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ROYAL  BOTANIC  GARDENS.  KEW. 


„      OFFICIAL  GUIDE 

TO  THE 

MUSEUMS  OF  ECONOMIC  BOTANY. 


No.  1. 
DICOTYLEDONS. 


THIRD  EDITION,  REVISED  AND  AUGMENTED. 


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LONDON:  J  ^ 

PRINTED      FOR    HIS      MAJESTY'S      STATIONERY      OFFICE, 
By  DARLING  &  SON,  Ltd.,  34-40,  Bacon  Street,  E. 

1907. 


Price  Tenpence. 


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GUIDE 

TO  THE 

MUSEUMS  OF  ECONOMIC  BOTANY. 


The  collections  occupy  three  separate  buildings. 

Museum  No.  I.  overlooks  the  Ornamental  Water,  and 
is  directly  opposite  to  the  Palm  House. 

Museum  No.  II.  is  at  the  northern  end  of  the  Her- 
baceous ground,  three  minutes  walk  from  No.  I. 

Museum  No.  III.,  devoted  chiefly  to  specimens  of 
Timber  and  large  articles  unsuited  for  exhibition  in  the 
glazed  cases  of  the  other  Museums,  occupies  the  building 
formerly  known  as  the  Orangery,  at  the  northern 
extremity  of  the  Broad  Walk  leading  to  the  Ornamental 
Water  and  Palm  House.  The  Annexe  contains  the 
Gymnosperms. 

The  Object  of  the  Museums 

is  to  show  the  practical  applications  of  Botanical  Science. 
They  teach  us  to  appreciate  the  general  relations  of  the 
Vegetable  World  to  man.  We  learn  from  them  the 
sources  of  the  innumerable  products  furnished  by  the 
Vegetable  Kingdom  for  our  use  and  convenience,  whether 
as  articles  of  food,  of  construction  and  application  in  the 
arts,  of  medicine,  or  curiosity.  They  suggest  new^  channels 
for  our  industry  :  they  show  us  the  variety  in  form  and 
structure  presented  by  plants,  and  are  a  means  of  direct 
instruction  in  most  important  branches  of  useful  know- 
ledge. We  see  from  them  the  particular  points  upon 
which  further  information  is  needed,  especially  as  to  the 
origin  of  many  valuable  timbers,  fibres,  and  drugs,  in 
order  to  perfect  our  knowledge  of  economic  botany  ;  in 
brief,  the  Museums  show  us  hoiv  little,  as  well  as  hoiv  much, 
we  know  of  the  extent  to  which  herbs,  shrubs,  and  trees 
contribute  to  our  necessities,  comforts,  and  numberless 
requirements. 

2000     Wt    13254     5/07     D&S     29     25782 


Origin  of  the  Museums. 

The  foundation  and  progress  of  these  collections,  not 
only  by  far  the  most  extensive  in  existence,  but  the  first 
of  their  kind  established,  may  be  briefly  traced  since  the 
conception  of  their  plan  by  the  first  Director  of  the  Royal 
Gardens,  Sir  W.  J.  Hooker. 

In  1847  the  building  now  occupied  by  Museum  No.  II.,. 
which  up  to  that  year  had  been  in  use  as  a  fruit  store- 
house, &c.,  was  added,  by  command  of  Her  Majesty,  to  the 
Botanic  Garden  proper.  Permission  was  immediately 
sought  by  the  Director  to  have  one  room  of  this  building 
fitted  up  with  suitable  cases  for  the  exhibition  of 
vegetable  products, — objects  which  neither  the  living 
plants  of  the  Garden  nor  the  preserved  specimens  of  the 
Herbarium  could  show.  Sir  W.  J.  Hooker's  request  was 
liberally  met  by  the  Chief  Commissioner  of  Her  Majesty '& 
Woods  and  Forests,  and  the  Museum  was  forthwith  com- 
menced ;  its  nucleus  consisting  of  the  Director's  private 
collection,  presented  by  himself. 

No  sooner  was  the  establishment  and  aim  of  the  Museum 
generally  made  known  than  contributions  to  it  poured  in 
from  all  quarters  of  the  globe,  until,  in  a  few  years,  the 
ten  rooms  of  the  building,  with  its  passages  and  corners,, 
were  absolutely  crammed  with  specimens.  Its  apprecia- 
tion by  the  public  being  thus  demonstrated,  application 
was  made  to  Parliament  for  a  grant  to  defray  the  expense 
of  an  additional  building  for  the  proper  accommodation 
of  the  objects,  and  the  house  occupied  by  Museum  No.  I., 
opened  to  the  public  in  the  spring  of  1857,  is  the  result. 

In  1881  the  extension  of  Museum  No.  I.  on  the  west 
side,  containing  a  new  and  commodious  staircase,  was 
erected  at  a  cost  of  £2,000,  met  by  a  grant  from  the  India 
Office,  in  order  to  supply  the  additional  accommodation 
required  from  the  Indian  collections  mentioned  below. 

From  the  Exhibitions  of  1851  and  1862,  and  from  the 
Paris  Exhibitions  of  1855  and  1867,  large  additions  were 
made  to  the  Museums,  both  by  the  presentation  of 
specimens,  and  also  by  their  purchase,  aided  by  grants 
from  the  Treasury  and  Board  of  Trade.  Many  eminent 
firms  engaged  in  the  importation  and  manufacture  of 
vegetable   substances,   have    most    liberally    contributed 


Yarious  illustrative  series.  By  the  different  Government 
Departments,  by  our  Colonial  officers  and  foreign  Repre- 
sentatives, and  by  numerous  private  travellers  also,  the 
most  important  services  have  been  and  continue  to  be 
rendered. 

Besides  these  sources  of  contribution  must  be  mentioned 
the  reinforcement  of  the  Indian  element  in  the  Museums, 
first  in  1878  by  the  collection  of  forest  produce,  presented 
by  the  Government  of  India  (consisting  of  1,113  speci- 
mens), and  secondly  in  1880  by  the  transference  to  Kew 
of  the  entire  Economico-botanical  collections,  forming 
part  of  the  India  Museum  at  South  Kensington.  From 
these  about  4,000  specimens  were  selected  for  permanent 
exhibition  ;  these  are  distinguished  by  a  light  blue  label 
bearing  the  words  India  Museum. 

On  the  staircase,  at  the  first  landing,  has  been  placed 
the  stained  glass  window  in  four  lights,  removed  from  the 
Guildhall,  and  presented  to  the  Royal  Gardens  in  1878  by 
Alderman  W.  J.  R.  Cotton,  M.P.  It  represents  the  growth 
and  manufacture  of  cotton. 

The  Arrangement  of  the  Objects. 

The  specimens  exhibited  in  Museums  No.  I.  and  No.  II. 
are  arranged  in  the  order  of  what  is  termed  the  natural 
affinities  of  the  plants  which  respectively  furnish  fchem. 
They  are  grouped  under  Natural  ORDERS.  These  are, 
in  some  cases,  very  large,  in  others  comparatively  small. 
Some  abound  in  economic  products,  while  others  afford 
but  few. 

Between  the  members  of  each  Order  the  rule  is,  that  a 
closer  relationship  subsists  than  with  the  members  of  any 
other  Order.  This  relationship  or  affinity  amongst  plants 
is  based  upon  the  amount  of  similarity,  chiefly  in  the 
form  and  arrangement  of  the  parts  of  their  flowers  and 
seeds  ;  and  the  correctness  of  this  method  is  confirmed 
by  a  remarkable  general  and  corresponding  uniformity  in 
the  character  of  the  products  and  properties  of  the  plants 
thus  brought  together.  For  example,  note  the  tough, 
fibrous  Barks  of  the  "  Nettle  "  Order,  of  the  "  Mezereon" 
Order,  and  of  the  "  Linden  "  and  "  Mallow  "  Orders  ; — 
the  Bitter  or  Tonic  properties  of  the  "  Gentian  "  Order, 


6 

and  of  the  "  Quassia  "  and  "  Peruvian  Bark  "  Orders  ; — 
the  Resins  of  the  "Amyris"  or  "Frankincense  "  Order  ; 
— the  Narcotic  or  Poisonous  character  of  the  "  Night- 
shade "  Order,  which  includes  the  Deadly  Nightshade, 
Henbane,  and  Tobacco. 

In  dividing  the  extensive  arranged  collections  between 
the  two  Museum  buildings,  advantage  has  been  taken  of 
the  two  grand  Classes  under  which  the  Orders  of  flower- 
ing plants  are  found  to  be  grouped  in  nature.  One  of 
these  great  Classes  occupies  Museum  No.  I.  The  other 
Class,  together  with  all  the  products,  &c.,  yielded  by  those 
plants  which  are  commonly  regarded  as  not  bearing 
flowers  (as  Ferns,  Mosses,  Seaweeds,  Lichens,  and  Fungi), 
are  contained  in  Museum  No.  II. 

The  same  details  of  arrangement  obtain  through  both 
Museums.  The  upright  cases  are  numbered  outside, 
above  the  glass  doors  :  the  numbers  correspond  to  those 
on  the  margin  of  this  Guide.  The  botanical  name  of 
each  Natural  Order  is  exhibited  inside,  at  the  top  of  the 
cases  ;  also  wherever  an  Order  begins,  if  on  a  lower  shelf. 
A  brief  note  on  each  Order  is  given  in  this  Guide, 
preceding  the  enumeration  of  the  noteworthy  objects 
belonging  to  it. 

To  simplify  and  facilitate  reference,  every  object  of 
great  importance  enumerated  bears,  upon  a  card,  mounted 
close  hy  it,  a  conspicuous  corresponding  number  [_e.g.,  26]. 
One  numbering  runs  through  the  whole  of  each 
Museum. 

The  proportion  of  numbered  objects  to  the  whole  is 
very  small ;  this  is  a  necessity  which  a  handy  guide-book, 
intended  for  visitors  rather  than  students,  imposes.  As 
nearly  every  object  is  properly  labelled,  the  deficiency  is 
rather  apparent  than  real.  This  Guide  is  not  intended  to 
supplant  a  system  of  copious  instructional  labelling, 
which  is  being  constantly  improved  upon,  and  printed 
labels  substituted  for  those  written  by  hand.  Any 
suggestion  bearing  upon  these,  or  hints  repecting  our 
deficiencies,  those  who  have  the  charge  of  this  im- 
portant branch  of  the  Kew  establishment  will  be  most 
happy  to  receive.  Such  should  be  addressed  in  writing, 
to  the  Keeper  of  the  Museums,  or  to  the  Director  of  the 
Royal  Gardens. 


Maps  are  placed  in  the  cases,  showing  in  red  colour 
the  countries  furnishing  the  products  near  which  they 
are  placed. 


GUIDE  TO  MUSEUM  No.  I. 

The  chief  botanical  features  which  characterise  the 
plants  represented  by  their  products  or  other  specimens 
in  this  Museum,  are  these  ; — 1.  In  their  early  condition, 
while  yet  enclosed  in  the  seed,  they  nearly  always  have 
two  (or  sometimes  more)  little  opposite  lobes  or  leaflets 
(cotyledons :  hence  called  Dicotyledons).  2.  Those  which 
form  a  woody  stem,  increase  in  thickness  by  a  ring  of 
new  wood  growing  year  by  year  on  the  outside  of,  and 
continuous  with,  the  old.  3.  The  parts  of  the  flowers  are 
most  frequently  in  fives  or  fours.  4.  The  small  veins  of 
the  leaves  are,  commonly,  irregularly  netted. 

The  Collections  occupy  three  Floors.  The  numbering 
begins  upon  the  Top  Floor,  in  the  cabinet  (No.  1) 
immediately  round  the  corner  to  the  left,  on  reaching 
the  head  of  the  stairs,  and  is  continued  on  the  left  hand 
throughout  the  floor.  The  collections  of  the  Middle  and 
Bottom  Floors  follow  the  same  order. 

The  collection  of  portraits  of  Botanists  is  partly  hung 
on  wall  spaces  in  this  Museum.  The  nucleus  of  it  was 
formed  by  the  late  Sir  W.  J.  Hooker,  and  after  his  death 
was  purchased  by  the  Government. 


Top  Floor. 


Ranunculus  Order  {Rammculaceae).  A  family 
widely  spread,  especially  in  cool  climates.  Few  species 
have  woody  stems.  Its  general  properties  are  acrid  and 
poisonous.  The  Buttercup  and  Larkspur  are  common 
examples  of  the  Order. 

No.   1.  Inner  bark   of   TRAVELLER'S   JOY    (Clematis 

Vitalba,  L.),  used  in  Switzerland  for  straining  whey  from 

curd.     The  slender   stems,   peeled,   are  used   for   basket 

work,  and  in  France  to  bind  faggots,  and  their  tips  are 

sometimes  pickled. 


CASE  No.  2.  Pila-Jari,  Yellow  Root  {Thalictrum  folio- 
] .  losum,  DC).  Common  throughout  temperate  Himalaya. 
Roots  fibrous,  about  the  thickness  ol  a  crow  quill, 
externally  dark  brown,  internally  yellow.  Tonic  and 
aperient ;  used  in  India  in  mild  intermittent  fevers. 
Exported  from  Kumaon,  under  the  name  of  Mam  IRA. 

No.  3.  Black  Hellebore  Roots  or  Christmas 
Rose  {Hellehorns  niger^  L.).  A  perennial  herb  of  Central 
and  Southern  Europe.  As  seen  in  commerce  it  consists 
of  the  rhizome  with  rootlets  attached.  Cathartic  and 
anthelmintic.     Imported  from  Germany. 

No.  4.  Yellow  or  Golden  Seal  or  Yellow 
PUCCOON  Roots  {Hydrastis  canadensis,  L.).  A  small 
perennial  herb  of  North  America,  rhizome  used  as  a 
tonic,  aperient,  and  diuretic,  also  as  a  brilliant  yellow 
dye. 

No.  5.  COPTIS  or  MiSHMBE  Tita.  The  small  v;oody 
rhizome  of  Coptis  Teeta,  Wall.  A  native  of  the  Mishmee 
Mountains  in  East  Assam.  Used  in  India  as  a  pure  bitter 
tonic. 

No.  6.  Gold  Thread.  Roots  of  Coptis  trifotia, 
Salisb.  A  perennial,  common  in  North  America,  where 
it  is  largely  used  as  a  pure  bitter  tonic. 

No.  7.  Fennel-flower  Seeds  {Nigella  sativa,  L.). 
An  annual,  native  of  the  Mediterranean  Region.  When 
fresh  the  seeds  have  an  aromatic  odour  like  fennel  and 
a  slightly  acrid  taste.  Used  as  a  spice  by  French  cooks, 
and  in  the  East  for  flavouring  curries  and  other  dishes ; 
as  a  carminative  and  also  to  protect  woollen  goods  against 
insects. 

No.  8.  Aconite,  Monkshood  or  Wolfsbane 
(Aconitum  Napellus,  L.).  A  perennial  herb,  with  short 
fleshy  rootstock,  common  throughout  Europe,  temperate 
and  sub-arctic  Asia  and  North  America.  The  rootstocks  are 
collected  chiefly  from  wild  plants,  and  used  for  medicinal 
purposes  to  allay  pain  or  in  rheumatic  affections.  It  is  a 
very  virulent  poison  ;  deaths  have  occurred  through  mis- 
taking   Aconite-root    for    Horseradish.      A    little    care, 


ft 

however,  might  obviate  this ;  the  Aconite  has  a  short  CASE 
dark-coloured  tapering  root,  from  which  numerous  1. 
rootlets  are  given  off ;  the  Horseradish  is  much  longer, 
of  more  uniform  thickness  throughout,  of  a  yellowish 
colour,  and  without  root-fibres.  The  rootstocks  of  Aconi- 
turn  sptcatum,  Stapf,  and  other  species  furnish  the  BiSH 
poison  of  India,  used  for  poisoning  the  arrows  in  tiger 
traps,  &c.  A  tiger  trap  from  the  Sikkim  Terai  is  exhibited. 
Note  also  sheep  muzzle  from  Sikkim  made  of  split 
Bamboo.  When  the  shepherds  take  their  flocks  across 
districts  where  Aconite  grows,  they  halt  and  a  muzzle  is 
made  for  e:ich  sheep  to  prevent  its  being  poisoned. 

