Skip to main content

Full text of "New York State Museum bulletin"

See other formats 


aPa\ tte . £ pease *, na am . ‘oJ 5 
. iu ees * » 29? GA we ae © « 
: eS vues oc errs Pee ee te wine 
‘ ‘ 4 a) % *}+fgaze cays 
‘ a e H 
® . 7 - 
ad = . % bs * 
’ : ; ° ’ 
! 
: pie 
~ 
; 
. . < . - 
- 
Ld - i . . 
c z ty 
. 
: : ‘ 
. - ; 
. 3 -,. 
er . . 7 
, - 
‘ 
al - 
‘ ‘ 
~ - i 
zt 2 
; : 
~ . : . 


An 


AAAAAR 


NAR 


AA 


! : \ ] ] ; 
\AAAA aaanl | 
RIAA AAAA\A\.\ 
rT | a Be 


mV ex 
~\ os ~~, -~ 
N\A 


ARAAAAA 


AA 
AA 
AAA Y \ 


Maaaa 
AAA 
AA~\~ 

wey vy. 


AnAr 


| ii 


AAAAR 
WAANANAAANAE 
: AAAI AANA 
AAAAARAAA 


AAA’ 
AN N/ 
| a 
A 


AA AARAAAAAN 


Ai 
A 
aT | 


AA 


am 
J 


! LN! } \ \ (a! www N 
/ e = } ! i \) i 
ayy on ! } \ / y Y y \ ~\/ I; } } i Ni i 
iV Va\i/ Nil \i/ | fA 
NAAAAAAY AAAARAAAS 
] | / “~ } } ' | } 
J | | ! { f q | ‘ } } | 


ARAYA 


AA 
aAAA 


A 


Fe 
Ala 


\alar AAAAARAAAAAAAAY VV.\AA\RAARAAAA 
Va a ARARAARAAAAA ala \nlala\lalalaale AAA" PAAAAARAAARaa 
WAAAAAAAA\ANamaARAaAMaaaaea.’.’ VY \ WYYARR..)) WAAARa. 
patna Raaanna YW Naaaae se 
AW WARAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAS AAA AIAN SA al VVAAR AR 
AAARAAAA AA AAA Wanna AAAAAAAARAAA AIA 
- ! rot Wan ous f \ A' i VNY iN; } \ 


Na aaAAAAAAAa 


> 


‘ea 


A 


AP 


V | 1} i a 
NINA AAA A WAY 


~ ~ 
_~ a 


> oe oe FN a Fe 


‘a | 
WAR 


AAA A a 


AARAAARAR aA 
NAAAAAaany 


a AA A 
AAAAAAAAAAA AAAS 
a 


Valalalalelalelalatal.lal@lala 


AIA 


AWA IN 


AA 
‘ } 
va 


ale 


Nes: jie maar’, /7 rare 
ev au | : oy oF) 


New York State Museum Bulletin 


oeeeered as second-class matter November 27, 1915, at the Post Office at Albany, New York, 
under the act of August 24, 1912 


Published monthly by The University of the State of New York 


No. 197 . ALBANY, N. Y. May I, I917 


The University of the State of New York 


New York State Museum 


Joun M. CLARKE, Director 
Homer D. House, State Botang 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 10916 


PAGE PAGE 
Betduction oR em Shera 7 | Vegetation of the eastern end 
tontributors and their contribu- of- Oneida, lake.2 x) due). J ee 61 
| I hae 11 | List of ferns, conifersand flowering 
-pecimens added to the herbarium 16 plants of Oneida lake region... 72 
ew or interesting species of Fungi of Chautauqua County, 
eS nny te oa 25 N. Y. D. R. SUMSTINE ........ III 
Meal flora notes IV............. Basa ider eas ites aoc e yoann 119 
ALBANY 
é THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
1918 


Moa2r-F17-1500 


THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
Regents of the University 
With years when terms expire 


(Revised to April 15, 1918) 


1926 Piiny T. SEXTON LL.B. LL.D. Chancellor — Palmyra 


1927 ALBERT VANDER VEER M-DOMcA. Pad; LL bees . 
Vice Chancellor Albany 

1922 CHESTER S. Lorp M.A. LL.D. -.- - - - Brooklyn 
1930 WILLIAM NottTincHAM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. - —- Syracuse 
-1921. Francis M. CaRPENTER — - -— — — — — Mount Kisco 
1923 Apram [. Erxus LL:B: DCL. = = ~ —_ — Newfie 
1924 ADELBERT Moot LL.D. - - - —- - - Buffalo 
1925 CHARLES B. ALEXANDER M.A. LLB. LL.D. 

Litt.D. - - - - - - - = = — — Tuxedo 
1919 JOHN Moore LL.D. - - - — — — Elmira | 
1928 WALTER GUEST KELLOGG B.A. LL ‘D. - - -— Ogdensburg 
1920 JAMES ByrRNE B.A. LL.B. LL.D. -' - -°- New York 
1929 HerBertT L. Bripcman M.A. - - - - -=— Brooklyn 


President of the University and Commissioner of Education — 


Joun H. Frntey M.A. LL.D. L.H.D.. 


Deputy Commissioner and Assistant Commissioner for Elementary Education 


Tuomas E. Finecan M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. 


Assistant Commissioner and Director of Professional Education 


Avucustus S. Downine M.A. L.H.D. LL.D. 


Assistant Commissioner for Secondary Education 


CHARLES F. WHEELOCK B.S. LL.D. 


Director of State Library 


James I. WyveEr, Jr, M.LS.. 


Director of Science and State Museum 


Joun M. CiarKkE D.Sc. LL.D. 

Chiefs and ageetors of Divisions 
Administration, Hiram C. CAsE . 
Agricultural and Industrial Education, LEwis A. WILSON 
Archives and History, James SuLLIVAN M.A. Ph.D.» 
Attendance, James D. SULLIVAN 
Educational Extension, WILLIAM R. WatTSON B.S. 
Examinations and Inspections, GEorcE M. Witzy M.A. 
Law, FRANK B. GitBert B.A., Counsel 
Library School, FRANK K. WATER M.A. M.L.S. 
School Buildings and Grounds, Frank H. Woop M.A. 
School Libraries, SHERMAN WILLIAMS Pd.D. 
Visual Instruction, ALFRED W. ABRAMS PB:B. 


The University of the State of New York 
Science Department, February 16, 1917 

Dr John H. Finley 
President of the University 
Sir: 

I have the honor to communicate herewith for publication as a 
bulletin of the State Museum, the Annual Report of the State 
Botanist for the fiscal year 1916. 

Very respectfully 
Joun M. CLaRKE 


Dtrector 


THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT 


Approved for publication thts 20th day of February 1917 


‘ 
a SS 


President of the University 


New York State Museum Bulletin 


Entered as second-class matter November 27, 1915, at the Post Office at Albany, New York, 
under the act of August 24, 1912 


Published monthly by The University of the State of New York 


No. 197 ALBANY, N. Y. May I, 1917 


The University of the State of New York 


New York State Museum 


JoHN M. CLARKE, Director 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 


John M. Clarke 
Director, Science Department 
DIR: ; 

I beg to communicate herewith my report on the work of the 
State Botanist’s office for the fiscal year 1916. 

Very respectfully 
Homer D. House 
State Botanist 


Scientific investigations. A rather limited amount of time was 
devoted to the completion of a reconnaissance of the vegetation 
and its ecological relations of the region about the eastern end of 
Oneida lake, a region of extensive sandy barrens, swamps and bogs 
.in addition to the broad sandy beach of the lake, the shallow waters 
of the lake margin and the streams flowing into the lake, the home 
of numerous water-loving plants. Because of soil conditions and a 
climate influenced to some extent by the Great Lakes, the region 
is characterized by a large number of plants common to the northern 
coastal plain. The results of this investigation appear in another 
part of the report. 

Wild Flowers of New York. The season of 1916 was largely 
spent in continuation of the field work necessary for the completion 
of the proposed memoir on the Wild Flowers of New York State. 
This work was started early in August 1915 and with the appearance 


[7] 


8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


of the earliest spring flowers in April 1916, the work was carried 
forward and completed late in September of the past year. During 
the two months of 1915 and the six months from April 15 to Sep- 
tember 15, 1916, there were photographed in the field 364 species 
of plants which, because of their conspicuous flowers or attractive 
appearance might be classed under the rather indefinite term of 

‘wild flowers.” : 

The 364 illustrations will be in colors and grouped on about 264 
plates, of which 155 plates will have each a single illustration and 
the 97 remaining plates will contain two illustrations each. The 
text will consist of a brief description of each species together with 
its range and such other remarks concerning its habitat as seem 
proper. 

By means of a specially constructed apparatus as ea: in 
the accompanying illustration (figure 1) each flower was photo- 
graphed in position as it grew, without any.interference from wind 
or excessive sunlight. For each subject there were taken one or 
two (usually two) dry-plate photographs and one Lumiere 
(autochrome) photograph. These were usually developed within a 
few hours so that any serious faults might be corrected by taking 
another exposure of the subject. 

It is proper to remark here that the success of these photographs 
is largely due to the skill, patience and enthusiasm, often under 
disagreeable physical circumstances, shown by the two photograph- 
ers employed: Mr Walter B. Starr of the Matthews-Northrup Com- 
pany, Buffalo, and Mr Harold H. Snyder of the Zeese-Wilkinson 
Company, New York. 

Each subject photographed was given a number in order to 
facilitate the designation of them in subsequent correspondence, 
engraving and arrangement in final order. Photographic proofs © 
of the dry plates were marked with directions for size of completed 
illustration and such other alterations as seemed desirable and 
duplicate copies of such proofs were kept on file in the Botanist’s 
office. From retouched photographs approved by the Botanist, 
the engraving companies made their plates for engraving, which 
were etched down with the autochrome positive as a color guide 
until each of the four copper plates gave the proper register of color 
when used upon the press in combination with one another, that 
is to say, blue, yellow, red and black. 

Noteworthy contributions. The most important additions to 
the state herbarium during the past year are contributions of 
specimens from Prof. J. J. Davis, of Madison, Wis., the New York 


Surydeisojoyd afIYM PUIM WOOF SIOMOLY PIM JOojo1d 0} posn o8vo JO MalA ‘| ‘Sy 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 9 


Botanical Garden and Dr J. R. Weir of Missoula, Mont., in addition 
to the collections made by members of the staff. 

Exchanges. Duplicate specimens of fungi, ferns and flowering 
- plants have been exchanged for desirable material with the New 
York Botanical Garden, the National Herbarium at Washington, 
Prof. J. Dearness of London, Canada, Dr J. R. Weir of Missoula, 
Mont., and other institutions and individuals. 

Additions to the herbarium. The number of specimens of New 
York State species which have been added to the herbarium from 
current collections of the staff during the past year is 528, from 
contributions 375, a total of 903 specimens. Of the total number 
of specimens received, 131 were new to the herbarium and 20 species 
are described as new to science. 

In addition, about 900 specimens of species extralimital to New 
York, from the Sheldon herbarium, presented in 1914, representing 
characteristic species of the eastern and southern flora, have been 
remounted and incorporated into the herbarium. It is not the 
aim of the state herbarium to represent to any great extent the 
flora of regions beyond the State’s border. The Sheldon herbarium, 
however, contains over 13,000 specimens, representing nearly 8000 
species, most of them extralimital to New York, and it seems 
advisable gradually to incorporate the best of them into the herbarium 
for purposes of comparison with our native species and as an aid 
in the identification of specimens of plants collected outside the 
State by persons who bring or send them here for determination. 

Twenty persons have contributed specimens to the herbarium; 
363 species are represented by these contributions. This includes 
specimens sent or brought for identification which were desirable 
additions to the herbarium. 

Collections have been made by the staff in the following counties: 
Albany, Bronx, Cayuga, Columbia, Genesee, Herkimer, Madison, 
Monroe, Nassau, Oneida, Onondaga, Ontario, Oswego, Queens, 
Rensselaer, Suffolk and Wayne. 

Identifications. The number of identifications made of specimens 
sent or brought to the office by inquirers is 465. The number 
of persons for whom these identifications were made was 9s. 

Mushroom models. The Peck memorial collection of models 
cast in wax of edible and poisonous mushrooms now includes 56 
groups, of which 8 represent poisonous species. This constitutes 
a most interesting exhibit and one of high educational value. It is 
planned to arrange these in an attractive manner in wall cases. 

Many of these groups have been the subject of special study and 


Io 


NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


illustration by Doctor Peck. The following list of the groups is 
collated with illustrations of them which have appeared in publi- 
cations of the State Museum. 


I 


~ 


Craterellus clavatus (Pers.) Fr. 
Memoir 4, pl. 56, fig. 17-21. 
49th Rep’t, pl. 44, fig. 1-5 (as Craterellus cantharellus) 


‘Mitrula irregularis Peck (M. vitellina Sacc. var. irregularis Peck) 


48th Rep’t, pl. 5, fig. 8-14. 
Russula cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr. 
Lepiota naucina Fr. (Lepiota naucinioides Peck) 

48th Rep’t, pl. I9. 
Agaricus arvensis Schaeff. 

48th Rep’t, pl.-8. 

Leottia lubrica (Scop.) Fr. 
Peziza badia Fr. 

Pleurotus sapidus Kalchobr. 
Tricholoma personatum Fr. 

48th Rep’t, pl. 20. 

Clavaria pistilaris umbonata Peck 

Memoir 4, pl. 66, fig. 15-17. 
Russula roseipes (Secr.) Bres. 

Fist Rept, pls 53; fig. 1-7. 

Memoir 4, pl. 54, fig. 1-7. 
Russula emetica Fr. 

Lycoperdon pyriforme Schaef. 

Peziza aurantia Pers. 

Tremellodon gelatinosum (Scop.) Pres. 
Clavaria cristata Pres. 

48th Rep’t, pl. 39, fig. 8-12. 
Chanterel cibarius Fr. 

Lepiota procera (Scop.) S. F. Gray 

48th Rep’t, pl. 18. 
Hypholoma perplexum Peck 

48th Rep’t, pl. 47, fig. 11-18. 

Memoir 4, pl. 60, fig. 10-17. 
Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel. 

48th Rep’t, pl. 20. 
Scleroderma geaster Fr. 

Boletus cyanescens Bull. 
Tricholoma sejuncta (Sow.) Quel. 
Craterellus cantharellus (Schw.) Fr. 
Russula albidula Peck 

Pleurotus serotinus (Schrad.) Fr. 
Fistulina hepatica Fr. 

48th Rep’t, pl. 37, fig. 8-12. 
Geoglossum ophioglossoides (Z.) Sacc. 
Hypomyces lactifluorum (Schw.) Fr. 

Mus. Bul, 105, pl. 103. 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 re 


30 Hydnum albidum Peck 
Memoir 4, pl. 67, fig. I-6. 
51st Rep’t, pl. 56, fig. 1-7. 
31 Hygrophorus virgineus (Wulf.) Fr. 
32 Collybia dryophila 
33 Chanterel floccosus Schw. 
Memoir 4, pl. 55, fig. 9-13. 
52d Rep’t, pl. 60, fig. 10-14. 
34 Coprinus comatus Fr. 
48th Rep’t, pl. Io. 
35 Boletus alboater Schw. (B. nigrellus Peck) 
36 Clavaria vermicularia Scop. 
37 Russula virescens Fr. 
48th Rep’t, pl. 31. 
38 Calvatia elata Massee 
39 Gyromitra brevipes Fr. (G. esculanta very similar to this is illustrated in 
48th Rep’t, pl. 5, fig. 1-3.) 
40 Gyromitra brunnea Underw. 
41 Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) Fr. 
42 Morchella deliciosa Fr. 
Wetihekep't, pl: 3, fig: 4=7. 
43 Strobilomyces strobilaceus (Scop.) Berk. 
Mus. Bul. 94, pl. 92. 
44 Craterellus cornucopisides (L.) Pers. 
48th Rep’t, pl. 24, fig. 7-10. ° 
45 Polyporus sulphureus Fr. 
Acta Rept, pl. 37, fie. 1-4. 
46 Polyporus caudicinus (Scop.) Murr. (P. squamosus Huds.) 
47 Agaricus campestris (L.) Fr. 
48th Rep’t, pl. 6, fig. I-10. 
48 Amanita caesarea (Scop.) Pers. 
48th Rep’t, pl. Io. 
49 Tremella lutescens Pers. 


CONTRIBUTORS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS 


Lizzie C. Allen, Newtonville, Mass. 
Clavaria rugosa Sowerby Hygrophorus minutulus Peck 


W. W. Ashe, Washington, D.C. 
Rhododendron punctatum Andr. 


M. S. Baxter, Rochester, N. Y. 


Amelanchier stolonifera Wiegand Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon 
Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. Teucrium occidentale A. Gray 
Eupatorium maculatum L. Vaccinium angustifolium A7t. 
2 purpureum L. var. folio- Veronica americana Schw. 
sum Fern. Viola palmata L. 


“ 


Hieracium florentinum Al. perpensa Greene 


Lilium superbum L. 


I2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


S. H. Burnham, Hudson Falls, N. Y. 


Aristida dichotoma Michx. 

Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Torr. 

Acalypha gracilens A. Gray 

Cassia marylandica L. 

Chamaesyce glyptosperma (Fnglm.) 
Small 

Diaporthe parasitica Murrill 

Galium verum L. 


Mitella nuda L. 

Monarda punctata L. | 
Nothoholous !anatus (L.) Nash. 
Omphalia austini Peck 
Parietaria pennsylvanica Muhl. 
Peniophoraallescheri Bres. 
Potentilla sulphurea Lam. 


H. L. Clapp, Boston, Mass. 


Boletus subglabripes Peck 
Cortinarius armeniacus (Schaeff.) Fr. 
Gomphidius rhodoxanthus Schw. 
Hydnum cyaneotinctum Peck 


Hydnum repandum L. 
Lactaria deceptiva Peck 
Polyporus admirabilis Peck 


Prof. J. J. Davis, Madison, Wis. 


Becdeny ts wisconsina Davis 
Asterina ribicola E. & E. 

[* enwbicola, i: ce, A. 
Cercospora crassa Sacc. 
corni Davis 
3 dioscoreae E. & M. 
echinochloae Davis 
fingens Davis 
f gaultheriae LE. & E. 
passaloroides Wint. 

S rhoina C. & E. 
Cylindrosporium clematidis E. & E. 
. padi Karst. 
vermiforme Davts 
Discora artocreas (Tode) Fr. 
Entoloma compositarum Far. 
Epichloe typhina ( Pers.) Tul. 
Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. 

Exoascus communis Sadeb. 

S mirabilis Atk= 
Graphiothecium vinosum Davis 
Leptothyrium periclymeni (Desm.) 

Sace. 
piereonag castagnei (D. & M.) Magn. 
delastrei (Delacr.) Magn. 

‘ fraxini E. & D. 

‘ neilliae (Hark.) Magn. 

‘ thabdospora (EZ. & E.) 

Magn. 
violae ( Pass.) Magn. 
Melampsora arctica Rostr. 


“ 


Microsphaera euphorbiae (Peck) B. & C. 
Ovularia asperifolii Sacc. 
Peronospora lophanthi Favri. 
Phleospora celtidis EZ. & M. 
Puccinia erikssonii Bubak. 
MS peckii (DeTont) Howe 
S pustulata (Curt.) Arth. 
Phyllesticta medicaginis (Fckl.) Sacc. 
Plasmopara humili Miyabe & Takaha- 
sht 
rt ribicola Schroet. 
ig caricis E. & EF. 
Ramularia ionophila Davis 
ff nemopanthis Peck 
punctiformis (Schl.) var. 
Hoehn. 
rufomaculans Peck 
sambucina Sacc. 
uredinis (Voss) Sacc. 
ie variegata Ell. & Holw. 
Septocylindrum aromaticum Sacc. 
Septoria campanulae (Lev.) Sacc. 
x cannabis (Lasen) Sacc. 
a epilobii LE. & E. 
“  lactucicola ive Wve 
musiva Peck 
¢ pachyspora Ell. & Holw. 
rudbeckiae Ell. & Hals. 
oo saccharin ire ean 
f sigmoidea E. & E. 
Tuberculina parsicina (Ditm.) Sacc. 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 13 


Prof. John Dearness, London, Ont. 


Alternaria solani (E. & M.) Jones & 
Grout 

_ Cryptospora femoralis Peck 

Diaporthe columbiensis E. & EF. 

Diatrype macounii F. & E. 

Lepiota panaeola (Fr.) P. Karst. 

Melanconium sphaeroideum Link 

Phragmidium rosae-californiae Diet. 


Phragmidium disciflorum (Tode) James 
Polyporus fulvidus FE. & EF. 
Puccinia antirrhinae Diet. & Holw. 

. symphoricarpi Hark. 
Sebacinaincrustans Tul. 
Septoria stachydis Rob. & Desm. 
Stemphylium magnusianum Sacc. 


Prof. J. H. Faull, Toronto, Ont. 


_ Polyporus albellus Peck 
$ anceps Peck 


Polyporus balsameus Peck 
. chioneus Fr. 


Mrs E. P. Gardner, Canandaigua, N. Y. 


Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link 
Centaura nigra L. 


Gentiana quinquefolia L. 
Serapias helleborine L. 


J. M. Grant, Sequin, Wash. 


Agaricus campestre L. 

Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel. 
Coprinus comatus Fr. 

Cortinellus multiformis (Schaeff.) Murr. 
Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.) Fr. 


Laccaria laccata (Scop.) Berk. 
Lepiota granulosa (Batsch) Fr. 
Lycoperdon pyriforme Batsch 
Panaeolus papilionaceus Fr. 
Pholiota minima Peck 


Roy Latham, Orient, N. Y. 


Cephalozia francisci Hook. 
Coleosporium helianthi (Schw.) Arth. 
Cucurbitaria elongata Fr. 
Cylindrosporium iridis E. & H. 
Eutypella densta FE. & E. 
Hendersonia robiniae West. 
Hysterium pulicare Pers. 
Hysteriographium cookeana (Ger.) Sacc. 
: lesquereuxii (Duby) 
Leptostromella litigiosum (Desm.) Sacc. 
Nigredo polemonii (Peck) Arth. 
-polygoni ( Pers.) Arth. 


Phoma sepincola ( Kichx.) Sacc. 
Phragmidium rosae-setigerae Dvet. 
Phyllachora cyperi Rehm. 
Puccinia cicutae Lasch. 

“  fraxinata (Link) Arth. 

“  cyperi Arth. 
proserpinacae Far. 
Rhytisma decolorans Fr. 

ilicis-canadensis Schw. 
Septoria oenotherae West 
Taphrina quercus (Cke.) Sacc. 
Valsa liquidambaris Schw. 


“ 


New York Botanical Garden, New York 


Acer pennsylvanicum L. 

Alnus rugosa (DuRoi) K. Koch 
Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Rich. 

’ Aralia nudicaulis L. 

Asclepias incarnata L. 

Aureolaria villosa (Muhl.) Raf. 


Betula alleghanensis Britt. 

“ coerulea Blanchard 
Capnoides sempervirens (L.) Borck. 
Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench. 
Chionanthus virginica L. 
Coreopsis lanceolata L. 


14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Cyperus rivularis Kunth. 
Y ( Surmosas Ja 
Dasystoma pedicularis (L.) Benth. 
Dennstaedtia puncticuloba (Michw.) 
Moore. 
Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray 
marginalis (L.) A. Gray 
Eriocaulon decangulare L. 
Grossularia cynosbati (L.) Mull. 
hirtella (Michx.) Spach. 
Hudsonia montana Nutt. 
Juncus georgianus Coville 
Juniperus communis L. 
Kalmia latifolia L. 
Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. 
Lupinus perennis L. | 
Lycopodium annotinum L. 

a lucidulum Michx. 
Meibomia dillenii (Darl.) Kuntze 
Monarda mollis L. 

Myriophyllum humile (Raf.) Morong. 
Osmunda regalis L. 


Panax trifolium L. 
Polycodium stamineum (L.) Greene 
Proserpinaca palustris L. 
Prunus maritima Wang.. 
Quercus muhlenbergii Engelm. 
Ranunculus abortivus L. 
Rhamnus cathartica L. 
Sabbatia campanulata (L.) Torr. 
“- dodecand ra; (i) Bese 
Sedum roseum (L.) Scop. 
Senecio obovatus Muhl. 
Spiraea tomentosa L. 
Steironema lanceolatum (Walt.) A. 
Gray 

Syndesmon thalictroides (L.) Hoffmg. 
Taxus canadensis Marsh. 
Thalictrum dioicum L. 
Tithymalus cyparissias (L.) Hill 
Viburnum canby1 Britton 

semitomentosum (Michx.) 

Rehder 

Viola pubescens Ait. 


Joseph Rubinger, New York, N. Y. 


Antennaria canadense Greene 

er plantaginifolia (L.) Rich. 
Aquilegia canadensis L. 
Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) B. S. P. 
Carex torta Boott. 
Tithymalus cyparissias (L.) Hull 
Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. 


Houstonia caerulea L. 
Lycopodium clavatum L. 
Polygala pauciflora Willd. 
Azalea nudiflora L. 

Ribes americanum L’ Her. 
Viola septentrionalis Greene 
Zizia aurea (L.) Koch. 


Prof. C. M. Scherer, Kent, Ohio © 
Gymnosporangium blasdaleanum (D. & H.) Kern. 


F. A. Ward, Cortland, N. Y. 


Botrychium lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.) 


Angs. 


. neglectum Wood 


Carex asa-grayii Bailey 


Dr J. R. Weir, Missoula, Mont. 


Aecidium allenii Clinton 

Aleuria aurantia ( Pers.) Fckl. 

Aurantiporellus alboluteus (EZ. & E.) 
Murr. 

Calyptospora columnaris (A. @& S.) 
Kuhn 

Cerrena unicolor (Bull.) Murr. 


Mitella nuda L. 
Potentilla canadensis L. 
Selaginella apus (L.) Spring 


Coleosporium solidaginis (Schw.) 
— Thim. 
Coltricia perennis (L.) Murr. 

“ tomentosa (Fr.) Murr. 
Coniophora byssoides Pers. 
Coriolus nigromarginatus 


(Schw.) 
Murr. 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 T5 


Coriolus prolificans (Fr.) Murr. 
- versicolor (L.) Quel. 
Coriolellus sequoiae (Cope.) Murr. 
Creonectria purpurea (L.) Seaver 
Cronartium comandrae Peck 
i comptoniae Arth. 


Dimerasporium collinsii (Schw.) Thiam. 


Earlea speciosa (Fr.) Arth. 
Echinodontium tinctorium EF. & E. 
Endothia gyrosa (Schw.) Fckl. 
Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cooke 

“ ellisianus F. W. Anders. 

“ laricis (Jacg.) Murr. 

“  roseus (A. & S.) Cooke 

“ ungulatus (Schaeff.) Sacc. 
Funalia stuppea (Berk.) Murr. 
Gloeophyllum hirsutum  (Schaeff.) 

Murr. 
Grandinia granulosa Fr. 
Gymnosporangium juvenescens Kern. 
Hymenochaete curtisii Berk. 

= tabaceum (Sow.) Lev. 
Hypodermella laricis Tub. 
Hypoxylon fuscum ( Pers.) Fr. 
< multiforme Fr. 
Keithia thujina Durand 
Laetiporus speciosus (Batt.) Murr. 
Lophodermum nervisequum (DC.) 
Rehm 
Z pinastri Schrad. 

Melampsora albertensis Arth. 

: medusae Thim. 
Melampsorella elatina (A. & S.) Arth. 
Melampsoropsis pyrolae (DC.) Arth. 
Melampsoridium betulae (Schum.) 

Diet. 

‘Neopeckia coulteri (Peck) Sacc. 
Nyssopsora clavellosa (Berk.) Arth. 
Ophiobolus acuminatus (Schw.) Duby 
Peniophora carnosa Burt 

2 crassa Burt 
gigantea Fr. 
glebulosa Bres. 

= glabrifera E. & E. 

‘ velutina (DC.) Cooke. 
Peridermium filamentosum Peck 


Phacidium infestans Karst. 
Piptoporus suberosus (L.) Murr. 
Poria callosa Fr. 
carbonacea B. & C. 
corticola Fr. 
punctata Fr. 
“ -undata (Pers.) 
vulgaris Fr. 
Porodaedalea pini (Thore) Murr. 
Puccinia acuminata Peck 

3 asteris Duby 
circaeae Pers. 
circii-lanceolati Schw. 
crandallii Pam. & Hume 
grossulariae (Schum.) Lagerh. 
koeleriae Arth. 
majanthae (Schum.) Arth.° 
menthae Pers. 
obscura Schroet. 
“  peckii (DeToni) Kellerm. 
§ rhamni ( Pers.) Wettst. 
stipae Arth. 
symphoricarpi Hark. 
Pucciniastrum myrtillii (Schum.) Arth. 


3 pustulatum ( Pers.) 

Diet. 

Pycnoporus cinnabarinus  (Jacq.) 
Karst. 


Pyropolyporus igniarius (L.) Murr. 
Rhizina inflata (Schaeff.) Sacc. 
Rhytisma punctata (Pers.) Fr. 

‘ salicina (Pers.). Fr. 
Spongipellis borealis (Fr.) Pat. 
Stereum chailletii Fr. 

“ purpureum Pers. 
sulcatum Burt. 

Thelephora caryophyllea Schaef. 
Be fimbriata Schw. 
Trametes hexagoniformis Murr. 

. setosus Weir 
suaveolens (L.) Fr. 
Taphrina aurea ( Pers.) Fr. 
Tyromyces anceps (Peck) Murr. 
Uromyces holwayi Lagerh. 

Uropyxis sanguinea (Peck) Arth. 
Wallrothiella arceuthobii (Peck) Sacc. 


“ 


“ 


Douglas M. White, Rochester, N. Y. 


Cynanchium vincetoxicum (L.) Pers. 


Equisetum sylvaticum L. 


16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Miss M. K. Smith, Jamaica, N. Y. 


Agoseris glauca ( Nutt.) Greene 
Alsine longipes (Goldie) Coville 
Aquilegia flavescens S. Wats. 
Arnica cordifolia Hooker 
Atragene columbiana Nutt. 
Calochortus apiculatus Baker 
Campanula rotundifolia L. 
Chimaphila corymbosa Pursh 
Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. 
Delphenium bicolor Nutt. 
Erigeron speciosus DC. 

&) staitlerus J, 
Geranium richardsonii F. & T. 
Galium boreale L. 

Homalobus tenellus (Pursh) Britton 
Lupinus ornatus Pursh 


Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray 
Parnassia fimbriata Konig. 
Peramium decipiens (Hook.) Piper 
Pyrola bracteata Hooker 
Ramischia secunda (L.) Rydb. 
Senecio triangularis Hooker 
Schizonotus discolor (Pursh) Raf. 
Sphaeralcea rivularis (Dougl.) Torr. 
Spiraea lucida Dougl. 
Thlaspi arvense L. 
Tiarella unifoliata Hooker 
Veronica americana Schw. 
Viola canadensis L. 

“ orbiculata Geyer 
Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt. 
Zygadenus elegans Pursh 


SPECIMENS ADDED TO THE HERBARIUM 


New to the herbarium 


Aposphaeria allantella Sacc. & Roum. 
Hien strioiata Sacc. 

Ascochyta pirina Peglion 

Cephalozia fransisci Hook. 

Cercospora corni Davis 

‘ lathyri D. & H. 

< microstigma Sacc. 
Colletotrichum sordidum Davis 
Coriolellus sequoiae (Copeland) Murr. 
Coryne sarcoides (Jacg.) Tul. 
Coryneum pithoideum D. & H. 
Cryptospora leiphaemioides D. & H. 
Cryptosporium robiniae D. & H. 
Curreya peckiana Sacc. 
Cylindrosporium iridis E. & H. 
Cytospora minuta Thum. 

S phomopsis Sacc. 

S suffusa (Fr.) Tul. 
Dendrodochium acerinum D. & H. 
Dendrophoma phyllogena Sacc. 
Diaporthe americana Speg. 

columbiensis E. & EF. 

o epimicta E. & E. 
Diaporthe ocularia (C. & E.) Sacc. 

- oncostoma (Duby) Fckl. 

" paulula (C. & E.) Sacc. 


: phomaspora (C. & E.) Sacc. 


= sassafras D. & H. 


Diatrype macounii FE. & E. 
Diatrypella subfulva (B. & C.) Sacc. 
Diplodia benzoina Sace. 
. convolvuli D. & H. 
- subcuticularis D. & H. 
ee thalictri Eo ae Ds 
Dothiorella peckiana Sace. . 
Eutypella densta FE. & E. 
< gleditschiae Berl. 
He staphyleae D. & H. 
Fomitiporia pereffusa Murr. 
Gibbera vaccinii (Sow.) Fr. 
Gymnosporangium blasdaleanum (D. & 
H.) Kern. 
Haplosporella malorum Sacc. 
. velata E. & B. 
Hendersonia anceps Sacc. 
Hypochnus rubiginosus Bres. 
= spongiosus (Schw.) Burt 
Hypoderma tenellum Sacc. 
Hysterographum lesquereuxii (Duby) 
Sacc. e 
Lepiota panaeola (Fr.) P. Karst. 
Leptosphaeria consessa (C. & E.) Sace. 
. houseana Sacc. 
r hydrophila Sacc. 
: myricae D. & H. 
Leptothryium dearnessii Kabat & Bubak 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 17 


Massarinula brassicae D. & H. 

Melanconium sphaeroideum Link 

Meliola pitya Sacc. 

Metasphaeria anthelmintica 
Dearn. 

Microascus americanus Sacc. 

Microdiplodia laurina D. & H. 

Micropeltis pitya Sacc. 

Mycena grantii Murrill 

Myxosporium rhois (B. & C.) Sacc. 


(Cke.) 


Oospora candidula var. carpogena Sacc. 


Patellaria patinelloides (S. & R.) Sacc. 
Peniophora allescheri Bres. 
Phaeangium peckianum Sacc. 
Phacidium andromedae D. & H. 
Phialea pulchella (Fckl.) Sacc. 
Phoma atomica Sacc. 
“ houseana Sacc. 
“ ~ ochra Cooke 
“ oleracea var. meliloti Sacc. 
“ ~ pleosporoides Sacc. 
Paowacenn D. & H. 
Phomopsis daturae Sacc. 
r; diachenii Sacc. 
€ viticola Sacc. 
Phragmidium andersoni Shear 
Phlyctanea verrucioides Sacc. 
Phyllosticta crataegi (Cooke) Sacc. 
‘ opaca E. & E. 
= pirina Sacc. 
Poria weirii Murrill 
Propolidium atrovirens (Fr.) Rehm. 
Puccinia angelicae (Schum.) Lagerh. 


Amelanchier humilis Wiegand 
e stolonifera Wiegand 

Betula caerulea Blanchard 
Elymus halophilus: Bicknell 
Heuchera curtisii T. & G. 
Juncus georgianus Coville 
Lycopus europaeus L. 

SS Gi membranaceus Bicknell 


Puccinia antirrhinae D. & H. 

“_ ceanothi (E. & K.) Arth. 

“~~ nodosa E. & H. 

“ ornata Arth. & Holw. 
proserpinacea Farlow 
Rhabdospora clarkeana Sacc. 
Sclerotium fallax Sacc. 

rd mendax Sacc. 

Septoria breviuscula Sacc. 
* gentiana D. & H. 
¢ krigiae D. & H. 
macrosporia Dearn. 
rudbeckiae var. oaklandiae 
Sacc. 
Sphaerella altera Pass. 

hg populifolia Cooke 
populnea Sacc. 
vaccinii var. corymbosi Sacc. 
hystricinum var. 


“ 


“ 


Sphaerographum 
viburni D. & H. 
Sphaeropsis aristolochiae D. & H. 
liquidambaris D. & H. 
5 punctata D. & H. 
Sporodesmium opacum Sacc. 
G: pilulare Sacc. 
Stemphylium magnusianum Sacc. 
Stereum sulcatum Burt 
Urophlyctis pluriannulatum (B. & C.) 
Farlow 

Valsa americana B. & C. 
“ ~ auerswaldi Nke. 
“  etherialis E.& E. 
“  nyssae Grev. 


Panicum pseudopubescens Nash 
Potentilla sulphurea Lam. 
Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon 
Scabiosa arvensis L. 
Solidago shorti1 T. & G. 
Viburnum canbyi Brition 
is semitomentosum  (Michx.) 
Rehder 


Not new to the herbarium 


(Fungi) 
Alternaria solani (E. & M.) Jones&  Asteroma ribicolum E. & E. 


Grout 


Bjerkandera adusta (Willd.) Karst. 


18 . NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Bremia lactucae Regel. 


Camarosporium robiniae (West.) Sacc. 


Cenangium furfuraceum (Roth.) De Not. 
Cercospora acetosella Ell. 

fingens Davis 

‘ gaultheriae E. & E. 

“4 omphacodes Fill. & Holw. 
pastinacea (Sacc.) Peck 
Ceriomyces subglabripes (Pk.) Murr. 
Chlorosplenium chlora (Schw.) Massee 
Cintractia junci (Schw.) Trel. 

Clavaria rugosa Sowerby 

Clitocybe multiceps PR. 

Clitopilus abortivus B. & C. 
Coleosporium helianthi (Schw.) Arth. 


* solidaginis (Schw.) 
Thum. 
Coltricia perennis (L.) Murr. 
“~~ tomentosa (Fr.) Murr. 
Coriolus nigromarginatus (Schw.) 
: Murr. 


: versicolor (L.) Quel. 


Corticium incarnatum (Pers.) Fr. 
: pezizoideum (Schw.) von 
Schrenk 
Cortinarius armeniacus (Schaeff.) Fr. 
Coryne sarcoides (Jacq.) Tul. 
Crepidopus ostreatus (Jacg.) S. F. Gray 
5s serotinus (Schrad.) Murr. 
Cronartium comandrae Peck 
q comptoniae Arth. 
Cryptospora aculeans (Schw.) E. & E. 
tt femoralis (Peck) Sacc. 
Cucurbitaria elongata (F7.) 
Daedalea quercina (L.) Pers. 
Diaporthe bicincta (C. & P.) Sacc. 
& carpini ( Pers.) Fckl. . 
Diaporthe comptoniae-Schw. 
farinosa Peck 
neilliae Peck 
S obscura (Peck) Sacc. 
oxyspora (Pk.) Sacc. 
parasitica Murrill 
woolworthii Peck 
Diplodia melaena Lev. 
oe) tte. 
Discosia maculicola Gerard 
Dothiorella quercina (C. & E.) Sacc. 
Eutypella glandulosa (Cke.) E. & E. 
A stellulata (Fr.) Sacc. 
Fenestrella princeps Tw. 


Geopetalum abietinum (Schrad.) Murr . 
Gloeosporium salicis West. 

. septorioides Sacc. 
Gloniopsis cookeana (Ger.) Sacc. 
Grandinia granulosa Fr. 
Gymnosporangium juvenescens Kern. 
Gyromitra esculenta Fr. 

Helotium citrinum (Batsch) -Fr. 
Helvella gracilis PR. 

mo" orudla Sehappe 
Hydnum cyaneotinctum Peck 
Hygrophorus cantharellus Schw. 

5 miniatus Fr. 
minutulus Peck 
Hymenochaete cinnamomea ( Pers.) Fr. 
Hypocrea sulphurea (Schw.) Sacc. 
Hypoderma smilacis (Schw.) Rehm. 
Hypoxylon morsei B. & C. 
Hysterographium smilacis Schw. 
Kuehneola potentillae (Schw.) Arth. 
Laccaria laccata (Scop.) 

Lactaria deceptiva Peck 
Lentinus spretus PR. 
Leptosphaeria subconica (C. & P.) Sace 
Leptostromella filicina (B. & C.) Sacc. 
Leptothyrium vulgare (Fr.) Sace. 
Lophodermium pinastri Schrad. 
Massaria vomitoria B. & C. . 
Melampsorella elatina (A. & S.) Arth. 
Melampsoropsis pyrolae (DC.) Arth. 
Melanconium oblongum Berk. 
Microsphaera diffusa C. & P. 
Mollisia cinerea (Batsch) Karst. ~ 
Neopeckia coulteri (PkR.) Sacc. 
Migsede caladi (Schw.) Arth. 
perigynius (Halsted) Arth. 

“ ~ polemonii (Peck) Arth. 
polygoni ( Pers.) Arth. 
: “ — prominens (DC.) Arth. 
Odontia fimbriata ( Pers.) Fr. 
Omphalia austini Peck 
Ophiobolus porphyrogonis (Tode) Sacc. 
Peridermium filamentosum Peck 
Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) De Bar& 
Phialea pulchella (Fckl.) Sacc. 
Phoma pallens B. & C. 

“  sepincola (Kickx.) Sacc. 
Phomopsis daturae (R. & F.) Sace. 
Phragmidium disciflorum (Tode) James 

. rosae-californicae Dvet. 
rosae-setigerae Dvet. 


Ss 


“ 


“ 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQI6 19 


Phyllachora cyperi Rehm. 
Phyllosticta cornicola (DC.) R. 

* latifolia E. & E. 

, smilacis E. & M. 
Plasmopara caricis FE. & E. 

i humuli M. & T. 

£ ribicola Schroet. 
Pleospora herbarum ( Pers.) Rabh. 
Polyporus admirabilis Pk. 

° fulvidus E. & E. 
% polyporus (Retz.) Murrill 
Polythelis fusca ( Pers.) Arth. 

“  thalictri (Chev.) Arth. 
Porodaedalea pini (Thore) Murr. 
Puccinia andropogonis Schw. 

= angustata Peck 
artemisiarum Duby 
asparagi DC. 
caricis (Schum. ) Reb. 
cicutae Lasch. 
claytoniata (Schw.) Peck 
crandallii Pam. & Hume 
ellisiana Thiam. 
. helianthi Schw. 
eriophori Thim. 
extensicola Plowr. 
. fraxinata (Link) Arth. 


* orbicula P. & C. 

. peckii (De Toni) Kellerm. 
proserpinaceae Farlow 

3 pustulata (Curt.) Arth. 
«. thamni (Pers.) Weittsb. 
symphoricarpi Harkness 
urticae Lagerh. 

. violae (Schum.) DC. 
Pucciniastrum pustulatum ( Pers.) Diet. 
Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (Jacq.) P. 

Karst. 

Pyrenopeziza rubi (Fr.) Rehm. 

Rumularia brunellae E. & E. 

celastri Peck 

plantaginis LE. & M. 

ranunculi Peck 

variabilis Fckl. var. digi- 
talidis Sacc. 

Rhytisma decolorans Fr. 

5 ilicis-canadensis Schw. 


grossulariae (Schum.) Lagerh. 


Sebacina incrustans Jul. 


Schizonella melanogramma (DC) 
Schroet. 
Scoleconectria scolecospora (Bref.) 
Seaver 


st Ce brunellae E. & H. 
dentariae Peck 
2 diervillae E. & E. 
erigerontis Peck 
oenotherae West. 
pileae Thim. 
polygalae Peck 
. saccharina FE. & E. 
sedicola Peck 
sicyi Peck 
viride-tingens Crut. 
Sphaerella arbutifoliae Peck 
. pontederiae Peck 
polar biformis Peck 
linearis Peck 
e mali (West.) Sacc. 
platani Peck 
. punctata D. & H. 
tiliacea Peck 
Spongipellis borealis (Fr.) Pat. 
Stamnaria equiseti (Hoffm.) Sacc. 
Stemphylium magnusianum Sacc. 
Taphrina aurea ( Pers.) Fr. 
quercus (Cooke) Sacc. 
Trametes cervinus Pers. 
Tranzschelia punctata ( Pers.) Arth. 
Uredinopsis mirabilis (Peck) Magn. 
Urocystis anemones ( Pers.) Schroet. 
Uropyxis sanguinae (Pk.) Arth. 
Valsa ambiens ( Pers.) Fr. 
“~~ americana B. & C. 
caryigena B. & C. 
ceratophora Twl. 
“ — liquidambaris (Schw.) Cooke 
salicina (Pers.) Fr. 
Valsaria exasperans (Gerard) var. aceris 
Rehm. 
Valsonectria 
Rehm 
Vermicularia Fieetotmnditaites (Sacc.) 
House 
Wallrothiella 
Sacc. 


parasitica (Murr.) 


arceuthobii ( Pk .) 


20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Not new to the herbarium 


(Flowering plants and ferns) 


Acalypha gracilens A. Gray 
Acer tomentosum Desv. 
Acerates viridiflora Ell. 
Acnida cannabina Linn. 
Actaea alba (L.) Mill. 
Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. 
4 striata Mx. 
Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. 
Aletris farinosa Linn. 
Allium canadense Linn. 
Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic. 
= intermedia Spach. 

. spicata (Lam.) C. Kock 
Anchistea virginica (L.) Presl. 
Andromeda canescens Small 
Anemone quinquefolia Linn. 
Antennaria ambigens Fernald 

Si canadensis Greene 
fallax Greene 
grandis (Fern.) House 
neodioica Greene 
occidentalis Greene 
parlini Fernald 
petaloidea Fernald 
plantiginifolia (L.) Rich 
Anticlea elegans (Pursh) Rydb. 
Apocynum androsaemifolium L. 
Aquilegia canadensis Linn. 

i. vulgaris Linn. 
Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. 

“ hyrata Linn. 

Arethusa bulbosa Linn. 
Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb. 
Aristida dichotoma Michx. 
Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Ell. 

“  melanocarpa (Mx.) Britt. 
Asarum canadense Linn. 
Asclepias incarnata Linn. 

7 pulchra Ehrh. 

- quadrifolia Jacq. 

Aster ericoides L. 

laevis L. 

macrophyllus L. 

multiformis Burgess. 
novae-angliae L. 
prenanthoides Muhl. 

“  ptarmicoides ( Nees) T. & G. 


Aster tenuifolius L.. 
Azalea nudiflora Linn. 
“« viscosa Linn. 
Bartonia virginica (L.)B. SS. P: 


‘Bicuculla canadensis (Goldie). Millsp. 


"y cucullaria (L.) Mullsp. 
Bidens cernua L. 
“  trichosperma (Mx.) Britt. 
Blephariglottis blephariglottis (L.) 


Rydb. 
3 lacera (Michx.) Farwell 
‘ psycodes (L.) Rydb. 


Bromus tectorum L. 

Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Torr. 

Botrychium lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.) 
; Angs. 

FS neglectum Wood 

Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook. 

Calla palustris Linn. 

Caltha palustrus Linn. 

Camelina microcarpa Andrz. 


- Campanula aparinoides Pursh 


“— rapunculoides Linn. 
“s rotundifolia Linn. 
Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) B. S. P. 
a pratensis Linn. 
Carex albicans Wild. 
“ aquatilis Wahl. 
©. ‘atcbata: Boat 
“ asa-grayi Bailey’ 
“ — bromoides Schk. 
“ — buxbaumii WaAl. 
canascens L. var. disjuncta 
Fernald 
“ ~ cephaloidea Dewey 
“communis Bailey . 
“  crawfordii Fernald 
* ” «eristata, Schwss, 
“  deflexa Hornem. 
“., diandra Schk. » 
“ — festucacea Schk. 
“  folliculata Linn. 
“  gracillima Schw. 
“  granularis Muhl. 
“grisea Wahl. 
“ ~hystricina Muhl. 
“ lacustris Willd. 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 21 


Carex lanuginosa Michx. 
“  lasiocarpa Schk. 
laxiflora Lam. 
“~ Iimosa L. 
magellanica Lam. 
“ — muhlenbergii Wahi. 
“  oligosperma Michx. 
pallescens L. 
pedunculata Muhl. 
prasina Wahl. 
projecta Mackenzie 
retrorsa Schw. 
“rosea Schk. 
“rostrata Stokes 
scabrata Schw. 
scirpoides Schk. 
scoparia Schk. 
scoparia var. condensa Fernald 
sprengelii Dewey 
“  stellulata Good. 
stellulata var. cephalantha 
(Batley) Fernald 
stricta Lam. 
“ ~ torta Boott 
trichocarpa Muhl. 
typhinoides Schw. 
varia Muhl. 
vestita Willd. 
virescens Muhl. 
vulpinoidea Michx. 
Cassia marylandica Linn. 
Castalia tuberosa (Paine) Greene 
Cathartolinum medium ( Planch.) Small 
. striatum (Walt.) Small 
Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B. S. P. 
Chamaesyce glyptosperma (Engelm.) 
Small 
Chenopodium rubrum Linn. 
Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh 
Chiogenes hispidula (L.) Torr. & Gray 
Chrysopsis falcata (Pursh.) Ell. 
Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. 
Cirsium muticum Michx. 
Claytonia caroliniana Michx. 
Clethra acuminata Michx. 
“  alnifolia Linn. 
Clinopodium vulgare Linn. 
Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf. 
. umbellulata (Michx. ) Torr. 
Comarum palustre Linn. 


Commelina communis Linn. 
Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coulter 
Convolvulus repens Linn. 
: spithamaeus Linn. 
Coreopsis lanceolata Linn. 
. major Walt. 
rosea Nutt. 
verticillata Linn. 
Cornus canadensis Linn, 
Coronilla varia Linn. 
Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. 
Crocanthemum majus (L.) Britt. 
Cynanchum vincetoxicum (L.) Pers. 
Cynoglossum officinale Linn. 
Cyperus filicinus Vahl 
“ inflexus Muhl. 
Cypripedium candidum Willd. 
. parviflorum Salisb. 
< pubescens Pursh 
a reginae Walt. 
Dalibarda repens L. 
Dasystephana andrewsii (Griseb.) Small 
Dasystoma flava (L.) Wood 
Dentaria diphylla Michx. 
a laciniata Muhl. 
maxima Nutt. 
Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. 
Dianthera americana Linn. 
Dracocephalum virginicum Linn. 
Drosera intermedia Hayne 
ry longifolia L. 
. rotundifolia Linn. 
Drymocallis agrimonoides 
Rydb. 
Dryopteris dryopteris (L.) Britt. 
4 goldiana (Hook.) Gray 
Ee simulata Davenp. 
. spinulosa (O. F. Miller) Kze. 
Echinochloa frumetacea (Roxb.) Link 
e muricata (Michx.) Fernald 
Elymus virginicus Linn. 
Epilobium adenocaulon Haussk. 
Equisetum sylvaticum L. 
Erigeron philadelphicus Linn. 
Eriophorum angustifolium Roth. 
s gracile Koch. 
: tenellum Nutt. 
= virginicum Linn. 
% viridicarinatum (Engelm.) 
Fern. 


“ 


“ 


“ 


(Pursh) 


22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Erythronium americanum Ker. 
Eubotrys racemosa (L.) Nutt. 
Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. 
. maculatum Linn. 
purpureum L. var. folio- 
sum Fern. 
Filipendula rubra (Hill) Robinson 
Fissipes acaulis (L.) Small 
Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. 
Fragaria virginiana Duchesne 
Galeorchis spectabilis (L.) Rydb. 
Galinsoga parviflora Cav. 
Galium boreale Linn. # 
“ — verum Linn. 
Gaylussacia baccata Wang. 
rs dumosa (Andr.) T. & G. 
% frondosa (L.) T. & G. 
Geum rivale Linn. 
“  virginianum Linn. 
Glecoma hederacea Linn. 
Glycine apios Linn. 
Gratiola aurea Muhl. 
Gymnadeniopsis clavellata (Mx.) Rydb. 
Helenium autumnale L. 
7: latifolium Pursh 
Helianthus decapetalus L. 
Fy giganteus Linn. 
mollis Lam. 
Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet 
Hemerocallis fulva Linn. 
Hepatica acutiloba DC. 
z hepatica (L.) Karst. 
Hieracium florentinum AJ. 
< pilosella Linn. 
Hordeum jubatum Linn. 
Houstonia caerulea Linn. 
is longifolia Gaertn, 
Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. 
Hydrophyllum virginianum Linn. 
Hypericum adpressum Bart. 
ascyron Linn. 
canadense Linn. 
punctatum Lam. 
Hypopitys hypopitys (L.) Small 
Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville 
Hystrix hystrix (L.) Mullsp. 
Ibidium plantagineum (Raf.) House 
. praecox (Walt.) House 
romanzofhanum(Cham.) House 
Ilysanthes attenuata (Muhl.) Small 
Tonoxalis violacea (L.) Small 


“ 


«“ 


“ 


Isnardia palustris L. 

Juncus gerardi Lozisel. 
Junipersus horizontalis Moench. 
Kalmia angustifolia Linn. 

“latifolia Linn. 

Kneiffia alleni (Britt.) Small 

“linearis (Michx.) Spach 

“ pumila (L.) Spach — 

* riparia ( Nuit.) Small 
Koellia virginianum (L.) M acM ; 
Lactuca canadensis Linn. 
Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigel. 

™ myrtifolius Muhl. 
Lechea intermedia Leggett 

“ leggettii Britt. & Hollick 

“ ~ racemulosa Lam. 
Lemna trisulca Linn. 

Leptasea aizoides (L.) Haw. 
Lilium philadelphicum Linn. 

“superbum Linn. 
Limnorchis hyperborea (L.) Rydb. 
Limodorum tuberosum Linn. 
Linaria canadense (L.) Dumort. 
Lobelia cardinalis Linn. 

“ kalmir beng 

“ cnubtall eee 
Lonicera canadensis Marsh. 

5 oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook. 
Lotus corniculatus Linn. 

Ludwigia alternifolia Linn. 
Lychnis alba Mull. 

. flos-cuculi Linn. 

Lycopodium alopecuroides Linn. 
clavatum Linn. 
Lycopus americanus Muhl. 

* uniflorus Mx. 

virginicus L. 
Lysimachia quadrifolia Linn. 
. terrestris (2,285.0. 

nyt salicaria Linn. 
Malaxis unifolia Michx. 
Malva moschata Linn. 
Mariscus mariscoides (Muhl.) Kuntze 
Medeola virginiana Linn. 
Meibomia dillenii (Darl.) Kuntze 

‘i grandiflora (Walt.) Kuntze 
Melampyrum lineare Lam. 
Memyanthes trifoliata Linn. 
Mentha canadensis Linn. 
Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. 
Mimulus ringens Linn. 


“ 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1910 


Mitella cordifolia Linn. 
** nuda Linn. 
Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenal. 
Monarda didyma Linn. 
“mollis Linn. 
punctata Linn. 
Muhlenbergia schreberi J. F. Gmel. 
Myosotis scorpioides Linn. 
Myrica caroliniana Mill. 
Nabalus trifoliatus Cass. 
Naumbergia thyrsiflora (L.) Duby 
Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. 
Neopieris mariana (L.) Britt. 
Nothoholcus lanatus (L.) Nash 
Nymphaea advena (L.) .Soland. 
Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. 
Oenothera muricata Linn. 
Ophioglossum vulgatum Linn. 
Oxalis acetosella Linn. 
Oxycoccus macrocarpus (A7zt.) Pursh 
¥ oxycoccus (L.) MacM. 
Oxypolis rigidus (L.) Raf. 
Panax trifolium Linn. 
Panicularia grandis (Wats.) Nash 
28 nervata (Willd.) Kuntze 
Panicum depauperatum Muh. 
ashei Pears. 
dichotomum L. 
: columbianum Scribn. 
. meridionale Ashe 
virgatum L. 

7 © cubense Griseb. 
Parietaria pennsylvanica Muhl. 
Parnassia caroliniana Michx. 
Pedicularis canadensis Linn. 
Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth 
Penthorum sedoides Linn. 
Pentstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. 

. pentstemon (L.) Britt. 


“ 


Peramium pubescens (Willd.) MacM. 


3 tesselatum (Todd.) Heller 


Persicaria muhlenbergii (S. Wats.) . 


Small 
Phalaris arundinacea L. 
Phlox paniculata Linn. 

“ subulata L. 
Phragmites phragmites (L.) Karst. 
Physalis pruinosa L. 
Plantago decipiens Barneoud 

43 rugelii Decne. 


* virginica Linn. 


Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. 
Polemonium vanbruntiae Britt. 
Polycodium stamineum (L.) Greene 
Polygalacruciata L. 

. lutea Linn. 

“ nuttallii T. & G. 
pauciflora Willd. 
polygama Walt. 
senega Linn. 
verticillata Linn. 
viridescens Linn. 
Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. 
Polygonum maritimum Linn. 

;; tenue Michx. 
Polymnia canadensis Linn. 
Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm. 

* compressus L. 
natans L. 
pectinatus L. 
perfoliatus L. 
Potentilla recta Linn. 

Prunus cuneata Raf. 
Pylaisia schimperi R. & G. 


_Pyrola americana Sweet 


“ 


elliptica L. 
uliginosa T. & G. 
Pyxidanthera barbulata Michx. 
Quercus ilicifolia Wang. 
“marilandica Moench 
Radicula palustris (L.) Moench 
. sylvestris (L.) Druce 
Ramischia secunda (L.) Rydb. 
Ranunculus bulbosus Linn. 
fascicularis Muhl. 
- hispidus Michx. 
pennsylvanicus L. f. 
scleratus Linn. 
septentrionalis Pozr. 
Rhexia virginica Linn. 
Rhododendron punctatum Andr. 
Rhyncospora alba: (L.) Vahl 
‘ -glomerata (L.) Vahl 
Ribes americana L’ Her. 
“ ~ glandulosum Grauer 
“triste Pall. 
Ridan alternifolia L. 
Robertiella robertiana (L.) Hanks 
Rosa virginiana Mill. 
Rubus argutus Link 
“ hispidus Linn. 
procumbens Muhl. 


«“ 


“ 


24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Rubus sativus (Bailey) Brainerd 


Rudbeckia sulivantii Boynton & Beadle 


Sabbatia stellaris Pursh 
Salicornia europea L. 
Salix candida Fluegge 

“lucida Muhl. 

“sericea Marsh. 
Sambucus racemosa Linn. 
Samolus floribundus H. B. K. 
Sanguinaria canadensis Linn. 
Sanicula trifoliata Bickn. 
Sarothra gentianoides Linn. 
Savastana odorata (L.) Scribn. 
Scheuchzeria palustris L. 
Scirpus caespitosus Linn. 

“| ‘paludosus A. iNels. 
robustus Pursh 

> walidus Vahl 
Schrophularia leporella Bicknell 
Scutellaria galericulata Linn. 
Senecio aureus Linn. 


“ 


Sericocarpus asteroides (L.) B. S. P. 


Silene antirrhina Linn. 
“ ~ pennsylvanica Michx. 
Silphium integrifolium Muichx. 
ce perfoliatum Linn. 
trifoliatum Linn. 
Sisyrinchium arenicola Bicknell 
sn atlanticum Bicknell 
f graminoides Bicknell 
Sium cicutaefolium Schrank. 
Smilax rotundifolia L. 
Solidago houghtoni T. & G. 
“ odora Lin. 
“~ ohioensis Riddell 
f uniligolata CDC.) Porter 
Sorghastrum nutans (£.) Nash 
Stachys aspera Michx. 
Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf. 
Syntherisma sanguinale (L.) Dulac. 
Teucrium boreale Bicknell 
x canadense Linn. 
% littorale Bicknell 
: occidentale A. Gray 
Thalictrum dioicum L. 
Tissa marina (L.) Britt. 
é rubra C6.) Brat. 


“ 


Tithymalopsis ipecacuanhae (L.) Small 


Tithymalus cyperissias (L.) Hill 
Tragopogon pratensis Linn. 
Triantha glutinosa (Michx.) Baker 


Trichostema dichotomum L. 
Trientalis americana Linn. 
Trillium cernuum Linn. 

“ undulatum Willd. ‘ 
Uva-ursi uva-ursi (L.) Britt. 
Uvularia grandiflora Sm. 

“ puberula Michx 
Vaccinium angustifolium Azt. 
Vagnera racemosa (L.) Morong 

“ stellata (L.) Morong 

“ trifolia (L.) Morong 
Valeriana uliginosa (T. & G.) Rydb. 
Verbena hastata Linn. 

Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) Willd. 
Veronica chamaedrys Linn. 
~ © ofticinalis Bawa: 
serpyllifolia Linn. 
Viburnum cassinoides Linn. 
= dentatum Linn. 
opulus Linn. 
Vinca minor Linn. 
Viola affinis LeConte 
“  brittoniana Pollard 
canadensis Linn. 
conspersa Reichenb. 
emarginata LeConte 
eriocarpa Schw. 
“ fimbriatula i ssa 
-hirsutula Brainerd 
incognita Brainerd 
lanceolata Linn. 
“' nephrophylla Greene 
palmata Linn. 
papilionacea Pursh 
pedata Linn. 
primulifolia Linn. 
pubescens Az7t. 
“ renifolia A. Gray. 
sagittata Ait. 
“ “selkirkii Pursh 
“ septentrionalis Greene 
“sororia Willd. 
 trilobasepwe 
Vitis aestivalis Michx. 
Waldsteinia fragarioides 
Tratt. 
Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br. 
Xanthoxalis rufa Small 
Xyris caroliniana Walt. 
Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. 
Zizia aurea (L.) Koch 


“ 


“ 


(Michx.) 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 25 


NEW OR INTERESTING SPECIES OF FUNGI IV 
a Fungi New to the State Flora 


Camarosporium robiniae (West.) Sacc. 


Of frequent occurrence on dead twigs of Robinia. Collected at 
North Bay, Oneida county, on Robinia viscosa. H. D. 
House, June 26, 1915, and at Orient, Long Island, on Robinia 
pseudo-acacia Linn. by Roy Latham, no. 702, February 4, 
to1s. Associated with Cucurbitaria elongata. 


Cercospora lathyri Dearness & House, sp. nov. 


Spots bluish gray and finally arid, limited by the veinlets and 
developing a narrow reddish boundary, 2-4 by 2-3 mm in extent. 

Hyphae very short on numerous, evenly scattered, brownish 
bases, amphigenous. 

Conidia more abundant on the upper surface, straight or slightly 
curved, continuous or obscurely 1—2-septate, 40-70 by 23-3} um. 

On living leaves of Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigel. 
Wading River and Eastport. C. H. Peck, August, September. 
Type in the herbarium of the New York State Museum. 


Cercospora microstigma Sacc. 


On dead or dying leaves of Carex arctata Boott, Pecks- 
port, Madison county. H. D. House, July 15, 1915. Also collected 
by Doctor Peck on Carex plantaginea Lam. at Taberg, 
Oneida county. The species is doubtless common on many Carices, 
and Professor Dearness records it also on C. granularis, 
Pralenrsina and C. laxiflora. 


Cercospora pastinacae (Sacc.) Peck 


aaives ih Pastinaca sativa L., Portage, N. Y. C. H. 
Peck, August 12th, (year not indicated). Professor Peck raised 
this from a variety of Cercospora apii Fres. to specific 
rank after an examination of material collected by J. M. Bates in 
Nebraska on the same host. Its occurrence in New York has never 
been recorded by Doctor Peck and this collection of his from Portage 
Was among some undetermined material. 


Coryne sarcoides (Jacq.) Tul. 


On decayed logs of pine and chestnut. Karner, Albany county. 
H. D. House, November 2, 1916 (determined by F. J. Seaver). 


26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Pileus purplish and waxlike when fresh, one-eighth to nearly one- 
half inch broad. Coryne urnalis (Nyl.) Sacc. has been 
collected by Doctor Peck at North Elba. . 


~ 


Coryneum pithoideum Dearness & House, sp. nov. 


Acervuli in lenticel-like pustules thinly but regularly scattered, 
producing circular ruptures of the epidermis and contiguous cortex, 
I-I.5 mm in diameter, seated in the cortex, not compact, of the size 
of the crateriform rupture, often appearing under the lens as if 
caespitose. 

Conidia cask-shaped, variable in size, averaging about 25 by 12 yp, 
_ mostly 5-septate, brown with a hyaline cell at each end. 

On dead stems of Celastrus scandens Linn., Kenwood 
swamp near Oneida, N. Y. H. D. House, May 15, 1915. Type in 
the herbarium of the New York State Museum. | 

This has the naked eye appearance of Coryneum pustula- 
tum Peck, described on dead branches of oak and-chestnut, but 
the spores are more nearly like those of Coryneum compac- 
tin! Bag Be 


Cryptospora leiphaemoides Dearness & House, sp. nov. 


Stromata scattered, raising the perforated epidermis and black- 
ening the underlying cortical, pustule, 1-1.5 mm; the dise .25—3 
mm, whitish at first, but becoming granular and darker when the 
very short, black ostiola appear thru it. 

Perithecia 5 to 8 in a stroma, pale gray, lying in.the unaltered 
cortex and in transection strongly resembling Diaporthe 
leiphaemia (Fr.). 

Asci clavate-cylindrical, paraphysate, 65-90 u, mostly about 
75 X 10 uw. sporidia parallel in the asci, cylindrical, subarcuate, 
subclavate, continuous, pluri-guttulate, 25-60 uw long, mostly about 
45 m, upper half 4-5 w in the thickest part, lower half 2.5-3 yp. 

On dead twigs of Quercus alba L. Astor woods, near 
Bronx Park, New York City. H.-D. House, April 24, 1916.. Type 
in the herbarium of the New York State Museum. 

Externally the stroma and disc of this species resemble Cr y p- 
tospora albofusca (C. &E.),also on Quercus, but ip@mier 
decidedly in its sporidia and paraphyses as represented in F. Col. 36 
(material of Mr Ellis’s collection). C. albofusca is described 
in the section Eucryptospora but in F. Col. 36 the sporidia are 
3-septate in the copy examined. 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 27 


Cryptospora suffusa (Ir.) Tul. 


On dead twigs of Alnus rugosa (DuRoi) Spreng., Albany. 
H. D. House, January 30, 1916. 


Cryptosporium robiniae Dearness & House, sp. nov. 


Acervuli cortical, raising the epidermis into circular or elliptical 
uncolored pustules, gray in tangential sections, .2-1 mm showing 
when mature a central, circular, perforation in the epidermis. 

Sporules hyaline, continuous, strongly falcate, 14-17 X I-1.5 wy. 

On dead twigs of Robinia pseudo-acacia L. Hills 
southeast of Rensselaer. H. D. House, May 4, 1916. Type in the 
herbarium of the New York State Museum. 


Cylindrosporium iridis E. & H. 


| Omlivine leaves of Iris versicolor L., Orient, N: Y.. Roy 
Latham, October 15, 1915. 


Dendrodochium acerinum Dearness & House, sp. nov. 


Sporodochia verruciform, sparsely scattered, brown when dry, 
flat, .5-.7 mm in breadth, .2 mm in depth, apparently superficial on 
the cuticle but really developing from the cortex. 

Conidia numerous, 4-5 x1.5m, borne on curved, branching 
sporophores, the stalk and branches of which are of various lengths 
but usually totaling about 45 uw in length. The branches are 2 yp 
thick. 

On dead twigs of Acer pseudoplatanus L. Menands, 
Albany county. H. D. House, December 2, 1914. Type in the 
herbarium of the New York State Museum. 


Diaporthe americana Speg. 


Mavcdesa twics or Magnolia, virginiana L. (M. 
glauca L.) Babylon, N. Y. H. D. House, April 21, 1916. 

First collected in this country by Professor Ellis in January 1889 
on Magnolia glauca and reported as D. americana 
Speg. Ten years afterward he published a revisal stating that the 
perithecia were too large for D. americana and proposed for 
his collection the name of Diaporthe magnoliae. The 
Babylon material shows marked variation, so much so, that Professor 
Dearness is inclined to regard the description of D. americana 
as covering the Babylon collection as well as Professor Ellis’s D.. 
magnoliae. 


28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Diaporthe oncostoma (Duby) Fckl. 


On dead twigs of Robinia pseudo-acacia L. Albany. 
H. D. House, November 26, 1915 and October 26. TOI: : 


Diaporthe paulula (C. & E.) Sacc. 


On dead twigs of Nyssa sylvatica Marsh., Babylon, N. Y. 
H. D. House, April 20, 1926: 


Diaporthe phomaspora (C. & E.) Sacc. 

Grassy pond, Adirondack mountains, N. Y., on dead twigs of 
Myrica gale Linn. Dr C. H. Peck. Reported™ py Weems 
Peck as “Diaporthe wibbe1 Nitsch.,” a name wiser 
for the present must be stricken from the list of reported American 
fungi. This correction in determination was indicated by Professor 
Dearness after a most careful examination of the material in question, 


Diaporthe sociata C. & E. 


Catskill mountains, N. Y. on dead twigs of Benzoin aes- 
tivale (L.) Nees. Dr C. H. Peck, September. 


Diatrypella subfulva (B. & C.) Sacc. 


On dead twigs of Nyssa sylvatica Marsh., Shawangunk 
mountains, Dr C. H. Peck. (Determined by Dearness.) 


Diplodia convolvuli Dearness & House, sp. nov. 


Pycnidia thickly scattered, covered by the cuties: perforate, 
depressed, .2 to .25 mm in diameter. 

Conidia brown, uniseptate, but slightly when at all constricted, 
18-24 by 9-12 pw, usually with similar cells but sometimes one is 
globose and the other subconic. | 

On dead stems of Convolvulus sepium Linn. Albany, 
N. Y. H. D. House, November 7, 1915. Type in the herbarium 
of the New York State Museum. ‘ 


Diplodia subcuticularis Dearness & House, sp. nov. 
Pycnidia densely gregarious, 12 to 18 in a circle 2 mm in diameter, 
dark brown, seated on the cortex, stellately rupturing the cuticle 
which soon becomes loosened from the cortex and shed. 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 29 


Conidia brown, very tardily septate, not constricted at the septum, 
oblong-elliptic, ends rounded, 16-18 by 9-12 uy. 

On dead branchlets of Sassafras variifolium (Salisb.) 
Kuntze. Sylvan Beach, Oneida county, N. Y. H. D. House, May 
TO} EOI5- | 

This might be taken for a Sphaeropsis for in some cases the con- 
tinuous spores appear to be more numerous than the septate ones. 
Diplodia decorticata C. & E,, also on Sassafras, has 
strongly constricted spores in hysteriiform pycnidia. 


Diplodia thalictri E. & D. 


Wavdead stems of Thatictrum polygamum Mubhl. 
Near Albany. H. D. House, June 13, 1915. (Determined by 
Dearness.) | 


Discosia kreigeriana Bres. 


Karner, Albany county, on living and languishing leaves of 
Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. (Epilo- 
ime an Sustifolium L.) H. D. House, July 20, 1915. 


Eutypella deusta E. & E. 
On decayed wood of oak limbs, Orient Point, N. Y. Roy Latham, 
May. 7. F0rT. | 
Eutypella gleditschiae Berl. 


Rawmacsa. twies of Gléditsia triacanthos L.”. Orent, 
Me ¥.- Roy Latham, April 2, 1016. (No. 724.) 


Eutypella staphyleae Dearness & House, sp. nov. 


Stromata bullate, incorporating the cambium, lodged on the 
wood, leaving a whitened area when removed, immediately sur- 
rounded by a dark line which does not penetrate the wood, some- 
times confluent, base mostly irregularly elliptic, 2-4 by 1-3 mm. 

Perithecia 3 to 5 in a stroma or appearing numerous when con- 
fluent, black, globose, large, about 1 mm in diameter, ostiola sulcate, 
stout, short, .2 mm in width and height. 

Asci long-clavate to fusoid, 60-75 by 8-12 yu, stipe linear, 20-80 p 
long, paraphysate. 

Sporidia allantoid, dark amber-colored, mostly 15-18 by 4 un, 
extremes 14-20 by 34-41 wu. 

On dead stems of Staphylea trifolia Linn. Near 
Albany. Collected by C. H. Peck in April (year not indicated). 


30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Gloeosporium lappae Dearness & House, sp. nov. 


Spots subcircular, gray-brown with arid centers tending to crack 
and break away, the arid portions surrounded by several rather 
obscurely circinating ridges close together. ; 

Acervuli epiphyllous on the arid areas, nearly concolorous, 
40-100 mw; spores hyaline, with 2 to 3 nuclei causing some of them 
to appear uniseptate, 6-9 x 3 um. 

On living leaves of Arctium minus Schk. Albany. H.D. 
House, August 1916. Type in the herbarium of the New York 
state Museum. 

Hendersonia vagans Fckl. 


On dead twigs of Aronia melanocarpa (Mich iamie 
Sylvan Beach, Oneida county. H. D. House. 

There is nothing in the brief description of this species in Saccardo 
to separate the Sylvan Beach material from H. vagans Fckl., 
although they may not be the same. The Sylvan Beach material. 
has spores 10-15 x 4-5 mw, and the stipes 5-40 x 2-3 fp) exss@eiared! 
with an unidentified Valsa. 


Hypocrea sulfurea (Schw.) Sacc. 


Covering over a growth of Exidia glandulosa on twigs 
and limbs of Populus and Alnus. Karner, Albany county. C. H. 
Peck, September. (Determined by Dr F. J. Seaver.) Reported 
by Dector Peckias: Hy poereasci trina (Persomine 


Hysterographium lesquereuxii (Duby) Sacc. 


On dead branches: of Gleditsia triancam: moses 
Orient, Noy > Roy Lataam: Apmis eros: 


Haplosporella velata E. & B. 


On dead stems of Celastrus scandens a miaamee 
Albany county. HH: DB. House, Juneiao, 10s: 


Leptosphaeria consessa (C. & E.) Sacc. 


On dead stems of Helianthus annwu ws) Lime ‘Oneida. 
ED House, ume Sanam 


Leptosphaeria myricae Dearness & House, sp. nov. 


Perithecia gregarious, globose-conical, nearly superficial, .3 x .4 mm 
in diameter above the bark; ostiola short, thick and blunt. 

Asci linear-cylindrical, 80-120x 5-53; paraphyses linear, 
abundant. 


REPORT OF THE. STATE BOTANIST IQI6 31 


Sporidia strictly uniseriate or overlapping, brown, 3-septate, 
12-15 X 4-5 yb. 

On dead twigs and branches of Myrica gale L. Grassy 
pond, Adirondack mountains. C. H. Peck (date of collection 
unknown). Type in the herbarium of the New York State Museum. 
The specimens also contain Diaporthe phomaspora 
(©. é EB.) Sacce. and Trichopeziza myricae (Peck) Sacc. 


Leptothryium dearnessii Kabat & Bubak 


On dead brown areas of living, languishing, or dead leaves of 
Mmerceron philtadelphicus L. -Albany. H. D. House. 
November 1, 1916. Doctor Peck has also collected this upon 
Berseron annuus, reportedasL. punctiforme B. &C. 
He also noted that it differed from L. punctiforme in being 
upon both sides of the leaf and in other minor particulars. 

Macrophoma ceanothi Dearness & House, nom. nov. (Macro- 
phoma peckiana D. & H. Bul. N. Y. State Museum 179:31. 1915. 
Not Berl. & Vogl.) 

Unirdead stemsor Ceanothus americanus L., North 
Greenbush (Peck, type). Albany (House). 


Massarinula brassicae Dearness & House, sp. nov. 


Perithecia densely gregarious, carbonaceous, rugulose, papillate 
globose-conic, erumpent-superficial, 200-300 uw. <Asci clavate, wal 
3m thick, 4 or 8, mostly 8-spored, 70 to 120m, mostly about 
90 X 12-15 uw. Sporidia chiefly biseriate, hyaline, fusoid, subarcuate, 
in sheath 2 uw thick, 1-septate, the upper cell rather abruptly 
thickened at the septum, sometimes each cell seems obscurely 
transversely divided, the sheath extended at the end, giving some 
_ sporidia the appearance of being obtusely appendiculate. 

On dead stems of Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea L. 
var. gemmifera Hart.) Orient, N. Y. Roy Latham, September 
1915. Type in the herbarium of the New York State Museum. 


Metasphaeria anthelmintica (Cke.) Dearness, comb. nov. 


(Sphaeria anthelmintica Cke.; Leptosphaeria Sacc.) 

On dead stems of Chenopodium album L. Albany. 
H. D. House, November 7, 1916. Cooke placed this in Heptameria, 
a fact that throws doubt on Saccardo’s location of it in Leptosphaeria. 
The spores are so dilutely colored that Metasphaeria is the better 
location for it as suggested by Professor Dearness. Most of the 
spores singly seem quite hyaline. : 


32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Microdiplodia laurina Dearness & House, sp. nov. 

Pycnidia scattered, intracortical, covered by the adherent cuticle 
which ruptures in a narrow cleft, globose, dark brown, about .3 mm 
in diameter. : 

Conidia brown, 1-septate, oblong-elliptic, 9-12 by 33-5 uy. 

On dead branchlets of Sassafras variifolium (Salisb.). 
Kuntze, Sylvan Beach, Oneida county, N. Y. H. D. House, May 
t915. Also collected on same host at Albany, N. Y., November 1915. 

Very distinct from Microdiplodia sassafras (Tracy & 
Earle) where a subhyaline septum divides the spores unequally. 


Mollisia plicata (Rehm.) Sacc. 
var. baptisiae Dearness & House, var. nov. 
Asci 40-45 x 5-6 uw; paraphyses linear, thickened at the apex; 
spores 1-celled, about 6-8 x 2-25 um. 


On dead twigs or stems of Baptisia tinctoria L. Manor- 
ville, N. Y. H. D. House, June 20, 1916. 


Myxosporium rhois (B. & C.) Sacc. 
On dead twigs of Rhus glabra, near Albany.) tae 
House, November 25, 1915. 


Phoma ochra Cooke 

On dead stems of Hibiscus moscheutos L. Oceanside, 
N. Y. H. D. House, July 28, 1916. The spore measurements are 
nearest those given for Phoma malvacearum West., but 
other characters seem to relate it more closely to P. ochra, from 
which it differs only in having smaller spores (7 x 3 uw), instead of 
10-12 X 33-4 UM. 

The same specimens contain an interesting Diaporthe which 
seems referable to D. arctii Lasch. | 


- Phoma oleracea var. meliloti Sacc: 


On dead stems of Melilotus albus Desr. Karner, Albany 
county. H. D. House, April to, 1916. 


Phoma vaccinii Dearness & House, sp. nov. 

Pycnidia minute, numerous, globose, 3 or 4 to the lineal mm, 
blackening the stems when erumpent, subcuticular at first then 
breaking through longitudinal clefts in the epidermis; ostiola round, 
black, shining; conidia hyaline, minute, oblong, straight or curved, 
5m 5—2 je 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST I9I16 33 


On dead stems of Vaccinium corymbosum L. Astor 
woods, near Bronx Park, New York City. H. D. House, May 17, 
1916. Type in the herbarium of the New York State Museum. 


Phyllosticta opaca E. & E. 
On leaves of Ilex opaca L.. Sold in the market, Albany, 
December 22, 1915. 


Physalospora obtusa (Schw.) Sacc. 


On dead stems of Rubus odoratus lL. Northof Rens” 
peer iN. Y. H.D. House, April 27, 1976. 


Puccinia angelicae (Schum.) Lagerh. 


On leaves of Angelica atropurpurea L.. North of 
Rensselaer. Dr C. H. Peck, June. The year is not indicated and 
Doctor Peck gives .the locality as “‘ North Greenbush.’’ Identi- 
fied by J. C. Arthur who states that the species has heretofore been 
known in America only from the eastern Rocky mountain region. 


Puccinia karelica Tranz. 


Mecial stave On LTrientalis americana L. Marsh east 
of Lake George, Warren county. S. H. Burnham, June 16, 1897. 
Telial stage on Carex diandra’Schk. Hannibal, Oswego 
eouy. ©. 9: Sheldon, May 30, 1882. -On Carex canes- 
meee Boonville: Dr J. V. Haberer; June 20, 1912. On 
Carex magellanica Lam. Summit. C. H. Peck. (Deter- 
mined by Arthur.) 

. Puccinia magnusiana Korn. 

owt emitrs phragmitis (L.). Karst. Cayuga 

marshes. Collected by Dr C. H. Peck. (Determined by Arthur.) 


Puccinia McClutchiana Diet. & Holw. 


On Scirpus rubrotinctus Fernald. West Albany. 
Collected by Dr C. H. Peck. (Determined by Arthur.) 


Puccinia minutissima Arth. 


The aecial stage (Aecidium nesaeae Ger.) occurs upon 
Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell. The telial stage occurs 
mpen Carex filiformis L., Karner. C. H. Peck. Upon 
the same host, Hannibal, Oswego county, C. S. Sheldon, May 30, 
1882. 


34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Puccinia ornata Arth. & Holw. 


On living leaves of Rumex britannica L. Sylvan Beach, 
Oneida county. H. D. House, September 18, 1916. (Determined 
by Arthur.) New to New York State. This is a short cycle rust 
in which the teliospores germinate immediately upon maturing, 
and it therefore possesses no alternate host. Its range is from Maine 
and New Hampshire to Wisconsin and Minnesota. 


Puccinia patruelis Arth. 


The aecial stage on Lactuca sp. Near Albany, collected by 
C. H. Peck, June. (Determined by Arthur.) 


Puccinia poarum Niels. 


On Poa annua L. Jamesville, Onondaga county. H. D- 
House, August 9, 1915. (Determined by Arthur.) 


Puccinia rubellum (Pers.) Arth. 


(P. arundinacea Hedw.) 
On Phtagmitis. phragmitis (L.) Karst. Monmtezama 
marshes. Collected by Dr C. H. Peck. (Determined by Arthur.) 


Puccinia uniporula Orton 


The two following collections have been referred to this species by 
Doctor Arthur: On: Carex conoidea Sehk Peeper: 
Madison county. HH. D. House, July. 2; 10157 > eens 
virescens Muhl., Sand Lake. C. H. Peck. 


Ramularia brunellae E. & E. 


On living leaves of Prunella vulgaris Lo jamecme, 
Onondaga county. H. D. House, June 28, 1916. Also with Sep- 
toria brunellae E. & E. upon the same leaves. 


Ramularia lanceolata Dearness & House, sp. nov. 


Spots brick-red, indefinite, alike on both sides of the leaf, where 
numerous the leaf becomes yellowish, without an arid center as in 
Ramutlaria plantaginis E. & M., nor wiiiapdeamae 
border line asin Ramularia peckii Sacc. & Syd. 

Hyphae fasciculate, amphigenous, geniculate, yellowish, 25-45 x 4p; 
conidia hyaline, cylindrical, ends rounded, o—3-septate, 15-33 x 5-6 um. 

On living and languishing leaves of Plantago lanceolata 
L. Oneida, Madison county. H. D. House, August 1916. Type 
in the herbarium of the New York State Museum. 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST I916 35 


Septoria gentianae Dearness & House, sp. nov. 


Spots arid, small, subcircular, 1 to 5 mm in diameter, surrounded 
by a very narrow, sharply raised border extending outward into a 
reddish zone; when numerous the whole leaf becomes dilute brown. 

_Pyenidia epiphyllous, brown, 30-35 u, with a minute opening. 
Sporules continuous, 15-24 wu, but averaging 18-20 x .5 yu. 

On leaves of Gentiana quinqueflora L. Taberg, 
Oneida county. H.D. House, August 1914. Type in the herbarium 
of the New York State Museum. 

Septoria microsora Speg. on Gentiana, in Europe, is 
hypophyllous and is said to have widely gaping ostiola and pluri- 
septate sporules. 


Septoria macrosporia Dearness 


On living leaves of the white daisy (Chrysanthemum leu- 
canthemum L.) Albany. H. D. House, November 1, 1916. 


Septoria rudbeckiae E. & H. 


var. oaklandica Sacc. 


On living and languishing leaves of Rudbeckia hirta L. 
Albany. H. D. House, November 13, 1915. (Determined by Dear- 
ness.) 


Sphaerographium hystricinum (Ell.) Sacc. 
var. viburni Dearness & House, var. nov. 


This variety on stems of Viburnum cassinoides has 
pungent, beaked pycnidia nearly 1 mm long. Sporules 15-30x 2 yp, 
subarcuate, acute, simple and continuous or paucinucleate, borne on 
narrow, branching sporophores varying in length from 5 uw to that of 
the sporules. 

On dead stemsof Viburnum cassinoides L. Babylon, 
-N. Y. H. D. House, April 20, 1916. Type in the herbarium of 
the New York State Museum. 

Professor Peck figured the pycnidia and sporules of this form on 
Viburnum nudum in the 38th report. Mr Ellis’s type was 
found upon Azalea and described as Howe sporules 25 wu long on 
stipes 35 wu long. 


Sphaeropsis liquidambaris Dearness & House sp. nov. 
Pycnidia .3 mm, globose, gregarious, surrounding the twigs, 
covered by the epidermis in which narrow clefts expose the very 
short ostiola; conidia tardily yellow-brown, on sporophores of about 
2 


36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


their own length, and half their thickness, various in shape, from 
globose to oblong-elliptic, but mostly subpyriform, 17-22 x 6-10 p. 

On dead twigs of Liquidambar styraciflua L. Astor 
woods near Bronx Park, New York City. H.-D.. House; Maya a 
1916. Type in the herbarium of the New York State Museum. 


Sphaeropsis punctata Dearness & House sp. nov. 

Pycnidia minute, 50-110 in diameter, thickly scattered, as many 
as 20 in a circle 2 mm in diameter; black, conical ostiola punctur- 
ing the thin epidermis. — 

Conidia pale brown, oblong-elliptic, 18-22 x 9-10 uw on _ short 
basidia. 7 

On dead branchlets of Sassafras variiiOlium (oamsp 
Kuntze: Sylvan Beach, Oneida county.. H. D. House, May to, 
1915. Also Albany, November 26, 1915 (type). Astor woods, near 
Bronx Park, New York City. TH. D. House, May 27, 190G= aoc 
in the herbarium of the New York State Museum. _ 

5. sassafras C. & .E. has papillaciorm  pyendiameand 
conidia 30-35 x 5 wu; S..sSeriatus Peck also on this host iGienar 
acterized by “hard sclerotoid perithecia in linear arrangement.” 
(33d Report, p. 24.) 


Taphrina quercus (Cooke) Sacc. 


On living leaves of Ouercus velutinay Vane @aear. 
NY. Roy Latham, October 7 rons. 


Trichopeziza opulifoliae (Schw.) Sacc. 


On dead stems of cultivated Spiraea. Oneida. H. D. House, 
June 20, 1915. . Associated with Diaporthe media meee 


Urophlyctis pluriannulatum (B. & C.) Farlow 


(Uromyces pluriannulatum B. & C.; Synchytrium, Farlow) 
On living leaves, stems and peduncles of Sanicula mary- 
landica L. Oneida, Madison county. H. D: Housemyunepne: 
1916. (Determined by Prof. H. S. Jackson.) 


Valsa americana B. & C. 
On dead twigs of Maltis malws (i:) Britt! Alaiye erie: 
House, February 20, 1915. Determined by Professor Dearness, 
who says concerning it, “‘ This is the same as Mr Ellis named for 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 37 


me Valsa americana, The species is not fully described. 
This material is a long-stiped, long-paraphysate species.’’ Upon 
the same twigs occurs Sphaeropsis mali (West) Sacc. 


Valsa caryigena Bere. 


On dead twigs of Hicoria minima Britton. Van Cortlandt 
Park, New York City. H. D. House, April 20, 1916. Also with 
Sphaeropsis linearis Peck (S. caryae) on the same 
twigs. 

Valsa ceratophora Tul. 

On dead twigs of Sassafras variifolium (Salisb.) 
Kuntze. Van Cortlandt Park, New York City. H. D. House, April 
20, 1916. The same twigs containSphaeropsis punctata 
Dearness & House, and a Cytospora which doubtless belongs to 
the Valsa and which may be Cytospora sphaeroceph- 
ala Curtis. 

Valsa cincta Fr. 


On dead stems of Amelanchier canadensis (L.) 
Medic. Clear pond, Adirondack mountains, and Aiden Lair, Essex 
county, on dead twigs of Amelanchier bartramiana 
(Tausch) Roem. C.H. Peck, July. Associated with Sphaero- 
nema pruinosum Peck. 


Valsa etherialis E. & E. 


On dead limbs of Acer rubrum L. Albany. H. D. House, 
November 2, 1913 and May 1rorq. 


' Valsa nyssae Grev. 


On dead twigs of Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Astor woods, 
Bronx, New York City. H.D. House, April 26, 1916. (Determined 
by Dearness.) 

b Notes on Fungi 


Bremia lactucae Regel. 


On living leavesof Lactuca hirsuta Muhl. Near Albany, 
N. Y. H. D. House, November 13, 1915. Also known as 
Peronospora gangliformis (Berk.) DeBary. 


Cintractia junci (Schw.) Trel. 


On the inflorescence of Juncus tenuis L. near Baldwins- 
ville, Onondaga county. H. D. House, June 27, 1916. 7 


38 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Diaporthe obscura (Peck) Sacc. 


On dead stems o0f Geum strictum Ait. Eaton and Pecks- 
port, Madison county. Hl. D. Hotise, July 2 ad! 333 neue 
characters accord very closely with the description by Peck (on 
Rubus strigosus) and this collection constitutes a new host 
for the species. 


Diaporthe (Chorostate) oxyspora (Peck) Sacc. 
(Sace. Sylloge 1:627. 1882) 
Valsa oxyspora Peck. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 28, p. 75, pl. Ely £2 20— 
29. | 1876 
Valsa ocularia Cs & EY Grev. Vi:11, pl:-95, £ oaaowm 


Diaporthe oc¢ularia Sacc»sylloge 1:616. 1682 
Diaporthe é@epimicta B: & EON. Am, Pyro449 eee 


The type of Valsa oxyspora was stated by Doctor Peck to 
be on Quercus (collected at Sand Lake, August 1874). This was a 
case of mistaken host identification which he later corrected but 
without study of related species upon the host (Nemopan- 
thus mtcronata  (L.) Trel.) or other hosts of taemaemy 
family. Meanwhile there has accumulated in the state herbarium 
specimens of Diaporthe upon Ilex and Nemopanthus under the 
additional names of D. ocularia and D. ¢€ pia ete aoe 
fessor Dearness has made a careful study of the material here and 
in his own herbarium and specimens named by Mr Ellis as D. 
epimicta (and with particular care), are identical with D. 
oxyspora (Mechanicville on llex verticillataeeeeues 
field’'on -llex verticillata; Karner on Wem a¢e 
cillata and Sand Lake on Nemopanthus mucronata 
(type)). In all these collections the appendage of the spores seems 
to disappear with age, and suggests that D. ocularia is also 
the same, since other characters are very similar. Recently col- 
lected by Roy Latham, Orient, N, Y., on Ilex verticillata 
(February 7, 1915). | 


Funalia rigida (Berk. & Mont.) 


Trametes rigida Berk. & Mont. Ann. Soc. Nat. [EI. 11:240. 1849 
Polystictus extensus Cooke. Sacc. Syll. Fung. 6:244. 1888 
Polystictus rigens Sacc. & Cub.; Sacc. Syll. 6:274. 1888 
Coriolopsis rigida Murrill, North American Flora 9:75. 1907 


Sporophore annual, sessile, varying to resupinate, margin thin 
and acute, o-s x 2-10 cm, usually about 1 cm thick or less, rather 
fragile when dry, densely hispid or hirsute, yellowish brown or 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQIO 39 


darker with age; context very light brown; tubes usually not over 
t mm long, sometimes in large pileate specimens 3 to 5 mm long, 
angular, variable in size, sometimes irregular, averaging 2-3 a mm; 
cystidia none; spores cylindrical, 9-10 x 3 uy. 

On dead limbs and trunks of Poplar. Albany, Westport and 
Horicon. Collected by Doctor Peck. 

This species is reported by Doctor Peckas Trametes trogii 
Berk. in the 32d Report, page 35 (1879); it is the species described 
by J. J. Neuman (Polyporaceae of Wisconsin, page 39, 1914) under 
the name of Trametes trogii Berkeley and so far as the 
description of this in Fries (Hym. Eur. 583. 1874) goes, it may be 
the same as Berkeley’s species. The species is placed in Coriolopsis 
by Doctor Murrill in Polyporaceae of the North American Flora 
(vol. 9), but is described by L. O. Overholts in the Polyporaceae 
of the Middle-western United States (p. 69) as Trametes 
rigida. The range of the species as given by Murrill should 
be extended northward to Essex county, New York, southern 
Ontario and Wisconsin. 


Goniopsis cookeana (Ger.) Sacc. 


Collected at Orient Point, Long Island, by Roy Latham upon 
the following hosts: Quercus alba (dead wood), Andro- 
meda ligustrina (dead decorticated branches), Myrica 
Garoliniensis (dead branches) Rhus glabra (dead 
decorticated branches). 


Gymnopilus magna (Peck) Murrill 
(Flammula magna Peck; Cortinarius validipes Peck) 

Dr C. H. Kauffman, who has examined the species of Corti- 
narius in the state herbarium, suggests that the type specimen of 
‘Cortinarius validipes belongs in Flammula, and com- 
parison seems to indicate that it is the same as Flammula 
magna described first from Westchester county. A collection 
also labeled C. validipes and made by S. H. Burnham at 
West Fort Ann (growing in a mass of sawdust and chips), belongs 
to Pholiota and is doubtless P. destruens (Brond.) Sacc. 


Leptosphaeria subconica (C. & P.) Sacc. 
On dead stems of Impatiens biflora Walt. Karner, 
Albany county. C. H. Peck, August 1906. (Determined by Dear- 
ness.) The type collection of this species appears to be upon 


40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Ambrosia trifida, although Doctor Peck did not denaately 
determine the host. It has also been collected upon Solidago. 


Leptostromella hysterioides (Fr.) Sacc. 


On dead stems of Helianthus decaperameaeaa 
Oneida. H. D. House, May 15, 1915. Spores curved, ge 2» x 
2-25 M. 


Microdiplodia paupercula (B. & Br.) Dearness, comb. n. 
(Diplodia paupercula B. & Br.) 


Originally described on Lonicera. Our material is on Sam- 
bucus canadensis L. (Cascadeville) Adirondack moun- 
tains. C. H. Peck (goth Rep’t, p..60, 1887). See N. Am. Fungi 
No. 419 and Saccardo Sylloge 3:345, 1884. The spore measure- 
ments in Saccardo are given as 10x 5 uw. In Doctor Peck’s material 
only exceptional spores measure that large, the average being 7—9x 
3-575 B- 

Nigredo perigynia (Halst.) Arth. 

On Carex flava’ L.  Peterboro, Madison county.) i. 
House, June 12, 1916. (Determined by Arthur.) Also collected 
by Doctor Peck upon. Carex arctata Boott; and on Carex 
scoparia Schk. 


Phialea pulchella (Fckl.) Sacc. 


Near Albany, on fallen needles of Pinus frigida, pie: 
House, November 30, 1916. : | 


Phoma infossa E. & E 


On dead twigs of Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh- 
Sylvan Beach, Oneida county. H. D. House, June 21, 1915. Also 
collected at Alcove, Albany county, by C. L. Shear (N. Y. Fungi 
No. 369). ; 

Phoma pallens B. & C. 

On dead*-carpels of Celastrus scand én see ieeeree: 
Albany county. H. D. House, April 29, 1916. Also collected in 
May 1908 by Doctor Peck. 


Phyllosticta latifolia E. & E. 


On living leaves of Kalmia latifolia L. Merrick, N. Y: 
H. D. House, June 16, 1916. Professor Dearness verifies this by 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 41 


comparison with a cotype, and questions that this species has the 
pycnidial characters of a good Phyllosticta. 


Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) Rabh. 


On dead stems of Triglochin maritimum L. Rergen 
swamp, Genesee county. H. D. House, June 2, 1916. 


Pyrenopeziza compressula Rehm. 


Mnedead stems of Helianthus lacinatus L. Oneida 
H. D. House, June 5, 1916. (Determined by Dearness.) 


Puccinia angustata Peck 


Manone: N: Y.,on Scirpus cyperinus (Ls Kunth. 
H. D. House, June 20, 1916. (Determined by Arthur.) The other 
host species for this rust in New York are Scirpus atrocinc- 
mee hernaid. 5. atrovirens Muhl.: S: sylvaticus L. 

The type of this rust is supposed to occur upon 8S. sylvaticus 
collected near ‘West Albany,” by Doctor Peck, but since that sedge 
probably does not occur in that region the identity of the host 
remains in doubt. The aecial stage (Aecidium lycopi Ger.) 
is frequent upon various species of Lycopus. 


Puccinia ellisiana Thum. 


The aecial stage was collected at Manorville, N. Y., on leaves of 
eola lanceolata L., June 20, 1916. It also occurs upon 
awe or Viola blanda and V. affinis (Aecidium 
mariae-wilsoni Peck). The telial stage appears to be rather 
common upon Andropogon scoparius Michx. and A. 

furcatus Muhl. at Karner, Albany county, and on Long Island. 


Puccinia extensicola Plowr. 


The following species are represented among the hosts for the 
aecial stage in the state herbarium: Aster cordifolius, 
Meaerophylius, A. novaé-angliae, A. longi- 
aes A. puniceus, Erigeron pulchellus, E. 
Beiadelphicus, E.annuus, -E. ramosus, Leptilon 
moaaaense, Huthamia<~graminifolia, Solidago 
mmeate isis: 5. LatitLolia, S. odora, S. lanceolata, 
peerttaees,) 5. ricesa, S. thrysoidea and S. uligi- 
nosa. 


42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


The hosts for the telial stage as represented in collections from 
New York State are: Carex crawiordit -@ eames 
C. houghtonis, C. pennsylvanica, “CC yipmeeere 
C.. trisperma,.C. .tenella, C... yatlptnie@diea aes 
Dulichium arundinaceum  (Gncludne 2a eee 
et hake hid. Sydo); | 


Puccinia majanthae (Schum.) Arth. 

The aecial.stage on Vagnera stellata (i) Meme 
Buffalo. ~G. W. Clinton. On Uwvularia sess tiasoeeeee 
L. Babylon. J. S. Merriam. The telial stages on Phalaris 
arundinacea WL., Copake, and Watkins. Ir @ierieeee 
(Determined by Arthur.) The basis for Puccinia linearis 
Beek bs Se racials] Pecks) a 


Puccinia mesomejalis B. & C. 


Elk Park, Catskill mountains, on Clintonia bor eameueme 
Dr L. H. Pennington, June 24, ror4. 


Puccinia orbicula Pk. & Clinton 
On leavesof Nabalus albus L. Jamesville. H. D. House, 
June 28, 1916. (Determined by Arthur.) The State Museum 


herbarium also contains collections of this rust upon the same host 
from Buffalo (Clinton), Cedarville and Watkins (Peck). 


Ramularia urtica Ces. 


On living and languishing leaves of Urtica gracilis Ait. 
Fisher’s, Ontario county. H. D. House, June’3, 1916. 


_Rhytisma andromedae Fr. 


Hempstead, N. Y., on leaves of Lyonia ligustrina (L.) 
DC. (Andromeda, Muhl., Xolisma, Britton). Common on leaves 
of Andromeda polifolia L. Gncluding AY elameae 
phylla Link., the Bog Rosemary), but not previously reported 
upon the Male Berry (Lyonia ligustrina). ~ : 


Scoleconectria seulccecioee (Bref.) Seaver 
On dead twigs of Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Hapeen: 
N. Y. H. D. House, April 20, 1616. A species of frequent occur 
rence upon pine, but rarely recorded on hardwood species. 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 43 


Septoria krigiae Dearness & House, sp. nov. 


Spots 1 to 2 mm broad, yellow-brown with reddish margins 1 mm 
wide. Pycnidia usually one, seldom more than three on a spot, 
central, mostly epiphyllous, 50 uy; oe continuous, straight or 
flexuous, 24-60 X I ym. 

On living leaves of ee Sa Men ar Nutt. 
Chelten Hills, Montgomery county, Pennsylvania. Martha Shoe- 
maker, September 1879. Type in the herbarium of the New York 
State Museum. 


Septoria sicyi Peck 
On living leaves of Sicyos angulatus L. Liverpool, 
Onondaga county. H. D. House, August 12, 1915. 


Septoria xanthismatis Dearness & House, sp. nov . 


Spots sordid, yellowing of the affected portions of the ieaf or of the 
whole leaf instead of definite maculae. Pycnidia amphigenous, 
innate, single or more or less gregarious and in the latter case making 
the area darker than the surrounding parts; stromata slightly 
erumpent, sometimes distinguishable by short yellow cirrhi of 
exuded sporules. 

Sporules hyaline, continuous, curved or flexuous, 30-75 x I-1.5 yp, 
exceptionally exceeding 100 pu in length. é 

mor igme iéayes of Xanthisma texanum DC. Fort 
Sill (Indian Terr.), Oklahoma, C. S. Sheldon, August 1891. Type 
in the herbarium of the New York State Museum. 


Sphaerella pontederiae Peck 


On living, languishing and dead leaves of Nymphaea ad- 
vena Ait. In a marsh near Hempstead, N. Y. H. D. House, 
“June 19 and September 8, 1916. 

This was first described as Sphaerella paludosa E. &E. 
but Mr Ellis later referred it to S. pontederiae (Fungi Col. 
no. 419). On Pontederia the perithecia are hypophyllous while 
on Nymphaea they are mostly epiphyllous, otherwise the description 
of Peck’s species agrees with this. 


Sphaeropsis aristolochiae Dearness & House, sp. nov. 
Pycnidia numerous, nearly covering the affected areas, cortical, 
globose-conic, cuticle cleft or irregularly ruptured by the apex and 
short black ostiola, .3-.4 mm. 


44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Conidia dark brown, subpyriform to oblong with rounded ends, 
nucleate, 18-20 x 10-11 w, On sporophores about 10 x 3 wp. 

On dead twigs of Aristolochia clematitis L. Kent, 
Ohio. H. D. House, March 1916. Type in the herbarium of the 
New York State Museum. 

This is quite different from S. squiereae Clint. on Aristo- 
lochia. The latter has spherical conidia 15 u, with walls 4—-s5 u thick. 


_ Sphaeropsis platani Peck 


On dead twigs of Platanus occidentalis yi wean 
Cortlandt Park, New York City: H. D. Hotse, Apnt ge, agua. 
Associated with a Cytospora of undetermined relationship. 


Sphaeropsis tulipastri House, nom. nov. 


Sphaeropsis dearneéssii “Sace~ & Trott. in Sace) syle. 

1913. NotS.dearnessii Sacc. & Syd.in Sacc. Syll. 16:922. 1899. 
Sphaeropsis magnoliae Ell. & Dearn. Fungi Col. n. 2087. I90= 

Not S. magnoliae Magnaghi (1902) 

On dead twigsof Magnolia acuminata L. (ulapas— 
trum acuminatum Small). Ontario. J. Dearness. Asso- 
ciated. with _V alsarira. mas tiolrace: Sphaeropsis 
dearnessii Sacc. & Syd. was a name proposed for S. mori E. 
-& E. on Morus, and is the same as Sphaeropsis sepulta 
E. & E., but its publication invalidates the later use of the same name 
for the Sphaeropsis on Magnolia. 


Tranzschelia punctata (Pers.) Arth. | 


On living leaves of seedlings of Prunus serotina Ait. in 
open woods near Albany. H.D. House, October 23, 1916. No 
infections upon the leaves of Prunus serotina which were 
older than the seedling stage could be found. This rust seems to 
have been but rarely collected in this State, the herbarium contain- 
ing two collections by G. W. Clinton, one made at Buffalo, and the 
other at Albany. The aecial stageupon Anemone quingqgue- 
folia, Hepatica and Thalictrum has been frequently collected. 


Tympanis turbinata Schw. 
On dead stems of Viburnum cassinoides L. Babylon, 
N. Y. H. D. House, April 20, 1916. Substipitate, erumpent; asci 
about 100-110 x 18-20 yw, spores numerous, 3-4 x 2 yu. 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQ16 45 


Uredinopsis mirabilis (Peck) Magnus 


On living and languishing fronds of the Virginia Chain fern 
Pwoodwardia virginica (L.) Sm.). Sylvan Beach, 
Oneida county. H. D. House, August 12, 1916. 


Valsa liquidambaris (Schw.) Cooke 


On dead stems of Hamamelis virginiana L. Orient 
Point, N. Y. Roy Latham, October 30, r911. A new host species. 
The asci are 30-33 x 8 uw, the spores eight in an ascus, 8-gux2 uy, 
hyaline, allantoid. | 


Vermicularia violae-rotundifoliae (Sacc.) House 
(V. peckii var. violae-rotundifoliae Sacc.) 
On living leaves of Viola rotundifolia Michx. Taberg, 
Oneida county.: H. D. House, June 7, 1916. 


c Fungi Noveboracenses 


The following list of New York fungi, containing 119 species, was 
determined recently by Dr P. A. Saccardo of Padova, Italy, from 
certain collections by C. H. Peck and H. D. House, sent to him for 
study. Several of them are new species and their descriptions as 
well as notes upon the others are found in Annales Mycologici, XIII, 
p. 115-22 (Berlin) 1915 and in Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, 
PETE 0. 2,-p. 2-15. 1916. 

The species in heavy faced type were described as new by Sac- 
cardo, and the cotypes are in the herbarium of the New York State 
Museum. | 

Aposphaeria allantella Sacc. © Roum. Clarksville. On wood of 
Quercus rubra (Peck) 

Aposphaeria striolata Sacc. Rensselaer. On decorticated log of 
Poapulws deltoides (Peck) 

Ascochyta pirina Pegl. Sylvan Beach. On living leaves of 
meanmia arbutifolia (Peck) 

Botryosphaeria quercuum (Schw.) Sacc. Albany. On dead twigs 
of Quercus rubra (House) 

Cercospora ampelopsidis Peck. Albany. On languishing leaves 
of Ampelopsis quinquefolia (House) 

Cercospora rhoina C. G. E. Bolton Landing. On leaves of 
Rhus copallina (Peck) 

Diaporthe peckiana (Sacc.) (Chorostate peckiana Sacc.) Catskill 
mountains. On dead branches of Fraxinus (?) ameri- 


46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


cana. (Peck). The host is quite certainly not Fraxinus and the 
texture and grain is more like maple. 

Cladosporium caricicola Corda. Brownville. On dead leaves of 
Catex-anctia ta, (Peck) : 

Coniosporium tumulosum Sacc. Tupper Lake. On decorticated 
wood of Pinus strobus (House) sae 

Cucurbitaria rosae Sacc. © Wint. Bergenswamp. On dead stems 
Oko pitaca salicitolyva (Beck) 

Cucurbitaria stenocarpa E. &@ FE. Southfield. On dead twigs of 
Ribas co pia tiamar (Beck) 

Curreya peckiana Sacc. Tupper Lake. On dead twigs of 
Nemopanthes mucronata (House) 

Cytospora minuta Thum. Sand Lake. On dead branches of 
Rraxinws americana: (Peek) 

Cytospora phomopsis Sacc. Albany. On dead stems of Sas- 
saifas variifolium (House): - 

Dendrophoma phyllogena Sacc. Eaton. On languishing and dead 
leaves of Chamaedaphne calyculata (House) 

Diatrype asterostoma B. & Br. (not E. @& E.) var. betulae Sacc. 
Bashfisch. On dead branches of Betula lutea (Peck) 

Diatrypella betulina (Pk.) Sacc. Oneida. On dead limbs of 
Betula lutea (House) . 

Diatrypella cephalanthi (Schw.) Sacc. Southfield. On dead 
branches of Cephalanthus occidentalis (Peck) 

Diatrypella decorata Nits. Sand Lake. On dead branches of 
Betula lutea (Peck). In Europe'this occtirs en She eeee 
alba. Pant 

Didymosphaeria empetri (Fr.) Sacc. Mount Marcy. On leaves 
of Ham pie tram. na etn (House) 

Dimerosporium balsamicola (Pk.) E. @ E. Tupper Lake. On 
leaves of Abies’ balsamea (House). North Elba. (Peck) 

Diplodia benzoina Sacc. Karner. On dead twigs of Benzoin 
aestrv ate. (Peck) : 

Diplodia dulcamaeae Fckl. Copake. On dead stems of 
Solanum dulcamara (Peck) 

Diplodia rhois Sacc. Southfield. On dead twigs of Rhus 
copallina. (Peck) ; 

Dothidea baccharidis Cooke. Sag Harbor. On dead stems of 
Baceharrse halimtro tia Week 

Dothidea sambuci (Pers.) Fr. Albany. On dead twigs of 
Sambucus racemosa (House) 

Dothidella junci (Fr.) Sacc. Albany. On dead and languishing 
stems of Juncus effusus (House) 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 47 


Dothiorella peckiana Sacc. Salamanca. On dead stems of 
Viburnum alnifolium (Peck) 

Eutypa heteracantha Sacc. Cold Spring. On dead branches of 
Milanthus glandulosus (Peck) 

- Eutypa ludibunda Sacc. Savannah. On dead twigs of 
micotia glabra (Peck) 

Eutypa longirostris Peck. Albany. On dead twigs of Ulmus 
americana (House) 

Gibbera vaccinii (Sow.) Fr. Featherstone lake, Schenectady 
county, on languishing leaavesof Oxycoccus macrocarpus 
(House) 

Gloeosporium crataeginum Sacc. Crown Point. On leaves of 
Gratacgus crus-galli. 

Gnomonia petiolophila (Peck) Berl. © Vogl. Albany. On fallen 
petioles of Acer spicatum (House). Adirondack mountains 
on same host (Peck) 

Godronia cassandrae Peck. Albany. On dead twigs of Cham - 
aedaphne calyculata (House) 

Haplosporella malorum Sacc. Rensselaer. On dead twigs of 
Pyrus malus (Peck) | 

Harpographium magnum Sacc. Albany. On dead branches of 
Prunus cuneata (House) 

Hendersonia anceps Sacc. Hewitt’s pond, Adirondack mountains. 
On dead stems of Spiraea salicifolia (Peck) 

Hypoderma tenellum Sacc. Bennetts. Ondead stems of Thal - 
fete win dioi1cu'm’ (Peck) 

Hypoxylum coccineum Bull. Menands. On bark of Fagus 
miteticana, and Boreas, - Adirondack. .mountains, on 
Amelanchier canadensis (Peck) 

Leptosphaeria doliolum (Pers.) DeNot. Albany. On dead stems 
moe Vetrbascum thapsus (House). Sprakers: On dead 
stems of Urtica dioica (Peck) 

Leptosphaeria dumetorum WNvessl. Wading River. On dead 
stems of Lathyrus maritimus (Peck) 

' Leptosphaeria houseana Sacc. Albany. On dead stems of 
Thalictrum dioicum (House) 

Leptosphaeria hydrophila Sacc. Oneida. On leaves of Typha 
angustifolia (House) 

Leptostroma pinastri Desm. New Scotland and Karner. On 
fallen needles of Pinus rigida (Peck) . 

Leptothyrium alneum (Lev.) Sacc. Karner. On fallen leaves of 
Alnus rugosa (Peck) 


48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Leptothyrium periclymeni (Desm.) Sacc. Kirkville. On leaves 
of Lonicera oblongifolia (House) 

Lophodermium melaleucum (Fr.) De Not. Sand Lake. On fallen 
leaves of Vaccinium corymbosum (Peck) ve 

Lophodermium petiolicola Fckl. Bennetts. On fallen petioles of 
Pra xtnusiamerica nt (Peck) ; 

Meliola pitya Sacc. Caroga. On languishing leaves of Taxus 
canadensis (Peck) | ; 

Microascus americanus Sacc. Catskill mountains. On wood of 
Liriodendrontulipifera (Peck) 3 

Micropeltis pitya Sacc. Tupper Lake. On dead or languishing 
leaves of Abies balsamea (House) 

Oospora candidula Sacc. var. carpogena Sacc. Albany. On fruit: 
of Ceanothus americanus (House) 

Ophiobolus porpyrogonus (Tode) Sacc. Menands. On dead 
stems of Urticastrum divari1ea tum (ees 

Ophionectria scolecospora Bref. Lake Placid. On dead limbs of 
Pinus strobus (Peck) | ) 

Patellaria (Karschia) patinelloides (S. & R.) Sacc. Lake Hender- 
son, Adirondack mountains. On bark of Abies balsamea 
(Peck). This species occurs upon Robinia in Europe. 

Phaeangium peckianum Sacc. Sand Lake. On bark of Acer 
Sarc.cina rw m:>(Peck) 

Phoma atomica Albany. Sacc.. On bark of Salix nigra 
(Peck) 

Phoma houseana Sacc. Featherstone lake, Schenectady county. 
On dead twigs of Vaccinium corymbosum (House) - 

Phoma leguminium West. Clarksville. On fallen seed pods of 
Robinia pseudoaca cia’ (Peek) 

Phoma pleosporoides Sacc. Sand Lake. On dead stems of. 
Impatiens fulva (Peck) 

Phoma pulchella (B. & C.) Sacc. Southfield. On dead twigs 
PLR as Cop 2111 man Peek) : 

Phoma samararum Desm. West Albany. On fallen samaras of 
Pirasin us; mie ca’ (Peck) ‘ 

Phoma solidaginis Cooke var. longiscula Sacc. Rensselaer. On 
dead stems of Solidago (Peck) 

Phomopsis ailanti (Sacc.) Trav. Cold Spring. On dead stems 
of Ailanthus glandulosus (Peck). Pycnidial stage of 
Daa port nies ad liad 

Phomopsis daturae (Roll. & Fautr.) Sacc. Albany. On dead 
stemsof Datura stramonium (House) 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 49 


Phomopsis diachenii Sacc. Albany. On dry fruit of Pastin- 
acea sativa (House) 

Phomopsis viticola Sacc. (Phoma viniferae Cooke), Albany. 
On dead stems of Vitis aestivalis (House) 

Phragmidium andersoni Shear. Copake. On leaves of Dasi- 
meord £rTuticosa (Peck) 

Phyllosticta crataegi (Cooke) Sacc. Westport. On living leaves 
So tataersus holmesiana (Peck) 

Phyllosticta cruenta (Fr.) Kickx. Oneida. On leavesof Vag- 
nera racemosa (House) 

Phyllosticta maculiformis Sacc. Indian Lake. On fallen leaves 
of Alnus rugosa (Peck) 

Phyllosticta phomiformis Sacc. Oneida. On leaves. of 
Quercus alba (House) 

.Phyllosticta pirina Sacc. Albany. On leaves of Pyrus 
malus (House) 

Phlyctaena verrucarioides Sacc. Albany. On dead limbs of 
Tilia americana (House) 

Pleospora vulgaris Niess]. Central Bridge. On dead stems of 
Gerardia gquercifolia (Peck): 

Propolidium atrovirens (fr.) Rehm. Clarksville. On decaying 
wood of Quercus rubra (Peck) 

Pseudovalsa stylospora E. & E. North Elba. On bark of 
Acer spicatum (Peck) 

Pyrenopeziza rubi (Fr.) Rehm. Morehouseville. On dead stems 
Be pus strivosu’s: (Peck) 

Pyrenopeziza thalictri (Pk.) Sacc. Sand Lake. On dead stems 
Set thalictrum putpurascens (Peck) 

Rabenhorstia tiliae Fr. Albany. On dead branches of Tilia 
americana (Peck) 

Rhabdospora clarkeana Sacc. Sand Lake. On dead stems of 
Aquilegia canadensis (House) 

Sclerotium fallax Sacc. Spencertown. On leaves of Poten- 
tilla canadensis (Peck) 

Sclerotium mendax Sacc. Karner. On leaves of Solidago 
altissima (Peck) 

Septoria albaniensis Thum. Oneida. On leaves of Salix 
cordata (House) 

Septoria breviuscula Sacc. Eaton. On dead leavesof Linnaea 
americana (House) 

Septoria coptidis B. @ C. Sand Lake. On dead leaves of 
Coptis trifoliata (Peck) 


50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Septoria cornicola Desm. Albany. On languishing leaves of 
Cornus alternifolia (House) 

Septoria dalibardae Peck. Oneida. On languishing leaves of 
Dalibarda repens (House) 

Septoria francisci Sacc. (S. dolichospora E. @ E., not Trail) 
Karner. On leaves of Solidago (Peck) 

Septoria increscens Peck. Oneida Lake. On languishing leaves 
of Traentalis americana. (house 

Septoria irregularis Peck. Oneida. On languishing leaves of 
Rhus toxicodendron: (House) 

Septoria lobeliae Peck, var. lobeliae-inflatae Sacc. Albany. On 
leaves of Lobelia. inilata (House) 

Septoria ludwigiae Cooke. Oneida. On leaves of Ludwigia 

pia last F4s sCEtomse) 

Septoria polygalae Peck & C bie Albany. On dead and lan- 
guishing leaves of Polygala pauciflora (House) 

Septoria ribis Desm. var. ribis-rotundifolii Sacc. Oneida. On 
leaves of Ribes rotundifolia (House), 

Septoria rubi West. var. brevispora Sacc. North Chatham. On 
leaves of Rubus hispididus, and Schoharie on leaves of 
Rubpts villosus (Peck) 

Sphaerella altera Pass. Karner. On dead stems of Equi- 
setum hyemale (Peck) 

Sphaerella colorata Peck. Oneida Lake. Onleavesof Kalmia 
angustifolia (House) 

Sphaerella gaultheriae C. @ R. Albany. On leaves of Gaul- 
theria procumbens (House) 

Sphaerella populifolia Cooke. North Elba. On fallen leaves of 
Populus balsamrfiera (Peck) 

Sphaerella populnea Sacc. Tupper Lake. On fallen leaves of 
Populus balsamifera (House) 7 

Sphaerella punctiformis (Pers.) Rob. Highland Mills. On fallen 
leaves of Fraxinus americana (Peck) | . 

Sphaerella sarraceniae (Schw.) Sacc. Sand Lake. On dead leaves 
of Sarracenia purpurea (Peck) | 

Sphaerella vacinii Cooke, var. corymbosi Sacc. Spruce pond, 
Adirondack mountains. On fallen leaves of Vaccinium 
corymbosum (Peck) 

Sphaeronema truncatum Fr. Racquette Lake. On wood of 
T Suva ea ma diem $1ey (Becks 

Sporocybe azaleae (Peck) Sacc. Albany. On dead buds and 
twigs of Azalea viscosa (House) 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQIO 51 


Sporodesmium opacum Sacc. Bolton Landing. On decayed 
wood of Juglans cinerea (Peck) 

Sporodesmium pilulare Sacc. Albany. On decorticated wood 
of Juniperus virginiana (House) 

Stemphylium magnusianum Sacc. Oneida. On bark of dead 
branches of Carpinus caroliniana (House) 

Tremella nigricans (Fr.) Sacc. Albany. On dead limbs of Tilia 
americana (House.) Whitehall. On same host (Peck) 

Tympanis pinastri Tul. (T. laricina Fckl.). Mount Marcy and 
Hardscrabble pond, Adirondack mountains. On bark of Abies 
balsamea (Peck) 

Valsa abietis Fr. Old Forge. On dead bark and branches of 
Tsuga canadensis (Peck) 

Valsa auerswaldi Nke. Rensselaer. On dead twigs of Fagus 
americana (Peck) 

Valsa brevis Peck. Tupper Lake. On dead branches of Abies 
balsamea (House) 

Venturia compacta Peck. Grafton. On languishing leaves of 
Peeyecoccus-macrocarpus (Peck) 

Media pulchella C. © P. Sand Lake. On leaves of 
Chamaedaphne calyculata (Peck) 

Vermicularia dematium (Pers.) Fr. Albany. On fallen petioles 
of Ailanthus glandulosus (House.) Oneida. On dead 
stems of Sedum purpureum (House) 

Vermicularia saponariae Allersch. Rensselaer. On dead stems 
mesaponaria officinalis. (Peck) 


‘ 


52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


LOCAL “FLEORA NOLES Vy 
1 ALBANY COUNTY 
Antennaria occidentalis Greene 


Indian Ladder, Helderberg mountains. J.B. Rubinger, June 13) 
1916. Menands. J. B. Rubinger, May 24, 1916. 


Carex oligosperma Michx. 
Karner. H.'D. House, July 26,. 19159 oon 5046. 


Lotus corniculatus L. 
Near Albany. H.D. House, July 9, 1916. Selkirk. C. E. Jones, 
July 1907. 
Viola septentrionalis Greene. 
Kenwood. J.B. Rubinger, May 10, 1916. 


2 COLUMBIA COUNTY 


Panicum virgatum L. 


Marsh along the east bank of the Hudson river near Stuyvesant. 
H. D. House, August 5, 1916. A species of moist barrens and salt 
marshes chiefly southward. Rarely collected this far northward. 
According to Hitchcock & Chase (Cortr. U.S. Nat) Hienomiaags 
1910), the only localities for this grass farther north than this are 
Brattleboro, Vermont, and Toronto, Canada, in the eastern states. 
Doctor Peck collected it several years ago along the Hudson 
river above Rensselaer (then known as North Greenbush). 


3 FULTON COUNTY 


‘Antennaria petaloidea Fernald © 
Sandy fields near Northampton. “H. D. House, May 28, 1914. 


Poa nemoralis Linn. 


Woods near Cranberry Creek. H. D. House, May 27, rorgq. 
Determined by A. S. Hitchcock. 


4 GENESEE COUNTY 
Anticlea elegans (Pursh) Rydb. 
Marl bog in Bergen swamp. H. D. House, August 14, 1916. 


lee 


Pra yt 


“ 
yl » 
~ ‘ > 


Fig. 2 Cypripedium candidum Willd. from the open marl 
bog in Berg n swamp, Genesee co. 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST I916 53 


Cypripedium candidum Willd. 
(Figure 2) 
Marl bog in Bergen swamp. H. D. House, June 2, 1916. 


Arethusa bulbosa Linn. 
Marl bog in Bergen swamp. H. D. House, June 2, 1916. 


Comandra umbellata Nutt. 
Common on the surface of very wet marl bog in Bergen swamp. 
H: D. House, June 2, 1916. Nota rare plant, but the habitat is 
unusual, as the species is usually found in sandy or dry soils. 


Myrica caroliniensis Mill. 


Around the margins and on the marl bogsin Bergen swamp. H. D. 
House, June 2, and August 14, 1916. 

A frequent species along the Atlantic coast, but known inland only 
in the swamps of Bergen, Junius, Parma.and Caledonia, all in the 
western part of the State and previously reported as Myrica cerifera, 
a related species of the south. 


Parnassia caroliniana Michx. 


Common in Bergen swamp. H. D. House, June 2,,1916. When 
growing on the surface of the marl bogs it is often dwarfed. 


Viola nephrophylla Greene 


Marl and Sphagnum bogs, Bergen swamp. H. D. House, June 

2, 1916. 
Viola septentrionalis Greene 

Damp shaded places in Bergen swamp. H. D. House, Ji:ne 2, 

1916. 
Scirpus caespitosus Linn. 

Marl bogs in Bergen swamp. H. D. House, lear 2, 1916. Also 

reported from here by G. W. Clinton. 


Trianthera glutinosa (Michx.) Baker 
Marl and Sphagnum bogs of Bergen swamp. H. D. House, 
August 14, 1916. . 
Solidago uniligulata (DC.) Porter 


Marl and Sphagnum bogs in Bergen swamp. H. D. House, 
August 14, 1916. 


54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Solidago houghtonii Torr. & Gray 
Wet surface of marl bogsin Bergen swamp. H. D. House, August 
14, 1916. . 


Solidago ohioensis Riddell 


Swampy places, edge of Bergen swamp. H. D. eee August 
14, 1916. 
Oryzopsis racemosa (Sm.) Ricker 
Dry banks, “‘ The Gulf.” M.S. Baxter, August 1, 1914. 


Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash 
Open places in Bergen swamp. H. D. House, August 14, 1916. 


5 MADISON COUNTY 


The following species of Carex have been CELeL during the 
past three seasons in Madison county: 


- Near Oneida 


Carex cristata Schw. Carex scirpoides Schk. 
“*  crawfordii Fernald "rosea Schk. - 
‘“ pallescens Linn. “aurea Nutt. 


Fiddler’s green, Pecksport 


Carex communis Bazley Carex lacustris Willd. 
“ granularis Muhl. “ arctata Boott 
“ ~ palescens Linn. “ bromoides Schk 
“ laxiflora Lam. “rosea Schk. 
“ cephaloidea Dewey : teretuiscula Good. 
‘> stricta Lem, “aurea Nutt. 
“ grisea Wahl. “ magellanica Lam. 


According to Doctor Holm (in lit.), Lamarck in his diagnosis of 
Carex magellanica meant that all of the spikes contain 
some staminate flowers, a character constant in his Carex 
magellanica, as well as in the European plant, the one named 
Carex irrigua by Wahlenburg and finally also in our American 
plant named Carex paupercula by Lo ©) Riewaoeen 
Lamarck’s name should be retained for these forms, and failure to 
do so in recent works is apparently due to a misunderstanding of 
Lamarck’s diagnosis. 

Doctor Holm further remarks that regarding Carex tere- 
tuiscula Good., the species designated by Schkuhr.as Carex 
diandra is according to the author of it a mixture of Carex 
teretuiscula-Good., Carex \paradoxa and eres 


: 
. 
. 


Fig. 3 


Polemonium vanbruntiae Britton, from near Peter- 
boro, Madison co., growing in open marsh with sedges 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQIO 55 


paniculata, and hence the retention of Gooding’s name seems 
preferable to thatof Carexdiandra. 


Polemonium vanbruntiae Britton 
(Figure 3) 

Marshy ground near Peterboro. H. D. House, June 29, 1916, 
and near Warren, Herkimer co. These constitute new localities for 
this rare species which in this State is confined chiefly to the 
western and southern Catskill region. The state herbarium contains 
the following collections: 

Schoharie county (locality not indicated). Miss Rhoda Water- 
bury. Charlotteville swamp. C. H. Peck. 

Chenango county. McDonough. F. V. Coville. 

Ulster county. Sand Pond. A. P. Van Gievon. Balsam Lake. 
Agnes M. Blodgett. 

Delaware county. Balsam mountain. Agnes M. Blodgett. 


6 MONROE COUNTY 
Camelina microcarpa Andrz. 
Irondequoit. H. D. House, June 1, 1916. 


Antennaria ambigens (Greene) Fernald 


Sandy fields near Irondequoit. Staminate and pistillate plants. 
H. D. House, June 1, 1916. 


Amelanchier stolonifera Wiegand 


Wet marshes along with Dasiphora fruticosa. Men- 
don: M.S. Baxter. May 8 (flowers) and June 20 (immature fruit), 
1g16. 
Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. 

In lawns. Rochester. M. S. Baxter, August ro, 1916. 


Cynanchium vincetoxicum (L.) Pers. 


Pinnacle hills, Rochester. Douglas M. White, June 4, 1916. 
A native of the old world, recorded as escaped from cultivation in 
southern Ontario. It differs from C. nigrum (which possesses 
dark purple flowers with the segments pubescent within) by having 
greenish white flowers with glabrous corolla lobes. It was collected 
also near Rochester by Dr C. H. Peck and reported in 1913 under 
the name of C. nigrum. Doctor Peck’s specimens were in fruit 
and hence easily mistaken for that species. 


56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Carex tuckermanni Dewey 
Penfield. M.S. Baxter, July 1, 1914. : 


Cyperus engelmanni Steud. 
Pittstord, MES. Baxter. september 1.0914). 


Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. 
On wet logs, Genesee river. M.S. Baxter, September 10, 1914. 


Festuca elatior arundinacea Celak 
Wet meadows near Rochester. M.S. Baxter, July 26, 1914. 


Centaurea maculosa Lam. 
sandy fields, Brighton. M.S. Baxter, August 4, 1914. 


Sagittaria cuneata Sheidon 
Wet shores, Irondequoit bay. M.S. Baxter, August 10, 1916. 


7 NASSAU COUNTY 


Antennaria ambigens (Greene) Fernald 


sandy field near Merrick. -H. D: House, June a6) ones eames] 
specimens possess unusually broad leaves, green but persistently 
and conspicuously woolly above, and without doubt are similar if 
not identical with Antennaria caloph yi Greco 
described in Britton’s Manual. Except for the relatively broader 
leaves they are the same as recent collections of A. ambigens 
made in Albany and Monroe counties. 


Teucrium littorale Bicknell 


Brackish marshes near Oceanside and Long Beach.» Hl. Deleuse: 
July 27, 1916. In Rhodora 10:84, 1908, Mr Fernald reduces this 
toa variety of T. canadense. Asamatter of fact the characters 
of T: littorale, namely, leaves tapering at the pasevamdeanc 
villous calyx, make it more closely related to T. boreale and 
T. occidentalis. Specimens from Orient. Poimt (collikey 
Latham) possess densely villous calyces and densely soft pubescent 
or velvety leaves. Specimens from Long Beach vary from canescent 
calyces to canescent with numerous long villous hairs. Its general 
appearance, habitat and distinct characters seem to indicate it as 
well marked in a group of very closely related species. 


ee ee 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 57 


Kneiffia alleni (Britt.) Small 
In sand near Long Beach. H. D: House, July 31, 1916. 


Viola brittoniana x fimbriatula Dowell 
Hempstead meadows. H. D. House, June 1g, 1916. 


Viola affinis x brittoniana Dowell 
Hempstead meadows. H. D. House, May 18, 1916. 


Lycopus europaeus Linn. 

Near Hempstead. H. D. House, September 8, 1916. This 
resembles rather closely L. americanus, but the stems are 
densely pubescent, and it appears to match European specimens 
of L. europaeus. 


Panicum virgatum cubense Griseb. 


Along the edge of salt marshes near Oceanside. H. D. House, 
July 31, 1916. Also collected by Doctor Peck at Riverhead, Suffolk 
county, several years ago. It has been variously designated as 
Panicum virgatum obtusum Wood, and Panicum 
virgatum breviramosum Small. 


8 ONONDAGA COUNTY 
Amelanchier humilis Wiegand 


A very distinct shrubby species growing on the limestone ledges 
of central New York. Labrador pond near Apullia, on the limestone 
ledges east of the pond. H. D. House, August 13, 1916, in fruit. 
One to three feet high, irregular in growth, usually spreading and 
deeply rooted in the crevices of the rock. Leaves elliptical oblong 
to nearly orbicular, sharply serrate with curved teeth, except at 
the base. Fruit dark blue without bloom. 


Carex lasiocarpa Schk. 
= Old Fly ’ near Pompey. H. D. House, June 28, 1916: Also 
collected near Baldwinsville, June 27, 1916 and at Carpenter’s pond, 
June 29, 1915. 
Carex buxbaumii Wahl. 
“Old Fly ” near Pompey. H. D. House, June 28, 1916. Growing 
with Carex aquatilis Wahl. 


58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Carex deweyana Schw. 


Open swampy ground around Carpenter’s pond near Fabius. 
HD) House, (unevag. momse | 


~ 


Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray 


Under hemlocks and cedar. Carpenter’s pond. H. D. House: 
June 29, 1915. The species was very abundant there in 191s, but 
a year later, on June 28, 1916, it could not be found. However 
the season of 1916 was very wet and the woods where the plant had 
formerly been found was largely under water so that its failure to 
flower in 1916 was not surprising. Since such conditions occur 
frequently it probably does not result in the extermination of the 
species. 7 
| 9 ONTARIO COUNTY 


Antennaria occidentalis Greene. 
Near Fishers. H.D. House and M.S. Baxter, June 3, roz6. 


Eupatorium purpureum var. foliosum Fernald 
Swamp near Fishers. M.S. Baxter, September ro, 1916. 


Paspalum muhlenbergii Nash 


Fishers. M.S. Baxter, September 15, 1914. Also collected by 
Mr Baxter at Perriton, Monroe county, September 15, 1910. 


Viola perpensa Greene 
Leaflets 1:184. 1906 

Related to Viola palmata L. Earliest leaves deeply and 
palmately cut into 5 to 7 more or less blunt lobes. Blades of the 
summer leaves primarily 3-lobed, the middle lobe 3-cleft, the lateral 
lobes 3 to 5-cleft into lanceolate, acute ‘to long-acuminate lobes 
which stand obliquely forward from the middle lobe. Entire arrear- 
ance of the plant in late summer taller and more slender than 
Viola palmata. Early foliage glabrous to sparingly pubescent; 
later leaves 2 to 4 inches long, nearly as broad, pubescent especially 
on the veins beneath and on the slender petioles. Flowers 2 to 3.5 cm 
broad, on pedicels about equaling the foliage at flowering time. 
Sepals ovate-lanceolate, green, hyaline margined and glabrous, 
3-nerved, 6 to 8 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, the basal auricle ovate and 
blunt, about 1 mm long; petals dark blue to violet, the lateral ones 
oblong, broadly rounded at their tips as is the spur petal which is 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 59 


scarcely broadened at the end and beardless, the lateral petals 
with small tufts of white hairs at the base; spur about 4 mm long, 
full and rounded. Cleistogenes on short horizontal or deflexed 
pedicels; their pods oblong, 6 to 8 mm long, seeds ovate, drab-colored. 

Fishers, Ontario county. On shaded hillsides and moist wood- 
lands which become dry in late summer. H. D. House and M. S. 
Baxter, June 3, 1916. Same locality. M. S. Baxter, September 
10, 1916. 

Hybridizes freely with: Viola fimbriatula J. E. Smith, 
producing luxuriant clumps of sterile plants with elongated leaves 
in which the middle segment is greatly elongated and 3-lobed above 
the middle, the lateral segments greatly reduced and sometimes 
not divided, giving a pinnate appearance to the entire leaf-blade. 
This may be designated as Viola fimbriatulax perpensa hyb. nov. 

Viola perpensa is regarded by Mr Brainerd (Torrey Club 
Bul. 37:583. 1910) as a “‘ form or geographical race” of Viola 
palmata. It ranges from central New York westward through 
the Ontario lowlands and the Great Lakes region to Minnesota. 
In the first edition of Britton and Brown’s Illustrated Flora it is 
referred to as a ‘‘form with the lateral leaf-lobes linear, perhaps 
distinct.” In Britton’s Manual it is included in the description 
of Viola bernardi Greene. 


10 OSWEGO COUNTY 


Among the species of Carex to be recorded for Oswego county are 
the following: 


° ie albicans Willd. Lewis’ bluff near Oswego (Sheldon) 
deflexa Hornm. Lewis’ bluff near Oswego (Sheldon) 
“~~ pallescens L. Lewis’ bluff near Oswego (Sheldon) 
“~~ communis Batley. Lewis’ bluff near Oswego (Sheldon) 
“~ pedunculata Muhl. Lewis’ bluff near Oswego (Sheldon) 
“albursina Sheldon. Lewis’ bluff near Oswego (Sheldon) 
“  projecta Mackenzie. Lake shore near Oswego (House) 
“  hystricina Muhl. Swamp near Oswego (Sheldon) 
“ bromoides Schk. Mud lake near Hannibal (House) 
“  stellulate Good. var. cephalantha (Bailey) Fernald. Mud lake near 
Hannibal (House) 

“ scabrata Schw. Panther lake near Constantia (House) 


11 RENSSELAER COUNTY 
Carex typhinoides Schw. 
mand Wake. H. D.House. No. 5179: July. 4, 1913- 


60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Lycopus membranaceus Bicknell 


Bald mountain near Lansingburg. H. D. House and Joseph 
Rubinger, August 25, 1916. Also collected at Green Island by 
Doctor Peck. Distinguished from other species of Lycopus by its 
large, pale green, long-petioled leaves of thin, membranacous texture, 
small clusters of flowers, small corollas and stems conspicuously 
tuberiferous at the base, usually with numerous, long and filiform, 
non-tuberous stolons, arising from the main stem above the tubers 
and often one to two feet long. 


12 SUFFOLK COUNTY 


Viola emarginata LeConte 


Babylon. H. D. House, May 23, 1916. Manorville, June 21 


Ig16. | 
Viola hirsutula Brainerd 


Babylon. H. D. House, May 23, 1916. 


The following hybrid violets were also collected: 


Viola cucullata x fimbriatula. Manorville 
“  fimbriatula x hirsutula. Babylon 
“  affinis x hirsutula. Babylon 
hirsutula x palmata. Babylon 
emarginata x sagittata. Babylon 


Panicum pseudopubescens Nash 


Sandy woods of oak and pine, near Manorville. H. D. House, 

June 20, 1916. 
13 WAYNE COUNTY — 

On August 12, 1916 a visit was made to the southern end of Sodus 
bay for the purpose of collecting the American Lotus in flower 
(Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers.). The date was a little early 
for only a few plants were in flower, but they alone well repaid for 
the trouble encountered in reaching the spot. The Lotus here grows 
in water two to eight feet in depth just outside the zone of Typha 
and Scirpus along the shore. (Figure 4.) The flowers are pale yel- 
low and very fragrant, the large, orbicular, peltate leaves are 
usually 1 to 2 feet above the water on stout petioles, while the 
flowers stand from 2 to 3 feet out of the water. The large white 
water-liy (Castalia tuberosa (Paine) Greene) is also 
abundant here. 


—— te age ah 


o19Y JuRpuNnqe Os[e oie UOJOSIWIL]IOg JO Sotoods [e1MAVS pue eSOLIqn} vorydwAN ‘s9}eM JaMOT[eYS Ul 
a1oys oy} suoye snounf pue eydAy ‘sndimg jo YyyMo1s [eulsiew asusp v& Jo yUOoOIY UL doap oof XIS 07 OM] AQJVVM UT SMOIZ 
snjoT 94, “Aeq snpog jo pvoay oy] UO JIOSOy J (V9IN]T OGWNIIN ) sNjoy uvotoury jo Auojod oy} JO MaIA F ‘BEY 


3% — 
ts 


ve 
4 ° 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQIO 61 


THE VEGETATION OF THE EASTERN END OF ONEIDA 
LAKE 


Introduction. The geographical location of New York State, with 
the Atlantic ocean upon one side and the Great Lakes on the other, 
gives it a unique position in regard to certain factors which influence 
vegetation — relative humidity, rainfall and snowfall. The general 
character of the climate of New York is conducive to forest growth, 
in contrast to conditions in the middle western states, while the 
. extremes of temperature are considerably modified by the ocean 
and the inland lakes. 

In the higher Adirondacks, the growing season, as measured 
between the last spring frost and the first fall frost, is between go and 
120 days, while the growing season at Oneida lake is about 145 days, 
and on Lake Ontario near Oswego, 170 days, being exceeded in New 
York only by portions of Long Island and Staten Island with a 
growing season of 170 to 200 days. 

The marshes, sandy plains and shores of the eastern end of Oneida 
lake have been for many years a most interesting field of study for 
botanists. The literature of botany in New York contains numerous 
references to this region and to certain species found growing there, 
but hitherto no attempt has been made to discuss fully the vegeta- 
tion of this region. 

Among the botanists who have collected here are Dr John Torrey, 
Dr Asa Gray, Peter Kneiskern, Dr George Vasey, John Paine, jr, 
mie} V. Haberer, William R. Maxon, Dr C. H. Peck and many 
others. The herbariums of many institutions are rich in specimens 
collected here by the above-named botanists, as well as by other 
collectors. ° 

A casual review of the vegetation of this region indicates an unusual 
number of species of sedges, grasses and aquatic plants. There also 
appears a certain element which is more suggestive of the vegetation 
of the northern coastal region than of the typical Canadian-Transition 
flora which chiefly surrounds this region. The general prevalence 
of sandy soils is doubtless responsible in large measure for this, but 
on the other hand, many species typical of the northern coastal plain 
and other sandy regions in the north, are conspicuous by their 
absence. 

What now remains of the original forest condition which once 
prevailed here is very slight indeed, but there is sufficient evidence 
to establish the fact that the white pine was one of the predominant 
trees of the primeval forest on these sandy lowlands. Lumbering 


62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


and subsequent fires, the latter of frequent recurrence on some 
areas, has resulted in a more or less complete change of vegetation 
and in the production of conditions which has favored the spread of 
sand-loving species of herbs and shrubs. (Figure 5.) 2 

Geology. The only portion of geological history which is of con- 
cern here is the Quaternary Period, including the great Ice Age and 
the subsequent changes in drainage which have taken place in central 
New York, and especially of Oneida lake which lies in a depression 
of the southeastern lobe of the Postglacial Lake Iroquois, which 
discharged its waters to the east through the Mohawk valley. Dur- 
ing the retreat of the ice sheet in this region, the St Lawrence valley 
was still buried under the ice. 

Much later the ice sheet retreated sufficiently to allow the discharge 
of the water along the northern base of the Adirondacks and into the 
Champlain and Hudson valleys and finally retreated far enough to 
free the St Lawrence valley and lower the surface of Lake Iroquois so 
that Oneida lake became isolated from the main body of Postglacial 
waters, and its drainage was turned from the Mohawk to the Oswego 
river. Higher levels of Oneida lake are plainly marked by ridges of 
sand east of the present western shore line which are similar to the 
low ridge of sand now existing within the fringe of vegetation 
(figure 6) along the shore, and caused by the action of high water 
and strong westerly winds. 

Climatic influences. The influence of the waters and low eleva- 
tions of the Great Lakes region serves to produce a distinct climatic 
province with longer growing season than any other part of the State 
except the lower Hudson valley and coastal islands. It is a well- 
known fact that large bodies of water absorb more heat, hold more 
heat, are warmed to greater depths and absorb and radiate heat 
more slowly than land areas. In addition to this, probably half of 
the insolation on water areas is used in evaporating water, and 
since the prevailing winds of the Ontario lowlands are westerly, 
the total effect of these conditions is to make cooler summers, milder: 
winters, to prolong the fall season and to retard spring as well as 
to check to some extent sudden changes in temperature. 

These climatic influences are reflected in the character of the 
vegetation of the Ontario lowlands, where the prevailing forest trees 
are oak, hickory, chestnut, tulip-tree, elm, basswood, ash, black 
gum and sassafras, while of infrequent occurrence except in bogs 
are spruce, tamarack, balsam and white cedar. 

This apparent Austral influence is reflected in the character of 
the forests of the Ontario lowlands as far eastward as the lowlands 


Sse SSO, PA Signi y Ss apro ih wo 14 SHR PCO ete Serr Ty Tale 
Sttoyq wniurovA euoiy ‘eryosyryndod eynyog ‘wniqojidy yo yyMo18 juetanxny, ev sjioddns mou YIM [IOS oq) 
JO fojoereys 94} posueyd oAvY sory pojvadsy ‘jja] are syeO oy} Jo owos pue surd youd oy A[UQ <‘aurd azIyM pue sxeO 
‘oud yoyid JO 4sotO} YIM PoatAOD ApAIUIAIOJ UOIBo1 wv — sured Apues oy} Ysno1y} peor v Suoje yNos Buryoo, MatiA ¢ “Sly 


- - . 


SFP Cee 


punoisat1oy oy} Ul ST4eyO Tyod 
XITV@Sg jo sdumj> pue (viqni snotenG ‘eqije snotonO ‘snqo1sjis snurg ‘eprsizt snuig) JSIOF OY] 
JO Ulorvu oY} UI SouUNp [[VUIS JO WONeUI0}; SurMoys “Yovog ueA[AS JO YYnos ‘oyR] eproug JO ds10yYs UIDISeAL = “BI 


‘jo “UINTUTUeys UnPposATOd “‘wnsdtueayAsuuod TE ee es BOW itd Sr ind 9 e 
-UuUoqd ‘“SIsSUszeIOqoAou 


a: 


Sa oe aC) pe weenie Ene SMITING ‘oureyoztd jo Aporyo posodwos yovogq 


Ipovys 
d jo Apoyo OD sosvjd usdo UT WOTe}IB0A Jamo} 
JO Jsto ysotoj} ulvyd pur 


1 


Cc 
=) 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQI16 63 


of Onondaga and Madison counties, and is even apparent at the 
east end of Oneida lake where the tulip tree, black gum, oaks, sassa- 
fras and elm are abundant, but where soil conditions have excluded 
the chestnut in favor of white pine, hemlock, pitch-pine and birch. 

The moderating influence of Oneida lake upon the climate of the 
surrounding land is almost inappreciable because of its shallowness. 
Covering an area of about too square miles the lake is but 20 to 
55 feet deep, the greatest depth, near Cleveland, being about 55 
feet. 

Life zones. In order to make clear the position of the Ontario 
lowlands and the regions to the northeast and to the immediate 
south, it seems advisable to introduce at this point an outline of 
the life zones as defined by Doctor Merriam (Bulletin 10, U. S. Geol. 
Survey, 1898). 

1 Boreal region 
a Arctic-Apline zone 
b Hudsonian zone. Limited in the eastern United States to the highest 
mountains of New England to western North Carolina 
¢ Canadian zone. The zone of red spruce, balsam fir, paper birch and 
mountain ash. In New York confined to the Adirondack region and 
the higher points of the Catskill mountains 
2 Austral region 
d Transition zone, the eastern humid. portion of which is called the Alle- 
ghanian zone. It is the region of oaks, hickories, chestnut, with mixtures 
of birches, beech, hemlock, and sugar maple, which are not lacking in 
the Canadian zone 
e Upper Austral zone, the eastern humid portion of which is called the 
Carolinian zone. Itis the zone of the tulip tree, hackberry, sweet gum, 
redbud, persimmon and black gum. In New York extending up the 
lower Hudson valley and including Long Island and Staten Island 
f Lower Austral zone (Austroriparian area) 
3 Tropical region 
g Tropical zone 
- It will be seen from this outline that all these zones, excepting 
the first and the last two, are represented in New York State. 

Forests. The region around the eastern end of Oneida lake 
represents in the character of its arborescent vegetation a close 
relationship to the Alleghanian-Transition zone. Upon the sandy — 
areas (figure 7) which are not covered by swamp or marsh 
vegetation the principal trees are: 


SS a Pinus strobus L. (represented chiefly by 
stumps and seedlings. 

RePMIEME Uae rk sk oe be Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. 

RMR ake ste e Ce. bce 3 Pinus rigida Mill. 


PEE ae eG ee xs, Quercus alba L. 


64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Gerae rari. Bed Menace ae te Quercus rubra L. 

Mae ise. io ote ts nc Ee cee Betula populifolia Marsh. 

PETAR CHEESE aN a/b. den haa ieee “lutea Michx. f. 

Venema oe snc) bss eee ee Hamamelis virginiana L. 

Peieaie eile a SS Bot ei ana Quercus velutina Lam. 

Mind ‘binck cherry. 8 ..51c ot ae Prunus serotina Ehrh. 

Weieberry Os onto 8 eee Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic. 
Set eeaiias. oo So etasc > oa re eee Sassafras sassafras (L:) Karst. 

bind eherry oo. os Ut a ee Prunus pennsylvanica L. f. 


In low wet situations (swamp-forest) the principal trees are: 


Red minples <8 ye eee ves Ae Acer rubrum L. 
Wellow bitchy te" yr ae eee Betula lutea Michx. f. 
faptiosor black pun ws. ger ee Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. 
BS hag ge see Leach Is ea a ee eS Ulmus americana L. 
Silvermaple pc see ees Acer saccharinum L. 

(ES ASS WOO: oe ote i ea eee Tilia americana L. 
SWAMP IcCkery. 2h oe Te eee Hicoria cordiformis (Wang.) Britt. 
Swathip whiteoales 2 <5 Via oh & Quercus bicolor Willd. 
SLiiped) Maple. Sc. ee mene aes Acer pennsylvanicum L. 
Red ashe. 2286). 107.75 ghee nati le Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh: 
Tasbis-tree, “Go a 2am Sten es 2 Liriodendron tulipifera L. 
ick asin eh eh. Se Pe ee ae Fraxinus nigra Marsh. 
Corian weod dey oa rire ae hehe Populus deltoides Marsh. 


The presence here of certain trees like the tulip-tree, the oaks, 
sassafras, black gum, cottonwood, and chestnut (north of the lake, 
but not on the low sandy soils about Sylvan Beach), while they do. 
_not form a conspicuous element of the forest, excepting the oaks, 
would seem to indicate that the influence of the climate of the Great 
Lakes region is felt to some extent in this eastward indentation of 
the Ontario-Iroquois lowlands. 

There is not lacking, however, a good representation of shrubs 
and herbs very characteristic of the Canadian-Transition zone, the 
most noteworthy being the following: 


Bush honeysickle: 2 #54. a. Diervilla diervilla (L.) MacM. 
Tre srood-sortel. os UP moh Oxalis acetosella L. 
Partridge-berry........ Aig he ted Mitchella repens L. 
Wiolesarcaparillart:* bes. ae eee Aralia nudicaulis L. 
(old-thteada. Sooo seo cen es heres Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. 
Mellow ctintenia 2.55.7 Soe so ee Clintonia borealis (Azt.) Raf. 
Two-leaved Soloman’s seal....... Unifolium canadensis (Desf.) Greene 
Banch-perry a2 aa os Ge Cornus canadensis L. 
Hopbie-tisiy, 5 Siew! ear ea eee Viburnum alnifolium Marsh. 
Dah basis: ek A Oe: bata! ee ere Dalibarda repens L. 

Canad MIGleE ely Ae eG tte Sua. Viola canadensis L. 


It is interesting to note that for the most part these species of 
the Canadian-Transition zone are inhabitants here of dense wood- 
lands, while the large element of Austral shrubs and herbs is mainly 


el 
-tiq wig 


Bd tests Py 
-OUTSI[N wntjeydeur) se soatoads | 


-NI I30V 


-Ilowe 


—_—_ — — 


ee Se a ae Se = ——— a SS page — gg 
stqjsOorsy ‘SaprowudAy stisorse1q ‘omr0pixng mnwWostjog ‘eyyuE1oOTM 
"STIjPUOD SMGLIOSG .BuUT oo: Stopig urns 
‘ojo ‘snjndog ‘wniaq 
‘snues. 


‘elut}yIi1ew 


“ei puerp 23 I 
jeus 


ais Tee Ms bg fa Bi ge a 


JO UOT}eJISOA SuTyIeOsIUD 


Smear o'S 


“Shey ots 2 
yons JO sjstsuoo 


Aq poaMo][OyF ‘Ssossvas 


Sieh ety 0.0m FI 
pues oy} Uodn uoTejaS0A ddURAPR dT, 
XT[ eS ‘(sotods [eiaAos) snoun[ 


SHOMEA “Sp he] Onl od 
oy} SUIMOYS YsoI9 YS JO YNow sy) Ieou YOeaq Apues peoiq sy QB sly 


————— 


a 


OUI} TOJUTAL UT oye M ySiy pue oof pure ‘owt, JOINS UT soARM PUL PUTAL ‘pues 94} YIM opdsn1js JuLysuUOD v sUTe}UTeU 
yoy ‘SMO][IM JO gu0z e Aq partop10q SI yso10f OY, ‘yovegq ueA[AG JO You ‘syxey eplouE jo os10Yys U4osey 6 ‘S1yy 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST I916 65 


in open places — low, sandy plains and the depressions in the sandy 
plains — open marshes, swamps and shores. 

‘With an almost pure sandy soil, and in most portions of the sandy 
plains with the water level often very close to the surface, the normal 
changes in soil temperature are considerably modified, the soil 
losing less heat at night by radiation because of the closeness of the 
water level to the surface. This becomes an important factor in 
the ecology of the vegetation, especially in early spring and late 
fall, retarding spring vegetation, modifying the extremes of temper- 
ature between day and night in summer and retarding the freezing 
of the soil in late fall, conditions which in connection with the sandy 
character of the soil favors the development of Austral species of 
shrubs and herbs to even a greater extent than any modifying influ- 
ence of the Great Lakes which may extend this far eastward on the 
Ontario lowlands. 

_ This sandy region affords, therefore, a meeting-ground of southern 
and northern species, with conditions favoring the southern species 
in the open and the northern species on the more densely wooded areas. 

Austral elements of the vegetation. The broad, sandy beach 
(figures 8 and 9) along the eastern shore of Oneida lake, together with 
the sandy plains, depressions, open marshes, and sandy fields, in which 
the water level is often close to the surface and which frequently lacks 
well-defined surface drainage, together with a climate modified to 
some extent by the prevailing winds from the Great Lakes, is favor- 
able to the development of a large Austral element in the vegetation, 
as indicated in the following list of species which are largely absent 
from the Transition flora of the territory to the south, east and 
northeast. Some botanists may explain the presence of certain 
of these species as due to ecological conditions similar to those pre- 
vailing in certain sandy regions of the northern coastal plain, rather 
than to any marked Austral climatic conditions. 

The mere age of a geologic formation is of little consequence in 
determining the character of plant growth. The important factor is 
the lithologic character, mechanical and chemical, irrespective of 
age. Also important is the texture or size of grain of the resulting 
soils, determining the rate at which plant foods pass into solution, 
and the structural features helping or hindering drainage. 

A sandy soil, whether a recent dune or one derived from the dis- 
integration of Triassic or Paleozoic sandstones, is the home of 
similar sand-loving plants where moisture conditions are the same, 
however much the areas may differ in altitude within given limits, 
or in latitude within certain limits and modifications. 


66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Similarly a heavy soil, whether glacial till or cretaceous clays © 
(both abundant in central New York), might be equally available 
as a home for species which require such a mechanical condition 
for their proper growth. Likewise trees requiring a merely rocky 
soil are largely indifferent as to whether the rock is Eozoic granite 
or Mesozoic trap. 3 ; 

These principles of soil texture as a determining factor in plant 
distribution within regions of the same general altitude and climatic 
conditions are responsible very largely for the characteristic differ- 
ences between the flora of the sandy plains east of Oneida lake and 
the clay and loamy soils of the surrounding uplands, and explain at 
the same time the ease with which the species of the northern coastal 
plain have invaded this territory. 

On hilly clay soi! near Tallahassee, Florida, many northern 
plants occur in a region chiefly sandy and covered by species of 
the Carolinian flora. This to a certain extent is the fevermesar 
the conditions which exist at the eastern end of Oneida lake. 

Further, if we are to consider the various elements of our flora 
as having migrated northward after the retreat of the ice sheet of 
the Glacial epoch, it is apparent that the first advance forward of 
any element of the flora at any time will follow the line of least 
resistance, which means favorable soil conditions rather than 
unfavorable conditions where the climatic influences are otherwise 
identical. The sandy soils of the eastern end of Oneida lake are of 
alluvial origin (although geologically recent), and hence better 
adapted to the growth of the Austral species of the northern coastal 
plain than are gravelly drift, clays and cold humus of the northern 
Alleghanian plateau in New York State. 

