce-fir 350,702 96,957 374 2,438 450,471
White fir 877,800 10,716 — 15315 889,831
Spruce 357,612 59,097 1,369 _— 418,078
Other softwoods 26,711 — — — 26,711
Aspen 63,539 130,360 2,900 614 197,413
Cottonwood 22,723 — —_— — 22,723
All types 5,189,598 115;738 5,051 21,997 5,992,384
55
Table 14—Net volume of sawtimber (International %-inch rule) on timberland by owner group, forest type, and stand-size class,
New Mexico, 1987
Stand-size class
Sapling/ All
Owner group Forest type Sawtimber Poletimber seedling Nonstocked classes
------------- Thousand board feet, International ’4-inch rule - - - - - - - - - - - -
National Forest: Douglas-fir 3,862,691 144,865 366 1,257 4,009,179
Ponderosa pine 5,945,433 640,333 — 46,824 6,632,590
Limber pine 10,066 — _ _— 10,066
Spruce-fir 988,732 4,698 560 3,438 997,428
White fir 2,299,341 18,041 -- — 2,317,382
Spruce 947,851 69,558 — — 1,017,409
Other softwoods 18,953 — -—— —_ 18,953
Aspen 87,277 162,748 2,209 1,459 253,693
Cottonwood — — — — —
All types 14,160,344 1,040,243 Sales 52,978 15,256,700
Other public: Douglas-fir 85,385 —_ — _ 85,385
Ponderosa pine 211,908 — — — 211,908
Limber pine — _— — — _
Spruce-fir — 5,792 — — 5,792
White fir 103,637 _— — — 103,637
Spruce — 27,141 — — 27,141
Other softwoods — _— — — =
Aspen _ — — — —
Cottonwood 39,373 — — _— 39,373
All types 440,303 32,933 — _— 473,236
Private: Douglas-fir 1,168,501 89,017 = 30,040 1,287,558
Ponderosa pine 3,454,489 228,395 1,031 11,192 3,695,107
Limber pine — — — — _
Spruce-fir 383,714 205,804 —_ 4,655 594,173
White fir 956,317 6,842 _— 6,024 969,183
Spruce 514,707 36,971 7,047 — 558,725
Other softwoods 74,242 — — — 74,242
Aspen 161,690 56,879 —_ — 218,569
Cottonwood 39,545 —_— — — 39,545
All types 6,753,205 623,908 8,078 51,911 7,437,102
Total: Douglas-fir 5,116,577 233,882 366 31,297 5,382,122
Ponderosa pine 9,611,830 868,728 1,031 58,016 10,539,605
Limber pine 10,066 — — — 10,066
Spruce-fir 1,372,446 216,294 560 8,093 1,597,393
White fir 3,359,295 24,883 — 6,024 3,390,202
Spruce 1,462,558 133,670 7,047 — 1,603,275
Other softwoods 93,195 — — — 93,195
Aspen 248,967 219,627 2,209 1,459 472,262
Cottonwood 78,918 —_— — — 78,918
All types 21,353,852 1,697,084 11,213 104,889 23,167,038
56
Table 15—Net volume of sawtimber (Scribner rule) on timberland by owner group, forest type, and stand-size class,
New Mexico, 1987
Owner group
National Forest:
Other public:
Private:
Total:
Forest type
Douglas-fir
Ponderosa pine
Limber pine
Spruce-fir
White fir
Spruce
Other softwoods
Aspen
Cottonwood
All types
Douglas-fir
Ponderosa pine
Limber pine
Spruce-fir
White fir
Spruce
Other softwoods
Aspen
Cottonwood
All types
Douglas-fir
Ponderosa pine
Limber pine
Spruce-fir
White fir
Spruce
Other softwoods
Aspen
Cottonwood
All types
Douglas-fir
Ponderosa pine
Limber pine
Spruce-fir
White fir
Spruce
Other softwoods
Aspen
Cottonwood
All types
Stand-size class
Sapling/ All
Sawtimber Poletimber seedling Nonstocked classes
222-52 rere eee e-- Thousand board feet, Scribner rule - - - - -----------
3,161,795 117,496 299 1,016 3,280,606
5,025,740 522,579 — 38,990 5,587,309
8,268 — — — 8,268
791,914 3,619 395 2,793 798,721
1,921,938 15,124 a _ 1,937,062
771,170 56,101 = — 827,271
15,753 — “= ae 15,753
71,191 129,048 1,753 1,150 203,142
11,767,769 843,967 2,447 43,949 12,658,132
67,830 — — — 67,830
177,395 — —~ 177;395
— 4,556 — — 4,556
86,320 — — — 86,320
— 21,742 — — 21,742
33,904 — — — 33,904
365,449 26,298 —_ — 391,747
950,103 71,427 _ 25,655 1,047,185
2,918,763 185,965 776 9,794 3,115,298
305,185 163,041 — 3,496 471,722
798,749 5,863 — 5,123 809,735
415,299 31,216 5,607 _ 452,122
62,132 - a — 62,132
134,133 45,393 — — 179,526
34,675 — — — 34,675
5,619,039 502,905 6,383 44,068 6,172,395
4,179,728 188,923 299 26,671 4,395,621
8,121,898 708,544 776 48,784 8,880,002
8,268 _ — — 8,268
1,097,099 171,216 395 6,289 1,274,999
2,807,007 20,987 — 5,123 2,833,117
1,186,469 109,059 5,607 — 13015135
77,885 — — a 77,885
205,324 174,441 1,753 1,150 382,668
68,579 — _— — 68,579
W522 57 1,373,170 8,830 88,017 19,222,274
Table 16—Net volume of growing stock on timberland by species and owner group, New Mexico,
1987
Species
Douglas-fir
Ponderosa pine
Bristlecone pine
Limber pine
Subalpine fir
White fir
Engelmann spruce
Other softwoods
Total softwoods
Aspen
Cottonwood
Total hardwoods
All species
Owner group
National Other
Forest public
J cye hi Seeteee et ae ees Thousand cubic feet
952,213 31,303
1,562,420 47,730
12,985 =
121,997 736
113,297 389
507,435 23,683
347,889 10,624
280 =
3,618,516 114,465
292,102 4,710
302 10,987
292,404 15,697
3,910,920 130,162
Private
355,580
886,627
4,014
40,875
91,256
188,323
221,885
1,788,560
151,006
11,736
162,742
1,951,302
1,339,096
2,496,777
16,999
163,608
204,942
719,441
580,398
280
5,521,541
447,818
23,025
470,843
5,992,384
Table 17—Net volume of sawtimber (International %4-inch rule) on timberland by species and owner
group, New Mexico, 1987
Species
Douglas-fir
Ponderosa pine
Bristlecone pine
Limber pine
Subalpine fir
White fir
Engelmann spruce
Other softwoods
Total softwoods
Aspen
Cottonwood
Total hardwoods
All species
Owner group
National Other
Forest public Private Total
------ Thousand board feet, International %4-inch rule - - - - - - -
3,941,510 107,484 1,338,621 5,387,615
6,725,574 208,881 3,763,579 10,698,034
45,454 — 20,794 66,248
481,565 2,730 138,364 622,659
418,936 — 241,827 660,763
1,684,221 87,692 671,487 2,443,400
1,411,822 27,076 816,449 2,255,347
1,632 — — 1,632
14,710,714 433,863 6,991,121 22,135,698
544,593 — 406,436 951,029
1,393 39,373 39,545 80,311
545,986 39,373 445,981 1,031,340
15,256,700 473,236 7,437,102 23,167,038
58
Table 18—Net volume of sawtimber (Scribner rule) on timberland by species and owner group,
New Mexico, 1987
Species
Douglas-fir
Ponderosa pine
Bristlecone pine
Limber pine
Subalpine fir
White fir
Engelmann spruce
Other softwoods
Total softwoods
Aspen
Cottonwood
Total hardwoods
All species
Owner group