No.  9.  Black  Cohosh,  Black  Snake  Root,  or 
BUGBANE  {Chnicifuga  racemosa,  Nutt.).  A  perennial 
herb  common  in  ths  United  States  and  Canada.  The 
rootstocks  are  bitter,  slightly  acrid  and  astringent,  and  are 
employed  medicinally  in  North  America. 

Mag'nolia  Order  (Magnolia ceae),  remarkable  for  its 
fine  trees,  bearing  handsome  flowers.  Natives  chiefly  of 
the  tropical  and  temperate  Asiatic  Mountains  and  of  the 
United  States. 

No.  10.  Eucommia  ulmoides,  Oliv.  A  small  tree, 
native  of  China.  The  bark  contains  caoutchouc,  and  is  a 
valued  medicine  of  the  Chinese. 

Observe  WINTER'S  BARK,  the  aromatic  bark  of  Drimys 
Winteriy  Forst,  a  widely  distributed  South  American  tree. 
It  takes  its  name  from  Capt.  Winter,  who  commanded 
the  "  Elizabeth,"  under  Sir  Francis  Drake,  and  who,  on 
his  return  voyage  from  the  Straits  of  Magellan  in  1579, 
used  the  bark  "  as  a  spice  and  medicine  for  scurvy." 

No.  11.  Star  Anise  (lUicium  verum.  Hook  f.).  A 
small  tree,  native  of  China.  The  fruit  is  star-shaped, 
consists  of  several  carpels,  and  is  agreeably  aromatic.  It 
is  imported  from  China  into  Europe,  America,  and  India, 
for  flavouring  liqueurs  and  spirits,  chiefly  the  Anisette 
de  Bordeaux.  Oil  of  Anise  distilled  from  the  fruit  has 
aromatic,  stimulant,  and  carminative  properties.  Its  chief 
constituent  is  Anethol.  Illicium  anisatiim,  L.,  is  the 
Japanese  Star  Anise,  the  fruits  of  which  have  a  faint 
odour  and  taste  of  bay  leaves,  and  are  poisonous,  fatal 
cases  having  arisen  from  the  use  of  the  oil. 


10 

CASE  No.  12.  Tulip  Tree  {Llrlodendron  tuUpifera,  L.). 
2.  A  large  tree  of  North  America.  Wood  fine  and  even 
grained  ;  used  in  America  for  cabinet  work,  door  panels^ 
&c.  Imported  into  this  country  in  considerable  quantities 
as  Whitewood  or  Poplar  for  similar  purposes.  The 
inner  bark  is  used  under  the  name  of  Yellow  Poplar 
Bark  as  a  stimulant  tonic. 

Custard  Apple  Order  {Anonaceae).  Trees  or  shrubs,, 
often  climbing  and  aromatic,  natives  chiefly  of  the  tropics 
of  the  Old  World.     Several  afford  excellent  fruits. 

No.  13.  Wood  of  Dugiietia  quifarensis,  Bth.,  a  tree 
of  South  America,  said  to  be  one  of  the  Lancewoods  of 
coach-builders.  Note  also  Bocagea  laurifoUa,  B.  &  H., 
which  affords  White  Lancewood,  and  B.  virgata^ 
B.  &  H.,  Black  Lancewood,  shipped  from  the  West 
Indies ;  the  two  latter  are  the  chief  sources  of  supply. 

Observe  fruits  of  CALABASH  NuTMEG  {Monodora 
grandiflora^  Bth.),  a  tree  of  West  Tropical  Africa. 
The  seeds  are  aromatic,  and  used  by  the  natives  as  a 
condiment. 

No.  14.  Cherimoyer  {Anona  Gherimolia,  Mill.).  A 
delicious  fruit,  produced  by  a  small  tree  of  Ecuador  and 
Peru,  now  widely  distributed  in  sub-tropical  countries. 

No.  15.  Sour  Sop  {Anona  miiricata,  L.).  A  small 
evergreen  tree  of  Tropical  America.  The  fruit  is  edible 
and  has  an  acid  flavour. 

No.  16.  Sweet  Sop  {Anona  squamosa,  L.).  A  low 
stunted  tree  of  irregular  growth,  native  of  Tropical 
America.  The  leaves,  seeds  and  immature  fruits  contain 
an  acid  principle  destructive  to  insect  life. 

No.  17.  Bullock's  Heart  or  Custard  Apple 
{Anona  reticulata,  L.).  A  low  spreading  tree  of  Tropical 
America  The  fruit  is  edible,  and  is  employed  medicinally 
as  an  anti-dysenteric  and  vermifuge. 

Note  also  fruits  of  the  ALLIGATOR  Apple  {Anona 
palustris,  L.),  a  low  tree  of  Tropical  America,  found  on 
marshy  shores.  The  fruit,  said  to  be  narcotic  and  even 
poisonous  is,  however,  greedily  eaten  by  alligators  ;  the 


11 

wood  known  as  CORK  WOOD  is  employed  for  stopping    CASE 
casks  and  bottles,  and  for  lining  boxes.  2. 

No.  18.  African,  Guinea  or  Negro  Pepper. 
Fruits  of  Xylojna  aethiopica^  A.  Rich.,  a  large  tree  of 
Upper  Guinea.  The  black  quill-like  aromatic  and  pungent 
fruits  are  sold  in  the  native  markets  for  use  as  pepper  and 
as  a  stimulant  in  medicine. 

Moonseed  Order  (lfems;;ermaceae).  Climbing  tropical    CASE 
shrubs,  with  bitter  and  narcotic  properties.     Observe  the        3^ 
curious  arrangement  of  the  wood  in  cross  section  of  stem 
and  root. 

No.  19.  Pareira  Brava  (Ghondodendron  tomento- 
s?<///,  R.  &  P.).  A  woody  climber  of  Peru  and  Brazil.  The 
root  has  a  bitter  taste,  but  no  smell  ;  used  as  a  mild  tonic 
and  diuretic. 

No.  20.  GULANCHA  {Tinospora  cordifolia,  Miers).  A 
woody  climber  common  in  India  and  Ceylon.  The  roots 
and  stems  have  bitter,  tonic,  antiperiodic,  and  diuretic 
properties. 

No.  21.  COCCULUS  Indicus  {Anamirta  paniculata, 
Colebr.).  A  large  climbing  shrub  with  corky  bark,  native 
of  India.  The  fruits  are  kidney-shaped,  about  the  size  of 
a  large  pea.  Imported  into  this  country  for  the  prepara- 
tion of  ointments  and  for  the  adulteration  of  beer. 

No.  22.  False  Calumba  (Coscinium  fenestratum, 
Colebr.).  A  climber,  native  of  the  forests  of  Ceylon, 
Malacca,  and  Malabar.  Wood  bright  greenish  yellow, 
strongly  marked  in  cross  section  by  broad  medullary  rays. 
Said  to  have  been  long  in  use  in  Ceylon  and  Southern 
India  as  a  tonic  and  yellow  dye. 

No.  23.  Calumba  or  Colombo  Root  {Jateorhiza 
Coliimha,  Miers).  A  perennial  climber  with  short  root- 
stock  and  numerous  fleshy  fusiform  roots.  It  grows  in 
the  forests  of  Mozambique  and  Quillimane.  Calumba 
root  of  commerce  consists  of  the  dried  and  sliced  root. 
Shipped  to  this  country  either  from  Zanzibar  direct,  or 
by  AN  ay  of  Bombay.  It  has  a  bitter  taste  and  is  a  mild 
tonic. 


12 

CASE       No.  24.    Velvet  Leap  or  Spurious  Pareira  Br ava 
S.        {Cissampelos  Pareira,   L.).     A   slender   woody  climber, 
cosmopolitan  in  warm  regions.     The  root  is  a  bitter  tonic 
and  diuretic  but  is  not  in  use  in  European  medicine. 

Barberry  Order  {Berlje7ndeae).  Shrubs  and  per- 
ennial herbs  of  temperate  climates.  Many  have  acid  or 
astringent  berries  and  bright  yellow  wood,  which  yields 
a  dye. 

No.  25.  Indian  Barberry  {Berheris  Lycium,  Royle). 
A  shrub,  native  of  the  Western  Himalayas.  The  root  bark 
is  bitter  and  tonic,  as  are  also  those  of  B.  asiaiica,  Roxb., 
and  B.  aristata,  DC.  Under  the  name  of  RUSOT,  a 
watery  extract  prepared  from  the  stem  and  root  bark  of 
various  species  is  used  in  ophthalmia  and  as  a  tonic  and 
febrifuge  in  India.  In  the  bazaars  the  stem,  extract  and 
fruit  are  always  obtainable. 

No.  26.  May  Apple  or  Podophyllum  Roots  (Podo- 
jjhyllum  peltatum,  L.).  A  perennial,  common  in  moist 
woods  in  the  United  States  and  Canada.  The  rhizome 
and  roots  are  collected  about  August,  when  the  principle 
is  most  active,  and  thoroughly  dried.  They  are  slightly 
bitter  and  acrid,  and  furnish  the  medicine  known  as 
Podophyllin. 

Water  Lily  Order  {Nymphaeacene).  Herbs  with 
floating  leaves,  found  in  various  parts  of  the  globe. 

No.  27.  Flower  and  leaf  of  Victoria  Water  Lily 
{Victoria  legia,  Ldl.).  A  native  of  Guiana  and  Brazil, 
where  the  leaves  sometimes  measure  12  feet  across,  and 
the  expanded  flowers  about  one  foot  in  diameter.  The 
maximum  size  attained  by  leaves  in  this  country  is  about 
7  feet.     The  seeds  are  eaten  by  the  Indians. 

No.  28.  Egyptian  Lotus  {NelumUum  spcciosum, 
Willd.).  Regarded  by  the  early  Egyptians,  and  by 
Buddhists  and  Hindus  of  the  present  day  as  an  emblem 
of  peculiar  sanctity.  Observe  the  seeds,  or  more  properly 
fruits,  imbedded  in  the  dry  top-shaped  receptacle.  They 
are  imported  into  India  from  Persia  in  large  quantities  as 
an  article  of  diet.  The  roots  and  scapes  are  used  as  food 
in  India  and  China  in  times  of  scarcity. 


Side  Saddle  Order  {Sarraceniaceae),    Chiefly   bog    CASE 
herbs   of    North    America,   remarkable   for   the   tubular        4.. 
form  of  their  leaves.     The  powdered  root  of  Sarracenia 
purpurea^  L.,  has  been   recommended   as  a   remedy  in 
small-pox,  but  is  valueless. 

Poppy  Order  {Papavey^aceae).  Principally  herbs 
abounding  in  milky  juice.  Natives  of  temperate  climates, 
especially  of  Europe.  They  are  remarkable  for  their 
narcotic  properties. 

No.  29.  Heads  of  the  Opium  or  White  Poppy 
{Papciver  somniferuni^  L.).  Cultivated  from  early 
antiquity  for  the  sake  of  its  well-known  dried  juice 
known  as  Opicjm.  Asia  Minor,  Egypt,  Persia,  and  India 
yield  the  principal  supply.  The  milky  juice  is  obtained 
by  incising  the  poppy-heads,  from  which  it  slowly 
exudes,  turning  to  a  brown  colour.  Its  subsequent  pre- 
paration varies  in  different  countries.  The  instruments 
employed  in  the  Indian  Opium  manufacture  are  exhibited 
in  this  case,  and  are  separately  marked  by  small  numbered 
descriptive  labels.  The  poppy  heads  (1)  are  scarified  by 
little  lancets  (2)  which  are  drawn  from  the  bottom  to  the 
top  of  the  "heads"  (3);  the  juice  is  collected  in  small 
scoops  (4),  poured  into  plates  or  bowls  (5,  6),  from  which 
part  of  the  moisture  drains  off,  and  is  carried  to  the 
factory  in  jars  (7),  where,  after  sampling  by  bamboo 
scoops  (8),  it  is  assorted,  mixed  with  similar  qualities  in 
vats,  and  stirred  by  rakes  (9),  to  insure  uniformity. 
i\.fter  sufficient  exposure  it  is  made  up  into  cakes  covered 
by  petals  of  the  poppy  (14,  15),  cemented  together  (18) 
with  inferior  opium.  A  chest  divided  into  compartments 
for  the  Chinese  opium  trade  is  numbered  22.  The  balls 
of  opium  (23)  are  packed  in  "  poppy  trash  "  (24). 

No.  30.  Specimens  of  Opium  from  Smyrna,  Egypt, 
Persia,  and  India  ;  also  specimens  of  the  various  alkaloids 
obtained  from  it.  For  medicinal  purposes  Indian  opium 
is  of  much  less  value  than  that  from  Asia  Minor  or 
Persia,  in  consequence  of  its  containing  a  much  lower 
percentage  of  morphine. 

No.  31.  Complete  OPiUM-SMOKiNG  APPARATUS  from 
China.     Also     carving    in    Pai'cha     wood     {Euoriymus 


14 

CASE    europaeus,  L.,  var.  hamiltonimius)   from  Ningpo,  illus- 

4.  trating  the  manner  of  smoking  opium.  For  this  purpose 
the  opium  is  prepared  in  a  liquid  form  ;  a  drop  about  the 
size  of  a  pea  is  roasted  over  the  lamp  and  then  placed 
over  thcj  little  aperture  in  the  bowl  of  the  pipe  ;  the 
smoker  in  a  reclining  posture  keeps  it  alight  by  holding 
it  over  the  flame. 

The  opium  poppy  is  also  cultivated  in  cool  countries 
for  the  sake  of  the  capsules  and  seeds,  the  former  used  in 
fomentations  for  allaying  pain,  the  latter  as  an  oil-seed 
(Maw-seed).  The  residue  of  the  seeds,  after  the  oil  has 
been  expressed,  forms  an  oil-cake  for  feeding  cattle. 
CASE       Observe  petals  of  the  Common  Red  or  Corn  Poppy 

5.  {Papaver  Rlioeas,  L.).  They  have  a  somewhat  unpleasant 
odour  and  slightly  bitter  taste.  Used  in  medicine  chiefly 
at  a  colouring  agent.  Observe  also  fruits,  seeds,  and  oil 
of  Argemone  mexicana^  L. 

No.  32.  Blood  Root  or  Puccoon  {Sanguinaria 
canadensis,  L.).  A  perennial  herb,  with  a  fleshy  root-stock 
of  a  dull  red  colour  outside,  and  a  bright  red  within. 
The  plant  has  a  wide  distribution  in  Canada  and  the 
United  States.  It  has  a  bitter  acrid  taste,  and  is  stimulant 
and  diaphoretic. 

Crucifer  Order  {Cruciferae).  Nearly  all  herbaceous, 
abounding  in  the  temperate  countries  of  the  northern 
hemisphere.  They  are  called  Cruciferae  (cross-bearing) 
from  the  four  flower  leaves  (petals)  being  disposed,  more 
or  less  distinctly,  in  the  form  of  a  cross,  as  in  the  Wall- 
flower, Cabbage,  and  Cress,  familiar  examples  of  the 
order.  None  are  poisonous,  but  all  are  nitrogenous  ;  they 
are  often  acrid,  and  occasionally  antiscorbutic. 

No.  33.  The  so-called  ROSE  OF  Jericho  (Anastatica 
hierochuntica,  L.).  An  annual  plant  from  the  deserts  of 
Arabia  and  Egypt.  After  withering,  its  spreading 
branches  roll  themselves  up  in  a  ball,  and  the  whole 
plant  is  detached  and  blown  about  by  the  wind,  the 
branches  expanding  again  with  the  first  rainfall.  By  this 
means  the  plant  is  readily  dispersed. 

No.  34.  Horse-Radish.  The  root-stock  of  (7oc/i/ea>*?a 
Armoracia,   L.      A    perennial    herb,    origin    unknown, 


15 

naturalized  in  damp  waste  places  through  the  greater  part    CASE 
of  Europe.     It  is  largely  grown  in  gardens  for  use  as  a        5. 
condiment,  as  well  as  in  medicine. 