With this in mind, the element of Austral vegetation of the region 
east of Oneida lake as shown in the following list of species becomes 
of great importance to the student of plant ecology and plant 
distribution. 3 


Dodge’s shield fern..... So MRR er AE Dryopteris simulata Davenp. 
Witginia chain fern... 42.00 04.5.5 Anchistia virginica (L.) Presl.. 
Garolinazolla, Misch. ee Azolla caroliniana Willd. 
shorehorsetail: tc. ein Uae oe Equisetum littorale Kuhlewein 
Groundepines. 8c, cc an ee Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh 
wmed CyPenis.s te. aye ont Cyperus inflexus Muhl. 

Sister Cy Pe©rtiey oy lee . filiculmis Vahl. 

Spreading spike-rush............. Eleocharis diandra C. Wright 

Low fnimebylis eee) ls. ito be Fimbristylis geminata (Nees) Kunt 
Conimon hemicarpha....../..:.. Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl) Britt. 
VOUS SEBO r a en tists uh ww ars ks Carex folliculata L. 

Wihiperacs eee aes tt ig: Scleria triglomerata Michx. 


Lindheimer’s panic-grass......... Panicum lindheimeri Nash 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 


Red-top panic-grass...:......... 
POAC 0. Se 
Low stiff panic-grass............. 
American panic-grass............ 
Hemlock panic-grass............. 


PUP GCS ae isle x c-0 ok ss vv Bs ae 
Yellow-fringed orchis............ 
Oo A a a 


Peete OPICT se es 
Wild orange-red lily............. 
MimistrecsTIOEWEEG 5... Fe ce ee 
Se MCHOL WEE. | oc. hic sy eee vs es 
emit POROHAE oe ee 
Long-fruited anemone............ 
AS 
Perermemone. oe ee: 
De a 
SSS Ss a ee 
Virginia spring beauty........... 
Willow-leaved meadowsweet...... 


Pian pisn-clovers 6.5.25. c3.. 
White baneberry............. Ae 
RT Ss Rh). Sake ho ae ¥ s,s 


yo, p rdets ables GS we, 4 Reece 
Pinwered ss 220.3 ls. ss ee Cement 
Ovate-leaved violet.............. 
AME IGEEL fing 2 dex car Sos sis abs id Soe se 
Dienadaw beatity? ..n6 ey Mee ess 
Sasa cit Se diay cet oa e 
Sy) ES ifs 5 ane Se eee ee ea 
pambied GGSWwoor .-5.40..¥/ 6... ws 
ies OPI. sk a tae te, arias 
Rim eRbet HO WEE as «67 ose Us eee he 
LE SS crs ne. a 
Squaw huckleberry.............. 
Coast-region cranberry........ Png 
Perec. te Semaine Ae 4! 
Yellow hedge-hyssop..... 


5, 


Panicum agrostoides Spreng. 

“ ashei Pearson 

“ addisonii Nash 
columbianum Scribn, 
tsugetorum Nash 
tennesseense A she 
Agrostis maritima Lam. 
Andropogon furcatus Muhl. 
Blephariglottis ciliaris (L.) Rydb. 
Saururus cernuus L. 
Populus deltoides Marsh. 
Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coulter 
Ibidium gracilis (Bigel.) House 
Smilax hispida Muhl. 
Lilium philadelphicum L. 
Polygonella articulata (L.) Mezssn. 
Polygonum buxiforme Small 
Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. 
Anemone cylindrica A. Gray 

quinquefolia L. 


Syndesmon thalictroides (L.) Hoffm. 


Phytolacca americana L. 
Sassafras sassafras (L.) Karst. 
Claytonia virginica L. 

Spiraea alba Dukoz 

Rubus villosus A 7zt. 
Amelanchier intermedia Spach 
Lupinus perennis L. 

Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bzgel. 
Meibomia michauxii Vazl 
Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem. 
Actaea alba (L.) Mzll. 
Polygala viridescens L. 


6 


SS 


/ 


Ilex verticillata var. padifolia (Willd.) T. 


& G. 


Helianthemum canadense (L.) Michx. 


Lechea intermedia Leggett 
Viola fimbriatula J. E. Smith 
Sarothra gentianoides L. 
Rhexia virginica L. 
Liriodendron tulipifera L. 
Platanus occidentalis L. 
Cornus paniculata L’ Her. 
Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. 


Azalea nudiflora L. 


Lyonia ligustrina (L.) DC. 
Polycodium stamineum (L.) Greene 


Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Azt.) Pursh 


Trichostema dichotomum L. 
Gratiola aurea Muzhl. 


68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 
Stachys aspera Michx. 

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. 
Agalinis tenuifolia (Vahl) Britt. 
Lobelia spicata Lam. 

Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC. 
Sericocarpus asteroides (L.) B. S. P. 
Tonactis linearifolius (L.) Greene 
Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. 
Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. 
Antennaria fallax Greene 


Rough hedge-nettle............6. 
ROG SH Ye, 6 oS Soe sk ee 
Sender aralinis..< 2 7220S e fee 
srender Jobelias. 22.05. 7a eres 
Ventus’s looking-glass............ 
White-topped aster........... epee 
Exmear-leaved asters. 2s: ts 25.2228 
Climbing hemp-weed............ 
Plat-topped goldenrod ::../2). 2328): 
Large-leaved antennaria.......... 


~ 


Perhaps not less marked is the absence of a large number of Austral 
species, typical of the sandy plains between Schenectady and Albany, 
and almost as far north as Oneida lake, such as Quercus ilici- 
folia, QO. prinoides,-Ceanothus ametresmaea ae 
several others. In the case of the Albany-Schenectady plains, 
there is a more direct connection with the coastal plain by way of 
the Hudson valley and the sand-loving Austral species have taken 
a firmer and earlier possession of that region. 

Plant formation. A consideration of the plant formations of the 
region east of Oneida lake is necessarily influenced by the fact 
that extensive lumbering operations in the past and repeated fires 
have produced conditions or changes in the vegetation and caused 
interruptions in the normal succession of floras that are not easy to 
collate with the primeval conditions. Seemingly, the only plant 
formations remaining unaffected are those of the shore and the 
hardwood swamps. ) 

Shore Vegetation 
(Figures 8 and 9) 

The broad, sandy shore of the eastern end of Oneida lake is the 
home of numerous, shore-loving species, the most noteworthy of 
which are the following: 


Fimbristylis gemjnata ( Nees) Kunth 
Gnaphalium uliginosum L. 


Agrostis maritima Lam. 
Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb. 


Bidens cernua L. 
© frondosa. I: 
Cyperus inflexus MuAl. 
4 rivularis Kunth 
esculentus L. 
speciosus Vahl 
Echinochloa  frumentacea 
Link. 
Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S. 
diandra C. Wright 
intermedia (Muhl.) Schultes 
‘ palustris (L.) R. & S. 
Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B. S. P. 


“ 


«“ 


(Roxb.) 


“ 


Hemicarpa micrantha (Vahl) Pax. 
Isnardia palustris L. 
Juncus bufonius L. 

“ acuminatus Michx. 
Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigel. 
Mollugo verticillata L. 

Polygonum buxiforme Small 
Ranunculus reptans L. 


~ Salix humilis Marsh. 


Scirpus americanus Vahl 
“— debilis Pursh 

Sporobolus uniflorus (Michx.) Scribn. 
& Merr. 


‘Oyo Seyd 
VLIe}IseS ‘ellops} uog ‘wintuesr1edS JO UoTyeJoS9A 9}eM MOT[eEYG ‘Jo RVUReIUT 


6 ‘6 


-Aj, ‘snd g ‘eaeydwmAyNy ‘snounf “ewsipy 


SMU]Y  Wnigns 199Y eBelstIU XI[e®S fo SsjoxoIy} o104S Yyoeoq ueAlAG Jesu Yoold Ysty suoje MolA OL “S14 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 69 


Lake Vegetation 
The quieter waters of some of the bays, especially when protected 
from the prevailing winds by a wooded point, are rich in aquatic 
species. The deeper waters containing: 


Castalia tuberosa (Paine) Greene Potamogeton angustifolius B. & P. 
Nymphaea microphylla Pers. as lucens L. 
7 variegata (Engelm.) G. S. 4 perfoliatus L. 
Miller Naias flexilis (Willd.) R. & S. 
Potamogeton pectinatus L. Nymphoides lacunosum ( Vent.) Kuntze 


Near the shores or in shallower water occurs extensive stretches 
of ‘‘ swale-grass,’’ as it is locally known, consisting of Scirpus 
Pamenmea nis Pers: > partina michatwxiana Hitchc., 
Seeman validus Vahl [umeus eifusus L.,, Eleo- 
Sietta Palustris vigens Bailey, Typha latifolia 
L., with smaller and varying quantities of the following species: 
Soret luyiatitis: Clorr.):A. Gray, Pontederia 
meee a. Perstearia- amphibia (L.) S. F. Gray, 
Panamera americana Ll. Mariscus mariscoides 
(feu. LV licma suibcordattum Raf. Persicaria 
mdaeremoe toin “(S. Wats;) Small, Saururus’ cernuus 
EP emer ero tiraeTOstis. canadeéenstrs (Michx.) LEeauv., 
Cinna arundinacea L., and various other species. 


Stream Vegetation 


The quieter and deeper waters of the streams (figure ro) and 
their shallow sandy or muddy shores contain an unusually large 
aquatic vegetation, among which the following are the most 
conspicuous by their abundance: 


Nymphaea variegata (Engelm.) G. S. Zamnnichellia palustris L. 
Miller Azolla caroliniana Willd. 
; rubrodisca (Morong) Greene Potamogeton natans L. 


Castalia odorata (Dryand.) Woodv. & - epihydrus Raf. 

Wood : angustifolius B. & P. 
Myriophyllum verticillatum L. si heterophyllus Schreb. 
Lemna minor L, : perfoliatus L. 

* )betstiltes iE. is diversifolius Raf. 
Vallisneria spiralis L. c praelongus Wulf. 
Philotria canadensis (Michx.) Britton # pusillus L. 

Persicaria amphibia (L.) S. F. Gray Neobeckia aquatica (Eaton) Greene 


Marsh Meadow Vegetation 


Marshy meadows in which the dominant species are Carices and 
grasses are rather abundant in the lowlands east of Oneida lake. 


70 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


In most of them there is a tendency for the marsh to develop into a 
swamp-shrub or swamp-forest composedof Alder,Ilex,Salix, 
Betula, Acer rubrum and a few other species. The com- 
moner species of the marsh-meadows are the following: 


Carex stricta Lam. Acorus calamus L. — . 
“  stipata Muhl. Lilium canadense L. 
“ — vulpinoidea Michx. Scirpus atrovireus Muhl. | 
“scoparia Schk. “  cyperinus (L.) Kunth 
Cinna arundinacea L. Panicularia canadensis (Michx.) 
Juncus effusus L. Kuntze 


Iris versicolor L. 


These meadows were without question at one time covered by 
forest and where undisturbed for a few years show in many places 
a very rapid succession of vegetation back to the forest type. This 
is usually first indicated by an abundance of royal-fern, cinnamon- 
fern, meadow-rue, Canada lily and other tall, herbaceous species 
which generally precede the development of a swamp-shrub forma- 
tion consisting of: 


Alnus rugosa (Du Rot) Spreng. Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Britt. 
Salix lucida Muhl. Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray. 
Nemopanthus mucronata (L.) Trel. Cornus femina Mzll. 

Viburnum cassinoides L. Vaccinium corymbosum L. 


Salix sericea Marsh. 


These in turn being succeeded by the swamp-forest type consisting 
of red maple (Acer. rubrum L.), American elar 4 amie 
americana L.), black gum (Nyssa sylv a tit@anMancus: 
silver maple (Acer saccharinumL.), yellow birch (Betula 
lutea  Michx. f.); “hemlock (I sug a <canaidtemegeo mine 
Carr.) and a few others of less importance. i 

In the shallow water of one of the arms of Fish creek (figure 11) 
occurs a small growth of shrubs forming a dense thicket with the 
forest in the background. This is composed almost exclusively of 
Cornus fiemina.: Mill, .Cephalant bs) lorem 
talis L., Decodon verticillatus (Lb) Bil wich 
red maples, alders, Ilex and Comarum. This aquatic “‘ forewold ”’ is 
also beautifully developed along both banks of Black creek (figure 
12), where the growth consists almost entirely of Cornus femina 
Mill. 

Sandy Fields . 


Sandy fields, whether of present cultivation or abandoned, as 
are most of them, must be regarded as artificial habitats and it is in 
such situations that one finds the majority of introduced species. 


UU Th tC] 1 ot 
I2dVy pue eosin] e[nyoIg ‘xTeSg ‘wniewoy ‘xs[J ‘Uopossq, ‘snyjuejeydad EUTILGT Siti 107 ) 10 TpMo: 
AYIPeYIY] esuep we JO SBurjsisuod Yootd YStY JO YOueiq we JO 193}eM MoOTeYsS qniys-dureMs [[ews WY II ‘Sy 


uN 


finest ay 
ag Mee 


q ’ 
¥ grb ra 
P "4 
me 
i .o 
4) | 


xl] pue snupy ‘Wwoposs({ ‘Snyur] 


FET) SUNOS UTS en 103 jo WiMo1d [eusreu esuep © Aq peteptioq st ulvotys oT ‘nS yoejq pue “wy “yse 
uo YyIOU BuOoT MoI el ‘Si 


yore q ‘gidew Jaayis ‘ojdeut pot Jo duems poomMpiey & Ysnoty} SMOG YOM Yoeotld Wel 


REPORT: OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 aI 


The vegetation upon these fields which have been abandoned is 
largely of an adaptive character, consisting chiefly of the following 


species: 


Panicum dichotomiflorum Michxy. 
depauperatum Muhl. 
linearifolium Scribn. 
« dichotomum L. 
3 meridionale A she 
. tsugetorum Nash 
- capillare L. 
Anthoxanthum odoratum L. 
Aristida dichotoma Michx. 
Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. 
Bromus secalinus L. 
Lolium perenne L. 
Cyperus filiculmis Vahl. 
Carex pennsylvanica Lam. 
“~~ umbellata Schk. 
© “seoparia. Schk. 
“ ~ muhlenbergii Schk. 


Carex crawfordii Fernald 
Juncus tenuis Willd. 
“  filiformis L. 

Juncoides campestre (L.) Kuntze 
Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville 
Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coulter 
Polygonella articulata (L.) Meissn. 
Arenaria serpyllifolia L. 
Rubus hispidus L. 
Lupinus perennis L. 
Lespedeza capitata Michx. 
Andropogon furcatus Muhl. 
Oenothera biennis L. 
Verbascum blattaria L. 

‘ thapsus L. 

3 lychnitis L. 
Lepidium virginicum L. 


72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


LIST OF FERNS, CONIFERS AND FLOWERING PLANTS 
OF THE ONEIDA LAKE REGION 


PTERIDOPHYTA 
Ophioglossaceae Pres]. 


Botrychium obliquum Muhl. - 

Botrychium dissectum Spreng. Intermediate forms between this 
and the preceding species are rather frequent. 

Botrychium silaifolium Presl. Sandy field along edge of woods. 
August 24, 1906 (H. D. House). This station has since been 
obliterated, but the species doubtless occurs elsewhere in this 
vicinity. 

Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Common in moist woodlands. 

Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Depressions in the sandy plains. 


Osmundaceae R. Br. 


Onoclea sensibilis Linn. Common in wet and moist places. 

Osmunda regalis Linn. Open swamps and wet woods. Common. 

Osmunda cinnamonea Linn. Swamps and woods. Common. 

Osmunda claytoniana Linn. Open swamps. Less abundant than 
the two preceding species. 

Matteucia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro. Alluvial soil along Fish 
creek. The American form of this fern is called Matteuecia 
nodulosa (Michx.) by Fernald (Rhodora 17:161. 1915). The 
name Pteretis Raf. (1818) antedates Matteucia Todaro (1866) 
and Nieuwland (Am. Mid. Nat. 4:333. 1916) proposes to call our 
Ostrich-fern Pteretis nodulosa (Michx.) Nwd. 

. Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) Moore. Common in rather 
moist woods and fields. 

Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx). Schott. Moist woods, etc. 
Common. 

Dryopteris noveboracensis (L.) A. Gray. Dry woods and fields 
and moist meadows. Common. - 

Dryopteris thelypteris (L.) A. Gray. Open marshy places. Very 
abundant. 

Dryopteris stmulata Davenport. <A single station for this rare species 
exists near Sylvan Beach. . 
Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray. Wet mossy thickets and bogs. 

Rare. 

Dryopteris clintoniana (D. C. Eaton) Dowell. Low moist woods. 

Rare. 


“REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 73 


Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray. Woods and thickets. Com- 
mon. 

Dryopteris spinulosa (Muell.) Kuntze. Low moist woodlands. 
Common. 

Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl.) A. Gray. Low moist woodlands. 

~ Common. 

Phegopteris dryopteris (L.) Fee. Low woods and mossy swamps. 
Not common. 

Anchistea virginica (L.) Presl. Open sunny marshes. Common. 
A coastal plain species which has also been found at Kasoag and 
north of Schroeppel’s bridge in Oswego county. 

Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Oakes. Woods and banks near North 
Bay. 

Athyrium pycnocarpon (Spreng). Tidestrom. Low woods near South 
Bay. 

‘Athyrium thelypteroides (Michx.) Desv. Asplenium acrostichoides 
Sw. Low woodlands: Rare. 

Athyrium  felix-foemina (L.) Roth. Woods and banks. Common. 
i@emmost abundant, form is~ A: feltx-foemina ‘var: 
Maichauxii  “Mett. (= Athyrium angustum: (Willd.) 
Presl.) 

Adiantum pedatum Linn. Woods and thickets. Not common. 

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. Sandy fields and dry woods. 
Everywhere abundant. 


Salviniaceae Reichenb. 


Azolla caroliniana Willd. Abundant on the surface of Black creek. 
Also reported from here by Warne, 28th Ann. Rep’t State Botanist. 
p--55, 1876. 

Equisetaceae Michx. 


Equisetum arvense Linn. Sandy fields and embankments. Very 
abundant. 

Equisetum pratense Ehrh. Marshy places and along streams. 

Equisetum sylvaticum L. Swampy woodlands adjacent to Black 
creek. ae 

Equisetum fluviatile L. Swamps along streams. 

Equisetum littorale Kuehl. Marshy lake shore, North Bay, H. D. 
House, June 19, 1915, No. 5866. Chiefly the var. gracile 
Milde. 

Equisetum hyemale L. Sandy soil. Very abundant, the var. 
intermedium Eaton frequent along the lake shore. 


74 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Lycopodiaceae Michx. 


Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Moist shaded woodlands, aalde 
under evergreens. Common. 

Lycopodium inundatum L. Depressions and dessicated bogs. in 
the sandy plains east of Verona Beach. 

Lycopodium obscurum L. Low or moist woodlands. 

Lycopodium clavatum L. Open woods and thickets. 

Lycopodium complanatum L. Woods and thickets. Rare. 

Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh. Sandy soil along edge of woods 
or in open dry woods. Common. 

Lycopodium annotinum L. Under hemlocks and pines near Pan- 
ther lake north of Constantia, but not recorded from the east 
end of the lake. 


| Selaginellaceae Underwood 
Selaginella apus (L.) Spring. Moist soil in shaded places, frequently 
in swamps and often overlooked because of its small size. 


Isoetaceae Underwood 


Isoetes macrospora Durieu. Shallow water, mouth of Oneida 
creek. ? 
SPERMATOPHYTA 


GYMNOSPERMAE 


Pinaceae Lindl. 


Pinus strobus L. Common in former days forming a large and 

important element of the forests in this region. Old stumps 
- remaining in the woods show that it frequently reached a diameter 
of five feet. . 

Pinus rigida Miller. Common in the sandy woods close to the lake 
shore and on the plains east of Verona Beach. 

Pinus resinosa Azt. Reported from the Pine plains of Rome by 
Kneiskern. Not seen recently in this region. 

Picea rubens Sargent. A few young trees of this species occur in 
the second growth on low land east of Sylvan Beach. Possibly 
of recent introduction from the north. | 

Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. One of the most abundant forest 
trees of this section. ; 

Thuja occidentalis L. In swamps along the base of the hills toward 
Vienna, about two miles northeast of Sylvan Beach, but rare 
or absent from the swamps in the immediate vicinity of the east 
end of Oneida lake. 


Sal 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 7 


Taxaceae Lindl. 
Taxus canadensis Marsh. Common in low shaded woodlands. 


ANGIOSPERMAE 
MONOCOTYLEDONES 


Typhaceae J. St. Hil. 
Typha latifolia L. Common in open marshes and swales. 


Sparganiaceae Agardh. 


Sparganium eurycarpon Engelm. Marshy places. Common. 
Sparganium americanum Nutt. Shallow water and swamps. 


Zannichelliaceae Dumort. 


Potamogeton angustifolius B. & P. (Peck) 
-Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. (P. nuttallii Cham. & Schlecht.) 
Potamogeton diversifolius Raf. 
Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. 
Potamogeton lucens L. (Oneida lake, Peck) 
Potamogeton compressus L. 
Potamogeton natans L. 
Potamogeton pectinatus L. 
Potamogeton perfoliatus L. 
Potamogeton praelongus Wulf. (Peck) 
Potamogeton pusillus L. 
Potamogeton richardsonii (Benn.) Rydb. (Peck) 
Naias flexilis (Willd.) Rost. & Schmidt. Quiet waters of bays on 
north and south shores of the lake and frequently brought by the 
wind into Fish creek. 


Alismaceae DC. 


Alisma subcordatum Raf. (A. plantago-aquatica Auth.) Common 
everywhere in shallow water and marshy places. 

Sagittaria latifolia Willd. In similar situations and as abundant as 
the preceding species. 

Sagittaria graminea Michx. Shallow water and marshes along the 
shores of the lake on the north and south sides. Also reported 
from here by Kneiskern. 


Scheuchzeriaceae Agardh. 


Triglochin palustris L. Mossy and boggy places in the sandy plains 
east of the head of the lake. 


76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Scheuchzeria palustris L. Abundant in the swamps of Rome, 
(Knetskern.) Probably to be looked for in situations similar to 
the preceding species. 


Vallisneriaceae Dumort. 


Philotria canadensis (Michx.) Britton. Shallow and quiet waters 
of the lake. Common. 
Philotria nuttallii (Planch.) Rydb. Fish creek (Underwood). 
Vallisneria spiralis L. Shallow waters of the lake and adjacent 
streams. 
Gramineae Juss.! 


Syntherisma filiforme (L.) Nash. Sandy soil. Rare. 

Syntherisma sanguinale (L.) Dulac. Sandy fields and waste places. 
Common. : 

Syntherisma ischaemum (Schreb.) Nash. (Syntherisma humifusum 
Rydb.) Fields and waste places. Common. . 

Andropogon furcatus Muhl. Sandy ridges and fields east of Verona 
Beach. Locally abundant. . | 

Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash. Sandy plains. Common. Also 
reported by Kneiskern. 

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Waste and cultivated ground. 

Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link. Sandy plains and shores. 

Panicum addisonii Nash. Sylvan Beach. Haberer, No. 3293. 

Panicum agrostoides Spreng. Moist shores of the lake. 

Panicum ashei Pearson. Open woods, North Bay, House, June 1g, 
1915, No. 5865. 

Panicum boreale Nash. North Bay. House. 

Panicum boscii Poir. Moist thickets, rare. 

Panicum capillare L. Sandy shores. Rare. 

Panicum columbianum Scribn. (House, No. 5716.) 

Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. 

Panicum dichotomum L. 

Panicum clandestinum L. 

Panicum depauperatum Muh. . 

Panicum huachucae Ashe. This and the variety silvicola Hitchc. @ 
Chase are very abundant in open woodlands. 

Panicum implicatum Scribn. (House, No. 5703.) 

Panicum latifolium L. 7 

Panicum lindheimeri Nash. 


'T am indebted to Professor Hitchcock of the United States Department of 
Agriculture for the determination of most of the grasses here reported. 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 ae, 


Panicum linearifolium Scribn. 

Panicum meridionale Ashe (P. subvillosum Ashe). (House.) 

Panicum philadelphicum Bernh. Thickets and roadsides. Rare. 

Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell. (House, No. 56178.) 

Panicum tsugetorum Nash. Common. 

Panicum spretum Schult. Sylvan Beach. (House.) 

Panicum tennesseensis Ashe. Dry oak woods, Sylvan Beach. 
(House.) 

Panicum virgatum L. Island in Oneida lake (Kneiskern, in herb. 
Sartwell, Hamilton College fide Paine). 

Panicum xanthophysum A.Gray. Near Sylvan Beach. House, July 
20, 1915. ‘‘ Pine barrens along Wood creek near Oneida lake.’’ 
Gray. 

Chaetochloa verticillata (L.) Scribn. 

Chaetochloa glauca (L.) Scribn. 

Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn. Only the last two have been seen 
around Sylvan Beach, but the first may confidentiy be looked for 
as it is abundant like the others in waste places and fields through- 
out this region. 

Zizania aquatica L. Shallow water and marshes along the north 
and south shores of Oneida lake. Also reported from here by 
Kneiskern. 

Homalocenchrus virginicus (Wulld.) Britt. Open swamps. Common. 

Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Poll. Marshes along the lake shore 
and swales and swamps east of the lake. Common. 

Phalaris arundinacea L. Ditches and marshes. Common. 

Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Everywhere abundant in sandy fields 
and meadows. 

Oryzopsis pungens (Torr.) Hitchc. (O. canadensis Torr.) ‘‘ Near 

- Oneida lake.”’ Gray. 

Oryzopsis racemosa (J. E. Smith) Ricker. (O. melanocarpa Muhl.) 
Around Oneida lake. Gray, fide Paine. 

Aristida dichtoma Michx. Extremely abundant in the sandy fields 
and plains. 

Muhlenbergia foliosa Trin. Swamps and marshy fields. Common. 

Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B. S. P. Marshes and open 
swamps. Common. 

Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. Moist open woods. 
Common in places. 

Phleum pratense L. Common in waste places and fields. 

Alopecurus aristulatus L. Marshy meadows. Rare. Also reported 
from near Fort Bull, along Wood creek by Kneiskern. 


78 NEW YORK STATE: MUSEUM 


Sporobolus uniflorus (Michx.) Scribn. & Merr. Moist sandy soil. 
Common. 

Cinna arundinacea L. Marshes, swamps and wet thickets. Common. 

Cinna latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. Open wet woods. Rare. 

Agrostis alba L. Fields, meadows and marshes. The var. vut- 
garis(With.) Thurber common in moist fields, and the var. 
aristata A. Gray in-sandy places: 

Agrostis maritima Lam. Moist sand along the shore of Oneida 
lake. (House, No. 5615.) (A. coarctata Ehrh.) 

Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. Dry open woodlands and fields. 

Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B. S. P. Bieta fields and marshes. 
Common. 

Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Marshes, swamps and 
shores. Common. 

Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. Low meadows and fields. 

Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. One of the characteristic grasses 
of the very dry sandy plains east of the lake and very abundant. 

Avena sativa L. Persistent in fields and along roadsides. 

Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. Fields and waste places. 

Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. Common in the dry sandy plains. 

Danthonia compressa Austin. Open woods, North Bay. (House.) 

Spartina michauxiana Hztchc. Marshes and shallow water along the 
shores of Oneida lake. 

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Waste places fe fields. 

Phragmites phragmites (L.) Karst. Swamps and shores, usually in 
large colonies. 

Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees. A common weed in all cultivated 
fields and waste places. 

Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv. 

Eragrostis major Host. 

Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B. S. P. Described by Gray as abun- 
dant over the low sandy shores all along the head of Oneida lake, 
which is still true. - 

Sphenopholis pallens (Spreng.) Scribn. - (Eatonia pennsylvanica of 
previous reports.) . 

Melica striata (Mx.) Hitchc. (Trisetum purpurascens Torr. not DC.) 
Swampy woodlands east of Verona Beach. Also reported from 
near Wood creek by Kneiskern. ; 

Dactylis glomerata L. Rich soil around dwellings. 

Poa alsodes A. Gray. North Bay. (House.) 

Poa compressa L. Meadows and fields. 

Poa annua L. Around dwellings and in dooryards. 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 79 


Poa triflora Gilib. Woods near Sylvan Beach. House, June 21, 
1915, No. 5869. 

Panicularia laxa Scribn. Open swamps. 

Panicularia canadensis (Michx.) Kuntze. Common in swamps. 

Panicularia torreyana (Spreng.) Merrill (P. elongata (Torr.) Kuntze). 
Open wet wooded places. House, July 11, 1905, No. 1184. 

Panicularia nervata (Wulld.) Kuntze. Low meadows and swamps. 

Panicularia pallida (Torr.) Kuntze. ‘‘Oneida lake’ (Peck); 
“Abundant on shore of Oneida lake’’. (Torrey); ‘‘ Wood creek 
near New London ”’ (Kneiskern). 

Festuca octoflora Walt. Common in sandy fields, meadows and 
open woods. 

Festuca elatior L. Common in fields and meadows. 

Bromus ciliatus L. Woods and thickets. Not common. 

Bromus kalmii A. Gray. Banks of Fish creek and woods along 
Oneida creek. 

Bromus secalinus L. Waste places, banks etc. 

Lolium perenne L. Fields, roadsides etc. Common. 

Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Common along roadsides, railroads, 
fences and in meadows. 

Elymus virginicus L. Low woods and thickets. Common. 

Elymus canadensis L. Banks of Fish creek and Oneida creek. 


Cyperaceae J. St Hil. 


Cyperus rivularis Kunth. Wet soil, depressions in the sand plains 
and sandy shores. 

Cyperus inflexus Muhl. (C. aristatus Boeckl.) Sandy shores of 
Oneida lake. Also reported from here by Gray and by Kneiskern. 

Cyperus dentatus Torr. Swamps and depressions in the sand plains 
‘east of the head of Oneida lake. 

Cyperus esculentus L. (C. phymatodes Muhl.) ‘ Shores of Oneida 
lake.’”’ Torrey. 

Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. Wet soil and along streams. 


Cyperus speciosus Vahl. (C. michauxianus Schult.) ‘° Borders of 
Oneida lake.’”’ Kneiskern. 
Cyperus strigosus L. Wet places and marshes. Common. ‘ Borders 


of swamps on the plains of Rome.’’ Kneiskern. 

Cyperus filiculmis Vahl. Abundant everywhere in the dry sandy 
soil of the fields and plains east of the head of the lake. Our 
northern form has recently been designated as Cyperus 
macilentus (Fermald) Bicknell. 


8o NEW YORK. STATE MUSEUM 


Eleocharis ovata (Roth) R. & S. (E. diandra C. Wright). Sandy 
shores of Oneida lake. 

Eleocharis obtusa (Wulld.) R. & S. Wet soil, edge of sien 
swamps, and in wet meadows. 

Eleocharis palustris (L.) R. @ S. Represented here by the very 
stout variety Vigens Batley, common at South Bay, and the 
variety Glaucescens, common at North Bay along the lake shore 
and around Sylvan Beach. 

Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S. Common in wet or damp soil. 

Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) Schultes. Common in grassy swamps and 
swales. 

Eleocharis intermedia (Muhl.) Schultes. Moist sand and marshy 
places. Including the variety Habereri Fernald. 

Eleocharis mutata (L.) R. © S.-(E. quadrangulata KR. GS ee 
let of Oneida lake.’ Gray’s Manual. Not reported from the east 
end of the lake. i 

Stenophyllus capillaris (L.) Britton. Sandy fields. | 

Fimbristylis geminata (Nees) Kunth. (F. frankii Steud.) Moist 
sand along the east shore of Oneida lake. Reported in Torreya 
2°) pp. sO5 as ES aw trial aie 

Eriophorum viridicarinatum (Engelm.) Fernald. In boglike depres- 

sions of the sand plains and in wet meadows. Common. 

Eriophorum virginicum L. Bogs and swamps. Common. 

Seirpus debilis Pursh. (S. smithii A. Gray.) Common in damp 
sand along the shore of Oneida lake. Also reported from here 
by Kneiskern. 

Scirpus americanus Pers. (S. pungens Vahl.) Very common in 
marshes and shallow water along the lake shore and in marshes. 

Scirpus validus Vahl. Marshesand shallow water along the lake shore. 

Scirpus atrovirens Muhl. Swamps and wet meadows. Common. 
Also the variety pycnocephalus Fern. 

Scirpus microcarpus Presl. (C. rubrotinctus Fern.) Wet wood 
and swamps. Common. 

Scirpus pedicellatus Fernald. Wet meadows, swales and swamps. 
Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) A. Gray. Borders of Oneida lake 
(Kneiskern) Lake shore near mouth of Oneida creek (House). 
Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth. Swamps and marshes. Common. 
Also the varieties pelius Fernald and condeéensatus- 

Fernald. 

Scirpus atrocinctus Fernald. Swamps. Rare. 

Hemicarpa micrantha (Vahl.) Pax. Moist sand along the shore ot 
Oneida lake. Common. 


‘ 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 81 


Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton. Swamps and marshes. 
Common. 

Rhyncospora alba (L.) Vahl. Sphagnous depressions in the sand 
plains. Rare. 

Rhynchospora capillacea 7orr. ‘‘ Cranberry marsh at the head of 
Oneida lake’ (Kneiskern). Torrey, Flora N. Y. 2:364, 1843. 

Rhynchospora glomerata (L.) Vahl. Swamps. 

Mariscus mariscoides (Muhl.) Kuntze. Marshes along the north 
shore near North bay and at Panther lake, north of Constantia. 

Scleria triglomerata Michx. ‘‘ Plains of Rome” (Kneiskern). 

Carex aenea Fernald. 

Carex annectens Bicknell. 

Carex albicans Willd. Woods, North Bay. , (House.) 

Carex arctata Boott. Cleared land west of Fort Bull (Paine). 

Carex Asa-Grayi Bailey. Wood creek. Gray. 

Carex bromoides Schk. Swamps. Not common. 

Marexeamascens L. . Sylvan:.Beach. © (House, July 11; . 19055, 
No. 1180.) : 

Carex castanea Wahl. Near Fort Bull (Haberer). 

Carex cephalophora Muhl. 

Carex crawfordii Fernald. 

Carex crinita Lam. 

Carex communis Bailey. 

Carex cristatella Britton. (C. cristata Schw.) 

Carex diandra Schk. Open boggy swamps. Rare. 

Carex disperma Dewey. Mossy swamps. 

Carex debilis Michx. ‘‘ Border of streams near Oneida lake,’’ Kneis- 
kern. “ Site of old Fort Bull on Wood creek,” Vasey. . 

Carex echinata Murr. (C. Leersii Willd.; C. stellulata Good.) with 
the variety angustata Boott. 

Carex folliculata L. 

Carex filiformis L. ‘‘ Swamps just over the ridge along the head of 
Oneida lake,’’ Paine. 

Carex formosa Dewey. “Site of old Fort Bull, near Rome,” Vasey. 

Carex flava L. Bogs and mossy depressions in the sand plains. 

Carex gracillima Schw. 

Carex granularis Muh. 

Carex gynandra Schw. 

Carex hystricina Muh. 

Carex interior Bailey. 

Carex intumescens Rudge. 

Carex lacustris Willd. ‘‘ Oneida lake,’’ Kneiskern. 


82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Carex laxiflora Lam. 

Carex laxiculmis Schw. 

Carex leptalea Wahl. 

Carex lupulina Muh. 

Carex lupliformis Sartwell. 

Carex lurida Wahl. 

Carex muhlenbergi Schk. Sandy fields and woods. 


Carex oligocarpa Schk. “ Borders of sandy plains, Rome,’ Kneis- 
kern. * Banks of Woods creek between New London and Oneida 
lake, (Gray | 

Carex oligosperma Michx. ‘Oneida lake,’ Kneiskern. ‘“‘ Bogs 


in sphagnum swales 6 miles west of Rome,” Paine. 

Carex pallescens L. Woods near North Bay. Common. 

Carex pedunculata Muhl. 

Carex pennsylvanica Lam. Very abundant on sandy ‘oe and 
plains. : 

Carex plantaginea Lam. Woods near North Bay. Common. 

Carex projecta Mackenzie. 

' Carex retrorsa Schw. 

Carex rosea Schk. 

Carex rosaeoides E. C. Howe. Near Fort Bull (Peck). 

Carex scirpoides Schk. Common. 

Carex scoparia Schk. With the variety eT Fern. very 
common in wet places. 

Carex scabrata Schw. .Marshy places. Rare. 

Carex stipata Muh. 

Carex stricta Lam. Common in swamps, forming large hummocks. 7 

Carex sprenglei Dewey. Oneida lake, Vasey. 

Carex tenuiflora Wahl. ‘Open moss-swamp west of Fort Bull, 
south of the canal where it is abundant,’’ Paine. 

Carex tenella Schk. Mossy depressions and bogs of the sand plains. 
“Bogs of Rome.” (Paine). “Beyond Fort Bull in low open woods. 
In the extensive swamp northwest of New London, on north side 
of Wood creek.” (Paine). | 

Carex trisperma Dewey. Mossy woods and _ thickets. House. 
Also reported by Kneiskern. | 

Carex tribuloides Wahl. 

Carex umbellata Schk. Sandy woods. Common. (House.) 

Carex tenuis Rudge. Woods near Sylvan Beach, House, July 11, 
roGs, WNasI2rr. : 

Carex triceps Michx. Woods near Sylvan Beach, House, July 11, 
IGO55: 1V02 F270: 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST I9I16 83 


Carex varia Muhl. Dry woods. Not common. 
Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Common in wet places. 
Carex virescens Muhl. 

Araceae Neck. 


Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Torr. 

Arisaema pusillum (Peck) Nash. Bogs and mossy thickets of the 
sand plains. 

Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth. Swamps and margins of back 
waters. 

Calla palustris L. Wet woods, bogs, and mossy thickets. 

Spathymea foetida (L.) Raf. (Symplocarpus foetidus Nutt.) Low 
wet woods and meadows. 

Acorus calamus L. Wet meadows, etc. Common. 


Lemnaceae Dumort. 


Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Surface of quiet water. Fish 
creek, Black creek and ponds. 

Lemna trisulca L. Shallow water of ditches, ponds etc. Rare. 

Lemna minor L.. Surface of quiet water, everywhere common. 

Wolffia columbiana Karst. Surface of Black creek. Common. 


Eriocaulaceae Lindl. 


Eriocaulon septangulare With. (E. articulatum (Huds.) Morong) 
Shallow water of the shore of Oneida lake and sandy shores of 
Fish creek. 

Pontederiaceae Dumort. 


Pontederia cordata Linn. Shallow water along the shore of Oneida 
iake, North and South bay and along Fish creek, Black creek, 
Oneida creek and other wet places. 

Heteranthera dubia (Jacg.) MacM. Shallow water near mouth of 
Oneida creek and shore of the lake. (House.) 


Juncaceae Vent. 


Juncus dudleyi Wzegand. Moist depressions in the sand plains. A 
rather unusual habitat for this species which is confined chiefly 
to marl bogs. (Specimens determined at the Gray herbarium.) 

Juncus effusus L. 

Juncus filiformis L. Swales and wet places. Also reported from 
head of Oneida lake by Gray. 

Juncus bufonius L. Moist sand and waste places. Common. 

Juncus tenuis Willd. Common in dry and moist places. 


—————<—_—  — so 


84 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Juncus secundus Beauv. Sandy fields. Common. 

Juncus marginatus Rostk. Woods and open places. Not rare. 

Juncus pelocarpus E. Meyer. Swamps and marshy lake shores. 

Juncus militaris Bigel. Shallow water of sheltered bays along north 
shore. Rare. : 

Juncus articulatus L. Sylvan Beach. (Peck.) 

Juncus nodosus L. Common.. 

Juncus torreyi Coville. Marshes along head of the lake. Rare. 

Juncus canadensis J. Gay. Moist or wet depressions in the sand 
plains, and along shores. 

Juncus brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fernald. Moist depressions in the 
sand plains (Haberer). 

Juncus acuminatus Michx. Shallow water of pools and depressions 
and wet places. Common. . 
Juncoides carolinae (S. Wats.) Kuntze (Luzula saltuensis Fern.) 

Dry woods. Common. 
Juncoides campestre (L.) Kuntze. Fields and open woods. Very 
common. | : 


~ 


Melanthaceae R. Br. 


Veratrum viride Ait. Low meadows, wet woods, and stream banks: 
Not common. 


Liliaceae Adans. 


Allium tricoccum Azt. Moist woods. Common in woods north and 
south of the lake. Rare at Sylvan Beach. 

Allium canadense L. Low meadows and thickets, not common. 

Lilium philadelphicum L. Dry woods and thickets. Common. 

Liltum canadense L. Low meadows and swamps. Common. 

Erythronium americanum Ker. Woods. Common. 

Hemerocallis fulva L. (Common Day Lily). A frequent species 
established along roadsides, shores and old yards, especially on the 
north and south shores of the lake. 


Convallariaceae Link. 


Asparagus officinalis L. Frequent as an escape. 

Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf. Moist woods, most. usually under 
evergreens. Common. 

Vagnera racemosa (L.) Morong. Woods and thickets. Not abundant. 

Vagnera stellata (L.) Morong. ,Rather common in alluvial soil along 
the streams. 

Vagnera trifolia (L.) Morong. Mossy thickets and bogs of the sand 
plains. 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQ16 85 


Unifolium canadense (Desf.) Greene. Common in woods. 

Uvularia perfoliata L. Common in woods. (The large Bell- 
flower, U. grandiflora /.E. Sm., common on the hills south 
of Oneida lake was not observed around Sylvan Beach, but doubt- 
less occurs in some of the woods on the hills north of the lake.) 

Uvularia sessilifolia L. Sandy woods. Common. (Oakesia_ses- 
silifolia Wats.) 

Streptopus roseus Michx. Moist woods. Common. 

Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. Woods and thickets, common. 

Polygonatum commutatum (R.€9 S.) Dietr. Moist wcecds along 
streams. 

Trilliaceae Lindl. 


Mediola virginiana L. Moist woodlands. Common. 

Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. Woods, North Bay. Usually 
absent from the sandy woods. 

Trillium erectum L. Woods and thickets. Common. 

Trillium cernuum L. Moist thickets in sandy soil. Rare. 

Trillium undulatum Willd. Woodlands. Common. 


Smilaceae Vent. 


Smilax herbacea L. Woods and thickets. Common. 

Smilax rotundifolia L. Moist thickets especially along Black 
creek. 

Smilax hispida Muhl. Reported from Cicero swamp, and doubtless 
occurs in other swamps of this region. Seen by the author at 
Pecksport, Madison county, and at Panther lake, Oswego county. 


Amaryllidaceae Lindl. 
Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville. Sandy fields and meadows. Common. 


Iridaceae Lindl. 


- Iris versicolor L. Wet meadows, marshes, and shores. 
Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mull. Fields and meadows. Common. 
Sisyrinchium graminoides Bicknell. Wet meadows. Rare. 


Orchidaceae Lindl. 


Criosanthes arietina (R. Br.) House (Cypripedium arietinum R. Br.). 
Recorded from east of Oneida lake by Dr Asa Gray (Torrey, Flora 
of N. Y. 2:288, 1843.) 

Cypripedium acaule Azt. (Fissipes acaulis Small). Sandy woods. 
Common. 


86 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Galeorchis spectabilis (L.) Rydb. Moist woods. Rare. 

Coeloglossum bracteatum (Wulld.) Parl. Moist open woods along 
Black creek. 

Gymnadentopsis clavellata (Michx.) Rydb. Wet or moist woods. 
Common. 

Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. Mossy depressions in the a 
plains. Rare. 

Lysias orbiculata (Pursh) Rydb Woods back of Verona Beach. 
Panther lake north of Constantia. Rare. 

Lysias hookeriana (A. Gray) Rydb. ‘‘ Pine barrens along Wood 
creek near New London,” Paine. 

Blephariglottis ciliaris (L.) Rydb. Depressions in the sand plains. 
Rare. 

Blephariglottis lacera (Michx.) Farwell. Low woods and thickets. 
Common. | | 

Blephariglottis psycodes (L.) Rydb. Meadows and swamps. 
Common. 

Blephariglottis a (Bigel.) Regal. ‘“Shady swamp west of 
Fort Bull, Rome,’’ Paine. 

Isotria verticillata (Wulld.) Raf. Reported by Paine fae mossy 
bogs on the plains of Rome. | 

Triphora trianthophora (Sw.) Rydb. Reported by Kneiskern from 
the pine plains west of Rome. 

Limodorum tuberosum L. Mossy depressions and bogs. Common. 

Ibidium strictum (Rydb.) House  Boglike depressions. 

Ibidium cernuum (L.) House. Meadows, swamps and rarely in 
almost dry sandy soil. 

Ibidium gracile (Bzgel.) House. Sandy fields. Common. 

Peramium tesselatum (Lodd.) Heller. Coniferous woods. Rare. 

Peramium pubescens (Willd.) MacM. Chiefly in dry woods. 
Infrequent. 

Liparis loeselii (L.) L. C. Rich. Mossy depressions of the sand plains. 
Reported from about Oneida lake by Gray. 

Corallorhiza maculata Raf. Woods and thickets. Rare. | 

Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Wzlld.) Nutt. Woods and thickets. 


DICOTYLEDONES 
Saururaceae Lindl. 


Saururus cernuus L. Shallow water in swamps along Fish creek, 
Black creek and Oneida creek. Common. Reported from the 
“borders of Oneida lake’”’ by Kneiskern and by Gray. 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST I916 87 


Juglandaceae Lindl. 


Juglans cinerea L. Woods and bottom lands, not common near 
Sylvan Beach but frequent at South Bay and North Bay. 

Hicoria cordiformis (Wang.) Britt. Low woods and along streams. 

Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britton. Low meadows and woods. 

Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britt. Rich soil, North Bay. 


Myricaceae Dumort. 


Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coulter. ‘‘ Plains of Rome and Oneida 
lake’ (Kneiskern). Not seen near Sylvan Beach. 

Myrica gale L. Swamps near Panther lake. Not observed around 
the head of Oneida lake. 


Salicaceae Lindl. 


Populus grandidentata Mzichx. 

Populus atheniensis Ludw. Neue wilde Baumz. 35,1760. (P. tremu- 
loides Michx. 1803.). This and the preceding are exceedingly 
abundant on burned over areas, along with Betula popt- 
lifolia. 3 

Populus deltoides Marsh. Low woods along Black creek. Also 
reported from this region by Kneiskern, Gray and others. 

Populus nigra L. Cultivated and sparingly escaped. 

Salix nigra Marsh. Along streams and shores. Common. 

Salix lucida Muhl. Swamps and wet places. Common. 

Salix cordata Muh. 

Salix discolor Muh. 

Salix petiolaris J]. E. Smith. 

Salix humilis Marsh. Lake shore amd pine plains. Also reported 
from here by Kneiskern. 


Betulaceae Agardh. 


Carpinus caroliniana Walt. Low woods. 

Corylus americana Walt. Woods and thickets. Common. 

Betula populifolia Marsh. Common everywhere on the sandy 
plains east of the lake. 

Betula lutea Michx. f. Rich woods. Common. 

Betula nigra L. Banks of Fish creek and Wood creek. Rare. 
Reported from Fish creek by Paine and also from Deerfield, 
Oneida co. 

Alnus incana (L.) Willd. Very common everywhere. 

Alnus rugosa (DuRot) Spreng. Rare. 


88 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Fagaceae Drude 


Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. 
Castanea dentata Borkh. Woods and banks, north shore of lake, 
also south of the lake but rare or absent on the sand plains. _ 
Quercus rubra L. Common especially in the woods along the head 
of the lake. | 

Quercus velutina Lam. Sandy woods. Common. he 

Quercus ilicifolia Wang. ‘‘ Plains of Rome,’ Paine. Not found at 
Sylvan Beach where the character of the soil would lead one to 
expect it, and Sargent (Silva of N. Am. 8:156) says that this 
species ‘ apparently does not reach central New York’’. Paine 
was a careful observer but in this instance he may have been 
mistaken. 

Quercus alba L. Sandy woods. Common. 

Quercus bicolor Willd. Swamps and low woods. Common. 


Ulmaceae Mirbel 


Ulmus americana L. Low woods. Common. 
Ulmus fulva Michx. Bottom lands. Not rare. 
Celtis occidentalis L. ‘‘ Near Oneida lake’”’ (Kneiskern). 


Urticaceae Reichenb. 


Urtica gracilis Ait. Low woods and swamps. Common. 
Urticastrum divaricatum (L.) Kuntze. Open wet woodlands. 
(Laportea canadensis (L.) Gaud.) 
Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray. 
Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. Swamps. Common. 
Parietaria pennsylvanica. Muhl. Low woods, moist waste places, 
etc. Common. 
Santalaceae R. Br. 


Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Sandy fields and open woods. 


Aristolochiaceae Blume 


Asarum canadense L. Rich woods. Common. 


Polygonaceae Desv. 


Rumex acetosella L. Common everywhere in waste places and fields- 
Rumex acetosa L. Fields etc. Not common. 

Rumex verticillatus L. Swamps and shores, often in water. 

Rumex altissimus Wood. Deep swamps. Rare. : 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 8&9 


Rumex britannica L. Swamps and wet thickets. Common. 

Rumex crispus L. Common in waste places. 

Rumex obtusifolius L. A common week in shaded grounds. 

Polygonum aviculare L. 

Polygonum neglectum Besser. 

Polygonum erectum L. This and the two preceding are frequent 
weeds in waste and cultivated ground. 


Polygonum buxiforme Small. Forming broad mats on the sandy ~ 


shore, head of Oneida lake. 

Tovara virginiana (L.) Raf. Woods and thickets. Common. 

Persicaria amphibia (L.) S. F. Gray. Ponds and quiet water. 
Common. Foliage slimy when fresh (Polygonum flui- 
tans Eaton). In shallow water occurs a form which is 
Persicaria mesochrbva Greene. 

Persicaria muhlenbergii (S. Wats.) Small. Marshy places. 

-Persicaria pennsylvanica (L.) Small. Open marshes and wet places. 

Persicaria lapathifolium L. Low wet places, apparently introduced. 

Persicaria persicaria (L.) Small. Introduced. 

Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small. 

Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Opiz. Wet places, apparently introduced. 

Persicaria punctata (FIl.) Small. Swamps. 

Fagopyrum fagopyrum (L.) Karst. Persistent on abandoned fields. 

Tracaulon sagittatum (L.) Small. Wet thickets and low woods. 

Tracaulon arifolium (L.) Raf. Rare. 

Bilderdykia convolvulus (L.) Dumortier. Naturalized along roads 
and banks. (Polygonum convolvulus L.) 

Bilderdykia scandens (L.) Lunell. (Polygonum scandens L.) 

Polygonella articulata (L.) Meissn. Sandy fields and pine plains 
Common. Reported from here by Gray, Kneiskern and Paine. 


Amaranthaceae J. St. Hil. 


Amaranthus retroflexus L. 

Amaranthus hybridus L. This and the preceding, both introduced 
species, are quite common as weeds in waste places and fields. 

Amaranthus graecizans L. Waste ground and railroad banks. Rare. 


Chenopodiaceae Dumort. 


Chenopodium album L. 

Chenopodium botrys L. Banks of Fish creek, (Kneiskern). 
Chenopodium polyspermum L. Brewerton, (S. N. Cowles). 
Chenopodium glaucum L. 


go NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Atriplex hastata L. Railroad banks. Rare. | 
Salsola pestifer A. Nelson. Sandy fields. Introduced from the 
west. 
Phytolaccaceae Lindl. 


Phytolacca americana L. Common. 


Corrigiolaceae Reienens. 


Anychia canadensis (L.) B.S. P. ‘Pine plains of Rome” (Vasey). 
Scleranthus annuus L. Sandy fields, banks, etc. Rare. 


Aizoaceae A. Br. 
Mollugo verticillata L. Moist sandy places. Common. 


Portulacaceae Reichenb. 


Claytonia virginica L. Rich woods. Common. 
Claytonia caroliniana Michx. Woods. North Bay, etc. 
Portulaca oleracea L. Fields and waste places. Rare. 


Alsinaceae Wahl. 


Alsine media L. A common weed. 

Alsine longifolia (Muhl.) Britt. Damp places in woods and swamps, 
Cerastium vulgatum L. 

Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Sandy Pane railroad banks, etc. 
Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl. Common in woods. 

Spergula arvensis L. Sandy shores of Oneida lake. 


Caryophyllaceae Reichenb. 


Agrostemma githago L. 

Silene antirrhina L. 

Silene latifolia (Mzll.) Britton @ Rendle. (S. inflata J. E. Smith.) 
Sandy fields. 

Silene armeria L. Roadsides, North Bay. 

Lychnis alba Mill. & L. dioica L. Occasional in grain fields and 
persistent in sandy fields and roadsides. 

Silene dichotoma Ehrh. Sandy fields. Rare. 

Saponaria officinalis L. Common. 

Vaccaria vaccaria (L.) Britton. Meadows etc. Common. 


Ceratophyllaceae A. Gray. 
Ceratophyllum demersum L. Ponds and streams. 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQ16 QI 


Cabombaceae A. Gray. 


Brasenia schreberi Gmel. ‘‘ Stagnant pools in Verona,’’ Kneiskern. 


Nymphaceae DC. 


Nymphaea microphylla Pers. (N. kalmiana Sims). Shallow water 
of Oneida lake. Also reported from here by Paine. 

Nymphaea rubrodisca (Morong.) Greene (N. hybrida Peck). Fish 
creek, mouth of Black creek and shallow water of shores of Oneida 
lake. 

Nymphaea americana (Prov.) Muller. & Standley (N. variegata 
(Engelm.) G. S. Miller). Common in streams and lakes. (N. 
advena of Floras, in part). 

Castalia odorata (Dryand.) Woodv. & Wood. Ponds, streams and 
shallow water of Oneida lake. 

Castalia tuberosa (Paine) Greene. Shallow water near South Bay. 
“Tn Oneida lake, where it is abundant near its head a little west 
of pouth Bay; in marshes of Dianthera americana*and 
Seaepus lacustris,’ Paine (type loc.), 


Magnoliaceae J. St. Hil. 


Liriodendron tulipifera L. A common tree in the low woods around 
Oneida lake. Absent, however, from the shale and limestone 
formations on the hills to the south. 


Ranunculaceae Juss. 

Caltha palustris L. 

Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. 

Actaea rubra (Azt.) Willd. 

Actaea alba (L.) Mull. 

Aquilegia canadensis L. 

Anemone cylindrica A. Gray. Sandy woods and clearings about the 
east end of Oneida lake. 

Anemone virginiana L. 

Anemone canadensis L. 

Anemone quinquefolia L. Moist woodlands. Common. 

Hepatica acutiloba DC. 

Hepatica triloba Chaix. More abundant around Oneida lake than 
the preceding, which is the prevailing species on the hills to the 
south. Both species are almost entirely absent from the sandy 
plains east of Oneida lake. 


Q2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Syndesmon thalictroides (L.) Hoffmg. Sandy soil in thickets and 
open woods. Fish Creek Station and North Bay. Not common. 

Ranunculus reptans L. Moist sand along shore of Oneida lake. 

Ranunculus abortivus L. 

Ranunculus scleratus L. Ditches, swamps etc. 

Ranunculus purshii Richards. In pools and quiet water. The 
plants mentioned. by Paine (cat. p. 54) as R. purshii var. 6 
probably belong here. 

Ranunculus recurvatus Povr. 

Ranunculus acris L. 

Ranunculus obtusiusculus Raf. (R. alismaefolius A. Gray). Open 
grassy Swamps and swales, rare. 

Ranunculus pennsylvanicus L. f. Swamps and wet onde 

Ranunculus septentrionalis Pozr. 

Ranunculus repens L. (R. clintoni Beck). Wet meadows and 
swamps. 

Batrachium circinatum (Sibth.) Rehb. Fish creek, Vienna 
(Kneiskern). 

Thalictrum revolutum DC. Wet meadows. 

Thalictrum dioicum L. 

Thalictrum polygamum Muhl. The common species in woods and 
low meadows, conspicuous in July and August. 

Clematis virginiana L. 

Berberidaceae Desv. 


Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. 
Podophyllum peltatum L. 


Menispermaceae DC. 


Menispermum canadense L. Low thickets and woods, especially 
along streams. 

Lauraceae Lindl. 

Sassafras sassafras (L.) Karst. Common in woods and thickets, 
forming an important part of the second growth in damp places 
on the burned over portions of the pine plains. 

Bensoin aestivale (L.) Nees. Swamps and low woods. Common. 


Papaveraceae B. Juss. 
Sanguinaria canadensis L. 
Fumariaceae DC. 


Bicuculla cucullaria (L.) Mullsp. 
Bicuculla canadensis (Goldie) Millsp. 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQ16 93 


Cruciferae B. Juss. 


Draba verna L. Sandy fields. 

Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Britt. 

Radicula sylvestris (L.) Druce. 

Radicula palustris (L.) Moench. 

Neobeckia aquatica (Eaton) Britton (Nasturtium lacustre Gray). 
In streams flowing into oe lake. First found here in 1831 
by Dr. Asa Gray. 

Norta altissima (L.) Britt. 

Sisymbrium nasturtium-aquaticum L. 

-Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. 

Lepidium virginicum L. 

Cheirinia cheiranthoides (L.) Link. 

Erysimium officinale L. 

Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Britton. Sandy fields. 

-Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. Fields and waste places. 

Arabis drummondii A. Gray. ‘‘ At Humaston’s a few miles east of 
Sylvan Beach ’’ (Vasey). 

Barbarea barbarea (L.) MacM. 

Barbarea rivularis Martr. (B. stricta in recent floras). Frequent 
and seemingly native along the lake shore. 

Cardamine pennsylvanica Muhl. 

Cardamine pratensis L. 

Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) B. S. P. Wet meadows and 
thickets. 

Cardamine hirsuta L. 

Dentaria laciniata Muhl. 

Dentaria diphylla Michx. 

Sinapis arvensis L. 

Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. 


Capparidaceae Lindl. 
Polanisia graveolens Raf. ‘‘ Shore of Oneida lake near Constantia ’’ 
(Vasey). 
Sarraceniaceae La Py. 


Sarracenia purpurea L. Mossy or sphagnous places. 
Drosera rotundifolia L. Mossy swamps and bogs. 


Penthoraceae Rydb. 
Penthorum sedoides L. Ditches, low meadows and swamps. 


Q4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Saxifragaceae Desv. 


Micranthes pennsylvanica (L.) Haw. (Saxifraga pennsylvanica L.). 
Open swamps and wet woods. 

Tiarella cordifolia L. 

Mitella dyphylla L. 

Mitella nuda L. Mossy thickets north of the lake. 

Chrysoplenium americanum Schw. Wet places in woods. 


Hamamelidaceae Lindl. 


Hamamelis virginiana L. 


Grossulariaceae Dumort. 


Ribes americanum Mill. Swampy places. ) 

Ribes glandulosum Grauer. (R. prostratum L’Her.) Mossy thickets, 
in the sand plains. Rare. Pe 

Ribes americanum Mill. (R. floridum L’Her.) Low woods near 
North Bay. | } 


Platanaceae Lindl. 


Platanus occidentalis L. A large tree commonest along streams. 


Rosaceae B. Juss. 


Spiraea latifolia (Azt.) Borkh. Open marshes and swamps. 

Spiraea tomentosa L. In similar situations, also on sandy plains. 

Spiraea alba DukRot. 

Filipendula rubra (Hill) Robinson. Roadside near West Vienna. 

Dalibarda repens L. Moist rich woods. 

Potentilla simplex Michx. 

Potentilla canadensis L. 

Potentilla monspeliensis L. 

Potentilla argentea L. 

Potentilla recta L. Rare. 

Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb. Lake shores. Common. A form of 
this described as Argentina babcockiana Rydberg, 
is reported by Rydberg from the shores of Oneida lake. 

Comarum palustre L. Marshes and shallow water along slow 
streams. Common, forming a large percentage of the vegetation 
bordering Black creek. 3 

Fragaria virginiana Duchesne. 

Fragaria americana (Porter) Britton. North Bay. 

Fragaria canadensis Michx. Sandy fields. Common. 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 Q5 


Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. (A. hirsuta (Muhl.) Bicknell). 

Agrimonia striata Michx. 

Geum virginianum L. 

Geum canadense /acq. 

Geum strictum Az7t. 

Geum rivale L. 

Rubus odoratus L. 

Rubus strigosus Michx. Sandy soil in thickets. 

Rubus occidentalis L. 

Rubus triflorus Richards. (R. americanus (Mx.) Britt.) Mossy 
swamps and bogs. 

Rubus canadensis L. Woods and thickets. 

Rubus procumbens Muhl. (R. villosa Azt.) Common, everywhere. 

Rubus hispidus L. Rare. 

Rosa carolina L. Frequent in swamps. 

Rosa virginiana Mill. (R. lucida Ehrh.). Sandy thickets and 
open woods. 


Malaceae Small. 


Sorbus americana Marsh. Moist woods east of Verona Beach. 

Malus malus (L.) Britt. 

Malus glaucescens Rehder. (M. coronaria Auth.) Woods and thick- 
ets along the north shore of Oneida lake. . 

Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Britt. Leaves glabrous beneath and 
more abundant everywhere than the following. 

Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Lf. 

Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic. (A. botryapium (L. f.) DC.) 
Common in woodlands. 

Amelanchier laevis Wiegand. Hillsides and rich woods. North Bay. 

Amelanchier intermedia Spach. Thickets and wet woods. 

Amelanchier spicata (Lam.) C. Koch. A low shrub of the sand 
plains. 

Crataegus punctata Jacq. 

Crataegus lobulata Sarg. South Bay (Harberer). 

Crataegus albicans Ashe. South Bay (Harberer as C. polita Sarg.). 

Crataegus streeterae Sarg. Lewis point (Harberer). 


Amygdalaceae Reichb. 


Prunus nigra Azt. 

Prunus pennsylvanica L. f. 

Padus nana (Du Rot) Roemer. Choke cherry. (P. virginiana of 
earlier reports). 


96 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Padus virginiana (L.) Mill. (P. serotina Ehrh.) Wild black cherry. 
Common. . 


Fabaceae Reichenb. 


Robinia pseudo-acacia L. Planted for ornament and established in 
places. : 
Robinia viscosa Vent. Well established along a roadside and 
throughout an open wood, near North Bay. In bloom June 19, 

IQIS. Ee 

Lupinus perennis L. Common in sandy fields. 

Medicago lupulina L. 

Medicago sativa L. 

Melilotus alba Desv. 

Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. 

Trifolium procumbeus L. Sandy woods, thickets etc. 

Trifolium arvense L. Common in sandy fields. 

Trifolium pratense L. 

Trifolium hybridum L. 

Trifolium repens L. 

Meibomia nudiflora (L.) Kuntze. 

Meibomia grandiflora (Walt.) Kuntze. 

Meibomia michauxii Vazl. (Desmodium rotundifolium DC.) Sandy 
woods and thickets. ‘‘ Reported from pine plains of Rome” by 
Kneiskern. 3 

Meibomia paniculata (L.) Kuntze. 

Meibomia dillenii (Darl.) Kuntze. 

Meibomia canadensis (L.) Kuntze. 

Meibomia obtusa (Muhl.) Vail. (Desmodium ciliare DC.) “ Pine 
plains of Rome ” (Kneiskern). 

Lespedeza frutescens (L.) Britton. Sandy fields. 

Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem. More abundant than the following. 

Lespedeza capitata Michx. 

Vicia cracca L. 

Vicia americana Muhl. 

Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Moench. 

Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigel. var. glaber (Seringe) Eames. 
Sandy woods along east end of Oneida lake north of Sylvan 
Beach. © 

Lathyrus myrtifolius Muhl. Common in marshes and moist thickets. 
Collected by C. H. Peck at South Bay and by H. D. House at 
various places around the east and north shores of the lake. 

Lathyrus latifolius L. Established along a roadside near Constantia. 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQI6 97 


Glycine apios L. (Apios tuberosa Moench.) Moist thickets and 
woods. 
Falcata comosa (L.) Kuntze. 


Geraniaceae J. St. Hil. 


Robertiella robertiana (L.) Hanks. (Geranium robertianum L.) 
Rich wood, North bay. Not common in the sand plain region. 

Geranium maculatum L. Common. 

Geranium bicknelli Sritton. Sandy fields near South Bay. 

Geranium pusillum L. Waste places and fields. Reported from 
near Constantia by Vasey. 

Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Her. Reported from near Constantia. 
and from an island in Oneida lake opposite Constantia, by Vasey. 


Oxalidaceae Lindl. 


Oxalis acetosella L. Damp or moist woods. Common. 
Xanthoxalis stricta (L.) Small. Common. 
Xanthoxalis rufa Small. Sandy fields and dry woods. 


Linaceae Dumort. 


Linum usilatissimum L. Adventive along a railroad near Sylvan 
Beach. 

Cathartolinum virginianum (L.) Reichenb. (Linum virginianum L.) 
Sandy fields, open woods and thickets. 


Balsaminaceae Lindl. 
Impatiens biflora Walt. 
- Impatiens pallida Nutt. 


Limnanthaceae Lindl. 
Floerka proserpinacoides Wzulld. 


Polygalaceae Desv. 

Polygala verticillata L. 

Polygala viridescens L. 

Polygala pauciflora Willd. Woods and thickets. North Bay. H. D. 
House, No. 5885, June 25, 1915. Alsoreported from pine plains of 
Rome by Vasey. 

Polygala polygama Walt. Reported from pine plains west of Rome 
by Vasey. One mile north of New London by Kneiskern. Oneida 
lake, Gray. 


98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Euphorbiaceae J. St. Hil. 
Acalypha virginica L. 
Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small. 
Chamaesyce preslii (Guss.) Arthur. 
Chamaesyce rafinesqui (Greene) Small. . 
Tithymalus cyparissias (L.) Hill. 


Callitrichaceae Lindl. 
Callitriche palustris L. Ef 
Callitriche heterophylla Pursh. 


Anarcardiaceae Lindl. 
Rhus copallina L. 
Rhus hirta (L.) Sudw. 
Rhus glabra L. 
Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze. 
Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. 


Ilicaceae Lowe. 


Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray. A very abundant shrub in open 
swamps and along streams. The form with leaves pubescent 
beneath (variety padifolia) is also frequent. 

Nemopanthus mucronata (L.) Trelease. Abundant in open swamps 
and marshes. 

Celastraceae Lindl. 


Celastrus scandens L. Thickets, especially near streams. 


Aceraceae J. St. Hil. 


Acer saccharinum L. The soft or silver maple, one of the most 
abundant trees of the low wet deciduous woodlands around the 
head of the lake. 

Acer rubrum L. Common in low woods and swamps. 

Acer saccharum Marsh. Not common in the low woods around the 
head of Oneida lake. 

Acer pennsylvanicum L. Low woods and swamps. 

Acer spicatum Lam. Swamps. Not common. 


Rhamnaceae Desv. 


Rhamnus alnifolia L’Her. Swamps and boggy thickets. Not 
common. 


REPORT OF THE’ STATE BOTANIST IQ16 , 99 


Vitaceae Lindl. 
Vitis labrusca L. 
Vitis aestivalis Michx. 
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. 


Tiliaceae Juss. 


Tilia americana L. Frequent in low, moist woodlands. 


Malvaceae Neck. 


Malva rotundifolia L. Yards and roadsides, South Bay. 
Malva moschata L. Roadsides near North Bay. 


Hypericaceae Lindl. 

Hypericum ellipticum Hook. Swamps, marshy meadows and sandy 
depressions. 

Hypericum perforatum L. A common weed. 

Hypericum punctatum Lam. Common in moist soil. 

Hypericum mutilum L. Common in moist soil. 

Hypericum boreale (Britton) Bicknell. Marshy places. Rare. 

Hypericum majus (Gray) Britton. Marshes and wet depressions in 
the sand plains. 

Hypericum canadense L. Common. 

Sarothra gentianoides L. Sandy soil. Common. 

Triadenum virginicum (L.) Raf. Swamps, marshes and borders of 
ponds and lakes. Common. 


Elatinaceae Lindl. 
Elatine americana (Pursh.) Arn. Rare. 


| Cistaceae Lindl. 

Crocanthemum canadense (L.) Britton. (Helianthemum canadense 
Michx.) Sandy fields and woods. Common. 

Lechea intermedia Leggett. Sandy fields. 


| Violaceae DC. 
Viola sororia Willd. Rare in the sandy region but common at 
North bay. 
Viola affinis LeConte. Low woods and swamps. 
Viola cucullata Azt. Swampy woods and marshes. 
5 


100 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Viola fimbriatula J. &. Sm. Sandy fields. Common. A hybrid 
with V: sororia is common near Verona Beach. 

Viola porteriana Pollard (V. cucullata x fimbriatula). 

Viola incognita Brainerd. Common in rich damp woods. 

Viola blanda Willd. Rich woods. — . 

Viola pallens (Banks) rama. Bogs and wet mossy places. | 
Common. 

Viola eriocarpa Schw. Sandy woods. Common. 

Viola pubescens Azt. 

Viola canadensis L. 

Viola conspersa Reichenb. 

Viola subvestita Greene. Sandy fields. Rare. 


Daphnaceae Desv. (Thymeleaceae Reichenb. ) 
Dirca palustris L. Moist woods and thickets. Not common. 


Salicariaceae Desv. (Lythraceae Lindl.) 


Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell. Common in swamps and along 
slow streams in shallow water and shores of Oneida lake. 

Lythrum alatum Pursh. Open marshes. Rare. — 

Lythrum salicaria L. Lake shore north of Sylvan Beach. 


Melastomaceae Rr Br. 


Rhexia virginica L. Low meadows north of Sylvan Beach. 
Reported from this region by Vasey and by Kneiskern. 


Epilobiaceae Vent. 


(Oenotheraceae Desv., Onagraceae Dumort.) 


Isnardia palustris L. Sandy shores. Common. 

Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. Very abundant on the 
burned over portions of the sand plains, and elsewhere in ae 
places.) = 

Epilobium lineare Muhl. Swamps id boggy depressions. 

Epilobium coloratum Muhl. Common in low ground. 

Epilobium adenocaulon Haussk. Common. 

Oenothera biennis L. 

Oenothera muricata L. Sandy fields. Common.., 

Kneiffia pumila (L.) Spach. 

Circaea latifolia Hzll. (C. lutetiana). 

Circaea alpina L. Wet woods and swamps. 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 IO! 


Haloragidaceae K]. & Garcke 


Myriophyllum verticillatum L. In quiet water. Common. 


Araliaceae Vent. 
Aralia racemosa L. 
Aralia nudicaulis L. 
Aralia hispida Vent. Sandy woods and plains. Common. 


Ammiaceae Presl. 


Sanicula marylandica L. North Bay. 

Sanicula canadensis L. Common. 

Daucus corota L. 

Washingtonia claytoni (Michx.) Britton. 

Washingtonia longistylis (Torr.) Britton. 

Deringa canadensis (L.) Kuntze. 

Pastinaca sativa L. | 

Heracleum lanatum Michx. 

Conioselinum chinense (L.) B. S. P. Swamps and swampy woods. 
Not rare. 

Angelica atropurpurea L. 

Thaspium barbinode (Michx.) Nutt. 

Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude. “ Gravelly borders of Oneida 
lake,’’ Kneiskern. 

Zizzia aurea (L.) Koch. 

Hydrocotyle americana L. 

Conium maculatum L. 

Sium cicutaefolium Schrank. 

Cicuta maculata L. 

Cicuta bulbifera L. 

Carum carui L. 

Cornaceae Link. 

. Cornus rugosa Lam. (C. circinata L’Her.) Edge of woods and in 
moist thickets. 

Cornus amomum Mzll. 

Cornus stolonifera Michx. 

Cornus femina Mill. (C. candissima Marsh., C. paniculata L’Her.) 
Very common in marshy places. 

Cornus alternifolia L. f. Open woods and plains. Common. 

Cornus canadensis L. ‘‘ Dwarf Cornel.’ (Chamaepericlymenum 
canadense Asch. & Graebr.) Common. 

Cornus florida L. (Cynoxylon floridum Raf.) North Bay. 

Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. A common tree in the deep swamps. 


a. a some «ey 


102 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Pyrolaceae Agardh. 

Pyrola americana Sweet. Rich woods, Fish Creek Station, North 
Bay, etc. “Rare. 

Pyrola elliptica Nutt. Rich woods. Common. 

Pyrola secunda L. Woods and thickets. Not rare. The variety 
pumila Paine, with broader and blunter leaves is occasionally 
found. 

Chimaphila corymbosa Pursh (C. umbellata Nutt.) Dry or rich 
woods. Common. 

Monotropaceae Desv. 


Monotropa uniflora L. Moist rich woods. Common. 


Ericaceae DC. 


Ledum groenlandicum Oeder. Marshy places in the pine plains. 

Azalea nudiflora L. Edge of woods and open swamps. 

Kalmia angustifolia L. Sandy fields and open woods. 

Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench. Marshy places. Common. 

Xolisma ligustrina (L.) Britton. (Andromeda eu Muhl.) Dry 
woods. 

Epigaea repens L. Open woods. 

Gautheria procumbens L. Common. 

Arctoslaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Reported from “ near Oneida 
lake ”’ by Gray. | 

Vacciniaceae Lindl. 


Gaylyssacia baccata (Wang.) K. Koch. (G. resinosa T. & G.) 

Polycodium stamineum (L.) Greene. 

Vaccinium corymbosum L. Swamps. Common. 

Vaccinium canadense Kalm. Open woods and thickets. 

Vaccinium angustifolium Azt. (V. pennsylvanicum Lam.) Very 
abundant in sandy woods. 

Vaccinium vacillans Kalm. 

Vaccinium atrococcum (A. Gray) Heller. Moist thickets. 

Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Azt.) Pursh. Bogs and open wet mossy 
places. . 

Chiogenes hispidula Gh ENG einai 


Primulaceae Vent. 


Samolus floribundus H. B. K. 

Lysimachia quadrifolia L. 

Lysimachia producta (A. Gray) Fernald. Seemingly a hybrid 
between the preceding and the following species. 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST I9QL6 103 


Lysimachia terrestris (L.) B. S. P. 

Lysimachia nummularia L. 

Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf. 

Steironema lanceolatum (Walt.) A. Gray. Collected by Peck. 
Naumbergia thrysiflora (L.) Duby 

Trientalis americana Pursh. 


Jasminaceae Desv. (Oleaceae Lindl.) 
Syringa vulgaris L. Persistent and spreading near North Bay. 
Fraxinus americana L. 
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. 
Fraxinus nigra Marsh. 
| Gentianaceae Desv. 

Gentian crinita Froel. 
Gentian quinquefolia L. 
Dasystephana saponaria (L.) Small. 
Dasystephana andrewsii (Griseb.) Small. 
Halenia deflexa (/. E. Sm.) Griseb. Rare. 
Bartonia virginica (L.) B.S. P. 


Menyanthaceae G. Don. 
Menyanthes trifoliata L. 


Apocynacea Desv. 


Vinca minor lL. Roadsides and woods. North Bay. 
Apocynum androsaemifolium L. 
Apocynum sibiricum Jacg. (A. hypericifolium Azt.) 


Asclepiadaceae Lindl. 


Asclepias tuberosa L. Dry fields. Not rare. Reported from this 


region by Kneiskern. 
Asclepias incarnata L. 
Asclepias pulchra Ehrh. 
Asclepias amplexicaulis /. E. Sm. 
Asclepias exaltata (L.) Muh. 
Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. 
Asclepias syriaca L. 

Convolvulaceae Vent. 


_ Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Lam. Cultivated and sometimes persistent. 


Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. Sometimes escaped from cultivation. 
Convolvulus sepium L. 


104 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Convolvulus arvensis L. Along a railroad embankment. 
Convolvulus spithamaeus L. ‘Plains of Rome” (Kneisker n). 
Common north of the lake in Oswego county. 


Cuscutaceae Durmort. 
Cuscuta gronovi Wrlld. 
’ Polemoniaceae DC. 


Phlox maculata L. Near Oneida eee 
Phlox paniculata L. North Bay. 


Hydrophyllaceae Lindl. 
Hydrophyllum virginianum L. 
Hydrophyllum canadense L. Rather rare, except in deep, cool 
woods near North Bay. 


Boraginaceae Lindl. 


Cynoglossum officinale L. 

Lappula virginiana (L.) Greene. 

Mertensia virginica (L.) DC. 

Myosotis laxa Lehm. Collected by Peck. 

Myosotis virginica (L.) B. S. P. 

Myosotis scorpioides L. 

Lithospermum arvense L. 

Lithospermum officinale L. 

Mertensia virginica (L.) DC: “Banks of Oneida and Fish creeks ”’ 
(Kneiskern). Formerly abundant along Oneida creek south toward 
Oneida, but not seen recently. 

Onosmodium hispidisstmum Mackenzie. 

Symphytum officinale L. 

Echium vulgare L. 

Verbenaceae ar Di. bail: 

Verbena urticifolia oO 

Verbena hastata L. Dwarf forms only a few inches high are com- 
mon along the lake shore. 


Labiatae B. Juss. © 


Trichostema dichotomum L. 

Teucrium canadense L. 

Teucrium occidentale A. Gray (T. boreale Bickne 
Scutellaria lateriflora L. 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQI 6 105 


Scutellaria galericulata L. 
Nepeta cataria L. 

Glecoma hederacea L. 
Prunella vulgaris L. 
Galeopsis tetrahit L. 
Leonurus cardiaca L. 
Lamium amplexicaule L. 
Stachys aspera Michx. 
Monarda didyma L. 
Monarda fistulosa L. 
Blephilia ciliata (L.) Raf. 

~ Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. 
Clinopodium vulgare L. 
Koellia virginiana (L.) MacM. 
Koellia incana (L.) Kuntze 
Lycopus virginicus L. 
Lycopus uniflorus Michx. 
Lycopus americanus Mujhl. 
Mentha spicata L. 

Mentha canadensis L. 
Collinsonia canadensis L. 


Solanaceae Pers. 
Physalis virginiana Mzll. 
Physalis heterophylla Nees. 
Solanum nigrum L. 
Solanum dulcamara L. 
Datura stramonium L. 


Scrophulariaceae Lindl. 


Verbascum thapsus L. At Sylvan Beach is a hybrid with V. lych- 
nitis L. 

Verbascum lychnitis L. Dry sandy fields near Sylvan. Beach. 

Verbascum blattaria L. 

Linaria linaria (L.) Karst. (L. vulgaris Hill). 

Linaria canadensis (L.) Dumort. 

Scrophularia leporella Bicknell. Along railroad north of Sylvan 
Beach and evidently introduced there. ; | 

Chelone glabra L. 

Pentstemon pentstemon (L.) Britton. (P. laevigatus Soland). 

Mimulus ringens L. 

Gratiola virginiana L. 

Gratiola aurea Muhl. Rare. 


106 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Ilysanthes dubia (L.) Barvhart. 

Veronica americana Schw. 

Veronica scutellata L. 

Veronica officinalis L. 

Veronica serpyllifolia L. 

Veronica peregrina L. 

Veronica arvensis L. 

Aureolaria virginica (L.) Pennell. Paine reports this from Oneida 
lake on the authority of Gray, under the name of Gerardia 
quercifolia. He also reports Gerardia flava, 
now called Aureolaria villosa (Muhl.) Raf. on the 
authority of Kneiskern. Both of these need confirmation. 

Agalinis tenuifolia (Vahl.) Raf. 

Pedicularis canadensis L. 

Melampyrum lineare Lam. 

Castilleja coceinea (L.) Spreng. ‘“‘ Oneida lake,’ Gray. 


Lentibulariaceae Lindl. 
Utricularia macorrhiza LeConte. 
Stomoisia cornuta (Michx.) Raf. pphagnous depressions in the 
sand plains. Rare. | 
Orobanchaceae Lindl. 


Conopholis americana (L. f.) Wallr. Common under oak trees. 
Leptamnium virginianum (L.) Raf. Oak woods, not common. 


Acanthaceae J. St. Hil. 


Dianthera americana L. Shallow water of lake shore and of streams 
flowing into the lake. | 


Phrymaceae Schauer in DC. 
Phryma leptostachya L. 


- Plantaginaceae Lindl. 
Plantago major L. 
Plantago rugellii Decne. Lake shores and moist places. 
Plantago lanceolata L. . 
Plantago aristata Michx. Sandy fields. Introduced. 


Rubiaceae B. Juss. 


Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Swamps and shallow water, often 
forming dense thickets. 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 107 


Mitchella repens L. 

Galium pilosum Azt. Sandy fields, and open woods. 

Galium circaezans Michx. Dry woods. 

Galium boreale L. North shore of Oneida lake. 

Galium lanceolatum Torr. Moist or dry woods. 

Galium triflorum Michx. Woods and moist thickets. Common. 
Galium trifidum L. Mossy and swampy places. Common. 
Galium claytoni Michx. Mossy swamps and depressions. 

Galium palustre L. Moist places, thickets and swamps. 

Galium asprellum Michx. Thickets and woods. Common. 


Caprifoliaceae Vent. 
Sambucus canadensis L. 
Sambucus racemosa L. (S. pubens Michx.) 
Viburnum alnifolium Marsh. 
Viburnum opulus L. Low woods and swamps. Not common. 
Viburnum acerifolium L. 
Viburnum dentatum L. Swamps and low woods. Common. 
Viburnum lentago L. 
Viburnum cassinoides L. Swamps and marshes. Common. 
Lonicera dioica L. 
Lonicera tartarica L. Escaped or persistent around North Bay. 


Cucurbitaceae B. Juss. 


Micrampelis lobata (Michx.) Greene. Along Fish creek in moist 
thickets, also along Oneida creek. 
Sicyos angulatus L. Stream banks and moist thickets. Common. 


Campanulaceae Juss. 


‘Campanula rapunculoides L. 
Campanula aparinoides Pursh. Swamps and marshes. Not 
common. 
Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC. Dry sandy fields and open woods. 
Common. 


Lobeliaceae Dumort. 


Lobelia cardinalis L. Low meadows and marshes. Common. 

Lobelia syphilitica L. Moist soil. Common. 

Lobelia spicata Lam. (L. claytoniana Michx., L. goodenioides 
Willd.) Dry. sandy soil in fields and open woods. 

Lobelia inflata L. Dry soil, fields and woods. Common. 


108 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Cichoriaceae Reichenb. 


Cichorium intybus L. Roadsides, along railroads, etc. 
Krigia virginica (L.) Willd. Sandy fields. Common. 
Tragopogon pratensis L. | 
Leontodon taraxacum L. . 
Leontodon erythrosperum (Andrz.) Britton. 

Sonchus oleraceus L. 

Sonchus arvensis L. 

Lactuca virosadl:. 

Lactuca hirsuta Muhl. 

Lactuca spicata (Lam.) Hztchc. 

Lactuca canadensis L. 

Hieracium canadense Michx. 

Hieracium paniculatum L. 

Hieracium scabrum Michx. 

Hieracium venosum L. 

Hieracium florentinum All. 

Hieracium aurantiacum L. 

Nabulus altissimus (L.) Hook. 

Nabulus trifoliatus Cass. 

Nabulus serpentarius (Pursh) Hook. 


Ambrosiaceae Reichenb. 
Ambrosia trifida L. 
Ambrosia elatior L. (A. artemisiaefolia L. ie 
Xanthium commune Britton. 
Xanthium americanum Walt. 


Compositae Adans. 


Eupatorium maculatum L. 

Eupatorium purpureum L. 

Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 

Eupatorium urticaefolium Reichard. (E. ageratoides L. f.) 

Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. Marshes and swamps, climbing over 
shrubs and herbs. = 

Solidago caesia L. 

Solidago flexicaulis L. 

Solidago bicolor L. 

Solidago hispida Muhl. 

Solidago ulignosa Nutt. 

Solidago odora Ait. 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 109g 


Solidago rugosa Mzll. 

Solidago neglecta 7. @ G. In sphagnous depressions of sand plains. 

Solidago juncea Ait. 

Solidago canadensis L. 

Solidago serotina Azt. 

Solidago nemoralis Ait. 

Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. 

Sericocarpus asteroides (L.) B. S. P. 

Aster divaricatus L. 

Aster macrophyllus L. 

Aster multiformis Burgess. In the pine woods near North Bay a 
form is abundant which corresponds to the description of 
mspetosee¢ wriiormis Burgess. 

Aster cordifolius L. 

Aster undulatus L. 

Aster patens Ait. 

Aster novae-angliae L. 

Aster puniceus L. 

Aster tardiflorus L. 

Aster prenanthoides Muhl. 

Aster laevis L. 

Aster concinnus Willd. 1 

Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton (A. miser Nutt., A. diffusus Az7t.) 

Aster hirsuticaulis Lindl. 

Aster ericoides L. 

Aster multiflorus Ait. 

Aster salicifolius Lam. 

Aster paniculatus Lam. 

Aster tradescanti L. 

Aster acuminatus Michx. 

Erigeron pulchellus Michx. 

Erigeron philadelphicus L. 

Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. 

Erigeron ramosus (Walt.) B.S. P. 

Leptilon canadense (L.) Britton (Erigeron canadense L.) 

Doellingeria umbellata (Mzll.) Nees. 

fonactis linariifolius (L.) Greene. 

Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. 

Antennaria neodioica Greene. 

Antennaria neglecta Greene. 

Antennaria grandis (Fernald) House. 

Antennaria fallax Greene. 


IIo NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Anaphalis.margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. 

Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. 

Gnaphalium uliginosum L. 

Inula helenium L. | 

Rudbeckia hirta L. . 

Rudbeckia laciniata L. 

Helianthus tuberosus L. 

Helianthus divaricatus L. 

Helianthus decapetalus L. 

Helianthus strumosus L. 

Bidens cernua L. 

Bidens connata Muhl. 

Bidens frondosa L. 

Bidens vulgata Greene. 

Bidens bipinnata L. 

Galinsoga parviflora Cav. 

Helenium autumnale L. 

Achillea millefolium L. 

Anthemis cotula L. 

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. 

Tanacetum vulgare L. Common near North Bay. . 

Artemisia canadensis Muichx. Shores of lakes, Oneida county, 
Kneiskern. 

Artemisia vulgaris L. 

Artemisia stelleriana Bess. In sand along shore of Oneida lake 
north of Sylvan Beach. 

Tussilago farfara L. 

Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. 

Senecio aureus L. 

Arctium minus Schk. 

Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Hil. 

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. 

Cirsium muticum Michx. Common in swamps. 

Carduus crispus L. 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 ITt 


FUNGI OF CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY, N. Y. 


DAVID R. SUMSTINE 


The following list of fungi is based on collections made by the 
writer in June 1908, in July 1911 and in July 1916. The principal 
collecting stations were the following: Mayville, Chautauqua, Bemus 
Point, Jamestown, Panama and Sherman. 

The specimens have been placed in the herbarium of the Carnegie 
Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa. 


MYXOMYCETES 
Arcyria cinerea (Bull.) Pers. 
Arcyria denudata (L.) Sheldon 
Arcyria ferruginea Saut. 
Arcyria nutans (Bull.) Grev. 
Ceratiomyxa fructiculosa (Muell.) Macor. 
Ceratiomyxa porioides (A. & S.) Schroet. 
Diachea leucopoda (Bull.) Rost. 
Fuligo ovata (Schaeff.) Macbr. 
Hemitrichia serpula (Scop.) Rost. 
Lachnobolus globosus (Schw.) Rost. 
Lycogala epidendrum (Buxb.) Fr. 
Stemonitis morgani Peck 
Tubifera ferruginosa (Batsch) Macbr. 


CHYTRIDIALES 


Synchytriaceae 


Synchytrium decipiens Farl. On Falcata comosa (L.) Kuntze 


PERONOSPORALES 


Albuginaceae 


Albugo bliti (Biv.) Kuntze. On Amaranthus retroflexus L. 
Albugo candida (Pers.) Kuntze. On Arabis lyrata L. 
. Albugo tragopogonis ( Pers.) S. F. Gray. On Ambrosia artemisiaefolia L. 


Peronos poraceae 


Peronospora alta Fckl. On Plantago major L. 
Plasmopara viticola (B. & C.) Berl. & DeToni. On Vitis sp. 
Plasmopara geranii (Peck) Berl. @ DeTont. On Geranium maculatum L. 


MUCORALES 


M ucoraceae 
Syzygites aspergillus (Scop.) Pound. On different species of Agarics. 


——————eawe 


I12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


EXOASCALES 


Exoascaceae 


Exoascus deformans (Berk.) Fckl. On peach leaves 


HELVELLALES 


Geoglossaceae 


Microglossum rufum (Schw.) Underw. 


PEZIZALES 
Pezzaceae 
Lachnea scutellata (L.) Sacc. 
Peziza nebulosa Cooke 
.Peziza dehnii Rabh. 
Helotiaceae 


Chlorosplenium aeruginosum (Oed.) De Not. 
Sarcoscypha floccosa (Schw.) Sacc. 
Sarcoscypha occidentalis (Schw.) Cooke 


Cenangiaceae 
Bulgaria rufa Schw. 


PHACIDIALES 


Phacidiaceae 
Clithris quercina ( Pers.) Rehm. 


HYSTERIALES 


H ysterraceae 
Glonium stellatum Muhl. 
HYPOCREALES 


Hy pocreaceae 


Chromocrea gelatinosa (Tode) Seaver 
Hypomyces chrysospermus (Bull.) Tul.. 
Hypomyces hyalinus (Schw.) Tul. 
Hypomyces lactifluorum (Schw.) Tul. 


PERISPORIALES 


Erystphaceae 


Erysiphe cichoracearum DC, On Aster sp. 

Erysiphe communis (Wallr.) Link. On Ranunculus acris L. 
Microsphaera alni (DC.) Wint. On Syringa vulgaris L. 

Sphaerotheca castagnei Lev. On Leontodon taraxacum L. 
Sphaerotheca mors-uvae (Schw.) B. & C. On Geranium maculatum L. 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 


SPHAERIALES 
Diatrypaceae 
Diatrypella quercina (Pers.) Nits. 
Valsaceae 


Diaporthe parasitica Murrill. On Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. 


X ylariaceae 


Daldinia concentrica (Bolt.) Ces. & De Not. 
Hypoxylon coccineum Bull. With Institale acariforme Fr. 
Ustulina vulgaris Tul. 

Xylaria corniformis Fr. 

Xylaria polymorpha ( Pers.) Grev. 


- 


USTILAGINALES 


Ustilaginaceae 


Ustilago avenae (Pers.) Jens. On oats. 


Tilletuaceae 


Urocystis carcinodes (B. & C.) Fish. On Cimicifuga racemosa Nutt. 


UREDINALES 


Melampsoraceae 


Melampsora farinosa ( Pers.) Schroet. On Salix sp. 
Coleosporium sonchi-arvensis ( Pers.) Wint. On Aster sp. 


Pucciniaceae 


Gymnoconia interstitiales (Schlecht.) Lagerh. On various species of Rubus 


Phragmidium potentillae Wint. On Potentilla canadensis L. 
Puccinia anemones-virginianae Schw. On Anemone virginiana L. 
Puccinia asteris Duby. On leaves of Asters 

Puccinia circaeae Pers. On Circaea lutetiana L. 

Puccinia dayi Clinton. On Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf. 
Puccinia graminis Pers. On wheat 

Puccinia heucherae (Schw.) Diet. On Mitella diphylla L. 
Puccinia hieracii (Schum.) Mart. On Hieracium canadense Michx. 
Puccinia impatientis (Schw.) Arth. On Impatiens biflora Walz. 
Puccinia malvacearum Mont. On Malva sp. cultv. 

Puccinia menthae Pers. On Mentha canadensis L. ; 
Puccinia obtegens (Link) Tul. On Carduus arvensis (L.) Robs. 


113 


Puccinia osmorrhizae (Pk.) Cke. & Pk. On Washingtonia longistylis (Torr). 


Britt. 
Puccinia podophylli Schw. On Podophyllum peltatum L. 
Puccinia veratri Niessl. On Veratrum viride A zt. 
Puccinia violae (DC.) Schroet. On Viola sp. 
Uredo agrimoniae (Schum.) DC. On Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. 


SSS 


Ii4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Uromyces caladii (Schw.) Farl. On Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Torr. 

Uromyces hedysari-paniculati (Schw.) Farl. On Meibomia paniculata (L.) Kuntze 
Uromyces howei Peck. On Asclepias syriaca L. 

Uromyces junci (Desm.) Tul. On Juncoides pilosum (L.) Kuntze 

Uromyces polygoni (Pers.) Fckl. On Polygonum aviculare L. 

Uromyces trifolii (Hedw.) Lev. On Trifolium pratense L. : 


DACRYOMYCETALES 


Dacryomycetaceae 


Guepinia spatularia (Schw.) Fr. 
AGARICALES 


Thelophoraceae 


Asterostoma albido-carneum Massee 
Corticium pallescens (Schw.) Massee 
Craterellus cantharellus (Schw.) Fr. 
Hymenochaete corrugata (Fr.) Lev. 
Hymenochaete rubiginosa Lev. 
Sebacina helvelloides (Schw.) Burt 
Solenia fasciculata Pers. 

Stereum frustulosum Fr. 

Stereum lobatum Fr. 

Thelophora schweinitzii Berk. 


Clavariaceae 
Clavaria formosa Pers. 
Clavaria cristata Pers. 
Physalacria inflata Peck 

Hydnaceae 


Grandinia coriaria Peck (Determined by Dr H. J. Banker) 
Hydnum subcarnaceum Fr. 
Mucronella calva (A. & S.) Fr. 

Phlebia hydnoides Schw. (Determined by Dr H. J. Banker) 
Steccherinum ochraceum ( Pers.) Gray 

Steccherinum pulcherrimum (B. & C.) Banker 


Polyporaceae 


Antrodia mollis (Sommerf.) Karst. 
Bjerkandera adusta (Willd.) Karst. 
Bjerkandera puberula (B. & C.) Murrill 
Cerrena unicolor (Bull.) Murrill 
Coltricia cinnamomea (Jacq.) Murrill 
Coriolellus sepium (Berk.) Murrill 
Coriolus abietinus (Dicks.) Quel. 
Coriolus biformis ( Klotsch.) Pat. 
Coriolus nigromarginatus (Schw.) Murrill 
Coriolus prolificans (Fr.) Murrill 
Coriolus pubescens (Schw.) Murrill 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 


Coriolus versicolor (L.) Quel. 

Daedalea confragosa (Bolt.) Pers. 
Elfvngia megaloma (Lev.) Murrill 
Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cooke 

Fomes populinus (Schum.) Cooke 

Fomes ungulatus (Schaeff.) Sacc. 
Fomitiporia obliquiformis Murrill 
Fuscoporia viticola (Schw.) Murrill 
Fuscoporia ferruginisa (Schrad.) Murrill 
Ganoderma tsuagae Murrill 
Gloeophyllum hirsutum (Schaeff.) Murrill 
Gloeophyllum trabeum ( Pers.) Murrill 
Hapalopilus gilvus (Schw.) Murrill 
Hapalopilus rutilans ( Pers.) Murrill 
Hexagona alveolaris (DC.) Murrill 
Ischnoderma fuliginosum (Scop.) Murrill 
Laetiporus speciosus (Batsch.) Murrill 
Lenzites betulinus (L.) Fr. 
_Piptoporus suberosus (L.) Murrill 
Phaeolus sistotremoides (Alb. & Schw.) Murrill 
Polyporus arcularius (Batsch.) Fr. 
Polyporus elegans (Bull.) Fr. 

Polyporus fissus Berk. 

Porodisculus pendulus (Schw.) Murrill 
Poronidulus conchifer (Schw.) Murrill 
Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (Jacq.) Karst. 
Pyropolyporus conchatus ( Pers.) Murrill 
Pyropolyporus igniarius (L.) Murrill 
Pyropolyporus robiniae Murrill 
Spongipellis borealis (Fr.) Pat. 
Spongipellis galactinus (Berk.) Pat. 
Tyromyces chioneus (Fr.) Karst. 
Tyromyces guttulatus (Peck) Murrill 
Tyromyces lacteus (Fr.) Murrill 
Tyromyces semipileatus (Peck) Murrill 
Tyromyces spraguei (B. & C.) Murrill 


Boletaceae 
Fistulina hepatica (Schaeff.) Fr. 
Strobilomyces strobilaceus (Scop.) Berk. 
Ceriomyces communis (Bull.) Murrill 
Ceriomyces retipes (B. & C.) Murrill 
Ceriomyces subtomentosus (L.) Murrill 
Gyroporus castaneus (Bull.) Quel. 
Suillellus frostii (Russell) Murrill 
Suillellus luridus (Schaeff.) Murrill 
Tylopilus felleus (Bull.) Karst. 
Agaricaceae 
Agaricus campestris L. 
Agaricus placomyces Peck 


115 


116 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Amanita phalloides (Fr.) Quel. 
Amanita rubescens Pers. 
Amanita verna Bull. 

Amanitopsis vaginata (Bull.) Roze 
Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel. 
Cantharellus cibarius Fr. 
Cantharellus aurantiacus (Wulf.) Fr. 
Cantharellus cinnabarinus Schw. 
Claudopus nidulans ( Pers.) Peck 
Clitocybe illudens Schw. 
Clitocybe infundibuliformis Schaeff. 
Clitocybe phyllophila Fr. 
Collybia platyphylla Fr. 

Collybia radicata Rehl. 

Collybia velutipes Curt. 
Crepidotus malachius B. & C. 
Galera tener (Schaeff.) Guill. 
Hypholoma appendiculatum Bull. 
Hypoloma perplexum Peck 
Laccaria laccata (Scop.) B. & Br. 
Lactaria hygrophoroides B. & C. 
Lactaria lactiflua (L.) Burl. 
Lactaria piperata (L.) Pers. 
Lactaria scrobiculata (Scop.) Fr. 
Lactaria subdulcis ( Pers.) Fr. 
Lactaria vellerea Fr. 

Lentinus lepideus Fr. 

Marasmius campanulatus Peck 
Marasmius oreades Fv. 
Marasmius rotula Fr. 

Marasmius urens (Bull.) Fr. 
Mycena leaiana Berk. 

Omphalia campanella Batsch. 
Panaeolus campanulatus L. 
Panus rudis Fr. 

Panus stipticus Fr. 

Pholiota praecox Pers. 

Pleurotus ostreatus Jacq. 
Pleurotus petaloides Bull. 

Pluteus cervinus Schaeff. ~ 
Pluteus granularis Peck 

Pluteus longistriatus Peck 
Psathyrella disseminata Pers. 
Psilocybe foenisecii Pers. 

Russula emetica Fr. 

Russula foetens Fr. 

Russula lepida Fr. 

Russula nigricans Fr. 
Schizophyllum alneum (L.) Schroei. 
Tricholoma rutilans Schaeff. 


REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST I916 117 


PHALLALES 


Clathraceae 


Phallogaster saccatus Morgan 
Phallaceae 


Dictyophora ravenelii (B. & C.) Burt 


LY COPERDALES 


Lycoperdaceae 


Astraeus hygrometricus ( Pers.) Morgan 
Lycoperdon gemmatum Batsch 
Lycoperdon pyriforme Schaef. 

NIDULARIALES 


Nidulariaceae 


Crucibulum crucibuliforme (Scop.) White 
_Cyathia hirsuta (Schaeff.) White 
Sphaerobolus carpobolus L. 


SCLERODERMATALES 


Sclerodermataceae 
Scleroderma bovista Fr. 
Scleroderma vulgare Horn. 


FUNGI INPERFECTI 
Melasmia acerina Lev. 
Phyllosticta acericola C. & E. On Acer sp. 
Phyllosticta phomiformis Sacc. On Quercus sp. 
Phyllosticta podophylli Wint. On Podophyllum peltatum L. 
Septoria aegopodii Desm. On Washingtonia longistylis (Torr.) Britt. 
Septoria malvicola Ell. & Mart. On Malva rotundifolia L. 
Septoria nabali B. & C. On Nabalus albus (L.) Hook. 
Septoria oenotherae B. & C. On Oeneothera biennis L. 
Septoria podophyllina Peck. On Podophyllum peltatum L. 
Septoria polygonorum Desm. On Polygonum sp. 
Septoria trillii Peck. On Trillium sp. 
Septoria violae Westd. On Viola sp. 
Sphaeropsis malorum Westd. On leaves of Malus malus (L.) 
Vermicularia concentrica Peck & Clinton. On Trillium sp. 
Vermicularia peckii Sacc. On Viola sp. 
Coryneum kunzei Corda. On dead branches. 
Gloeosporium lindemuthianum Sacc. & Magn. On beans. 
Myxosporium nitidum B. & C. On branches of Cornus. 


HYPHOMYCETES 


Cercospora clavata (Gerard) Cooke. On Asclepias syriaca L. 
Cercospora symplocarpi Peck. On Spathyma foetida (L.) Raf. 


118 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Cladosporium herbarum ( Pers.) Link 
Diplocladium minus Bon. 
Fusicladium pirinum (Zzb.) Fckl. 
Isaria farinosa (Dicks.) Fr. 

Oidium album Sumstine 
Polyscytalum flavum Sumstine 
Rhinotrichum bicolor Sumstine 
Rhinotrichum curtisii Berk. 
Rhinotrichum ramosissimum B. & C. 
Scolecotrichum graminis Fckl. On Dactylis glomerata L. 
Sepedonium chrysospermum Fr. 
Sporodesmium antiquum Corda 
Streptothrix pereffusa Sumstine 
Tuberculina persicina (Ditm.) Sacc. 
Verticillium candelabrum Bon. 


Sterile Mycelium 


Ozonium auricomum Link 


Peabody High School, 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 


Agrostris perennans, 56 

Albany county flora, 52 

Amelanchier humilis, 57 
stolonifera, 55 

Antennaria ambigens, 55, 56 
occidentalis, 52, 58 
petaloidea, 52 

Anticlea elegans, 52 

Aposphaeria allantella, 45 
striolata, 45 

Arethusa bulbosa, 53 

Ascochyta pirina, 45 


Botryosphaeria quercuum, 45 
Bremia lactucae, 37 


Camarosporium robiniae, 25 

Camelina microcarpa, 55 

Carex albicans, 59 
albursina, 59 
arctata, 54 
aurea, 54 
bromoides, 54, 59 
buxbaumii, 57 
cephaloidea, 54 
communis, 54, 59 
crawfordi, 54 
cristata, 54 
deflexa, 59 
deweyana, 58 
granularis, 54 
grisea, 54 
hystricina, 59 
lacustris, 54 
lasiocarpa, 57 
laxiflora, 54 
magellanica, 54 
oligosperma, 52 
pallescens, 54, 59 
pedunculata, 59 
projecta, 59 
rosea, 54 
scabrata, 59 

_ scirpoides, 54 
stellulate, 59 
stricta, 54 
teretuiscula, 54 


BND Bex 


| 


Carex (continued) 
tuckermanni, 56 
typhinoides, 59 

Centaurea maculosa, 56 

Cercospora ampelopsidis, 45 
lathyri, 25 
microstigma, 25 
pastinacae, 25 
rhoina, 45 


Chautauqua county, fungi of, 111-18 


Cintractia junci, 37 
Cladosporium caricicola, 46 
Columbia county flora, 52 
Comandra umbellata, 53 
Coniosporium tumulosum, 46 
Coryne sarcoides, 25 
Coryneum pithoideum, 26 
Crepis capillaris, 55 


Cryptospora leiphaemoides, 26 


suffusa, 27 
Cryptosporium robiniae, 27 
Cucurbitaria rosae, 46 

stenocarpa, 46 
Curreya peckiana, 46 
Cylindrosporium iridis, 27 
Cynanchum vincetoxicum, 55 
Cyperus engelmanni, 56 
Cypripedium candidum, 53 
Cytospora minuta, 46 

phomopsis, 46 


Dendrodochium acerinum, 27 
Dendrophoma phyllogena, 46 
Diaporthe americana, 27 

obscura, 38 

oncostoma, 28 

oxyspora, 38 

paulula, 28 

peckiana, 45 

phomaspora, 28 

sociata, 28 
Diatrype asterostoma, 46 
Diatrypella betulina, 46 

cephalanthi, 46 

decorata, 46 

subfulva, 28 
Didymosphaeria empetri, 46 


[119] 


120 NEW YORK 


Dimerosporium balsamicola, 46 

Diplodia benzoina, 46 
convolvuli, 28 
dulcamarae, 46 
rhois, 46 
subcuticularis, 28 
thalictri, 29 

Discosia kreigeriana, 29 

Dothidea baccharidis, 46 
sambuci, 46 

Dothidella junci, 46 

Dothiorella peckiana, 47 


Eupatorium purpureum var. foliosum, 


58 
Eutypa heteracantha, 47 
ludibunda, 47 
longirostris, 47 
Eutypella deusta, 29 
gleditschiae, 29 
staphyleae, 29 


Festuca elatior arundinacea, 56 
Fulton county flora, 52 
Funalia rigida, 38 


Fungi, new or interesting species of, 
25-5); MGbes On 27-45, 0b Chaue 


tauqua county, I11I-18 
Fungi noveboracenses, 45-51 


Genesee county flora, 52-54 
Gibbera vaccinii, 47 
Gloeosporium crataeginum, 47 
lappae, 30 
Gnomonia petiolophila, 47 
Godronia cassandrae, 47 
Goniopsis cookeana, 39 
Gymnopilus magna, 39 


Haplosporella malorum, 47 
velata, 30 
Harpographium magnum, 47 
Hendersonia anceps, 47 
vagans, 30 
Hypocrea sulfurea, 30 
Hypoderma tenellum, 47 
Hypoxylum coccineum, 47 
Hysterographium lesquereuxil, 30 


Identifications, number, 9 


ee 


STATE MUSEUM 


Kneiffia alleni, 57 


Leptosphaeria consessa, 30 
doliolum, 47 
dumetorum, 47 
houseana, 47 . 
hydrophila, 47 
myricae, 30 
subconica, 39 
Leptostroma pinastri, 47 
Leptostromella hysterioides, 40 
Leptothyrium alneum, 47 
dearnessii, 31 
periclymeni, 48 
Local flora notes, 52-60 
Lophodermium melaleucum, 48 
petiolicola, 48 
Lotus corniculatus, 52 
Lycopus europaeus, 57 
membranaceus, 60 


Macrophoma ceanothi, 31 
Madison county flora, 54 
Massarinula brassicae, 31 
Meliola pitya, 48 
Metasphaeria anthelmintica, 31 
Microascus americanus, 48 
Microdiplodia laurina, 32 
paupercula, 40 
Micropeltis pitya, 48 
Mollisia plicata, 32 
Moneses uniflora, 58 
Monroe county flora, 55 
Mushroom models, 9-11 
Myrica caroliniensis, 53 
Myxosporium rhois, 32 


Nassau county flora, 56 
Nelumbo lutea, 60 
Nigredo perigynia, 40 


Oneida lake, vegetation of eastern 
end, 61-71 
Oneida lake region, list of ferns, coni- 
fers and flowering plants of, 72-110 

Onondaga county flora, 57 
Ontario county flora, 58 
Oospora candidula, 48 
Ophiobolus porpyrogonus, 48 
Ophionectria scolecospora, 48 


INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 I2I 


Oryzopsis racemosa, 54 
Oswego county flora, 59 


Panicum pseudopubescens, 60 
virgatum, 52 
cubense, 57 
Parnassia caroliniana, 53 
Paspalum muhlenbergii, 58 
Patellaria (Karschia) patinelloides, 48 
Phaeangium peckianum, 48 
Phialea pulchella, 40 
Phlyctaena verrucarioides, 49 
Phoma atomica, 48 
houseana, 48 
infossa, 40 
leguminium, 48 
ochra, 32 
oleracea var. meliloti, 32 
pallens, 40 
pleosporoides, 48 
pulchella, 48 
samararum, 48 
solidaginis, 48 
vaccinii, 32 
Phomopsis ailanti, 48 
daturae, 48 
diachenii, 49 
viticola, 49 
Phragmidium andersoni, 49 
Phyllosticta crataegi, 49 
cruenta, 49 
latifolia, 40 
maculiformis, 49 
opaca, 33 
phomiformis, 49 
pirina, 49 
Physalospora obtusa, 33 
Plants, noteworthy contributions, 8; 
exchanges, 9; additions to herbarium, 
9; contributors and their contribu- 
tions, II-16; specimens added to 
herbarium, 16-24 
Pleospora herbarum, 41 
vulgaris, 49 
Poa nemoralis, 52 
Polemonium vanbruntiae, 55 
Propolidium atrovirens, 49 
Pseudovalsa stylospora, 49 
Puccinia angelicae, 33 
angustata, 41 
ellisiana, 41 


Puccinia (continued) 
extensicola, 41 
karelica, 33 
McClutchiana, 33 
magnusiana, 33 
majanthae, 42 
mesomejalis, 42 
minutissima, 33 
orbicula, 42 
ornata, 34 
patrielis, 34 
poarum, 34 
rubellum, 34 
uniporula, 34 

Pyrenopeziza compressula, 41 
rubi, 49 
thalictri, 49 


Rabenhorstia tiliae, 49 
Ramularia brunellae, 34 
lanceolata, 34 
urtica, 42 
Rensselaer county flora, 59 
Rhabdospora clarkeana, 49 
Rhytisma andromedae, 42 


Sagittaria cuneata, 56 
Scientific investigations, 7 
Scirpus caespitosus, 53 
Sclerotium fallax, 49 

mendax, 49 _ 
Scoleconectria scolecospora, 42 
Septoria albaniensis, 49 

breviuscula, 49 

coptidis, 49 

cornicola, 50 

dalibardae, 50 

francisci, 50 

gentianae, 35 

increscens, 50 

irregularis, 50 

krigiae, 43 

lobeliae var. inflatae, 50 

ludwigiae, 50 

macrosporia, 35 

polygalae, 50 

ribis var. rotundifolti, 50 

rubi var. brevispora, 50 

rudbeckiae var. oaklandica, 35 

sicyl, 43 

xanthismatis, 43 


122 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Solidago uniligulata, 53 | Trichopeziza opulifoliae, 36 
houghtonii, 54 Tympanis pinastri, 51 
ohioensis, 54 turbinata, 44 

Sorghastrum nutans, 54 

Sphaerella altera, 50 Uredinopsis mirabilis, 45 
colorata, 50 Urophlyctis pluriannualatum, 36> 
gaultheriae, 50 . oe 
pontederiae, 43 | Valsa abietis, 51 
populifolia, 50 americana, 36 
populnea, 50 auerswaldi, 51 
punctiformis, 50 brevis, 51 
sarraceniae, 50 caryigena, 37 
vacinil, 50 ceratophora, 37 

Sphaerographium hystricinum var. vi- cin Chay 37 
burni, 35 etherialis, 37 

Sphaeronema truncatum, 50 liquidambaris, 45 

Sphaeropsis aristolochiae, 43 nyssae, 37 
liquidambaris, 35 . Vegetation of eastern end of Oneida 
platani, 44 lake, 61-71 
punctata, 36 Venturia compacta, 51r 
tulipastri, 44 pulchella, 51 . 

Sporocybe azaleae, 50 Vermicularia dematium, 51 

Sporodesmium opacum, 51 Saponariae, 51 
pilulare, 51 vioiae-rotundifoliae, 45 


Viola affinis x brittoniana, 57 
brittoniana x fimbriatula, 57 
emarginata, 60 
hirsutula, 60 
nephrophylla, 53 


Stemphylium magnusianum, 51 
Taphrina quercus, 36 perpensa, 58 
| 


Suffolk county flora, 60 
Sumstine, David R., Fungi of Chau- 
taugqua “County; N:-"Y., 111-18 


Teucrium Jittorale, 56 septentrionalis, 52, 53 
Tranzschelia punctata, 44 
Tremella nigricans, 51 

Trianthera glutinosa, 53 


Wayne county flora, 60 
Wild flowers of New York, 7 


fil. 


New York State Museum Bulletin 


' Entered as second-class matter November 27, 1915, at the Post Office at Albany, New York, 
under the act of August 24, 1912 


Published monthly by The University of the State of New York 


No. 198 — * ALBANY, N. Y. JUNE I, 1917 


The University of the State of New York 
. New York State Museu 


JOHN M. CLARKE, Direct 
EPHRAIM PORTER FELT, State 


32d REPORT OF THE STATE E 


ON 
INJURIOUS AND OTHER INSECTS 
OF THE 
STATE OF NEW YORK 
1916 
PAGE PAGE 
PoP "3 5/2231 A paar ri Greénhouse pests............. 74 
Injurious insects.......... nee. 17 Grass and clover insects....... 77 
ame NOE il 2 as sy ene os 17 Miscellaneous insects......... 82 
PRIME AMAR OU 2 oo aie. we ew a 52 | Publications of the Entomologist. 90 
ae Ve a en Se ay Sekt vgs - 56.| Additions to the collections, Oc- « ° 
Notes for the year... 22. ..5..... 60 tober 16, 1915—October 14, 1916 93 
Fruit tree insects....... Sepia 60 | Appendix: A study of gall midges 
Shade tree insects............ 63 ME $3.3 ATO CU ea ee: Ue I0I 
Forest tree insects............ 67 | Explanation of plates.......... . 253 
Ghaaaer srseces 700s oe. CB | tPA ei iy a ceuan ea bia 5 ote 269 
ALBANY 
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
1918 


Mo1r-F 17-1500 


THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
Regents of the University 
With years when terms expire 


, (Revised to April 15, 1918) 
1926 Priny T. Sexton LL.B. LL.D. Chancellor - Palmyra 


1927 ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M. A Ph. Lee 
Vice Chancellor Albany ‘ 


‘1922 CuestTeR 5S. Lorp M.A. LED. — - = > = Brookiya 
1930 WILLIAM NottTincHaM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. - — Syracuse 
1921 FRANCIS M. CARPENTER — -— —- — — — — Mount Kisco 
£923 ABRAM 1..Eixus ULB. D:.C.L..— = .-.— — Newaeee 
1924 ADELBERT Moot LL.D. = - - —- - — Buffalo 
1925 CHARLES B. ALEXANDER. °MLA. LLB. -LL.D. 
atte oe erie el ey 
1919.JOHN Moore LL.D. - - - - - -— - -— Elmira 
1928 WALTER GuEsT KeEttocc B.A. LL.D. - - —- Ogdensburg 
1920 JAMES ByrNE B.A. LL.B. LL.D. - - - —- New York 
1929 HERBERT L. BRipcmMan M.A. -—- —- -— -. — Brooklyn 


President of the University and Commissioner of Education 


Joun H. Fintey M.A. LL.D. L.H.D. 


Deputy Commissioner and Assistant Commissioner for Elementary Education 


Tuomas E. FINEGAN M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. 


Assistant Commissioner and Director of Professiona! Education 


Avucustus S. Downinc M.A. L.H.D. LL.D. 


Assistant Commissioner for Secondary Education 


— F. WHEELOCK B.S. LL.D: 


Director of State Library 


. JAMES I. Wer, Jr, M.L.S. 


Director of Science and State Museum . 


Joun M. Criarke D.Sc. LL.D. 


Chiefs and Directors of Divisions 
Administration, Htram C. CasE . | 
Agricultural and Industrial Education,. LEwts A. Witson” 
Archives and History, JAMES SuLiivaNn M.A. Ph.D. i 
Attendance, JAmMEs D. SULLIVAN 
Educational Extension, WILLIAM R. Watson B.S. } 
Examinations and Inspections, GEORGE M. WILEY M.A. 
Law, Frank B. GILBERT B.A., Counsel 
Library School, FRANK K. WALTER M.A. M.L.S. 
School Buildings and Grounds, FRANK H. Woop M.A. 
School Libraries, SHERMAN WILLIAMS Pd.D. 
Visual Instruction, ALFRED W. ABRamMs Ph.B. 


The University of the State of New York 
Department of Science, January IT, 1917 
Dr John H. Finley 
President of the University 

 Srr: I have the honor to transmit herewith and to recommend 

for publication as a bulletin of the State Museum, the Annual 
Report of the State Entomologist, being for the fiscal year 1916. 

Very respectfully 
Joun M. CLarKE 

Director 


THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT 


Approved for publication this 3d day of February 1917 


President of the University 


New York State Museum Bulletin 


Entered as second-class matter November 27, 1915, at the Post Office at Albany, New York, 
under the act of August 24, 1912 


Published monthly by The University of the State of New York 


No. 198 ALBANY, N. Y. June 1, 1917 


The University of the State of New York 


New York State Museum 
JoHN M. CLARKE, Director | 
EPHRAIM PORTER FELT, State Entomologist 


THIRTY-SECOND REPORT OF THE STATE 
ENTOMOLOGIST 
1916 


Dr John M. Clarke, Director of the State Museum 

I have the honor to present herewith my report on the injurious 
and other insects of the State of New York for the year ending 
September 30, 1916. 

The frequent and rather heavy rains of the spring and early 
summer offset, in large measure, depredations of various early 
leaf feeders by producing an unusual growth of vegetation. Apple 
tent caterpillars were numerous in many localities and yet the dam- 
age was relatively small. There were no complaints of injuries by 
the forest tent caterpillar and very little serious damage by the 
elm leaf beetle, a pest which in earlier years defoliated thousands 
of trees and has been responsible for the death of many shade trees 
in the Hudson valley. 

Fruit tree insects. Practical work with the codling moth was 
continued the past season in cooperation with the bureau of horti- 
culture of the State Department of Agriculture, and the Monroe 
county farm bureau. These studies were conducted in four com- 
mercial orchards in western New York, through the hearty cooper- 
ation of their respective owners, and an effort made to determine 
the relative value, as in former years, of the first, second and third 
sprays for the control of this pest. In connection with these 
investigations, observations were also made upon the development 
and biology of the codling moth. The data secured show, as do 

[7] 


8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


those of earlier years, the very great benefits which can be derived 
from the first or so-called calyx spray, and indicate most strongly 
the necessity of thoroughness if satisfactory results. are to be 
obtained. The work in the orchard of Mr H. E. Wellman, Ken- 
dall, when compared with that of the preceding year, shows-a © 
very gratifying reduction in infestation. The same plots were 
used and the wormy apples of the past season were from one-third 
to two-thirds less than those of 1915. A careful study of the dif- 
ferent types of codling moth injury have enabled us to verify 
earlier opinions as to the relation existing between them and the 
habits of the insect, and also to outline rules for determining the 
period during which different injuries may be inflicted, something 
of considerable importance in connection with the enforcement 
of the apple grading and packing law. We have also, through 
the cooperation of several local observers, secured detailed tabula- 
tions of evening temperatures and other meteorological data under 
orchard conditions. Unfortunately the egg laying of the moth 
was so distributed the past season that it was impossible to demon- 
strate a well-marked relation between evening temperatures and 
the deposition of eggs, though it is probable that such exists. The 
meteorological data recorded constitute a substantial basis for 
subsequent investigations. The work with this insect developed 
serious and somewhat general injury to Baldwin foliage in particular, 
due probably to the application of a rather strong fungicide imme- 
diately after a series of rains which produced an unusually tender 
growth. The details of this work are discussed on the following 
pages. 

Apple maggot. Owing to the continued injuries by this pest an 
investigation of the insect, with special reference to practical 
control measures, was started and through the cooperation of Mr 
Edward Van Alstyne of Kinderhook, and Mr George T. Powell 
of ‘Ghent, a test of sweetened poisons for the destruction of the 
adults was conducted: The results were so equivocal that we are 
unable to recommend this spray and for the present are contenting 
ourselves with advising the early destruction of infested fruit, 
supplemented by good orchard practice. The investigations of the 
past season demonstrated such variations in the habits of the 
insect in nearby orchards that a continuance of this study is planned 
for another year. : 

Leaf roller. Investigations in connection with the codling moth 
work showed this serious pest of the fruit grower in the western 
part of the State to be much less abundant than was the case in 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 9g 


1915. This is probably due to one of the natural and frequently 
unexplainable oscillations in insect life. 

Red bugs. Observations of the past year indicate that these 
two somewhat new insects are becoming more generally established 
in the fruit-growing sections of the State and here and there are 
causing serious injury. The practical work of the past two years 
has demonstrated nothing to be more effective than the use of a 
tobacco extract, 40 per cent nicotine, just before the blossoms open. 
This may be applied simply with soap to aid in spreading the 
insecticide or added to the delayed dormant spray, and in case of 
bad infestations, this treatment should be supplemented by 
the use of tobacco in the usual calyx spray for the codling 
moth, applying this as soon as possible after the dropping of the 
blossoms. 

San José scale. This greatly feared pest of earlier years has 
caused comparatively little injury in the Hudson valley and in 
some sections has been remarkable for its scarcity. This reduction 
is probably attributable in large measure to the activities of various 
small parasites though climatic conditions may have some influence. 
Unsprayed orchards, even though they have been infested with 
the scale for a series of years, are in somewhat better condition, 
generally speaking, than they were eight or ten years ago, and a 
few fruit growers have been encouraged by this comparative 
scarcity of the pest to omit the early spring application for the 
control of the scale. No serious consequences have followed this 
omission to our knowledge though it is a practice which can not be 
recommended unqualifiedly. 

Pear thrips. This minute and destructive insect has been 
abundant here and there in the Hudson valley and has caused 
serious injury in a few localities, particularly where it appeared 
in numbers before the grower could give the requisite treatment. 
Through a combination of fortunate conditions we were able to 
secure a somewhat satisfactory test of the value of a thick lime- 
sulphur wash as a means of controlling the thrips. The results 
are most encouraging, though owing to the erratic habits of the 
pest there can be only a qualified recommendation. The details 
of this work are given below. 

Pear psylla. Injuries by this pest have not been serious as a 
rule in Hudson valley orchards, and in many comparatively few 
eggs were deposited in early spring. The late application of the 
winter lime-sulphur wash for the destruction of the eggs is the 
most satisfactory method of controlling this pest and occasionally 


[ 
} 
1 


Io NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


this must be supplemented by midsummer spraying with a contact 
insecticide. 

Gipsy moth. There has not been a marked change in the infes- 
tation at Mount Kisco, though the scouting of the winter of 1915-16 
showed an extension of the infested area. This latter was well 
cleaned during the summer, thoroughly sprayed and an examination 
in midsummer indicated the prevalence of very gratifying conditions. 
There is no reason why this local infestation should not be eradicated 
if the work is prosecuted with desirable thoroughness. 

Grass and grain pests. The grasshopper devastations of the 
last two years on the borders of the Adirondacks were much reduced 
during the past season though many young insects hatched in early 
spring, as shown by observations in Lewis, Saratoga and Albany 
counties. There are two causes for this change. The frequent 
and copious rains of the spring and summer produced an abundant 
forage capable of supporting many grasshoppers without marked 
injury. The rains doubtless killed many of the young insects and, 
in addition, the systematic poisoning of earlier years over large areas 
resulted in a great decrease in the pests. The experience of the 
last three years has amply demonstrated, generally speaking, the 
practicability of local control through the distribution of poisoned 
baits. 

The white grub outbreak of 1915 was followed, as was to be 
expected, by numerous full-grown grubs in many fields last spring 
and as a consequence many, farmers were afraid to plant susceptible 
crops on such land. The Entomologist advised moderately late 
planting of these areas, and the outcome in the fall fully justified 
the recommendation. General notices were also issued calling 
attention to the more salient features in the life history of these ~ 
destructive insects and pointing out the most practical means of 
avoiding injury. Studies were continued of the white grub robber 
fly, a species which has proved an important natural enemy of 
white grubs. 3 

Incidental observations during recent years upon dover minor 
clover insects have been brought together and are placed on record 
in this report. It will be seen by referring to these accounts that 
two European weevils in addition to the much better known and 
earlier introduced punctured clover leaf weevil, Hy pera punc- 
tata Fabr., have become established in recent years in the Hudson 
valley and in certain localities, at least, are causing an appreciable 
amount of injury. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 rl 


Shade tree insects. There has been comparatively little damage 
to the shade trees of the State, owing to the climatic conditions being 
unusually favorable for the growth of vegetation. 

An interesting injury, that by the maple leaf stem borer, was 
studied at Rye. This insect is a comparatively unknown one in 
New York State and occasionally, as shown by observations in 
other portions of the country, becomes somewhat abundant afd 
injurious. An account of this species may be found in the body 
of the report. 

There is annually more or less bleeding from wounded trees and 
the past season was characterized by an unusual prevalence of this 
trouble. While there may be other causes for this phenomenon, 
observations of the last few years have enabled us to associate much 
of this damage with slender, white maggots, the young of a smail 
and hitherto almost unknown fly. <A general account of the insect 
with suggestions for control may be found on the following pages. 

Forest tree pests. Injuries by the hickory bark beetle have 
continued though the damage the past season appears to be 
materially less and in certain cases, at least, seems to be favored by 
a weakened condition following the severe drought of earlier years. 
Studies of this species have resulted in securing valuable information 
respecting the biology and habits of several associated species and 
these latter data have been correlated and placed on record in 
this report. 

Greenhouse pests. Several destructive greenhouse insects have 
been brought to notice during the past year and investigated so 
far as opportunities permitted. The Florida fern caterpillar, a 
well-known southern insect, was found well established in a fern 
house at Lockport, and an account of the insect with remedial 
measures is given below. The rose gall midge, a dangerous enemy 
of indoor roses, has again appeared in greenhouses in the lower 
.Hudson valley, while reports from different localities indicate a 
wide. dissemination for the recently introduced chrysanthemum 
gall midge, a species hable to appear in numbers in almost any 
chrysanthemum house in the State. 

Periodical cicada. A brood of this remarkable insect appeared 
in the western part of the State and detailed records concerning 
its distribution and abundance, together with observations upon 
its habits, have been collated and are given elsewhere in the report. 

Flies. There is continued interest in the control of the house 
fly and the Entomologist has complied with a number of requests 
for information in regard to this insect. Mobilization of troops 


12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


the past summer made it necessary to control flies under camp 
conditions, and at the request of Dr H. L. Van Winkle, the Ento- 
mologist made a personal examination of Camp Whitman, Green- 
haven, and submitted a series of recommendations for the control 
of the house fly. : . 

A serious outbreak of infantile paralysis made it very desirable 
to investigate thoroughly the possibility of flies or other insects act- 
ing as carriers of this infection, and at the invitation of Dr Haven 
Emerson, commissioner of health of New York City, the Ento- 
mologist attended a conference for the purpose of outlining a fly 
survey. This work is in charge of an entomologist employed by 
the department of health of the city of New York and will be Tepanted 
upon in due time. 

Gall midges. It will be seen by referring to preceding paragraphs 
that an unusual number of economic and comparatively unknown 
species belonging to this group have been brought to attention 
during the past year, and the probabilities are that there will be 
more, rather than less, injury in the future by gall midges. 

The studies of these insects have been continued and a number 
of new species, mostly reared, and several new genera described. 

As a result: of these investigations many insect galls have been 
forwarded for identification and, as a matter of convenience, an 
illustrated key to American insect galls has been prepared. This 
tabulates over 1400 galls in relation to their food plants, gives 
the principal characters of each deformity and a reference to the 
best or more accessible description. The key has greatly facilitated 
the identification of galls and it is believed that its publication 
will materially increase the interest in this branch of natural history. 

Lectures. The Entomologist has delivered a number of lectures 
on insects, mostly economic species, before various agricultural 
and horticultural gatherings, some of them being in cooperation 
with the Bureau of Farmers Institutes or county farm bureau 
agents. Several lectures have also been given under the auspices 
of local welfare associations. 

Publications. A number of brief popular accounts regarding such 
common pests as the apple tent caterpillar, pear thrips, white grubs 
and grasshoppers have been prepared and widely circulated through 
the press. Owing to delay in the printing of the report for 1914, 
two reports have been issued during the past year. A list of the 
more important publications of the office is given in this report. 

The increased interest in agriculture and nature study resulted 
in a large demand from school teachers for information relating to. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 13 


insects and, as a consequence, the editions of certain more popular 
bulletins and reprints, some dating back a number of years, were 
exhausted the past summer. These publications could hardly have 
been placed to better advantage. 

Faunal studies. Investigations along these, lines have been con- 
tinued and a manuscript list of the insects of the Adirondack region, 
based mostly upon material in the state collections, is nearly ready 
for publication. This list is a growing one, additions being con- 
stantly made thereto in connection with other work carried on 
within the limits of this faunal area, such, for example, as the study 
of grasshoppers noted above. 

Another valuable addition to the natural history of the State of 
New York is practically ready for the printer, namely ““A Mono- 
graphic Account of the Caddis Flies or Trichoptera,” by Dr Cor- 
nelius Betten. This work had its inception in the studies of aquatic 
insects begun at the entomological field station, Saranac Inn, in 
r1g01, many of the results of which are published in Museum Bul- 
letins 47, 68, 86 and 124. The Trichoptera are an important group 
economically, since there are numerous species occurring in all kinds 
of fresh waters throughout the State, some of them being exceed- 
ingly abundant and consequently of great value as food for fish and 
other aquatic life. 

Substantial progress on the Monograph of the Stone Flies or 
Plecoptera has been made by Prof. James G. Needham. This is 
‘another study begun at the entomological field station mentioned 
above and will make an extensive addition to our knowledge of an 
important and comparatively unknown group of aquatic insects. 
These studies and those already published on aquatic forms com- 
prise by far the most important additions to our knowledge of 
American aquatic insects. , 

The contributions this office has made to a natural history survey 
of the State are worthy of mention in this connection. The scope 
of these studies is indicated by the titles cited and the amount of 
work involved is suggested by the approximately 3500 pages of 
text with numerous illustrations devoted to the discussion of the 
various groups. The more important titles, aside from the long 
series of reports and bulletins treating of specially destructive fo-ms, 
are listed below. 

Entomological Contributions 1-4 by J. A. Lintner, appearing in 
the 23d, 24th, 26th and 30th Museum Reports, respectively, contain 
many and valuable additions to the knowledge of our local fauna. ’ 


I4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Scale Insects of Importance and List of the Species in New York 
State, by the Entomologist, Museum Bulletin 46. , 

Aquatic Insects in the Adirondacks, by J. G. Needham and Cor- 
nelius Betten, Museum Bulletin 47. This contains comprehensive 
accounts of many aquatic forms. 

Monograph of the Genus Saperda, by the Entomologist id L.H, 
Joutel, Museum Bulletin 74. 

Mosquitos or Culicidae of New York State, by the Entomologist, 
Museum Bulletin 79. 

Aquatic Insects in New York State, by J. G. Needham, A. D. 
MacGillivray, O. A. Johannsen and K. C. Davis, Museum Bulletin 
68. This contains accounts of numerous aquatic forms with mono- 
graphic discussions of several groups. 

May Flies and Midges of New York State, by J. G. Needham, 
J. K. Morton and O. A. Johannsen, Museum Bulletin 86. The 
greater part of this bulletin deals with the Ephemeridae and 
Chironomidae and there is, in addition, a valuable paper on the 
Hydroptilidae. 

Studies n Culicidae; Jassidae of New York State; List of Hemiptera 
Taken in the Adirondack Mountains, by the Entomologist, Herbert 
Osborn and E. P. Van Duzee, respectively, Museum Butlle- 
tino 

Catalogue of the “‘ Phytoptid’”’ Galls of North America; Report of the 
Entomological Field Station, Old Forge, 1905; New North American 
Chironomidae: Studies in Cecidomyudae II, by G. H. Chadwick, © 
J. G. Needham, O. A. Johannsen and the Entomologist, respectively, 
Museum Bulletin 124. 

Catalogue of the Described Scolytidae of America North of Mexico, 
by J. M. Swaine, Museum Bulletin 134. | 

A Study of Gall Midges, Parts 1-4, by the Entomologist, in Museum 
Bulletins 165, 175, 180 and 186, portions of a monographic account 
of this large and important family. 

Insects Affecting. Park and Woodland Trees, by the Entomologist, 
Museum Memoir 8; contains many New York records relating to 
forest and shade tree insects. | 

Collections. The assembling and preparation of the enlarged 
exhibit of insects extended well into 1916, and owing to the large 
amount of time required, necessarily prevented very desirable work 
in the arrangement and classification of the reference collections. 
Additions to these are constantly being made, especially of speci- 
mens representing the early stages and work of various injurious 
forms, since biological material of this character greatly facilitates 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1910 15 


identification of the different insects and is indispensable in a well- 
prepared exhibit illustrating the life histories of different species. 
Several special collecting trips in connection with grasshopper or 
other investigations were made by Mr D. B. Young and resulted 
in securing a considerable number of very desirable specimens. 
The identification of this material, especially of the crane flies or 
Tipulidae, has been taken advantage of to rearrange this interesting 
and hitherto largely neglected family. The state collections now 
contain a large amount of material which is invaluable because of 
the associated data. Numerous microscopic preparations of smaller 
insects have been made and incorporated in the collections as in 
earlier years. 

A number of very desirable additions have been made by exchange, 
notably those from Mr Paul B. Sears of Columbus, Ohio, Mr W. J. 
Chamberlin of Corvallis, Ore., and Mr J. R. Malloch of Urbana, IIl. 
The species acquired are listed with the other accessions. 

‘The need of additional boxes or trays referred to in previous 
reports still exists. The wooden cases containing the insect collec- 
tions should be replaced by steel cabinets and more provided to 
accommodate the extra boxes and trays required. No adequate 
provision has as yet been made for the constantly increasing bio- 
logical material, which is also true of the large number of micro- 
scopic slides, many of them containing types of species and genera 
and therefore unique. A metallic filing case for the collection of 
negatives and photographs illustrating insects or other work is also 
greatly needed. 

Office. The assistant state entomologist has been in charge of 
the office and responsible for correspondence and other matters 
during the absence of the Entomologist. The usual routine work, 
except as mentioned. above, has fully occupied the time of various 
members of the staff. 

Nursery inspection. The nursery inspection work of the State 
Department of Agriculture has resulted in a number of specimens 
representing various stages of insect development, some in very 
poor condition, being submitted to this office for identification. 
As such material may originate in a foreign country, determinations 
of this character are laborious and require for their successful prose- 
cution a large collection and an excellent library of both domestic 
and foreign works. The correct identification of such material is 
important, since the disposal of an entire shipment of nursery stock 
must depend in considerable measure upon the character of the 
infestation. . 


16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


General. The work of the office has been materially aided, as 
in past years, by the identification of a number of species through 
the courtesy of Dr L. O. Howard, chief of.the Bureau of Entomology, 
United States Department of Agriculture, and his associates. There 
has been, as already stated, very effective cooperation with the 
State Department of Agriculture, a number of county farm bureaus 
and other public welfare agencies in the State. A number of cor- 
respondents have donated valuable specimens and many have ren- 
dered efficient service by transmitting local data respecting various 
insects. It is a pleasure to note that there has been, as in the past, 
a most helpful cooperation on the part of all interested in the work 
of the office. 

Respectfully submitted 


EPHRAIM PoRTER FELT 


| State Entomologist 
October 16, 1916 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 17 


INJURIOUS INSECTS 
CODLING MOTH 
Carpocapsa pomonella Linn. 


The experimental work of last year, with particular reference to 
the serious injury caused by the codling moth in the western part 
of the State, was continued the past season, in cooperation with the 
Bureau of Horticulture of the State Department of Agriculture, and 
also with the Monroe county farm bureau. The orchards selected 
for the experiments were located through the courtesy of Messrs 
A. B. Buchholz of Albion and L. F. Strickland of Lockport, both 
agents of the State Department of Agriculture, and of Mr L. A. 
Toan of Rochester, manager of the Monroe county farm bureau. 
An effort was made, as last year, to secure orchards which promised 
a fairly good and uniform crop, and in the main we were successful 
though vagaries in setting of the fruit gave somewhat different yields 
from what was anticipated in some instances. 

Satisfactory orchards were located in Monroe, Orleans and Niagara 
counties, and through the courtesy and cooperation of Messrs Fred 
W. Curtis, Hilton; H. E. Wellman, Kendall; A. G. Snyder, Albion; 
and G. H. Stahler, Newfane, every facility was placed at our dis- 
posal, these gentlemen agreeing to spray in substantial accordance 
with the plan of last year. In each case the man and the equipment 
on the place were used, the Entomologist supervising the operations. 
There were twenty experimental trees in each orchard, a few pro- 
ducing good crops, so that the manual labor involved in the actual 
sorting and classification was by no means small, and acknowledg- 
ments are due Messrs Toan, Buchholz, Strickland, L. H. Spooner 
and J. B. Achilles for assistance in the classification of the fruit in 
the orchards, the two last named aiding in the grading of the apples 
_ from all four experimental orchards. 

Life history and habits. Before giving the details of the experi- 
mental work, the life history of the insect may well be outlined, 
since a knowledge of its habits is essential to satisfactory control 
work. The codling moth or apple worm winters in a tough, silken 
cocoon usually located in an oval cell under the rough bark of trees. 
The caterpillars transform to brown, apparently lifeless pupae in 
late April and early May, and the moths commence to emerge and 
continue to appear throughout the greater part of June. Cool 
evenings, that is a temperature below 60°, may delay egg laying 
considerably, which appears to be a somewhat important factor in 


18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


the western part of the State. The minute, whitish eggs are deposited 
largely on the leaves though under certain conditions, as shown by 
our observations of last year and the past season, they may be 
more abundant on the young fruit. The eggs hatch in about a week 
and consequently the young larvae of the first brood may be entering 
the fruit from early in June, approximately three weeks after the 
blossoms fall, to the end of the month and even to the latter part of 
July. Some of these young caterpillars, especially those hatching 
from late-deposited eggs, have the habit of gnawing a smali hole 
in the side of the fruit, excavating a circular gallery with a radius 
of approximately one-sixteenth of an inch, and then deserting this 
cavity and entering at the blossom end. This appears particularly 
likely to occur in the western part of the State during late June and 
early July and is very generally known as “ side injury ”’ (see plate 1) 
and is the type characterized in the tables below as “ shallow.” 
The caterpillars require about four weeks to complete their growth, 
at which time they desert the fruit, wander to a sheltered place, 
spin a cocoon, transform to pupae and in about two weeks, namely, 
the last of July or early in August, another brood of moths may 
appear. These in turn deposit eggs which hatch in due time and the 
young larvae enter the side of the fruit, especially where two apples 
touch or a leaf hangs against the apple, as well as at the blossom 
end. Two broods appear to be the rule in the northern fruit-growing 
section of the United States though some investigators claim a third 
in the southwest. | 

Time of injury. The apple grading and packing law has created 
a demand for information which may be useful in determining the 
time when any specific type of codling moth injury may have 
occurred, since some growers are inclined to believe that serious 
damage may be caused by this pest after the fruit is barreled. In 
the first place, a considerable proportion of the partly healed-over 
scars which are generally known as “side injury”’ or “ shallow ”’ 
(plate 1) and which are made by the newly hatched caterpillars 
working for a few days just under the skin and then deserting the 
initial point of injury, is the work of the first brood, and almost 
invariably in the case of fall and winter fruit in particular, the dam- 
age occurs upon the tree, though under very exceptional conditions 
there may be a little injury of this type after the fruit is picked 
and, in such a case, must come from eggs deposited by second brood 
codling moths. 

The injury after barreling in New York State is, in our estima- 
tion, confined mostly to the rather large side worm holes (plate 2) 


ne wn en dle enamel iy tir 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I916 19 


which are made by partly-grown or full-grown caterpillars leaving 
one apple or entering another either at the side or blossom end. 
These late injuries after picking time, unless the examination is 
greatly delayed, usually give some indication of recent work, such 
as partly dried, hanging borings and possibly the presence of active 
caterpillars. In any event, if material injury occurred after barreling, 
living caterpillars in some numbers should be found in the barrel 
or near the fruit if it is not in a tight container. The absence of 
such living larvae would be almost indubitable evidence of the 
mischief having been done before the fruit was placed in storage 
and probably before it was picked. 

The distinction between. first brood and second brood codling 
moth injury is not particularly vital, so far as the apple packing law 
is concerned, except that very little or no such injury would occur 
on late fall and winter fruit after picking and not much in all prob- 
ability on the summer and early fall apples. Most of the partly 
grown larvae found in winter apples at picking time belong to the 
second brood, while those fully developed may have come from 
late-deposited eggs of the first brood, much depending upon the 
season. A scrutiny of the injury at this time, even if no larvae are 
present, is of some service in enabling one to decide whether it is 
moderately recent and therefore the work of the second brood or 
older and presumably caused by first brood larvae. 


EXPERIMENTAL WORK 


Kendall Orchard 


The experiments of last year were continued in the greening 
orchard of Mr H. E. Wellman of Kendall. It is located north of 
the house and is bounded on the west by a highway, a rather well- 
marked drive on the south and extends north to another highway. 
_ Eleven trees lie between the experimental plots and the western 
highway. 

Plots 1, 2 and 3 were located as last year, plot 1 being three trees 
north from the southern margin, plot 2 nine trees north, and plot 3 
fifteen trees north. The check trees of last year were 22 trees north, 
while this year the trees X and Y were 20 and a1 trees north respec- 
tively, the change being necessitated by irregularities in fruiting. 
Two rows on each side of the experimental trees were used as bar- 
riers. The orchard is about 4o years old, the trees being set 33 by 33 
feet and large enough so that the branches are moderately close but 
not so near as to prevent satisfactory spraying. 


20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


The first application was made June ist, using 18 pounds of 
Dow’s arsenate of lead and 7 gallons of Dow’s lime-sulphur wash to 
250 gallonsof spray. The application was very thorough, 250 gallons 
being used on 22 trees, or upwards of 10 gallons a tree. The spraying 
began about 2 o’clock and continued until after 6 o’clock, at which 
time the western trees in the experimental plots were all sprayed, 
except trees D and F of plot 3, and the western side of the eastern 
trees was similarly treated. Owing to the lateness of the hour the 
remainder of the trees were not sprayed till the next morning. The 
pressure was maintained at about 200 pounds. One man stood on a 
tz foot tower and the otheron the ground, the latter man provided 
with 50 feet of hose, and both equipped with 1o foot extensions. 
About three-fourths of the blossoms were off-at the time of spraying, 
the bloom was very uniform and rather abundant and the day bright, 
moderately warm and with a light, shifting breeze. Mr Wellman 
stated that the two rows in which the experimental trees were located 
were also sprayed in the pink of the bloom for the purpose of con- 
trolling scab and leaf roller, and that the seven trees at the south 
end of the eastern row, namely trees B, D and F of plot 1, were not 
treated. Considerable of this application was washed off as a result 
of heavy rains shortly after the treatment. He also stated that the 
two rows west of the experimental trees were sprayed with scalecide 
after the leaves had started to some extent, in an effort to control 
the leaf roller. These rows showed some burning of the foliage. 

The man on the tower covered the top of one tree and touched 
up the inner side of the windward row, while the man on the ground 
went around the tree and also touched up the inner side of the 
windward row. The distribution of the spray was very uniform, 
there being practically no unsprayed areas and almost no over- 
loading of the foliage, though considerable more spray was used 
to each tree than last year. 

The second spraying of plots 2 and 3 was given June 21, 7 gallons 
of lime-sulphur wash -and 18 pounds of Dow’s arsenate of lead to 
250 gallons being used. The work began at 2.30 p. m., with the first 
two trees north of plot 1, these being sprayed mostly on the north 
side on account of the great danger of the breeze carrying the spray 
back onto the experimental trees of plot 1. There were 250 gallons 
used on 21 trees and the work was completed by 4.40 p.m. The 
application was very thorough and the spray dried rapidly. There 
was practically no burning of the foliage on the greening trees in 
this orchard, though Baldwins standing on either side and sprayed 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 21 


at the same time showed some though not an excessive amount of 
injury. Green fruit worms were noticeably scarcer than in rots. 

Plot 3 was sprayed for the third time August sth, 20 pounds of 
Dow’s arsenate of lead being used to 250 gallons of water, to which 
was added lime-sulphur as before. This amount sufficed for the 
treatment of 23 trees. 


Kendall orchard, plot 1 (sprayed once), 1916 


CODLING MOTH, WORMY 


TOTAL | PER- LEAF 
cee Fruit | rect | S°4® | RoLLER i 
Side Shal- ide 

Total End July low | August 

SUING. Zhe ee I 740 936 538 215 185 | 62 60 56 
IERCO ttc oii. leowiecs 53-79| 30.92 TSS we LOWOS ies. a tac 3.63 3.44 3.27 

Ba INGS © 4 6 i I 987} I 050 533 323 153 2 38 80 AI 
Remeent..o3]06.6. 6. 52.890] 26.82 17.26 IL IO) | RR AE THOT 4.26 2.06 
CtNo 8 sa: 581 335 890 134 itl Ae Pee at 13 30 I4 
em Getto click c Sa. 57266| 15.32 23.06 Bis7i7 Ne aut ciehe 8 2.23 5.16 2.40 

PRO ORe gs see £746 927 327 AI5 186 I 31 113 59 
escent. 2 Wc s/c cr as 53000) om G 22e 7S ALOMOS Ih = sore ae 7 6.47 Eee iy, 
BPPRNOi es sf oc 406 271 66 II2 68 2 6 AI 19 
Per cent.... 54.63] 13.30 P2EAGQ ala Ole tthe I.20 8.26 3.83 

ES UING Has 2 cbic ts 284 161 43 71 TO a cane 3 15 I 
Rer Gent co! |... fe. 50.68!) h5. £4: 24.86 GHGO I a nok: I.05 [feet 3) mae hea 
peice cs 6 834] 3 680] I 506 I 270 662 12 153 339 190 
BREGICEN Dee toes cscs os 53.84] 23.35 18.58 9.68 0.17 2028 4.96 2e7S 


It will be seen from the preceding tabulation that the yield of 
trees in plot 1 ranged from 284 to 1987, a rather wide variation 
which is not accompanied by a corresponding difference in the 
number of wormy apples. The percentages of the latter on indi- 
vidual trees varies from 6.69 to 13.50, the lowest percentage being 
upon one of the least fruitful trees, contrary to the usual rule. The 
average percentage of wormy apples for the plot was 9.68, a marked 
contrast to the 27.67 per cent of wormy fruit obtained from these 
trees in 1915. It should be noted that approximately half of the 
apples on the entire plot had the characteristic side injury or 
“shallow ’’ wound produced by larvae hatching from late-deposited 
eggs entering the fruit, making the characteristic circular gallery 
just under the skin and then deserting the initial point of attack. 
The damage resulting from end wormy infestations was almost 
negligible, it averaging for the plot less than one-fifth of r per 
cent. 


22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 
Kendall orchard, plot 2 (sprayed twice) 1916 
CODLING MOTH, WORMY 
TOTAL | PER- LEAF 
SEES Fruit | Fect | 5°42 | ro_LER 
Side Shal- Side 

Total End July low | August 

JAN TAN ole lela deine 881 586 93] ° I59 GO| pare 6 47 17 
Pericenteeals oe. Ce Sut) 1). SS 18.03 iOS site heersicte lec 5.33 I.92 

i Ap Non see! 307 250 19 100 30 2 3 30 4 
Rerscenitierrs| aeisreiest- 65.24 4.78 25.16 Tails epee eeel lor eee 7.55 I.00 
GriNotea eet 9QOI 605 132 IQI 88 I 16 Selb: 16 
PRericenites wy alscs sie GrAO5|) arsnan 19.27 S 5881S. ene 5.14 I.61 

Te) INNO pe ie gate ee 303 215 22 54 TF ecwene oe 3 II 4 
Per iCentie ee loee oe 70.99 7.26 17.82 5 Oli 0a: ek alco eae 3.63 132 

1D NIG eee ome 6 73 51 5 7 TD ote age te 2 7 3 
Bermicenitec elastin 69 . 86 OSA e > SONG Fi|| botO Aah ee |e eee 9.67 4.10 

PS ANINIORES: fete eee AIQ 283 19 77 SOleh ve te 4 34 13 
Per céntia| Sets. re 67.54 4.53 TES 535i A OB isc oe eee 8.11 3.10 
MoOtaler sere 3 064] I 999 290 588 266 3 34 180 57 
Pen centneeeeoiee coee a elOse 20 9.46 I9Q.19 8.68 0.09 I.10 587 I.20 


The yield of plot 2 was approximately half of that in plot 1 and 
amounted to 3064 apples, the number to each tree ranging from 73 
to gg1 and the percentage of wormy fruit varying from 5.61 to 16.43, 
the highest in this instance being on a tree producing only 73 apples. 
Here, as in the preceding plot, a very large proportion of the apples 
damaged showed the characteristic “‘ shallow’ type of injury pro- 
duced by late-hatching larvae. The fruit infested by the codling 
moth in this plot amounted to 8.68 per cent. This second appli- 
cation shows a marked increase in the perfect fruit and a corre- 
sponding decrease in the number of scabby apples, the difference 
being really more marked than indicated by the figures, since many 
of the scabby apples were decidedly less infected than was the case 
with the fruit from plot 1. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 23 


Kendall orchard, plot 3 (sprayed three times) 1916 


CODLING MOTH, WORMY 


TOTAL | PER- 4 LEAF 

TREE FRUIT | FECT SCAB’ | ROLEER eed Bt Le 

ode enal- pide 
Total End July low | August 
PUNO cits. syne s5 90 OO] aes 17 ab hesn. crc SIRI FONE ech cee 12 3 
BEY CON Gone. <|\shs'c cee. GORGG ee one TEP SS ier LO OO ects ae lise teoee iis ese fe qs 
SING). ai's cares ss 278 180 34 27 48 I 3 48 10 
REMICOTI GS oni siliii ee. + le) are GA 74) T2238 ON Agile. peli7 20 Peaehs, anate TAG '7)|) ol 7eO 3.59 
COIN tare". 147 08 8 25 DAlliecc on po 2 14 8 
PERiCent. crea lici a vend « 66.66 5.44 700) DOs eile cares Tt. 30 9.52 5.44 
TANNOW esse. A7I 338 12 74 58 I 3 46 6 
Bericentec cole... oT es 254 ae Fae! Aa ae Hl [eee 0.63 9.76 127 
TN Ole otc eer TST QI 3 23 TOPE era, aaiihacs ceaeeeee I5 2 
IRETHCENG 6c. [he ce s.0 oe 69.46 2.29 ney A | Awe be eo ol ea gi | Ys ee a IIl.45 Te 52 
PHN spose s.0 333 240 16 36 Ao) ks aide Bert I 40 5 
PeniCeNt? se ilerodes 72.07 AgTy TOSOM oe Use OA etna «ors O20) T2702 1.50 
ANC UTILS Fee I 450} I 007 73 202 207 2 9 175 34 
PEMCenti. ccs s.[in. v ween: 690.44 5.03 TS COS LA a ai7 0.13 0.62] 12.06 2535 


The yield from plot 3 is decidedly lower than in the case of either 
plots 1 or 2, the product of individual trees ranging from go to 471 
apples, while the percentage of wormy fruit varied from 12.21 to 
17.26, the average for the plot being 14.27 per cent. This higher 
percentage of wormy fruit is correlated to a certain extent with the 
much smaller crop in comparison with the other two plots. Here, 
as in the preceding plots, a very large percentage of the wormy 
fruit, namely 12.06 of the 14.27 affected, showed the characteristic 
“shallow ’’ injury due to the work of larvae coming from late- 
deposited eggs. There is a marked gain in the percentage of perfect 
fruit and a corresponding decrease in the scabby apples, a condition 
not adequately expressed by the figures, since the infected areas on 
the apples from plot 3 were decidedly less than those on plot 2 and 
much smaller than in the case of plot 1. 


Kendall orchard, checks (unsprayed) 1916 


CODLING MOTH, WORMY 


TOTAL | PER- LEAF 
eee FRUIT | FECT SESE || ROLLER 
Side | Shal- Side 

Total | End July low | August 
Pa Ocoee, ors. 3890 168 160 54 43 7 30 a 
REMCEMb kjcnillesiantenc AZ) iG} Abate Lavo. LL. 0.76 1.79 7-71 I.79 
REINA k's 509 200 204 Ill 86 4| 12 59 - 14 
Penicent. Sol ao io. 34.87] 49.08 TS. 5S) TAy. 35 0.60 2.00 9.84 2433 
gl) 21 Ni A 988 377 454 165 129 7 19 89 21 
Perm CEng. deh he's dc. 38.15| 45.95 LOO eis OS 0.70 Leo 9.00 2. 52 


24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


The check trees bore 389 and 599 apples, respectively, the per- 
centage of wormy fruit being 11.05 and 14.35, respectively, a marked 
change from the 60.59 and 68.52 per cent of wormy fruit of the 
nearby check in the experiments of 1915. The end-wormy apples 
on these two trees were comparatively few, while by far the greater 
number showed the characteristic “shallow” type of injury and 
this alone indicates that this method of feeding is not affected to 
any material extent at least, by the spraying of the season during 
which the damage occurs. 


” 


Kendall orchard, summary of plots 1916 


CODLING MOTH, WORMY 


TOTAL | PER- e LEAF 
Hels FRUIT | FECT SCAB | ROLLER | 
Side Shal- Side 
Total || End July low August 
Taphopals: ee see 6 838] 3 680] 1 506 I 270| 662 12 153 339 190 
IPEGtIiCertscers 235 | en eae S04 eesess 18.58 9.68 Sait / 2223 4.96 2718, 
aa hotalis.: je. e 3 064| I 999 290 588 206 By 34 180 57 
Percents iat eG see 65.20 9.46 I9.19 8.68 .09 itp 10) 5.87 1.20 
Be hotalecin Sa i450) “1 007; 73 202 207 2 9 175 34 
Pemcentian. sn elee ome. 69.44 5.03 TZAOS |) pA a7 5123 202) 206 2225 
E—-SUhOtale mene | Las 52) LO OSG. nrnOsG 2000) 135 17 196 694 281 
Permicerttescr es. jee sess 58.98] 17.24 I8.15| 10.01 ns Tee, (year 2.47 
Two special 
Lota vn ae I 354 786 201 263 172 7 I5 I32 18 
Pericent feclees eee 58.05] 14.87 TO242| er2e70 .51 oe 9.82 Te22 
Checks 
otal ee sexe 988 B77 454 165 129 7 IQ 89 21 
Percentaet cele ee em 38.15| 45.95 16.59] 13.05 .70 17 9.00 Daiey 


A study of the summary of the plots gives in brief compass an 
idea of the results obtained. It will be noted, first of all, that the 
yields of plots 1, 2 and 3 decreased, each, as was true last year, 
being about one-half smaller than the preceding and that there is 
a higher percentage of wormy fruit on plot 3 than in the case of 
either plots 1 or 2, this apparent anomaly being due, in our esti- 
mation, to the much smaller crop on plot 3. There is a constant 
increase in the percentage of perfect fruit between plots 1 and 3, this 
being due in large measure to a reduction in the amount of scabby 
fruit, a condition by no means adequately expressed by the figures, 
since the scabby areas were decidedly smaller on the apples of plot 3. 