National Other
Forest public Private Total
------- eee Thousand board feet, Scribner rule - ----------
3,174,185 84,658 1,072,622 4,331,465
5,708,990 175,352 3,185,918 9,070,260
37,709 — 18,270 55,979
408 284 2,402 116,606 527,292
336,060 — 191,515 527,575
1,420,729 73,891 572,582 2,067,202
1,138,424 21,540 653,913 1,813,877
1,452 — —_ 1,452
12,225 833 357,843 5,811,426 18,395,102
431,059 — 326 ,294 757,353
1,240 33,904 34,675 69,819
432,299 33,904 360,969 827,172
12,658,132 391,747 6,172,395 19,222 274
59
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63
Growth
Table 26—Net annual growth of growing stock on timberland by species and owner group, New
Mexico, 1986
Owner group
National Other
Species Forest public Private Total
Bi I I a Thousand cubic feet - - --------------
Douglas-fir 23,439 917 5,703 30,059
Ponderosa pine 36,021 1,300 24,523 61,844
Bristlecone pine 172 — 43 215
Limber pine 2,725 24 828 3,577
Subalpine fir 2,606 23 2,448 5,077
White fir 14,155 541 5,833 20,529
Engelmann spruce 7,967 324 6,504 14,795
Other softwoods 4 — — 4
Total softwoods 87,089 3,129 45,882 136,100
Aspen 8,345 89 4,546 12,980
Cottonwood 5 ; 424 494 923
Tota! hardwoods 8,350 513 5,040 13,903
All species 95,439 3,642 50,922 150,003
Table 27—Net annual growth of sawtimber (International %-inch rule) on timberland by species and
owner group, New Mexico, 1986
Owner group
National Other
Species Forest public Private Total
wo2---- Thousand board feet, International ’4-inch rule - - - - - -
Douglas-fir 100,663 1,597 24,792 127,052
Ponderosa pine 166,690 15,787 119,203 301,680
Bristlecone pine 667 — 252 919
Limber pine 11,078 56 4,848 15,982
Subalpine fir 11,394 — 4,012 15,406
White fir 48,161 3,931 35,540 87,632
Engelmann spruce 33,152 700 23,603 57,455
Other softwoods 25 — — 25
Total softwoods 371,830 22,071 212,250 606,151
Aspen 33,680 — 11,459 45,139
Cottonwood 22 1,246 1,285 2,553
Total hardwoods 33,702 1,246 12,744 47,692
All species 405,532 23,317 224,994 653,843
64
Table 28—Net annual growth of sawtimber (Scribner rule) on timberland by species and owner
group, New Mexico, 1986
Species
Douglas-fir
Ponderosa pine
Bristlecone pine
Limber pine
Subalpine fir
White fir
Engelmann spruce
Other softwoods
Total softwoods
Aspen
Cottonwood
Total hardwoods
All species
Owner group
National Other
Forest public Private Total
----------- Thousand board feet, Scribner rule - - - - - - - - -
80,821 1,370 20,336 102,527
137,800 11,083 97,832 246,715
583 — 226 809
9,158 50 357 lil 12,919
9,670 — 3,491 13,161
41,596 3,505 31,603 76,704
28,114 581 20,157 48,852
22 — — 22
307,764 16,589 177,356 501,709
25,963 — 9,102 35,065
20 1,094 1,168 2,282
25,983 1,094 10,270 37,347
333,747 17,683 187,626 539,056
65
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67
Mortality
Table 32—Annual mortality of growing stock on timberland by species and owner group, New Mexico,
1986
Owner group
National Other
Species Forest public Private Total
----------------- Thousand cubic feet - - ------------
Douglas-fir 1,615 266 4,585 6,466
Ponderosa pine 2,609 _— 355 2,964
Bristlecone pine — — —_ _—
Limber pine 84 —— — 84
Subalpine fir 259 — 575 834
White fir 1,291 — — 1,291
Engelmann spruce 614 _— — 614
Other softwoods — = = =
Total softwoods 6,472 266 5,515 12,253
Aspen 1,126 = 440 1,566
Cottonwood — — — _—
Total hardwoods 1,126 — 440 1,566
All species 7,598 266 5,955 13,819
Table 33—Annual mortality of sawtimber (International %-inch rule) on timberland by species and
owner group, New Mexico, 1986
Owner group
National Other
Species Forest public Private Total
-------- Thousand board feet, International %4-inch rule - - - - -
Douglas-fir 6,265 1,183 13,968 21,416
Ponderosa pine 11,779 — 1,335 13,114
Bristlecone pine — — = =
Limber pine 438 — —_ 438
Subalpine fir 888 — 997 1,885
White fir 4,478 a — 4,478
Engelmann spruce 2,238 _— _— 2,238
Other softwoods -- — — —
Total softwoods 26,086 1,183 16,300 43,569
Aspen 2,953 _ 1,868 4,821
Cottonwood — — —_ —
Total hardwoods 2,953 — 1,868 4,821
All species 29,039 1,183 18,168 48,390
68
Table 34—Annual mortality of sawtimber (Scribner rule) on timberland by species and owner group,
New Mexico, 1986
Species
Douglas-fir
Ponderosa pine
Bristlecone pine
Limber pine
Subalpine fir
White fir
Engelmann spruce
Other softwoods
Total softwoods
Aspen
Cottonwood
Total hardwoods
All species
Owner group
National Other
Forest public Private Total
sino ttt t cre Thousand board feet, Scribner rule - - - - - - - - -
5,152 920 10,891 16,963
10,040 — 1,082 Aat22
378 — — 378
698 — 743 1,441
3,848 — — 3,848
1,858 _— — 1,858
21,974 920 12,716 35,610
2,347 — 1,588 3,935
2,347 — 1,588 3,935
24,321 920 14,304 39,545
69
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— — — — — — = — — — — — — — SPOOMYOS JOUIO
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70
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71
Table 38—Annual mortality of growing stock on timberland by species and cause of death, New Mexico, 1986
Cause of death
Species Insects Disease Fire Animal Weather Suppression Logging Unknown’ Total
wre ee ee ee ee eee eee Thousand cubic feet - - - -----------------------------
Douglas-fir 3,996 1,269 34 — 42 29 66 1,030 6,466
Ponderosa pine 539 147 42 — 906 95 169 1,065 2,963
Bristlecone pine —_ — — — — — — — —
Limber pine — — — — 45 —_— = 40 85
Subalpine fir — 307 — — 30 — — 497 834
White fir 30 388 — — 319 — 29 525 1,291
Engelmann spruce 130 _ — 6 5 46 18 408 613
Other softwoods — —_— — — — —_ — — —
Total softwoods 4,695 2,111 76 6 1,347 170 282 3,565 12,252
Aspen 26 729 — — 105 112 _— 595 1,567
Cottonwood — _ — — — — —_— — —
Total hardwoods 26 729 — — 105 112 — 595 1,567
All species 4,721 2,840 76 6 1,452 282 282 4,160 13,819
‘Because many destructive agents often attack trees in concert or in succession, it is often difficult to identify the actual causal agent. When
the primary cause of death cannot be precisely determined, it is listed as unknown.