No.  35.  Mustard.  The  pulverised  seeds  of  ^rass/ca 
alha^  Bpiss.,  and  B.  nigra,  Koch  ;  the  first,  the  White, 
the  second,  the  Black  Mustard.  They  are  annuals  found 
over  a  great  part  of  Europe,  the  former  being  also  found 
in  Asia  Minor,  Algeria,  and  China  ;  and  the  latter  in  Asia 
Minor,  Norih-West  India,  and  North  Africa.  In  this 
country  White  Mustard  is  cultivated  chiefly  in  Essex  and 
Cambridgeshire,  and  Black  Mustard  in  Lincolnshire  and 
Yorkshire.  Mustard  of  commerce,  or  Flour  of  Mustard, 
is  usually  prepared  from  the  mixed  seeds.  Besides  the 
use  of  Mustard  as  a  condiment  it  is  important  as  a 
stimulant  and  powerful  rubefacient. 

No.  36.  A  series  of  seeds  of  different  forms  (GUZERAT 
Rape,  etc.)  of  Brassica  campestris,  L.,  from  various  parts 
of  India.  Largely  grown  for  expressing  oil  for  food 
purposes. 

Observe  seeds  and  Oil  of  Rape  or  CoLZA  {Brassica 
camjjestris,  sub.  sp.  Napus,  L.).  Rape  is  grown  in  this 
country  as  a  green  fodder,  and  on  the  Continent  for  the 
oil  expressed  from  the  seeds.  Used  both  for  lamps  and 
lubricating  purposes. 

No.  37.  Models  and  drawings  of  Swede  Turnips. 
The  fleshy  tuberous  roots  of  Brassica  campestris,  sub.  sp. 
ramjjestris,  extensively  cultivated  under  many  varieties 
for  feeding  cattle. 

No.  38.  Common  Turnip  (Brassica  campestris,  sub. 
sp.  Rapa,  L.).  A  hardy  perennial  found  in  corn  fields 
and  similar  places  in  this  country.  The  root  is  hard  and 
woody  in  the  wild  state  but  becomes  succulent  under 
cultivation. 

No.  39.     Cabbage  {Brassica  oleracea,  L.).   In  its  wild    CASE 
state  this  is  found  on  cliffs  by  the  sea  in  several  parts  of        6. 
England,   but    under    cultivation   it    is   well   known  in 
many   forms    as    Brussels    Sprouts,   Savoy,   Cauliflower, 
Kohlrabi,  Broccoli,  Red  Cabbage,  Scotch  Kale,  etc. 


16 

CASE       No.  40.    Cabbage  Walking  Sticks,  the  stems  of  a 
6.        variety  of   the  Garden  Cabbage   {Brassica  oleracea^  L.), 
grown  in  the  Channel  Islands.     The  growth  in  height  is 
promoted  by  constantly  stripping  off  the  lower  leaves. 

No.  41.  Wo  AD,  a  dye  yielded  by  Isatls  tinctoria^  L., 
used  by  the  ancient  Britons  to  stain  the  skin  blue.  Its 
culture  for  this  purpose  was  probably  very  general  at  a 
remote  period.  The  manufacture  of  Woad  in  this  country 
is  rapidly  dying  out,  and  at  the  present  time  is  carried  on 
only  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Wisbech.  It  is  used  in 
combination  with  indigo  for  dyeing  purposes. 

Observe  seeds  and  models  of  varieties  of  RADISH 
(Raphantfs  sativiis^  L.). 

Caper  Order  {Gapparideae),  Herbs  or  trees,  fre- 
quently spiny.  Many  are  found  in  hot  and  dry  countries. 
The  fruit  is  often  curiously  raised  upon  a  distinct  stalk 
above  the  scar  of  the  withered  flower. 

No.  42.  Capers,  the  flower  buds  of  Capparis  spinosa,, 
L.,  a  scrambling  bush  of  the  Mediterranean  region.  It  is 
largely  cultivated  in  Spain,  France,  Italy,  Algeria  and 
Sicily,  the  Capers  being  shipped  in  casks  chiefly  from 
Marseilles  and  Bordeaux.  The  flower  buds  of  Zygophyl- 
lum  Fahago,  L.,  are  occasionally  substituted. 

Note  fruits  of  Capparis  Mitchelli^  Lindl.,  the  Queens- 
land Pomegranate,  a  shrub  with  large  white  flowers. 
The  fruits  are  one  to  two  inches  in  diameter  with  a  rough 
exterior  rind  ;  the  pul^D,  which  has  an  agreeable  perfume, 
is  eaten  by  the  natives.  Observe  also  fruits  of  Capparis 
oleoideSy  Burch.,  a  South  African  plant  introduced  into 
America  about  1867  under  the  name  of  Frugtus 
SiMULO  as  a  remedy  for  epilepsy. 

CistUS  Order  {Cistineae).  A  small  order  of  plants 
abounding  in  Spain,  Portugal,  and  N.W.Africa,  represented 
by  the  Rock  Roses  and  Gum  Cistus  of  our  gardens. 

No.  43.  LabdanuM.  a  resin  exuded  by  the  leaves 
and  branches  of  Cistus  polymorphus,  Willk.,  and  other 
species  of  the  Levant,  largely  used  as  a  medicine  during 
the  prevalence  of  the  plague.  At  the  present  day  it  is 
chiefly   employed    by   the   Turks   in   perfumery.      It   is 


17 

collected   by   whipping  the   plants   with  an   instrument    CASE 
called  a  Ladanisterion,  which  consists  of  long  thongs        6. 
attached  to  a  rake-like  frame,  the  resin  adhering  to  the 
straps.     Two  of  these  instruments  are  exhibited,  one  from 
Crete  and  the  other  from  Cyprus, 

Note  4.n  passing,  under  the  Order  Resedaceae,  dried 
specimens  of  Weld  or  Dyer's  Weed  {Reseda  Luteola, 
L.),  a  common  British  wayside  plant  largely  used  at  one 
time  as  a  yellow  dye.  Also  the  Violet  Order  (  Violarieae), 
the  roots  of  several  species  of  which  possess  emetic  or 
purgative  properties,  especially  those  of  lonidium  Ipeca- 
cuanha^ Vent.,  which  furnishes  some  of  the  FALSE 
Ipecacuanha  that  occasionally  finds  its  way  into  the 
English  drug  market.  Its  root  can  however  be  readily 
distinguished  by  being  marked  with  fine  longitudinal 
lines  and  not  annulated  as  in  the  true  drug.  The  roots  of 
other  species  of  lonidium,  viz. — /.  glutinosum.,  Vent.^ 
and  /.  heterophyllum,  Vent.,  are  also  occasionally  substi- 
tuted.    All  these  species  are  natives  of  Brazil. 

Canella  Bark  Order  {Ganellaceae).  A  small  group 
of  trees  or  shrubs,  with  aromatic  bark,  natives  of  tha 
West  Indies  and  tropical  America. 

No.  44.  Canella  Bark  {Canella  alba,  Murr.).  An 
evergreen  tree  30  to  40  feet  in  height,  native  of  the  West 
Indies  and  South  Florida.  The  bark  is  imported  from 
Nassau  in  New  Providence  in  quills  of  irregular  length. 
It  is  orange  or  buff  coloured  externally,  and  yellowish 
white  internally.  It  has  a  bitter,  acrid,  and  pungent 
taste,  and  an  agreeable  odour  resembling  Cinnamon.  It 
is  used  in  the  West  Indies  as  a  condiment,  and  in  this 
country  occasionally  as  an  aromatic  stimulant.  Note  also 
bark  of  Red  Canella  or  Mountain  Cinnamon  {Cinna- 
modendron  corticosum,  Miers).  Native  of  the  West 
Indies.  It  has  an  aromatic  odour  and  was  formerly  used 
as  a  substitute  for  Winter's  Bark,  which  see. 

AnnattO  Order  {Bixineae).  Shrubs  or  trees  of  the 
hottest  parts  of  the  globe. 

Note  specimens  of  KUTEERA  GUM  of  the  Indian 
bazaars,  furnished  by  Cochlospermum  Gossypium,  DC, 
used  in  the  United  Provinces  as  a  substitute  for  Traga- 

25782  B 


1« 

CASE    canth.     The  name  Kuteera  is  applied  in  India  to   other 
6.        light-coloured    gums,    such    as    those     from    species    of 
Btermlia  and  Astragalus. 

INO.  45.  Annatto,  an  orange  or  yellow  dye  for  silks 
and  staining  cheese,  prepared  from  the  red- coloured  pulp 
■which  covers  the  seeds  of  Bixa  Orellana,  L.,  a  small 
bushy  tree  with  handsome  white  or  pinkish  flowers, 
widely  distributed  in  the  tropics.  Both  the  prepared 
dye  and  the  seeds  are  imported,  chiefly  from  South 
America  and  the  West  Indies.  Dried  specimens  of  the 
plant  are  shown  with  the  red  seeds  attached  to  the  inside 
of  the  fruit  capsules. 

CASE        Observe  snuff  boxes  and  ornaments,  made  of  the  round 
7         fruits  of  Oncoha  spinosa,  Forsk.,  by  the  native  tribes  of 
Natal. 

No.  46.  Kei  Apples  {Aheria  Gaffra,  Harv.  &  Sond.), 
the  fruits  of  a  shrub,  native  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope 
and  Kaffirland,  which  when  fresh,  are  acid  and  used  as 
a  pickle,  and  when  ripe  are  made  into  a  preserve. 

No.  47.  Chaulmugra  Oil,  from  the  seeds  of  Tarak- 
togenos  Kurzii^  King,  a  tree  of  the  forests  of  Sylhet, 
Chittagong  and  Burma.  It  is  used  in  India  for  the  treat- 
ment of  skin  diseases  and  dysentery  and  is  also  employed 
medicinally  in  this  country. 

Note  LUKRABO  Seeds,  the  produce  of  Hydnocarpus 
anthelminficus,  Pierre.  They  are  exported  in  consider- 
able quantities  from  Siam  and  Cochin  China  to  China, 
where,  under  the  name  of  Ta-FUNG-tsze,  they  ar^  in 
repute  in  the  treatment  of  various  skin  diseases. 

Pittosporum  Order  {PUtosporeae),  A  small  group 
of  shrubs  and  trees  confined  to  the  Old  World.  They 
are  chiefly  Australian  and  Polynesian. 

No.  48.  Wood  of  Pittosporum  hicolor,  Hook.,  and  P. 
undulatum,  Vent.,  from  New  South  Wales  and  Tasmania, 
They  are  close  grained  and  adapted  for  turning  and 
wood  engraving. 

Milkwort  Order  {Pohjgaleae).  Characterised  by  a 
bitter  principle. 


19 

No.  49.    Senega  or  Snake  Root  {Poly gala  Senega,   CASE 
L.).  A  perennial  herb  of  the  United  States.    The  root  has  a        7. 
distinctive  odour  and  sweetish  taste,  changing  to  a  sourish 
acrid.     Used  against   chronic   bronchitis,   asthma,   rheu- 
matism, &c. 

Near  tiiis  note  Maloukang,  Maluku,  Ankalaki, 
or  Black  Beni  Seeds  {Folygala  hutyracea,  Heckel), 
occasionally  imported  from  West  Africa  as  oil-seeds. 
The  oil  is  said  to  be  of  "  excellent  quality  and  of 
very  agreeable  taste."  Note  also  BUAZE  Fibre  and  nets 
made  of  the  fibre  of  Securidaca  longepedunculata,  Fres.,  a 
branching  shrub  of  Eastern  Tropical  Africa. 

Observe  also  SWAN  RiVER  BROOM  (Comesperma  sco- 
parium^  Drum.).  From  a  small  knotty  rootstock  a 
quantity  of  slender  twiggy  branches  arise,  the  whole 
forming  a  natural  broom,  which  has  only  to  be  cut  to  be 
ready  for  use. 

No.  50.  Rhatany  Root  (Krameria  argentea,  Mart.). 
Imported  from  Para.  The  bark  is  a  powerful  astringent 
and  tonic,  employed  in  diarrhoea  and  dysentery.  K,  tri- 
andra,  Ruiz,  and  Pav.,  is  the  source  of  Peruvian  Rhatany 
and  K.  Ixina,  L.,  that  known  as  Savanilla,  or  New  Granada 
Rhatany. 

CMckweed  Order  {Caryophylleae),  to  which  the 
Pink,  Carnation,  and  Catchfly  belong.  Chiefly  herbs 
inhabiting  cold  and  temperate  regions.  A  saponaceous 
principle  pervades  many  of  the  species,  as  Saponaria 
officinalis^  L.,  Gyjosophila  Struthium,  L.,  G.  Arrostiu 
Guss.,  and  G.  paniculata^  L.  The  roots  of  the  three  last 
named  are  used  for  washing  silks  and  other  delicate 
fabrics.  The  Italian  soap-root  appears  to  be  derived  from 
G.  Arrostii ;  that  of  Asia  Minor  from  G.  paniculata. 

No.  51.     Tufts  of  Arenaria  miisciformis.  Wall.,  and    CASE 
Thylacospermum    rupifragum,   Schrenk,   from   exposed        8. 
rocks    14,000    to    18,000    feet    above    sea-level    in    the 
Himalaya. 

Purslane  Order  {Portulaceae).  Succulent  herbs  or 
small  shrubs,  found  chiefly  in  dry  arid  places  in  South 
America  and  at  the  Cape.  Some  are  of  value  as  pot-herbs, 
as  Portulaca  oUracea,  L. 


20 

€ASE       No.  52.     Spjetlum  Root  (Lewisia  rediviva^  Pursh). 
8.       The  roots  are  collected  as  food  by  the  Indians  of  the 
Upper  Oregon  territory.     They  retain  their  vitality  for  a 
long  time. 

Tamarix  Order  {Tamariscineae).  Bushes  or  small 
trees,  widely  distributed.  Several  species  produce  galls, 
notably  Tamarix  articulata^  Vahl.  Abundant  in  Sind 
and  the  Punjab,  and  distributed  in  Baluchistan  and 
westward  to  Egypt  and  South  Africa.  T.  gallica^  L.,  is 
common  in  India,  Burma,  and  Ceylon,  also  Europe  and 
Tropical  Africa.  Tamarix  galls  are  used  in  medicine 
as  an  astringent,  and  are  also  employed  for  dyeing. 

Tutsan  Order,  or  St.  John's  Worts  (Hypericineae), 
Plants  with  opposite  undivided  leaves,  often  dotted  with 
minute  oil  glands,  easily  seen  when  held  against  the 
light.  A  few  are  used  in  medicine,  as  Hypericiirn 
perforatum,  L. 

Gamboge  Order  {Guttiferae).  Tropical  trees  and 
shrubs,  with  entire,  opposite,  smooth,  and  rather  thick 
leaves.  Many  of  the  representatives  of  the  order  afford 
valuable  oil-seeds  and  a  yellow,  purgative,  resinous  juice 
which  in  some  Eastern  species  is  collected  as  Gamboge, 
the  well-known  pigment  and  medicine. 

No.  53.  Karamani  Resin  {Symplmnia  glohuUfera, 
L.).  A  tree  of  British  Guiana.  The  resin  is  chiefly  collected 
by  the  negroes  from  among  the  roots  of  old  trees.  It  is 
used  in  medicine  and  as  a  cement  for  fixing  arrow-  and 
spear-heads.     In  Jamaica  it  is  called  Hog  Gum. 

No.  54.  Fruit  of  the  Butter  or  Tallow  Tree  of 
Sierra  Leone  (Pentadesma  hutyracea,  Sabine).  When 
cut  these  fruits  yield  a  greasy  yellow  juice  which  becomes 
solid  on  exposure  to  the  air.  It  is  mixed  by  the  negroes 
with  their  food. 

No.  55.  Portion  of  trunk  of  the  "  TONG  RONG  "  or 
Gamboge  Tree  of  Siam  {Garcinia  Hanhuryi,  Hook,  f.), 
spirally  gashed  to  cause  the  resin  to  flow  into  joints  of 
Bamboo  placed  to  receive  it.  Note  also  samples  of  Siam 
Gamboge  which  forms  the  bulk  of  the  Gamboge  of 
commerce. 


I 


21 


No.  56.    Bitter  or  Male  Kola  of  Tropical  Africa   CASE 
{Garcinia  Kola^  Heckel).     The  seeds  are  reputed  to  have       3. 
similar   properties   to   those   of    the   common   Kola   {see 
No.  7G). 