Compared with. the check or unsprayed trees,. these three plots 
show a very marked improvement in the amount of perfect fruit 
and a substantial though by no means so striking a difference in - 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 25 


the number of wormy apples. This is probably due not only to 
the very small crop on plot 3, but also to the fact that the thorough 
spraying of last year may have aided materially in reducing the 
number of codling moths which were able to winter and breed upon 
the trees this year. It is worthy of note in passing that the per- 
-centages of perfect and scabby fruit and also of apples injured by 
the leaf roller and the codling moth for the three sprayed plots, 
do not vary widely from the results secured from two special trees 
farther north on the experimental rows. These trees were not 
sprayed under supervision and presumably received about the same 
treatment as those in the plots. The fruit was classified simply 
for the purpose of comparing the yields from trees bearing a moderate 
crop with those showing a light fruitage. 


Kendall orchard, comparison of plots, 1915 and 1916 


PLOT TOTAL FRUIT PERFECT WORMY SIDE JULY! 
IgI5 1916 I9gI5 1916 I9I5 1916 I9gI5 1916 
Toe lhoj 2 5 598 6 838 2 107 3 680 I 549 662 I 419 492 


[PEPua ST ae aes eee ae 31703 53.84 27.07 9.68 25.34 7 ID 
eS Rota 2 847 3 064 I 092 I 999 QOL 266 837 214 
l2ge  BEre FL oe | el aa 38.35 65.20 31.64 8.68 29.36 6.97 
Jee 5 ae are I 683 I 450 589 I 007 582 207 564 184 
LEEIP WS ned ee 34.99 69.44 34.52 LA 27 2S5ir 12.68 
Checks 
phoma. 6 <)-3 sc 651 988 63 377 430 129 373 108 
TEE (CST ha ee, en 9.52 38.15 67.58 13.05 57220 10.72 


1 This includes the side July and ‘‘ Shallow ”’ of the 1916 classification. 


The same trees were used in this orchard for plots 1-3 in both 1915 
and 1916 and the above comparison is therefore of more than usual 
interest. In the first place it should be noted that there is no very 
wide divergence between the yields of the trees in the various plots 
during these two years, though the crop on the check trees in 1916 
was somewhat larger than that for 1915. It will be noted that there 
is a substantial increase in both the number and the percentage of 
perfect apples on the three plots and the check trees, and a marked 
decrease in both number and percentage of wormy apples and those 
classed as “side July’ (these are included in the wormy and are 
separated for the purpose of comparing the results obtained with 
one type of injury) in all three plots, the reduction in the wormy 
fruit of both classes amounting approximately to from one-third to 
two-thirds of the infested apples. This is true of the check trees 


26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


as well as of those sprayed, and here the relatively low percentage 
of wormy fruit is undoubtedly due in part to the fact that the check 
trees of 1916 had been sprayed in 1915 as thoroughly or nearly as 
thoroughly as the experimental trees. Too much importance should 
not be attached to this, since the entire orchard had been sprayed 
for several years before and the probabilities are that the codling 
moth infestation in this orchard the past season was not so serious 
as in 1915. The comparison between the two years is, on its face, 
most gratifying and a portion of the gain at least can be legitimately 
ascribed to the thorough work of the preceding year; if this is the 
case a further improvement should be noted next season. 

The close relation existing between the reduction in the percentage 
of wormy apples and the percentage showing the “‘ side July ”’ type 
of injury (this latter including the ‘‘side July” and the “ shallow ” 
of the 1916 classification) is shown by the fact that the ratio between 
the percentage of wormy of 1915 and “side July’ of that year is 
very nearly the same as the ratio existing between the wormy for 
1916 and the “side July” of 1916. This is true not only of plot 1 
but also of plots 2 and 3 and the check trees. Furthermore, a similar 
ratio between the percentage of wormy of 1916 for plots 1 and 2 is 
very nearly the same as the ratio existing between the “side July ” 
affected fruit for the same year, and this also holds with remarkable 
closeness between plots 2 and 3. These relationships are another 
indication that the reduction in the ‘‘ side July ’’ wormy fruit closely 
parallels that of the total wormy. 


Albion Orchard 


This is a fine king orchard about 24 miles northeast: of Albion 
and belonging to Mr A. G. Snyder. These trees are about 4o years 
old, set 40 feet apart and are in a good, thrifty condition. 

Three plots and one check tree were selected as follows: 

Plot 1 consists of trees 1 and 2 north from the southern boundary 
of the orchard and trees 1, 2 and 3 west from the eastern boundary 
or adjacent highway. 

Plot 2 consists of trees 4 and s north and trees 1, 2 and 3 west. 

Plot 3 consists of trees 8 and 9 north and 1, 2 and 3 west, except 
that tree C in row 9 was replaced by a tree in row to directly north. 
of tree A. 

The check tree was 5 trees west, and 1 tree north from the 
southeastern corner, there being a vacancy in this row where tree 4 
should stand. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 27 


Plots 1-3 were sprayed May 31st under the supervision of Mr A. B. 
Buchholz, nursery inspector, with Swift’s arsenate of lead and a lime- 
sulphur wash in substantially the same proportions as later. 

The second spraying was given June 21st, with Riches’s and 
Pivers’s 15 per cent arsenate of lead at the rate of 12 pounds to 200 
gallons of water, and lime-sulphur wash, 33° Baumé, at the rate of 
1 to 4o or 5} gallons to 200 gallons of water. In this latter treat- 
ment one man stood on the tower and one on the ground and the 
application was extremely thorough. Plot 2 was sprayed on both 
sides, while the trees in plot 3 had been sprayed on the west side 
June 17th. The spraying began about 8 o’clock in the morning 
and was finished by 9 at the beginning of a moderate rain which 
started gently before the last trees which were sprayed could have 
dried, and continued for a period, being rather heavy until 11.30. 
It is probable that no very great amount of poison was washed 
from the trees by this rain. 

The third spraying occurred August 3d, Riches’s and Pivers’s 
arsenate of lead being used at the rate of 6 pounds to too gallons 
of water, with a home-made lime-sulphur wash. This application 


was confined to plot 3 and was made under the supervision’ of 
Mr Buchholz. 


Albion orchard, plot 1 (sprayed once) 1916 


CODLING MOTH, WORMY 
TOTAL PER- | LEAF 


— FRUIT | FECT SCAB | ROLLER 
Side Shal- Side 

Total End July low | August 

RORRNOI 3500s I 076 90 951 AI HOS erence. A2 38 28 
Rereents.< sc |e a. sas = 8.36] 88.38 Soni ue TOMOALN aera ers 3.90 B53 2.60 
SHINO sec, eeu 857 59 774. 17 QI I 32 35 23 
Remicent..cs|coc. << 6.88] 90.31 TOSI LOMO a 204 soya Bi ou/s! 4.08 2.88 
rIINGRe 2g 2 ss. I 043 96 899 45 109 2 48 48 II 
Pm Cents ots lh-sinescs ys 9.21| 86.19 Amoi le PLO WAS Sits Shans 4.60 4.60 1.05 

1D)» | Net otal ene i 103 99 970 48 TOM Sele ane 37 63 4 
ReriGemtins se. |icc oe act. 8.98] 87.94 4.34 ORAS TEA ete 3-35 e/a 0.36 
BNO moe foe 2S 907 70 794 130 94 re 33 18 
Remcentacis|inis< sce Tegan a teyfeaw TASS le KOSS e's metho A 52 3.63 1.98 

Bea DIN Opese) ea. 769 148 571 19 100 5 37 50 8 
Pericetith,. <2]. >. sac: TORSA VrRAos DRAMA Ae OON sees sic oes 4.82 6.51 I.04 
Oud sce el) 5755 562] 4 959 300 606 10 237 207 92 
PERICEILER Re oi |ahwk-aystovs 9.77| 86.16 Bacay sadoaiye: 0.17 4.10 4.62 1.59 


Plot 1, it will be seen from the above tabulation, produced a 
moderately uniform crop, the number of apples ranging from 769 


28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


to 1103, while the wormy fruit varied from 91 to 108. The per- 
centage of infested apples exhibits no great variation, the lowest 
being 9.43 and the highest 13. The last, as might be expected, was 
found on the tree producing the smallest crop. There is likewise 
comparatively little variation in either the number or percentage of 
perfect fruit, except in the case of tree F, and the same is traeson 
the number and percentage.of scabby apples. The number of 
apples showing the typical “ shallow”’ type of injury ranges from 
approximately one-third to over one-half of the wormy fruit, the 
average for the plot being a little below one-half. 


Albion orchard, plot 2 (sprayed twice) 1916 


CODLING MOTH, WORMY 


: TOTAL | PER- SCAB LEAF 
thscere FRUIT | FECT ROLLER. 
Side Shal- Side 

Total End July low | August 
PAWAING@ ne: t Weed 298 105 168 9 SAN eels I2 21 2 
Reracentyrwaltsr-ieas eres 35.23) 56.37 GeO aeingallis aio) hoc i AnO2 7.05 67 
Be INO epee 593 175 390 4 PVA ele, cle nme) 26 8 
Percemt.joyecilies oie bu 29.51| 65.76 .07 TRADI Owe ete r.68 4.38 Te 35 
CeiiNow. ee 453 120 280 16 52 I 16 34 ti 
Pericetitien waliesse oe 26.49} 61.81 BS Bit able nee 3.53 oT. SAAN Este. 
DD r\INOPe eran 680 260 350 24 SO amare 23 57 6 
Per cemitavers oils sic atest BOo23 GL Ay alee seeCyMs i 3238 838i wie 
Em NOpee etter 987 85 863 26 TTR tetas 4A 717 6 
IRenicentmaenieeee cer 8.61] 87.43 PAOA|\" TP, BO, 5 5 on oo 4.46 URES en Bera.as 
DDAWING fect hese 466 120 328 12 I I IO BON siete oe 
Per COM tee ail eeegee en 25.75| 70.40 2.57 8.80 2.14 OMe inh o chole 
AO fallin ee tee aes 2 ATT 865| 2 388 OI 384 2 II5 245 23 
Percentile aries 24.87) 68.68 Ol! stat SOI s 6 als oo 3.30 7.04 66 


Plot 2 produced a smaller crop than plot 1 and shows a relatively 
greater variation in the yield, the product of individual trees ranging 
from 2098 apples to 987 and the wormy fruit varying from 34 to 127 
apples, the percentage ranging from 7.42 to 12.86, this last occurring 
on the tree producing the greatest quantity of fruit: This particular 
tree stood by the roadside and it is possible that its proximity to the 
fence may have interfered to some extent with the thoroughness 
of the spraying. The number of apples showing the “shallow ”’ 
type of injury is larger than in the preceding plot, if varying for 
individual trees from 21 to 77 apples, and the percentage ranging 
from 4.38 to 8.38. Approximately two-thirds of the wormy apples 
on this plot were injured in this manner. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 29 


Albion orchard, plot 3 (sprayed three times) 1916 


CODLING MOTH, WORMY 


s TOTAL | PER- ead LEAF 
Seae FRUIT | FECT SCAB | ROLLER ae be ea 
e * 7 1C Uo 7 1a — . 7 1c ~ 

‘ Total End July low August 
ROOUING ces une I 068 2900 Wag 23 TAA \Wkeeee caper 14 62 I 
Bemeente ctl. oc os 27.215| ~68:63 2005 OnOGite veer. De3% BESO eee cksk. 
134) ee eee 6990 183 482 7 89 4 27 53 7 
PemCentescdioee... |  20.18|) 68.95 BAB iy Aa esp ile recat ssuavs 3.86 Yea AVA li Reale 
PING esi «68s I E39 384 700 18 7 ha |\ Me ee oe 18 53 6 
mer Cente colioc sec cal) S371. 625.24 1.58 ONO ae ek 1.58 AROS Hehe ak. 
HO NR eee. ws ¢ I 090 150 804 30 roo I 27 64 8 
REDiGONt. wc ole ce ote hs E370) “82.72 2.75 Qua0 line asics DAT PR) 7 fee ae 
NO cues wine 8 a I 618 360) > m 185 56 103 I 22 79 I 
IGE GONG eos. lis os ce ws BOR 78.28 3.46 OvsOl\ea. avers 1.36 AvSS|\ care e 
1S ere 805 73 698 23 OME Seah vod 23 70 I 
IQRIGEM ES nate line. xcs « 9.06] 86.70 DRO Sieiy DLs OA. ceva aie « 2.85 SOO | Seaton e 
potaleven hte l. O Aro  Diadol; 4 yor 1607 540 6 131 381 24 
GROEN nt cc )e'l aie dtate 2s 2AAS| 73023 2.60 8.41 .09 2.04 5.93 Soi 


The yield of plot 3 approximates closely that of plot 1, though 
there is a somewhat greater variation in the yield of individual 
trees, this ranging from 699 to 1618. ‘There is a considerable varia- 
tion in the number and percentage of perfect and scabby fruit. 
There is no great variation in the number of wormy apples to each 
tree, these ranging from 77 to 103, while the percentage of such fruit 
varies from 6.36 to 12.73, the smallest being on the tree producing 
next to the largest crop. There is a somewhat larger number of 
apples showing the “ shallow ” type of injury, as compared with the 
other plots, this varying for individual trees from 53 to 79 and com- 
prising for the plot, approximately two-thirds of the wormy apples. 


Albion orchard, summary of plots, 1916 


CODLING MOTH, WORMY 


TOTAL | PER- LEAF 
a FRUIT | FECT SCAB | ROLLER Sid Shal Sid 
. Total | End : 2 ie eee 
July low | August 
EMA ROtAT. Gos... : 4 755 562] 4 959 300 606 10 237 267 92 
Percent: cleus cic ts 9.77| 86.16 Sogn LO. 5a 20) 7) 4.10 4.62 1.59 
2 ‘otal. a.5. 3477 865| 2 388 OI 384 2 II5 245 23 
Pemeent. aahics aes 24.87| 68.68 2nO2 Ns LL AOA |e a4 teen 3.30 7.04 .66 
3 Roba eu.2's 6 419} I 440] 4 7o1 167 540 6 131 381 24 
PST CONE, sa-||crers. 8 2 24.43) . 73.23 2.60 8.41 .09 2.04 5.03 37 
F—aihotal. .2.,.| £5 652] 2.867) 12.131 558) I 530 18 483 803 139 
Percents. hia’ ex. 18.42] 77.50 3.56 9.77 PUT 3.08 5.00 . 88 
Check tree 
take «Aol. GAS |e ha suk 605 12 201 37 102 51 I 
CR COM Gaeess his ely he cats 94.07 TL SOlMyglees Sh Ons ap 7.93 1.7 


30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


An examination of the above summary shows that plot 2 pro- 
duced a light crop and that while there is a progressive increase in 
the number of perfect apples on the plots sprayed once, twice and 
three times, there is not for some reason or other an equally good 
showing in percentage returns. This improvement, as might be 
expected, is largely due to the more efficient control of scab as a 
result of the later applications. The figures do not adequately 
express the true condition of affairs, since many apples counted as 
scabby on plot 3 showed very much less infection than was the case 
with plot 2 and even more so of plot 1.- The percentage et total 
wormy fruit for the three plots is about as might be expected after 
making allowance for the smaller yield of plot 2 and the heavier 
crop of plot 3, and although the percentage would appear to indi- 
cate a marked reduction in wormy apples on trees sprayed three 
times, yet we believe this variation may be explained, in consider- 
able measure at least, by the larger number of apples. The varia- 
tion in total wormy, both in number and percentage, corresponds 
fairly closely with the number and per cent of apples showing the 
“shallow ”’ type of injury. | 

The significance of this summary can best be appreciated by com- 
paring the data with those obtained from the check tree with its 
total absence of perfect fruit, its 94 per cent of scabby apples and 
over 31 per cent codling moth infestation. It will be noted that the 
end-wormy apples on this tree amounted to 5.75 per cent, while 
on the sprayed plots this percentage was cut down to less than 
one-fifth of 1 per cent and lower. It is worthy of note that the 
percentage and relative number of apples showing the “ shallow ”’ 
type of injury on the check trees does not vary greatly from that 
on plots 1-3, plainly indicating that repeated poison applications 
are of little value in preventing blemishes of this kind for the season 
in which the application is made. 


Hilton Orchard 


A series of experimental plots were located June rst in the Baldwin 
orchard of Mt Fred W. Curtis, Hilton, N. Y. The trees are about 
30 years old and stand at an approximate distance of 30 feet from 
one another. The orchard is somewhat uneven, some trees being 
missing and, generally speaking, pear trees have been interplanted. 
The Baldwins were mostly well loaded with blossoms and owing 
to an occasional missing tree the plots are somewhat irregular. 

The experimental orchard was on the north side of the road east 
of the barn and the numbering began with the easternmost row 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 31 


and ran west, the trees in the rows being numbered from the road 
northward. 

Plot 1 began on row 9 with the third apple tree north from the 
road, and on row to with the second apple tree north, these being 
trees 1 and 3, respectively, while trees 2, 4, 5 and 6 were the third, 
fourth and sixth apple trees, respectively, on the ninth row. 

Plot 2, trees tr and 5 were the sixth and seventh apple trees, respec- 
tively, north from the road on row 1o, and trees 2, 3, 4 and 6 were 
the eighth, ninth, tenth and eleventh apple trees, respectively, north 
from the road on row 9. 

Plot 3, trees 1, 3 and 5 were the third, fourth and fifth apple 
trees, respectively, north from the road on row 15, while trees 2, 4 
and 6 were the third, fourth and fifth apple trees, respectively, north 
from the road on row 14. 

The check tree was the seventh apple tree north from the road 
in row 15. North of the check tree were a series of greenings. 

The first spraying was begun June 1st. Thompsen’s BT dry 
soda-sulphur was used at the rate of 3 pounds to 50 gallons of water, 
and 4 pounds of Niagara arsenate of lead was added. The blossoms 
were mostly off, fully 98 per cent having dropped. One man sprayed 
all the trees from the top of the tank, the tops being hit only by 
drift in the case of the larger trees. The application was fairly 
thorough though there probably was a little missed here and there. 

At 12 o'clock all the plots had been sprayed except the southern 
' six apple trees on row g, and these Mr Curtis finished up early in 
the afternoon. The day was ideal, bright and sunny and with only 
a light breeze. Mr Curtis stated that the orchard had been sprayed 
for years and that he had experienced comparatively little trouble 
from side-worm injury. 

The second spraying began about 9.30 June 22d and was completed 
at 10.40. Thompsen’s paste arsenate of lead was used at the rate 
of 3 pounds to 50 gallons of water and Thompsen’s lime-sulphur 
wash at the rate of 1 to 45. At this time some burning of the leaves 
was evident, though in most cases the damage was not serious. 
Mr Curtis stated that in each instance this had followed an applica- 
tion June sth or 6th, made only a few days after the exceptionally 
heavy rains of June 1st and 2d. The Baldwins at this time had a 
diameter of one-half to three-fourths of an inch and showed a marked 
fuzziness. There was abundant fruit on the check tree and con- 
siderable fungus though the foliage was not in markedly poorer 
condition than that on plot 3. Mr Curtis stated that tree 3 of plot: 
3 was sprayed from the east side after June rst by mistake and the 


32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


considerable burning on the east side of that tree substantiated his 
statement and illustrated in a striking manner the connection between 
excessive precipitation and the danger of burning. Tree 3 of plot 1 
was sprayed by mistake on the west side June 22d. Neither of 
these applications appear to have had any material influence upon 
the yield as will be seen by referring to the tabulated data below. 

The third spraying was given August 3d, 3 pounds of arsenate 
of lead paste to 50 gallons of water and lime-sulphur diluted at the 
rate of 1 to 45 being used. Between 190 and 200 gallons of mixture 
were applied at a pressure of 175 pounds. The work was done under 
the supervision of Mr L. A. Toan. 


Hilton orchard, plot 1 (sprayed once) 1916 


CODLING MOTH, WORMY 


TOTAL | PER- LEAF 
TREE FRUIT | FECT SET ROLLER : dea ah 
: Side al- ide 

Total End July low | August 

TaN Men eee. 796 36 745 I51 160 9 77 54 20 

Rercenbhe an |nimestriee 4.52] 93.59 18.97] 20.10 1b 2 103} 9.67 6.78 2e5 ir 

DANNOpiee onesie 823 m6) 799 III 183 5 II4 52 12 

Pericent creates. ee 1220) O72 08 UZ) Atel) BA al 60} 13.85 6.31 I.45 

ZF INIOeig bin eee 268 I4 2A7 31 58 6 21 27 4 

Percent callie os thas SQA OPs © Tie Sill eee On! 228 7.83| 10.07 I.49 

AbalNi@ ices sue. sea 741 74 646 85 128 2 38 69 20 

Pericenity. 3s. aleuieieeie- 9.98] 87.17 IED ALG RG ra 26 582) Oust 2.69 

IP INOn ceoteicnee 593 65 494 102 104 5 31 63 5 

Percent. Goalie. oe 10.86] 82.58 WOR 17/5 237) 83 5 £7) LOeS2 83 

GTINOR uae aes I 604 167| I 483 17a 230 A 76 128 23 

Renmcents --| sr eee 9.88] 87.54 TOREAN SESE So 223 4.48 7.55 Sts 

DONG S545 Avisall) Lat OHS 366] 4 414 651 863 31 357 393 84 


Fer Cent. escalates 7.44| 89.80 WB A ayo 0.63 720 7.99 1710 


The trees in plot 1 show a great variation in yield, this ranging 
from 268 to 1694 apples and there is nearly as wide a variation in 
the amount of perfect fruit, the percentage of scabby apples run- 
ning high and in no case falling below 82.58. The total wormy 
apples vary from 13.58 to 22.24 per cent, the smallest being on the 
most fruitful tree and the largest on the one producing the next 
heaviest yield. The proportion of “‘ shallow’’ affected apples runs 
from approximately one-third to one-half of the total wormy, being 
somewhat lower than in other orchards. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 


Hilton orchard, plot 2 (sprayed twice) 1916 


33 


ee 


TREE 


iS) 
ey 
° 


U helt eee 


CODLING MOTH, WORMY 


TOTAL | PER- z A | eee 

Fruit | Fect | S°4® | potter - bik, 

pide enai- 

Total End July eee 
wai Tear 160 986 92 187 4 66 101 
Spice ane T3.10}) (80-275 Fi. 5Qi | Loma o32 5.40 8.27 
aE 706 66 594 41 148 5 _55 85 
<1|| See 9.34; 84.13 5.80] 20.96 .70 7-97} 12.04 
Be 566 33 513 46 80 I 20 46 
Se ee 5.83] 90.63 reheat gaa all ag oe pity Sieabs 8.12 
a 659 87 532 54 108 3 39 60 
Cea oe 13.20} 80.73 rspuiko) | unio y techs -45 5.91 OL LO 
ae 735 100 506 59 94 2 20 58 
rue re ae 13.60] 81.08 8.02] 12.78 127 3.94 7.890 
ae 535 48 465 47 3 | ene 34 55 
AS Bete ue 8.97| 86.91 SS le LT eSOiion ow i eters OFasiy LonZo 
--| 4 422 494| 3 686 339 710 15 252 405 
eras fies fore ae TEE 2) 63-35 7.66) 16.05 33 5.69 Qurs 


Side 
August 


The crop in plot 2 was more even than in the preceding, the indi- 
vidual trees producing from 535 to 1221 apples, the perfect fruit 
ranging from 48 to 160 and the percentage of. the wormy apples 


varying from 12.78 to 20.96. 
rule and is somewhat anomalous. 


This latter variation follows no definite 
The ‘“ shallow ”’ affected fruit 


approximates a little over one-half of the total wormy and in this 
respect approaches closely the conditions obtaining in plot 3. 


TREE 


TSN onze: 2 


- 


wn 
Ai 
°o 


fos 


NOx. 22% 


INO ers 


Hilton orchard, plot 3 (sprayed three times) 1916 


CODLING MOTH, WORMY 


Side 
August 


TOTAL | PER- LEAF 
FRuIT | FEcT | °°4® | roLLER 
Side Shal- 
Total End July low 
I 2209 205 922 74 186 4 23 139 
2a Alan! See 16.68] 75.02 G702|, "Ts 13 33 Deotie Ler 
ee I 804 305| I 462 80 305 2 106 181 
Plier ean sc TO. EO) 77.59 A23ie, -£0. £0 m0) 5.59 9.55 
hip Oo 334| I 274 be) 210 53 128 
Swsllstetet ome ES_ 86), 272.05 TOF, TL .Sy 22 2.99 23 
7? I 737 R27" 278 I16 218 4 39 158 
Sale| paket driers TS, 49) 73257 6.67| 12.55 23 2024 9.09 
es I 442 269} I 056 135 127 I 18 96 
Me LA ey Sacre TOVOS|) 7a023 9.36 8.80 07 Tae 6.65 
Ate I 828 385] I 307 160 196 2 53 135 
Rl eae. oe 21.06} 71.49 S275) 10.72 10 2.80 7.38 


PhOtale 2 <3 


34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


The yield of plot 3 was considerably larger than that of the two 
preceding, amounting to nearly 10,000 apples, the range for indi- 
vidual trees being from 1229 to 1828, while the perfect fruit varied 
from 205 to 385 apples. The lowest percentage of wormy apples 
was 8.80 and the highest in this plot 16.10, the average being 12:54. 
The “shallow ”’ injured fruit varied from approximately one-half 
to three-fourths of the total wormy, the average for the plot being 
two-thirds. : 

Hilton orchard, summary of plots, 1916 


CODLING MOTH, WORMY 


TOTAL | PER- |° LEAF 
EEOr FRUIT | FECT SCsE> | ROLLER: 
Side Shal- Side 
Total End July low | August 
1 MPotaby.i cb 4 915 366] 4 414 651] 863 31 357 393 84 
Pericenitness|cere moe 7.44| 89.80 Tee Te ays 63 7.260 7.99 Tea70 
yaaa Oba ler cet: 4 422 494| 3 686 339) == 710 I5 252 405 AI 
IPermceih sale cee oe Tihet7|| EOS hs 7.66} 16.05 33 5.690 9.15 92 
3 otal wises 9 808] I 819] 7 209 690] I 242 I7 292 837 07 
Percent sci wena TOesiile Woeue: esl) Gras eval 177 205 8.45 99 
T—Zyuiitoobal. se). TO 225) 2.070), L50309 I 680] 2 815 63 OOMi« 1/625 222 
Rerieent../2 |. 2 ae 13.93] 80.05 8.75| 14.64 233 4.69 8.51 Tako 
Check 
Ro tale oo. 3 423 88] 3 209 274 372 12 125 203 33 
Penicenibs ise lise cee 2257 00237 8.00] 10.87 ~35 3.65 5.93 .96 


The summarized tabulation shows a decidedly heavier crop on 
plot 3 with a corresponding increase in the percentage of perfect 
apples and a marked decrease in the percentage of scabby apples, 
this latter ranging from nearly 90 per cent in the case of plot 1, to 
833 per cent for plot 2, and.732 per cent-for plot 3. hese meumes 
should be compared with the 964 per cent of scabby fruit on the 
check trees. There is also a marked decrease in the percentage of 
wormy fruit in plots 1-3, though this is to be explained to some extent, 
at least, by the fact that the yield on plot 3 was nearly equal to that 
of plots 1 and 2 combined, thus the apparent benefit from: the third 
spraying must be reduced considerably if we make allowance for 
this factor. The proportion of “ shallow ’”’ injured fruit is a little 
less than one-half the total wormy for plot 1, a little over one-half 
for plot 2 and a little over two-thirds of the total wormy for plot 3, 
which would indicate no great reduction in this type of injury as a 
result of the later sprayings. The average percentage of wormy 
fruit for the three plots is 14.64 and this makes a poor comparison . 
with the 10.87 per cent of wormy fruit on the one check tree, which 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 35 


latter, it should be noted, produced 3423 apples, a decidedly larger 
crop than that from any of the sprayed trees. This large yield 
explains in considerable measure the low percentage of wormy fruit 
on the check trees. ‘There is no question but what material benefits 
in the control of the codling moth were obtained in this orchard 
though the large variation in the yields of different plots, and 
especially of the check trees, makes a fair comparison impossible. 
It is interesting to note that the proportion of “ shallow’ injured 
fruit on plots 1-3, as compared with the total wormy, does not 
vary greatly from the proportion on the unsprayed tree. 


Newfane Orchard 


This work was conducted in cooperation with Mr G. H. Stahler 
of Newfane, his orchard being located close to the stop known as 
Jacques road. The trees are Baldwins, about 4o years old, set 
approximately 38 feet apart and stand in sod. The orchard has 
had a reputation of producing large crops of apples and is in good 
condition. 

Plot 1 was located on the eighth and ninth rows from the west 
side and comprised the eighth, ninth and tenth trees from the south 
end. 

Plot 2 was located on the fourteenth and fifteenth rows from the 
west side and comprised the ninth, tenth and eleventh trees from the 
south. | 

Plot 3 was in the same rows and comprised the fourth, fifth and 
sixth trees from the south. } 

The check trees were on the eighth and ninth rows near plot 1 
and were the twelfth from the south end, there being only one tree 
intervening between the northern trees of plot 1 and the check trees. 

The first application was made with the wind on the morning of 
June 2d, the day being sunny and with light and fitful breezes. 
‘One man sprayed from the top of the tank, using three nozzles 
which delivered the spray in nearly parallel lines. The work was 
continued until there was some dripping and the application was 
made only with the wind. The blossoms were all off and the stamens 
shriveled although there was no closing of the petals. The work 
started with one spraying outfit, a pressure of 150 pounds being 
used and the application being made to the east side of trees 1, 3 
and 5 of plot 1, and then owing to engine troubles another spraying 
outfit was substituted with a continuance of the same type of 
nozzles and method of application. The pressure in this latter 


case was 250 pounds and the application was made to the east side 
2 


30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


of trees 2, 4 and 6 of plot 1. Additional engine troubles developed 
and the work was interrupted by a heavy shower, followed by: rain 
most of the afternoon and the completion of the spraying of these 
plots was left in the hands of Mr Strickland. Plots 2 and 3 were 
sprayed on the west side, under the supervision of Mr Strickland, 
on June 6th and on the east side June 5th. A ~ Gittord” vanele 
nozzle was used and a pressure of 250 pounds maintained. The 
calyxes were closing rapidly and these plots were sprayed with the 
west wind, since it was not deemed wise to wait for an east wind. 
Plot 3 was sprayed on the west side of the trees on June 5th, the 
same straight nozzle being used as was employed to spray the east 
side of the trees June 2d. 

Four pounds of ‘‘ Adheso”’ were used for each 50 gallons. The 
following is a transcription of the ingredients as stated on the label: 


Metallic copper 2.8 to 2.9 per cent 

Dry lead arsenate 274 to 284 per cent; inert ingredients 64 to 69 per cent; total 
arsenic (expressed as percentage of metallic arsenic) 5¢ to 6 per cent 

Arsenic in water soluble form less than 4 of 1 per cent 

The metallic copper and metallic arsenic present are equivalent to ‘“‘ copper 
hydrate ’’ for 4.2 to 4.35 per cent, arsenic oxide 8.9 to 9.3 per cent 


‘ 


It will be seen from the above formula that the amount of poison 
actually applied was relatively light and approximately equivalent 
to 2 pounds of 15 per cent arsenic oxide (paste arsenate of lead) to 
50 gallons of water. | 

The second application to plots 2 and 3 was made on the morning 
of June zoth, a very heavy home-made lime-sulphur wash being 
used, approximately 6 gallons of this to 180 gallons of water. This 
home-made mixture contained a considerable amount of sediment, 
and even after the addition of so much of this preparation, the 
hydrometer read less than 1.1 per cent. 'Thompsen’s paste arsenate 
of lead was used at the rate of 103 pounds to 180 gallons. Spraying 
began at 9.30 and was completed at 11.10, the application being 
restricted to the 12 experimental trees, 155 gallons being applied. 

An examination at this time showed that many of the leaves on 
the Baldwin trees were badly spotted and that a-considerable number 
had turned yellow. Some were on the ground and others were 
dropping. This unfortunate condition is very probably due to 
burning following the application of the lime-sulphur wash just 
after the very heavy showers of June 1st and 2d. 

The third treatment was practically identical with the second 
and was given in early August under the supervision of Mr Stahler. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 37 
Newfane orchard, plot 1 (sprayed once) 1916 
CODLING MOTH, WORMY 
TOTAL | PER- LEAF 
oe Fruit | rect | S°“® | RoLLER Side | Shal- Side | RUST 
Total | End Ful 1 aoe Aug- 
y ust 
BEEMOV ING. 5-05 $0 )e%m a 438 QI 273 87 85 I 12 68 4 115 
PGE GEN. cs.) s.. ses 20.77| 62.32 TQ,O0] 10.40]... . . 2.473) 15.53 -91| 26.25 
iOS oe 706 162 493 85 96 3 I2 80 3 166 
BEE GENE. ais [sche «1000 22.81| 69.83 12.04] 13.59 4210. POO alrse AQ) 23.52 
iho... 253 55 184 37 25 I 4 5 er 31 
REM CONG. os oiis.ce csc’ 20.73) 7272 TACOS OuSBlivss cw Tyee Sicau ee em 12.25 
LD (oe t 838 508] rt 165 200 257 I 20 ago 4 344 
PET IGEM Galore clhece. wco'e ae 27.62] 63.38 DTS MES Oob date wes 1.08] 12.62 SpA de ef 
ING os des cn 3 286 107 II4 49 53 I II AMY fot Be 69 
Bem CCMGew. ata cccech « 37.42] 39.86 Le TS LOWS Sere aa. << Be Suille PAs oe ates 24.12 
INO eros cos aie: < 610 233 236 116 81 I 8 DNs oes 183 
IPO CONE. 2. bis sow «is 38.20] 38.68 LOGOS E Es LO ae acer FSi es PaO er rece s 30.00 
PROtale ease = fs 4 131] I 156] 2 465 664 597 8 67 514 II 908 
ol oe 27.98] 59.67 16.07| 14.45 =O} I.62) (12.47 26 21.98 


A scrutiny of the data from plot 1 shows a considerable variation 
in the yield from individual trees, it ranging from 253 to 1838 apples 
and the perfect fruit varying from 91 to 508 apples. . There is a con- 
siderable range in the percentage of wormy apples, this amounting 
to from 9.88 to 19.40, both extremes being on trees producing com- 
paratively light crops. The average wormy fruit for the plot 
amounted to 14.45 per cent. It should be noted that the proportion 
of “ shallow ”’ affected apples is high, approximating five-sixths for 
the plot and nearly that for most of the trees. 


Newfane orchard, plot 2 (sprayed twice) 1916 


CODLING MOTH, WORMY 


TOTAL | PER- LEAF 
—— Fruit | Fect | °©4® | RoLLER Side | Shal. | Side | RUST 
Total | End a caus ay. Pe 
July | low g 
ust 
PAM ING aio oa. 2 597 167 360 76 105 8 IA 78 7 04 
Pemeent. us tess ss. 2 27EO7, OOss Deets) E50) f.a4l 23a 23.60) | 17/115. 74. 
133 UN cae ee 279 I12 131 I5 31 I 6 Day Sore 79 
REriCEMU et lca 40.14] 46.95 mse ere FT SSS 2k Ste Gaol. oat 28.32 
CORING cco Sis Me 482 200 187 38 105 I 7 93 129 
PemcCeiite ete ese, 41I.49| 38.79 7.88| 21.78 2G) 9 2-451) 10.20 .82| 26.7 
PENG. os ae sc I17 40 47 15 29 2 7 20 3 18 
IPERICEN Be ra c'1e <35 coe 34.18] 40.17 12.82] 24.78 1.7} 5.98] 17.09} 2.56] 15.39 
BS aUNGISs 2 oa ee 365 125 173 45 73 5 13 48 13 37 
ER CEG l eS -.<\laiecamuad 34.24] 47.39 £2). 321" 20 00), 1.361993. 56) 12218). 3.56) toer6 
ONO er a sx eis 46 28 5 ro Albian I Bee 2 ae 6 
Rer cent.< <p 20% i<2 60.87| 10.87 Dre Zales Ole se. 2577)" -O..5eh: 13.04 
PRatale etek I 886 672 903 199 347 17 48 266 27 363 
Per Genta e ters lode os 34.82! 47.93 10.31] 18.39 -90| 2.54] 14.10] 1.43] 19.2 


i i es Oe 


38 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


The yield on plot 2 was considerably smaller than that from plot 
1, individual trees producing from 46 to 597 apples and the perfect 
fruit varying from 40 to 200. There is a wide variation in the per- 
centage of wormy fruit, this ranging from 8.69 to 24.78 with an 
average for the plot of 18.39. The proportion of “shallow ” 
affected fruit approximates two-thirds of the wormy apples though 
there is considerable variation between: individual trees. 


Newfane orchard, plot 3 (sprayed three times) 1916 


CODLING MOTH, WORMY 


TOTAL | PER- LEAF 
Se Fruit | rect | S°4® | RoLLER | = — 
Side | Shal- 1de 
Total End July low Aug- 
ust 
GHiINOe: ere 2 420 7is|| if Bi 258 346 7 43 286 163} 393 
Percent rec Seni O 29.54| 50.08 10.66} 14.30 28). PF) ae 54] 16.24 
1D)e | PN ol ea ga 2 098 690| I 259 202 386 A 46 333 6 398 
Pericentoos olesAs 2 32.88] 60.00 OF 622363 TO} 2o|e use 28| 18.97 
INO ces ee 3 092 997! I 889 258 A6I 8 TE 374 ana 580 
Penicent... alee ches 32.24] 61.09 8.34] I4.90 =2510 2222) eEeno@ [25 ong s 
BY Noi aay. eco: 27OrT 842] I 774 281 487 22 84] - 346 38 552 
Per centesceles >. -- 28.92) 60.94 9.65| 16.72 75, 2'.88|. LEL8ol) Tease eKSeor 
BOLAleS. Seve ae IO 521] 3 244| 6 134 999| I 680 4I 244|) I 339 68] I 923 


Rericent ne. a[aeeen nS aut 58.43 9.50} 16.00 -39|  2032|7 92275 -64) 18.28 


The yield on plot 3 was much larger than that of the other plots 
and owing to time limitations the apples of but four trees were can- 
vassed. These ranged in number from 2098 to 3092 and an exami- 
nation of the other two trees showed they were about as heavily 
loaded. The perfect fruit varied from 715 to 997 and the percentage 
of wormy apples ranged from 13.63 to 16.72, a moderate variation. 
Approximately three-fourths of the wormy apples showed the 

‘shallow’ type of injury. The percentage of wormy fruit is quite 
high when allowance is made for the heavy yield. 


Newfane orchard, checks (unsprayed) 1916 


CODLING MOTH, WORMY 


TOTAL | PER- LEAP boo eee 
eee FRUIT | FECT | SCAB | ROLLER cia: | eee si ats 
Total | End | July | low | Aug- 
gust 
XS TINGR re Ae I 868 I5| I 820 123 A419 138 104 172 16 15 
| Paz h(c/ehal oe) | pee ee .8I} 97.43 6/58), 22243) (7538/" 5.55 poeee “oli ae ag ae 
MINOR ee ee I 198 59| I 104 256 226 36 43 I47 3 8 
Percent |e ee we 4.92] 92.23 27. 37 1S. 86.300) Se 50l22eem 225 |Raaes 
sFotal tn Ahern 3 066 74] 2 924 379 645 174 I47 319 19 23 


Percent w. perenne cee 2.41] 95.36 12.36] 21.03] 5.67| 4.79) 10.40 Gir ete ae 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1910 39 


The check trees in this orchard produced 1868 and 1198 apples: 
respectively, with 15 and 59 of these being classed as perfect, the 
remainder showing some form of defect, usually scab. The wormy 
fruit comprised 22.43 and 18.86 per cent of the crop, a rather low 
proportion showing the “ shallow ” type of injury. 


Newfane orchard, summary of plots, 1916 


CODLING MOTH, WORMY 


TOTAL | PER- LEAF ‘ 
PLOT FRUIT | FECT Sa ROLLER ; ? ys 
End | Side | Shal- | Side 
Total n July low ug- 
ust 
Fey ie) 2 Or 4 131] I 156) 2 465 664 597 8 67 514 Il 908 
lace Cri Re 27.98) 59.67 16.07| 14.45 SEO) 02) 112 947 26| 21.98 
SOY 21 ee I 886 672 903 199 347 r7 48 266 27 363 
en cents sick ocfoecs ss 34.82] 47.93 TOnSr). Lengo 96) 2.54 TA. ro) orsAs| eter 
3 oatali<e.. <.3: IO 521] 3 244] 6 134 999| I 680 4I 244] I 339 68] I 923 
LASS ler tea (re 30.91) 58.43 9.50} 16.00 ~30)> 2532) T2075 -64| 18.28 
ion) fo] et 16 538] 5 072] 9 502 I 862] 2 624 66 250| 2 110 I06| 3 194 
Ber Cerlbe sau Je fiestas 30.66) 57.45 THe25) T5250 230) -2r7) T2.82 -64| 19.31 
Check | 
MGbetre ohare 2 3 066 74| 2 924 379 645 174 IA47 319 I9 23 
Per cent...... | eee 2.41} 95.36 E236)" SE.03)' * 5-67) 4270) t0l4z0 .16 7s 


A comparison of the data secured from the various plots results 
in a rather poor showing for plot 3 when allowance is made for the 
much larger yield of the trees classified. There is, for example, in 
the perfect fruit, a gain of from 27 to 34 per cent between plots 
1 and 2, while for plot 3 it is a little less than 31 per cent. This 
drop is probably to be explained in part by the fact that the trees 
in plot 3 were larger, thicker, and therefore more difficult to spray 
thoroughly, especially from the top of a spraying outfit. The 
observations in regard to the perfect fruit apply, though in reverse 
order, in relation to scab, since this was the infection which dis- 
qualified much fruit. There is a similar lack of returns in the per- 
centage of wormy fruit from the three plots, though there is and 
should be some difference between the sprayed and the check trees, 
this amounting to an average of a little over 4 per cent for all of 
the sprayed trees as compared with those untreated. 

At the time the fruit was picked our attention was called to a 
russeting of the apples, which is probably due to spray injury. The 


extent. of this is well shown in this summary, it varying for different 


plots from 18.32 to 21.98 per cent, while on the unsprayed trees 
there was only three-fourths of 1 per cent. This russeting affected 


40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 

the appearance of the fruit and probably checked its development 
to some extent, hence care should be exercised not to use too strong 
or irritating sprays. 


Data from Various Orchards 


A comparison of results obtained in the different orchards is inter- 
esting though the returns are somewhat anomalous. It will be 
noted by referring to the preceding tabulations that in the plots 
sprayed once at Kendall and Albion, the percentage of wormy fruit 
was 9.68 and 10.53, while those similarly sprayed at Newfane and 
Hilton gave 14.45 and 17.55 per cent of wormy fruit. In our judg- 
ment the smaller yields of the plots sprayed once in the two orchards 
last named is hardly an adequate explanation for the difference. 

Again, the plots sprayed twice in the Kendall and Albion orchards 
produced 8.68 and 11.04 per cent of wormy fruit, while those 
similarly treated in the Newfane and Hilton orchards bore 18.39 
and 16.05 per cent of wormy apples. Plot 2 of the Newfane orchard 
produced about two-thirds of the crop as compared with the Kendall 
and Albion orchards and less than one-half the number of apples 
on plot 2 in the Hilton orchard. Here again we have a higher 
percentage of wormy apples without an adequate variation in the 
size of the crop. 

Finally, the Kendall and Albion orchards produced 14.27 and 
8.41 per cent of wormy fruit on the trees sprayed three times, while 
the Newfane and Hilton orchards yielded 16 and 12.54 per cent 
wormy apples, respectively. The crop on plot 3 of the Kendall 
orchard was only 1450 apples, a marked difference between over 
6000 of the Albion orchard and nearly 10,000 each of the Newfane 
and Hilton orchards on corresponding plots. 

The percentage of apples on the check trees in these four orchards 
is also worthy of comparison in connection with the yield. The 
Kendall check trees produced 988 apples and 13.05 per cent wormy 
apples, the Albion check tree, 643 apples and 31.25 per cent of wormy 
fruit, while the two Newfane check trees produced over 3000 apples, 
21.03 per cent of which were wormy, and the Hilton check tree over 
3400 apples with 10.87 per cent wormy. | 

This summary of conditions in the various plots shows, broadly 
speaking, a high percentage of wormy fruit in the Newfane and 
Hilton orchards which were sprayed by one man working from the 
tower with a moderately long extension nozzle, and while an honest 
effort was made to do thorough work we do not believe that so good 
results can be secured as where one man with a long hose works 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 41 


on the ground and cooperates with the tower man. This latter 
method is characteristic of the Kendall and Albion orchards and the 
greater thoroughness possible under such conditions explains in part 
at least, we believe, this somewhat striking discrepancy between the 
two groups of orchards, though there are undoubtedly other factors 
which have influenced the character of the yield. 


Relation between Shallow and total Wormy Apples 


There seems to be a moderately definite relation between shallow 
and total wormy apples, and to show this the following tabulation 
was prepared : 


Comparison of percentages between wormy and ‘“‘ shallow” apples; 1916 


KENDALL ORCHARD ALBION ORCHARD HILTON ORCHARD 


PLOT 


Wormy athe Shallow | Wormy ees Shallow | Wormy / nem Shallow 


te a, eee 9.68 4.84 4.96 10.53 5.26 4.62 E7ERS 8.77 

emer aes ae 8.68 5.78 5.87 II.04 7.36 7.04 16.05 10.70 9.15 
2 fe eee 14.27 9.41 12.06 8.41 5.61 5.93 12.54 T3260 8.45 
en < 13.05 8.60 9.00 31.25 20.83 7.93 10.87 6.25 9 


An examination of the above tabulation shows an interesting 
relation existing between the percentage of wormy fruit and the 
peculiar side injury included in the foregoing, which we have desig- 
nated as “shallow.” The first column under each plot gives the 
percentage of wormy fruit and the third column the percentage of 
‘““ shallow ”’ affected apples. The middle column gives a figure which 
was obtained by subtracting from the percentage of total wormy a 
definite proportion which, in the case of plot 1 is one-half, and of 
plots 2, 3 and the check trees is one-third. It will be seen that in 
the case of plot 1 very nearly one-half of the percentage of wormy 
apples showed the peculiar ‘“‘ shallow’’ defect, while in the other 
plots this type of injury was restricted fairly closely to one-third 
of the total per cent, a marked exception being in the case of the 
check tree in the Albion orchard, where only one-fourth of the total 
wormy comes much nearer to representing the actual number of 
‘shallow’ affected apples. The probable explanation for this 
marked discrepancy is that the check tree from which these figures 
were derived, produced a smaller crop than the others and the infes- 
tation was much more general. It is possible that this figure 


42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


approaches the proportion Santee the “shallow ” \injunyen 
unsprayed trees and that the much larger proportion of “‘ shallow ” 
affected apples on the other check trees is due in part to the sprayings 
of preceding years. 

The above data are interesting, since they suggest a moderately 
constant ratio between the total wormy and this peculiar type of 
injury. The moderate and, for the most part well-defined propor- 
tion, intimates that this type of injury may be a response by the 
young caterpillars to an inherited instinct, and there certainly is 
nothing in these figures which would suggest any disproportionate 
reduction in the number of “‘ shallow’ injured apples as a result 
of additional sprayings. In fact, the data show a somewhat higher 
proportion of ‘‘ shallow” affected apples on the plots sprayed two 
and three times as compared with those sprayed but once, which 
would tend to indicate a greater reduction in the other types of 
injury and a “ lagging’’ in benefits accruing from repeated treat- 
ments so far as “ shallow ”’ injury is concerned, though this conclusion 
must be stated with some caution, since it is not entirely justified 
by the returns from the check trees. These latter, however, are 
relatively few in number and the data they give are therefore more 
subject to individual variation or local peculiarities. 


2, 


Weather and the Codling Moth 


Insects are materially affected by weather conditions and several 
observers have noted relations existing between the activities of the 
codling moth and climatic changes. The history of this insect in 
western New York, particularly during the last few years, suggests 
there might be a close relation between evening temperatures and 
the extensive deposition of eggs. An attempt to show this, based 
on earlier records of oviposition, was made last year and was not 
entirely successful, owing to the impossibility of more than approxt- 
mating evening temperatures from the published minimum 
temperatures. 

The past season, through the teceretien of the weather bureau 
of the United States Department of Agriculture and more particularly 
Prof. Wilford M. Wilson, in charge of the weather bureau at Ithaca, 
the loan of standard thermometers and rain gauges was secured and a 
portion of the records given below are based on data obtained with 
these instruments and the voluntary aid of local observers, namely: 
Messrs F. W. Curtis, Hilton; F. N. Stevens, Kendall; Harold Snyder, 
Albion; L. F. Strickland, Lockport; and G. H. Stahler, Newfane. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 43 


The meteorological observations were made under typical orchard 
conditions and the data secured from representative localities make 
possible a fairly accurate comparison of temperature changes in 
particular throughout the season. Unfortunately there was no such 


well-marked periodic deposition of eggs as characterized 1915, and . 


consequently sharply defined variations in egg laying could not be 
demonstrated. It is felt, however, that the data recorded below 
make a substantial addition to the meteorology of New York State 
orchards and may well be used as a basis for further investigations 
which may enable us to state the conditions favorable for the deposi- 
tion of large numbers of codling moth eggs. This matter is something 
which may be of great practical importance in connection with the 
destruction of young caterpillars before they have materially injured 
the fruit. 

A comparison of the temperature records for the latter part of 
June, the period when climatic conditions are most likely to affect 
codling moth oviposition, shows an interesting discrepancy between 
temperatures at Kendall near the lake and those in the relatively 
nearby Albion orchard, approximately 10 miles south and west. 
It will be noted that there was a marked rise in temperature begin- 
ning June 24th, and on the 28th there was a difference of 14 degrees 
between the temperatures recorded for 8 p. m. at Kendall and 
Albion, the latter being higher and the difference ample to affect 
materially the deposition of eggs, provided this is a factor of some 
importance. It will further be noted that on comparing data from 
other localities where observations were recorded, while this period 
showed a distinct increase in the evening temperatures, the dif- 
ference was not nearly so marked as between the two places men- 
tioned above. This is very possibly to be explained in part at 
least by the fact that the Albion orchard was more remote from the 
lake and consequently less liable to be affected by the relatively 
high evening temperatures occurring in sections somewhat distant 
from a body of water. 

An examination of the data obtained at Kendall plainly indicates 
the difficulty of approximating with a fair degree of accuracy evening 
temperatures from minimum temperatures. The difference between 
the two, as will be seen from this table, varies within considerable 
limits and is materially modified by weather conditions, especially 
by the presence of clouds. 


44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


1916 Weather records, Kendall orchard Locality, Kendall, N. Y.. 
Observer, F. N. Stevens 


DATE TEMPERATURE RAIN NOTES 
June |8 p.m./9 p. m.| Max. | Min. Amt. Evening aoe Conditions at 8 p. m. 
4 58 tS Pees eye a aes Sts Alay uD Owls Tie Meus petiena ae Cloudy; still ; 
5 59 56 71 yy. DG el hg te muta A IS NS her Wide Clear; light west wind 
6 55 55 6r POV WAP eee oe aN perce ene ore PactS Mea ees, arene Clear; light east wind 
7 58 iso) 62 52 Let. ae Mallee ee ducteceke Cloudy; brisk east wind 
8 59 58 68 56 Let. 4.30-5.30 } 
\ Pe Mea ees Clear; light east wind 
OVENS net 54 72 Ne Rol Rae gles A= AO dno 4 ago ono Cloudy; light east wind 
IO 54 54 68 5S TS TSO {Pst ta os eee aa Cloudy; light east wind 
Tit 54 51 64 BOM ey eect vac feal eevee Meir sahte ale | oboe a gC Ina Fog; still 
I2 56 56 69 AGM cos avepeteall Mraanesie ap aire oeetese eater Cloudy; still 
13 65 58 76 ESE Vegera heme otal Ie ate Sud Bre rere itor SUIS Ct |Clear; still 
I4 66 65 76 BiG ilhehe maseycte wil teveteta ec senate mteterets leet |Clear; still ) 
15 59 58 70 COs ae wean HAO 10s Ne bo geo0 soo ,Rain; light east wind 
16 65 65 70 GON eee eee Whoa tite cae tener oN lated aay teeeeatcde Cloudy; light east wind 
7. 61 59 73 ESLOle| tac iasne aaa KS at ene Sree ltlcad Ry, ciel cle Clear; light southeast wind 
18 58 55 70 ISIS eres eye eae] thet cen eee ee ee | heen aioe '...! Cloudy; light west wind 
19 54 54 63 SAL all Scere iewa tse seller aucee ieee Rey oe ho [ decom uel meeenen Cloudy; still 
20 54 53 60 Oral ee ie eeshere least snstieerdc fore een ate cre ae Cloudy; still 
21 55 54 63 50 QUE toons at 9.30-I1 : : 
a.m. | Clear; still. Rain gauge 
installed : 
22)\) 50. 56 68 AB Boe teas cutie aa texene. stencil Grae cers termed Clear; light west wind 
23 58 58 67 48 esa caer tei ee 5.30 p.m. |,Cloudy; light west wind 
24 64 64 82 56 DOW By epenestin terete 5.30-6.30 
p.m. | Cloudy; light southwest 
wind — 
25 59 58 WB AS He es Me stasis sote ca] ets gee mre lle en cere aa Clear;; still 
20 60 59 74. IS a tend cates GIS A RS ere ete ah ee cee eae Clear;' still 
27 65 63 76 Eeyirtae Pacer eet ieee | POR A Pyare chic | Ea MeyRee oy Clear;; still : 
28 60 59 74 BiG lee ita eisetallt ate manne: Sereno ceemareals casual Clear; ‘light west wind 
29 60 59 70 El etee cm Sacer | eure creia bah Sune cer ecb Meioes Clear; {still 
30 62 58 72 Fa S ott cy aida lhe oeans ae ec seera all [e aabeepe ec Ae laa Clear; still 


Tr.= trace; Let —=light; TS = thunder showers. 


. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 


1916 Weather records, Kendall orchard 


DATE 


July 8 p. Hi p. m.} Max. | Min 
I 64 63 83 49 
2 63 65 83 60 
3 60 60 79 60 
4 62 60 70 60 
5 62 60 79 58 
6 70 67 86 55 
ee. 34 71 90 63 
8 65 64 75 65 
9 65 66 71 60 

Io 68 66 75 63 
II 76 77 87 64 
I2 80 79 91 74 
13 70 69 85 70 
I4 66 65 76 62 
15 78 Fer 85 62 
16 76 74 92 es 
17 72 70 76 65 
18 79 76 89 65 
19 80 79 87 | 65 
20 76 73 fone 71 
21 75 74 95 66 
22 74 72 85 65 
23 70 74 88 65 
24 74 72 88 65 
25 fh 74 87 68 
26 74 72 89 62 
27 76 74 83 72 
28 67 65 78 07 
29 82 81 93 62 
30 83 82 92 78 
31 | 74 | Wa | 88: 74 


TEMPERATURE 


45 


Locality, Kendall, N. Y. 


see ee eae 


os aie ©) 6.8 (e 


RAIN 
Evening 


<a ist 0) x wile ce 


ee 


‘at Ml ay'soie se cele te 


SRL e © a els one». 


sea Conditions at 8 p. m. 
ee er ee Clear: still, U2S. We Bs 
thermometers installed 
5-6 p. m. | Cloudy; brisk west wind 
2.30-5.30 | Cloudy; still 
p. m. 


eesvevecaes 


see wes SDSS we ele a felete cell ene) a 2) 60a als) e > 


miwie e © 6 6] — erm eo ore ora y ie hes eee 0, 67» 6 ern 


ape sl ged WON are eos a) ein ef we.) a ene ee. 


Nie mAs 8 © ile ene ce ae wale) al] ©. eet 6 gre 6 nee 8 


oe («4 @ ae m6 


ePauera @ «ale 


sevehie a a <) 16 


i efe) & a eae 


jem © ee Be. 


re 


OW ee te 


AOS, ein 


7.30-7-45 
pe te 


avasalpl eg (@ «6 
erase Le spe = oa © 
wie eles) (a Ce; e) 8 6 


alee) [ere s'e) «= «= 
See] ee) oe -%) ia» 
aie ee el eeyeees 
ai aie bagel) aiimial a's. 


m6 e\,. eet ee). 0) 8!» 


OAC OC wen 


Om ii Cha yet 


ed 


Carole ee) ale) he. 


cee ewe ee Me 


<i,aist 0) a \e)'a, e868 


al eee! (wal a eles 


CRC wi a Oat CW ot 


weve) eibliw ye) s)\« .= 


«¢-fahe) 91 0-e'.q) #1 6 


any wp elie, wae ol tale 


‘7, Bay aksiye, ohe! je) 8 


Sila\(e} '@ we acevele 


PM er @) 0: eho e168 


s. eave) ewe e »« 


ee 


Clear; light northeast wind 
Clear; still 

Clear; light west wind 
Clear; light west wind 
Cloudy; still 

Cloudy; light east wind 
Clear; still 

Clear; still 

Clear; light west wind 
Clear; still 


Clear; still 
Cloudy; light east wind 
Clear; still 

Clear; brisk 


win 
Clear; light southeast 


northeast 


win 
Clear; light southeast 
wind 
Clear; still 
Clear; still 
Clear; still | 
Clear; still | 
Clear; still | 
Cloudy; brisk south wind | 
Clear; still 
Cloudy; brisk northeast 
wind 
Clear; still 
Clear; light 


win 
Cloudy; brisk west wind 
Clear; still 


southwest 


1916 Weather records, Kendall orchard 


DATE 


TEMPERATURE 


Aug. |8 p.m./9 p. m. 


I 62 
2 65 
3 7 
Av seat 
5 79 
6 69 
rai om 
8 OE 
9 69 
IO 68 
II Fee 
I2 68 
13 62 | 
I4 66 
I5 64 
16 67 
17 71 
18 inks 
19 72 
20 79 
Phi 80 
22 83 
23 63 
24 70 
25 61 
26 66 
27 59 
28 55 
29 60 
30 68 
hit 70 


Amt. 


(ele; wiisl leis) ie 


RAIN 


Evening 


eee ew ew ee ee 


eee eee ee we 


NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


—> 


Locality, Kendall, N. Y. 


Observer, F. N. Stevens 


Approx. 
duration 


ein [evel pis aice,cel ie 
a \olleuie ie rede nehe! jw 
er 
sy (s @Gaie we) 16 e) = 


re 


Ce ee i rr rc 


5.30 p. m. 


Avant 


wile) ete wie mr hehe 
ole Lalietia’tay =) te/mer te: 


NOTES 


Conditions at 8 p. m. 


Clear; still 
Clear; still 
Clear; still 
Clear; still 
Cloudy; still 
Clear; still 
Cloudy; still 


Cloudy; strong northeast 


wind 
Cloudy; still 
Clear; still 


Clear; still 


Clear; strong northwest 


wind 


Clear; brisk northwest 


wind _ 
Clear; light west wind 


Clear; still 
Clear; still 
Clear; still 
Clear; still - 
Clear; still 
Clear; still 
Clear; still 


Cloudy; light west wind 


Cloudy; still 


Clear; light west wind 


Clear; still 
Cloudy; still 


Clear; still 
Clear; still 
Clear; 
wind 
Clear; still 
Clear; 
wind 


light 


light 


southwest 


southwest 


r= Trace. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1910 


NEWFANE 


G. H. Stahler, 


Evening temperatures, 1916 


47 
LOCKPORT HILTON 


ALBION 


Harold Snyder, L. F. Strickland, 


F. W. Curtis, 


Observer Observer Observer Observer 
8 p.m opm 8 p. m op.m 8 p.m Q pe m. 9 |)8"p) m. 0 p.m. 
ee | es pease 

| 

Shoat) 1 ai lea ea eC [eatery give alte mie or eie are ahaa e an = coy 52 52 
7 ee 67 (VSL) See ae ue hes el ae tage SA a] Bs a 8 ee OM [eee ee, et 58 58 
cat nae 58 ner eee aa aren tae CAITR Sac, ds tee ceobe Ian SIR RCTS aes 52 52 
Aa 8, 3 isc, 63 (SIE | Bee Ray ae AN oer ew aie | Dole) Meare c OR Ped Lanes Saree Pe a6oo 59 
ee sw os! 62 CF t Te ae gah lt agree Rasta) [ne a | 60 or 
Oe teivec 3 64 63 SOU, rch marscaratllee hatin et all eto ae 55 55 
oe 66 64 Beer tee aa anc acts race gates 4 57 57 
Ral aht «ce 07 66 BOE rete ccete oe owed | may Mt ochncl( Oe cscs, ei ae 58 58 
Oia! 3 i Or 60 by Ie ae Coa ieattar sl [tee aveschel te, | ctatices etete oes 58 57 
Ojos a sts. « 63 OOS penton  hirec Mute Maerehonlt le. atthe Te tate hae 54 53 
8 oe a ee 67 66 GTA [een ste ns es el lieve eteroua tate [ies suite, oeuvre [fata ong levels 51 
De eerie cesses 63 61 G5 nile crave ie es SRA war eaea aialll'eccatree carers 60 52 
Ayes et) < 67 GOS Roe ety aie lists fae Um Nimes NO we hs eNotes a8. al ot 67 61 
fi? eh 69 07 GSDIB. Patsy lscab ee ocacatescalll cats hepa eas 68 67 
iN eye a Re 59 OM lenreae SOL ea oat eee Alter ea aise aB Ry enctiere 58 57, 
DOR sere’. 58 ES aFa |th Rs Arai dts pent Ae Leviathan ober, at aie) de die: ame ale 66 65 
17) ae 57 55 ATL ameniteaae abt ea | mine eee rll nd ter eA LO eS R ety f 62 
Tike o/s) as 56 EA ed tein Me I teeter eC) Pal eR ae ING AN ee eden e b59 
a o(0 l= AS 57 Sie Meats e ake ieatial lite eile) avery a 56 56 55 54 
BO Gre Wiatiniahs Se AA Ne Vs rat sas eal ware pall reich we vay ena tes 55 54 GSAS are rcv eae 
1 ey ge 58 56 ANU aa te ae oe 53 52 56 56 
ee oe 60 57 SGraleotiae ces cueae. e 53 52 58 57 
ie hoe oe 61 59 Gia lPoieaia aoete 60 59 60 59 
7 a ee 62 59 le Nickel ister ee AC 64 64 66 65 
21>) eee eee 63 61 OW pe Anaisyate. ol Neer acta Alans 59 On? | eR eeeeee 
210 ae eae 60 Fy iaslees vant Seuaeelll Siete dRnatah 66 Ole al Inet Le dor 
QTR ils Pe 59 S7/ TOA Weeae a We sitll, once A thre 65 69 68 
7S a 64 61 PAL WP ae ct Pe ose 62 60 65 63 
2Orves tse 67 (ONS Hie ee cere rng || Aes UN ee A a 62 62 61 
BORN o dew e 68 67 G2) 4) Resa 5 63 59 65 64 
PEK ORES esia's 68 SI ree Wa ede ean iS, Lyte tae Ga ow. ek Oe 
DER ats ic 69 OOF Oye cote aie she chats GOALh hea siete 88 87 
SE ent ee 68 Ci aN Leesan oth vob Ne 62 O28 bi ces a: 63 
AN SS ae: 71 68 OVA CRATE. ole kere te yaia Sine, eee rote 62 61 
te ayacone 70 (087 [Atal Waa Rh Aa Fh as A nen ee, a 64 63 one 
(Oh Seas 71 69 OSM ee ERS ee, eke 68 64 63 
Woman) aoe 72 Ligh arab, hea Yoh Kore oct celll le heiaoy testes nuevos || Goss Sreersem aces 72 70 
nae, Sates: 73 7a OSes, Reeuae Rees rte etnll deca oars 72 72 
Bey At cal Nee RON | Hoa eee GAR eee ees ail ok iswens crise 07 65 64 
CMOS Meee LAO oy sPeeo tae re caameves &ntaill ls, ctu ahora cose) lrebe aetacdcte are 72 OOF NER cO4 
FE Berry ewe | ttre ee ca aici as [haa (attoga tale, Se Fea llr sea eeeee oy cecil 80 78 72 71 
Lt EE et Pee eran irate Paltccateellta) cast hidtseade. All cheiae © suelo ive 78 76 80 79 
eS eMe ete tel fee rane. agencies [ich costes sy acm i es ORR Gil 69 76 74 
OY NO aa | RE al ee Hm ee OSin ehh eucis rake 68 66 68 67 
TES te) ch aap a es De eS RS ene FF Chea Wie Pho ot ayer ai Ney areal ectan wich ol leans aah hike ded 82 80 
LOOMIS Para Bien Slee giver veces Syatenceg FOOT a aetesiarer ate 76 vie: 80 79 
Deere et ete eee wall eaena anaes Vast | VOTER EWG Fon CREAO 73 71 78 We 
TA) SR ES ie ER [aa SO ee sfc al ae an PEON ALM iia Da aire Cae URAL at ge Rig 76 75 
TED js hey A) Me age ae a Noe er ae gene 7/3 EPRVESSENE, Cee actol ee EU EIS Bate CSC oe Sa 80 78 


aReading taken at 8.30; b at 10; 


c at 9.30; and d at 9.15. 


48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Biological Observations 


The season of 1916 was nearly two weeks later than that of 1915, 
and the cool, backward weather appears to have had an unfavor- 
able influence upon the development of the codling moth, possibly 
checking to some extent, at least, the deposition of eggs. : 

On June 15th codling moth pupae but no adults were to be seen 
in and about Albion, according to Mr A. B. Buchholz. On July 6th 
he observed young larvae working in the apples to some extent and 
at that time no eggs were to be found. On the 7th, substantially 
the same conditions prevailed, and in this orchard a week later it 
was not difficult to find eggs. It was interesting to note in this 
connection that the Albion records showed evening temperatures at 
8 p.m. of 70 to 74°; June 25th to the 28th, and again from July 4th 
onward, the evening temperatures ranging from 70° a little below 
and above. It is very probable that the eggs from which the larvae 
observed working July 6th hatched, were deposited during this first 
warm spell and that there was a subsequent increase in deposition 
during the next warm period. On July roth Mr Buchholz again 
reported some larvae working on the sides of the apples, though 
there was not a large number. On July 14th he stated that eggs 
were not abundant, those found being practically all on the fruit, 
and added that there was a small deposition of eggs a short time ago 
and a much larger one’the past week. These two periods coincide 
approximately with the higher evening temperatures mentioned 
above. 

The conditions detailed above were substantially paralleled by 
those observed in and about Lockport by Mr Strickland, who 
reported a pupal exuvium July ist, and on the 5th and 6th a few 
eggs. On July rath he examined 127 apples at Orangeport and 
only three eggs and two egg shells were found. The eggs had prob- 
ably been deposited on the roth, except one which was in the black 
stage. On July 13th an examination of king apples in the Cowper 
orchard at Newfane resulted in finding nine eggs, eight egg shells 
and three side entrances on 297 apples.and ten eggs, fourteen shells 
and six side entrances on 468 Baldwins. Very few of the nineteen 
eggs found in this orchard had been freshly deposited. On July 
17th Mr Strickland found the following conditions in the orchard 
of Mr S. S. Hopkins, Youngstown; 235 apples bore six eggs, twelve 
shells and eighteen entrance holes, and the next day at Wright’s 
Station, 335 apples yielded one egg, eight egg shells and two 
entrances. These show conditions very different from those that 
obtained in 1915s. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 49 


An examination by the writer and Mr Buchholz on July 2oth 
of an orchard belonging to Mr Samuel Smith, Albion, and located 
about 14 miles west on the state road, showed codling moth eggs, 
mostly in the black stage, and small numbers of egg shells. The 
total infestation was estimated at that time as approximately 3 per 
cent. There were very few or no recently deposited eggs. There 
were a few more codling moth eggs to be found in Mr Wellman’s 
orchard at Kendall than in Mr Snyder’s orchard at Albion, though 
by no means so many as in Mr Smith’s orchard, and here likewise 
the eggs were mostly in the black stage or had hatched. 

An examination the same day in Mr W. H. Cowper’s orchard, 
Newfane, showed relatively few codling moth eggs and most of 
these had hatched; some, however, were in the red or black stage 
and a few had been recently deposited. One moth was seen and a 
nearly full-grown larva and several half-grown larvae were found in 
apples. These were undoubtedly from the earlier deposited eggs. 
The two check trees of last year showed an apparently greater 
infestation than elsewhere. 

On July 22d an examination by Mr Strickland of 191 apples in 
a Lockport orchard resulted in finding no eggs and four egg shells. 
There were no side entrances. On July 24th, at Wright’s Station 
Mr Strickland examined 38 apples on one branch and found four 
eggs, no egg shells and only one entrance, and a search of 171 leaves 
on the same branch disclosed but one egg and one egg shell. Further- 
more, an examination of 342 apples from 25 branches in the same 
orchard resulted in finding six egg shells and only one egg. The 
next day in an Akron orchard he examined 303 apples and found one 
fresh egg, and in another orchard 182 apples showed no evidences of 
oviposition. The relatively large number of eggs found upon the 
fruit is probably to be explained by the large size and smoothness 
of the apples at the time the moths were ovipositing, since observa- 
tions June 22d in a Hilton orchard showed that the Baldwins had 
a diameter of one-half to three-fourths of an inch and were still 
decidedly fuzzy, though this latter must have disappeared some 
time before there was any considerable egg laying. 

Observations at Wright’s Station August 1st, by Mr Strickland, 
of 779 apples resulted in finding one egg, fourteen egg shells and 
nine side entrances, indicating that oviposition had practically 
stopped although it had extended over as long a period as in 1913. 
On the 16th in the E. S. Gifford orchard at Gasport, and the R. E. 
Heard orchard at Lockport, a few larvae were leaving the apples to 
pupate, and on the 17th the first larva spinning a cocoon was 
observed by Mr Strickland at Barker. On August 22d-many larvae 


50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


were leaving apples to pupate at Youngstown, as observed by 
Mr Strickland. 

The above records show a period of oviposition by the first brood 
extending from approximately the first of July to the first of August, 
and while the evening temperatures during this period were favor- 
able for deposition, extensive egg laying did not occur during a 
limited period, as was the case in 1915. The most probable explana- 
tion for this discrepancy in behavior is that the earlier season of 
t915 was favorable for the appearance of the moths before moder- — 
ately high evening temperatures permitted a fairly uniform depo- 
sition of eggs, while during the past season emergence of the adults 
appears to have been delayed until evening temperatures were 
such that egg deposition was not prevented for periods of a few days 
to a week, as appears to have been true of 1915. 


Spray Injury 

Tncidentad to, and yet directly connected with the codling moth 
work, observations were made upon somewhat general and occasion- 
ally very severe leaf injury to Baldwins in particular. The damage 
was most pronounced in the case of orchards which were sprayed 
in early June, immediately following a period of unusual precipita- 
tion, and apparently had no relation to the brand of lime-sulphur 
nor arsenate of lead used. The injury was so marked in certain 
orchards that the foliage was badly spotted, turned yellow, and in 
some cases at least one-half to two-thirds of the leaves dropped. © 
Similar though less serious damage occurred in a few places in the 
Hudson valley. It is probable that the foliage was extremely tender 
as the result of the rapid growth following frequent and copious 
rains, and the experience indicates that many are moderately close, 
if not too close, to the limits of safety and are using fungicides in 
particular, fully as strong as conditions warrant, especially during 
periods when there is a very rapid growth. 

Another type of spray injury, namely the rusting of the fruit, 
appeared in the Newfane orchard and the amount is indicated in 
the tabulations relating to the experimental work. This damage 
undoubtedly dwarfed the development of the apples to some extent 
and on account of its unsightliness can not but exert a material 
influence upon the grade of the fruit. 


Summary and Conclusions 


The experience of the last two years in western New York leads 
us to emphasize the necessity of thorough work, especially with the 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I916 51 


spraying given just after the blossoms fall and widely known as the 
calyx spray or the codling moth spray. This is the treatment which 
gives by far the larger returns in preventing wormy apples. In our 
opinion a deficient or poor spraying at this time can not be made 
good by later treatments, though the latter are undoubtedly helpful. 
The equipment should be such that the trees can be thoroughly 
and quickly covered with the spray and the men doing the work 
should have a full appreciation of the difficulties and the possibilities. 
The last is by no means an insignificant factor in securing thorough 
work. A liberal application should be made at this time and the 
aim should be to fill every calyx cup with poison, since it is at this 
point that most of the killing occurs. 

A comparison of results obtained in the Kendall orchard in 1915, 
and upon the same trees in 1916, shows a reduction of one-third 
to two-thirds in the amount of wormy fruit, and is striking evidence 
of the efficiency of thorough spraying and the results which may 
be expected the following season. Conditions such as obtained in 
this orchard in 1915 are, in our estimation, a most potent argument 
for thorough annual sprayings for the codling moth, since the expe- 
rience of the past year indicates that the reduction in “ side”’ or 
“shallow ”’ injury is secured the year following the treatment. 

The second application for the codling moth may be effective in 
reducing “‘ side injury’ to some extent, though conditions the past 
season made it impossible to test this out thoroughly and the results 
summarized under a comparison of percentages between wormy and 
“shallow ’”’ apples show a remarkable consistency in the propor- 
tions of “shallow”’ affected apples between those sprayed and 
unsprayed. This data, while not negativing the above, can hardly 
be considered encouraging. 

Evening temperatures appear to have an effect upon the periodicity 
of oviposition, though climatic and other conditions were unfavor- 
able for the obtaining of any sharply defined data the past season. 

Both the second and third sprayings for the codling moth, even 
if they have comparatively little influence in reducing the numbers 
of this pest, are abundantly justified in localities or during seasons 
when scab is more or less prevalent, assuming of course that a fungi- 
cide is universally added to the poisoned spray. 

The extensive and, in certain cases, very serious leaf injury to 
certain varieties following the application of the usual sprays, sug- 


gests that we are close to the margin of safety and raises a question, 


as to the advisability of applying the fungicides, particularly in a 
somewhat greater dilution. 


—P oe 


—— 
> a - 


52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


APPLE MAGGOT 
Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh 


¢ ’ 


The apple maggot or “railroad worm ”’ appears to be coming to 
the frorit in New York State as a pest, particularly in portions of 
the Hudson valley where it has become so abundant in certain 
orchards as to render nearly worthless, early sweet and subacid 
varieties and seriously affect the winter fruit. 

Habits. This pest is well known as a local form and among 
entomologists it has a reputation for erratic behavior. The parent 
flies may be found on the fruit from some time in late June or early 
July through to September, moving slowly about and occasionally 
depositing a minute, white egg just under the skin. The egg punc- 
tures are visible with the naked eye though not readily distinguish- 
able without the aid of a hand lens, and in some varieties are accom- 
panied late in the season by distinct depressions, simulating, to a 
certain extent, those produced by red bug injury. They may be 
found largely on the sides of the apple, rarely near the ends. Hatch- 
ing occurs in from two to six days and the colorless maggots begin 
to make almost invisible trails, frequently beneath the skin and 
showing through as darkened areas, suggesting a railway line, hence 
the popular name. As the maggots increase in size the burrow is 
larger, and in the case of a serious infestation the interior of the fruit 
may be a brownish, decaying mass traversed by interlacing galleries. 
The maggots may attain full development in two weeks though in 
unripe fruit and especially during cool weather, feeding and growth 
may be considerably prolonged and cover a period of several months. 
The fully grown maggots leave the fruit through irregular holes and 
enter the soil to the depth of an inch or two for the final transfor- 
mations, which latter may occur the same season, be deferred to 
the next or even delayed until the second summer. This delayed 
transformation or biennial habit may be more general than has been 
suspected hitherto.- There is a generation in the early fruit, some 
of which at least may produce flies the same season. The flies also 
attack the later fall and winter apples, there apparently being 
some correlation between the appearance of the adults and the 
development of the fruit. 

Food habits. The food habits of this common pest are some- 
what more variable than is usually supposed, the insect having 
been reared from thorn apples or wild haws, huckleberries and 
blueberries, and there are also records of the pest attacking pears, 
though this latter appears to be exceptional. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I916 53 


It is well known that this insect displays a marked preference 
for the early sweet or subacid apples, such as the garden royal, 
Porter, August sweet, pound sweet, NHubbardston, to mention 
only a few, while it also occurs, though in much smaller numbers, 
in standard winter varieties, such as greening, Baldwin and russet. 
It is probable that almost any variety of cultivated apple would be 
injured to some extent under favorable conditions, though as stated 
above, the most serious damage is to the late summer and early fall 
apples. 

- Description of the fly. The parent of the apple maggot is a little 
smaller than the common house fly and may be most easily distin- 
guished by its broadly, brown-banded wings and the dark body with 
the transverse white bands on the abdomen. Very rarely is any 
similar fly found upon apples during midsummer. 

Occurrence of the flies. The time the parent flies appear is of 
importance. This may vary from the latter part of June into Sep- 
tember. Observations were made during the past summer at Nassau, 
Ghent and Kinderhook. The first adult was found on a red astrachan 
at Nassau July 11th. No others were seen then and there were no 
signs of the deposition of eggs. July 27th Mr George T. Powell of 
Ghent reported flies as plentiful on sweet bough apples and on the 
29th they were rather numerous on red astrachan and early harvest 
trees at Nassau. Some apples were infested at this time and a few 
nearly full-grown maggots were found. Two days later only one fly 
could be discovered on these trees. 

August 8th flies were abundant at Ghent though none were to be 
found on the nearby Cox orange pippins. The flies were also numer- 
ous at this time at Kinderhook on both Baldwins and greenings, 
- especially the latter, though none had been seen earlier in the season. 
August 15th pairing and the deposition of eggs were in progress on 
the greenings at Kinderhook and the flies appeared to be less numer- 
ous than they were on the 8th, and on the 24th their numbers had 
materially lessened. No flies were seen in either Ghent or Kinder- 
hook orchards after this latter date, though occasional examinations 
were made till September 12th. 

Poisoning flies. It is well known that fruit flies feed to some 
extent upon honeydew or sweetened materials, and the results 
secured with the Mediterranean fruit fly in Africa and cherry fruit 
flies in this country have led to various attempts to control this 
pest in the same way. Two infested orchards were put at our dis- 


posal for work against this pest and the poisoned spray was tested. ° 


The formula used follows: arsenate of lead, 3 ounces or 5 pounds; 
cheap molasess, 1 pint or 3 gallons; water, 4 gallons or 100 gallons. 


eee 


54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


The spray was thoroughly mixed and mostly applied here and 
there upon the trees without attempting to cover the entire leaf 
surface, since it was presumably sufficiently attractive to the flies 
so that they would find it if only small areas here and there were 
covered with the mixture. . 

The orchard of Mr Edward Van Alstyne of Kinderhook was one 
of the places selected for this cooperative work. The first applica- 
tion was made July 14th and the second the very last of that month 
or early in August. An examination of alternate sprayed and 
unsprayed sweet bough apple trees at picking time failed to disclose 
any well-marked difference between the two. The infested portion 
was so limited that it was impractical to use large plots or different 
orchards for the purpose of comparison. 

The other orchard was that of Mr George T. Powell of Ghent. 
Mr Powell was much interested in the control of this insect, owing 
to his having lost, through its work, a large crop of Cox orange 
pippins in 1914 and a light crop in 1915. Owing to the value of the 
fruit he was willing to spray more frequently than would be prac- 
tical with the average commercial grower. The formula given 
above was used and his record of treatments follows: 

July 15, sprayed Cox orange pippins, no flies were visible. 

July 16, sprayed experimental block of dwarf trees; on the 17th 
it rained most of the day and on the roth one sus- 
picious fly was found. 

July 25, sprayed the Cox orange pippin trees and found a few 
flies, one dead on a leaf; rain occurred the next day. 

July 27,sprayed the Cox orange trees very thoroughly, also 
sweet bough and McIntosh, found some dead flies on 
the sweet bough. 

August 4, sprayed Cox orange trees, also ths experimental block. 
Flies were seen only on the sweet bough, being 
plentiful. 

August 6, sprayed Cox orange lightly on the tops and also the 
sweet bough and McIntosh trees. - 

August 19, sprayed the Cox orange trees and saw no flies. The 
weather was very hot and dry. 

August 20, sprayed the McIntosh and also the: fall strawberry 
nearby. The weather continued hot and dry. 

Unfortunately, so far as the work at Ghent was concerned, the 
efforts were concentrated on the Cox orange pippin trees and it 
was not until after the season had advanced so far that special work - 
with earlier varieties was out of the question that we could be cer- 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 55 


tain there would be no serious infestation in this block, although 
Trypeta flies were moderately abundant on nearby sweet bough 
and McIntosh trees. Repeated examinations of the sprayed trees 
resulted in finding nothing very pronounced in the way of material 
benefit though some dead insects, including one Sarcophagid, were 
found upon the sprayed Cox orange trees, and Mr Powell stated 
that he or his foreman at various times had seen a few dead Trypetas. 
The number of these latter, however, was presumably far too small 
to be of any great importance. That there had been a very few 
Trypeta flies in this block of Cox orange trees sprayed as indicated 
above, was revealed by an examination made September 14th. 
The sprayed trees bore possibly two or three apples, each showing 
a few signs of maggot work, while the fruit on the tree check or 
unsprayed trees was presumably somewhat more maggoty though 
it was impractical to obtain the exact percentages. The conditions, 
so. far as this one block is concerned, were much better than those 
obtaining the two preceding seasons, according to statements made 
by Mr Powell. This is probably to be explained in part at least 
by the small crop of last year affording so little food that com- 
paratively few insects were able to mature and issue in 1916, though 
there is a chance that a considerable number of the insects remain 
quiescent through the summer and may appear next season, a biennial 
habit which has been referred to above. 

Mr Powell was greatly encouraged by the results upon the nearby 
McIntosh trees which early in the season were infested by a number 
of flies. The fruit was quite free from maggots in mid-September, 
' there certainly being no such infestation as upon the earlier varieties. 
Unfortunately here, where flies were somewhat abundant, there 
were no checks and accurate comparisons can not be made. 

The work of Prof. L. Caesar in the province of Ontario, and that 
of Mr C. A. Good, assistant provincial entomologist of Nova Scotia, 
seem to indicate considerable benefit from the application of 
sweetened poisons. Mr Good! gives some data which suggest 
substantial control resulting from this method of treatment. These 
figures, taken from the same varieties but in different orchards, are 
certainly promising though in view of the fact, as noted above, that 
the apple maggot is such a local insect and, moreover, may have a 
marked biennial habit, we can not help thinking that if material 
benefits accrue from the use of this poison, they should be evident 
on nearby trees as well as apparent on trees in well-separated 


‘nt. Sec. of N.S. Proc., p. 72, 1915. 


56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


orchards. The conservative scientist will at least insist on more 
data before recommending this treatment unreservedly. 
Conclusion. Summarizing, we have been unablé to demonstrate 
any very marked benefit from the use of a sweetened poison for the 
destruction of apple maggot flies, though more extended work may 
give very different results. Serious infestations by apple maggot — 
can be controlled, so far as known, in no better way than by collect- 
ing and destroying the infested fruit before the maggots have an 
opportunity to escape. This work should be done, according to 
careful investigations carried out by Prof. W. C. O’Kane,! every 
three days in the case of the late summer and early fall varieties 
and once a week for the later apples. This is somewhat laborious 
unless live stock, such as sheep or hogs, can be allowed to run under 
infested trees. It is quite possible that a few varieties of early apples 
adjacent to commercial orchards, might be used as traps for the 
attracting of the flies and then the pest effectively checked through 
the destruction of the fruit as indicated above. The difficulty is 
that in many places the specially attractive trees are allowed to 
serve as breeding places and centers for dispersal instead of being 
employed as a valuable means for controlling this pest. Good orchard 
practice, both cultivation and spraying, is undoubtedly helpful and 
as a supplementary measure, in the case of bad infestations, some 
benefit should be derived from the use of the sweetened poison. 


PEAR THRIPS 
Taentothrips pyrt Daniel 


The severe and local injuries by this pest have been very much 
the same as during the last two or three years. By far the greater 
damage has been in pear orchards in the immediate vicinity of 
Hudson and farther south, the extensive pear-growing section of 
Kinderhook and Muitzeskill being nearly, if not entirely, free from 
this destructive insect. In Germantown this pest is very local, 
being extremely severe in some orchards and hardly noticeable in 
others, though a portion of this is doubtless explainable by differ- 
ences in treatment. Similar restricted outbreaks also occurred in 
the vicinity of Poughkeepsie. 

This insect attacks by preference Seckle and Bartlett pear trees, 
though other varieties are occasionally badly damaged. 

Signs of infestation. The most evident signs of this insect’s 
presence are the sticky buds, the brown, blasted appearance of the 


1N. H. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul..171, 1914. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 57 


blossom buds and the unusual drop of bud scales followed later by 
small, crinkled, spoon-shaped leaves. In the earlier stages of the 
attack a slender, dark-brown, apparently wingless insect, only one- 
twentieth of an inch long, may be seen upon the opening fruit buds 
and especially in crevices between the stems of the partly expanded 
fruit clusters. Sometimes it is easy, by drawing the loosely closed 
hand over a limb, to dislodge two or three of the thrips, a con- 
venient method of detecting infestation prior to there being any 
material injury. 

Habits of the insect. The thrips winter in the soil, appearing 
upon the trees as the young leaves push from the bud or even some- 
what before, and feed by preference upon the more tender and essen- 
tial parts of the fruit buds. They may be found crawling between 
the loosened bud scales, the partly opened leaves, and working their 
way to the base of clusters of fruit buds. Thickly infested buds 
become sticky, showing clear drops of sap, and in very serious infes- 
tations the branches and trunk may be wet with the exudation. 
The microscopic eggs are deposited in minute slits in the leaf and 
blossom stems. The whitish, red-eyed young soon appear and feed, 
like the darker parents, on the tender leaves for about two weeks, 
drop to the ground and remain in the soil unchanged till fall. 

Food plants. This minute pest attacks a variety of our deciduous 
fruits, including the apple, apricot, cherry, fig, grape, peach, pear, 
plum, prune, quince and also English walnut; the principal damage, 
however, is to pear trees. 

An unusual damage, at least for the Hudson valley, was observed 
on the farm of Mr William Albright, at New Baltimore, in the form 
of severe injury to apple buds in a gully below a rather extensive 
pear orchard. ‘The location is such that it would seem as though 
the insects drifted with gentle breezes from the higher pear orchard 
down through the gully onto the apple trees. It was easy to find 
on the sunny side of the trees four or five thrips in a bud and ina 
few cases the numbers ran to ten or fifteen. The year preceding 
Mr Albright stated that ten to fifteen or even’ thirty thrips were 
found in individual buds. 

Remedial measures. The small size, sudden appearance and insid- 
ious method of work makes this insect a very difficult one to control, 
and while spraying with contact insecticides, if. timely, will quickly 
destroy the thrips, practically it is by no means easy to make the 
treatment at just the right time to secure satisfactory results. The 
application generally used is a tobacco extract, 40 per cent nicotine, 
at the rate of three-fourths of a pint to 100 gallons of water to which 


58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


are added 4 to 6 pounds of soap, the latter being particularly valu- 
able because it increases the spreading properties of the insecticide, 
or the tobacco may be added to the standard lime-sulphur wash, 
in which event soap is an undesirable addition. ‘The most effective 
spraying is that given just before the -buds have opened, because 
this means the destruction of the pest prior to its causing any material 
damage. The next best opportunity is just as the blossom buds 
have pulled apart and thus reduced the shelters of this insect to a 
minimum. <A third treatment, if necessary, can be applied: later 
after the leaves have partly expanded. This is directed largely 
against the young. . 

Experimental work. Owing to the very short time during which 
the above treatments can be made to advantage, there have been 
numerous failures in controlling the pest, which have resulted in 
experiments with a thick lime-sulphur wash composed of approxi- 
mately 150 pounds of lump lime, 20 gallons of a standard lime- 
sulphur wash to 200 gallons of spray. ‘This, in other words, is the 
usual lime-sulphur-wash employed against San José scale, to which 
a considerable excess of lime has been added. ‘There are practical 
difficulties in the preparation of this wash, owing to the large amount 
of lime used. One method of preparing is to slake, in a barrel, 
75 pounds of good stone lime, starting with five or six pails and 
keeping the lime covered so as to prevent it from burning. Dilute 
as much as practical while still in the barrel and then strain 
through an ordinary mosquito wire netting. This latter is made 
easier by diluting the lime wash considerably, taking care not to 
exceed the ultimate proportions, and by starting the engine and 
using one spray nozzle to wash the somewhat glutinous lime through 
the screen. A very coarse grain sack can be used in place of the 
wire screen and lessens the probability of clogging the strainer on 
the suction hose. This latter should be large and accessible so 
that the pasty lime-sulphur compound can be’ easily and quickly 
removed. : 

Lime-sulphur wash prepared as above was applied April roth to 
a young pear orchard belonging to C. H. Deuell & Son of Bangall. 
About fifty small pear trees, mostly Seckles, were thoroughly sprayed 
with 200 gallons of the insecticide. One man stood upon the spraying 
rig, the other working from the ground, and an attemipt was made 
to cover all portions of each tree at one treatment. It was found 
in practice, however, that one corner of a tree or the under side of 
branches here and there were apt to be partly skipped, and a second 
application was made for the purpose of covering the trees thoroughly. 


REPORT OF TILE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 59 


As a result the twigs and buds were very satisfactorily coated with 
a lime-sulphur wash; in some instances the crevices between the 
bud scales were full of the mixture. 

An examination of this orchard on May 1st showed that the trees 
were very well covered with the wash, the trunks and branches 
being markedly whiter than those sprayed with an ordinary lime- 
sulphur wash and the buds were mostly well covered and decidedly 
later than was the case with unsprayed trees. ‘There were a few 
dead buds on the treated trees, this being especially true of the 
smaller buds containing a single blossom. One or two insects were 
not uncommon in blossom clusters here and there, though the 
infestation was not nearly so serious as in a nearby orchard sprayed 
later with a lime-sulphur wash containing decidedly less lime. Later, 
May roth, it was estimated that there was very little injury in this 
experimental orchard, probably 5 per cent of the buds being killed, 
certainly not over 10 per cent. Near a large apple tree and close 
to the experimental plot, there was one pear tree which, it was stated, 
had been sprayed as thoroughly as the others, though its appearance 
hardly bore out the contention. This tree showed a very serious 
infestation by thrips, over 90 per cent and perhaps 95 per cent of 
the buds having been killed. This tree was, however, hardly repre- 
sentative of the infestation of the experimental area. | 

Other experiments with this wash were started but the results 
were not decisive owing to the appearance of but small numbers 
of thrips. 

Early spraying with a lime-sulphur wash containing a considerable 
excess of lime is one of the most promising methods of controlling 
pear thrips by one application. The treatment should be given 
before the buds have started or “ cracked” to any extent, and an 
effort made to cover every bud thickly with the lime-sulphur wash. 
This seems not only to exclude the insects but to check the develop- 
ment of the buds until with warmer weather they unfold very rapidly - 
and thus, in a measure at least, are-able to outgrow thrip injury. 
An important advantage of this treatment is that it also controls 
San José scale though it is a little early for pear psylla. It can be 
supplemented, however, in case thrips are extremely abundant, by 
the application of the tobacco-soap preparation at the time the 
blossom clusters have separated. 


NOTES FOR THE YEAR 


The forest tent caterpillar occasioned no complaint and the elm 
leaf beetle caused very little damage, this latter being due in all 
probability to the frequent and rather heavy rains of the spring 
and early summer. , 

Incidental investigations in connection with the codling moth 
work showed that the leaf roller was not nearly so abundant in 
western New York as in 1915. The red-humped apple tree cater- 
pillar, Schizura concinna Sm. & Abb., was unusually 
abundant on young apple trees in southern Rensselaer county. 
The gregarious habit of the caterpillars makes the work of this pest 
unusually conspicuous and is apt to excite apprehension out of 
proportion to the actual injury caused, particularly as most of the 
feeding comes so late in the season that the trees are rarely badly 
injured by the loss of foliage. 

The reception of a horn-tail larva, possibly that of Adirus 
trimaculatus Say, boring in rose shoots at Woodhaven, was 
unusual and may mean the introduction of a new rose pest. The 
material was so scanty that positive identification was impossible. 

The recently introduced European hornet, Vespa crabro 
Linn., has evidently become well established in the vicinity of New 
York City, and observations in midsummer on lilacs at Rye showed 
that a number of smaller twigs were partially girdled and that one 
or two bushes had lost leaders with a diameter of over one-half of 
an inch through the activities of this hornet. A somewhat extended 
account of this insect may be found in Museum Bulletin 180, pages 
fifo 

The reception during the past season of tips infested by the pine 
twig moth,Evetria buoliana Schiff., from Buffalo and New 
York City, indicates the continued existence of this pernicious borer 
in widely separated localities. “A detailed account of this species 
is given in Museum Bulletin 180, pages 39-42. 


FRUIT TREE INSECTS 


Apple tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americana Fabr.). 
Continued abundance of this common pest was noted in many 
localities though the injury was greatly lessened by the copious 
spring and early summer rains producing such a vigorous growth as 
to keep the trees in partial leafage in spite of the caterpillars. The 

[60] 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9Q16 O1 


pests were generally present and more or less destructive throughout 
the Hudson valley, this being particularly noticeable in southern 
Rensselaer and northern Columbia counties. An interesting con- 
dition obtained on the heavier soil of Dutchess county east of 
Poughkeepsie, the tree growth there being such as nearly to offset 
the feeding of the caterpillars, while south of Newburgh the lighter 
soil appears to have nullified to a considerable extent the value of 
the heavy rains, and in that section caterpillar depredations were 
decidedly more evident. The wild cherry trees in that locality were 
commonly defoliated, some apple trees were severely injured and 
there was considerable feeding on oak. 

The elimination of the wild cherry and adequate care of orchard 
trees, either by systematic spraying or the early removal or 
destruction of the nests, are the most satisfactory methods of 
dealing with this pest. 

Red bugs (Heterocordylus malinus Reut.,Lygidea 
mendax Reut.). Red bugs appear to be increasing somewhat 
in numbers in certain Hudson valley orchards, and reports of serious 
injuries were received from some localities. This is probably due 
in part to an actual increase of the insects, and partly also to a more 
general recognition as to the cause of the trouble. These two insects 
appear to be increasing in numbers though relatively somewhat 
more slowly in orchards in the western part of the State, especially 
those of Monroe, Orleans and Niagara counties. 

Reports received the past season indicate very satisfactory results 
from thorough and systematic spraying with a tobacco extract, 
Ac per cent nicotine, using 1 pint to 100 gallons of spray and applying 
it either with soap or in combination with the so-called deferred 
dormant spray. The latter may be held until the pink shows in 
the blossom and applied at winter strength without serious injury 
to the foliage. Spraying at this time seems to be fully as effective in 
controlling red bug as later applications, though in the case of serious 
infestation it is by all means advisable to add the nicotine to the 
codling moth spray and make the latter as soon as possible after the 
falling of the blossoms. 

Pear psylla (Psylla pyricola Forst.). This serious pest 
of the pear grower was moderately abundant in many Hudson 
valley orchards, and in some decidedly injurious, especially about 
midsummer. Examinations of a number of orchards in northern 
Columbia county and near Athens and New Baltimore, Greene 
county, showed a comparatively light deposition of eggs, and the 
delayed dormant spray evidently destroyed so many eggs that there 


62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


was but little trouble with the insects later in the season. This 
relative immunity early in the season was also favored doubtless 
by the rather low prevailing temperatures and unusual amount of 
rain. 

Generally speaking, the delayed dormant spray = lime-sulphur 
wash at winter strength is one of the most effective checks the pear 
erower can use against this insect. This treatment should be sup- 
plemented where necessary, by a later spraying whenever the pest 
becomes sufficiently numerous, with a tobacco-soap preparation. _ 

San José scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.). The 
relative scarcity of San José scale continued in the Hudson valley. 
The conditions are fairly represented by the statement of Mr F. H. 
Lacy-of the Dutchess county farm bureau to the effect that he had 
not observed or heard of any scale injury at all, though the insect 
was doubtless present in small numbers here and there in the county. 
Supplementing this, Mr W. H. Hart informs us that there was very 
little scale in a neglected, unsprayed portion of a Ben Davis orchard 
marked for cutting down the coming winter, and he adds that in 
handling apples, especially greenings from twenty-five or more 
orchards beside his own, he rarely saw a San José scale mark. Mr 
P. L. Huested, formerly horticultural inspector of the State Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, considers that parasites have been nearly 
plentiful enough to eliminate San José scale. He cites one peach 
orchard consisting of 2500 trees, planted in 1912 and’ among which 
stood a few old apple trees infested at that time. This orchard 
has never been sprayed and yet there has been nothing more than ~ 
an occasional scale spot here and there, not a limb being crusted as 
was commonly the case in earlier years. 

Mr A. E. Jansen of New Paltz states that a small ape of scale 
occurs in that section, though owing to the general spraying it is 
difficult to give any definite statements as to what might have 
occurred on unsprayed trees. Mr J. A. Hepworth of Milton is of 
the opinion that the scale is less abundant than in earlier years. 

Observations in southern Rensselaer and northern Columbia 
counties show a comparative scarcity of San José scale, a portion 
of this undoubtedly being due to the activity of natural enemies, 
though unfavorable climatic conditions may have had an influence. 
Several growers have omitted the usual spraying for San José scale 
without untoward results, though this is a practice attendant with 
some risk and one which can not be unqualifiedly recommended at the 


{ 


present time. | 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 63 


Conditions in western New York appear to have been more favor- 
able for the development of San José scale, though even there the 
insect was certainly no more abundant as a rule than in the last two 
or three years. 


SHADE TREE INSECTS 


Maple leaf-stem borer (Caulacampus acericaulis 
MacG.). <A borer in the leaf stems of sugar and other maple trees 
has been reported from time to time and until within recent years 
it has been commonly supposed that one or two Microlepidoptera, 
namely Stenganoptycha claypoliana Riley and Pro- 
teoteras aesculana Riley, were responsible for most of the 
injury of this type. The investigations of Dr W. E. Britton, state 
entomologist of Connecticut, during the last decade have resulted 
in definitely associating injuries of this character with the above- 
named sawfly, and it is probable that considerable of the work 
attributed in earlier years to Lepidopterous borers is in reality the 
work of this species. 

Observations the last of June on a sugar maple on the estate of 
Mr Helme Straiter, Rye, N. Y., showed it to be rather badly infested 
with this insect, some 30 per cent of the leaves on the south side of 
a tree with a trunk diameter of approximately 15 inches having been 
destroyed by this leaf stem borer. It was evident that the injury 
was restricted in a considerable measure to the lower branches and 
the sunny side of the tree. The foliage was noticeably thin and 
here and there were to be found the greater portion of the leaf petiole, 
the free part browned and shrunken, while the basal part was infested 
by a pale yellowish green larva about one-fourth of an inch long. 
The entire inside of these stems may be eaten out without deformation, 
aside from a perceptible swelling frequently caused by the interior 
being closely packed with borings. 

The dropping of leaves late in May or early in June, with a piece 
of a leaf stem from one-fourth to one-half of an inch long attached 
to the blade, is a characteristic of infestation by this species. The 
remaining portion of the stem or leaf petiole remains upon the tree 
and is not shed for some ten days or two weeks. At the time of 
our examination, the last of June, a few of the injured leaf petioles 
remained upon the tree, though by far the larger proportion had 
dropped to the ground and it was comparatively easy to pick up 
hundreds upon the lawn, a small number of which were still inhabited 
by the borer. This species appears to be a very local one. There 
is but one generation annually. The eggs, according to the obser- 


- - = 


= ~ S 


=: 
—— 


Sey ane 


a 


' 


ee eee 


__— = = 


» - 


3 
—- 


64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


vations of Dr Britton!, are deposited about the first week in May at 
the distal end of the leaf stem or at the base of the blade at the point 
where the chief veins branch from the stem. This leaf-stem borer 
has been recorded as attacking sugar, Norway and Sycamore maples. 

The restriction of this leaf-stem borer to the lower branches would 
make it comparatively easy to pick off the infested leaf stems about 
mid-June and burn them; this might well be supplemented in the 
case of trees standing on closely clipped lawns, by picking up the 
infested stems as soon as they begin to fall in numbers and burning 
them with the contained larvae. This work can be done to the 
best advantage about the middle of June. It has also been suggested 
that spraying the ground under infested trees at about this time 
with a contact insecticide, such as kerosene emulsion, would doubtless 
destroy many of the borers. The tobacco-soap preparation used 
so generally against plant lice might be equally effective and less 
injurious to lawns. 

Bleeding tree maggot (Mycetobia divergens Walk). 
The exudation of sap and an accompanying discoloration of the 
bark below, the latter caused in part probably by precipitates, 
is more or less familiar to all conversant with trees, and is particularly 
likely to occur on sugar maples and American elms, though the 
Norway maple, birches and poplars are by no means exempt. Prof. 
O. A. Johannsen? informs us that he has reared the above-named 
species from peach gum as well as from bleeding elms and poplars, 
and an earlier account of work by presumably the same species, 
was given by the writer in 1913 in the Journal of Economic Ento- 
mology, 6:285-86, the species being provisionally referred to the 
genus Ceratopogon. There may be a number of causes for this 
trouble and yet, in an experience covering several years, we have 
been able in most cases carefully examined, to find slender, white 
maggots about one-fourth of an inch long and with brown heads, 
in the deepest portions of the wounds. These maggots have well- 
developed jaws and in several instances they were observed at work 
on the tender, bleeding tissues. It is our opinion that many of 
these wounds with their unsightly effluent moistening the bark 
below, are caused by the maggots of this species. ; 

A technical description of the larva, the pupa and a brief character- 
ization of the adult is given below. 


1 Ent. News, 17:313-21,' 1906. 
2See also Me. Agri. Exp. Stat. Bul. 172, p. 223-24, 1909; Bul. 177, p. 31-32, 
ro10; All. State Lab.’ Nat. Hist); Bul. 11; art.4, p..321, tons: 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQI1O 05 


Larva. Length 6.5 mm, diameter .2 mm. Head hght brown, 
the thoracic segments variably chitinized, the thickened portions 
reddish brown, the body segments whitish transparent. 

The head has a diameter posteriorly equal to the thoracic segments 
and tapers anteriorly to an irregularly truncate apex bearing the 
mouth-parts, the length being a little greater than the diameter. 
Antennae short, stout, biarticulate, the basal segment with a length 
a little greater than its diameter, the distal segment button-shaped. 
The mandibles are decurved, moderately stout, triangular and with 
two obscure teeth basally; maxillae decurved, broadly rounded 
anteriorly and apparently with a series of four or five long, stout 
teeth; hypopharynx setose; basally and ventrally there is within the 
head a hyoidlike structure, the component rods being inserted at the 


posterio-ventral margin of the exoskeleton of the head, their point. 


of origin marked by lenticular, dark brown thickenings. 

The posterior two thoracic segments show clearly a median 
triangular dorsal incision in the thickened portion and sublaterally 
and ventrally, irregularly circular spots which are white; the chitini- 
zation of the anterior segment is less evident and more skeletal 
though otherwise not widely different. The spiracles on the anterior 
thoracic segment are circular and with approximately eleven radiating, 
nearly fused processes; the distal portion of the tracheae connecting 
with the spiracles shows a distinctly stronger, yellowish chitinization. 

Abdominal segments 12, each with a length a little greater than 
the diameter and with the posterior third separated by a constriction 
as a subsegment; terminal segment more slender and tapering to 
a subtruncate apex bearing the submedian posterior spiracles, 
each circular and surrounded by a series of radiating hairs and, 
as in the case of the anterior spiracles, the distal portion of the 
tracheae is distinctly thickened and chitinized. 

Numbers of larvae, presumably of the same species, were received 
the past summer from Mr F.C. Place, Baldwin, accompanied by 
the statement that they were the apparent cause of a considerable 
bleeding from Norway maples. The larger of these specimens 
have tridentate mandibles, the teeth being moderately long, broad, 
and obtusely rounded apically, with well marked sublateral ocular 
spots near the posterior third. The larvae, variable in size, show 
. from 14 to 18 radiating processes in the anterior spiracles. These 
variations may be as in Muscid larvae characteristic of different 
larval stages. 

Pupa. Length 4.5 mm, diameter .g mm, a variable yellowish 
brown; eyes a pale yellowish red and portions of the anterior 
thoracic segments a variable dark reddish brown. Wing cases 
short, extending nearly to the second abdominal segment; leg 
cases whitish transparent and reaching to the posterior third of 
the second abdominal segment; the abdominal segments with 
a transverse row near the anterior third of approximately six stout 
subconical chitinized processes, and on the posterior third a similar 
row, these processes alternating with those of the anterior row 
and between each of them a series of three or four minute, chitinous 


_— “ - 


i i ta a, i el 


———_— 


— 


>: —- 6. *}/_. ee ee —e ~—_ 


> 


= eS Oe 


ee 


$= ~- 2 pS, 


~ 


66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


points not present on the anterior row; posterior extremity slightly 
infuscated and with a series of irregular, tuberculate processes, 
modifications of the spines noted on the preceding segments. 

The parent fly is a dark brown or blackish gnat or midge about 
one-tenth of an inch long and most easily recognized by the mod- 
erately short, black antennae and the long stem of the Sciara-like 
fork of the greatly reduced median wing vein. The venation is 
so peculiar as to admit of a ready identification of the species. 


Attack by this species is probably favored by a slight wound or 
scar or even a small cavity following the healing over of a place 
where a limb has been removed and the presence of more or less 
dead organic matter, the latter keeping the deeper portion of the 
wound moist and presumably offering favorable conditions for the 
deposition of eggs and the development of the small maggots which, 
as they increase in size, attack adjacent tissues and soon produce 
the characteristic bleeding. The frequent precipitation in the early 
part of last season was favorable for the development of this insect 
and appears to have been accompanied by an unusual amount of 
injury. The recurrence of this trouble from season to season in 
no way invalidates the above, since with the approach of cold weather 
these insects would naturally suspend operations and there ‘would 
be no breeding until the following spring. The discoloration of 
the bark and the sour odor may be easily explained by the precip- 
itates, due to evaporation and fermentation caused by various 
organisms which establish themselves in collections of moisture con- 
taining various elements of food. 

The most promising treatment for this type of injury is simply 
to remove the dead tissues, cut down to the healthy wood and pro- 
vide adequate drainage for the cavity, if one of any size exists. The 
wound should then be dressed with some protective material, such 
as grafting wax, tar or paint. 

Pigeon Tremex (Tremex columba Linn.). This species 
was reared in small numbers in midsummer, 1915, from a hickory log 
cut the previous February, and in the winter of 1916 fully devel- 
oped living adults were found. These latter suggest a two-year 
life cycle for this species, since conditions were such that the initial 
infestation might well have occurred in 1913. The probabilities were 
decidedly against the Tremex larvae alive in the log in the winter. of 
1916 having developed from eggs deposited the preceding summer. 

The larvae of the pigeon Tremex are rather common in dead, 
particularly fungous-affected wood of various trees, and on account 
of this insect restricting itself to dead or dying tissues, it can not be 
considered of much economic importance. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I916 67 


Norway maple aphid (Chaitophorus lyropicta! Kess- 
ler). This common plant louse on Norway maples is present almost 
every year and occasionally becomes excessively abundant, as was 
the case last summer with some Norway maples at Ogdensburg, 
the trees being so badly infested that the leaves were fairly smeared. 
and almost dripping with the honeydew. This plant louse occurs 
in clusters on the under side of the leaves, usually along the veins. 
The young are pale greenish yellow with red eyes, while the fully 
grown plant lice are greenish with conspicuous irregular brownish 
red markings. Usually natural enemies, such as ladybeetles, both 
young and adults, and Syrphus or flower fly larvae, reduce the num- 
bers of the insect so greatly by midsummer that there is very little 
injury thereafter. This aphid may be readily destroyed by thor- 
oughly spraying the under side of the leaves with a nicotine-sulphate 
preparation, 4o per cent nicotine, used at the rate of three-fourths 
of a pint to too gallons of water and adding thereto 6 to 8 pounds 
‘of soap. One thorough treatment is usually sufficient to control the 
pest. ' 

Magnolia scale (Eulecanium magnoliarum Ckll), 
This large scale insect, previously unrepresented in the state collec- 
tions, was received the latter part of July through Dr G. G. Atwood 
of the Department of Agriculture, accompanied by the statement 
that it occurred on some magnolia trees at Dansville. This species 
is one of the largest of our native scale insects, approaching closely 
the size of the much better known tulip tree scale, Toumeyella 
liriodendri Gmel,, it being about one-third of an inch long, 
one-fourth of an inch wide and one-tenth of an inch high. The 
surface is a variable dark brown or blackish, more or less granular 
and with low, warty protuberances at intervals. A badly infested 
twig may have one side nearly covered with the insects, the scales 
being crowded together much as in the case of the tulip tree scale. 
Spraying as for the above-mentioned tulip scale would doubtless 
be very effective in checking this magnolia insect. 


FOREST TREE INSECTS 


Hickory bark beetle (Eccoptogaster quadrispinosa 
Say). Depredations by this well-known enemy of hickory trees 
have decreased markedly during the last two years, though an exami- 
nation in mid-July of a wooded knoll east of Troy showed general 


1Determined by Dr J. J. Davis. This is the Chaitophorus aceris of our. 


earlier publications. 


3 


68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


and rather serious injury to hickory foliage by this insect. From 
25 to so per cent of the leaves were dropping or nearly ready to fall 
as a consequence, though there were comparatively few signs of the 
beetles actually having entered the trees. Some of the hickories 
were in an unhealthy condition though not ans more so than 
the oaks and other trees. 

The forested area upon which the above observations were made 
was typical of many of the thin-soiled ridges of southern Rensselaer 
county, and it is very probable that the numerous dead branches 
on some of the trees at least were an outcome of the severe droughts 
of earlier years, since there were no signs of general injury by one 
or more borers. . 

Red-shouldered limb borer (Sinoxylon basilare Say). 
Large numbers of this borer were reared from limbs of dying hickory 
trees which, had succumbed to.attacks by the hickory bark beetle or 
other causes. The borer is rather uncommon in New York State 
though it has been recorded as breeding in the limbs and twigs of a 
considerable variety of trees, such as persimmon, mulberry, apple, 
peach and also grapevine. Doctor Hopkins states that it infests 
most deciduous trees. 

This borer appears to confine itself, so far as hickory is concerned, 
to the smaller, dead, apparently fungous-infected branches, rarely 
occurring in those with a diameter greater than 4 inches. It runs 
longitudinal galleries in the inner wood about one-twelfth of an inch 
in diameter and may nearly riddle the interior of the branch with a 
series of frequently contiguous, sawdust-filled galleries. The borings 
produced by this species are very fine, uniform and firmly packed 
in the galleries. The longitudinal workings evidently originate from 
a transverse gallery made by the adult, which is very apt to encircle 
the limb at an approximate depth of three-eighths of an inch below 
the surface. This gallery is enlarged here and there into a series 
of irregular chambers. Emergence is through circular galleries 
penetrating the wood at. right angles to the surface. 

The larvae of Sinoxylon resemble those of Eccoptogaster 
quadrispinosa Say superficially, the Sinoxylon larvae being 
almost invariably in deeper galleries than those made by the hickory 
bark beetle. There is also a more marked ventral flexing of. the 
posterior abdominal segments, while the thoracic legs are long, 
slender and with the.apical segment bearing a rather thick tuft of 


long, conspicuous setae, a marked difference from the rudimentary 


or absent thoracic legs of Eccoptogaster. 


eee 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I916 69 


Neoclytus erythrocephalus Fabr. The small, reddish beetles with 
their three yellow, nearly transverse lines on each wing-cover, were 
reared in some numbers from a large hickory log collected in mid- 
winter. The insects continued to emerge during the summer and 
one living specimen was found the following midwinter. The data 
indicate one generation annually for this species though there may 
be occasional specimens which would carry over to the second season. 
This borer has been reared from the dead wood of a considerable 
variety of trees. 

GARDEN INSECTS 


Box leaf midge (Monarthropalpus buxi Lab.). The 
receipt, through Thomas J. Wade, city forester, New Rochelle, N. Y., 
in early May, of a twig of box showing a serious infestation by this 
insect, indicates a gradual spread of the midge and accompanying 
“injury. This is especially likely to occur in places where box is 
extensively used as an ornamental or hedge plant. The affected 
leaves contained numerous full-grown, yellowish maggots, a few 
transforming maggots and some recently transformed pupae, indi- 
cating that emergence would not be long delayed. The reception 
May 27th of infested box leaves containing pupae from Philadelphia, 
indicates that the flies are not likely to emerge along the Atlantic 
coast prior to the last of May or early in June. This matter is of 
some importance in connection with remedial measures. | 

The presence of this recently introduced enemy of box is indicated 
by more or less irregular, oval swellings on the leaves, each marking 
an eccentric, oval, clear space mined beneath by one or more pale, 
yellowish, white maggots about one-sixteenth of an inch long. There 
may be a very slight elevation of the leaf with an irregular, yellowish 
_or brownish discoloration, the margin of the enlargement being 
indicated by darker green. This condition is most easily observed 
in September and later after the maggots are more than half grown. 
An infested leaf may contain only one or two of the miners and be 
injured to only a comparatively slight extent or there may be six 
or more of the maggots and a nearly total destruction of the leaf. 
Attack by this midge weakens the plants and results in the badly 
infested leaves dropping in the spring, leaving unsightly, bare stems 
with new leaves developing at the tip. 

The known occurrence of this species at Newport, R. I., New 
Rochelle, Westchester county, Roslyn and probably other Long Island 
localities and Philadelphia, Pa., suggests that it is likely to appear in 
numbers in almost any place along the northern Atlantic coast, and 


70 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


there would seem to be no reason why it might not appear here and 
there in other places in the country, especially in localities to which 
there have been recent shipments of box plants. It has been recetved 
recently from California. The insect winters in the leaves and 
hence would be readily conveyed from place to place. E 

The most promising method of checking this insect appears to 
be repeated treatments with a contact insecticide at about the time 
the midges are beginning to issue, and distributed through the period 
of flight. Kerosene emulsion or a whale oil soap solution, as reported, 
have been used with excellent results though it is quite probable 
that the nicotine-soap combination so generally employed for the 
control of plant lice and some other soft-bodied insects would be 
equally effective and perhaps safer. In case of limited infestations 
where the plants are highly prized it might be advisable to make 
daily applications so long as any of the yellowish flies are noted 
issuing from. the leaves or flying about the plants. 

Columbine borer (Papaipema purpurifascia Gr & 
Rb.). This insect belongs to a group commonly known as stalk 
borers and, like its associates, occasionally attracts attention by 
its work in piants. 

The female, according to Mr Henry Bird, our American authority 
upon stalk borers, lives but a few days and deposits her eggs on the 
lower stems of the food plant in late August or early September, 
where they remain securely attached until. the period of hatching, 
which, in the latitude of Rye, is between May 15th and zoth. The 
young borer usually ascends the flower stems and enters well up 
where the tissues are tender, working down by slow degrees and in 
about ten days enters the root. Some two months are required to 
complete its growth. The infestation of the stem is indicated by a 
general wilting and also the fine frass or borings which are thrown 
out through the small entrance hole near the top of the stem. After 
the borer enters the root another hole is made near the surface of 
the ground for the discharge of borings and the infested plants are 
usually marked by a circular mound of such rejecta, reminding one 
somewhat of grains of earth surrounding an ant burrow. The 
full-grown caterpillar inhabits the root. It measures from one and 
one-third to one and one-half inches in length, is naked, flesh- 
colored, with no stripes or mottlings. The head and thoracic shield 
are testaceous, shining, the latter margined with black on the side. 
The anal shield, spiracles and minute setigerous tubercles are black. 

The above life history details, based on notes kindly placed at 
our disposal by Mr Bird, show that it is comparatively easy to check 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 71 


this pest by burning over infested beds any time after the foliage 
dies and before the appearance of a new growth in the spring. Mr 
Bird cites several instances in which this method has given excellent 
results. 

An incipient infestation, if one recognizes the connection between 
wilting stems and later root injury, can be materially checked by 
cutting out the flower stalks containing the young borers and burning 
them. It is even possible to destroy larvae in the roots by injecting 
arsenate of lead into the burrow with a small syringe or oiling 
can. 

Silver-spotted skipper (Epargyreus tityrus Fabr.). The 
peculiar caterpillar of this butterfly is a well-known feeder on locust 
and wisteria and has been recorded from such a variety of legu- 
minous plants that in the opinion of the late Doctor Scudder, 
the insect would probably feed on any of the Papilionaceous 
Leguminosae. The full-grown caterpillar is about one and one- 
half inches long, greenish or greenish yellow, with a dark-brown 
head bearing a pair of bright red, eyelike spots. The slender neck and 
somewhat sluglike shape of the body, in connection with the above 
characteristics, is sufficient for the identification of this caterpillar. 
Ordinarily it feeds within a partly folded leaf and therefore largely 
escapes observation. There is but one brood in the North and two 
or three in the South. 

This insect was the cause of an unusual complaint the past sum- 
mer on account of its feeding on wisteria and then making itself a 
nuisance by invading a sleeping porch partly sheltered by the vine 
and even soiling the bedding. The conditions were such that con- 
trol by the applications of poisons could not be advised and, as a 
consequence, hand picking or the exclusion of the caterpillars by 
means of a fine screen were the only practical methods of eliminating 
the nuisance. 

Spindle worm (Achatodes zeae Harr.). Elder shoots 
infested by this caterpillar were received from Geneva, N. Y., in 
mid-June. This insect is a close relative to the more common and 
better known stalk borer, and the larva, like that of some of its 
allies, occurs in the stems of a variety of plants. It has been recorded 
from corn and dahlia, in addition to elder, and occasionally becomes 
somewhat abundant though it is rarely brought to the notice of the 
economic entomologist. The full-grown caterpillar is yellowish 
white, about an inch long, with a black head, thoracic and anal 
shields and a series of moderately conspicuous, black tubercles or 
spots on the body. Its work in elder twigs is marked by a wilting 


a 
-- 


3 


=~ 
> - 


=: 


72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


of the shoots, the tip hanging because the interior is gnawed away 
until only the thin bark remains. There is a similar record of this 
insect injuring corn in New England, though nothing of the kind 
appears to have been brought to notice in recent years. This 
borer completes its growth about the middle of June and conse- 
quently damage to corn, if it is inflicted, must occur while the plants 
are still small. The moths appear the latter part of June and have 
been taken in New York as late as mid-August. It is very probable, 
as in the case of some of the allied stalk borers belonging to the 
genus Papaipema, that the insect winters in the egg stage, the young 
caterpillars commencing operations shortly after growth starts in 
the spring. If this surmise as to its life history is correct, it is obvious 
that injury in corn fields must either be limited to the margins near 
wild growth or to fields which have been indifferently cultivated 
and infested with thick-stemmed plants which would prove attrac- 
tive to the moth when ovipositing. 

Gooseberry fruit worm (Zophodia erossulariae Packs 
This insect is so rare that it is seldom brought to the attention of 
the economic entomologist, especially in the eastern United States, 
and the opportunity is therefore taken of placing on record a few 
observations made upon infested plants near the southeastern 
border of the State. The larvae were rather abundant in a small 
gooseberry and currant patch at Stamford, Conn., June 29th. The 


pale green, indistinctly striped, brown-headed caterpillars, about . 


three-fourths of an inch long when full grown, enter the goose- 
berries and devour the interior, causing the infested fruit to color 
prematurely and turn brown. There is usually more or less fungus 
accompanied by a slight webbed protection above the entrance to 
the fruit. It was not uncommon to find two or three injured goose- 
berries in close proximity, having been entered presumably one 
after the other by the caterpillar. In the case of the smaller currants 
several of the berries are drawn together in a webby mass, the cater- 
pillar eating out the contents of a number. The infestation was 
such that so to 7s per cent of the gooseberry crop and an appre- 
ciable portion of the currants in a small planting were destroyed. 
The winter is passed in the pupal stage, the moths appar shortly 
after the fruit has set. 

Ordinarily this insect can not be considered a serious . pest and feed 
picking or allowing poultry, when practical, to run among currant 
and gooseberry bushes, are the most promising methods of checking 
the insect. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I916 73 


Spraying with a poison, such as arsenate of lead, just as the webs 
are beginning to form has given excellent results, according to 
Professor Parrott. 

Carrot rust fly (Psila rosae Linn.). A parsnip infested with 
the larvae of this insect was received from Hempstead, N. Y., the 
last of July. This pest was first brought to our notice December 
30, 1901, and a detailed account of the insect will be found in Museum 
Bulletin 64, pages 99-103. 

Apparently this species has not become excessively abundant, 
since it has been brought to attention only occasionally, though it 
has been reported during the last few years as being abundant and 
injurious in the vicinity of Rochester. 

A rotation of crops planned so as to plant those susceptible to 
attack by this insect on ground remote from that which may have 
become infested in earlier years, is one of the best protective measures. 
This should be supplemented by late sowing whenever that is prac- 
tical and, if necessary, the use of a repellent, such as a carbolic soap 
wash during June at the time the flies are abroad and deposit their 
eggs. 

European mole cricket (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa 
Linn.). <A living specimen of this insect was received early in the 
spring, accompanied by the statement that it had been captured 
in the vicinity of Buffalo on a shipment of mixed ornamental shrubs 
from Holland. This is a well-known species recorded as occurring 
throughout Europe and being abundant in France, often causing 
considerable damage to gardens. It has recently become established 
in a New Jersey locality where similar shipments are received annu- 
ally. The species was undoubtedly brought into New Jersey with 
imported nursery stock and has become so abundant locally that 
systematic efforts were necessary to reduce its numbers, 20,000, 
including eggs, having been destroyed in one year. 

The European mole cricket is a moderately stout, dark brown, 
frequently wingless insect with a length about 14 inches and easily 
distinguished from our common crickets and their allies by the 
short legs and especially the heavy forelegs with the fingerlike 
extensions admirably adapting it to burrowing in the soil. It is 
very similar to our native northern mole cricket, Gryllotalpa 
borealis Burm., a species widely distributed and occasionally 
found in small numbers, especially in the moist soil along streams 
and ponds. This European pest is more likely to become abundant 
in moderately heavy, rich garden land. It is recorded as feeding 
upon vegetable matter and as causing considerable damage because 


74 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


of its cutting all roots that obstruct its search for food. The insect 
is rather slow breeded, and although one female may produce 200 
eggs, it requires three years to complete the life cycle. It is stated 
that it takes twelve years for the pest to become so abundant as 
seriously to threaten cultivated plants. . 

The work of Messrs Worsham and Reed, on an allied and destruc- 
tive species in Georgia, has shown that plowing of breeding areas 
to destroy the eggs, the use of light traps at certain seasons and com- 
post heap traps during winter, supplemented by distributing poisoned 
baits consisting of cotton seed meal and arsenicals and the use of 
sulphur and napthalene as repellents, are the most effective methods 
of checking the insect. It is probable that similar measures would 
be of value in any locality where this new European pest becomes 
troublesome. 

GREENHOUSE. PESTS 


Florida fern caterpillar (Eriopus floridensis Guen). 
Caterpillars of this southern species were received in June from Mr 
L. F. Strickland, nursery inspector, accompanied by the statement 
that they had ruined over 3000 ferns for Mr F. G. Lewis of Lock- 
port. The pest displayed a marked preference for the Boston fern 
and the maiden-hair fern. An examination of conditions showed 
that the caterpillars fed here and there upon the leaves, eating the 
fronds in such a way that the plants developed in a very irregular, 
ragged manner, rendering them totally unsuitable for ornamental 
purposes. The pinnae of the fronds of the Boston fern are fre- 
quently eaten off about midway, while the leaflets of the maiden- 
hair fern may be bitten off or the entire frond severed near the 
ground. Under greenhouse conditions, breeding is practically 
continuous throughout the year. 

The full-grown caterpillars are nearly an jac long and vary 
greatly in appearance, there being two well-marked forms. Both 
have a moderate sized, reddish brown head. The body of the lighter 
colored caterpillar is mostly greenish, each segment being plainly 
marked by a broad, transverse, dark-brown band which extends to 
the sublateral areas and, in the case of the abdominal segments, is 
produced as a distinct lateral prolongation almost to the spiracular 
line; below the spiracles there is a whitish line bordered ventrally 
by an irregular dark-brown line. The dark caterpillars are nearly 
uniform, slightly mottled, dark brown, the younger of these with a 
well-marked, white spiracular line. 


1 Ga. Exp. Sta. Bul. 101. 


rs ee 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 75 


The small caterpillars are lighter and, like the full-grown ones, 
show two distinct types; the dark form with a conspicuous lateral 
white line, while the lighter form has a sublateral, pinkish line and 
a substigmatal, brownish line. 

The moth is a moderately heavy insect with a wing spread of 
about 14 inches. The forewings are rather prettily and strongly 
marked with light gray reticulate lines and are produced in a dis- 
tinct angle near the middle of the outer edge. 

The caterpillars can be destroyed by the use of poisons, but unfor- 
tunately ferns are so sensitive that the application of a sufficient 
amount of Paris green is likely to result in severe burning, while 
the use of arsenate of lead renders the plants unsightly. Generally 
speaking, the probabilities are that in most cases there is no better 
method of controlling this pest than by systematic and thorough 
hand picking to destroy the caterpillars. It is a southern species 
which can not maintain itself in our northern latitude and this 
restriction would justify considerable expense, either for control 
measures or the adoption of special precautions, to prevent the 
insect becoming established in a greenhouse. This latter, in the 
long run, is probably the most practical method of avoiding trouble 
by this species. 

Rose gall midge (Dasyneura rhodophaga Coq.). 
This serious pest of the indoor rose grower has been reported from 
Hudson river greenhouses in earlier years, though it seems to have 
caused little injury recently till it was again reported last fall as 
damaging roses near Blauvelt. It may well be considered a destruc- 
tive insect, since if it becomes abundant it may be impossible to 
secure a crop of flowers. A few years ago it was estimated that this 
pest caused a loss of $10,000 annually in two Chicago greenhouses. 

The rose gall midge attacks the young leaf or flower buds, prefer- 
ably the latter, and causes various malformations at least, though 
. frequently there is a browning and death of the affected parts. 
The parent insect is a very small, brownish, frail midge about one- 
twenty-fifth of an inch long, which deposits her eggs in the develop- 
ing rose tips. The maggots are at first white, later becoming reddish. 
Breeding is continuous from May until October, and as only two 
weeks are required to complete the life cycle, the possibilities of 
injury are very great. The midge is known to attack the following 
varieties: Meteor, Wooten, La France, Madam Chatenay, Bride, 
Ivory and Golden Gate, and is said to be especially partial to all 
“Hybrid teas.’”’ It is not known to breed on hardy or outdoor 
roses. 


POEs Sp aE a a 


— 
~ais 


76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Experience has demonstrated the impracticability of satisfac- 
torily controlling this insect by fumigation with hydrocyanic acid 
gas, since it is impossible to destroy the maggots with a strength 
which can be used with safety and repeated fumigations are very 
apt to endanger the plants. A most satisfactory though drastic 
measure is to clean thoroughly the house during midwinter, at a 
time when the insects are dormant in the soil. This means the 
removal and destruction of the plants; the soil on the benches should 
be carted out for some distance so that there will be no danger of 
midges emerging with the coming of warm weather and making 
their way back to the house. The interior should be thoroughly 
cleaned so as to destroy any insects which might take refuge in loose 
accumulations of soil, cracks or crevices. If it is impractical to clean 
out such accumulations, a thorough spraying with a contact insecti- 
cide, such as kerosene emulsion, is advisable. The house, it is perhaps 
needless to add, should be restocked with clean plants and every 
effort made to avoid reinfestation. 

Chrysanthemum gall midge (Diarthronomyia hypo- 
gaea H. Lw.). The reception of infested plants or midges from 
the states of Maine, Delaware, South Dakota and Washington and 
Victoria, B. C., during the past year indicates that this recently 
introduced pest is becoming widely disseminated, probably through 
the shipment of infested plants. It has been previously recorded 
by us from California, Michigan and Oregon, and also from eastern 
Canada. This is probably only a partial record of the distribution 
of this insect, a species which may produce numerous galls upon 
the leaves and stems of most cultivated chrysanthemums, and if 
there is a serious infestation the growth of young plants may be 
arrested and make them practically worthless for blossoming pur- 
poses. These facts justify a close watch on the part of chrysanthe- 
mum growers and the exercise of every reasonable precaution to 
prevent this insect obtaining a foothold in greenhouses previously 
uninfested. : 

More recently this insect has been reported from Cromwell, 
Conn., by Prof. G. W. Herrick, from Providence, R.-I., and Fitch- 
burg, Mass., by A. I. Bourne of the Massachusetts Agricultural 
College and from Swampscott, Mass., by W. S. Regan of the same 
institution. 

One of the easiest methods of detecting the young, inconspicuous 
galls is to allow the leaf to slip through the loosely-closed fingers, 
a process which will readily disclose the presence of slight swellings. 
It is particularly desirable to recognize even the smallest galls if 


namic wie tg ey 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 Fo 


an attempt is made to prevent the introduction of the pest. The 
small, developing gall appears as a slight, nodular elevation with a 
darker center protected to some extent by an unusually abundant 
mass of short, white hairs, while the fully developed gall, about 
one-twelfth of an inch long, has comparatively few of these short 
hairs and the discolored apical portion makes it relatively incon- 
spicuous. The galls containing insects nearly ready to escape may 
be recognized by the small, withered, discolored, free tip. Scat- 
tered galls may occur almost anywhere along the stem, on the petiole 
of the leaf, on the leaf surface, along the veins of the leaves and ocza- 
sionally at the very tip of the lobe, and as they are only about one- 
twelfth of an inch long, it is very easy to overlook a few. 

A detailed account of this insect is given in the report for 1915, 

New York State Museum Bulletin 186, pages 51 to 55, to which 
the reader is referred for additional details. 
- Thread scale (Ischnaspis longirostris Sign.). Speci- 
mens of this insect, previously unrepresented in the state collections, 
were received in early September from the western part of the 
State. This scale insect occurred on the Chinese fan palm and 
is recorded from a variety of plants, such as palms, palmetto, latania, 
magnolia, coffee, etc. It is a dark brown or blackish scale, one- 
twelfth to one-eighth of an inch long and easily distinguished from 
other scale insects by its extreme narrowness, it being about eight 
times as long as wide, and frequently more or less curved. This 
species is recorded by Newstead of England as being a difficult 
one to destroy, and the most promising method of controlling it, 
should this prove necessary, would be by thorough and repeated 
sprayings with nicotine-sulphate, 40 per cent nicotine, used at 
the rate of three-fourths of a pint to 1oo gallons of water to which 
are added 6 to 8 pounds of any cheap soap. The probabilities 
are that breeding is nearly continuous throughout the year under 
' greenhouse conditions, and consequently repeated applications 
might be necessary to control the pest. 


GRASS AND CLOVER INSECTS 
White grubs (Phyllophaga! fusca Frohl. and others). 
Injuries by white grubs in 1915 were extremely severe here and there 
in southern Rensselaer and northern Columbia counties in particular, 
though the damage was considerably lessened by an unusually 
abundant and well-distributed rainfall during the summer months. 


1 This is Lachnosterna of earlier publications. 


t Ul 


a a eee a pe 
me — Sess SS i 


= 


3 


= 


Js ee 


3 


78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


The loss on the potato crop where planting was upon badly infested 
land, ranged from 30 to 75 per cent and under such conditions it 
was natural that there should be considerable apprehension in 


the spring of the past season. Our knowledge of this insect enabled. 


the Entomologist to assure many farmers that there would be com- 
paratively little danger in planting susceptible crops on land badly 
infested with nearly full-grown grubs, provided this planting was 
delayed until the middle or latter part of June. The great danger, 
as has been pointed out previously, is the putting of such crops 


in fields infested by numerous small, comparatively inconspicuous, 


partly grown grubs, since these are the ones which devour a large 


amount of vegetation during the season and cause by far the greater 


portion of the injury. 

It is comparatively easy to make general recommendations which 
may be vitiated to some extent at least by unusual local conditions. 
By far the greater number of white grubs were in a partly grown 
stage in the spring of. 1915 and therefore nearly full grown last 
spring, while in some fields there was a considerable abundance 
of young grubs in the spring of 1916. The Entomologist urged 
farmers to make examinations and plant in accordance with their 
findings. In one instance the Entomologist made an examination 
of recently plowed sodland which had been badly injured in 191s, 


and which it was proposed to plant to potatoes the past season. 


A very few small white grubs were to be found here and there and 
some nearly full-grown ones, the latter apparently much more 
abundant because of their greater size. The owner was advised 
to plant potatoes in spite of the presence of the small number of 
young grubs, and at the end of the season harvested a crop of 325 
barrels, showing no injury whatever by white grubs. This instance 
is cited because it illustrates in a concrete manner the possibilities 
of avoiding, to a considerable extent, injury by these well-known 
pests, since it is extremely hazardous, if not unwise, to plant potatoes 
or other susceptible crops on ground infested with many small 
white grubs. 

Next year, 1917, is the time for May or June beetles, the parents 
of the destructive white grubs, to appear in large numbers, and 
in localities where there is serious injury to the foliage of oak, maple 
and other trees, severe damage by the grubs may be expected in 
adjacent grasslands the following season. It is entirely practical 
for the farmer to judge somewhat of the abundance of the beetles 
by the extent of their work upon forest trees, and this alone will 
give some clue of the probabilities another year and, in a measure 


ee 


SED ye 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 79 


at least, serve as a guide as to the advisability of making more or 
less close examinations to determine whether grassland in which 
susceptible crops, such as potatoes, would normally be planted, 
should be used for such purposes or the rotation changed and some 
crop not lable to injury, such as rye, be substituted. 


White grub robber fly (Promachus fitchiiO.S.). The . 


stout white maggots of this efficient natural enemy have been under 
observation for four seasons and conditions this year almost dupli- 
cate those observed in 1913, namely, a considerable abundance 
of these maggots in sodland which had been so injured by white 
grubs the preceding year that the grass was practically killed. Areas 
where these maggots were most abundant were characterized by 
a scarcity of white grubs, and conversely these pests of the farmer 
were more numerous in sodland where the predaceous maggot 
was relatively scarce. Conditions typical of this section are embodied 
in the following notes. 

An examination May 8th of grass sod on the farm of Mr F. B. 
Smith, Schodack, revealed a moderate number of nearly full-grown 
white grubs, some decidedly: yellowish and an almost equal number 
of the predaceous maggots of Promachus. 

An investigation June 12th of a, large plowed field belonging 
to Mr G. A. Hoyt, also of Schodack, resulted in finding very few 
full-grown white grubs, several half-grown white grubs and a number 
of Promachus larvae. This field was so badly infested by white 
grubs the previous year that considerable areas were torn up with 
a horserake and yet at the present time there are very few white 
grubs and considerable numbers of the maggots. There is no 
escaping the conclusion that Promachus larvae have been an 
important factor in controlling the pest, which is supported by 
the unusual abundance of the parent insects or robber flies. 

The true character of these beneficial maggots should be more 
generally recognized. They are, when full grown, about an inch 
long, one-fourth of an inch in diameter, moderately firm or rather 
horny in texture, an] invariably lay in a straight or nearly straight 
position and present a marked contrast to the half-curled, stouter 
and relatively shorter white grubs which, as most farmers know, 
lay upon their side. An abundance of the maggots, as previously 
stated, means relatively few white grubs and materially lessens 
the danger of injury from this destructive pest. 

Grasshoppers (Melanoplus atlanis Riley and others). 
The season of 1916 opened with the appearance of many small 
grasshoppers here and there in localities where these pests were 


80 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


numerous two years previous. The most common species was, as 
in earlier seasons, the lesser red-legged grasshopper, Melano- 
plus atlanis Riley, while a number of the green-striped grass- 
hopper, Chortophaga viridifasciata. DeGr eyyere 
rather common about mid-May in a field at Lewis, Essex county. 
This latter species, however, fs not one which was particularly 
injurious earlier, and the probabilities are that it is almost negligible, 
economically speaking. 

The indications of early spring were greatly modified by the fre- 
quent and abundant rains of the late spring and early summer 
producing such an abundant forage that most fields were able to 
maintain a fair to large grasshopper population without showing 
material injury. It is also very probable that many of the small 
grasshoppers succumbed to unfavorable climatic conditions and as a 
consequence the serious injuries of earlier years were confined to 
comparatively small areas here and there which were mostly in 
sections where there had been no earlier systematic effort to control 
the pests. . | 

The developments of the last season have served to confirm earlier 
opinions in regard to the entire practicability of controlling these — 
pests by the early and systematic distribution of a poisoned bait 
in badly infested fields, giving special preference to places where 
the insects are abundant. The formula for the so-called Kansas 
bait has been published repeatedly and directions for the preparation 
of this mixture can be easily secured by referring to earlier reports. 

A modification of the Kansas bait worthy of mention was found 
very effective in Canada during 1915. It consists simply of the 
substitution in the Kansas formula, of 10 pounds of sawdust for an 
equal amount of bran, and in. areas where this was used, 103 to 139 
grasshoppers to the square yard were destroyed in pasture and oat 
fields; respectively. This preparation was apparently even more 
effective if all the bran was replaced by sawdust, though this seem- 
ingly anomalous result may have been explained in part by local 
conditions which may not have been fully appreciated at the time 
the tests were made. re 

Phytonomus meles Fabr. This is a moderately stout, variably- 
colored, grayish brown or greenish weevil with a length of approxi- 
mately one-sixth to one-fifth of an inch. It appears to be a recent 
introduction, since there is no record of its capture prior to June 
1907, at which time it was taken in New York by Mr R. E. Dow. 
It has been reared from clover collected in the vicinity of Albany. 
In the latter part of May 1912, weevils were observed in large num- 


REPORT OF TH STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 81 


bers on red clover, at New Baltimore, N. Y., in association with a 
much smaller introduced form, Tychius picirostris Fabr. 
The two species caused considerable injury, partly riddling the 
leaves. This Phytonomus presumably has a general distribution 
in New York State, since it has been captured in several localities 
in the vicinity of New York City, and at Port Chester, West Point, 
New Baltimore and Albany. Messrs Blatchley and Leng record it 
as occurring from Canada, New England, New York and New 
Jersey, and state that it may be found all over Europe, excepting 
Spain, and also in parts of Asia and-along the north coast of 
Africa. European authors have recorded this insect as feeding upon 
certain species of Medicago as well as Trifolium incar- 
natum, in addition to red clover. Titus has observed the depo- 
sition of eggs on and in the stems and leaf petioles of clover and 
alfalfa, and on the blossoms of clover. Five to seven eggs were 
deposited in the stems, while elsewhere they were placed singly. 
Ordinarily early cutting of clover for hay will prevent serious injury, 
though this method is impractical in localities where seed is grown. 
This is a recent introduction like the larger and much better known 
punctured clover leaf weevil, Hypera punctata Fabr., a 
species which in earlier years caused considerable apprehension in 
this country. 

Tychius picirostris Fabr. A small, obscurely brown and _ black- 
marked beetle, only about one-eighth of an inch long and with a 
distinct, black-marked snout, was taken in considerable numbers 
May 20, 1910, on clover at New Baltimore, in association with the 
larger Phytonomus meles Fabr. This Tychius is a recent 
introduction which appears to have become well established in New 
York State, having been recorded from. New Baltimore, Albany, 
Lake Champlain, Newport, Speculator, Gouverneur, Waterville, 
Oswego, Batavia, McLean and Ithaca. It was very abundant and 
"injurious at New Baltimore and has been recorded by Casey as occur- 
ring in extraordinary numbers: at Lake Champlain, while Knight 
reports it as common locally, especially on pear trees in western 
New York. It has also been reported from Maine, New Hampshire, 
and Massachusetts localities, and more recently as injuring clover in 
the province of Quebec, Canada, where it was recorded by Mr 
Du Porte as attacking both leaves and flower heads. In Europe it is 
known to injure red clover, Plantain and Genista. 

It is very probable that repressive measures of value in control- 
ling Phytonomus meles Fabr., noticed above, would be 
equally serviceable in checking this smaller clover pest. 


82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Clover leaf midge (Dasyneura trifolii Lw.). ~ This 
European midge was first recognized in America by Prof. J. H. 
Comstock in 1879, and appears to be somewhat widely distributed 
though there is a lamentable paucity of definite records. This 
deficiency has been supplied, in part at least, by incidental observa- 
tions made during the summer, which have resulted in our finding 
the insect or its work at the following localities: West Nyack, West 
Haverstraw, Newburgh, Wappingers Falls, Ghent and Newfane. 
These brief records would indicate a wide and presumably somewhat 
general distribution in New York State. It is very probable that 
this insect will eventually establish itself in all sections where white 
clover is moderately abundant. 


MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS 


Cat and dog flea (Ctenocephalus canis Curtis). This 
insect 1s a very common one wherever the smaller domestic animals 
are found, and the dog or cat without a few fleas is exceptional. This — 
pest not only occurs upon the animals, but the slender, active, 
white larvae feed upon organic matter in cracks and crevices and are 
most numerous about the sleeping places of their hosts. The flea 
is a prolific insect, as has been demonstrated frequently in the case 
of houses closed for a few weeks or months during summer. More 
than once returning householders have been surprised to find the 
home overrun by these active and annoying pests, they taking 
advantage of the. abundant dust and comparative freedom from 
disturbance. This sometimes occurs in houses where no cats or dogs 
are kept, the insects entering from nearby shelters, such as piazzas, 
open sheds and the like. 

A striking instance of the prolificacy of fleas and the annoyance 
and alarm which may be caused, was brought to our attention the 
past summer. The trouble occurred in a general grocery store in 
the Adirondack region, the cellar being badly infested, the insects 
even invading the stove and spreading to the upper Hoor.- ile 
fleas bred in the cellar which had a cemented floor and was filled 
promiscuously with boxes and bags, making anything like systematic 
cleaning very difficult if not impossible. The dry, almost undis- 
turbed dust afforded nearly ideal conditions for the: development 
of the young fleas. The proprietor was greatly concerned lest this 
be some new and dangerous insect, though investigation showed 
it to be the above named common species. Repeated fumigation 
with burning sulphur and the use of a liberal quantity of napthalene 
flakes resulted in the destruction of the pest. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 83 


Saw-toothed grain beetle (Silvanus surinamensis 
Linn.). This minute, brown grain beetle is a common species in 
cereal preparations and occasionally occurs in large numbers in 
grain bins. Such an instance was brought to our knowledge in 
August 1903, the insects being extremely abundant in a large bin 
filled with oats and, escaping from there, made nuisances of them- 
selves in adjacent dwellings. Early in September of the past season 
our attention was called to a similar infestation in which oats were 
so badly infested that horses would not eat them. It was impossible 
to obtain any definite statements as to the earlier history of the 
grain though the probabilities are that the oats had been stored for 
some months in a badly infested bin. The obvious remedy is to 
thoroughly clean out granaries and grain bins every few months in 
order to prevert excessive multiplication of such insects, and these 
measures may well be supplemented in special cases by thorough 
fumigation with carbon bisulphide or, where conditions justify, 
treatment with hydrocyanic acid gas. 

Barypeithes pellucidus Boh. This is a reddish brown or dark- 
brown, rather hairy, small weevil, about one-eighth of an inch 
long, which was found rather commonly under dead leaves in an 
apple orchard at Kendall, N. Y., May 22 and June 1, 1916. The 
weevils appeared to be feeding upon the dead foliage and attracted 
attention because of their being somewhat numerous. This incon- 
spicuous European species appears to be a recent introduction 
which has been recorded from both Long and Staten Islands and 
Batavia, and also from Massachusetts, New Jersey and Ohio locali- 
ties. It is credited with attacking strawberry plants in Europe, 
though nothing of the kind has been observed in America. 

Sun-flower purse gall (Asphondylia globulus O. 8). 
A number of galls produced by this species and collected August 
I, 1916, by Roy Latham, Orient, N. Y., enabled us to make a study 
of the structure of this deformity. The plants show that the galls 
may occur within 4 inches of the ground and from that to a con- 
siderable height, presumably 3 feet or more. There are several 
types of the deformity, evidently due to the same insect and explain- 
able largely by variations in method of oviposition. 

In the first place there are minor, less characteristic galls forming. 
irregular, lobulate masses of the flower heads and terminal buds. 
These galls are more or less variable in shape and when in a group 
may form a mass not unlike that of A. conspicua O. S. and’ 
approximately three-fourths of an inch in diameter. 


84 NEW. YORK STATE MUSEUM 


The typical gall associated with this species is a podlike, somewhat 
reniform stem enlargement with a length of approximately three- 
fourths of an inch, a major diameter of one-half of an inch and a 
minor diameter or thickness of three-eighths of an inch. _It is 
very apt to show an irregular suture along the outer margin, sug- 
_ gesting a point of adherence, and on tearing the deformity open 
with blunt instruments or the fingers it is at once apparent that the 
larvae or pupae, as the case may be, occupy a somewhat regular, 
curved series of nearly uniformly spaced cells, each with a length of 
6 or 7 mm, a diameter of 3 mm, separated from its fellow by a wall 
of tissue 1 to 3 mm thick and when containing pupae at least, lined 
with a whitish pubescence. The arrangement suggests very much 
the conditions obtaining in the grape apple gall of Schizomyia 
pomum Walsh & Riley, except that there is but one series of cells 
instead of a double row. 

The occurrence of galls among the leaf and flower buds on the 
tips of these plants indicates that infestation occurs while the affected 
tissues are in a formative condition, and the probabilities are that 
the firmer and more characteristic enlargements of the stems also 
originate while the affected tissues are in a similar condition. 

The following stages are described for the first time: 

Larva. Length 3 mm, mostly whitish yellow, moderately stout 
and with a more or less distinct, usually quadridentate breastbone. 
The young larvae occurring in immature galls are more slender and 
apparently have a somewhat different breastbone from that of the 
older larvae found in association with recently transformed pupae. 

Exuvium. A nearly uniform light yellowish brown. 

Pupa. Length 4 mm, thoracic horns long, slender, the body mostly 
a dark reddish orange, the older pupae with the eyes, the wing 
and leg cases dark brown. 

Periodical Cicada (Tibicen septendecim Linn). A 
brood of this large, remarkable insect appeared in the western 
part of the State, and inasmuch as the life cycle is an extraordinarily 
long one and the species appears to be materially affected by natural 
enemies and changes incident to the clearing up and the settlement 
of the country, the persistence of this form is of more than usual 
interest. This brood was founded by Doctor ee on records 
which run back to 1797. 

The following records respecting the abundance and distribution 
of this insect have been brought together through the cooperation 
of a number of correspondents. 

Cayuga county. The trees at the upper edge of the Great Gulley 
brook east from Farley’s showed many dead branches caused by 
oviposition (C. R. Crosby, Ithaca). 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I916 85 


Mapleton. A great number of nymphs were dug up on the farm 
of George Baylor near this place (C. R. Crosby, Ithaca). 

The above records should be supplemented by those of V. H. 
Lowe! who recorded the species in 1899 from Union Springs and 
points extending about 3 miles north, 3 miles west and 7} miles 
south of that locality. 

Livingston county. Conesus lake. On the west side near Long 
pond there were great numbers of Cicadas. They were sufficiently 
numerous to keep up a continuous singing during the sunny hours 
(William T. Davis, New Brighton). 

Geneseo. There were a few in the village and large numbers 
were to be found upon the estate of W. A. Wadsworth to the south 
and also north of the village in woods and fields where they were 
reported as being present by millions (William R. Houston). 
Supplementing the preceding, a colony was reported to be in a hedge 
row and neighboring woods west of the town. The Cicadas were 
said to have been destroyed soon after they made their appearance 
(P. J. Parrott, Geneva). 

Groveland. The insects were reported as present and as having 
entirely disappeared by July 6th (P. J. Parrott, Geneva). 

Mount Morris. A large colony was reported from the Conklin 
woods near the Craig Colony for Epileptics at Sonyea and another 
brood 5 miles west and near Geneseo (Frank George, Mount Morris). 

Sonyea. A portion of the forest owned by the Craig Colony 
for Epileptics literally swarmed with Cicadas, they being so thick 
that one grab at the leaves of a young oak resulted in capturing 
twenty insects. No damage was reported (Truman L. Stone, 
Sonyea). | 

Monroe county. Irondequoit. The insects were reported from 
this locality (P. J. Parrott, Geneva). 

West Webster. Cicadas appear to have been very abundant 
in this locality and their presence was recorded by several observers. 
A few adults were found in an orchard by Mr Eversley S. Ferris 
May 26th, and from June 4th to r4th. Both Mr Ferris and Mr 
George A. Franck of Rochester found the insects occurring by 
the thousands in the apple orchard on Mr Welcher’s farm. Mr 
Franck stated that on June sth he collected, with help, some 6000 
specimens in four hours, taking fifteen males to one female; June 6th 
he found females more abundant though not nearly so numerous 
as the males; on June 8th he collected tooo adults in three-fourths . 


1N. Y. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 212, p. 13. 


86 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


of an hour, the females then being very common and nymphs issuing 
from the ground in immense numbers; on June 14th the insects 
made such a din that they could be heard for almost a mile, and 
at that time no eggs had been deposited; June 18th the Cicadas 
were pairing, there were no signs of diminished numbers, and two 
or three collectors could have easily captured 20,000 specimens 
in a few hours. The work of natural enemies was very evident 
and in some places Cicada wings were so thick that they covered 
the ground. The branches of the trees were full of blackbirds, 
orioles, bobolinks and sparrows, which undoubtedly had been feeding 
on the insects, and hundreds of birds were to be seen flying over 
the orchard. June 25th the Cicadas had entirely disappeared 
and no evidences of oviposition in twigs or branches were to be found, 
this probably being due to the early destruction of the insects by 
birds, other natural enemies or possibly by the excessive rains. 

Onondaga county. Onondaga Valley. Cicadas were reported by 
Mr Grant Hitchings as less numerous than during the past two 
visitations. They caused considerable injury in earlier years by 
depositing eggs in the smaller twigs, but there was little evidence 
of such damage the past season. The Cicadas were apparently 
much more numerous on the Indian reservation than any other 
area in this valley (P. J. Parrott, Geneva). 

Syracuse. Prof. Charles W. Hargitt, of Syracuse University, 
states that in 1899 he had occasion to study with some care the 
local occurrence of the insect and then it seemed evident that the 
brood was declining in numbers and becoming more erratic in 
its distribution. This, he adds, was much more evident in 1916, 
the insects in and about Syracuse being one-tenth as numerous 
as in 1899. : 

Observations by Prof. W. M. Blackman and H. H. Stage, both 
of the State College of Forestry, Syracuse, may be summarized 
as follows: : 

Numerous nymphs were uncovered in the spring and early summer 
of 1915, when the College of Forestry built a road through the tract 
of woods at the experiment station near Rockwell Springs. The 
nymphs were so numerous that in places every shovelful of dirt 
taken from two to four feet below the ground contained from six 
to a dozen specimens. During field trips in early May 1916, nymphs 
were observed in their burrows and under large stones and logs. 
Emergence and transformation began the last week in June. At 
this time skins were becoming rather numerous on trees and shrubs” 
in the region south of the city. Cicadas were reported as present 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQ16 - 87 


in large numbers all through the Onondaga valley and the Indian 
reservation. They were also observed in considerable numbers in 
the vicinity of the Syracuse caves and in Oakwood cemetery. 
Oviposition commenced the last of June and every medium-sized 
tree showed from a dozen to twenty-five or more wilted twigs. 
The English sparrow was observed feeding upon the Cicadas, and 
near the Syracuse caves the wings of these insects were very numerous 
along the roadside. 

Madison county. The Cicada was not reported from any Madison 
county localities the past summer, though it was recorded by V. H. 
Lowe in 1899 from Chittenango and vicinity. 

Ontario county. Billsboro. The insect was reported from this 
locality (P. J. Parrott, Geneva) and was recorded from the same 
place by V. H. Lowe in 1899. 

Holcomb. About two hundred acres of orchards were very thickly 
infested with Cicadas (W. D. Leonard, Ithaca). 

Ionia. Cicadas were reported as very abundant in a woods one- - 
half of a mile north of the village (P. J. Parrott, Geneva). 

Manchester. After diligent inquiry in regard to this insect, no 
one seems to be aware of its presence this season in any locality 
and many believe that it has broken away from its old custom of 
reappearing every seventeen years (P. F. Lyman). The Cicada was 
reported from this place by V. H. Lowe in 1899. 