Table 39—Annual mortality of sawtimber (International 14-inch rule) on timberland by species and cause of death, New Mexico,
1986
Cause of death
Species Insects Disease Fire Animal Weather Suppression Logging Unknown Total
- 22 eo ee eee eee eee Thousand board feet, International 4-inch rule - - - - - - -----------------
Douglas-fir 11,858 4,134 _ _— 118 — 89 5,218 21,417
Ponderosa pine 3,118 567 114 — 4,711 — 101 4,503 13,114
Bristlecone pine — — — _ _— _— —_ — =
Limber pine — — — — 256 —_— — 182 438
Subalpine fir — 44 — — 155 — — 1,685 1,884
White fir 107 1,597 — — 1,266 — 26 1,482 4,478
Engelmann spruce 686 —_ — 32 25 — = 1,495 2,238
Other softwoods — — — — — — — — =
Total softwoods 15,769 6,342 114 32 6,531 — 216 14,565 43,569
Aspen 60 2,701 — — — — — 2,060 4,821
Cottonwood — — — — _ — — — _—
Total hardwoods 60 2,701 — — = — — 2,060 4,821
All species 15,829 9,043 114 32 6,531 — 216 16,625 48,390
72
Table 40—Annual mortality of sawtimber (Scribner rule) on timberland by species and cause of death, New Mexico, 1986
Cause of death
Species Insects Disease Fire Animal Weather Suppression Logging Unknown Total
a Thousand board feet, Scribner rule - - - - - - - --------------------
Douglas-fir 9,022 3,417 — — 95 — 79 4,349 16,962
Ponderosa pine 2,723 487 93 —_ 3,991 — 71 3,758 11,123
Bristlecone pine — — — — _— — _ — _
Limber pine — — — — 228 — — 150 378
Subalpine fir —_— 39 —_— — 126 — — 1,276 1,441
White fir 88 1,374 — — 1,099 — 20 1,267 3,848
Engelmann spruce 587 _ — 25 20 — = 1,226 1,858
Other softwoods — —_— — — — _ — -—— --
Total softwoods 12,420 5:37 93 25 5,559 — 170 12,026 35,610
Aspen 48 2,152 — — — — — 1,735 3,935
Cottonwood — — —_ — — — — — —
Total hardwoods 48 2,152 — — —_— _ — 1735 3,935
All species 12,468 7,469 93 25 5,559 — 170 13,761 39,545
Removals
Table 41—Annual removals from growing stock on timberland by species and owner group, New
Mexico, 1986
Owner group
Bureau
National of Land
Species Forest Management Private Total
~~ 22 - ee eee eee Thousand cubic feet - -------------
True fir 2,607 — 262 2,869
Engelmann spruce 790 — 132 922
Ponderosa pine 18,362 8 2,754 21,124
Douglas-fir 4,249 — 763 5,012
Other softwoods 3 — 3 6
Aspen 305 =~ 899 1,204
Cottonwood — — 87 87
Total 26,316 8 4,900 31,224
73
Table 42—Annual removals from sawtimber (International 4-inch rule) on timberland by species and
owner group, New Mexico, 1986
Owner group
Bureau
National of Land
Species Forest Management Private Total
------- Thousand board feet, International “-inch rule - - - - -
True fir 15,408 — 1,548 16,956
Engelmann spruce 4,667 — 774 5,441
Ponderosa pine 108,193 45 16,291 124,529
Douglas-fir 25,122 — 4,656 29,778
Other softwoods 19 — 20 39
Aspen 1,798 — 5,455 7,253
Cottonwood — — 609 609
Total 155,207 45 29,353 184,605
Table 43—Annual removals from sawtimber (Scribner rule) on timberland by species and owner
group, New Mexico, 1986
Owner group
Bureau
National of Land
Species Forest Management Private Total
----------- Thousand board feet, Scribner rule - - - - - - - - -
True fir 13,882 — 1,396 15,278
Engelmann spruce 4,206 — 698 4,904
Ponderosa pine 97,491 40 14,682 112,213
Douglas-fir 22,637 — 4,194 26,831
Other softwoods 17 —_ 18 35
Aspen 1,620 — 4,913 6,533
Cottonwood — —_ 548 548
Total 139,853 40 26,449 166,342
Table 44—Annual removals from growing stock on timberland by species and removal type, New
Mexico, 1986
Removal type
Other Logging
Species Sawlogs product residue Total
we 2 eee eee eee Thousand cubic feet - -------------
True fir 2,612 138 119 2,869
Engelmann spruce 834 50 38 922
Ponderosa pine 19,600 649 875 21,124
Douglas-fir 4,352 458 202 5,012
Other softwoods — 6 — 6
Aspen — 1,159 45 1,204
Cottonwood — 87 — 87
Total 27,398 2,947 1,279 31,224
74
Table 45—Annual removals from sawtimber (International %4-inch rule) on timberland by species and
removal type, New Mexico, 1986
Removal type
Other Logging
Species Sawlogs product residue Total
------- Thousand board feet, International %-inch rule - - - - -
True fir 15,967 853 136 16,956
Engelmann spruce 5,089 309 43 5,441
Ponderosa pine 119,886 3,647 996 124,529
Douglas-fir 26,612 2,935 231 29,778
Other softwoods — 39 — 39
Aspen —_— 7,202 51 7,253
Cottonwood oo 609 os 609
Total 167,554 15,594 1,457 184,605
Table 46—Annual removals from sawtimber (Scribner rule) on timberland by species and removal
type, New Mexico, 1986
Removal type
Other Logging
Species Sawlogs product residue Total
alta Thousand board feet, Scribner rule - - - - - - - - -
True fir 14,373 768 137 15,278
Engelmann spruce 4,581 278 45 4,904
Ponderosa pine 107,922 3,284 1,007 112,213
Douglas-fir 23,955 2,642 234 26,831
Other softwoods — 35 — 35
Aspen — 6,482 51 6,533
Cottonwood — 548 — 548
Total 150,831 14,037 1,474 166,342
Table 47—Annual removals from growing stock on timberland by owner group and removal type,
New Mexico, 1986
Removal type
Other Logging
Owner group Sawlogs product residue Total
oer reer --- Thousand cubic feet --------------
National Forest 24,137 1,091 1,088 26,316
Bureau of Land Management 8 — — 8
Private 3,253 1,456 191 4,900