No.  57-  Fruits  of  Garcinia  indica,  Choisy,  a  small 
Indian  tree.  The  fruit  is  similar  in  appearance  to  a  small 
apple,  and  has  an  acid  flavour.  From  the  seeds  a  solid 
oil  is  obtained  which  is  known  as  KOKUM  Butter,  used 
in  India  in  the  preparation  of  ointments,  &c. 

No.  58.  Bark  and  young  wood  of  the  Ceylon  GAM- 
BOGE Tree  (Garcinia  Morella,  Desr.),  showing  the 
coloured  juice  which  has  exuded  and  dried  upon  the 
cut  edge.  Ceylon  Gamboge  is  obtained  by  making 
incisions  in  the  bark,  or  by  cutting  out  pieces  of  it ;  the 
juice  oozing  from  the  wounds  hardens  on  exposure,  and 
is  scraped  off. 

Various  samples  of  Gamboge  obtained  from  different 
species  of  Garcinia  in  India  are  shown. 

No.  59.  Mangosteen.  Fruits  of  Garcinia  Mango- 
stana,  L.,  a  moderate-sized  tree  of  Malacca  and  the  Malay 
Archipelago  introduced  into  Ceylon  and  the  West  Indies. 
The  fruits  are  about  the  size  and  shape  of  a  small  apple, 
reddish  brown  when  ripe.  The  juicy  white  pulp  sur- 
rounding the  seeds  is  eaten,  and  has  a  refreshing  delicate 
flavour  ;  it  is  considered  by  some  the  choicest  of  all 
tropical  fruits. 

Note   flower-buds  of   Ochrocarpus  longifoUus,  Benth.    CASE 
and  Hook,  f .,  used  in  India,  under  the  name  of  SURINGI,        9, 
for  dyeing  silk  a  yellow,  or  deep  orange  colour  ;  they  are 
also   employed   in   medicine.     Note   also    fruits    of    the 
African     Mammbe    Apple    (Ochrocarpus    africanus, 
Oliv.),  from  Sierra  Leone  and  the  Niger. 

On  the  lower  shelves  are  shown  fruits  and  woods  of 
several  species  of  Calophyllum,  including  the  Alexan- 
drian Laurel  (C.  Inophi/lhim,  L.),  from  the  fresh 
seeds  of  which  a  fragrant  green  oil  is  obtained,  in  India 
known  as  PiNNAY  or  DOMBA  oil.  Used  for  burning  in 
lamps,  and  externally  as  a  medicine  in  the  treatment  of 
rheumatism.  The  seeds  of  Galea  (C.  Calaha,  Jacq.), 
Keena  (C.  tomentosum,  Wight),  and  Nagesar  (Mesua 


^2 

CASE  ferrea^  L.),  all  contain  oil ;  all  three  species  yield  strong 
9.       and  durable  woods. 

On  the  bottom  shelf  are  fruits  of  the  Mammee  Apple 
{Mammea  americana,  L.),  a  large  West  Indian  tree. 
The  fleshy  part  of  the  large  russet  brown  fruit  is  sweet 
and  aromatic  and  is  used  for  making  preserves.  A 
liqueur  is  prepared  from  the  flowers,  and  the  gum  is  used 
to  destroy  the  Chigoes  (Culex  penetrans)  in  the  feet  of 
negroes. 

Observe  two  necklaces  made  of  the  remarkable  velvet- 
like seeds  of  Quiina  jamaicensis,  Oris.,  from  Jamaica, 
and  Q.  guianensis,  Aubl.,  from  British  Guiana.  Also 
fruits  of  Touroulia  Jenmani,  Oliv.,  of  British  Guiana, 
and  a  necklace  made  oc  the  seeds  which  are  similar  to 
those  of  Quiina  in  their  velvety  appearance,  but  larger 
and  of  a  darker  colour. 

CASE        Tea  Order    {Temstroemiaceae).      Trees   and  shrubs, 
j^O^       chiefly  South  American  and  East  Asiatic. 

No.  60.  SOUAKI  NUTH,  the  fruits  of  Caryocar  nuci- 
ferujn,  L.,  and  0.  tomentosiwi,  Willd.  The  kernel  is  said 
to  be  the  most  delicious  of  the  nut  kind.  It  contains  a 
sweet  oil,  used  in  South  America.  The  timber  of 
C.  iomentosum  is  valuable  for  shipbuilding. 

On  a  lower  shelf  observe  specimens  of  the  wood  of  the 
MuRA  PiRANGA  {Haploclathra  paniculata^  Bth.),  from 
Brazil.  The  wood  is  extremely  hard  and  close  grained 
and  is  used  by  the  people  lor  making  walking  sticks, 
spears,  &c.  In  the  upper  part  of  the  case  is  a  MURUCU 
or  Staff  made  of  this  wood  and  used  by  the  Tuchauas 
or  chiefs  of  the  Uaupe  Indians. 

Note  also  wood,  seeds,  and  oil  of  Camellia  Sasanqua, 
Thb.,  a  native  of  China  and  Japan,  where  the  oil  is  used 
for  a  variety  of  domestic  purposes.  The  dried  leaves  are 
fragrant,  and  are  said  to  be  used  to  mix  with  tea. 

The  most  important  member  of  the  order  is  the  TEA 
Plant  {Caynellia  Thea^  Link.).  It  is  a  native  of  Assam, 
and  probably  also  of  China,  though  in  the  latter  country, 
so  famed  for  its  production,  it  is  only  known  under 
cultivation.  Black  and  green  teas  are  prepared  from  the 
same  plant  by  peculiar  methods  of  drying  or  curing ; 
the  leaves  made  up  into  green  being  more  rapidly  dried 


23 

and  not  permitted  to  remain  in  a  moist  and  flaccid  CASE 
state  so  long  as  those  intended  for  black  tea.  Tea  is  10. 
largely  produced  in  India,  Ceylon,  China,  Japan  and  Java, 
and  to  a  less  extent  in  Formosa,  the  Caucasus,  Natal,  &c. 
The  total  imports  of  tea  into  the  United  Kingdom  for 
1905  aniounted  to  309,601,776  lbs.,  of  this  quantity 
259,088,591  lbs.  were  entered  for  home  consumption.  In 
the  last  division  of  this  case  note  examples  of  Chinese 
Tea-root  carvings  from  Amoy. 

No.  61.  A  box  of  ingredients  used  in  China  for  the 
artificial  colouring  of  the  lower  grades  of  green  tea. 

No.  62.  Brick  Tea  of  Tibet,  pressed  and  dried  in 
moulds.  It  is  largely  used  in  Central  Asia  boiled  with 
salt,  butter,  &c.  In  the  table  case  at  the  head  of  the 
stairs  near  Case  No.  1  are  various  articles  employed  by 
Tibetans  in  the  preparation  of  this  tea  for  consumption. 
Observe  in  the  tea  case  "  wheatsheaf ,"  "  lozenge  "  and 
other  forms  of  fancy  teas.  Upon  the  adjoining  wall  are 
hung  Chinese  drawings  on  rice  paper,  illustrating  the 
history  of  the  tea  plant  from  its  first  introduction  in 
fabulous  times  to  human  notice  by  a  monkey,  to  the 
packing  and  exportation  of  the  present  period. 

Wood-Oil  Order  {Dipterocarpeae).     A  small  group  of    CASE 
gigantic  forest  trees  of  India,  Burma  and  Ceylon,  valuable       11, 
as  timber  trees,  and  for  the  most  part  abounding  in  resin 
and  wood-oil.     They  have  characteristic  winged  fruits,  of 
which  various  forms  are  shown. 

No.  63.  Gar  JAN  or  Kanyin  Oil,  obtained  chiefly 
from  Dipterocarpus  turhinatus,  Gaertn.  A  lofty  ever- 
green tree  of  India,  Burma,  and  the  Andaman  Islands. 
Large  quantities  of  the  wood-oil  are  collected  in  the 
Chittagong  forests  and  exported  to  Calcutta.  To  extract 
.  the  oil  deep  incisions  are  made  in  the  trunk  about  3  to 
5  feet  from  the  root   and   tire   is   applied   to   cause   the  f 

oil  to  exude.  It  is  used  in  medicine  in  India  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  balsam  of  copaiba ;  also  as  a  varnish  for 
preserving  timber.  The  oleo-resin  known  as  In  or  Eng 
Oil  is  obtained  by  a  similar  process  from  D.  tubarciUatuSy 
Roxb.,  a  large  deciduous  tree  of  Burma  ;  this  is  used  for 


24 

CASE    water-proofing  and  for  torches.    Note  torches  filled  with 

11.  the  resin  of  D.  alatns,  Roxb.,  covered  with  leaves  of 
species  of  Pandanus. 

No.  64.  Log  of  Sumatra  Camphor  Tree  {Dryo- 
halanops  aromatica^  Gaertn.).  The  crystallized  camphor 
is  shown  in  situ  on  the  wood.  It  does  not  reach 
Europe,  but  is  an  important  article  of  commerce  with 
China  and  Japan,  the  people  of  those  countries  attribut- 
ing to  it  extraordinary  virtues  and  paying  a  high  price  for 
it,  in  preference  to  ordinary  camphor,  their  own  produce. 
Specimens  of  Sumatra  Camphor-Oil  are  also  exhibited. 

No.  65.  Fine  mass  of  resin  from  Vateria  acuminata^ 
Heyne,  a  handsome  tree  of  the  moist  low  country  of 
Ceylon,  where  the  wood  is  used  for  coffins  and  minor 
purposes.  Vateria  indica,  L.,  yields  PiNEY  Resin 
Indian  Copal,  or  White  Dammar,  used  in  varnish  on 
the  Malabar  coast.  Piney  tallow,  used  for  candles,  is 
obtained  by  roasting,  grinding  and  boiling  the  seeds. 

No.  66.  Wood  of  the  Sal  or  Saul  Tree  (Shorea 
robusta,  Gaertn.)^  A  large  timber  tree  widely  distributed 
in  India,  and  forming  extensive  forests.  The  wood  when 
thoroughly  seasoned  is  of  great  strength,  elasticity  and 
durability,  and  is  used  for  piles,  beams,  railway  sleepers, 
gun  carriages,  &c.  By  tapping,  the  tree  yields  large 
quantities  of  a  whitish  transparent  resin  or  dammar,  used 
for  caulking  boats  and  as  incense.  The  seeds  are  eaten 
in  times  of  scarcity  and  also  yield  a  hard  white  oil  used 
for  cooking  and  lighting.  Other  species  of  Shorea  and 
Hopea  afford  valuable  timbers. 

On  bottom  shelf  observe  Dammar  Holder  from 
Perak.  It  is  used  in  the  same  way  as  a  candlestick  and 
is  made  to  support  two  cylindrical  torches  made  of  the 
spathe  of  Areca  Catechic,  filled  with  a  Dipterocarpeous 
resin. 

CASE        Mallow    Order    {Malvaceae).     A   large   order   most 

12,  numerous  in  the  tropics,  diminishing  in  numbers  towards 
the  poles.  Remarkably  destitute  of  all  noxious  pro- 
perties ;  but  mucilaginous  and  affording  from  the  inner 
layers  of  the  bark  a  useful  fibre.  The  pink  mallows  of 
<)ur  roadsides  represent  the  order  in  Britain. 


25 

Tribe  I.  Malveae.  Observe  Marsh  Mallow  Root  CASE 
{Althaea  officinalis^  Ij,),  which  yields  the  Guimauve  of  12. 
French  pharmacy.  Note  also  fibres  from  Sida  rhombi' 
folia^  L.,  East  Indies  ;  S.  panictdata^  L.,  Botanic  Garden, 
Mauritius ;  Ahutilon  indicum^  Sweet,  East  Indies  ;  and 
A.  Avicennae  the  source  of  Jute  or  Hemp  of  Northern 
China. 

Tribe  II.  Ureneae.  Note  fibres  furnished  by  species 
of  Malachra,  Urena^  and  Malvaviscus. 

Tribe  III.  Hihisceae. 

No.  67.  Rozelle  or  Red  Sorrel  (Hibiscus  Sah- 
dariffa,  L.).  An  annual,  widely  cultivated  in  tropical 
countries  for  the  fleshy  calyx  which  is  used  for  the  pre- 
paration of  cooling  refreshing  drinks,  preserves,  &c.  The 
stems  yield  a  strong  silky  fibre  known  as  Rozelle  Hemp, 
and  the  seeds  afford  excellent  food  for  cattle.  Note  also 
H.  cannabinus,  L.  An  annual  or  perennial,  cultivated 
throughout  India  and  in  most  tropical  countries  as  a  fibre 
plant.  It  is  the  source  of  Deccan  and  Ambari  Hemp 
and  also  of  the  fibre  known  as  Kanapf  produced  on 
the  shores  of  the  Caspian.  Other  species  of  Hibiscus 
afford  useful  fibres. 

No.  68.  Okro  or  Gombo  (Hibiscus  esculentus,  L.). 
A  large  annual  herb  reaching  five  or  six  feet  in  height, 
largely  cultivated  in  tropical  countries  as  also  in  the 
Mediterranean  region,  for  the  sake  of  the  fruits,  which 
vary  in  length  from  three  to  eight  inches,  and  are  used 
in  a  green  state  as  an  article  of  food  and  for  thickening 
soups.  Gombo  soup  is  a  characteristic  dish  of  the 
Southern  United  States.  The  roasted  seeds  have  been 
used  as  a  substitute  for  coffee. 

Observe  MusK  Seeds  (Hibiscus  Abelmoschus,  L.), 
cultivated  in  most  tropical  countries.  The  seeds  are 
used  for  imparting  a  musky  odour  to  sachets  and  hair- 
powder.  They  are  occasionally  imported  into  this 
country. 

No.  69.  Cuba  Bast,  the  inner  bark  of  the  Mahoe 
(Hibiscus  elatus,  Sw.),  a  West  Indian  tree,  formerly  used 
for  tying  plants  in  gardens,  as  well  as  for  tying  up 
bundles  of  cigars.     It  is  also  utilized,  after  bleaching  or 


26 

CASE    dyeing,  for  making  ladies'  hats.     The  wood  is  very  flexible 

12.  and  durable  and  is  used  for  fishing-rods,  gunstocks,  &c. 
CASE        In  this  case  note  flowers,  fruits,  gum,  and  fibre  of  the 

13.  Portia  Tree  (Thespesia  po2)ylneii,  Corr.),  a  coast  tree 
of  India,  Ceylon,  the  Pacific  Islands,  &c.  The  fibre  from 
the  inner  bark  is  said  to  be  used  in  Demerara  for  making 
coffee  bags.  The  wood  is  tough  and  durable  and  is  used 
in  India  for  furniture,  cart  and  carriage  building,  gun- 
stocks,  &c. 

No.  70.  Cotton  consists  of  the  delicate,  tubular, 
hair-like  cells  which  clothe  the  seeds  of  various  species 
of  Gossypium ;  its  commercial  value  depends  on  the 
length  and  tenacity  of  these  hairs. 

The  species  yielding  the  cottons  of  commerce  are,  (1) 
Sea  Island  Cotton  {G.  viti folium^  Lamk.,  and  possibly 
also  G.  harhadense,  L.) ;  (2)  Short  Staple  American  {G, 
lierhaceum^  1..)  ;  (3)  Upland,  Georgian,  and  Egyptian  {G, 
hirsiitiim,  L.  Sp.  PI.  non  Herb.)  ;  (4)  Indian — (a)  Surat, 
Broach,  &c.  (G.  obtusifolium,  Roxb.,  of  which  there  are 
many  varieties,  the  best  being  G.  ivightianum^  Tod.), 
and  (b)  Bengals  {G.  neglectam^  Tod.)  ;  (5)  Brazilian,  Bahi? 
and  Pernambuco  {G.  hraslliense^  Macf.) ;  (6)  Peruvian 
((t.  peruviamimy  Cav.) ;  (7)  China  and  Japan  (G.  Nank- 
ing^ Meyen). 

The  name  Nankin  Cotton  came  into  use  to  denote  any 
khaki-coloured  cotton.  All  wild  cottons  have  rufous 
floss  and  every  cultivated  plant  by  reversion  tends  to 
produce  red-coloured  cotton  so  that  any  species  may 
afford  a  Nankin  cotton  if  by  Nankin  be  meant  a  rufous 
or  khaki-coloured  floss. 