Victor. Cicadas appeared in enormous numbers in several old 
apple orchards north of the village. Some growers state that this 
is the third appearance of the insects in their plantings. Nymphs 
began to emerge from the ground during the last days of May and 
were present in great numbers on June 7th. The trunks, large 
branches and water sprouts were literally covered with thousands 
of the moulted skins. A few nymphs were observed on June 23d, 
adults were very abundant June 7th and continued to appear as 
late as June 23d. Oviposition was most active from July rst to 
gth; by July 11th the Cicadas had practically disappeared. The 
insects were destroyed in a number of apple orchatds by blackbirds, 
sparrows, chickens and ducks before there was an opportunity to 
deposit eggs. On the larger part of one twelve-acre orchard there 
was hardly a square foot of soil that did not show either the wings 
or front claws and head or last abdominal segment or the entire 
insect. In several instances as high as five or seven of the mutilated 
Cicadas were observed in a single square foot. This condition pre- 
vailed not only in the larger part of some of the orchards but to a 


88 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


distance of 50 or 60 feet to the south of the planting. On June 3d, 
when nymphs were most abundant on the trunks of the apple trees, 
neighboring farmers assisted one grower in: an effort to free his 
orchard of the insects and as a result thousands of pupae were 
destroyed. It is certain that comparatively few Cicadas will appear 
in several apple orchards at the time of their next visitation. There 
was considerable oviposition in the orchard of C. C. Horton and on 
neighboring fruit trees along the highway, this being especially 
marked on water sprouts and twigs in the uppermost parts of the 
tree. Spraying with a whitewash containing large amounts of lime 
and copper sulphate to give increased adhesive properties did not 
prevent extensive oviposition. Some living Cicadas infected with 
the fungus, Massospora cicadina Pk., were found at 
Victor, in some instances the posterior portion of the body being 
badly disintegrated (P. J. Parrott, Geneva). 

Mr C. C. Horton states that the infested area extends from Victor 
at least 3 miles east and is about 2 miles wide, covering the northern 
portion of the towns of Victor and Farmington. There is another 
belt in the southern part of the town and the northern part of the 
town of East Bloomfield; the section between these areas appears 
to be entirely free from Cicadas. He also states under date of June 
17th, that the weather was so unfavorable that many insects were 
drowned and numerous others developed into ill-formed adults. 

Tompkins county. Lake Ridge. Several specimens were taken 
June 16, 1916 by Mr Benjamin, who stated that the insects were 
abundant over a district about 10 miles in length and several miles 
in width, of which Lake Ridge seemed to be the center (C. H. 
Hadley, jr and Dr R. Matheson). ; 

Yates county. Dresden. Cicadas were reported from Dresden 
and also from Earls (P. J. Parrott, Geneva), both localities recorded 
by V. H. Lowe, who gives in addition, May’s Mills and states that 
the insect occurred at points between. 

Japanese spotted camel cricket (Diestrammena mar- 
morata Haan). These insects and their allies are ungainly 
creatures with long legs and antennae, suggesting crickets, though 
they are easily distinguished from their better known relatives by 
the absence of wings. The species named above and. kindly identified 
by Mr A. N. Caudell through the courtesy of Dr L. O. Howard of 
Washington, was received from Mr J. B. Achilles in August, accom- 
panied by the statement that large numbers occurred in a cellar 
connected with a greenhouse at Buffalo. The body length of this 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 89 


introduced camel cricket is about one-half of an inch, while the dis- 
tance from the tip of the slender antennae to the extremity of the 
extended hind leg is 24 to 3 inches. This Japanese species was 
recorded from Minnesota in 1898 and according to a communica- 
tion from Doctor Howard, has also become established in Kansas, 
Ohio, Illinois, Rhode Island, Wisconsin and Canadian greenhouses, 
but has not heretofore been found in New York State. 

The camel crickets are nocturnal in habit and in nature are usually 


Fig. I Japanese spotted camel cricket, Diestrammena 
marmorata, male (after Lugger) 


found under logs and stones, along streams or in moist woodlands. 
Occasionally a few specimens may be captured in cellars. They are 
recorded as having nearly omnivorous habits, readily eating meat, 
fruit and vegetables. The probabilities of serious injury from this 
introduced species are not good, and where it becomes sufficiently 
abundant as to cause apprehension, as was the case at Buffalo, the 
judicious use of the Kansas bait is the most promising method of 
destroying the insects. 

Carbon tetrachloride as a museum fumigant. This material was 
tested the past summer with very satisfactory results. It was used 
at the rate of approximately one-eighth of a pint to 23 cuhic feet 
of space. The insecticide was placed in a series of several watch 
glasses so as to secure a maximum evaporating surface and the case 
. closed tightly for two or more days. There was no particularly 
obnoxious smell about the case though a distinct odor could be 
detected 48 hours after all the liquid had evaporated. Fumigation 
of this character killed beetles and larvae but apparently was inef- 
fective against the eggs of the black carpet beetle, Attagenus 
piceus Oliv. It is perhaps needless to add that carbon tetra- 
chloride is much safer for general fumigation purposes than the more 


commonly used, somewhat obnoxious and explosive carbon 
bisulphide. 


PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST 


The following is a list of the principal publications of the Ento- 
mologist during the year 1916. The titles,’ place of publication 
and a summary of the contents of each are given. Volume and 
page numbers are separated by a colon. 

Soft Maple Leaf Midge, Rhabdophaga aceris Shim. Eco- 

nomic Entomology, Journal, 8:549—-50, 1915 

Notes on injuries and biology. 

Gall Midges in an Orchard, Economic Entomology, Journal, 8:550, 


IQI 

Sela oe on the abundance and habits of a species of Parallelodiplosis. 
New South American Gall Midges. Psyche, 22:152-57, 1915 

Ouradiplosis, Delphodiplosis and Epihormomyia are the new 
genera erected. The following new species are described: Porricondyla 
parrishi, Johnsonomyia braziliensis, Ouradiplosis aurata, 
Delphodiplosis cinctipes, Epihormomyia auripes and Lesto- 
diplosis picturata. 
30th Report of the State Entomologist on Injurious and Other 

Insects of the State of New York, 1914. New York State Museum, 

Bulletin 180, 1915 (issued December 14, 1915), p. 1-336, pls. 19, 

figs. 101 


Contents 

PAGE | PAGE 

Tattodaction. 3h ey ool eet oe 7 Ornamextal and shade tree 
hngiuvions insectsis. 26 tt ae oot 16 pests. ..<.0) eee 71 
dangd sed bus .5.28 sv eeu aes 16 Forest tree pests. -2 20 eee 87 
White grubs and May or Juze Miseellaneous...... 722 ae 89 

DEC esei gets wacthe es hae 18 | List of the Coccidae in the Collec- 

Forest tent eaterpiltar.: 70223 25 tion of the New York State 
Browa-tail moth sce ee hors 29 Museum. F. T. Hariaaatoe g2 
FREELY WODKUS 22.0.5 ee HER ibe 32 | Publications of the Entomologist. I1o0 

European pine-shoot moth..... 39 | Additions to the collections, Octo- 
Box tear amidee, 0.05 ee es 42 ber 16, 1913—October 15, 1914.. 114 

Resi SSUODSCESe. in -b x 2.2 sa toe 46 | Appendix: A study of gall midges 
Meéuesmortae weary. ONG Taso 58 TED se 127 
Pra EWMSCCES tt: ne SL le ae oe 58 | Explanation of plates........... 289 
Grass and garden insects....... 67 °| Index, 2.2... 355). =e 325 


New Gall Midges. Canadian Entomologist, 48:29-34, 1916 

The following new species are described: Dasyneura sassafras, D. gos- 
sypii, Walshomyia texana, Asphoadylia sesami and Feltiella 
americana. 


1Titles are given as published. In some instances articles appearing in a num- 
ber of papers have been given different titles by the various editors. 


[90 ] 


ee 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 OI 


The Pine Borer. Garden Magazine, February 1916, 23:50 
A general account of Parharmonia pini Kell. with suggestions as to 

control methods. 

Injurious Insects. New York State Department of Agriculture 
Circular 130, 1916, p. 169-72 

- Summary of results obtained in codling moth work in 1915 with observations 

on the apple maggot, San José scale and white grubs. 

Tent Caterpillars. New York Farmer, February to, 1916, p. 7 
Brief warning notice with recommendations for control work. 


Lasioptera fructuaria. Maine Agricultural Experiment Station 
Bulletin 244, p. 268-69, 1916 


Technical description of the above-named species. 


The Perils of Our Shade Trees. Country Life in America, March 


1916, 29:42—43 
Summary discussion of the shade tree problem with practical recommendations 
for the planting and care of trees. 


Insect Enemies of Trees and How to Combat Them. Country Life 
in America, March 1916, 29:70, 72, 74, 76 and 78 
Brief practical accounts of the elm leaf beetle, gipsy moth, brown-tail moth, 
white-marked tussock moth, leopard moth, hickory bark borer, two-lined chestnut 
borer, and the bronze birch borer. 
Climate and Variations in the Habits of the Codling Moth. Eco- 
nomic Entomology, Journal, 9:107—-9, 1916 
A summary discussion of “side injury” by Carpocapsa pomonella 
Linn., and its apparent relation to cool evening temperatures retarding 
oviposition. 
Side Worm Injury. Western New York Horticultural Society 
Proceedings, 61st Meeting, 1916, p. 55-60 
A discussion of codling moth control, with special reference to “ side injury,” 
the-work of Carpocapsa pomonella Linn. 
Pear Thrips. Knickerbocker Press, April 17, 1916 


Warning notice advising early and thorough treatment for this pest. 


Side Injury by the Codling Moth. New York State Fruit Growers 
Association Proceedings, 15th Annual Meeting, p. 29-32, 1916 
A discussion of the cause and control of “' side injury” in western New York 

orchards, the work of Carpocapsa pomonella Linn. 

Insect Problems of the Hudson Valley. New York State Fruit 
Growers Association Proceedings, 15th Annual Meeting, p. 200-7, 
1916 
A somewhat detailed account of the codling moth work with brief notices of 

the red bugs and the apple maggot. 


G2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Gall Midges of Certain Chenopodiaceae (Dipt.) Entomological News, 
LO10,;. 27 205-3 
Observations on the midge fauna of the Chenopodiaceae with the erection of 

a new genus, Protaplonyx and the description of the type, P. hagani n. sp. 

Tree Pests of Early Spring. Tree Talk, 3:104-5, 1916 © . 
The apple and forest tent caterpillars are briefly discussed together with other 

early leaf feeders, especially the elm leaf beetles. 

The Gipsy Moth. Tree Talk, 3:111, 1916 
A summary account of the habits and methods of control of Porthetria 

dispar Linn. 

31st Report of the State Entomologist on Injurious and Other Insects 
of the State of New York, 1915. New York State Museum, 
Bulletin 186, 1916, p. 1-215, pls. 18, figs. 39 (mailed August 16, 
1916) 


Contents . 
PAGE PAGE 
ASiKOGCh ORE Hae fee 7 Forest tree insécis: 42.) see 84 
Tagimeus Amsects worce e= Fixlad 2 15 Grass insects.) 322i 86 
Cou! itz IMmOmt eo NA fae hts 15 Miscellaneous... 52....52 eee 88 
Chrysanth:mum midge......... 51 | Publications of the Entomologist. 89 
PONG RISO S eas cists a ean os 55 | Additions to collections, October 
ISSaSsHOP Pers: i. urs Se eae 57 16, 1914—October 15, 1915... 93 
Woseiito Studies 2 5.5.22). 63 Exchange... ..,. 2022s ee 100 
Biological Observations, E. P. Addenda: .:.. 2. 732 ae 100 
Pelt and Ti. Ho Stages 6 220. 65 | Appendix: A study of gall midges 
Oil compound and ycung trees. 71 LV os... dee IOI 
Wates aor Gas peat ee 2 2 eine 75 | Explanation of platcsssa eae 173 
Fruit tree insects....... peace serous 76. | Index. .....2..... eee eee 209 


Insects Particularly Affecting the Apple. (New York) Department 

of Agriculture, Bulletin 79, Part 1, p. 842-54, 1916 

Brief accounts are given of the San José scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus 
Comst., oyster shell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn., and scurfy scale, 
Chionaspisfurfura Fitch, aphids or plant lice, codling moth,C arpocapsa 
pomonella Linn., red bugs, Heterocordylus malinus Reut. and 
Lygidea mendax Reut., early leaf feeders, round-headed apple tree borer, 
Saperda candida Linn., and the fruit -tree bark beetle, Eccoptogaster 
rugulosa Ratz. 


American Insect Galls. Ottawa Naturalist, June-July 1916, 30:37-39 
General discussion of the relative abundance of the members of the various 

orders with some consideration of food habits. 

Side Injury and Codling Moth. Entomological Society of Ontario, 
46th Annual Report, 1916, p. 40-42 


A brief discussion of side injury by young Carpocapsa pomonella Linn. 
larvae and its relation to evening temperatures. 


ADDITIONS TO THE COLLECTIONS, OCTOBER 16, 1915- 
OCTOBER 14, 1916 


The following is a list of the more important additions to the 
collections: 
DONATION 
Hymenoptera 


Poecilostoma maculata Nort., black-marked strawberry slug on strawberry, 
May 30, A. M. Hollister, Saratoga Springs 
Trichiosoma tibialis Steph., Hawthorn sawfly, cocoon, January 25, G. G. Atwood, 
Albany. Through State Department of Agriculture 
Abia cerasi Fitch, cherry sawfly, cocoon on cherry, April 1, Nellie E. Squire, 
Canton 
Cimbex americana Leach, elm sawfly, adults, July 24, Joseph Hamnow, Blue 
Ridge. Through State Conservation Commission 
Pontania pomum Walsh, willow apple gall on Salix rostrata, June 6, S. H. Burn- 
ham, Hudson Falls 
Kaliofenusa ulmi Sund., elm leaf miner, larvae on elm, June 17, A. P. Saunders, 
Clinton 
Trichiocampus viminalis Fall., Poplar sawfly, larvae, September 1, N. M. Bump, 
Binghamton 
Diprion abbotii Leach, Abbot’s pine sawfly, larvae, September 29, T. F. Niles. 
Through State Department of Agriculture 
Biorhiza forticornis Walsh, oak fig gall, February 14, R. W. Braucher, Kent, Ohio 
Dryophanta palustris O. S., succulent oak gall on black oak, June 6, S. H. Burn- 
ham, Hudson Falls 
Amphibolips confluens Harr., large oak apple on black oak, June 12, S. H. Burn- 
ham, Hudson Falls 
Andricus futilis Bass., oak wart gall on white oak, June 6, S. H. Burnham, Hudson 
Falls ‘ 
A. clavulus O. S., white oak club gall on white oak, June 12, S. H. Burnham, 
- Hudson Falls 
A. seminator Harr., wool sower, gall on white oak, June 12, S. H. Burnham, 
Hudson Falls 
A. gemmarius Ashm., galls on pin oak, June 10, Mrs W. G. Drake, Newton, N. J. 
A. petiolicola Bass., oak leaf stalk gall on black oak, June 12,5. H. Burnham, 
Hudson Falls | 
A. piperoides Bass., gall on red oak, September 29, Mrs E. P.. Gardner, 
Canandaigua 
Cynips frondosa Bass., oak rosette gall on oak, August 19, H. B. Weiss, Lake- 
muarst, N= J. 
Diastrophus fragariae Beutm., cylindrical strawberry gall on strawberry, June 
29, E. L. Dickerson, Nutley, N. J. 
Rhodites dichlocerus Harr., long rose gall on Rosa acicularis, November 9, 
S. H. Burnham, Hudson Falls 
R. gracilis Ashm., galls, September 29, Mrs E. P. Gardner, Canandaigua 
193] 


Q4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


R. vernus O. S., knotty rose gall on rose, November 9, S. H. Burnham, Hudson 
Falls 

R. bicolor Harr., spiny rose gall on Rosa humilis, June 12, S. i, Burnham, Hudson 
Falls. Same, on rose, July 3, Mrs E. P. Gardner, Conendate 

R. rosae Linn., mossy rose gall on rose, August, O. Q. Flint, Athens 

R. rosaefolii Ckll., rose-blister gall on rose, September 5, H. R. Hagan, Boston 
Mass. ; 

?Pimpla rufopectus Cress., larva in spider cocoons, August, L. G. Vair, Roslyn 

Pemphredon inornatus Harr., adult on rose, September 18, J. B. Collins, 
Woodhaven 

Vespa crabro Linn., European hornet, work on lilac, June 17, F. A. Bartlett, Rye 


Coleoptera 

Brachytarsus sticticus Boh., adult on stinking smut of wheat, July 20, A. B. 
Buchholz, Albion 

Phloesinus dentatus Say, red cedar bark beetle, adult, work in twigs, August 
14, J. L. Richards, Brookline, Mass. 

Phloeophthorus frontalis Oliv., mulberry bark beetle, work on mulberry, Novem- 
ber 18, R. D. Adolph, Highland Falls 

Eccoptogaster rugulosa Ratz., fruit tree bark beetle, work and adult on cherry; 
August 14, J. E. Dodge, Rochester. Same, adult, June 30, E. F. Herring, 
Nyack. Through State Department of Agriculture 

Ips calligraphus Germ., coarse-writing bark beetle, work in Nobves spruce, 
November 18, R. D. Adolph, Highland Falls 

I. caelatus Eich., work in larch, September 18, C. H. Zimmer, Hicksville. 
Through State Department of Agriculture 

Xyleborus dispar Linn., pear blight beetle, adult on maple, August 5, W. E. 
Britton, New Haven, Conn. 

Pityophthorus minutissimus Zimm., work on red oak, July 3, J. L. Richards, 
Brookline, Mass. 

Platypus sp., adult on Drepanocarpus lunatus, August, Dr Hermann Von 
Schrenck, Lower Amazon, Brazil | 

Pissodes strobi Peck, white pine weevil, work in spruce, July 17, Morris Ruth- 
erfurd, Warwick. Same, work in pine, August 25, Arthur Cowee, Berlin 

Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr., adult, August 11, T. T. Neill, Westfield 

Epicauta pennsylvanica DeG., black blister beetle, adult, August 16, Charles 
Goodyear, Bennington, Vt. Same, August 21, F. W. Kelley, Altamont. 
Same, August 28, G. G. Atwood, Albany 

E. cinerea Forst., gray blister beetle, adult on potato, July 5, A. M. Hollister, 
Saratoga Springs . 

Nacerdes melanura Linn., adults, August, 7 E. Barkley, Albany | 

Boletotherus bifurcus Fabr., forked fungus beetle, adults and work on fungus, . 
February 7, Roy Latham, Orient 

Tribolium confusum Duval, confused flour beetle, adult, November 30, W. R. 
Whitney, Schenectady 

Epitrix cucumeris Harr., cucumber flea beetle, August 9, Charles Fremd, North 
Rose 

Haltica chalybea Ill., grapevine flea beetle, injured Virginia Creeper buds, 
June 7, G. G. Atwood, Albany. Through State Department of Agriculture 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQI6 95 


Diabrotica vittata Fabr., striped cucumber beetle, grub in musk melon roots? 
July 29, L. Lundquist, Westbury 

Oberea bimaculata Oliv., raspberry cane girdler on raspberry cane, April 23, 
S. H. Burnham, Hudson Falls 

Urographis fasciatus DeG., beetle, July 18, J. L. Richards, Brookline, Mass. 

?Goes pulverulenta Hald., larva on beech, July 31, J. L. Richards, Brookline, 
Mass. 

Elaphidion villosum Fabr., maple and oak twig pruner, larvae in oak, July 10, 
C. I. Warren, Troy 

Prionus laticollis Dru., broad-necked Prionus, larva on rambler rose roots, 
November 9, R. D. Adolph, Highland Falls 

Euphoria inda Linn., bumble flower beetle, adult on pin oak, October 25, J. H- 
Putnam, Westbury 

Cotalpa lanigera Linn., Goldsmith beetle, June 30, R. Gregg, Bridgehampton 

Phyllophaga tristis Fabr., May or June beetle, adults on white birch, May 22, 
T. P. Williams, Troy. Same, adults on raspberry, June 15, Alyda R. Miller, 
East Greenbush. Injuring raspberries, both leaves and blossoms. 

P. fraterna Harr., May or June beetle, adults on white birch, May 22, T. P. 
Williams, Troy 

P. fusca Frohl., May or June beetle, adults on white birch, May 22, T. P. 
Williams, Troy 

Agrilus anxius Gory, bronze birch borer on black birch, June 26, J. J. Levison, 
Brooklyn 

Alaus oculatus Linn., eyed elater or owl beetle, adult, April 27, J. F. Rose, South 
Byron | 

Anatis ocellata Linn., 15-spotted ladybeetle, adult and larva on maple, July 13, 
T. J. Wade, New Rochelle 

Silvanus surinamensis Linn., saw-toothed grain beetle, adults, September 1, 
D. B. Comstock, Albany. Bins of oats so badly infested that horses would 
not eat them. Same, adult, November 30, W. R. Whitney, Schenectady 


Diptera 

Mycetobia divergens Walk., larvae on Norway maple, May 15, F. C. Biaee: 
Baldwin, L. I. Same, larvae, July 20, L. E. Harrower, Amsterdam. Same, 
larva on black birch, September 5, J. J. Levison, Brooklyn 

Sciara prolifica Felt, March 27, T. D. A. Cockerell, Boulder, Col. 

Dasyneura communis Felt, galls on sugar maple, October 10, C. H. Hadley, 
State College, Pa. 

D. rhodophaga Coq., rose midge, larvae and work on rose, October 26, Benjamin 
Hammond, Beacon 

D. serrulatae O. S., alder bud midge, gall on alder, oT 22.0, EL. Burnham, 
Hudson Falls 

Diarthronomyia hypogaea H. Lw., chrysanthemum midge, gall on chrysanthe- 
mum, February 23, A. L. Lovett, Corvallis, Ore. Same, galls and adults, 
April 14, H. C. Severin, Brookings, S. D. Same, adults on chrysanthemum, 
July 25, T. O. Morrison, Olympia, Wash. Through A. L. Melander. Same, 
galls on chrysanthemum, August 14, A. D. Borden, Milford, Del. 

Ctenodactylomyia watsoni Felt, sea grape blister, galls and pupae on Coccolobus, 
April 17, Frederick Knab, Washington, D. C. Same, pupae and parasites 
on Coccolobus, August 11, R. H. Van Zwaluwenberg, Mayaguez, P. R. 


96 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Camptoneuromyia flavescens Felt, gall on Solidago canadensis, June 29, A. 
_ Cosens, Toronto, Ont. 
Lasioptera lycopi Felt, gall on Lycopus, March 5, Roy Latham, Orient 
Rhopalomyia hirtipes O. S., gall, September 29, Mrs E. P. Gardner, Canandaigua 
R. racemicola O. S., beaked flower gall, on Solidago caesia, September 21, Mrs 
E. P. Gardner, Canandaigua Lake 

Schizomyia petiolicola Felt, gall on grape, August 31, Mrs E. P. Gardner, 
Canandaigua 

Asphondylia chrysothamni Felt, gall on Chrysothamnus, October 14, E. Bethel; 
Denver, Col. 

A. globulus O. S., sunflower purse gall on Helianthus divaricatus, August I, 
Roy Latham, Orient 

A. shepherdiae Felt, galls, adults and parasites, July 10, E. Bethel, Denver, Col. 

Contarinia negundifolia Felt, box elder leaf gall, July 8, J. M. Swaine, Winnipeg, 
Manitoba 

Thecodiplosis liriodendri O. S., tulip spot gall on tulip tree, July 24, Ae J. ot. 
Ward, Cornwall-on- Hadtoa: Same, August 25, J. H. Livingston, Tivoli. 
Same, gall on tulip, September 21, Mrs E. P. Gardner, Canandaigua Lake 

Monarthropalpus buxi Lab., box leaf midge, larvae on box, May 2, T. J. Wade, 
New Rochelle. Same, pupae in leaves of box, May 27, D. R. Fiske, Phila- 
delphia, Pa. | 

Hormomyia crataegifolia Felt, thorn cockscomb gall on thorn, July 25, Stanley 
White, Lake Placid Club, Essex county 

Caryomyia tubicola O. S., hickory tube gall, September 21, Mrs E. P. Gardner, 
Canandaigua Lake 

Retinodiplosis resinicola O. S., pitch fates work, September 4, H. O. Johnson, 
Mechanicville 

R. taxodii Felt, cypress seed midge, on bald cypress, Taxodium distichum, 
from H. L. Sanford, Atlanta, Ga. Through E. R. Sasscer, U. S. Bureau of 
Entomology 

?Retinodiplosis sp., work on Pinus taeda, March 13, from Biloxi, Miss., through 
Dr Hermann Von Schrenck 

Lestodiplosis platanifolia Felt, August 14, E. L. Dickerson, Nutley, N. J. 

Cecidomyia impatientis O. S., Touch-me-not gall on Impatiens, August 31, 
Mrs E. P. Gardner, Canandaigua 

C. niveipila O. S., woolly fold gall on black oak and Q. prinus, June 6, S. H. 
Burnham, Hudson Falls 

C. poculum O. S., oak spangles gall, August 24, Silas Wodell, Millbrook 

Promachus sere ratte Say, robber fly, adults and pupae, March 7 J. J: Bawis; 
West Lafayette, Ind. 

Eristalis transversus Wied., flower fly, adult, ene 31, N. H. Brown, Lafarge- 
ville. Through State Department of Agriculture 

E. tenax Linn., drone fly, young larvae, July 20, L. E. Harrower, Amsterdam 

Hypoderma lineata Will., warble-fly, maggots from stock, May 19, G. 8. Graves, 
Newport 

Pollenia rudis Fabr., cluster fly, adult, August 21, F. W. Kelley, Altamont 

Lucilia caesar Linn., blue bottle fly, adult, July 19, Mrs Henry G. Reist, 
Schenectady 

Psila rosae Linn., carrot rust fly, larva on parsnip, July 31, from Hempstead, 
through F. W. Eberle, Albany 


Ee eS 


me a 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 97 


Stphonaptera 
Ctenceephalus canis Curt., cat and dog flea, adults, July 13, Miss Janette R. 
Mann, Albany. Same, July 21, N. Berman, Port Henry. Same, September 
2, W.A. Denison, Star Lake 


Lepidoptera 

Papilio podolarius Lfn., butterfly on French pear seedlings, February, Schoharie. 
Through State Department of Agriculture 

Euvanessa antiopa Linn., spiny elm caterpillar, larvae on elm, July 3, A. E. 
Keech, Clayton. Through State Conservation Commission. Same, Septem- 
ber 1, C. E. Brisbin, Schuylerville 

Aglais milberti Godt., Milbert’s tortoise-shell, adult, March 11, Nellie E. Squire, 
Canton 

Epargyreus tityrus Fabr., silver spotted skipper, larva on wisteria, September 
14, Louise Gibb, Albany 

_ Sphecodina abbotii Swain, Abbot’s sphinx, larva on woodbine, July 18, C. E. 
Bailey, Albany. Through State Department of Agriculture. Same, larva, 
July 28, Clara A. Paddock, South Durham 

Be ethodiins quinquemaculata Haw., tomato worm, larva on tomato, Sentai 
ber 6, H. J. Kelley, Albany 

Samia cecropia Linn., Cecropia moth, cocoon and parasites, May 16, Mrs C. L. 
Agan, Greenwich 

Callosamia promethea Dru., Promethea moth, cocoon and moth on lilac, May 5, 
Aaron Keller, Albany 

Tropea luna Linn., Luna moth, larva, August 3, J. P. Van Alstyne, Kinderhook 

Estigmene acrea Dru., salt marsh caterpillar, larvae on canna, August, J. B. 
Achilles, Albion 

Hyphantria textor Harr., fall webworm, larvae, September 8, Mrs William 
Carter, Kingston. Same: larvae, September 11, F. H. Lacy, Poughkeepsie 

Diacrisia virginica Fabr., virgin ermine moth, adult, July 11, T. S. Bates, Hermon 

Halisidota tessellaris S. & A., pale tussock moth caterpillar, August 21, J. J. 
de Vyver, Mount Vernon. Same, larva, September 20, Eliza S. Blunt, New 
Russia 

H. caryae Harr., hickory tussock moth, larva, August 22, Dorothy G. Stewart, 
Westport. Same, larva, September 2, A. G. Clement, Albany. Same, larvae, 
September 12, C. W. Weiant, Troy 

Alypia octomaculata Fabr., 8-spotted forester, larva on woodbine, July 11, 
L. Menand, Menands 

Apatela americana Harr., larvae, September 12, C. W. Weiant, Troy 

Peridroma margaritosa Haw., variegated cutworm, adult, July 17, Marguerite 
Robertson, Woodstock. Through State Department of Agriculture 

Achatodes zeae Harr., larva in elder, June 15, B. D. Van Buren, Geneva 

Euthisanotia grata Fabr., beautiful wood nymph, adult, July 11, J. S. Bartlett, 
Albany 

Plusia balluca Geyer, July 18, Ila Fennessy, Newcomb 

Eriopus floridensis Guen., Florida fern caterpillar, larvae on fern, June 20, 22, 
F. G. Lewis, Lockport 

Catocala amatrix Hubn., Aug. 7, Charles Heidenrich, Albany 

Datana integerrima G. & R., black walnut.caterpillar, August 22, J. W.C aaeae 
Fultonham 


98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


D. ministra Dru., yellow-necked apple caterpillar on sumac, August 26, G. M. 
Tucker jr, Glenmont. Same, August 28, Frances Felton, Cementon 

Schizura ipomoea D'l’d’y., larva on maple, September 6, C. W. Weiant, West 
Haverstraw 

S. concinna S$. & A., red-humped apple caterpillar, larvae on apple, August 3, 
J. P. Van Alstyne, Kinderhook. Same, August 19, G. E. Ward, Ravena. 
Same, August 30, Carrie Treff, Boonville. Same, September 2, A. G. Clement, 
Albany 

Hemerocampa leucostigma S. & A., white-marked tussock moth, larva on rose, 
July 29, E. F. Hagedorn, Gloversville. Same, parasitized cocoon, October 28, 
A. O. Smith, Mount Vernon 

Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Steph., bagworm, August 24, from York county, 
Pa., through H. G. Reist, Schenectady 

Sibine stimulea Clem., saddle-back caterpillar, on pear, September 8, G. W. 
Blanchard, Highland Falls 

Phobetron pithecium S. & A., hag moth, larva, September 6, C. W. Weiant, 
West Haverstraw. Same, larva on lilac, September 27, D. D. Taylor, Marl- 
borough. Through A. W. Abrams 

Prolimacodes scapha Harr., skiff moth, larva, September 6, 12, C. W. Weiant, 
West Haverstraw 

Zeuzeta pytina Linn., leopard moth, larvae, July 29, J. M. Oita: Richmond 
Hill 

Synanthedon pyri Harr., pear sesian, work on mountain ash, July 3, J.L. Richards, 
Brookline, Mass. Same, larvae and pupa on apple, June 16, Fred Anderson, 
Albany 

Synanthedon sp., larva on black birch, September 5, J. J. Levison, Brooklyn 

Dioryctria abietella Denis & Schiffermuller, work on Austrian pine, November 3, 
G. G. Atwood, Rochester. Through State Department of Agriculture 

Ephestia cautella Walk., fig moth, adults and larvae in flour, December 20, 
W.R. Whitney, Schenectady 

Evetria buoliana Schiff., European pine shoot moth, larvae on Muhgo pine, 
May 3, J. B. Achilles, Lockport. Same, larva and work, May to, J. B. Achilles, 
Albion. Same, adults, June 24, F. J. Seaver, New York City. 

E. comstockiana Fernald, pine twig moth, larvae, September 4, H. O. Johnson, 
Mechanicville ; 

Ecdytolopha insiticiana Zell., locust twig gall on locust, September 29, Mrs 
E. P. Gardner, Canandaigua 

Archips argyrospila Walk., V-marked Archips, egg masses, September 21, A. L. 
Schwoerbel, New York City 

Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis Riley, elkptical goldenrod gall on goldenrod, 
September 29, Mrs E. P. Gardner, Canandaigua ~ 

Coleophora cornella Walshm., cornus casebearer on Cornus, July a, Mrsia.cP: 
Gardner, Canandaigua 


Hemtptera 
Tibicen septendecim Linn., periodical Cicada, oviposition scars on elm twigs, 
May 22, J. J. Levison, Brooklyn 
Ormenis pruinosa Say, lightning leaf hopper, adult, August 12, Virginia Hastings, 
Albany 
Aphalara calthea Linn., young on Polygonum leaves, July 25, 5. H. Burnham; 
Hudson Falls 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST . 1910 99 


Pachypsylla gemma Riley, hackberry bud gall, galls and nymphs on Celtis, 
April 19, John Dunbar, Rochester 
Phylloxera caryaecaulis Fitch, hickory gall aphid, galls on hickory, June 6, 
J. J. Levison, Brooklyn. Same, September 13, Mrs Samuel S. Spaulding 
Springfield Center 
Hormaphis spinosus Shim., witch-hazel cone gall on witch-haze!l, August 31, 
Mrs E. P. Gardner, Canandaigua 
Pemphigus rhois Fitch, red pouch gall on sumac, September 29, Mrs E. P. 
Gardner, Canandaigua 
Chaitophorus lyropicta Kessler, Norway maple aphid, adults on Norway maple, 
W. G. Kellogg, Ogdensburg 
Mindarus abietinus Koch., balsam aphid on Scotch pine, June 1, T. F. Niles, 
Mount Kisco. Through State Department of Agriculture. Same, work on 
balsam, July 17, Morris Rutherfurd, Warwick 
Gossyparia spuria Mod., elm bark louse, adults on Scotch elm, June 9, John 
* Dunbar, Rochester 
Phenacoccus acericola King, false maple scale, August 17, John Campbell, 
New York City 
Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathv., cottony maple scale, on Crataegus, July 6 
Frank Dobbin, Shushan 
Icerya purchasi Mask., cottony cushion scale, adult on grape fruit, March 10, 
F. J. Seaver, New York City 
Toumeyella pini King, pine soft scale, on Pinus divaricatus, June 8, John Dunbar, 
Rochester 
T. liriodendri Gmel., tulip tree scale, partly developed females on tulip, July 24, 
Mrs James H. Ward, Cornwall-on-Hudson 
Eulecanium fitchii Sign., Fitch’s scale, on blackberry, June 9, S. R. Smith, 
Syracuse 
E. magnoliarum Ckll., Magnolia scale, adult on Magnolia, July 27, G. G. Atwood, 
Long Island City 
' E. nigrofasciatum Perg., terrapin scale, August 10, J. A. DeLong, Troy 
Chionaspis pinifoliae Fitch, pine leaf scale, eggs on Muhgo pine, May 2, Mrs 
H. B. Boardman, Schenectady. namie, adults on pine, July 17, Morris Ruth- 
erfurd, Warwick 
Diaspis carueli Targ., Juniper scale, adult on Cedar, March 29, J. J. Levison, 
Brooklyn. Same, adults and young on Arbor vitae, July 9, J. L. Richards, 
Brookline, Mass. 
Ischnaspis longirostris Sign., adult on Chinese fan palm, August, J. B. Achilles, 
Albion 
Emesa longipes DeG., thread-legged bug, adult, vee 28, Frances Felton, 
Cementon 


Orthoptera 


Periplaneta americana Linn., American cockroach, adult, November 26, L. L. 
Woodford, Syracuse 

Diapheromera femorata Say, walking stick, adult, August 23, W. J. Brennan, 
Albany. Same, September 25, E. J. Dawson, South Schodack 

Scudderia curvicauda DeG., August 25, J. W. Crosier, Hall 

Conocephaloides ensiger Harr., adult, August 22, L. F. Kaiser, Albany 

Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa Linn., European mole cricket, adult, March 28, J. B. 
Achilles, Albion. A single specimen taken from a shipment of nursery stock 


4 


TOO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


and by no means indicating that this European species had established itself 
locally. . 


Thysanura 
Thermobia furnorum Rov., silver fish, adult, October 18, I. L. Nixon, Rochester 


Ss 


Arachnida 


Phyllocoptes quadripes Shim.,.bladder maple gall on soft maple, May 21, G. F. 
Hawkins, Bronxville. Same, May 22, H. W. Gordinier & Sons Co., Troy. 
Same, abundant infestation on soft maple, June 2, J. J. Levison, Brooklyn. 
Same, July 18, Munson-Whitaker Company, New York City 

Eriophyes galii Karp., galls on Galium triflorum, June 19, S. H. Burnham, 
Hudson Falls 

E. nyssae Trott., galls on sour gum, August 19, H. B. Weiss, New Brunswick, 
ING]: 

EXCHANGE 


Cynipidae from Paul B. Sears, Columbus, Ohio, December 3, 1915. 
Rhodites ignotus O. S. R. multispinosus Gill. 
R. fusiformans Beutm. R. arefactus Gill. 
R. variabilis Bass. R. fulgens Gill. — 
R. utahensis Bass. 


Coleoptera from W. J. Chamberlin, forest entomologist, Corvallis, 


Oregon. 
Dendroctonus monticola Hopk. 
D. pseudotsugae Hopk. 

D. valens Lec. 

Pseudohylesinus sericeus Swaine 
Hylurgops rufipennis Lec. 


H. subcostulatus Mann. 

Ips emarginatus Lec. 

I. oregona Swaine 
Pityophthorus pubipennis Lec. 
Xyleborus dispar Fabr. 


Diptera from J. R. Malloch, State Laboratory of Natural History, 


Wroana. Tie 


Deromyia winthemi Wed. Pupa 
Hydrotaea dentipes Fabr. 
Fannia scalaris Fabr. 

F. canicularis Linn. 
Hyetodesia umbratica Mezg. 
Spilogaster uliginosa_Fall. 
Dexiopsis lacteipennis Zeit. 
Lispa sociabilis Loew 

L. albitarsis Stein. 

L. nasoni Sten. 
Ectecephala laevifrons Beck. 
Diplotoxa versicolor Lw. 
Chlorops palpalis Adams 
Chloropisca glabra Meign. 
Hippelates partitus Beck. 
H. plebeius Lw. 

H. flavipes var. pusio Lw. 


Siphonella cinerea Lw. 

S. abdominalis Beck. 
Melanochaeta longula Lw. 
Elachiptera costata Lw. 
E. nigriceps Lw. 

Oscinis frit Linn. 

O. nitidissima Mezgn. 


~ O. coxendix Fitch 


O. umbrosa Lw. 

O. minor Adams 
Agromyza longipennis Lw. 
A. pusilla Meign. — 

A. lateralis Will. 

A. posticata Meign. 

A. texana Mall. 

A. virens Lw: 

Phytomyza genalis Mel. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 IO! 


APPENDIX 
A STUDY OF GALL MIDGES V 


FAMILY ITONIDIDAE 
TRIBE LASIOPTERIARIAE 


Short-horned Gall Midges 


Members of this group for the most part present a very character- 
istic appearance, since the abdomen, almost invariably thickly 
clothed with scales, is mostly dark brown or black, and in the 
majority of species with characteristic white spots or bands. Forms 
not presenting strongly contrasting colors are exceptional in this 


Fig. 2 Lasioptera vernoniae, side view of male, showing the 
general characters of Lasioptera, enlarged (original) 


group. The antennal segments are cylindric, sessile in both sexes, 
vary greatly in number, and in most forms are relatively short. 
The wings have costa, subcosta and the third vein thickly scaled 
and in most species very close to the anterior border, except in the - 
somewhat aberrant genera Trotteria and Camptoneuromyia. The 


102 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


claws are almost invariably unidentate and the pulvilli generally 
well developed. 

A large proportion of the species breed in stem galls on woody or 
herbaceous plants, though the genus Asteromyia exhibits a marked 
preference for the characteristic and at one time supposedly fungous 
affected leaf blister galls of aster and Solidago. One Camptoneuro- 
mya, Goadhesa Melt, inhabits the ovate galls between adherent 
leaves of Solidago canadensis or S. serotina and also 
occurs in a loose apical bud gall. The latter may possibly be only 
a modified form of the more common adherent gall which is also 
inhabited by Asphondylia monachaO.S. Another species, 
C. rubifolia Felt, has been reared from a marginal leaf roll on 
high blackberry. The transformations in this group appear to occur 
invariably in the tissues of the host plant. The forms producing 
stem galls winter as larvae, the adults appearing in the spring or 
early summer. 

Key to genera 


a Third vein very near costa and uniting therewith at or before the basal half, 
very rarely near the distal third 
b Mouth-varts and thorax normal, i. e. not greatly prolonged 
c Third and fourth antennal segments not coalescent, at least separated 
by a distinct constriction; pulvilli sometimes small or rudimentary 
d Palpi quadriarticulate; claws simple........ Protaplony = Met 
dd Palpi biarticulate; claws toothed or simple..Stefanielia Kieff. 
ddd Palpi uniarticulate 
e Mouth-parts distinctly produced; claws toothed................ 
Baldratia’ Kiel. 
ee Mouth-parts not produced, normal; claws simple.............. 
Aplonyx Perez 
cc Third and fourth antennal segments coalescent or closely fused; pulvilli 
always well developed 
d Palpi with three or four segments 
e Three long veins, the fifth forked some distance from its base.... 
Lasioptera Meign. 
ee Four simpleiicng veins... Ss aes ee Neolasioptera Felt 
dd Palpi with one or two (rarely three) segments..Asteromyia Felt 
bb Mouth-parts and thorax prolonged; antennal segments 10 to 13.......... 
Clinorhy mecha Teiw: 
aa Third vein distinctly separated from costa and uniting therewith beyond the 
basal half 
b First antennal segment normal, not strongly produced; third vein strongly 
arched, it and the Sed not very thickly clothed with sSealesi asa 
Camptoneuromyia Felt 
bb First antennal segment produced, with a length about three times its diam- 
eter, the third vein and the body thickly clothed with shining, fre- 
quently silvery scales; ovipositor aciculate........ Trotteria ter: 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQI 6 103 


STEFANIELLA Kieff. 


1897 Kieffer, J. J. Syn. Cecid de Eur. & Alg., p. 55-56 
1904 ——————_ Soc. Sci. Brux. Ann. 38:2 

191r Felt, E.P. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour., 19:42 

1913 Kieffer, J. J. Gen. Insect., fasc. 152, p. 28 


This rather anomalous form evidently belongs to the Lasioptera 
group though the somewhat stout, occasionally simple claws and 
the produced antennal segments suggest an affinity with Asphon- 
dylia. Members of this genus have the Lasioptera type of venation, 
the fifth vein simple, and are easily separated from allied forms by 
the free third and fourth antennal segments and the minute, biartic- 
ulate palpi. The ovipositor is short. Through the courtesy of 
Professor Kieffer, exarmples of the generic type, S. atriplicis 
Kieff., reared from enlargements of the stem of Atriplex 
halimus, have been placed at our disposal and the following 
description is drafted therefrom. 


Stefaniella atriplicis Kieff. 


Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae extending to the base of the 
abdomen; 12 segments, the first obconic, the second 
subglobose, the third and fourth free, the fifth 
cylindric, with a length two and one-half times \ 
its diameter and sparsely clothed with short hairs. 
Low circumfili occur at the basal and distal fourths 
and are united on one side much as in the female 
Asphondylia. Terminal segment produced, with 
a length five times its diameter. Palpi; first seg- 
ment slender, with a length three times its diam- 
eter, the second somewhat dilated with a length 
four times its diameter. Wings; subcosta unit- 
ing with costa at the basal third, the third vein _. 
at the basal half, both thickly scaled, the fifth vein Fig-3 Stefani- 
joining the posterior margin at the distal fourth, the ¢l!@ atripli- 
sixth at the basal half. Claws rather stout, appar- C!S» third ard 
ently simple, the pulvilli about half the length of fourth antennal 
the claws. Ovipositor about half the length of the S¢sments of fe- 
abdomen, the terminal lobes long, narrowly oval male, enlarged 
and thickly setose. (original) 


Fig.4 Stefaniella atriplicis, side view of ovipositor, enlarged 
(original) 


104 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


PROTAPLONYX Felt 
1916 Felt, E. P. Ent. News, 27:202 


The genus has the typical Lasioptera wing, the normal, short 
mouth-parts, 12 or 13 antennal segments, the third and fourth not 
coalescing or at least separated by a distinct constriction; quadri- 
articulate palpi, heavy simple claws and an aciculate ovipositor. 
Type P.hagani, Felt. 


Protaplonyx hagani Felt 
1916 Felt, E.P. Ent. News, 27:202 


This unique form was reared January 4, 1916, in large numbers 
from small, folded swollen leaflets of greasewood, Sarcobatus 
vermiculatus, by Mr Harold R. Hagan of the Agricultural 
Experiment Station, Logan, Utah, from material collected October 
258, 1915 at Wellington, a locality near Price, Utah. 


APLONYX Perez 

1908 Perez,T.DeS. Marcellia, 6:174-76 

19tt belt, EP. oN. Ye. Emty oe; Jour, 10-42 

1913 Kieffer, J. J. Gen. Insect., fasc., 152; p. 20 

This genus is easily differentiated from other gall midges by the 
Lasioptera-like wings, antennae and male genitalia, the biarticulate 
palpi, the simple claws and the cultrate ovipostor. It is allied to 
Stefaniella Kieff., an anomalous genus in which the claws may be 
either simple or toothed, and may be readily separated from Bal- 
dratia Kieff. by the mouth-parts not being produced and the simple 
claws. Uype As.cite mo pio dit Perez. 


- Aplonyx sarcobati Felt — 
1914 Felt, E. P. Pomona Jour. Ent. & Zool., 6:93-04 


This species was reared in numbers December 23, 1913 from oval 
swellings on the leaves of greasewood, Sarcobatus vermi- 
eculatus-collected at Canyon City, Col., November 22 sroqucmiay, 
Prof. Ellsworth Bethel of Denver. 


BALDRATIA_ Kieff. 
1897 Kieffer, J. J. Meine Antwort a. d. H. Zeich. Rubsaamen u. H. Doc. 
Fo Karsch, p..7, 
1897 ——————_ Syn. Cecid. de Eur. & Alg., p. 4 
1904. — Soc. Sci. Brux. Ann., 38:2 
Toit . Felt; E.P. N.Y. Ent. Soc. Jour., 19:42 
1913, Kieffer, J. J. Gen. Insect., fasc. 152, p. 24 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 105 


Representatives of this genus may be distinguished from Lasioptera 
and its close allies by the third and fourth antennal segments being 
free or nearly so, they and those distally being produced and with 
distinct tubercles as in Dasyneura, the simple fifth vein and the 
rudimentary pulvilli, in connection with the simple or but slightly 
toothed claws and the produced labium apparently bearing well 
developed labial palpi. The type species, B. salicorniae 
Kieff., was reared from enlargements of the stem of Salicornia 
fruticosa taken by Doctor Baldrati in Italy. 

The following characters were drafted from types generously 
placed at our disposal by Professor Kieffer. 


Baldratia salicorniae Kieff. 


Male. Length 2 mm. Antennae extending to the base of the 
abdomen; 13 segments, the first obconic, the second slightly enlarged, 
globose, the third and fourth free, the fifth cylindric, with a length 
one-half greater than its diameter, a sparse subbasal whorl of short 
setae and a rather thick subapical whorl of longer, stout setae arising 
from distinct tubercles. Terminal segment somewhat produced, 
evidently two closely fused segments. Mouth-parts slightly pro- 
duced, the labrum narrowly rounded, thejlabium distinct, divided, 


Pe. 5 Baldratiasali- Fig.6 Baldra- Fig.7 Baldra- 
corniae, mouth-parts of ita saliecor: fies es phic on 
male, enlarged (origina!) niae, third and niae, side view 

fourth antennal of claws of male, 
segments of male, enlarged _— (origi- 
enlarged  (origi- nal) 

nal) 


the lobes broadly rounded, labial palpi well developed, irregular, 
with a length twice the diameter; maxillary palpi slender, with 
a length six times their diameter. Wings nearly as in Lasioptera; 
subcosta uniting with the anterior margin at the basal third, the 
third vein at the basal half, both thickly scaled, the fifth vein 
joining the posterior margin at the distal fourth, the sixth at the 
basal half. Claws rather long, stout, unidentate, the tooth small, 


106 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


the pulvilli rudimentary. Genitalia; basal clasp segment stout; 
terminal clasp segment long, stout, curved; dorsal plate short, 
broadly tapering, broadly and roundly emarginate; ventral plate 


Fig. 8 Baldratia salicorniae, side view of ovipositor, enlarged 
(original) 


short, tapering to a narrowly rounded apex. MHarpes long, thickly 
setose, tapering to an irregular, tuberculate apex; style long, stout, 
narrowly rounded. 

Me SN A age 


aac ene 2B PRATT er 7 
e > 


fo) 


Fig.9 Baldratia salicorniae, dorsal view of the last segment 
of the pupa, enlarged (original) 


Female. Length 2.5 mm. Ovipositor stout, about one-fourth 
the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes broadly ovate and 
thickly setose. Other characters nearly as in the opposite sex. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 107 


Pupa. Length 3 mm, rather slender; antennal cases _ short, 
stout, cephalic horns short, inconspicuous. Wing pads extending 
to the second abdominal segment, the legs to the fourth; terminal 
segment narrowly rounded and with a pair of stout, irregular, 
diverging, conic processes apically. 


LASIOPTERA Meig. 


1818 Meigen, J. W. Syst. Beschr., 1:88 
1834 Macquart, J. M. Hist. Nat. Ins. Dipt., 1:162 
1840 Westwood, J.O. Introduc. Class. Ins., 2, sup., p. 126 (Diomy za) 
1853 Winnertz, J. Mon. Gallmtcken, p. 191 
1860 Rondani, Camillo. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. Milano Atti, 2:6 
1862 Osten Sacken, C.R. Dipt. N. Am. Mon., 1:175 
1864 Schiner, J. R: Fauna Austriaca Dipt., 2:406 
1876 Bergenstamm, Jj. E. & Low, Paul. Syn. Cecidomyidarum, p. 24 
1877. Karsch, F. A. F. Revis. der Gallmucken, p. 14 
1888 Inchbald, Peter. Entomologist, 21:195 
1888 Skuse, F. A.A. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales Proc., 3:127 
1892 Rubsaamen, E.H. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr, 37:344-46 
1892 Theobald, F. V. Acct. Brit. Flies, p. 50, 88 
1897 Kieffer, J. J. Syn. Cecid. de Eur. & Alg., p. 2 


1900 ——————_ Soc. Ent. Fr. Ann., 69:437 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 323 
I9gir —————— _ N.Y. Ent. Soc. Jour., 19:42 


1913 Kieffer, J. J. Gen. Insect., fasc. 152, p. 30 


The members of this genus present a wide range in the number 
of antennal segments, those of the female varying from 16 in the 
Pee a tlayvescens to 33 in L. querciftlorae. The 
Australian L. nodosae Skuse is recorded as having 34 antennal 
segments in the female. The segments of the male antennae vary 
from 16 in L.lycopi to 21 or 22 in the male of L. desmodii. 
some species have the same number of antennal segments in both 
sexes, while in the majority the female possesses two to four or five 
more than the male. There seems to be no law governing this 
variation. Certain of the females possess a group of heavy, stout, 
recurved, chitinous hooks on the dorsum of the lobes of the ovipositor. 
This peculiar structure is present in several rather widely separated 
forms. Type Cecidomyia albipennis Meign. 

The species belonging to this genus breed for the most part in 
more or less irregular subcortical galls on the stems of both herbaceous 
and woody plants. An interesting form, L. caulicola, has been 
reared from apparently normal Diervilla stems. All species of this 
genus appear to winter in their galls. Those which live in herbaceous 
stems emerge, as a rule, in early spring, while the forms subsisting 


>?) 
upon woody stems are more likely to fly during June. A few species 


108 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


appear to breed in leaf galls; for instance, L. corni in an ocellate, 
highly colored, blisterlike gall on the leaves of Cornus alterni- 
folia; L. vitis inhabits the common tumid leaf or tendril 
gall on grape, while L. impatientifolia produces a some- 
what similar gall on the under side of the leaf of the snapdragon 
(Impatiens fulva). Blackberry leaves frequently have near 
the base a hard, corky, warty gall caused by L.farinosa. Lasi- 
optera excavata has a more singular habit, since the larvae 
occur in a true leaf mine in the foliage of Crataegus. The galls 
may be monothalamous or polythalamous, some of the latter being 
inhabited by a considerable. number of larvae, as in the case of 
Leecylindrigaliacandil tem nt coe 

One fossil species, Lasioptera recessa Scudd.’ has been 
described from the White river near the Colorado, Utah boundary. 
The specimen was in such poor condition that this reference can be 
regarded as tentative only. Scudder’s description in connection 
with his figure of the antennal segments suggests that this species 
may be referable to Trotteria. 


Key to species 
a Abdomen dark brown 
b Abdomen unicolorous 
c Mesonotum and abdomen fuscous 
d Tarsi dark brown or black, antennal segments, female 18...... 
ventralis say 
dd Tarsi a light yellowish basally, antennal segments, female I9.. 

pottulacae Felt, © a 2m 
cc Mesonotum and abdomen black, female with 18 antennal segments; 
btedultiomn erases ste. ce ee ee Gy at bonitens CkIl. 

ccc Mesonotum and abdomen dark brown sy 
d Tarsi fuscous yellowish. Male with 16 antennal se gments; 
feared itommOsybapnis. ere) ne allioniae Felt, C2026 
dd ‘Tarsi dark brown, male with 16, female with I9 antennal seg- 
ments; reared from Pentstemon...tibialis Felt, C. 2505 

bb Abdomen rather thickly clothed dorsally with silvery white scales 
c Antennae and mesonotum dark brown; male with 16-17 antennal 
SCMMICTIUS Pre tere ne te ea eee Lee eae een cinerea Belt, (C2 74 
cc Antennae light brown 

d Mesonotum thickly yellow scaled; antennae, female, 22 seg- 
ments; reared ‘from Solidago....: ... . hc. 450... eee 
argent is qira mac Pelme. rece 


2 


11877 Scudder, S. H. U.S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr. Bul. 3, p. 745-46; 1890 
Tert. Ins. N. Am., U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr. Rep’t, 13:600, pl. 5, fig. 29-31. 
2 Location provisional. 


onan md le eens ata 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 10g 


dd Mesonotum shining dark brown, antennal segments, male, 20; 
fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter; reared 
from oval, tendril or petiole gall on grape.................. 

riparia Felt, C. ar784a 
bbb Abdominal segments variably margined anteriorly and laterally with 
yellowish white scales; antennae, female, 22 segments; reared from 
tumid leaf or tendril gall on grape...vitis O. S., C. a1165, a1146 
bbbb Abdomen with the basal segment thickly clothed with silvery white 
or yellowish scales 
c¢ Second abdominal segment fuscous yellowish; antennae, female, 
15 segments; ovipositor with hooks....basiflava Felt, C. 719 
ce Second and following abdominal segments yellow 
d Third vein uniting with costa at the basal third 
e Female antennae with 18-19 segments; ovipositor with 
hooks; reared from blister gall on Cornus.............. 
corni Felt, C. 764, al1I51, a1288 

dd Third vein uniting with costa at the basal half 
é Female with 23 antennal segments; no hooks present; 

reared from Rudbeckia..rudbeckiae Felt, C. a1697b 
ee Male with ?16 antennal segments; female with 16 or 17 
antennal segments; ovipositor as long as the body. 
Reared from heads and leaf sheaths of Muhlenbergia...... 
coloratt n.sp., a2716 
ddd Third vein uniting with costa at the distal third 

é Female with 21 antennal segments; ovipositor with hooks; 
reared from apical, clavate twig gall on Cornus.......... 
élavula’ Beutm: C.°a327 
ccc Second and following abdominal segments without conspicuous 

white markings Ny ie 
d Fourth and fifth abdominal segments darker than others; meso- 
notum dark brown; male with I9 antennal segments; reared 
HCE MULE UIGT SAGE All. ea hes. ventas «occa soc tim alder oun Banal 
impatientifolia Felt, C. a1166 

dd Abdominal segments 2 to 6 unicolorous or nearly so; mesonotum 
reddish brown; male 18; female 20-23 segments; reared from 
Nretaciiet MOWEr cing TEAL Gamer, Jol). vst ec alec doula coive cou ¢ 

vernoniae Beutm., C. 1058, 1059, a2014,- 2897 
cece Second and following abdominal segments with submedian silvery 
spots 
d Third vein uniting with costa at the basal third 

é Mesonotum reddish brown; female with 28 antennal seg- 
inenes; teahed from a. Cormcal Oak. Gall. so... eon we eee 
querciperda Felt, C. 1054 
ee Mesonotum dark brown, male 18-21 segments; reared from 
Petnonia woawer ano leat aalis ooo... eo. eae ewe oe oats 
vernoniae Beutm., C. 1050, 1059, a2014 

eee Mesonotum dark brown 
f Scutellum pale orange; female with 18 antennal seg- 
PERS Pes cs Kea s consobrina Felt, C. 183a 
ff Scutellum purplish brown; female with 22 antennal 
SGneIeMESi. Eon ees nassauensis Felt, C. 432 


110 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


fff Scutellum yellowish; female with 16 antennal segments, 
fifth with a length three-fourths that of its diameter; 
reared from Danthonid .... 5... «:,..c. oon 
danthoniae Felt, (©) aroa5 
ffff Scutellum fuscous, female with ?16 antennal segments, 
fifth with a length three-fourths that of its diameter; 
teared fromyOmybaphlitis.. 2). 554 se a 
allioniae Felt, C. a2026 
Sffff Scutellum reddish brown, female with 19 and male with 
16 antennal segments; reared from Pentstemon.... 
tibialis Felt, C..a2505 

eeee Mesonotum fuscous yellowish 
f Scutellum yellowish; antennal segments, male, 16, fifth 
with a length three-fourths that of its diameter; 
reared from Danthonia..2....4.......2. eee eee 
danthoniae Felt, C. arg25 

dd Third vein uniting with the anterior margin at the basal half 
e Legs and mesonotum dark brown; dorsal plate narrowly 

; incised; male with 16 antennal segments; reared from 

DIEMECIO 1 Shoe ee ote arizonensis Felt, ©. s0eseoq 

ee Legs mostly yellowish; mesonotum dark red; dorsal plate 

triangularly incised; male with 17 antennal segments..... 

flavipes fel ©C.6r 

eze Legs light yellowish or yellowish brown; mesonotum reddish 

brown, antennal segments, female, 33; reared from Quercus 

DLOSSOMNS seit atet weer oe querciflorae fet, Caan 

eece Legs white-banded, the fourth and fifth tarsal segments of 

the posterior legs white; mesonotum reddish brown; 

antennal segments, female, 16 or 17. Reared from heads 

and. leaf sheaths. of, Muhlenbersia......2 22222 eee 

colorati- ma sae a2716 

ccccc Second and following abdominal segments margined posteriorly with 
silvery white! 

d Third vein uniting with costa at the basal third; femora and tibiae 
unicolorous; antennal segments, male and female, 21-22; reared 
from fusiform stem gall on tick trefoil..... .desmodii Felt 

C. 88, al0gI, a1376, al2QI, al184 
dd Third vein uniting with costa at the basal half 
e Tarsi-distinctly annulate with whitish 
f Scutellum fuscous yellowish; antennal segments, female 
23; reared from Diervilla stems: .: > 2. eee 
caulicola, Felt, C. ar469a 
ee Tarsi narrowly or indistinctly annulate with yellowish 
f Scutellum reddish brown 
g Antennal segments, male, 19, female, 23; second-— 
fourth abdominal segments white margined, 
fourth palpal segment of female twice the length 
of the third; reared from warty leaf gall on 
lack beriy satay eee ean farinosa Beutm. 
C..a1343, ala2nel us 


1L. ephedrae Ckll. and L. tertia Ckll. probably belong in this group. 


ee 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 Itl 


gg Antennal segments, female, 25; second—sixth abdom- 
inal segments white margined, fourth palpal 
segment of female one-third longer than the third; 
reared from oval, tendril or petiole gall on grape. 
riparia Felt., C. a1784a 
ff Scutellum fuscous yellowish; antennal segments, male, 
19; female, 22; palpi three-segmented; reared from 
unknown stem gall.....spinulae Felt, C. 1056 
eee Tarsi nearly unicolorous 
f Scutellum dark brown; antennal segments, male 20; 
female, 25; reared from irregular subcortical gall on 
ISELER DGREURE coke Soe ee Ck vty de nodulosa Beutm. 
C. al42I1, alq4II, 803 
ff Scutellum reddish brown; antennal segments, male 20; 
female, 25; reared from fusiform stem gall on aquatic 
WEEE cig us cane’ palustris Felt, C. a1443, a1447 
fff Scutellum fuscous yellowish; antennal segments, male 
20; female, 23; reared from irregular subcortical stem 
gall on Lindera...... linderae Beutm., C. a1417 
ffff Scutellum pale yellowish; antennal segments, male 16; 
female, 21; reared from fusiform stem gall on Lycopus 
mitchellae Felt, C. a1369 
‘ST Scutellum yellowish brown; male with 15 or 16 segments, 
female with 16-20, the ovipostor with hooks. Reared 
from huckleberry....... fructtaria Felt, a2641 
bbbb Basal segment (sometimes margined with white) and other abdominal 
segments with submedian whitish spots ! 
c Third vein uniting with costa at the basal third 
d Tarsi annulate 
e Tarsal segments 2 to 4 annulate basally; antennal segments, 
male 17; female, 20; reared from fusiform stem gall on 
eavasyvidlus.ss sacs eves convolvuli Felt, C. a1465 
ee Tarsal segments 2 to 4 annulate at both extremities; antennal 
segments, male 16; female, 18; reared from fusiform stem 
Saline LAYCOpUs. 2 600... lycopi Felt, C. a1348, a1339 
cc Third vein uniting with costa at the basal half 
d Tarsi nearly unicolorous 
e Mesonotum’ dark brown, the submedian lines with long, 
golden hairs; antennal segments, male 21; female, 25; 
reared from enlarged stem gall on hop................. 
humulicaulis Felt, C. a1446 
ee Mesonotum thickly clothed with bronzy scales; antennal 
segments, male 17; female, 19; reated from irregular stem 
gall on wild lettuce..... lactucae Felt, C. 1102, ro61 
eee Mesonotum shining black; antennal segments, male 16, 
female, 20; reared from stems and crown of Echinochloa 
2 aa ae echinochloa Felt, a2719 
dd Tarsi annulate 


1Lasioptera willistoni Ckll. probably belongs in this group, 


[i2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


e Mesonotum black 

f Distal palpal segment one-half longer than the pre- 
ceding; antennal segments, female, 21.........)..... 
hecate Helt. @ia29 
jf Distal palpal segment one-fourth longer than the pre- 
ceding; antertnal segments, female, 20, male, 14; reared 
from Verbena rostrata..... verbenae Felt, a2313 
fff Distal palpal segment a little longer than the preceding; 
antennal segments, female, 18; reared from stem gall 
on Wiplacusiseee acc aiee diplaci Felt, az2ra4 

ee Mesonotum dark brown : 


f Distal palpal segment twice the length of the preceding 


g Antennal segments of female, ?18; oviposition on 

Panicum iiss. rege panici Melt, @y 402 

gg Antennal segments of male 16, female, 18; reared 

from stem gall on Galeopsis tetralit= eee 

galeopsidis Felt, C. a1965 

ff Distal palpal segment one-fourth longer than the 
preceding 

g Abdomen purplish dark brown; antennal segments 

of male 18, female, 23; reared from a fusiform 

stem gall on Helianthus.) 2.21.20 

weldi Felt, C. a1816 


gg Abdomen black; antennal segments, female 18-19; | 


reared from subglobose stem gall on Hypericum 
VAIN Litine eee virginica Melt) @argr, 
ggg Abdomen black; antennal segments, male 16; 
female, 23; reared from irregular stem gall on 
Galeopsis tetrahit,..... 4.) s,/32 eee eee 
; galeopsidis Felt, C. aro65 
eee Mesonotum shining reddish brown; distal palpal segment 
only a little longer than the preceding; antennal segments, 
female 22-23: reared from Lupine. ..).. 3. eee 
lupini Felt, C. 1068 

ccc Third vein uniting with costa at the distal third 
d Mesonotum black; antennal segments, female, 22; palpi three- 
' segmented; reared from subcortical twig gall on Ephedra..... 
ephedaticolasedr 

dd Mesonotum dark brown 


ee Mesonotum distinctly bordered laterally and anteriorly with 
light scales . 

f Third vein uniting with costa a little before the distal 
third; ventral plate long, broadly rounded apically; 
antennal segments, male 15-17; female, 21-22; reared 
frem long stem’ gallon Solidago... 2 ae eee 

eylindrigallae Felt, ©) airso,,ares 
ff Third vein uniting with costa at the distal third 


ee 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 I1l3 


g Ventral plate long, tapering, narrowly rounded 
apically; antennal segments, male, 17; female, 
19-22; reared from stout, asymmetric stem gall 
Sh noes 03 Eh) 0 ane a ee solidaginis O. S. 
C. 846, aI360, aI470, a1060 
gg Ventral plate long, slender, broadly rounded 
apically; antennal segments, male, 16; female, 17; 
reared from stem gall on Zizia.......:........ 
ziziae-Felt, C, ar817 
bhbbb Basal and other abdominal segments white-margined posteriorly 
c Basal and apical white bands on fifth abdominal segment; antennal 
segments, male, 20; reared from subcortical twig gall on Ephedra 
ephedrie@o aC. 
cc Apical band only on the fifth abdominal segment 
d Tarsi unicolorous 
e Antennal segments, female, 18, the fifth with a length equal 
to its diameter, the ovipositor with a length one-half that 
Oh ther anMOmen wai. eae 2's hamata Felt, C. 289 
ee Antennal segments, female 18, the fifth with a length three- 
fourths its diameter, the ovipositor as long as the abdo- 
men; reared from between leaves of Tripsacum......... 
tfripsaci Felt, C. .az0%g 
eee Antennal segments, female 23-24; male 19; reared from 
Stevahsii/i\V cay 0) [2nd a oenenar ane Sak ae eae cassiae Felt, C. go1 
dd Tarsi annulate with yellowish 
e Antennal segments, female 23; reared from tumid leaf gall 
on Impatiens..... impatientilolia Pelt, Cyarr66 
ccc Apical bands on several abdominal segments 
d Antennal segments, male 16; female 20; ovipositor one-half the 
length of the abdomen, reared from blackened leaf sheaths of 
Ra maGiin VIbeabUlt cs 2 Nes Go. inustorum Felt, a2715 
bbbbbb Abdomen with no conspicuous white markings 
c Third vein uniting with costa at the basal third; tarsi annulate 
d Scutellum reddish brown; antennal segments, female 23........ 
neofusca Felt, C. 82 
dd Scutellum dark brown; antennal segments, female 21........... 
puvenalis Melt; C: 70s 
ce Third vein uniting with costa at the basal half 
d Scutellum dark reddish brown; antennal segments, female 25; 
palpi quadriarticulate; reared from curled ash leaves......... 
fraxinifolia Felt, C. ar546a 
dd Scutellum shining dark brown; antennal segments, female 18; 
palpi triarticulate; reared from blister gall on aster.......... 
clarkei Felt, C. a1gor 
ccc Third vein uniting with costa at the distal third 
d Scutellum dark brown; antennal segments, female 21-22; palpi 
quadriarticulate; ovipostor with chitinous hooks............. 
abhamata Felt, C. 130 
dd Scutellum dark brown; antennal segments, male 15; palpi triar- 
ticulate; reared from blister gall on aster.................. 
clarkei Felt, C. argor 


IIl4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


aa Abdomen reddish, yellowish brown or pale orange 

b Third vein uniting with costa at the basal third 
‘¢ Abdomen nearly unicolorous; antennal segments, female 18.......... 
quercina Felt, "C06 

bb Third vein uniting with costa near the basal half 

c Abdomen yellowish brown; antennal segments, male 18....... Ae, 
viburni Pelt Ciiiss 
cc Abdomen yellowish orange; antennal segments, male 14, the fifth 
with a length one-half greater than its diameter; reared from blis- 
tenga ikon Spiraea ioe eee spiraeafolia Felts@. anseo 
ccc Abdomen pale yellowish, second to sixth segments basally dark 
brown, antennal segments, female 26; reared from blister mine in 
crabacsus wear . tin. Mie temo We excavata Felt, ar576 

bbb Third vein uniting with costa at the distal third 
c Abdomen yellowish brown; antennal segments, male 17; reared from 
wild sunflower seeds....... murtfeldtianam sp. 1 sae 


Lasioptera portulacae Felt 
191i Felt, E.P. Psyche, 18:84-85 


This midge was reared from a stem gall on purslane, Portulaca 
oleraceae Linn. by William H. Patterson, formerly of the Agricul- 
tural School, St Vincent, W. I. 


Lasioptera ventralis Say 
1824 Say, Thomas. Long’s 2d Expedition, 2:357 
1883 =—————— Complete Writings, 1:242 
There is no certainty as to the generic position of this species. We 
have provisionally referred it to the genus Lasioptera. It was 
captured in a garden at the University of Pennsylvania. 


Lasioptera allioniae Felt 
1911 Felt, E. P. Econ. Et. Jour., 4:482 


This dark, white-spotted species with the third vein uniting with 
costa at the basal third, was reared in June 1908 by Mr E. Bethel 
from an irregular, subfusiform stem gall on Oxybaphus (Allionia) 
taken at Boulder, Col., and kindly placed at our disposal by Prof. 
AD ae © Oekene!) 

Gall. Length 1.5 to 2 cm, irregularly swollen and apparently 
always near a joint. The interior is spongy and presumably 


irregularly mined by the larvae. See above citation for description 
of the two sexes. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I916 IIS 


Lasioptera tibialis Felt 
1914 Felt, E. P. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 2:119-20 


The midges related to L. allioniae Felt were reared from a 
stem or branch gall on Pentstemon antirrhinoides col- 
lected by Mr E. P. VanDuzee near La Jolla, Cal. 


Lasioptera carbonitens Ckll. 
1902 Cockerell, T.D. A. Can. Ent. 34:183 


The midge provisionally placed here produces an aborted shoot, 
somewhat like a long onion bulb, on an unknown grass collected at 
Las Vegas, N. M. The gall is characterized as being similar to 
that of Brachypodium sylvaticum figured by Rub- 
saamen in Ent. Nach., 21:16. See also under Asteromyia 
merostis O. S. 


Lasioptera cinerea Felt 


1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p: 104. Separate, p. 8 
fone N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 324 


The midge was captured at Albany, N. Y., May 21, 1906, on 
black alder, Ilex verticellata. 


Male. Lengthi.;mm. Antennae dark brown; 16 or 17 segments, 
the fifth with a length greater than the diameter; terminal segment 
subconical, slightly prolonged, obtuse. Palpi; the first segment 
short, swollen distally, the second subrectangular, one-half longer 
than the first, the third a little longer than the second, more slender, 
the fourth, one-fourth longer than the third, more slender. 
Mesonotum and scutellum dark brown, the latter silvery white 
apically; postscutellum very dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, 
rather thickly clothed dorsally with silvery white scales. Wings 
(pl. 5, fig. 4) hyaline, anterior veins reddish brown, the third vein 
uniting with the margin at the distal third. Halteres reddish 
yellow. Legs mostly dark brown, lighter ventrally; tarsi darker 
than femora and tibiae; claws stout, strongly curved. Genitalia 
(pl. 7, fig. 1); basal clasp segment long, slender; terminal clasp 
segment swollen basally; dorsal plate broad, deeply and roundly 
emarginate, the lobes narrowly rounded; ventral plate narrow, 
tapering, broadly rounded. MHarpes subtriangular. Type Cecid. 73. 


Lasioptera argentisquamae Felt 
1908 © Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 324 
oo ——_—— Ottawa Nat., 22:248 
This conspicuously marked form was reared from a considerable 
lot of Solidago taken at West Nyack, N. Y. and bearing the character-_ 
istic adhesive type of gall produced by Asphondylia mon- 
achaO.S.andCamptoneuromyia adhesa Felt. 


116 | NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Female. Length2mm. Antennae light brown, the basal segments 
yellowish; 22 segments, the fifth with a length about one-half the 
diameter; terminal segment greatly produced, acute. Palpi; the 
first segment short, stout, subrectangular, the second a little longer, 
stouter, the third a little longer and more slender than the second, 
the fourth one-half longer and more slender than the third. Face 
with patches of whitish scales above and below the antennae. 
Mesonotum thickly and. evenly clothed with silvery yellowish 
scales. Scutellum pale yellowish. Abdomen thickly and evenly 
clothed with grayish silvery scales, the seventh segment fuscous, 
the ovipositor pale yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, 
the third vein uniting with the anterior margin at the distal third. 
Pleurae and coxae silvery white; femora pale yellowish, fuscous 
apically, tibiae and tarsi dark brown; claws rather slender, long, 
strongly curved, the pulvilli a little longer than the claws. Ovipositor 
probably nearly as long as the abdomen, the distal portion slender. 
Type Cecid. a1568x. ; | 

Lasioptera riparia Felt 


1909 Felt, E. P. Econ. Ent. Jour.; 2:287 


This form was reared April 27, 1908 from an oval or fusiform, 
petiole or tendril gall on Vitis bicolor taken at Westfield, 
N. Y., October 16, 1907. The male may be distinguished from 
similarly marked individuals by the four basal segments being 
mostly yellowish and sparsely clothed with silvery scales, the fifth 
and sixth segments being dark brown and the seventh fuscous 
yellowish. The female has the basal segment white and the other 
segments narrowly margined with whitish markings, the latter 
produced laterally. The tarsi have the two basal segments mostly 
yellowish, the distal segments fuscous. This species evidently 
winters in the gall and presumably produces but one generation 
annually. Polygnotus sp. was reared from this gall. 


Gall. This gall is monothalamous, narrowly oval, 1.5 cm long 
by .8 cm in diameter. It may occur on either the leaf or the petiole, 
almost invariably near the middle, and is a variable brown in color. 

Larva. Length 2 mm, rather slender, deep orange. Head small, 
the antennae rather long, uniarticulate; breastbone slender, minutely 
tridentate, slightly expanded distally. Skin minutely shagreened; 
posterior extremity broadly rounded, ornamented with a few stout 
setae, anus slitlike. Probably the larva of this species. 

Male. Length 1.75 mm. Antennae dark brown, the basal 
segments yellowish, 20 segmerits; the fifth with.a length a little 
greater than its diameter, the last segment somewhat produced, 
narrowly rounded apically. Palpi; first segment presumably short, 
the second apparently narrowly oval, the third a little longer, more 
slender, and the fourth longer and more slender than the third. 
Mesonotum shining dark brown. Scutellum reddish brown, the 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 ch hg 


postscutellum fuscous yellowish. Abdomen with the four basal 
segments mostly yellowish and sparsely clothed with silvery scales, 
the fifth and sixth segments dark brown, the seventh fuscous 
yellowish, all sparsely margined with fine setae. Wings hyaline, 
the third vein uniting with the yellowish discal spot near the basal 
half. Halteres pale orange. Coxae yellowish, femora and tibiae 
reddish brown, the extremity yellowish; tarsi with the first segment 
and the basal portion of the second yellowish, the remainder datk 
brown; claws stout, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia; 
basal clasp segment long; terminal clasp segment swollen basally, 
stout; dorsal plate deeply and narrowly incised, the lobes narrowly 
rounded, ventral plate long, tapering, broadly rounded. Harpes 
long, tapering, irregular; style long. 

Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae colored as in the male, 25 
segments; the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter. 
Palpi; the first segment short, stout, the second roundly quadrate, 
the third one-half longer, slender, the fourth one-third longer and 
more slender. Mesonotum shining black, the submedian lines 
sparsely haired. Scutellum reddish brown, rather thickly clothed 
with silvery scales. Abdomen dark brown, basal segment white, 
the others narrowly margined with white, the markings produced 
laterally and almost forming a white, lateral line; venter dark brown 
with a broad, median stripe of silvery white scales; ovipositor 
yellowish. Halteres yellowish transparent. Coxae, the extremity 
of femora and tibiae more or less yellowish, the middle portion of 
the latter two fuscous yellowish; tarsi with the two basal segments 
mostly yellowish, the distal segments fuscous. Ovipositor about 
half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes long, narrowly 
oval. Type Cecid. a1784a. 


Lasioptera vitis O. S. 


1862 Osten Sacken, C.R. Mon. Dipt. N. Am., 1:201-2 

1869 Walsh, B. D. & Riley, C. V. Am. Ent., 1:247 

1870 Osten Sacken, C. R. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 3:59 (Callimome 
ebria O.S. reared) 

1873 Riley, C. V. Ins. Mo. 5th Rep’t, p. 117-18 

1879 Lintner, J. A. Cultv. & Count. Gent., 44:407 

1883 Reed, E.B. Ent. Soc. Ont., Rep’t 13, p. 49 

1883 Saunders, William. Ins. Inj. Fruits, p. 294 

1888 Lintner, J. A. Cultv. & Count. Gent., 53:511 

1888 Lintner, J. A. Inj. & Other Ins. N. Y., 4th Rep’t, p. 63-67 

1892 Beutenmueller, Wm. Am. Mus. Nat. ee Bul. 4 272 

1900 Smith, J.B. Lists Ins. N. J., p. 621 

1904 Beutenmueller,Wm. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Guide Leaflet 16, p. 32-33 

1906 Felt, E. P. Inj. & Other Ins. N. Y., 21st Rep’t, p. 119 (larva of 
Dasyneura vitis Felt described) 

1907 Smith, J.B. N.J. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Rep’t, p. 528 

1908 Felt,E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 324 

1908 Jarvis, T.D. Ent. Soc. Ont., 38th Rep’t, p. 87 

1909 Felt, E.P. Ent. Soc. Ont., 39th Rep’t, p. 44 


118 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


1909 Jarvis, T.D. Ent. Soc. Ont., 39th Rep’t, p. 44 . 
1910 Cook, M.T. Mich. Geol. & Biol. Surv. Pub. 1, Biol. ser. 1, p. 31-32 
1910 Stebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 2, p. 44 


The gall produced by this species and its associate, Dasyneura 
vitis Felt, is rather common on grape leaves and tendrils in. various 
parts of New York State and probably in other portions of the 
country. It occurs on both cultivated and wild grape, being most 
abundant the latter part of July or in August. The relatively large, 
reddish galls attract considerable notice. A female was reared 
July 15, 1907, and, judging from observations, the species may 
appear from about that time till the latter part of August or even 
into September. The larvae desert the galls and transform in the 
earth, the later individuals presumably hibernating in their pupal 
chambers. Torymus? ebriaO.S. was reared from this gall. 


Gall. The gall is an irregular, frequently lobulated, succulent 
enlargement of the leaf stalk, portions of the leaf, particularly 
near the base, or even the tendrils. A serious infestation may 
result in an irregular, swollen mass two or three inches long, com- 
posed of a number of subglobular enlargements, each inhabited by a 
yellowish larva (pl. 3, fig. 1). Dasyneura vitis Felt apparently 
may be equally concerned in the production of this gall, as we 
have taken larvae of the last named form from what was supposed 
toube typical Lhasioptera- wv it 1s (Ono veallics 

This species is very subject to attack by insect parasites. 

Larva. Length 3 mm, pale orange; head rather broad; antennae 
short, stout; breastbone bidentate, broad anteriorly, tapering 
posteriorly; skin coarsely shagreened; terminal segment broadly 
rounded. This larva is hardly a typical Lasioptera larva. 

Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae dark brown, pale yellowish 
orange basally; 22 segments, the fifth with a length equal to its 
diameter; terminal segment somewhat produced, conic. Palpt; 
fuscous yellowish, the first segment subrectangular, with a length 
about one-half greater than its diameter, the second a little longer, 
rounded at the extremities, the third a little longer and more slender 
than the second, the fourth one-half longer and more slender than 
the third; face fuscous with a conspicuous patch of whitish scales. 
Mesonotum light brown, variably margined laterally and anteriorly 
with yellowish white scales, the submedian lines rather thickly 
clothed with yellowish hairs. Scutellum pale yellowish, postscutellum 
yellowish. Abdomen dark brown, with the segments broadly 
margined posteriorly and laterally with golden yellow; ovipositor 
pale yellowish; venter yellowish transparent. Wings hyaline, costa 
dark brown, the third vein uniting with the margin near the basal 
half. Halteres yellowish transparent; legs pale yellowish, the 
tarsi mostly dark brown; claws long, slender, strongly curved, 
the pulvilli nearly as long as the claws. Ovipositor about as long 
as the body, the terminal lobes long, slender and with a patch of 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 I19Q 


heavy, recurved, chitinous processes near the distal third. Cecid. 
ali6s. 


Lasioptera basiflava Felt 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 324 


A female representing this species was captured on grape at 
Albany, N. Y., July 30, 1906. 


Female. Length 1 mm. Antennae dark brown; 15 segments, 
the fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter; terminal 
segment produced, narrowly oval. Palpi; the first segment short, 
stout, irregularly subquadrate, the second with a length about 
two and one-half times its diameter, narrowly oval, the third one- 
half longer and more slender, the fourth a little longer and more 
slender than the third; eyes black, margined posteriorly with silvery 
white scales. Mesonotum dark brown, the distinct submedian lines 
with yellowish white scales. Scutellum dark reddish, postscutellum 
dark brown. Abdomen a nearly uniform dark brown with the two 
basal segments fuscous yellowish. Wings hyaline, broadly oval, 
costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the anterior margin 
near the basal half. MHalteres pale yellowish; coxae and femora 
mostly pale yellowish, the distal portion of femora and tibiae reddish 
brown; tarsi dark brown, the distal segments almost black; claws 
long, slender, evenly curved, the pulvilli nearly as long as the claws. 
Ovipositor about as long as the body, the base with oval sublateral 
patches of stout, halberd-shaped scales; terminal lobes slender, 
narrowly rounded and basally a group of three or four stout, recurved, 
chitinous processes. Type Cecid. 719. 


Lasioptera corni Felt 
1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 107; separate, p. 11 


1908 ——————-_ N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 324 
- 1908 Jarvis, T.D. Ent. Soc. Ont., 38th Rep’t, p. 86-87 
1909 ——————__ Ent. Soc. Ont., 39th Rep’t, p. 79 


1910. Stebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 2, p. 46 
1912 Cosens, A. Can. Inst. Trans., 9:323 


The bright, ocellate galls possibly producing this species are 
exceedingly common in the vicinity of Albany, N. Y., on the leaves 
Sree Cornus paniculata. They have also been. observed 
in mid July at West Nyack, Ellenville and Catskill, and undoubtedly 
occur in most parts of New York State as well as in other localities 
where the food plant is abundant. The young galls are pale green, 
becoming ringed with bright red (for a colored illustration, see 
Museum Bul. 175, pl. 3, fig. 19) about the middle of July; adults 
were reared therefrom the latter part of August. 


Larva. Length 3 mm, pale orange, slender; head small, antennae ~ 
long, uniarticulate; breastbone bidentate, broad, chitinous apically, 


I20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


disappearing distally; skin coarsely shagreened; each of the abdominal 
segments at least, with a sparse row of long spines near the middle; 
terminal segment broadly rounded; a submedian pair of heavy, 
chitinous spurs, a pair of minor transparent processes and a sub- 
lateral pair of long, stout setae. 

This larva does not appear like that of a typical Lasioptera, 
it may be a Dasyneura. 

Female. Length .9 mm. Antennae brownish black; 18 or 19 
segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than the diameter; - 
terminal segment obconical, the apex rather obtuse. Palpi; the 
first segment subquadrate, the second a little longer, the third | 
about as long as the second, both rather stout, the fourth one-half 
longer than the preceding, more slender. Mesonotum brownish 
yellow, yellowish posteriorly, submedian lines broad, narrowly 
separated, the median line shorter. Scutellum yellow, postscutellum 
yellowish. Abdomen dark brown with the first segment golden, 
the others yellow-banded apically, ovipositor yellowish. Wings 
hyaline, costa dark brown, thickly clothed with scales basally, the 
third vein uniting with the margin at- the basal third. MHalteres 
yellow, large. Coxae. whitish transparent, femora pale, tibiae © 
pale brownish above toward the apex, tarsi brown; claws rather 
slender, strongly curved. Ovipositor as long as the body, the 
terminal lobes slender, rather broadly rounded; a small group of 
curved, blunt hooks at the distal third. Type Cecid. airs te 


Lasioptera rudbeckiae Felt 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 324 


The female representing this species was reared September 11, 
1907 from specimens of Rudbeckia lacineata bearing galls 
of Asphondylia conspieua OO. S., and erecemedeamoma 
Highspire, Pa. A species of Torymus was also obtained. 


Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae dark brown, the basal 
segments whitish; 23 segments, the fifth with a length about three- 
fourths its diameter; terminal segment slightly produced, broadly 
oval. Palpi; first segment short, stout, irregularly subquadrate, 
the second rather stout, with a length about three times its diameter, 
narrowly oval, the third one-third longer than the second, slender, 
the fourth about as long as the third. Face whitish. Mesonotum 
dark brown, variably margined anteriorly and laterally with silvery 
hairs, the submedian lines gray haired. Scutellum and postscutellum 
dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, the basal segment silvery 
white dorsally, the third and fourth segments narrowly margined 
posteriorly with silvery white, the markings obsolete laterally, 
venter silvery white; ovipositor pale yellowish. Wings hyaline, 
costa dark brown, the third vein uniting at the rather long, whitish 
discal spot just before the basal half. Halteres and coxae pale 
yellowish; femora and tibiae dark brown, yellowish at the extremities, 
especially the distal third of tibiae; tarsi dark brown, the first 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 I2I 


segment shaded with yellowish; claws long, slender, strongly curved, 
the pulvilli about as long as the claws. Ovipositor nearly as long 
as the abdomen, the terminal lobes long, rather slender, broadly 


rounded. Type Cecid. a1697b. 


Lasioptera clavula Beutm. 


1891 Townsend, C.H.T. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc., 2:390-91 

1892 Beutenmueller, William. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul., 4:269 

1904. ————————- Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Guide Leaflet 16, p. 29 

1905 Cook, M.T. Dep't Geol. & Nat. Res. Ind., 29th Rep’t, p. 841 

foo, Felt, EB. P. Ins. Affec. Pk. & Wdld. Trees, N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 


2:736 


1907 Beutenmueller, William. Amer. Mus. Nat.-Hist. Bul., 23:396 
ipo7 6Jatvis, T..D, Ent. Soc. Ont., 37th Rep’t, p. 69 

1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 324 

mor tervis, 1. D. Ent. Soc. Ont.,.39th"Rep’t, p. 79 

1910 Stebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 2, p. 45 


This gall appears to be rather 
common in the vicinity of Albany 
southward to New York City. It 
has been recorded from Indiana 
by Mr Cook and listed from On- 
tario by Mr Jarvis. The bright 
orange larvae, according to Beuten- 
mueller, desert the galls in Sep- 
tember and October and enter the 
ground, though we have found 
a few larvae in galls in the spring. 
‘This latter is presumably excep- 
tional. The galls vary in color as 
they age from green to a variable 
red. -A species of Polygnotus was 
also reared. 

_ Gall. The galls of this species 
are about 2.5 cm long and are 
invariably on the more tender 
twigs, usually near the extremity 
and more or less variable in form. 
Asatule they are somewhat pro- 
duced and fusiform, occasionally 
being subglobular, and sometimes 
two or three may occur on a twig 
so near together as to almost fuse 
one with the other. This deform- 
ity is found only on the flowering 
dogwood (Cornus florida). 


Mieso:) Lassi op tera olka vwhe 
various types of galls, about natural 
size (original) 


The interior of the gall con- 


tains a long rather large central cavity. 


I22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Larva. Length 3.mm, pale orange. Head small, antennae long, 
uniarticulate; breastbone long, slender, obtusely bidentate, the 
head slightly expanded; skin coarsely shagreened; posterior extremity 
broadly rounded, a pair of submedian, chitinous hooks distally, 
the sublateral setae nearly obsolete. 

Not a typical Lasioptera, probably Dasyneura. 

Female. Head small, black, face whitish. Antennae short, 
black, with 21 segments; the fifth with a length about three-fourths 
its diameter. Thorax black with golden brown hairs and a white 
spot on each side anteriorly. Abdomen dark brown. The basal 
abdominal segment mostly whitish; the second to sixth segments 
narrowly margined posteriorly with whitish, the latter indistinct 
mesially and laterally. Venter yellowish brown covered with white 
scales. Wings long, slender, with along yellowish discal spot at the 
distal third; the third vein yellowish and joining the margin at the 
distal third. Legs dark brown above; yellowish brown beneath. 
Ovipositor with sublateral oval patches of halberd-shaped scales; 
and heavy chitinous hooks. Characters drafted from the type and 
the original description. | 


~ 


Lasioptera impatientifolia Felt 


1907. Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 105-6; separate, p. 9-10 
1907 Jarvis, T. D. Ent. Soc. Ont., 37th Rep't, p. 69 
1905: Felt, FE. P.-N“Y. State Mus. Ball 24) pia24 

1910 Stebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 2, p. 43 

1912 Cosens, A. Can. Inst. Trans., 9:323 


The gall of this species appears to be rather common about Albany 
on Impatiens fulva, touch-me-not or snapdragon in August. 
The adult was obtained August 10. Eupelmus dryorhi- 
zoxeniAshm. was also reared from this gall. 


Gall. The gall of this species is an oval, tumid:fold along the 
midrib, about one-fourth of an inch long. It is green and shows 
upon the upper surface only as a brownish scar. The interior is 
filled with black carbonaceous matter. 

Larva. Length 2.5 mm. Head small, antennae slender, uniden- 
tate; breastbone long, slender, heavily chitinized, bidentate, with 
a minute third tooth basally; head slightly expanded; skin rather 
coarsely shagreened; posterior extremity broadly rounded, unarmed. 

Male. Length 1.6mm. Antennae dark brown, yellowish basally; 
Ig segments, the fifth with a diameter about equal to its length. 
Palpi; the first segment rather short, stout, slightly expanded dis- 
ttlly, second one-half longer than the first, stout, the third as long as 
tae second, slender basally, the fourth about twice the length of the 
hhird; face fuscous with a median white patch, eyes black, narrowly 
margined posteriorly with dull silvery scales, the head posteriorly 
dark brown. Mesonotum dark brown, thickly clothed with silvery 
and pale yellowish scales. In one specimen the mesonotum is 


eee eS 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 123 


entirely covered by scales. Scutellum dark brown with pale yellowish 
apically, postscutellum yellowish brown. Abdomen dark brown 
with the first segment clothed dorsally with silvery white scales, 
the fourth and fifth segments thickly clothed with dark brown 
scales and the others more sparsely clothed with scales of the same 
color, the posterior margin of the segments a dull yellowish orange, 
seventh and eighth segments mostly yellowish orange, the former 
narrowly margined posteriorly with dark brown. Genitalia dark 
brown; pleura dark brown, venter sparsely clothed with silvery 
white scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein 
joining costa at the basal half; halteres pale yellowish. Coxae 
fuscous yellowish, femora and tibiae dark brown, pale yellowish 
apically, tarsi nearly uniform dark brown; claws rather heavy, 
strongly curved. Genitalia; basal clasp segment stout, terminal 
clasp segment stout, swollen basally; dorsal plate broad, deeply 
incised, the lobes broadly rounded; ventral plate broad, tapering 
to a broadly rounded apex. - Harpes slender, stout, approximate, 
indistinctly dentate; style broadly rounded. 

Female. Length 1.2 mm. Antennae dark brown; 23 segments, 
the fifth with a diameter one-half greater than the length. Palpi; 
the first segment short, rather broadly orbicular, second nearly 
twice the length of the first and broad, the third as long as the second, 
but more slender and the fourth one-half longer than the third. 
Face fuscous, eyes large, black and margined posteriorly with dull 
silvery scales, the head mostly dark brown posteriorly. Mesonotum 
a rich purplish brown, broadly margined laterally and anteriorly 
with dull silvery scales. Scutellum yellowish brown, postscutellum 
a little darker. Abdomen dark purplish brown, the segments 
narrowly margined posteriorly with dull silvery, that of the second 
and third apparently broadly interrupted along the median line, 
ovipositor pale orange. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third 
vein unites with the yellowish orange discal spot at the basal half. 
Halteres yellowish basally, silvery white apically. Legs mostly 
a rich brown, the femora and tibiae annulate with light yellow 
at the articulations. Coxae a deep orange; claws moderately heavy, 
strongly curved. Ovipositor short, terminal lobes small,’ broadly 
orbicular. Type Cecid. a1166. 


Lasioptera vernoniae Beutm. 


1907 Beutenmueller, William. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul., 23:389-90 

1907 Cook, M.T. Acad. Sci. Proc., separate, p. 7-8 

1908 Felt, E. P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124:324 (L.vernoniflorae) 
1913 Beutenmueller, William. Can. Ent., 45:415 


This species has been reared from flower and leaf galls on ironweed, 
Vernonia noveboracensis taken in Virginia and at 
Washington, D. C. Adults reared from Virginia material by the 
United States Bureau of Entomology, appeared September 23, 1885 


124 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


and June 12, 1886. Both sexes were reared in this office in May 
toto from material collected by Miss E. G. Mitchell at Washington, 
D. C., September 3, 1909. It has also been recorded from North 
Carolina, Staten Island, New York City and Indiana. 


Gall. The floral deformity occasioned by this species has not 
been described. The gall on the petiole and midrib is about 6 mm 
long, oval, greatly distending the midrib and showing above and 
below. It is green, sometimes tinged with red, fleshy within and 
contains one larva. 

Larva. Length 2.5 mm, yellowish. Head small; antennae long, 
tapering; breastbone bidentate with a minute median tooth, becoming 
obsolete posteriorly. Skin coarsely shagreened, posterior extremity 
broadly rounded and with a few short, tapering spines. 

Male. Length 1.5mm. Antennae light brown; 18-21 segments, 
the fifth with a length a little greater than the diameter; terminal 
segment slightly produced, broadly oval. Palpi; the first segment 
short, stout, slightly expanded distally, the second subrectangular, 
with a length over twice its diameter, the third a little longer and 
more slender, the fourth one-half longer than the third, more slender, 
mouth-parts slightly produced. Mesonotum dark brown, the 
submedian lines indistinct. Scutellum and postscutellum reddish 
brown, basal abdominal segment white, the second to fourth seg- 
ments rather broadly margined posteriorly with silvery white 
markings, produced laterally, the fifth and sixth segments narrowly 
margined posteriorly; genitalia fuscous. Wings hyaline, costa 
dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa at the basal half. 
Halteres yellowish white. Coxae, femora and tibiae mostly pale 
yellowish, tarsi mostly yellowish, the second and third segments 
brown apically, the fourth and fifth dark brown; claws long, slender, 
evenly curved, the pulvilli about as long as the claws. Genitalia; 
basal clasp segment long, terminal clasp segment with the basal 
third swollen; dorsal plate broad, deeply and triangularly emarginate, 
the lobes narrowly rounded, ventral plate short, broad, narrowly 
rounded. MHarpes slender, tapering, tuberculate; style long, slender. 

Female. Lengthi.5;mm. Antennae light brown; 23-25 segments, 
the fifth with a length a little less than its diameter; terminal seg- 
ment slightly produced, broadly oval. Palpi; the first segment . 
short, stout, subquadrate, the second twice the length of the first, 
rather slender, the third a little longer.and more slender than the sec- 
ond, the fourth longer and more slender than the third. Mesonotum 
shining, reddish. Scutellum and postscutellum fuscous yellowish. 
Abdomen presumably with the basal segment whitish, the others 
dark brown. MHalteres fuscous yellowish. Legs a variable fuscous 
yellowish, apparently badly rubbed, the distal tarsal segment some- 
what darker; claws long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli as 
long as the claws. Ovipositor about as long as the abdomen, the 
terminal lobes, narrowlv oval. Type Cecid. 1058, 1059, a2or4. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 I25 


Lasioptera querciperda Felt 


Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 324 
Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:354 


1908 
I9IO 


— — —_— —_. —_— 


These midges were reared at the United States Bureau of Ento- 
mology June 14 to 25, 1883 from twigs of white oak (Quercus 
alba) taken in Virginia. A number of parasites 
were obtained from June 14th to July 3d, as well as 
Cynipid flies 

Gall. Large, hard, uneven galls, length 4-6 cm, 
diameter 2 cm, somewhat resembling a potato. 
The galls, according to unpublished Bureau notes by 
Mr Pergande, were abundant on small oaks, all 
the young twigs on some of the larger branches 
being deformed (U. S. Bur. Ent. Notes). 

Female. Length .75 mm. Antennae dark brown; 
basal segments fuscous yellowish; 28 segments, the 
fifth with a length slightly greater than three- 
fourths its diameter; terminal segment slightly pro- 
duced, broadly oval. Palpi; the first segment short, 
stout, subrectangular, the second with a length 
about twice its diameter, narrowly oval, the third 
a little longer and much more slender, the fourth 
longer and more slender than the third; eyes large, 
black. Mesonotum reddish brown. Scutellum fus- 
cous yellowish, postscutellum a _ little darker. 
Abdomen dark brown, the dorsum of the first seg- 
ment thickly clothed with silvery white scales, 
the second to fourth segments inclusive, with nar- 
rowly lunate, silvery white submedian markings; 
ovipositor pale yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa 


Fig.11 Lasiop- 


dark brown, the third vein uniting with the anterior 
margin at the basal half. Halteres pale yellowish. 
Coxae, femora and base of tibiae pale yellowish, 
the distal portion of tibiae and tarsi mostly reddish 
or dark brown; claws rather long, stout, -strongly 
curved, the puvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor 
about three-fourths the length of the abdomen; at 
the base a sublateral, oval group of halberd-shaped 


tera querci- 
perda, gall 
showing  sec- 
tions through 
several cells, 
enlarged (origi- 
nal) 


spines; terminal lobes tapering, with a group of three or four stout, 


recurved, chitinous processes. Type Cecid. 1054. 


Lasioptera consobrina [elt 

1907 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 

(original description) 
1908 


BLO} “Dp: 


N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 324 
The female of this spec 


104-5; separate, p. 8-9 


ies was taken on maple-leaved arrow-wood 


(Viburnum acerifolium) at Albany, June to, 1906. 


126 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Male. Length 1 mm. Antennae dark brown; 18 segments, the 
fifth with a length a little less than the diameter; terminal segment 
slightly prolonged, ovoid. Palpi; the first segment short, subquadrate, 
the second’ nearly twice as long, a little stouter, subrectangular, 
the third a little longer, more slender, the fourth longer, and more 
slender than the third, face yellowish brown with patches of whitish 
hairs, eyes large, black, margined posteriorly with silvery white 
hairs. Mesonotum dark brown, sparsely margined anteriorly and 


laterally with silvery white scales, posteriorly with a conspicuous” 


patch of the same. Scutellum pale orange, apically with numerous 
whitish hairs, postscutellum dark orange. Abdomen dark brown, 
the first segment clothed with silvery white scales, the second, 
third and fourth segments, each with subquadrate submedian spots 
of yellowish white scales, fifth segment with a few whitish scales 
sublaterally, sixth with a few median ones along the posterior margin 
and a small lateral group of the same color. Wings hyaline, costa 
basally dark brown, the third vein uniting with the inconspicuous 
discal spot at the basal third. Halteres whitish transparent basally, 
yellowish apically. Legs a rather variable yellowish transparent 
with some dark brown dorsally, tarsi largely and irregularly tinged 
with carmine; claws stout, uniformly curved. Genitalia (pl. 7, fig. 2); 
basal clasp segment long; terminal clasp segment swollen at the 
basal fourth; dorsal plate broad, deeply incised, the lobes narrowly 


rounded; ventral plate narrow, broadly rounded. Harpes sub- 


triangular; style short. Type Cecid. 183a. 


Lasioptera nassauensis Felt 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 324 


The female representing this form was taken on a window at 
Nassau Ne [uly i@oo: 


Female. Length 1mm. Antennae dark brown; 22 segments, the 
fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment 
reduced, narrowly oval. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, 
swollen distally, the second a little longer, roundly rectangular, the 
third one-half longer than the second, more slender, the fourth 
one-half longer and more slender than the third. Face thickly 
clothed with yellowish hairs. Mesonotum dark brown, margined 
anteriorly and. laterally with yellowish white. Scutellum purplish 
brown, postscutellum presumably dark brown. Abdomen dark 
purplish brown, the basal segment covered with silvery white scales, 
the others with indistinct silvery white submedian spots. Wings 
subhyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa 
at the basal third. Halteres yellowish orange basally, ‘pale yellowish 
apically. Coxae pale yellowish orange, the femora mostly pale 
yellowish, the anterior tibiae dark brown, the middle and posterior 
tibiae with a line of dark brown, mostly yellowish; tarsi a nearly 
uniform dark brown; claws long, slender, strongly curved, the 
pulvilli about as long as the claws. Ovipositor about as long as 
the abdomen; terminal lobes long, slender. Type Cecid. 432. 


a — 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9Q16 127 


Lasioptera danthoniae Felt 
1909 Felt, E.P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:287 


This species was reared by Mr C. R. Crosby of the Cornell Uni- 
versity Agricultural Experiment Station, from a bunch of Danthonia 
taken in the spring of 1908 on top of one of the high hills at White 
horch N.Y. 

Male. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae fuscous yellowish, the basal 
segments whitish; 16 segments, the fifth with a length about three- 
fourths its diameter; terminal segment greatly produced, broadly 
rounded apically. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, the second 
narrowly oval, the third one-half longer than the second, more 
slender, the fourth one-half longer than the third, slender. 
Mesonotum fuscous yellowish. Scutellum yellowish, postscutellum 
a little darker. Abdomen dark brown, the basal segment white, 
the second to fourth segments with conspicuous submedian, lunate, 
white spots, the sixth and seventh segments yellowish; venter dark 
_ brown, with irregular, whitish markings laterally. Wings hyaline, 
costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa near the basal 
third. Halteres yellowish, coxae and femora mostly yellowish 
white, the tibiae yellowish fuscous, the tarsi dark brown, the posterior 
legs with the segments broadly banded basally with white; claws 
rather stout, the pulvilli about three-fourths the length of the claws. 
Genitalia; fuscous yellowish, basal clasp segment short, stout, distal 
clasp segment somewhat swollen at the base, short, stout, dorsal 
plate triangularly incised, the lobes narrowly rounded, ventral 
plate long, slender, narrowly rounded. Harpes_ subtriangular, 
style long. 

Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae about as in the opposite 
sex, except that the terminal segment does not appear to be so 
greatly prolonged. Scutellum yellowish, postscutellum dark brown. 
Abdomen dark brown, the basal segment white, the second to fourth 
segments with small, submedian, whitish spots; ovipositor yellowish, 
when extended about as long as the abdomen; terminal lobe rather 
short, broadly oval, nearly naked; minor lobe short. Legs about 
as in the male, except that the basal tooth of the claw is more distinct. 

Described from alcoholic specimens, the female being provisionally 
associated with the male. Type Cecid. a1g25. 


Lasioptera arizonensis Felt 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 325, 
I91r “—————_ Econ. Ent. Jour., 4:482-83 
This species was reared in the United States Bureau of Entomology 
May 1, 1899 from stems of Senecio arizonensis taken at 
Oracle, Ariz., April 22d the same year. The larva is described by 
Pergande as reddish. There is no description of the gall. 


128 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Lasioptera flavipes Felt 
1908 Felt, E.P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 325 
This species was taken on white oak at Albany, N. Y., July 17, 
1906. 


Male. Length 2mm. Antennae dark brown, the basal segments 
yellowish; 17 segments, the fifth with a length about one-fourth 
greater than its diameter; terminal segment somewhat produced, 
narrowly oval. Palpi; the first segment expanding distally and 
with a length over twice its diameter, the second longer than the 
first, roundly rectangular, the third presumably a little longer and 
more slender than the second, the fourth longer and more slender 
than the third; face yellowish; head clothed posteriorly with silvery 
white scales. Mesonotum shining black, sparsely ornamented with 
golden scales. Scutellum dark red, postscutellum fuscous. Abdo- 
men deep red with the basal segment and small subquadrate sub- 
median spots on the second, third and fourth segments yellowish 
white, the sixth segment margined basally with reddish and posteri- 
orly with silvery white scales. Wings hyaline, costa yellowish brown 
and dark fuscous, the third vein uniting with the anterior margin 
just before the basal half. Halteres whitish transparent. Legs mostly 
pale yellowish, the distal tarsal segments somewhat darker; claws 
rather long, slender, strongly curved, the basal tooth very long, 
slender, the pulvilli a little longer than the claws. Genitalia; basal 
clasp segment long, stout; terminal clasp segment with the basal 
third swollen; dorsal pl late long, broad, deeply and triangularly 
incised, the lobes narrowly rounded; ventral plate broad, narrowly 
rounded. MHarpes short, stout, tapering: Style short, Stomt.. saina@e 
Cecid. 612. 


Lasioptera querciflorae Felt 


1908 | Felt; E)-P. IN: Yo state Mus Bull 124,79:-325 
1910 ———— Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:351 


This species was reared from galls on blossoms of oak received 
June 9, 1882 from Mr H..K. Morrison of Fort Grant, Ariz) 7A 
number of flies issued in transit and others continued to appear 
until June 15th. We are indebted to the courtesy of Doctor Howard 
and the National Museum for an opportunity of studyane this 
interesting form. 

Female. Length 1.5 mm. penteuinae dark brown; 332 segments 
the fifth with a length about three-quarters its diameter: terminal 
segment slightly produced, tapering to a broadly rounded apex. 
Palpi; the first and second segments, indistinct in the preparation, 
the third with a length four times its diameter, tapering at both 
extremities, the fourth a little longer and more slender than the 
third, eyes black. Mesonotum reddish brown, the submedian lines 
sparsely haired. Scutellum yellowish, postscutellum dark brown. 
Abdomen reddish brown, the basal segment and ovate submedian 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 129 


spots on the second to fifth segments silvery white, the sixth nar- 
rowly margined with silvery white scales, the ovipositor pale yellow- 
ish. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein joining the 
rather long, yellowish discal spot at the basal half. Halteres fuscous 
yellowish. Legs mostly a light yellowish or yellowish brown, the 
distal tarsal segments somewhat darker; claws rather long, stout, 
strongly curved and armed with heavy, strongly curved teeth basally; 
pulvilli distinctly shorter than the claws. Ovipositor nearly as long 
as the abdomen, basally with oval patches of heavy, halberd-shaped 
scales; terminal lobes with a length about twice the width, densely 
clothed dorsally with a patch of unusually long, slender, recurved 
hooks. Type Cecid. goo. 


Lasioptera colorati n. sp. 

Numerous midges belonging to this species were reared by Mr 
C. N. Ainslie in the spring of 1914 from salmon-colored larvae found 
in the stems of Muhlenbergia collected at Elk Point, S. D. The 
larvae occur in tubular, silken cases in the concavities of the leaflets 
and at the base of the leaf sheath and occasionally in the stems, the 
very base of the leaf sheath showing brownish, dead tissues though 
no such carbonization as that produced by Lasioptera inus- 
torum Felt in the leaf sheath of Panicum virgatum. Mr 
Ainslie recorded under date of March 2, 1014, that usually a single 
larva occupies one subhead but sometimes two occur side by side 
within a leaf sheath. The larvae are never contiguous but are 
always wrapped in a thin membrane and as many as four or five 
occur in a single stem of Muhlenbergia. April 9, 1914 the larvae 
showed some activity, moving the head slowly and apparently 
spinning a fine silk on the glass of the vial. The next day a change 
in color was noted from a uniform salmon to a lighter shade mottled 
with cream color, evidently a change prior to pupation. The species 
is so abundant that a few heads of Muhlenbergia collected by Mr 
Ainslie March 23, 1915, contained a half dozen full-grown larvae, 
. the latter occurring under large leaf sheaths which appeared to 
occupy the place where subheads would have grown. There is a 
marked difference between this species and Asteromyia 
agrostisO.5., an inhabitant of the same food plant. The adults 
are easily separated from allied forms by the’ coloration of the 
abdomen and legs. 


Larva. Length 4 mm, stout, a rather deep reddish orange, the 
head rather long, broad, subtriangular, the antennae long, tapering, 
apparently uniarticulate; breastbone more or less rudimentary, 
lance-shaped; skin coarsely shagreened, the posterior extremity 
produced as a pair of submedian, fleshy, irregularly conical, some- 
what wrinkled processes. 


130 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Male. Length 1.5mm. Antennae extending to the base of the 
abdomen, sparsely haired, grayish brown, the two basal segments 
whitish; probably 16 or 17 segments, the fifth with a length one- 
fourth greater than its diameter. Palpi; the first segment irregu- 
larly quadrate, the second one-half longer, broader, the third a little 
longer and more slender than the second, the fourth one-fourth 
longer than the third, somewhat dilated. Mesonotum reddish brown, 
sparsely haired. Scutellum fuscous yellowish, postscutellum yellow- 
ish brown. Abdomen mostly yellowish with a variable salmon tinge 


and very sparsely clothed with dark brown scales. Costa dark brown, ' 


the small stigmatal spot at the basal half; halteres whitish trans- 
parent. Coxae reddish orange; femora mostly whitish transparent, 
with sparse, fuscous scales apically; tibiae sparsely clothed with 
dark brown scales, the posterior thickly so apically, the anterior and 
midtarsi dark brown, the segments narrowly annulated basally with 
whitish, the posterior tarsi with the first segment white, the base of 
the second and third broadly annulate with white, the fourth and 
fifth white; claws unusually long, slender, the pulvilli nearly as long 
as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment moderately long, 
stout; terminal clasp segment long, greatly swollen basally; dorsal 
plate short, broad, triangularly emarginate; ventral plate long, 
deeply and roundly emarginate, the lobes rather slender and nar- 
rowly rounded. | 

Female. Length 2mm. Antennae reddish brown, the two basal 
segments whitish; 16 or 17 segments, the fifth with a length about 
equal to its diameter, the terminal segment reduced. Scutellum 
yellowish brown, postscutellum reddish brown. Abdomen dark 
brown with submedian, triangular spots posteriorly on each segment 
and laterally a series of irregular similar spots. Halteres yellowish 
white. Ovipositor as long as the body, yellowish orange; terminal 
lobes slender, with a length six times the width and sparsely 
setose. Other characters asin the male. Type Cecid. a2716, Web- 
SUEE  RE;O2 01 

Lasioptera willistoni Ckll. 


1898 Cockerell,T.D. A. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 2:327 


This species, according to notes kindly placed at our disposal by 
Professor Cockerell, was taken on the college campus, Mesilla Park, 
New Mexico, December 19, 1899, at which time the immature 
larvae were extremely minute. The insect was reared by Professor 
Cockerell from an irregular twig swelling on Atriplex canescens. 
This species is tentatively assigned this position together with the 
two others described by Professor Cockerell in comparison with 
this form. 

Gall. Length 1.5 mm, diameter 5 mm, a somewhat irregular twig 
swelling, tapering at both extremities and with one exit hole. 
Described from a specimen kindly sent by Professor Cockerell. 

Larva. Length 6.5 mm, orange color, rather stout. Head small, 
triangular; antennae small, posterior extremity broadly rounded, 
breastbone dark, slender, minutely bidentate and in the mounted 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 13! 


specimen apparently with a peculiar plate filling most of the emargina- 
tion between the two teeth. 


ie 
“ 
¢ 


Fig. 12 Lasiop- Fig.13 Lasioptera 


tera willis- willistoni, breast- 
toni, gall, nat- bone of larva, after 
ural size (original) Cockerell, enlarged 


(original from Cockerell) 


Mesilla, New Mexico: also common on the campus of the 
Agricultural college, Mesilla Park, N. M. 


The imago described emerged May 2, 1897; there appears to be 
a second brood, issuing in August. Great numbers of parasites, 
femtmined by Mr Ashmead as Polygnhotus atriplicis 
Ashm., have been raised from the galls (collected at Mesilla Park) 
by Miss Ivah Mead and the present writer. When I first bred this 
species I was unable to identify it with anything described, so I sent 
a drawing of it to Doctor Williston, who informed me that it was a 
new Lasioptera without doubt. (Cockerell) 


Lasioptera ephedrae CkIl. 
1898 Cockerell,T.D.A. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 2:327-28 
This insect produces a fusiform swelling on the twigsof Ephedra 
Pati? ca. 
Gall. Length 12 mm, diameter 5mm. This deformity is a fusi- 


caudal end 


cephalic end lewe 
oe 
in 0 Mery brght 
or, 
v } omeg area, 


Fig. 14 Lasioptera ephedra, larvaslightly enlarged, anterior and pos- 
terior extremities more enlarged, after Cockerell (original from Cockerell) 


5 


132) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


form swelling of the twigs with a depression on each side where the 
wall is thinner and through which the insect emerges. 


Mesilla Park, N. M., abundant; also at Paraje, N.- Mi, Pret: 
C. H. T. Townsend described the gall in Entomological News, 
September 1893, pages 242-43. (Cockerell) : 


Lasioptera tertia Ckdl. 


1898 Cockerell, T.D.A. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 2:328 


Gall. A potato-shaped smooth swelling on the twigs of some 
asteroid composite. The galls are of various shapes, sometimes 
subglobular, 11 x 9g mm, or elongated, 17 mm long, constricted in the 
middle; they are always quite broad and more or less irregular. 


Paraje, New Mexico; galls collected in April 1898. (Cockerell) 


Bich 15) ly asio p tema 
desmodii, two types 
of gall (original) 


Lasioptera desmodii Felt 


1907 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mic Se iiseimner 
p, LOO—7.) Sepatare, p. 10-08 

1908 ——————_ N. Y. State Mus> Balti, 
P- 325 | 

The midge appears to be rather common in 
Albany and vicinity, as its galls were taken 
a number of times and the adults reared. 
The long, whitish larvae winter within the 
gall, the adults appearing early the following 


spring. 


Gall. The gall is a slight enlargement on 
three sides of the stem, usually about 1.8 cm 
long. Most of thepolythalamous galls appear 
to originate in a bud which seems to be the 
center of the swelling, though that part.is no 
more enlarged than others. This gall occurs 
on several tick trefoils, Meibomia cus- 
pidatum, “M.canadensiseapiec4 
modium, acuminatwm )agdmeee 
canadense. Polygnotus -species was 
reared from this gall. ; 

Larva. . Length 3 mm, slender? awihinen 
Head small; antennae long, slender; breast- 
bone long, stout, bidentate, with a minute, 
median tooth; head slightly expanded; skin 
rather coarsely shagreened, posterior extrem- 
ity broadly rounded, with a few minute setae. 


Male. Length 1 mm. Antennae dark brown, basally yellowish 
transparent; 21-22 segments, the fifth with a length about three- 


fourths its diameter; 


terminal segment short, broadly rounded 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1910 133 


distally. Palpi; the first segment short, irregularly subquadrate, 
s2cond broader, suboval, a little longer, the third more slender 
and longer, and the fourth one-fourth longer than the third; face 
yellowish brown, with a white patch on the front; eyes rather large, 
black. Mesonotum nearly uniform dark brown, margined anteriorly 
and laterally with silvery white hairs and with a sprinkling of the 
same on the margin of the nearly naked posterior median area. 
Scutellum brownish, rather thickly clothed with silvery white hairs, 
and a few longer apical whitish bristles; postscutellum dark brown. 
Abdomen dark brown, the first segment thickly clothed with snow- 
white hairs, the second, third and fourth segments broadly margined 
posteriorly with snow-white hairs, the bands being wider on the 
median line, the fifth narrowly margined with white, the seventh 
entirely brown, margined posteriorly with long, white bristles, 
the eighth yellowish and margined with long, white bristles; ventral 
surface dark brown, with a broad, median silvery white stripe; 
genitalia dark brown, tipped with silvery white. Wings hyaline, 
costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the margin at the 
basal third. Halteres and coxae yellowish transparent; femora 
and tibiae dark brown, banded at the extremity with yellowish 
white; tarsi pale yellowish brown, darker distally; claws stout, 
strongly curved. Genitalia; terminal clasp segment with the basal 
fourth greatly swollen; dorsal plate broad, deeply and triangularly 
incised, the lobes broadly rounded; ventral plate broad, broadly 
rounded. Harpes subtriangular. 

Female. Length 2mm. Antennae dark brown, basally yellowish 
white; 23-24 segments. Coloration practically as in the other 
sex, except that the dorsal apical bands on the abdomen do not 
appear quite so broad and the terminal segments are yellowish; 
the broad, median stripe on the venter of the abdomen is not quite 
so wide as in the opposite sex. Ovipositor probably three-fourths 
the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobe slender. Type Cecid. 
1376. 

Lasioptera caulicola Felt 


1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 162 

i905: ——__—_——.. NN. Y.. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 325 

A number of females of this species were reared June 3, 1907 from 
an apparently normal stem of bush honeysuckle taken in the vicinity 
of Albany. The stem was only 3 to 4 mm in diameter and showed 
no external sign of infestation, though a subsequent examination 
disclosed the fact that some seven or eight adults had emerged 
from a portion less than 3 cm long. The larvae appear to live 
just under the bark in a small cell hardly large enough to contain 
the full-grown insect. 

Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown, the basal seg- 


ments fuscous yellowish; 23 segments, the fifth with a length about 
three-fourths the diameter; terminal segment obpyriform. Palpi; 


134 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


the first segment short, stout, subquadrate, the second one-half 
longer, stouter, the third a little longer, more slender, though 
swollen distally, the fourth about one-half longer than the third, 
strongly flattened. Face sparsely clothed with silvery white scales, 
the mouth-parts fuscous yellowish, the eyes rather large, faintly 
margined posteriorly with silvery white. Mesonotum dark brown, 
rather broadly margined laterally and anteriorly with silvery white, 
the submedian lines sparsely haired. Scutellum fuscous yellowish, 
postscutellum a little darker. Abdomen dark brown, the basal 
segment silvery white dorsally, the third and fourth segments rather 
broadly margined along the median third posteriorly with silvery 
white, the second segment with an elongate, median silvery white © 
dot on the posterior margin; ovipositor pale yellowish; venter 
sparsely clothed with silvery white scales. Wings hyaline, costa 
dark brown, the silvery white discal spot just before the basal half, 
the third vein uniting with the anterior margin just before the 
basal half. Halteres pale yellowish, apically a ight salmon. Coxae 
fuscous basally, yellowish apically; femora and tibiae dark brown, 
irregularly and broadly banded at the extremities with silvery 
white, tarsi dark brown; claws long, slender, strongly curved, the 
pulvilli a little shorter than the claws. Ovipositor about two- 
thirds the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes slender, narrowly 
rounded. Type Cecid. a1469a. 


Lasioptera farinosa Beutm. 

1862 Osten Sacken, C.R. Dipt. N. Am. Mon., 1:204 

1891 Riley, C. V. & Howard, L. O. Ins. Life, 4:126 (Polygnotus 
rubi Ashm. reared) 

1892 Beutenmueller, William. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul., 4:273 

1894 Brodie, William. Biol. Rev. Ont., 1:110 (Diplosis) 

1907 Beutenmueller, William. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul., 23:397-98 

1908 - Felt, E. P. -N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 325 

1908. Jarvis; T. D:) Ent. Soc. Ont,, 35th Rep tsp. 36 

L909.) ae nt. wee: One SOLEMN nenizap ago 

1910 Stebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 2, p. 35 

This gall is a very characteristic, warty, usually pruinose, woody 
swelling at the base of the leaflets or midrib of the common blackberry. 
It was recognized by Osten Sacken as early as 1862. Messrs Riley 
and Howard in 1891 record rearing therefrom a parasite (Polyg- 
notus rubi Ashm.) and it has been subsequently noticed by 
Beutenmueller and Brodie, the former obtaining the adult and 
describing the same in connection with the larva in 1907. The 
species is rather common in the vicinity of Albany and New York. 
It is evidently widely distributed, as there are specimens in the 
collections of the United States National Museum from Virginia, 
and Kirkwood, Mo., while Beutenmueller records it from North 
Carolina and Brodie from Toronto. The larvae winter in the galls 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 135 


on the ground, the adults appearing in the vicinity of Albany the 
latter part of June and in early July. Two specimens were also 
obtained October 2d but these latter must be regarded as 
abnormal. 


Gall. This gall is more or less variable in appearance, attaining 
maturity the latter part of September or in early October. The 
individual galls are more or less irregularly ridged, light brown, 
about 1 cm long, sometimes: two or three are fused together to form 
a more or less irregular mass 2 or 3 cm in length. The greater 
part of the swelling is on the under surface of the leaf and invariably 
along the midrib or occasionally on the lateral veins, the galls on 
the latter being decidedly smaller. The larger galls are .5 to .6 
or .7 cm in diameter, about .5 cm in thickness and show on the 
upper surface as slight swellings accompanied by more or less distinct 
crumpling of the leaf and a rather characteristic purplish red dis- 
coloration. The-larger galls are usually at the base of the leaflets 
and rarely or never occur on the petiole. (Fora colored illustration 
see Museum Bul. 175, pl. a, fig. 3, 3a) 

Larva. Length 2.5 mm, slender, pale orange. Head small, 
antennae slender; breastbone stout, bidentate, tapering distally; 
skin rather coarsely shagreened; posterior extremity broadly 
rounded. 

Male. Length 1.75 mm. Antennae dark brown; 18-19 segments, 
the fifth with a length slightly greater than the diameter; terminal 
segment somewhat produced, oval. Palpi; the first segment rather 
short, stout, oval, the second one-half longer, subrectangular, the 


third one-fourth longer than the second, more slender and the fourth | 


one-half longer than the third, more slender, face fuscous, eyes 
large, black. Mesonotum very dark brown, the anterior margin, 
specially laterally, bordered with silvery white scales. Scutel- 
lum reddish brown, rather thickly clothed with yellowish setae, 
postscutellum a little darker. Abdomen dark brown, the basal 
segment clothed dorsally with silvery white scales, the second, 
third and fourth segments margined posteriorly with silvery white 
scales, which latter are somewhat produced on the median line 
and obsolete laterally. Wings hyaline, costa a rich dark brown 
- with a whitish stigmatal spot near the middle, the third vein uniting 
with the margin at the basal half. Halteres yellowish basally, 
yellowish white apically. Legs dark brown with the distal extremity 
of the femora and the extremities of the tibiae narrowly banded 
with yellowish, the first segment, the basal three-fourths of the 
second and the basal portion of the third and fourth segments of 
the posterior tibiae yellowish, the distal tarsal segments brown. 
In another specimen the posterior tarsal segments are a nearly 
uniform light yellowish, except the last, which is dark brown; claws 
long, slender, evenly curved, with a long, well developed tooth 
basally, pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment 
long, slender, obliquely truncate; terminal clasp segment short, 
slender, tapering; dorsal plate short, broad, deeply and triangularly 


136 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


emarginate, the lobes narrowly rounded; ventral plate short, broadly 
rounded; harpes rather long, slender, tapering, style long. 

Female. Size and general characters about as in the opposite 
sex. Antennae composed of 20-23 sessile segments, the fifth with 
a length a little less than the diameter; terminal segment’ short, 
broadly oval. Palpi; the first segment short, subquadrate, the 
second stout, more than twice the length of the preceding, roundly 
rectangular, the third slightly longer and more slender than the 
second, the fourth more slender and about twice as long as the third, 
the terminal segment, at least, with a few broad scales; ovipositor 
nearly as long as the abdomen, the terminal lobes slender. Type 
Cecid™ arz43: 


Lasioptera spinulae Felt 
1908: Felt, E. Po IN. Yo State Mus: Bulk 1245 ,325 


Both sexes of this form were reared in the United States Bureau 
of Entomology June 16, 1883 from stem galls on an unknown plant 
taken at Fort Huachua, Ariz., May 17, 1883, by H. K. Morrison. 


Male. Length 3 mm. Antennae dark brown; 19 segments, the 
fifth with a length nearly equal to the diameter; terminal segment 
shightly produced, broadly oval. Palpi; the first segment short, 
stout, irregularly subquadrate, the second stout, broadly oval, ° 
the third one-half longer than the second, swollen; eyes large, black. 
Mesonotum reddish brown. Scutellum fuscous yellowish, post- 
scutellum a little darker. Abdomen dark brown, the basal segment 
thickly clothed with silvery white scales, the second to fifth segments 
rather broadly and irregularly margined posteriorly with yellowish 
brown scales; genitalia dark brown. Wings hyaline, costa dark 
brown, the third vein uniting with the anterior margin at the basal 
half. Halteres pale yellowish basally, reddish brown apically. Coxae 
dark brown; femora mostly yellowish brown; tibiae and tarsi dark 
brown, the first and second segments on the posterior legs narrowly 
banded with silvery white; claws long, stout, strongly curved, 
the pulvillt shorter than the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment 
long, slender; terminal clasp segment short, swollen basally; dorsal 
plate short, deeply and roundly emarginate, the lobes narrowly 
rounded; ventral -plate short, stout, deeply and _ triangularly 
emarginate. Harpes short, stout, irregular. . 

Female. Length 3.5 mm. Antennae dark brown; 22 segments, 
the fifth with a length one-half its diameter; terminal segment 
produced, with a length over twice its diameter and variably 
ornamented with anastomosing circumfili. Palpi; the first segment 
short, stout, subquadrate, the second about as long, irregular, 
the third about twice the length of the second, greatly swollen 
near the middle and tapering at both extremities. Color characters 
and structure of wings and claws practically as in the opposite sex. 
Ovipositor about one-half the length of the abdomen, the terminal 
lobes slender, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. 1056. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 137 


Lasioptera nodulosa Beutm. 

1891 . Smith, J.B. N. J. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. N., p. 13-14 

1891 ————— N. J. Agric. Exp’t Sta. 12th ‘Rep’t, 1892, p. 382-84 
(L.ftarinosa) 

1893 Webster, F. M. Ohio Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. 45, p. 188-89 (L. 
farinosa) 

1907 Beutenmueller, William. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul., 23:397 

1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 325 

1909 Jarvis, T. D. Ent. Soc. Ont., 39th Rep’t, p. 78 

1910 Stebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 2, p. 36 


The gall produced by this insect is common in the vicinity of 
New York City and has erroneously been considered as the work of | 
Lasiopterafarinosa. It was first noticed and described 
by Dr J. B. Smith in 1891, and in 1892 Professor Webster found 
specimens of the gall quite abundant in the vicinity of Wooster, 
Ohio. Midges in the National Museum were reared May 24, 1883 
from material taken at Cadet, Mo. Adults 
were reared and described by Professor Beu- 
tenmueller in 1897. This species makes a very 
characteristic gall on the smaller twigs of the 
high blackberry and is much more abundant 
in the vicinity of New York City than in the 
neighborhood of Albany. Galls of apparently 
the same species were taken on the stem of 
a trailing blackberry at Bath, N. Y., April 
4, 1907. The work of this insect was very 
common at West Nyack, N. Y., in 1907. 
The larvae winter in the galls, the adults’ 
appearing the latter part of May. The midge 
may be distinguished from L. farinosa 
by its nearly uniform, dark brown tarsi and 
the larger number of antennal segments in 
~ both sexes. Reared specimens of this species 
and L. farinosa were submitted to L’abbe 
Kieffer, the distinguished European authority 
on this group. Hestates that this form is near 
the European Lasioptera rubi Heeg., Fig 16 Lasioptera 
which make a very similar gall on blackberry, noOdulosa, a series 
and that the female of our American ‘species oF eatee Be a 
differs therefrom in the absence of hooks on ~~ ee 
the lobes of the ovipostor. He also indicated several differences 
between L. farinosa and the species under discussion. Poly g- 
moeuds tuibi Ashm. and Torymus ostensackeni D. T. 
have been reared from this fly. 


138 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Gall. The gall is an irregular, subfusiform or elongate swelling 
on the smaller branches of blackberry. It presents a somewhat 
general resemblance to the deformity produced by the gouty gall 
beetle: (Agrilus - ruficollis Fabr.). The veaiiiemaea: 
woody (usually of the same color as the adjacent bark) about 2 cm 
‘long and 1 cm in diameter, polythalamous and contains numerous 
pale yellowish larvae. 

Larva. Length 2.5 mm, rather stout, pale orange. Head small; 
antennae rather short, stout; breastbone stout, slender, bidentate, 
with a minute median tooth; skin coarsely shagreened: posterior 
extremity broadly rounded. | 

Male. Length 2mm. Antennae dark brown, yellowish basally; 
18-20 segments, the fifth with a length a little less than the diameter; 
terminal segment greatly produced, narrowly rounded distally. 
Palpi; the first segment irregularly subquadrate, the second longer, 
rather broadly rounded, the third a little longer and much more 
slender than the second, the fourth twice the length of the second, 
more slender; face with a conspicuous patch of white scales; eyes 
narrowly margined posteriorly with yellowish scales. Mesonotum 
dark brown, irregularly margined laterally and anteriorly with 
yellowish or yellowish white scales; submedian lines rather thickly 
clothed with short, golden yellow scales. Scutellum dark brown, 
with a few yellowish setae apically, postscutellum light reddish 
brown. Abdomen dark brown with the basal segment suffused 
with silvery white scales, the second to fifth narrowly margined 
posteriorly with whitish hairs, the sixth and seventh narrowly 
margined with yellowish hairs, the incisures. deep red; genitalia 
fuscous, venter black with a broad median area suffused with silvery 
white scales, the seventh and eighth segments sparsely scaled and 
therefore showing a deep red. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, 
the long whitish discal spot at the basal half; the third vein uniting 
with the margin near the basal half. Haiteres pale yellowish basally, 
whitish transparent apically. Legs mostly a light fuscous yellowish; 
femora and tibiae irregularly and rather broadly banded near the 
middle with variable fuscous, the distal tarsal segments slightly 
darker; claws rather long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli as 
long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long; terminal 
clasp segment somewhat swollen at the base; dorsal plate broad, 
deeply and triangularly incised, the lobes narrowly rounded; ventral 
plate long, broadly rounded. Harpes long, tapering, | obtuse, sub- 
apically a heavy subquadrate diverging process. 

Female. Length 2 to 3 mm. Antennae dark brown basally, 
fuscous yellowish; 25 segments, the fifth with a length somewhat 
produced, obovate. Palpi; the first segment stout, irregularly sub- 
quadrate, the second about as long, rather broadly rounded, -the 
third one-half longer than the second, much more slender, the 
fourth nearly twice the length of the preceding, more slender; face 
pale yellowish, sparsely clothed with light setae; eyes large, black. 
Mesonotum dark brown or black, broadly margined laterally and 
anteriorly with silvery white, the submedian lines sparsely clothed 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQ1O 139 


with short, golden yellow setae. Scutellum a reddish brown, 
postscutellum a reddish yellow. Abdomen dark brown, the first 
segment thickly clothed with silvery white scales, the second to 
fifth segments, narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery white. 
Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the silvery white discal spot at 
the basal half; the third vein uniting with the margin near the 
basal half. Halteres yellowish basally, whitish transparent apically. 
Legs with the coxae and base of femora yellowish transparent, 
the other portions a variable fuscous yellowish; claws long, slender, 
strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor about 
one-half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes slender, 
narrowly rounded. ‘Type Cecid. arqrt. 


Lasioptera palustris Felt 


1907 Felt, E.P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 162 
1908 ———_ N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 325 


The midges were reared from an irregular stem gall occurring 
upon a weed abundant in wet places at West Nyack, N. Y. Galls 
were first observed April 18th and adults obtained June 22d. 
Eupelmus dryorhizoxeni Ashm., Eurytoma, Polyg- 
notus and Torymus species were reared from this gall. 


Gall. Length .7 to 1.5 cm. It varies in form from subglobular 
to elongate, irregular, fusiform. The interior is hard, pithy, the 
larger ones at least are polythalamous. 

Larva. Length 3 mm, slender, pale orange. Head small, antennae 
slender; breastbone slender, bidentate, with a minute median tooth; 
skin coarsely shagreened; posterior extremity broadly rounded. 

Male. Length1.75mm. Antennae dark brown, basally yellowish; 
20 segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter; 
terminal segment produced, obovate. Palpi; the first segment 
irregularly subquadrate, the second about twice as long, stouter, 
rounded apically, the third a little longer than the second, dilated 
apically, the fourth about twice the length of the preceding, more 
slender. Face fuscous yellowish with a rather conspicuous patch 
of silvery white scales, the black eyes narrowly margined posteriorly 
with silvery white. Mesonotum a dark reddish brown, variably 
margined laterally and anteriorly with silvery white, the submedian 
lines thickly clothed with golden yellow scales, the posterior median 
area reddish brown. Scutellum a pale reddish brown with a few 
yellowish setae apically, postscutellum pale orange. Abdomen 
dark brown, the basal segment silvery white, the second to fourth 
segments rather broadly and the fifth and sixth segments narrowly 
margined with silvery white, the latter obsolete laterally, the eighth 
segment pale orange; genitalia fuscous yellowish; venter dark brown 
with a broad median silvery white stripe. Wings hyaline, costa 


dark brown, the discal spot yellowish, the third vein uniting with. 


the margin just before the basal half. Halteres pale salmon; legs 


I40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


mostly brown, the extremities of femora and tibiae variably annulate 
with light yellowish, the tarsi dark brown; claws rather long, 
slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli a little shorter than the claws. 
Genitalia; basal clasp segment long; terminal clasp segment swollen 
basally; dorsal plate broad, deeply and triangularly incised; ventral 
plate long, roundly truncate. Harpes long, stout, obtusely rounded. 

Female. Length 2mm. Antennae dark brown, yellowish basally; 
25 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; 
terminal segment slightly produced, tapering to a broadly rounded 
apex. Palpi; the first segment irregularly subquadrate, the second 
twice the length of the first, stout, rounded distally; the third 
one-half longer, more slender, slightly expanded apically, the fourth 
nearly twice the length of the preceding, slender; face fuscous 
yellowish with a conspicuous patch of silvery white scales, eyes 
black; narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery white. Mesonotum 
a rich purplish brown, narrowly margined laterally and anteriorly 
with yellowish white, the submedian lines rather thickly clothed 
with short, yellowish setae, the median posterior area reddish brown. 
Scutellum reddish brown with numerous fine setae apically, 
postscutellum yellowish brown. Abdomen dark brown, the dorsum 
of the first segment silvery white, the second, third and fourth 
segments narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery white, the 
latter obsolete laterally; ovipositor pale orange, venter black with 
a broad median, silvery white stripe. Wings hyaline, costa dark 
brown, the third vein uniting with the margin just before the basal 
half. Halteres pale orange. Legs mostly brown, the extremities 
of femora and tibiae variably annulate with pale yellowish, the 
tarsi dark brown; claws long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli 
as long as the claws. Ovipositor about three-fourths the length 
of the abdomen, terminal lobe slender, narrowly rounded. Type 
Cecid. 21442. 

Lasioptera linderae Beutm. 

1907. Beutenmueller, William. Amer. Mus. Nat. 
Hist. Bul., 23:398-99 

1908 Felt,E.P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, 
Pp. 325 

1913. ————_._. Can. Ent., 457415 

Theirregular, subcortical gall of this species 
occurs on spicebush, Lindera benzoin, 
and was first described together with the larva 
inhabiting the same, by Professor Beuten- 
mueller in 1907. This insect is rather com- 
mon in the vicinity of New York City. ~The 
larvae winter in the galls and adults may 
be obtained therefrom in the latter part of 
; May to toward the end of June. A species of 
linderae, two views : 
SpA e eile nie olen Torymus was reared from this fly. 
(original) Gall. The irregular, subcortical galls are 


Mig 17 Lasiop teeta 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 I4!I 


from 2 to 5 cm in length and occur only on one side of the twig 
or smaller stems. They present a marked, general resemblance to 
similar deformities caused by Neolasioptera sambuci 
Felt. 

Larva. Length 2 mm, rather stout, pale orange. Head small; 
antennae slender; breastbone slender, bidentate, slightly expanded 
apically, subobsolete distally; skin finely shagreened; posterior 
extremity broadly rounded. 


Male. Length about 2.5 mm. Antennae dark brown, basally 
yellowish; 20 segments, the fifth with a length a little less than 
the diameter; terminal segment produced, narrowly oval. Palpi; 
the first segment short, narrowly oval, the second one-half longer, 
a little stouter, the third a little longer and more slender than the 
second, the fourth one-half longer and more slender than the third. 
The markings of the male differ from those of the female in that 
the mesonotum is more or less suffused with silvery hairs. Coloration 
of the abdomen the same, except that the apical segments appear 
to have a row of shining gray hairs. Genitalia; basal clasp segment 
long, stout; terminal clasp segment swollen at the base; dorsal 
plate broad, deeply and narrowly incised; ventral plate long, narrow, 
broadly rounded. MHarpes stout, tapering. 

Female. Length 1.75 mm. Antennae dark brown, basally pale 
yellowish; 23 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths 
the diameter; terminal segment somewhat produced, narrowly 
rounded apically. Palpi pale yellowish, the first segment presumably 
short, stout, subquadrate, the second rather stout, with a length 
about one-half greater than its diameter, the third more slender 
and one-fourth longer than the second, the fourth more slender 
and one-half longer than the third. Face rather thickly clothed 
with silvery scales. Mesonotum dark brown, broadly and variably 
margined anteriorly with silvery white, the submedian lines sparsely 
clothed with fine hairs. Scutellum fuscous yellowish, postscutellum 
a little darker. Abdomen dark brown,’ the first segment thickly 
clothed with silvery white scales, the second segment with a narrow 
median, triangular mark posteriorly of silvery white, the third 
and fourth broadly margined posteriorly with silvery white, the 
markings produced on the median line, obsolete laterally, the fifth 
and sixth very narrowly margined posteriorly with yellowish, the 
seventh and ovipositor mostly pale yellow, the venter dark brown 
with a broad median silvery white stripe. Wings hyaline, costa 
dark brown, third vein joining costa well before the basal half. 
Halteres yellowish transparent. Coxae pale yellowish; femora 
yellowish white, with a variable light brown band near the middle; 
tibiae dark brown basally, yellowish apically; tarsi a nearly uniform 
dark brown; claws long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli about 
as long as the claws. Ovipositor nearly as long as the abdomen, 
terminal lobes slender, broadly rounded apically. 


I42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Lasioptera mitchellae Felt 
1908 Felt, E. P. N:-Y. State Mus. Bul.-124, p. 325 


The fusiform stem gall of this species was taken on Wolfsfang, 
Lycopus virginicus or L. sinuatus St Wasamenen: 
D. C., by Miss E. G. Mitchell and transmitted to this office under 
date of March 23, 1907. 


Gall. This fusiform stem gall is 1.5 to 2 cm long and .5 to .8 em 
in diameter. The thickened portion is soft, spongy and near the 
center are two or three cells each containing a 
plump, whitish larva 2 or 3 mm in length. 

Larva. Length 2 mm, pale orange.” Head 
small; antennae slender; breastbone rather stout, 
slightly expanded apically, bidentate, with a 
minute median tooth; skin coarsely shagreened; 
posterior extremity broadly rounded. 

Male. Length 2mm. Antennae dark brown, 
basally whitish; 16: segments, the fifth with a 
length a little greater than its diameter; terminal 
segment slightly produced, ovate. Palpi; the 
first segment short, stout, irregularly subquad- 
rate, the second longer, roundly rectangular, the 
third one-fourth longer and more slender than 
the second, the fourth one-half longer and more 
slender than the third. Face with a conspicuous 
patch of whitish scales below the antennae. 
Mesonotum dark brown, variably margined later- 
ally and anteriorly with silvery white, the sub- 
median lines sparsely haired. Scutellum reddish 
brown, postscutellum a little darker. Abdomen 
dark brown, the basal segment thickly clothed 
Fig. 18 Lasiop- With silvery white scales, the second to seventh 

tera mitch- segments narrowly margined posteriorly with 

ellae, gall about Silvery white; ventral surface with a broad 
natural size (orig- median, silvery white stripe. Wings hyaline, 
inal) costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with 
costa near the basal half. Halteres whitish trans- 
parent. Legs a variable fuscous yellowish, the middle of the femora 
and tibiae darker; claws rather long, slender, strongly curved, the 
pulvilli about as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment 
long, obliquely rounded; terminal clasp segment swollen at the 
base; dorsal plate short, broad, deeply and triangularly emarginate; 
ventral plate broad. Harpes rather stout at base, tapering. 

Female. Length2mm. Antennae dark brown, yellowish basally; 
21 segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter; 
terminal segment somewhat produced, broadly obconic. Palpi; 
the first segment short, stout, subquadrate, the second one-half 
longer than the first, stout, rounded at the extremities, the third 
one-half longer than the second, more slender, slightly dilated 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1910 143 


apically, the fourth nearly twice as long as the third, more slender; 
face yellowish silvery. Mesonotum dark brown, variably margined 
laterally and anteriorly with silvery white, the general surface sparsely 
clothed with fine, yellowish hairs, the submedian lines rather thickly 
marked with silvery hairs. Scutellum pale yellowish orange, 
postscutellum a little darker. Abdomen dark brown, the basal 
segment thickly clothed with silvery white scales, the second to 
fourth segments rather narrowly margined with silvery white on 
the median third, the fifth with a few silvery hairs distally ; ovipositor 
pale yellowish, the venter with the median third thickly clothed 
with silvery white scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the 
third vein uniting with costa near the basal half. Halteres pale 
yellowish orange. Legs dark brown, the apexes of coxae, the 
extremities of femora and tibiae a pale yellowish or whitish yellow; 
tarsi mostly a uniform dark brown; claws stout, strongly curved, 
the pulvilli nearly as long as the claws. Ovipositor probably over 
half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes long, slender, 
narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. a1369. 


Lasioptera fructuaria Felt 
1916 Felt, E.P. Me. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. 244, p. 268-69 


The midges were reared from blueberries in June 1914 and 1915 
by William C. Woods, Orono, Me. The species runs in the key to 
near L. mitchellae from which it is easily separated by color- 
ational characters and also by the presence of well-developed hooks 
upon the ovipositor. A detailed description is given in the above 
citation. 


Lasioptera convolvuli Felt 


1907 Felt, E.P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 149-50 
oes ———_——— N.Y. State Mus: Bul. 124, p. 326 
1910 Stebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 2, p. 47 


The fusiform stem galls of this species were rather common on 
hedge bindweed (Convolvulus sepium) at Bath-on-the- 
Hudson, N. Y., in 1907. The gall was also taken by Mr L. H. Weld, 
at Evanston, Ill. The adults appear the middle of May. 


Gall. The monothalamous fusiform stem gall inhabited by 
this species is some 1.5 cm in length and .5 cm in diameter. The 
gall has a longitudinal central channel about two-thirds the length 
of the swelling, the hypertrophied tissues being hard and corky. 

Larva. Length 3.25 mm, slender, pale orange. Head small, 
antennae slender, tapering; breastbone slender, distinctly expanded 
apically, bidentate, with a minute median tooth; skin rather coarsely 
shagreened; posterior extremity broadly rounded. 

Male. Length 2.25 mm. Antennae dark brown, fuscous: 
yellowish basally; 17 segments, the fifth with a length slightly 


I44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


greater than the diameter; terminal segment obovate. Palpi 
yellowish, the first segment irregularly subquadrate, the second some- 
what produced, narrowly oval, the third a little longer, more slender, 
the fourth one-half longer than the third, more slender. Face 
rather thickly clothed with silvery white scales. Mesonotum dark 
brown, rather thickly and evenly clothed with yellowish white 
scales. Scutellum reddish brown with a few coarse setae apically, 
postscutellum darker. Abdomen a rich dark brown, the first seg- 
ment rather broadly banded posteriorly with silvery white, the others 
with submedian rows of small, lunate, silvery white spots and 
sublateral rows of rather prolonged, silvery white spots, particularly 
on the second, third and fourth seg- 
ments, venter suffused. with silvery 
white, genitalia fuscous. Wings 
hyaline, costa dark brown, the yel- 
lowish white discal spot near the 
basal third, the third vein uniting 
thereat; halteres a nearly uniform 
yellowish orange. Legs mostly dark 
brown, the basal half of femora, 
the femoro-tibio articulation, the 
extremity of the tibiae and narrow 
basal annulations on the tarsal seg- 
ments yellowish white, the latter 
broad on the posterior legs; claws 
long, strongly curved, the pulvilli a 
little shorter than the claws. Geni- 
talia; basal clasp segment long; 
terminal clasp segment swollen at 
the base; dorsal plate short, broad, 
deeply and narrowly incised; ven- 
tral plate long, stout, broadly 
rounded. Harpes long, broad at 
base, strongly constricted at the 
distal: tira y= 

Female. Length 2.5 mm. Anten- 
nae dark brown: basal segments fuscous yellowish; 20 segments, the 
fifth with a length a little greater than the diameter; terminal seg- 
ment obovate. Palpi yellowish, the first segment irregularly sub- 
quadrate, the second stout, broadly oval, the third more slender, a 
little longer, the fourth one-half longer and more slender than the third. 
Face thickly clothed with silvery scales; eyes narrowly margined 
posteriorly with silvery scales. Mesonotum dark brown, sparsely 
margined laterally and anteriorly with rather long, yellowish hairs, 
the submedian lines rather thickly ornamented posteriorly with yel- 
lowish hairs. Scutellum reddish yellow with a few coarse setae apt- 
cally; postscutellum fuscous yellowish. Abdomen dark brown, seg- 
ments one to seven with submedian rows of small, lunate silvery 
white spots and with rudimentary sublateral longitudinal spots on 
the second, third, fourth and fifth segments; the sixth and seventh 


Bic 19 <1 a S1O%p he fare oa 
volvuli, gall, enlarged (origi- 
nal) 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 145 


segments basally, and ovipositor more or less yellowish, ventral sur- 
face suffused with silvery white scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark 
brown, the discal spot yellowish white, the third vein uniting with 
costa near the basal third. Halteres semitransparent, light orange 
subapically. Legs dark brown, the basal half of femora, the articu- 
lations and the tarsal segments basally, narrowly banded with yel- 
lowish white, rather broadly so on the posterior legs; claws rather 
long, stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli nearly as long as the claws. 
Ovipositor about one-half the length of the abdomen, the terminal 
lobes rather long, broad. Type Cecid. ar46s5. 


Lasioptera lycopi Felt 


1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 152 
1908 Beutenmueller, William. Can. Ent., 40:75 
1908 Felt,E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 326 
1909 «Jarvis, T. D. Ent. Soc. Ont., 39th Rep'’t, p. 78 


The oval stem gall inhabited by the larva of this fly is rather 
common on bugleweed (Ly copus communis) in the vicinity 
of Albany and presumably in other localities in the Hudson valley, 
as specimens were taken at Shushan, N. Y., by Prof. C. H. Peck 
while Professor Beutenmueller records it from White Plains. The 
pale orange larvae winter in the gall, the adults appearing about 
the middle of May. Eritrissomerus noveboracensis 
Brues and a species of Torymus were reared from this midge. 


Gall. The stem gall inhabited by this form is light green, 
round or subglobular, 8 to 10 mm long, 2.5 mm in diameter and 
within there is an elongate chamber containing the larva. 

Larva. Length 3 mm; slender, pale orange. Head small, antennae 
stout; breastbone slender, distinctly expanded apically, minutely 
tridentate; skin rather coarsely shagreened; posterior extremity 
broadly rounded. 7 

Male. Length2.25mm. Antennae dark brown, basally yellowish; 
16 segments, the fifth with a length about one-fourth greater than 
the diameter; terminal segment somewhat reduced, broadly oval. 
_Palpi; the first segment short, stout, subquadrate, the second one- 
half longer, narrowly oval, the third slender, one-fourth longer 
than the second, the fourth about as long as the third, flattened, 
broader. Face rather thickly clothed with silvery white hairs, 
eyes black, narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery white. 
Mesonotum dark brown, variably margined laterally and anteriorly 
with silvery white, the submedian lines rather sparsely clothed 
with yellowish setae. Scutellum dark brown, a few coarse setae 
and whitish scales apically, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen 
dark brown, basal segment broadly margined posteriorly with 
silvery white, the second to seventh segments with submedian 
lunate, silvery spots on the posterior margins of the segments and 
with smaller, oval spots laterally; genitalia fuscous, venter variably 
clothed with silvery scales, with irregular submedian dark brown 


146 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


spots on segments one to five, the sixth and seventh dark brown 
basally. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the whitish discal 
spot near the basal half; third vein unites with costa just before 
the basal half. Halteres whitish transparent, pale orange basally. 
Coxae dark brown, femora silvery white, broadly and variably 
banded subapically with dark brown, tibiae dark brown, the extrem- 
ities narrowly banded with silvery; tarsi dark brown, the first 
segment basally, the extremities of the second to fourth tarsal seg- 
ments and the base of the fifth segment variably banded with 
silvery, the basal annulations distinctly broader, particularly on 
the posterior legs; claws long, slender, strongly 
curved, the pulvilli a little shorter than the 
claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long; ter- 
minal clasp segment slender; dorsal plate broad, 
broadly and triangularly emarginate; ventral 
plate long, slender, narrowly rounded. MHarpes 
long, slender. take 

Female. Length 2mm: Antennae dark brown; 
18 segments, the fifth with a length hardly equal 
to the diameter; terminal segment slightly pro- 
duced, broadly rounded. Palpi; the first segment 
irregularly subquadrate, clavate, the second stout, 


Fig.20 Lasiop- 
tera lycopi, 
fifth antennal seg- 
ment of female, 
enlarged (original) 


Fig.21 Lasioptera lycopi, palpus of female, enlarged 
: (original) 

subrectangular, the third one-half longer than the second, much more 
slender, the fourth as long as the third, fusiform. MHalteres pale 
yellowish salmon. Coxae and base of femora pale yellowish, distal 
portion of femora, tibiae and tarsi dark brown, the articulations 
marked by narrow, white annulations, the latter broader on the 
posterior tarsi. Ovipositor one-half the length of the abdomen, the 
terminal lobe rather long, stout, narrowly rounded. Other characters 
nearly as in the male. Type Cecid. a1348. | ) 


Lasioptera humulicaulis Felt 


1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. r1o, p. 151 
1908 ——————_ NN Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 326 


This species is remarkable in that the larvae appear to inhabit 
considerable lengths of the hop stem, producing a uniform swelling 
some so cm in length and about one cm in diameter. It was dis- 
covered by Henry Bird at Rye, N. Y., and a long gall containing 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I916 147 


numerous larvae was placed at our disposal April 17, 1907. The 
adults appear early in May. 


Gall. The gall is a uniform swelling of the hop stem about one cm 
in diameter and ranging in length from 4 to 50 cm. The hollow 
dark, blackened interior is inhabited by long, pale yellowish larvae. 


Fig.22 Lasioptera humulicaulis, swollenhop stem, 
the normal size being indicated at A (original) 


Larva. Length 4.25 mm, slender, pale orange. Head small, 
antennae rather slender; breastbone slender, distinctly expanded 
apically, bidentate with a small, median tooth; skin rather coarsely 
shagreened; posterior extremity broadly rounded. 


148 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Male. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown, basally fuscous 
yellowish; 21 segments, the fifth with a length somewhat greater 
than the diameter; terminal segment reduced, irregularly sub- | 
globose. Palpi; the first segment irregularly subrectangular, the 
second about the same length, broader, irregularly suboval, the 
third a little longer and more slender than the second, the fourth 
about one-half longer than the third; face rather sparsely clothed 
with whitish scales, eyes rather small, distinctly and rather narrowly 
margined posteriorly with silvery white. Mesonotum dark brown, 
submedian lines thick with long, golden yellow scales; laterally 
there is a narrow margin of yellowish and silvery white scales, the 
remaining surface clothed with fine, yellowish scales. Scutellum 
dark brown, with rather numerous yellowish setae apically, 
postscutellum a pale orange. Abdomen dark brown with sub- 
median rows of rather large, lunate, silvery white spots, each on 
the. posterior margin of segments one to six, the seventh segment 
and genitalia yellowish orange. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, 
except for the rather small, pale yellowish discal spot just beyond 
the middle, the third vein uniting with costa near the middle. 
Halteres semitransparent basally, pale orange distally. Legs with 
coxae and basal portion of femora pale yellowish, the remainder 
dark brown; the tarsi slightly darker; claws rather long, strongly 
curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp 
segment long, slender; terminal clasp segment swollen basally; 
dorsal plate broad, broadly and roundly excavated; ventral plate 
broad, narrowly rounded; harpes long, stout, slender, distally. 

Female. Length 3mm. Antennae dark brown, basally yellowish; 
25 segments, the fifth with a length scarcely equal to its diameter; 
terminal segment somewhat prolonged, broadly oval. Palpi; the 
first segment presumably short, subquadrate, swollen distally, 
the second stouter, broadly rounded basally, the third a little longer, 
more slender, the fourth one-third longer than the third. Face 
with a conspicuous patch of silvery white scales. Mesonotum 
dark brown, the submedian lines rather thickly clothed with golden 
yellow scales; yellowish and silvery white scales border the meso- 
notum laterally, the surface is sparsely clothed with fine, yellowish 
scales. Scutellum reddish brown, with a few yellowish setae apically, 
postscutellum deep red. Abdomen dark brown with submedian 
rows of rather large, lunate, silvery white spots on the posterior 
margin of each segment, the sixth segment with none, the seventh 
pale yellowish with a small fuscous spot dorsally, the ovipositor 
and venter pale yellowish, the latter suffused with silvery white 
scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the rather small, yellowish 
discal spot near the distal third, the third vein uniting with the 
margin near the middle. Halteres yellowish transparent basally, 
pale orange distally, the coxae and femora basally pale yellowish, 
the other portions of the legs mostly dark brown, the tarsi somewhat 
darker; claws rather long, stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli as 
long as the claws. Ovipositor as long as the abdomen; laterally 
an oval patch of stout, halberd-shaped spines; terminal lobes very 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 I49 


long, slender, tapering, subacute, near the base five or six stout, 
recurved hooks. Type Cecid. a1446. 