Total 27,398 2,547 1,279 31,224
75
Table 48—Annual removals from sawtimber (International %-inch rule) on timberland by owner
group and removal type, New Mexico, 1986
Removal type
Other Logging
Owner group Sawlogs product residue Total
------ Thousand board feet, International 4-inch rule - - - - - -
National Forest 147,623 6,342 1,242 155,207
Bureau of Land Management 45 — — 45
Private 19,886 9,252 215 29,353
Total 167,554 15,594 1,457 184,605
Table 49—Annual removals from sawtimber (Scribner rule) on timberland by owner group and
removal type, New Mexico, 1986
Removal type
Other Logging
Owner group Sawlogs product residue Total
---- eee eee Thousand board feet, Scribner rule - - - - -- - - -
National Forest 132,886 5,710 1,297, 139,853
Bureau of Land Managment 40 — _— 40
Private 17,905 8,327 217 26,449
Total 150,831 14,037 1,474 166,342
Area by Owner Group
Table 50—Area of woodland by forest type and owner group, New Mexico, 1987
Owner group
National Other
Forest Type Forest public Private Total
Nl dt ACI@S 2 -- ~~ nn e
Pinyon-juniper 2,826,672 1,526,290 3,512,189 7,865,151
Juniper 74,571 186,354 335,166 596,091
Total woodland softwoods 2,901,243 1,712,644 3,847,355 8,461,242
Oak 220,571 23,541 157,911 402,023
Mesquite 3,472 — _ 3,472
Total woodland hardwoods 224,043 23,541 157,911 405,495
All types 3,125,286 1,736,185 4,005,266 8,866,737
76
Table 51—Area of woodland by owner group, forest type, and productivity class, New
Mexico, 1987
Owner group
National Forest:
Other public:
Private:
Total:
Forest type
Pinyon-juniper
Juniper
Oak
Mesquite
Total
Pinyon-juniper
Juniper
Oak
Mesquite
Total
Pinyon-juniper
Juniper
Oak
Mesquite
Total
Pinyon-juniper
Juniper
Oak
Mesquite
Total
Productivity class
All
High Low classes
- 2-2-7 - eee Acres ---------------
2,784,058 42,614 2,826,672
74,571 — 74,571
219,995 576 220,571
3,472 — 3,472
3,082,096 43,190 3,125,286
1,159,473 366,817 1,526,290
155,601 30,753 186,354
16,779 6,762 23,541
1,331,853 404,332 1,736,185
2,860,291 651,898 3,512,189
246,570 88,596 335,166
145,841 12,070 157,911
3,252,702 752,564 4,005,266
6,803,822 1,061,329 7,865,151
476,742 119,349 596,091
382,615 19,408 402,023
3,472 — 3,472
7,666,651 1,200,086 8,866,737
77
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Volume by Owner Group
Table 54—Net volume on woodland by species and owner group, New Mexico, 1987
Owner group
National Other
Species Forest public Private Total
a ds Thousand cubic feet - -------------
Douglas-fir 18,982 — 3,283 22,265
Ponderosa pine 338,282 10,158 52,512 400,952
Limber pine 1,748 — — 1,748
White fir 4,274 — 372 4,646
Cottonwood 2,355 —_— 1,357 3,712
Pinyon 1,514,123 281,973 912,034 2,708,130
Juniper 1,036,670 459,135 869,451 2,365,256
Oak 140,080 8,790 89,974 238,844
Cercocarpus 88 — _ 88
Mesquite 589 — — 589
Other woodland 372 — 4,774 5,146
All species 3,057,563 760,056 1,933,757 5,751,376
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Growth by Owner Group
Table 61—Net annual growth on woodland by species and owner group, New Mexico, 1986
Owner group
National Other
Species Forest public Private Total
tree cere e eee eee Thousand cubic feet --------------
Douglas-fir 573 —_ 86 659
Ponderosa pine 8,184 248 1,095 9,527
Limber pine 57 — oa 57
White fir 271 _ 47 318
Cottonwood 28 — 114 142
Pinyon 15,289 4,113 12,881 32,283
Juniper 5,057 3,010 6,054 14,121
Oak 2,069 203 1,652 3,924
Cercocarpus 2 — — 2
Mesauite 8 _— — 8
Other woodland 5 — 23 28
All species 31,543 7,574 21,952 61,069
87
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90
Mortality by Owner Group
Table 65—Annual mortality on woodland by species and owner group, New Mexico, 1986
Owner group
National Other
Species Forest public Private Total
~siajssas == 552-5 - = Thousand cubic feet -- -------------
Douglas-fir 28 — _— 28
Ponderosa pine 267 — — 267
Limber pine — — — —
White fir —_— — — —
Cottonwood _— _— — —
Pinyon 2,011 58 122 2,191
Juniper 2 161 5 168
Oak 55 Ut — 62
Cercocarpus — _— — —
Mesquite — = — =
Other woodland — — = —
All species 2,363 226 127 2,716
91
County Tables
Table 66—Area of timberland by county and owner group, New Mexico, 1987
Owner group
National Other
County Forest public Private Total
FS OO I SO Cie Acres --------------------
Bernalillo 13,010 478 15,822 29,310
Catron 439,569 21,419 18,884 479,872
Chaves — — 515 515
Cibola 136,050 5,360 96,259 237,669
Colfax 54,724 20,909 435,201 510,834
Curry — -- _ —
De Baca — — 691 691
Dona Ana — 1,369 541 1,910
Eddy — — — —
Grant 150,471 2,607 10,563 163,641
Guadalupe — 2,151 3,966 6,117
Harding _ 3,539 2,605 6,144
Hidalgo 848 1,107 3,161 5,116
Lea _— — —_— —
Lincoln 50,289 868 19,567 70,724
Los Alamos 25,072 1,003 970 27,045
Luna — 816 916 1,732
McKinley 30,683 7,679 97,224 135,586
Mora 56,179 2,646 180,396 239,221
Otero 189,665 5,721 264,543 459,929
Quay — 2,296 3,802 6,098
Rio Arriba 606,972 14,614 305,322 926,908
Roosevelt — — —_ —_
Sandoval 165,881 3,068 97,007 265,956
San Juan — 628 125,622 126,250
San Miguel 166,396 10,714 84,383 261,493
Santa Fe 108,677 —_— 37,665 146,342
Sierra 51,763 1,169 Use} 54,045