A  portion  of  this  case  is  devoted  to  the  different 
sorts  of  commercial  cotton,  grown  in  the  United  States, 
South  America,  India,  Africa,  and  the  warmer  parts  of 
Europe  ;  also  to  specimens  of  cotton  cloths  in  various 
stages  of  manufacture  both  by  civilised  and  barbarous 
nations. 

The  use  of  Cotton  dates  from  a  very  early  period. 
Sanscrit  records  carry  it  back  at  least  2,600  years,  while 
in  Peruvian  sepulchres  cotton  cloth  and  seeds  have  been 
found.  No.  71  is  a  piece  of  cotton  cloth  from  a 
Peruvian  mummy. 


27 

Exhibited  in  this  case  is  a  tinder  box  and  matches  with    CASK 
tinder  of  burnt  cotton  rag.     Such  were  in  universal  use       13. 
throughout  England  before  the  invention  of  lucifers. 

A  cotton  plant  from  Georgia,  mounted  specimens  of 
cotton  pods  from  China,  Assam,  Brazil  and  Cuba,  and  a 
collection,  of  Indian  Cotton  in  various  stages  of  manufac- 
ture are  shown  in  special  cases  near  Case  5. 

The  total  imports  of  raw  cotton  into  the  United  King- 
dom in  1005  amounted  to  19,674,957  cwts. 

No.  72.  Oil  from  cotton  seeds,  used  extensively  as  a 
substitute  for  Olive  Oil,  for  soap-making,  and  oil-cake  for 
feeding  cattle.  The  imports  of  cotton  seed  into  the  United 
Kingdom  in  1905  amounted  to  568,928  tons. 

Tribe  IV.  Bomhaceae,  Silk  Cotton  Trees.  These 
are  nearly  all  tropical,  some  being  of  immense  size,  as  the 
Baobab,  Monkey  Bread  or  Monkey  Tamarind  {Adan- 
sonia  digitata,  L.),  native  of  Tropical  Africa,  cultivated 
in  India  and  Ceylon.  The  bark  has  been  introduced  for 
making  paper  of  which  specimens  are  exhibited.  Note 
also  cloth  prepared  by  beating  out  the  inner  bark  of  the 
tree. 

No.  73.  Wood  of  the  Baobab,  together  with  fine 
specimens  of  the  gourd-like  fruits  which  contain  an 
edible  acid  pulp.  The  fruits  are  used  in  India  as  floats 
for  fishing  nets  and  bottles  for  holding  water.  Trunks 
have  been  measured  30  feet  in  diameter.  The  wood  is 
light,  soft,  and  of  little  use. 

Adansonia  Gregorii^  F.  Muell.,  is  the  AUSTRALIAN 
Baobab  or  Gouty  Stem  Tree.  To  the  aborigines  it  is 
probably  the  most  useful  tree  in  Tropical  Australia ;  the 
pulp  of  the  fruit  is  eaten  both  without  preparation  and 
after  grinding  and  moistening.  The  kernels  are  slightly 
baked. 

Observe  SiLK  COTTON  or  Semul,  the  silky  covering  > 

of  the  seeds  of  Bomhax  fnalaharicum,  DC,  a  large  soft- 
wooded  tree  of  India,  Burma,  Java,  &c.  The  wood  is 
used  for  toys,  scabbards,  tea  boxes,  &c.,  but  is  not  durable. 
Ropes  are  made  from  the  fibrous  bark  and  a  gum  called 
MUCHERUS,  employed  in  India  in  medicine,  exudes  from 
the  tree  when  the  bark  has  been  injured  by  decay  or 
insects.     The  Silk  Cotton  is  used  for  stuffing  cushions. 


28 


CASE       No.  74.     Kapok  Tree  (Eriodendron  anfractuosum, 

13.  DC.),  of  the  tropics  o£  the  old  and  new  worlds.  The  Silk 
Cotton  surrounding  the  seeds  is  more  valued  than  that 
obtained  from  Bombax,  and  is  exported  in  large  quantities 
from  Java  to  Europe  and  Australia  for  stuffing  mattresses 
and  for  the  manufacture  of  life-saving  apparatus.  The 
seeds  are  also  exported  to  Europe  as  oil-seeds. 

The  Cork  or  Wool  tree  of  the  West  Indies  {Ochroma 
Lagopus,  Sw.),  yields  a  Silk  Cotton  of  no  commercial 
value. 

Note  nest  of  the  "Doctor  Humming-bird"  formed  of 
this  substance. 

No.  75.  DURIAN  Fruits  (Durio  Zibethinus,  Murr.). 
A  tree  cultivated  in  Malacca  and  the  Malay  Islands.  By 
those  who  have  overcome  its  civet  odour  and  turpentine 
flavour,  it  is  considered  one  of  the  most  delicious  of 
fruits. 

Note  fruits  of  Neesia  aliissima^  Blume,  from  Penang, 
and  the  flower  of  the  HAND  PLANT  {Cheirostemon 
platanoides,  Humb.  and  Bonp.).  Venerated  by  the  ancient 
Mexicans  on  account  of  the  singular  resemblance  to  a 
clawed  hand  presented  by  the  curved  stamens  of  the 
flower. 

Sterculia  Order  {StercuUaceae).  These  resemble  in 
many  points  of  structure  and  in  their  qualities  the  Mallow 
tribe. 

Several  species  of  Sterculia^  natives  of  the  East  and 
West  Indies,  Ceylon,  Australia,  Tropical  Africa,  &c.,  yield 
fibrous  barks,  from  which  ropes  are  made.  A  light 
coloured  semi-transparent  gum,  like  Tragacanth,  is  also 
furnished  by  many  of  them.  That  from  Sterculia  livens^ 
Roxb.,  is  used  medicinally  in  India  as  a  substitute  for 
Tragacanth  and  also  for  making  sweetmeats,  and  is  known 
as  KUTEBRA  Gum  (See  Cochlos]iermum.  Gossypmm,  p.  17). 
CASE        On  an  upper  shelf  of  the  first  compartment  of  this  case 

14.  observe  fruits  of  BOA-TAM-PAIJANQ  of  the  Siamese 
{Sterculia  scaphigera,  Wall.),  remarkable  for  the 
mucilaginous  character  of  their  pericarps  when  immersed 
in  water.  They  contain  nearly  60  per  cent,  of  Bassorin, 
and  are  used  by  the  people  of  Siam  and  China  for  making 
a  mucilaginous  drink  as  well  as  for  making  jellies  which 
are  eaten  as  a  delicacy. 


29f 

No.  76.  Cola  or  Kola  Nuts  {Gola  acuminata^  CASE 
Schott  and  Endl.),  the  seeds  of  a  small  tree,  native  of  West  X4:. 
Tropical  Africa,  naturalized  in  the  West  Indies.  Powdered 
cola  nuts  thrown  into  foul  water  are  said  to  possess  the 
virtue  of  clarifying  it  and  rendering  it  agreeable  to  the 
taste.  They  are  chiefly  used,  however,  to  satisfy  the 
craving  of  hunger  and  enable  those  who  eat  them  to 
endure  prolonged  labour  without  fatigue.  The  Cola  seed 
or  "  nut "  is  highly  esteemed  by  the  natives  of  Tropical 
Africa  and  enters  largely  into  the  social  and  dietetic 
economy  of  their  daily  life.  Cola  paste,  similar  to 
chocolate,  is  prepared  from  the  ground  seeds  which  con- 
tain about  2  per  cent,  of  cafiCeine. 

No.  77.  Cocoa  or  Chocolate  {Thedbroma  Cacao, 
L.).  A  small  tree  of  Central  and  South  America,  culti- 
vated to  a  large  extent  throughout  the  tropics  of  both 
hemispheres,  particularly  in  the  West  Indies,  the  chief 
places  being  Trinidad,  Venezuela,  and  Grenada,  and 
latterly  Ceylon,  Jamaica  and  Lagos.  There  are  numerous 
well-marked  varieties  divided  into  two  groups  known  in 
the  West  Indies  as  FORASTERO  and  Criollo  Cacao.  The 
fruit  contains  many  seeds  closely  packed  in  pulp.  These 
after  being  removed  from  the  pods  are  fermented  and 
rubbed  (or  in  some  cases  washed)  and  afterwards  care- 
fully dried  in  the  sun.  The  cocoa  or  chocolate  of  shops 
is  prepared  by  roasting  the  seeds  which  are  afterwards 
ground  between  hot  cylinders  to  a  paste  (for  chocolate)  or 
mixed  with  sugar,  starch,  &c.  (for  cocoa).  CocOA  NiBS 
consist  of  the  seeds  merely  broken.  OIL  of  Theobroma 
or  Cacao  Butter  is  expressed  from  the  seeds  and 
used  medicinally.  A  collection  of  specimens  of  Cocoa 
from  various  countries,  with  its  different  preparations, 
presented  by  Messrs.  Fry  &  Sons,  is  here  exhibited.  In 
1905,  54,565,589  lbs.  of  raw  cocoa  were  imported  into  the 
United  Kingdom,  46,496,174  lbs.  being  entered  for  home 
consumption. 

Theobroma  speciosa,  Willd.  is  cultivated  in  Gruatemala. 
It  is  the  Tabasco  Cacao  of  the  Atlantic  slopes  of  Central 
America,  and  probably  identical  with  the  celebrated 
SOCUNUSCO  Cacao  of  the  Pacific  slopes.  The  latter  is 
supposed  to  be  the  best  Cacao  known,  and  little,  if  any, 
finds  its  way  into  foreign  markets. 


3Q 

CASE  No.  78.  Flowering  and  fruiting  branch  and  root  of 
'  15.  Glossostemo7i  Brugiiieri,  Desf.  The  latter  is  sold  in 
Egyptian  bazaars  under  the  name  of  MOGHAT  for  use  with 
other  ingredients  in  the  preparation  of  Moghat  powder 
employed  by  Coptic  and  Arabian  women  as  a  strengthen- 
ing medicine. 

Illustrations  of  the  fibrous  character  of  many  Indian 
species  of  the  order  are  exhibited  in  this  case,  including 
Abrorna  cmgusta,  L.,  the  Devil's  Cotton.  The  fibre 
is  strong,  white  and  is  chiefly  employed  for  cordage. 
Note  also  Bastard  Cedar  (Guazuma  tomentosa,  H.  B. 
and  K.),  this  also  affords  a  strong  fibre,  but  is  chiefly 
regarded  as  useful  on  account  of  the  foliage  and  fruit 
which  arc  used  in  the  West  Indies  as  food  for  stock. 

Linden  Order  (Tiliaceae),  to  which  belongs  our  Lime 
or  Linden  tree.  The  inner  bark  or  bast  of  some  furnish 
very  valuable  fibres,  specimens  of  which,  belonging  to 
several  species  of  Grewia,  Trmmfetta,  &c.,  are  exhibited. 

No.  79-  Jute  or  Gunny  Fibre  obtained  from  Cor- 
chorus  ccqjsularis^  L.,  and  C.  olUorius,  L.,  used  for  making 
rice  and  sugar  bags  in  India.  It  is  an  article  of  large  and 
increasing  importation  into  this  country,  being  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  carpets,  and  other  fabrics.  Specimens 
of  Jute  in  various  stages  of  manufacture  are  shown, 
including  carpets  and  printed  tapestry. 

No.  80.  Bast  from  the  common  LiMB  (Tilia  vulgaris, 
Hayne),  usually  prepared  in  Russia,  hence  the  name 
*'  Russia  matting."  The  wood  of  the  Lime  though  close 
grained  is  easily  worked,  and  is  pre-eminently  a  carver's 
wood.  The  wood  carvings  of  Gibbons,  executed  in  the 
time  of  Charles  II.,  are  in  Linden  wood. 

CASE        Note  Basswood  {Tilia  americana^l^,),  imported  from 

16.  North   America   for   cheap   furniture,  carriage   building, 
turnery,  &c.     It  is  not  strong,  but  is  easily  worked. 

No.  81.     Macqui    Berries      (Aristotelia      Maqui, 

L'Herit.).    A  small  evergreen  tree  of  Chili.    The  fruits  are 

eaten  either  fresh  or  preserved,  and  are  exported  to  Europe 

for  colouring  wines.     The  leaves  are  used  medicinally. 

CASE        Note  in  this  case  examples  of  the  use  of  the  stones  of 

17.  species  of  Elaeocarpus,  especially  E,   Ganitrus,  Roxb., 


31 

India  (which  are  made  into  rosaries  by  Brahmins),  and    CASE 
E.  grandis,  F.  Muell.,  of  Australia.  17, 

Flax  Order  (Lineae).  A  small  order  of  trees,  shrubs, 
or  annual  herbs,  with  showy,  fugitive  flowers,  character- 
ised by  the  tenacious  fibre  of  the  inner  bark.  The  most 
important  species  is  the  common  FLAX  {Linum  usitatis- 
simum,  L.),  specimens  and  products  of  which  are 
exhibited  in  this  case.  Note  a  series  of  mounted  speci- 
mens of  fruits  and  seeds  from  the  screenings  of  imported 
Linseed. 

No.  82.  Linseed,  the  seeds  of  the  Flax  plant,  from 
Russia,  Sicily,  Egypt,  India,  and  America.  The  husk,  or 
testa  of  the  seed,  abounds  in  mucilagp,  which  is  set  free 
in  water.  Largely  used  for  the  expression  of  Linseed  oil, 
the  residue  being — 

No.  83.    Oil-cake  for  cattle-feeding. 

No.  84.  White  Linseed  from  India.  It  yields  45 
per  cent,  of  oil  of  a  very  light  colour,  recommended  for 
use  by  artists  on  that  account. 

No.  85.     Specimens  of  Flax  as  harvested. 

No.  86.  Same,  steeped  and  "  broken,"  ready  for  the 
operation  of  '*  scutching,"  which,  whether  by  hand  or 
machinery,  consists  in  beating  and  shaking  the  ''  broken  " 
flax,  in  order  to  free  it  from  loose  and  useless  particles. 

No.  87.  Flax,  as  imported,  of  Russian  and  other 
growths. 

No.  88.  Hand  Hackles,  of  two  degrees  of  fineness. 
Through  the  upright  pointed  wires  of  the  hackling-frame, 
the  stems  of  flax  are  drawn  to  disentangle  or  comb 
them  out,  being  freed,  at  the  same  time,  from  residual 
extraneous  matter.  The  wire  pins  are  arranged  on 
different  frames,  in  progressive  degrees  of  fineness.  The 
process  is  now  performed  by  special  machinery. 

No.  89.  Linen  cloth  used  to  envelop  the  dead  by 
ancient  Egyptians,  among  whom  Flax  was  cultivated 
from  remote  antiquity. 


32 

CASE        This  case  also  contains  various  fabrics  manufactured 

17.  from  flax.  Note  also  an  old  spinning  wheel  from  Saffron 
Walden. 

In  1905,  74,794  tons  of  Dressed  and  Undressed  Flax,, 
and  15,304  tons  of  Tow  or  Codilla  were  imported  into  the 
United  Kingdom.  Of  Linseed  1,923,940  quarters  were 
imported  in  the  same  year. 

CASE        No.  90.     A  bundle  of  the  dried  leaves  of  the  CoCA 

18,  {Erythroxylon  Coca,  Lamk.),  the  masticatory  of  the  Andes 
and  Peru.  The  Coca  bush  is  extensively  cultivated  by 
the  Indians.  The  leaves  are  either  infused  as  tea,  or,  as 
is  usual,  chewed  with  a  little  unslaked  lime.  The  imme- 
diate effect  is  a  gentle  excitement,  with  sensations  of  high 
enjoyment.  It  use  lessens  the  desire  for  food,  and  enables 
the  chewer  to  undergo  an  enormous  amount  of  fatigue 
from  an  increase  of  nervous  energy.  The  active  principle. 
Cocaine,  is  a  local  anaesthetic.  Observe  the  "  Pompoyia^'' 
or  lime-flask,  of  the  Indian  Coca-chewer,  also  "  I'padu^^ 
the  powdered  leaf,  mixed  with  a  little  tapioca,  the  ashes 
of  Quinoa,  Cecropia,  &c.  The  cultivation  of  this  plant 
and  its  varieties  has  been  extended  into  several  British 
Colonies,  notably  Ceylon.  During  the  year  1904,  896  tons 
of  Coca  leaves  were  exported  from  Peru,  principally  to 
Germany  and  the  United  States,  for  the  manufacture  of 
Cocaine.  Between  7  and  8  cwts.  of  Cocaine  were  exported 
from  Peru,  almost  entirely  to  Germany,  during  the  same 
period.  ["  Coca  "  must  be  distinguished  from  "  Cocoa  " 
of  the  shops,  the  produce  of  Tlieohroma  Cacao,  see 
Case  14  ;  from  the  Coco  plum,  see  Case  47  ;  and  from 
the  Cocoa  Nut  Palm  {Cocos  nucifera,  L.),  see  Museum 
No.  2.] 