Lasioptera lactucae Felt 


1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 151-52 
“1908 ——————-_NN Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 326 


This species was originally reared by the late Dr M. T. Thompson 
of Clark University from irregular galls on the stalks of rabbit- 
weed or wild lettuce, Lactuca canadensis. They closely 
resemble the much more common gallsmadeby Aulax tumidus 
Bass., though there was no trace of central cells and the rot- 
ten interior was filled with midge larvae. Doctor Thompson 
states that he has never found Itonid larvae in Aulax galls 
and he therefore believes this species to be a gall maker. We 
have repeatedly examined Aulax galls on this plant without find- 
ing any Lasioptera larvae. The female of this species was taken 
on wild lettuce at Karner, N. Y., July 5, 1906 and specimens appar- 
ently belonging to this form were reared by the United States 
Bureau of Entomology from a stem gall taken at Holderness, N. H., 
April 18, 1883. It also occurs in the Riley collection. 


Gall. The gall has been characterized by Doctor Thompson as 
being exactly like that of Aulax tumidus Bass. 

The larva of apparently this species has been described by 
Pergande in: unpublished notes of the Bureau of Entomology as 
orange colored. 

Male. Length 2 mm. poems: dark brown; 17 segments, the 
fifth with a length a little greater than the diameter; terminal seg- 
ment slightly produced, broadly oval. Palpi; the first segment 
short, stout, almost subglobose, the second broad, somewhat 
produced, broadly rounded distally, the third as long as the 
second, more slender, the fourth more than twice the length of the 
third, more slender. Other color characters presumably as in the 
opposite sex; the single male obtained was badly rubbed. Wings 
hyaline, costa dark brown, the yellowish discal spot a little beyond 
the basal half, the third vein uniting therewith. Claws rather long, 
stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia; 
basal clasp segment long, slender; terminal clasp segment swollen 
at the base; dorsal plate short, broad, broadly and triangularly 
emarginate; ventral plate long, broad, truncate. Harpes long, 
slender, tapering. 

Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae, dark brown; 19 segments, 
the fifth with a length a little greater than the diameter; terminal 
segment somewhat reduced, tapering to a narrowly rounded apex. 
Palpi; the first segment short, stout, swollen distally, the second 
about as long, broadly oval, the third more slender and longer, and 
the fourth one-half longer and more slender than the preceding. 


I50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Mesonotum thickly clothed with bronzy scales. Scutellum yellow- 
ish with a few apical setae, postscutellum apparently dark brown. 
Abdomen dark brown or black, the segments with submedian rows 
of lunate, silvery white marks posteriorly; ovipositor yellowish. 
Legs fuscous yellowish, the tarsi brown, the distal segments darker. 
Ovipositor as long as the body; basally a large, oval group of hal- 
berd-shaped processes; terminal lobes long, slender, narrowly 
rounded, with numerous small, recurved setae and two or three 
heavy, recurved hooks. Type Cecid. 1102. 


Lasioptera echinochloa Felt 
1916 Felt, B..P. N.Y. Ent. Sec. jours, 24181 


This species was reared in August and September 1915 by Mr 
C. N. Ainslie from injured or infested stems of crippled plants of 
Echinochloa crusgalli collected at ‘Elk Pome: 
The larvae are usually found in numbers in the fibrous, somewhat 
decayed stubs of the crown and were also taken from the lower and 
apparently normal portions of the stem. This midge is allied to 
L. lactucae Felt, from which it may be easily distinguished . 
by the almost total lack of scales upon the mesonotum. 


Lasioptera hecate Felt 
10s Felt, EPS IN. Yo state Mus: Bul 124... 320 


This species was captured on the office window, Albany, N. Y.., 
June 19, 1906, and was presumably reared from some plant brought 
into the office. 


Female. Length 2mm. Antennae black; at least 21 segments, 
the fifth with a length about three-quarters its diameter. Palpi; 
the first segment broad, dilated distally, the second:a little longer, 
the third one-half longer than the second, slender, the fourth one- 
half longer than the preceding, more slender. Head black, face 
silvery white. Mesonotum velvety black, with two narrow, white, 
submedian lines and a creamy white line on the anterior margin 
and extending laterally to the base of the wing. Scutellum 
silvery white apically and a black spot anteriorly. Abdomen velvety 
black, the basal segments with two submedian silvery spots, the next 
similarly marked, the third with two larger spots, the fourth with 
two still larger ones, each segment laterally with a white dash. . 
Wings hyaline, costa fuscous, the third vein uniting with the whitish 
discal spot at the .basal third. Halteres white. -Femora yellow, 
the posterior with a black spot apically; tibiae and tarsi black, yel- 
lowish white ventrally; tarsi narrowly annulate with whitish; claws 
rather stout, evenly curved. Ovipositor nearly as long as the 
abdomen, terminal lobes long, slender, narrowly rounded. Type 
Cecid:.. 320; 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 151 


Lasioptera verbenae Felt 
1912 Felt, E.P. N.Y. Ent. Soc. Jour., 20:150-51 


The midges were reared by Mr P. H. Timberlake, Whittier, Cal., 
from flower-stem galls on Verbena prostrata. 


Lasioptera diplaci Felt 
I9I2 Felt, E.P. N.Y. Ent. Soc. Jour., 20:151 


This midge was reared by P. H. Timberlake from ovoid, stem 
galls on Diplacus longiflorus collected at Whittier, Cal. 


Lasioptera panici Felt 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 326 


The female representing this species was taken at Albany, N. Y., 
June 27, 1906 as she was evidently about to oviposit on Panicum 
macrocarpa. 

Female. Length 1.25 mm. Antennae dark brown; at least 18 
segments, the fifth with length scarcely equal to the diameter. 
Palpi; the first segment rather slender, irregular, the second one- 
half longer, narrowly oval, the third a little longer, more slender, 
the fourth twice the length of the third. Mesonotum dark brown, 
evidently denuded. Scutellum and postscutellum concolorous. 
Abdomen thickly clothed with black scales, the first four segments 
with silvery white, submedian spots, those of the posterior segments 
smaller. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting 
therewith at the basal third. MHalteres white. The anterior legs, 
femora and tibiae pale basally, fuscous apically, the last with a black 
line from the basal third, posterior legs with femora entirely pale, 
the tarsi white banded, the anterior narrowly so; claws rather long, 
stout, evenly curved. Ovipositor nearly as long as the body, term- 
inal lobes long, slender, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. 403. 


Lasioptera galeopsidis Felt 
1909 Felt, E. P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:287 


This species was reared in early June 1909 from irregular stem 
galls on the common hemp nettle, Galeopsis tetrahit, 
taken by Cora H. Clarke at Boston, Mass., May 21, 1908. Miss 
Clarke called our attention to the white, caplike structures over 
certain exit holes and we were fortunate enough to see a pale orange 
larva construct this peculiar shelter. The movement of the head 
was apparently as intelligent as the operations of one of our common 
caterpillars in shaping its more complex cocoon. The larva moved 
its head back and forth across the opening, carrying an irregular, 


IS2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


. 


pale, silken thread back and forth and attaching it to either side. 
The threads issued from its mouth or at some point near that cavity, 
possibly a minute spinneret. The woven cap was irregular in tex- 
ture, due in part to irregularities in the width of the silken thread 

and probably somewhat to the larva making a thicker layer in 
"some parts than in others. 


Gall. The gall is a very irregular, frequently async 
enlargement of the stem and having a diameter of .5 to 1.5 cm and 
a length of .5 to 2cmormore. ‘The interior is spongy and occupied 
by a number of silken chambers and apparently irregular galleries 
(pl. 4,-figy 1). 

Larva. Length 1.5 mm, rather stout, pale yellowish. Head 
small; antennae short, stout; breastbone strongly chitinized, 
expanded apically, tridentate, the median tooth small. Skin finely 
shagreened, posterior extremity broadly rounded. 

Male. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae short, dark brown, yellowish 
basally; 16 segments, the fifth with a length one-fourth greater 
than its diameter; terminal segment slightly produced, broadly 
oval. Palpi; first and second segments apparently very short, 
stout, the third somewhat longer and the fourth apparently twice 
the length of the third, very slender. Mesonotum shining dark 
brown, sparsely margined posteriorly and laterally with yellowish 
setae, the submedian lines indistinct. Scutellum dark brown, post- 
scutellum fuscous. Abdomen dark brown, segments one to five 
with submedian lunate spots posteriorly, those on segments six and 
seven nearly obsolete. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the discal 
spot yellowish and a little before the basal half. Halteres pale 
yellowish. Coxae and femora basally fuscous yellowish, the distal 
portion of femora, tibiae and tarsi dark brown, the segments of the 
latter narrowly banded basally, the fourth and fifth with a yellowish 
cast, the posterior legs with the third to fifth segments broadly and 
indistinctly yellowish banded basally, the fourth and fifth mostly 
yellowish and only slightly fuscous apically; claws moderately stout, 
the pulvilli shorter than the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment 
long, slender; terminal clasp segment swollen basally; dorsal plate 
short, deeply and narrowly emarginate; ventral plate long, broadly 
rounded. Harpes-long, irregularly rounded. 

Female. Length 2.5 mm. Antennae with 23 segments, the fifth 
with a length three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment slightiy 
produced, narrowly oval. Palpi; first segment short, stout, the 
second with a length three times its diameter, stout, the third as 
long as the second, the fourth a little longer than the third. Meso- 
notum dark brown. Scutellum fuscous yellowish, postscutellum 
fuscous. Abdomen dark brown, segments one to six with submedian, 
lunate, white spots posteriorly and triangular, white marks at the 
postero-lateral angles; ovipositor yellowish, venter white. Halteres 
pale yellowish. Coxae and femora basally fuscous yellowish, the 
distal portion of femora, tibiae and tarsi dark brown, the latter 
narrowly banded basally with yellowish on the anterior and mid 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 153 


legs and the third to fifth segments broadly so on the posterior legs. 
Ovipositor about half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes 
narrowly oval. Type Cecid. a1g65. 


Lasioptera weldi Felt 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 326 


This species was reared in early May 1908 from a fusiform stem 
gall on Helianthus taken by Mr L. H. Weld at Evanston, II. 


Gall. Length 3 cm, diameter .7 cm, fusiform; occurs on the stem, 
the interior being filled with a spongy matter inhabited by the pale 
yellowish larvae. 

Larva. Length 3 mm, pale yellowish, rather stout. Head small, 
the antennae long, tapering, breastbone distinct, bidentate, with a 
minute median tooth, the posterior portion slender, terminating in 
a crescentic enlargement. Skin minutely shagreened. Posterior 
extremity broadly rounded with a few scattering fleshy processes. 
_ Male. Length 3 mm. Antennae, fuscous yellowish, basally yel- 

lowish; 18 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths 

its diameter; terminal segment somewhat produced, subglobose. 
Palpi; first segment short, the second short, stout, irregular, the third 
with a length nearly twice its diameter, the fourth one-fourth longer, 
narrowly oval. Face yellowish. Mesonotum dark brown, the sub- 
median lines thickly haired. Scutellum reddish brown, with numerous 
setae, postscutellum yellowish. Abdomen dark brown, the segments 
narrowly margined posteriorly with white, the latter broadly inter- 
rupted mesially and laterally, except on the basal segment, which 
has the white markings slightly produced anteriorly; genitalia 
fuscous yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein 
uniting therewith at the rather long, yellowish orange discal spot 
beyond the basal half. Legs mostly dark brown, the articulations 
narrowly banded with white, the posterior tarsi broadly banded, 
the distal third of the third segment and fourth white; claws rather 
long, stout, strongly curved, the pulvillt shorter than the claws. 
Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, broad, terminal clasp segment 
stout, tapering. Dorsal plate short, broad, deeply and triangularly 
emarginate; ventral plate short, broad, broadly rounded. Harpes 
‘long, broad, irregularly and obliquely truncate. 

Female. Length 2.25 mm. Antennae, dark brown; 23 segments, 
the fifth with a length about one-half its diameter; terminal segment 
broadly oval. Palpi; first segment short, subquadrate, the second 
broadly oval, the third narrowly oval. Face sparsely clothed with 
silvery scales. Mesonotum black, narrowly margined anteriorly 
and laterally with silvery scales, the submedian lines sparsely haired. 
Scutellum reddish brown, with numerous silvery scales apically, 
postscutellum dark reddish brown. Abdomen purplish dark brown, 
the segments narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery scales, 
the latter broadly interrupted mesially and narrowly so sublaterally 
on segments two to six. A broken sublateral line of silvery mark- 


154 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


_ings; venter suffused with silvery scales; costa dark brown, the 
third vein uniting with the whitish discal spot at the basal third. 
Halteres pale yellowish. Coxae fuscous, femora basally yellowish, 
the distal portion of femora, tibiae and tarsi dark brown or black, 
except for the narrow, white band on the anterior and mid and the 
broad band on the posterior tarsi, the distal half of the third and 
the fourth and fifth omen of the last yellowish white. Type 
Cecid. a1816. 


Lasioptera virginica Felt 
1909 Felt, E.P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:287 


This species was reared February 9, 1909 from a stem gall on marsh 


St. Johnswort, Hypericum virginicum. 


Gall. Length 1 cm, diameter 8 cm, subglobose, monothalamous. 
The large, irregular central chamber is surrounded by rather thick 
walls, the outer part soft, the inner irregularly hardened and black-: 
ened. Taken by Cora H. Clarke at Magnolia, Mass., October tro, 
1908. Numerous parasites were reared April 18, 1912. 

Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown, 18 or 19 seg- 
ments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter, the 
terminal segment slightly produced, narrowly oval. Palpi; the 
first segment presumably short, subquadrate, the second probably 
narrowly oval, the third slender, with a length about four times its 
diameter, the terminal segment one-fourth longer than the preced- 
ing. Mesonotum dark brown, margined laterally and anteriorly 
with silvery scales, the submedian lines sparsely haired. Scutellum 
reddish brown with a few white setae apically, postscutellum a little 
darker. Abdomen black, the segments with narrow submedian 
spots posteriorly, those of the first slightly confluent; ovipositor 
yellowish; venter suffused with silvery scales. Wings hyaline, costa 
black, the third vein uniting with costa a little before the basal half. 
Halteres yellowish whitish, slightly fuscous basally. Coxae and 
femora basally fuscous yellowish, the distal portion of femora, tibiae 
and tarsi black, the articulations narrowly annulate with white, the 
posterior tarsi broadly banded basally; claws stout, evenly curved, 
pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor about two-thirds the length 
of the abdomen, the terminal lobes long, narrowly oval. Type 
Cecid angus: 


Lasioptera lupini Felt 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 326 


This species is represented in the collections of the United States 
National Museum by material reared from an undescribed lupine 
gall taken in California. Plymecus lupinicola Ashm, 
MS., (Insect Life, 4:125), may have been reared from this gall. 


Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown; 22 to 23 seg- 
ments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; 
terminal segment somewhat reduced and partially fused with the 


ee ee 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQ16 155 


preceding. Palpi; the first segment presumably short, stout, irreg- 
ularly subquadrate, the second narrowly oval, with a length nearly 
three times its diameter, the third a little longer and much more 
slender than the second, the fourth a little longer and more slender 
than the third. Mesonotum shining dark reddish brown. Scutellum 
and postscutellum shining dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, seg- 
ments one to five with submedian, suboval, silvery white spots pos- 
teriorly; ovipositor pale orange. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, 
the third vein uniting with the margin near the basal half; halteres 
yellowish white. Legs mostly a dark brown, the tarsal segments 
faintly annulate basally with dull whitish; claws rather long, stout, 
strongly curved, the pulvilli about as long as the claws. Ovipositor 
presumably about as long as the abdomen. Type Cecid. 1068. 


Lasioptera ephedricola Cockerell 
1902 Cockerell, T.D. A. Can. Ent., 34:184 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 326 
This species was reared by Professor Cockerell from a resinous, 
elongate, brown swelling on the twigsof Ephedra trifurca. 


LLasioptera ephed ricola ck 


Yoriaht 
ferreynenf 
> on 


cephale end 


anchor 
process 


Larvoe of hym pararite. 


coudoa\ end , 
} () ae reaacak 
—_ 


Fig.23 Lasioptera ephedricola, larva anterior 
and posterior extremities, brzastbone and larva of Hymen- 
opterous parasite, after Cockerell, enlarged (original from 
Cockerell) 


He states that this species is similar to L. ephedrae Ckll. but 
the abdomen has basal and apical white bands on the fifth segment, 
though otherwise hardly banded. Types were kindly loaned for 
study by Professor Cockerell and the following description is based 
thereupon. 


Gall. The gall has been described by Professor Cockerell as 
resinous, elongate, lateral brown swellings on the twigs. 


150 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Male. Length 2.5 mm. Antennae dark brown; 20 segments, 
the fifth with a length more than twice the diameter; terminal 
segment reduced, subglobular. Palpi; the first segment greatly 
swollen, suboval, the second twice the length of the preceding, 
swollen, slightly dilated apically, the third longer than the second 


Fig.24 Lasioptera ephedricol a, 4a, sixth antennal segment of 
male, 6, sixth antennal segment of female, both greatly enlarged 
(original) 


and more swollen. Face fuscous yellowish. Mesonotum black; 
abdomen dark brown or black with basal and apical white bands on 
the fifth segment, otherwise hardly banded. Wings hyaline, costa, 
subcosta and the third vein thickly clothed with dark brown scales 
the last uniting with costa at the distal third. Legs dark brown, 
claws long, stout, evenly 
curved. Genitalig= pacar 
clasp segment long, slender; 
terminal clasp segment 
short, greatly swollen at the 
base. Dorsal plate very 
short, broad, broadly and 
triangularly incised; ventral 
plate broad, broadly 
rounded. Harpes broad at 
base, tapering, tuberculate. 
Female. Length 2 mm. 
Antennae dark brown, 
sparsely haired ; 22 segments, 
the fifth with a lengthabout 
one-half greater than its 
diameter. Palpi; first seg- 
ment short, quadrate, the 
second produced, incrassate, 
Fig.25 Lasioptera ephedricola, the third one-half longer 
ovipositor retracted, greatly enlarged than the second, slender. 
(original) Mesonotum with three black 
vittae, united anteriorly. 
Abdomen with ten white spots, wings with a white discal spot. 
Ovipositor short, the terminal lobes short, broadly rounded; near 
the base a group of capitate processes, each with a length one-fourth 
the diameter of the terminal segment. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 157 


Described from types kindly loaned for "study by Professor 
T. D. A. Cockerell. The color characteristics are taken from the 
original description. 


Lasioptera serotina Felt 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 326 


This species was taken on chokecherry, Prunus virgin- 
iana, at Albany, N. Y., May 23, 1907 and may possibly cause 
the irregular subcortical galls on the small twigs of wild cherry. 


Female. Length 2.5 mm. 
Antennae dark brown; 19 
segments, the fifth with a 
length a little less than its 
diameter; terminal seg- 
ment suboval. Palpi; the 
first segment subquadrate, 
the second a little stouter, 
rounded distally, the third 
more slender and a little 
longer than the second, the 
fourth a little longer and 
more slender than the 
third. Mesonotum dark 
brown with a golden luster. 
Scutellum dark, shining. 
Abdomen dark brown with 
a row of submedian white 
spots. Wings (pl. 5, fig. 1) 
hyaline, costa fuscous ba- 
sally, the third vein unit- 
ing with the yellowish stig- 
matal spot at the distal 
third. Halteres yellowish. 
Coxae, femora and tibiae Fig.26 Lasioptera serotina, termi- 
pale beneath, the tibiae nal abdominal segment and ovipositor and the 
above, and tarsi dark tip of the latter showing the peculiar chiti- 
_ brown; claws stout. Ovi- nous hooks still more enlarged (original) 
positor probably half the 
length of the abdomen; terminal lobes slender, acutely rounded, and 
with five or six heavy hooks. Type Cecid. 79. . 


Lasioptera cylindrigallae Felt 
1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus: Bul. 110, p. 150-51 
ao —__——"_ N. Y: State Mus: Bul. 124, p. 326 
1909 ——————-_ Ottawa Nat., 22:249 
The midges were reared in early May from a uniform enlargement 
of Solidago stems, the deformity being some ro cm long and .7 cm 
in diameter, and occurring usually just below where the branches 


158 


NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


arise. The larvae winter in the enlarged central cavity. This gall 


Big.27. Tas1-0'p = 
tera cy lindri- 
gallae,_ swollen 
stem, A, portion 
in section, enlarged 
(original) 


is somewhat common on Staten Island and 
occurs sparingly at West Nyack, N. Y. Appar- 
ently the same gall was also observed at Nas- 
sau, N. Y., it occurring in this latter instance 
on Solidago graminifolta eee 
sumably the same species was taken by Mr 
J. R. Gillett on Mt Tom, Mass., July 22, 1906. 
A species of Polygnotus was reared from this 
midge. 

Gall. A uniform enlargement of the upper 
portion of Solidago stems. Length 10 cm, 
diameter .7 cm, the. central cawity /siteiaely, 
enlarged and inhabited by a number of pale 
yellowish larvae. 

Larva.. Length 3.5 mm, rather stout, pale 
orange. Head small, antennae slender; breast- 
bone slender, distinctly expanded apically, tri- 
dentate, the median tooth rather small; skin 
coarsely shagreened; posterior extremity 
broadly rounded. 

Male. .Length™2 mm. > Anteanaeayaaue 
brown, basally silvery white, 15 or 16 segments, 
the fifth with a length slightly greater than its 
diameter; terminal segment slightly produced, 
tapering to an obtusely rounded apex. Palpi 
fuscous yellowish, the first segment subquad- 
rate, slightly swollen distally, the second about 
as long, irregular, the third one-half longer 
than the second, more slender, the fourth one- 
half longer than the third, more slender; face 
with a patch of silvery white. Mesonotum 
dark brown, variably margined laterally and 
anteriorly with silvery white and yellowish 
scales, the submedian lines rather sparsely 
clothed with golden yellow hairs, the median 
and sublateral areas rather uniformly clothed 
with short, golden yellow hairs. Scutellum dark 
brown with numerous yellowish setae apically, 
postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark 
brown with large, submedian rows of lunate, 
silvery white spots, the latter on the posterior 
margins of the segments and extending to the 
lateral line; genitalia dull yellowish, slightly 
fuscous apically; venter suffused with silvery 
white scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, 
discal spot yellowish, the third vein yellow- 


ish, uniting with costa nearjthe distal third. Halteres a nearly 


re 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQI16 159 


uniform pale yellowish. Legs with coxae mostly fuscous, the base 
of femora yellowish white, the distal portion of tibiae and tarsi dark 
brown, the latter darker; claws long, slender, strongly curved, the 
pulvilli nearly as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment 
long, stout; terminal clasp segment swollen basally; dorsal plate 
broad, deeply and triangularly emarginate; ventral plate long, 
broadly rounded. Harpes long, narrow, tapering, obtuse. 

Female. Length 2.5mm. Antennae dark brown, basally fuscous 
yellowish, ventrally silvery white; 21 segments, the fifth with a 
length about equal to its diameter; terminal segment obpyriform. 
Palpi fuscous yellowish, the first segment subrectangular, slightly 
swollen distally, the second one-half longer, stouter, the third a 
little longer, more slender than the second, the fourth one-third 
longer and more slender than the third. Ovipositor probably as 
long as the abdomen, the terminal lobes long, narrowly rounded, 
and with five or six stout hooks. Type Cecid. a1408. 


Lasioptera solidaginis O. S. 


1863 Osten Sacken, C.R. Ent. Soc. Phil. Proc., 
1:368-70 

1874 Glover, Townend. MS. Notes From My 
Journal, p. 68 (Cecidomyia) 

1907 Beutenmueller, William. Amer. Mus. Nat. 
fie) bul 23, p. 394 (L. tumifica) 

moc pelt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, 
peae5 (L- dorsimaculata) p. 327,(L. tumi- 
fica Beutm.) 


1909 —————.__ Ottawa Nat., 22:249 (L. tumi- 
fica) 
ee —— Pt. noc, Ont., 39th Rept, p: 44 


(+t umifica) 

1910 Stebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. 
Bul. 2,p.52 (L. tumifica) 

The rough eccentric stem gall of this species 
is rather common on the stemsof Solidago 
rugosa in the immediate vicinity of New 
‘York City. It also occurs about Albany and 
has been taken at Worcester, Mass., and Bos- bs 

etic ; Fig. 28. Lasiop- 
cawen, N. H. This insect winters as larvae pode ee ifaw 
in the deformity, the midges appearing in the nis, gall, somewhat 
spring. Polymecus canadensis enlarged (original) 
Ashm. was reared from this gall. 

A study of the types in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at 
Cambridge show that L. tumifica Beutm. and L. dorsi- 
maculata Felt are identical with the above-named species.. 
There is some variation in the white markings on the abdomen, 
though nothing to justify the recognition of more than one species. 


160 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Gall. Length and diameter about 2.5 cm. An irregular, sub- 
globose or fusiform enlargement of the stem near the ground and 
almost invariably eccentric. The surface is usually somewhat 
roughened, hard, while the softer, pithy interior is inhabited by 
numerous larvae. 

Larva. Length 3.5 mm, slender, pale yellowish gray. Head long, 
slender, tapering gradually to a narrowly rounded apex. Antennae 
stout, tapering, with a length two and one-half times the diameter. 
Breastbone stout, heavily chitinized, tridentate, the median tooth 
small, sometimes almost obsolete and about one-third the length 
of the heavy submedian, rather slender teeth; terminal segment 
broadly rounded posteriorly. 

Male. With 17 antennal segments, the fifth with a length about 
one-half greater than its diameter, the fourth palpal segment one- 
half longer and more slender than the third; the pulvilli are shorter 
than the claws. Genitalia, basal clasp segment long, slender; ter- 
minal clasp segment swollen basally; dorsal plate short, broad, 
deeply and triangularly incised, the lobes widely separated, nar- 
rowly rounded distally; ventral plate long, tapering, narrowly 
rounded. Harpes long, slender, tapering, obtuse. Style a little 
longer, slender, broadly rounded. 

Female. With 19 to 22 antennal segments, the fifth with a length 
about equal to its diameter; terminal segment slightly prolonged, 
narrowly oval. The wing is illustrated on plate 5, figure 2. Ovi- 
positor nearly as long as the abdomen, the terminal lobes with a 
length four times their diameter, slender and with a sparse group 
of short, stout, lance-shaped scales and five or Six stout, chitinous 
hooks. 


Lasioptera ziziae Felt 
1908 Felt, E. P. N. Y: State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 327 


This midge was reared in April 1908 from a fusiform stem gall 
on golden Alexanders, Zizia atrea, collected by Mirai 
Weld at Evanston, Ii. | 

Gall. A fusiform stem swelling some 3 cm in length and .6 cm in 
diameter. , 

Larva. Length 3 mm, pale orange, rather stout.” Head ema, 
antennae slender, tapering; breastbone slender, distinctly expanded 
apically, bidentate, the teeth unusually long and between a minute 
median tooth; skin coarsely shagreéned; posterior extremity broadly 
rounded. 

Male. Length 2 mm. Antennae fuscous yellowish, fuscous 
basally; 16 segments, the fifth with a length one-fourth greater 
than its diameter; terminal segment produced, with a length one- 
half greater than its diameter, broadly rounded apically. Palpi; 
the first segment short, stout, irregular, the second narrowly oval, 
the third a little longer, more slender, the fourth one-half longer 
and more slender than the second. Mesonotum dark brown, thickly 
yellow-haired, the submedian lines with long, yellowish setae. 


_ REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 161 


Scutellum reddish brown, whitish scales apically, postscutellum 
darker. Abdomen dark brown with lunate, silvery spots on seg- 
ments one to five and rudimentary markings on the sixth, venter 
suffused with silvery white scales; genitalia light fuscous yellowish. 
Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the 
rather long, pale orange discal spot at the distal third; halteres 
yellowish orange. Coxae and base of femora fuscous yellowish, 
the femora distally and tibiae dark brown; tarsi nearly black; claws 
long, slender, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal 
clasp segment long, stout; terminal clasp segment stout, tapering; 
dorsal plate short, broad, deeply and triangularly emarginate; 
ventral plate long, slender, tapering, broadly rounded. MHarpes 
stout at base, tapering, irregularly obtuse; style long, rather stout, 
narrowly rounded. 

Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae fuscous yellowish, the basal 
segments whitish; 17 segments, the fifth with a length about one- 
fourth greater than its diameter; terminal segment somewhat 
produced, with a length about twice its diameter, narrowly rounded. 
Palpi; the first segment short, stout, the second with a length one- 
half greater than its diameter, stout, the third one-half longer than 
the second, more slender and the fourth three-fourths longer than 
the third, more slender. Color as in the opposite sex. Wings 
a little broader and the discal spot less marked than in the male. 
Ovipositor with a length equal to the abdomen; basally an oval 
area with short, halberdlike spines; terminal lobes slender, with 
a length fully five times the diameter and five or six < heavy, stout 
hooks. Type Cecid. ar817. 


Lasioptera hamata Felt 


1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 107; separate, p. II 
1908 ——————_ NV. Y.. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 327 


This species was taken on Solidago at Nassau, N. Y., June 14, 
1906. Nothing is known concerning its life history. The female 
may be recognized by the basal and abdominal segments being 
white-margined posteriorly. 


_. Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae dark brown; 18 segments, 

the fifth with a length a little less than its diameter; terminal segment 
slightly prolonged, broadly rounded distally. Palpi; the first seg- 
ment short, subquadrate, the second short, broadly oval, the third 
twice the length of the preceding, narrowly oval, the fourth one- 
fourth longer than the third, a little more slender; lower portion 
of face and base of antennae sparsely ornamented with white hairs; 
eyes large, black, margined posteriorly with a few white hairs. 
Mesonotum brownish black. Scutellum and postscutellum dark 
brown. Abdomen dark brown with the third, fourth and fifth 
abdominal segments margined posteriorly with sparse, whitish 
scales, terminal segments pale yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa 
light brown, the third vein uniting with the margin at the whitish 


162 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


stigma on the basal half, it and the base of costa thickly clothed 
with dark brown scales. Halteres whitish transparent. Coxae 
dark yellowish brown; femora pale yellowish, tibiae and tarsi slightly 
variable dark brown; claws rather stout, strongly and evenly curved. 
Ovipositor nearly as long as the body: basally, oval patches of 
halberd-shaped scales; terminal lobes long, slender, rather broadly 
rounded, with a eroup of pale, slightly curved rods and three heavy 
hooks. Type Cecid. 280. 


Lasioptera tripsaci Felt 
1910 Felt, E. P.. Ent. News, 21:10 


This dark brown, white-banded species was reared at Plano, 
Texas, August 12, 1909 from larvae occurring between the leaf 
blades of Gama or Sesame grass, Tripsacum dactyloides 
and transmitted to this office by Prof. F. M. Webster under the 
number 6011. 


Lasioptera cassiae Felt 
1909 Felt, E. P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:287—-88 


This species was reared May 8 and June 16, 1883 from stem galls 
on thé. sensiuvve plant, Cassia nictitats, “taken py hiene 
Morrison at Fort Huachua, Ariz. We are indebted to the courtesy 
of Doctor Howard and the United States National Museum for 
an opportunity to describe this interesting form. 


Gall. ‘Length 3 cm, diameter 5 or 6 mm. This 1S am amresmian 
elongate, fusiform stem gall, purplish brown in color and evidently 
polythalamous, since circular exit holes occur here and there over 
its surface (Pergande, Bureau Notes). 

The larva is described by Mr Pergande as bright orange with 
a brown breastbone. 

Male. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae dark brown, 19 segments, 
the fifth with a length about equal to its diameter, the terminal 
segment slightly produced, broadly oval. Palpi presumably 
quadriarticulate. Mesonotum dark brown, the submedian lines 
thickly haired. Scutellum yellowish brown, rather thickly haired, 
postscutellum darker. Abdomen dark reddish brown, the segments 
rather narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery white. Wings 
hyaline, costa probably dark brown, the third vein uniting with 
the margin just beyond the basal half, the whitish stigmatal spot 
small; halteres pale yellowish. Legs a nearly uniform yellowish 
brown, the tibiae and the distal tarsal segment apically somewhat 
darker; claws stout, the pulvilli about half the length of the claws. 
Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, stout; terminal clasp segment 
short, swollen at the base; dorsal plate short, broad, broadly 
and roundly emarginate; ventral plate short, broad, deeply and 
triangularly emarginate. Harpes long, stout. 


——————— SO 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQI6 163 


Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae short, dark brown, composed 
of 23 to 24 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths 
its diameter; terminal segments indistinctly fused. Palpi; first 
segment probably short, stout, the second presumably narrowly 
oval, stout, the third subrectangular, with a length about twice 
its diameter, the fourth twice the length of the third, slender. Color 
and other characters about as in the male, except that the abdomen 
is somewhat lighter and with broader, white bands. Ovipositor 
half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes long, slender, 
narrowly oval. Type Cecid. gor. 


Lasioptera inustorum Felt 
mr6. Fell, E. P. N.Y. Ent. Soc. Jour., 24:182 


Midges were reared in May 1915 by Mr C. N. Ainslie from black- 
ened leaf sheaths of Panicum virgatum collected at Elk 
Point, S. D. This species runs in our key to L. impatienti- 
folia Felt, a form which also produces a carbonaceous discolor- 
ation of the vegetable tissues. The most striking difference between 
the two is in the much produced lobes of the ovipositor in the western 
midge. The leaf sheath of infested plants is marked by a diffuse 
blackening near the base. The affected area may have a length of 
3 cm and extend more than half way around the stem, the latter 
being unaffected. Larval cells occur within the blackened tissues, 
the larvae sheltering in tubular, silk-lined cavities some 5 to 6 mm 
long. 

Lasioptera neofusca Felt 

1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 327 


This insect was taken May 25, 1906 on a train entering Albany, 
ae | - 


Female. Length 1.5 
mm. Antennae dark 
brown; 22 segments, 
the fifth with a length 
about three-fourths its 
diameter; terminal seg- 
ment slightly  pro- é te Tee he teat eee 
longed, ovoid. Palpi; Sp pe ered or tac oe Ter ae 
the first segment short, 
irregularly rectangular, 
slightly swollen  dis- 
tally, the second one- Fig. 29 Lasioptera neofusca, basal 
half longer than the portion of ovipositor showing the dorsal chitinous 
preceding, the third bars, enlarged (original) 
more slender, slightly 
longer, the fourth one-third longer than the preceding, more slender: 
face yellowish brown, eyes large, black, margined on the sides 


6 


164 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


posteriorly with silvery white. Mesonotum dark brown. Scutellum 
reddish brown, postscutellum a little darker. Abdomen sooty 
brown, rather thickly and irregularly clothed dorsally with dark 
brown scales. Wings hyaline, costa basally and. the third vein 
thickly clothed with brownish scales, the third vein uniting with 
the margin at the basal third. Halteres reddish transparent basally, 
whitish transparent apically.. Coxae reddish transparent, anterior 
and mid femora and tibiae sooty yellow, posterior femora whitish 
yellow, tibiae dark brown dorsally, lighter ventrally, tarsi dark 
brown, the second and third segments narrowly ringed basally 
with yellowish white; claws slender, uniformly curved. Ovipositor 
as long as the abdomen; terminal lobes long, tapering, obtusely 
rounded. Type Cecid. 82. 


Lasioptera juvenalis Felt 
1908 Felt, E. P.. N. Y. State Mus: Bul. 124, p..327 


This female was taken at Newport, N. Y., July 25, 1906 on 
bouncing bet, Js aponaria officinalis 


Female. Length 1 mm. Antennae dark brown; 21 segments, 
the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal 
segment slightly produced, tapering to a narrowly rounded apex. 
Palpi; the first segment short, stout, somewhat expanded distally, » 
the second narrowly oval, with a length about three times its 
diameter, the third a little longer and more slender, the fourth 
one-fourth longer than the third, more slender. Mesonotum dark 
brown. Scutellum dark brown basally, yellowish apically, 
postscutellum and abdomen dark brown, ovipositor pale orange. 
Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the 
anterior margin at the basal third. MHalteres pale orange basally, 
yellowish apically. Coxae and femora fuscous yellowish, narrowly 
clothed exteriorly with fuscous scales; tibiae and tarsi mostly dark 
brown, the latter narrowly ringed and indistinctly annulate distally 
with yellowish; claws long, slender, evenly curved, the pulvillt 
about half the length of the claws. Ovipositor about as long as 
the body; terminal lobes long, slender, narrowly rounded. Type 
Wecid: 7e3- : 


Lasioptera clarkei Felt 


1909 Felt, E. P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:287 
1910 —— | Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:348 


Several females of this species were reared January 18, 1909 from 
a whitish, circular, blister gall on the leaves of Aster macro- 
phyllus collected by Cora H. Clarke at Magnolia, Mass., 
October 12, 1908. 

Evidently this form winters in the gall, and from the character 
of its nidus we would be inclined to refer it to the genus Asteromyia. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 165 


The presence of but three palpal segments indicates a decided 
tendency toward reduction in these organs. 


Gall. The galls formed by this species occur on the under side 
of the leaf, scarcely showing above. They are nearly circular, 
2 to 3 mmin diameter, yellowish white and with an irregular, central, 
dark puncture. 

Larva. Length 1.5 mm, pale whitish, stout, narrowly oval. 
Head small, the palpi short, stout, uniarticulate; breastbone short, 
broad, minutely and acutely bidentate, the lateral anterior angles 
somewhat produced; posterior extremity broadly rounded. 

Exuviae. Length 2.5 mm, whitish and protruding from gall. 
The form is rather stout, antennal cases stout, strongly curved, 
with an inconspicuous chitinous tubercle at the internal basal 
angle. Wing cases extending to the third abdominal segment, 
the leg cases to the fifth and sixth abdominal segments, the dorsum 
of the latter thickly clothed with short, stout, brownish, chitinous 

spines; posterior extremity broadly rounded, unarmed. 
Male. Length 2 mm. Antennae fuscous yellowish; 15 seg- 
ments, the fifth with a length one-fourth greater than its diameter, 
the terminal segment produced, narrowly rounded apically and 
occasionally fused with the preceding. Palpi; the first segment 
short, stout, swollen distally, the second broadly oval, stout, the 
third one-haif longer, narrowly fusiform. Mesonotum shining 
dark brown, sparsely haired. Scutellum dark brown, rather thickly 
clothed apically with yellowish setae, postscutellum yellowish 
brown. Abdomen a nearly uniform dark brown, the segments 
very narrowly lined posteriorly with whitish, the sixth, seventh 
and the terminal segment with a broad, naked, orange band; genitalia 
fuscous; venter sparsely clothed with fuscous scales. Wings hyaline, 
costa dark brown, the third vein uniting therewith at the distal 
third, the small stigma white. Halteres fuscous distally, white 
basally. Legs a nearly uniform dark brown, the tarsal segments 
very narrowly banded basally with whitish; claws stout, the pulvilli 
shorter than the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment stout, 
terminal clasp segment slightly swollen at the base, stout; dorsal 
plate broadly and triangularly emarginate, ventral plate long, 
tapering, broadly rounded. MHarpes stout, tuberculate apically. 

Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae fuscous yellowish, 18 seg- 
ments; the fifth with a length shghtly greater than its diameter; 
terminal segment produced, narrowly rounded apically and evidently 
composed of two segments. Palpi; the first segment long, swollen 
distally, the second broadly oval, the third one-half longer than the 
second, flattened. Mesonotum dark brown, the submedian lines 
sparsely haired. Scutellum shining dark brown, postscutellum 
yellowish dark brown. Abdomen a uniform dark brown, the venter 
dark reddish brown and sparsely white-scaled mesially and laterally; 
ovipositor dull orange. Wings hyaline, costa thickly black-scaled, 
the third vein uniting with costa at the somewhat large, whitish 
discal spot near the basal half. Halteres fuscous apically, white 
basally. Legs dark brown, the tarsi black, the femora, tibiae and 


166 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


the tarsal segments very narrowly banded with white apically; 
claws stout, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor about 
one-half the length of the abdomen; terminal lobes short, broadly 
oval. Type Cecid. argotr. 5 


Lasioptera fraxinifolia Felt 
1908 Felt, E.P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 327 


The midge was reared in August 1907 from a jar containing ash 
leaves bearing a purplish green subglobular gall, the deformity Osten 
Sacken characterized under the name of Cecidomyia pe liex 
It is possible that this fly caused the deformity. 

The gall is green or purplish green, subglobular, monothalamous, 
and about 5 mm in diameter. It occurs on the lateral veins, mostly 
on the upper surface of the leaf, its position being indicated on the 
lower surface by a slight swelling. This gall was observed at West- 
field, Lake Onondaga, Poughkeepsie, Highland and New York City. 


Larva. Length 2 mm, rather stout, pale yellowish. Head small, 
antennae short, stout; breastbone obsolete posteriorly, roundly 
bidentate and slightly expanded apicallv; skin coarsely shagreened; 
postevioz extremity broadly rounded. 

This is hardly a Lasioptera larva. The gall belonging therewith 
is probably not the work of Lasioptera. 

Male. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae dark brown; 25 segments, 
the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal 
segment produced, tapering distally to a subacute apex. Palpi; 
the first segment short, stout, irregularly subquadrate, the second 
narrowly oval, with a length nearly three times its diameter, the 
third a little longer and more slender, the fourth one-half longer 
than the third, strongly compressed. Mesonotum dark brown, 
the submedian lines sparsely haired. Scutellum dark reddish 
brown, postscutellum apparently dark brown. Abdomen apparently 
a nearly uniform dark brown. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, 
the third vein joining the rather long, whitish discal spot near the 
basal. half; halteres pale yellowish. -Coxae yellowish; femora 
yellowish at the extremities, dark brown near the middle; tibiae 
dark brown, irregularly yellowish distally; tarsi dark brown; claws 
long, rather slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli nearly as long 
as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, stout; terminal 
clasp segment long, swollen; dorsal plate long, broad, deeply and 
triangularly incised; ventral plate long, slender, tapering. Harpes 
long, slender, tapering: style long, slender, subacute distally. Type 
Cecid. a1546a. 

_ Lasioptera abhamata Felt 


1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 108; separate, p. 11-12 
1908. ———___ | N2Y. State, Mus, Bul. 124, p. 327 


This species was taken June 4, 1907 in general collecting at 
Karner, N. Y. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1910 167 


Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae dark brown; 21 or 22 seg- 
ments, the fifth with a length about equal to its diameter; terminal 
segment slightly prolonged, obtusely rounded distally. Palpi; 
the first segment short, subquadrate, the second subrectangular, 
one-half longer than the preceding, the third one-half longer than 
the second and the fourth one-third longer than the third. Face 
dark brown, eyes large, black. Mesonotum dark brown, submedian 
lines sparsely clothed with fine hairs. Scutellum dark brown, 
postscutellum and abdomen nearly uniform dark brown. Wings 
(pl. 5, fig. 3) hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with 
the margin just beyond the middle; halteres yellowish transparent 
basally, whitish transparent apically. Legs a nearly uniform dark 
brown, lighter ventrally, distal tarsal segment somewhat darker; 
claws stout, uniformly curved. Ovipositor probably nearly as long 
as the body, the terminal lobe long, slender, rather narrowly rounded 
and with a group of stout hooks. Type Cecid. 130. 


Lasioptera quercina Felt 


1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 108; separate, p. 12 
1908 —————-_N. Y.. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 327 


The female representing this species was taken on white oak, 
Oiestecus alba, at Albany, N. Y., June 1, 1906. 


Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae dark brown; 18 segments, 
the fifth with a diameter nearly twice its length. Palpi; the first 
segment short, subtriangular, expanded distally, the second nearly 
twice as long as the preceding, swollen basally, the third a little 
longer than the second, slightly enlarged distally, the fourth one- 
third longer than the third. Mesonotum dark brown. Scutellum 
and postscutellum very dark brown. Abdomen nearly uniform 
reddish brown, rather thickly clothed with ferruginous hairs. Wings 
hyaline, costa basally, subcosta and the third vein thickly clothed 
with dark brown or black scales except at the whitish discal spot, 
the third vein uniting with costa at the basal third; halteres yellow- 
ish transparent. Coxae yellowish or reddish yellow, transparent, 
femora and tibiae dark brown, lighter at articulations, tarsi dark 
brown; claws rather slender, uniformly curved. Ovipositor two-thirds 
the length of the abdomen, terminal lobes broad, narrowly rounded. 
Type Cecid. 96. 


Lasioptera spiraeafolia Felt 
1909 Felt, E. P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:287 


This small, yellowish species was reared July 16, t909 from a 
somewhat conspicuous, yellowish brown blister gall on Spiraea 
salicifolia taken by Cora H. Clarke at Magnolia, Mass. 
Several shipments of this gall have been received and a number of 
parasites reared therefrom. . 


Gall. 3 mm in diameter. A yellowish, brown spotted blister 
on the leaves. 


168 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Larva. Length 1.5 mm, pale yellowish, rather stout. Head 
small; antennae short, tapering, uniarticulate; breastbone distinct, 
bidentate, the teeth triangular, well separated, the shaft tapering 
posteriorly. Skin coarsely shagreened, posterior extremity broadly 
rounded, slightly lobed and with the cuticular rugosities more 
pronounced. 

Male. Length .75 mm. Antennae dark brown, yellowish basally; 
14 segments, the fifth with a length one-half greater than its diameter, 
subbasal whorl sparse, subapical whorl rather thick, relatively 
long, circumfili at the basal half and apically; terminal segment 
narrowly oval, tapering distally, with a length twice its diameter. 
Palpi yellowish; first segment short, stout, second narrowly oval, 
with a length three times its diameter, the third a little longer, 
more slender, the fourth longer and more slender than the third. 
Mesonotum a light fuscous yellowish, the submedian lines sparsely 
haired.. Scutellum and postscutellum yellowish orange. Abdomen 
yellowish orange, the segments slightly fuscous dorsally. Wings 
hyaline, the third vein uniting with the dark brown costa near 
the basal half. Halteres pale yellowish. Coxae, femora and tibiae 
mostly yellowish, the tarsi dark brown; claws long, slender, evenly 
curved, the pulvilli about half the length of the claws. Genitalia; 
basal clasp segment long, slender; terminal clasp segment rather 
stout, curved; dorsal plate long, deeply and narrowly incised, ventral 
plate inconspicuous. Harpes expanded basally, tapering to a 
narrowly produced, irregular apex. Type Cecid. a186o. 


Lasioptera viburni Felt 


1907, Felt, E. P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 104; separate spare 
1908 —————__ NN Y.. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 327 


This male was taken at Albany, N. Y., June ro, 1906 on maple 
leaved arrowwood, Viburnum acerifolium. 


Male. Length 1 mm. Antennae dark brown; at least 18 and 
probably more segments, the fifth with a length a little greater 
than its diameter. Palpi; the first segment irregularly curved, 
subrectangular, with a length four times the diameter, the second 
shorter, narrowly oval, the third a little longer than the second, 
more slender, the fourth one-half longer than the third, more slender, 
curved; eyes margined posteriorly with silvery white. Mesonotum 
dark brown, margined laterally with yellowish, anteriorly with 
a few sparse, silvery white hairs, submedian lines yellowish. 
Scutellum and postscutellum nearly uniform fuscous orange. 
Abdomen yellowish orange, with irregular fuscous markings on the 
first, second, third and fourth abdominal segments, the markings 
nearly divided in the middle and slightly prolonged sublaterally. 
Genitalia shining brown. Wings hyaline, costa basally and the 
third vein thickly clothed with dark brown scales, the latter uniting 
with the margin at the distal third; halteres yellowish transparent. 
Coxae, femora and tibiae pale yellowish straw, tarsi nearly uniform 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 169 


dark brown; claws slender, long, strongly curved. Genitalia; 
basal clasp segment long, stout; terminal clasp segment with the 
basal fourth enlarged, tapering; dorsal plate broad, deeply incised; 
ventral plate roundly emarginate. Harpes narrowly subtriangular. 
Type Cecid. 186. | 


Lasioptera excavata Felt 


1907 Felt, E.P. New Species of Cecidomyiidae II, p. 6 
1908 ——————_ N- Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 287, 327 


_ This species was presumably reared from a blisterlike mine found 

rather commonly in the vicinity of Albany on species of Crataegus. 
The larvae occur in the mines about midsummer, the adults appear- 
ing August 17, 1907. 

The blisterlike mine inhabited by this species is about 8 mm in 
diameter, pale green and surrounded by a broad, diffuse, reddish 
brown area, with diameter about three times that of the blister. 
The tints of the lower side of the leaf are much less striking than 
those above. One to three or six larvae may occur in a leaf. For 
a colored illustration of the gall see Museum Bulletin 175, plate 2, 
figure II, Ifa. 

Larva. Whitish, moderately stout, the extremities rounded, length 
2 mm; head rather small, rounded anteriorly, the antennae moder- 
ately long, stout, biarticulate, the terminal segment rounded apically; 
breastbone obtusely bidentate, shaft distinctly chitinized but more 
slender than the anterior portion; skin moderately smooth, posterior 
extremity roundly truncate and with a pair of fleshy, obtuse processes 
at each of the latero-posterior angles. 

Female. Length 1mm. Antennae black, basally yellowish; 26 seg- 
ments, the fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter; termi- 
nal segment slightly produced, obpyriform. Palpi; the first segment 
rather long, narrowly oval, the second a little longer, stouter, oval, 
the third one-half longer than the second, broad, tapering at both 
extremities, the fourth a little longer and more slender than the 
third; face with a conspicuous patch of silvery white scales, head 
thickly clothed posteriorly with silvery white scales. Mesonotum 
narrowly dark brown, broadly and variably margined laterally 
and anteriorly with pale yellowish, the submedian lines broad, 
pale yellowish and sparsely haired. Scutellum pale yellowish, 
postscutellum pale orange. Abdomen mostly pale orange, the 
second to sixth segments variably marked basally with dark brown, 
the markings being almost obsolete on the second, nearly reaching 
the margin on the third and extending thereto on the fourth, fifth 
and sixth segments, ovipositor pale orange; venter pale yellowish, 
sparsely clothed with silvery scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark 
brown, no discal spot; the third vein uniting with the anterior margin 
near the basal half; halteres pale yellowish. Coxae, femora and 
tibiae mostly pale yellowish, the femora narrowly reddish brown 


Bz: NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


apically, the tarsi black. Ovipositor as long as the abdomen, the ~ 
terminal lobes long, slender, subacute and with three or four stout 
hooks. _ Type Cecid. a1576. 


Lasioptera murtfeldtiana Felt 
1909 Felt, E. P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:288 


Several specimens of this form were reared September 9, 1806 
from seeds of sunflower taken at Kirkwood, Mo. Apparently the 
same or a closely allied insect was obtained from wild sunflower seeds 
August 25, 1884 from Ottawa, Kan. We are indebted to the courtesy 
of the National Museum for an opportunity of describing this species. 

The sunflower seed infested by this insect appears to be normal, 
the adult escaping from the pupa atter the latter was nearly free 
from the base of the seed. 


Exunae. Length 2.5 mm, semitransparent, except for the light 
brown dorsum of the abdominal segments; antennal sheaths short, 
with a short, obtuse, triangular process basally; dorsal horns short, 
rather stout. Wing pads extending to the third abdominal segment, 
leg cases to the fifth or sixth abdominal segment; dorsum of the 
abdominal segments thickly clothed with short, stout, chitinous 
spines; these evidently give the dark brown color mentioned above. 

Male. Length2mm. Antennae short, dark brown, 17 segments; 
the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter, the terminal 
segment slightly produced, broadly rounded apically. Palpi; first 
segment rather long, rectangular, the second a little stouter and 
as long as the first, the third one-half longer and more slender than 
the second, the fourth nearly twice the length of the third, more 
slender. Mesonotum dark brown, the submedian lines thickly 
haired. Scutellum dark brown, yellowish brown apically. Post- 
scutellum darker. Abdomen apparently a nearly uniform yellowish 
brown, the genitalia fuscous. Wings hyaline, costa mostly dark 
brown, the white discal spot apparently missing, the third vein 
uniting with costa at the distal third. Halteres reddish brown. 
Legs a nearly uniform dark brown, the femora and tibiae apically 
narrowly ringed with pale yellowish. Genitalia; basal clasp segment 
long, stout; terminal clasp segment, short, stout, swollen basally ; 
dorsal plate short, broad, deeply and triangularly emarginate; 
ventral plate long, tapering, broadly rounded. MHarpes long, with 
a narrow, chitinous process apically. Type Cecid. go2. 


Lasioptera centerensis n. sp. 
This name is proposed for a yellowish orange larva inhabiting a 
double celled gall at the base of the stem of _ Impatiens 
aurea anid taken at Karner, N. Y., September 6, 1906: 


Gall. ‘The gall is soft, green, one-half of an inch long, one-third of 
an inch in diameter, and is composed of two cells. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQI 6 - Pya 


Larva. Length 3 mm, rather stout, yellowish orange, the breast- 
bone linear, rather broad, tridentate. Head small. Antennae appar- 
ently uniarticulate, tapering. Skin coarsely shagreened; segmenta- 
tion indistinct, posterior extremity broadly rounded and with a 
few small, scattering spines. 

This larva is easily distinguished from that of L. impati- 
entifolia by the tridentate breastbone. Type Cecid. a1166. 


NEOLASIOPTERA Felt 

1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 330 

I9l1l ————— N.Y. Ent. Soc. Jour., 19:42 

1913 Kieffer, J. J. Gen. Insect., fasc. 152, p. 22 

This genus is closely allied to Lasioptera. It is distinguished by 
the fifth vein forking at the extreme base of the wing or by the sixth 
being entirely independent of the preceding (pluses, fie.) 8). Tins 
character, while not always determined with ease, affords a good 
basis for division, even though this latter may not be closely corre- 
lated with variations in habit. The female antennae may be com- 
posed of from 17 segments in the case of N. celastri to 29 
segments in N. viburnicola, while the males may have but 
feeccemenc, in Ny squamosa to.23 in N. cornicola. 
As in the genus Lasioptera, there is frequently a variation, appa- 
rently following no law, of four or five segments between the sexes. 

The species of this genus, as in Lasioptera, inhabit largely sub- 
cortical stem galls on herbaceous and woody plants, most of the 
forms producing distinct enlargements, though the presence of 
N. hibisci is indicated only by a somewhat general enlarge- 
ment of the stem.. N. squamosa has been reared from grass, 
presumably a stem gall, while N. vitinea makes a character- 
istic conical gall on the grape petiole. Type Lasioptera 
vitinea Felt. 
. Key to species 
a Abdomen dark brown or black 

6 Abdominal segments nearly unicolorous 
é Daise danke brown; female antennal segments 17... . 25.6... cea s'ae 


celastri Felt, C. 598 
cc Tarsi dark brown, annulate with yellowish white; female antennal 


Sepments 12; reated Irom .gtass.:......s0.55 squamoSa Felt 
ccc ‘Tarsi reddish brown, female antennal segments 21; reared from stem 
BaMOR CHIN OMELET tk: oar ot een oe ou aes a titimera n. sp., C. 907 


cccc ‘Tarsi fuscous yellowish, antennal segments, female 24.............. 

i Mayor.) ne Sp, .C. tans 
bb Basal abdominal segment whitish or yellowish white 
c Third vein uniting with costa at the basal third 


17 


NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


d Abdominal segments 1 to 4 white; male antennae with ?20 to 
22 segments; female, 24; reared from Eragrostis...........:. 
agrostis PelrC. ames 

dd Third abdominal segment margined with silvery; female 


antennaliseenientss. 25 o.-1i se 2s see ee cinérea Pel sae 
ddd Second to fourth abdominal segments with submedian lunate 
spots 


e Tarsi mostly dark brown 
f Female antennal segments, 22; terminal lobes of 
ovipositer very slender (x6). .... 2. 7 eee 
tenuitas Belt) Graze 
ff Female antennal segments, 24; male, ?20-22; terminal 
lobe of ovipositor rather stout (x4); reared from 


ra OnOStiGi te le oy, agrostis: Felt, Cones 
ee Tarsi mostly yellowish; terminal lobes short, stout, thickly 
ANG OGIS sca 5 rn oh Beta Thai prea hirsttta Belt,@. gos 


cc Third vein uniting with costa at the basal half 
d Third and fourth basal abdominal segments yellowish or whitish 
e Distal abdominal segment pale orange;.antennal segments, 
MINATSR Ace cet eats Sane nee oe basalis Pelt @xi29 
ee Distal abdominal segments white; margined posteriorly; 
antennal segments, male, 20; female, 23-25; reared 
from conical petiole grape gall... 20. 9a ee 
vitinea Felt, C. al4i5, 1665, 1118) e630 
dd Second to fourth abdominal segments with submedian whitish 
spots 
e Ventral plate rather broad, narrowly rounded distally; 
antennal segments, male,18... 11. 27 eee 
sexmacula tasPeli, Cuizen i ss9 
ee Ventral plate broad, narrowly incised apically; antennal 
Segimentis, male, Woe. 4: tripunctata Melt. @-a127 
ddd Second to third abdominal segments margined posteriorly with 
silvery white 

e Legs mostly pale yellowish 
f* Male antennal segments 18...» 27.2. eee . 
liriodend tm! FHeltis@2 401 

ee Legs mostly brown 

f Antennal segments, female, 23; scutellum reddish 
yellow; reared-from irregular stem gall on Solanum 
solani Felt, C. 903 
ff Antennal segments, female, 26; scutellum dark brown; 
presumably forming a stem gall on Clematis...... 
clematidis Felt, a1596a 
fff Antennal segments, male, 19; female, 23; scutellum 
dark brown; reared from irregular subcortical gall 
Ol SAMpPUCMSs semen « Saim-b wea) helices ar40o4 
ffff Antennal segments, male, 20; female, 23-25; scutellum 
reddish brown; reared from conical petiole grape gall 
vitinea Felt, C. alq15, 1065, 1118 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I916 173 


fffff Antennal segments, female, 24; reared from fusiform 
stem gall on Asclepias incarnata...... 
asclepiae Felt, C. a1gor 
ffffff Antennal segments, male, 22; female, 29; scutellum 
reddish brown; reared from irregular subcortical gall 
Spe NO MCIUNIEROIEIEO gots ig alge tie Sule ibis sais fares esa"elale's, 2s 
viburnicola Beutm., C. al4og 
dddd Third and fourth abdominal segments margined posteriorly 
e Antennal segments, male, 23; female, 27; third and fourth 
abdominal segments narrowly margined posteriorly; 
reared from irregular subcortical gall on Cornus 
cornicola Beutm., C. a1423, 21363 
ee Antennal segments, female, 23; third and fourth abdominal 
segments broadly margined posteriorly................. 
hamamelidis Felt, C. 181 
bbb Abdominal segments margined posteriorly with yellowish or whitish 
c Tarsi banded; antennal segments, male, 18; female, 24; reared from 
oval stem gall on Eupatorium...... perfoliata Felt, °C. 1101 
cc Tarsi with the distal segments of the posterior legs white; antennal 
SEPiEMES, TEMAIG TO. Ss .-. own See oe we s albipe's n. sp., C. 604 
ccc Tarsi unicolorous; antennal segments, female 18; reared from Heli- 
SLUT Sai aes eee ee eae ee helianthi Felt, C. a1718x 
bbbb Basal and other abdominal segments with conspicuous submedian markings 
c Submedian spots straw yellow 
Bebemale ancenmtal SCpments T8is.c. 2. sas salad bas mals oe fm earn 
flavomaculata Felt, C. 545 
cc Third and fourth abdominal segments mostly whitish; antennal 
segments, male, 16; on basswood....tiliaginea Felt, C. 283 
ccc ‘Third and fourth abdominal segments not mostly whitish 
d Tarsi unicolorous or nearly so 
e Antennal segments of male, 18; female, 22; scutellum dark 
brown; reared from oval stem gall on tick trefoil...... 
hamata Felt, C: a1458 
ee Antennal segments of female, 25; ovipositor lobes very long, 
SPST cet cues cals cet eo lonadens1s i. sp: C.* 1350 
eee Antennal segments, female, 17; scutellum black........... 
albolineata Felt, C. 1234 
dd Tarsi distinctly annulate 
e Posterior tarsi with the fourth and fifth segments white in 
the female 
f Antennal segments, male, 20; female, 24-25; the fourth 
palpal segment twice the length of the preceding; 
scutellum dark brown. Reared from ovate stem gall 
Gin Mrplariaanns 0 is. eA es ie oi Sor Pee Se 
albitarsis Felt, C::at477, ai379 
ee Posterior tarsi with the second to fourth segments banded 
at both extremities 
f Antennal segments, male, 15-16; female, 23; scutellum 
dark brown, the third vein uniting with the costa at 
the basal third. Reared from swollen stems of 
ERDISRUS 20° 572 014. «!s, o/s ls pub bet se i elt. C. araro 


—— ee 


SO 


L7A NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


ff Antennal segments, male, 19; female, 21; scutellum 
dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa near 
the basal half.’ Reared from a fusiform stem gall on 
aSten JoTaMehes:  Meylet soem ramuscula Beutm. 
C. a1361, a1397, a1500, 1107 

eee Posterior tarsal segments white-banded basally 
f Antennal segments, male, 14; female, 16; palpi three — 
four-segmented, the distal segment one and one- 
half to two and one-half times the length of the 
preceding; scutellum dark brown. Reared from 
fusiform bud gall.on Erigeron. ).) 2.) see 
erigerontis Felt, C. ai4274,,anz02 neo 
ff Antennal segments, female, 17-18; male) 15; noun 
palpal segment one-half longer than the preceding; 
scutellum dark brown; reared from stems of giant 
ragweed, Ambrosia trifida...2.... ee eee 
ambrosiae Felt, C. angz6 
fff Antennal segments, female, 18; scutellum reddish 
brown, the fourth palpal segment one and one-third 
the length of the preceding, the costal spot obscure. 
Reared from stem gall on Mimulus........ er otoemiees 
mimu 11: Felt) Canons 
ffff Antennal segments, male, 17; female, 23; scutellum 
dark brown, the distal palpal segment with a length 
one and one-fourth that of the preceding; ovipositor 
slender, as long as the abdomen. Reared from stem 
gall on Eupatorium.. eupatori1 Felt Gs arma. 
fffff Antennal segments, male, 17; female, 22-25; the fourth 
palpal segment with a length three-fourths to twice 
that of the preceding; scutellum dark brown, the 
ovipositor stout, with a length one-half that of the 
abdomen. Reared from Mint stemy ee) oe 
menthae Felt, C. a1823 

aa Abdomen a pale or reddish brown 

b Mesonotum light brown; antennal segments, male, 12; bred from grass... 
squamosa Felt, C. 909 
bb Mesonotum dark brown; antennal segments, female, I6-19............ 
: flavoventris Felt, C. 478, 480; 672 


Neolasioptera celastri Felt 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 330 


This species was taken on climbing bitter-sweet, Celastrus 
scandens at Albany;.N. Y.,: July 17, 2906. [t7aimayeepemiie 
species causing the subcortical stem gall on this vine. 

Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown, basally yellow- 
ish; 17 segments, the fifth with a length nearly equal to its diameter; 
terminal segment greatly produced, evidently composed of two or 
three closely fused, distally tapering to a narrowly rounded apex. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 175 


Palpi; the first segment long, expanding distally and with a length 
over twice its diameter, the second narrowly oval, with a length over 
twice its diameter, the third a little longer and more slender than the 
second, the fourth longer and more slender than the third; face 
fuscous yellowish, eyes large, black. Head posteriorly clothed with 
silvery white scales. Mesonotum shining dark brown. Scutellum 
and postscutellum dark reddish brown. Abdomen shining dark 
brown, ‘ovipositor yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa light brown, 
the third vein uniting with the margin just before the basal half. 
Halteres whitish transparent. Legs a nearly uniform dark brown, 
except for the yellowish coxae and femora; claws rather slender, 
stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli a little longer than the claws. 
Ovipositor probably about two-thirds the length of the abdomen; 
terminal lobes long, siender, narrowly oval. Type Cecid. 598. 


Neolasioptera squamosa Felt 
I9gtt Felt, E.P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 4:483-84 


The midges were reared 7 grass, presumably a gall, collected 
at Cadet, Mo. | 
Neolasioptera trimera Felt 
191r Felt, E. P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 4:484 


Females of this species were reared July 8-16, 1882 from a stem — 
gall on sunflower taken by Mr H. K. Morrison at Fort Grant, Ariz. 
A number of undetermined parasites were reared from this gall fly. 


Neolasioptera major n. sp. 


This giant species was taken in August at Colorado Springs, Col., 
at an elevation of 5915 feet, by Mr E. S. Tucker. It is also numbered 
126. 


Female. poe 3 mm. Antennae dark brown, 24 segments, 
the first broadly obconic, the second subglobose, the third and 
fourth free, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter, 
the terminal segment somewhat produced, narrowly ovai. The 
circumfili are remarkably high for a Neolasioptera, producing dis- 
tinct ridges. Palpi; first segment obconic, the second stout, with a 
length about two and one-half times its diameter, the third one-half 
longer, more slender, the fourth a little longer and more slender than 
the second. Mesonotum shining dark brown. Scutellum a little 
lighter, postscutellum nearly concolorous. Abdomen a_ shining 
reddish dark brown, ovipositor deep orange. Wings hyaline, costa 
yellowish transparent, probably badly rubbed, the third vein uniting 
with the margin near the basal half. Halteres yellowish basally, 
slightly fuscous apically. Coxae dark brown, femora mostly fuscous, 
yellowish, tibiae yellowish brown, tarsi fuscous yellowish, the seg- 

ments somewhat darker distally. Ovipositor*hardly half the length 
of the abdomen; terminal lobes large, broadly oval. Type Cecid. 


525%. 


176 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Neolasioptera agrostis Felt 


1908 Felt, E. P. .N. Yo State Mus? Bul. 124. paar 
IQII —— Beon? But jours 4-463 


This species, loaned for study by the United States National 
Museum, was reared from Eragrostis poacoides, adults 
issuing in September 188s. 


Neolasioptera cinerea Felt 


1907. Felt, E. P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p.> 111} separsse eas 
(Choristoneura) 
iN S013 ee I SS Sie ISS SVEN ree ee 


This species was taken at Albany, N. Y., June 21, 1906. 


Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown; 25 segments, 
the fifth with a diameter one-half greater than its length. Palpi; 
the first segment short, obconic, second one-half longer, subcylindric, 
the third very long, about three times the combined length of the 
two preceding, irregular, the basal portion stout, the apical part 
slender. Mesonotum dark brown, submedian lines with grayish 
hairs. Scutellum dark brown with sparse apical setae, postscutellum 
dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, incisures and pleurae pale 
whitish orange; basal segment thickly clothed with silvery scaies, 
the posterior margin of the third abdominal segment sparsely 
ornamented with scales of the same character, terminal segments 
pale orange. Wings subhyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein 
uniting with the margin at the whitish stigma on the basal third. 
Halteres pale yellowish basally, yellowish white apically. Coxae 
dark yellowish, femora yellowish straw with a more or less broad, 
fuscous band near the middle. Anterior and mid tibiae fuscous 
dorsally, pale yellowish ventrally, posterior tibiae pale yellowish; 
tarsi fuscous, lighter ventrally; claws moderately stout, strongly 
curved. Ovipositor moderately long, the lobes long, broadly rounded. 
ype Cecid: aan. 


Neolasioptera tenuitas Felt 
1908 *\ Felt, H.-P. N: Y. state Mus. Bul-1245-p. 331 


This species was taken on the office window at Alpes July 30, 
1907, presumably having been reared from material brought into 
the office. 


Female. Length 1.5mm. Antennae dark brown, basally yellow- 
ish; 22 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its 
diameter; terminal segment slightly produced, broadly oval. Palpi; 
first segment rather long, slender, slightly expanded distally, the 
second a little longer and broader than the first, the third about 
as long as the second, more slender, the fourth one-third longer than 
the third, more slender. Mesonotum’ shining dark brown, variably 
margined laterally and anteriorly with silvery yellowish scales. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9Q16 177 


Scutellum and postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, 
the basal segment thickly clothed with silvery white scales, the 
second, third and fourth segments with lunate, submedian, silvery 
white spots on the posterior margin; on the second and third seg- 
ments there are also narrow, linear, silvery white markings laterally; 
ovipositor pale yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the 
third vein uniting therewith near the basal third. Halteres pale 
orange basally, yellowish transparent apically. Coxae, femora 
and the base of tibiae mostly pale yellow, the distal portions of 
tibiae and tarsi dark brown. Claws long, stout, strongly curved, - 
the pulvilli about as long as the claws. Ovipositor probably nearly 
as long as the body, the terminal lobes long, slender, narrowly 
rounded. Type Cecid. 1232. 


Neolasioptera hirsuta Felt 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 331 


This species, loaned by the United States National Museum for 
study, was reared May 17, 1883, from stem galls on an unknown 
plant taken at Fort Huachua, Ariz. 


Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae reddish brown; 22 segments, 
the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal 
segment somewhat reduced, broadly oval. Palpi; first segment 
rather long, narrowly oval, the second a little longer, stouter, the 
third a little longer and about as stout as the second, the fourth 
one-half longer than the third, more slender. Mesonotum dark 
reddish brown, variably margined laterally and anteriorly with 
long, silvery scales, the submedian lines thickly clothed with golden 
yellow setae. Scutellum dark brown, postscutellum a little darker. 
Abdomen dark brown, the basal segment thickly clothed with 
silvery scales except for a narrow median line, the second to sixth 
segments with submedian subquadrate silvery spots posteriorly, 
the seventh segment rather broadly margined posteriorly with silvery 
white, ovipositor pale yellowish. ‘Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, 
the third vein uniting therewith at the basal third. Halteres mostly 
pale yellowish. Legs mostly fuscous yellowish, distal portion of 
tibiae and the apexes of the third to fifth tarsal segments inclusive, 
a light brown; claws rather long, stout, the pulvilli a little shorter 
than the claws. Ovipositor as long as the abdomen, the lobes 
short, broad, tapering, narrowly rounded. 

This species appears to be quite close to Cecid. 1232, differing 
therefrom particularly in the hghter color of the legs, especially 
that of the tarsi and in the shorter, stouter, thickly haired terminal 
lobes of the ovipositor. Type Cecid. go8. 


Neolasioptera basalis Felt 
1907 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 109; separate, p. 13 
(Choristoneura) 
1908 ——————-_ N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 331 


178 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


This species was taken on hazel, Corylus americana, 
at Albany, N. Y., August 6, 1906. Nothing is known of its life 
history. 

Male. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae dark Bn probably com- 
posed of 14 segments, the fifth with a length about one-half greater 
than its diameter. Palpi probably quadriarticulate. Face fuscous 
yellowish, eyes large, black. Mesonotum dark brown, submedian 
lines sparsely ornamented with yellowish hairs. Scutellum yellow- 
ish brown, postscutellum yellowish. Abdomen with the four basal 
segments yellowish white, the distal segments pale orange dorsally, 
sparsely clothed with fuscous and yellowish scales, genitalia fuscous. 
Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting therewith 
at the whitish discal spot on the basal half. Halteres and coxae 
pale yellowish, femora yellowish basally, dark brown distally, tibiae 
and tarsi dark brown; claws moderately heavy, strongly curved. 
Genitalia; basal clasp segment stout, terminal clasp segment stout, 
tapering. Dorsal plate broad, deeply emarginate, ventral plate 
broad, short, acutely rounded. MHarpes convolute, stout and with 
two subtriangular, truncate teeth. Type Cecid. 739. 


Neolasioptera vitinea Felt 


1907 Felt, E.P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 153 (Lasioptera) 
1908 —————-_ N.. Y.. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 331 


The midge was reared June 15, 1907 from a conical petiole gall 
on grape, collected on Staten Island, N. Y. The gall is quite com- 
mon in the vicinity of New York City, also at West Nyack, N. Y. 
It was found on Isabella grape by Mrs M. Archer Shee, Highland 
Falls, N: Y., and taken on grape at Albany, N. Yio Whesepecics 
was reared by the late Dr M. T. Thompson, Worcester, Mass., and 
presumably at Washington, D. C., as specimens dated April 28, 
1888 are in the collections of the National Museum. Trichasis 
virginiensis Ashm. was reared from this gall. 

Gall (pl. 3, fig. 2). This is an obpyriform or slightly curved coni- 
cal petiole gall on grape. The enlargement is about 1.5 cm long and 
.5 cm in diameter. Each gall contains 2-4 larvae in a-long central 
chamber. 

Larva. Length 3.5 mm, stout, whitish or pale yellowish. Head 
small; antennae uniarticulate; breastbone linear, bidentate, with 
a minute median tooth and tapering slightly distally; skin coarsely 
shagreened; posterior extremity broadly rounded. 

Male. Length 2.5mm. Antennae dark brown, basally yellowish; 
20 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; 
terminal segment greatly prolonged, subconic with a length fully 
twice its diameter, the base slightly rounded, the apex obtuse. 
Palpi fuscous yellowish, the first segment stout, subquadrate, slightly 
swollen distally, the second a little longer than the first, stout, roundly 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 179 


rectangular, the third more than twice the length of the second, 
tapering, obtuse; face sparsely clothed with silvery white scales. 
Mesonotum dark brown, variably and diffusely margined laterally 
and anteriorly with silvery white, the submedian lines rather thickly 
clothed with silvery white scales, the sublateral areas sparsely 
clothed with short, whitish hairs. Scutellum fuscous yellowish, 
clothed with a few coarse setae apically, postscutellum a little 
darker. Abdomen dark brown, the first segment rather thickly 
clothed with silvery white scales, the second, third and fourth 
nearly so, except for a variable, diffuse median fuscous spot, the 
sixth, seventh and eighth segments dark brown, thickly margined 
posteriorly with silvery, incisures and apex of abdomen fuscous 
yellowish, genitalia fuscous; venter with a broad median stripe, 
thickly clothed with silvery white scales, the sublateral areas dark 
brown. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the long, whitish discal 
spot at the basal half; the tip of the third vein uniting therewith; 
halteres pale yellowish. Coxae and femora mostly pale yellowish, the 
latter with a variable median band of light fuscous, tibiae light 
fuscous, narrowly banded at the extremities with pale yellowish, 
the first and second tarsal segments mostly light yellowish, darker 
distally, the third, fourth and fifth mostly dark brown; claws long, 
slender, strongly curved. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, 
stout; terminal clasp segment long, stout basally, tapering; dorsal 
plate long, broad, deeply and narrowly incised; ventral plate shorter, 
broad, broadly rounded; harpes stout at base, tapering. 

Female. Length 2mm. Antennae dark brown, basally yellowish; 
23 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; 
terminal segment slightly produced, obovate. Palpi fuscous 
yellowish, the first segment irregularly subquadrate, swollen distally, 
the second one-half longer, narrowly oval, the third more slender 
and one-fourth longer than the second, the fourth more slender 
and one-half longer than the third; face thickly white-scaled. 
Mesonotum dark brown, variably margined with silvery white scales, 
submedian lines thickly yellow-haired. Scutellum reddish brown, 
sparsely clothed with whitish hairs, postscutellum yellowish. 
Abdomen dark brown, the basal segment thickly silvery white- 
scaled, segments two to six narrowly margined posteriorly with 
silvery white, these markings continued laterally to form a crenulate 
lateral line; wing, see plate 5, figure 8; ovipositor pale yellowish; 
venter dark brown with the median third rather sparsely white- 
scaled. Tarsi a nearly uniform dark brown, the first segment 
narrowly annulate with whitish. Ovipositor about one-half the 
length of the abdomen, the lobes long, tapering, narrowly rounded. 
Dype Cecid. ar4rs. 


Neolasioptera sexmaculata Felt 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 331 
This species was taken at Nassau, N. Y., June 14, 1906, probably 


on cherry and again captured July 17th of the same year on a house 
window. 


180 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Male. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown, basally with 
silvery hairs; 18 segments, the fifth with a length about three- 
fourths its diameter; terminal segment nearly twice the length 
of the preceding, broadly rounded. Palpi; the first segment short, 
subquadrate, second a little longer, swollen distally, the ‘third 
narrowly oval, the fourth about two and one-half times the length 
of the third. Mesonotum dark brown with a darker median line, 
anteriorly and laterally with a broad band of silvery scales; there 
are also a few posteriorly on the median line. Scutellum dark brown, 
a few whitish scales subapically; postscutellum dark brown. 
Abdomen dark brown with the basal segment and small subdorsal 
spots on the second, third and fourth segments, white; laterally, 
larger, more diffuse, whitish spots, on the second, third, fourth and 
fifth abdominal segments; subterminal segments pale orange; genitalia 
fuscous yellowish, basally on the dorsal aspect with silvery white. 
Wings subhyaline, costa dark brown, a small, yellowish stigmatal 
spot at the basal half, the third vein uniting therewith; halteres 
pale yellowish basally, whitish transparent apically, anterior coxae 
pale yellowish, posterior coxae dark brown, variably clothed laterally 
with silvery white scales; femora mostly silvery white with variable 
fuscous markings, tibiae silvery yellow basally, a variable brown 
distally, lighter ventrally, tarsal segments dark brown, variably 
annulate basally with yellowish white, the annulations broader 
on the posterior legs, nearly rudimentary on the anterior ones; 
claws slender, evenly curved. Genitalia; basal clasp segment 
rather long, stout; terminal clasp segment greatly swollen basally, 
tapering; dorsal plate broad, deeply and triangularly incised; ventral 
plate broad, tapering, narrowly rounded. MHarpes stout, sub- 
triangular, a narrow, subquadrate tooth internally and a shorter, 
stouter one externally. Type Cecid. 265. 


Neolasioptera tripunctata Felt 
1908 Felt, E-P. “No Y. state Mus: Bultzas pi 338 


This species was taken on a house window at Nassau, N. Y.., 
June 30, 1906. Nothing is known concerning its life history. 


Male. Length tmm. Antennae dark brown, yellowish basally; 
16 segments, the fifth with a length but a little greater than its 
diameter; terminal segment subglobular. Palpi; the first segment 
short, subquadrate, the second rather stout, narrowly oval, the 
third a little longer, more slender, the fourth one-half longer than 
the third. Face yellowish. Mesonotum dark brown, submedian 
lines distinct, thickly clothed with fine, yellowish hairs and with 
a slightly broader stripe of similar hairs along the antero-lateral . 
margin. Scutellum dark brown, postscutellum reddish brown. 
Abdomen dark brown with the basal segments mostly yellowish, 
the second with three subquadrate yellowish spots, one: median 
the others nearly lateral, the third and fourth segments, each with 
a pair of submedian subquadrate spots, terminal segments bordered 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 18i 


posteriorly with yellowish white scales, ventral surface pale yellow- 
ish. Wings hyaline, costa with dark brown scales, third vein 
uniting with costa at the basal third; halteres pale reddish 
basally, whitish apically. Coxae pale yellowish, femora mostly 
pale yellowish, tibiae yellowish ventrally, with some dark brown 
dorsally, tarsi dark brown, the segments narrowly annulate with 
light reddish yellow basally; claws rather long, slender, evenly 
curved, the tooth long. Genitalia (pl. 7, fig. 4); basal clasp segment 
long, obliquely truncate; terminal clasp segment swollen at the 
base, tapering. Dorsal plate broad, very deeply and triangularly 
incised, ventral plate broad. Harpes stout, subtriangular, obtusely 
rounded. Type Cecid. 427. 


Neolasioptera liriodendri Felt 


1907, Felt, E. P WN. Y. State Mus: Bul. 110, p. 109-10; separate, p. 13 
(Choristoneura) 
- 1908 ————— N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 331 


This species was taken on a tulip tree, Liriodendron 
Peeeparerde, at Albany, N. Y., June 8, 1906. The tree was 
more Or legs infested. by Thecodiplosis liriodendri 
Jack, a species producing the characteristic purplish blister galls 
on the leaves. 


Male. Length 2.5 mm. Antennae dark brown, lighter basally; 
18 segments, the fifth with a length scarcely greater than its diameter; 
terminal segment suboval, sometimes free and occasionally fused 
with the preceding. Palpi; the first segment short, irregularly 
quadrate, slightly swollen distally, the second a little longer, narrowly 
oval, the third more slender, the fourth twice the length of the third. 
Head small, dark. Mesonotum dark brown, shining, clothed with 
long, white hairs, more abundant anteriorly and seen from the 
side, appearing like a collar, submedian lines rather abundantly 
clothed with fine hairs. Scutellum and postscutellum reddish. 
Abdomen with the basal segment covered with white scales, the 
second black basally, the dark color with three distal prolongations, 
‘that on the median line extending across the segment; the third 
segment has the three dark points extending across the segment, 
the fourth is decidedly reddish yellow, the fifth narrowly so at the 
base and clothed with a patch of dark scales. Wings hyaline, 
costa thickly clothed with dark brown scales basally, the third vein 
uniting with costa at the basal third (pl. 5, fig. 6); halteres white. 
Legs pale yellow, with the tarsi slightly darker at the tips 
of the segments; claws rather long, stout, uniformly curved. 
Genitalia (pl. 7, fig. 3); basal clasp segment long, obliquely truncate; 
terminal clasp segment swollen at the base. Dorsal plate broad, 
deeply and triangularly incised, ventral plate broad, broadly rounded: 
Harpes stout, irregularly subtriangular. Type Cecid. 291. 


« 


182 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Neolasioptera solani Felt 


1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p..164 (Choristoneura) 
1908 ——————_N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 331 


This species, loaned by the United States National Museum, 
was reared April 16-22, 1896 from a stem gall on Sola aus 
carolinense, taken at Ivy City, D.C. The gall reterediiay, 
us to this species was very common at Asheville, N. C., September 
1906. The larvae winter in the gall, the adults appearing in the 
spring. , 

Gall. An irregular stem swelling 3.75 to 5 cm in length and with 
a diameter of about 1.75 cm. It is usually mostly on 
one side of the stem and spined. 

Larva. Length 2.5 mm, rather stout, pale orange. 
Head rather broad; antennae uniarticulate, slender, 
tapering; breastbone rudimentary, unidentate; skin 
smooth; posterior extremity broadly rounded. ‘Larva 
probably young. 

Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae dark brown; 
23 segments, the fifth with a length about equal to its 
diameter; terminal segment reduced, subglobose. 
Palpi; the first segment small, subquadrate, the second 
short, dilated, a little longer than the first, the third 
.a little longer than the second, narrowly rounded, the 
fourth nearly twice the length of the third, slender. 
Mesonotum dark reddish brown, broadly and irregu- 
Fig. 30 Neo- larly margined with yellowish white, the submedian 

lasiop- lines thickly clothed with short, yellowish setae. 

tera so- Scutellum reddish yellow, a few small setae apically, 
lani, gall, postscutellum reddish brown. Abdomen dark brown, 
naturalsize the first abdominal segment yellowish-white scaled, the 

(original) | second to fifth segments narrowly margined posteriorly 

with silvery white, broadly interrupted along the 
median line, ovipositor pale yellowish; venter thickly suffused 
with silvery white scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the 
silvery white discal spot near the basal half, the third vein uniting 
with costa just before the basal half. Halteres pale yellowish 
transparent. Coxae and base of femora mostly a pale yellowish, 
the other parts of the legs a variable dark brown, the tarsi lighter; 
claws long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli about as long as 
the claws. Ovipositor about two-thirds the length of the abdomen, 
basally oval patches of stout, halberd-shaped spines, the terminal 
lobe long, tapering, and with a group of dark, stout hooks. Type 
Ceads 903: 


Neolasioptera clematidis Felt 
1908 Felt, E. P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 287-88, 331 


The female was observed at Newport, N. Y., July 17, 1907 as 
she was attempting to oviposit in a small slit in the stem of Cle- 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 183 


matis. The egg is about .1 mm in length and with a diameter of 
.o2 mm, reddish brown, slightly darker at one extremity. There 
were at least three eggs in this crevice. The gall, presumably made 
by this species, is ovate, reddish brown, about 4 mm long, 3 mm in 
diameter and occurs at the base of the tendrils. 


Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae dark brown; 26 segments, 
the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal 
segment somewhat produced, narrowly obovate. Palpi; the first 
segment short, stout, subquadrate, the second over twice the length 
of the first, rather stout, the third as long as the second, more slender, 
the fourth one-fourth longer than the third, more slender; face 
thickly clothed with silvery scales. Mesonotum dark brown, 
apparently margined laterally and anteriorly with silvery white 
scales, the submedian lines sparsely haired. Scutellum and 
postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, the dorsum 
of the first abdominal segment thickly clothed with silvery white 
‘scales, second, third and fourth abdominal segments narrowly 
margined posteriorly with silvery white markings, obsolete laterally. 
Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the whitish discal spot near the 
basal half; the third vein uniting therewith. Halteres yellowish 
basally, whitish apically. Coxae and extremities of femora and 
tibiae broadly and variably yellowish, the middle dark brown, tarsi 
dark brown, the distal segments yellowish, the latter possibly 
denuded; claws rather short, stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli 
nearly as long as the claws. Ovipositor probably two-thirds the 
length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes long, slender, slightly 
expanded distally. Type Cecid. arsg6a. 


Neolasioptera sambuci Felt 


1906 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 104, p. 131 (Cecidomyia) 

1907 Beutenmueller, William. Amer. Mus. of Nat. Hist. Bul. 23, p. 396 
tg06 Felt, FE. P. N.Y.State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 331 

I910 S‘ebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 2, p. 48 


The irregular subcortical gall of this species is somewhat common 
Bmreider, Oambucus canadensis, at Nassau,-N. Y., and 
vicinity and near New York City. Midges were reared by the late 
Dr M. T. Thompson at Worcester, Mass. The irregular galls vary 
greatly in size and may contain a considerable number of larvae, 
the flies appearing early in June. A Torymid was reared from this 
midge. The gall of this species is an irregular swelling usually on 
one side of the smaller elder stems. It ranges in length from 2 to 4 
cm and has a diameter of nearly 2 cm. 

Larva. Length 3 mm, yellowish red, rather stout. Head rather 
large; antennae uniarticulate, slender; breastbone linear, slightly 


enlarged apically, bidentate, with a rudimentary median tooth; 
skin smooth; posterior extremity broadly rounded. 


184 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Male. Length 2mm. Antennae light brown, basally yellowish; 
19 segments, the fifth with a léngth a little less than its diameter; 
terminal segment slightly prolonged, broadly rounded distally. 
Palpi; the first segment narrowly oval, with a length about one-half 
greater than the diameter, the second one-half longer than the 
first, somewhat stouter, subrectangular, the third a little longer 
and more slender than the second, the fourth one-half longer than 
the third, compressed and somewhat dilated apically; face fuscous 
yellowish with a conspicuous patch of silvery white scales. 
Mesonotum dark brown, broadly and irregu- 
larly margined laterally and anteriorly with 
silvery white, the submedian lines thickly 
clothed with short, yellowish setae. Scutel- 
lum dark brown, naked, postscutellum dark 
brown. Abdomen dark brown, the basal 
segments naked and pale salmon basally, 
broadly margined distally with silvery white, 
the second, third and fourth segments nar- 
rowly margined posteriorly with silvery 
white. Genitalia fuscous yellowish; venter 
sparsely clothed with silvery white scales. 
Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the whit- 
ish discal spot just before the basal half; the 
third vein uniting therewith just before the 
basal half; halteres pale orange. Coxae and 
base of femora pale yellowish, the femoro- 
tibio articulations irregularly yellowish trans- 
parent, the other portions of femora and 
tibiae a variable brown, the tarsi dark 
brown; claws rather long, stout, strongly 
curved, the pulvillt as long as the claws. 
Genitalia; basal clasp segment. long, roundly 
truncate; terminal clasp segment slightly 
swollen at the base, dorsal plate broad, 
Fig.31 Neolasiop- broadly and deeply incised; ventral plate. 

tera sambuci, short, broad, broadly rounded. Harpes 

galls about natural size, short, stout, tapering. 


one mostly eccentric Female. Length 2mm. Antennae. dark 
and the other sectioned brown, basally yellowish; 23 segments, the 
(original) fifth with a length about one-half its di- 


ameter; terminal segment somewhat pro- 
duced, obpyriform. Palpi yellowish fuscous distally, the first seg- 
ment irregularly subquadrate; slightly swollen distally, the second 
one-half longer, stout, the third one-half longer than the second; more 
slender, the fourth twice the length of the third, more slender. 
Abdomen dark brown, the first segment thickly clothed with silvery 
white scales, the second to fourth segments inclusive rather broadly 
margined posteriorly with silvery white scales, sixth, seventh and eighth 
very narrowly so; venter fuscous with a broad, median stripe of sil- 
very white scales, ovipositor pale yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I916 185 


dark brown, the whitish discal spot at the basal half, the third 
vein uniting with costa just before the basal half; halteres pale 
‘salmon. Coxae and femora basally and apically, the tibiae apically 
pale yellowish, the remainder of the legs a variable brown, tarsi dark 
brown; the pulvilli nearly as long as the claws. Ovipositor about 
one-half the length of the abdomen, terminal lobes rather long, broad, 
tapering, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. ar4o4. 


Neolasioptera asclepiae Felt 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 332 


This specimen was reared at Albany, N. Y., from an elongate 
fusiform swelling on the stems of swamp milkweed, Asclepias 
incarnata, adults appearing June 20, 1907. 


Gall. This species was reared from an elongate 

fusiform swelling on. the stem of Asclepias 
incarnata. It occurs invariably at the joint and 
on that account presents a symmetrical appearance, 
which at first sight appears normal. The galls usu- 
ally contain two larvae, one on each side of the 
septum of the joint. 
Larva. Length 2.5 mm, rather stout, pale orange. 
Head small; antennae wuniarticulate; breastbone 
linear, bidentate, with a small median tooth and 
slightly expanded distally; skin minutely shagreened; 
posterior extremity broadly rounded. 

Female. Length 1.25 mm. Antennae black, 
basally fuscous yellowish; 24 segments, the fifth with 
a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal 
segment slightly produced, obovate. Palpi; the first 
segment short, rectangular, with a length about 
one-half greater than the diameter, slightly dilated 
apically, the second stout, narrowly oval, a little 
longer than the first, the third one-half longer and Fig.32 Neo- 
more slender than the second, the fourth about as lasioptera 
long as the third, somewhat more dilated. Face asclepiae, 
whitish. Mesonotum black, margined anteriorly two enlarged 
and laterally with silvery hairs. Abdomen dark nodes, natural 
brown, the first segment covered with yellowish size (original) 
white scales, the second narrowly bordered pos- 
teriorly with silvery white, the third and fourth more broadly mar- 
gined with silvery white posteriorly, remaining segments with a 
scattered row of silvery hairs along the posterior margin; ovipositor 
pale yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the white discal 
spot almost at the basal third, the third vein uniting with the costa 
alittle beyond the basal third. Halteres whitish transparent, anterior 
legs dark brown, the femora basally white or pale, the posterior with: 
a dark brown band near the middle and silvery apically; tibiae dark, 
nearly to the base, the apical third silvery, tarsi black; claws long, 


186 - NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor 
nearly as long as the abdomen, the terminal lobes long, slenger, 
narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. al4ol. 


Ss 


Neolasioptera viburnicola Beutm. 


1907 Beutenmueller, William. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist; Bulyjze :398 (Lasi- 
optera) 
1908 Felt, E. P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. E24. 18e2 


The irregular, subcortical galls of this species occur on the larger 
branches of arrowwood, Viburnum dentatum, and closely 
_ resemble those produced by N. sambuci Felt on elder. It is 
rather common in the vicinity of New York City. The larvae 
winter in the gall, the adults appearing the latter part of May. 

Gall. An irregular, subcortical swelling from 2 
LO. eon 6 "Cm an length, and approximately 5 cm 
in diameter. 

Larva.’ Length 3 mm, rather slender, pale 
orange. Head small; antennae _ uniarticulate, 
slender; breastbone linear, bidentate, with a min- 
ute median tooth; skin rather coarsely shagreened; 
posterior extremity broadly rounded. 

Male. Length1.5;mm. Antennae dark brown, 
fuscous yellowish basally; 22 segments, the fifth 
with a length about three-fourths its diameter; 
terminal segment tapering to a broadly rounded 
apex. Palpi; the first segment irregularly sub- 
quadrate, the second rather stout, rounded, with 
a length about twice its diameter, the third a little 
longer, more slender, slightly dilated apically, the 
fourth one-half longer than the third, more slen- 
der; face with a patch of silvery white. Meso- 
notum dark brown, broadly margined laterally 
and anteriorly with silvery white, the submedian 
lines rather thickly clothed with lght yellowish 
hairs. Scutellum reddish brown, postscutellum 
dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, the basal seg- 
ments silvery white, the second to fourth seg- 
ments margined posteriorly with silvery white, 
the latter obsolete laterally, the fifth, sixth and 
seventh segments with the posterior margin 
sparsely clothed with long, silvery setae; genitalia fuscous; venter 
dark brown with a broad, median, white stripe. Wings hyaline, costa 
dark brown, discal spot pale yellowish, the third vein uniting there- 
with. Halteres pale salmon basally, semitransparent apically. Legs 
a variable brown, coxae and extremities of femora and tibiae pale 
yellowish, the tarsi dark brown; claws rather long, stout, strongly 
curved, the pulvilli a little shorter than the claws. Genitalia; basal 
clasp segment long, stout; terminal clasp segment slightly swollen 


Fig. 33 -Neolasi- 
optera vibur- 
nicola, gall, en_ 
larged (original) 


- 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 187 


basally; dorsal plate broad, broadly and triangularly incised ; ventral 
plate broad, broadly rounded. Harpes long, stout, tapering, obtuse- 

Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown, fuscous basally; 
29 segments, the fifth with a length three-fourths or one-half its 
diameter; terminal segment somewhat produced, tapering to an 
obtusely rounded apex. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, 
irregularly subquadrate, the second about twice as long, stout, 
subrectangular, the third a little longer and more slender than the 
second, somewhat dilated subapically, the fourth about twice as 
long as the third, more slender; face with a patch of silvery white 
scales. Mesonotum dark brown, variably margined laterally and 
anteriorly with silvery white, the submedian lines sparsely haired 
posteriorly. Scutellum dark brown with numerous whitish setae 
apically, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, the 
basal segments silvery white dorsally, the third and fourth rather 
broadly margined posteriorly with silvery white, obsolete laterally, 
the second very narrowly so along the median line; ovipositor pale 
yellowish; venter black with the broad median area silvery white. 
Legs mostly dark brown, the extremities of the femora and tibiae 
variably annulate with whitish or yellowish; tarsi darker; the pulvill 
as long as the claws. Ovipositor about as long as the abdomen; 
terminal lobes long, slender, narrowly rounded. 

The above descriptions were drafted from material reared from 


galls taken in the vicinity of New York City. Type Cecid. ar4og. 


Neolasioptera cornicola Beutm. 
1907 Beutenmueller, William. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 23:394-95 (Lasi- 


optera) 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 332 
1909 ———————_ Ent. Soc. Ont., 39th Rep’t, p. 44 


The gall is common on dogwood, Cornus s,olomiter as 
in the vicinity of New York City, occurs at West NeackooNe Y:. 
and is abundant at Nassau, N. Y. It is presumably found in other 
- sections of the State. It is an extremely variable subcortical swelling 
which resembles that produced by N. sambuci Felt on elder. 
The larvae winter in the gall, adults appearing in early May in the 
latitude of Albany, N. Y., and from March to June in the vicinity of 
Washington, D. C. A Polygnotus species was reared from this gall. 

Gall. An irregular, nodular, polythalamous, woody gall on the 
small twigs, the larger branches and the old stems of COSnat's 
stolonifera. It varies in length from 1 to 2 cm, is very irregular 
and is confined as a rule to one side of the twig. 

Larva. Length 2.5 mm, rather stout, pale orange. Head small; 
antennae uniarticulate, small; breastbone linear, bidentate, with a 
rudimentary median tooth, tapering and almost obsolete basally; 
skin nearly smooth; posterior extremity broadly rounded. 


188 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Male. Length 2mm. Antennae dark brown, basally yellowish, 
silvery scales ventrally; 25 segments, the fifth with a length about 
three-fourths the diameter; terminal segments somewhat produced, 
narrowly obovate. Palpi yellowish, fuscous apically, the first seg- 
ment short, broadly oval, the second a little longer, rather stout, 
the third longer and more slender than the second, the fourth fully 
one-half longer than the third, more slender. Face thickly clothed 
with silvery scales. Mesonotum dark brown or black, broadly mar- 
gined laterally and anteriorly with silvery white scales, the submedian - 
lines faintly indicated by a few silvery scales. 
Scutellum dark brown, with a few silvery setae api- 
cally, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark 
brown, the basal segment thickly clothed dorsally 
with silvery white scales, the second narrowly mar- 
gined posteriorly on the median line and the third 
rather broadly and the fourth narrowly margined 
with silvery white scales, the bands on the two 
latter obsolete distally, eighth and sometimes the 
seventh segment fuscous yellowish; genitalia fuscous; 
venter black with a broad median white stripe. 
Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein 
uniting with the white discal spot near the basal 
half. Halteres pale silvery yellowish. Legs with 
the extremities of femora, the distal extremity of 
tibiae and the first tarsal segment a variable silvery 
yellowish, the other portions of the legs dark brown, 
tarsi slightly darker; claws rather long, slender, 
strongly curved, the pulvilli hardly as long as the 
claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, slender, 
the obtusely rounded terminal clasp segment some- 
what swollen basally. Dorsal plate broad, tapering, 
deeply and triangularly incised; ventral plate long, 
Fig.34 Neo- tapering, broadly rounded. MHarpes long, slender, 

lasioptera tapering, obtuse. | 

cornicola, Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown, 

swellings on yellowish white basally; 27 segments, the fifth with 

larger cornus a length hardly half its diameter; terminal segment 
twigs (origi- produced, obpyriform. Palpi; yellowish white, 
nal) _ slightly fuscous apically, the first segment quadrate, 
the second a little longer, narrowly oval, the third 
about as long and more slender than the second, the fourth one- 
half longer than the third. Ovipositor pale yellowish; venter black, 
with a broad median stripe of silvery white scales. Wings hyaline, 
costa dark purple, the third vein uniting with the small, white discal 
spot near the basal third. Femora and tibiae dark brown, narrowly 
annulate with yellowish and white at the extremities; tarsi dark 
brown. Ovipositor as long as the abdomen, terminal lobes very 
long, slender, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. a1423. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 189 


Neolasioptera hamamelidis Felt 


1907 Felt, E.P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 111-12; separate, p. 15-16 
(Choristoneura) 
1908 —— N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 332 


This species was taken on witch-hazel Hamamelis vir- 
ginica, at Albany, N. Y., June 10, 1907. Nothing is known 
concerning its life history. 


Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown; 27 segments, 
the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal 
segment slightly prolonged, the 27th suboval. Palpi; the first 
segment short, swollen distally, the second a little longer, narrowly 
oval, the third more slender, the fourth one-half longer than the 
third, more slender; face dark brown, with patches of whitish scales. 
Mesonotum shining black, margined anteriorly and laterally with 
silvery white and with submedian lines ornamented with pale hairs. 
Scutellum dark brown, silvery white apically, postscutellum nearly 
uniform dark brown. Abdomen a rich dark brown with the dorsum 
of the first abdominal segment, a minute median spot on the second, 
a broad apical band on the third and fourth segments, the latter 
two not extending to the margin, silvery white; terminal segment 
pale orange. Wings hyaline, costa a rich brown, the third vein 
uniting with the margin at the basal half; halteres yellowish trans- 
parent basally, whitish transparent apically. Coxae and extremities 
of femora and tibiae yellowish transparent, tarsi nearly uniform 
dark brown, lighter ventrally; claws rather stout, strongly curved, 
Ovipositor probably two-thirds the length of the abdomen; terminal 
lobes narrowly lanceolate. Type Cecid. 181. 


Neolasioptera perfoliata Felt 
Boneset Stem Gall 
1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 156-57 (Choristoneura) 


sagae ————_—— N.Y. ‘State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 332 
wage) Jjatvis, T..D. Ent. Soc. Ont., 38th Rep’t, p. 88 
1909, —————__ Ent. Soc. Ont., 39th Rep’t, p. 78 


1910 Stebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul., 2:49 

1912 Cosens, A. Can. Inst. Trans., 9:323-24 

The midges were first reared by the late Dr M. T. Thompson of 
Clark University, Worcester, Mass., from an oval stem gall on 
boneset, Eupatorium perfoliatum. This gall is rather 
common at Springfield, Mass., at Nassau, N. Y., and has been 
observed in the vicinity of Buffalo as well as in other sections of tke 
State. It is fairly common in Ontario, Canada. The larvae winter 
in the gall, the adults appearing probably in May. Several para-. 
sites were obtained, namely, Eupelmus dryorhizoxeni 
mod. Flatygaster obscuripennis ‘Ashm., Polyg- 
notus sp. and Torymus sp. 


I9O NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Gall. This species was reared from an oval or fusiform stem 
gall ranging in length from 1 to 1.5 cm, and with a diameter of 
about .5cm. It is green and hairy like the stem. The long, central 
chamber within is inhabited by a larva. For a colored illustration, 
see Museum Bulletin 175, plate a, figure’ ro. ; 

Male. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown; 18 segments, the 
fifth with a length less than its diameter; terminal segment slightly 
produced, broadly rounded. Palpi; the first segment short, the 
second broadly oval, the third a little longer, more slender than 
the preceding and swollen distally, the fourth as long and more 
slender than the third. Mesonotum dark brown, the submedian 
lines thickly yellow haired. Scutellum yellowish brown, sparsely 
setose apically, postscutellum fuscous yellowish. Abdomen dark 
brown, the segments narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery, 
the eighth mostly pale yellowish. Gentalia fuscous. Wings hyaline, 
costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa at the basal half. 
Halteres yellowish basally, slightly fuscous apically. Legs dark 
brown, the anterior and mid tarsi narrowly, and the posterior tarsi 
broadly banded with cinereous; claws long, strongly curved, the 
pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, 
slender; terminal clasp segment greatly swollen basally; dorsal plate 
short, broad, deeply and triangularly emarginate; ventral plate long, 
narrow, narrowly rounded. MHarpes long, tapering. 

Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown; 24 segments, 
the fifth with a length less than its diameter. Palpi; the fourth © 
segment nearly twice the length of the third. Mesonotum dark 
brown or black. Scutellum dark reddish brown, postscutellum 
yellowish brown. Abdomen dark brown, the second, third and fourth 
segments with submedian, lunate, silvery spots posteriorly, the fifth, 
sixth and seventh segments narrowly margined posteriorly with sil- 
very. Ovipositor one-half the length of the abdomen, the terminal 
lobes long, slender. Type Cecid. 1101. 


Neolasioptera albipes n. sp. 


This species was taken at Riverton, N. J., October 1, 1904 by 
Prot. CW Johnson: 


Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown or black, 19 seg- 
ments; the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; 
terminal segment produced, broadly rounded distally. Palpi; first 
segment short, stout, the second broadly oval, the third a little 
longer, more slender, the fourth nearly twice the length of the third, 
slender. Mesonotum dark brown, sparsely and uniformly clothed 
with short, golden yellow setae. Scutellum dark brown with a few 
yellowish setae apically, postscutellum reddish brown. Abdomen 
a rich dark brown, the first to fourth abdominal segments brokenly 
and narrowly margined with pale yellowish scales, the bands broadly 
interrupted in the middle, narrowly so laterally. The following 
segments are ornamented with a broad, median, pale yellowish band; 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1910 IO! 


ovipositor orange yellow. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the 
third vein uniting with the margin near the distal third, the discal 
spot small, white. Halteres yellowish orange, slightly fuscous api- 
cally. Coxae and femora mostly pale golden yellow, the tibiae and 
tarsi a rich brown, except for the snow-white distal portion of the 
third, the fourth and fifth tarsal segments of the posterior legs; 
claws stout, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor about 
half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes long, narrowly 
oval. Type Cecid. 804. 


Neolasioptera helianthi Felt 
1907 Felt, E.P. New Species of Cecidomyiidae II, p. 7, 8 (Choristoneura) 
1908 ———_-_ NN Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 288-89 (Choristoneura), 
Pp. 332 
This species was reared September 3, 1907 from Helianthus 
strumosus, taken at Highland, N. Y., and supposed to bear 
only the gallsof Asphondylia globulus O.S. 


Female. Length 2.75 mm. Antennae dark brown, basally silvery 
white; 18 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its 
diameter; terminal segment slightly produced, broadly oval. Palpi; 
first segment rather stout, with a length more than twice its greatest 
diameter, the second about as long as the first, much stouter, the 
third one-fourth longer than the second, much more slender and the 
fourth one-half longer than the third, more slender; face silvery 
white. Mesonotum dark brown, mostly denuded, the submedian 
lines dark. Scutellum ornamented with numerous silvery hairs, 
postscutellum with silvery hairs laterally. Abdomen black, the 
segments narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery white, the 
latter interrupted at the middle, venter silvery white. Wings hya- 
line, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the anterior 
margin near the distal third. Halteres fuscous, lighter basally. 
Coxae black with silvery hairs, the anterior and mid femora gray 
to the apical third, the posterior lighter at the base, all black distally 
and with the incisures clothed with silvery white scales; tibiae black 
with the articulations clothed with silvery scales; tarsi black, gray 
ventrally; claws long, rather stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli as 
long as the claws. Ovipositor probably nearly as long as the body, 
terminal lobes long, rather broad, tapering, narrowly rounded. 
Type Cecid. ar718x. 


Neolasioptera flavomaculata Felt 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 332 


This form was taken on a window July 11, 1906 at Albany, N. Y. 
Female. Length 1.6 mm. Antennae dark brown, basally pale. 
straw; 18 segments, the fifth with a length a little less than its 
diameter, terminal segment produced, apparently composed of two 


IQ2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


closely fused, subacute. Palpi; probably quadriarticulate; face 
pale yellowish. Mesonotum black, the submedian lines and the 
lateral and anterior margins rather thickly clothed with yellowish 
setae. Abdomen black with triangular submedian straw yellow 
spots on segments one to six; laterally the abdomen has the straw 
yellow: line slightly interrupted at each segment; below this there is 
a dark line separating it from the white ventral surface. Wings 
hyaline, costa black, the third vein uniting with the costa near the 
basal half. Halteres yellowish at the base, fuscous apically. Legs 
black, the anterior femora. with a black line above, pale beneath, 
the anterior and mid tarsi narrowly annulate with whitish, the pos- 
terior tarsi broadly so, the fourth and fifth segments entirely white; 
claws long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. 
Ovipositor about two-thirds the length of the abdomen; terminal 
lobes rather long, slender, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. 545. 


Neolasioptera tiliaginea Felt 
1908 Felt, E. P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 332 


This species was taken on basswood, Tilia americana, at 
Nassau, N. Y., June 14, 1907 and may be the species responsible 
for the destruction of many buds on this tree. 


Male. Length 1.25 mm. Antennae dark brown; 16 segments, 
the fifth with a length one-fourth greater than its diameter; terminal 
segment suboval. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, subquad- 
rate, the second rather broadly oval, the third a little longer, more 
slender, the fourth one-half longer than the third, more slender. 
Face pale yellowish brown. Mesonotum dark brown, a conspicuous 
patch of yellowish white hairs on a broadly crescentic area posteriorly. 
_Scutellum dark brown, pale yellowish apically, postscutellum dark 
brown. Abdomen a nearly uniform dark brown with the entire 
lateral portions of the first segment, and lateral subquadrate spots 
on the second, and nearly the entire anterior portion of the third 
and fourth segments, yellowish white; the following segments nar- 
rowly ringed with pale orange, the color of the incisures. Wings 
(pl. 5, fig. 7) hyaline, costa dark brown with a whitish stigmatal 
spot at the basal third, the third vein uniting with the margin at 
the basal third. Halteres pale yellowish orange. Legs pale yellow- 
ish orange basally, dark brown apically, terminal segments slightly 
darker; claws rather long, slender, evenly curved. Genitalia; basal 
clasp segment long, slender; terminal clasp segment swollen at the 
base. Dorsal plate broad, broadly and triangularly incised; ventral 
plate narrow, narrowly rounded. Harpes stout, irregularly triangular, 
slightly prolonged. Type Cecid. 283. 


Neolasioptera hamata Felt 


1907 Felt, E. P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 155 (Choristoneura) 
1908 —————_ NL Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 332 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQ16 193 


The midges were reared the last of April and in May 1907 from 
an oval stem gall on an unknown weed taken at Albany, N. Y. 
The larvae winter in the gall. 


Gall. An oval, polythalamous stem enlargement some 2 cm in 
length and .5 cm in diameter. The gall closely resembles that of 
Masioptera desmodii Felt. The larvae tunnel the cork- 
like tissues. 

Larva. Length 2.5 mm, rather stout, pale orange; head small; 
antennae uniarticulate, tapering; breastbone expanded apically, 
bidentate and with a small median tooth, subobsolete basally; skin 
nearly smooth; posterior extremity broadly rounded. 

Male. Length 3 mm. Antennae dark brown; 18 segments, the 
fifth with a length slightly greater than its diameter; terminal seg- 
ment short, broadly oval. Palpi; the first segment subquadrate, 
expanding distally, the second stout, broadly oval, the third a little 
longer, more slender, the fourth more than twice the length of 
the preceding, slender, tapering; face fuscous with a few whitish 
scales. Head posteriorly rather thickly clothed with pale yellowish 
scales. Mesonotum dark brown, sparsely margined laterally and 
anteriorly with yellowish hairs, submedian lines rather thickly clothed 
with the same. Scutellum dark brown with a few whitish scales, 
postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown or black with 
submedian rows of conspicuous lunate, silvery spots, a pair on thé 
posterior margin of each segment; genitalia fuscous yellowish, venter 
suffused with silvery scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the 
third vein uniting with the margin at the distal third. MHalteres a 
pale yellowish. Legs a variable brown, the tarsi dark brown; claws 
long, stout, strongly curved, the pulvillii longer than the claws. 
Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, rather slender; terminal clasp 
segment somewhat swollen at the base; dorsal plate broad, broadly 
and triangularly incised; ventral plate long, narrow, narrowly 
rounded. Harpes long, narrow, tapering. 

Female. Length 2.75 mm. Antennae dark brown; 20-22 seg- 
ments, the fifth with a length about equal to its diameter; terminal 
segment slightly prolonged, broadly rounded distally. Palpi; the 
first segment short, stout, greatly swollen distally, the second stouter, 
subrectangular, the third a little longer, more slender, the fourth 
fully one-half longer than the third, more slender; face with patches 
of silvery white scales, mouth-parts fuscous yellowish. Mesonotum 
dark brown, variably marked laterally and anteriorly with yellowish 
or whitish scales, the submedian lines thickly clothed with yellowish 
setae. Scutellum reddish brown with a few yellowish setae apically; 
ovipositor pale yellowish; venter suffused with silvery scales. Wings 
hyaline, costa dark brown, discal spot yellowish, the yellowish 
brown third vein joining the costa near the basal half. Halteres a 
pale yellowish. Legs a variable brown, the tarsi dark brown, the 
pulvilli about as long as the claws. Ovipositor about as long as 
the abdomen, with oval patches of stout, spear-shaped spines; term- 
inal lobe long, slender, narrowly rounded, with a group of heavy, 
recurved hooks. Type Cecid. a1458. 


194 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Neolasioptera coloradensis n. sp. 

This species was taken by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell at Boulder, 
Col., May 12, 1909. 

Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown; 25 segments, 
the fifth with a length equal to its diameter, the terminal segment 
with a length twice its diameter and evidently composed of two 
closely fused segments. Palpi; first segment stout, incrassate, the 
second as long as the first, narrowly oval, the third ‘and fourth sub- 
equal, each about one-half longer than the third and slender. Meso- 
notum dull dark brown, the submedian lines sparsely haired. Scutel- 
lum dark brown, sparsely clothed with silvery setae apically, post- 
scutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, segments one to six 
with small, submedian, silvery spots posteriorly; venter fuscous; 
ovipositor pale orange. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, subcosta 
uniting therewith before the basal third, the third vein before the 
basal half, the discal spot long, whitish. Halteres yellowish basally, 
whitish apically. Coxae fuscous; femora, tibiae and tarsi mostly 
dark brown, the latter almost black, claws moderately stout, long, 
the pulvilli shorter than the claws. Ovipositor about two-thirds 
the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobe extremely slender, with 
a length about six times its width. Type Cecid. 1350. 


Neolasioptera albolineata Felt’ 
1908 Pelt, E.P. “N. V.state Mus. Bul 124, p2332 


This species was taken on the office window at Albany, N. Y.., 
August 5, 1907, presumably having been reared from some material. 


Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown, the basal seg- 
ments reddish yellow; 17 segments, the fifth with a length about 
three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment greatly swollen, broadly 
oval and tapering slightly to a narrowly rounded apex. Palpi; the 
first segment, short, stout, expanded distally, the second long, nar- 
rowly oval, the third one-half longer, more slender, the fourth one- 
half longer than the third and more slender; face with a patch of 
silvery scales. Mesonotum shining black, variably margined later- 
ally with silvery white scales, the submedian lines broadly clothed 
posteriorly with silvery white scales. Scutellum black, with numer- 
ous silvery scales apically, postscutéllum fuscous.. Abdomen black, 
the segments posteriorly with submedian, lunate, silvery white spots 
and laterally with subquadrate, silvery white spots, forming an 
almost unbroken, lateral line; ovipositor pale salmon; venter thickly 
clothed with silvery white scales, except for the narrow, sublateral 
black lines. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting 
with the anterior margin at the basal fourth; halteres yellowish 
basally, reddish brown apically. Legs mostly a uniform dark brown. 
The two distal segments of the posterior tarsi silvery white; claws 
long, stout, evenly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovi- 
positor nearly as long as the abdomen, the terminal lobes narrowly 
ovel, | Type ec s1247- 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 195 


Neolasioptera albitarsis Felt 


1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 153-54 (Choristoneura) 
1908 ——————_ NN Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 333 
1910 ————__ Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:350 


- This species was reared May 18 and 21, r907 from galls on 
maptropappus cornifolius, taken at Nassau, N.. Y. 
This gall resembles rather closely that made by Lasioptera 
desmodii Felt, and is quite common in places where its food 
plant occurs. The larvae winter in the galls, adults appearing the 
latter part of May. 


Gall. The gall produced by this species is a greenish brown, more 
or less fusiform, irregular swelling on the stem, at or near the base 
of the leaf. It is about 1 cm long by .6 cm in diameter, and occa- 
sionally two are fused to form an irregular swelling some 2.5 cm long. 

Male. Length 2.5mm. Antennae dark brown, yellowish basally; 
20 segments, the fifth with a length hardly equal to its diameter; 
terminal segment slightly produced, broadly oval. Palpi; the first 
segment irregularly subquadrate, somewhat dilated apically, the 
second stout, subrectangular, the third one-half longer and more 
slender than the second, the fourth cver twice the length of the 
third, more slender. Mesonotum a shining dark brown. Scutellum 
and postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen evidently badly denuded, 
a deep salmon, with numerous dark brown or black scales dorsally; 
probably the segments are margined posteriorly with silvery white, 
genitalia fuscous. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein 
uniting with costa at the basal half. Halteres yellowish transparent, 
femora and tibiae a variable fuscous yellowish, tarsi dark brown, 
the segments annulate basally with silvery white. Color characters 
from a badly rubbed specimen. Claws long, slender, strongly curved, 
the pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment 
long, stout, terminal clasp segment short, greatly swollen basally; 
dorsal plate broad, broadly and triangularly emarginate; ventral 
plate shorter, tapering, narrowly rounded, apex setose. Harpes long, 
stout, tapering, obtuse. 

Female. Length 3 mm. Antennae sparsely haired, dark brown, 
basal segments fuscous yellowish; 24 to 25 segments, the fifth with 
a length about three-fourths the diameter; terminal segment some- 
what produced, broadly rounded apically. Mesonotum dark brown 
or black, broadly margined laterally and anteriorly with silvery 
white, the submedian lines rather thickly clothed with yellowish 
scales. Scutellum dark brown, thickly clothed apically with whitish 
scales, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown or black 
with submedian rows of lunate, silvery white spots. Ovipositor 
pale orange, venter mesially suffused with silvery white. Wings 
hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the margin 
just before the basal half. Halteres pale orange basally, light 
yellowish apically. Legs mostly dark brown, the articulations 


7 


196 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


narrowly annulate with silvery white, those on the posterior tarsi 
broad, the most of the fourth and fifth segments yellowish white. 
Ovipositor about one-half the length of the abdomen; terminal 
lobes long, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. a1477. 


Neolasioptera hibisci Felt 


1907 Felt, E.P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 155-56 (Choristoneura) 
1908 ——' IN; Yo State; Mus Balk 124. 02,422 


This brightly marked midge was reared April 25, 1907 from 
slightly enlarged stems of the rose marshmallow, Hibiscus 
moscheutos, taken on Staten Island, N. Y. The larvae occur 
singly or in numbers in the pith, and occasion- 
ally in the outer portions of the tissues. One 
stalk may be inhabited by only a few ‘larvae, 
or may contain 50 to 100 or more. 


Gall. Infested stems can usually be discerned 
by a somewhat abnormal thickening, though 
occasionally a badly infested stem may be nearly 
twice the usual. size, The female appears ce 
deposit eggs in a small slit in the stem, the larva 
usually tunneling the pith and frequently exca- 
vating a channel just beneath the surface, figure 


Larva. Length 4 mm, rather stout, light yel- 
lowish. Head small; antennae uniarticulate, 
slender, tapering; breastbone stout, somewhat 
expanded apically, bidentate and with a rudi- 
mentary median tooth; skin finely shagreened; 
posterior extremity broadly rounded. 

Male. Length 1.75 mm. Antennae dark brown; 
16 segments, the fifth with a length a little less 
than its diameter; terminal segment slightly pro- 
duced, subglobose. Palpi; the first and second 
Fig. 35 Neo- segments irregularly subquadrate, slightly swollen 

lasioptera hi-- distally, the third a little longer mamewk, 

bisci, portion rounded, the fourth twice the length of the pre- 
of swollen ster, ceding, more slender; face fuscous with a patch 
showing larva; of silvery scales. Mesonotum dark brown, nar- 
galleries and exit rowly and irregularly margined laterally with 
holes, enlarged golden yellow scales, the submedian lines rather 

(original) thickly clothed with golden yellow hairs. Scutel- 

lum dark brown, scatteringly ornamented with 
silvery white scales and with a few long setae apically, postscutellum 
dark brown. Abdomen a dark brown or black with submedian rows 
of somewhat irregular, sublunate, silvery white spots, a pair on the 
posterior margin of segments one to six or seven, those on the distal 
segments smaller and less distinct. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 197 


the third vein uniting with the margin at the basal third. Halteres 
pale salmon basally, whitish transparent apically. Legs mostly dark 
brown, the articulations annulate with white, the bands broader on 
the posterior tarsi; claws long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli 
as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, slender; 
terminal clasp segment somewhat swollen at the base; dorsal plate 
broad, deeply and triangularly emarginate; ventral plate long, slen- 
der, narrowly truncate or slightly emarginate. Harpes long, stout. 

Female. Length 2.75 mm. Antennae dark brown; basal seg- 
ments fuscous yellowish; 23 segments, the fifth with a length about 
three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment somewhat produced, 
obtusely rounded. Palpi; first segment rather long, narrowly oval, 
swollen distally, second a little shorter, stouter, the third a little. 
longer than the second, more slender, the fourth nearly twice the 
length of the third, more slender. Mesonotum a rich dark brown, 
the anterior lateral angles narrowly margined with silvery white, 
the submedian lines sparsely clothed with light golden yellow scales 
and with broad, submedian golden yellow vittae anteriorly. Scutel- 
lum dark brown or black, rather thickly clothed with silvery white 
scales, postscutellum dark brown. Ovipositor pale yellowish, the 
venter suffused with silvery white scales, except rather indistinct 
yellowish submedian lines. The white scales on the under surface 
are prolonged laterally along the margins of the segments and form 
a series of triangular marks. Wings (pl. 5, fig. 5) hyaline, costa 
dark brown, the third vein uniting with the margin just before the 
middle. Ovipositor about as long as the abdomen, the terminal 
lobes long, broad, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. ar4to. 


Neolasioptera ramuscula Beutm. 
1907 Beutenmueller, William. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 23, p. 392 


(Cecidomyia) 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 333 
1910 —————-_ Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:349 


1910 Stebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul., 2:53-54 (Cecid- 
omyia strobiligemma) 
1913 Beutenmueller, William. Can. Ent., 45:416 (Cecidomyia, in part) 

This species is a rather common inhabitant of fusiform stem galls 
on several species of aster. It was originally reared by Professor 
Beutenmueller from material taken in North Carolina. It has been 
reared repeatedly from galls collected in the Hudson valley, while 
the late Dr M. T. Thompson of Clark University, Worcester, Mass., 
also reared this species. The gall of apparently this species has been 
recorded by the late Dr William Brodie! under the name of Diplo- 
‘sis punicei on Aster puniceus. It is probably widely 
distributed, The larvae winter in the galls, adults appearing about | 


1Can. Ent., 41:150—-5I, 1909. 


198 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


the middle of May. Eurytoma and Polygnotus species were reared 
from this gall. 


Gall. The more usual form of gallisfusiform, about 1 cm long and 
about .¢4cm in diameter. It occurs rather commonly on the smaller 
branches of several species of aster. The galls are monothalamous 
with a narrow central cavity extending the 
greater portion of their length. They are usu- 
ally single though occasionally two may be 
confluent, or there may be two on the same 
branch, an inch or more apart. 

Larva. Length 4>mm, tather ‘stout eel 
lowish. Head small; antennae uniarticulate, 
slender, breastbone stout, slightly expanded 
apically, bidentate; skin nearly smooth; pos- 
terior extremity broadly rounded. 

Male. Length 2.75 mm. Antennae, dark 
brown, basally yellowish, ventrally with silvery 
scales; 19 segments, the fifth with a length 

| Fe slightly greater than its diameter; terminal 
Fig.36 Neolasiop- segment slightly prolonged, narrowly oval. 
tera ramus-_ Palpi fuscous, the first segment very short, 
cula, two gallso1 broad, the second twice its length, broadly 
cmaller twigs, nat- oval, the third a little longer than the second, 
ural size (original) much more slender, the fourth twice the length 
of the third and more slender. Face with a 

patch of silvery scales. Mesonotum dark brown, rather broadly and 
irregularly margined laterally and anteriorly with silvery white scales, 
a cluster of yellowish scales at the base of the wings, submedian lines 
sparsely clothed with short, yellowish scales. Scutellum dark brown, 
with sparse silvery scales and with a few yellowish setae apically, 
postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown with submedian 
rows of small, silvery spots on segments one to seven, incisures deep 
red; venter black with a broad median white stripe; genitalia fus- 
cous. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with 
the margin at the basal half. Halteres mostly pale yellowish. Legs 
mostly dark brown, the extremities of femora and tibiae narrowly 
annulate with yellowish white, the tarsal segments narrowly annulate 
basally with yellowish white, except the three distal ones on the 
posterior legs, which are broadly annulate basally, the second, third 
and fourth also narrowly annulate distally; claws long, slender, 
strongly curved, a little longer than the pulvilli. Genitalia; basal 
clasp segment long, slender, terminal clasp segment. swollen basally; 
dorsal plate broad, broadly and triangularly emarginate; ventral 
plate short, broad, angularly rounded. MHarpes short, stout, obtuse. 

Female. Length 2.75 mm. Antennae dark brown; basally 
fuscous yellowish; 21 segments, the first broadly obconic, the second 
slightly flattened, subglobose, the third and fourth closely fused, 
the fifth with a length scarcely equal its diameter; terminal seg- 
ment somewhat produced, broadly oval. Abdomen; seventh 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 199 


segment narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery white, the 
eighth segment and ovipositor fuscous yellowish; venter black with 
a broad median white stripe. Legs dark brown, femora, tibiae and 
the tarsal segments narrowly annulate with silvery, except the 
third to the fifth posterior tarsal segments, which are broadly annu- 
late basally, the second, third and fourth also narrowly annulate 
distally; the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor probably 
one-half the length of the body, the terminal lobes, short, broadly 
oval. Cecid. a136r1. | 


Neolasioptera erigerontis Felt 

1907 Felt, E.P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 163 (Choristoneura) 

1907 Cook, M.T. Dav. Acad. Nat. Sci. Proc., separate, p. 10 (Lasioptera) 

mg06, Pelt, BE. P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul..124, p. 332 

1913 Beutenmueller, William. Can. Ent., 45:414 (L. podagrae) 

This species was reared in some numbers from 
a fusiform gall on horseweed, Erigeron 
Samauemsis. It is hardly the same as the 
species described by Brodie! as Cecidomyia 
eregeroni, since he clearly states that the 
larvae forsake the galls, a habit we have never 
observed in the Lasiopterariae: The larvae of 
this insect winter in the gall, the adults appearing 
the latter part of May. This species is pre- 
sumably widely distributed, as it undoubtedly 
occurs in Ontario, various portions of New York 
State, and specimens were found in the collections 
of the late C. V. Riley. Adults in the National 
Museum were bred May 1, 1895 from galls taken 
at Washington, D. C., and July 8, 1893 from 
material taken in Missouri. This species was also 
reared by Mr Beutenmueller, the host being 
erroneously identified as aster and the insect 
described by himasL. podagrae. Polyg- | 
motus angulatus Ashm. Torymus Fig.37 Neolas- 
G@ecensackenizr D. T..and a Eurytoma  ioptera eri- 
species were reared from this gall or that of the gerontis, two 
associated Asteromyia moadesta Felt. rk glide on 

ee : ratural size (orig- 

Gall. The gall produced by this insect is inal) 


simply a slight enlargement on the stem, a 
rather evident fusiform enlargement near the base of the branches, 


1 Brodie, William. Biological Review of Ontario, 1:13-15 (Gall described 
and noticed, as Diplosis). 1894. 


200 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


or it may possibly produce the small arrested budlike galls along 
the side of the stem. 

Larva. Length 2 mm, slender, whitish. Head small, broad; 
antennae uniarticulate; stout; breastbone greatly dilated apically, 
quadridentate, the submedian teeth slightly smaller, distal portion 
subobsolete; skin coarsely shagreened; posterior extremity broadly 
rounded, minutely papillate. Probably a Neolasioptera though 
the quadridentate breastbone suggests Asphondylia. 

Male. Length 2.25 mm. Antennae dark brown, yellowish 
basally; 14 segments, the fifth with a length a little less than its 
diameter; terminal segment slightly reduced, obovate. Palpi; the 
first segment very short, stout, irregularly subquadrate, the second 
narrowly oval, more slender, the third two and one-half times as 
long as the second, slender, tapering distally to an obtuse apex; face 
with a conspicuous patch of silvery white scales. Mesonotum dark 
brown, the submedian lines sparsely clothed with yellowish setae. 
Scutellum dark reddish brown, postscutellum dark brown. Abdo- 
men a dark brown with rather large, submedian lunate white spots 
on the posterior margin of each segment, incisures pale salmon; 
genitalia fuscous; venter suffused with silvery scales. Wings hya- 
line, costa dark brown, discal spot silvery, the third vein uniting 
with the anterior margin just before the basal half; halteres pale 
salmon. Legs mostly a variable dark brown, the basal two-thirds 
of femora yellowish, tibiae and the first and last tarsal segments 
banded basally, and the others narrowly annulate basally and apically 
with silvery white, the annulations broader on the posterior legs; 
claws long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. 
Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, slender; terminal clasp seg- 
ment swollen at the base; dorsal plate long, slender, deeply and 
narrowly incised; ventral plate long, slender, narrowly rounded. 
Harpes short, stout, tapering, broadly obtuse. 

Female. Length 2.5 mm. Antennae dark brown, basally 
yellowish, silvery white scales ventrally; 16 segments, the fifth 
with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment 
produced, apparently composed of two fused, slightly constricted 
near the middle, broadly rounded apically. Palpi; the first segment 
irregularly subtriangular, greatly expanded distally, the second 
a little longer, stout, slightly tapering apically, the third longer and 
more slender than the second, the fourth one-half longer and more 
slender than the third; face with a conspicuous patch of silvery 
white scales, eyes margined posteriorly with silvery white. 
Mesonotum dark brown, variably margined laterally and anteriorly 
with silvery white, the submedian lines rather thickly clothed. with 
yellowish hairs. Scutellum and_ postscutellum dark brown. 
Abdomen a dark brown with submedian, lunate, silvery spots on 
the posterior margins of the segments, ovipositor light fuscous 
yellowish; venter suffused with silvery scales. Wings hyaline, 
costa dark brown, the small discal spot silvery white, the third 
vein uniting with the margin just before the basal half; halteres 
pale salmon. Legs mostly black, the basal half of femora yellowish; 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 201 


tibiae and the first and last tarsal segments banded basally, and the 
others narrowly annulate basally and apically with silvery white, 
the annulations broader on the posterior legs; claws long, slender, 
strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor about 
two-thirds the length of the abdomen; terminal lobes long, slender, 
narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. a1427a. 


Neolasioptera ambrosiae [elt 
1909 Felt, E. P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:288 


This form was reared by Mr C. R. Crosby in January tgog from 
stems of the giant ragweed, Ambrosia trifida, taken at 
Ithaca, N. Y., in midwinter. There was no evidence of a gall. The 
larva has been observed in giant ragweed in the vicinity of Albany 
but no adults have been reared. 


Male. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown; 15 segments, the 
fifth with a length one-fourth greater than its diameter, the terminal 
segment slightly reduced, narrowly rounded apically. Palpi; the 
first segment short, irregular, the second narrowly oval, the third 
a little longer, more slender, the fourth fully one-half longer than 
the third. Mesonotum reddish brown, the submedian lines sparsely 
haired. Scutellum dark brown, postscutellum reddish brown. 
Abdomen dark brown, segments one to eight with small, white, 
submedian spots; venter suffused with silvery scales. Wings hyaline, 
costa dark brown, the third vein uniting therewith a little before 
the basal half, the discal spot whitish. Halteres pale orange basally, 
yellowish apically. Legs mostly dark brown, the tarsal segments 
banded basally with white, the posterior tarsi broadly so; claws 
long, rather stout, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia 
fuscous, basal clasp segment slender, terminal clasp segment slightly 
swollen basally; dorsal plate short, deeply and broadly incised, 
ventral plate long, slender, narrowly rounded distally. Harpes 
slender, irregular apically. 

Female. Length 2.25 mm. Antennae with 17 to 18 segments, 
otherwise as in the opposite sex. Palpi; the first segment short, 
irregular, the second narrowly oval, with a length over three times 
its diameter, the third as long, more slender, the fourth one-half 
longer, somewhat more slender. Color characters practically 
as in the opposite sex, except that the banding of the posterior 
tarsi may be a trifle broader, the most of the fifth segment being 
yellowish in a few cases. Ovipositor pale orange, unusually slender, 
with a length two-thirds that of the abdomen; terminal lobes with 
a length fully three times the diameter. Type Cecid. a1g26. 


Neolasioptera mimuli Felt 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 332 


This form, loaned for study by the United States National Museum, 
was reared November to, 1885 from twigs of Mimulus gluti- 


AQa! 4. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


nosus taken. by A: Koebele: at’ Alameda,: Cal. 7 ofan é n 
cecidomyiae Ashm. (Insect Life, 2:348) has been reared from 
this gall. 


Gall. A simple, more or less elongate swelling at the tips of 
branches containing a long cell inhabited by one to four orange 
colored larva. (Pergande, Bureau Entomology.) 

Female. Length 1.25 mm. Antennae dark brown; 18 segments, 
the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal 
segment slightly produced, broadly oval. Palpi; the first segment 
short, stout, subquadrate, the second stout, with a length about 
twice its diameter, the third as long as the second, much 
more slender; the fourth one-third longer and more slender 
than the third. Mesonotum shining dark brown, the submedian 
lines sparsely haired. Scutellum reddish brown, postscutellum 
a little darker. Abdomen dark brown, the first to fifth or sixth 
segments with submedian, lunate, silvery white spots on the posterior 
margin; ovipositor pale yellowish, venter suffused with silvery white 
scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting 
with the anterior margin at the basal half. Halteres yellowish 
transparent, slightly fuscous apically. Legs a nearly uniform 
dark brown, the tarsal segments narrowly banded basally with 
silvery white markings, those on the posterior legs broader; claws 
rather long, stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli hardly as long as 
the claws. Ovipositor scarcely half the length of the abdomen, 
terminal lobes long, narrowly oval. Type Cecid. 1052. 


Neolasioptera eupatorii Felt 


1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 154 (Choristoneura) 
1908 ——————_ NL Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 333 


The midge was reared May 2, 1907 from oval or subglobular 
swellings on white snake root, Eupatorium urticaefo- 
[aime taken on otatem Island: IN] Y- 


Gall. The gall is about 1.5 cm long by 1 cm in diameter, and 
usually occurs near the upper part of the stem. The walls are thin 
and the interior is~ thickly packed with larvae in closely webbed 
cocoons. | 

Larva. Length 3 mm, rather stout, pale orange. Head rather 
broad; antennae uniarticulate, rather stout; breastbone slender, 
slightly expanded apically, bidentate, with a rudimentary median 
tooth; skin finely shagreened; posterior extremity broadly rounded. 

Male. Length 1.75 mm. Antennae dark brown, basally with 
silvery scales; 17 segments, the fifth with a length a little greater 
than its diameter; terminal segment much reduced, subglobose. 
Palpi; the first segment short, irregularly subquadrate, expanded 
distally, the second short, stout, suboval, the third a little longer, 
broadly rounded, the fourth one-fourth longer than the third, sub- 
fusiform, acute distally; face sparsely clothed with silvery scales. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 203 


Mesonotum dark brown or black, the submedian lines sparsely 
clothed with fine hairs. -Scutellum dark brown, postscutellum 
yellowish or fuscous brown. Abdomen dark brown with submedian 
rows of small, lunate, silvery white spots, the markings being 
on the posterior margin of the first to sixth segments, the posterior 
segments fuscous yellowish, the venter suffused with silvery scales. 
Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, discal spot white, the third vein 
uniting with the margin near the basal half. Halteres pale yellowish. 
Legs dark brown, the first tarsal segment and narrow basal annulations 
on the second to fifth, white; claws rather long, stout, strongly 
curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp ség- 
ment long; terminal clasp segment strongly swollen basally; dorsal 
plate broad, tapering, broadly and triangularly emarginate; ventral 
plate narrow, tapering, narrowly rounded. MHarpes long, narrow, 
tapering, subacute, dentate. . 

Female. Length 2.5 mm. Antennae dark brown, basally silvery 
white; 23 segments, the fifth with a length a little less than its 
diameter; terminal segment somewhat produced, broadly obovate, 
color as in the opposite sex. Ovipositor about two-thirds the length 
of the abdomen, terminal lobe narrowly oval. Type Cecid. ar4r3. 


| Neolasioptera menthae Felt 
1909 Felt, E. P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:288 


This species was reared May 13 and 19, 1908, by Mr L. H. 
Weld from a polythalamous gall taken on a mint stem in the 
vicinity of Chicago. 

Gall. The gall is from 6 to 12 mm long, somewhat oblong, 
polythalamous and pithy and contains orange colored larvae some 
3 mm long. 

Male. Length 1.5mm. Antennae dark brown, yellowish basally, 
17 segments, the fifth with a length nearly equal its diameter; 
terminal segment slightly reduced, broadly oval. Palpi; the first 
segment short, stout, irregular, the second narrowly oval, the third 
a little longer, more slender, the fourth one-half longer than the 
third, slender. Mesonotum dull brownish black, the submedian 
lines sparsely haired. Scutellum dark brown, sparsely clothed 
apically with silvery white scales, postscutellum dark reddish brown. 
Abdomen dark brown, the segments broadly margined posteriorly 
with silvery white scales, the markings on the second to seventh 
segments broadly interrupted mesially; venter with a broad, median, 
silvery stripe, the segments laterally margined posteriorly with 
silvery. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting 
with costa near the basal third, the discal spot yellowish. Halteres 
pale yellowish. Coxae and femora basally mostly yellowish, the 
distal portion of femora, tibiae and tarsi dark brown, the articulations 
narrowly white-banded, those of the posterior legs broadly so; 
the basal half of the second to fifth tarsal segments of the latter 
yellowish white; claws long, stout, the pulvilli as long as the claws. 


204. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Genitalia; basal clasp segment stout; terminal clasp segment swollen 
at the base, long; dorsal plate broad, deeply and narrowly incised, 
ventral plate tapering to a narrowly rounded apex. MHarpes stout, 
irregularly tuberculate. 

Female. Length 2.75 mm. Antennae black, fuscous yellowish 
basally; 25 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths 
its diameter; terminal segment reduced, narrowly oval. Palpi; 
the fourth segment nearly twice the length of the third, slender; 
face thickly clothed with white scales. Mesonotum shining black, 
bordered laterally and anteriorly with silvery white scales, the 
approximate submedian lines so thickly clothed with golden haired 
scales as to appear like a broad, median stripe. Scutellum dark 
brown with a few whitish scales apically, postscutellum dark brown. 
Abdomen dark brown with submedian silvery spots and lateral 
subtriangular marks on segments one to six, those on the first seg- 
ment narrowly united, the seventh segment mostly fuscous orange 
with inconspicuous white markings posteriorly; venter suffused 
with white scales; ovipositor fuscous yellowish. Coxae fuscous 
yellowish, femora yellowish basally, fuscous apically, the tibiae 
and tarsi dark brown, the segments of the first and second pair 
of legs narrowly annulate with white, those of the posterior legs 
broadly so, the basal half of the third, the fourth and fifth being 
yellowish white. Ovipositor about half the length of the abdomen, 
the terminal lobe narrowly oval. Type Cecid. a1823. 


Neolasioptera squamosa Felt 
roos “Felt, EP. N. Yo State dvlus. ul 124, p.344 ) 


The midges, loaned for study by the United States National 
Museum were reared from grass (presumably a gall) August 11, 
1891, taken at Cadet, Mo. 


Male. Length 1.25 mm. Antennae light brown; 12 segments, 
the fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter; terminal 
segment produced, tapering, narrowly oval, slightly fused with 
the preceding segment. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, 
narrowly oval, the second a little longer, stouter, the third slender 
and with a length more than twice the second; eyes large, black, 
the occiput thickly clothed with silvery white scales. Mesonotum 
reddish brown, the submedian lines very thickly clothed with diver- 
gent, yellowish white scales. Scutellum and postscutellum pale 
yellowish. Abdomen apparently a yellowish brown, there being 
rudiments of submedian silvery markings, possibly an interrupted 
line of the same. Genitalia pale yellowish. Wings hyaline, rather 
long, narrow, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa 
near the basal third. Halteres pale yellowish. Coxae and the 
femora mostly pale yellowish, the latter with a narrow, dark brown 
line dorsally; tibiae and tarsi dark brown with the first tarsal segment 
and the extremities of the others, except the distal one of the fifth, 
rather broadly banded with yellowish white; claws rather long, 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 205 


slender, evenly curved, the pulvilli nearly as long as the claws. 
Genitalia; basal clasp segment long; terminal clasp segment with 
the basal third somewhat swollen; dorsal plate long, broad, deeply 
and narrowly incised; ventral plate rather long, slender, narrowly 
rounded. Harpes short, stout, tapering. Type Cecid. gog. 


Neolasioptera flavoventris Felt 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 333 


This form appears to have a marked preference for pine, as three 
individuals were captured at Karner, N. Y., flying about hard pine, 
Pinus rigida, in July 1906. 

Male. Length 1 mm. Antennae dark brown, fuscous yellowish 
basally; 16 segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than its 
diameter; terminal segment slightly prolonged, narrowly rounded 
distally. Palpi; the first segment short, subquadrate, the second 
about twice as long, a little stouter, the third a little longer, more 
slender, the fourth one-half longer than the third, more slender. 
Face fuscous yellowish. Mesonotum dark brown with distinct, 
narrow submedian lines, thickly ornamented with pale hairs and 
with a sublateral yellowish patch on the anterior angle. Scutellum 
dark reddish, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen reddish brown, 
sparsely clothed with yellowish setae, ventrally pale yellowish. 
Wings hyaline, costa light brown, the third vein uniting with costa 
at the basal half. Halteres yellowish basally, whitish apically. 
Coxae dark brown, posterior and mid femora and tibiae yellowish 
brown, annulate with fuscous distally, other portions of legs nearly 
uniform dark brown; claws rather long, stout, uniformly curved. 
Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, terminal clasp segment short, 
swollen basally. Dorsal plate broad, long, deeply and narrowly 
incised, ventral plate long, narrow, broadly rounded. Harpes 
broad at base, obtuse, dentate. Type Cecid. 478. 


ASTEROMYIA Felt 


1908 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 328 (Baldratia Felt, not 
Kieffer) 


1909 —————__ Ent. Soc. Ont., 39th Rep’t, p. 44 (Baldratia Felt, not 
Kieffer) 
- 1909 ————— Ottawa Nat., 22:248 (Baldratia Felt, not Kieffer) 
1909 ——————_ Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:286-87 (Baldratia Felt, not Kieffer) 
1910 —————__ Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:348 (genus erected) 
1oly ————_ NN Y.. Ent. Soc. Jour., 19:42 


1913 Kieffer, J. J. Gen. Insect., fasc. 152, p. 27 


This new genus was erected for certain species previously supposed 
to be referable to Baldratia Kieff. A study of the types of both 
Baldratia and Stefaniella show that our American forms can not 
be referred to either. 


206 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Asteromyia is closely related to Lasioptera, having the alar and 
antennal characters of this genus, though it is easily distinguished 
therefrom by the uniarticulate or biarticulate palpi. The fused 
third and fourth antennal segments, the invariably unidentate 
claws and the well developed pulvilli prevent the reference of these 
forms to either Baldratia or Stefaniella. Furthermore, numerous 
rearings in this group have shown that the species breed almost 
exclusively in leaf tissues and generally in the peculiar, apparently 
fungous affected spots on the leaves of aster and goldenrod. Type 
Lasioptéera icarboniterna Pelt: 


Key to species 


a Tarsi distinctly white or yellow-banded 
b All the tarsal segments with bands basally 
c Tarsal bands yellowish white, the fifth tarsal segment of the pos- 
terior legs yellowish; male and female with 16 antennal segments; 
palpi biarticulate, the third vein uniting with costa near the basal 
half. Reared from oval, black blister galls on Solidago grami- 
TALON ERS ok Oe See taba Sak eee carbonifera Felt, C. ara54 
cc Tarsal bands white; 15 antennal segments; palpi biarticulate; the 
third vein uniting with costa near the distal third. Reared from 
oval, black thickenings on the flower stems of Gutierrezia sarothrae 
gutierreziae Pelt Cxaezs 
bb Posterior tarsi only narrowly annulate basally with whitish 
c Female with 22 antennal segments; palpi probably biarticulate. 
Reared from a rosy blister gall on Solidago rugosa. ; 
rosea Felt C. oe 
aa Tarsi unicolorous or nearly so 
b Abdomen conspicuously. yellowish or orange in part at least 
c Abdomen light fuscous yellowish; antennae with 13 segments; 
palpi uniarticulate. eared from Solidago... .2.25+255 eae 
socialis Felt, C. a1568 I 
cc Abdomen with the basal segment fuscous yellowish, male with 13-14 
antennal segments; terminal segment compound, composed of 
two closety fused; palpi uniarticulate. Reared from Erigeron.... 
modesta Felt, C. 1427, a1427x, a1666, a1666a 
ccc Abdomen with the basal four segments fuscous, the distal segments 
yellowish brown; antennal segments, male, 13; female, 18; palpi 
uniarticulate. Reared from greenish or blackish blister galls on 
Ec 0G ale aie ON Pea 9 et RAO grindeliae Felt, C. a2319 
cccc Abdomen mostly deep orange, segments one to fivé sparsely clothed 
with dark brown scales and narrowly margined with a few white 
scales; antennal segments, male, 14; the terminal segment simple; 
palpi uniarticulate. Reared from oval swelling on aster leaves. . 
vesiculosa Felt, C. a1884 
ccccc Abdomen a nearly uniform yellowish brown; antennal segments of 
the male, 16 or 17; the fifth with a length three-fourths its diam- 
eter; palpi probably uniarticulate. Reared from Chrysothamnus 
ICATIGES .\ 16 poetameens seta tints chrysothamni Felt, C. a2055 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 207 


bb Abdomen dark brown or at least mostly so 
c Abdomen dorsally with scattering white scales; palpi uniarticulate; 
antennal segments of male, 14. Reared from yellowish or brown 
blister galls on aster...... paniculata Felt, C. 757, a1167 
cc Distal abdominal segments reddish; palpi uniarticulate; male 
antennae with 12 segments, those of the female with 13 or 14. 
Reared from an oval, blackish blister gall on Aster undulatus. . 
red dc't a’ Felt; €: aap 
ccc Abdomen dorsally reddish brown or brownish black. Palpi biar- 
ticulate. Male and female antennae with 16 segments, reared 
from a circular brownish or yellowish blister gall on Aster cordi- 
SRS MRet Bate Ti: Le Wnts he wh ade dekrens sylvestris Felt C. a2585 
cccc Abdomen a uniform black; palpi triarticulate; antennal segments 
of the male, 17. Reared possibly from inconspicuous blister gall 
Sn tamer leavese tsk. eee nigrina Felt, C. a1780b 
bbb Abdomen dark brown or black 
c¢ Basal abdominal segment yellowish or silvery white 
d Second to sixth abdominal segments margined posteriorly; 
female antennae with 26 segments; palpi uniarticulate; 
feared iran? 4. Stape petiole sal’) oa 8. 140. 5 oo Te 
petie@lico la Felt, C. $77 
dd Third to sixth abdominal segments margined posteriorly; 
female antennae with 18 segments; palpi uniarticulate...... 
flavoscuta Felt, C. 1228 
cc Abdominal segments with whitish submedian spots 
d Segments I to 6 or 7 spotted 
e Male antennae with 14 segments, 14th compound; palpi 
uniarticulate; reared from small pustulate gall on aster 
Sr orca A CAS ea os gear a pustulata Felt, C. a1520 
ee Female antennae with 18 segments; palpi biarticulate; 
EU TSACBE- SOULE ND fc 8 sis Ua ell ose ccc titans bp ate tha ct Os 
albomaculata Felt, C. 758, a1584, a1598 
eee Female antennae with 18 segments, palpi uniarticulate; 
reared from blister gallon Grindelia..............0...: 
grindeliae Felt, a2319 
eeee Female antennae with 15 segments; palpi uniarticulate; 
reared from oval swelling on aster leaves.............. 
vesiculosa Felt, C. a1884 
dd Abdominal segments 2 to 7 spotted; female with 19 antennal 
segments; palpi biarticulate; reared from a purplish and 
white blister gall on aster....squarrosae Felt, C. a1594 
ddd Abdominal segments 1 to 4 spotted 
e Male with 18 to 19 antennal segments; palpi biarticulate. . 
canadensis Felt, C. 74 
dddd Abdominal segments 1 and 2 white margined posteriorly, 3 to 
5 spotted; female antennae with 17 segments; palpi uni- 
articulate; reared from a yellowish blister gall on aster...... 
paniculata Felt, C. a1167 (marginata Felt) 
ccc Abdominal segments white margined posteriorly 
d Palpi uniarticulate 


208 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


e Mesonotum black; male antennae with 13 to 14 segments; 
female with 18; reared from Erigeron leaf............ 
modesta Felt, C. 41427, .anoen 

ee Mesonotum dark brown ‘ 

f Female antennae with 13 segments, abdominal seg- 
ments sparsely margined with white; reared from 
an oval, brown, blister gall on aster: 1 3) eee 

dumosae Felt, C. a1870a 
ff Female antennae with 16 segments 
g Posterior wing margin even; reared from yellowish © 
blister ‘gall on aster... 2... 
flavomacwulata Pelt, ©, aie 
gg Posterior wing margin distinctly emarginate at 
apex of fifth vein..abnormis Felt, C. 676 
dd Palpi biarticulate 
e Mesonotum dark brown or black . 

f Female with 16 antennal segments, the fifth with a 
length three-fourths that of its diameter; mesonotum 
black; reared from dark white-ringed blister gall on 


asterifoliae Beutm, Co ars5o,anee2 
ff Female with 19-20 antennal segments, male, 18; the 
fifth with a length one and one-fourth that of its 
diameter; mesonotum dark brown or black; reared 
from ‘fusiform stem gall.on grass, 22a 02 eee 
agrostis'O) Si C2 77onten 
fff Female with 18 antennal segments, male, 16; the fifth 
with a length three-fourths that of its diameter; 
mesonotum dark brown; reared from brown, yellow- 
tinged blister gall on astet........ 2-2 o eee 
waldorfi Felt, ©. arsz4, ans29 
ffff Female with 21 antennal segments, the fifth with a 
length three-fourths that of its diameter; mesonotum 
dark brown; reared from large, shiny, yellowish 
blister gall on aster...... nitida Pelt Caamgaze 
eee Mesonotum reddish brown; female antennae with 18 seg- 
ments; reared from a gray, yellow margined blister gall 
on .volidago, .. 22%. flavoanulata Felt, @>arjesk 
cccc Abdomen nearly unicolorous dorsally 
d Third vein uniting with the anterior margin near the distal 
third 
e Scutellum yellowish brown, anterior tibiae yellowish ; 
female antennae with 18 segments; palpi uniarticulate; 
reared from Solidago....convoluta Felt, C. a1307 
ee Scutellum reddish brown; tibiae dark brown; male antennae 
with 14 to 15 segments; palpi biarticulate; reared from 
a yellowish, brown margined blister gall on Solidago... . 
rubra Felt, C. 650, 1067, a1586 (650b), a1768 (650bx) 
dd Third vein uniting with the anterior margin at or near the basal 
half 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I916 209 


e Tarsi yellowish; male antennae with 14 segments; palpi 
uniarticulate; reared from whitish blister gall on Aster 
i, es A eee laeviana Felt, C. a1287, ?a2440 

ee Tarsi black. . 

f Female antennae with 21 segments; palpi biarticulate; 
reared from a lunate, yellowish, marginal blister gall 
on Solidago...... flavolunata Felt, C. a1430 

ff Female antennae with 16 segments; palpi uniarticu- 
late; reared from blister galls with pinkish aureola 
on Aster divaricata..divaricata Felt, C.a1787 


Asteromyia carbonifera Felt 

1862 Osten Sacken,C.R. Dipt. N. A. Am. Mon., 1:195 (Cecidomyia) 

1874 Glover, Townend. MS. Notes From My Journal Dipt., p. 7, pl. 12, 
fig. 29 (Cecidomyia) 

1880 Riley, C. V. Am. Ent., 3:278 (Cecidomyia) 

1884 Trelease, William. Psyche, 4:196, 199, 200 (Cecidomyia) 

1892 Beutenmueller, William. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 4, p. 271 (Cecido- 
myia) 

1900 Smith, J. B. List Ins. N. J., p. 621 (Cecidomyia) 

1906 Felt, E. P. Inj. & Other Ins. 21st Rep’t, p. 116-19 (Lasioptera) 

mao N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 328 (Baldratia) 

ae Ottawa Nat., 22:248 (Baldratia) 

1910 Stebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 2, p. 50 (Baldratia) 

The oval, blisterlike gall of this species is exceedingly common 
upon the leaves of the narrow leaved Solidago, Solidago 
graminifolia, throughout New York State and presumably 
in most sections of the country where this species or its close 
allies occur. It appears to have been tacitly assumed that most 
blister galls occurring on Solidago might be referable to the gall 
described under this name by Osten Sacken. An examination 
of his type in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cam- 
bridge, Mass., shows that our identification is presumably correct. 
The characteristic blister galls produced by this and allied forms 
are usually filled, or nearly so, with a black carbonaceous matter, 
suggesting that the tissues have become badly infected by fungus. 
This material is almost invariably present in many galls. Professor 
Peck states that after repeated examinations he has failed to observe 
any evidence of the characteristic fruiting bodies of fungus, and 
consequently we must assume this malformation to be independent 
of fungus infection and produced by the activities of the larva. 
Doctor Trelease, writing in 1884, states that some of these blister 
galls occur in the herbaria of mycologists, under the name of Rhy-. 
tisma solidaginis and R. asteris. 

The galls of this species are well developed the latter part of 


210 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


June, at which time adults may be obtained in considerable numbers. 
It is presumable that the insects continue to develop upon the 
young foliage at least, till the latter part of summer. 


Gall. The galls of this species are oval, about 4 or 5 mm long: 
usually somewhat thickened and when well developed dark brown 
or even jet black. Several dull orange larvae occur in a gall. For 
a colored illustration, see Museum Bulletin 175, plate 1, figure 16. 

Larva. Length 1.25 mm, stout, pale yellowish. Head small, 
narrowly rounded apically; antennae small, uniarticulate, slightly 
swollen distally; breastbone stout, bidentate, broadly expanded 
subapically, slightly .so distally; skin smooth; posterior extremity 
broadly rounded, unarmed. | 

Male. Length 1.5mm. Antennae light brown; 

: 16 segments, the fifth with a length about three- 

f a6 fourths its diameter; the two distal segments 
frequently fuse to form a nearly oval, deeply con- 

stricted double segment. Palpi; basal segment 
short, subquadrate, the second three times as long, 
conical. Mesonotum dark brown or black, nar- 
rowly margined anteriorly and laterally with yel- 
lowish white, sparsely yellow haired posteriorly. 
Scutellum thickly clothed with short, yellowish 
scales; postscutellum dark brown, lighter anteriorly. 
Abdomen dark brown with the segments sparsely 
- and irregularly margined posteriorly with whitish 
apieee scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third 

e 4 vein uniting with costa at the middle. MHalteres 
Higess Neher. light brown. Anterior legs; coxae light yellowish, 
4 dark brown ventrally, tibiae and tarsi dark brown, 
the segments of the latter yellowish white basally; 
the middle legs similar except for the well defined 
basal band on the tibiae; the posterior legs with 
the first tarsal segment white, the second to fourth 
segments narrowly banded, the fifth yellowish; 


Om yilay Car - 
bonifera, an- 
tennal segments 
of male, greatly 
enlarged (au- 
thor’s illustra- 


tion) E 
segment short, stout, terminal clasp segment long, 


slender. Dorsal plate short, broad, deeply and rather broadly emargi- 
nate; ventral plate narrow, narrowly rounded. MHarpes stout at base, 
tapering, narrow. 

Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae light brown; 16 segments, 
the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal 
segment slightly produced, narrowly oval. Palpi; the basal segment 
fusiform, the second slightly longer, tapering, subacute. Ovipositor 
short, the terminal lobes strongly constricted basally, suborbicular. 
Color and other characteristics as in the opposite sex. Redescribed 
from the types. Type Cecid. a1354. 


claws stout, strongly curved. Genitalia; basal clasp — 


_ REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 2II 


Asteromyia gutierreziae Felt 
1916 Felt, E.P. N.Y. Ent. Soc. Jour., 24:179 


This species was reared by Mr P. H. Timberlake in May and June 
1914 from black, blisterlike galls on the slender flower stems of 
Gutierrezia sarothrae collected near Salt Lake City, 
Utah. The gall is very similar to that of Asteromyia car- 
bonifera Felt and the adult presents many characters in common 
with this widespread eastern species, from which it is most readily 
separated by the third vein uniting with costa near the distal third 
and the moderately stout, obtuse harpes with a conspicuous, eccen- 
tric, quadrate, chitinous tooth. The eastern C. carbonifera 
has the third vein uniting with costa near the basal half, while the 
harpes taper to a decidedly slender apex bearing a conspicuous 
quadrate tooth. 


Asteromyia rosea Felt 


1907 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 152-53 (Lasioptera) 
1908 ——————-_N Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 328 (Baldratia) 
1909 —————__ Ottawa Nat., 22:248 (Baldratia) 


This fly was reared from a presumably typical oval, blister gall 
on a leaf of Solidago rugosa, collected in October 1906, 
the adult appearing May 16, 1907. The species probably winters 
within the gall. Species of Torymus and Polygnotus were reared 
from this gall. 


Gall. Oval, blisterlike and nearly 1 cm in diameter. Earlier: 
it was presumably brightly ornamented with yellowish and shades 
of pink or reddish. For a colored illustration, see Museum Bulletin 
175, plate 1, figure 11. 

Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown; 22 segments, 
the fifth with a length slightly greater than its diameter, the two 
distal segments closely fused, subcylindric, broadly rounded apically; 
palpi two-segmented; face rather thickly clothed with whitish 
scales. Mesonotum dark brown, the submedian lines with the 
lateral and anterior margins rather thickly clothed with golden 
yellow scales. Scutellum brownish black, yellowish apically, 
postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown or black, the 
segments narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery: white; ovipositor 
pale orange; venter irregularly suffused with silvery white scales, 
there being suggestions of submedian and sublateral whitish patches 
on each segment. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third 
vein uniting with costa at the basal half. MHalteres a pale yellowish 
orange. Legs a nearly uniform dark brown or black, the posterior 
legs with narrow, white annulations at the base of the first tarsal - 
segment; claws long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long 
as the claws. Ovipositor about one-half the length of the abdomen, 
the terminal lobes rather short, broadly rounded. Type Cecid. 
al474. 


212 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Asteromyia socialis Felt 


1908 Felt, E. P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 328 (Baldratia) 
1909 ——————__ Ottawa Nat., 22:248 (Baldratia) 


A male referable to this species was reared at Albany, N. Y.., July 
26, 1907 from a jar containing Solidago canadensis leaves 
bearing a number of adherent type of galls inhabited by Asphon- 
dylia monacha O.5S. and. Dasyneura adimeeaerem 


. Male. Length 1.25 mm. Antennae light yellowish; 13 segments, 
the fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter; terminal 
segment produced, sometimes fused with the preceding, narrowly 
rounded. Palpi; one small, narrowly oval segment; face light 
yellowish. Mesonotum light fuscous yellow, the submedian lines 
sparsely haired. Scutellum and postscutellum light fuscous yellow. 
Abdomen light fuscous yellow, the distal segments light orange, 
sparsely and irregularly clothed dorsally with dark brown scales; 
genitalia yellowish transparent. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, 
the third vein uniting with costa at the basal half; halteres yellowish | 
basally, light fuscous apically. Coxae and femora mostly pale 
yellowish; tibiae and tarsi a variable dark brown; claws long, slender, 
evenly curved, the pulvilli a little shorter than the claws. Genitalia; 
basal clasp segment short, broad; terminal clasp segment swollen 
at the base; dorsal plate short, broad, deeply 
and triangularly emarginate; ventral plate short, 
broad, narrowly rounded. Harpes slender, short. 
iype Cecidimamsos: 


Asteromyia modesta Feit 
1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y: State Mus. Bul 110; ps163 
(Choristoneura) 
1908 ——————._ N.Y. State MusmSalh 27 ees 
(Baldratia) 

This species was repeatedly obtained at Albany, 
N. Y., from small, oval swellings appearing much 
like arrested buds on the stems of horseweed, 
Erigeron canadensis. One aduliegac 
reared August 6thand the exuviae found protrud- 
ing from an apparently normal leaflet. Polyg- 
notus  angulatus Ashi.) Wl tenga 
ostensackenii D. T.and Eurytoma speeies 
were reared, possibly from this gall midge. 


Exuviae. Length 2 mm, rather stout, mostly 
Fig.39 Aster- whitish transparent, the short, stout antennal 
omyia mo- cases and the ventral plates at their base some- 
desta, gall,nat- what fuscous. The antennal cases are rather 
uralsize (original) strongly bidentate at the internal basal angles. 


REPORT OF THE, STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 213 


The wing cases extend to the third abdominal segment, the leg 
cases to the fifth; dorsum of the abdominal segments with a broad 
middle band of short, stout, chitinous points. Posterior extremity 
rather broadly rounded and slightly bilobed. 

‘Male. Length 1.25 mm. Antennae pale yellowish orange, 
yellowish basally; 12 segments, the fifth with a length a little greater 
than its diameter; terminal segment greatly produced, broadly 
rounded distally. Palpi composed of one stout, fusiform segment. 
Face fuscous yellowish. Mesonotum reddish brown, the sub- 
median lines sparsely haired. Scutellum fuscous yellowish, post- 
scutellum darker. Abdomen fuscous, the basal segments dorsally 
fuscous, yellowish ventrally, the distal segments deep carmine. Geni- 
talia fuscous. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting 
with costa near the basal half. Halteres light fuscous yellowish. 
Coxae and base of femora pale yellowish, the distal portion of femora, 
tibiae and tarsi dark brown; claws long, stout, strongly curved, 
the pulvilli a little shorter than the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp 
segment short; terminal clasp segment short, greatly swollen basally; 
dorsal plate short, broad, deeply and broadly incised; ventral plate 
short, broad, tapering, narrowly rounded. MHarpes very broad, 
tapering, irregularly serrate. ; 

Female. Lengthz2 mm. Antennae brown, lighter 
apically; 18segments, the fifth with a length hardly 
equal its diameter; terminal segment produced, 
broadly rounded distally. Palpus composed of one. 
fusiform segment. Face sparsely clothed with Fig. 4o Aster- 
light scales. Mesonotum black, sparsely margined omyia mo- 
laterally and anteriorly with pale setae. Scutel- desta, palpus 
lum lighter than the mesonotum. Abdomen black, of female, en- 
the segments narrowly margined with light scales, larged (original) 
interrupted mesially. Halteres whitish, fuscous 
subapically. Legs black, lighter beneath. Ovipositor about one- 
half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes narrowly oval. 
ype Cecid. ar427. 


Asteromyia grindeliae Felt 

pe Fell, FE. P. N.Y. Ent. Soc. Jour., 20:149 

ae ——— WN. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour., 24:180 

This insect was reared July 27, torr by Mr P. H. Timberlake 
from blister leaf galls on Grindelia robusta _ collected 
near Santa Barbara, Cal., and-again October 20, 1915 from a green- 
ish or blackish, oval blister gall on G. cuneifolia collected 
in a salt marsh at Millbrae, Cal. 


Asteromyia vesiculosa Felt 


1909 Felt, E. P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:286 (Baldratia) 
feed =——_———._ Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:349 


214 ; NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


This species was reared September 24, 1908 from oval swellings 
on the leaves of an aster collected at Magnolia, Mass., by Mrs 
H. M. Tower. 


Gall. The gall (pl. 4, fig. 2) from which this species was reared 
is simply an oval, green swelling about 2 mm long and 1.5 mm in 
diameter on the under side of a blue-flowered aster having rough, 
cordate leaves. There is no discoloration of the injured tissues. 

Male. Length 1.75 mm. Antennae dark brown; 14 segments, 
the fifth with a length one-half greater than the diameter: face 
yellowish. Mesonotum shining dark brown, the submedian lines 

thickly clothed with yellowish scales. Scutellum 

dark brown with numerous setae apically, post- 
scutellum dark orange. Abdomen mostly deep 
orange, the dorsal sclerites of segments one to 
five sparsely clothed with dark brown scales 
and scatteringly margined with silvery scales, the 
distal segments nearly naked. Genitalia fuscous 
yellowish ; venter mostly pale yellowish, the distal 
segments deep orange, all sparsely clothed with 
silvery scales. Wings hyaline, the third vein 
uniting with costa at the basal half; halteres 
and coxae pale yellowish, the femora distally, 
tibiae and tarsi dark brown. Genitalia; basal 
clasp segment stout, terminal clasp segment stout 

- at base; dorsal plate long, broad, broadly and 
triangularly emarginate; ventral plate short, 
broad, narrowly rounded. MHarpes subtriangular, 
irregular, dentate. 

Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae with 15 
segments, the fifth with a length one-third 
greater than its diameter, the 15th compound. 

Palpi uniarticulate. Mesonotum dark brown, the submedian lines 
thickly yellow-haired. Scutellum dark brown with sparse, whitish 
setae apically, postscutellum dark orange. Abdomen dark brown 
with small, narrowly lunate, silvery submedian spots, those on 
the fifth and sixth segments nearly confluent, each segment 
laterally with a subtriangular, whitish spot near the posterior 
margin. Ovipositor pale orange; venter suffused with silvery scales. 
Wings about as in the male, the white discal spot larger. Halteres 
pale orange basally, fuscous yellowish distally. Coxae fuscous 
yellowish; femora basally yellowish, the distal portion of femora, 
tibiae and tarsi dark brown, almost black. Ovipositor short, the 
lobes broadly oval. Type Cecid. a1884q. 


Fig. 41. Aster- 
omyia vesi- 
Cutbosa,= fifth 
and sixth anten- 
nal segments of 
male, enlarged 
(original) 


Asteromyia chrysothamni n. sp. 


This species was reared from a narrow leaflet of Chrysothamnus 
collected by Mr E. Bethel near Boulder, Col., and transmitted by 
Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell under date of June 30, 1910. It was also 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 215 


reared in May 1914 by Mr P. H. Timberlake from some swollen 
leaves of Chrysothamnus graveolens, collected at 
Salt Lake City, Utah. 


Gall. The narrow leaflet is slightly enlarged or swollen, and 
in the specimen submitted by Professor Cockerell, the interior 
was lined with a thin, carbonaceous matter similar to that found 
so abundant in the gall of Asteromyia carbonifera 
Felt. Length of gall 5 mm, diameter 1 mm. 

Male. Lengthi.;mm. Antennae dark brown, 16 or 17 segments, 
the fifth with a length about equal, sometimes a little greater or 
a little less than its diameter, the terminal segment with a length 
over twice its diameter, narrowly rounded and variably fused with 
the penultimate segment. Palpus consisting of one broadly oval 
segment, the length being scarcely twice its width. Mesonotum 
rather dull dark brown, sparsely setose, the submedian lines indistinct. 
Scutellum dark brown, postscutellum a little darker. Abdomen 
sparsely haired, a nearly uniform yellowish brown. (Timberlake 
characterizes the mesonotum as black and the dorsum of the abdomen 
as black, with submedian white marks on the posterior margin 
of each segment, except the last two, which latter are white; venter 
suffused with white). Wings hyaline, the third vein uniting with 
costa just beyond the basal half; halteres yellowish, (costa and 
subcosta yellowish, Timberlake). Legs a nearly uniform yellowish 
brown, the tarsal segments somewhat lighter. (Timberlake char- 
acterizes the legs as brownish black, becoming gradually paler or 
more yellowish distally; coxae, femora, tibiae and first two tarsal 
segments covered with white scales, especially on the upper side). 
Claws stout, strongly curved; the pulvilli as long as the claws. 
Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, slender; terminal clasp segment 
swollen basally; dorsal plate short, very broadly, roundly and 
triangularly emarginate; ventral plate short, broadly rounded. 

Female. Very similar (Timberlake) in coloration to the male, 
but the submedian white markings are slightly wider next the black 
median line. Ovipositor short, stout, with a length about one-third 
that of the abdomen, the terminal lobes orbicular and sparsely 
/ setose. Type Cecid. a205s5, Cecid. 1640. 


This species approaches Aplonyx with the greatly reduced basal 
teeth on the tarsal claws and also:on account of the short, stout 
ovipositor. 


Asteromyia nigrina Felt 
I91t Felt, E. P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 4:481 


The fuscous species described earlier was reared in May 1909 from 
a jar containing inconspicuous blister galls on the leaves of witch- 
hazel, Hamamelis virginica. The material was col- 
ected at Magnolia, Mass., the preceding October by Cora H. Clarke. 
It is possible that this unique form inhabits these blister galls though 


216 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


the evidence does not warrant a positive statement. The nearly 
free third and fourth antennal segments indicate a relationship to 
the European Baldratia and Stefaniella, while the triarticulate 
palpi show a connection with Lasioptera. Despite these anomalies 
we have tentatively referred the species to the above named genus. 


Gall. This simply shows as a rounded, greenish spot on the 
upper side of the yellow leaves in the fall. The lower epidermis 
is slightly raised. The solitary whitish larva in the gall has a length 
Of 2 mim. 

Asteromyia reducta Felt 


rgQit elt, EP. Econ Eat. jour, 4-455 


This species was reared in considerable numbers from an irregu- 
larly oval, blackish blister gall with a diameter of about 4 mm on 
Aster undulatus. The material was collected at Mag- 
nolia, Mass., July 26-28, 1910 by Cora H. Clarke. 

Gall. Diameter 4 mm, irregularly oval, blackish. 


Asteromyia sylvestris Felt 
1915 Felt, E.P. Can. Ent., 47:228-29 
The yellowish or brownish blister leaf galls of this species were 
very abundant October 22, 1914 on Aster cordifolius at — 
Mount Kisco, N. Y. This species is most easily distinguished from | 
its near allies by the reddish brown or brownish black abdomen, the 
biarticulate palpi and the 16 antennal segments in both sexes. 


Asteromyia paniculata Felt 
1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 109; separate, p. 13 (Choris- 


toneura) 

1908 ——————_ NN. Y.. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 328, 329 (Baldratia, 
B. marginata) 

1910. ——————-- Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:349 (A. marginata) 


—— Econ. Ent. Jour., 4:454 (A. marginata) . 


IQII 

This species was reared at Albany August 10, 1907 from a yellow- 
ish or brownish, oval blister gall on the leaves of Aster 
paniculata. A species of Polygnotus was reared. 


Gall. The blister gall producing this form is irregularly ‘oval, 
about one-quarter of an inch in diameter and is yellowish or brownish, 
the upper surface sometimes light brown, irregularly encircled 
with yellowish white; the under surface is a nearly uniform, yellowish 
white. The gall is distinctly thicker than the normal leaf, it pro- 
jecting about equally on both surfaces. For a colored illustration 
see Museum Bulletin 175, plate 1, figure 14. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 217 


Male. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown; 14 segments, 

the fifth with a length about one-half greater than its diameter; 
terminal segment narrowly oval. Palpus; one short, stout segment, 
dilated apically. Mesonotum dark brown. Scutellum dark brown, 
slightly yellowish apically, rather thickly clothed with golden 
yellow hairs, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen a dark purplish 
brown, badly rubbed and the markings, therefore, indistinct. Wings 
(pl. 6, fig. 3) hyaline, costa with dark brown scales, the third vein 
joining the margin just before the distal third; halteres pale yellowish 
basally, slightly fuscous apically. Coxae fuscous yellowish, laterally 
with irregular patches of silvery white scales; distal portion of femora, 
tibiae and tarsi a nearly uniform purplish brown, the base of the 
second and the third tarsal segments on most of the legs deep crimson. 
Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, stout; terminal clasp segment 
greatly swollen at the base; dorsal plate long, broad, deeply and 
narrowly incised; ventral plate short, broadly rounded. MHarpes 
short, stout, irregular. Type Cecid. a1167. 
- Female. Length 2mm. Antennae dark brown, yellowish basally; 
17 segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter, 
the two distal segments fused, the latter about twice the length of 
the former. Palpus; one segment. Face fuscous yellowish, with 
patches of silvery white scales. Mesonotum dark brown, thickly 
clothed along the antero-lateral margin with golden yellow hairs, 
submedian lines broad, thickly clothed with golden yellow hairs. 
Scutellum dark brown, slightly yellowish apically, rather thickly 
clothed with golden yellow hairs, postscutellum dark brown. Abdo- 
men dark purplish brown, the first and second segments margined 
posteriorly with reddish orange, the third, fourth and fifth segments 
narrowly margined posteriorly on each side of a broad lateral line 
with silvery white scales; sixth segment with dorsal sclerites small, 
dark brown, margined laterally and posteriorly with silvery white. 
Ovipositor fuscous yellowish or pale orange; pleurae and venter 
suffused with silvery white scales. Wings hyaline, costa purplish 
brown, discal spot yellowish white, the third vein at the distal 
third (pl. 6, fig. 2); halteres pale yellowish basally, slightly fuscous 
apically. Coxae fuscous yellowish laterally with irregular patches 
- of silvery scales, distal portion of femora, tibiae and tarsi a nearly 
uniform purplish brown; claws heavy, strongly curved distally, 
the pulvilli a little longer than the claws. Ovipositor moderately 
long, the terminal lobes broadly orbicular. 

Another female bred from the same material differs in that the 
basal antennal segments and face are fuscous, while the markings 
on the posterior portion of the head and mesonotum are much less 
pronounced; the base of the second and third tarsal segments on most 
of the legs is a deep crimson, otherwise about as described above. 
Cecid. a1167. 

Asteromyia petiolicola Felt 


1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 228 (Baldratia) 


This species, kindly loaned for study by the United States National 
Museum, was reared May 2, 1882 from an oblong, ovate swelling 


218 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


on the basal portion of a grape petiole. Unpublished notes, kindly 
placed at our disposal by Doctor Howard of the Bureau of Ento- 
mology, give a number of records of this gall or that of a closely 
allied form being found on petioles of wild grapevines in Virginia 
and Missouri. There is also. a record in these notes of Proctotrypids 
having been reared from such galls. 


Gall. The gall and the following description of the larva from 
which this species was presumably reared, have been drafted 
by Mr Pergande in the unpublished notes mentioned above, sub- 
stantially as follows: This gall is an oblong, ovate swelling on the 
basal portion of the petiole and has a diameter about five or six 
times that of the petiole. Its length varies from 1.3 to 2 cm. It 
has the same color as the vine or the petiole. The tissues surrounding 
the cell, which latter is nearly as long as the entire gall, are woody 
and rather hard. 

Larva. Length 4 mm, milk white with a dark brown breastbone, 
the forked apex of the latter protruding from the second segment. 

Female. Length 2.25 mm. Antennae, reddish brown, basally 
yellowish; 28 segments, the fifth with a length less than its diameter. 
Palpus, one short, stout segment, obtusely rounded distally. 
Mesonotum deep reddish brown, evidently denuded. Scutellum 
yellowish brown, postscutellum a little darker. Abdomen dark 
reddish brown, the basal segment yellowish or possibly thickly 
clothed with silvery white scales, the second to sixth segments 
narrowly margined posteriorly with a fringe of rather long, silvery 
white scales, ovipositor pale yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa dark 
brown, the third vein uniting with costa at the distal third; halteres 
slightly fuscous basally, yellowish white apically. Legs nearly 
uniform yellowish straw, possibly denuded, the distal segments 
fuscous; claws long, stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as 
the claws. Ovipositor about one-half the length of the abdomen, 
the terminal lobes long, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. 877. 


Mr Pergande, in unpublished notes placed at our disposal, has 
characterized the adult, presumably from life, as being dark orange, 
the mesonotum black with silvery hairs anteriorly and yellowish © 
hairs between the wings. The dorsum of the abdomen is black, 
the first abdominal segment red, being covered entirely with silvery 
hairs and segments two to six with black hairs, the latter narrowly 
margined posteriorly and broadly so laterally with silvery hairs; 
the venter broadly margined laterally with black -hairs. 


Asteromyia flavoscuta Felt 
1908 Felt, E.P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 328 (Baldratia) 
These midges were taken July 16, 1907 on the office window, 


Albany, N. Y., presumably having been reared from some recently 
collected material. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I916 219 


Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae pale yellowish, apical 
segments tinged with carmine; 18 segments, the fifth with a length 
a little greater than its diameter; terminal segment somewhat 
enlarged, subglobose, evidently composed of two closely fused. 
-Palpus; one stout, narrowly ovate segment, sparsely setose; face 
yellowish, a patch of whitish scales above the mouth. Mesonotum 
probably dark brown, thickly clothed with golden yellow scales, 
the submedian lines broad, pale yellowish, rather thickly clothed 
with short scales and sparsely so with long setae. Scutellum fuscous 
yellowish with numerous setae apically, postscutellum pale yellowish. | 
Abdomen dark brown, the basal segments silvery, the third to sixth 
with narrow, submedian lines of silvery on the posterior margin, 
the seventh segment mostly silvery white; pleurae thickly clothed 
with silvery scales; venter with a broad median band of silvery 
scales. Wings subhyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting 
with costa near the basal half; halteres yellowish basally, whitish 
transparent apically, fuscous subapically. Coxae and base of femora 
_ silvery white, the distal portion of femora, tibiae and tarsi dark brown 
or black, the femora and basal segment of the tarsi narrowly annulate 
with pale yellowish; claws long, stout, slightly curved, the pulvilli 
nearly as long as the claws. Ovipositor about one-half the length 
of the abdomen, the terminal lobes short, stout, broadly — 
Type Cecid. 1228. 


Asteromyia pustulata Felt 


1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 328 (Baldratia) 
1910 —— Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:349 


This form was reared at Albany, N. Y., June 13,1907 from a small, 
pustulate gall on an aster stem. 


Gall. The gall from which this species was obtained is a small, 
pustulate swelling on the side of aster stems, the enlargement being 
about 4 mm long and 2 mm in diameter and differing but slightly 
in color from the normal stem. 

Male. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown, basally fuscous 
yeliowish; 14 segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than 
its diameter; terminal segment produced, nearly twice the length of 
the preceding, obtuse apically. Palpus, one rather large, irregularly 
fusiform segment, subacute distally and bearing several stout setae; 
face with a patch of whitish scales. Mesonotum dark brown, 
variably margined anteriorly and laterally with yellowish white 
scales, the submedian lines rather thickly clothed with yellowish 
hairs. Scutellum black with a few whitish setae apically, 
postscutellum fuscous yellowish. Abdomen dark brown with 
lunate, silvery white submedian spots on the posterior margins 
of segments one to seven. and laterally longitudinal silvery white 
spots on each segment, incisures dark salmon, genitalia fuscous 
reddish; venter sparsely stiffused with silvery white scales. Wings 
hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting therewith just 
beyond the basal half. Halteres pale salmon, fuscous subapically. 


220 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Legs dark brown; claws long, stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli 
as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment short, stout; 
terminal clasp segment greatly swollen at the basal third; dorsal 
plate short, very broad, broadly and roundly emarginate; ventral 
plate a little longer, narrow, broadly rounded. MHarpes short, 
stout, tapering, apex irregular. Type Cecid. a1520. 


Asteromyia albomaculata Felt 


1907. Felt, E. P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 111; Ssepataie pees 
(Choristoneura) 
1908 —————_._ NY. State Mus. Bul. 124, p . 328 (Baldratia) 


This species was captured on Solidago at Albany, N. Y., August 
14, 1906 and was reared July 15th from a small, blister gall on aster 
taken at Jamesburgh, N. J., and from a blister gall on Solidago 
taken at Westfield, N. Y., July 18, 1907. 

Gall. The blister gall on aster leaf producing this species, is 3 to 
4mmin diameter, a diffuse yellowish, with a dark center and a 
narrow, dark margin. 

Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae pale yellowish; 18 segments, 
the fifth with a length a little less than its diameter, the two terminal 
segments partly or completely fused. Palpi; the first segment 
short, stout, greatly expanded distally, the second more slender, 
elongate. Mesonotum black with a median pale line. Scutellum 
black. Abdomen black, segments one to three with submedian 
white spots; incisures reddish yellow; ovipositor yellowish. Wings 
subhyaline, costa dark brown, discal spot whitish, the third vein 
uniting with costa at the basal half; halteres slightly yellowish, 
nearly covered with black scales. Coxae yellowish with a few 
white scales and the anterior and mid pair with long, black setae 
anteriorly; femora with the basal two-thirds whitish, the remainder 
black; tibiae and tarsi black; claws stout, strongly curved. 
Ovipositor moderately long, the terminal lobes rather long, broadly 
moundeds tyne Cecid.: 756. 


. Asteromyia squarrosae Felt 

1908 Felt, E.P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 329 (Baldratia) 

1909 ——————_ Ottawa Nat., 22:248 (Baldratia) 

The species was reared July 20, 1907 from irregular blister galls 
on Solidago squarrosa taken at Rhineclit, Nee 
17th. It was also reared by Dr A. Cosens from S. serotina 
and S. squarrosa collected at Toronto, Canada, in June, 1914. 


Gall. A grayish brown, black-margined, irreguiar blister gall 
about 3 mm in diameter. 

Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae dark brown; 19 segments, 
the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal 
segment produced, broadly oval. Palpi; the first segment short, 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 221 


stout, slightly expanded distally, the second one-half longer than 
the first, narrowly oval. Mesonotum dark brown, variably margined 
laterally and anteriorly with dull reddish brown scales, the sub- 
median lines sparsely clothed with similar hairs. Scutellum reddish 
brown, postscutellum a little darker. Abdomen dark brown, the 
second to seventh segments narrowly margined posteriorly with 
silvery white, the markings obsolete laterally; venter thickly clothed 
with silvery white scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the 
third vein joining costa near the basal fifth; halteres yellowish 
basally, fuscous apically. Coxae and base of femora a variable 
fuscous yellowish, the remainder of the legs dark brown, the tip 
of femora and tibiae narrowly annulate with white on the posterior 
legs; claws long, rather stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli a little 
shorter than the claws. Ovipositor about one-half the length of 
the abdomen, the terminal lobes short, stout, broadly rounded. 
‘Type Cecid. a1594. 


Asteromyia canadensis Felt 
1907 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. I10, p. 105; separate, p. 9 
(Lasioptera) 
——N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 329 (Baldratia) 


1908 — 


The midge was captured May 21, 1906 sweeping blueberry, 
Spiraea or possibly Cornus at Albany. 


Male. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae dark brown; 18 or 19 seg- 
ments, the fifth with a length less than its diameter; terminal segment 
suboval. Palpi; the first segment with a length four times its 
diameter, subrectangular, the second over twice the length of the 
first, slender. Mesonotum dark brown, ornamented with frag- 
mentary submedian lines of whitish scales posteriorly and a some- 
what broken patch of the same on the lateral posterior area near 
the base of the wings. Scutellum dark brown, rather thickly 
ornamented with silvery white scales, postscutellum dark brown. 
Abdomen dark brown, the four basal segments each with submedian, 
quadrate, silvery spots. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third 
vein joining the costa at the basal half; halteres pale orange basally, 
silvery white distally. Legs mostly pale yellowish straw, tarsi 
with reddish or dark brown on the distal segments. Genitalia; 
basal clasp segment long, irregularly truncate; terminal clasp seg- 
ment swollen at the basal fourth; dorsal plate broad, deeply 
emarginate; ventral plate narrow, broadly rounded. MHarpes sub- 
triangular, tapering. ‘Type Cecid. 74. 


Asteromyia dumosae Felt 
1909 Felt, E.P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:286 (Baldratia) 
oe Econ. Ent. Jour. 3:348 . 
This species was reared July 30, 1908 from Aster dumosus 
taken by Cora H. Clarke at Annisquam, Cape Ann, Mass., apparently 


222 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


coming from an inconspicuous blister gall. Polygnotus species 
was reared, probably from this midge. 


Gall. The blister gall from which this species was presumably 
reared is yellowish brown, narrowly oval, nearly 4 mm long and 2 
mm in diameter. 

Female. Length 1.75 mm. Antennae dark brown; 13 segments, 
the fifth with a length one-third greater than its diameter, the 13th 
compound, nearly twice the length of the preceding, irregularly 
rounded. Palpi; wuniarticulate. Mesonotum dark brown, anteri- 
orly and laterally rather thickly clothed with short, golden yellow 
scales. Scutellum dark reddish brown, postscutellum yellowish 
brown. Abdomen dark brown, the segments narrowly margined 
with white, the latter interrupted laterally and mesially. Ovi- 
positor fuscous yellowish. Wings hyaline, the third vein uniting 
with costa a little before the basal half, the white discal spot small; 
halteres yellowish transparent, fuscous subapically; coxae and 
femora basally fuscous yellowish, the distal portion of femora, 
tibiae and tarsi dark brown. Ovipositor moderately short, terminal 
lobes narrowly oval. Type Cecid. a1870Aa. 


Asteromyia flavomaculata Feit 


1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 329 (Baldratia) 
1910 ——————__ Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:349 


This species was reared from a blister gall on a leaf, presumably 
aster, taken at Albany, N. Y., March 16, 1907. Polygnotus species 
and Eurytoma were reared, probably from this midge. 


Gall. Length 2 cm, diameter 1.2 cm. It is a clouded, sooty, 
blister gall, yellow beneath and dirty whitish above. It looks much 
like the large blister gall commonly found on aster. 

Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae- dark brown; 16 segments, - 
the fifth with a length scarcely equal to its diameter; terminal 
segment slightly produced, obtusely rounded distally. Palpi, one 
somewhat irregular, prolonged segment, swollen distally; face 
fuscous with yellowish white hairs ventrally. Mesonotum dark 
brown, the submedian lines rather thickly clothed with golden yellow 
scales, an inconspicuous patch of the same at the anterior margin — 
and a larger one in front of the humeri. Scutellum a dark brown, 
postscutellum fuscous yellowish. Abdomen black, the second to 
eighth segments narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery white, 
the markings broadly interrupted on the median line; ventral 
surface suffused with silvery white scales. Wings hyaline, costa 
dark brown or black, discal spot yellowish white, the third vein 
uniting with costa near the basal half; halteres a variable yellowish, 
fuscous subapically. Coxae and base of femora fuscous yellowish, 
other portions of legs a nearly uniform dark brown or black; claws 
rather long, strongly curved, pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor 
about one-half the length of the abdomen, the distal lobes broadly 
rounded. Type Cecid. a1361a. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I916 223 


Asteromyia abnormis Felt 


1907 Felt, E: P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 110; separate, p. 14 
(Choristoneura) 
sages ———-._ N. Y.. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 329 (Baldratia) 


This species was taken at Albany, N. Y., July 24, 1906 on Solidago. 


Female. Length 2mm. Antennae 
dark brown; 16 segments, the fifth 
with a length a little greater than 
its diameter; terminal segment twice 
the length of the preceding, broadly 
rounded. Palpi, one segment with 
a length about three times its diam- 
eter, slightly dilated, broadly rounded 
apically. Mesonotum, scutellum and 
postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen 
presumably a nearly uniform dark 
brown with irregular patches of 
whitish scales on the pleurae. Wings 
hyaline, costa dark brown, discal 
spot whitish, the third vein uniting 
with costa at the basal half; halteres 
pale orange. Legs mostly dark : 
brown; claws stout, slightly curved. Fig.42 Asteromyia abnor- 
Ovipositor probably about one-third mis, seventh, eighth and ninth 
the length of the body; terminal antennal segments, the latter two 
lobes short, broadly rounded distally partly fused, greatly enlarged 
and thickly setose. (author’s illustration) 

This specimen is abnormal, since 
the ninth and tenth segments on one antenna and the tenth to 
thirteenth on the other were more or less irregularly fused. Type 
Cecid. 676. 


Asteromyia asterifoliae Beutm. 


1907 Beutenmueller, William. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 23, p. 395- 96 
(Lasioptera) 

1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p.288 (Choristoneura 
helena Felt), p. 329 (Baldratia fuscoanulata) 

1909 ——————-_ Ottawa Nat., 22:248 (Baldratia fuscoanulata) 

1910 —————__ Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:349 

1910 Stebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 2, p. 53 (Lasioptera) 


This species was reared by Professor Beutenmueller from aster 
leaves taken in the valley of the Black mountains, North Carolina. 
Apparently the same form has been reared by us from a circular 
blister gall on Aster lateriflorus collected at Highland, adults 
being obtained June 26, 1907. Presumably the same form was 
reared from a blister gall on what is probably Aster laevis, 
midges appearing July 25, 1907. 


224 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Gall. The gallon Aster lateriflorus producme tiisiomun 
is round, about 3 mm in diameter and with a dark center encircled 
by a white ring, the portions of the leaf adjacent being more or less 
suffused. The gall on what we take to be Aster laevis, is 
oval, 4 to 6 mm in diameter, yellowish white and dark margined. 
For a colored illustration see Museum Bulletin 175, plate 2, figure s. 

Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae brown, basally fuscous yellow- 
ish; 18 segments, the fifth with a length three-fourths its diameter; 
terminal segment partly fused with the preceding, somewhat pro- 
longed, narrowly rounded. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, 
subquadrate, the second twice the length of the first, irregularly 
subfusiform. Face with a white patch of silvery white scales. 
Mesonotum black, sparsely margined laterally with silvery white. 
Scutellum nearly the same color as the mesonotum. Abdomen 
black, the incisures dark reddish, each segment sparsely margined 
posteriorly with silvery white, the venter a uniform silvery gray. 
Wings (pl. 5, fig. 9) hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting 
with costa at the basal half; halteres pale... Legs black, coxae, 
the extreme base of the femora and articulations of the tibiae more 
or less pale; claws rather long, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long 
as the claws. Ovipositor about one-half the length of the abdomen, 
the terminal lobes short, broadly oval. 

Male. Antennal segments 16, the fifth with a length three- 
fourths its diameter; the abdomen and the legs a uniform dark brown, 
the venter pale yellowish; otherwise as in the female. The char- 
acters of the male are from the type. Cecid. ar55o. 


Asteromyia agrostis O. S. 
1847 Fitch, Asa. N. Y. State Agric. Soc. Trans., 6:35%-52 
1862 Osten Sacken, C. R. Dipt. N=Am. Mon., 1:204 (Cecidomyia 
AK ft ' Oss £408) 
1893 Marten, John. Ohio Agric. Exp’t Sta. Techn. ser. I, no. 3, p. 155-56 
(Lasioptera muhlenbergiae) 
1893 Webster, F. M. Ohio Agric. Exp’t Sta. Techn. ser. I, no. 3, p. 154-55 
(Lasioptera muhlenbergiae) 
1902. Cockerell, T. D. A. Can. Ent., 34:183 (Lasioptera carbour 
tens) 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. r24, p. 329 (B. muhlenbergiae) 
1909 Jarvis, T. D. Ent. Soc. Ont.,. 39th Rep’t,.p. 85>(83 nr teh Rea 
bergiae) 
The gall and pupa of this species were described by Fitch without 
a name in 1847. Later Osten Sacken proposed the scientific name 
for this form, which breeds in a prolonged, fusiform enlargement 
at the basal portion of the stem of Muhlenbergia mexicana. 
Lasioptera carbonitens Ckll. is probably a synonym. 
Polygnotus species was reared from this gall. The species breeds 
in a prolonged, fusiform enlargement at the basal portion of the 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 225 


stem of Muhlenbergia mexicana. It was first reared 
by Mr Marten at Champaign, II1l., adults appearing from May 9 
to June 10, 1902. There is but one generation annually, the larvae 
wintering in the gall. We have received examples of this form from 
Prof..Cyrus R. Crosby of Ithaca, N. Y., who reared the insect from 
grass collected in that vicinity. 

Gall. The gall has been described by Mr Marten 
as cone-shaped and produced by the abortion of 
a branch and the consequent approximation of the 
leaves. He states that the peculiar yellowish larvae 
he singly or several together on the inner bases of 
the leaves, thus producing the gall. 

The pupa he describes as reddish yellow, becoming 
darker reddish or even orange color with age. When 
ready to pupate, the old larval skin is pushed down 
to the tip of the abdomen, where it remains adher- 
ing to the last segment. 


The following descriptions have been drafted from 
specimens kindly contributed by Prof. H. A. Gossard 
of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station. The Fig. 43 As- 


anatomical characters are from these specimens, the teromyia 
aerTros tiSsZ 


color features from Mr Marten’s descriptions. 
: gall, natural 
Gall. Length about 3 cm, diameter nearly 1 cm. size (origi- 
This gail is a long, stout, fusiform swelling evidently sa 


caused by the dwarfing of the young shoot leaves 
growing close together and the larvae occur here and there at the 
base of the inner leaves. 

Larva. Length 2 mm, pale yellowish 
white, breastbone not evident. The larvae 
occur in numbers irregularly located between 
the inner leaves of the gall. 

Female. Length 3 to 3.5mm. Antennae 
black, fading to dusky toward the tips, 
yellowish brown basally; 19 segments, the 
fifth with a length about one-half greater 
than its diameter; terminal segment red- 
dish, ‘suboval.. Palpi;, the first. segment 
irregularly obconic, the second irregularly 
conic, greatly swollen basally; face tinged 
Fig.44 Asteromyia With yellowish brown and having a silvery 

agrostis, palpus of White reflection in certain lights; it also has 

female, enlarged (origi- afew scattering black hairs. Eyes rather 
nal) small, black. Mesonotum shiny pitchy black 
with some reddish brown about the base of 

the wings and on the posterior angles of the mesothorax. Scutellum’ 
black with reddish brown margins, somewhat transparent in appear- 
ance; metathorax and pleurae reddish brown, the latter with a 


226 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


black spot commencing anterior to the base of the wing and reach- 
ing with a slight interruption to the middle coxa. Abdomen red- 
dish brown distally, covered with pitchy black scales, the latter less 
dense on the venter. Ovipositor reddish yellow, becoming pale 
yellow, almost white at the tip. Wings dusky, costa black, the third 
vein uniting with costa at the distal third; halteres yellowish with the 
capitate portion and upper part of the stem covered with pitchy black 
scales. Coxae and femora yellowish, the distal half of the femora 
covered with black scales, becoming more dense toward the apex; 
tibiae and tarsi black; claws long, stout, strongly curved. Ovipositor 
probably nearly as long as the body; terminal lobes long, slender, 
broadly rounded. , 

Male. About as the female, more slender and not so black, but 
smoky or brown-black with a pitchy reflection. Antennae with 
16 to 18 segments. Palpi; short, inconspicuous, apparently com- 
posed of two segments, the first irregularly oval, deeply divided 
near the middle, the second consisting of a transverse oval basal 
portion and a long, slender, tapering distal part, the latter with 
a length fully five times its diameter. Wing: (pl. 6, fig. 1) with 
' thick, black scales on the costa not extending beyond the point 
where the third vein unites with the border. Genitalia (pl. 8,. 
fig. 1); basal clasp segment long, stout, obliquely truncate; terminal 
clasp segment short, greatly swollen basally; dorsal plate short, 
broad, deeply and triangularly incised; ventral plate broad, broadly 
rounded. Harpes broad at base, dentate. 

Described from specimens received from the Ohio Agricultural 
Experiment Station December 1906, presumably reared by Marten. 
They bore only the number 1571. Cecid. 770. 


Asteromyia waldorfi Felt 


1909 Felt, E. P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:286 (Baldratia) 
5O0@) (ae ae Coe. et OUG. ns 476 


Several midges were reared in early May 1908 from a small, 
brownish, blister gall on a somewhat hairy unknown species of aster 
found at Karner near the Waldorf station in early April. 


Gall. The gall is about 3 mm in diameter, circular, brownish 
and with a more or less distinct yellowish ring. — 

Male. Length 2mm. Antennae yellowish brown; 16 segments, 
the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal 
segment produced, compound. Palpi; the first segment subquad- 
rate, the second longer, broadly oval. Mesonotum dark brown, 
the submedian lines sparsely haired. Scutellum dark brown, post- 
scutellum fuscous yellowish. Abdomen dark brown, the segments 
narrowly margined posteriorly, the latter interrupted mesially; the 
sixth and seventh segments mostly orange. Wings hyaline, costa 
dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa at the basal half, the 
discal spot large; halteres a variable yellowish. Coxae and basal 
portion of femora yellowish, the distal part of femora, tibiae and 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 227 


tarsi dark brown; claws long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli 
shorter than the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment stout; 
terminal clasp segment stout; dorsal plate short, broad, triangularly 
incised; ventral plate short, broad, broadly rounded. MHarpes 
tapering, obtuse, tuberculate. 

Female. Length 2.25 mm. Antennae with 18 segments, the 
fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal seg- 
ment produced, evidently composed of two closely ‘fused, broadly 
rounded distally. Palpi; basal segment slender, obconic; terminal 
segment longer, tapering, subacute. Colorational and other char- 
acters probably as in the opposite sex. Ovipositor about half the 
length of the abdomen; terminal lobes short, broadly oval. 

A very similar and probably identical species was reared May sth 
from a slightly different gall taken in the same vicinity and num- 
bered ar829. Type Cecid. a1824. 


Asteromyia nitida Felt 


1909 Felt, E. P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:286 (Baldratia) 
ao ————— __ Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:348 


This species was reared April 17, 1908 from a shining, yellowish 
gall on the basal leaves of aster collected at Meadowdale near Albany, 
N. Y., October 23, 1907. 


Gall. The gall is large, smooth, slightly glossy, yellowish, oval 
and 6 to 7 mm in diameter. It is found on the long, often purplish 
basal leaves. 

Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown, the basal seg- 
ments yellowish; 21 segments, the fifth with a length three-fourths 
its diameter; terminal segment produced, compound, broadly 
rounded apically. Palpi biarticulate. Face yellowish. Meso- 
notum dark brown, the submedian lines and lateral margins clothed 
with yellowish scales. Scutellum.dark brown with white scales 
apically, postscutellum dark reddish brown. Abdomen dark brown, 
the segments narrowly margined with silvery white scales, the latter 
interrupted laterally and mesially. Venter clothed with silvery 
“white scales. Wings hyaline, the third vein uniting with costa just 
beyond the basal half; halteres yellowish basally, fuscous apically. 
Coxae and base of femora a variable yellowish, the remainder of the 
legs dark brown. Ovipositor short, terminal lobes broadly oval. 
Type Cecid. a1820. 


Asteromyia convoluta Felt 


1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 110 (Choristoneura) 
1908 —————__ NN. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 329 (Baldratia) 
1909 ——————._ Ottawa Nat., 22:246 (Baldratia) 


This species was reared from a loose, convolute tip gall on Solidago, 
which was taken at Albany, N. Y., August 11, 1907. 
8 


228 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Gall. This species appears to have been reared from a loose, 
convolute apical gall having an approximate diameter of 6.5 mm. 
It is composed of a thick mass of long, aborted, more or less curled 
leaves. There were no indications of blister galls on any of. the 
leaflets. 

Female. Length 1 mm. Antennae light brown, fuscous basally; 
17 segments, the fifth with a length less than its diameter; terminal 
segment twice the length of the preceding, subconical. Palpus, one 
elongate segment, slightly enlarged distally; face fuscous, eyes 
black, large. Mesonotum dark brown, submedian lines ornamented 
with sparse, yellowish setae. Scutellum and postscutellum pale 
yellowish brown. Abdomen nearly uniform dark brown, ovipositor 
pale orange. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, yellowish basally, 
the third vein uniting with costa just beyond the basal half. Hal- 
teres yellowish basally, whitish apically, base of club fuscous. Legs 
mostly uniform dark brown with irregular, yellowish markings; 
anterior tibiae yellowish, tarsi yellowish, the segments tinged with 
reddish brown distally; mid and posterior tarsi mostly yellowish 
with a faint brown annulation on the second segment, distal seg- 
ment dark brown; claws rather stout, strongly curved. Ovipositor 
moderately long, terminal lobes acutely rounded. Type Cecid. a1307. 


Asteromyia flavoanulata Felt 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 329 (Baldratia) 


The small, marginal blister gall on Solidago canadensis 
from which this species was reared, was taken at West Nyack, N. Y., 
the adults appearing July 25, 1907. 


Gall. A marginal, circular; golden gray blister gall with a diameter 
about 3.5 mm and with the under surface narrowly margined with 
pale orange. There is apparently but one insect ina gall. 

Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae dark brown; 18 segments, 
the fifth with a length about one-fourth greater than its diameter; 
terminal segment distinctly enlarged, produced, broadly rounded. 
Palpi; the first segment short, stout, broadly oval, the second about 
as long, much more slender; facefuscous. Mesonotum reddish brown, 
the lateral and anterior margins and submedian lines thickly yellow- 
haired. Scutellum dark brown, postscutellum a little lighter. 
Abdomen dark brown, the segments narrowly margined posteriorly 
by silvery white lines, the latter interrupted in the middle and 
laterally; ovipositor pale orange. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, 
the third vein uniting with costa at the basal half; halteres yellowish 
basally, fuscous apically. Coxae dark brown, femora light yellowish 
basally, the distal portion and tibiae and tarsi dark brown; claws 
rather long, stout, evenly curved, the pulvilli nearly as long as the 
claws. Ovipositor about one-half the length of the abdomen, the 
terminal lobes short, oval, broadly rounded. Type Cecid. a1568k. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1Q10 229 


Asteromyia rubra [elt 


foope rel, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. I10, p. 103; separate, p. 7 
(Lasioptera), p. 103-4 (L. tuberculata) 

1908 ——————_ N Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 329 (Baldratia) 

1908 Jarvis, T.D. Ent. Soc. Ont., 38th Rep’t, p. 88 (Choristoneura 
flavolunata in error) 

1909 Felt, E. P. Ottawa Nat., 22:248 (Baldratia) 

1909 Jarvis, T. D. Ent. Soc. Ont., 39th Rep’t, p. 81 (Choristoneura 
flavolunata in error) 


This form was reared from a more or less variegated blister gall 
occurring on the leaves of Solidago rugosa, adults appearing 
July 21, 1906. Apparently the same species occurs in the collection 
of the United States National Museum, having been reared from 
blister galls taken July 21, 1877 in the [llinois bottom and from 
others taken at St Louis, Mo. Unpublished notes by Mr Pergande, 
kindly placed at our disposal by Doctor Howard of the Bureau of 
Entomology show that galls of apparently this species occtirred 
June 18, 1884 in the vicinity of the fair grounds, Washington, D. C.., 
and were quite abundant at Cabin John Bridge, Maryland, June 
25, 1899. Galls of apparently the same species were received June 
27th of the same year from George Caswell, Dayton, Ohio. It is 
apparently this form which is recorded as common at Guelph, 
Ontario, by Jarvis. It is probable that the individuals described 
mumecicer the name of Lasioptera tuberculata! 
are referable to this species. 


Gall. This form was reared from a variegated blister gall varying 
in diameter from about 3 to6 mm. The smaller, older galls appear 
to be mostly black, while the larger and perhaps younger galls have 
the edge margined with purple, the outer part being pale yellowish 
olive with a darker, slightly elevated central part or nipple. For 
a colored illustration seé Museum Bulletin 175, plate 1, figures 9, 
Of, 24, 15, 158, and 20. 

Male. Length 1.25 mm. Antennae yellowish brown; 14 to 15 
segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter; 
terminal segment produced, subcylindric, broadly rounded. Palpi; 
the first segment short, stout, slightly expanded distally, the second 
short, broadly oval. Mesonotum dark brown, the submedian lines 
sparsely clothed with yellowish setae. Scutellum and postscutellum 
reddish brown. Abdomen mostly a reddish brown, the distal seg- 
ments lighter and apparently narrowly banded basally with silvery 
white scales; genitalia yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa dark reddish 
brown, the third vein uniting with costa at the distal third; halteres 
pale yellowish. Legs mostly fuscous yellowish, the distal tarsal 
segments reddish brown; claws long, slender, strongly curved, the 
pulvill about two-thirds the length of the claws. Genitalia (pl. 8, 


*Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 103-4 (separate, p. 7). 1907 


230 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


fig. 2) basal clasp segment short, stout; terminal clasp segment 
with the basal two-thirds greatly swollen; dorsal plate short, stout, 
deeply and triangularly emarginate; ventral plate short, stout, nar- 
rowly rounded. MHarpes short, stout, tapering, irregularly dentate. 
Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown; 18 segments, 
the fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter; terminal 
segment broadly oval. Palpi; the first segment short, irregularly 
subquadrate, the second a little longer, swollen at the basal third, 
broadly rounded. Mesonotum dark brown with submedian lines 
sparsely clothed with silvery hairs. Scutellum dark reddish brown, 
postscutellum and abdomen dark brown, incisures deep carmine, 
ovipositor pale orange. Pleurae brokenly clothed with quadrate 
patches of silvery white scales separated by small patches of dark 
brown ones, venter suffused with silvery white scales; halteres 
fuscous yellowish basally, stem pale yellowish, club fuscous basally, 
semitransparent apically. Coxae dark brown, clothed laterally 
with silvery white; femora pale yellowish basally, fuscous apically, 
tibiae dark brown, narrowly ringed with pale yellowish apically, 
tarsi with the basal segments dark brown, the distal ones lighter. 
Ovipositor probably about two-thirds the length of the body, the 
terminal lobes short, stout, broadly rounded. Type Cecid. 650. 


Asteromyia laeviana Felt 
1907 Felt, E. P. N.- Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 108-9; Separate pee 


(Choristoneura) 
1908 ——————._ NV. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 330 (Baldratia) 
I910° ——————_ Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:349 


1915 =— Econ. Ent. Jour. 33406 


The midge was reared at Albany, N. Y., from a yellowish blister 
gall on the leaves of Aster laévis, fhe adults appearing the 
latter part of September 1906. 


Gall. A greenish yellow blister gall about 1.75 cm in diameter, 
the under surface is papery white. For a colored illustration see 
Museum Bulletin 175, plate 1, figures 12, 12a and Ig. 

Larva. Length 2 mm, stout, pale orange. Head-small, tapering; 
antennae small, uniarticulate: breastbone rudimentary or wanting; 
skin finely shagreened ; posterior extremity broadly rounded, finely 
papillate. ; 

Male. Length 1.6 mm. Antennae dark brown; 14 segments, 
the fifth with a diameter equal to its length, the two terminal seg- 
ments fused, separable only by a light constriction. Palpi; one 
elongate segment, obliquely truncate apically; face reddish brown, 
eyes black, large, margined posteriorly with pale yellowish scales. 
Mesonotum dark brown with broad, submedian stripes thickly 
clothed with short, yellowish scales. Scutellum dark brown, post- 
scutellum reddish brown. Abdomen dark brown with the incisures 
and pleurae pale yellowish red, genitalia dark brown. Wings hyaline, 
costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the ccsta at the basal 
half; halteres pale yellowish basally, whitish transparent apically. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 231 


Legs mostly dark brown, the tarsal segments a variable pale yellow 
or reddish; claws strongly curved. Genitalia (pl. 8, fig. 3); basal 
clasp segment stout; terminal clasp segment broad at base; dorsal 
plate deeply incised; ventral plate short, broadly rounded. MHarpes 
‘subtriangular, tapering, a long, curved apical spur and several 
recurved spines. Type Cecid. a1287. 


A female, provisionally referred to this species, was reared from’ 
meumiiat gall on Aster saggittifolius July 15, 19133, 
by Dr A. Cosens, Toronto, Canada. The description follows: 


Female. Length rmm. Antennae extending to the base of the 
abdomen, sparsely haired, dark brown; at least 14 and probably 15 
or 16 segments, the fifth with a length about equal to its diameter. 
Palpi invisible in the preparation, probably uniarticulate. Mesono- 
tum shining black, the submedian lines sparsely haired. Scutellum 
shining dark brown, sparsely haired apically, postscutellum yellowish 
brown. Abdomen a nearly uniform black, the third to sixth abdomi- 
nal segments narrowly margined posteriorly with whitish scales. 
Wings hyaline, the third vein uniting with the margin near the basal 
half. Halteres yellowish, the club narrowly fuscous basally. Coxae 
reddish brown; femora yellowish basally, fuscous apically. Tibiae 
and tarsi fuscous. Ovipositor about half the length of the abdomen, 
stout, the terminal lobes orbicular, minor lobes linear, both thickly 
setose. Az44o. 


Asteromyia flavolunata Felt 


1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y.State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 154-55 Cs. 
1908 ——————-_ NL Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 330 (Baldratia) 

19c9 ——————_ Ottawa Nat., 22:248 (Baldratia) - 

1910 Stebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 2, p. 53 (Baldratia) 


This species was reared from a semioval, yellowish, marginal 
gall on Solidago leaves taken at Albany, N. Y., March 19, 1907, 
the adultsappearing April 16th. It appears to be widely distributed, 
- having been taken in several localities in New York State and also 
at Asheville, N. C. 


Gall. A characteristic marginal, semioval gall on the leaves 
of Solidago, probably S. canadensis. The galls are about 
I cm in the greatest diameter, are invariably on the margin of the 
leaf, lunate in form and usually approximately equidistant. For 
a colored illustration, see Museum Bulletin 175, plate 1, figures 
8 and to. 

Female. Length 2.5 mm. Antennae dark reddish brown; 21 
segments, the fifth with a length scarcely equal to its diameter; 
terminal segment slightly produced, broadly rounded apically. 
Palpi; the first segment short, stout, almost subglobular, the second 
a little longer, slender, subfusiform, subacute distally; face reddish 
brown, with sparse, whitish scales, the tip of the mouth-parts fuscous. 
Mesonotum dark brown, almost black, the base of the wing insertions 
reddish. Scutellum dark brown with a few yellowish setae apically, 


232 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


postscutellum and abdomen dark brown, almost black, the incisures 
of the latter a dusky reddish, the dorsum of the eighth segment 
and the ovipositor fuscous yellowish; laterally, though hardly 
ventrally there is a broken band of five somewhat conspicuous 
subquadrate patches of silvery white scales; venter sparsely clothed 
with silvery white scales. Wings hyaline, costa black, the third 
vein uniting with costa near the middle. Legs black; claws long, 
stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor. 
about one-half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes rather 
short, broad, broadly rounded. Type Cecid. a1430. | 


Asteromyia divaricata Felt 


1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 330 (Baldratia) 
1910 ————— Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:348 


This species was reared April 6, 1908 at Albany from a large 
blister gall on the leaves of Aster divarica ta. 9 Wiememae 
winter in the galls. One leaf may produce 18 to 20 adults. The 
white exuviae contrast strongly with the blackened leaves. 


Gall. The blister galls from which this species was reared are large 
and oval, about 1.2 cm in diameter and with a pinkish tinged aureola, 
especially on the under surface. In the spring they are much darker 
and nearly unicolorous. 

Female. Length 2mm. Antennae dark brown, yellowish basally; 
16 segments, the fifth: with a length about twice its diameter, the 
terminal segment produced, with a length about three times its 
diameter. Palpus, one rather stout, fusiform segment having a 
length about twice its diameter. Face . fuscous — yellowish. 
Mesonotum dark reddish* brown and rather thickly and evenly 
clothed with yellowish setae. Scutellum reddish brown with whitish 
setae apically; postscutellum fuscous yellowish. Abdomen dark 
brown, each segment sublaterally with silvery white spots and 
rudimentary white markings posteriorly; pleurae a variable reddish 
brown; ovipositor a pale orange; venter clothed with silvery scales.’ 
Wings hyaline, costa black, discal spot whitish, the third vein uniting 
with costa near the basal half; halteres yellowish, fuscous subapically. 
Coxae and base of femora fuscous yellowish; femora distally, tibiae 
and tarsi a nearly uniform dark brown; claws long, slender, evenly 
curved, the pulvilli distinctly shorter than the claws. Ovipositor 
about one-half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes short, 
broad, suborbicular. 

Male. Length 2mm. Antennae fuscous yellowish; 16 segments. 
Palpi uniarticulate, fusiform, with a length over twice the diameter. 
Mesonotum dark brown, with scattering, yellowish setae upon its 
surface, the submedian lines thickly clothed with yellow setae. 
Scutellum dark brown, with a few white scales apically, postscutellum 
light fuscous yellowish. Abdomen dark brown, the basal segment 
laterally and posteriorly sparsely margined with white scales, the 
distal segment nearly naked, deep orange and with a few dark 
brown, scattering, silvery white scales dorsally; pleurae yellowish; 


REPORT OF TIE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQ16 22 


genitalia fuscous yellowish, the venter yellowish basally, deep orange 
distally, sparsely clothed with silvery white scales; halteres yellowish 
transparent. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, slender; terminal 
clasp segment stout at base; dorsal plate long, broad, deeply and 
triangularly incised; ventral plate short, stout, broadly rounded. 
Harpes short, stout, truncate, minutely dentate. Type Cecid. 
ai787. 
CLINORHYNCHA Loew 


1850 Loew, H. Dipt. Beitr., 4:21 
1860 Rondani, Camillo. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. Milano Atti, 2:287 
1863 Schiner, J. R. Fauna Austriaca Dipt., 2:409 
- 1876 Bergenstamm, J. E. & Low, Paul. Syn-Cecidomyidarum, p. 23 
1888 Skuse, F. A.A. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales Proc., 3:40, 44, 133 
1892 Rubsaamen, E.H. Berl. Ent. Zeit., 27:341 
1895 Kieffer, J. J. Wein. Ent. Zeit., 14:3-4 
1897 —————_ Syn. Cecid. de Eur. & Alg., p. 4 
1904 soc. Sci. Brux: Ann., 28:2 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 333 
Igtl WN. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour., 19:42 
1913 Kieffer, J. J. Gen. Insect., fasc. 152, p. 19 


Fig.45 Clinorhyncha filicis, head and appendages, note the 
relatively short antennae, the well developed palpi and the greatly produced 
mouth-parts, enlarged (orignial) 


234 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


This genus, first recognized in America by the author, comprises 
an assemblage of extremely interesting forms which may be dis- 
tinguished at once by the great prolongation of the mouth-parts 
and the ro to 12 antennal segments. The European C. chry- 
santhemi H. Lw., the type of the genus, has 13 antennal segments 
in both sexes. The wings are small, rather narrow and with 
the venation greatly reduced -(pl. 6, fig. 8); claws unidentate. 
The species are all small, being only about 1 mm in length. It is 
very probable, as stated elsewhere, that this genus is a synonym of 
Acorhynchus Rond. The four European species were all reared 
from the enlarged akenes of such composites as Anthemus, 
Chrysanthemum, Achillea and Tanacetum. The additional Ameri- 
cam species, C. eupatorifloraec, was reared fomummenaonere 
of thoroughwort, Eupatorium perfoliatum. It is prob- 
able that the other species known to occur in this country have 
similar habits, though C. karnerensis was taken on willow. 


Key to species 


@ Second to fifth abdominal segments reddish brown; female with 10 antennal 
segments, the fifth with a length one-third greater than its diameter....... 
filteis Belt (©2386 

aa Abdomen unicolorous 
b Abdomen of the female dark brown, that of the male fuscous yellowish, 
antennal segments 10, the fifth in the male with a length twice its 
diameter, that of the female with a length one-fourth greater than its 
diameter, the three distal palpal segments successively longer, the 
fourth one-fourth longer than the third. Reared from yarrow........ 
; millefolit Wachth, @er226 
bb Abdomen of female dark brown, antennal segments 10, the fifth with a 
length one-half greater than its diameter, the three distal palpal 
SEOIMEMUS COMA Lcd pee tae op eee karnerensis Pelt, (@7 483 
bbb Abdomen reddish, antennal segments of male 12, female 11, the fifth of 
the male with a length one-half greater than its diameter, that of the 
female with a length one-fourth greater. Reared from flowers of 
thoroughwort, Hupatorium pertioliat wma eee 
-eupatoriflorae Pelt @arocy 


Clinorhyncha filicis Felt 

1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110; p. 108; separate, p. 12 

1908 ———— _N. Y: State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 333 . 

This species was taken on fern at Nassau, N. Y., June 24, 1906. 
Apparently the same form was reared from willow bearing the 
galls of Hormomyia vyerruca Walsh, collected by @Gorase: 
Clarke at Magnolia, Mass. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 235 


Female. Length 1 mm. Antennae dark brown; 10 segments, 
the fifth with a length one-third greater than its diameter; terminal 
segment short, broadly rounded distally. Palpi; the first segment 
rather long, irregular, the second a little shorter, the third nearly 
twice the length of the preceding, more slender, the fourth a little 
longer and more slender than the third. Mesonotum dark brown, 
submedian lines yellowish, thickly clothed with fuscous yellowish 
hairs. Scutellum dark brown, postscutellum brown. Abdomen 
dark brown basally, with the second to fifth segments reddish brown, 
terminal segments yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, 
discal spot whitish, the third vein uniting with costa at the basal 
half, the fifth vein forking near the middle, unites with the posterior 
margin at the distal third, its branch at the basal third. Halteres 
reddish yellow. Legsa nearly uniform dark brown, lighter ventrally; 
claws rather stout, strongly curved. Ovipositor probably nearly as 
long as the body, the terminal lobe long, broad, narrowly rounded, 
at the base a group of four or five heavy, stout, strongly recurved, 
obtuse spurs and scattering groups of straight spines. Type 
Cecid. 386. 

Clinorhyncha millefolii Wachtl. 

1884 Wachtl, F. A. Wien. Entomol. Zeit., 3:161, tab. 2, fig. 3-5 

1908 Felt, E.P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 1:19 

1908 ——————._ NY. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 333 

1909) ——————_ Ent. Soc. Ont., 39th Rep’t, p. 44 

This European species was reared during August 1907 in consider- 
able numbers from the florets of yarrow, Achillea mille- 
Poeeiium, taken “in the vicinity of Albany. Our provisional 
determination of this form has been confirmed by the distinguished 
European specialist on this group, L’abbe Kieffer. This species 
has presumably become well established in this country and it is 
rather surprising that its presence has not been detected earlier. 
The wing of the female is shown on plate 6, figure 8. 

Larva. Length 1 mm, yellowish, rather stout, the segmentation 
- rather distinct; head small, with a diameter about one-fourth that 
of the body, tapering to a broadly rounded apex. The one antennal 
segment is cylindric, with a length about four times its diameter. 
Breastbone apparently wanting, skin smooth, the posterior extremity 
broadly rounded, smooth; anus slitlike. 


The above described specimen is probably partly erown. 


Clinorhyncha karnerensis Felt 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 333 
This form was taken on willow at Karner, N. Y., July 5, 1906. 


Female. Length 1.25 mm. Antennae dark brown; 10 segments, 
the fifth with a length about one-half greater than its diameter, 


236 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


the terminal segment slightly reduced. Paipi; the first segment 
rather long, expanded distally, the second slender, tapering at the 
extremities and with a length about three times its diameter, the 
third a little longer and more slender than the second, the fourth 
longer and more slender than the third. Mesonotum dark brown,” 
the submedian lines indistinct. Scutellum dark brown, postscutellum | 
yellowish brown. Abdomen a nearly uniform dark brown, the 
segments margined posteriorly with rather abundant short, silvery 
-setae. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, discal spot white, the third 
vein uniting with costa a little before the basal half, the fifth at the 
distal fourth, its branch near the basal half. Halteres yellowish 
basally, silvery white apically. Legs a nearly uniform fuscous 
brown, the posterior ones a little lighter; claws long, slender, strongly 
curved distally, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor probably 
about as long as the body, basally with a patch of stout, halberd- 
shaped processes; terminal lobe long, broad, irregularly rounded, 

at the base a group of five or six stout hooks. Type Cecid. 488. | 


Clinorhyncha eupatoriflorae Felt 


1907 Felt, E. P. New Species of Cecidomyiidae II, p. 6 (Lasioptera) 
1908 ———_————_ NY. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 287, 333 (Lasioptera) 
1909 ——————-_ Ent. Soc. Ont., 39th Rép’t, p. 44 _ 

1910 Stebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 2, p. 49 (Cecidomyia) 


The midge was reared in late August from yellowish larvae, 
about 2 mm long, in apparently normal florets of thoroughwort, 
Eupatorium perfoliatum, taken at Albamyes ae 


Male. Length 1.25 mm. Antennae dark brown, the sbacal 
segments pale reddish; 12 segments, the fifth with a length about 
one-half greater than the diameter; terminal segment somewhat 
produced, narrowly rounded. distally. Palpi; the first segment 
short, stout, narrowly oval, the second one-half longer and more 
slender; the third a little longer and more slender than the second; 
the fourth longer and more slender than the third; face pale reddish. 
Mesonotum fuscous, the submedian lines indistinct. Scutellum and ~ 
postscutellum reddish. Abdomen reddish. Wings hyaline, costa 
dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa before the basal half, 
the fifth joining the posterior margin at the distal fourth, its branch 
near the basal half; halteres and coxae pale reddish, the femora 
yellowish at the base, brownish apically; tibiae and tarsi brownish; 
claws rather long, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. 
Genitalia; basal clasp segment long; terminal clasp segment long, 
swollen near the basal third; dorsal plate short, broad, deeply and 
triangularly emarginate; ventral plate short, broad, truncate. Harpes 
long, stout, tapering, dentate. 

Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae sparsely haired, dark 
brown, basal segments pale reddish; 11 segments, the fifth with a 
length about one-fourth greater than the diameter; terminal segment 
produced, tapering distally to a narrowly rounded apex. Palpi; 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 237 


the first segment short, stout, truncate distally, the second a little 
longer, narrowly oval, the third as long as the second, more slender, 
the fourth one-half longer and more slender than the third. Face 
pale reddish. Pronotum fuscous. Mesonotum slightly fuscous, 
the submedian lines indistinct. Scutellum and _ postscutellum 
reddish. Abdomen reddish. Halteres and coxae pale reddish; 
femora yellowish at the base, brownish apically; tibiae and tarsi 
brownish. Ovipositor longer than the body, basally with halberd- 
shaped spines and recurved hooks; the terminal lobes long, slender, 
tapering, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. a1689. 


CAMPTONEUROMYIA Felt 

1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 322, 334 

I91I ————— N.Y. Ent. Soc. Jour., 19:43 

1913 Kieffer, J. J. Gen. Insect., fasc. 152, p. 26 

This genus was erected for a very well-marked type which may 
be recognized by the broadly oval wings having the third vein 
strongly arched, rather well separated from costa and uniting there- 
with near the distal third (pl. 6, fig. 5). The antennae are 
sessile in both sexes, the segments ranging in number from 14 to 22. 
The individual segments are longer than in Lasioptera and its close 
allies and do not have the thick, heavy circumfili usually observed 
in this tribe. Furthermore, the whorl of minute hairs is more 
marked in Camptoneuromyia than in allied genera. The male 
genitalia have somewhat the same structure as obtains in Dasyneura, 
the ovipositor of the female is rather short and thick. The vestiture 
of the anterior wing veins is not so heavy as in Lasioptera, though 
approaching that type. The legs are usually very thickly covered 
with scales, and in some species this clothing is so abundant as to 
practically obscure the basal tooth on the unidentate claws. Type 
Meeyneura virginica Felt. 

Several species have been reared. The best known form is C. 
adhesa Felt. It breeds mostly in an oval adherent gall between 
apposed Solidago leaves. Another species, C. rubifolia Felt, 
has been reared from a marginal leaf roll on high blackberry. A 
West Indian form, C. meridionalis Felt! was reared from 
Ipomoea, probably the deformed flower buds infested by Schiz- 
Omyia ipomoeae Felt. 


Key to species 
a Antennae with 14 segments 
b Abdomen dark brown, scutellum reddish brown; the fifth antennal 
segment with a length one-half greater than its diameter, female. . 
brevicauda Felt, C. 751 


1 Ent. News, 21:269-70. I9gI0. 


238 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


aa Antennae with 15 segments 

b Abdomen dark brown, scutellum fuscous yellowish; the fifth antennal 

segment with a length one-half greater than its diameter, male. . 
virginica Felt, C. 238b 

aaa Antennae composed of 16 segments 

b Abdomen yellowish brown, scutellum Fiseoee yellowish; the fifth 
antennal segment with a length about three-fourths its diameter, 
Ferriabes.\ 50) crept ee eae emcee eit a fulva Felt. C) 461 
bb Abdomen light yellowish, scutellum pale orange; fifth antennal seg- 
ment with a length one-third greater than its diameter, female... . 


flavescens Felt sCxarssap. 


aaaa Antennae with 18 segments 
b Abdomen dark brown, scutellum a variable fuscous; the fifth antennal 
segment with a length one-fourth greater than its diameter, male. . 
hamamelidis Peli e@3 2284 

aaaaa 20 to 22 antennal segments 
b Abdomen dark brown, scutellum fuscous yellowish; the fifth antennal 
segment of the male with a length one-fourth greater than its 


diameter, that of the female with a length three-fourths its diameter. 


Reared from an oval, adherent gall between Solidago leaves...... 
adhesa Felt, C. a1568, a1583 

bb Abdomen dark brown, the basal and distal segments yellowish; the 
fifth antennal segment in both sexes with a length one-fourth 
greater than its diameter. Reared from marginal leaf roll on high 
latch eriiy. sien tt sae ee eae ee rubifodlia Pelt, arcsoeea1s59 


Camptoneuromyia virginica Felt 
1907 Felt, E. P. N: Y. State Mus. Bul. 110; ps rS3 sseparcnesno ene 
(Dasyneura) - | 
1908 ————— N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 334 
The species was taken on witch-hazel Hamamelis virgin- 
W2yinl ey. eye dlicenone ING SS he ma, OOO. 
Male. Length .75 mm. Antennae dark brown, 15 segments, 


the fifth with a length about one-half greater than its diameter;- 


terminal segment suboval. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, 
irregular, the second narrowly oval, a little longer, the third as long 
as the second, more slender, the fourth nearly twice the length of 
the third, more slender. Mesonotum nearly uniform dark brown, 
lighter posteriorly, submedian lines lighter, sparsely haired. 
Scutellum variably fuscous basally, pale yellowish and with sparse 
setae apically; postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, 
the sixth and seventh segments pale yellowish orange. Wings 
(pl. 6, fig. 5) hyaline, costa black, the third vein uniting with costa 
at the distal third. Halteres yellowish transparent. Legs light 


brown, lighter ventrally, tarsi slightly darker; claws long, slender, 


uniformly curved. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, slender; 
terminal clasp segment short, stout; dorsal plate broad, deeply and 
triangularly emarginate. Harpes subtriangular, stout, irregularly 
dentate. Type. Cecid? 238b- 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 239 


Camptoneuromyia brevicauda [elt 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 343 (Dasyneura) 


This species was taken in July and August 1906, at Nassau, and 
also at Albany, N. Y. 


Female. Length .75 mm. Antennae dark brown; 14 segments, 
the fifth with a length one-half greater than its diameter. Palpi; 
the first segment rather long, slender basally, expanded distally, 
the second one-fourth longer than the first, stout, the third about 
equal to the second and the fourth one-half longer than the third, 
all sparsely clothed with coarse setae and broad scales; eyes large, 
black. Mesonotum dark brown. Scutellum reddish brown, 
postscutellum and abdomen dark brown, ovipositor pale yellowish. 
Wings (pl. 6, fig. 7) hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting 
with costa at the distal fifth; halteres yellowish basally, whitish 
apically. Coxae fuscous yellowish, trochanters deep carmine, 
base of femora yellowish, other portions of legs dark brown; claws 
slender, strongly curved. Ovipositor one-fourth the length of the 
body, the terminal lobes long, slender, tapering, broadly rounded. 
"hype Cecid. 340. 


Camptoneuromyia fulva Felt 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 334 


This midge was taken on Cornus, probably C. stolonifera, 
at Albany, N. Y., July 3, 1906. 


Female. Length .75 mm. Antennae dark brown, basally yellow- 
ish; 16 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its 
diameter, tapering slightly distally; terminal segment reduced, 
subconical. Palpi; the first segment long, subrectangular, the second 
a little longer than the first, stouter, the third one-half longer and 
more slender than the second, the fourth one-half longer and more 
slender than the third; face yellowish, eyes black. Mesonotum 
thickly clothed with golden yellow setae, submedian lines reddish 
brown, naked. Scutellum fuscous yellowish, postscutellum pale 
yellowish. Abdomen yellowish brown, thickly yellow haired. 
Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa 
near the distal third. Halteres pale yellowish; coxae, femora and 
tibiae mostly pale yellowish; tarsi fuscous yellowish, dark brown 
distally; claws long, slender, curved, the pulvilli nearly as long as 
the claws. Ovipositor nearly as long as the abdomen, terminal 
lobes slender, with a length about three times their diameter, tapering. 
Type Cecid. 461. 

Camptoneuromyia flavescens Felt 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 327 (Lasioptera) 
ee Oftawa Nat ., 22:247 


_ This form was apparently reared from a closely adherent pyriform ) 
apical leaf gall on Solidago graminifolia very similar 


240 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


in appearance to that made by Asphondylia monacha 
O. S. Galls were taken at Jamesburgh, N. J., and West Nyack, 
N. Y., the latter half of July 1907, adults being reared the 29th 
and 30th. Some leaves in this material were rolled and it is possible 
that this species came from these rather than from the galls described 
below. Apparently the same gall on S. canadensis was col- 
lected by Dr A. Cosens June 29, 1916 at Toronto, Can. 

Gall. The gall from which this species may have been reared 
is a closely adherent pyriform apical leaf gall 1 x .5 cm and identical 
in every appearance with that commonly producing Asphon- 
dylia monacha, presumably the normal inhabitant of this 
type of gall. 

Female. Length 1 mm. Antennae. brown, basally yellowish; 
16 segments, the fifth with a length about one-third greater than its 


diameter; terminal segment produced, slender, tapering to a narrowly 


rounded apex. Palpi; first segment short, stout, subquadrate, the 
second nearly twice as long as the first, narrowly oval, the third as 
long as the second, slender, the fourth one-half longer than the third, 
slender; face fuscous yellowish. Mesonotum pale orange. Scu- 
tellum and postscutellum pale orange. Abdomen light yellowish, 
the segments sparsely clothed dorsaily with fuscous setae, venter 
pale yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein 
uniting with costa at the distal fourth. Halteres yellowish trans- 
parent. Coxae pale orange, femora mostly light yellowish, tibiae 
and tarsi mostly dark brown; claws rather long, slender, strongly 
curved, the pulvilli a little longer than the claws. Ovipositor 
about as long as the abdomen, the terminal lobes long, slender, 
narrowly rounded.. Type Cecid. ar583b. 


Camptoneuromyia hamamelidis Felt 


1907 Felt,E. P. N. Y.. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 11G—17>separoseeee co 
(Dasyneura) 
1908 -—————  _N-Y: State Mus. Bul. 124,-p: 334 


The single male representing this species was captured on witch- 
hazel, Hamamelis virginiana, at Albany, NaWeieaee 
1906. ; 


Male. Length .75 mm. Antennae dark brown; 18 segments, 
the fifth with a length about one-half greater than its diameter; 
terminal segment slightly prolonged, subovoid... Palpi; the first 
segment short, irregularly subquadrate, the second short, broadly 
oval, the third a little longer, slender, the fourth one-half longer 
than the third, more slender. Face presumably dark brown. 
Mesonotum nearly uniform dark brown, somewhat lighter pos- 
teriorly, submedian lines rather distinct and ornamented with pale 


hairs. Scutellum a variable fuscous basally, pale yellowish and with, 


sparse setae apically, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen nearly 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 241 


uniform dark brown. Wings (pl. 6, fig. 4) hyaline, costa dark 
brown or black, the third vein uniting with costa at the distal third. 
Halteres yellowish transparent. Legs nearly uniform light brown, 
lighter ventrally, tarsi slightly darker; claws rather slender, uni- 
formly curved. Genitalia; basal clasp segment stout; terminal 
clasp segment swollen at the base. Dorsal plate broad, deeply and 
broadly emarginate; ventral plate narrow, deeply incised. Harpes 
rather stout, subtriangular, irregularly dentate. Type Cecid. 
238a. | 
Camptoneuromyia adhesa Felt | 
1907 Felt,E.P. N. Y.State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 291; separate, p. 10 (Dasyneura) 
1909 —————__ Ottawa Nat. 22:248 


A number of specimens of this peculiar form were reared in July 
1907 from an oval cell formed by the adhesion of two Solidago 
leaves about an injured area. ‘Two species at least, develop in this 
type of gall, the above named form and Asphondylia 
monachaO.S. The exuviae of the latter form was found near 
a large exit hole, while the Camptoneuromyia emerges through a 
smaller orifice. Representatives of both genera were reared from 
different lots of galls and in one case the puparium of an Asphondylia 
was observed within the deformity. A peculiar larva, probably a 
Lestodiplosis, was taken from one gall. 

The formation of this gall is interesting. It evidently originates 
in the closely appressed terminal leaves of growing buds. The 
female presumably inserts her long ovipositor between the young 
leaves, deposits an egg there and the irritation caused by the develop- 
ing larva results in the leaves adhering, even after subsequent 
growth of the plant has separated the bases of the two leaves an 
inch or more. Interesting gradations showing the development of 
the gall of this somewhat local species were observable at West 
Nyack, July 17, 1907. This gall has been observed at Nassau, 
N. Y., and by Prof. J. G. Needham in the Adirondacks. 

Gall. The gall produced by this species is an 
irregular, subglobular swelling involving both 
leaves. Itisapproximately oval in shape, about 
2 mm in diameter and may contain one or two 
whitish larvae. 

Larva. Length 2.5 mm, whitish or yellowish 
white, slender, smooth; head small; antennae iia 
minute. There is no breastbone visible in the Fig.46 Campto- 
mounted specimens, possibly due to a recent © neuromyia ad- 
molt or to the larva being in an early stage. hesa, fifth anten- 
Terminal segment broadly rounded, with a pair _ nal segment of the 
of submedian, stout, irregular tubercles and a male, enlarged (orig- 


long, slender, lateral seta near the middle of inal) 
each segment. 


242 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Male. Length.7s mm. Antennae dark brown, basally yellowish; 
21 segments, the fifth with a length about one-fourth greater than 
its diameter; terminal segment somewhat produced, narrowly 


Fig. 47 Camptonettromyia adhesa, palogsvoruaurc 
enlarged (original) 


oval. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, subquadrate, the second 
a little longer and stouter, narrowly oval, the third a little longer 
and more slender, the fourth nearly twice the length of the third, 
more slender. Face fuscous yellowish. 
Mesonotum dark brown, the submedian 
lines sparsely haired. Scutellum red- 
dish brown, postscutellum dark brown. 
Abdomen dark brown, the segments 
rather sparsely margined posteriorly 
with yellowish hairs; genitalia fuscous, 
pleurae and venter fuscous yellowish. 
Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the 
third vein uniting with costa at the dis- 
tal third. Halteres whitish transparent. 
Coxae fuscous yellowish, femora and 
tibiae pale yellowish, narrowly annu- 
late distally with dark brown or reddish 
brown, tarsi brown, the distal seg- 
ments darker; claws very long, slender, 
strongly curved, the pulvillii shorter 


segment short, stout; terminal clasp seg- 
ment short, 


Fig. 48 Camptoneuro- Stout, slightly 
myia adhesa, third, swollen ba- 
fourth and fifth antennal ‘Sally; dorsal 
segments of female, enlarged plate short, 
(original) broad, deeply 2 

and narrowly Pig 49 Camptoneu- 

incised; ventral plate long, narrowly ;omyia a'dhesa, 
rounded. Harpes stout at base, tapering anterior claw of male, 
and curving distally, apex irregularly greatly enlarged (original) 
rounded. 

Female. Length .75 mm. Antennae dark brown, basally 
yellowish; 22 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths 


than the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp | 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 243 


its diameter; terminal segment somewhat produced, broadly obovate. 
Palpi; one segment, probably the second, short, stout, narrowly 
oval, the next a little longer, broader, somewhat irregular, the distal 
one-half longer than the preceding and more slender. Face fuscous. 
Mesonotum dark brown, the submedian lines rather thickly haired. 
Scutellum and postscutellum light fuscous yellowish. Abdomen 
a nearly uniform dark brown, the basal segments yellowish, the 
others narrowly margined posteriorly with yellowish, pleurae and 


fig. 50 Camptoneuromyia adhesa, ovipositor of female, enlarged 
(original) 


venter yellowish; in some specimens the venter appears to be 
thickly clothed with silvery scales. Wings (pl. 6, fig. 6) as in the 
male. Halteres yellowish transparent. Coxae, femora and tibiae 
mostly pale yellowish, the femora narrowly and variably annulate 
distally with fuscous, tarsi dark brown. Ovipositor about one-half 
the length of the abdomen, terminal lobes rather long, stout, broadly 
rounded. Type Cecid. a1568. 


Camptoneuromyia rubifolia Felt 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 334 


This species was reared July 30, 1908 from a corrugated marginal 
leaf roll on high blackberry discovered by Cora H. Clarke at Magnolia, 
Mass., July 20th. Apparently one female (ar869) of this species 
was reared August 1, 1908 from oval, blisterlike spots on the leaves 

of Smilax rotundifolia collected by Cora H. Clarke at 
Magnolia, Mass., July 23d, though there is no undoubted evidence 
to show that this latter specimen came from the smilax leaves. 

Gall. The gall inhabited by this species is a corrugated marginal 


leaf roll on high blackberry some 10 to 15 cm long and 1.5 cm in 
diameter. The larvae are yellowish and whitish. 


244 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Larva. Length 3.5 mm, yellowish or whitish, rather stout, the 
segmentation distinct, head small. Antennae small, the basal 
segment short, very broad, with a length less than one-half its 
diameter: terminal segment slender, with a length nearly three 
times its diameter. Breastbone bidentate, the lobes broadly rounded, 
basal portion of the breastbone indistinct. Skin nearly smooth, 
naked: terminal segment with submedian and sublateral stout, 
tubercular elevations, the sublateral ones larger; on the latero- 
posterior angle there is a long, slender seta arising from a stout base. 

Male. Length .75 mm. Antennae fuscous yellowish; 21 seg- 
ments, the fifth with a length about one-fourth greater than its 
diameter; terminal segment broadly. oval or slightly fused with 
the penultimate. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, the second 
narrowly oval, with a length nearly three times its diameter, the 

third slender, one-fourth longer than the second, the fourth a little 
longer than the third, more dilated. Mesonotum reddish brown, © 
the submedian lines yellowish. Scutellum and postscutellum fuscous 
yellowish. Abdomen sparsely haired, the dorsum dark brown, 
except the yellowish basal and apical segments; venter pale yellowish, 
genitalia fuscous. Wings hyaline, costa black, the third vein uniting 
with the costa at the basal half; halteres pale yellowish. Coxae, 
femora and tibiae pale, the three basal tarsal segments fuscous 
yellowish, the two distal segments reddish brown, shading to dark 
brown apically; claws long, slender, strongly curved; pulvilli shorter 
than the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, slender; 
terminal clasp segment short, stout, dorsal plate long, broad, deeply 
and triangularly emarginate; ventral plate long, tapering, narrowly 
rounded. Harpes long; broad at base, the distal third produced, 
obtuse. 

Female. Length .75 mm. Antennae dark brown; 22 segments, 
the fifth with a length about one-third greater than its diameter; 


. 


Fig.51 Camptoneuromyia rubifoliae, ovipositor, enlarged (original) 


terminal segment somewhat reduced, broadly rounded. Palpi; 
the first segment rather long, stout, the second probably narrowly 
oval, as long as the first, the third a little longer than the second, 
more slender, the fourth one-third longer than the third, slender. | 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 245 


Mesonotum dark brown, the submedian lines sparsely haired. 
Scutellum reddish brown, postscutellum fuscous yellowish. 
Abdomen sparsely haired, dark brown, the ovipositor pale yellowish; 
halteres yellowish transparent. Coxae, femora and tibiae mostly 
light yellowish, the basal tarsal segments fuscous yellowish, becoming 
darker distally, the apical segments dark brown. Ovipositor about 
one-half the length of the body, the terminal lobes broad, long, 
narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. a1866. 


Camptoneuromyia meridionalis Felt 
1910 Felt, E. P. Ent. News, 21:269-70 


This West Indian species may ‘be separated from known Ameri- 
can forms by the reddish brown abdomen and the 19 antennal seg- 
ments, the fifth having a length about equal to its diameter. It 
was reared by William H. Patterson, then of the Agricultural 
School, St Vincent, W. I., from flower buds of Ipomoea infested 
Wer vemiszonyia ipomoecae Felt. Type Cecid. 1370 


TROTTERIA Kieff. 


Choristoneura Rubs. 


1892 Rubsaamen, E. H. Berl. Ent. Zeit., 37:343 (Choristoneura) 
1897 Kieffer, J. J. Syn. Cecid. de Eur. & Alg., p. 4 (Choristoneura) 


1902 ——————_ Soc. Ent. Fr. Ann., 70:561 (Trotteria proposed) 
1904 ——————__ Soc. Ent. Brux. Ann., 28:20 

nage ret. 2..P. oN. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p..334-35 

I91l_ ——————. _ N.Y. Ent. Soc. Jour., 19:43 


agna Kieffer, J. J. Gen; Insect., fasc. 152, p. 21 


The genus Trotteria comprises a well-defined group, easily recog- 
nized by the abundant scale covering of the body, the peculiar 
venation, the relatively large eyes limited to the ventral two-thirds of 
the head, the greatly produced basal antennal segment and the long, 
‘setose spines on the posterior tibiae. Any one of these characters 
suffices to separate the genus. Type Lasioptera obtusa 
H. Lw. 

The venation of the wings (pl. 6, fig. 9) is peculiar; costa to the 
apex of the wing, subcosta and the third vein are heavily scaled, 
the last being some distance from the nearly straight costa, rather 
strongly curved and uniting with the anterior margin near the distal 
third. The occiput is small while the ventral position of the eyes 
appears to be in some measure correlated with the greatly produced 
(fig. s2) first antennal segment. This latter has a length two and 
one-half to about four times its diameter. The flagellate antennal 
segments are sessile, cylindric and in most species have a length of 
only one-half or three-fourths that of the diameter. There is a rather 


240 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


thick subbasal whorl and a scattering subapical whorl of short 
setae and stout circumfili near the basal third and apically on these 
segments. The antennae may have from 16 to 22 segments. . The 
femora are strongly swollen and the tibiae, particularly the posterior 
pair, are armed with long, setose spines which, in some forms extend 
to the base of the second tarsal segment. The male genitalia presents 
a very characteristic type, differing markedly in some respects 
from those of other Itonididae. The genus Choristoneura Rubs. is 
preoccupied by Choristoneura Mabille. 

Practically nothing is known concerning the life history of these 
interesting forms. Rubsaamen believes that members of this genus 
may be parasitic in habit. The one American species reared was 
obtained from a jar containing galls of well-known Itonids, upon 
which it was probably parasitic, since no peculiar deformity could 
be recognized as its habitat. 


Key to species 
a Females 
b 16 antennal segments; abdomen and tibiae dark brown, the fourth palpal 
segment with a length one-half greater than the third................ 
katnerensis Bele ano4 
bb 20 antennal segments; abdomen dark brown; tibiae pale aii the 
fourth palpalsegment twice as long as the third.3. 92 e === eee 
subfuscata Felt, C. 618 
bbb 22 antennal segments 
c Claws stout, legs thickly clothed with scales, the first antennal seg- 
ment with a length four times its diameter; reared from Solidago. . 
solidaginis Felt, C. a1568y 
cc Claws rather slender, legs rather thinly clothed with scales, the first 
antennal segment with a length thrice its diameter...) ae eee 
cau da tianeht ead 
aa Males 
6 18 antennal segments, the first with a length four times its diameter; 
abdomen thickly clothed with silvery scales, fourth palpal segment 
one-fourth longer than the third. fore eer he: squamosa Help @s22 
bb 20 antennal segments | 

c Fifth antennal segment with a length more than three-fourths its 

diameter | 
d First antennal segment with a length two and one-half times 
AESUGMCTOO HEN 1s Cube toes ok kt See eee caryae Felt, C- 334 
cc Fifth antennal segment with a length scarcely three-fourths its 

diameter 

d Abdomen silvery white; tibiae dark fuscous orange........... 
argent1 Pelt. G2 4G6 
dd Abdomen silvery yellow; tibiae and tarsi black............... 
tarsata Pelt. 2 G67 
ddd Abdomen pale brown; tibiae*dark brown..............+-+-e+ 
metallica Melty Crass 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1910 247 


Trotteria karnerensis Felt 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 335 


This female was taken at Karner, N. Y., July 5, 1906 on elder, 
Bembucus canadensis. 


Female. Length 1.66 mm. Antennae dark brown; 16 segments, 
the first subcylindric, with a length three times its diameter, the 
fifth with a length about one-half its diameter; terminal segment 
produced, apparently composed of two closely fused, strongly 
constricted near the middle, narrowly rounded. Palpi; the first 
segment subrectangular, with a length about twice its diameter, 
the second stouter, one-half longer, the third a little longer and 
more slender than the second, and the fourth about one-half longer 
than the third, more slender, strongly compressed. Mesonotum 
dark brown. Scutellum thickly clothed with pale silvery yellowish 
hairs. Abdomen dark brown, the segments mar- 
gined posteriorly with dull silvery; ovipositor pale 
orange. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the 
third vein uniting with the costa near the distal 
fourth; halteres pale yellowish; pleurae and coxae 
rather thickly clothed with silvery white hairs; 
femora basally silvery yellow, apically banded 
with fuscous; posterior tibiae pale yellowish, fus- 
cous distally, other tibiae and tarsi nearly uniform 
dark brown; claws long, slender, evenly curved, 
the pulvilli shorter than the claws. Ovipositor 
about as long as the abdomen, terminal lobe slen- 
der, with a length nearly five times its diameter, 
narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. 484. 


Trotteria subfuscata Felt 
foe een, EB. P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 335 


This species was taken at Albany, N. Y., July 
17, 1906 on Solidago. 


Female. Length2mm. Antennae dark brown; 
20 segments, the first with a length fully three 
times its diameter, the fifth with a length about 
three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment twice 
the length of the preceding, the distal fourth Fig. 52 Trot- 
obtusely subconic. Palpi; first seement subquad- teria sub- 
rate, second twice the length of the first, a little fuscata, basal 
stouter, the third a little longer, more slender than four antennal 
the preceding, the fourth about twice the length — segments, greatly 
of the third, more slender. Mesonotum dark enlarged  (origi- 
brown. Scutellum fuscous yellowish. Abdomen nal) 
shining dark brown, ovipositor pale orange. 

Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa 
at the distal third. Halteres pale yellowish. Coxae, femora and 


248 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


tibiae mostly pale yellowish, tarsi dark brown; claws rather stout, 
slightly curved. Ovipositor probably about three-fourths the length 


——— 


Fig. 53 Trotteria subfuscata, ovipositor, greatly enlarged (original) 


of the body, lobes broad at base, tapering, broadly rounded. Type 
Cecid. 618. 
Trotteria solidaginis Felt 


1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul: 124, p. 335 


This female was reared July 2, 1907 from a lot of infested Solidago 
material taken at West Nyack, N. Y., and supposed to contain 
only galls of Dasyneura adhesa Felt and the adherent 
type of gall made-by Asphondylia monacha O.S. This 
species was also reared in association with Asphondylia 
thalictri Felt and is probably zoophagous. _ 

Female. Length 1.66 mm. Antennae presumably dark brown, 
consisting of 22 segments, the first with a length fully four times its 
diameter, the fifth with a length about one-half its diameter; terminal 
segments produced, narrowly rounded. Palpi; first segment sub- 
rectangular, the second a little longer and stouter, the third a little 
longer than the second, more slender and the fourth about one- 
half longer. and more slender than the third. Colorational and 
scale characters very similar to allied forms. Wings hyaline, costa 
dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa at the distal third. 
Legs very thickly clothed with stout scales; claws long, stout, evenly 
curved, the pulvilli shorter than the claws. Ovipositor about as.iong 
as the abdomen, the terminal lobes slender, tapering to an acute, 
bladelike apex. Type Cecid. ar568y. 


Trotteria caudata Felt 
1908 Felt, E. P.. N: Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 335 
This species was taken at Karner, N. Y., July 5, 1906 on bush 
honeysuckle, Diervilla trifida. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 249 


Female. Length 1.66 mm. Antennae dark brown; 19 and 
probably 22 segments, the first with a length about three times its 
diameter, the fifth with a length about half its diameter; terminal 
segment apparently free. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, 
irregularly subquadrate, the second stouter and more than twice 
the length of the first, the third a little longer and more slender than 
the second and the fourth one-half longer and more slender than 
the third. Mesonotum reddish brown. Scutellum dark brown with 
numerous dark brown apical setae or scales. Abdomen dark brown, 
rather thickly clothed with dull silvery scales, especially basally on 
each segment; pleurae thickly clothed with silvery white scales; 
Ovipositor pale orange. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third 
vein uniting w th costa at the distal fourth; halteres whitish trans- 
parent. Coxae, the basal portion of femora and the hind tarsi 
silvery white, the other parts of the legs a dark brown, lighter 
ventrally; claws long, rather slender, evenly curved, the pulvilli 
neatly as long as the claws. Ovipositor about as long as the 
‘abdomen, the terminal portion slender, tapering to a narrow, blade- 
like apex. Type Cecid. 477. 


Trotteria squamosa Felt 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 335 


This male was taken at Albany, N. Y., July 26, 1906.0n New 
Jersey tea, Ledum latifolium. 


Male. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown; 18 segments, the 
first with a length nearly four times its diameter, the fifth with a 
length a little greater than its diameter; terminal segment produced, 
evidently composed of two closely fused, contracted at the distal 
third, tapering, narrowly rounded. Palpi; the first segment rather 
long, irregularly subquadrate, the second a little longer and stouter 
than the first, the third longer and more slender than the second, 
the fourth about one-fourth longer and more slender than the third. 
Mesonotum thickly clothed with bronzy, silvery scales. Scutellum 
ornamented with light brown scales, the dorsum of the abdomen 
thickly clothed with silvery scales, except the terminal segment 
which is dark brown. Genitalia reddish ventrally. The abdomen 
is clothed with thick tufts of silvery white scales. Wings subhyaline, 
costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa at the distal 
third; halteres silvery whitish. Coxae silvery, fuscous distally; 
femora and tibiae mostly light fuscous, lighter ventrally; tarsi 
darker; claws long, slender, evenly curved, the pulvilli shorter than 
the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, stout; terminal 
clasp segment short, stout, swollen near the basal third; dorsal 
plate long, deeply and triangularly incised; ventral plate long, deeply 
and roundly incised. Harpes long, slender, irregular, obtuse. 
Type Cecid. 522. 


250 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Trotteria caryae Felt 


1907 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 110 (separate, p. 14) 
(Choristoneura) ) 
1908 —— — N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 335 - 


This species was taken at Albany, N. Y., June 20, 1906 on hickory. 


Male. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown, probably 20 
segments, the first with a length about two and one-half times its 
diameter, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter, 
cylindric. Palpi; the first segment short, rather slender, second and 
third subequal, stouter, the fourth one-half longer than the third. 
Head dark brown with two silvery spots at the base of the antennae, 
eyes black. Mesonotum covered with bronzy scales. _Scute lum 
and postscutellum with long scales. Pleurae with very large, 
silvery scales. Abdomen clothed with pale brown scales, those on 
the last two segments with a bluish tinge. Wings hyaline, costa 
dark brown, the third vein joining costa at the apical third. Legs 
thickly scaled, pale yellowish at the base, the tibiae and tarsi dark 
brown; claws heavy. Genitalia; basal clasp segment stout; terminal 
clasp segment stout; dorsal plate broad, deeply incised; ventral plate 
narrow, deeply incised. Harpes stout, nearly straight. Type 
Cecid. 324: | 


Trotteria argenti Felt 
1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 335 


This midge was taken at Albany, N. Y., July 3, 1906 on New 
Jersey tea, Ledum latifolium. 


Male. Length 3 mm. Antennae dark brown; 20 segments, the 
first with a length fully three times its diameter, the fifth with a 
length scarcely three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment pro- 
longed, more than twice the length of the preceding, obtusely rounded. 
Palpi; the first segment short, subquadrate, the second a little 


a 


Fig-54 Trotteria argenti, posterior femur, enlarged (original) 


longer, stouter, rounding distally, the third longer and more slender 
than the second, the fourth one-half longer than the third, more 
slender. Mesonotum dark brown, thickly clothed with golden 
yellow scales, becoming more abundant posteriorly and giving the 
posterior half of the mesonotum a distinct, yellowish appearance, 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9QI16 251 


pleurae thickly clothed with silvery white scales. Scutellum thickly 
covered with pale yel'owish scales. Abdomen thickly covered 
dorsally with silvery scales, except the naked, dark brown terminal 
segment; ventral surface uniform dark brown. Wings (pl. 6, fig. 9) 
subhyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the costa 
at the distal fifth; halteres light fuscous basally, whitish transparent 
apically, club greatly enlarged. Coxae fuscous, femora mostly a 
pale fuscous orange, narrowly annulate with fuscous distally, tibiae 
dark fuscous orange, narrowly marked with fuscous distally, tarsi 
nearly uniform dark brown; claws stout, evenly curved. Genitalia; 
basal clasp segment stout; terminal clasp segment stout, slightly 
swollen basally; dorsal plate broad, deeply and _ triangularly 
emarginate; ventral plate narrow, deeply and narrowly incised. 
Harpes long, slender, subacute. Type Cecid. 466. 


Trotteria tarsata Felt 
_Ig08 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 335 


The male was taken at Albany, N. Y., July 24, 1906 on scrub 
fee ercus ilicifoliaor Q. prinoides. 

Male. Length 2mm. Antennae dark brown; 20 segments, the 
first with a length fully three times its diameter, the fifth with a 
length about half its diameter; terminal segment prolonged, about 
twice the length of the preceding, the distal fourth obconic. Palpi; 
first segment subquadrate, the second a little longer, narrowly 
oval, the third longer, more slender than the second, the fourth 
longer than the third, more slender. Mesonotum dark brown, 
thickly clothed with silvery, yellowish scales. Scutellum thickly 
clothed with similar scales. Abdomen nearly uniformly and thickly 
clothed with silvery, yellowish scales; terminal segments fuscous. 
Wings (pl. 6, fig. 10) hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein 
uniting with costa at the-distal fourth. Halteres yellowish trans- 
parent. Coxae and femora pale yellowish, tibiae and tarsi mostly 
black, the distal tarsal segment with silvery reflections. Claws 
rather stout, evenly curved. Genitalia (pl. 8, fig. 4); basal clasp 
segment long, stout; terminal clasp segment stout; dorsal plate 
broad, deeply and narrowly incised; ventral plate narrow, deeply 
and narrowly incised. Harpes long, swollen at the base, slender, 
the apex minutely dentate. Type Cecid. 667. 


Trotteria metallica Felt 


eee Pets oer. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110,,p. 106 (Lasioptera 
caryae) 


1908 — N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 335 


re species was taken on hickory, Carya species, at By 
N. Y., June 19, 1906. 

a Length 2 mm. Antennae brown; 20 segments, the first 
with a length four times its diameter, the fifth with a length three- 


252 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


fourths its diameter; terminal segment with a length more than 
twice its diameter; subacute apically. Palpi; the first segment 
short, subquadrate, second one-fourth longer, nearly oval, the 
third slightly longer, more slender, the fourth one-half longer than 
the third. Head dark brown with two silvery spots at the base of 
the antennae. Mesonotum covered with bronzy scales. Scutellum 
and postscutellum with long scales. Pleurae with very large, silvery 
scales. Abdomen clothed with pale brown scales, those of the last 
two segments with a bluish tinge. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, 
the third vein uniting with costa at the distal third. MHalteres 
yellowish. Legs thickly clothed with scales, yellowish at the base, 
the tibiae and tarsi dark brown; claws medium. Genitalia, basal 
clasp segment stout, tapering; terminal clasp segment stout, dorsal 
plate broad, deeply incised; ventral plate narrow, deeply emarginate. 
ierpes srout, . “bype ‘Cecid.: 335) 


WV. Z \ . 4 J « 
Pt Bp Fe P 4 5 ae 
> ee 5 ; W t b. AS 


AN AT! N OF PLATES ne a 


t > . ‘ 


Pn 7 
Led 
‘ my 
ry 
“gis 


cs F 


é 
. 
¢ 
’ 
. , 
. 

' 

' 
J 

‘ 
* 


I 9qeIq : 


- hae 


J 


~ 
~ 


4 . 
256 ; 
ae 9 “ ? 
if, rc 
2 } Ny 
: : 
i 
“ 
i 
ae 8, Z 

Py. 


Z aeIg 


< ‘J j 
2 - Pa 


-—---g_- Grape tomato gall, Lasioptera a t 3 
| 2 Grape petiole gall, Neolasioptera ve 


tes 


€ 91eI1q 


a 


a 


2 


t my, 4 ; 
4 ; 
: i 1 
‘i i. & o> 
¢ ~ ae [ 
{ y 
7 . - ‘] ‘ - ant 
i" bs 
i ‘ 
' a 
are aL tS 
lial ai 
* rig : 
, FE ne 
Fae | ae 
. r b 
4 — 
at 7 
s 
¥ : 
ul . 
4 
5 
‘ 
hs - 


Gall of Lasioptera galeopsi 
eopsis tet rahat eee 


Gallof Asteromyia vesiculos 


= : ie 260 


hy 


ad | 
7 = . iy LPs 


La 


Nm BW WH He 


“I 


Wing-of Lasioptera serotina Fell, temalegaea 

Wing of Lasioptera solidaginis O.5., female, x 20 

Wing of Lasioptera abhamata Peljptemoaleiaeae 

Wing of Lasioptera cimerea Pelt) males 

Wing of Neolasioptera hibise1 Belijtemealeymgs 

Wing of Neolasioptera liriodendri Felt, male, 
X 20 

Wing of Neolasioptera tiliagi mes Sega 
X 20 

Wing of Neolasioptera vitinea Pele tema ave 

Wing of Asteromyia asterifoliae Beutm., female, x 20 


262 


? 
fi 
4 


sie) 


Wing of Asteromyia agrostis O. Si maleeaca 

Wing of Asteromyia paniculata Pelt, female 
xX 20 

Wing of A. paniculata Felt, male, x 20 

Wing of Camptoneuromyia “ia mammelmeame 
Felt, male, x 20 ; 


‘Wine of Camptoneuromyia’’ Vipetmeeaeepen 


male, x 20 

Wing of Camptoneuromyia adhesa Peltjiemme 
X 20 

Wing of Camptoneuroniyia brev teatime, 
female, x 20 

Wing of Clinorhyncha millifoli1 Wachtimiemele 
XK 20 

Wing of Trotteria argent’ Felt, maleymae 

Wincor Trotter ta tansiana hen, male, x 20 


204 


Plate 6 


Io 


| f : 
z a] vs 


Se Year alk 
ete a 
Pals ay 7 é * x 


aaexen *. 


Y 
-_ 
. 


Pil 
ih 


iy 


Male genitalia of Lasioptera cinerea Felt, x 260 

Male genitalia of Lasioptera consobr mma fel, 
X 260 

Male genitalia of Neolasioptera liriodendnri 
Felt, x 260 . 

Male genitalia of Neolasioptera fi pmimemeas 


Felt, x 260 
266 


~* 


on, 


Bh WN 


Male genitalia of Asteromyia agrostis O.S., x 260 
Male genitalia of Asteromyia rubra Felt, x 260 
Male genitaliaof Asteromyia laéviana vem eaege 
Male genitalia of Trotteria tarsata Melt geo 


268 


Plate 8 


INDEX 


abhamata, Lasioptera, 113, 166 
abnormis, Asteromyia, 208, 223 
acericaulis, Caulacampus, 63 
aceris, Chaitophorus, 67 
Rhabdophaga, 90 
Achatodes zeae, 71 
Additions to collections, 93—-10c 
adhesa, Camptoneuromyia, 102, 238, 
241 
Adirus trimaculatus, 60 
aesculana, Proteoteras, 63 
agrostis, Asteromyia, 208, 224 
Neolasioptera, 172, 176 
albipennis, Cecidomyia, 107 
albipes, Neolasioptera, 173, 190 
albitarsis, Neolasioptera, 173, 195 
albolineata, Neolasioptera, 173, 194 
albomaculata, Asteromyia, 207, 220 
allioniae, Lasioptera, 108, I10, 114 
ambrosiae, Neolasioptera. 174, 201 
americana, Feltiella, 90 
Malacosoma, 60 
Aphids, 92 
Aplonyx, 102, 104 
sarcobati, 104 
Apple maggot, 8, 52-56, 91 
Apple tent caterpillar, 7, 60, 92 
Apple. tree, red-shouldered limb borer 
injuring, 68 
Apple tree caterpillar, red-humped, 60 
Apple tree borer, round-headed, 92 
Aquatic insects, studies of, 13 
Arachnida, additions to collections, 100 
argenti, Trotteria, 246, 250 
argentisquamae, Lasioptera, 108, 115 
arizonensis, Lasioptera, I10, 127 
Army worm, 90 
Arsenate of lead, 73 
asclepiae, Neolasioptera, 173, 185 
Asphondylia globulus, 83 
monacha, 102 
sesami, 90 
Aspidiotus perniciosus, 62, 92 
asterifoliae, Asteromyia, 208, 223 


Asteromyia, 102, 205 
abnormis, 208, 223 
agrostis, 208, 224 
albomaculata, 207, 220 
asterifoliae, 208, 223 
canadensis, 207, 221 
carbonifera, 206, 209 
chrysothamni, 206, 214 
convoluta, 208, 227 
divaricata, 209, 232 
dumosae, 208, 221 
flavoanulata, 208, 228 
flavolunata, 209, 231 
flavomaculata, 208, 222 
flavoscuta, 207, 218 
grindeliae, 206, 207, 213 
gutierreziae, 206, 211 
laeviana, 209, 230 
modesta, 206, 208, 212 
nigrina, 207, 215 
nitida, 208, 227 
paniculata, 207, 216 
petiolicola, 207, 217 
pustulata, 207, 219 
reducta, 207, 216 
rosea, 206, 2II 
rubra, 208, 229 
socialis, 206, 212 
squarrosae, 207, 220 
sylvestris, 207, 216 
vesiculosa, 206, 207, 213 
waldorfi, 208, 226 

atlanis, Melanoplus, 79, 80 

atriplicis, Stefaniella, 103 

aurata, Ouradiplosis, 90 

auripes, Epihormomyia, 90 


Baldratia, 102, 104 

salicorniae, 105 
Barypeithes pellucidus, 83 
basalis, Neolasioptera, 172, 177 
basiflava, Lasioptera, 109, I19 
basilare, Sinoxylon, 68 
Betten, Dr Cornelius, cited, 13 


[ 269] 


270 


Birches, bleeding tree maggot injuring, 


Caddis flies, monographic account, 13 


64. ; 
Bleeding tree maggot, 64-66 
borealis, Gryllotalpa, 73 
Box leaf midge, 69, 90 
braziliensis, Johnsonomyia, 90 - 


brevicauda, Camptoneuromyia, 237, 


239 
Bronze birch borer, 91 
Brown-tail moth, 90, 91 
buoliana, Evetria, 60 
buxi, Monarthropalpus, 69 


Camptoneuromyia, IOI, 102, 237 
adhesa, 102, 238, 241 
brevicauda, 237, 239 
flavescens, 238, 239 
fulva, 238, 239. 
hamamelidis, 238, 240 
meridionalis, 245 
rubifolia, 102, 238, 243 
virginica, 238 

canadensis, Asteromyia, 207, 221 
Solidago, 102 

candida, Saperda, 92 

canis, Ctenocephalus, 82 

Carbolic soap, 73 

Carbon bisulphide, 83 
tetrachloride, 89 

carbonifera, Asteromyia, 206, 209 

carbonitens, Lasioptera, 108, I15 

Carpocapsa pomonella, 17, 91,92 

Carrot rust fly, 73 

caryae, Trotteria, 246, 250 

cassiae, Lasioptera, I13, 162 

Cat and dog flea, 82 

caudata, Trotteria, 246, 248 

Caulacampus acericaulis, 63 

caulicola, Lasioptera, 107, I10, 133 

Cecidomyia albipennis, 107 

celastri, Neolasioptera, 171, 174 

centerensis, Lasioptera, 170 

Chaitophorus aceris, 67 
lyropicta, 67 

Chenopodiaceae, 92 


Cherry trees, wild, apple tent cater- 


pillar injuring, 61 
Chestnut borer, two-lined, 91 
Chionaspis furfura, 92 


NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Chortophaga viridifasciata, 80 
Chrysanthemum gall midge, 11, 76 
Chrysanthemum midge, 92 
chrysothamni, Asteromyia, 206, 214 
Cicada, periodical, 11, 84-88 
cinctipes, Delphodiplosis, 90 
cinerea, Lasioptera, 108, 115 

Neolasioptera, 172, 176 
clarkei, Lasioptera, 113, 164 
clavula, Lasioptera, 109, 121 
claypoliana, Stenganoptycha, 63 
clematidis, Neolasioptera, 172, 182 
Clinorhyncha, 102, 233 

eupatoriflorae, 234, 236 

filicis, 233, 234 

‘karnerensis, 234, 235 

millefolii, 234, 235 


Clover, Phytonomus meles injuring, 80 
Clover, red, Phytonomus meles injur- 


ing, 81 
Clover insects, 10, 77-82 
Clover leaf midge, 82 
Clover leaf weevil, punctured, 81 
Coccidae, 90 


Codling moth, 7, -I17-51I, 91, 92; life 


‘history and habits, 17; time of in- 


jury, 18; experimental work, 19-41; 
relation between shallow and total 
wormy apples, 41; weather and the 
codling moth, 42-47; biological ob- 
servations, 48-50; spray injury, 50; 


remedies, 50-51: 
Coffee, thread scale injuring, 77 


Coleoptera, additions to collections, 94 


Collections, 14; additions to, 93-100 


| coloradensis, Neolasioptera, 173, 194 


colorati, Lasioptera, 109, I10, 129 
columba, Tremex, 66 

Columbine borer, 70 

concinna, Schizura, 60 
consobrina, Lasioptera, 109, 125 
convoluta, Asteromyia, 208, 227 
convolvuli, Lasioptera, III, 143 
Corn, spindle worm injuring, 71 
corni, Lasioptera, 108, 109, 119 
cornicola, Neolasioptera, 173, 187 
crabro, Vespa, 60 

Cricket, European mole, 73 
Ctenocephalus canis, 82 


| cylindrigallae, Lasioptera, 108, 112, 157 


INDEX TO REPORT OF 


Dahlia, spindle worm injuring, 71 
danthoniae, Lasioptera, 110, 127 
Dasyneura gossypii, 90 

rhodophaga, 75 

sassafras, 90 

trifolii, 82 
Delphodiplosis, 90 

cinctipes, 90 
desmodii, Lasioptera, 107, I10, 132 
Diarthronomyia hypogaea, 76 
Diestrammena marmorata, 88 
diplaci, Lasioptera, 112, 151 
Diptera, additions to collections, 95 
dispar, Porthetria, 92 
divaricata, Asteromyia, 209, 232 
divergens, Mycetobia, 64 
Dog and cat flea, 82° 
dumosae, Asteromyia, 208, 221 


Eccoptogaster quadrispinosa, 67 
rugulosa, 92 
echinochloa, Lasioptera, III, 150 
Elder, spindle worm injuring, 71 
Elm leaf beetle, 7, 60, 91 
Elms, American, bleeding tree maggots 
injuring, 64 
Epargyreus tityrus, 71 
ephedrae, Lasioptera, 131 
ephedricola, Lasioptera, 112, 113, 155 
Epihormomyia, 90 
auripes, 90 
erigerontis, Neolasioptera, 174, 199 
Eriopus floridensis, 74 
erythrocephalus, Neoclytus, 69 
Eulecanium magnoliarum, 67 
. eupatoriflorae, Clinorhyncha, 234, 236 
eupatorii, Neolasioptera, 174, 202 
European pine-shoot moth, 90 
Evetria buoliana, 60 
excavata, Lasioptera, 108, I14, 169 


farinosa, Lasioptera, 108, I10, 134 

Faunal studies, 13 

Feltiella americana, 90 

Ferns, Florida fern caterpillar injuring, 
74 

filicis, Clinorhyncha, 233, 234 

fitchii, Promachus, 79 

flavescens, Camptoneuromyia, 238, 239 
Lasioptera, 107 


— i 


THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 271 


flavipes, Lasioptera, 110, 128 

flavoanulata, Asteromyia, 208, 228 

flavolunata, Asteromyia, 209, 231 

flavomaculata, Asteromyia, 208, 222 
Neolasioptera, 173, I9I 

flavoscuta, Asteromyia, 207, 218 

flavoventris, Neolasioptera, 174, 205 

Flies, II 

Florida fern caterpillar, 11, 74 

floridensis, Eriopus, 74 

Forest tent caterpillar, 7, 60, 90, 92 

Forest tree insects, 11, 67-69 

fraxinifolia, Lasioptera, 113, 166 

fructuaria, Lasioptera, 91, III, 143 

Fruit tree bark beetle, 92 

Fruit tree insects, 7, 60-63 

fulva, Camptoneuromyia, 238, 239 

furfura, Chionaspis, 92 

fusca, Phyllophaga, 77 


galeopsidis, Lasioptera, I12, 151 

Gall midges, 12, 90, 92, 101 
short-horned, 101 

Garden insects, 69-74 

Gipsy moth, 10, 91, 92 

globulus, Asphondylia, 83 

Gooseberry fruit worm, 72 

gossypii, Dasyneura, 90 

Grape vine, red-shouldered limb borer 
injuring, 68 

Grass and clover insects, 10, 77-82 

Grasshoppers, 79, 90, 92 

Greenhouse pests, II, 74-77 

grindeliae, Asteromyia, 206, 207, 213 

grossulariae, Zophodia, 72 

Gryllotalpa borealis, 73 


gryllotalpa, 73 
gutierreziae, Asteromyia, 206, 211 


hagani, Protaplonyx, g2, 104 
hamamelidis, Camptoneuromyia, 238, 
240 
Neolasioptera, 173, 189 
hamata, Lasioptera, 113, 161 - 
Neolasioptera, 173, 192 
hecate, Lasioptera, 112, 150 
helianthi, Neolasioptera, 173, 191 
Hemiptera, additions to collections, 98 
Heterocordylus malinus, 61, 92 
hibisci, Neolasioptera, 173, 196 


272 
Hickory, Neoclytus erythrocephalus 
injuring, 69 
red-shouldered limb borer injuring, 
68 
Hickory bark beetle, 11, 67 
Hickory bark borer, 91 
hirsuta, Neolasioptera, 172, 177 
Hornet, European, 60 
House fly, 12 
Howard, Dr L. O., acknowledgments 
to, 16 
humulicaulis, Lasioptera, III, 146 
Hydrocyanic acid gas, 76, 83 
Hymenoptera, additions to collections, 
93 
Hypera punctata, 10, 81 
_ hypogaea, Diarthronomyia, 76 


impatientifolia, Lasioptera, 108, 109, 
Fis, 122 

Injurious insects, 17-59 

inustorum, Lasioptera, 113, 163 


Itonididae, 101 


Japanese spotted camel cricket, 88 
Johnsonomyia braziliensis, 90 
June beetles, 90 

juvenalis, Lasioptera, 113, 164 


Kansas bait, 80 

karnerensis, Clinorhyncha, 234, 235 
Trotteria, 246, 247 

Kerosene emulsion, 70 

Key to American insect galls, 12 


lactucae, Lasioptera, III, 149 
laeviana, Asteromyia, 209, 230 
Lasioptera, 102, 107 
abhamata, 113, 166. 
allioniae, 108, I10, 114 
argentisquamae, 108, II5 
arizonensis, 110, 127 
basiflava, 109, 119 
carbonitens, 108, 115 
cassiae, 113, 162 
caulicola, 107, 110, 133 
centerensis, 170 
cinerea, 108, 115 
clarkei, 113, 164 


Ischnaspis longirostris, 77 
| 


NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Lasioptera (continued) 


clavula, 109, 121 
colorati, 109, I10, 129 
consobrina, 109, 125 
convolvuh, I11, 143 
corni, 108, 109, 119 


cylindrigallae, 108, 112, 157 


danthoniae, IIo, 127 
desmodi, 107, I10, 132 
diplaci, 112, 151 
echinochloa, I1I, 150 
ephedrae, 131 


ephedricola, 112, 113, 155 


excavata, 108, II4, 169 
farinosa, 108, 110, 134 
flavescens, 107 
flavipes, I10, 128 
fraxinifolia, 113, 166 
fructuaria, 91, III, 143 
galeopsidis, 112, I51 
hamata, 113, 161 
hecate, 112, 150 
humulicaulis, 111, 146 


impatientifolia, 108, 109, 113, 122 


inustorum, I13, 163 
juvenalis, 113, 164 
lactucae, III, 149 
linderae, I11, 140 
lupini, 112, 154 
lycopi, III, 145 
mitchellae, 111, 142 
murtfeldtiana, 114, 170 
nassauensis, 109, 126 
neofusca, I13, 163 
nodosae, 107 
nodulosa, 111, 137 
palustris, 111, 139 
panici, II2, 151 
portulacae, 108, 114 


querciflorae, 107, 110, 128 


quercina, 114, 167 
querciperda, 109, 125 
recessa, 108 ; 
riparia, 109, III, 116 
rudbeckiae, 109, 120 
serotina, 112, 157 
solidaginis, 113, 159 
spinulae, III, 136 
spiraeafolia, 114, 167 
tertia, 132 


INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 


Lasioptera (continued) 
tibialis, 108, 110, 115 
tripsaci, 113, 162 
tumifica, 108 
ventralis, 108, 114 
verbenae, I12, I5I 
vernoniae, IOI, 109, 123 
viburni, 114, 168 
virginica, 112, 154 
vitis, 108, 109, I17 
weldi, 112, 153 
willistoni, III, 130 
_ Ziziae, 113, 160 
Lasiopteriariae, IOI 
Latania, thread scale injuring, 77 
Leaf feeders, 92 
Leaf roller, 8 
Lectures, I2 
Leopard moth, 91 
Lepidoptera, additions to collections, 
97 
Lepidosaphes ulmi, 92 
Lestodiplosis picturata, 90 
Lilacs, European hornet injuring, 60 
Lime sulphur wash, 9, 62 
linderae, Lasioptera, III, 140 
liriodendri, Neolasioptera, 172, 181 
Locust, silver-spotted skipper injuring, 
71 
longirostris, Ischnaspis, 77 
lupini, Lasioptera, 112, 154 
Lygidea mendax, 61, 92 
lycopi, Lasioptera, III, 145 
lyropicta, Chaitophorus, 67 


Magnolia, thread scale injuring, 77 
Magnolia scale, 67 
magnoliarum, Eulecanium, 67 
major, Neolasioptera, 171, 175 
Malacosoma americana, 60 
malinus, Heterocordylus, 61, 92 
Maple, Norway, injurious insects: 
bleeding tree maggot, 64 
Norway maple aphid, 67 
Maple leaf midge, soft, 90 
Maple leaf stem-borer, 11, 63 
Maples, sugar, bleeding tree maggot 
' injuring, 64 
marmorata, Diestrammena, 88 
May beetles, 90 


273 


| Medicago, Phytonomus meles injuring, 


8I 


Melanoplus atlanis, 79 


meles, Phytonomus, 80 

mendax, Lygidea, 61, 92 

menthae, Neolasioptera, 174, 203 

meridionalis, Camptoneuromyia, 245 

metallica, Trotteria, 246, 251 

millefolii, Clinorhyncha, 234, 235 

mimuli, Neolasioptera, 174, 201 

mitchellae, Lasioptera, III, 142 

modesta, Asteromyia, 206, 208, 212 

monacha, Asphondylia, 102 

Monarthropalpus buxi, 69 

Mosquito studies, 92 

Mulberry tree, red-shouldered limb 
borer injuring, 68 

murtfeldtiana, Lasioptera, 114, 170 

Mycetobia divergens, 64 


Napthalene flakes, 82 

nassauensis, Lasioptera, 109, 126 

Natural history survey of the State, 
contributions to, 13 

Needham, Prof. James G., cited, 13 


-Neoclytus erythrocephalus, 69 


neofusca, Lasioptera, 113, 163 

Neolasioptera, 102, 171 
agrostis, 172, 176 
albipes, 173, I90 
albitarsis, 173, 195 
albolineata, 173, 194 
ambrosiae, 174, 201 
asclepiae, 173, 185 
basalis, 172, 177 
celastri, 171, 174 
cinerea, 172, 176 
clematidis, 172, 182 
coloradensis, 173, 194 
cornicola, 173, 187 
erigerontis, 174, 199 
eupatorii, 174, 202 
flavomaculata, 173, I9I 
flavoventris, 174, 205 
hamamelidis, 173, 189 
hamata, 173, 192 
helianthi, 173, 191 
hibisci, 173, 196 
hirsuta, 172, 177 
liriodendri, 172, 181 


274 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Neolasioptera (continued) Periodical cicada, 11, 84-88 
Major lz iy 175 perniciosus, Aspidiotus, 62, 92 
menthae, 174, 203 Persimmon tree, red-shouldered limb 
mimuli, 174, 201 borer injuring, 68 : 
perfoliata, 173, 189 petiolicola, Asteromyia, 207, 217 
ramuscula, 174, 197 Phyllophaga fusca, 77 
Samm buci, 172,153 Phytonomus meles, 80 
sexmaculata, 172, 179 picirostris, Tychius, 81 
solani, 172, 182 picturata, Lestodiplosis, 90 
squamosa, 171, 174, 175, 204 Pigeon tremex, 66 , 
tenuitas, 172, 176 Pine borer, 91 
tiliaginea, 173, 192 Pine twig moth, 60 
trimera, 71, 175 pini, Parharmonia, 91 
tripunctata, 172, 180 Plant lice, 92 
viburnicola, 173, 186 Plecoptera, monograph of, 13 
vitinea, 172, 178 | pomonella, Carpocapsa, 17, 91, 92 
Nicotine-soap combination, 70 Rhagoletis, 52 
Nicotine-sulphate, 77 Poplars, bleeding tree maggot injuring, 


A AN ee 


nigrina, Asteromyia, 207, 215 64 
nitida, Asteromyia, 208, 227 Porricondyla parrishi, go 
nodosae, Lasioptera, 107 Porthetria. dispar, 92 
nodulosa, Lasioptera, III, 137 portulacae, Lasioptera, 108, 114 
Norway maple aphid, 67 Potatoes, white grubs injuring, 78 
Nursery inspection, 15 Promachus fitchii, 79 
Protaplonyx, 92, 102, 104 

Orthoptera, additions to collections, hagani, 92, 104 

99 Proteoteras aesculana, 63 
Ouradiplosis, 90 Psila rosae, 73 

aurata, 90 Psylla pyricola, 61 
Oyster shell scale, 92 Publications of the entomologist, 12, 

go—92 

Palmetto, thread scale injuring, 77 | punctata, Hypera, 10, 81 
Palms, thread scale injuring, 77 purpurifascia, Papaipema, 70 
palustris, Lasioptera, III, 139 pustulata, Asteromyia, 207, 219 
panici, Lasioptera, 112, I5I pyri, Taeniothrips, 56 
paniculata, Asteromyia, 207, 216 pyricola, Psylla, 61 
Papaipema purpurifascia, 70 
Parallelodiplosis, 90 quadrispinosa, Eccoptogaster, 67 
Parharmonia pimi, 91 ~| querciflorae, -Lasioptera, 107, 110, 
parrishi, Porricondyla, 90 128 
Parsnip, carrot rust fly injuring, 73 quercina, Lasioptera, 114, 167 


Peach tree, red-shouldered limb borer | querciperda, Lasioptera, 109, 125 
injuring, 68 _ 
Pear psylla, 9, 61 Railroad worm, 52 
Pear thrips, 9, 56-59, 91; signs of infest- | ramuscula, Neolasioptera, 174, 197 
ation, 56; habits, 57; food plants, 57; | recessa, Lasioptera, 108 
remedial measures, 57; experimental | Red bugs, 9, 61, 91, 92 
work, 58-59 lined, 90 
pellucidus, Barypeithes, 83 Red-shouldered limb borer, 68 
perfoliata, Neolasioptera, 173, 189 reducta, Asteromyia, 207, 216 


INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 275 


Remedies and preventives: 
arsenate of lead, 73 
carbolic soap, 73 
carbon bisulphide, 83 
carbon tetrachloride, 89 
hydrocyanic acid gas, 76, 83 
Kansas bait, 80 
kerosene emulsion, 70 
lime-sulphur wash, 9, 62 
napthalene flakes, 82 
~ nicotine-soap combination, 70 
nicotine-sulphate, 77 
sulphur, 82 
sweetened poisons, 8 
tobacco extract, 9, 61 
whale oil soap solution, 70 
Remedies and preventives for: 
apple maggot, 8, 53-56 
apple tent caterpillar, 61 
bleeding tree maggot, 66 
box leaf midge, 70 
carrot rust fly, 73 
cat and dog flea, 82 
codling moth, 8, 50-51 
columbine borer, 70 
European mole cricket, 74 
Florida fern caterpillar, 75 
gooseberry fruit worm, 72-73 
grass and grain pests, 10 
grasshoppers, 80 
magnolia scale, 67 
maple leaf-stem borer, 64 
Norway maple aphid, 67 
pear psylla, 9, 62 
pear thrips, 9, 57 
Phytonomus meles, 81 
ted bugs, 9, 61 
rose gall midge, 76 
San José scale, 62 
saw-toothed grain beetle, 83 
silver-spotted skipper, 71 
thread scale, 77 
Rhabdophaga aceris, 90 
Rhagoletis pomonella, 52 
rhodophaga, Dasyneura, 75 
riparia, Lasioptera, 109, III, 116 
rosae, Psila, 73 
Rose gall midge, 11, 75 
Rose pest, new, 60 
rosea, Asteromyia, 206, 211 


ee 


rubifolia, Camptoneuromyia, 102, 238, 
243 

rubra, Asteromyia, 208, 229 

rudbeckiae, Lasioptera, 109, 120 

rugulosa, Eccoptogaster, 92 


salicorniae, Baldratia, 105 
sambuci, Neolasioptera, 172, 183 
San José scale, 9, 62, 91, 92 
Saperda candida, 92 
sarcobati, Aplonyx, 104 
sassafras, Dasyneura, 90 
Saw-toothed grain beetle, 83 
Schizura concinna, 60 
Scurfy scale, 92 
septendecim, Tibicen, 84 
serotina, Lasioptera, I12, 157 
Solidago, 102 
sesami, Asphondylia, 90 
sexmaculata, Neolasioptera, 172, 179 
Shade tree insects, 11, 63-67 
Shade trees, 9I 
Silvanus surinamensis, 83 
Silver-spotted skipper, 71 
Sinoxylon basilare, 68 
Siphonaptera, additions to collections, 
97 
socialis, Asteromyia, 206, 212 
solani, Neolasioptera, 172, 182 
solidaginis, Lasioptera, 113, 159 
Trotteria, 246, 248 
Solidago canadensis, 102 
serotina, 102 
Spindle worm, 71 
spinulae, Lasioptera, III, 136 
spiraeafolia, Lasioptera, 114, 167 
squamosa, Neolasioptera, 171, 174, 175, 
204 
Trotteria, 246, 249 
squarrosae, Asteromyia, 207, 220 
Stefaniella, 102, 103 
atriplicis, 103 
Stenganoptycha claypoliana, 63 
Stone flies, monograph of, 13 
Strawberry plants, Barypeithes pellu- 
cidus injuring, 83 
subfuscata, Trotteria, 246, 247 
Sulphur, 82 
Sunflower purse gall, 83 
surinamensis, Silvanus, 83 


276 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


tumifica, Lasioptera, 108 
Tussock moth, white-marked, 91 
Tychius picirostris, 81 


Sweetened poisons, 8 
sylvestris, Asteromyia, 207, 216 


Taeniothrips pyri, 56 

tarsata, Trotteria, 246, 251 
Tent caterpillars, 91 . 
tenuitas, Neolasioptera, 172, 176 
tertia, Lasioptera, 132 

texana, Walshomyia, 90 


ulmi, Lepidosaphes, 92 
Thread scale, 77 


ventralis, Lasioptera, 108, 114 
verbenae, Lasioptera, I12, I5I 
vernoniae, Lasioptera, IOI, 109, 123 
vesiculosa, Asteromyia, 206, 207, 
213 
Vespa crabro, 60 
viburni, Lasioptera, 114, 168 
viburnicola, Neolasioptera, 173, 186 
virginica, Camptoneuromyia, 238 
Lasioptera, 112, 154 
viridifasciata, Chortophaga, 80 
vitinea, Neolasioptera, 172, 178 
vitis, Lasioptera, 108, 109, II7 


Thysanura, additions to collections, 100 
tibialis, Lasioptera, 108, 110, I15 
Tibicen septendecim, 84 
tiliaginea, Neclasioptera, 173, 192 
tityrus, Epargyreus, 71 
Tobacco extract, 9, 61 
Tremex columba, 66 
Trichoptera, monographic account, 13 
trifolii, Dasyneura, 82 
Trifolium incarnatum, 81 
trimaculatus, Adirus, 60 
trimera, Neolasioptera, 171, 175 
tripsaci, Lasioptera, 113, 162 
tripunctata, Neolasioptera, 172, 180 
Trotteria, IOI, 102, 245 

argenti, 246, 250 

caryae, 246, 250 

caudata, 246, 248 

karnerensis, 246, 247 


waldorfi, Asteromyia, 208, 226 
Walshomyia texana, 90 

weldi, Lasioptera, 112, 153 

Whale oil soap solution, 70 

White grub robber fly, 10, 79 

White grubs, Io, 77-79, 90, 91, 92 
willistoni, Lasioptera, III, 130 
Wisteria, silver-spotted skipper injur- 


metallica, 246, 251 ing, 71 

solidaginis, 246, 248 

subfuscata, 246, 247 zeae, Achatodes, 71 
squamosa, 246, 249 ziziae, Lasioptera, 113, 160 


tarsata, 246, 251 | Zophodia grossulariae, 72 


) Al ed as second-class matter November 27, rots, at the Post Office at Albany, New York, 
under the act of August 24, 1912 


Published monthly by The University of the State of New York 


' No. 199 ALBANY, N. Y. JULY I, 1917 
H ———— 
a iy 

ie. 

t 

« 


The University of the State of New York tale 


New York State Museum > fx 
fs. 3 WY 


JOHN M. CLARKE, DIRECTOR .j 
ae ye | 


_ 
a 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 


By HAROLD L. ALLING 


PAGE PAGE 
ET ee ee 7 \> The igneous rocks 4/25 a URS ee 123 
Early mining developments....... 8 | Concentration problems......... 132 
Meewor grapiiite.. .. 22... oe ek IO | Commercial status.. .....5.2...2 1%, Fs 
Description of the graphite prop- Prospect for future production... 140 
TUES eee ee eee eee Il | Artificial graphite............... 140 
— deposits of the northern a Origin.of praphite! <<... S20e0 5 I4I 
Graphi Bette SP the southern Wsmilex 508 10 oa. Pe See 149 
OS eS eae a eee 40 
ALBANY 
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
1918 


Mrroz-Je18-1500 


= a : 
bee ‘onal i 136" 
le - . 


THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
Regents of the University 7 
With years when terms expire , j 
(Revised to October mh T918) ; : 
1926 Puny T. Sexton LL.B. LL.D. Chancellor —- Palmyra ; 


1927 ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL. 18 
Vice Chancellor Albany 


1922 CHESTER S. Lorp M.A. LL.D. - ~ - — - Brooklyn 
1930 WiLttiaM NottincHaM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D.  — Syracuse 
1921 Francis M. CARPENTER — —- -— -— -— — — Mount Kisco 
1923 Apram I. Erxus LL.B. D.C.L. LL.D. - -— New York = 7 
1924 ADELBERT Moot LL.D. - - - - - —- -— Buffalo 
1925 CuarRtes B. ALEXANDER M.A. LL.B. LL.D. 

Litt.D. .-*’- - = - - -— - = = - Tuxedo 
1919 JoHN Moore LL.D. - - - - — - — — Elmira 
1928 WALTER Guest Kettocc B.A. LL.D. -—- -— Ogdensburg ° 
1920 JAMES Byrne B.A. LL.B. LL.D. - - - = New York 
1929 HERBERT L. Bripeman M.A. - — -' = = Brooklyn 


a 


President of the University and Commissioner of Education 


JOHN H) Pintey MCAS LED. LA: 


Deputy Commissioner of Education and Assistant Commissioner for Elementary Education 
Tuomas E. Finegan M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. 
_ Assistant Commissioner and Director of Professional Education 
Aucustus S. Downinc ‘M.A. L.H.D. LL.D. 
Assistant Commissioner for Secondary Education 


(CHARL ES BB. WHEELOCK B.S. LL. Be 


Director of State Library 
James I. WyeErR, Jr, M.LS. 


Director of Science and State Museum 


Joun M. CrarKkxe D.Sc. LL.D. 
\ c 
Chiefs and Directors of Divisions 


Administration, Hrram C. Case 

Agricultural and Industrial Education, Lewis A. WILSON 
Archives and History, JAMES Sutiivan M.A. Ph.D. 
Attendance, James D. SULLIVAN 
Educational Extension, WiLtit1am R. Watson B.S. 
Examinations and Inspections, GEorcE M. Witey M.A. 
Law, {Frank B. Gitpert B.A., Counsel 

Library School, Frank K. Water M.A. M.LS. 
School Buildings and. Grounds, Frank H. Woop M.A. 
School Libraries, SHERMAN WILLIAMS Pd.D. 

- Visual Instruction, ALFRED W. ABrams Ph.B. 


The University of the State of New York 
New York State Museum April 29, 1918 | 


Dr Thomas E. Finegan 
Acting President of the University 


Dear Sir: I transmit to you herewith for immediate publication 
as a bulletin of the State Museum a report on the Adirondack 
Graphite Deposits. The matter contained in this report is of exigent 
importance as it relates to the intensive development of a war 
mineral of the first moment. I therefore urge that its publication 


be expedited. 


Yours sincerely | 
Joun M. CLARKE 


Director 


THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT 
Approved for publication this 14th day of June 1918 


Hedge egou~ 


Acting President of the University | 


New York State Museum Bulletin 


Entered as second-class matter November 27, 1915, at the Post Office at Albany, New York, 
under the act of August 24, 1912 


_ Published monthly by The University of the State of New York 


No. 199 ALBANY, N. Y. TOOLS E. TOL 


The University of the State of New York 


New York State Museum 


Joun M. CLARKE, Director 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 


By Harotp L. ALLING 


INTRODUCTION 


The world’s chief supply of high-grade graphite comes from the 
island of Ceylon where it has been mined for nearly a century in a 
most primitive way but at low cost. In 1916 a little more than 70 per 
cent of the crude crystalline graphite used in this country came from 
Ceylon. Graphite is also mined extensively in Bohemia, Bavaria 
and Mexico, the last-named country being noted for the amorphous 
grade applicable to pencil manufacture. Madagascar has lately come 
into prominence as a source of the crystalline article and promises 
to vie with Ceylon in the quantity of exports, which already amounts 
to over one-half the total credited to that island. 

The graphite-mining industry in the United States has been a 
slow development; only recently has it shown signs of a growth 
which may at last win for it a place of importance in the world’s 
trade. The industry was established here as far back as the middle 
of the last century, for it has been carried on in the Adirondack 
region for more than sixty years. Yet the total output of crystalline 
graphite in 1916, according to the records of the United States Geo- 
logical Survey, was only a little over 5000 tons, or less than 15 per 
cent of the indicated supply available for consumption. Of the 
total, New York State contributed about one-fourth, ranking second 
to Alabama in size of output, with Pennsylvania, California and 
Montana contributing smaller amounts. An incentive to the expan- 
sion of the domestic industry has been given recently by the cur- | 
tailment of supplies from abroad and a consequent rise in prices 
paid for the native product. A continuance of these conditions may 
be anticipated for some time at least so that there is opportunity for 


(71 


eae NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


a very substantial increase in the development of our resources, in 
which the local industry should participate as fully as possible. 

The present bulletin embodies the results of a survey of the 
Adirondack graphite districts, made in the summer of 1917. It 
aims to give a comprehensive estimate of the resources of the region 
so far brought to notice and to provide such information about the 
local geological conditions and other features which affect the out- 
come of mining and concentration of the graphite as may be useful 
in forwarding the future progress of the industry. In view of the 
current conditions, the publication of a report upon the Adirondack 
deposits which have so long occupied a prominent place in the 
industry of our country, may be held to be timely. 

The writer would like to acknowledge his indebtedness to the 
many who have shown interest in the work or have assisted him in 
other ways. To Prof. George H. Chadwick he stands under 
especial obligations. The topographic maps of the graphite dis- 
tricts are in a large measure his contribution and he has also given 
freely of advice and suggestion in the study of the complex problems 
of geology — a service that can scarcely be BOSE. or valued by 
this formal acknowledgment. 


EARLY MINING DEVELOPMENTS 


The first attempt to extract graphite or “black lead,” as it is 
popularly called, from the Adirondack rocks in any commercial way 
was on Lead hill (Chilson hill of some authors) near Ticonderoga, 
Essex county, N. Y. Graphite had been known to exist in this 
locality for a long time. Emmons mentions it in 1842,1 and Beck 
gives a brief account of the occurrence.” In the fifties the deposits 
were being exploited by a company that eventually became the 
‘American Graphite Company. The Joseph Dixon Crucible Com- 
pany, now of Jersey City, N. J., the first enterprise to import and 
manufacture graphite products in this country, took over the 
American Graphite Company in the eighties and has since been 
engaged in mining at one or another of its properties on Lead hill, 
at the Lakeside locality, at Hague, and at Graphite in Warren 
county. 

About the year 1902 the Adirondack deposits began to attract 
general attention, and in the following years many prospects were 
opened, companies organized and mills for treating the ores were 


1 Emmons, E., Nat. Hist. N. Y. Geology of the Second District, p. 420. 
2 Beck, Nat. Hist. N. Y. Mineralogy, pt 3, p..96-97, 1842. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 9 


built. Among the enterprises that entered the field at this time 
was a company which attempted to mine the Towne property. This 
company, after a year, abandoned work and moved to a site near 
Overshot pond, operating as the Columbia Graphite Company. 
There it found more ore but soon worked out all the available supply. 
Then it moved again, having dismantled its mill, and took over the 
holdings of the Ticonderoga Graphite Company at Rock pond. 
Much activity prevailed here for a time, but the property was soon 
leased to Pettinos Brothers of Bethlehem, Pa., who worked it for 
only a short time as the ore was cut off by a fault. 

Another attempt at mining was made at the Buck Mountain pond 
locality, which also was not permanently successful. The property 
was worked for a time by the Consolidated Graphite Company and 
at another time by the Amalgamated Graphite Company. A huge 
mill was prematurely constructed and exists today as a dismal ruin. 

Many companies that had started operations during the boom 
period failed to weather the financial stress of 1907 and have not 
attempted operations since. Fortunes have been lost in vain attempts 
to win the shining flake from the rocks of the Adirondacks. The 
history of the industry kas been characterized rather by the number 
of failures that have been recorded than by the few examples of 
success. 

One of the conspicuously successful enterprises has been the 
American Graphite Company. This company began operations on 
Lead hill, sending the graphite for treatment to its finishing mill at 
Ticonderoga. The pockety character of the graphite in the locality 
led the company to scek a more regular source of supply and it 
secured control of deposits of graphitic quartz schist in the town of 
Hague, Warren county, and began experimentation in the mining 


‘ and treatment of this type of material. At Graphite, 5 miles west 


of Lake George, the company has developed the most important 
mine in the State. It has worked the graphitic quartz schist in 
Warren county ever since and has mined an immense amount of it. 
It would appear that the company was the first to abandon the 
northern area with its pockety contact form of graphite for the 
bedded or blanket type found in the southeastern Adirondacks. The 
large flake of the spectacular limestone and contact types still 
attracts attention. When, however, the mining of this kind of ore 
was found to be unprofitable, in general, the interest shifted south-. 
ward, and several very promising mines have been opened and are 
operating on graphitic schist. 


Io NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


THE USES OF (GRAPHITE 


Contrary to the popular conception, the manufacture of lead 
pencils requires but a comparatively small amount of graphite, only 
about 5 per cent of the total being such material. This form of 
graphite is the amorphous variety. Other uses to which this form 
of material is put include electrodes for electric furnaces, dry 
batteries, electrotyping, paints, inks and numerous other purposes. 
A considerable amount of natural amorphous graphite is now sup- 
planted by artificial material manufactured from coal by the heat 
of the electric furnace. 

But we are more especially concerned with the crystalline or 
flake variety of graphite which nature alone seems able to produce. 
It is important to make a distinction between the two classes. 

A great share of the flake graphite is manufactured into crucibles — 
used in the production of crucible steels, brass and similar alloys. It 
has generally been held that Ceylon graphite alone was suitable, but 
the present shortage has resulted in the employment of domestic 
materials, at least in part mixed with foreign graphite and found to 
answer the purpose fairly well. The crucible manufacturers are 
today experiencing difficulty in maintaining their former quality as 
well as in meeting the market demands in quantity. This state of 
affairs is accounted for by the different characters possessed by the 
Ceylon and domestic materials and especially by the failure to 
secure a perfect substitute for the German clay used as binder. In 
1916 the average crucible, it was said, was capable of withstanding 
only about half as many heats as the prewar articles. While this 
condition has been greatly improved, still the present crucibles do 
not equal the former in quality. 

Stoppers used in closing poring holes in the huge steel ladles 
that receive the charges from furnaces, retorts and certain chemical 
wares are composed of graphite. . neh 

Second to refractory articles in consuming a large share of the 
supply is stove polish. The small-sized flakes (the intermediate 
grades) of the graphite mills are employed for that purpose. 
Graphite is being used more and more for lubrication, either in a 
dry condition as in textile mills where oil would soil the cloth, or 
added to lubricating oils and greases. In the latter form it is being 
extensively used in automobile lubrication. 

The fine dust is used in metal paints and, when mixed with talc 
etc., is used as a facing to foundry molds. 


‘syDepuoIIpy Usojsea oY} UT SSO 


yodsoid savy YJouMmeyy 92 

‘od ayydesry eiquinjo) &¢ 

‘od ayydety oe 7 
uoljeiodioy syonpold ayydesrr) ¢Z 
‘oD opydery edepueosresg 727 

‘oD auydesy pueryMoy Ic 
yoodsoid a[[IAsi9}j0d 02 

‘oD anydeiny, urejduey) 61 

0) SUNITA B Burry, WePUOTIPV sl 
‘so1g JodooH {I 

‘od asydery JeoyT JOATIS Of 

‘oy enydery jeuotjeusejoy SL 
Ajsodoid uoxey rl 


ror) aytydets) uediiowy Ss uoxtId eT 


QUuIW epIsayxeyT Zl 
puod xox IT 

Aysodoid Aq Ol 

iy pel 6 

yoodsoid yoo) Asi_ 8 
yoodsoid uoseyy, / 

puod urejunoyy #PNA Y 

‘oD ayydery quod UMOT) & 
yodsoid puog ppPyued v 
Aysodoid sumo, ¢ 

yadsoid yoy HUIS Z 
yoodsoid j[ny T 


"1061 JO Geu pesBojoes aA¥IS AOA MON ay} uodn paseg 


dap ayydess oy} Fo UoTRoo] Ot} Surmoys ‘dew Ay OT ‘BIT 


-- 
—_-— 


tT? 


LEGEND 


a 
'| ABANDONED 


c 
SHUT DOWN 


BS 
OPERATING 


COUNTY LINES| _ 


LINE BETWEEN |---- 
NORTHERN 
& SOUTHERN) 
GRAPHITE 
AREAS 


epeeeae mer || Ds 
RAILROADS 


= 


20 MILES 
=i 


Fig. 1 Key map, showing the location of the graphite deposits in the eastern Adirondacks. 


Based upon the New York State Geological map of 1901. 


1 Gulf prospect 

2 Split Rock prospect 

3 Towne property 

4 Penfield Pond prospect 
5 Crown Point Graphite Co. 
6 Buck Mountain pond 

7 Mason prospect 

8 Betsy Cook prospect 

9 Lead hill 

10 Bly property 

11 Rock pond 
12 Lakeside mine 


13 Dixon’s American Graphite Co. 


14 Faxon property 

15 International Graphite Co, 

16 Silver Leaf Graphite Co. 

17 Hooper Bros. 

18 Adirondack Mining & Milling Co. 
19 Champlain Graphite Co. 

20 Pottersville prospect 

21 Rowland Graphite Co. 

22 Sacandaga Graphite Co. 

23 Graphite Products Corporation 
24 Flake Graphite Co. 

25 Columbia Graphite Co. 

26 Mammoth Cave prospect 


apne ALVIS! 


ee a ee 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS sk 


Reo CkiIPIION OF THE GRAPHITE PROPERTIES 


Although the chief purpose of this bulletin is to describe the com- 
mercially important deposits of graphite in Essex, Warren, Wash- 
ington and Saratoga counties, an account of the unsuccessful mines 
is included, for many of them reveal features that furnish valuable 
aid in understanding the physical and geological conditions of 
graphite. 

It has been found convenient to divide the eastern Adirondack 
graphite district into two areas —the northern, where the majority 
of the limestone and contact type of deposits occur, and the southern, 
which is characterized by the bedded or blanket form of ore body. 
(See the accompanying key map, figure 1). 

The following prospects and mines occur in the northern area, 
listed from north to south. 

The Gulf prospect, located in the township of Jay, Essex county, 
4 miles south of Ausable Forks, is still undeveloped. No. 1 on the 
key map. 

Split Rock prospect, now abandoned, is located in the township 
of Essex, Essex county, 8 miles northeast of Westport, just south 
of the Split Rock lighthouse. No. 2 on the map. 

The Columbia Graphite Company’s abandoned mine is situated in 
the township of Crown Point, Essex county, 234 miles north-north- 
west of Ironville. No. 25 on the map. 

The Towne property lies in the township of Ticonderoga, Essex 
county, just south of the boundary between Crown Point and 
Ticonderoga and on the boundary between the Ticonderoga and 
Paradox Lake quadrangles. No. 3 on the map. — 

The Betsey Cook property is located in the township of Ticon- 
deroga, 2 miles southeast of Ironville. Abandoned. No. 8 on the 
map. 

A little prospect here called the Penfield pond property lies near 
the southern boundary of the township of Crown Point, near Pen- | 
field pond, and is not developed. No. 4 on the map. 

The Buck Mountain Pond mine, now abandoned, is located in 
the township of Ticonderoga, between Buck mountain and Keeney 
mountain, as is shown on the Ticonderoga quadrangle. No. 6 on 
the map. 

The Crown Point Graphite Company’s mine and mill is‘ 
likewise situated in the township of Ticonderoga 2% miles south- 
west of Ironville. The property is today abandoned. No. 5 on 
the map. 


IZ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


The Mason property (not developed) is located in the township 
of Ticonderoga three-eighths of a mile east of Echo lake (Wor- 
cester pond on the map). No. 7 on the map. 

Lead Hill, located 3 miles northwest of Ticonderoga, in the nota 
ship of the same name. This property is abandoned. 

Contact type in the township of Wilmington, exact location not 
known, but probably somewhere on the shoulders of Wilmington 
mountain 2% miles west-northwest of Wilmington village. 

The two following occurrences have been reported to but not 
visited by the writer. These are not indicated upon the key map. 

Limestone type in the township of Newcomb, not far from vil- 
lage of Newcomb. 

Contact or vein (?) type in the township of Minerva, just north 
of the town of Minerva (Schroon Lake sheet). | 

The next three prospects, although of the contact type, occur 
in the southern area: 

A contact-limestone prospect, here referred to as the “ Potters- 
ville” prospect. This is located in the township of Chester, Warren 
county, 244 miles south of Pottersville. Not developed. No. 20 
on the map. 

A prospect in a natural cave, locally called Mammoth cave, 
located in the township of Warrensburg, Warren county, one-half 
of a mile north of Warrensburg. No. 26 on the map. 

On Pardo point, on Lake George, is a vein deposit of graphite. 

Mines in the southern area, all of the bedded or blanket type, 
although a few show in a minor way other types as well: 

The Bly property, located in the township of Ticonderoga on the 
northern slopes of Bear Pond mountain, is still undeveloped. No. 
To on the map. 

Rock Pond property. This abandoned mine is to the southeast 
of the Bly property on the shore of Rock pond. No. 11 on the map. 

Dixon’s American Graphite Company is situated at Graphite, 5 
miles west of Lake George in the township of Hague, Warren 
county. No. 13 on the map. 

The Faxon property adjoins the American Company’s land on 
the west and southwest. This property is still undeveloped. It 
has recently been sold. It is understood that the property will be 
worked by the American Graphite Co. No. 14 on the map. 

The Lakeside mine of the American Graphite Company 1s 
located at the town of Hague on the lake shore. Abandoned. No. 
12 on the map. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 13 


International Graphite Company’s abandoned mine is situated in 
the township of Chester, Warren county, 3% miles west-northwest 
of Pottersville. No. 15 on the map. 

The Rowland Graphite mine, now inactive, is located in the 
town of Johnsburg, Warren county, about a mile south-southwest 
of the village of Johnsburg. No. 21 on the map. 

The Adirondack Mining and Milling Company’s abandoned mine 
and mill is on the west shore of South bay of Lake Champlain; 
township of Dresden, Washington county. No. 18 on the map. 

Hooper Brothers’ recently developed property lies in the town- 
ship of Dresden, Washington county, about 4 miles due west of 
Whitehall. No. 17 on the map. 

The Silver Leaf Graphite Company’s workings are situated on 
the west side of South bay several miles north of the Adirondack 
Company’s property. The mine has been abandoned. No. 16 on 
the map. : 

The Champlain Graphite Company. This property, likewise in 
the South Bay districts, is near the southern end of South Bay and 
has not been operated for ten years. No. 19 on the map. 

The Sacandaga Graphite Company’s property is located in the 
township of Day, Saratoga county, 1% miles due west of Conkling- 
ville. The mine is today abandoned. No. 22 on the map. 

Graphite Products Corporation (formerly the Saratoga Graphite 
Company). This property now in operation is situated 1 mile 
southwest of King’s Station, 4 miles north of Saratoga Springs 
in the township of Wilton, Saratoga county. No. 3 on the map. 

The Flake Graphite Company (formerly the Empire Graphite 
Company). This mining district is located in the township of 
Greenfield, Saratoga county, 2'%4 miles west of Porter Corners. 
No. 24 0n the map. Probably will be in operation in 1918. 

Several prospects reported to but not visited by the writer are 
as follows: 

A limestone-contact deposit on the Welch farm, 3 miles south- 
west of Mineville. 

A deposit 3 miles east of Hulett’s Landing, Lake George. 

Chamberlain & Company, 3 miles southwest of Canton, St 
Lawrence county. 

M. W. Spalding, 4 miles southwest of Canton. 

C. T. Holbrook, 1% miles southwest of Pyrites, St Lawrence 
county. 


I4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Macomb Graphite Company — Popes Mills Graphite Company, 
1% miles southwest of Pope’s Mills, St Lawrence county. 

A deposit on the Indian River, 3 miles from Rossie, St Lawrence 
county. 

Of the complete list, twenty-four of these properties were per- 
sonally visited during the field season of 1917. The salient features 
of each will be discussed in the following pages. 


THE, GRAPHITE DEPOSITS OF. THE NORTHERN Ska 


‘While an attempt is made to avoid technical terms, certain 
concepts are necessary for a comprehensive grasp of the conditions 
found in the northern area. 

Two general groups of rocks are involved: the first, a great 
series of sedimentary rocks originally bedded limestones, sand- 
stones and shales that have been altered by earth forces to crystal- 
line limestones, schists and gneisses. The second group comprises 
igneous rocks, among which granite is especially prominent. Igneous 
rocks are later in age and have invaded the sedimentary series 
from below. Where the hot fluid mass, saturated with various 
gases, came in contact with the sediments, especially if they were 
limestones, and the proper conditions obtained, graphite was 
developed by complex chemical and physical reactions within the 
zone of contact. The deposits of the northern area have, in large 
part, been formed by the process thus briefly outlined. The 
general subject of origin of the graphite deposits is treated fully on 
page I41. : 

The Buck Mountain Pond Property 

Located in the township of Ticonderoga, Essex county, within 
the limits of the Ticonderoga topographic map of the United 
States Geological Survey, between Buck mountain and Keeney 
mountain,’ near the shore of Buck Mountain pond. - 

The history of the various companies which have attempted to 
develop this deposit is extremely complicated but apparently the 
company which operated at one time was known as the Consolidated 
Graphite Company and at another the Amalgamated Graphite 
Company.’ 