Socorro 90,234 1,240 8,630 100,104
Taos 324,029 11,835 112,010 447,874
Torrance 30,841 6,462 16,966 54,269
Union — 5,535 7,491 13,026
Valencia 155 — 12,224 12,379
Total 2,691,508 135,233 1,964,059 4,790,800
92
Table 67—Net volume of growing stock on timberland by county and owner group, New
Mexico, 1987
Owner group
National Other
County Forest public Private Total
ee Thousand cubic feet ---------------
Bernalillo 16,570 689 19,579 36,838
Catron 484,219 10,711 14,666 509,596
Chaves — — 499 499
Cibola 103,803 6,511 89,790 200,104
Colfax 47,174 24,889 402,743 474,806
Curry — — a —
De Baca — —_— 669 669
Dona Ana — 2,395 188 2,583
Eddy — — — —
Grant 168,777 1,838 12,158 182,773
Guadalupe — 1,366 1,375 2,741
Harding — 2,372 1,191 3,563
Hidalgo 2,581 1,241 2,974 6,796
Lea — — — —
Lincoln 82,307 841 19,094 102,242
Los Alamos 44,937 1,824 1,299 48,060
Luna — 1,427 306 1,733
McKinley 27,660 3,743 63,290 94,693
Mora 95,240 2,672 171,180 269,092
Otero 396,302 5,541 263,155 664,998
Quay — 1,407 1,208 2,615
Rio Arriba 977,123 22,204 337,145 1,336,472
Roosevelt — —_ _ —
Sandoval 275,955 2,528 121,867 400,350
San Juan = 518 124,325 124,843
San Miguel 277,327 11,215 83,851 372,393
Santa Fe 175,622 — 32,773 208,395
Sierra 61,213 2,044 426 63,683
Socorro 82,909 2,168 6,196 91,273
Taos 566,261 10,465 146,546 723,272
Torrance 24,888 5,372 15,044 45,304
Union —_ 4,181 4,597 8,778
Valencia 52 —_— 13,168 13,220
Total 3,910,920 130,162 1,951,302 5,992,384
93
Table 68—Net volume of sawtimber (International %-inch rule) on timberland by county and
owner group, New Mexico, 1987
Owner group
National Other
County Forest public Private Total
-------- Thousand board feet, International 4-inch rule - - - - - - -
Bernalillo 71,441 2,035 71,498 144,974
Catron 2,070,739 49,281 49,995 2,170,015
Chaves — — 2,077 2,077
Cibola 422,843 19,848 347,913 790,604
Colfax 155,544 85,103 1,318,259 1,558,906
Curry — — — —_
De Baca — —_— 2,787 2,787
Dona Ana — 8,581 509 9,090
Eddy — — — —
Grant 719,737 7,612 42,473 769,822
Guadalupe — 5,936 2,286 8,222
Harding — 9,921 2,672 12,593
Hidalgo 12,739 4,777 9,957 27,473
Lea —_— — — —
Lincoln 313,022 3,503 76,846 393,371
Los Alamos 179,973 5,189 4,722 189,884
Luna — 5,115 788 5,903
McKinley 117,141 18,809 286,875 422,825
Mora 359,033 10,047 695,181 1,064,261
Otero 1,510,445 23,076 1,054,438 2,587,959
Quay — 6,120 1,783 7,903
Rio Arriba 3,735,573 64,959 1,375,789 5,176,321
Roosevelt — — — —
Sandoval 1,051,474 8,439 446,688 1,506,601
San Juan — 1,729 610,552 612,281
San Miguel 1,057,562 43,268 252,042 1,352,872
Santa Fe 660,684 — 120,446 781,130
Sierra 265,459 7,324 1,219 274,002
Socorro 347,064 7,770 21,764 376,598
Taos 2,108,604 34,564 533,610 2,676,778
Torrance 97,396 23,193 43,914 164,503
Union — 17,038 12,304 29,342
Valencia 227 — 47,714 47,941
Total 15,256,700 473,237 7,437,101 23,167,038
94
Table 69—Net volume of sawtimber (Scribner rule) on timberland by county and owner
group, New Mexico, 1987
a ee Hg ah,
Owner group
National Other
County Forest public Private Total
wrt tree ee Thousand board feet, Scribner rule - - - - - - - - - - -
Bernalillo 58,737 1,659 59,024 119,420
Catron 1,776,984 42,775 42,528 1,862,287
Chaves _ — 1,792 1,792
Cibola 351,410 16,088 288,085 655,583
Colfax 124,056 69,699 1,063,698 1,257,453
Curry — — — —
De Baca _ — 2,404 2,404
Dona Ana _— 7,389 432 7,821
Eddy — — — —
Grant 618,043 6,586 35,756 660,385
Guadalupe — 4,862 1,851 6,713
Harding —_ 8,156 2,155 10,311
Hidalgo 10,718 4,124 8,360 23,202
Lea — — —
Lincoln 263,184 3,021 65,231 331,436
Los Alamos 148,564 4,261 3,869 156,694
Luna _ 4,405 666 5,071
McKinley 97,181 16,149 244,074 357,404
Mora 293,688 8,141 575,518 877,347
Otero 1,271,122 19,904 896,879 2,187,905
Quay — 5,033 1,447 6,480
Rio Arriba 3,066,124 53,059 1,147,528 4,266,711
Roosevelt _ — — _
Sandoval 863,847 6,731 370,118 1,240,696
San Juan —_ 1,379 522,720 524,099
San Miguel 869,074 34,721 202,490 1,106,285
Santa Fe 542,459 — 97,827 640,286
Sierra 228,257 6,308 1,036 235,601
Socorro 287,202 6,690 18,539 312,431
Taos 1,706,708 28,213 433,952 2,168,873
Torrance 80,595 18,482 35,291 134,368
Union — 13,913 9,905 23,818
Valencia 178 — 39,220 39,398
Total 12,658,131 391,748 6,172,395 19,222,274
95
Table 70—Net annual growth of growing stock on timberland by county and owner group,
New Mexico, 1986
Owner group
National Other
County Forest public Private Total
Pee OS So Thousand cubic feet ---------------
Bernalillo 322 19 504 845
Catron 10,880 330 451 11,661
Chaves —_— — 10 10
Cibola 2,963 208 2,382 5,553
Colfax 994 584 6,953 8,531
Curry — — — —
De Baca — — 13 13
Dona Ana — 92 14 106
Eddy — — — —
Grant 3,789 63 265 4,117
Guadalupe — 45 73 118
Harding — 75 43 118
Hidalgo 66 46 79 191
Lea —_ —_ — _
Lincoln 2,383 16 441 2,840
Los Alamos 999 44 36 1,079
Luna — 55 23 78
McKinley 674 54 1,513 2,241
Mora 2,351 70 5,910 8,331
Otero 11,966 109 9,134 21,209
Quay — 47 67 114
Rio Arriba 23,231 602 8,305 32,138
Roosevelt — — — —
Sandoval 6,796 109 3,061 9,966
San Juan — 22 2,682 2,704
San Miguel 6,824 295 2,679 9,798
Santa Fe 4,452 — 887 5,339
Sierra 1,304 79 29 1,412