Malpigllia  Order  {Malpighiaceae).  A  family  chiefly 
Tropical  South  American,  often  with  long  twining  or 
pendant  stems  (lianes\  bearing  opposite  leaves,  and 
gaudy  flowers  with  clawed  petals. 

No.  91.  Transverse  section  of  the  stem  of  an  unknown 
species  of  Malpighiaceae.     Observe  the  curious  structure. 

Note  also  Shoemakers'  Bark  {Byrsonima  spicata, 
Rich.).  A  West  Indian  tree  30  to  40  feet  high  ;  the  bark 
is  used  for  tanning. 


■ 


33 


Guaiacum    Order   {Zygophylleae).    The  abundance,    CASE 
especially  of  spinous  species,  of  this  order  is  characteristic       18. 
of  desert  vegetation  in  Egypt  and  Western  Asia.     Some 
of  them  are  fine  trees. 

Observe  mounted  specimens  of  the  CREOSOTE  PLANT 
{Larrea  niexicana,  Moric),  a  shrubby  plant  of  North 
America.  The  twigs  are  covered  with  a  resinous  sub- 
stance or  lac  which  the  Indians  mould  into  balls,  and  also 
use  in  rheumatism.     It  is  sometimes  called  SONORA  GUM. 

No.  92.  Lignum  Vitae  {Guaiacum  officinale,  L.). 
A  small  ornamental  tree,  native  of  Tropical  America. 
The  wood  is  remarkable  for  the  singular  brownish  green 
of  the  heart-wood  ;  its  extreme  hardness  and  toughness 
adapt  it  for  use  for  the  sheaves  of  pulleys,  pestles, 
mortars,  skittle-balls,  &c.  It  contains  a  green  resin, 
obtained  either  from  incisions  in  the  trunk,  or  by  heating 
the  wood  when  broken  up  into  fragments.  This  is 
greatly  used  in  rheumatism  and  skin  diseases  and  as  a 
stimulant. 

G,  sanctum,  L.,  a  tree  much  resembling  the  foregoing,, 
found  in  Southern  Florida,  the  Bahamas,  Cuba,  St. 
Domingo,  &c.,  is  the  source  of  Lignum  Vitae  exported 
from  the  Bahamas,  as  well  as  of  some  of  that  shipped  from 
Hayti. 

Cranesbill  Order  {Geraniaceae).  Herbs  or  shrubs,, 
of  which  the  Scarlet  Geranium  and  the  common  British 
Cranesbill  may  be  taken  as  examples.  Scattered  very 
unequally  over  the  globe,  though  particularly  numerous 
at  the  Cape.  Chiefly  remarkable  for  the  beauty  of  their 
flowers. 

The  Rose-leaf  Geranium  {Pelargonium  capitatumy 
Ait.)  is  largely  cultivated  in  the  South  of  France,  Algeria, 
and  the  South  of  Spain  for  the  oil  which  is  distilled  from 
the  leaves,  used  as  a  perfume  and  as  a  substitute  for 
Otto  of  Rose.  Samples  of  the  oil  distilled  in  France  and 
from  English  grown  plants  are  exhibited. 

Observe  the  anomalous  structure  of  the  stem  in 

No.  93.  GiFDOORN  or  POISONOUS  Thorn  {Sarcocau- 
Ion  Patersonii,  Eckl.  and  Zey.),  from  Namaqualand.  It 
secretes  such  a  quantity  of  w^axy  inflammable  substance 

25782  C 


u 

OASE    in  the   bark  that,   the   woody   core  decaying  away,  the 
18.       stems  finally  become  mere  tortuous  tubes  of  wax  which 
burn  like  a  torch  with  a  pleasant  odour. 

No.  94.  Parasol  cover  made  of  the  fibre  of  the 
Garden  Nasturtium,  not  to  be  confounded  with  the 
true  Nasturtium  (Watercress)  belonging  to  the  Crucifer 
Order. 

The  tribe  Oxalideae  of  this  order  frequently  has  com- 
pound leaves,  which  are  sometimes  sensitive,  and  possess 
considerable  acidity,  due  to  the  presence  of  an  acid 
oxalate  of  potash.  Natives  of  tropical  and  temperate 
countries,  chiefly  of  South  America  or  South  Africa. 

The  tubers  of  several  species  of  Oxalis  are  edible  after 
being  boiled ;  those  of  O.  crenata,  Jacq.,  a  native  of  Peru, 
are  exhibited. 

No.  95.  Oxalic  Acid,  prepared  from  the  Wood- 
Sorrel  {Oxalis  Acetosella,  L.). 

No.  96.  The  Bilimbi  (Averrhoa  Bilimhl,  L.).  The 
fruit  of  a  Tree-Sorrel  cultivated  in  tropical  countries.  In 
India  it  is  generally  used  in  pickles  and  in  curry  ;  the 
flowers  are  made  into  preserves. 

Notice  also  the  Carambola  {A.  Caramhola,  L.), 
another  widely  cultivated  species.  The  fruit  is  eaten  in 
India  and  elsewhere,  and  is  said  to  be  an  excellent 
antiscorbutic. 

Rue  Order  (Rutaceae),  Chiefly  trees  or  shrubs,  widely 
scattered  over  the  warmer  temperate  regions  of  the  globe ; 
numerous  in  Australia,  at  the  Cape,  and  in  Tropical 
America.  The  order  is  characterized  by  the  prevalence 
of  a  bitter,  odorous,  essential  oil,  contained  in  glands 
scattered  over  the  leaves,  bark,  &c.  ;  these  parts  in  several 
species  are  employed  in  medicine  as  febrifuges,  antispas- 
modics, &c. 

No.  97.  CUSPARIA  or  ANGOSTURA  Bark,  from  a 
small  tree  (Cusparia  febrifuga,  Humb.),  found  in  the 
eastern  parts  of  Venezuela.  It  is  a  stimulant  aromatic 
tonic  and  febrifuge,  producing  in  large  doses  nausea  and 
purging. 


35 

No.  98.     Leaves    and   oil    of    common    RuB    (Ruta    CA^E 
graveolens,  L.),  a  plant  much  esteemed  in  ancient  and       18. 
rustic  medicine. 

Observe  wood,  fruits,  and  seeds  of  the  Wild  Chestnut 
(Calodendron  capensis,  Thunb.),  an  ornamental  tree  of 
the  Cape  "of  Good  Hope.  The  shining  black  seeds  are 
used  for  necklaces  and  similar  ornaments. 

No.  99.     BuCHU  leaves,  from  three  species  of  ^arosma    CASE 
(B.   cremilata,    Hook.,   B.   seri^atifolia^  Willd.,    and   B.       \^^ 
betuUna,  Bart.),  all  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
They  have  tonic,  diuretic,  and  stimulant  jproperties,  and 
are  regularly  imported  into  this  country. 

Note  on  the  bottom  shelf  of  this  case  specimens  of 
West  Indian  and  Porto  Rico  Satinwood  sometimes 
known  as  YELLOW  SANDERS  WoOD  furnished  by  one  or 
more  undetermined  species  of  Zantlioxylum. 

No.  100.  Portion  of  stem  of  Zanthoxylum  Clava- 
HerculiSy  L.,  of  the  West  Indies,  with  walking  sticks 
made  from  it.     Observe  the  curiously  tubercled  bark. 

No.  101.  Japan  Pepper  (Zanthoxylum  piperitum, 
DC).  Used  as  a  condiment  in  China  and  Japan.  The 
fruit  capsules  are  remarkably  fragrant  when  bruised, 
from  .a  pungent-  aromatic  principle  residing  in  the 
tubercles  of  the  rind. 

In  the  middle  division  of  this  case  are  shown  samples  of 
Jaborandi  leaves  of  commerce  obtained  from  Pilocarpus 
Jahorandi,  Holmes,  and  other  species.  Employed  medi- 
cinally as  a  powerful  diaphoretic  and  sialagogue. 

Bark  of  Toddalia  aculeatay  Pers.,  a  straggling  plant  of 
India,  Ceylon,  Java,  &c.  The  root  bark  (which  under 
the  name  of  LoPEZ  ROOT  was  at  one  time  a  noted  remedy 
for  diarrhoea  in  Europe)  is  highly  valued  in  India  as  a 
stimulating  tonic.  The  whole  plant  is  hot  and  pungent, 
the  ripe  berries  being  fully  as  pungent  as  black  pepper ; 
an  excellent  pickle  is  prepared  from  them  in  India. 

Leaves  of  Murraya  Koenigii,  Spreng.,  known  as  the 
Curry  Leaf  tree  in  India,  the  aromatic  leaves  being 
used  to  flavour  curries.  The  wood  is  durable  and  used 
for  agricultural  implements. 


36 

CASE        No.  102.     Fruits  of  the  Wampi  of  China  {Clausena 

19.  Wampi,  Oliv.)^  cultivated  in  India.  The  fruits  have  a 
sub-acid  flavour  and  are  said  to  make  excellent  preserves. 

Observe  in  this  and  the  following  case  fruits  of  different 
varieties  of  Lime,  Shaddock  or  Pampelmousse,  Lemon, 
Forbidden  Fruit,  Orange,  &c.,  all  afforded  by  trees  nearly 
related  to  each  other,  and  difficult  to  distinguish  in  the 
absence  of  fruit.  These,  and  especially  the  Orange,  are 
cultivated  in  warm  countries. 

No.  103.  Fruits,  oil,  &c.,  of  the  LiME  {Citrus  medicay 
L.,  var.  acida.  Brand.),  a  native  of  India  regularly  culti- 
vated in  Montserrat,  Dominica,  and  Jamaica,  more 
particularly  for  its  juice,  which  is  imported  into  this 
country  in  large  casks. 

No.  104.  Pampelmousse  or  Shaddock,  fruit  of 
Citrus  decumana,  Murr.  The  PuMELO  or  POMALO  is  a 
smaller-fruited  variety.  The  Grape  Fruit  cultivated  in 
the  West  Indies  is  another  variety  of  this  species. 

CASE        No.  105.    Lemons,  the  fruii  of  Citrus  medica^  L.,  var. 

20.  Liraonum^  Brand.  Largely  cultivated  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean coast  and  in  Spain,  Portugal,  the  Canaries  and  Azores, 
Sicily  supplying  the  largest  quantity  for  export  purposes. 
The  candied  rind  of  the  fruit  forms  Lemon  peel,  and  Oil 
or  Essence  of  Lemon  is  expressed  from  the  fresh  rind. 
From  the  juice  of  the  Lemon,  as  well  as  from  that  of  the 
Lime  and  Bergamot,  CiTRTC  AciD  is  manufactured, 
samples  of  which  are  shown. 

No.  106.  Fingered  Citron,  a  variety  of  Citrus 
medica,  L.,  having  the  fruit  curiously  divided  into  large 
finger-like  lobes. 

Fruits  of  the  KuMQUAT  {Citrus  Aurantium,  L.,  var. 
japonica,  Hook,  f.),  cultivated  in  China  and  Japan. 
They  are  usually  preserved  whole  in  syrup. 

No.  107.  Sweet,  Chinese  or  Portugal  Orange 
{Citrus  Aurantium^  L.).  There  are  numerous  varieties 
very  extensively  grown  for  their  fruits  in  the  w^armer 
parts  of  the  world.  In  the  island  of  St.  Michael,  in  the 
Azores,  a  single  tree  has  been  said  to  produce  20,000 
Oranges  fit   for  exportation.     Of   Lemons   and   Oranges 


37 

5,905,554  cwts.  were  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom    CASE 
in  1905.  20. 

Oils  of  Neroli  and  Bergamot,  highly  esteemed  as 
perfumes,  are  obtained,  the  first  from  the  flowers  of 
C.  An  rant turn  by  distillation,  and  the  second  from  the 
rind  of  the  Bergamot  variety,  either  by  distillation  or  ex- 
pression. The  small  immature  fruits  which  drop  from  the 
trees,  when  collected  and  dried,  form  the  Orange  Berries 
of  pharmacy.  They  are  used  for  flavouring  Curacoa,  &c. 
The  smaller  ones,  smoothed  by  a  lathe,  form  Issue-peas. 

No.  108.  Fruits,  leaves  and  gum  of  the  WOOD  APPLE 
{Feronia  elephantum,  Corr.),  a  large  Indian  tree.  The 
pulp  of  the  fruit  is  acid  and  is  made  into  a  jelly.  A  gum 
similar  to  gum  arable  is  exuded  by  the  tree,  and  the 
Avood  is  used  in  house-building,  for  agricultural  imple- 
mentSj  &c. 

No.  109.  Bael,  or  Bela  of  India  {Aegle  Marmelos, 
Corr,).  The  pulp  of  the  fruit  is  an  aperient  and  a 
valuable  remedy  in  dysentery  ;  its  rind  and  the  dried 
unripe  fruit  are  astringent. 

Quassia  Order  {Simarubeae).  Trees  or  shrubs, 
growing  mainly  in  the  tropical  parts  of  America  and 
Africa,  distinguished  by  an  intense  bitterness.  Some 
species  are  employed  medicinally  as  tonics. 

No.  110.  Surinam  Quassia  Wood  (Quassia 
amara,  L.).  This  wood  is  the  Original  Quassia  of  the 
Materia  Medica  and  the  one  upon  which  the  reputation 
of  Quassia  as  a  medicine  was  established,  but  as  the  tree 
yielding  it  was  small  and  slow-growing  the  supply  was 
soon  exhausted,  and  it  is  now  unknown  in  British 
medicine.     See  also  No.  113. 

No.  111.  Fruits  and  seeds  of  Cedron  (Simaba 
Cedron,  Planch.),  a  small  tree  of  Central  America.  The 
seed  is  considered  a  valuable  specific  for  snake  bites, 
intermittent  fevers  and  for  stomach  complaints.  The  bark 
and  wood  have  bitter  and  tonic  properties. 

No.  112.  SiMARUBA  Bark  {Simaruba  amara, 
Aubl.).     A  large  tree,  native   of   Tropical  America,  &c. 


38 

CASE    The  root-bark  of  this  and  probably  of  *S'.  glauca,   DC, 

20.  comes  to  this  country  packed  in  bales,  usually  direct  from 
Jamaica.  Used  as  a  bitter  tonic  and  in  the  treatment  of 
dysentery. 

Observe  mounted  specimens  of  silkworms  and  samples 
of  silk  of  the  Ailanthus  silkworm  of  China  (Attacus 
Cynthia,  Drury),  now  introduced  extensively  into  Western 
Europe  and  Algeria  ;  it  feeds  on  Ailanthus  glandulosa, 
Desf.,  which  is  perhaps  the  most  successful  tree  for  the 
experimental  rearing  of  different  species  of  silkworms. 

Note  also  Mattipal,  the  fragrant  resin  of  Ailanthus 
malabartcaf  DC,  used  in  India  medicinally,  especially 
in  dysentery,  and  sometimes  burnt  as  incense  in  Hindu 
temples. 

CASE       No.  113.    Quassia   Wood  {Plcraena  evcelsa,  Ldl.). 

21.  A  large  tree,  native  of  Jamaica  and  other  West  Indian 
Islands.  This  tree  furnishes  the  Quassia  or  Bitter  Wood 
of  chemists  and  is  imported  into  this  country  in  logs 
of  varying  length  ;  it  has  an  intensely  bitter  taste  and  is 
made  into*  cups  for  holding  water  to  produce  a  tonic 
draught.  Quassia  is  also  used  by  brewers  as  a  substitute 
for  hops  in  the  manufacture  of  beer  and  ale,  and  in 
horticulture  as  an  insecticide. 