The extent of the property is said to be a tract of 84 acres® on the 


1 The local name of the latter is different from that given on the map. 

2The Amalgamated Company included ‘the Rowland Graphite Company. 
near Johnsburg. | 

3 Information supplied by Mr Charles T. Rowland of the Rowland Graphite 
Company. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS I5 


south side of Buck mountain about 7 miles by road northwest of 
Ticonderoga, and a like distance southwest of Crown Point at about 
1100 feet elevation. 

~The mine openings lie directly west of the pond where the main 
bed of the graphite-bearing rock outcrops on the northern slope of 
a small knoll a hundred feet high, several hundred feet from the 
pond. These openings occur directly behind the mill and extend 
west along the outcrop for 230 feet. Then after passing an in- 
terval of 720 feet to the west a second cut extends about 200 feet. 
In neither case has the excavation extended beyond 4o feet in 
depth. The bed of graphitic material can be followed along the 
strike for 1000 feet or more. 

The eastern pits. The ore consists of two distinct rocks: a soft 
crumbly limestone carrying fairly large flake graphite, and the 
footwall, a dense green rock’ produced by the action of the neigh- 
boring granite upon the limestone. The rocks here strike north 40° 
west (magnetic)? and dip from 25° to 30° southwest into the hill. 

In the main drift-opening a crush zone occurs indicating a minor 
fault that cuts off the soft limestone bringing in a hard, unweathered 
variety. The ore contains considerable mica (phlogopite). 

The western pits. Here the dip is considerably greater, being 
from 50° to 60°. Professor Crosby suggested the possibility of a 
fault being located somewhere in the concealed portion of the 
interval. The writer offers below another interpretation. 

The summit prospects pits. On the hillside above the western 
cut are several prospect openings displaying the contact type of 
ore. This, although of spectacular appearance, is not of com- 
mercial importance. 

The mill equipment. The mill is situated near the pond, where 
-a plentiful supply of water for the boilers etc., was secured by 
pumping. The mill was amply large but is now in a ruined con- 
dition. The equipment consisted of crushers, rolls, buddles, tube 
dryers and blotters which are today of no value. 

Geology and structure. The ore is chiefly limestone which 
has been invaded by a coarse variety of granite, known to geologists 
as pegmatite. This is of later age than the limestone and when in 
hot fluid condition profoundly affected the limestone, producing 
the green contact rock mentioned above. -Graphite has _ been, 
developed in this rock by chemical changes taking place during the 


1 Professor Crosby, in a report upon this property, interpreted this rock as 
quartzite. 


2 All compass readings are given uncorrected for the convenience of the miners. 
The correction in 1917 was about 13° west of north. 


16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM | 


injection and solidification of the granite-pegmatite. The granite, 
the parent of the pegmatites, lies to the north, forming Buck 
mountain. 


Lying on top of the limestone is a black and white rock of sed- 


imentary origin, belonging to the same series as the limestone. 
This is the “ para-amphibolite,” a hornblende schist. 


Fig. 2. Block diagram of the region at Buck Moun- 
tain pond, showing that the knoll is an anticline 
while the valley through which the outlet of the 
pond flows is a syncline. The old sedimentary 
series have been invaded from below by a granite. 
There is really more pegmatite than is actually 
shown. The end of the block toward the reader is © 
an east and west section. H. L. Alling, 1917. 


The knoll is composed of the sediments in the form of a trough, 
a syncline, while the valley to the east through which the outlet of 
the pond flows (at one point through a natural bridge) exhibits the 


opposite or arched structure — an anticline. Both the syncline and | 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS. 17 


the anticline are pitching southward, as can be seen from figure 2. 
The mine openings to the west are on the western side of the syncline 
and thus the dip is greater than is the case in the eastern group of 
pits ; hence the reason to question the presence of the fault suggested 
by Professor Crosby. 

Future of the property. Although specimens can be gathered 
that show a good display of graphite, the deposit, like most of 
them in the northern area, is of the limestone and contact type which 
experience has shown to be rarely of sufficient regularity to have 
commercial importance. 

The writer is indebted to Mr D. G. McGrew and Mr Charles 
Rowland for information about the Buck mountain locality. 


The Penfield Pond Prospect 


Located near the southern boundary of the township of Crown 
Point, one-half of a mile west of Penfield pond, very close to the 
80° angle in the boundaries between Crown Point and Ticonderoga. 

It is a small limestone deposit of rather striking characteristics 
but of no commercial importance. Specimens of white, grading to 
pink and red, limestone carrying large flakes of graphite (one-fourth 
of an inch in diameter) may be obtained. The Crown Point 
Graphite Company first opened a deposit near Penfield pond, but 
whether or not this is the locality is not known. 


The Crown Point Graphite Company 


Location. This recently abandoned property is situated in the 
township of Ticonderoga 2% miles southwest of Ironville, one- 
fourth of a mile south of the road which runs west past Eagle 
lake (Lake Chilson on the map), and 7%4 miles southwest of Crown 
- Point Center and ro miles from Ticonderoga. It lies within the 
Paradox Lake quadrangle. The mine, located on the northern slope 
of a low ridge overlooking a swamp, was opened about 1907 and 
has lain idle since I9Io. 

Workings. The workings consist of four inclined shafts 
nearly in line (three abandoned and one recently worked). The 
dip of the rocks and hence of the shafts is 55°—60° southward. 
The main shaft is reported to be 72 feet deep “from which the 
miners have drifted eastward along the ore bed, removing a con- 
siderable amount of ore by stopping and finally reaching the surfacé¢ 
again about 150 feet east-northeast of the shaft.’ 


1 Bastin, E. $., Mineral Resources. U. S. G. S., 1908, 2:729. 


18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


There are several surface pits and a trench to the west of the 
mine. 

The mill stands on the steep hillside facing north, so that gravity 
methods of ore handling could be employed. The top floor carries 
the hoisting engine as well as the ore bin, into which the ore was 
directly raised from the shaft. On the floor below are two rows 
of crushers which feed into burrstone grinders, and the boilers 
for the single tube-dryer. On the lowest floor are the main boilers, 
driving engines, mine pumps and packing room. The difficulty in 
securing abundant water forced the company to resort to the dry 
method of concentration. The details of this method are not 
available as the writer was informed that the process was a secret 
one. The mill concentrates were hauled to Crown Point Center 
and there refined in a finishing mill. The fuel used was coal 
hauled from Crown Point station. The following grades were 
prepared: 7 


Mill concentrates: no. I, no. 2, no. 3. 
Finishing mill products: flake — no. I, no. 2, no. 3; dust —no. 1, 
no. 2. 


A sample of concentrate was secured and the following measure- 
ments were made upon the size of the graphite flakes. These were 
secured by means of a microscope especially arranged for the work. 

The average diameter is based on ten measurements. It is not 
known what grade this sample represents. 


gavetace \ldilelel <i) Sueec. | eee coe eee gI x .65 mm 
Weascinatin diameter. 2.0... cnc. te eee CM ee ce 
iain IMCL CE at 3... . tae eee land “3G are 


The mill is said to have had a capacity of 30 to 50 tons a day.* 

Geology. The geology is very similar to that at the Columbia — 
Graphite property (see below). A representative section beginning 
on the north side of the road and running south would be as 
follows: | 

1 Pink granite, cut by frequent stringers and dikes of peg- 
matite and occasionally holding inclusions of the sedimentary 
rocks. - 

2 The swamp, referred to ‘above, probably is a limestone 
valley, with beds of uncertain thickness, not necessarily un- 
derlying the full width of the depression. A small patch 
of limestone was found near the base of the hill. 


1 Bastin, E. S., Mineral Resources. U. S. G. S., 1914, 2:208. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 19 


3 Limestone succeeded by a biotitic schist. 

4 Amphibolite. 

5 The limestone ore, varying greatly in thickness, as lime- 
stone is easily molded and stretched by dynamic disturbances. 

6 A thick mass of pegmatite. 

7 More granite which continues to the shore of Eagle lake. 
The granite has absorbed considerable amounts of the sed- 
imentary rocks and is cut by frequent pegmatites. 


All the rocks dip at an average angle of 55° to the south. 

The ore. The ore is nearly pure limestone, in places charged with 
dark minerals (augite), the workable portion being from 3 to 7 feet 
in width. It can be traced along the strike (north 65° to 70° 
east) for a distance of a thousand feet. There is a second bed 375 
feet south of the main bed that can not be followed for so great a 
distance. 

Most of the graphite flake “ ranges from 0.9 to 3.0 millimeters in 
length and from 0.15 to o.3 millimeter in thickness. 
meecomiposite sample ‘of: the ore selected . 1... ..so as to 
represent approximately the run of the mine was analyzed in the 
laboratory of the United States Geological Survey and showed 2.97 
per cent of graphitic carbon.” ? 

In places the pegmatite comes in direct contact with the lime- 
stone without affecting it in any appreciable way, and again there is 
a development of large feldspar crystals set in a groundmass of 
finer grains. A “porphyry” of this type is shown near a dam not 
far from the main shaft. 3 

“The even distribution of the graphite through the crystalline 
limestone renders it probable that the carbon formed an original 
constituent of the limestone. Its conversion to the graphite 
state, the recrystallization of the limestone, and the development in 
it of the mineral pyroxene are the result of metamorphism, possibly 
in part dynamic but due to some extent to the contact effects of the 
neighboring masses of granite.” ? 

The term “ metamorphism,” especially that denoted as dynamic, 
refers to the changes taking place under the action of heat and pres- 
sure set up by stresses during mountain-making periods. 

Future prospects. The future of the Crown Point graphite 
property is extremely doubtful. The limestone ore is uncertain in 
distribution, and the lack of mill water, the high dip, the necessity 


1 Bastin, E. S., Mineral Resources, U. S. G. S., 1908, 2:728. 
Pi,oc. cit., p. 729. 


20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


for pumping and the long haulage are all against the successful 
operation of the‘deposit. The mill is in fairly good condition except 
that the machinery for final concentration has been removed. 


~ 


The Betsy Cook Property 


Located in the township of Ticonderoga 2 miles southeast of 
Ironville within the Paradox Lake quadrangle, at a fork in the road 
from Ironville to Echo lake (Worcester pond on the map). 

The prospect holes consist of a long chain of shallow pits running 
northwesterly in a curved line. The southeast end is marked by a 
short drift, opened from a pit 8 feet wide, located behind an 
abandoned house, in a pyroxene-scapolite contact rock zone where 
a member of the sedimentary series has been affected by contact with 
a white granite. The sedimentary rocks here strike north 25° 
west, but the direction changes rapidly to north 60° west, eventually 
becoming north 80° west at the far end of the chain of pits. The 
bed is nearly on edge, dipping 83° north 46° east at the drift. 

Geology. The graphite flakes, some of which are from one- 
fourth to three-eighths of an inch in diameter, occur in a dense 
green contact rock, usually badly weathered and stained brown 
due to the oxidation of the contained sulphides. The exact nature 
of the ore rock is complicated. It is chiefly composed of pyroxenes, 
hornblende, plagioclase feldspar, pyrite, biotite and titanite. 

From a structural standpoint, we are probably dealing with an 
anticline that pitches very strongly northward cut to pieces by the 
granite which is usually bleached white on the line of contact. 

The outlook for the property is certainly not bright. In the 
first place, the contact nature of the ore is against it; the presence 
of the biotite is another difficulty and the steep dip of the rocks is 
a third. It is fortunate for those interested that no mill was 
constructed. fk 

The Towne Property 

This abandoned property lies in the township of Ticonderoga, just 
south of the Crown Point-Ticonderoga boundary and on the border 
between the Ticonderoga and Paradox Lake quadrangles. 

Pittsburgh capital became interested in the property and sunk a 
shaft in 1902, but gave up the enterprise the following year and 
moved to Overshot pond, operating under the name of the Columbia 
Graphite Company. 

The workings consist of two openings about 6 rods apart. The 
eastern one is the shaft, about 108 feet deep, vertical and sunk 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 21 


across the dip of the rocks. The second pit is 12 to 15 feet square 
and 6 feet deep, from which starts a slope down the dip (10° south, 
30° west magnetic). 

Geology. The conditions are very similar to those in the Betsy 
Cook locality. The rocks involved are the biotite-hornblende schists 
and associated members of the “ Grenville” sedimentary series. 
The granite (of “ Algoman” age) has affected the schists, pro- 
ducing contact rocks. In the vicinity of the shaft the ore consists 
of the usual pyroxene rock carrying large flake graphite and the 
usual pyrite. Specimens at the drift show a very different type of 
contact rock, composed to a large degree of feldspar (andesine- 
labradorite), partly altered to clay substances (sericite). 

The granite is frequently coarse textured and approaches a 
pegmatitic phase at contact with the schist. 

The high biotitic nature of this contact deposit and the limited 
amount of graphite force us to abandon hope that this will be of 
any importance in the future. 


The Columbia Graphite Company 


Location. The Columbia Graphite Company’s property is 
situated in the township of Crown Point 1 mile east of Round 
pond and the same distance southeast of Overshot pond, 234 miles 
north-northwest of Ironville within the limits of the Paradox Lake 
quadrangle. | 

The workings. The workings consist of a series of deep, open 
cuts, all on the same line of strike, in green serpentized (verde 
antique) limestone close to pegmatite, usually having a foot-wall of 
fine-grained, sandy quartzite. Several shafts, inclined 62° south 68° 
west (magnetic) are today filled with water. The ore was hoisted 
and teamed to the mill a short distance away. Apparently no ex- 
tensive operations had been carried on underground. 

The mill has been dismantled and all the valuable material 
removed. Enough remains, however, supplemented by local in- 
formation, for one to know that the wet method of concentration 
was used, the ore having been reduced to proper size by crushers, 
a 16-stamp battery, and burrstone grinders. Water was secured 
by pumping from a brook one-half of a mile away. The concentrates 
were sent to the finishing mill at Crown Point Center for final 
treatment. 


22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Size of the Graphite Flakes in the Concentrates 


No. I No. 2 No. 3 
Average diameter...... .48X .33 mm | .143 x .074mm | .110x 070 0m 
Maximum diameter. ... .go mm .310 mm .150 mm 
Minimum diameter..... .20 mm .O15 mm .030 mm 


Geology. The geology in detail is most complicated, while the 
structure is comparatively simple. Starting to the north of the 
mine openings and proceeding southward, 15 feet of quartzite (ap- 
proaching the vitreous type) is found dipping at a high angle 
under a sill-like mass of white granite of a similar thickness. A 
second bed of quartzite follows, heavily injected with granite, finally 
becoming sandy as it nears the limestone ore. The total thickness 
of the rocks here shown is about 70 feet. The ore is limestone 
carrying, besides the graphite, small amounts of dark green silicates 
that are today altered to serpentine, producing a verde antique 
marble. Farther south the white granite occurs in a huge mass that 
eventually becomes pink, deepening into red. . 

Such a succession of beds could hardly be repeated in another 
parallel section because the granite and the pegmatites penetrate 
and cut to pieces the sedimentary layers in a most complicated way. 
In one of the pits, where a coarsely crystalline pegmatite is shown, 
beautiful crystals of brown tourmaline can be secured, as well as 
pyroxene, scapolite and other pegmatite-contact minerals. 

Usually the line of contact between the pegmatite and the lime- 
stone is marked by the development of the characteristic green 
contact rocks, rich in pyroxene crystals and graphite flakes, the latter 
frequently three-eighths of an inch in diameter. This rock con- 
stituted a portion of the ore formerly utilized. 

Structure. At the pits the rocks dip about 60° south 68° west 
(magnetic), while farther west the strike changes to north 10° east 
and the dip decreases to 42° east. Here we are probably dealing 
with a syncline which seems to pitch eastward. -Thus the mine 
pits are located on the northern edge of a trough of sedimentary 
rocks highly injected and cut to pieces by pegmatite dikes. 

Economic future. The mine was worked during 1903 and 1904 
but the company moved to Rock Pond in 1905. It is not a difficult 
matter to comprehend the cause of the failure of the company. 


5 la 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 23 


The nature of the deposit is against profitable mining. The ore is 
very pockety and too variable to furnish any large supply. Mr D. 
G. McGrew, formerly connected with the company, and Mr Samuel 
Buck gave assistance and furnished information concerning this 
property. 

The Mason Property 

Location. This property lies in the township of Ticonderoga, 
three-eighths of a mile east of Echo lake on the shortest road from 
Ironville to Ticonderoga by way of Echo lake and Street road, the 
exact location being south of the road on a farm owned by Mr. 
Mason. Although only prospect work has been done, samples of 
the unusually large flake, some of which measured 1% inches in 
diameter, were sent to the American Graphite Company’s mill at 
Ticonderoga but were found to be too large for treatment. The 
band of ore (the “vein” of the miners) strikes north 13° west 
(magnetic) and is said to be traceable for 20 to 30 rods, along 
which line nine openings have been made. 

The size of the flake seems to grow smaller with depth from the 
surface. Mr Mason claims 12 per cent of graphite in the ore. 
Mica occurs on the southwest or hanging wall. The dip is very flat. 
The rocks shown here are limestone and pegmatite. One specimen 
of the latter carries black tourmaline. Like most of the deposits in 
limestone, the ore is localized in pockets and is exceedingly patchy, 
hence it is difficult, if not impossible, to estimate the quantity, but in 
all probability the supply is small. 

The origin of the ore is clearly due to the action of the Beasts 
upon the limestone, presenting the usual characteristics. 


Lead Hill 


Location. The property lies 3 miles northwest of Ticonderoga 
in the township of the same name and likewise within the Ticon- 
deroga quadrangle, north of the “ new ” road to Eagle lake. 

The extent of the property is considerable, comprising an area 
of several acres. There are numerous pits scattered over the 
southern and southeastern slopes of the hill, the important ones 
being shown on the accompanying map (figure 3). 

History. As far as the writer has been able to ascertain, this 
property was the first to be exploited for graphite in the United 
States. It was well known that graphite occurred here in 1842, for 
Emmons says? that it “ is well known at Ticonderoga where it forms 


: ee Emmons, Nat. Hist. of N. Y., Geol. of the Second Dist. p. 420-21. 


= 
2) 
i) 
n 
+) 
= 
fq 
HH 
<< 
HH 
n 
M 
[os 
(oe) 
Ss 
= 
ea 
Z 


‘216 ‘SUTIV “I “H pue xprmpey “FD Aq dep ‘sud ,,yonyopoony,, pay[eo-os oy} ore dew oy) 


JO JOUIOD JSOMYINOS OY} UL SSUTYIOM OTT, 
oy} surmoys “XK “N ‘esotopuoory, vou “[[IF{ peo uo ssulyiomM jueysodut oy} Fo dew aq} ourjg ‘¢ ‘SI 


Ps P40 


{ sdunaq ) 


eS 


SZ ihe 
en, A1LVAY 4 


‘S}jlIp pue ssuryioM punoisiopun 


 \Nory ey tohey i 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 25 


a regular vein in gneiss.” Beck’ refers to it as occurring about 2% 
miles from Ticonderoga at Upper Falls. “ It is a vein of the purest 
foliated graphite several inches in width. The foliae often have a 
radiated arrangement, and are of considerable size. The gangue is 
calcareous spar, which often exhibits large and perfect cleavages. 
Granular graphite is also found associated with the above. This 
mine has not been much worked, but a considerable quantity of 
pure graphite is annually obtained from it, which is sold for a 
shilling a pound. It is thought that this is an extensive deposit.” 

It would appear that it was being worked by the American 
Graphite Company in the early fifties. The Joseph Dixon Crucible 
Company bought the American Graphite Company, and has ex- 
ploited Lead hill, the Lakeside mine, and the great deposit at 
Graphite under that name. 

In the early days, under the management of Mr William Hooper, 
the company was able to produce an exceedingly high-grade flake 
by using the ore-dressing machines that he developed. They made 
use of the wet method of concentration. 

In the early days the interest taken in Lead hill was very great, 
but for reasons given below the American Graphite Company shifted 
its interest to the locality at Hague and that at Graphite. Since then 
the deposits on Lead hill have been worked only under small leases, 
among which was the Ticonderoga Graphite Company. 

Today the locality is abandoned, although renewed attempts have 
been made to reopen some of the pits in recent years. 

Workings. Of the various workings, six are sufficiently im- 
portant to be treated separately. There are others that were re- 
ported to the writer, but the undergrowth and lumbering have 
rendered search very difficult. It is likely that some have escaped 
notice. 

The “ Woodchuck”’? Workings. These are the first pits reached 
on approaching the property by the old wagon road. A group 
of three irregular shaft openings has been made along the 
line of contact between limestone and pegmatitic granite. Under- 
ground, various connecting passageways join them together. Ata 
depth of some 4o feet they are tapped by a horizontal drift, which is 
a branch of the main one driven from the hillside to the south (see 
accompanying map, figure 4). The drifts were driven some twelve 
years ago, while the shaft openings were made much earlier. Dur- 


1 Beck, Nat. Hist. of N. Y., pt. 3, Mineralogy, 1842, p. 96-97. 
2 This is not the proper name, but conflicting opinions among the former 
workers necessitate the employment of this nickname, 


Fig. 


NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Work~ 
ings 


[/ 


COARSE CRYSTALLINE 
B® | CALCITE. VEIN MATTER? 
arr OXENE CONTACT 
ROCK WITH GRAPHITE 
LARGE AMOUNTS OF 
FIBROUS —PLATY GRAPHITE 


MATITIC 
SYALGOMAN PEG 
ES Slecadiee & PEGMATITE > 


GRENVILLE PARA-AN- 
ee ae INCLUSIONS 

GRENVILLE GRYSTALLINE 
LIMESTONE : 


N 


CLI] 
CLL ha dbab td PALE LA 


LL LL] 
t/ 


my) 


i) 


y 
q 
Q 
N 
iN 
a 
at 
d 
E 
Q 
5 
a 


AB) AS, ? 
FEEL, 
LLL dpe PFA 


u YUM 
VA, 
Weramey &y, 


Q 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 g0 
FEET & a 
-] GANGU 


WR Dune 


- ’ 


4 Geologic. reconnaissance map of the “ Woodchuck” workings 
on Lead hill. G. H. Chadwick and H. L. Alling, 1917. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 27 


ing the last five years the main drift was extended farther with the 
hope of finding more ore, and at the same time for the purpose 
of tapping the bottom of a large slope pit (the Young Lion pit) 
farther up the hill to the north, but the attempt was eventually 
abandoned. The contact rock zone, which carries spectacular 
graphite, is likewise variable in thickness and in distribution. For 
the most part it is a white to green pyroxene rock with accessory 
scapolite. Frequently the pegmatite develops very coarse textures 
and shows feldspars 8 inches long; on the other hand, certain 
contact phases show large black-green crystals of pyroxene. Under 
. a stringer or sheet of pegmatite is a mass of coarsely crystalline 
calcite, something like 3 feet in thickness. Between this and the 
capping igneous rock is a 3 inch layer of quartz, the under surface 
of which is coarsely crystalline showing the characteristic habit of 
the mineral. The edges of all the crystals are rounded, and very 
smooth as though corroded by solutions. This quartz, when 
examined under the microscope, appears to be vein matter. One of 
the hypotheses to account for the origin of this layer of calcite is 
that it represents a true fissure vein. The other theory is that the 
limestone has been recrystallized by the action of the pegmatite. 
In the Fryatt workings (described below) the contact is along sandy 
quartzite and there the prevailing rock is quartz, being possibly a 
recrystallized portion of the quartzite. 

The drifts, especially the main one, run through barren peg- 
matitic granite which occasionally holds inclusions of sedimentary 
amphibolite, still maintaining the original relative positions with 
sharp outlines and without any graphitic development. Near the 
portal of the main drift lies a small mass of limestone overlain by a 
sheet of pegmatite, likewise without any graphite. At another point 
the pegmatite has penetrated the limestone, which still retains its 
crumpled and distorted foliation, by “lit-par-lit”* injection pro- 
ducing an injection gneiss. Still again the pegmatite becomes 
porphyritic with phenocrysts 2 inches long. 

The Young Lion pit. This lies to the north of the “ Wood- 
chuck” pits a little to the east. It consists of a large underground 
chamber extending diagonally down the dip with an average slope 
of 22° and for 100 feet westward. It was once timbered but the 
pillars have long since rotted and large blocks have fallen from the 
roof, resulting in a lofty cave. 


1 French, ‘‘ bed by bed.’ Applied to a structure composed of alternating 
bands composed of sedimentary and igneous rocks. 


28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


The same pegmatitic granite (largely an andesine rock) is shown 
here but the country rock is the sedimentary amphibolite, dipping 20° 
to 22° south 20° west (magnetic). The east wall is pegmatite and, 
as far as the section shown in the pit is concerned, can be regarded 
as a vertical plug which has sent dikes and stringers of its own 
material westward into the amphibolite, producing large flake 
graphite on contact. Much of the ore taken from the Young Lion 
pit is pure white pyroxene, in which flakes of graphite one-fourth 
of an inch in diameter are promiscuously distributed. The far end 
of the pit is filled with water. It is understood that the long drift 
at the “ Woodchuck ” workings was begun in an attempt to tap this | 
to furnish drainage, but the enterprise was poorly planned inasmuch 
as they would have failed to make connections if the initial direction 
had been maintained. Along the line of contact with the main 
mass of pegmatite and the amphibolite the miners have removed a 
large amount of ore by stoping, reaching to the surface in several 
places. al 
The Old Lion tunnel. About half way between the “ Wood- 
chuck” and the “ Young Lion” pits is a portal to a drift that 1s 
said to connect with the Young Lion pit. 

The higher workings. Higher up and above the Young Lion pit 
are a series of workings, side wall pockets, trenches etc. They 
reveal examples of the same type of contact — the pegmatite upon 
the amphibolite. 

The Fryatt workings. These are located a little to the east of 
the Young Lion pit, north of the old wood road, consisting of open 
pits verging on drift openings on two distinct levels. The upper 
series consist of two wall pockets, from one of which an inclined 
tunnel leads to the lower level to the west. The workings on the 
lower level comprise two wall pockets driven some 6 to 8 feet into 
the north wall. A drainage trench leads south. At the west 
end of the main pit a drift has been driven westward, rather near the 
surface, for in places this has fallen in. | 

The geology here presents a third species of contact deposit. 
Here the ore is the green augite-scapolite (the latter mineral. is 
chiefly meionite’) rock. Closely associated with the contact rock 
is a quartzose material that may be either recrystallized quartzite or 
true vein matter. It is analogous to the crystallized calcite in the 


1 Bastin, E. S, Economic Geology, 5:147-48. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 29 


“Woodchuck ” holes. At the pits themselves it is not possible to 
determine what the country rock is, but 55 feet east from the wall 
pockets on the upper level an exposure of the sandy quartzite schist 
occurs that shows the relations. The pegmatite overlies the 
quartzite and-has developed the pyroxene-scapolite rock on contact. 
The line of demarcation between the three rocks is exceedingly 
irregular, although it is an easy matter to see that the pyroxene- 
scapolite rock increases in thickness on leaving the quartzite ex- 
posure tc the west. The north wall consists of alternate layers and 
masses of quartzose and contact rocks. The lenses or blocks of 
green rock are often “ lit-par-lit”’ injected with pegmatite. They 
are furthermore frequently fringed with foliated graphite. Near 
the contact with the pegmatite, the more dense pyroxene rock is 
comparatively barren of graphite. 

The sixth set of workings. These are found higher up and to 
the north of the Fryatt workings. They consist of a narrow trench 
showing the pegmatite in contact with a quartz-feldspar rock which 
appears to be of sedimentary origin. 

Other workings. South of the old road, supposedly to the east 
of the “ Woodchuck ” drift, there is said to be another group of 
workings known as the “ Old Indian” which the writer was unable 
to find. | 

Summary of the pits. Four different members of the sedimen- 
tary series of rocks can be seen on the hill. Under certain conditions 
the pegmatitic granite has developed graphite on contact with every 
one of them: in the “ Woodchuck ” with limestone; in the Old Lion, 
the Young Lion and the higher pits with amphibolite; in the Fryatt 
with sandy quartzite; and in the sixth set with quartz-feldspar 
eneiss. 

The ore. In every case the ore sought and mined was a variety 
of contact rock. It is often a most beautiful rock making very 
attractive museum specimens. The flake is frequently as large as a 
dime. An analysis of the Lead hill graphite, as given by Cirkel’ 
is-as follows: 

Carbon Hydrogen Ash 
99.87% 0.11% 0.02% 


“i Cirkel, Fritz, Can. Geol. Surv. Dep’t of Mines, Mines Br. ‘ Graphite,’’ 
1907. Analysis by Luzi, Berl. Ber. 1891, 24, 4085. 


30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Concentrates. The following measurements have been made 
upon concentrates from ores of Lead hill: 


‘“* Arthur Pit 


vein” | unknown 
vierace GAME REr 22 19) dtte oo 6 er eee Aaa oe ei .38 mm .38 mm 
Ke, we 
.50 mm -57 mm 
Waxing diameter. uo). Ae chee eter ets (cue re .80 mm 1.20 tant 
Damien dieitiebens... 2e.e seed aes eee se tl 32 mm .22 Tm 


Analyses of contact rock on Lead hill 


MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 
(Specimen 665 — Young Lion pit) (Specimen collected by Bastin) 
a (Grape. eee 626 | S10. 42. aoe Serre 47.91 
Pa N UTES adie ete eo eels te 54.0; )|) Al.Os 3.2325 ee 6.32 
ae SCA DOMES wie Pee cee Gali. 5s 35.3 || Me:Os: “2. soe ee eee 33 
RSE AN (tay child eae Seana See a me eee 1:5 || Pe. 02 S008 
She, Momemalie.. ico ate Fieve 14 || MeO.) 4 eer 11.86 
Rigi antes bee tet acu Meeak “7 \ CAO... 0. 22.88 
o eG Zine Pray ye taht Uae Pool NasO\. 2.2) ee 40 
Ay EONSILS ahs toe ae Oe ene 10 I. TKGO! no 2 46 
& Bota) foe ee se 700.0: ||, H:0— >: |. i eee 96 
H2O-+ wok sletth B aes Saas IO 
1A ON ese GA 1 84smim: || TiOs cs 2) 2 eee A4 
2 aire g COn i ee 95 
m S mi 5 Max 2. 80 mim!) -P.03. 23.) 25 
5.|848 Sf ties. 1e6 ere .05 
OW Peale erect Sears 1.50 mm il PeSe. 0) .”. 723, ee 
4 4 i——— C.. . 4.00 
S| on YANO Lhe atts i ese 095 mm Total... 4h eee 100.10 
ia aq Z e Less ©}. Us See .02 
o) ¢; Bet Maro. 2). oo. 190 mm 
2 eae Total 3. . eee 100.08 
= = Sel illu Ni Cea ge pepe aaa ea ex 030 mm 


The chemical analysis by George Steiger in the laboratories of the United 
States Geological Survey, U. S. G. 5. Bul. 591, p. 40. 

The quantitative microscopic analysis by the writer by the camera-lucida- 
polar planimeter method. These are approximate values by weight. See 
page 50 for a description of the methods employed in obtaining these results 


Its variable nature and its pockety distribution are factors leading 
to irregular supply, and precarious mining conditions. The supply 
is by no means exhausted but the writer feels confident that Lead 
hill can never regain the reputation that it held for so long in the 
early days of the graphite industry. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 31 


True fissure veins. Besides the contact type of graphite, the 
mineral occurs “in narrow veins from one to two inches wide, most 
of which are vertical and trend nearly north and south. They cut 
indiscriminately across the schists and pegmatitic granite, but in a 
number of cases apparently disappear when crystalline limestone is 
reached. In them graphite is usually the only mineral recognizable 
and forms aggregates of nearly parallel blades arranged about at 
right angles to the walls of the vein and closely resembling certain 
of the Ceylon occurrences. In most places the walls are sharp, and 
the pegmatitic granite shows no change of texture next to the vein. 
In a few places, however, the pegmatite becomes pyroxenic, finer 
grained, and somewhat graphitic next to the vein.” 

= emp. describes the graphite deposits... ., as true fissure 
veins cutting the laminae of the gneissic walls at nearly right angles. 
‘The wall rock is a garnetiferous gneiss with an east and west 
strike, and the vein runs at the big mine 12° west with a dip of 55° 
west. The vein filling is evidently orthoclase (or microcline) with 
quartz and biotite and pockets of calcite. The mineral is also asso- 
ciated with tourmaline, apatite and sphene [titanite].’’ 

The deposit on Lead hill has been popularly referred to as a 
“vem” or as a “dike.” While it is true that very small veins do 
occur, the important graphite rocks are contact rocks, and not veins. 
The former do not extend in any definite direction such as is implied 
by ee word “vem” or “dike.” This matter 1s brought. to the 
attention of the reader with the hope that the past nomenclature, 
which is clearly erroneous, may be corrected. 


Split Rock Prospect 


This is in Essex county, in the township of Essex, 8 miles north- 
east of Westport, within the Willsboro quadrangle, 30 to 40 rods 
south of the Split Rock Light House. a 

Workings. These consist of (1) a prospect pit verging upon a 
vertical shaft about 20 rods from the shore at an elevation of 60 
feet above Lake Champlain, and (2) an opening for a drift on the 
lake shore, east of the pit. It is believed that an attempt was made 
to sink a shaft, which the pit represents, to join the horizontal drift. 

Geology. The northern and eastern shore of the point shows 
members of the sedimentary or Grenville series of rocks which 
include schists and garnet gneisses, associated with crumpled 


1 Bastin, E. $., Mineral Resources, U. S. G. S., 1908, 2:730-31. 
* Cirkel, Fritz, ‘‘ Graphite,’’ Can. Dep’t of Mines, Mines Br. 1907, p. 56. 


32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


crystalline limestone dipping at a high angle into the lake. Several 
dikes of later age cut all the rocks in the vicinity. Near the light- 
house on the shore there are three dikes of great scientific interest.1 
The strike of the rocks varies greatly. The following measure- 
ments were obtained: N 19° E, N 30° E, N 35° E (magnetic), 
while the corresponding dips were 37° S, 69° E, 30° S, 60° E, and 
45° 5 55° 

Away from the shore the Grenville rocks grade into syntectic 
rocks because of the assimilation and soaking due to the igneous 
activity of the intruding batholithic dark green gabbro (Algoman in 
age). This shell of syntectic rock” covers the gabbro so that the 
typical rock is not exposed until the shoulders of Split Rock moun- 
tain are reached. 

We may regard the entire point as a section of Grenville strata 
which has been domed by an invading mass of gabbro. Numerous 
pegmatites (quartz-andesine rock) of the gabbro cut the overlying 
rocks. 

The wall rock of the pit is a mixture of various contact rocks, 
including the usual green pyroxene rock with a high pyrite content. 
The latter carries microscopic traces of gelena (PbS) which is 
replacing the pyrite as beautiful intergrowths. The development of 
the graphite is limited to the immediate vicinity of the pit, which led 
the prospectors to think that they were dealing with a “ vein.” The 
occurrence of graphite on the lake shore also caused them to believe 
that they had found the continuance of the same ore body. The 
incorrect use of the term “ vein” has been extremely unfortunate 
in practical mining, not only here but also in other sections of the 
graphite area. 

After the miners had pushed their tunnel about 30 feet into the 
hill they encountered a diabase dike (augit te-camptonite) Io inches 
wide associated with a crush zone formed of brecciated fragments 
of itself indicating’ post diabase faulting. The dike strikes N 70° E 
with a dip of 45° N 20° W. Beyond the dike the rock is barren of 


1 Apparently a dike of diabase (microscopically an augite-camptonite) 
originally 6 to 7 feet wide, fractured and intruded by another dike of similar 
composition, but laterin age. This was probably about 3 feet in width. Micro- 
scopically, it comes near to hornblende-camptonite. This latter dike is split 
and a third dike, 2 feet wide is intruded. This is the Bostonite. When Kemp 
and Marsters visited this locality in their study of the dikes of the Champlain 
region (U. S. G. S. Bul. 107) this ‘‘ three story’ dike was hidden by a boat- 
house, but this has subsequently been removed, exposing the dikes. It is hoped 
that this remarkable occurrence of three dikes cutting one another will be treated 
more fully elsewhere. 


2 Meaning a composite rock due to a mixing of two or more of distinct species. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 33 


graphite. The amount of displacement and the nature of the fault 
is unknown. Near the mouth of the drift-opening the rocks are 
highly folded and involved with the gabbro in a very complex 
manner. | 

In 1808 graphite veins were reported as occurring on Split Rock 
mountain.‘ It would seem as if these were not located at the spot 
where the above contact deposits occur. Kemp says that “at Split 
Rock . . . narrow veins or veinlets of graphite have been found 
crossing the gneisses, and filling fissures up to an inch in width. 
The graphite is in rather coarse leaves, and stands at an angle, 
somewhat less than a right angle, to the wall rock. Considerable 
vein quartz is mingled with it, and it is not so pure as one would 
infer at first sight. A large deposit of this sort would be the 
richest and most desirable of all, but veins have not yet been found 
crossing the gneisses in sufficient abundance to justify mining.’’” 

It has been the opinion of graphite men and of the early geologists 
that graphite frequently occurs in veins. As has been said, some 
confusion resulted from the improper use of the term, which has 
been applied indiscriminately to graphite deposits of various origins. 
While it is true that fissure veins carrying graphite do occur, as is 
the case in the vicinity of Split Rock, they are insignificant and of 
no commercial value. 


The Gulf Prospect 


This property is in the township of Jay, Essex county, 4 miles 
south-southeast of Ausable Forks within the Ausable quadrangle 
Sr mone explicitly, to thé east of -the East branch of. the 
Ausable river, a mile south of Ellis mountain, at the western 
entrance of a deep and narrow fault line valley known on the 
government map as the Gulf. Directly to the south runs a similar 
valley at right angles to the former, locally known as the South 
gulf.* The prospect is surrounded by hills on three sides, while to 
the west the ground slopes gently to the river. | 

Prospects. No definite information could be obtained in regard 
to the dates of prospecting, but from the appearance of the small 
diggings it is judged that it was done many years ago and has not 
been renewed. Several small diggings were made on both sides of 
the road running through the South gulf as indicated upon the 


1 The Mineral Industry for 1898, p. 383. 

‘Kemp; ).f., U.S.-G. S. Bul. 225, 1903, p. 512-13. 

’ For the glacial geology of this region, especially the significant réle as ed 
by ee fault line valleys, see Bul. Geol. Soc. Am., 27:645-72, especially 
p. 658-60. 


Pd 


34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


accompanying map. One of them is in the quartzite; the others are 
in amphibolitic limestone. 

Geology. The range of rocks is rather complete. The sedi- 
mentary series is represented by two distinct strata of the quartzite 
and limestone, the latter of which in contact with igneous rocks has 
developed an amphibolite phase. The first rock found on approach- 
ing the property is a firm quartzite schist, usually graphitic, dipping 
55° to 60° eastward, followed by an igneous rock that is very com- 
mon in the center of the Adirondacks, known as anorthosite. Here 
it has been crushed and is somewhat “ pulpy’ in appearance. Then 
follows a pure limestone carrying a very small percentage of the 
usual silicates, but no graphite. Above occurs a quartz-feldspar 
(the feldspar is orthoclase) schist that likewise is graphite-free. 
Closely associated with the schist is a dense, hard, green quartzite. 
Cutting the sedimentary rocks are small dikes or bosses of a fine- 
grained variety of the augite-syenite. Especially in the vicinity of 
the diggings this rock has produced contact effects, including the 
development of large flake graphite. These flakes occur both in 
the limestone and in the quartzite. . 

The next rock is a fine-grained equigranular rock, nearly black in 
color and rich in garnets. This basic (femic) rock occurs as a dike 
4 feet wide with a direction N 50° W (magnetic) near the western 
edge of the map. The writer has encountered several similar ones 
in the Adirondacks but has never seen them described. Under the 
microscope a specimen consists of augite, hornblende, basic labra- 
dorite and garnet. Mineralogically it might be classed as.a gabbro 
but the texture is very different. This cuts all the above mentioned 
rocks in the vicinity. The last rock to be noted is diabase (augite- 
camptonite), two dikes of which were observed. All the dikes 
occur along the fault line of the gulf. 

Ores. The graphitic rocks are clearly of two kinds: first, and 
most important, is the lower quartzite which carries medium to 
large-sized flakes, but no mica or clay substances. It splits readily 
but would be a hard rock to crush. The south road crosses several 
ledges of this quartzite, which dip at a high angle into the hills to 
the east. There appears to be a good supply of the mineral from 
what could be seen, although the glacial drift, which is exceedingly 
thick, obscures much of the surface. 

The other type of ore has already been mentioned. It occurs as 
a contact effect where the small tongues of the augite-syenite cut 
the quartzite and limestone. The farmer who lives in the log cabin 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 35 


indicated on the map informed the writer that he has repeatedly 
plowed up chunks of graphite as. big as his fist. It is a fine composite 
of very small flake and amorphous material. 


we 


a 
a“ 
s~ ESSALGOMAN § SYENITE 

pox, HEB A NORTHOSITE 

i [==] UNDIFFERINATED GRENVILLE 
EZ:]GRENVILLE QUARZZITE 
ESAGRENVILLE LIMESTONE 
E=JGRENVILLE AMPHIBOLITE ~~ 


Fig. 5 Geologic and topographic reconnaissance map of the Gulf region, 
Ausable quadrangle. The topography taken from the Federal map; geol- 
ogy by H. L. Alling, 1915 and 1917. 


36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Mining conditions. No active mining has been undertaken at 
the property, but the writer looked the situation over with such a 
prospect in mind. The north road is the one employed by the 
farmer and is passable even for a motor car. It is 334 miles by. 
dirt road to the state road at Stickney Bridge, then 2 miles to 
Ausable Forks, the terminal of the Ausable branch of the Delaware 
and Hudson Railroad. 

At the property there is not a sufficient supply of water for the 
wet process of concentration, nor is there water power. At Ausable 
Forks, however, there is probably sufficient water power for a 
finishing mill and in addition electric power is available. 

Amount of ore. The quartzite ore is the only attractive material. 
It is impossible to say how much there is of it. The outcrop 
measures some 20 feet in width, while the extent along the strike is 
difficult to determine. It is possible that the Gulf and the South 
gulf faults delimit the amount of ore. The high angle of the dip is 
not favorable to mining. Considerable exploration will be necessary 
before anything more definite can be stated. | 


The Welch Prospect 


This property is in the township of Moriah, Essex county, 3 
miles southwest of Mineville, on the Welch farm, Newland* reports 
that “ some prospect work has been done on a bed of graphitic lime- 
stone . .~-. which outcrops along the crest of a low hill and is 
accompanied by pyritous gneisses which are also more or less 
graphitic. In one pit a very rich band of limestone has been found, 
giving assays as high as I5 per cent graphite. The flakes are large 
and are built up of many laminae into comparatively thick plates. 
There is little mica in the rock, the accompanying minerals com- 
prising pyroxene, serpentine, pyrite, tourmaline and quartz. The 
mining rights on the-property are owned by the firm of Witherbee, 
Sherman & Company of Mineville.” . 

It would appear from the above that this bed of limestone has 
been enriched by contact with some igneous rock, presumably peg- 
matite. 


The Wilmington Prospect 


This property is located in the township of Wilmington, Essex. 
county, about 2%4 miles west-northwest of the town of Wilmington. 
It is situated at an elevation of about 2800 feet on the shoulder 


1 Newland, D. H., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 102, p. 76. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 37 


of Wilmington mountain in a moraine-filled valley between two 
rocky knobs of the mountain mass. It can be reached by following 
an old lumber road which leaves the road running from Wil- 
mington to Franklin Falls. There are four prospect pits, two 
of which are the beginning of shafts in crystalline limestone and 
pyroxene-garnet contact rocks. The first one reached, after pass- 
ing the group of recently constructed buildings, is in pale-blue, 
coarsely crystalline limestone which carries, besides the large 
graphite flake, the usual collection of silicates, garnet, diopside and 
occasionally a little pyrite. Cutting through this mass of limestone 
is a streak of garnet rock. The shaft which has been made here is 
perhaps 12 feet square and 20 feet deep. To the northeast in the 
bed of a small brook is a circular shaft sunk only to a shallow 
depth. This also is situated in limestone. Nearby in sharp con- 
tact with this is a black, crumbly rock composed of deep-green 
pyroxene and dark-red garnet. At the line of contact very large 
flakes of graphite have been developed and to some extent squeezed 
and rubbed into amorphous masses due to the slight movement that 
has taken place between the two contrasted masses. 

Higher up the slope a shaft has been sunk in a limestone that is 
in part a conglomerate. This has been effected by the action of a 
basic pegmatite presumably of the anorthosite. The pyroxene 
crystals associated are often crystallographically well formed and 
present interesting corroded surfaces as though due to the action 
of vapors and solutions associated with the pegmatite. A few 
specimens collected of the more distinctly pegmatitic material con- 
tained hexagonal prismatic of pale-green apatite. The fourth pit is 
located in limestone. 

The ore. The material was in a large measure the pale-blue lime- 
stone, but apparently the prospectors were interested to some extent 
in the contact rocks as well. Two years ago even during the winter 
active development work was in progress, but early in the spring of 
1917 they gave up their attempts to develop the property. This 
prospect presents some very interesting features of considerable 
scientific interest, but the nature of the deposit being of the lime- 
stone-contact type rather indicates that its commercial value is 
slight. It would appear that the area occupied by graphitic rocks 
covers several acres and it might be that it might prove to be as 
extensive as Lead hill. It is either owned or controlled by J. E. 
Bliss of Tupper Lake. 


38 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Occurrences in Newcomb and Minerva 


The economic collections of Columbia University contain speci- 
mens of contact graphite from these townships. Further informa- 
tion is not available. 


The Pottersville Prospect 


This property is in the township of Chester, Warren county, 2% 
miles south of Pottersville, south of Loon Lake mountain, within 
the North Creek quadrangle. 

This limestone-contact deposit has been noted ne W. J. Miller,? 
who has mapped the area in which it lies, as Grenville gneiss. It 
is situated under the lee of a great fault line escarpment — the 
southern face of Loon Lake mountain. 

In the field it was found that several beds of limestone, inter- 
bedded with amphibolite and with other members of the Grenville 
series, are cut by a dike of pegmatite which spreads over the present 
surface, but probably originally was a laccolith. The dip is 25° to 
30° S 78° W (magnetic). No commercial importance can be 
attached to this locality. 


The Mammoth Cave Prospect 


This property is in the township of Warrensburg, Warren county, 
one-half of a mile north of Warrensburg, on the east side of the 
International highway. 

This prospect consists of an opening that has been dubbed 
“ Mammoth cave.’ The cave is a natural one due to the solution 
of the Grenville limestone, and has been somewhat enlarged by 
prospectors. It is 25 to 30 feet long, following the dip of the rocks 
(22° N 80° E). Overlying the limestone is a mass of typical 
syenite. Where this rock has come into contact with the limestone 
a thin layer carrying graphite flakes, which are often one-eighth of 
an inch in diameter, has resulted. The footwall is a contact rock 
composed of white pyroxene and scapolite and shows specks of a 
brilliant emerald-green mineral whose identification is not certain. 

While this prospect exhibits some rather interesting features we 
can dismiss it from our minds as a commercial source of graphite.- 


SUMMARY OF THE NORTHERN ‘AREA 


A line can be drawn across the graphite area of the eastern 
Adirondacks north of which will be found almost all the limestone 


1Miller, W. J., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 170, p. 82. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 39 


and contact deposits, while most of the bedded or blanket areas all 
lie to the south. It may be that erosion, more severe in the south- 
eastern portion of the region, has removed the contact zone rocks 
in the section and has carried the present surface down to the 
_ horizon of the graphite schists, while in the northern area can still 
be seen patches of the Grenville in which graphite has been 
developed by contact with igneous rocks under favorable tempera- 
ture and pressure conditions. 

The contact deposits of graphite are usually very striking to 
the layman and appear to be exceedingly rich and promising, but 
the writer is convinced that they are too uncertain, too pockety, and 
too limited in extent to pay for mining. The milling of graphite is 
still in the experimental stage. The bedded deposits, even though 
much more uniform in character, afford difficult milling problems 
but the treatment of contact ores is still more difficult because of 
their greater variability. Even granted a large deposit of this form 
of graphite, successful mining would be highly problematical. The 
early workers on Lead hill were fortunate in that they realized 
good prices for their product and had an unusually large deposit; 
and the operations were in charge of an inventive man. 

The important deposits of the northern area do not occur in veins. 
It seems to be the universal opinion of graphite men in the Adiron- 
dacks that veins, carrying graphite (deposited from aqueous 
solutions) are common. On the contrary, they are extremely rare 
and are always too small to be of commercial importance. Graphite 
does occur, however, in the zone between an igneous rock and a 
sedimentary one. The rocks most commonly so grouped are peg- 
matite and limestone, which is the combination found at Buck 
Mountain pond, Columbia, Crown Point, the “ Woodchuck ” work- 
ings on Lead hill, Penfield pond, Mason, and in the Pottersville 
properties. Deposits have also been formed by pegmatites in con- 
tact with other members of the Grenville series; upon biotite- 
hornblende schists, as in the case of the Betsy Cook and Towne 
prospects ; upon amphibolite, as in the Young Lyon pit on Lead hill; 
and upon quartzite, as is found in the pits of the Columbia Graphite 
Company and the Fryatt workings on Lead hill. 

The syenite (a granite low in quartz) has developed graphite in 
contact with limestone as in the Gulf and Mammoth cave prospects. 
And finally, the gabbro developed graphite when in juxtaposition 
with a variety of sedimentary rocks, as at Split Rock. The writer 
concludes then that most of the igneous rocks exposed in the 


40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Adirondacks, especially the latter series, which the writer regards as 
of Algoman age, were capable of producing graphite upon contact 
(metasomatic metamorphism) with nearly all kinds of meta- 
morphosed sediments. 

That graphite is not always developed at the line of contact 
between an igneous and a sedimentary rock is, of course, easily 
observed. The question as to why we find graphite at one place 
and not at another is not as yet answered to our satisfaction. Some 
discussion of this problem will be found when we come to the 
question of the origin of graphite. 


THE GRAPHITE DEPOSITS OF THE SOUTHER Ne teas 


In describing the occurrences of graphite in the northern area, 
where the contact type is best shown, geological details have pur- 
posely been avoided, but are, however, indispensable in treating 
the major deposits in ihe southern area. 

The blanket or bedded form of ore body should be regarded as a 
distinct stratum of the old sedimentary rocks known as the Gren- 
ville series. This series represents a succession of marine deposits 
consisting of limetones, sandstones, shales, conglomerates and their 
intermediaries that have subsequently been folded, faulted and acted 
upon by earth forces of such magnitude that their original characters, 
mineralogical make-up and structures have been greatly changed. 
The ancient limestones have been recrystallized to white marbles; 
the sandstones to quartzites and quartz schists, and the shales and 
conglomerates to various schists and gneisses. The rocks that com- 
posed this great series, one of the most ancient known in the 
world, occur throughout the Adirondacks, but are found more 
extensively on the flanks of the mountains, such as in the eastern 
foothills. : 

Usually the subdivision of the Grenville into distinct beds or 
strata has not been attempted in mapping a quadrangle. It is, 
however, of great practical importance to graphite interests to know 
the succession (stratigraphy) of the Grenville rocks at the various 
properties. As the beds exposed in a given locality may represent 
a portion near the top or bottom of the original series, a district 
some distance away may expose a different portion; the order of 
the beds may differ in the two cases. There may also have been 
horizontal differences due to local conditions of sedimentation or 
in the degree of subsequent alteration (metamorphism), producing 
a different kind of rock although representing the same stratum. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 41 


It is often possible when the succession of the beds is understood 
for a given area, to locate the graphite bed by reference to the 
hanging or the footwall, although the ore itself may not outcrop, as 
well as to locate important faults and folds. It was found that 
practically the same rocks, in the same order, occur on the Dixon, 
Faxon and the Lakeside properties as well as at the Hooper mine. 
How many different graphitic ore beds there are in the area investi- 
gated is not absolutely certain, but it seems highly probable that 
there are at least two distinct beds. 

Since the deposition of the Grenville series and subsequent 
alteration (metamorphism) they have been penetrated and injected 
by a series of igneous rocks that welled up from below, cutting 
them and greatly altering them. The first of these is a white, fine- 
_ grained granite strongly squeezed into a gneiss. It is rarely pure, 
for it absorbed while in the molten condition quantities of the 
overlying rock. It is almost always highly involved in and with 
the Grenville quartzites, having frequently soaked through the latter 
along the original bedding planes, giving rise to “ lit-par-lit ” 
injection gneisses. This will be referred to as the Laurentian 
granite." 

Closely related to the granite in age, is a dark igneous rock here 
called a metagabbro. The significance of this rock and its relation 
to the Laurentian granite have heretofore been imperfectly known.” 
It is difficult to describe the metagabbro so that it can be recognized 
in the field, but suffice it to say that it varies from a fine-grained, 
dense, brown-black rock, similar to diabase or trap, to a salt-and- 
pepper combination, coarse grained and frequently gneissic. That 
some of it is later than the Laurentian granite has been demon- 
strated at the Hooper Brothers’ and Flake Graphite Company’s 
properties, although Cushing thinks that the greater part of it as 
shown generally throughout the Adirondacks is older.* It was 
found to cut the Laurentian granite but is cut by the later granites. 
Furthermore, the Laurentian granite and the metagabbro have been 
folded with the Grenville series, while the later granites have not. 


1See H. P. Cushing et al., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 145, p. 46-47, 177-80, and 
Bul. 169, p. 21-26; also Am. Jour. Sci., 39: 288-94. 

2 The writer belives that this investigation has demonstrated that the Adiron- 
dack amphibolite is in part (1) sedimentary, a distinct stratum of the Grenville 
series; (2) in part igneous, this metagabbro; and (3) altered, impure limestones. 
A careful study of all three types has shown that in the majority of cases it is 
possible to distinguish them. (See summary of southern area). 

3H. P. Cushing. Personally communicated. 


42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Its typical behavior 1s sill-like (laccolith), often acting like a mem- 
ber of the Grenville strata in a given case, but frequently it cuts 
diagonally across the bedding. At the Hooper mine it cuts out the 
ore at the west end of the property after it has acted as a capping 
rock for a long distance. 7 

The rocks above mentioned were folded and faulted before the 
intrusion of the anorthosite, as well as of the syenite, quartz-syenite, 
syenite-granite and granite that are different phases of related deep- 
seated rock masses. These syenite-granite rocks and their dikes 
(pegmatites) are in the main responsible for the development of 
the contact type of graphite already treated. In the southern area 
they have another significance for the miner, and that is in the way 
they frequently cut the ore. Such considerations are important in 
estimating ore reserves. | 

These rocks are here assumed to be of Algoman age. This corre- 
lation is merely suggested in the same way that the term Laurentian 
has been used. 

Following the Algoman granitic rocks in time of intrusion is the 
long recognized Adirondack gabbro— green-black in color, often 
showing long, slender needles of feldspar (labradorite) and likewise 
referred to the Algoman. . 

The list of rock units is completed by ie trap or diabase dikes, 
coal-black bands from a few inches to many feet in width, that cut 
all the above-noted rocks. 

Thus summing up the Adirondack rocks, placing the oldest rocks 
at the bottom, the geological column would be: 


ike weenawan, impart 20. 1G. Roe ee Diabase 
( Gabbro 
| Granite 

LAN SY 272) OD NS A eae aS gins 1 Gea rial , 
: | Syenite 


| ; 
[ Anorthosite 


Metagabbro 
Granite 


Para-schists 
Para-gneisses 
(SGenvdlle Series... apenuce 12) lear eee ane Quartzites 
Para-amphibolites 
Limestones 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 43. 


The Dixon and Faxon Properties 


The property of the American Graphite Company and the adjoin- 
ing property, owned by William H. Faxon, comprise a single district 
and can for the most part be treated as a unit. 

Location. The Dixon-Faxon properties are located in the town- 
ship of Hague, Warren county, about 4% miles west of Lake George 
on the southern border of the Paradox lake, and the northern edge 
of the Bolton quadrangles: The headquarters of the Dixon Com- 
pany has become known as Graphite. The Faxon property is to 
the south and the southwest. 

At the present time the Dixon Company is the most important 
producer of flake graphite in the Adirondacks, and possibly in the 
United States. Continuous mining has been pursued for over thirty 
years and it is largely due to this company that the production of 
graphite has been maintained. 

The Faxon property has been extensively prospected by diamond 
drilling and promises to be a large producer when developed. It. 
has been stated from time to time in the last ten years that Faxon 
was just on the point of commencing operations, and there is now 
every evidence that he will soon do so. 

Geology. In order to grasp the conditions of mining, the 
character of the ore and the problems of supply, a knowledge of the 
rocks and their succession is necessary. 

The ore is a quartz schist, somewhat feldspathic, containing about 
5 to 7 per cent of graphite and small amounts of biotite and pyrite. 
It varies from a few feet to 20 feet in thickness as it pinches and 
swells, but the average would be about 15 feet. This stratum is so 
characteristic, not only here but in most of the other mines in the 
southern area, that it would be very desirable to give it a distinctive 
' name. It has been impossible up to the present time to secure an 
ideal name. The term “Graphite schist” would, perhaps, conform 
to geological tradition, taking the name from the village of Graphite. 
As some confusion may result, in that all the bedded ores are 
graphitic schists, the term “ Dixon schist,” while open to criticism’ 
is here used for convenience and should not become an established 
name in Adirondack geology. 

It is highly probable that the Dixon schist occurs as two long 
lenses, which can be regarded as separate beds. It is the general 
opinion that as one bed thickens the other diminishes in thickness. 


1As it is preoccupied, Dixon formation, Silurian of Tennesee; see Pete, 
William F., & Bassler, Ray S., U. S. Nat. Mus.§Proc. 34:407-32. 


44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


These are usually separated by the same kind of rock that forms 
the footwall, which is garnetiferous gneiss. The American Graphite 
Company in its main mine is probably following the lower_bed, 
there the thicker of the two. As the rock that forms the roof is the 
same as the footwall, it has been assumed that the rock that over- 
lies the ore is garnetiferous gneiss. The writer would emphasize 
this fact, for some confusion has resulted from incorrect statements. 

The upper bed of the Dixon schist is usually capped by a lime- 
stone, although this is occasionally absent. The limestone is some- 
times pure but more frequently siliceous. This formation the writer 
chooses to call the Faxon limestone, taking the name from Faxon 
pond. No definite statement can be made as to the thickness, as it 
has been molded and stretched like so much putty under the stresses 
to which the whole region has been subjected, but a maximum 
thickness of 20 feet can be given. | 

The Faxon limestone is capped by a quartzite,” usually vitreous, 
approaching a glassy phase in certain localities. This is referred 
to as the Swede Pond quartzite, taking its name from Swede pond. 
It is probably several hundred feet thick. This is overlain by another 
limestone bed of crumbly texture or “sandy” to which no dis- 
tinctive name has been applied. 

It is followed by a sillimanite schist which the writer calls the 
Catamount schist,’ then by a para-amphibolite designated as the 
Beech Mountain amphibolite. 

The footwall of the ore is extremely characteristic. It is a 
bluish green rock with purple garnets as large as peas. It has been 
found to be the footwall here, at the Hague mine, at the Hooper 
mine and many other localities. When examined under the micro- 
scope it is found to contain, besides quartz, feldspar and garnet, 
long slender needles of the mineral sillimanite. In the literature 
it is spoken of as a garnet-sillimanite (para-) gneiss. The term 
“Hague” gneiss seems to be highly appropriate and will be used 
here. It is some 50 or 60 feet thick on the Faxon property but 
decreases in thickness toward the east. 

Beneath is a rock that appears to be a granite but-is not a simple 


1 The Mineral Industry for 1890, p. 383. Kemp, J. F.. & Newland, D. H., 
51st Ann. Rep’t, N. Y. State Mus., 2:539, fig. 4, section. 

2 Noted by Kemp & Newland, 5ist Ann. Rep’t, N. Y. State Mus., 2:539. See 
the Mineral Industry for 1898, p. 383. 

3 See description of the Bear Mountain pond region and the property of the 
International Graphite Company. 

4 51st Ann. Rep’t, N. Y. State Mus., 2:530. Microphotograph. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 45 


pure rock but a syntectic.’ Careful studies indicate that the lower 
beds of the Hague gneiss have been “soaked” and saturated by 
igneous solutions of the Laurentian granite. In this syntectic rock 
the characteristic garnets of the former are absent but the sillimanite 
is still persistent. This syntectic rock is termed the Trumbull gneiss, 
from Trumbull mountain. The lower portions of the Trumbull are 
comparatively free from sedimentary admixture and approach the 
true Laurentian granite in character. 
The summary of the stratigraphy for this district is as follows: 


AGE ROCK NAME 
Co Sh Ee Tega Seo tha Mates 5 Poten P ie Mrtnga taan ages 
OD Me ee ae Sear ay aa eis ee ele, Loe Rely de Cnn ema 
PREMISE i Sk eee ee reas Serrated [ans semanas Son Mian, Ria’ Kags Sn ie ame: 
Para-amphibolite....... Beech Mountain 
Graphite schist... . 2. .... Bear Pond schist 
Sillimanite schist....... Catamount 
ATES MOVES a Saray Guida ikea So Sop hrs, Leta ae Ree 
“Soa (cE ie an Ohare baie 7 ran, Neo pia oa Swede Pond 
| Prina Vets 0:01 ene arene a ee Faxon 
Graphite sehist ...... 45. - Dixon 
Garnet-sillimanite para- 
SIeISse wes See le 2 Hague 
pymocetic TOCK. 32.0. 5... Trumbull 


American graphite mine. The great share of the mining is 
underground and more closely resembles coal mining than operations 
on a vein deposit. The extensive mining has resulted in very large 
chambers; the entrance drift driven into the hillside with a south- 
west direction, follows the strike of the Dixon schist for a distance 
of probably over one-half cf a mile. At the far end of the open- 
ing, near the southwestern limits of the mine, the mine tracks are 
near the surface, but the miners have worked down the dip to the 
southeast one-fourth of a mile, reaching a depth of 200 to 250 feet. 
The roof needs little support and for that purpose is left an occa- 
sional pillar of ore. The floor of the mine is exceedingly uneven as 
the dip (average about 20 to 25 degrees) is not constant but varies 
considerably, due to irregularities of the Grenville rocks. Occa- 
sionally the Hague gneiss and the hanging wall come together, 
pinching out the ore. The deepest portion of the mine, now 
abandoned and filled with water, is known as the “big sink.” The 
breast here is said to be barren of graphite and in character abrupt 
and nearly vertical. The ore here has been cut off by a fault (see 
below). The present mining is localized in the far south corner of 
the property close to the Faxon line. 


1 Suggested by Kemp, ibid. Used to indicate a rock composed of the admixture 
of two or more different rocks. 


46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


The main versus the “bastard” bed. Graphite men state 
that the schist mined in this locality occurs as two distinct beds. 
The one opened in the American mine is probably the lower one, 
which here is the thicker. The upper one is known as the “ bastard 
vein.”* Garnet-sillimanite rock (a portion of the Hague gneiss) 
separates them. It is the common belief that as the Faxon line 
is approached the main bed becomes thinner, while the “ bastard ” 
stratum increases in thickness and constitutes the ore on that 
property. Bastin suggests such a possibility and says:? “It is 
probable that the ore on the Faxon property . . . is the con- 
tinuation of one or the other of the beds worked by the American 
Graphite Company . . . though their continuity has not been 
certainly traced.” 

The writer was not afforded an opportunity to see this for him- 
self, although it is very reasonable in view of the known stratigraphy 
to assume that the beds are continuous. Which of the two beds is 
the important Faxon ore is not proved, but from the diamond drill 
records it appears likely that it is the upper bed. 

On the geologic map two beds are represented ; when one is thin 
the other is thick. 

The summer pit. To the east of the outcrop of the main bed of 
the American Graphite Company is a northeast and southwest pit 
about 600 feet in length following a bed of the graphitic schist. 
The ore here strikes N 50° E and dips 20° to the southeast, and is 
parallel to the other outcrop. The pit is “shallow and operated 
during the summer season . . . The thickness of the bed at 
the mouth of the pit is from 6 to 10 feet. . . . This pit was 
opened about 1890. The ore is similar to’’* that in the main mine. 

The relation between the two outcrops has long been in dispute. 
Kemp and Newland: suggest that the two beds of the graphitic 
schist are separated by a fault causing a repetition of the beds. 
That such actually is the case was demonstrated by the rocks freshly 
exposed along the right of way of the new state road. There is a 
sudden change from the Swede Pond quartzite to the Faxon lime- 
stone. Exposures of the former show crushing by the slipping of 
the two blocks on each other. Specimens were secured that exhibit 
brecciated fragments recemented by the infiltration of silica. This 


1 The use of the term “ vein”’ is likewise incorrect when applied to bedded 
deposits. 

Bastin, E. S., Mineral Resources, U. S. G. S. 1908, 2:725. 

’ Bastin, E. S., loc. cit. p. 724. 

4N. Y. State Mus., 51st Ann. Rep’t, 2, fig. 4, 1897, and the Mineral Industry 
for 1898, p. 383. 


if 


Trt Spee w 
re Se 4 
gigevuss ted (eas) 


ds v Gh 


vie Xt) eu ee 
49%. x YY 


ee oes See i wy F. 

\ sae ew KY bi, . ~ = eNO ie 3283204 

poe) « ASIAPEHD “eis ROD: . pe ~ ; ) a: 
“9  “aqradergy iy f 4s 


AER 


“ee 


ee 


mae? 
a8 sae 
let ek. 


T rux 


schist 


examine 


the: 


A 
t 
é« 
i 
? 
\ 


A 
TOPOGRAPHIC RECONNAISSANCE 
MAP OF THE DIXON AND 
FAXON PROPERTIES 


PARADOX LAKE 


GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSAN 
MAP OF THE DIXON AND 
FAXON PROPERTIES 


SECONDARY ROADS 


WOOD ROADS 
“APPROXIMATE OUTLINE. 
AMERICAN MINE 
MINE TRACKS: 
SCHOOL HOUSE 


SUMMER PIT 


(gee) Lor numbers 


LEGENE 
KEWEEN AWAN 


—— ers DIKE 


ALGOMAN 
FREE saesao  Laccoui Tis 


GRENVILLE SERIES 


E=Sivnipoite, ie 
A 


e 
8 POND gull nist 


CATAMOUNT {LLIN ANTE 
FEF rans estavusheo Soust  scHise 


FESS] raucts wypornertcan uiearue  RESHINE 
SJ exertion vines eel perce om yd 
= Scinbanies Livestows LIMESTONE 
ES] iter tines PE SaRSNEHEAL quater sehtar 
Bey TRON ORE oROsPeCT  FESS{DiKON SCHIST Ne ener 


[OT] ort Howes EeSSiucur creissGARNET. SILL 


MONITE GNEISS 


[OJ eunoinas CEL TERRES gpa tee 


me 6 Topographic and geologic reconnaissance map of the Dixon-Faxon graphite properties at Graphite, N. Y. 


ased on an old forest: 


ry map. Topography in part from the government maps by G. H. Chadwick. Geology 
by H. L. Alling, 1917, 


ae * 


oe Xe : : A he j i t 
SOSNEGEN Si gedas ue en aaa iS tes een 

ead ae 3 ye 1 eee hy EE. SO BE ae ES tr | ‘ 
pac Sa =, Cy Sy aes ime ee hh Pee : ¥ e 
sa ee a8 or > nee “nh en ipl 


1 se ee ha lee A 
om) J 


= SADVAS2IAM0NSA DIHAARDOSOT 
(Fee ee, AR AOKI, HT IO FAM 
aaah ree @AITASIORS VOXAa 


2YAWHO! 


AK @ * . “ wi 
; che cea Tee © | 
sasae ion MOND pcenertag Nt 
: INS ees) 


ae SW lrvO Atami KONIIA 
bo Mev 
ae 
CNDAAT 34M. 
oid Hees 


a ' ‘ eo ane & 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE, DEPOSITS 47 


fault is the main “cut-off.” Again to the east is a similar fault 
but of less magnitude. The evidence for this fault is just as 
positive. To the east of both, the main and the bastard beds out- 
crop. The thickness of the two here is apparently the reverse of 
that exhibited in the main mine. 

The summer pit was intermittently worked for a number of years 
during the summer (hence the name). It has lain idle for some 
time until recently. Considerable ore has been mined along the 
strike but not much along the dip as the miners are close to the line 
of the Wheeler lot, of which the mineral rights are owned by W. H. 
Faxon. The southern end of the Summer pit bed is probably cut 
off by a fault. This is not proved and hence it is indicated upon the 
map by a dashline. It is reported that the northern end dies or 
pinches out. The writer had no opportunity of investigating this. 


Pin 


) es 


A eee 49 aoe ss ee? es | 
MILLIMETER 
GRAPHITE HH PYRITE 


BIOTITE [_|QUARTZ [QdAPATITE 


Fig. 7 Cammera-lucida drawing of microscopic thin 
section of very high-grade Dixon ore from the main 
mine. (Specimen 850). H. L. Alling, 1918. 


To the south of the bridge over North pond outlet an exposure 
of the Trumbull gneiss was found. The particular specimen 
examined microscopically probably represents the transition from 
the Trumbull to the Hague gneiss — the footwall of the graphitic 
schist. Thus there is the possibility of a bed, probably dipping 


48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


southward, continuing onto the lot owned by the American Graphite 
Company. The Algoman gabbro which outcrops so frequently on 
the southern edge of the area mapped has intruded the sediments 
as mushroom-shaped bodies (laccoliths), doming up the Swede 
Pond quartzite. Just where the feeding channel or channels (the 
“stem of the mushroom ”’) of the mass of gabbro on the lot is of 
course not known, but it may be that they cut through the ore at 
some point underneath the surface. 

The Dixon schist. This is a sedimentary rock composed of 
interlocking quartz grains with accessory microcline and oligoclase 
feldspars (usually altered to sericite), pyrite, graphite and bleached 
brown biotite; in part completely altered to chlorite. Occasionally 
a little apatite, titanite, zircon and garnet is found. The graphite is 
almost always associated with the biotite, usually interleaved with 
it, and frequently with the pyrite as well. The graphite, biotite and 
pyrite occur in bands parallel to the schistosity. 


Chemical analysis of the American ore 


SAMPLE A SAMPLE B SAMPLE C 
Sr Jind otal sey oe nen ARR EN 3 greet 65. Io 
PSOE Cis encgen ete oe, ie OBS 
Pies Oise coe oe eee re ee 4.68 
| Ee! © Jen Clin a ianet 2 ae aig RN Re RE 3.09 
1B ed GaP RR RS Seite ek ARs Oc 5 ce 22S 
AO REM, Sine aoc Geran ee Ey. 
NaOLe he. Bass Je tee toe J24 
HELO Se ks SEDER RS Be eee ne 222 
EO) Fis RS oe) 50 
PASO! SP ets 8 Mee ck. cue ee 2ia3 
TRO ARR hoy LG, ca NS Tag .96 
OF 0 Sie.) OR Beery Voce: None 
ee gers tate to ih ane Bs aia: 
NG 5, a ae A rR oe Se 3.26 
AVEO eet st cl rac eee .03 

Br aes A or ROR aR es 5.29 Graphite..).6:25, Siaeeeee 5.36 
CNT Fe EA, a Aaya Pata Benet: 101.61 
RSS Oe iat ea ee eee we 7.63 
99.98 


Sample A is a composite sample analyzed by George Streiger in 
the laboratory of the United States Geological Survey. Collected 
by E. S. Bastin.1 Sample B is another collected by Bastin (Econ. 


1 Bastin gives this analysis in Econ. Geol., 5: p. 141. F. W. Clarke, U. S. 
G. S. Bul. 591, p. 40, gives the identical analysis for the Adirondack Graphite 
Company’s (Washington co.) ore. As it seems highly improbable that the schists 
of the two localities should be exactly alike, it seems very likely that some error 
has occurred in ascribing the analysis to both companies. It seems probable 
that this analysis was made upon the American Graphite Company’s schist. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 49 


Geol., 5:137). Sample C is a composite sample analyzed by W. H. 
Hall in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of 
Technology. 


Quantitative microscopic analyses of the Dixon ores 


No. 751 
Seek No. C 3-N | No. 850 No. 851 | No. 852 No. 853 
Cu ae Main Main Main | Summer Sum mer 
err mine mine mine pit pit 
state road | 
-| ) 
OUn 2 AY oS ee Poor Average Above Abov2 | Av>2rage Aveae 
normal normal 
Graphite......... Soi 52 9.8 BS hey ee8 6.4 
OM 6 4.6 2.4 m| a:8 4.4 y 
eS Whierite. os... ..- 2 ui 2.0 8 12 6 5 
GZ Olizoclase-andesine. 22.0 PINES 16.0 19.1 733 14.3 
Seu) silerocime....... 4 1.4 aS. <3 | 9 
Srl Orbnoclase... .. . ....s 2 5 9 ai sil eZ 
Se) Guncte.c6...... 62.6 60.8 64.4 64.5 74.5 67.0 
aS Pgritese ies. yo es. as 1.4 beg 5.9 2.4 Sie Weare 
& IBPaAuMte os 6 es ss 6 ay) AO ie? iat 1.0 
pie betikaniien......... es) ee iets oe, Ae Nd eae fd Ae eienins AE 
ta “CIT Stet SS aes aera | Aa RN, | |e RS ae oe mag | eg ae de a! 
o TSS SPORE Ss ete ee aes ee ee Us Soe eee en] |GET Og) | 1 ene Pe ee Ha 
BS ee cok. xs 2 al oan niet a aR ROM tea. Yo TN ica Rael Seca geet (58,7 Rap a Bk 
aq ee ees SS ae) ee ere | 
< PLOEAE Es oe cs 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.9 100.0 100.0 
vz, Zz POT hppa e an ee we Celi Te eC Gt 
~ |o8| Average...... .32mm | 1.10mm | 1.79mm | 1.03mm | .70mm .67 mm 
& iS) 
= & 8 Maximum....| .50mm |} 3.50mm |} 5.20mm | 2.50 mm | 1.40 mm 1.42 mm 
< Se 
a ae Minimum....| .20 mm .34 mm .30 mm .40 mm .32 mm .35 mm 
(:) 2 Ss 
He | ZZ 
eho Hie g Average...... .014 mm | .045mm | .050mm | .079mm | .056mm | .043 mm 
fo) a 5 ; 
a Z | Maximum....| .025mm | .074mm | .089mm | .147 mm | .095 mm .070 mm 
: z = Minimum....| .003 mm | .020mm | .020mm | .020mm | .020 mm .012 mm 
=a | 


The Dixon schist as shown at Graphite, both in the main mine and 
in the Summer pit, is practically free from micaceous minerals.* 

The ore has been rubbed or squeezed to some extent, resulting 
in an easily disintegrated material. This is especially true in the 
case of certain specimens of the Summer pit ore which falls to 
pieces even by crumbling with the fingers. In one of the slides of 
the ore from the main mine (no. C3-N) some of the graphite flakes 
and pyrite grains were observed to be split apart, and in case of the 
pyrite, penetrated by a secondary fibrous aggregate, probably of 
sericitic mica. While the writer does not feel justified in going on 
record that the sericite is replacing the graphite and pyrite, it cer- 
tainly appears to be the case. The pyrite has been broken up into 


1 Newland, D. H., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 161, p..32. 


50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


triangular shaped pieces by the slender, fibrous laths. The only 
similar occurrence that has been noted is the development of zeolitic 
minerals between the thin laminae of graphite flakes in certain 
contact zone rocks of the northern area. y 


Microscopic Analyses 

In addition to the chemical analyses here quoted, a number of 
microscopic analyses of the graphite ores of the different graphite 
properties are included in this report. As this type of analyses and 
the method of making it is unusual, a word concerning it is intro- 
duced at this point. 

The microscopic analyses were made by means of a petrographic 
microscope equipped with a camera lucida. By this arrangement 
the outlines of the mineral grains in a given field were traced upon 
coordinate paper and the areas occupied by the different species 
determined by either one of two methods. For the larger areas a 
polar planimeter was employed that measured the areas directly. 
For the smaller units the areas were secured by counting the in- 
dividual squares of the cross-section paper. These two methods 
were used together as the paper was ruled in the same units as those 
recorded by the planimeter. The sum of the areas occupied by the 
grains of the different numerals was assumed to be proportional to 
their volumes. By multiplying the volumes by the average specific 
gravities of the minerals the proportion by weight was secured and 
then calculated to 100 per cent. Usually three different microscopic 
fields to each slide were analyzed and their results averaged. Care 
was taken to use an optical system (objectives and oculars) so that 
the largest practical field was obtained. The results of this method 
are only approximate and should be regarded as merely indicating 
the proper order of magnitude. In case of the graphite special 
pains were taken to secure as accurate a result as possible. For 
this mineral the probable error is likely about --1 per cent while for 
the more abundant minerals an error of +2 per cent to +3 per cent 
at least can be expected. It has not been possible up to the present 
to check these results against a chemical analysis, for a given hand 
specimen of this sedimentary schist is variable and any two speci- 
mens, even if taken from the same spot, will show slight differences 
in mineralogical make-up. 

The measurements made upon the graphite flakes were secured in 
a similar manner; using the camera lucida. A scale, adapted for 
the particular optical system employed, was moved into position 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 51 


so that the images of the flake and the scale coincided. The max- 
imum and minimum diameter of each of ten normal flakes was 
measured in this way and the results averaged. The thin sections 
of the graphitic schists were cut perpendicularly to the plane of the 
schistosity and thus the graphite flakes appeared as long laths. The 
length of these is a measure of the diameter of the flakes. The 
average length is the result of ten measurements. The width of 
these laths gives the thickness of the flakes. Other measurements 
have been made upon flakes brushed off from hand specimens and 
laid flat upon a microscopic slide. The concentrates were treated 
in this same manner. All these measurements are fairly accurate. 
The mill. The ore from the mine is hauled directly into the 
mill. The concentration process is by the usual Adirondack wet 
method. The process is briefly described as “crushing, rolling,” 
stamping by a battery of California stamps, “and buddling to a 70 
per cent concentrate.” “The concentrates are said to average 
about 3 per cent by weight of the ore mined.” . . . “The 
average output of the mine is 160 to 180 tons a day.’”* 
“The milling process is kept secret.” 


The American Graphite Company concentrates 


COARSE FINE 
SRSDE FLAKE PRODUCT 
Ree MieN ee MAINS A EN oa s Jaks, sels > Na (lhduebavni S'S «esi Bake .37 mm O15 mm 
% = 
62 mm .0O2I. mm 
Diemint GIAINELCE 6. de ks 2 bos ee oe ak ee: PE com. .040 mm 
PRRMMMINAIAMENE, COIATAAC GET: 2 os. oie aa) geese 5 nso evn) e vaca oe eas .23 mm .003 mm 


The concentrates are hauled by motor trucks down the steep 
grade to Hague and there transferred to barges on Lake George 
which carry it to Ticonderoga for final treatment in the finishing 
mill there. The details of the refining process are not made public. 
It is reported that in 1908* there were four Munson under-runner 
burr mills and five Abbé pebble mills in use. Further details are 
not available. 


1 Bastin, E. S., Mineral Resources, U. S. G. S., 1913, 2: 217. 
*Kemp & Newland, 51st Ann. Rep’t, N. Y. State Mus. 2: 539. 
3 Bastin, E. S. ibid. 

4 W.R. Ingalls, The Mineral Industry for 1908, 17: 493. 


52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


The Faxon Property 

The title to the adjoining property to the south and southwest is 
held in fee by William H. Faxon of Chestertown. The jtand 
embraces about 1300 acres. In addition is included the mineral 
rights on lot 229, known as the Wheeler lot, which contains about 
100 acres. The nature of the ground and location of the different 
lots can be learned by glancing at the accompanying topographic and 
geological map, which is based upon an enlargement of an old 
forestry map. 

The early workings are located about a mile southwest of the 
mill of the American Graphite Company and consist of a short 
drift driven into the face of a cliff exposed in a natural ravine (just 
northeast of the diabase dike, which is shown on the map) N 75° E 
(magnetic) for 50 feet, then turning a right angle to N 15° W for 
45 feet more. The ore and associated rocks here strike N 50° E and 
dip 20° to the southeast.” The roof of the drift is siliceous lime- 
stone, which has been at this point overthrust from the southeast, 
the line of faulting being nearly parallel to the bedding planes. ‘This 
is of minor importance. This fault has been pointed out by Bastin, 
who says:* “There is evidence of shearing movement in the bed 
overlying the ore, lenses of quartz schist surrounded by crystalline 
limestone having been broken in several instances and the fragments 
dragged apart, though still preserving their angular outlines. There 
is also some crumpling in the more quartzose layers.” 

“Two distinct beds are found here separated by a band of garnet- 
iferous gneiss (the Hague gneiss). In drill hole 2°. . . a 
similar relation holds, the upper bed measuring about 4 feet and the 
lower 18 feet with 26 feet of the garnetiferous gneiss between them. 
The two beds appear to merge” [or the upper bed is missing] “a 
little farther northeast, for in no. 3 hole . . . a single seam 
over 20 feet thick was encountered and this continues with local 
variations as to thickness to the northeast limits of the property, 
except in the places where the series is invaded by a gabbro intru- 
sion”’* [and displaced by faulting]. 

Mr Newland directed the writer’s attention, in the field, to the 
unusual, perhaps unique behavior of the diabase dike that is indicated 
in the southwest corner of the map. Just north of the new state 


1The Faxon property has been sold to a Long Island party. It is understood 
that the property will be worked by the American Graphite Company. 

? Bastin, E. S., Mineral Resources, U. S. G. S., 1908, 2:724. 

LL Oc. Cit. p77 25; 

4Newland, D. H., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 142, p. 37-38, 1910. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 53 


road the dike is exposed with a width of 40 feet, penetrating the 
thicker member of the Dixon schist on the south side of the road; 
but instead of behaving in a normal way and reaching to the surface 
it has expended its energy in splitting this seam by forming a large 
mushroom mass (laccolith) about 270 feet in length. This unusual 
laccolithic mass is chiefly confined to the west side of the main body 
of the dike. The rock itself is normal Adirondack diabase, olivine 
free, exhibiting chilled margins and is being quarried for surfacing 
the road. 


Lee] =] QuaRTziTE [=== = GARNET RK 


roy LIMESTONE ran 
= oR 


Fig. 8 The laccolithic diabase dike on the 
Faxon property, not far from the old 
workings. The new state road has cut 
through this mass of diabase, revealing 
the fact that the dike formed a laccolith 
which splits the Dixon schist. Look- 
ing south. H. L. Alling, 1917. 


Just back of the camp and running northwest is a fault, recognized 
by Mr Newland, that offsets the ore, as can be seen from the 
- geologic map. Across Faxon pond to the south another fault is 
indicated cutting across Swede Pond mountain. As these two faults 
are drawn it would appear that they are separate affairs, but it is 
quite possible that a little more care in the field would reveal the fact 
that it is the same fault. From a study of the drill records kindly 
furnished by Mr Faxon, although difficult of interpretation due to 
insufficient data, the writer suggests the possibility of a fault of 
small displacement running from hole 4 in the Wheeler lot south- 
west through the ponds between holes 3 and 7 (of the Faxon 
group). Thisis the North Pond fault. Another, trending east and 
west from hole 7 continued to the old road, where well-defined 


54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


slickensides occur in the Algoman gabbro. Although these faults 
upstep the ore each time to the southeast, the ore apparently is 
dipping with more or less regularity and continues from lots 228 and 
230 to lot 231. 

Secondary to the interest taken in the possibilities on lots 228, 
230 and 231, the Wheeler lot has received considerable attention. 
The Summer pit bed continues onto the Wheeler lot, as is shown by 
the drill records of holes 1 and 2, where 15%4 and 5 feet of ore is 
found respectively. Hole 3 went down 232 feet without finding any 
graphite. It may be that hole 3 was beyond the eastern limit of the 
ore as the Summer pit bed thins or pinches out to the north, as 
previously suggested, or that the schist takes a pronounced roll and 
was not reached by the drillers. Holes 4 and 5 failed to strike any 
ore. Six feet north of hole 4 is a ledge of the Swede Pond quartzite, 


DIXON-FAXON PRO PERTIES 
7 / 


1600 pee es |. ! 
o <> <P a> a 5 Opa : k- © i 


ALGOMAN LAURENTIAN SYNTECTIC 


GABERG BSS _ GRANITE TRUMBULL GNEISE 


GRENVILLE 


BEAR POND SCHIST = 
_ CATAMOUNT SCHIST 
== Be a AMEE OET EE: Feed HYPOTHETICAL aie 
Easy 


See eae FAXON LIMESTONE 


DIXON SCHIST -GRAPHITIC DIXON SCHIST-GRAPHITIC [Fo-o-c HAGUE GNEISS 
quae ScHIsy2 (one). leans : 


‘SanDyY’ LIMESTONE 


SCHIST - HYPOTHETICAL P-°7° 


a5 HAGUE GNEISS 
=9=6 HYPOTHETICAL 


FEET 


Fig. 9. Geologic reconnaissance cross-section of the Dixon-Faxon prop- 
erties, showing the normal faulting and the laccoliths of the Algoman 
gabbro. Ratio of vertical to horizontal scales 1: 1. Geology by H. L. 
Alling, 1917. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 55 


while the record gave 48 feet of hardpan and gravel and a succes- 
sion of rocks which is quite different from the expected stratigraphy. 
The writer interprets this in the light that drillers encountered a 
crush zone—the North Pond fault. The tally sheet of hole 5 is 
valueless for the purpose of identifying the horizons, as it states 
284 feet and 6 inches of “ rock.” It makes a big difference whether 
it is the Swede Pond quartzite (a rock above the ore) or the Trum- 
bull gneiss (a rock beneath the ore). In the vertical section (A-B) 
it is thought that the latter condition is the more correct one in view 
of the occurrence of the Trumbull gneiss at the bridge over the 
outlet of North pond and hence no ore can be expected to the east 
of the North Pond fault in line with the section, but there is the 
possibility of some south of this, as has been suggested when 
describing the Dixon property. 

The American Graphite Company has in the Summer pit the most 
feasible approach to the ore. It would be less expedient to tap the 
ore on the Wheeler lot by a shaft because that would entail hoisting 
and pumping. 

There is no question but that the ore on the Wheeler lot is of 
high grade. Bastin* describes it as follows: “ Under the microscope 
quartz in irregular interlocking grains is seen to be the most abund- 
ant mineral. Feldspar, in part plagioclase and in part microcline, 
also occurs, but has suffered considerable alteration. Brown biotite 
in small quantities, as are also small rounded prisms of apatite. 
Graphite occurs in plates averaging about 0.45 millimeters in length 
and about 0.075 millimeters in thickness.” 

The natural surroundings are favorable for mining and milling 
operations. Access to the Faxon bed may be had on the line of 
outcrop or by vertical shafts below the surface exposures. The 
_ depth to which these would have to be sunk would not exceed more 
than 300 feet until the less available reserves were sought. 

Access to the deposit on the Wheeler lot can be had only through 
a shaft, as the outcrop is on the Dixon land. The new state road, 
now nearing completion, places this lot within easy reach. 

An abundance of water can be had from the ponds, but if exten- 
Sive excavations are made underground Faxon and North ponds 
will probably be drained. It is expected that mill water can be 
had from Swede pond by constructing a syphon over the low divide, 
piping it to the mill, where the wet process of concentration will 
probably be used. 


_ 1} Bastin, E. S., Mineral Resources, U. S. G. S., 1908, 2:724-25. 


56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


The transportation facilities of the Faxon property are excellent. 
The new state road will make the haulage problem to and from 
Riparius (Riverside) station on the Adirondack branch of the Dela- 
ware and Hudson a matter of 22 miles of easy going for a motor 
truck. 


Quantitative microscopic analyses of the Faxon ores 


No. 838 4 Y 
Outcrop, y o. 856 0. 857 
Newie main bed peri ei Main Main 
drift east of west west bed bed 
reservoir outcrop outerop 
near top 
nity ea Oe. Good Poor Good Good Average Average 


quality quality quality quality quality quality 


Eel C—O a eS ee 


a Graphite cE RRS Bc 8.5 Ar? 8.7 8.1 6.7 6.8 

Evel Blobbes ty. Faces. Ber Rom beeen a: 3H 3.0 9 2S 

meh) (Ghlotite.., of. ye 1.4 Tod. 1a) ps7 10.4 8.7 

© & | Oligoclase-ardesine.| 19.4 11.0 20.8 7.8 20.1 17.5 

a8 Orthoclase: .). ..' 2. 4.1 .6 AS ly eres eee OY Me Ri cigs axe Ses 

= Quartz ee eer WO, ae 58.5 le) 57.9 74.4 OS) 5720 

Sf EAU foe SS See eC 4.0 3.9 5.8 33.572 iW 2% 

a Apatite 2 oy eee eS eae 0 a 1.3 1.8 1.6 as) 

36 i Dyna eats OPE EN BRM’ AS oe Die URlY, gated: eit lk cas cee te, eel tle rr 4.3 

me 

é AL GALA Se etl aka. See 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 

siete, = : 4 

2 I S Average...... .44 mm .53 mm | 1.20 mm .75 mm .66 mm .69 mm 

‘S 6) 

ar Maximum.... .80 mm | 1.00 mm | 2.70 mm | 1.50 mm | 1.10 mm 1.60 mm 

Ban ag Minimum.... .20 mm .20 mm .60 mm .20 mm .25 mm .30 mm 

Q 

mM reves La 

Fale 2 

eet le 2 PNELARE® oe 2). .033 mm | .025mm j .050mm | .050mm | .051 mm .054 mm 

) ns 

a Z a Maximum....| .080 mm | .042 mm | .090 mm | .120 mm } .095 mm .095 mm 

a =| Minimum....} .020mm | .010mm | .010 mm | .020.mm | .025 mm | .023 mm 
Be 


The Faxon properties include a power site on the Schroon river, 
where it is understood that a dam is already in place which is able 
to furnish from 500 to 1000 horsépower. This available power 
would ensure great economy over a steam plant. 

Estimate of tonnage. It is a matter of some difficulty and un- 
certainty to arrive at an estimate of ore reserve. A much more 
detailed survey, including the making of an accurate topographic and 
geologic map, would be necessary before accurate determinations 
can be made. Calculations based upon the data at hand would 
indicate that there are some 5,000,000 tons of ore that are more or 
less available. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 57 


The Lakeside Mine of the American Graphite Company 


Location. This mine is located near the shore of Lake George, 
just back of the Trout House at Hague, township of Hague, Warren 
county. 

The American Graphite Company opened this mine many years 
ago. The property represents one of the first occurrences of 
graphite quartz schist in New York State and possibly in the 
country to have been exploited. 

The workings consist of two parallel drifts driven for a con- 
siderable distance due magnetic north, nearly parallel to the strike, 
which is N 20° W. How far these extend is not known, as it was 
impossible at the time of the visit to explore them for more than 
several hundred feet on account of water. The two are about 50 to 
60 feet apart and the easterly one is 15 feet higher than the other. 
They are nearly horizontal but gradually slope downward so that 
free drainage becomes impossible. How extensive the underground 
operations are is not known. The upper drift is entered also by a 
slope about 100 feet from the portal. 

Geology. The stratigraphy is strikingly like that of the Dixon 
and Faxon properties, but with minor variations. The graphite bed 
is a single stratum of the Dixon schist 12 to 15 feet thick. The 
footwall is the Hague gneiss in its typical development,* which in 
turn lies upon the Trumbull gneiss, which rests upon and holds 
inclusions of a para-amphibolite. This hornblendic rock is better 
shown at the Hooper mine, where it is named the Dresden. 

The hanging wall is different from that found at the Dixon and 
Faxon properties, as the Faxon limestone is absent. Specimens 
taken just above the two portals appear to be the Dixon schist minus 
graphite. Quartz is the dominant mineral with accessory feldspar, 
which is entirely altered to sericite and traces of pyrite, chlorite, 
apatite and titanite. A little higher up, however, this quartz schist 
becomes very feldspathic until a true feldspar-schist (“ arkosite ’’) 
is found. The feldspar is chiefly soda-microcline. An abnormal 
percentage of titanite (CaTiSiO,) suggests that some igneous in- 
fluence has been at work. Again it is possible that this feldspar 
schist is equivalent to the Faxon limestone or that the limestone 
possibly is not represented. In stratigraphic geology a change in 
character of equivalent beds is usually thought to be the result of 
different conditions obtaining at the time of deposition ; for exaniple, 


i Kemp; J. FU. §.'G, S, Bul. 2257p. 513: 


-~ 


58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


deep water versus near-shore conditions. But in dealing with 
recrystallized sediments the degree of metamorphism enters as a 
factor to render the problem more complex. The absence of the 
Faxon limestone seems to be confined to the eastern edge of the 
area. As we shall see, this bed is wanting in nearly all the mines 
in the South Bay district. Does this mean that the old shore of the 
Grenville sea was to the east, that is, as far as Faxon time is 
concerned ? 

This feldspar-schist grades into the typical Swede Pond quartzite. 
Higher beds than this formation are not shown in the vicinity of 
Hague. There is no question in the writer’s mind that the Lakeside 
mine exhibits the same graphitic bed now being worked at Graphite. 

The ore. The ore is very similar, if not identical, in character 
to the Dixon schist shown on the Dixon-Faxon properties. The 
specimens collected are exceedingly low in mica and unusually high 
in graphite which may run as high as 10 per cent.* 


1Thne, F. W., The Mineral Industry, 1908, p. 432. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 59 


Analyses of the Lakeside ores 


CHEMICAL ANALYSIS QUANTITATIVE MICROSCOPIC ANALYSES 


Lower Higher Ore 
portal portal dump 
No. 2569 No. 758 No. 761 No. 765 
ST LS ale 76.37 % Grapnlteyvuc suure cass 9.1 ONG aflosete Sane cers 
io) 
TNO ge” eae ae 6.75 & IOLIEG «Suche clers fete ‘2 fe) WR ti gen INE Bia 
yn 
fle ee ) ° Ge (RUNES Fg coctins re 47, CR Pie ceccrtentahis 
1.66 .|3§ 
FeO. et meldspar. 65.7 e00n 8.0 Re VN oe ee att, 
& 
WEG 18 it ee ae a EE 91 = wiG@hantzes.. i... . ike tt. (P&S STE Nt arkare stale 
> 
eee Pace ork 1.42 ce Perit ee 9.1 i Can RE ik jas 
Naan acter ecie se site's 1.04 & Amaibites:.lsiset are she ae 9 SW ah [aes wee eee 
Ay 
Ks0. . 132 < TRO UH.N oct met seesintry ipeneeue 100.0 TOOL OR) |ane aes 
H2,0— 38 | ——- | | 
Z 
H20+... 1.22 Z g Average...... 69 mm .89 mm 59 mm 
: 2 x x x 
ROE Tee uia les Tek. 59 ae 80 mm | 1.03 mm 84 mm 
+ A Ay 
COD a ean ro none a 3 2 Maximum....} 1.15 mm | 1.50 mm 1.09 mm 
< a 
PaO ees Se 74 = A z Minimum....| .54mm .42 mm .40 mm 
2 tg ete | eam teen RE ores BED sees ee tc 
ro v & 
INGTON AA Ae Ass Oe re < a g Average...... | 71mm Si aaah cola We okar pene pects, © 
3) 
Ne oe 54. | © | &B | Maximum....| 1.20mm | 1.90 mm | ......... 
Q ; é 
ley, foe haa = 8614 4.63 a a - Minimum....| .30mm UAQvansa:. [Se « aroter 
fe a 
fo) | | | | 
f AA 
SRE ABe eos 2. 100% OS N nS Average...... O73) mame“ O60 mom if Grates 
n n 
3) 
Z a Merxamartnae |e OOO mira feed 25) rama | ee eetere 
= é Minimum, 22.) 050) mi | s020smm jee. ee 
ae 


The chemical analysis by Chase Palmer in the laboratories of the United States Geological 
Survey, U. S. G. S. Bul. 591, p. 40. 


_ The quantitative microscopic analyses by camera-lucida-polar planimeter method. These are 
approximate values by weight. 


The exact cause of the abandonment of the Lakeside mine is 
not known to the writer, but the suggestion has been made that 
when the drifts extended below the level of the portals so that the 
water had to be pumped, the company ceased work and confined 
its attention to the deposit at Graphite. From what the writer 
observed there appears to be plenty of ore still unmined and it is 
quite possible that interest may be renewed in this locality. 

The mill, which has been partly demolished, used the dry method 
of concentration, employing Hooper air jigs. 


60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


The Bear Pond Mountain Region 
The Bly and Rock Pond Properties 


Location. This district is situated in the township of Ticon- 
deroga within the Paradox Lake quadrangle. The Bly property is 
on the northern and southwestern slopes of Bear Pond mountain. 
The Rock Pond mine is located on the shore of Rock pond to the 
southeast of the other. As the two properties are close together and 
each shares in the same geological conditions, they have been mapped 
as a single unit and will be described together. The properties can 
be reached by a road leading west from Chilson, following a fairly 
good dirt road to a farmhouse just north of the junction of Putnam 
creek and Bear pond outlet. From there a wood road leads to Bear 
pond. On the shore of the pond are the camp buildings belonging 
to Mr John D. Bly of Crown Point, who is the owner of the graphite 
property. 

The Bly pits. The road on the north side of the mountain 
follows the outcrop of the graphitic schist, which here stands on 
edge with nearly vertical dip. A number of prospect pits have 
been opened to test the extent of the graphitic strata. The most 
important is the Eutoka pit. Near the end of the north road is 
the Joan pit. Mr Bly has not traced the stratum any farther to 
the west. South of the Joan pit on the other side of the hill is the 
South Side pit. The stratum here exposed has been regarded by 
Bastin’ as another and distinct bed, but careful examination in the 
field shows that the two exposures very probably exhibit the same 
bed that has been isoclinally folded. The Bly property is still 
undeveloped. 

Rock pond. In 1go1 Gray Brothers began to develop a deposit 
at Rock pond. A well-designed ten stamp mill was erected during 
the following vear by the Ticonderoga Graphite Company, organized 
for the purpose of working it. In 1903 the Ticonderoga Company 
allowed the Columbia Graphite Company, which had abandoned its 
former location near Overshot pond, to experiment with the deposit. 
In the following year the Rock pond property was formally taken 
over and worked during 1904 and 1905 by the Columbia Graphite 
Company, backed by Pittsburgh capital. The next year the plant 
was leased to Pettinos Brothers of Bethlehem, Pa., who worked it 
for only a brief period as the ore was cut off by a fault, it is said. 


~S 


1 Bastin, E. S., Economic Geology, 1910, 5:141. 


4 


a 


==> USEO ROADS 
t=.2-* UNUSED ROADS 
— ROADS UNSURVEYSAS 
BUILDINGS 


GEOLOGIC MAP OF 
BEAR POND MTN. REGION WS =f 


SYENITE PEGMATITE 
be] Zz QUARTZ-SYENITE WHICH HAS 
be 

IN eles SRO QU es z EBs Xiu care GRENVILLE ROCKS 
rt 

S o GRAPHITIC QUART =~ rr} 5 

S . ° esl {Sorte SCHIST 4 Bea SYENUUESGRANIIE, 

5 = 
= CATAMOUNT SCHIST = 
JES Saas SCHIST _( BSS9 QUARTZ SYENITE 
a J 


PARA-AMPHIBOLIT & 


= 

z 

ry SJ LAURENTIAN’ META-GABBRO 

§ SS ion SEPARATED FROM ANPHIBOLITE 
WLA 


Fig. 10 Geologic and topographic map of the Bear Pond Mountain region. Datum plane, Bear pond, Plane 


table survey b . H. Chadwick and H. L. Alling. ick; 
iureearties y wick an ng. ‘Topography by G, H. Chadwick; geology by H. L. 


ae er ia nieainttpeetniatenibeeres ea 
} 5 Sarees ah Oe a ,. et és i SER 


= 40 FAM JIHIARDOIOT| 
O1DaA UTM AUS: AA) 


aS 
“fa i 
4 
- 
es t7 
i | 
Cc ii 
if 
; 
7 


Bf? 


» ay Seueeee 


yy) 


ita 


3 


“ 
ol 


i a 


hea 


c "9d @ 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 61 


Rock pond workings. ‘These consist of an abandoned pit about 
150 feet in diameter and 4o feet deep, filled with water, and a 
drainage tunnel. The rock is chiefly a feldspar schist (an 
“arkosite ”*) carrying graphite and heavily impregnated with pyrite 
which carries traces of galena. The oxidation of the former mineral 
to various oxides, hydroxides and the sulphate of iron has deeply 
stained the walls of the pit with reds, yellows and browns, with 
splashes of white incrustations of copperas. 

Geology and structure. The geology in essence is not very com- 
plicated but with the isoclinal folding and subsequent compression 
followed by igneous injection, the structure is very involved. 


J Mule * " i] 


] 
\ / 
a -GRANITE a3 \/GRAPHITIC SCHIST 
FAH META-GABBRO [AUT] CATAMOUNT SCHIST 


Maivs] PARA~- AMPHIBOLITE Tiint] SANDY QUARTZITE 


Fig. 11 Vertical section of the Bear Pond Mountain region, showing 
the isoclinal folding of the Bear Pond schist and associated rocks. 
H. L. Alling, 1917. 


Bear Pond mountain is probable an anticline (see section, figure I1), 
while the south side of the hill is a syncline, both strongly pitching 
westward. These folds have been truncated by erosion, so the line 


' The term arkose is the ‘‘ special name for a sandstone rich in feldspar frag- 
ments, as distinguished from the more common, richly quartzose varieties.’ 
(Kemp, J. F., “‘ Handbook of Rocks,’ IgII, p. 187). The term “ arkosite ”’ 
is proposed to signify an arkose that has been metamorphosed into a rock 
analogous to quartzite. 


62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


of outcrop of the graphitic schist (called for our purpose the Bear 
Pond schist) follows a Z-shaped pattern on the map. 

Grenville stratigraphy. The folding and compression make it 
difficult to be sure of the succession of the different beds. The 
lowest member exposed, however, is limestone, which is found in » 
- one place near the camp. It may be equivalent to the “‘sandy ” 
limestone shown on the southern edge of the Dixon and Faxon map. 
The next formation is the sillimanite schist called the Catamount 
schist from Catamount mountain near the International Graphite 
Company’s property west of Pottersville in Warren county. In the 
hand specimen the long prismatic needles of the mineral sillimanite 
are shown. 

The next rock is the Bear Pond schist — the graphitic member. 
It is uncertain how thick this formation is, but it is about 30 feet. 
Frequently this grades into a biotitic schist. Above the ore, 
stratigraphically, is the amphibolite, very possibly the Beach Moun- 
tain rock of the Faxon property. In mapping the Bear pond region 
it was often impossible in the field to distinguish this from the 
metagabbro and so the two rocks have been mapped together. With 
the microscope one can frequently distinguish them. Interbedded 
in the amphibolite are numerous lenses, lentils and drawn-out 
masses of sandy quartzite and sillimanite schist. It is doubtful if 
these can be ascribed to any definite place in the stratigraphic table. 

Several igneous rocks are shown here. The first one to be noted 
is the metagabbro. Petrographic examination reveals that it was an 
augite monzonite; now it is a hornblende-feldspar (ortho-) schist. 
It was injected into the sedimentary strata before the isoclinal fold- 
ing took place. Many small knobs puncture the Catamount schist, 
frequently exhibiting contact effects on the margins. This rock is 
much in evidence in the vicinity of Rock pond, where it has injected 
the ‘‘ arkosite ” in “ lit-par-lit ” fashion. 

After the folding and lateral compression ie area has been 
invaded by the Algoman syenite and granite. Very often this rock 
has absorbed, through assimilation, various members.-of the Gren- 
ville series, forming syntectic rocks. Numerous pegmatite bosses 
cut all rocks shown on the map. On the eastern slope of the 
mountain the Catamount schist is cut to pieces by them in such a 
manner as to indicate that the main body of the syenite granite is 
not far below the present surface. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 63 


Bear Pond Mountain column 


AGE ROCK NAME 
| (CES SES ee Oo eee ga Ae) he ae 
CMM he es eee t aire eae ee las SRE ld Bie Rie wie 
Algoman........... SY SURE PTAMIEE. 25) a Sv alee eek 


; Be RE oa Re as gle ag 3 SETA re EE 
Laurentian (?)...... RISER ec treat ee Oke ere be eda Pa Oem eK es 
| Para-amphibolite, in ‘ancl are inter- 
bedded lenses of sandy quartzite 


: and sillimanite schist...........% Beech Mountain 
Grenville........... 1 Graphite feldspar-quartz schist... .. Bear Pond schist 
Pemlinmtitce SPHISES ...4-c oa oh fs eee Catamount schist 


( Uiathipeeneere 20S oon 8'y oe oP y/ngt eeu oes aie Anat a abi lan 


Faults. There are two main faults that cut across the area, each 
resulting in a physiographic depression. As the strata are nearly 
vertical, the amount of vertical displacement is not known but the 
lateral displacement of the Bear Pond schist and associated beds is 
20 to 40 feet. The faults trend in such a direction as strongly to 
suggest that they nearly converge at the Rock Pond pit. At the 
western end of the Joan loop the graphitic bed has been greatly 
dissected and broken apart, probably by cross-faulting and perhaps 
by injections of the metagabbro. In the vicinity of Rock pond the 
faults are of frequent occurrence and very puzzling to trace in 
detail. 

The Bly property." The Bear Pond schist is a bedded deposit 
which probably has no connection with the Dixon schist. Its place 
in the general geological column is tentatively suggested as between 
the Catamount schist and the Beech Mountain amphibolite. 

The Eutoka pit. This is a narrow trench dug along the strike 
of the bed and reached by a short adit. The rock is usually soft, 
due to surface weathering. This Bly has experimented with and 
has produced some good concentrates. 


Bly concentrates 


No. 638d | No. 638b | No. 638¢ 


| EUTOKA EUTOKA EUTOKA 

| PIT PIT PIT 
Pryerage «ameter... 6 ss. ss ee ee .64 mm .46 mm .052 mm 

/ x x . 

=. F2 Tam .77 mm .067 mm 
Maximum diameter................ 1.40 mm I.30 mm .130 mm 
Risin daaineter..:. i. eee 32 mm .20 mm .020 mm 
Estimated per cent 
Ren Ne nes 2 on Porn sun oars es Nearly 100 80.0? 12.0 
ees teri on a. ska aa GPs bas <a’ 12.0 28.0 
Quartz and PME i es iaiaas taal oi AIS, dis. bye o's 8.0 60.0 


1 This property is sometimes referred to as the “ Jumbo Mine.” 
2A chemical analysis by H. F. Gardner gives 77.04 per cent of graphite carbon. 


64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


The rock has been severely squeezed to an amorphous (really 
microcrystalline) condition. The percentages of mica and clay sub- 
stances furnish a serious problem in the matter of separation. he 
pits farther west, designated as no. I, no. 2.and the Joan pits, 
show nearly the same characters, but the rock is not much weathered, 
while the South Side pit shows some variation. This difference 
leads Bastin* to think that the north and south beds were different 


Fig. 12 Plane table map of the “ Eutoka” pit on the Bly prop- 
erty. G. H. Chadwick and H. L. Alling, 1917. 


and distinct. But it must be remembered that although today they 
are near together they were separated by one-fourth of a mile at 


1 Bastin, E. S., Mineral Resources, U. S. G. S., 1908, 2:726. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 65 


least before being folded, so that lateral differences in deposition 
may well account for this. 

The Bear Pond schist. The northern arm of the Z-shaped 
outcrop of the graphitic schist is a  feldspar-quartz-biotite 
graphitic schist. The feldspar dominates over the quartz while the 
mica, usually phlogopite and biotite, altered in part to chlorite, 
exceeds the amount of the graphite present. In the table showing 
the results of quantitative microscopic analysis, the percentages by 
weight of the constituent minerals are only approximate, but it is 
believed that they are of the proper order of magnitude. The 
minerals present in very small amounts and secondary alteration 
(katamorphic) products are purposely omitted. To a very large 
extent the feldspar is plagioclase almost entirely changed to second- 
ary products, chiefly sericite. Likewise the phlogopite and biotite 
are weathered partly to chlorite and serpentine. Not all the quartz 
was an original constituent cf the arkosic sands of which the Bear 
Pond schist is the metamorphic equivalent, for there has been an 
introduction of silica. The graphite is entirely distinct from this 
and its period of development must antedate this activity. . 


SAX 
PYRITE eta QUART Z 


RQ, |APATITE 


Fig. 13. Camera-luc:da drawing of microscopic thin section 
of Bear Pond schist from the “No. 2” pit, showing the 
interleaving of the chloritic biotite and the graphite flakes 
and the introduced pyrite. X 100. H. L. Alling, 1918. 
(Specimen No. 847). 


66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


The graphite occurs as elongated, oval to irregular shaped flakes, 
nearly all of which are parallel to the schistosity of the rock, fre- 
quently interleaved and surrounded by mica and pyrite. The latter 
mineral has clearly been introduced at two different periods. hie 
flakes very often bridge across the grains of quartz or feldspar. In 
the crushing of such ores the attrition of the flake is likely to occur. 
The cross-sections of the flakes, as seen in the microscopic slides 


Quantitative microscopic analyses of the Bly ores 
Eutoka 1 2 Joan ** South 
pit pit pit pit Side '{ pit 


No. 639 | yo. 846 | No. g47 | No- 640 | No. 641 


845 848 849 
(Gr ceie ler Tengen ae.o een a 6.5 6.5 5.5 6.0 6.5 
Z 
Eye a etre, Pere GM hie sorta 10.0 10.8 1125 11.0 10.8 
S Beldapar seek ri Gemre vena: 40.0 64.2 57.0 59.5 215 
5 Guareat ety ee ae 3345 10.8 14.5 18.5 53.0 
a lip Ate Shia, Se oe AO ORE ee Boa 10.0 the th eS S20 We he 
< 
= TERE sts Po Mee a A olen en et 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 
6 oo Lie |. Se 
& 
Ey 
< Species of Andesine | Andesine Plagio- Plagio- Ortho- 
feldspar oligoclase | microcline clase | clase clase 
Z 
a Za PSGETAR Gist Uta cea See 123mm Pa). 20) mar .73 mm 85 mm 94 mm 
a ee x x x x x 
a | ge 1.44mm | 1.37 mm | 1.25mm | 1.35mm] 1.41 mm 
Ei py 
Ba : E Micasxanaaiuinvae eens et eee 1.50 mm | 1.84mm } 1.50 mm | 2.00 mm 1.80 mm 
<0) pe) 
& |. e 4 Minimum..... 90 mm 80 mm 65 mm 65 mm 75 mm 
B |p ee es | 
g | 28 
BR a = Averageses:: ane ear .029 mm | .022 mm | .028mm | .024mm .025 mm 
me | gv 
Oo | 2 Be Maxim: 2s teen .060 mm | .036mm | .066mm | .041 mm .043 mm 
Q -4 
= - z Minimumt.=..0......5.- .018 mm | .012 mm | .006mm |} .019 mm 012 mm 
=a ; 


prepared from specimens, reveal the fact that dynamic disturbances 
have frayed them into forms resembling horsetails. Analyses of 
four samples from various pits are reported by Bastin as running 
6.4, 6.6, 6.2 and 8.8 per cent of graphitic carbon. “An analysis of 
a composite sample selected in 1904 to represent as nearly as might 
be the general run of the property showed about 5 per cent of. 
graphitic carbon.”* The ore from the “South Side” pit differs 
from the others in that the quartz is more abundant than the feld- 


1 Bastin, E. S., Resources, 1908, 2:728. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 67 
spar and the latter is orthoclase rather than plagioclase. Still the 
mica exceeds the amount of graphite present. 

The graphite is not limited entirely to the Bear Pond schist, for 
frequently the Catamount schist exposed in contact with it contains 
small amounts. It is the opinion of the writer that igneous activity, 
in which the metagabbro and the Algoman granite-pegmatites have 
had a share, the latter being the more important factor, has redis- 
tributed the graphite, causing some of it to lodge in the adjacent 
rocks. This is particularly true of the South Side pit and the 
central bar of the Z-shaped outcrop. 

Bastin regards the bed on the north side of the hill as having 
a thickness of 4o feet.t The writer thinks that this is a little 
excessive, for the graphitic Catamount schist that lies next to the 
Bear Pond schist is too low in graphite to be considered as a source 
of supply. It is thought that possibly the 4o feet includes some of 
the sillimanite schist. 

Considerable space has been given to the description of the Bly 
ores, for the quantity is very great, probably equalling the tonnage 
of the Hooper property. | 

Possibilities of exploitation. There are several serious con- 
siderations to be taken into account in regard to the exploitation of 
the Bear Pond mountain property. In the first place, there is the 
high mica content, proportionately larger than that of the graphite. 
The usual methods of concentration do not make a clean separation 
of the two. “ Most of the graphite plates are bordered on both 
sides by-biotite and lie between the biotite laminae as between leaves 
of a book. Thus biotite crystals 0.15 to 0.45 millimeter thick may 
inclose graphite flakes of about one-tenth of this thickness.”? It 
would appear to be exceedingly difficult to treat commercially this 
_ type of ore successfully by buddling. It has been pointed out that 
the habit of the plates to bridge different grains interferes with the 
chance of securing large flakes in the concentrates. 

In the second place, the vertical dip would render mining opera- 
tions rather difficult. Probably the most economical method would 
be by open cuts along the strike, starting in at the Eutoka pit, reject- 
ing the soft, weathered material, with its high clay content, and 
working up the slope which would enable a gravity tramway to be 
employed. Offsets at the crossings of the fault lines should be 
looked for. 

In the third place, the transportation problems are rather serious. 
The roads from the Eutoka pit to the farmhouse at the junction of 


1 Bastin, E. S., loc. cit. p. 726. 
2 Bastin, E. S., Economic Geology, 5:142. 


68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Putnam creek and Bear pond outlet are rough and would require 
considerable impiovement before being available. The property 
is a long distance from any railroad, the nearest station being at 
Ticonderoga, 9 miles away. 

‘ For success in operation it is essential that the property should 
be worked on a large scale and the milling and refining problems be 
solved by careful experimentation. The graphite product, also, 
might well be converted into merchantable forms at the plant. 


, 
14 
1 
‘ 
ae 
' 
-! 
' 
a 
| 
sp 
7 8 
qT | 
[ae 
2 


— 
oe 
a 
a 
‘S 
1 
es 

ee 

ry 
ap 
wy 


MILLIMETER 
HH 187 PYRITE[:|MICROCLINE|7] MUSCOVITE. 
MB GALENA [3)ANDESINEFS) APATITE 


Ee 2>>PYRITEL__| QUARTZ Winky 


Fig. 14 Camera-lucida drawing of microscopic thin 
section of Rock Pond “arkosite’ from head of 
pit, showing the two generations of pyrite and in- 
troduced galena coating the pyrite. X 100. Speci- 
men 681. H.L. Alling, 1918. 


ae 

“The plans for developing the property include erection of a 
mill at the mine for rough concentrating and the erection of a finish- 
ing mill at Crown Point village. Both of these mills can be run 
by water power, and electric power can be generated for the cheap 
operating of the mine machinery.’”* 

The Rock pond property. All that remains of this enterprise 
today is a big hole in the ground from which a trickle of brick-red 


1 Bastin, E. S., Mineral Resources, U. S. G. S., 1908, 2: 728. : 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 69 


water is flowing, giving off a strong order of copperas (iron sul- 
phate), and the dismal ruin of a huge mill with several acres of 
tailings. 

The geological relations exhibited here are puzzling and among 
the most difficult the writer has ever seen. The rock mined was a 
very dense, hard, fine-grained feldspathic schist (arkosite) dipping 
at an angle of 78° with small size flake, perhaps running from 
2 to 3 per cent, and considerable amounts of pyrite and perhaps 
pyrrhotite. If the conditions shown on the map are correct, then 


Fig. 15 Camera-lucida drawing of polished specimen 
of vein pyrite from Rock Pond pit, showing the 
microscopic intergrowths of pyrite and galena, the 
latter replacing the former. X 20. Specimen 650 P. 
H. L. Alling, 1918. 


MM) : 
the miners were operating in a block of ore faulted on all sides. 


Where this rock should be placed in the geological column is a 
problem that can not be atternpted at this time. . 
The graphite must be regarded as of organic origin but its 
relation to the pyrite, for such exists, is rather obscure. Examina- 
tion shows that the pyrite is of two generations. The first intro- 
duction of the pyrite preceded the faulting, while the perfect cubes 


7O NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


of the mineral represent the later or postfaulting period. Polished 
sections of massive pyrite from a vein reveal microscopic inter- 
growths of galena and pyrite; the former probably replacing the 
latter. The percentage of the pyrite in the average rock is exceed- 
ingly high. The findings of micro-analyses are as follows: Ore 
from pit, 17 per cent; at head of pit, 7 per cent; rock from drainage 
tunnel near shore of Rock pond, 4o per cent, by weight. In addi- 
tion to the pyrite disseminated through the “ arkosite”’ there are 
true fissure veins, some of which are 4 to 5 inches wide. In fact, 
the average run of the graphite ore contains more pyrite than 
graphite, yet it was the latter mineral that alone was saved, the 
sulphide being allowed to go into the waste. If more ore should 
be found it would seem as if it would pay to save the pyrite for 
sulphuric acid manufacture. 


Quantitative microscopic analyses of the Rock Pond “ arkesite ” 


xo, 650 | No.565 | wo. ax | Nga | Novess 
Drainage side Head corner south 
tunnel : of pit 
of pit of pit of 683 
s Graphiten 515 ees. so ee 2.0 Da 1.4 All Se See 
Q BIOUIECS o.oo ores Le EE trace trace trace 124, eee oenere 
7 Chionie. ino see: soe cee 520 7.4 4.6 9:0) |< ae 
© OEEHOCIASE 0 i. eee a one 40.9 trace trace trace 2a ee 
Microcline ss 00. 22. oe. eee AT | 62.2 68.4 700%) 2 eee 
x Gunes ee se S22 cea MR Bie g ; ae ee =, ee 
De Ey [CFE TPA unas buen hy PNR Sapemes oe teva ote ¥ 10 ete OD Sie ree 
Bly rie b amy © Sit. oee eames ae 40.0 175 ne 30:4 “eee 
irs |B IVIGISCOVALEL So oie hatin cka tee cocker rs 6 aS ittle tidce slo Qe eee 
Q = DCRICULE Bs te ag ele wires We trace trace trace ae 
& Carhonatesse. sae. ee trace : little PS Saree ee 
= IA WATICS Se Gee ete ee kee 3 sil trace tracea| i ee 
oA AEA TEC) ree eee ster asters alee none none none |: “2a eee 
re) PNNAPAL Co see aah Cees oe Gs! pe age none . a3 none tl.3 eee 
Rie Silunanvite owe ott. «ee ee 2 none none NORE |... eee 
Bs Galenavhh. creme seeiat anes tie aD, little eco 
AIRORUAN Cte Be Re ee ee a 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.2018), ta. eee 
z, Z AV ETASE Gare ane see Meno ees 57 mm 31° mms |e eee 66 mm 
es = x x x 
gg 99 mm 50 mm 88 mm 
A, 
: = z Weaxinitiants 2.08 2 lest tse bene: 2. Soom || 1-02 mm, | eae 2.30 mm 
< 
si a 4 Witeaisn cing 52) Sse ee eee Bie 30 mm 20am | (eee 30 mm 
= fen ee 
i ae a ee Nea ee Fe ee Me _ 
= Z 
& J = ASVETABER ol tert pao 45 mm 66 mm .56 mm 23 stim! ||| ae 
oz =O 
o a Wich cbamyboaatey eee fe .60 mm .89 mm .91 mm ;42) mm|2 oe eee 
g Z 
es a : Minimise ee sce 30 mm 34 mm 35 mm 18: mniG| [eee 
fx ss) 
fe Za 
> e Sl Ryeraed ass 9 oe ee 077 mm 061 mm | .031 mm 042. mim") ae 
Z 2 Miacimitid can ten ee 150 mm 082 mm 061 mm O51. mina eee 
z g Minimum....... Paginas 049 mm 034mm | .023 mm 020 min ase 
Be 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 71 


Milling practice. The mill had a daily capacity of 3000 pounds 
of graphite. The ore was loaded into side-dumping cars which were 
hauled up an inclined track into the mill. There the ore was 
‘crushed, passed under a battery of ten California stamps, treated 
with water and fed to the buddles, following the usual Adirondack 
practice. The concentrates were hauled to Ticonderoga for 
shipment. 

The mill has been torn down, and all the valuable material has 
been removed. It is difficult to express an opinion about the value 
of this property, but until the faults are carefully investigated and 
understood it would not be possible to state whether or not the ore 
is entirely exhausted. 


Hooper Brothers’ Property 


Location. ‘This recently developed property is located in the 
township of Dresden, Washington county, on the west side of South 
bay of Lake Champlain about 4 miles due west of Whitehall. Active 
mining operations commenced in April 1916. The establishment 
includes a mill, office, boarding house, blacksmith shop, etc. 

Geology. In many ways the conditions that obtain here are very 
similar to those found on the Dixon and Faxon properties. It is 
quite clear that the graphite-bearing rock is the same stratum being 
worked at the town of Graphite. 

On approaching the mill, passing the extensive tailing pond, 
which has been created by damming a swamp, one finds the Potsdam 
sandstone, a rock of Upper Cambrian age,” in sharp contact upon 
the yellow quartzite of the Grenville series. The mill is situated 
directly upon this quartzite schist which splits easily into slabs. 
However, this is not a pure rock but a syntectic of two. The 
Laurentian granite has soaked it, “lit-par-lit” injected it, so it 
would not be readily recognized as the equivalent of the Swede 
Pond quartzite. It is only rarely that an exposure can be found 
that reveals the original quartzite free from granitic material. 

The syntectic Swede Pond gneiss directly overlies the ore, the 
Faxon limestone being absent. The graphite rock is the typical Dixon 
schist; a quartz-feldspar-schist with 5 to 6 per cent of graphite, 
exposed along the north road’ and is found to outcrop for a long 
distance along the strike at the base of a steep cliff (cuesta front). 

Beneath the ore is the rock that has been referred to as the Hague 
gneiss, but the garnet is not so well developed and the sillimanite 


‘Constructed in colonial days by General Burgoyne]Jas a military road. 
Possibly of “ Ozarkian”’ age. 


72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


is less abundant than is the case at Graphite and Hague. There is 
no question but that it represents the same stratigraphic unit. 
Beneath the Hague is the para-amphibolite, already mentioned, the 
dresden amphibolite. In composition, character and in habit it is 
similar to the Beech Mountain amphibolite, but this occupies a totally 
different and distinct horizon. | 

Two igneous rocks, both later than the Grenville rocks and which 
have an important bearing upon the extent of the ore, are shown. 
The first one to be noted is the black, gabbroic rock that acts as a cap 
to the long ridge running east and west. This is the so-called 
Laurentian metagabbro (formerly an augite monzonite) that occurs 
as a big sill or thin laccolith covering and replacing in part the 
syntectic Swede Pond gneiss. It formerly spread over a much more 
extensive area than is shown today, for erosion has removed large 
quantities, only small patches remaining.. Even in the vicinity of the 
mill small “skins” of the metagabbro adhere to the Swede Pond 
gneiss. It was chilled rapidly on contact with the country rock, and 
specimens studied microscopically show a very fine-grained rock 
with diabasic texture but comparatively free from ferromagnesian 
minerals. To the west this cap of the metagabbro keeps cutting out 
more and more of the Swede Pond gneiss until it actually cuts the 
ore itself. This marks the westward extent of the available ore, the 
eastern end of the outcrop being obscured by a swamp. No one 
can tell where the feeding channels of the metagabbro are, nor 
whether they will be encountered in extensive underground 
operations. 

One of the nice problems of Adirondack geology is the origin of 
the amphibolite. As has been pointed out before (in the intro- 
duction to the graphite deposits of the southern area) an “ amphi- 
bolite’ may be of one of three origins. The metagabbro of the 
Hooper property is- truly igneous. The criteria used in dis- 
tinguishing it from the other types are given in the summary. It 
remains to discuss its age relations. It lies on top of and has “ lit- 
par-lit ” injected the syntectic Swede Pond gneiss. This gneiss was 
previously saturated and injected by the Laurentian granite. Thus 
one is forced to conclude, contrary to Cushing’s experience? that it is 
later in age than the Laurentian granite. Furthermore, it was found 
to have been folded with Grenville rocks before the intrusion of the 
later granite which is referred to the Algoman. It would be 
stretching the matter beyond the known data to conclude that all 


1 Personally communicated. 


IHT 3O JAM 3ID0JO3 


ex Sa mn 
———— 


* 
% 


6 


KOK 


Sere ratete « 


i? as #08 


OK 


+4 


77? 


. 
= 


+ 


Oe 


e¢e03 @¢ 


— q ‘ OOo . + eee 
: oo.o 


La 


eee se 


PRO OOOO 
©. ¢& 64 4.6 +.4.6 * 
4 x 

A? ate . orate ete! POX OK 


OO a 


+ 


>. ¢ 4 .¢ 


e027 % 
ee vee 


6.4.4 4 6 


. o 


oe © * 2 


A, 


4 
eS 
e 


oe @ & 
Tora st 
KW 


~ 


+ . 


_* 


4 


+2 ¢ 
Sh 


+ 


> 


> 


A Pad 


in 


a 
: 
{ 

q 

| 
4 


D 100 200 300 400 500 


Se Sa 


2 


x] 
© 4 


<=RDADOS. The North Road is the Old Burgeyne Military Read, Abandoned 


7" MINE CAR TRACKS 
CONTOUR INTERVAL 10 FEET, DATUM TAILING POND. 


GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE HOOPER PROPERTY. 


© 100 200 300 400 500 600 "~o B00 


Feet 


“on 
nes 
So 
ie 
see 


S 
LCRRS 
es 
o% 


oe 
ERS 
RLS 
stones 
ee, 
iS 


RAR 
KLKS 


[ea] QuartziTe » Pree of Laurentian Granite 
ALGOMAN GRANITE, Pink Hornbdlend 
accoman {HEH Microcline-perthite Granite Cs 


= SWEDE POND GNEISS 
ES quartets, Seaneaey imarentancrantts, | 1 peyri fy METAR Gropno,, Mate huge 
‘ ‘ odes 


DIXON’ sate AE raschtst 
Yr ti hic Quartz Schis' 
Graphitic Feldspathic Q) (s ics META™ GaABDRO as patches 


pa] HAGUE GNEISS 
@lGarnet Sittimanite Gnelss and 
ES)rara- amprsnourte DQ x Ne 


Fig. 16 Topographic and geolosic map of the Hooper property, four miles west of Whitehall, N. Y. The con- 
um: Surface of tailing pond. Map based upon plane table survey by G. H. Chad- 


tour interval 10 feet. D; 
wick and H. L. Alling. Topography by G. H. Chadwick; geology by H. L. Alling, 1917. 


meer a - 0A as a iy ro 


Sneed Sih eat @ fe A 
cele” os ok ae Re 


SNGOOH AHL do dVN SID0 OEY |IH 


fe aie . . % Neste GHOREE Wriwo "““S%ed) WweNases Ee 7 Fe 
| — ; dacabredA been CREM 9HYSR WH BIO one) Boo Arigit oAT -COKU Ro 


ume age. 


some are certainly older than the Laurentian 


. 
c 


c 


GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 


. 


~ 


THE ADIRONDAC 
That mav be the case with the metagabbro on Bear Pond 


igneous amphibolites (orthoamphibolites) are of the s 


Cushing believes that 


granite. 
mountain. 


‘ZI6I ‘SUNTVY "TT “H ‘Léi] Sayeos [e}Uu0z:10Y4 0} [edT}ADA FO OT}eY ‘JSvayNOS-YyNOS dy} 0} I10 
24} FO Jno suiyouid oy} pue syOOI dy} JO Surpjoy [eurpsost oy} sMoYys C-d UOT}IIG ‘YyIdep Ul 
910 94} JO Sunn opueis uewos[y oy} pue ded ke sv [Is O1qqesejauU oy} SMOYS G-Y UOT}IIS 
‘puod surrey jo d9vjins winjep uonedsyy ‘Ajtodoid sadoofy sy} Sso1de SUOT}DIS-SssOIQ /][ ‘“SIY 


79 
= OOS 
wae $2505 


aLMoGdIWdWy -Wuald 


~ 


S\ os. (881aN9 3NDVH) = SSIaND 


“. JLINVWITHS LINYVD 
) LSIHIS IILIHdWHd 


“ @.,INVHD NVILNSYHNY7 


OxHaOVD VLIW 


SLINVHD NVYWODTV 


SNOILOGAS 
SSOUYO 


ALYsdadOY¥d YAdOOH 


ZIV ON 


single 


A 


ranite. 
Consequently the re- 


goman g 


ck Al 


k is the pinl 


The other igneous roc 
knob is exposed on the south road. This has injected the syntectic 


Swede Pond gneiss in “ lit-par-lit ” fashion. 
sulting rock is a double injected syntectic— the Grenville quartzite 


74 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


saturated and injected by the Laurentian white granite and then 
subsequently injected by the Algoman granite. The presence of this 
later rock here indicates to the practical miner that it very likely cuts 
off the ore in depth as is shown by the vertical section. See figure 
ihe 

Structure. The beds, including the graphitic layer, are dipping at 
an angle of 25° to the southeast. Considerable variation from this 
figure is to be expected as the dip is rarely constant for any great 
distance. This is well shown in the main pit. Near the eastern end 
a dip of 26° S 35° E was measured, while directly north of the 
office on the north road 32° S 18° E was noted. The twice injected 
gneiss on the south road was found to have the following dip: 10° S 
20° E. Other observations show that the beds are probably flat- 
tening as they continue to the southeast. 

Along the south road beyond the limits of the map, the quartzite, 
very free from the Laurentian granite, essentially the typical Swede 
Pond quartzite, was found succeeded by the Hague gneiss and the 
Dresden amphibolite in the reverse order, due to isoclinal folding; 
the rocks have been folded back upon themselves. The rocks all 
show crinkling and stretching. A careful search for the ore that 
normally lies between the Swede Pond and the Hague gneiss, re- 
vealed only a narrow black band with the graphite flakes stretched, 
rubbed and polished. The unresistant Dixon schist on close folding 
is stretched and pulled out into a narrow band which often breaks 
under such excessive strains. 

In spite of this pinching of the ore and the cutting out by the 
Algoman granite, there is an immense amount of ore, perhaps a 
million and a half tons, within the property. 

The ore. The graphite schist is the familiar Dixon schist very 
similar to the rock being mined at Graphite by the American 
Graphite Company: Perhaps the schist here has not been so 
squeezed and is harder and firmer than some of the best ore, say, 
from the Summer pit. 

It is a quartz-feldspar combination with dominant eee 65 to 80 
per cent, feldspar 15 to 30 per cent, and accessory graphite, biotite, 
chlorite and pyrite. The micro-analyses, tabulated below, although 
only approximate, show the relations fairly well: The ore from the 
main pit, which is located near the eastern limit of the outcrop, does 
not exhibit the best ore on the property, as is revealed by the series 
of test pits farther westward. The rock now mined carries a small 
flake which is highly involved with chloritic material. The latter is 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 75 
probably derived frcm the alteration of micaceous minerals. Pit no. 
2 shows a rock with larger flake and an almost total absence of bi- 


otite and chlorite. 


Quantitative microscopic analyses of the Hooper ores 


| 
No. 758a No. 721 No. 722 No. 772 No. C4-N 


Pit 1 Pit 2 Pit 3 Pit 4 


th 
Loa 2 RE Ee 4.9 5.7 5.0 8.7 
RN EIORMUE deca e 4.7 ty | 4.9 1.8 1.4 
SORT oF. sonics ewe fas 6.6 1? sl aaa 4.8 4.5 
OS ee 13.6 28.1 2.3 23.9 8.0 
Sm Quartz + eS EE eee ee 64.6 60.1 82.2 58.8 75.0 
Oy 2 2o2 4.9 3.7 .3 
Ms SRE SONGS ae ees Be ees 9 BW irene stasenar she eetiovel vats 1.6 
25 hE eee 7 iS eee eral at eo mor a Me aye. eae 
ag fl ke ee eee 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 
SUM AEVETAP ER ei... . Say. 5I mm 68 mm .78 mm Sita aes eee 3 
=S X x x Kee Ut Were | ee oeterits cect 
xO 71mm |] 1.18 mm } 1.19 mm Oder ty ones 
Q 
& 
a1 8 # | Maximum............ 1.36mm | 1.35mm | 2.05 mm | 1.43mm]......... 
M <2 ies 
Stee ao) Manimum. ..........- 20mm. |). 40imm. |.) 40mm] 35 mit | ees sla. 
& <q 
(2 TS = es ee ee Ce reer e Se! Cees = 
e Z 
a Pe = PUGET AP CE Bd ol Sgitiso) oh. 7e- .44 mm .78 mm 68mm | .74mm .90 mm 
<s nYv 
Seem | Massimum............ .85mm | 1.10mm | 1.20mm | 1.10mm | 2.50mm 
Z 
= is : Mita uiritys 6 ose eo .20 mm .35 mm .30 mm .30 mm .20 mm 
= 
Be ee ee a a eile PT Paes ny ee RS Vor aE) 
fe) ZZ 
g a 2 BGCTAR uk nk .036 mm | .037 mm | .038 mm | .046 mm .053 mm 
D sO 
Gin. j) aximm..-. 2)... 2. .050 mm | .080 mm | .059 mm | .060 mm .150 mm 
Ss) 
= : 1a Fishes oe 00 Wee tea .021 mm | .020 mm | .015 mm } .030 mm .020 mm 
a = 
Microscopic measurements on Hooper concentrates 
GRADE ee 81 ie cota 8 
PaCS PMMME ORO) Cake Neca = 3 ie rops eno hod Ye on fn. fetes os .33 x .65 mm ix) 235m 
js SSS Sea eos Me oh oy es ee 1.05 mm .29 mm 
UE VastETMUAEIS CIALIIC LEE ete le 2 nN oan RS CREA Sects ed cts ok .21 mm .08 mm 


1Chemical analyses by H. F. Gardner give 89.00 and 86.32 per cent graphitic carbon for these 
two grades respectively. 


The last pit exposes the poorest grade found. It is possible that 
the samples secured do not represent the average run, as they may 
have been taken from near the top of the stratum. The texture 
indicates, however, that the metagabbro, which is not far away. 
has affected it. 


76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Inclusions in the ore. In the main pit two or three lens-shaped 
masses of a tough green rock lie in and split the ore. These are 
known to the miners as “nuts,” a very good descriptive term because 
of their resemblance to almonds in shape. These rock masses are 
often 10 feet long and 4 or 5 feet thick. Microscopic study of 
specimens taken from one of them shows that they are probably due 
to contact effects of an igneous rock upon the ore. It is very likely 
that they will be encountered as further development is undertaken. 

Mining operations. Today the mining is confined to an open cut 
near the eastern limit of the outcrop. The ore is loosened by 
blasting, the large blocks being broken up by sledge hammers and 
loaded into self-dumping cars. These are run upon a turn-table and 
placed upon the main inclined mill track. The cars are then hauled 
directly into the mill by a cable system. Near the western end of 
the main pit a curving drift is being driven which will eventually 
follow the strike to the west. 

Milling practice. The ore is passed through crushers, hence to 
two banks of California stamps. From there the pulverized rock is 
fed to a series of conventional buddles. The concentrates from 
these are then treated upon Wilfley jig tables; the final grading is 
accomplished upon revolving silk reels, using no. 8 silk. The con- 
centrates are then dried and ready for shipment. The size of the 
concentrates, samples of which were furnished by Hooper Brothers, 
was measured and is tabulated above. Constant improvements and 
modifications in the mill and its equipment are under way and like- 
wise plans are being made to increase the tonnage capacity of the 
mine and mill. | 

Economic summary. It is very apparent that the prospects of 
this property are unusually bright. There is every indication that a 
large supply of flake graphite may be expected from this mine. 


The Champlain Graphite Company 


Location. This property is situated in the township of Dresden, 
Washington county, on the shore of South bay across Lake Cham- 
plain from Whitehall. The property was first opened in 1904. 
The company was organized-in 1907, but the mine was operated only 
a short time and is today abandoned. 

Mine. The mine consists of an open pit in the face of the abrupt 
cliff. It is about too feet long and 25 feet wide and deep, partly 
filled with water. This cut exposes a crush zone in the graphite 
schist which is partly in fault contact with the metagabbro, evidently 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 77 


a portion of the same mass exposed on the Hooper property. This 
is today a hornblende diorite. 

The ore. The ore is a quartz-feldspar schist, very likely the 
Dixon schist, but a little lower in quartz than is the usual run. The 
feldspar is almost entirely weathered to secondary sericite but 
enough remains to demonstrate that it is largely andesine. The 
graphite flake is rather small and much involved with considerable 
chlorite and a little pyrite and biotite, reminding us of the Bly 
ores. The graphite flake varies “from .015 millimeter to .025 
millimeter in thickness and up to 1.3 millimeters in length; the 
average length does not exceed 0.75 millimeter.’”* There is a lack 
of parallelism of the flaky minerals, due to the shearing movements 
associated with the faulting. The graphite is said to constitute 
from 4 to 7 per cent of the rock. 


Quantitative microscopic analysis of the Champlain ore 


No. 720 
South side of pit 


rs EEV LT ch e Sp 2 Average diameter............ .60 mm 
& Chie. 2 el Se 9.2 ]& x 

Q 2 Sa 3.7\% : ; 1.00 mm 
LO SS ee eee 38.2 | & Maximum diameter.......... 1.39 mm 
S 5 hehe cts Re ee 38.0 es Minimum diameter.......... .28 mm 
og TASES. Jett See 4.3 QS 
2 ysd TS Sa een re 123 a uw Average length... oi Sos sccce ee .76 mm 
2 To SS ee ees 100.0 | & 4} Maximum length............ 1.42 mm 
$ m - Bl) Minimum lengthy. 222.2225. .: .34 mm 
a Q Average thickness...... eee i .043 mm 
x aximum thickness.../..... .075 mm 
e Minimum thickness.......... .025 mm 


The pyrite is of two generations, the early introduced type has 
irregular outlines becoming distinctly fuzzy at times. The later 
form is in perfectly bounded cubes. Both the graphite schist and 
the metagabbro are seamed with veins often 2 inches wide, consisting 
of coarsely crystalline calcite, feldspar, quartz and some garnet. 
The general strike of the beds is N 10° E. 

The mill. A well-constructed mill which was built in 1905 stands 
close to the water’s edge, 300 feet from the quarry with which it is 
connected by a short tramway. ‘“ The equipment includes a jaw 
crusher, 12-inch rolls, broken-screw agitators, three buddles, drying 
floor, bolting machines, tube mill, etc.’ 

Economic future. The predicament in which the Champlain 
Graphite Company found itself is a striking example of the dis- 
astrous results that follow the attempt to open a mine before con- 


1 Bastin, E. S., Mineral Resources, U. S. G. S., 1909, 2:823. 
2 Bastin, E. S., loc. cit. p. 823. 


78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


ditions are known. The geological situation is decidedly unfavor- 
able for such an enterprise on account of the crushing of the rocks 
along the fault line; and the liability that the metagabbro cuts off 
the ore is always present. Mr Newland, who visited the property 
when operations were in progress, states that above the mine a con- 
siderable distance up the slope another exposure of the graphite 
schist occurs which is very likely an extension of the same bed, and 
which offers more promising conditions for a successful mine. Is 
the rock in the pit a downfaulted block? Thus there may be more 
ore in sight but it is very clear that the present mine is a failure. 

The following two mining properties were not visited by the 
writer. The descriptions are based upon the published accounts, 
especially Bastin’s. 

The Adirondack (Graphite) nia and Milling Company 

Location. “The mill and the mine of the Adirondack 
Company are about a mile northeast of the Champlain Graphite 
Company’s plant, near the wagon road which skirts the South Bay 
shore.” The property was opened in 1904 but has remained idle 
since 1907. “‘ The hillside quarry is about 100 by 100 feet and 30 
feet in maximum depth, and all of the rock exposed is more or less 
graphitic.” The ore is the characteristic quartz-feldspar schist, 
readily cleavable, “ which is more uniform in character than that at 
the Champlain mine,” probably due to the absence of faulting. 
“The strike is quite regular and averages N 80° W. The dip is 
about 30° south. A thickness of 25: feet. . | )eissexpoceum. 
“The graphite forms very fine, thin scales coating the cleavage 
planes. It is accompanied by brown mica, garnet, quartz and 
pyrite,’ * 

“A thin section of the typical ore when examined under the 
microscope shows quartz as the most abundant mineral with sharply 
bounded . . . -[Sericite] aggregates; which . - — | fepmeseat 
altered feldspar grains and abundant brown biotite. Associated 
with the last and for the most part interleaved with it occurs the 
graphite, which according to an analysis made in the laboratory of 
the United States Geological Survey, constitutes 5.29 per cent of 
the rock. The sample analyzed was a composite one collected by the 
writer [Bastin] from various parts of the quarry and probably 
approaches closely the average run of the mine. Some chlorite and 
zoisite occur, and certain bands parallel to the schistosity are very 


1 Bastin, E. S., Mineral Resources, U. S. G. S., 1909, 2:.823. 
2 Bastin, E. S., ibid. 
3 Newland, D. H., N. Y. State Mus. Bul.*%102, p. 76. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 79 


rich in pyrite. The rock owes its foliated structure to subparallel 
arrangement of the graphite and the biotite flakes. The graphite 
flakes in the thin section studied vary from 0.02 millimeter to 0.015 
millimeter wide and range up to 0.9 millimeter in length. The 
average length is not over 0.5 millimeter. 

“The mill of this company was situated at the quarry, but at the 
time of the writer’s [Bastin] visit had not been: running for many 
years. The equipment includes a jaw crusher, crushing rolls, a 
stamp mill with two batteries of five stamps each, an inclined screw 
washer, Wilfley table, two buddles, and a flotation separator of 
special design.’ 


Chemical analysis of the Adirondack Company’s ore 


Cs ene me re ie 8 ) okee, gee, Ge em lante inte 65.10 
I ste RPE. ards Days afete Mood ait wavacg ae heh yee 9.15 
Nr te ae ech hs ve. sda au 3 ig ces ib Be sucky Soe gaia 4.68 
Meee oa Meth be es. eh EI Ra eo Dae OP ee 3.09 
a Ee Ny wea, 5 esis: kos bow need Rael Banta sl afr ot Meevanele = 2.21 
a a cain) ei kote’ van tenes a epee Gin Ra BS oe Ie nk 
et AS), Gta) a a oaks am can Male ae .24 
oo SS ee ee ae eee tee Serre fee 2,32 

Te Fon cob coh Sante EA CIA IRIE Bn ates cies iano Soe nc nme citce eLmrG serena tinge -50 
ae MR SS Se Pd ae Me te he ew es We Ses 232 
nine ee ee a aap! o's Shue mw abs bess gh eee .96 
a ee ede oe Sanne SSA GS Oe ems? be ets None 
beens ce ee Sy oe a ee eae ere ee ai feal 
ST a Be oka rae ed, aunre, baw eoat ia oduwiwlin, a's sotllene.tt 2,26 
a a eee eo diy Salk ok cre Stee Veta nie yeni aoelets oe .03 
Se ee i ee eR aR 8 PP A 
c.. Lee TIE: PR REMI EW S SOO woh etn etre sae on a A 5.29 
Se en nr tO ee he hd A cMtcd ih, Wai wh wach eie kee ad oheus 101.61 
LESS Tin SR CIR RE AG Gren ee E203 
nen UEP ie rae ee ik eee tea NE eas. Gin cy ge ah gonldne eet 99.98 


Analysis by George Steiger, U. S. G. S., Bul. 591, p. 40.’ 


The Silver Leaf Graphite Company 


“A prospect opened by the Silver Leaf Graphite Company ” 
1904 “is situated in the woods about a mile west of the Champlain 
Company’s mine. It consists of one pit 15 feet wide and 40 feet 
long and 5 to 6 feet deep. The ore is similar to that at the Cham- 
plain mine. The graphite schist strikes 40° west and dips 25° 


1 Bastin, E. S., Mineral Resources, U.S. G. S., 1909, 2: 823. 

2F. W. Clarke gives this analysis in U. S. G. S. Bul. 591, p. 40. Bastin, 
Econ. Geol., 5:141, gives the identical analysis for the American Graphite , 
Company’s ore. As it seems highly improbable that the schists of the two 
localities should be exactly alike, it seems’very likely that some error has occurred 
in ascribing the analysis to both companies. As Bastin uses the value 5.29 
per cent in accounts of both of these properties he is possibly unaware of the 
matter. 


80 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


east.”" Bastin reports that quartzite layers are present at this 

locality ; it is quite possible that the Swede Pond quartzite is exposed 

above the ore. ; 
“The company has no mill.” The property is today abandoned. 


The International Graphite Company 


Location. This abandoned property is situated in the township 
of Chester, in Warren county, 3% miles west-northwest of Potters- 
ville on the southern edge of the Schroon Lake sheet, just to the 
east of the junction of Trout and Alder brooks. It lies in a 
depression which represents a limestone valley. 

The mine was opened prior to 1900. In Igor the plant was 
enlarged, although at that time the continuous presence of pay ore 
had not been demonstrated.” | | 

Workings. The workings consist of an inclined shaft sunk to 
150 feet from which a drift has been driven; a vertical shaft, depth 
unknown; and two small prospect pits. 

Beclogy. W. J. Miller® has mapped the area on the quadrangle 
immediately to the south of the mine as Grenville limestone and 
interbedded gneisses. The limestone is well shown at Natural 
Bridge.* This area can be traced into the Schroon Lake sheet to 
include the International Company’s property. The knowledge of 
the stratigraphy is not so complete as would be desirable, but the 
essential features apparently are as follows: 


The ore bed is a quartz-feldspar schist 18 to 25 feet thick dipping 
25° N 50° W (magnetic). This grades into the overlying layers 
which contain more and more mica until a mica schist is the 
dominant type. Above is an amphibolite, which very likely repre- 
sents an altered impure limestone formation, as will be pointed out 
later. Succeeding the amphibolite is a thick bed of limestone, with 
interbedded layers of granular, siliceous rock. This is overlain 
by another amphibolite. This group of rocks, above the ore, taken 
en masse, very probably is equivalent to the Faxon limestone that 
we have noted before. But on the International property this is 
a thick formation, the upper beds possibly representing a replace- 
ment of part of the Swede Pond quartzite by limestone. Succeed- 
ing this group is a quartz gneiss often with garnets and shreds of 
mica. It is seamed and cut by igneous injections to the extent that 


1 Bastin, E. S. Mineral Resources, U. S. G. S. 1909, 2:823. 
2’'The Mineral Industry for 1901, p. 369. 

3 Miller, W. J.. New York State Mus. Bul. 170. 

4Loc. cit., plate 1, facing p. 10. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 81 


it rarely presents a pure type of rock. The writer’s interpretation 
is that it is in part sedimentary and in part igneous; the Laurentian 
granite has injected it, soaked it, and has assimilated sufficient 
quantities to form a syntectic rock. It is suggested that this 
represents the Swede Pond horizon. The presence of the Lau- 
rentian, the Algoman granite, or the siliceous and argillaceous 
character of the Faxon limestone may be factors in the production 
of the contact type of amphibolite which forms the base and top 
of the Faxon formation. In the field north of the mine the syntectic 
Swede Pond gneiss is cut by a diabase dike, 2% feet wide running 
N 60° E. 

If the above relations hold, the following is especially important, 
not only scientifically but as bearing on the problem of the graphite 
resources of the State. Resting upon this syntectic rock, and forming 
the slopes of Catamount mountain is a sillimanite schist, which 
furnishes the type example of the Catamount schist (see the Bear 
Pond mountain region). It is believed that the full thickness of 
the Catamount is shown here. Certain phases are somewhat 
graphitic and the inference is strong that we are not far from the 
horizon of the Bear Pond schist, the ore-bed of the Bly property. 
That such is the case, however, is by no means demonstrated, but 
the suggestion is worth considering. If such is the case, then, there 
are two distinct graphitic beds. From what has been learned it is 
safe to say that the lower (stratigraphically), or Dixon schist, is the 
better of the two. Provided that the stratigraphy as here developed 
is actually the true state of affairs, then prospecting for more 
graphite takes on a new significance. 

The ore. A specimen taken from the ore bin, representing the 
typical rock mined, was found under the microscope to be a quartz- 
- feldspar schist, abnormally high in graphite and pyrite, the latter 
running 25 per cent by weight of the rock. Biotite and phlogopite, 
which are present in greater amounts than is usually the case, are 
interleaved with the graphite like leaves in a book. In addition to 
these differences from the normal Dixon schist the presence of 
diopside (a member of the pyroxene family) and tourmaline must 
be noted. Material from the rock dump reveals many evidences 
that igneous action of the pegmatitic variety has taken place in this 
vicinity. Contact rocks of all sorts are plentiful, although actual 
access to them im situ is impossible. The peculiar nature of the ore 
strongly suggests that redistribution and concentration of the 
graphite flake has taken place, resulting in a rich zone within the 


82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


schist. As we shall see later, the Rowland and the Sacandaga ores 
are very similar. The flake is comparatively large and interleaved 
with the pyrite and mica. 

The percentage of biotite is sufficiently high to give serious diet 
culty to the miller, which was the case, the writer was informed. 
Certain specimens taken from the dump show a decided approach 
toward hydrothermal action, almost veiny in habit. 


Quantitative microscopic analyses of the International ores 


No. 741 No. 7 ae a 
o. 74 0. 742 econd 
: No. 745 
Ore bin Ore dump prospect 
typical very rich hole east Concentrate 
of shaft 
i Grapbite wie issc hes Skrsistem ae tn TART Arse cece 7 Ni hae 2 Pe ii 
Sr IOGILE ora aie Oot tee a. ce Neg ee Eanes Si aiaall sem iaece aes trace. |" 5: see 
Ss a Chlomie te sn no cease oe 2 ale traces ite eee trace’ "|e Aen ees 
= = Andesine-labradorite............ 2O AON: Mies OE 50:0) (ct ae 
a WGATLZ etn Ca, Sea atin TS sales SOLO? ete ae 20 ee ee 
a EIGER VAN me ieee Yee Dioula, ZF TU acta pea ac 2. Dil a pee eae 
35 JANG B25 SS efe8 AS ar DE ae ea 1 ae ee 2 lt: ek ee eee 
Ss WIOPSIde ys SiS eee kas ae eal Sir Aly oe cee 2203), ae 
56 ROUEIMAING He phon ote See PRMD |r ah RAGA iy. mone’ (| se ees 
es = loOrnblendey eee i is Sines none: i. Aen. ee 19° 0 eee 
Bs CON PRs RANT: Ee hae ge AE tute Po ee LOOKOR| eae ee oi 100.0 | (2323. See 
Z 
ZA Bl BAVETABCL EE SH Sate sonr a ohr aee 1.04 mm 168 anim |) Sea eee 53 mm 
| x x x 
Ale 1.61 mm 2)50\nama | eee 77 mm 
g H ey 
S = s Maxingam: 8s si velen lo 2.40 mm 5. 20'mim.. |) 55 eee 1.50 mm 
a 
zB | 8 4 Wi Gcecbeanebaohs oe 5-§ Velde ad .50 mm 85m) eee .30 mm 
a z ¢ TANS angs 24 SER hee eee aaah le AOS errata ys Sen 43; mma eee te 
es a é 2 IM eh-coaahbhanlaeers.qea.s aie aie E ‘lee 7A Os onboale) ier tei Greys is 90 ‘mim: eee 
q |O2O 
= é Se Ninian. ee et es sAOwaarto pa esa se 20°mm! | 2 eee 
ered ne a VS a 
o) Ete PPO eg Lae a eae 
S ne AVETACCH SS ee ton POAT SO42 ame Ns ete sae -033 nine eee 
Bi Bo Se. 
STH | Wile S.cbsorb Gree, Gee aa Aa de Spier AOS Opa A Ses ee aera .055 mim eee eee 
5) 
= é Minimum..... Esse ee Uae HOPS 00608 || Mics pin ecoay orc 018 mm eee: eee 
Ce 


The igneous activity has brought about a rich ore, specimens of 
which can be found that are far richer than the usual Dixon or 
Bear Pond schists, but the improvement in the amount of graphite 
is obtained at the expense of uniformity. This element in graphite 
milling is an important factor and is frequently overlooked. It is 
not difficult for the writer to appreciate this cause in the failure of 
the company. 

Faults. In the bed of Alder brook, at the bridge just before 
reaching the mill, the pink Algoman granite is splendidly shown in 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 83 


its typical development. Consulting the geological map of the North 
Creek quadrangle we find that Miller has indicated a fault extend- 
ing from a point a mile northeast of Holcombville northeast to the 
edge of the sheet. He says:? it extends “ along the western base of 
the Henderson mountain mass. Its position is plainly marked by 
the topography, and though the scarp is not as steep as usual, it is 
nevertheless very prominent and straight and cuts across the folia- 


tion of the rocks at a high angle. . . . As judged by the height 
of the scarp at the south end and also at the base of Henderson 
mountain, the displacement is fully 700 feet. . . . No tilting 


of this fault block is noticeable. This fault certainly continues for 
some 3 miles northward into the Schroon Lake quadrangle along 
the western bases of Green and Pine Hills.” The writer’s observa- 
tions are in perfect accord with this interpretation. This fault, 
which brings in the granite, delimits the graphite ore on the west. 
Several prospect pits to the east of the mine show graphite, but the 
rock actually exposed is the micaceous schist — the upper transition 
beds of the ore. How far the graphitic schist can be traced east- 
ward along the strike is not known, but it is quite reasonable to 
expect that it can be done for some distance. 