Socorro 2,026 84 224 2,334
Taos 12,660 306 4,170 17,136
Torrance 758 163 501 1,422
Union —_— 125 118 243
Valencia 1 — 355 356
Total 95,439 3,642 50,922 150,003
96
Table 71—Net annual growth of sawtimber (International %-inch rule) on timberland by
county and owner group, New Mexico, 1986
Owner group
National Other
_Gounty Forest public, ~— Private =Total _
------- Thousand board feet, International 4-inch rule - - - - - -
Bernalillo 1,725 78 2,255 4,058
Catron 53,614 1,893 1,315 56,822
Chaves — _ 56 56
Cibola 13,103 671 10,360 24,134
Colfax 3,282 2,323 30,400 36,005
Curry — = = att
De Baca — — 76 76
Dona Ana — 272 13 285
Eddy — — — —
Grant 18,652 290 1,270 20,212
Guadalupe — 647 59 706
Harding — 917 44 961
Hidalgo 158 151 301 610
Lea — — — —
Lincoln 10,122 95 2,372 12,589
Los Alamos 4,323 228 152 4,703
Luna — 162 21 183
McKinley 3,175 279 5,310 8,764
Mora 9,019 760 24,490 34,269
Otero 50,987 626 50,027 101,640
Quay — 637 39 676
Rio Arriba 97,603 2,586 35,702 135,891
Roosevelt — _ — —
Sandoval 25,097 180 15,380 40,657
San Juan — 37 12,456 12,493
San Miguel 25,258 4,177 9,862 39,297
Santa Fe 15,799 — 4,084 19,883
Sierra 6,357 232 32 6,621
Socorro 9,385 246 590 10,221
Taos 54,869 966 15,126 70,961
Torrance 2,996 3,281 1,697 7,974
Union — 1,581 204 1,785
Valencia 8 —_— 1,303 NeSihl
Total 405,532 23,315 224,996 653,843
97
Table 72—Net annual growth of sawtimber (Scribner rule) on timberland by county and
owner group, New Mexico, 1986
County
Bernalillo
Catron
Chaves
Cibola
Colfax
Curry
De Baca
Dona Ana
Eddy
Grant
Guadalupe
Harding
Hidalgo
Lea
Lincoln
Los Alamos
Luna
McKinley
Mora
Otero
Quay
Rio Arriba
Roosevelt
Sandoval
San Juan
San Miguel
Santa Fe
Sierra
Socorro
Tacs
Torrance
Union
Valencia
Total
Owner group
National Other
Forest public
----------- Thousand board feet, Scribner rule
1,413 65
43,824 1,559
10,754 558
Oa 1,981
— 238
15,237 239
a 441
—_ 634
105 133
8,455 76
3,544 190
a 142
2,611 243
7,430 536
43,325 503
— 436
79,873 2,150
20,629 150
“= 31
20,768 2,871
13,009 —
5,233 204
7,607 216
44,766 805
2,446 2,189
—_ 1,093
7 —
333,747 17,683
98
Private
8,711
30,223
187,626
20,023
29,352
61
250
16,491
490
671
473
10,518
3,861
160
7,427
28,371
85,203
469
112,246
33,965
10,604
31,459
16,486
5,466
8,357
58,284
5,982
1,264
1,106
539,056
Table 73—Annual mortality of growing stock on timberland by county and owner group,
New Mexico, 1986
Owner group
National Other
County Forest public Private Total
--------------- Thousand cubic feet ---------------
Bernalillo 43 a 28 71
Catron 509 — — 509
Chaves — — 3 3
Cibola 104 — 230 334
Colfax 16 165 4,113 4,294
Curry _ — — —
De Baca — — 4 4
Dona Ana — — — _—
Eddy — — — =
Grant WAL — — nA
Guadalupe — — = mae
Harding — 3 9 12
Hidalgo 15 — _— IS
Lea — —_ _ —
Lincoln 145 5 80 230
Los Alamos 172 a 3 175
Luna _— — _— —
McKinley 38 _— 51 89
Mora 271 11 — 282
Otero 301 36 277 614
Quay a = aes =a
Rio Arriba 2,170 a 566 2,736
Roosevelt —_— —— = =
Sandoval 1,068 -- 195 1,263
San Juan — — 12 12
San Miguel 1,075 38 — 1,113
Santa Fe 683 — 46 729
Sierra 74 _— — 74
Socorro 94 _ — 94
Taos 622 -- 274 896
Torrance 22 - — 22
Union — 8 50 58
Valencia — _ 13 13
Total 7,599 266 5,954 13,819
99
Table 74—Annual mortality of sawtimber (International %-inch rule) on timberland by county
and owner group, New Mexico, 1986
Owner group
National Other
County Forest public Private Total
----- Thousand board feet, International 44-inch rule - - - - - -
Bernalillo 184 — 110 294
Catron 2,022 — — 2,022
Chaves — — 15 15
Cibola 464 — 894 1,358
Colfax 63 726 10,998 11,787
Curry — _— — —
De Baca — — 20 20
Dona Ana — — — —
Eddy — — — —
Grant 702 — — 702
Guadalupe _ — — —
Harding — 13 24 37
Hidalgo 44 — — 44
Lea — — — —
Lincoln 525 26 375 926
Los Alamos 645 — 12 657
Luna — — — —
McKinley VEE — 200 377
Mora 1,059 48 — 1,107
Otero 875 170 1,072 2,117
Quay — — —- —
Rio Arriba 8,166 — 2,208 10,374
Roosevelt — — — —
Sandoval 4,192 — 760 4,952
San Juan — — 45 45
San Miguel 4,217 166 — 4,383
Santa Fe 2,711 — 179 2,890
Sierra 294 — — 294
Socorro 436 — — 436
Taos 2,154 — 1,070 3,224
Torrance 109 _— — 109
Union — 35 132 167
Valencia —— — 53 53
Total 29,039 1,184 18,167 48,390
100
Table 75—Annual mortality of sawtimber (Scribner rule) on timberland by county and
owner group, New Mexico, 1986
County
Bernalillo
Catron
Chaves
Cibola
Colfax
Curry
De Baca
Dona Ana
Eddy
Grant
Guadalupe
Harding
Hidalgo
Lea
Lincoln
Los Alamos
Luna
McKinley
Mora
Otero
Quay
Rio Arriba
Roosevelt
Sandoval
San Juan
San Miguel
Santa Fe
Sierra
Socorro
Taos
Torrance
Union
Valencia
Total
Owner group
National
Forest
24,321
Other
public
920
101
Private
Thousand board feet, Scribner rule
90
100
43
14,304
39,545
Table 76—Annual timber removals from growing stock on timberland by county and owner
group, New Mexico, 1986
Owner group
National Other
County Forest public Private Total
Se Sobre cone sace Thousand cubic feet - - - - - ----------
Bernalillo _ — — —
Catron 5,486 — — 5,486
Chaves —_— — — —
Cibola 2,602 — — 2,602
Colfax — — 751 751
Curry _ — — —
De Baca — — — —
Dona Ana — — — —
Eddy — — 87 87
Grant 122 — 2 124
Guadalupe — — — —