Note  root  of  Pbnawar  Pait  or  Bedara  Plum 
(Eurycoma  longifolia,  Jack),  used  by  the  natives  at 
Singapore  as  a  febrifuge. 

No.  114.  DiKA  Bread.  Made  from  the  seeds  of 
the  Wild  Mango  of  Sierra  Leone  {Irvingia  Barteri, 
Hook.  f.).  The  tree  is  a  native  of  West  Tropical  Africa 
and  attains  a  height  of  :^0  to  40  feet.  The  seeds  contain  a 
quantity  of  oil  or  fat  similar  to  cocoa  butter  which  is  used 
by  the  natives  in  cooking.  The  oily  seeds  of  the  Owala 
{Pentaclethra  macrophylla,  Benth. :  see  Case  43)  are  some- 
times used  for  mixing  with  those  of  Irvingia.  Note  fruits 
of  the  Cay  Cay  (/.  Oliveri,  Pierre),  from  Cochin  China, 
where  the  fat  from  the  seeds  is  also  used  as  food.  Note 
fruits,  wood  and  bark  of  Balanites  Ro.rbifrghii,  Planch., 
a  small  thorny  Indian  tree.  Nearly  all  parts  of  this  tree 
are  used  in  native  medicine  in  India  and  the  nut  is 
employed  for  fireworks  ;  a  small  hole  is  drilled  through 
which  the  kernel  is  extracted  ;  the  nut  is  then  filled  with 


3? 

posvder  which  bursts  with  a  loud  report.     From  the  fruits    CASE 
of  the  Egyptian  Myrabolan  {B.  aegyptiaca,  Deiile),  an      21. 
intoxicating  drink  is  made  by  the  negroes  on   the  West 
Coast  of  Africa. 

Ochna  Order  {Ochnaceae).  A  small  order  of  glabrous 
shrubs  or  trees  found  in  the  tropins  of  both  hemispheres. 

Note  the'winged  fruits,  the  seeds,  and  wood  of  Lophi7^a 
alata,  Banks.  The  kernels  yield  "  Mbni  "  oil  employed 
by  the  natives  of  Sierra  Leone  in  cookery  and  for  dressing 
the  hair.  The  wood  is  imported  into  this  country  from  the 
West  Coast  of  Africa  as  "  African  Oak  "  and  is  used  for 
furniture  and  in  turnery.  True  African  Oak  is  Oldfieldia 
africana^  Benth. 

Myrrh.  Order  {Burseraceae).  All  shrubs  or  trees, 
with  compound,  dotted  leaves,  growing  in  warm  countries. 
Very  many  abound  in  fragrant  balsams  or  resins,  em- 
ployed in  medicine,  fumigation,  and  perfumery. 

No.  115.  Cum  Olibanum  or  Frankincense.  The 
produce  of  Bosivellia  Carteri,  Bird.,  and  probably  other 
species  inhabiting  the  Somali  coast  and  also  the  south 
coast  of  Arabia.  The  gum  exudes  from  wounds  made  in 
the  stems  ;  when  first  removed  from  the  trees  it  is  very 
soft,  but  quickly  hardens.  It  is  collected  for  commercial 
purposes  exclusively  in  the  countries  mentioned  above. 
Olibanum  is  regarded  as  stimulant,  diuretic,  and  dia- 
phoretic, but  is  seldom  used  in  medicine  at  the  present 
time.  Its  chief  application  now  is  as  an  ingredient  in 
incense  for  use  in  churches. 

No.  116.  LuBAN  Maiteb.  a  very  fragrant  resin 
obtained  from  Bosivellia  frereana^  Bird.  Largely  used 
in  the  East  as  a  masticatory. 

Also  GUGAL,  the  resin  of  the  Salai  Tree  of  India 
{B,  serrata,  Roxb.),  where  it  is  used  for  incense. 

NO;  117.  Myrrh.  Much  doubt  exists  as  to  the 
botanical  origin  of  this  product  which  is  a  gum-resin 
afforded  by  species  of  Commipliora  \_Balsamodendron'], 
shrubs  of  Somali-land,  Southern  Arabia,  &c.  AFRICAN 
Myrrh  is  believed  to  be  obtained  from  Gommiphora 
Schimpn'i,  Engl.,  and  perhaps  other  species  of  the  same 


40 

CASE  ^enus ;  that  from  Arabia  is  probably  afforded  by  C.  Myrrha, 
21.  Engl.,  C.  Opobalsamum,  Engl.,  and  C.  sim'plicifolia, 
Schweinf.  A.^  it  exudes  from  the  tree,  Myrrh  is  at  first 
soft,  of  an  oily  nature,  and  of  a  yellowish  colour.  It 
ultimately  hardens,  changing  from  a  golden  tint  to  a 
reddish  brown.  Most  of  the  Myrrh  finds  its  way  to 
Bombay,  where  it  is  sorted  and  re-shipped  to  Europe  and 
elsewhere.  Myrrh  is  used  in  medicine  as  a  stimulant, 
tonic,  and  expectorant,  and  also  as  a  wash  for  strengthen- 
ing the  gums.  Its  use  as  an  ingredient  in  incense  and 
perfumes  dates  from  high  antiquity.  "  It  entered  into 
the  composition  of  the  holy  oil  in  use  by  the  Jews,  and 
also  into  the  Kyphi  of  the  Egyptians,  which  was  usrl 
in  fumigations,  and  for  embalming,"  &c. 

No.  118.  Balsam  of  Mecca.  This  oleo-resin  is 
supposed  to  be  the  produce  of  Commiphora  [^Balsamodoi- 
dron]  Opohalsamum,  Engl.  It  is  a  greenish,  viscid,  turbid 
liquid,  with  an  agreeable  odour  when  fresh,  thickening 
and  becoming  of  a  yellowish  colour  with  age.  It  is  the 
Balsamum  of  the  Romans  and  wonderful  properties  were 
formerly  attributed  to  it,  but  its  use  has  become  obsolete 
in  Europe.  In  the  East,  however,  it  is  still  esteemed  for 
its  fragrance  and  medicinal  properties.  The  plant  is  said 
to  be  extinct  in  India  and  Egypt  where  it  formerly  grew. 
The  present  small  supply  is  obtained  from  Arabia. 

Observe  specimens  of  Indian  Bdellium  from  Cojnini- 
phora  Mukul,  Engl.,  African  Bdellium  from  G. 
africanum^  Engl.,  BisSA  BoL  from  C.  Kataf^  Engl.,  and 
HOTAI  from  C,  Playfairii  (Balsamodendron  Playfairii, 
Hook.  /.). 

Further  light  is  still  needed  as  regards  the  true  sources 
of  these  resins  ;  and  specimens  of  the  shrubs  (in  flower 
or  fruit)  which  furnish  them,  accompanied  by  a  sample 
of  the  product,  would  be  greatly  valued. 

Other  resinous  products  are  exhibited  in  this  case. 
Amongst  them  Carana,  a  gum-resin,  possibly  that  of 
Protium  Carana,  March,  extracted  by  the  Maquiritare 
and  Piaroa  Indians  on  the  Orinoco.  Used  in  medicine  for 
plasters. 

No.  119.  Hyawa  Gum  {Protium  heptaphylliim , 
March).     Used  as  incense  in  British  Guiana. 


41 

No.  120.     Scented  wood  of  the  LlN-A-LOA  of  Mexico    CASE 
{Bursrra  delpechiana^  Poiss.).     Used  in  San  Francisco  in       21. 
the  manufacture  of  furniture  ;  an  otto  prepared  from  it 
is  used  in  perfumery. 

GOMMIER  or  WEST  INDIAN  BiRCH  {Burseva  gummi- 
fera^  L.).  All  parts  of  the  tree  yield  a  fragrant  gum-resin, 
used  for-  flambeaux  or  torches.  Note  examples  from 
Dominica. 

No.  121.  Manila  Elemi  or  Brea.  A  fragrant  gum-  CASE 
resin  derived  from  Canarium  luzonicum,  A.  Gray,  22. 
extensively  used  in  the  Philippines  in  caulking  boats,  and 
for  making  torches.  It  is  exported  to  Europe  for 
medicinal  purposes,  being  employed  in  this  country  for 
the  preparation  of  ointments.  The  seeds  are  edible  and 
yield  an  oil. 

Note  specimens  of  the  carved  fruits  of  Canarium 
Pimela,  Kon.,  from  Amoy.  There  is  a  considerable  trade 
done  in  the  district  in  these  carvings,  which  may  be 
purchased  for  a  few  cents,  or  a  much  higher  figure,  accord- 
ing to  their  merit  and  the  popularity  of  the  carver. 

No.  122.  Black  Dammar,  the  produce  of  (7«/2ariMm 
strictum,  Roxb.,  a  large  deciduous  tree  of  the  Western 
Ghats.  The  resin  is  obtained  by  gashing  the  lower  parts 
of  the  stem  and  then  setting  it  on  fire.  Used  in  India  in 
the  manufacture  of  bottling  wax,  varnishes,  &c.  C.  he7iga- 
lense,  Roxb.,  yields  an  amber-coloured  resin,  employed  in 
India  as  incense. 

Note  the  fruits  of  Santirlopsis  Ijalsamifera,  Engl.,  which 
yield  the  Balsam  of  St.  Thomas,  also  specimens  of 
Gum  Opal  or  Incense  Gum  from  the  Mountain 
GOMMIER  {Dacryodes  hexandra,  Gris.),  from  the  West 
Indies.  Also  wood  and  oil  of  West  Indian  Sandal 
{Amyris  halsamifera,  L.),  a  native  of  Jamaica. 

Melia  Order  {Meliaceae).  Trees  or  shrubs,  often  with 
pinnated  leaves  ;  growing  principally  in  the  warmer  parts 
of  America  and  Asia. 

No.  123.     Neem   or  Margosa  {Melia  Azadirachta, 

L.).  An  important  Indian  tree,  held  in  great  estima- 
tion by  the  natives.  Almost  every  part  of  the  tree  has  its 
use.     Idols  are  made  of  the  wood,  which  is  also  used  for 


42 

CASE    furniture,  shipbuilding,  &c.     The  bitter  bark  is  employed 

22.  as  a  febrifuge  ;  the  leaves  are  used  for  poultices,  and  when 
dried  are  employed  in  protecting  clothing  and  books 
against  insects ;  the  clear  amber-coloured  gum  is  con- 
sidered stimulant.  From  the  pulp  of  the  fruit  is 
expressed  a  yellow-coloured  fixed  oil,  which  is  bitter  and 
acrid  ;  used  for  burning,  and  in  medicine  as  an  antiseptic 
and  anthelmintic. 

No.  124.  Persian  Lilac,  Bastard  Cedar,  or 
Bead  Tree  {Mella  Azedarach,  L.).  A  tree  commonly 
cultivated  throughout  India  and  all  warm  countries.  The 
wood  is  handsomely  marked,  takes  an  excellent  polish, 
and  is  used  for  furniture.  The  fruit  yields  an  oil,  the 
nuts  are  strung  as  beads,  and  the  bitter  root-bark  is 
employed  in  medicine  as  an  anthelmintic. 

Note  flowers  of  Aglaia  odoi^ata^  Lour.,  used  by  the 
Chinese  for  scenting  tea. 

Also  edible  fruit  of  the  LANS  A  or  LANGS  AT  {Lansiiim 
domesticum,  Jack),  of  the  Malay  Islands.  It  is  much 
esteemed  in  Java,  where  it  is  known  as  "  doehoey 

No.  125.  Wood  and  fruits  of  Walsura piscidia.  Roxb., 
a  moderate-sized  tree  of  India  and  Ceylon.  The  wood  is 
used  in  Southern  India  for  various  purposes,  and  the 
pulp  of  the  fruit  is  employed  to  intoxicate  fish. 

CASE       No.   126.     Mafureira    Seeds    {TrichiUa    emetica, 

23.  Yahl.).  A  tree  widely  distributed  in  Tropical  Africa. 
The  seeds  afford  a  thick  heavy  oil  used  in  native  cookery. 
During  the  year  1900,  ~70  tons  of  these  seeds  were 
imported  into  Marseilles  from  Inhambane,  probably  for 
soap-making. 

No.  127.  Mahogany,  the  wood  of  Swietenia  Maha- 
goni^  L.,  *S'.  macropliyUa^  King,  and  perhaps  of  other  large 
forest  trees  of  Tropical  America  and  Cuba.  One  of  the 
most  valuable  of  furniture  woods.  There  is  a  record  of 
a  single  log  which  lay  near  the  south  coast  of  Cuba,  too 
heavy  to  carry  to  a  port,  measuring  9  ft.  broad,  6  ft.  iiigh, 
and  12  ft.  in  length  ;  supposed  weight  about  18  tons.  It 
had  been  there  many  years,  and  probably  remained  till  it 
decayed.  The  two  species  mentioned  above  have  been 
introduced  into  India,  where  they  are  largely  planted. 


43 

No.  128.     Model  of  a  truck,  laden  with  mahogany,  as    CASE 
employed  in  bringing  the  logs  to  the  works,  from  the       23. 
interior  of  Honduras. 

No.  129.  Crab  Tree  {Garapa  guianensis,  Aubl.). 
A  large  tree  of  Tropical  America  and  Africa.  The  wood 
is  used  in  British  Guiana  for  furniture,  shingles,  and  the 
masts  and"^ spars  of  vessels,  &c.  The  seeds  yield  a  fatty 
oil  called  Carap  or  Crab  Oil,  used  by  the  natives  for 
burning  in  lamps,  for  anointing  the  hair,  and  in  medicine 
as  an  anthelmintic,  also  for  the  healing  of  wounds. 

No.  130.  Wood  and  fruits  of  the  Cail-CEDRA  or 
Mahogany  Tree  of  the  Gambia  {Khaya  senegalensis, 
Juss.).  This  is  one  of  the  many  trees  furnishing  the  so- 
called  "  Mahogany "  exported  from  the  West  Coast  of 
Africa. 

No.  131.  Bark  and  wood  of  Rohan  Tree  or  Indian 
Redwood  {^Soymida  fehrifuga,  A.  Juss.).  A  large  and 
beautiful  tree  of  Central  and  Southern  India.  The  dark 
coloured,  heavy  and  durable  wood  is  used  for  construction, 
well-work,  ploughshares,  and  oil-mills,  and  it  is  stated  to 
be  not  much  attacked  by  white  ants.  The  bark  has 
bitter  and  astringent  properties,  and  is  used  as  a  febrifuge, 
in  tanning,  and  as  a  remedy  for  diarrhoea  and  dysentery. 

No.  132.  Chittagong  W^OOD,  the  beautifully  figured 
wood  of  Chickrassia  tahularis,  A.  Juss.,  a  large  tree  of 
India,  Burma,  &c.  Used  for  furniture  and  for  carving. 
The  bark  is  powerfully  astringent,  and  the  flowers  give  a 
red  or  yellow  dye. 

No.  133.  Cedar  Wood  of  New  South  Wales,  ToON 
of  India  {Cedrela  I'oona,  Roxb.).  A  tall  handsome  tree 
of  the  Sub-Himalayan  forests,  Bengal,  Burma,  South 
India,  &c.  The  wood  is  durable  and  beautifully  marked, 
and  is  used  both  in  India  and  Australia  for  all  kinds  of 
furniture,  house  joinery,  and  ornamental  work.  It  is  not 
attacked  by  white  ants.  The  wood  is  imported  into  this 
country  from  Burma  under  the  name  of  "  Moulmein 
Cedar."  The  bark  is  astringent,  yields  a  resinous  gum, 
and  is  employed  in  India  as  a  febrifuge.  The  flowers 
yield  a  red  and  yellow  dye  and  the  young  shoots  and 
leaves,  as  well  as  the  seeds,  are  used  to  feed  cattle. 


44 

CASE       No.  134.    Wood,  gum,  &c.,  of  West  Indian  Cedar 

23.  {Gedrela  odorata,  L.).  The  wood  is  considered  the  best 
for  cigar  boxes  as  it  cuts  freely,  is  durable,  and  has  a 
pleasant  smell. 