Mining and milling methods. The main inclined shaft is com- 
pletely housed and leads directly from the floor of the hoisting shed 
downward for 150 feet with a steep angle, at which level a little 
drifting has been done. From the hoisting house the ore was 
trammed in small cars through a covered passageway to the ore 
bin and drying house. Crushing, stamping, buddling and screening 
were the essential features of the process. 

Economic conditions at this property are not very favorable for 
production. Mining operations are down to creek level, forcing 
' the employment of pumps every inch of the way. The ore, although 
exceedingly rich in spots is very variable, due to the igneous (mag- 
matic) agencies of the Algoman granite. The latter rock exists 
near the surface beneath the ore which probably limits the schist 
as to depth. The high biotite-phlogopite content and toughness are 
factors also to be considered. 


The Rowland Graphite Company 


Situation. The property is in the township of Johnsburg, Warren 
county, about a mile south-southwest of the village of Johnsburg 
and 6 miles by an excellent state road southwest of Riverside station 


+ Loc. cit., p.. 56; 


84 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


on the Adirondack division of the Delaware and Hudson Railroad 
within the North Creek quadrangle. The exact location is shown by 
the crossed hammers on the geological map of the North Creek 
sheet.1 The mine is situated on the southern slope of a low hill. 

The Rowland property, in fee and lease, covers over 200 acres in 
the valley of Miil creek.’ 

Beck,* in 1842, wrote: “In Warren county, graphite will probabiy 
be found in considerable abundance. There is a locality of it on the 
farm of Mr Noble, at Johnsburg. Several hundred weight of good 
graphite has been obtained from this mine. The mineral occurs 
in irregular shaped masses weighing from one to twenty pounds, in 
a vein of quartz.” 

Active development of the property took place prior to 1899. 
In 1900 operations began and working continued as late as June 
1910, but today the mine is idle. There seems to be no prospect of 
reopening the mine. | 

Workings. “The principal opening consists of an open cut 
running westerly [N 72° E, magnetic] . . . about 100 feet long 
and 30 feet deep at the west end, where a shaft in the deep west 
end of the cut penetrates the bed of graphite schist to a depth of 
22 feet below the present bottom of the cut, and a short drift 
running southward from the shaft on the richest part of the bed.’”* 

Geology. The immediate area has been mapped by W. J. Miller 
-as composed of Grenville crystalline limestone interbedded with 
horneblende and horneblende-garnet gneisses, which strike N 70° E 
and dip 20 to 35° to the south. 

The ore bed is in all probability the Dixon schist, some 28 feet 
in thickness, the upper portion of which is decidedly micaceous and 
lean in graphite while the center is exceedingly rich due to igneous 
redistribution and reorganization, as will be shown later. Asso- 
ciated with the ore is a limestone (the Faxon), in part interbedded 
with it and in part beneath, specimens of which may be obtained 
from the material removed from the entrance of the trench. Above 
the ore is a quartzite, just what the reader may expect, the Swede 
Pond formation; on top of this is a horneblende-biotite rock that 
occurs as an isolated patch in the field to the southwest of the mill. 

Beneath the ore is another quartzite, about 50 feet thick, which 
the writer regards as equivalent to the Hague gneiss. This is void 


1 Miller, W. J.. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 170. 

2 Information kindly furnished by Mr Charles T. Rowland. 

3 Beck, Nat. Hist. of N. Y. State, pt. 3 Mineralogy, 1842, p. 421. 
4 Crosby, W. O., Special report on the property. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 85 


of garnets and the particular slide examined failed to show any 
sillimanite. Whenever the Laurentian granite is found its habit 
invariably is to saturate, to soak into, and inject a quartzose forma- 
tion and leave the more calcareous and ferruginous beds unaffected. 
The Hague gneiss, except for the minerals that furnish the custom- 
ary earmarks, is essentially a feldspathic quartzite. Garnet and 
sillimanite are regarded by most petrographers as indicating or 
strongly suggesting metamorphic action. The writer would there- 
fore maintain that these two minerals are not reliable or consistent 
characteristics of this formation but may be due to the Laurentian 
granite which is absent at the Rowland property. This Hague 
quartzite is decidedly purer than its equivalent at Hague. 

At the Hooper property we saw that a para-amphibolite strati- 
graphically lies beneath the Hague gneiss. This was tentatively 
named the Dresden. Its presence on the Rowland property at this 
horizon fits in with the general scheme of things. This amphibolite 
is about 65 feet thick, which is exposed on the western slopes on the 
knob to the northwest of the mine. Below the para-amphibolite is 
a limestone formation which we have not before encountered. This 
I propose to call the Johnsburg limestone, of which only the top 
’ portion was seen, so the total thickness is unknown. 

The Algoman granite is exposed at the village of Johnsburg, but 
lies at no great depth under the sedimentary rocks, up through 
which it has sent numerous pegmatites and profoundly affected the 
Dixon schist. 

Structure. The knowledge of the succession of the beds was 
applied to the problem of the structure. The mill is situated in a 
low depression between two low hills, the one to the north being 
of some prominence. The latter is composed almost entirely of the 
Hague quartzite dipping south. Although the summit of the hill 
is higher than the mine, it represents a horizon stratigraphically 
beneath the ore; hence the Dixon schist has beén eroded and no 
ore to the north of the shaft in the immediate vicinity can be 
expected. This hill is an anticline, while the low dome to the south 
of the hill is a syncline in a north and south section which in reality 
is a structural basin, with its major diameter probably lying in an 
east and west direction. The actual extent to the east is not 
definitely known. The accompanying reconnaissance map perhaps 
brings out this idea better than a description. The semicircular 
swing of the graphitic schist is entirely inferred from the occurrence 
and behavior of the Swede Pond and the Hague quartzites, as well 


NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


86 


‘ZI6l “SUNTV “I “H pue yxormpeyy “ED ‘uMouY Apoj19d Jou o1e ssouydIY} pue uoTIsod s}t sev ‘payrwo si 
ysiyos StytYde1s oY} UI pue uOodn sary AT[eWAIOU YOYM SUO}SOUN] UOXeY sy T, 
94} SurIpnyjour ‘syooI afIAuUary oy], ‘Ajsodoid pue;Moy oy} FO UOT}IEs YNOsS-Y] 


ANOLSIWIT INITIWLSAHD a] ALIZLYYNd dd J03MS 


3.1 108 fHaWV-VuNd [= =fsmos ALILOWW-3GN3 IG NY4OH Bee 


BLIZLYVNd 3ANOWH J. INVYD nvwooty [pee 


a 
LSIHDS ALIONY DILtHavHo AL ILYW93d NYWOSTY NSS 


CY) 


NY, 


re 


va’ 
ree 


19) 
JIIWIS ILVWI XONdd V 


ALYEdOu’d 


N 


CNYIMOU 


‘uIseq [eInjon1js & UI SUIP[OF Usoq JAeY 
Jou pue deur s0uessteuuoda1 S1S0]09r) QT ‘SIy 


Dae, 
S ae SSW 
S ~ 
Nsp nv 
- os = ACS 
= (Stk Az 


“Ac a) 


sa 


a- ( 
. QAO) —<—-69 --G) 
o-o ff ae 9 


= : 


& 


‘ 


I10 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 87 


as the Dresden amphibolite. Although the map is based upon 
measurements secured by pacing, it is quite clear that the diameter 
of the basin is not over 300 to 500 feet. If this is so, then the 
amount of ore present on this property is decidedly limited. 

Amount of ore. The mine is located upon the rim of the struc- 
tural basin. Professor Crosby, in a report upon the property, 
remarks that the dip seems to flatten as the drifting to the south 
continues. This is exactly what would be expected from such a 
structure. Toward the center of the basin the dip should approach 
zero. 

All the rocks in the neighborhood are shot through by pegmatites 
in such a manner as to indicate that the Algoman granite is not far 
distant. It is a possibility that it has cut off the ore bed near the 
center of the basin. Some exploratory work in the way of trench- 
ing along the line represented upon the map would be advisable. 
Several well-placed diamond drill holes would settle many of the 
questions raised. 

Let us calculate the probable amount of the ore, assuming that 
the above inferences are facts. 


Appropriate diameter of basin, 400 feet. 

Area of basin, 125,600 square feet. 

Thickness of pay ore, Io feet. 

Volume of pay ore, 1,256,000 cubic feet. 

Weight of one cubic foot, 168 pounds. 

Weight of pay ore, 210,000,000 pounds. 

Amount of available graphite, 5 per cent. 

Weight of graphite in ore, 10,500,000 pounds or 5250 tons. 

This, of course, assumes that not much ore exists to the east. 
It is not certain how far it continues. In walking east from the 
_ mine toward the fork in the road (“1355 ”’ in altitude), in the first 
brook crossed, the Johnsburg limestone was found beneath the 
Dresden amphibolite. Furthermore, W. J. Miller has placed a 
little cross () upon the geologic map where the secondary road 
crosses this same stream. This indicates limestone. The writer 
does not know whether it is the Johnsburg or the Faxon, but it is 
more probable that it is the former. The ore certainly does not 
reach this far. This perhaps illustrates the practical side of 
applied geology. 

The ore. The bedded ore of the Rowland property reminds us 
of that found at the International Company’s mine. It has been 
affected by the Algoman granite. Below is the tabulated result of 


88 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


microscopic analyses, percentage by weight. It is at once apparent 
that there is a very great range in the ore. The bed sufficiently 
graphitic to be regarded as ore is something like 25 feet thick, of 
which one-third appears to be a good workable ore. Crosby had 
representative samples collected at intervals of 1 foot from two 
parallel sections to feet apart, through the richest part of the bed. 
He classifies the bed as follows: | 

“ Eight feet of micaceous quartzite with more or less graphite, 
chiefly in streaks and affording some graphitic ore. 

“2 Twelve feet of graphite schist, probably all of workable grade 
and much of it carrying 10 per cent or more of graphite. 

“3 Ten feet of quartzite and brown mica schist with some dis- 
seminated graphite and streaks of graphitic schist. 

“A general or composite grab sample of fifty pieces from the pile 
of ore from the drift... ‘was analyzed by Dr W. Weim 
of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with the following 
result: 8.09 per cent of graphitic carbon. This is certainly a very 
favorable showing . . . and it is equally certain that a con- 
siderable part of the Johnsburg bed runs over 10 per cent of 
graphite and some of it over 20 per cent.”* 


1 Quoted from Professor Crosby’s report. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 


Quantitative microscopic analyses of the Rowland ores 


No. 731 No. 732 CONCENTRATES 
No. 734 Base of Five 
Ore bin outcrop feet ——_—— 
typical in the higher 
trench than 731 No. 736a1 | No. 736b2 
Sey erepbite. 2. 0... 9.4 6.5 RW aN We ose eee 
FS Eis ee trace a0 DAU )S el atte WR Taba er elke] | ReomaWere ts eS 
m WHlorite..: os. ls.s aces o's 1.5 trace PCAC Las valerie Lae wes Stain ke ne 
2 Andesine-labradorite..... none 25).5 (oe Oe || aga re ee AT Re eaten ee eer 
sf to ae a ee none 46.0 MOC inte. wae eRe aes al 
Ss ) Apatite BPS iv Ohta ait lets Ms trace trace GLACE. a wren kets MPN rebate ute ad 
a 7 aa se ee | SMa 84.7 14.5 NY GON I TAIN s SUN a Me Sh ge 
as TRAUB nro N ey De cae, trace 2.0 8 Stal mec tre Chee Pema De ated eeere ee 
3 I OPEMOCIESGS an... none trace LOGS Peek ee Ce Pe uence te ee 
a) Tourmaline............. none none eI eel (eee eee et 2M ee We ei 
* PPG Maes tee sm). none none 1 GEN bie ERs ad an ce Aad 
S) Loe See ; 5 4.5 BES? 5) ivttnd nse tise eaecncl toate 
Ba MEET ws Ss, ol 100.0 100.0 LOOSO NS |e Weare oe Pl leraerse cece ace 
< 
Z 
ie z AVerAgeye ch 2. 1.22x.89 mm|1.00x.54 mm] .67x.52 mm]1.05x.61 mm] .70x.46 mm 
: a 
& ae Maximum....... 2.40 mm 1.90 mm 2.25 mm 2.10 mm 1.20 mm 
joo co] 
4 a &| Minimum........ .40 mm .27 mm .31 mm .30 mm .27 mm 
di ie ae ay 
& z 
= g = Average......... 1.03 mm .68 mm Hl @orkanl bn Aah ee Bien ke Pied 
mO 
2 Sa | Maximum....... 1.70 mm 1.10 mm 10 Lica eae, Wp aati oe Mer es lk Oaks 
7 
a ae Mianimtm.. . 2... .60 mm .40 mm PGB vak ray (Re anlar Eee 
B 
ee ie ie 
ay & | Average......... .067 mm] .050 mm O34 nana See ty oe we Se 
~ QO 
7 G & | Maximum: ...... .130 mm .100 mm SSO rae i 2 oy eee gH negara se 
3) 
£2 | Minimum....... F025 conta SOU Cermamly OPSamatAl ss, ain IP sie aw aati 
at 


1Chemical analysis by H. F. Gardner gives 85.04 per cent graphitic carbon. 
2Chemical analysis by H. F. Gardner gives 54 per cent graphitic carbon. 


Such a rich ore is not the usual experience in the bedded deposits 
of the Adirondacks. Whenever a rich type is encountered, such as 
at the International, the Rowland and, as we shall see, at the 

-abandoned Sacandaga mine, igneous agencies have left their mark. 
Pegmatitic action has moved some of the original carbon in the 
schist from one layer to another. White pyroxenes, usually diop- 
side, have been developed partly from original primary constituents 
aad partly from introduced magmatic matters. Here at the Johns- 
burg locality the ore from the center of the bed is exceedingly 
abundant in diopside (84.7 per cent by weight for specimen 734). 
This makes a rock very difficult to crush without severe attrition of 
the flake. Thus there are disadvantages in a rich ore. Further- 
more, it makes a variable bed that at once presents special concen- 
tration problems. 


go NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Vein type of graphite. Quite distinct from the bedded deposit 
is the occurrence of several true fissure veins of quartz carrying 
foliated graphite. They without doubt represent the last dying 
phases of the igneous activity of the Algoman granite. These 
veins are chiefly of hydrothermal deposited quartz that cut through 
tHe schists and quartzites in a most irregular way. Bordering the 
edges of these veins of pure milky quartz, the fibrous graphite is 
arranged in rosettes and spherulitic forms as a fringe, often an 
inch in width. One of them cuts diagonally across the trench so 
that it is exposed on both sides. A detailed drawing of this par- 


Cae 


Cs ee td 


“~~ — 
sensene 


01234567891 
ea Mea OR RM | Sa a eae a | aN \ ‘e 
MILLIMETER as is 


GRAPHITE HEPYRITE 
SS|DIOPSIDE [_|QUARTZ 


Fig. 19 Camera-lucida drawing of microscopic thin 
section of the “high-grade” Rowland ore, showing 
the graphite flakes embedded in diopside. H. L. 
Alling, 1918. ; 


ticular one is here given. It has been stated that two more veins 
were found in the shaft and drift. ‘‘ The mine superintendent stated 
that in 1899 one piece of nearly pure graphite weighing 543 pounds 
was taken out.’ 

Exceedingly attractive specimens may be collected from the 
dump; they are so striking that it is not surprising that they have 


1 Miller, W. J., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 170, p. 82. A chemical analysis by H. 
F. Gardner gives 82.72 per cent graphite carbon for the vein type of graphite. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS gl 


aroused serious interest. While individual masses of this fibrous 
graphite seem to compare very favorably with certain grades of 
Ceylon graphite, its limited and erratic habit prohibit any serious 
consideration as a source of graphite. 

Here we have a very instructive display of graphite in three 
associations. In the first place, the sedimentary schist with its 
5 to 6 per cent of graphite; second, the highly concentrated center 
due to a mild form of contact metamorphism; and third, true fissure 
fillings of quartz with fringes of graphite. The writer wishes that 


ROWLAND 
PROPERTY 


a CRYSTALLINE QUARTZ 


aes GRAPHITIC MICACE OUS 


eae ee F) 
SCHIST & CONTACT RK. —__—_—_——— 
SAAS ae ESS 


Fig. 20 Detailed drawing of a true fissure vein car- 
rying graphite on the Rowland property. This is 
situated on the south side of the trench 40 feet from 
the portal of the shaft. G. H. Chadwick and H. L. 
Alling, 1917. 


graphite men could see this type with its peculiar and character- 
istic habit and make the easy distinction between the different occur- 
rences. One of the purposes of this bulletin is to suggest a rational 
way of sizing up a graphite property. If the mode of origin is 
appreciated, much worry is dispensed with. The distinction 
between the different types is usually not difficult; here, at the 
Rowland mine, it is possible to see the behavior of bedded ores and 
veins and comprehend the relative values. 


Q2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


The first mill was constructed on piles on the bank of Mill 
creek; the selection of this site was unfortunate for the first spring 
flood carried it downstream. The present mill stands upon the rim 
of the basin forcing the company to hoist the ore 50 to 60 feet by 
a cranelike arrangement into the ore bin. Pumping is necessary 
to keep the shaft and drift dry. It is possible that such an expensive 
method could have been avoided by placing the mill farther to the 
east and driving a horizontal drift following the strike. 

It was observed that the mill was not arranged so that a complete 
gravity system could be employed. For example; the top of the 
‘crusher hopper was not flush with the floor of the ore bin. This 
necessitated the rehandling and lifting of the ore. 

Water in the vicinity is plentiful, especially to the west in Mill 
creek where a small dam was built and water pumped over the brow 
of the hill to the mill, evidently for the boilers... Yet the dry method 
of concentration wa. attempted. A Newaygo separator, manufac- 
tured by the Newaygo Portland Cement Company, was employed. 
This proved unsatisfactory, but recently experiments with an electro- 
static process were made with excellent results, it is stated. 

The transportation facilities are very favorable. A comparatively 
new state road runs from Riverside, the nearest railroad station to 
Weaverton (Weverton on the map), from which there is a fairly 
good dirt road to Johnsburg. It is understood that the construction 
of a road 1% miles in length would make transportation a simple 
matter for motor trucks. 

Summary. It has been shown that the amount of ore is probably 
limited, variable and difficult to crush. Hence, unless a careful 
survey points to the contrary, we can conclude that the future of 
this property is rather uncertain. 


The Sacandaga Graphite Company 

Situation. This property is in the township of Day, Saratoga 
county, 1% miles due west of Conklingville in the Sacandaga valley, 
within the Luzerne topographic sheet. The property may be reached 
by an 8 mile drive from Hadley, on the Delaware and Hudson Rail- 
road, following the north road west of Conklingville to the fork 
(with a bench mark of 748 feet) and turning north along the east 
bank of a small stream, three-eighths of a mile. The mill stands to 
the west of the road. The mine is located about 1700 feet to the 
east at an elevation of 1000 feet. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 93 


The property was opened in 1906 by the Glen Falls Graphite 
Company. In 1911 the Sacandaga Graphite Company took over 
the mine and mill. The mill was constructed in 1906.1 Today the 
property is abandoned. 

Openings. There are three irregular-shaped open pits dug into 
the southwest slope of a prominent knoll. The southernmost one 
is a wedge-shaped pit excavated between the converging footwall 
which forms a V in vertical section. The middle pit is verging 
upon a drift. The third opening is a long trench, now partly filled 
with water dug along one of the walls of the V. 

Geology and structure. The rocks found in the Sacandaga mine 
are dipping about 30° N 20° E into the hill slope. They are 
crushed, sheared and affected by igneous agencies to such an extent 
that the unravelling of the geological structure is apparently a 
difficult matter. When the stratigraphy of the beds is worked out 
in detail, however, it is evident that we are dealing with a syncline, 
tightly squeezed, and strongly pitching to the northwest. 

‘The graphite schist is very probably the familiar Dixon schist. 
Its normal thickness has been greatly reduced so that 10 feet was 
the maximum thickness observed, the average being about 5 feet. 
At one spot the top layers grade into a narrow band of quartzite, 
comparatively free from graphite, but this is immediately suc- 
ceeded by a bed of mica schist. Stratigraphically on top is the 
familiar limestone, referred to as the Faxon. This is never present 
in its full thickness and is often wanting in a given section; it has 
been squeezed and pulled apart during the intense folding. Over- 
lying the limestone is a quartzite, heavily injected by the Laurentian 
granite which has developed a high percentage of feldspar (now 
entirely altered to sericite) and biotite. This is without doubt the 
Swede Pond quartzite soaked by the old granite. The type example 
of this is the syntectic gneiss shown on the Hooper property. The 
rock here does not exhibit its full thickness as the upper portion 
has been cut off and replaced by the Laurentian granite. The latter 
rock is exposed at two places near the pits; to the southwest of the 
middle pit and the trench, where it has been crushed to a pulp 
resembling the anorthosite of the east central Adirondacks. Above 
the Laurentian is a black rock, very hard to break, containing flakes 
of muscovite mica. It was classified in the field as a metagabbro. 
An examination of a slide cut from a hand specimen, however, casts 
serious doubt upon such an interpretation. This is composed almost 


1 Newland, D. H., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 112, p. 27. 


94 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


entirely of augite and scapolite with brilliant green spinel and brown 
tourmaline. It is a contact rock. It seems to cut irregularly across 
the bedding of the sedimentary rocks. It seems likely that_the 
Algoman granite was in part, at ELSE sere for its develop- 
ment. 

The series of rocks that iuiceines the ore is unusually complete. 
Directly beneath is the Hague gneiss, which forms the walls of the 
wedge-shaped pit. It is not quite like the typical rock as exposed 
at Hague, for instead of sillimanite, the rock contains biotite. 
Below is the para-amphibolite (the Dresden), followed by the lime- 
stone that occurs at the Rowland property. This is the Johnsburg 
limestone of the writer. It has suffered shearing and stretching in 
a manner similar to that experienced by the Faxon. It is found 
only here and there. Up to this point in the description of the 
graphite properties, beds lower down in the geologic column have 
not been encountered, but the Sacandaga mine furnishes a new bed. 
This is another quartzite that will be termed the Sacandaga quartzite. 
The thickness of this formation is unknown. 

The structure of the beds has already been outlined; a syncline 
whose axis lies in a northwest-southeast direction, pitching to the 
northwest, has been truncated by erosion so that the present surface 
of the hill slope cuts diagonally across the beds, which outcrop in 
the form of a V with the apex to the southeast. In vertical sec- 
tion this gives a V inclined 30° into the hill slope. The accom- 
panying block diagram is an attempt to present this a little more 
concretely. The southern pit is located at the very apex of the fold. 
When the pit was abandoned, the miners had worked out all the 
ore, inasmuch as they encountered the Hague gneiss on three sides. 

The other two pits are located upon the northeast limb of the fold. 
The miners confined their operations to the single outcrop. They 
have not followed down the dip of this limb far enough to reach the 
bottom of the fold, but it is evident that at the pits the amount of ore 
is exceedingly limited. It is possible that more ore could be found 
farther along the strike to the northwest. | 

Sedimentary type of ore. The ore that has received serious 
attention is very probably the Dixon schist, but the Sacandaga 
exposure shows a decided variation from the usual type. It sea 
feldspar schist, very low in quartz but high in graphite, the latter 
running about 10 per cent in the central zone of the bed. The 
feldspar is chiefly microcline-microperthite, comparatively fresh, 
while the subordinate introduced (3) oligoclase-andesine is almost 
completely altered to sericite. There are two micaceous minerals 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 95 


present; one is' brown biotite (perhaps the variety known as 
haughtonite), while the other is a pale yellow-green mica approach- 
ing chloritic or chloritoid forms. (The latter may be ottrelite in 
part.) Pyrite is present but a little lower in amount than is usually 
the case. The richness of the ore and its high potash (microcline) 
content point to igneous activity similar to that displayed at the 


LAURENTIAN 
GRANITE 


QUARTZITE, 
SWEDE PD) 


( 


GRAPHITE 
SCHIST 


ooo°o 


GNEISS 
(“HAGUE') 


AMPHIBOLITE 
(‘DRESDEN ) 


LIMESTONE 
(JOHNSBURG’ 


QUART ZITE 
(SACANDAGA ) 


Fig. 21 Generalized block diagram of the Sacandaga Graphite Com- 
pany’s property, showing the inclined pitching syncline, invaded by both 
the Laurentian and the Algoman granites. The three pits are indi- 
cated near the apex of the fold. Length of the block is about one- 
fourth of a mile. Structure by G. H. Chadwick. Geology by H. L. 
Alling, 1917. 


International and Rowland mines. The graphite appears to have 
been reorganized and redistributed, developing a very rich zone. 


The graphite flakes are not confined to the schist, as the adjacent 
rocks contain scattering amounts. 


96 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Microscopic analyses and size of the flakes 


Middle Pit 
Central Zone Length of flake 2 
No. 
829 
Average, 04... a ae .72 mm 
Mixa tam: acess ae eee 1.40 mm 
Graphite ice toch eae 1085.) Minimum). ees eee .32 mm 
BIOtICE Lie Sea ene ice wpe, 5.5) ——_- SS | — 
Chilonite gar sees. si pee 525 Thickness of flake 
Microcline-microperthite..... 67.5 
Oliogoclase-andesine......... 5.0 
amt Zieeea sree nares ome 2-0: | -Acvverages,. 20s ke. a: eee .042 mm 
LEM roi dee ites? ORE Reet) DRE een 2° 0- Maximus 2:2... eee .098 mm 
Apatite ery se ae crise cesmny cle 2 20} “Minimumy.> 226... eee .020 mm 
EROTAT eh ee. hot: = reese 100.0 


Contact type of ore. The igneous, or pneumato-igneous, action 
attributed to the Algoman granite is further shown by the develop- 
ment of the contact type of graphite. It was found in small amounts 
in the trench and in the middle pit. The rock that carries the large 
flake is the usual pyroxene material—the type gangue of the 
graphite of the northern area. | 

Whether or not the richness of the graphite now found in the 

sedimentary schist is in any way due to the infiltration of any of the 
contact type is an unsettled question, but the suggestion is worthy 
of consideration. 
_ Summing up all the facts and relationships observed, it is very 
clear that folding, redistribution and igneous agencies have all had 
a share in the development of the mineral. It is quite certain that 
the sedimentary type of ore is limited, that it varies in composition 
and character from place to place, and is too high in biotite, as well 
as too difficult to crush, to arouse any commercial interest. In 
regard to the contact type of ore, the conclusions reached from the 
study of the deposits of the northern area apply here and incline us 
to abandon any hope that this mine will ever be productive. 

The mill. The company’s mill is located 1700 feet to the south- 
west of the mine connected by a wagon road down which the ore 
was teamed. A small dam has been built across the stream so that 
the mill was operated in part by water power. The dryers were 
supplied with steam from a boiler using cord wood and sawmill 
refuse for fuel. “ Only test runs have been made with the graphite 
from the mine, but the power was partially utilized for very fine 
grinding of Ceylon graphite for electrotyping purposes:”’ The’ equip- 
ment included a “ Sturdevant crusher, Sturdevant rolls, hexagonal 
revolving screens, wet screens, a dryer of special pattern, burrstone 
mill, and equipment for bolting and grading.” 


1 Bastin, E. S., Mineral Resources, U. S. G. S., 1904, 2:212. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS Q7 


In 1912 the following grades were made. 


PER CENT PRICE 
GRADE OF PER 
GRAPHITE POUND 
RMP PIN TRIRE Ee 6g SN ck len kt ee eae tte 92 15 cents 
a I oy 6 lo wie wun idb add» Sime go dg epi rele) 9 cents 
IIE OLANC . . e etce ees 80 6 cents 
MENS eS os y oe On ks We ea Ce iwe d 60 33 cents 


The Flake Graphite Company 
(Formerly the Empire Graphite Company) 


_ This mining district is in the township of Greenfield, ante 
county, 214 miles west of Porter Corners, just west of the Hoffmans 
fault. The location is indicated by crossed hammers on the geologi- 
cal map of the Saratoga quadrangle." 

Workings. The principal working is an open cut extending east 
and west along the northern slope of a spur of the main ridge. 
“The outcrop of the beds strike nearly east and west and is marked 
by a slight depression in the easterly sloping ridge. [The graphitic 
schist] is traceable for 1500 feet or more from the present mine 
openings, which are on the eastern end of the outcrop.”” From 
this open cut three inclined slopes have been driven following the 
dip of the graphitic bed into the hill. The main slope has an initial 
dip of 32° due magnetic south, which increases until a dip of 48° is 
found at a distance of 207 feet from the portal. At this depth cross 
cuts lead to the bottom of two parallel back stopes. ‘At the distance 
of 30 feet from the present bottom another back stope has been 
driven from the east wall of the slope. About 50 feet from the 
portal one of the parallel slopes curves and joins it. Several drifts 
farther east that were driven by the Empire Company will be 
abandoned by the Flake concern. 

The present inclined drift has a defective es wall for 50 feet 
or so that allows a large amount of seepage, causing a wet mine. 
The first few feet present a solid roof but this gives way to porous 
and fractured rock with some loose gravel. This necessitates 
timbering and the employment of tin gutters. It was found that a 
stream formerly had its course on the hill slope above the drift. 


1 Cushing, H. P., & Ruedemann, R., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 169. 
2 Newland, D. H., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 161, p. 34._ - 


4 


98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


The stream cut into the rocks overlying the ore and effectively 
weakened the hanging wall. The channel is now filled with glacial 
material. It would have been better to have driven a horizontal 
drift at a lower level until the ore bed was reached and then have 
followed down the dip. The present methods necessitate pire. 
and hoisting. 

In 1912 a nearly horizontal drift, then designated as “No. 2,” 
followed the strike of the schist farther to the east than the inclines 
above mentioned. It was planned to block out the ore between this 
and the surface, but as the turn from the direction of dip to that 
of the strike was made too near the portal, there was little ore to be 
had. 

Still farther east, in loose ground,.a drift was attempted. This 
was to furnish drainage for the “No. 2” drift but was poorly 
planned and probably will be abandoned. 

On the south side of the knoll there are three abandoned prospect 
holes. 

Geology and structure. The area in which the mine is located 
has been mapped by Cushing, who suggests that the block in which 
the graphite-schist is found on the property, represents a portion of 
the same block in which similar beds occur that are now being 
worked by the Graphite Products Corporation, 8 miles to the east. 

The Grenville rocks are dipping from 30° to 50° southward, vary- 
ing from a few degrees west of south to S 70° W. Cushing is of 
the opinion that there are two beds of the schist that “ are capable of 
utilization, because of the high graphite and low mica content. The 
upper bed, from to to 14 feet thick, has been the one chiefly worked 
up to date. The lower bed is much thinner (4 to 5 feet). They 
are separated by a 4-foot thickness of quartzite and thin limestone. 
Underneath is a much more solid bed of mica gneiss.”* 

The writer would question whether this parting is sufficiently 
well defined to separate the ore into-two distinct seams. The part- 
ing consists of limestone and green quartzite layers that pinch and 
swell, disappear and come in again in a most irregular way. Some 
of the siliceous stringers are interpreted as metapegmatites of the 
Laurentian granite. The present miners are operating the total 
thickness of the rock. 

The graphite rock is at present correlated with the Dixon and the 
limestone, which is usually siliceous, as the Faxon. The footwall 
was not observed at any near-by locality but the “ mica gneiss ” of 


1 Cushing, H. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 169, p. 149. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 99 


Cushing is, in all probability, the Hague gneiss, somewhat more 
biotitic than is customary. Above the Faxon is the expected Swede 
Pond quartzite which “is more or less involved with the white, 
garnet-bearing granite which we regard as Laurentian.”* ‘This is 
the familiar syntectic Swede Pond gneiss. On climbing the hill 
this syntectic rock was observed to be penetrated by pegmatitic 
dikes suggesting the near presence of the Algoman granite. Thus, 
when the higher slopes and the summit were reached, it was not 
surprising to find a splendid display of the granite. This was dark 
grey-green in color suggesting the augite-syenite of the central 
Adirondacks. The microscope, however, shows the quartz content 
to be about 30 per cent, placing the rock among the granites. The © 
ferromagnesian minerals are all altered to serpentine and chlorite, 
but probably were originally amphiboles. 

The significant fact for us is that this is the Algoman and not 
the Laurentian granite. The latter rock was injected into the 
Grenville before that series was folded, and thus it frequently 
behaves like a stratigraphic unit, not interfering with the contin- 
uance of the ore in depth. On the other hand, the Algoman came 
in after the intense folding and its habit is to cut through the sed- 
imentary layers, which include the ore. Thus the writer strongly 
suspects ‘hat the ore does not continue “all the way to China.” 
How much farther down the dip the workings can continue before 
encountering the main body of the granite is, of course, not known, 
but a diamond drill would settle the matter. 

On the summit of the knoll several small patches of the black 
metagabbro were observed that remind us of the Hooper property. 
On the farther side of the same hill a large mass of it was found 
cut by the Algoman but cutting the Laurentian injected Swede 
Pond gneiss, thus establishing their relative age relations. That all 
the metagabbro of the Adirondacks is of the same age is certainly 
not proved. Doctor Cushing says that “there is certainly much 
(ortho-)amphibolite in the region which is older than the Lauren- 
tian and is the oldest eruptive present, so far as I know,”* There 
seems to be no escape from the fact that this metagabbro, on the 
property, is younger than the Laurentian granite but older than the 
Algoman granite. 

Passing over the metagabbro, an outcrop of the Swede Pond 
gneiss was again found. At one spot a minor fault was suspected ° 
by the brecciated condition of the rock. This gneiss is succeeded 


1 Tbid. . 
2 Communicated by letter, November 1917. 


a = = a . = 


sia ecemiiatatiaiita ; sree aici WS shee aoc = SI Re RU UA RI > RE 
‘cy Aq assoAe1y e@ uodn paseq ‘AjsJodo1d s,Auedtuo) ayydesy) OP IY} FO UOTIS-ssoId sdULSSTeUOIII IISO[OST) ZZ ‘SI 


{(SA-BM1IC ~ aa rivwodd Pa | SLINVYD-BALINSAS eerie oudayd -Wi an REY 


* MIdO0O¥URroT 
LOVLNOD SNOIIVIIW face: 
tOVLAIO OD Pate PCr Th NVICNSAaMY 1 
STIVANSYD OslsaissvIaNnAl= === 3NOLSANID BNITWLSAYNo Folios LNNOWYLYD asinos. s.uainvwrrits [= =| 
GLINVHYS NYVW.NSYMNVI FSS7SHO SHA NI Gaqdd3eHY aL Ni aqawnssy 4 OBWNSSV NOILISOd (ora 
AG AsMVOS SLIzLyvnod Ess ANOLSIWIT SNOBINIS LSIHOS DILIHdDVHD SH we ' SSIBND ANDV Hl 2 
SALINVYD NVILNSYNV Fe oe (su0) LSIHOS uvasaitsa4 SSI3NDY GNYVH) SSIZND . 
Nous BAYA BLIZLAWNO ANOS ANT sn0so)71S besa clea era OLIHdvud a.LINYWITIS rere cea 
as Sire Se) Se I NIN SS 2 
ree a 
ae Sg eae Or Cie ee 
ee A Sees pues oe AS 


\ 


RA 
LABAALYSOAALAS 


NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Laaga 
ooo! oos 0 
ISVs eS pe | Seca ES ee 


31V9S SAV ANIKOU dd’ 


eNOlLJs6-FLaGe Flan 
Daina any ta 


I0O 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS IOI 


by a bed of limestone which is correlated with the crumbly lime- 
‘stone which we met with on the Faxon property. Continuing 
southward, ignoring the numerous pegmatites, a biotitic rock was 
found that has been unsatisfactorily interpreted. Some of it is 
clearly a contact rock consisting of titanaugite and biotite, while 
other specimens are quartz-augite rocks with chondrodite (?) ; still 
others look like the Hague gneiss, but its presence here would be 
difficult to explain unless there has been a repetition of the beds by 
faulting or that this limestone is the Faxon rather than the crumbly 
member. The limestone is again found near the base of the hill, 
probably repeated by isoclinal folding. 

In this limestone occur two prospect pits of bygone days. One 
of them was of the nature of a drift driven into the hillside in a 
crush zone, along which pegmatitic solutions have given rise to a 
- limited amount of the contact type of graphite. At a later geologic 
period a narrow disabase dike 34 inches wide, N 60° E, has followed 
the same line of weakness. 

The second pit is located a little distance farther up the slope 
and a little to the west. Here a trench was made in serpentized 
limestone that is today verde antique marble. This is in contact 
with a mass of the perplexing “ biotitic rock.” One of the pegma- 
tites above mentioned has cut the limestone and developed a good 
display of the spectacular contact type of graphite. The third pit is 
a square shaft sunk some 10 to 12 feet in barren pegmatite. 

Outcrops are lacking immediately north of the mine; the nearest | 
exposures occur perhaps three-eighths of a mile distant on the farm 
owned by Nathan Towne. The typical Hague gneiss dipping 20° 
S o° E was found cut by numerable pegmatite dikes, which in one 
place have developed graphite by contact action. Beyond a gap of 
20 feet is an exposure of the typical Catamount schist, so similar to 
the rock from the Bear Pond mountain region that hand specimens 
of the two are indistinguishable. The Catamount here dips 51° S 
2° E. In the glacially filled depression between the two rocks Mr 
Towne dug up for us a few pieces of graphitic schist. It would 
seem to us that that ore was a transported boulder, not in place. 

Continuing northward the thick Swede Pond quartzite was 
encountered. The writer followed the road, passed over a gap and 
found the quartzite again forming a precipitous cliff. The Swede 
Pond here was a beautiful semitransparent to translucent pinkish 
buff rock, dipping 50° magnetic south. Beyond, the Catamount 
reappears. The interpretation that the writer would put upon these 


102 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


relationships is that the Catamount schist and the Swede Pond 
quartzite are anticlinally folded, while the Hague gneiss has been 
overthrust upon the Catamount; the little valley, in which the stray 
ore was buried, representing the fault line depression. Retracing 
his steps to the gap between the exposures of the Swede Pond and 
swinging to the east along the base of the cliff, the writer found a 
rusty micaceous schist filling the core of the anticline. Identification 
of this rock is rendered impossible, due to the fact that it is badly 
weathered, sheared and fractured. 

The tentative vertical section (see figure 22) which is based in 
large measure upon Professor Chadwick’s suggestions, indicates that 
the rocks are folded, faulted and penetrated by igneous rocks in a 
complicated manner. The stratigraphy as here disclosed is appar- 
ently identical with that shown on the Dixon and Faxon properties. 
The structure, however, is far different, rendering the mining con- 
ditions less favorable. : 

The ore. The graphitic schist is in many respects similar to the 
Dixon, Faxon, Hague and Hooper ores. There is, however, con- 
siderable variation, which is shown in the microscopic analyses here 
tabulated, especially in the amount and in the size of the graphite 
flakes. The first two columns give analyses of specimens taken 
from the ore dump. The fine flake rock probably came from the 


top of the bed while the big flake sample represents the central 
pertion. 


Quantitative microscopic analyses of the Flake Graphite Company’s ores 


No. 798 No. 799 No. 799a 
Ore dump Ore dump Back stope 
fine flake big flake “best ore ”’ 
re) Cea Mibe’ fbr ae tee dayne oe ako Peete Ot 4.5 7.0 10.0 
= Pl MBIOLIGE seop hoe Ore aye een Bev tte ae trace 3.0 120 
eel Me bloriben eigen. peur akdelhs Gi xkok dats ok trace 3.0 trace 
Oneiy| SAnidesinie Seger: poe n yh mi eal ess Gas Met 31.8 1.0 10.0 
QS Quartz Spay NACH Sele tig nackte pear NT en 20 DEN A7.5 75.0 70.0 
aie DL EILe ee Mom eee heehee 5.5 | 248... 2a 
= SAL St UE NIRA a DRNE ah. emeME ro Meee et 6.0 9.0 fee 
ial AD atten: tyre te Liter eee hel eo os PEs age 2.2 2.0 <P 
aa) Aiba tibeors Mua. t steels Bik Mee Oui aNn 2.05) | wie aiteianets' ona lel 
ao 
Bea GLO TALS |, Seow oti. tediegent ME on aN, VAD Ps 100.0 100.0 100.0 
Z 

$s, y Fi a) ANCL AGE ett, Pen ee Mn ee carla .50x.68 mm] .76x1.10 mm .66x.90 mm: 
Ss iets : 
E 4 o Miaxanatiimne ei) Vga en ees Ao .92 mm 2.40 mm 1.96 mm 
z E GM ei Gtaverotstoaee, 4) eee bas Lee apy ee .30 mm .50 mm .42 mm 
o a fa) 
Q penne 2 3 
rm < 
Hal Bz 
oy Uhr MAW ECARC 2 dati ae talti lec) wane n ah .039 mm .064 mm. .053 mm 
° fg] O 
= Gigi a) lamin ee rie oa arene ee .0S9 mm .149 mm .080 mm 
= S) 
4 = - Dieta tena 2 ote, 2. oan eet ee teen .027 mm .031 mm .039 mm 

a 


sia Si earl 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 103 
Concentrates 
GRADE No. 2 Fk No. 2 Fk No. 3 Fk No.4 Fk | Dust D3X 
ef Pyerage..... 5 te a We 42x.58 mm| .43x.66 mm] .27x.48 mm| .14x.23 mm| .09x.15 mm 
= 
= WWEASUTOUM se nies sacs as -91 mm .90 mm 70 mm 59 mm .20 mm 
< =e 
oC Nt .20 mm 28 mm 20 mm 09 mm 04 mm 
Some Some Some Lots of Biotite, 
oS ee quartz, 
quartz quartz quartz biotite feldsvar 
very little | very little some and ; is igs é 
biotite biotite biotite quartz coon ahd fai ‘ 
Chemical analysis!...... 90.80 86.88 87.54 54.40 46.80 


1Chemical analyses by H. F. Gardncr. 


It is a quartz-schist having a considerable range in the amount 
of the micaceous minerals, the small-sized flake sample showing the 
lowest content. The injection of the pegmatites has mussed up the 
flakes, twisting and fraying them into fantastic forms. In the prox- 
imity of pegmatites the ore is usually more abundant in graphite and 
in pyrite. The distorted and split character of the flake present 
special milling problems. .It might be well to ignore this form of 
schist in mining, selecting rock free from pegmatitic material. The 
ore from the back stope is regarded by Mr R. L. Dowling as the 
best ore. True, it probably does carry a high percentage of graph- 
ite, but the mica is present in detrimental amount. 

Mining practice. The ore is hauled up the steep slope in small 
mine cars by a cable system to the surface, onto a mill car loading 
platform. From there the ore is transferred by a shute to automatic 

dumping cars and pulled into the rear of the mill. An air com- 
- pressor of Ingersoll-Rand manufacture, located in a shed near the 
portal of the slope, supplies air for the drills. In the same building 
is located a very neat Delco generator driven by a gasoline-kerosene 
engine which keeps a storage battery charged. The latter supplies 
the electricity for lighting the mine and the mill. | 

It is the opinion of the writer that the original mining layout was 
unfortunate. The present system necessitates pumping and a 
double car system. It is suggested that the old opening, which 
was known as “No. 2,” be extended farther down the dip and 
along the strike to the west and overhand stoping be employed in 
working up the dip, allowing the loosened ore to gravitate to the 
mine cars below. This drift might be extended to the bottom of the 


* 


104 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


present slopes, furnishing two exits. Such a method of procedure 
is probably necessary to secure an amount of ore commensurate 
with the mill capacity. 

The mill. The mill structure is the best constructed of those 
visited by the writer. It is built of reinforced concrete and utilizes 
the natural hill slope in gravity systems. The milling practice is 
described in detail under the head of “ Concentration ” to which the 
reader is referred. 


as ; 
D9 9 aca 8 aN 


MILLIMETER. 
BB GRAPHITE QUARTZ 


FELDSPAR \N\ v4 


Fig. 23 Camera-lucida drawing of microscopic thin 
section of ore from the Flake Graphite Company’s 
mine, showing a graphite flake split into thin plates 
by the injection of pegmatite. Specimen No. 798. 
Magnification X 430. H. L. Alling, 1918. 


Future of the property. At the present time the Flake Graphite 
Company is taking over the property of the Empire Company and 
making changes in the mill equipment and organizing for active 
operations in the near future, probably in the spring of 1918. 

In all probability there is a great supply of ore. The graphitic 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 105 


schist has been followed along the strike for 1500 feet and the 
incline has followed the 10-foot ore bed down to 200 feet or more. 
We can assume: 1500 x 200 x 10== 3,000,000 cubic feet of ore 
rock. A cubic foot weighs about 168 pounds, hence there is 
500,000,000 pounds or 2,500,000 tons of ore. No diamond drilling 
has been done on the property. There is the possibility of the 
granite cutting the ore. 


The Graphite Products Corporation 


Location. This mine, now in active operation, is located 1 mile 
southwest of King’s Station, 4 miles north of Saratoga Springs, in 
the township of Wilton, Saratoga county, the exact location being 
indicated by crossed hammers on the geological map of the Saratoga 
quadrangle.* It lies about one-half of a mile west of the Saratoga- 
Mt McGregor fault in the southeast corner of a block of the Gren- 
ville quartzitic area mapped by Cushing. 

The property was first opened about 1910 by the Saratoga Graph- 
ite Company,” which worked it in a small way for two years. 
After the lapse of some time the present company assumed control 
and began the work of enlarging the mine and plant, and is now 
operating it. 

The mine is reached by following the state highway leading to 
Glen Falls for a distance of 3 miles, keeping north on a good dirt 
road for 114 miles. A sharp left-hand turn up the hill leads to the 
mill. 

Workings. There are two distinct outcrops now being worked. 
The original pit as left by the Saratoga Graphite Company, is 75 
by 30 feet and has been abandoned. To the west a new opening 
has been made that extends 375 feet along the strike; the latter 


_ varies from N 50° W to N 75° W. From this pit on the south side 


a number of inclines have been driven on a slope from 38° to 42° S 
15° W, these meeting two parallel horizontal drifts which follow the 
strike. In them mill car tracks were laid. This working is locally 
known as the mine. | 

To the north, across a swamp, at a distance of 400 feet, is the 
quarry, where open cut methods are employed. At the present time 
this pit is the main source of graphite. It is 200 by 8o feet, and 
30 feet deep, extending east and west. Farther west a number of 


1N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 169. 
2 Newland, D. H., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 161, p. 34 and Bul. 199, p. 30. 


106 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


prospect holes show that the schist can be traced a long distance 
along the strike. 

Geology and structure. The same stratum of quartz schist, 
which carries the graphite, occurs in the two outcrops in the mine 
and in the quarry, repeated by faulting. The stratigraphy prevail- 
ing at both localities is in accord with such a suggestion. Starting 
“in the bottom of the ravine by the old “mill ~. 29 
pentinous limestone forms the bed of the brook for some distance.’”* 
The next rock to the north is a para-amphibolite (see left end of 
section, figure 24), dipping 30° south. If this rock is the Beech 
Mountain amphibolite it would be reasonable to expect that the 
sillimanite schist (Catamount schist) should succeed it in passing 
northward, or stratigraphically downward. This proved not to be 
the case; the amphibolite grading into the quartzite, which is 
vitreous but as the crest of the knoll, under which the horizontal 
drifts are located, is reached it was found to be crumbly and injected 


and saturated by the old Laurentian granite, producing a syntectic’ 


rock which in a few cases is an augen-gneiss. This probably is the 
Swede Pond gneiss. The northern slope of the knoll is composed 
of siliceous limestone — the Faxon. Between the limestone and the 
quartzite is a ienticular mass of the metagabbro. Beneath the lime- 
stone is the graphitic schist shot through by “ pegmatitic material 
which forms knots (“nuts’’) and stringers . ..°. probablyidae 
to injection from a granite magma.” Here 10 to 15 feet of the 
ore bed is exposed. The tunnels which have been driven along the 
course of the beds at points below the outcrop tap the fresher por- 
tions of the bed. The floor of the inclines exhibits slickensided sur- 
faces suggesting that a fault, parallel to the bedding, occurs here. 
The writer was unable to observe the footwall rock, which would 
normally be the Hague gneiss or its equivalent. A swamp beyond 
compels the writer to put a gap in the cross section. Almost any- 
thing may have happened in this interval, in view of the faulting 
that characterizes this locality. Pegmatite, quartzite and meta- 
gabbro are the rocks next encountered. That the last is not a para- 
amphibolite but an igneous rock has already been suggested by 


Newland.*? Beyond is another depression, furnishing but a single. 


outcrop in the nature of a reddish garnetiferous quartz-feldspar 
para-gneiss that is difficult of classification unless it be the Hague 
gneiss. If this be the case, then between the metagabbro and the 


1 Newland, D. H., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 190, p. 31. 
? Ibid. 
3 Tbid., p. 30. 


—_—_. ~~ 


THE 


ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 


107 


Quantitative microscopic analyses of the Graphite Products Cor poration’s ores 


No. 783 No. 787A 
West end | The quarry 
of the ore injected 
mine with | 
pegmatite 
rs CSIC Sine cleo. ake A | {hPa | 7.9 
LP hao nn eee 1.9 | 6 
DB OUR Ga ES 9k oy a a ne | trace 2.8 
ESE ee. eee 9.2 30.3 
EU a ee ie S5is2 
Pe eS ws od we meee tks wena 5.8 trace 
EP Poe eS as eee ce eae es a 1.2 3.2 
ae (ePID. 0 ae Gah Ra ee | 120 trace 
> 
z Ce ee lt ee ys, ; 100.0 100.0 
fe} : : : 
ce SHP SENSES 0 1S CG 0) Andesine Microcline 
a and 
< andesine 
Z 
BR FAPECEEACCR A cB eek a oc Diba oe .705.42 mm |1.43x.70 mm 
Rat 
= B25 [ise T ig) ga FUT Com ap ee an 1.30 mm 4.25 mm 
& =a 
% a 2 ES 20 mm .45 mm 
B) a 
& 
RB z 
= Z = / SCE) = SE ee eet 75 mm .77 mm 
Be mC 
7 oe WVICE aaa SETI RG ee oc Sue tw oe tne Freese 1.30 mm 2.00 mm 
o Z 
2 ae Rulereatayati nitty oot ik a ake MN Scie 30 mm .30 mm 
= A= 
i il 
S ZZ 
2 REP GCEIBE I. ws ak ole 2h ewe es | .065 mm .071 mm 
N | 25 
a G a RVICRTEINCTEE LS oe SAS SS. ot eu SNe ee .120 mm -150 mm 
v nels 
= : NPSrASTTA Certs atc, SMe SB Mo ks, el a ecg .030 mm .031 mm 
Se 
Graphite Products Corporation concentrates 
SPATEIOE TETRA Bee a Nie a Oe ee 789a 789A 
SREDE. 4oc uh PR Ae Se ee ee Mill Finishing 
‘concentrate mill no. 1 
(2 \vEe? LE SL eines: vo Ue, £m Sark a ee .205 mm 372 mm | 
x x 
-437 mm 677 mm 
| 
UirUR ITER CHIAZHEEEE oh oc Gah oees a kaiWes oe cd oe ss .600 mm 924 mm | 
Wbaritatima er eaIMeter Ao. ice cae, ovarc et We we Plc .133 mm 194 mm 


No. 786 
The quarry 
ore free 
from 
pegmatite 


SESS a te Wi lle le 
eee eee sees 


789B 


Finishing 
mill no. 2 


.268 mm 
x 

.451 mm 
.831 mm 
.233 mm 


Hague there is the possibility of another bed of the graphitic schist. 
Climbing out of the depression upon the low ridge a view of the 
quarry can be had. The rocks here are faulted and penetrated by 


pegmatite. 


A better idea of the conditions that prevail here can be 


the 


1t 1S 


NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 
The north end of the section ends in a limestone, in 


It was not possible to name with certainty the rock forming 


the floor of the quarry. A reasonable suggestion is that 


secured from the cross section of the quarry than from a descrip- 
Hague gneiss. 


108 
tion. 


‘Z1I6L ‘SUITV “I ‘HH pue xormpeyD “HE “5D Aq oss9Avs} o[qe} ouejd e uodn 
peseq ‘Ajsodoid suorerodioy) sjonpoig opydery ay} JO UOoT}DaS-ssO1D DJIBOTOI) HZ ‘SI 


agnA0W3y i 
AYUWNY JO ANITLNO —.—-—- BLi1VWO9d L >: Pee 
* owygvo yaw BLILVWoad Lt 


SAM NVLLNSYAVT NYNODTY 


No GANIW axO one 


SS Oanaway 3NOLSAWIT 4K oe “WWI LAHLOdAH [@ — 
Lis Be! Bes IS Cake 
Sa. BLIZLYVAd ANITIVESAHD DSS WONMSHLOd AH = sstano 3o9vW E@)o-* 
JLI'I0a —— INOLSINI 1 LsiHos ZLYvNhd 0-0-0 
BLIZL vad [== ‘| aoa SS13N9 anovH|°o° 
~\HdWW -Vuvd — H ie snozgvtWs DILIHd VY 2 ul 02020 


saldss ATHANAYS 


AYYYNO, 3H 


“07 


‘NOLLYAOdu0D 
Deer a cere xs, eee SLONdOUd 


It will be noticed from the geological map of 
the Saratoga sheet’ that to the west of the mine there are three 


IN, Y. State Mus, Bul. 149. 


been drawn in the section; the one in the quarry being the only one 
Diabase dikes 


which several prospect pits have been dug. Four fault lines have 
that could be demonstrated, the others are inferred. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 109 


extraordinarily long diabase dikes running from the north-northeast 
to the south-southwest. Five hundred feet west of the concentra- 
tion mill is another one that evidently was not observed when the 
mapping of the quadrangle was in progress. The width of this dike 
is 30 feet. This has an important bearing upon the mining condi- 
tions, both in the mine and in the quarry. At the time of our visit 
the west end of the drifts was about 90 feet away and headed for it. 
A test pit on the strike to the west of the dike shows that there is 
very little or no displacement associated with the dike. Thus it 
would seem that the drifts will eventually cut through the diabase 
and the miners will find that the ore continues on the farther side. 
Likewise the further extension of the quarry will be hampered by 
the same dike. A much smaller one located just across the road 
from the finishing mill is parallel to the other but is only 10 inches 
wide. 

The ore. This is the normal schist, similar to the American, 
Hague, Flake and Hooper ores, but the pegmatite stringers have 
caused some variation in the composition, including the graphite 
content. For the exact composition, see the tabulated microscopic 
analyses. “ The outcrop is badly weathered and softened throuch 
oxidation of the contained pyrite, which is rather plentiful in the 
unweathered rock.”* The material from the bottom of the inclines 
along the drifts is apparently better, where about 20 feet of rock is 
shown. The expense of operating the mine by the underground 
methods has led the company to exploit the quarry much more ex- 
tensively at the present time than the mine. The schist now being 
worked “contains less mica than the more easterly ledges and with 
the coarser size of the flake affords better material for mill 

treatment.””” 

_ Mining practice. The quarry is a recent venture and the 
methods in use are in an experimental stage. The ore is hauled up 
an inclined track by a donkey engine and dumped into wagons. The 
teams follow the road to the east end of the mine and the ore is 
dumped down a chute into the mine cars on the upper drift level, 
which carry it directly into the concentration mill. It is the plan, 
if the quarry holds out, to provide a better and more permanent 
system. 

The mine is being worked only in a small way at the present time. 


1 Newland, D. H., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 190, p. 31. 
2 Tbid. 


IIo NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


The drifts are being driven westward and some overhead stoping is 
being done as well as working down the dip. 

Milling practice. The Graphite Products Corporation, which 
took an active interest in the property in 1915, has constructed a new 
concentration mill, the old one of the Saratoga Company being 
fitted out as a finishing mill, a little distance away. The usual 
Adirondack practice is in force: crushing, stamping, buddling, 
screening and drying. The finishing mill uses Hooper pneumatic 
jigs which prepare the flake for the market. 

The mill water is secured from the small stream that flows past 
the mill. The brook valley has been dammed and receives the 
tailings. The water is filtered through sand banks and used over 
again. In the late fall the floodgates in the dam are opened and the 
spring freshets carry the accumulated tailings down stream, empty- 
ing the reservoir. : 

Summary. Cushing says that “much the same assemblage of 
rocks.” [is shown on both the Flake and Graphite Products proper- 
ties] “and the general similarity of the rock association strongly 
suggests that we are dealing with the same rock horizon.’”* With 
this opinion the writer is in full accord. Isoclinal folding, ac- 
companied by some overthrust faulting, characterizes the Flake 
property, while this locality exhibits repeated faulting. This is very 
fortunate for the Graphite Products Corporation in that it has 
exposed two beds, and possibly a third. 

Amount of ore. It would seem as if there was a large store of 
graphite rock on this property, but the complicated structure of the 
quarry, especially, demands careful work as_ the operations are 
continued. 


The “ Hulett’s Landing ” Prospect 


“ A very low-grade deposit of graphitic quartzite was discovered 
by Prof. J. F. Kemp on the east shore of Lake George about 3 miles 
back of Hulett’s Landing. A peculiar feature of this deposit is the 
fact that the hanging wall is a very large eruptive dike. As in the 
Hague mine the ‘ vein’ seems to have been a line of weakness. The 
flake of this deposit is very small and of too low grade to be of any 
value.””” | 

Dr W. McKim Marriott reports*® that in 1916 he collected spec- 
imens from an outcrop that occurs near Long pond, which he state’ 


1 Cushing, H. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 169, p. 148-49. 
2 The Mineral Industry for 1902, p. 347. 
Letters of September oand 12, 1917. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS II! 


is apparently of considerable extent. He was kind enough to send 
the writer several samples that bear out Professor Kemp’s opinion 
that they are of too low a grade to demand any attention. 

It would appear that the deposit is of the usual graphitic schist, 
‘outcropping along the ridge between Lake George and Lake Cham- 
plain. The eruptive dike may well be the metagabbro. The reader 
is cautioned to interpret the word “ vein” as it is used above to mean 


a bedded deposit. 


The Macomb Graphite Company — Popes Mills Graphite 
Company 


The mine is in the township of Macomb, St Lawrence county, 
south of Black lake, 114 miles southeast of Popes Mills, within the 
Hammond quadrangle. 

Workings. “The cut shows a finely laminated graphite quartz- 
schist complexly foliated and corrugated. It may represent the 
highly metamorphosed deposits of organic material near the shores 
of the [pre-] Cambrian sea. The contact line of the indurated 
Cambrian sandstone is irregularly disposed as the northern boundary 
of this locality. The laminated deposit is crumpled, friable, quart- 
zose and contains a small proportion of iron [pyrite]. The property 
has been worked to a limited extent by a small company under the 
name of the Macomb Graphite Company. A section about 75 feet 
long and nearly 15 feet deep into the face of one of the folds has 
- been made. The structure is uniform and rich in graphite. The 
company mined about 100 tons of rock for experimental purposes. 
The deposit seems to grow richer and the percentage of the iron 
[pyrite] to decrease with depth. Although the milling was done 
with rather crude equipment the yield was from 15 to 20 per cent of 
graphite. 
© Several tons of excellent concentrates were produced, averaging 
more than go per cent of carbon. The product was distributed to 
various manufacturers to determine its practical value for lubrica- 
tion, foundry work, metallic paint and other uses. 

“The reports were highly satisfactory. For lack of capital the 
company has temporarily ceased operations after having worked 
out the major problem of extraction.” 

Cirkel’ says: “‘ Some development work was done last year (1906) 
on a prospect near Popes Mills, town of Macomb. The graphiie’ 
occurs as fine scales in schist and the deposit is said to be extensive. 


1 Mills, Frank S., Eng. & Min. Jour., Feb. 22, 1908, 85:397. 
? Cirkel, Fritz, ‘“‘ Graphite,’’ Can. Dep’t. of Mines, Mines Br. 1907, p. 57. 


II2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


About 500 tones of rock have been taken out and a mill has recently 
been completed.” The property has laid idle for several years. 

It would appear that this deposit is of the very fine crystalline 
form that usually is referred to as amorphous. Apparently the © 
metamorphism of the Grenville rocks has been less severe in the 
northwestern Adirondacks than in the southeastern areas. Thus 
the carbon has not been so completely recrystallized to graphite. 
The material from the Macomb locality is well suited for certain 
forms of lubrication, foundry work, etc., but is not crystalline 
enough to be used in the manufacture of crucibles. It is understood 
that the Macomb Graphite Company has, within recent years, 
relinguished its holdings on the mine to the Popes Mills Graphite 
Company, although it still operates the mill. 


Size of concentrate 


PAVEEAES MIAMIEUEL. ow ohn elon se a ae ee MP ig Sey | .145 mm x .202 mm 
Mien widtmeter: 5. 275i ei Le eee ees | 42 mm 
o9 mm 


Mintaiem caameter . ob es ec ae ee oss ee | 


The Rossie Prospect 


Beck’ says that graphite “is thought to exist in workable quanti- 
ties in the town of Rossie and elsewhere in St Lawrence county.” 

“In St Lawrence county some attention has been given to a de- 
posit occurring on the Indian river about 3 miles [probably south] 
from Rossie village. The graphite forms the principal constituent 
of a schist, through the body of which it is distributed richly in very 
small scaly particles. It is a crystalline graphite, but too fine in size 
to be easily separated. Trial shipments of the crude material were 
reported to have given satisfactory results when used for foundry 
purposes.” 

The Smith Graphite Property 

This property was visited and mapped in detail during the summer 
of 1918 after completing the report on the Adirondack graphite 
deposits. This deposit is situated in the township of Chesterfield 
about 4 miles directly south of Clintonville and one-half of a mile 
south-southeast of the southern end of Trout pound within the 
limits of the Ausable sheet. 

Topography and physiography. The graphite schist occurs ina 
narrow valley extending northwest and southeast as a side valley 


i Beck,"Nat. Hist. N. Y. State, pt 3, Mineralogy, 1842, p. 421. 
2 Newland, D. H., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 120, p. 30. 


her 


HS VUOBLHOAILE centped £0 9 pb), yory 


=, > 
« & Ge 


“ 
& 


Ry f 


Spr = 
Ey ‘ 


BS Spyies hive Gawreg’ Coe 40 Bow GABOYS Quer? 


» WTCOWVU 
Ry DIVEYZE Oftarra-yatiige- combsource Dyes 


WEMEEMY MH. 


(5) 


mE CSE lLImS 


: 


bBObEBLA 


POCIC We OL JHE 


CEO Mt 


Ca 


TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OF THE GEO.W. SMITH 1050 
PROPERTY 


Le ce EN & 
BQ MAIN HicHwas [5] BuLDINGs 


J SECONDARY ROADS [==] SWAMP 


[S.] uNuseo RoADS [p]sPrinc 
[7] pats a | Pits 


BRIDGES-BROOKS —_ [= ]ROCK DUMP. 


GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE GEO. W. SMITH 


PROPERTY 


LE CSE 7M 
KEWEENAWAN (7?) 


DIABASE Olivine-Augite- Comptonite Dikes 
ALGOMAN 

GRANITE, Fine Grained, Gray to Pink Granite Gneiss 

ANORTHOSITE Grushed to a'Pu\py’ Rock 


SYNTEcTIC ROCK Assimilation Product 


PRE-LAURENTIAN (?) 
[S) META-GABBRO Inclusions in Granitic Roc’ 


GRENVILL 
NORMAL PHASE = SYNTECTI ASE 


GRAPATTE SCHIST ‘BEAR POND’ 
SILLIMANITE SCHIST ‘CATAMOUNT 
UARTZITE, ‘UPPER SWEDE POND’ 

\ ‘TROUT POND 


Fig. 25 Topographic and geologic map of the George W. Smith property. Based upon a stadia-plane table survey, 
Topography and geology by H. L. Alling, 1918. 


‘ 


4 


r} 


' 


7 


W030 BHT 0 


1 peepee & 
vy 


+ 


Tr tr > 
“il Wve ‘ 
mpl, 7 » 
"Al i.) 
Ty ‘ 
cea) t 
ep eee wrons 
SPINS F198 7} 
j 
mS 
nm 
=o 
my) 
~ 
r 
. 
. 


TAM 


TYCO 
TORS 


= oo 


ting 


an 


- 


IHIARD 


he 


oo, 


'e, 


SOT 


— 


ge} 
: 
- 
) 
: 
| 


a 


as 


5 


ee ees 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS I13 


to the long north and south depression that is traceable from Trout 
pond to Elizabethtown. ‘The origin of this side valley is directly 
due to the easily eroded Grenville strata which here are composed 
in large measure of limestone. The valley walls and inclosing 
hills are of igneous rocks that are much more resistant to destructive 
forces. 

The continental ice sheet widened the north and south valley 
as well as scraped off the decomposed rock decay which had 
formed during the interglacial periods. During the retreat of the 
glacier, heavy glacial streams flowed through the main valley along- 
side of the ice tongue which occupied the valley bottom. Extensive 
boulder trains and deltas were deposited, which can be traced for 
a long distance southward. The ice tongue deposited crescent- 
shaped moraines north of Lewis and one in the side valley in which 
the graphite schist is exposed. This moraine is convex up stream 
showing that it is the work of the continental ice rather than that 
of a local glacier. Although it is somewhat dissected yet it has 
forced the present brook to seek a course to one side of the valley 
forcing it out of its normal course. Morainal ridges and glacial 
silts obscure much in this side valley and greatly interfere with 
detail mapping. 

The pits. Graphite was discovered years ago by marble men 
seeking a supply of serpentinized limestone (verd antique). In 
their original search they were disappointed. The property is now 
owned by George W. Smith of Keeseville, N. Y. A large number 
of pits and small diggings have been made to determine the extent 
and quality of the graphite rock. Two of them are situated on 
the east side of the valley where the schist is exposed, dipping from 
55 to 40° to the east. From north to south these pits will be called 
No. 1 and No. 2 respectively. Seven hundred feet to the southwest 
of these pits are a number of diggings and pits situated near a 
wood road. The rocks exposed here are nearly horizontal. To the 
east of the road they dip to the northeast at a low angle, while to 
the west of the road the strata dip in the opposite direction. 

Geology and structure. It is evident from the behavior of the 
graphite schist and associated Grenville rocks that they have been 
folded into a anticline, which is slightly tilted to the west and 
pitches to the north (see figure 25). The present surface of the 
region has so truncated the graphite schist that the line. of outcrop 
forms a U-shaped pattern on the map. While the stratigraphy of 
the Grenville series in this locality is in many respects similar to 


IIi4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


that exposed on the active graphite properties in the southern 
region, there are some interesting variations. | 

Above the ore is a bed of quartzite about 50 feet thick that is 
evidently equivalent to the horizon called the Swede Pond quartzite. 
On top of this quartzite is a bed of crystalline limestone which is 
commonly siliceous and contains various green silicates that have 
been changed to serpentine. It is about 50 feet thick and is sur- 
mounted by another layer of quartzite. The question arises whether 
this lime formation is equivalent to the so-called “ sandy ” lime- 
stone which is shown on the southern edge of the Dixon-Faxon 
properties. If this is the case then it is a little difficult to explain 
the second stratum of quartzite. Thus it is proposed that this 
limestone be called the Trout Pond limestone and the two quartzite 
formations be called the lower and upper Swede Pond. It is of 
course possible that the Trout Pond limestone is replacing the 
Swede Pond quartzite in somewhat the same way that the Faxon 
limestone was found to do on the International Graphite Com- 
pany’s property. On the southern slope of the prominent ridge 
that limits the valley on the west a quartzite-carrying graphite was 
encountered. - It is possible that this is the Bear Pond schist which 
constitutes the ore on the Bly property, or this graphite may have 
been introduced into the Swede Pond by the action of adjacent 
igneous rocks. From a study of a thin section cut from this 
material, the writer concludes that the former interpretation is 
probably the correct one. The so-called sandy limestone is either 
absent or so highly silicified that it could not be recognized as— 
such. At the Flake Graphite Company’s mine (Greenfield, Sara- 
toga county) a parting composed of limestone and green quartzite 
separated the ore into two distinct layers. On the Smith property 
a thin stratum of limestone occurs near or on top of the graphitic 
member. - 

Beneath the ore is another limestone that seems to be a new one 
in Grenville stratigraphy. While it is conceivable that this may 
be a phase of the Faxon it is deemed best to introduce a new term, 
the Chesterfield limestone. This is some 50 feet thick. There is 
some uncertainty in regard to the rock that lies beneath the Chester- 
field, as exposures are very rare. In the core of the anticline 
loose boulders of a para-amphibolite were encountered in sufficient _ 
numbers to justify the conclusion that they came from a bed situated 
beneath the limestone. No evidence could be secured that the 
garnet-sillimanite gneiss of the southern area, named the Hague 


gneiss, was present. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 115 


The ore. The graphite rock appears to be the Dixon schist. In 
general it is a quartz schist with feldspar, graphite, pyrite, apatite, 
zircon and biotite. The ore from pits no. 1 and no. 2 is greatly 
superior to any found elsewhere on the property. Here it is 
essentially a quartz schist with 14 to 18 per cent graphite and a 
surprisingly small mica content. On the west side of the valley 
the ore that is exposed near the wood road is of poor quality with 
a low graphite and a high mica content. There is considerable 1m- 
provement, however, in depth, but no ore has as yet been encountered 


Quantitative microscopic analyses of the Smith ores 


PATH 


PATH PATH eee HILL HILL 
SECOND SUMMIT 5 FEET eS 12 FEET 3 FEBT 
PIT OF BELOW Seg BELOW BELOW 
ANTICLINE | SURFACE pase SURFACE SURFACE 
900 902 902a 919 920 921 
S| GTI TG rset se corso a 14.6 3.0 6.9 8 14.0 Gal! 
“TL nA ea Be) enon 14.0 8.5 TSE Ons i Nice aa eve 4.5 
FE) GUI cat ae Ee ee ees Ao all In IRN eS Bis NERO IC ERIE | (SBS ce ie idl ate ac cis eka] eaoys ae aed 
SAGE CTR A hei eae 12 40.0 40.0 Silt Soar Bei eatettcise seeoe Al 
=|) ens 82.3 14.6 26.0 TS aa) i ee ho 37.6 
SCH EORIUC HE cla.c Sere cid Sinie ie tars 2 6.0 Ths 20.0 11.5 29.5 
SP PHARM e eels Jeiisiie sie. + « sil A 4 Sole yaw erlenl s arecaetereres Ah 
2) So oo ES Dee [eee OE PO wills teaste sraporaro5i] ears; guewesahcecorears [tesa ereeePe el ave ceil eters efsvanereuats si 
2 USOT EL LE. alah: NCH Oo Oe Sie We il Ce caatets einer PORTA | Nigigm Wnag| | ae tase chee ee 
DERE TER TCM POR REY Shere Ree ae NE vara avarraas out rall chars ovieianav See [Mevaate Wovens evade SORZE AR ae es 
CCCs eee Saltire in| erate er aes | Oh ge Lal Ok EO ieee ANY toate Beet ta ae ek ee 
g STLLNTHE TD. ae A RI oe |e TOMOP ES) DB eee oe a eR Wsirespet rn ts as aoe aa © 
3 ATRUDT ola S a Oe aa Be rae De Rape NBS pe Cae SISO <M tw ee 8 ras ge iyo = [tA AR orcs aL ae MR 
Oe HE Es esse | s/o, oy xtaininnni|'g wis ur Teta atm de asians Pani eee asics iE Cee. pal [Gate caceec 
a TUATHA Pe Seer eee. Cs, Up Aly ok ee at yd ete cy cae Bval can ayam belle xchereeAgio wont 2 
< — | ———_— ——__ —_ —— | ———_- —- ——_ 
JMGCRSLS 22 | 2 a a oma te 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 
Granhiterre se sins tan ct. oe Ste 18.92 DEOET ra SRA Serine 7.34 12.6 8.5 
(UCR SiTEU ES Os, cael RE Bere] HNN Berea eal | Mier Een oe at | ROE gn EAS) Ur ROPER [Ea nee 
: Se Ea DE i ke er | A sas) (SOEs, 
ARGS a 1.31 mm 52 mm; .45 mm 59 mm 77 mm 54 mm 
o — 
a|-2 | Maximum............. 2.20 .90 70 1.00 1.25 80 
o\ee 
=| | Minimum............. 44 26 30 33 32 31 
a) 
fos 
a A Lael TE A Te (aS | a a a (ee es |e ee 
o} 5 
oe 152): ee ee .038 mm .048 mm .050 mm .034 mm .075 mm .039 mm 
om o 
2| S| Maximum............. 060 085 .100 .068 .200 071 
a | od 
A> | Minimum.............. 010 017 012 010 040 015 


on the west limb of the anticline that equals the ore from the first 
two pits. Furthermore, the ore on this side of the valley has been 
affected by the action of the igneous rocks which have penetrated 
the ore in some places as pegmatite dikes which have developed, in 
some local cases, traces of graphite by contact action. Specimens 
from the bottom of a pit dug at the side of the wood road revealed 
the presence of pyroxene (diopside) which has been developed by 
contact metamorphic action, reminding us of the Rowland-Interna- 


116 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


tional ores. In all the surface exposures the quality is low, 
but improvement may in general be looked for in depth. It is possi- 
ble that the surface layers exposed on the west limb of the anti- 
cline are the lower beds of the Swede Pond quartzite into which 
the graphite has been carried by igneous activity. The ore on the 
west limb is much more available than the material on the east 
limb, in that quarry methods could be employed, because the 
graphite schist lies in a horizontal position, but the inferior character 
forces us to place our emphasis upon the cast limb in spite of its 
greater dip. 

The graphite schist in pits nos. I and 2 is separted into several 
seams by layers of yellow quartzite. In no. 1 pit the following 
order was found in descending order: 2 feet of graphite schist, 9 
inches of quartzite, 1 foot 6 inches of graphite, 1 foot 6 inches of 
quartzite, 4 feet 10 inches of graphite schist, making a total of 
8 feet 4 inches of graphite schist. In no. 2 pit the beds occur as 
follows: 4 feet 6 inches of graphite schist, 2 feet of quartzite, 9 
inches of graphite, 2 feet of quartzite, g inches of graphite, making 
a total of 6 feet of graphite ore. This alternation of graphite and 
quartzite is unfortunate in that it will complicate the mining prac- 
tice, involving as it will the rejection of some of the blasted rock. 

Microscopic examination of the yellow quartzite, that separates 
the graphite seam into several layers, seems to indicate that this 
is in part igneous material. It is quite possible that the igneous 
activity has removed the graphite from the barren zones and con- 
centrated it in the other portions of the bed. If this should be 
true it might interfere with the uniformity and character of the 
rock in depth. This suggestion is furthermore strengthened by the 
finding of large flake graphite which has the appearance of being 
of the contact type. This occurs near the bottom of the Dixon 
schist in contact with the Chesterfield limestone. | 

About 1000 feet north of no. 1 pit a ridge of the lower Swede 
Pond quartzite dips at an angle approaching 90°. It is inferred 
from this outcrop that the graphite rock is situated thus to the 
west of this exposure, but as this account is being written the 
presence of the ore at this spot has not been proved. If, however, 
this should be established it would be safe to assume that the ore 
can be traced for about 2000 feet along the eastern limb of the 
anticline. Assuming 6 feet for the thickness of the graphite ore 
and that the bed should be followed for 300 feet down the dip, 
the available tonnage of the schist is calculated to be 300,000 tons. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 117 


There are no indications that the total depth to which the work 
can extend is limited to 300 feet, but as the dip undoubtedly will 
increase in depth, which is especially true of the ore farther north 
along the strike, the mining difficulties will increase. It is quite 
possible that preliminary work could be conducted by quarrying the 
ore along the strike from a point near no. 1 pit southward. 

The number of igneous rocks present on this property is not 
absolutely known, but according to the present knowledge the 
Algoman granite and the anorthosite are present. The latter rock 
occurs as small bosses which have been severely squeezed so 
that the rock resembles the crushed or “pulpy” phases of the rock 
as shown throughout the Adirondacks. 

Farther away from the sedimentary rocks the amount of Gren- 
ville admixture becomes less until a fine-grained granite makes 
up the bulk of the rock exposed. This is in all probability the 
Algoman granite. In this granite a large number of inclusions of 
amphibolite occur in a manner quite similar to the inclusions found 
in the so-called Laurentian granite of St Lawrence county. The 
microscope points very clearly to the fact that these inclusions are 
igneous and it is quite possible that they represent the ancient 
metagabbro which Cushing believes to be the oldest eruptive in the 
Adirondacks. If this is so, then they must be older than the 
Laurentian granite; and in view of the fact that the term Lauren- 
tian is primarily applied to the older granite, the term pre-Lauren- 
tian is used in the legend on the map of this property. 

Syntectic rocks. The valley is delimited on both east and -west 
by ridges composed of igneous rocks which present a number of per- 
plexing problems that up to the present time have been only partially 
solved. The relation between the Grenville rocks which occupy 
the valley and the igneous rocks is apparently an eruptive one rather 
than that they exist together by virtue of a fault. The east valley 
wall is composed of a syntectic rock resulting from the assimilation 
of Grenville rocks by an igneous magma. 

On the west, the transition from the sediments to the granite 
can be traced much more satisfactorily. It is possible to recognize 
the different forms for several hundred feet even though they have 
been saturated by the solutions of the igneous rock. These blend 
gradually into rusty assimilation products which give away in time 
to the normal granite. 

The last igneous rock that is recorded in the region is the diabase 
(olivine-augite-camptonite), two dikes of which were found. One 


118 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


is near the pit on the west limb of the anticline cutting the Chester- 
field limestone. It is 4 feet 10 inches wide and runs from north 
65° to north 80° west. The other dike is situated on the west hill 
slope and is 1 foot 9 inches in thickness and extends across the 
foliation of the granite north 76° east. 

Water supply. It is quite possible that there is a sufficient 
amount of water available on the property. The outlet of Trout 
pond alone may be sufficient although more water could be secured 
from this brook after it had been enforced by the stream that 
crosses the anticline, as shown on the map. If, however, this supply 
proved to be too scanty it is quite possible that water could be 
secured for boiler and mill use from Trout pond. 

Transportation. The secondary roads from the pits to the main 
highway are in fair condition. The renewing of the culverts and 
bridges and a little grading would make the property very accessible. 
It is 4 miles by highway to Clintonville through which the Ausable 
Forks branch of the D. & H. railroad runs. This road although 
quite passable for a motor car is rather hilly and it might be that 
some improvement would be necessary in order that heavy laden 
trucks could use it. 

Summary. This property exhibits in some places ore that is of 
unusually high quality. Some care must be taken to establish the 
exact limits of the ore on the west and on the east sides of the 
valley. At the present time the position of the contact between the 
ore and the igneous rocks is only approximately known. However, 
it is certainly worth while to conduct exploratory work on this 
deposit. 7 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS I1g 


SUMMARY OF THE SOUTHERN AREA 


It is the bedded deposits of the graphitic schists of the southern 
area that are the commercial deposits of the Adirondacks. We have 
seen that there are four distinct types of ores. 

1 The normal quartz-schist with 5 to 7 per cent of graphite 
which is the valuable rock at the American Graphite Company, the 
Faxon property, the Lakeside mine, Hooper Brothers’ mine, the 
Champlain Graphite Company, the Adirondack Mining and Milling 
Company, the Silver Leaf Graphite Company, the Flake Graphite 
Company, and the Graphite Products Corporation. The rock worked 
at all these localities is very probably the same stratigraphic unit, 
referred to as the Dixon schist. It exists as two beds or lenses at 
the Dixon, Faxon and probably at the Flake mines, but in the other 
properties it is represented by a single bed. In general, the forma- 
tion varies in thickness from a maximum of 30 feet to a minimum of 
3 feet. The upper portions of the Dixon schist are usually mica- 
ceous, which seems to be true of the bottom layers as well. Asa 
_ general habit an increase in the feldspar percentage is accompanied 
by a rise in the biotite-chlorite content, although there are a few 
exceptions to this rule. 

2 The second type is the feldspar-quartz schist with 6 per cent of 
graphite and 10 per cent of micaceous minerals. This is exemplified 
by the Bly ore. It is the writer’s opinion that this schist represents 
a distinct and different horizon from the Dixon schist. It would 
seem as if it did not have such a great areal extent. This is the 
Bear Pond schist. 

3 The third type is a phase of the Dixon schist affected by a mild 
form of contact metamorphism, which has developed pyroxenes and 
tourmaline and redistributed the graphite resulting in an abnormally 
high graphite content in certain layers. This is the International- 
Rowland-Sacandaga type. | 

4 The last group has only one known representative; the Rock 
Pond ore, which is a meta-arkose (“arkosite’”), being composed 
almost entirely of potash feldspar. Its stratigraphic position is 
unknown. 

There is a practical basis for such a classiftcation. Milling 
practice rules out, for the present, the last three classes. It may be 
that with the development of milling processes, already suggested,’ 
some of these can be successfully worked in the future. The 
slightly contact metamorphosed beds present a very variable rock 


120 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


that is difficult to crush without undue attrition of the valuable 
mineral. The chief objection to the Bly ores is the high mica con- 
tent. The commercial possibilities were touched upon while dis- 
cussing the Bear Pond Mountain region. ; 


Average of the quantitative microscopic analyses of graphitic schists of the 
southern area 


The properties from which specimens have been micro-analysed are capitalized. 


— 


: Slightly 
Normal Dixon contact Bear Pond | Rock Pond 
schist metamorphosed schist ““ arkosite ”’ 
Dixon schist 
(Greil abiteie pegs Wea een 6.9 HAS 6.2 1.6 
BIO EGON fin eres NE Boe, 3:3 3.4 9.4 £3 
INT ASCOWALCI Oo aimee aca osccd sce les|l -Steyd ree toaks GAeoe ae IPagre ae eevee pet eet el lg | ar Ail 
Ginlonibey eee co Beis-sle 6.1 1.4 if 4 6.7 
DERICHE Ese tes fo) tik u sensi Sheus little little little little 
INTIGLESIMG Seis a. Saye Sel cere se 15.7 16.9 39.5 sil 
MTWoclase.c wih iin sche eels EAL |i meet ee ee pm iD 9.5 10.3 
Miteroclities sect. >: ies.ccstens 4 ; 133-5) .6 52ES 
(ORF eis Sin Gee ee ee 61.6 24.6 26.1 9.6 
avritene red aren Mia eae ee 3:5 7.9 7.3 iif 
TNTOEN BIS aly SA ee eae aN 1.0 1.0 1.0 atl 
(Garnet s siren: ieieeeys BMW acess Sle: abe cialele Gch grc: eeu || ltweccllolele ke wen aps sna | ela ae 
iD MOyo\S)\6 (ee peta aire ae 32 22.18. (|) ie eens pee 15 
Aaa rab Y Ree ae ete eae ae aS Be PG i co .05 
DEEMENTING sae. La seie sain et ML Diyalbotspatcdvesa te AWE a ieee rest tee tPACEy, | Seine Sy we Mennr. 
Momrmealines.: 6 0... cm we ; none Boe Ae een will et alta o 
Carbonatesi «. sis vais oc0.0e trace trace trace 4 
Sillimmanite ..2ci0.- 2's bee none NONE? ||, <7. hheuaeeee .05 
Galena ite ce iene cielo none MONE: je ees aee eee 52 
ROTA ieee Belkin oe Noe w 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 
Represented by.......... DIXON INTERNATIONAL | BLY ROCK 
FAXON ROWLAND POND 
HAGUE SACANDAGA 
HOOPER 
CHAMPLAIN 
Adirondack 
Silver Leaf 
FLAKE 
GRAPHITE 
PRODUCTS 
Classification of the graphite ores 
; : Bear Pond Rock Pond | -Slight contact , : 
Dixon schist - schist arkosite metamorphosed Contact Veins 
Dixon 
Faxon 
Hague 
Hooper . 
Champlain 
Adirondack 
Silver Leaf 
Flake 
Graphite Products 
Bly 
Rock Pond 
International International 
International 
Rowland Rowland 


Sacandaga Sacandaga Sacandaga 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS I2I 


GRENVILLE STRATIGRAPHY 


It is the hope of Adirondack geologists that the Grenville series 
can be “ put in order.” Up to the present time the succession and 
the thickness of the beds are unknown, and likewise we are 
unacquainted with the base and the top of the series. W. J. Miller’ 
has made a beginning following I. H. Ogilvie,’ but their units are 
far too large for our use. Most of the geologists are interested in 
the purely scientific side of the problem, but the writer’s task 
demands that he take a practical as well as a scientific view. Hence 
he started the field work with the hope that something could be 
done with the stratigraphy as an aid to the problems of the graphite 
deposits of the Adirondacks. He feels that he has, in part at least, 
arrived at something definite. 


Composite geological column showing the Grenville stratigraphy of the 
southern graphite area 


Estimated 
Rock Name thickness Type locality 
in feet i 
Top unknown 
Para-ampitbOlite ss... 5 sae ews Beech Mountain.... 150 | Beech mountain southeast 
; of Graphite 
Feldspar-quartz graphite schist...] Bear Pond schist.... 30 | Baar pond, Ticonderoga 
Dilnmanite SCHISE:. 2.56.5. 666. 8 Catamounty «. ce. 70 | Catamount mountain, In- 
ternational property 
CL es a Re ee ee ee rn 20 | Faxon property 
ORI ALTS. Ae AAS Cs eer Swede Pond........ 400 | Swede pond, Faxon prop- 
; erty 
(LiRES ATO ye A et ee BARON om cic. Mee one eee 20 | Faxon pond, Faxon prop- 
erty 
Quartz-graphitic schist.......... Dixon schist........ 30 | Dixon mine 
Garnet-sillimanite gneiss......... Hague gneiss....... 60 | Lakeside mine at Hague 
Para-amphibolite.......... NaS Dresdennase on: ies 120 | Township of Dresden, 
; Hooper property 
MES UOTE Le cP orate stan s cehticuate J folaustloythge7s ply ee aicions 30 | Johnsburg Rowland prop- 
erty 
DICER HZ Hes A kk ne ee Selozhatc Eiefh on ghine Pages 70 | Sacandaga river, Sacan- 
daga mine 
Bottom unknown 
‘Rotale ses 10090 


As the number of beds recognized increased, it became necessary 
that some name be attached to each one. The names here proposed 
have already caused some criticism, and rightly so. Geological usage 
demands that a name should indicate the geographical locality where 
the formation is typically shown, and furthermore the name should 
not be preoccupied. Such an ideal has not been realized. This is 


1N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 170, p.”1o. 
2N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 96, p. 479. 


I22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


accounted for by the scarcity of geographical names in the sparsely 
settled Adirondacks and that the writer was forced to devote his 
energies to the graphite properties and did not have the time to go 
exploring over the country in search of typical outcrops. The names 
are purely tentative, and nothing more. It is the writer’s hope, how- 
ever, that as continued progress is made in untangling the Grenville 
series more suitable names and better correlations can be proposed. 

The practical application of the stratigraphy has already been 
pointed out. There was hardly a mine that did not have problems 
that, in a manner at least, were solved by using the knowledge of 
the succession of the beds. A striking example is the conclusion 
reached in regard to the amount of ore on the Rowland property. 
The value is not limited to the question of the amount of ore, but 
can be used in locating and determining the amount of displacement 
of faults. “n this connection see the Dixon and Faxon properties. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 123 


THE IGNEOUS ROCKS 


The Algoman. The anorthosite, syenite, granite and gabbro 
(arranged in order of their age), which compose the younger group 
of igneous rocks, the writer regards as Algoman in age. They have 
been so thoroughly discussed in the various bulletins of the New 
York State Museum as to call for no further discussion. The 
writer would take more kindly toward the view that the syenite- 
granite masses represent several different centers of intrusion con- 
temporaneous in age rather than that they represent differentiated 
portions of a single body. 

The name Algoman, perhaps, needs a word in the way of explana- 
tion. Correlation of igneous rocks is, at the best, difficult, but the. 
Precambrian rocks of Canada have been studied in sufficient detail 
to furnish data for numerous correlation tables, twenty of which 
have been examined. There is a striking similarity in nearly all; 
there are only two periods of igneous activity prior to ee 
Keweenawan. The other granite of the Adirondacks, Cushing 
regards as Laurentian. Hence, if we follow Miller and Knight,* 
‘we are compelled to employ the term Algoman. It furnishes a 
much desired “ handle.” 

The metagabbro. This igneous rock found on a number of the 
graphite properties has not received the attention in Adirondack 
geology it deserves. The cause of this is not difficult to find. It 
has been pointed out that the amphibolites are often difficult to 
interpret as they have been derived in a number of ways: (1) 
Grenville para-amphibolites, (2) metamorphosed basic (femic) 
igneous rocks such as gabbros, diorites, and diabases, (3) contact 
metamorphosed impure limestones.? Excluding the last as unim- 
portant in the present discussion, the choice rests between para- 
-amphibolites and ortho-amphibolites. Cushing, and _ especially 
Martin,® lean strongly toward the igneous interpretation. While it 
is true that some of the amphibolites are igneous, it is not necessarily 
the case in all.* Granting that some are sedimentary and some are 
igneous, a distinction between the two is difficult and frequently 
impossible, for they are often confoundingly alike. 

Specimens were collected from rock masses where field relations 
pointed to a definite origin. Microscopic examination revealed 


1 Miller, W. G., & Knight, C. W., Jour. Geol., 23:588. 

2 Cushing, H. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 191, p. 15. 

+ Martin, J. C., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 185, p. 57. 

‘ Lowinson- -Lessing, F., ‘‘ Uber die chemische Natur der feldspath Amphibole.”’ 
Ann. de l’Inst, Polytech. Pierre le Grand. St Petersbourg, 15:559-76, I9II. 


124 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


striking similarities and a few differences. The similarities need 
not be touched upon. It is the latter that are important. 

The interpretation of para-schists and para-gneisses should be 
guided by mental reference to the original unmetamorphosed rock. 
What kind of a sediment did we have in the beginning? Cushing 
suggests a calcareous shale.t Now as the first point in our examina- 
tion it is difficult to conceive of a shale without any free quartz. 
If any original quartz is present in an amphibolite, it gives it a 
sedimentary look, for basic (femic) rocks are usually lacking in 
this mineral. But, on the other hand, the absence of quartz does 
not furnish a reliable criterion for igneous origin, for recrystalliza- 
tion may have brought about the formation of various silicates, 
-using up the quartz present. | 

The pyroxene-amphibole (the “ pyribole” of Johannsen’) con- 
tent was next examined. It is held by many geochemists that 
pyroxene is a high temperature mineral, while amphibole is a lower 
temperature form,*? the change from pyroxene to amphibole being 
a paramorphic (or “autometamorphic”) one. Whatever the nature 


Chemical analysis of para-amphibolite (hornblende schist) from Lead hill 


Ticonderoga * 

pag ee So ih bee be ES le eee ee ro ae ee 48.26 - 
0S Oa ie age a a PET RS ere. t ee see Vu bis. a 13.32 
eae au 6) ene ho. os ait Leis sips tape LR one a eet ae 1.41 
52.9 Selene Ian tae Ee A OR we oe ere Le Mh a E155 
Pele P asi eee: dpa cs can seca: Meh eee 2 Sache es ae eee er 6.66 
MN ee a aelee a we fa! ast wi as Gore oye Rs RRR Eek eed eet Oe 10.55 
Wicieteertrct es oee Pl. ie ie bey SR Pe eee 3.36 
K;0 AO oo ate ee OL ae mC) seer ty Re Oey Ce SN RA 0.80 
WER Gye Ras ch a Ra eg Bae ee Siete Sy eae Gres ias CO ea ol es ae .06 
Oy aps cA R a aks vibe cans bie ee Rehab WME Sh oe e ge aN oer .96 
AMON ln Piste in ie oto Werabans coheed oe oo soe es > A 1.99 
COs A De A Oe ED it A caer ye Mn On me, ibe hee Oe Te .38 
P.O; Ay ee ea ee Go i ere a ae aA kN Se 220 
SS GES SE ee eee ce ee ROE TE .20 
DVB ee hi ogee Sept sie & eistenascce ray ed Teta sle soy Gta ht hase Anny ern .14 
FeS; Stel tal @, eco eyanie co Pele: os. ap efee wl) ow ol ee) @ eco hare leva ye. 4 et @ stcslee 6) 2) \obinl o) <<, eure Welle Mente en mn aa 
PRR ie usa oe reed epi Oe siege od va, eck oe None 
99.84 
ESCO Fe cares « i ee tae cee Do os Re ee 2IG 
9.74 


Collected by E. S. Bastin, analyzed by George Steiger in the laboratories = the 
United States Geological Survey, USS) G. S. "Bul. 561, ps 40: 


1N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 169, p. 19, and Bul. 191, p. 15. 

2 Tohannsen, Albert, Jour. Geol. 1911, 19:3109. 

3Elsden, J. V., ‘‘ Principles of Chemical Geology,’’ 1910, p. 114. 
Becke, F., Tschermak, Min. u. Petro. Mitth. 16:327—36. 
Clarke, F. W., U.S. G..S. Bul. 616; p. 386. 
Lacroix, Mineralogie de la France, 1893-95, 1:668-69. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 125 


of the change may be, the process furnishes some aid in the problem. 
If a large amount of pyroxene (say augite) is found in an amphi- 
bolite, it suggests an igneous origin. Martin,’ for example, points 
_ out that the dynamic disturbances of the northwestern Adirondacks 
(Canton sheet) were sufficient to all but completely transform the 
pyroxene to amphibole. Thus the absence of augite does not prove 
a sedimentary origin but may suggest it. On the other hand, the 
presence of pyroxene points toward igneous origin. In neither case 
is this criterion conclusive. 

Hunting for additional criteria, the writer investigated the feld- 
spars in turn. Now Vogt,’ Becke,* Marc,* and Harker’ attempt 
to present the physical chemistry of the system; albite-orthoclase- 
anorthite by a thermo-equilibrum diagram. The plagioclase series 
is an isomorphous one* (solid solutions), while the orthoclase-albite 
pair is an eutectiferous one.‘ The third pair, orthoclase-anorthite 
is very likely similar to the latter. Thus plotting the three com- 
ponent system upon a triangular base, an eutectic line is to be drawn, 
connecting the two eutectic points. If the feldspar composition in 
the magma was on the potash side of this eutectic line, the resulting 
crystals would approach the orthoclase type of feldspar, while if it 
were on the other side plagioclase would result. But if the position 
of the molten feldspar was on or near the eutectic line, the solid 
minerals would be divided, on freezing, into orthoclase and plagio- 
clase, usually in about equal amounts. In examining the slides of 
the amphibolites, it was found that the undoubted sedimentary types 
carried a motley collection of all sorts of feldspars with no definite 
proportion among them, while the igneous varieties carried an 
evenly split orthoclase-andesine content, for example. A rock with 
both potash and soda-lime feldspars is termed a monzonite. While 
it is not certain that the ferromagnesian minerals were original 
pyroxenes, it seems likely, and hence the writer suggests that the 
ortho-amphibolites he has encountered are in large measure meta- 
augite-monzonites, although the name metagabbro 1 is employed as a 
more general term. 


1 Martin, J. C., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 185, p. 57. 

2 Vogt, J. H. L., Silikatschemelzlosungen, 1914, 2:120-21. 

3 Becke, F., Tschermak, Min. u. Petro. Mitth. (2), 1906, 25:361, 383-85. 

4Marc, Robert, Vorlesungen tiber die Chemische Gleichewichtslehre, und 
ihre Anwendung auf die Probleme der Mineralogie, Petrographie und Geologie, 
fig. 68 and pages 69, III—12. 

5 Harker, Alfred, ‘‘ The Natural History of Igneous Rocks,’’ 1909, p. 250. 

§ Day, Arthur L., & Allen, E. T., Carnegie Inst. Pub. 31. 

7 Warren, C. H., Proc. Am. Acad. Art and Sci., v. 51, no. 3, p. 127-54. 


126 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


The critical points in the above discussion can be summed up as 
follows: the criteria for the sedimentary origin of the amphibolites, 
the presence of original quartz and motley collection of feldspars; 
for igneous origin, high pyroxene content and evenly “ split 2 
feldspars. 

These criteria have been used in classifying the amphibolites 
whose origin was not forthcoming from the field relations. How 
successfully it has been done can not be tested at the present time, 
but the hope is entertained that some progress has been made in 
this difficult problem. The probable age relations of this rock have 
already been touched upon. 

The Laurentian granite. The existence of a granite much older 
than the Algoman series of eruptives in the Adirondack region 
seems to the writer to have been sufficiently proved to need but 
little comment. Its universal habit is to be intricately involved with 
the Grenville series. This led the early geologists to regard it as a 
Grenville sediment.1 Even today this view is entertained by a few.” 
“The recognition of pegmatitic phases of the rock threw the first 
doubt upon its sedimentary character,’ while “ the chemical analysis 
finally settled the question.”* The writer wishes to add this addi- 
tional bit of evidence which supports the contention that the rock 
is of igneous origin. At the Dixon-Faxon and Hague localities it 
was found that the lower beds of the Hague gneiss were soaked 
and “smothered” by this rock, while the Hooper and Rowland 
districts show that the Hague gneiss rests directly upon the Dresden 
amphibolite, the granite being wanting. Its behavior in affecting one 
stratigraphic unit here, and a different one there and its entire 
absence in a third locality, is very suggestive of the igneous nature 
of the rock. As to its age, the reader is referred to the Hooper and 
Flake occurrences and to Cushing’s reasons for regarding it as 
Laurentian.* : 

SYNTECTIC ROCKS 


The lack of uniformity of the rocks, even those usually regarded 
as wholly igneous, has led the writer to’ believe that many of the 


c 


rocks are of “composite character as a result of tmjection or. 


assimilation, giving on one hand a sediment more or less ‘ soaked ’ 


1 Cushing, H. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 77, p. 17-19; Kemp & Hill, N. Y. 
State Geol. 19th Ann. Rep’t, p. r 32-1 35. 

2 Miller, W. J.. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 182, p. 11. 

’ Cushing, H. P., N.Y. State Mus. Bale 169, p. 20: 

4 Cushing; H. P., ‘‘ Age of the Igneous Rocks of the Adirondack Region,”’ 
Am. Jour. Sci., 1915, 39:288-94, especially p. 292-93. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 127 


with igneous material, and on the other hand an igneous rock which 
has melted into itself or assimilated sedimentary material. Between 
these two types every gradation exists, thus introducing additional 
- complication and uncertainty.”* This condition is strikingly the 
case north of the Bear Pond Mountain region (see northeast corner 
of the map of that region) in the area between Eagle lake (Chilson 
lake on the map) and Bear pond. It seems a mistake to map such 
an area as though of simple composition and origin. 

The soaking effects of the Laurentian granite have been pointed 
out before. Two syntectic rocks have been recognized: the 
smothered Hague gneiss termed the Trumbull gneiss, and the Swede 
Pond quartzite when similarly affected. The peculiar habit of the 
granite in soaking the salic rocks in preference to the subsalic beds 
has repeatedly been observed. 


GRENVILLE STRUCTURE 


From the first reconnaissance of the Adirondacks the Grenville 
strata have been regarded as intensely folded, metamorphosed and 
foliated. Recently W. J. Miller has raised some doubt as to the 
validity of such a conclusion.” As the blanket types of ore are mem- 
bers of the Grenville series, it is of great practical importance to 
know the actual conditions. Overwhelming evidence of strata 
repeated in reversed order, of synclines and anticlines tightly 
squeezed, supports the contention that the Grenville has been com- 
plexly isoclinally folded, Bear Pond Mountain, the Hooper, Sacan- 
daga, and the Flake properties being specific cases. 

Faults come in and play a major role, as in the Dixon-Faxon 
and Graphite Products Corporation districts. The faults are not all 
of the same age but apparently range from the middle Precambrian 
to Postordovician in age. Reasons for this conclusion can not be 
given here. 


THE CONCENTRATION OF FLAKE GRAPHITE 


Probably the greatest problem confronting the graphite operators 
of the Adirondacks is the separation of the flake graphite from its 
associated gangue minerals. The process of separation is usually 
subdivided into (1) the “concentration,” and (2) the “ refining ” 
operations. The former is performed in the mills most commonly 


Smyth, C. H., Jr., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 158, p. 143. 
* Miller, W. J., “‘ Origin of Foliation in the Pre-Cambrian Rocks of Northern 
New York,”’ Jour. Geol. XXIV, no. 6, p. 587-619. 


128 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


situated near the mines, while the refining is rarely practised by the 
mine operators, the majority of them sending their concentrates to 
other concerns for treatment: : 

Ore separation in general is based on marked physical or chemical 
characteristics of the ore and-the gangue: (1) differences in 
specific gravities, (2) differences in electrical conductivity, (3) 
selective behavior of a mixture of water and oil upon the surface 
tension, or (4) upon the magnetic properties of the ore and the 
gangue minerals. Up to the present time graphite separation is 
accomplished by specific gravity methods. 

“The whole problem of the concentration of graphite is in great 
contrast to that of metallic ores, in that in the former case we seek 
to save the light minerals and reject the heavy, while in the latter 
Easeiue Leverse is true. > 

The specific gravity method of concentratine graphite is sub- 
divided into the wet and dry processes. Both methods require that 
the ore, as it comes from the mine, first be reduced to a pulverized 
condition. This is effected by various types of crushers, rolls and 
stamps. A great variety of rock breakers are in use. There are 
jaw crushers, which are intermittent in action; and the rotary and 
gyratory types that are continuous in operation. Further crushing 
is done by rolls which are constructed of manganese steel. The 
space between the rolls varies from practically nothing to three- 
fourths of an inch. They are fed with lumps about 1% to 1% 
inches in size. Frequently, however, California stamps are used 
instead of, or in combination with, rolls. | 

From this point on, the wet and dry methods differ. In the wet 
process, which is the one most commonly employed in the Adiron- 
dacks, the crushed rock is mixed with water and fed to a series of 
buddles. These consist of circular tanks 3% to 4 feet in depth and 
16 to 18 feet in diameteér, with a slightly convex bottom, so that the 
floor of the tanks slopes in all directrons from the center to the 
circumference. A vertical shaft, situated in the center of the 
buddle, carries a tub, perhaps 3 feet in diameter, with a perforated 
bottom. The mixture of crushed ore and water is fed into this 
tub by a stationary sluiceway or launder. Thus the ore is made to 
enter the buddle at the center and is carried toward the sides by 
the water which is allowed to escape through specially arranged 
openings, either controlled by manually operated valves or wooden 
stoppers fitting round holes. The movement and even distribution 


1Kemp, J; F., Uo8.G. S) Bat 226) "ps 513. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS _ 129 


of the layers of slime is further assured by the action of paddles or 
brushes that are attached to (usually) two horizontal arms secured 
to the shaft. The revolving brushes lightly rub the surface of the 
material in the tank and gradually slide up the shaft as the buddle 
is filled up. The graphite flakes, by virtue of the low specific 
gravity and flaky, scaly nature, are mainly floated to the sides while 
the heavier and more massive minerals are dropped near the center 
of the tank. It usually consumes several hours to fill a single buddle 
so a series of them are employed; while one is being filled another 
is being emptied. 

After the tank is filled, the material is allowed to dry partially 
and is then shoveled up. The outer portion nearest the wall of the 
tank is composed of rather clean concentrates. The inner portion, 
consisting of sand tailings, is rejected, while the middle portion 
consisting of both graphite and gangue materials, is passed to another 
buddle for further concentration. Usually two or three buddles 
comprise the first set and a like number make up the second. 
Buddles are the favorite form of concentrators in the Adirondack 
mills; the amount of labor involved in their use, however, has led 
a few operators to seek a cheaper method. 

The buddle concentrates must be further treated. The more 
common process is by the use of revolving screen reels. “ The 
reels are hexagonal and are covered with screens of various sized 
mesh. The reels are slightly inclined; the ore is fed into one end 
and the concentrates thrown out at the opposite end as the reel 
rotates. Jets of water directed against the outer part of the reel 
aid in the separation of the graphite and impurities. The latter 
because of their small size pass through the screens and are thrown 
away.”? 

The common practice in most mills is to regrind the seconds, to 
crush the quartz and feldspar grains and send it through the screen 
again. The graphite is then dried. .\ number of different types of 
dryers are in use. Both direct and steam methods are employed. 

The most common one is the rotary tube form, although a number 
of specially designed dryers were seen. Final sizing on screens 
divides the concentrates usually into four grades. These are then 
ready for the finishing mill. 

In some mills, Wilfley jig tables are used, operating upon the 
buddle concentrates before the reels performed their function. 


1 Miller, B. L., Topo. and Geol. Sur. of Pa. Rep’t 6, p. 87-88. 
5 


130 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


The mill concentrates average: 


Piosereremios. 0... Veena 70 to 80 per cent carbon 
Pecomtieerade: 5 2.) a A 6o to 70 per cent carbon 
Uigeroiaecr 2. sy. eh Peas 25 to 30 per cent carbon 
Pourmmuerade....0°2. 0). Ye py EA 8 to 12 per cent carbon 


They are bagged (a bag weighing about 110 pounds) and shipped 
to the refining mill. 

A concrete example of milling practice. It was not possible for 
the writer to secure data for a complete account. of the milling 
practice in the Adirondacks. The wet process of the Empire 
Graphite Company, now the Flake Graphite Company, has, how- 
ever, been clearly set forth by F. C. Nicholas.t. The writer can 
‘do no better than to abstract the article. 

The mill, which is arranged on the gravity principle, has a 
capacity of 200 tons in 24 hours. . 

The material from the mine is delivered to a rock breaker and 
reduced to 134 to 3 inches in size. The broken rock then drops to 
the rolls, which are 20 feet long by 2% feet in diameter, which 
reduce it to a fine sand. This is fed to a second pair of rolls more 
closely set. The fine powder is then ready for the buddles. The 
buddles are constructed of reenforced concrete and lined with 
matched boards, 18 feet in diameter and 4 feet high. The concen- 
trates from the first operation are sent to a second set of buddles. 
A set of wet screens is next in order, where the graphite flake is 
divided into two sizes. A rotary steam dryer then removes the 
moisture. The final process makes use of silk cloth screens that 
classify the flakes into four sizes. 

Since this was written, two banks of five stamps each, manu- 
factured by the Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., and another set of buddles 
have been installed. It is believed that the stamps have replaced 
the rolls. Final treatment is accomplished in Hooper air jigs, manu- 
factured by the Ticonderoga Machine Company. A classifier is 
being constructed and will serve to recover some of the graphite in 
the buddle tailings. A change in the type of the crusher is also 
being made. 

Such changes in the equipment for the concentration of an ore 
as are found here are evidence of the experimental state of graphite 
milling. 


1 Min. World, Jan. 4, 1918, p. 18 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 13 


The equipment of the Hooper mill at the time of visit is very 
similar to that of the Flake Graphite Company. Crushing, stamping, 
buddling, screening and drying are the essential steps in the process, 
Further improvement is being made, the details of which are not 
made public. 

The dry process. Only three mills, so far as the writer knows, 
have operated with the dry method: the Lakeside mine at Hague, 
the Crown Point Graphite Company, and the Rowland plant. These 
have been abandoned and little direct information is available. In 
the Rowland mill a Newaygo separator, manufactured by the 
Newaygo Portland Cement Company, was experimented with, but 
apparently without success. 

The finishing of graphite. In the early days of the industry, 
the mines in the vicinity of Crown Point sent their concentrates to 
a finishing mill located at Crown Point Center. Power was secured 
from Putnam creek. As it has long been closed, details of the 
processes used there are unavailable. 

The American Graphite Company maintains its refining mill at 
Ticonderoga; the Flake Graphite Company and the Graphite Pro- 
ducts Corporation finish their products on their own properties. 

The machine that is most generally used in the final treatment of 
the graphite concentrates'is the Hooper pneumatic concentrator, 
a brief account of which is here given.* 

In essence it consists of an inclined frame over which is stretched 
a broadcloth screen, up through which a continuous series of air 
pulsations are delivered by a device located below. Two sets of 
strips are arranged over the cloth screen, the lower group of which 
is inclined toward one side, while the upper set is inclined in the 
opposite direction. “. . .. and when (concentrates) composed of 
- particles of different gravities are fed upon the (screen) the pul- 
sations through the broadcloth . . . cause the heavier mineral 
particles to be thrown (settle) to the bottom . . . and are 
thus guided . . . toward the tailing side of the (concen- 
trator),’” while the clean graphite is guided by the upper set of 
strips to the opposite, or concentrating side, thus bringing about a 
separation of the gangue and the ore. 


1 For a full description, see Richards, ‘“‘ Ore Dressing,’’ p. 820, and Canadian 
Min. Jour., 30:271-72, 1909. 
2 Tbid. 


132) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


CONCENTRATION PROBLEMS 
Mechanical ore separation is an ancient art and a modern science. 
In the western section of the United States ore dressing is on a 
far firmer basis than in the case of a comparatively small industry 


like that of graphite. The separation of graphite from the gangue is _ 


exceedingly difficult, calling for long experience and mechanical 
ingenuity, which is rarely available in the graphite areas of the 
Adirondacks. Numerous failures can be attributed to this cause. 
During the past 15 years the technology has experienced some 
remarkable improvements which have revolutionized the practice 
of ore dressing in general. Graphite separation has suffered from 
neglect and lays far behind. Still the old process of buddling con- 
tinues to be the chief method, while flotation and electrostatic sepa- 
ration have been developed without making any impression in the 
graphite industry of this region. : 


Table of specific gravities 


MINERAL SPECIFIC GRAVITY 
JEN O)EUS ES 01a ee oe Pee ARRAN S be Rete Ce Ac io 2.19 togee 
Biotites.< 3.2.05 Be nd ab auie noite RT ois ETN eee Ga ae ee 2.70 tOia.10 
Oommen eh ee go eke, Ns ae ate a Sate 2.65 to 2.96 
Hitcloeperyns Stele. im ns CO kn See a ee Soe aa a eee 2.47 to 2°67, 
RC rR ee Sc edit et, Lal gal Mkt ek, yaad ee airmen Melee She oe 3.15 to 4.30 
Sree ce RR IN aE RE oe DE a oy ee 2:.095L0,2 22 
CSCO A ee a a eR RPA Os ome key ole vey ees oh ee 2.76 to 3.00 
LELPILGVEIS OST Cea Senet he Se en MG SCE eC Gar Me MTR RL TA 2.78 to 2.85 
[ESE WS) Saclay ale ea ea AUER Ta Sig Se ee 4.95 to 5.10 
TENSOR 2210s 0 Tan a eer a EM oe EE IER ey 3.20 to 3.60 
CASEI E77 ag 2S os oat aan A ame NINN Te MEN ET ORO | 2.65 to 2.66 
PISMO CRAIN Cone oa cis Eke PS cs UNG AS Ma sabe aceadt Cae oleae eee 2.50 to 2.65 
JTS GENE SAS a) is A Ae eg Aaa PE NS So ROM LR menue hem Cd 93.40 t0° 3,756 


These newer processes render it possible to separate a wide range 
of minerals of close specific gravity, that can not be separated by 
jigging or slime washing. Even minerals having the slight difference 
in specific gravity of 0.35 can be treated. The electrostatic method 
has many admirers and promises to be used more and more. Several 
large deposits of graphite seen by the writer were regarded of little 
commercial value because of the large amounts of micaceous 
minerals present. The separation of biotite and graphite is exceed- 
ingly difficult, if not impossible, by the usual processes. If, how- 
ever, the electrostatic or flotation processes can be adapted to 
graphite milling, then there are great sources of graphite still 
untouched that would become available. 

Two ores of even identical composition can not always be treated 
by the same method. On acéount of the different physical character 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 133 


in which graphite occurs, amorphous and flake graphite must be 
treated differently. Difficulties arise if the character of the ore 
changes as mining operations proceed, and this is regarded as one 
of the principal sources of trouble. The selection of a method of 
milling seems to have been made often without any regard to what 
the general run of the mine was likely to be. Test holes should be 
made to determine the character of the ore before mill equipment 
is bought. In fact, the construction of a mill should proceed only 
when all the conditions of the deposit, the character of the ore as 
well as the extent of the ore body, are fully known. 

“Tt is quite certain that there is no single process that is a 
universal panacea for all the difficult problems of ore treatment. 
For certain ores one process is best adapted; for other ores another 
process. For still other ores the best results may be achieved by 
a combination of two or three, or even more of the special 
processes.”* 

The presence of micaceous minerals, biotite, phlogopite, chlorite 
etc. offers the greatest problem. Although they are higher in 
specific gravity than graphite, the flaky nature of the former pre- 
vents separation by gravity methods as they are floated off in com- 
pany with the graphite. The particles of mica “are of approximate 
similar size, and being frequently of the black variety (biotite), they 
may be readily overlooked in the hand specimen or in the graphite 
concentrate. The easiest method of detecting the mica and of 
estimating its relative proportion to the graphite, is to examine the 
material under the microscope when the former can be readily 
distinguished by its translucency.’”” 

It is quite possible that a more complete separation of the mica 
can be effected through the electrostatic method. This can be briefly 
described as follows: It is based upon the fact that graphite is 
capable of receiving and retaining an electric charge, while mica- 
ceous minerals, as well as most of the other gangue materials, 
refuse to do so. The machine consists of horizontal parallel rods 
of brass set one above another like the rungs of a ladder, which 
are charged with a high potential. Down past these flows the 
dry, pulverized rock; the gangue materials, not affected, fall verti- 
cally and drop into a receiver, while the graphite is repelled 
laterally away from the bars and drops into troughs arranged in 
front. The process is repeated until a complete separation is 


‘Ingalls, W. R., Eng. and Min. Jour., 1905, p. 643. 
? Newland, D. H., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 179, p. 34. 


134 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


made. The middlings are sometimes reground to rub off the 
quartz and feldspar grains still attached to the flakes, and then 
passed through the machine again. 

Mr Charles T. Rowland, president of the Rowland Graphite 
Company, had a representative of the Huff Electrostatic Separator 
Company make a thorough investigation covering the milling of the 
Rowland ore in 1916. He says: “ The sample used in making this 
test was blasted out of the bed, as it was desired to get . . . an 
average sample of the output of the mine. This report shows that 
the ore can be milled economically with a good recovery, and that 
the flake produced is of very high grade and compares very favor- 


ably with the best flake now being produced in this country.” 

Cirkel says that “ Experiments have . . . shown that 
(flake) graphite may possibly be separated from the gangue elec- 
trostatically, and it is not unlikely that such a process may be 
worked before long. The writer [Cirkel] submitted a parcel of 
too pounds for preliminary test to the Huff Electrostatic Separator 
Company of Boston, Mass., and the tailings from this test were 
without question quite clean. The middlings consisted of graphite 
with attached gangue particles, and need regrinding before they 
can be again submitted to the electrostatic treatment. The con- 
centrates appear to be free from rock, but there was some attached 
gangue. The writer [Cirkel] believes that if this product was sub- 
mitted to the polishing treatment it is likely that a clean article may 
be the result.’” 

The size of the graphite flake is another factor that must be taken 
into consideration. A rock carrying a coarse flake is more desir- 
able, other things being equal, since the value of the concentrates 
and the economy and perfection of the separation is in direct pro- 
portion to the size. One of the many factors involved is the easy 
crushiny of the rock. Among other things that affect the ease of 
crushing is the mineralogical make-up of the ore. The presence of 
pyroxene (diopside), such as was seen in the Rowland ore, offers 
ser_cus objections to its utilization. The crushing machines must be 
designed and adjusted so as to cause the least amount of attrition to 
the flake. Moreover, there is the actual condition in which the 
flake is found. It was repeatedly observed that where folding, 
squeezing and igneous activity have taken place, the flake has been 
frayed out into fantastic forms, resulting in the splitting of the 


* Rowland, Charles T., letter of Oct. 16, 1917. 
* Cirkel, Fritz, Trans. Can. Min. Ind. 1912, 15:267 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 135 


flake into thin, bent plates which under rolls or burr-stones would 
be reduced in size. This would lead the writer to suggest that ore 
near pegmatites be carefully examined before being sent to the mill, 
as any fraying of graphite should cause its rejection. 

It is quite possible that a preliminary roasting of the ore prior 
to crushing will have a very beneficial effect, both upon the 
quantitative results of separation and upon the quality of the 
graphite that is recovered. The object of such a treatment would 
be the disintegration of the ore by chemical and physical changes in 
modifying the pyrite and the quartz, so that the amount of severe 
crushing would be lessened and therefore the attrition of the flake 
be reduced to a minimum. 

The lack of uniformity in the ore is a factor frequently over- 
looked. The concentration processes are very sensitive to any 
change in the character of the ore. “‘ To a certain extent the 
problems encountered by each operator are unique, as slight dif- 
ferences in the mineralogical composition of the ore may compel 
operators in near-by mines to instal decidedly different types of 
machinery. In some instances, even in the same mine, the ore may 
vary sufficiently as the work is extended to make it necessary to alter 
the concentration process. The fact that those companies that have 
a rather uniform kind of ore in their mines are also frequently 
making changes in the methods of concentration, is further evidence 
of unsolved problems.”! 

Most of the bedded deposits carry pyrite; the normal schists about 
4 per cent, the Bly ores 7 per cent, and the Rowland-International- 
Sacandaga class 11 per cent by weight, while the Rock Pond ore is 
exceedingly rich in this sulphide, which runs from 15 to 40 per cent 
of the rock. As the rock is crushed for the graphite content, it 
would seem that perhaps this could be saved without adding mater- 
ially to the milling cost. Pyrite might be a profitable by-product. 

The amount of graphite is perhaps the first matter that interests 
the average graphite man. While this is of vital importance, it is 
not the only factor. The writer has not taken the time to make 
chemical analyses of the different ores collected, the microscope 
enabling him to obtain a far better opinion of values. The example | 
of the “rich ” Rowland ore, illustrates this point. In St Lawrence 
county, where metamorphism has not been so severe, the crystalliza- 
tion of the carbon content of the old sediments to graphite has not: 
proceeded so completely, and the percentage of ‘“ amorphous ” 


1 Miller, B. L., Topo. and Geol. Surv. of Pa. Rep’t 6, p. 82. 


£30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


(really micro-crystalline) graphite is much higher.t Certain. 
deposits of this kind will assay 20 per cent of carbon, but the value 
of such an ore is relatively low. In fact, successful graphite milling 
is one of the few industries that has a very close relation to the 
geology of the ore. Lack of knowledge of the geologic conditions 
then has been a considerable factor in the many failures. 

“There is far more secrecy among graphite producers in we 
to the milling methods employed than in almost any other kind of 
ore separation and (some) companies . . . vYreluse to,admlL 
visitors to their mills. The extremely small probability of one com- 
pany profiting by the experience of another and thereby injuring 
its market through increased competition would seem to indicate 
the uselessness of secrecy employed by many graphite companies. 
On the contrary, there is little doubt but that the increased prosperity 
of one company would have a beneficial effect on all the others in 
the district, at least until the production increased far beyond its 
present proportions, and the problems of concentration might be 
more speedily solved under the plan of cooperation and mutual 


assistance.’”” 


1 Newland, D. H., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 120, p. 30. 
2 Miller, B. L., Topo. and Geol. Surv. of Pa. Rep’t 6, p. 82. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 137 


COMMERCIAL STATUS 


Bastin says that ‘‘ Today there are more abandoned mines and 
mills in the United States than the number in operation 
In the number of times some of these properties have changed hands 
in the course of a few years, there is a record of misrepresentation 
and disappointment that can hardly be equaled in any other branch 
of mining, and many properties have been notoriously associated 
with stock manipulators of doubtful character.” 

Newland reports that “The amount of capital expended in the 
erection of new milling plants and mine equipment during the past 
five years aggregates several hundred thousand dollars, and in many 
cases there has been little or no return for the outlay.’”? 

Of the thirty-seven graphite properties here listed, only three are 
in full operation, two of which are recently organized companies. 

The causes of these failures are many and varied. Some of 
them have already been pointed out. The mining and milling of 
graphite is a highly technical matter ; it is not an easy and quick road 
to wealth. It demands a knowledge of the nature of the ore, its 
tenor, the geological condition of the surrounding area, the precise 
location of faults, folds, pinches, and swells, how the ore will crush, 
the size and quality of the flake, of the best, the average run and the 
poorest ore, how much mica is present etc. It is necessary to 
know the possible resources and secure a mill equipment to corre- 
spond. There are a great many factors that must be considered 
before actual operations are undertaken. 

The writer has been greatly impressed by the ete of diamond 
drilling in most of the graphite districts. Only two properties have 
used this valuable method of securing data, and even then full 
benefit from the cores has not been obtained. The drill records are 
usually made by laymen in geology, and only the portions that are 
composed of ore are saved. Some records, furnished to the writer, 
were fairly intelligible and proved of value in detail mapping, while 
others were so ambiguous as to be more confusing than helpful. 
When a core is recovered, every inch of it should be saved! In one 
case a geologist who had the stratigraphy of the district in mind 
could have furnished the owners a fairly complete description of the 
conditions that would be found underground. All this information 
has been lost with the loss of the cores. Sometimes where diamond. 
drilling has been done it has been so planned that little or no returns 


1Newland, D. H., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 120, p. 30. 


138 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


could have been expected. One company sank a drill in a mass of 
the Algoman gabbro in search of ore, when a geologist could have 
saved them time and money. The writer has no personal axe to 
grind, but he wishes to call attention to the fact that consulting 
mining geologists are available, whose services would cost less and 
save the expensive mistakes of present methods. 

Besides the more technical problems, there are the financial ques- 
tions. The writer believes that Bartley’s recent article’ has a great 
deal of truth in it that is of value to us and hence he has abstracted 
certain portions of Bartley’s paper. Bartley believes that graphite 
companies who simply mine and mill the ore, selling the concen- 
trates or finished products to graphite manufacturers are usually 
operating on a narrow margin of profit. This usual practice has 
been one of the causes of the unstable conditions and the fluctua- 
tions in the industry generally prevailing in this country. Bartley 


' thus comes to the conclusion that the methods which have proved | 


detrimental must be done away with and that “the successful 
American graphite ‘miner must be to a certain degree a manu- 
facturer.” To illustrate this point he assumes that the finished 
product of the average plant is as follows: | 


I Flake, 90-95 per cent carbon 
2 Flake, 68-72 per cent carbon 
3 Flake, 24-28 per cent carbon 
4 Flake, 8-12 per cent carbon 


“The first has a ready demand, and the price is based on the 
price asked in the Ceylon market for similar grade. The price 
(before the war) was about 9-10 cents a pound. (It is used in 
crucible manufacturing, for lubricants, and for special’ electrical 
requirements.) There is less demand for the second grade and the 
price, naturally lower, running (in normal times) around 4-4% 
cents. It is principally sold to manufacturers of graphite oils, 
graphite greases, stove polish, etc. The two lower grades are of 
little, if any, value to the miner, who often is glad to dispose of them 
at any price. 

Here to ty mind is the secret in mining American graphite 
successfully. It costs just as much to mine and refine the lower 
grades as for the higher. The next thing to consider is the 
average yield of graphite the mine will deliver, how this yield when 
finished will divide up into the four grades, etc. 


1 Bartley, Jonathan, ‘‘ Can Profits Be Made in American Graphite? ’”’ Iron 
Age, July 8, 1915, p. 86-87. 


—————e eC: 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS I 39 


(The experiences of Kemp, Bartley, Bastin and the writer suggest 
that the average percentage of graphite in the average ore is about 
4 to 5. This means that from every net ton of mined rock only 
80 to 100 pounds of concentrates will be produced). 

“| believe that the following statements can be depended on as a 
fair average (before the war) : 

Every 100 pounds of concentrate will yield: 


Market 

price 
35 per cent of first grade at 10 cents........... $3.50 
20 per cent of second grade at 5 cents.......... 1.00 
I5 per cent of third grade at 2 cents........... .30 
30 per cent of fourth grade at I cent...::...:.. 30 


$5.10 or 5 cents a pound 


(One net ton is thus worth $100.) “To produce the same in 
concentrates at a cost of 4 cents a pound means $80; the cost of 
refining can be placed at $4 a ton, making a total cost of $84, thus 
giving a net profit of $16 a ton. No man can run a graphite nine 
on this margin of profit. 

| Then he must manufacture graphite products as well as pro- 
duce.) ‘‘ Why seil [the first grade] for 10 cents a pound when 
[it is possible to] get from 14 to 16 cents for it [as a manufactured 
product] with very little added cost? A very large percentage of 
this is sold for lubricating purposes, put up in tin cans .. . With 
a steam-jacketed kettle and a couple of mixers you are equipped to 
convert the second grade into graphite oils and greases [securing 
15 to 25 cents a pound instead of 5 cents]. ‘With paint grinding 
mills and mixers you are fixed to make use of the third grade, and 
realize at least 5 cents a pound. By adding soapstone” etc., to 
the fourth grade you can get 3 cents a pound for it as foundry 
facings, instead of 1 cent. It is a difficult matter even to estimate 
the cost of the machines needed in manufacturing such products. 
Bartley’s opinion is that it would be in the neighborhood of $6000 
“to handle the output of a 75-ton mine.” It-seems to the writer 
that that is an exceedingly low figure, and that the probable cost 
would be much higher. 

The writer has gathered the impression that one of the causes 
of the comparatively low price obtainable for concentrates is due 
to the fact that the producers of graphite articles “ play one mine 
against another”’ and thereby keep the market price at such a 
low point that the margin of profit is dangerously small. During 


140 NEW ‘YORK. STATE MUSEUM 


the period of the war the price of the highest grade has risen, 
while the market value of the lowest grade has fallen. The present 
prices will not continue after the war. ee 

The present prices average’: No. 1 flake, 88 per cent of 
graphitic carbon, 12% to 15 cents a pound; No. 2 flake, 82 per 
cent carbon, 9 to 12 cents; dust, 40 per cent carbon, 34 cents. 


THE PROSPECT FOR BFUDPURE. PRODUC 


Ore reserves are always mere guesses based upon probabilities. 
Nevertheless the writer offers the following estimates. : 

The American Graphite Company has undeveloped lands, but it 
is not possible at the present time to estimate the tonnage of its 
reserves. In the matter of probable reserves the following prop- 
erties can be regarded as commercially important: the Faxon prop- 
erty, Hooper Brothers’, the Flake Graphite Company and the 
Graphite Products Corporation, which have a collective reserve 
estimated to be in the neighborhood of 10,000,000 to 13,000,000 
tons of graphite schist, half of which is readily available. This is 
not counting the Bly property, which is probably out of the running, 
for the present at least, until a concentration process can be devised 
to handle the mica. , 

In conclusion, the successful graphite miner will be one who has 
an extensive deposit of the bedded schist of uniform grade, 
measurably free from mica, without geological complexities, who 
operates in a large way and manufactures a good share of his own 
products. 


ART TPICIAL. GRAPHITE 


Graphite made in the electric furnace or as a by-product of the 


blast furnace has been regarded in lay circles as forecasting the - 


doom of the mining of graphite. This is true to only a very small 
extent, and does not affect the Adirondack deposits of flake graphite. 
The electric furnace product is manufactured from coal and is 
amorphous. Its use is chiefly confined to the manufacture of dry 
batteries and electrodes. The carbon that accumulates in the wash- 
ing tanks of illuminating gas companies is likewise put to similar 
uses. This amorphous carbon is not usable in the manufacture of 
crucibles and certain graphitic greases. | 
The floke graphite in slags is highly charged with oxides of iron, 
which reduce its refractibility to such an extent as to render it 


1 Newland, D. H., Eng. and Min. Jour., Jan."19, 1918, p. 151. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS I4!I 


useless. Furthermore the flakes are usually thinner than the natural 
flake. Nature has produced a form of graphite that man, as yet, 
has not equaled. 


THE ORIGIN OF GRAPHITE 


The discussion of the origin of graphite is of commercial and of 
scientific interest. The important role that origin plays in “ sizing 
up” a graphite property has been pointed out in the preceding pages, 
and it does not need to be repeated here. 

The origin of the mineral has been a favorite topic for many pens, 
and almost as many theories have been advanced as there are writers 
on the subject. The causes of these antagonistic views are varied. 
In essence it has been the conflict between the organic and the 
inorganic theories. Some would claim that all deposits have had . 
an organic origin, while, on the other hand, the other extreme is 
maintained. 

The writer is in full accord with Kemp, Bastin, B. L. Miller and 
Winchell, that graphite has been formed by both processes, acting 
entirely independently and sometimes in conjunction. 

The attempt to arrive at the origin of the graphite in the Adiron-_ 
dacks is made difficult by the early views that still persist. Such 
Stements that: “The Dixon .~. .« Company has‘in its mine 
near Graphite a fissure vein of small thickness but of great length 
and depth, cutting through gneiss,’ or what Cirkel reports as 
Kemp’s description of Lead hill “as true fissure veins,”? and that 
the ore at the Flake Graphite Company is a metamorphosed dike,* 
obscures rather than clarifies our problem. 

The organic type of graphite. Bastin* presents an imposing 
array of arguments to support the contention that the “ Dixon ”’ 
schist as shown at the mining village of Graphite is of sedimentary 
origin. He summarized them as follows: ‘(1) in the highly 
quartzose, nonfeldspathic character of most of the graphitic rock; 
(2) in the evenly and highly garnetiferous character of much of the 
wall rock [the Hague gneiss]; (3) in the persistence of the 
graphitic schists and associated garnetiferous gneisses with fairly 
uniform trend, width and character for considerable distances ; 
(4) in the presence locally of interbedded masses of crystalline 


1 Ingalls, W. R., The Mineral Industry, 1908, 17:493. 

*Cirkel, Fritz, ‘‘ Graphite,’’ Can. Dep't of Mines, Mines Br. 1907, p. 56. | 

‘Nicholas, F. C., Min. World, Jan. 4, 1908, p. 18. 

‘Bastin, E. S., ‘‘ Origin of Certain Adirondack 'Graphite Deposits,” (Econ. 
Geol. 5:134). 


P42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


limestones {the Faxon limestone]; (5) in the fairly even dissemi- 
nation of the graphite through the workable schist.” He further 
supports these arguments by a chemical study of the schist. All 
of this evidence can be summed up in a few words: The Dixon 
schist is a stratigraphic unit in a sedimentary series. Having 
settled to his satisfaction that the schist is sedimentary, Bastin 
concludes, and the writer feels quite correctly, that this graphite 
is organic in origin. , 

But the graphite, as such, was not present in the original clastic 
sediments when they were deposited in the Grenville sea. Graphite 
in unmetamorphosed sediments is known? but such occurrences are 
rare and without much question the graphite has been derived from 
preexisting metamorphic rocks which have suffered disintegration. 
We can dismiss this factor as unimportant in the formation of the 
Dixon schist. 

Walcott® has suggested that the Dixon is a metamorphosed coal 
seam. There are several serious objections to such an interpreta- 
tion. (1) The metamorphism of a coal bed usually gives a true 
amorphous or microcrystalline form of carbon; (2) from our 
present knowledge of coal it would seem improbable that a suf- 
ficiently developed form of life had appeared in Grenville time to 
‘have furnished coal. 

Kemp’s view is that the original rock was a bituminous shale. 
If we use the term shale loosely, chiefly as signifying a structure, 
then there is no difficulty in accepting this view, but if an argillaceous 
sediment is implied then this can be criticized on the ground that 
the Dixon schist is not a metashale but a metasandstone. Bastin 
maintains that “it seems most probable that the deposits represent 
carbonaceous sandstones, locally clayey, interbedded with only 
slightly carbonaceous impure sandstones and with small amounts 
of limestone, all of which have been completely recrystallized with 
the development of a schistose structure and the conversion of the 
original carbonaceous material into graphite through the usual pro- 
cesses of dynamic metamorphism.’* There is some objection to 
Bastin’s term “ carbonaceous.” True carbonaceous matter in black 
muds seems to have been derived from ligneous material. Plants 


1See Bastin, E. S., ‘‘ Chemical Composition as a Criterion in Identifying 
Metamorphosed Sediments.’’ Jour. Geol., 17:445. 

2In Cambrian sandstone, as reported by E. T. Wherry, Econ. Geol., 7:764, 
and in Triassic Sandstone of Massachusetts, Emerson, Mon. XXIX, U.S. G.S., 


p- 365. 
3 Walcott, C. W., Bul. Geol. Soc. Am., 10:227; U. S. G. S. Bul. 86, p. 398. 
4 Bastin, E. S., Econ. Geol., 5:134, et sec. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 143 


containing lignum, that is, vascular plants, apparently do not appear 
until the Lower Devonian and hence algae’ are called upon to supply 
the carbon. On the decay of such plants an odoriferous thick oil 
(“ sapropelic’’ matter) results that can be regarded as akin to 
bitumin; hence the writer prefers the term “bituminous sand- 
stone.” The habitat of these algae seems to have been shallow water 
near the shore. This view is strengthened by the gradual dis- 
appearance of the Faxon limestone to the east and its replacement 
by metaarkoses and metagraywackes, indicating that the shore of 
the Grenville sea at Dixon-Faxon time was to the east. 

All the specimens of the graphite schists (all types) studied 
revealed considerable amounts of pyrite. A large proportion of 
this has been introduced; two distinct periods are clearly recogniz- 
able, especially in case of the Rock Pond ores where an excessive 
amount permits easy observation. A small amount, however, 
appears to have been an original constituent in the argillaceous 
sandstones, or that the iron content was in the form of chloritic 
minerals. During metamorphism “much of the iron is reduced to 
the ferrous condition . . . and it may . . . combine with 
sulphur, which is often present under these conditions, to form 
pyrite. The presence of ‘carbonaceous matter’ favors this reduc- 
tion, as shown by the common association of . . ._ sulphides 
with graphitic shales.”” Smyth’ points out the close genetic rela- 
tions of pyrite and graphite. That graphite, as such, or as organic 
carbon, having the property of precipitating the pyrite has been 
pointed out by Von Cotta* and Jenny.” Smyth* says: “ Thus, for 
the graphite, a history somewhat similar to that of the pyrite is 
indicated, but with the difference that most of the former is thought 
tc be carbon that was original in the sediments, which has under- 
gone some concentration and may have received minor additions 
from magmatic sources, [see later] while, in the case of the pyrite, 
the relative importance of these sources is reversed.” Thus the 
evidence furnished by the pyrite would add support to the con- 
tention that the carbon was present in the sediments as an original 
constituent. 


1 White, David, Econ. Geol., 3:298; Osborn, H. F., ‘‘ The Origin and the 
Evolution of Life,” 1917, p. 50, fig. 5. 

2Leith, C. K., & Mead, W. J. ‘‘ Metamorphic Geology,” I915, p. 104-5. 

3 Smyth, C. H., jr, ‘“‘ Origin of Certain Adirondack Pyrite Deposits,” 65th 
Ann. Rep’t, N. Y. State Mus. 1911, I: 174 et sec. 

4Von Cotta, ‘ Treatise on Ore Deposits,’ Eng. Trans. p. 46-47. 

5 Jenny, W. P., “ The Chemistry of Ore Deposition,’ Trans. Am. Inst 
Min. Eng., 1903, 33:455-57- 

6 Ibid. (see p. 182) footnote. 


144 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


The change of organic carbon to crystalline graphite has been 
affected by the heat and pressure accompanying mountain-making 
stresses, or static metamorphism, causing the volatilization of 
hydrogen and nitrogen, and the dehydration of the residue, followed 
be the recrystallization of amorphous carbon to graphite.’ 

The sedimentary limestone type. When discussing the northern 
area with its characteristic type of graphite, emphasis was purposely 
laid upon the contact type. While the majority of the prospects 
and mines are situated at contact zones, some of the limestone 
appears to be graphitic without any necessary connection with 
igneous rocks. The limestone, for example, throughout the Paradox 
Lake quadrangle was frequently observed to be slightly graphitic. 
The most plausible origin for the graphite in this rock is that it is 
organic. It may be that the history of the carbon here has been 
very similar, if not identical with the. formation of the Dixon 
schist. It is a striking thing that as we pass into the interior of 
the Adirondack highland the limestones become barren of graphite. 
Whether this is due to the action of igneous rocks culminating in 
the great anorthosite body or due to the fact that we are moving 
away from the old Grenville shore into areas where deep-water 
conditions prevailed, is, of course, unknown. 


TELE, ENORGCANICWY PE OF GRAPHITE 


The contact form. _Graphite occurs at contact zones between an 
igneous rock and a sedimentary one, usually in contact rocks rich in 
pyroxenes, and in the margins of the eruptive rock. The statement 
that graphite occurs in pegmatites is probably true per se, but it 
seems to the writer to be somewhat misleading; for it is confined 
tc the margin along the line of contact. Apparently the country 
rock was a necessary reagent in the formation of the graphite. 
Several specimens collected on Lead hill were first taken to be lime- 
stone with graphite. The trial with a knife blade proved that the 
white material was too hard for calcite, hence it was called pegmatite 
material. A thin section showed it was white pyroxene; hence it 
was a contact rock, not a pegmatite. z 

There are two views in regard to the origin of the contact form 
of graphite: (1) that the catbon, in some form, was an original 
constituent of igneous magmas, or (2) that the igneous rock in its. 


1 See Hatch, F. H. & Rastall, R. H., ‘‘ Petrology of the Sedimentary Rocks,”’ 
London, 1913, p. 293. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 145 


ascension through graphitic sediments picked it up and deposited it 
on cooling at the margins of its mass. 

Winchell’ states that “ graphite is practically insoluble in silicates 
at ordinary temperatures of magmas; it is upon this fact that its 
value as a refractory material partly depends. How, then, can the 
occurrence of graphite as a constituent of igneous rocks . . . be 
explained?” The temperature of liquefaction and vaporization of 
graphite is in the neighborhood of 3000° Centigrade at normal 
pressures. The effect of increased pressure in raising the melting 
point is so small that we may neglect this factor.” “ Thereforé the 
suggestion sometimes made that sublimation from carbon vapor 
[is responsible] seems highly improbable.’”* It seems equally clear 
that carbon could not be in silicate solutions as a solid in an 
undissolved form or in true solution. 

Volatile hydrocarbons are then offered as a source of graphite.’ 
That such gases do occur as constituents of igneous rocks, has long 
been recognized.® Winchell has ably discussed the probabilities and 
points out that “it seems improbable that they are the source of 
graphite deposits, for several reasons. First, in the presence of 
water they will apparently be wholly transformed into carbon mon- 
oxide and hydrogen at 700° to 800° C. Second, in the absence of 
water the decomposition of hydrocarbons occurs (only) at high 
temperatures . . . ; any graphite that resulted from such a 
process should be formed in the hottest part of the intrusive magma 
rather than in the much cooler (margins) . . . where the 
graphite is actually found; and . . . no- reaction is known for 
_the decomposition of hydrocarbons below 500° C.” 

In a similar way Winchell disposes of the theory that the réle 
played by carbides is responsible for the formation of graphite. 

The most plausible theory is that the ultimate source is either 
carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide. Examination of the pegma- 
tites from a great many of the contact deposits of the northern area 
shows microscopic gas bubbles of the oxides of carbon in great 
abundance. Lincoln,’ Chamberlain’ and Salisbury*® point out that 


1 Winchell, A. N., “‘ A theory for the Origin of Graphite,’’ Econ. Geol. 1911, 
Gr2a5, 

2 Harker, Alfred, ‘‘ The Natural History of Igneous Rocks,’’ 1909, p. 163. 

3 Winchell, ibid. 

4 See references given by Winchell. 

5 Lincoln, F. C., Econ. Geol. 1907, 2:257; Chamberlain, R. T., ‘ Gases -in 
Rocks,’’ Carnegie Inst. Pub. 106. 

6 Lincoln, F. C., Econ. Geol., 2:258. 

7 Chamberlain, T. C. & Salisbury, R. D., ‘‘ Geology,”’ 1:618, 619. 

8 Chamberlain, T. C., Carnegie Inst. Pub. 106. 


146 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


the oxides of carbon certainly exist in magmas as they are important 
constituents of volcanic emanations. The experiments of 
Boudouard* with the system CO — CO, in equilibrium, show that 
on cooling from 1000° to 500° C. at normal pressures CO breaks 
ap im CO; and lamp black.” 


2 CO-CO, + C 


This form of carbon may be converted into graphite by the appli- 
cation of pressures and heat, as is illustrated by its presence in 
gray cast iron. 

Bastin sought to arrive at the temperature at which graphite of 
the contact type was formed. He examined a suite of specimens 
from Lead hill, and found that the “quartz was penetrated in a 
most irregular manner by flakes of graphite oriented in all directions 
and inclosed numerous crystals of augite. There can be no doubt 
that the three minerals crystallized contemporaneously.” The 
quartz was examined in the light of the modifications that quartz 
experiences when subject to thermal changes ;* and was found to be 
in the alpha condition. This indicates beyond reasonable doubt that 


the quartz, graphite and augite .crystallized below the inversion ~ 


temperature of quartz, which is 575° C. This temperature is in 
accord with the experiments of Boudouard and the geste a 
reached by Winchell. 

Weinschenk* believes that any kind of igneous rock can, if the 
physical conditions obtain, produce graphite upon contact with any 
kind of calcareous sediment. The examination of all the contact 


deposits of the Adirondack strongly supports this view. Tie: 


Fryatt workings on Lead hill, however, where the sediment is a 


good clean quartzite seem to question the necessity of limiting such 


v 


action to calcareous rocks. 

The vein type of graphite. The true fissure veins of Split rock, 
Lead hill and the Rowland property, as well as elsewhere, indicate 
that the graphite-forming period continued after the solidification 
of the pegmatitic-granite, syenite, gabbro or whatever particular 
series of igneous rock that carried the oxides of carbon. But the 
graphite is no less magmatic when it occurs in veins than the quartz 
with which it is associated. The quartz is a hydrothermal product. 


1 Ann. Chim. Phys., 1910, 29:5 


2 Bastin, E. S., Econ. Geol., 5:134. - : 
$Wright, F. EB. & Larson, ‘‘ Quartz as a Geologic Thermometer,’’ Amer, 


JoutSci.,-1909, 283423-77. 
See Fenner, Cs N., Amer. Jour. Sci. iv, 36:331-81. 
4Weinschenk, E., ‘‘ Memoire sur Vhistorie du Graphite’? Compt. Rend. VIII 


Congr. Geol. Internat. 1900, p. 447. Zur Kenntniss der Graphitlagerstatten. 


THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 147 


Reasoning based upon the work of H. Dixon! indicates that the 
following reactions are reversible: 


CO, + 2H,.—> 2H,O + C 
2CO + 2H, >-2H,O + 2C 


But the intermediate steps appear to be: 
Above goo° C. 2CO, + 2H, + 2CO + 2H.,O 
Bel Back. 

eee |) oCO 4 24.0 5200, ot. 


Above 500° C. | 
Below 500° C-.. CO, + 2H, > 2H,0 + C 


This goes to show that the oxides of carbon (gases) in the 
presence of gaseous water react to form graphite. Much of this 
water is probably magmatic, while some of it may be derived from 
the sediments. Available analyses of such rocks give from I to 2 
per cent of water. This may partly explain the occurrence of 
graph‘te at the margins of pegmatites; the heat of the intrusive 
releasing it from the sediments and acting as one of the reagents. 
In a similar manner the CO, from limestones (CaCO,) may have 
been liberated and thus there is furnished another reagent for the 
process. 

Applying the theories outlined above it is reasonable to expect 
that “any magma which contains sufficient water, upon coming in 
contact with bituminous (sediments) may be expected to convert 
all that portion of the carbon which is heated above . . . 600° C. 
to the oxide state. The resulting gases are soluble in water and 
silicate melts. When this solution cools below 600° C. graphite 
may be expected to crystallize out . . .”* If this explanation of 
the oriein of graphite is correct, then certain contact deposits may 
have a complex origin; the carbon being derived from organic re- 
mains in sediments was picked up by the intrusive (as cxides) and 
redeposited. Such a process may possibly be the one responsible for 
the contact and vein types on Lead hill. This is suggested upon the 
basis that in the Barrett Construction Company’s abandoned spar 
quarry, on the eastern slopes of Lead hill, there is shown the Hague 
gneiss enveloped by the same pegmatitic-granite mass that forms 
Lead hill. If the stratigraphy of the Grenville, as here developed, 


Pixon. H.. Jour. Chem. Soc., 1886, 49: 94. 
2 Winchell, loc. cit. 


148 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


can be relied upon, it is safe to infer that a bed of the Dixon schist 
should have underlaid the hill before the injection of the igneous 
rock. Thus the pegmatite may have derived the graphite from the 
Dixon and deposited the graphite upon contact with the higher 
lying beds such as the amphibolite 1n the Young Lion pit, which 
may be the Beech Mountain rock, etc. | 

The slightly contact metamorphosed type. The enriched ores 
of the International, Rowland and Sacandaga properties probably 
were developed by a mild form of this absorption and redeposition 
action of the thermal waters.upon the graphite of the original Dixon 
schist, causing a concentration-enrichment effect. 

Summary. Thus it is concluded that the graphite in the Adiron- 
dacks has been formed by several distinct and rather complex 
processes. The organic origin is proposed to explain the Dixon, 
Bear Pond schists, and the Rock Pond “ arkosite.” The inorganic 
theory is regarded as the most plausible to explain the contact and 
vein deposits, while a combination of the two is held to account for 
the International-Rowland-Sacandaga type and perhaps some others. 


a a ie 


INDEX 


Adirondack Mining and Milling Com- 
' pany, 13, 78 

Algoman, 123 

Amalgamated Graphite Company, 9, 14 
. American Graphite Company, 8, 9, 12, 
43, 57 

* Anorthosite, 123 

Artificial graphite, 140 


Bartley, J., cited, 138 

Bastin, E. S., cited, 17, 18, 19, 28, 31, 
46, 48, 51, 52, 55, 60, 64, 66, 67, 68, 
77, 78, 79, 80, 96, 137, 141, 142, 146 

Bear Pond Mountain region, 60 

Bear Pond schist, 65 

Beck, L. C., cited, 8, 25, 84, 112 

Becke, F., cited, 124, 125 

Betsey Cook property, II, 20 

Bly pr. perty, 12, 60 

Buck Mountain pond, 9, II, 14 


Chadwick, George H., 
ments to, 8 

Chamberlain, R. T., cited, 145 

Chamberlain, T. C. & Salisbury, R. D., 
cited, 145 

Chamberlain & Company, 13 

Champlain Graphite Company, 13, 76 

Chester, 12, 13, 38, 80 

Chesterfield, 112 

Cirkel, F., cited, 29, 31, I11, 134, I4I 

Clarke, F. W., cited, 48, 79, 124 

Columbia Graphite Company, 9, II, 
20, 21 

Commercial status, 137-40 

Concentration problems, 132-36 

Consolidated Graphite Company, 9, 14 

Crosby, W. O., cited, 84, 88 

Crown Point, 11, 17, 21 

Crown Point Graphite Company, II, 
17-20 

Cushing, H. P., cited, 41, 98, 110, 123, 
126 

Cushing, H. P. & Ruedemann, R., 
cited, 97 


acknowledg- 


Day, A. L., cited, 125 
Day, 13, 92 
Dixon, H., cited, 147 


Dixon schist, 43, 119, 120 
Dixon-Faxon properties, 43 
Dixon’s American Graphite Company, 


12, 43 
Dresden, 13, 71 


Elsden, J. V., cited, 124 

Emmons, E., cited, 8, 2 

Empire Graphite Company, 13, 97, 130 
Essex, II, 31 

Essex county, II 


Faxon property, 12, 43, 52, 140 

Fenner, C. N., cited, 146 

Flake graphite, 127 

Flake Graphite Company, 13, 97, 130, 
140 


Gabbro, 123 

Granite, 123 

Graphite (village) 8, 9, 12, 43 

Graphite, sources, 7; early mining 
developments, 8; uses, 10; description 
of properties, 11; northern area, 14; 
southern area, 40; finishing of, 131; 
origin, 141-48; inorganic type, 144; 
vein type, 146 

Graphite Products Corporation, 13, 
105, 140 

Graphite schist, 43 

Greenfield, 13, 97 

Grenville stratigraphy, 62, 121, 127 

Gulf prospect, I1, 33, 36 


Hague, 8, 9, 12, 57 

Hague gneiss, 127 

Harker, A., cited, 125, 145 

Hatch, F. H. & Rastall, R. H., cited, 
144 

Holbrook, C. T., 13 

Hooper Brothers, 13, 71, 140 

Hulett’s Landing, 13, 110 


Igneous rocks, 123 

Ihne, F. W., cited, 58 

Indian River, 14, 112 

Ingalls, W. R., cited, 51, 133, 141 

International Graphite Company, 13. 
80 


[149] 


150 


Jay, 11, 33 

Jenny, W. P., cited, 143 
Johannsen, A., cited, 124 
Johnsburg, 13, 83 

Joseph Dixon Crucible Company, 8 


Kemp, J: B., cited, 33, 45, 57) 61, 128, 
142 
Kemp, J. F. & Newland, D. H., 


44, 51 
King’s Station, 13, 105 


cited, 


Lacroix, cited, 124 

Lake George, 12 

Lakeside mine, 12, 57 

Laurentian granite, 126, 127 

Lead hill, 8, 9, 12, 23-31 

Leith, C. K. & Mead, W. J., cited, 143 
Lincoln, F. C., cited, 145 
Lowinson-Lessing, F., cited, 123 


Macomb Graphite Company, 14, III 

Mammoth cave, 12, 38 

Maré, R., cited, 125 

Matin) ..C., ctted,.523,. 125 

Mason property, 12, 23 

Metagabbro, 123 

Miller, B. L., cited, 129, 135, 136 

Miller, W. G, & Knight, C. W., cited, 
123 

Miller, W. J., cited, 38, 80, 84, 90, 121, 
126, 127 

Mills, F. S., cited, 111 

Minerva, 12, 38 

Moriah, 36 


Newcomb, 12, 38 

Newland, D. H., cited, 36, 49, 52, 78, 
93, 97, 105, 106, 109, 112, 133, 136, 
137, 140 

Nicholas, F. C., cited, 130, 141 

Northern area, graphite deposits, 14; 
summary, 38 


Ogilvie, I. H., cited, 121 
Output, 7 
Overshot pond, 9 


Pardo point, 12 
Penfield pond property, II, 17 


ao he 


NEW YORK STATE LIBRARY 


Pete, W. F. & Bassler, R. S., cited, 43 
Pettinos Brothers, 9 

Popes Mills Graphite Company, 14, 111 
Pottersville prospect, 12,38 — 


Richards, cited, 131 
Rock pond, 9 

Rock Pond property, 12, 60, 68 

Rossie prospect, 14, 112 

Rowland, C. T., cited, 134 

Rowland Graphite Company, 14 
Rowland Graphite mine, 13, 83 


Sacandaga Graphite Company, 13, 92 

Saratoga county, II 

Saratoga Graphite Company, 13, 105 

Silver Leaf Graphite Company, 13, 79 

Smith Graphite property, 112 

smyth, C. H., Jr, cited, 127, 143 

South Bay, 13, 76 

Southern area, graphite deposits, 40; 
summary, 119 

Spalding, M. W., 1 

Split Rock prospect, I1, 31 

Swede Pond quartzite, 114, 127 

Syenite, 123 ia 

Syntectic rocks, 126 


Ticonderoga, 8; 11; 12, 14,17; 2@5 23; 
60 

Ticonderoga Graphite Company, 9 

Towne property, 11, 20 

Trout Pond limestone, 114 

Trumbull gneiss, 127 


Vost, J. H. L., cited, 125 


Von Cotta, cited, 143 


Walcott, C. W., cited, 142 P 


Warren, C..H., cited, 125 
Warren county, 9, II 
Warrensburg, 12, 38 
Washington county, II 
Weinschenk, E., cited, 146 
Welch farm, 13, 36 

Wherry, E. T., cited, 142 
White, D., cited, 143 
Wilmington prospect, 12, 36 
Wilton, 13, 105 

Winchell, A. N., cited, 145, 147 
Wright, F. E. & Larson, cited, 146 


é‘ roe 
“8 


is 
* in : 
P ge ; 
2 3 
i 
= : 
- 
“ - 
4 - 2 
ba - = 
- ) 
i rn 
7 > 
‘ ¥i 
ray & : ~ = 
, * j 
A =? - 
iF 


i 
a 
{ 
“Y 


; ray) Ot ‘ 


J 
i» 


al Sear ee © 
oe Pes : 7 eb 
Sh ‘ ; = f 


q 


D es 4 
Le Aes 
oy : 


y Yen 


y 


PasaoansnanAtage AAR An 
: wae | 


AAA AARARAMS 


AA AARAAR A: AR AAA | 
WA sasfanngrggennth ry 


AANAAAAA AAA 2 VARA A\ I =~ 
Ae a NAA NN 


, AAAAAAARAA 
rere cere 
AALNA’A Ae 
Ac Racmnnnnsnninnne 
WARAAAAANA A iA 


Shacaanaaaanansaane 


AAA 
AAAA 


} 
t 
, 
| 
| | | 


AAA 
AARAAAAD 
AlaAlalaalals 
RARAARAAR 


~ FN al ie | 
AA AAA Y Y AAAANAARARAAAR => = AAARARA 
“Sarw me ae ie : y ys | lm@AARAAAARaAAAABaAAaAARARR ry VY Wy VY Se Arvararar vv 


> P 
~ 


VV Em AAA AAP | 
a Mermne 


AANA SARA BSA RABAANRWE ALR rn AAAAAARAARAARA RRA, 


Pee ota aataanaanonirorerse ee 


r 


AAAA 


3 9088 01300 8289 


ACN