Harding — — — —
Hidalgo _— _- — —
Lea — — —_— —
Lincoln — — 271 271
Los Alamos 10 — — 10
Luna — — — —
McKinley — — _ —
Mora 25 — 690 715
Otero 2,908 — 282 3,190
Quay — — — —
Rio Arriba 12,995 — 27 13,022
Roosevelt —- — — —
Sandoval 446 Uf 774 1,227
San Juan — — 1,535 1,535
San Miguel 331 —_— 58 389
Santa Fe 375 — 162 537
Sierra — — — —
Socorro — — — —
Taos RON. — 261 1,278
Torrance — — — —_
Union — — — _
Valencia — — — —_
Total 26,317 7 4,900 31,224
102
Table 77—Annual timber removals from sawtimber (International Y%-inch rule) on timberland
by county and owner group, New Mexico, 1986
Owner group
National Other
County Forest public Private Total
------ Thousand board feet, International 44-inch rule - - - - - -
Bernalillo —_— — — a8
Catron 32,733 — — 32,733
Chaves — sas ua, it
Cibola 15,378 — — 15,378
Colfax —_— —_ 4,439 4,439
Curry _ — = —_
De Baca — = — =
Dona Ana — — — _
Eddy — — 609 609
Grant 721 — 14 735
Guadalupe — — — —
Harding — _ — —
Hidalgo — —_ — —
Lea — — — —
Lincoln — — 1,608 1,608
Los Alamos 60 — —_— 60
Luna — — — —
McKinley — ae — —
Mora 150 —_— 4,100 4,250
Otero 17,181 — 1,664 18,845
Quay — — — —
Rio Arriba 76,830 — 153 76,983
Roosevelt — —_— — —
Sandoval 1,968 44 4,570 6,582
San Juan — — 9,055 9,055
San Miguel 1,956 — 347 2,303
Santa Fe 2,220 — 960 3,180
Sierra — — — —
Socorro — — — —
Taos 6,010 — 1,835 7,845
Torrance — — —_ —_
Union —_ — — —
Valencia — — — —
Total 155,207 44 29,354 184,605
103
Table 78—Annual timber removals from sawtimber (Scribner rule) on timberland by county
and owner group, New Mexico, 1986
County
Bernalillo
Catron
Chaves
Cibola
Colfax
Curry
De Baca
Dona Ana
Eddy
Grant
Guadalupe
Harding
Hidalgo
Lea
Lincoln
Los Alamos
Luna
McKinley
Mora
Otero
Quay
Rio Arriba
Roosevelt
Sandoval
San Juan
San Miguel
Santa Fe
Sierra
Socorro
Taos
Torrance
Union
Valencia
Total
Owner group
National
Forest
Other
public
139,852
104
Private
Thousand board feet, Scribner rule
29,494
13,857
4,000
1,450
54
3,830
16,982
69,367
5,932
8,159
2,075
2,865
7,066
166,342
Table 79—Area of woodland by county and owner group, New Mexico, 1987
Owner group
National Other
County Forest public Private Total
BPO GOONS chet Chee ie Acres --------------------
Bernalillo 13,944 5,948 73,427 93,319
Catron 1,136,214 160,573 261,820 1,558,607
Chaves 11,835 1,165 4,339 17,339
Cibola 113,485 174,299 437,390 725,174
Colfax 2,469 17,524 159,714 179,707
Curry — 47 1,898 1,945
De Baca — 158 2,849 3,007
Dona Ana — 28,475 7,056 35,531
Eddy 16,573 1,204 1,295 19,072
Grant 314,979 23,629 76,642 415,250
Guadalupe — 11,363 87,786 99,149
Harding — 16,073 60,554 76,627
Hidalgo 41,514 15,502 34,781 91,797
Lea — 824 3,438 4,262
Lincoln 171,431 46,015 163,007 380,453
Los Alamos 3,514 1,432 351 5,297
Luna — 14,861 11,595 26,456
McKinley 75,297 109,073 612,656 797,026
Mora 20,034 10,712 74,727 105,473
Otero 134,195 21,490 133,571 289,256
Quay — 11,439 41,377 52,816
Rio Arriba 402,746 221,356 358,498 982,600
Roosevelt — 158 3,031 3,189
Sandoval 104,051 104,817 201,124 409,992
San Juan — 272,545 203,595 476,140
San Miguel 92,932 59,255 352,416 504,603
Santa Fe 72,245 54,453 150,993 277,691
Sierra 95,440 36,464 18,383 150,287
Socorro 177,931 181,343 114,463 473,737
Taos 70,051 45,156 78,255 193,462
Torrance 46,681 51,290 154,431 252,402
Union — 26,118 95,924 122,042
Valencia 7,725 11,424 23,880 43,029
Total 3,125,286 1,736,185 4,005,266 8,866,737
105
Table 80—Net volume of woodland species on woodland by county and owner group, New
Mexico, 1987
County
Bernalillo
Catron
Chaves
Cibola
Colfax
Curry
De Baca
Dona Ana
Eddy
Grant
Guadalupe
Harding
Hidalgo
Lea
Lincoln
Los Alamos
Luna
McKinley
Mora
Otero
Quay
Rio Arriba
Roosevelt
Sandoval
San Juan
San Miguel
Santa Fe
Sierra
Socorro
Taos
Torrance
Union
Valencia
Total
Owner group
National Other
Forest public Private
- oe rere eee - eee Thousand cubic feet
6,715 2,120 34,582
804,985 77,603 148,250
5,979 95 1,335
53,044 91,140 209,828
7,877 10,400 123,918
— 4 574
— 13 892
—— 9,043 2,209
3,886 98 392
216,520 10,223 32,886
— 4,108 20,980
— 5,743 15,938
15,322 4,939 13,338
— 67 1,040
87,156 22,770 56,477
1,613 633 219
— 4,137 3,636
37,611 46,587 326,116
7,696 4,541 28,773
81,959 9,973 97,848
— 4,042 11,076
872,105 92,059 220,217
— 13 917
43,989 39,782 85,794
_ 115,524 101,157
38,352 25,578 122,780
29,684 16,231 38,467
63,072 13,654 5,926
88,698 79,699 38,535
198,736 22,678 40,576
23,001 20,866 58,712
— 9,828 25,859
3,920 5,707 6,985
2,691,920 749,898 1,876,232
106
142,195
578
905
11,252
4,376
259,629
25,088
21,681
33,599
1,107
166,403
2,465
7,773
410,314
41,010
189,780
15,118
1,184,381
930
169,565
216,681
186,710
84,382
82,652
206,932
261,990
102,579
35,687
16,612
5,318,050
Table 81—Net annual growth of woodland species on woodland by county and owner
group, New Mexico, 1986
County
Bernalillo
Catron
Chaves
Cibola
Colfax
Curry
De Baca
Dona Ana
Eddy
Grant
Guadalupe
Harding
Hidalgo
Lea
Lincoln
Los Alamos
Luna
McKinley
Mora
Otero
Quay
Rio Arriba
Roosevelt
Sandoval
San Juan
San Miguel
Santa Fe
Sierra
Socorro
Taos
Torrance
Union
Valencia
Total
'Less than 500 cubic feet.
Owner group
National Other
Forest public Private Total
-- +--+ ----------- Thousand cubic feet - -------------
71 24 553 648
7,328 709 1,447 9,484
93 3 18 114
560 685 2,140 3,385
46 138 1,197 1,381
a (*) 8 8
— (") 13 13
a 102 20 122
67 3 5 75
1,948 96 289 2,333
— 49 249 298
— 69 288 357
170 52 116 338
—- 2 14 16
1,220 274 756 2,250
13 7 3 23
— 46 32 78
371 514 3,025 3,910
70 56 423 549
1,215 127 1,442 2,784
— 48 144 192
5,311 735 2,335 8,381
= (*) 12 12
385 373 770 1,528
= 994 920 1,914
330 317 1,710 2,357
256 165 520 941
618 156 53 827
891 907 358 2,156
1,198 259 557 2,014
232 256 664 1,152
— 119 451 570
37 43 78 158
22,430 7,328 20,610 50,368
107
Table 82—Annual mortality of woodland species on woodland by county and owner group,
New Mexico, 1986
Owner group
National Other
County Forest public Private Total
lll Thousand cubic feet - - -------------
Bernalillo 6 (") — 6
Catron 45 6 —_— 51
Chaves (') — — (")
Cibola 40 153 44 237
Colfax 7 — — 7
Curry — — — —
De Baca — — — —
Dona Ana — (') — (*)
Eddy — — —_ —
Grant — (‘) 29 29
Guadalupe — — — —
Harding — _ —_ _
Hidalgo — (') 8 8
Lea — — — —
Lincoln 8 — —_— 8
Los Alamos 9 (") (") 9
Luna = (’) (*) (*)
McKinley 28 1 41 70
Mora 39 —_— —_ 39
Otero 2 _ — 2
Quay _ — — —
Rio Arriba 1,018 50 — 1,068
Roosevelt —_— _ — —_
Sandoval 220 1 6 227
San Juan —- 1 — 1
San Miguel 215 _— _ 215
Santa Fe 167 (") — 167
Sierra 2 (") — 2
Socorro Ul 2 — 79
Taos 163 (") —- 163
Torrance 20 — — 20
Union — — — —
Valencia 2 10 (‘) 12
Total 2,068 224 128 2,420
'Less than 500 cubic feet.
108
PLANT ASSOCIATION TABLES
Table 83—Distribution of timberland plots by habitat type, New Mexico, 1987
Habitat type Number of plots Percentage
Ponderosa pine series
Pinus ponderosa/Quercus gambelii 98 30
Pinus ponderosa/Quercus undulata 22 7
Pinus ponderosa/Muhlenbergia montana 14 4
Pinus ponderosa/Festuca arizonica 13 4
Pinus ponderosa/Bouteloua gracilis 9 3
Pinus ponderosa/Muhlenbergia virescens 5 2
Pinus ponderosa/Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 3 1
Pinus ponderosa/Poa pratensis 2 1
Pinus ponderosa/Muhlenbergia virescens-
Festuca arizonica 1
Pinus ponderosa/cinder 1
Pinus ponderosa/Quercus grisea 1
Limber pine series
Pinus flexilis/Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 1
Bristlecone pine series
Pinus aristata/Festuca arizonica 1
Pinus aristata/Festuca thurberi 1
Engelmann spruce series
Picea engelmannii/ Vaccinium scoparium/
Polemonium delicatum 2 1
Picea engelmannii/Vaccinium myrtillus/
Polemonium pulcherrimum 8 2
Blue spruce series
Picea pungens/Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 1
Picea pungens/Carex foenea 3 1
Picea pungens/Erigeron eximius 1
Subalpine fir series
Abies lasiocarpa/Vaccinium scoparium 1
Abies lasiocarpa/Vaccinium scoparium/
Linnaea borealis
Abies lasiocarpa/Erigeron eximius
Abies lasiocarpa/Mertensia ciliata
Abies lasiocarpa/Vaccinium myrtillus
Abies lasiocarpa/Vaccinium myrtillus
Linnaea borealis 1
a — oP
po —
White fir series
Abies concolor-Pseudotsuga menziesii/
Acer glabrum
Abies concolor-Pseudotsuga menziesii/
Quercus gambelii
Abies concolor-Pseudotsuga menziesii
Abies concolorSparse
Abies concolor/Festuca arizonica
Abies concolor/Acer glabrum
Abies concolor/Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Abies concolor/Erigeron eximius
Abies concolor/Quercus gambelii
Abies concolor/Vaccinium myrtillus
Abies concolor/Acer grandidentatum
Douglas-fir series
Pseudotsuga menziesii/Holodiscus dumosus 1
Pseudotsuga menziesii/Festuca arizonica 1
Pseudotsuga menziesii/Quercus gambelii 53 16
Pseudotsuga menziesii/Quercus hypoleucoides 1
Unidentified 12 4
[33]
ie)
—
Oaon_FHWUOANYMN
109
Table 84— Distribution of woodland plots by community type, New Mexico,
1987
Community type Number of plots Percentage
Pinyon pine series
Pinus edulis/Quercus gambelii 96 10
Pinus edulis/Quercus undulata 103 11
Pinus edulis/Cercocarpus montanus 12 1
Pinus edulis/Purshia tridentata Uf 1
Pinus edulis/Cowania mexicana 4
Pinus edulis/Chrysothamnus nauseosus 10 1
Pinus edulis/Artemisia tridentata 51 5
Pinus edulis/Festuca arizonica 3
Pinus edulis/Stipa columbiana 1
Pinus edulis/Poa fendleriana 5
Pinus edulis/Muhlenbergia dubia 2
Pinus edulis/Muhlenbergia pauciflora 1
Pinus edulis/sparse 74 8
Unidentified 310 32
Alligator juniper series
Juniperus deppeana/Quercus grisea-
Rhus trilobata 2
Juniperus deppeana/Bouteloua gracilis 6 1
Unidentified 9 1
Oneseed or Utah juniper series
Juniperus/Chrysothamnus nauseosus-
Fallugia paradoxa 6 1
Juniperus/Cercocarpus montanus-
Ceanothus greggii 6 1
Juniperus/Artemisia tridentata 18 2
Juniperus/Quercus undulata 6 1
Juniperus/Bouteloua curtipendula 18 2
Juniperus/Bouteloua gracilis 82 9
Juniperus/sparse 29 3
Unidentified 72 8
110
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Van Hooser, Dwane D.; O’Brien, Renee A.; Collins, Dennis C. 1998. New Mexico’s forest
resources. Resour. Bull. INT-79. Ogden, UT: U.S. Depariment of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Intermountain Research Station. 110 p.
Presents land area, timberland and woodland area, associated volume, and components
of change for the forest lands in New Mexico.
KEYWORDS: forest surveys, inventories, volume, growth, mortality, removals, forest
inventories
i i] & Printed on recycled paper
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