[Although  called  Cedars,  the  Cedrelas  are  quite  distinct 
from  the  true  Cedar  (Gedrtis  Libani,  Loud.)  which  belongs 
to  the  Pine  Order.     See  Museum  No.  III.] 

No.  135.  Satin  Wood,  afforded  by  Chlo7\)xylon 
Swietenia,  DC,  a  moderate-sized  tree  of  India  and 
Ceylon.  The  wood  is  durable,  close-grained  and  of  a 
beautiful  satiny  lustre,  and  is  largely  employed  in  cabinet- 
work, and  for  the  backs  of  brushes,  &c.  It  takes  an 
excellent  polish,  preserving  a  handsome  appearance  for  a 
long  time. 

CASE       No,  136.     Yellow     Wood     (Flindersia     oxleyana, 

24.  Muell.).  A  tree  of  New  South  Wales  and  Queensland. 
The  timber  is  strong,  durable,  and  fine-grained,  and  is 
used  in  Australia  for  boat-building,  cabinet-work,  &c. 
Note  specimens  of  wool  in  various  shades  of  yellow- 
brown  dyed  with  this  wood. 

Olax  Order  (piacineae).  An  order  of  trees,  shrubs 
or  climbing  plants,  widely  dispersed  over  the  tropical  and 
sub-tropical  regions  of  the  globe. 

Observe  fruits  and  seeds  of  Cotila  edulis,  BailL,  a 
native  of  West  Tropical  Africa.  The  kernels  are  edible 
and  yield  an  oil. 

No.  137.  Fruits  and  wood  of  Ximenia  americana^ 
L.,  a  shrub  or  small  tree  found  in  the  tropics  of  both 
hemispheres.  The  acid- sweet  and  aromatic  berries  are 
eaten  both  in  the  West  Indies  and  in  India.  The  wood  is 
often  powdered  and  used  as  sandal-wood  by  the  Brahmins 
of  the  Coromandel  coast.  Under  the  name  of  Sennett  the 
seeds  are  sometimes  imported  into  Liverpool  from  West 
Africa  as  oil-seeds.  Observe  also  the  oleaginous  seeds  of 
an  undetermined  species  of  Heistetna,  also  occasionally 
imported  into  Liverpool  for  the  sake  of  the  oil. 

Note  fruits,  and  wood  of  Pliytocrene  gigmitea,  Wall.,  a 
gigantic  climber  of  the  Chittagong  and  the  Burmese 
forests.  "  The  stem  on  being  cut  gives  out  a  quantity  of 
fresh  water  good  for  drinking." 


45 

SNo.  138.     Odall  fruits,  and  oil  obtained  from  seeds    CASE 
of  Sarcostigiiia  Kleinii,  W.  and  A.,  from  Cochin,  where       24. 
the  oil  is  used  in  rheumatism. 

Holly  Order  {Ilicineae).  A  group  of  shrubs  and 
trees,  represented  in  Britain  by  i\\Q  Holly.  The  species 
are  not  numerous,  though  widely  scattered  over  the 
world. 

No.  139.  Wood  of  the  Holly  {Ilex  Aquifolium,  L.), 
the  favourite  European  evergreen.  The  hard  white  wood 
is  used  in  making  Tunbridge  ware,  for  the  stringing  or 
lines  in  cabinet  work,  calico-printers'  blocks,  &g.  The 
straight,  flexible  shoots  are  used  for  walking  sticks  and 
whip  handles.  BiRD-LiMB  is  the  juice  of  Holly-bark, 
extracted  by  boiling,  mixed  with  a  third  part  of  nut-oil. 

Note  Yaupon  or  Yapon  Tea  (Ilex  Cassme,  Walt.),  an 
evergreen  shrub  of  the  Southern  United  States.  The 
leaves  contain  caffeine,  and  on  that  account  were  formerly 
much  employed  by  the  Indians  and  are  now  occasionally 
used  by  white  settlers  as  tea. 

No.  140.    Yerba  de  Mate,  or  Paraguay  Tea,  the 

leaves  of  Ilex  paragiiensis,  A.  St.  Hil.,  (of  which  there 
are  several  varieties)  and  possibly  of  other  species  of  Ilex 
found  in  South  America. 

The  leaves  are  prepared  for  commerce  by  being  scorched 
and  dried  while  still  attached  to  the  branches  brought  in 
by  the  collectors ;  they  are  then  beaten,  separated, 
coarsely  ground  in  rude  mills,  and  packed  in  skins  and 
leathern  bags  or  in  a  more  attractive  form  as  will  be  seen 
from,  examples  in  this  case,  as  also  in  the  black  table  case- 
on  the  centre  of  this  floor. 

The  leaves  are  infused  in  small  teapots,  of  which 
several  forms  are  here  shown,  and  the  tea  is  imbibed  either 
from  the  spout  or  by  : — 

No.  141.  BOMBILLA,  or  tube  with  wire  network  or 
perforations  at  the  bottom.  Mate  is  one  of  the  most 
important  economic  products  of  South  America  and  is  the 
favourite  drink  of  much  of  the  population  in  the  southern 
parts  of  Brazil,  Paraguay,  Uruguay,  the  Argentine  Re- 
public, &c.  The  consumption  is  enormous.  Mate  haa 
been  found  to  contain  0*13  per  cent,  of  caffeine,  and  ia 
occasionally  advertised  for  sale  in  this  country. 


46 

CASE        Spindle-Tree    Order    (Celastrineae).     A  family   of 

24.  woody  plants,  mostly  extra-tropical,  though  widely  spiead, 
both  in  the  north  and  south  hemispheres.  In  Britain 
the  order  is  represented  by  a  single  small  tree,  the 
Spindle  Tree  (Euonymus  eurojjaeus,  L.).  The  ripe 
fruits  remain  on  this  tree  long  after  the  leaves  fall,  and 
open  while  still  attached,  exhibiting  the  bright  orange- 
coloured  pulp  (the  arillus)  by  which  the  seeds  are 
embraced.  The  young  shoots  formerly  furnished  skewers 
for  butchers. 

No.  142.  Wood  of  Pai'CHA  {Eiionymus  eiiropaeus,L., 
var.  hamiltonianus).  A  small  tree,  native  of  India,  Japan 
and  China.  Used  at  Ningpo,  China,  for  carving,  and 
proposed  as  a  subtitute  for  boxwood  for  engraving 
purposes  in  this  country.  A  block  prepared  for  engraving, 
as  well  as  one  engraved,  are  exhibited;  also  a  carved  frame 
from  Ningpo.     (See  also  No.  31.) 

Note  leaves  of  the  Khat,  Qat  or  Cafta  of  Arabia,  the 
so-called  Arabian  Tea  {Gatha  edulis,  Forsk.).  These, 
together  with  the  twigs,  form  a  considerable  article  of 
commerce  amongst  the  Arabs,  who  chew  them,  both  in  the 
green  and  dry  state  to  promote  wakefulness.  In  the 
interior  a  decoction  resembling  tea  is  said  to  be  made  from 
the  leaves.  They  do  not,  however,  contain  caffeine  nor 
any  alkaloid  related  to  it. 
CASE        Specimens  are  here  shown  of  the  bark,  fruit,  seeds  and  oil 

25.  of  the  KOKOON  tree  of  Ceylon  (KoJwona  zeijlanica,  Thw.). 
The  yellow  inner  bark  is  employed  medicinally,  and  is 
also  used  in  the  preparation  of  a  kind  of  snuff,  considered 
beneficial  in  headache.  Oil  is  expressed  from  the  seeds 
and  used  for  burning  in  lamps. 

Observe  various  specimens  of  hard,  close-grained  woods, 
belonging  to  the  genus  Elaeodendron  from  South  Africa 
and  India,  also  the  curious  fruits  and  seeds  of  species  of 
Hijjpocratea. 

Note  seeds  and  oil  of  Celastrus  panicidatus,  Willd.,  a 
large  climbing  shrub  found  throughout  India,  Burma  and 
Ceylon.  Two  kinds  of  oil  are  obtained  in  India  from  the 
seeds,  one  by  expression,  which  is  of  an  orange  colour  and 
is  used  for  burning  in  lamps  and  in  medicine.  The  other 
form  is  known  as  BLACK  Oil  or  Oleum  Nigrum  being 


47 

obtained  by  destructive  distillation  of  the  seeds.     Used    CASE 
by  the  Hindus  as  a  diuretic  and  as  a  remedy  for  Beri-       25. 
Beri. 

Buckthorn  Order  {Rhamnaceae).  An  extensive 
group  of-  trees  and  shrubs,  often  armed  with  spines. 
Found  nearly  all  over  the  globe,  excepting  the  extreme 
north.  Two  species  grow  in  Britain. 
/Note  PuPLi-CHBKKE  {VentUago  maderaspatana, 
Gaertn.).  A  forest  climber  of  India,  Burma,  and  Ceylon. 
The  root  bark  is  a  much  valued  dye-stuff  in  Southern 
India,  as  it  is  rich  in  a  beautiful  red  colouring  matter. 

No.  143.  LOTE  Fruit  {Zkyphus  Lotus,  Lam.),  of 
the  Mediterranean  region,  said  to  be  the  Lotos  of  the 
ancient  Lotophagi. 

No.  144.  Indian  Jujube  or  Chinese  Date  {Zi^y- 
phus  Jujuba,  Lam.,  and  allied  species).  A  wholesome 
fruit,  preserved  in  syrup  by  the  Chinese  after  the  surface 
has  been  scratched  in  numerous  fine  longitudinal  lines  ; 
used  also  when  dried  and  in  a  pickled  state.  Z.  Jujuha 
is  a  small  prickly  tree  regularly  cultivated  all  over  India 
and  widely  distributed  in  tropical  countries.  The  leaves 
are  commonly  used  as  food  for  the  Tasar  silkworm. 

Z.  sativa,  Gsertn.  \_Z.  vulgaris,  Lam.],  also  yields  an 
edible  fruit  commonly  eaten  in  the  countries  bordering 
the  Mediterranean. 

Observe  Cascara  Sagrada  (Sacred  Bark),  identical 
with  Chittem  Bark,  produced  by  a  small  tree,  12  to  20  feet 
high  (Bhamnus  purshiana,  DC),  found  on  the  Pacific 
slopes  of  the  United  States.  The  bark  has  a  characteristic 
odour  and  persistent,  nauseous,  and  bitter  taste  ;  it  is 
much  employed  in  North  America  and  in  this  country,  in 
medicine,  as  a  tonic-laxative. 

No.  145.  Wood  of  Alder  Buckthorn  (Rhamnus 
Frangula,  L.).  A  slender  straggling  bush,  6  to  12  feet 
high,  in  woods  and  hedges  in  this  country  ;  found  also 
throughout  Europe,  and  in  Siberia,  Caucasus,  and  North 
Africa.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  and  larger  branches  is 
purgative  and  is  employed  in  medicine.  The  wood  is 
used  by  gunpowder  makers  under  the  name  of  DOGWOOD 


48 

CASE    in   the   manufacture   of   the   best   rifle  powders,  and  is 

25.  imported  for  this  purpose  in  large  quantities  from  Holland 
and  Belgium. 

Observe  specimens  of  Lo-KA.0,  or  Chinese  Green 
Indigo,  prepared  in  China  from  the  barks  of  R.  dahuHcay 
Pall.,  and  R.  tinctoria,  Waldst.  and  Kit.,  and  used  for 
dyeing  various  shades  of  green.  At  one  time  this  product 
was  largely  employed  at  Lyons  for  dyeing  silks. 

No.  146.  Sap  Green,  a  well-known  pigment  obtained 
from  the  ripe  l)erries  of  the  common  BUCKTHORN 
{R.  cathartica,  L.),  and  other  species,  prepared  by  mixing 
the  fresh  jnice  of  the  berries  with  lime  and  evaporating 
to  dryness. 

No.  147.  Persian  or  Yellow  Berries,  the  fruits 
of  Rhamnus  infectoria^  L.,  and  probably  other  species. 
The  berries,  the  size  of  currants,  grow  in  clusters ;  the 
expressed  juice  of  the  young  berries  is  bright  yellow  and 
mixed  with  indigo  forms  a  brilliant  and  durable  green, 
used  in  dyeing  wool  for  Oriental  carpets,  also  for  dyeing 
mixed  fabrics  and  by  leather-dressers  and  calico-printers. 
The  fruits  are  variously  known  in  commerce  as  "  Persian 
Berries,"  "  Avignon  graines,"  "  Spanish  Berries,"  and 
''  Turkish  Berries." 
CASE        On  an  upper  shelf  of  the  first  compartment  of  this 

26.  case  note  fruits  of  the  CORAL  Tree  {Hovenia  dulcis, 
Thb.),  a  small  tree  distributed  over  China,  Japan,  and  the 
Himalayas.  The  fruits,  which  are  about  the  size  of  a 
pea,  are  borne  on  enlarged  fleshy  peduncles  which  contain 
a  sweet  juice  and  are  edible. 

No.  148.  Mabee  Bark,  produced  by  Geanothtis 
reclinatus,  L'Herit.  \_Goluhrina  recUnata.  Brongn.],  a 
native  of  South  America.  The  bark  is  largely  used  in 
the  West  Indies  for  the  preparation  of  a  stomachic  drink. 

Note  specimens  of  Chaw  Stick  or  Chew  Stick 
(Gouania  domingensU^  L.)  from  the  West  Indies.  The 
stem  affords  an  agreeable  bitter  used  locally  as  a  sulistitute 
for  hops  in  ginger  beer.  Reduced  to  powder  it  forms  an 
excellent  dentifrice,  and  the  slender  stem  cut  into  short 
lengths  serves  the  negro  as  a  tooth-brush.  Also  the  stem, 
curiously  flattened  in  alternating  triangular  joints,  of 
Golletia  c/t^uciata,  Gill,  and  Hook.,  a  Chilian  shrub. 


49 

Vine  Order  {AmjMideae),  of  which  the  Grape- Vine  CASE 
(Viiis  viniferay  L.),  the  most  important  plant  of  the  2Q. 
order,  may  be  taken  as  the  type.  They  are  all  climbing, 
jointed  shrubs,  often  with  abortive  flower-branches  serving 
as  tendrils  to  lay  hold  of  their  support.  They  are  chiefly 
East  Indian.  The  Grape-Vine  now  cultivated  so  exten- 
sively in  France,  Germany,  South  Europe,  the  Atlantic 
Islands,  the  United  States,  the  Cape,  &c.,  was  very  probably 
native  originally  of  Western  Asia,  and  to  the  south  of  the 
Caspian.  From  its  innumerable  varieties,  affected  by 
different  climates  and  soils,  we  have,  besides  grapes 
yielding  the  various  wines  of  commerce,  other  sorts  which 
are  dried,  forming  the  Valencia,  Muscatel,  and  Sultana 
(without  seeds,  from  Turkey)  Raisins  ;  also  Currants,  the 
dried  fruit  of  a  small-fruited  variety  of  the  Grape-Vine 
(F.  tvn//era,  var.  corinthiaca)^  cultivated  in  the  Ionian 
Islands,  Greece,  Lipari,  &c.  These  are  quite  distinct  from 
any  species  of  Ribes,  the  currant  of  our  gardens,  to  which 
they  are  not  botanically  related. 

Nearly  12,000,000  gallons  of  Wine  were  entered  for 
home  consumption  in  1905,  5,713,393  gallons  of  which 
were  imported  from  Spain  and  Portugal. 

Of  Raisins  687,162  cwts.,  and  of  Currants  1,078,069  cwts., 
were  entered  for  home  consumption  in  the  same  year. 

Grape  seeds  contain  about  18  per  cent,  of  oil,  which  is 
extracted  for  illuminating  purposes  in  Italy,  Greece  and 
the  Levant. 

Amongst  other ,  products  of  the  grape  exhibited  are 
Argol  from  Greece,  deposited  on  the  sides  of  wine  vats,, 
and  containing  50  to  70  per  cent,  of  Tartaric  Acid. 
Wine  Lees  from  Greece,  containing  about  30  per  cent,  of 
Tartaric  Acid.  TARTAR  from  St.  Antimo,  Italy,  prepared 
from  Lees  or  Argol,  and  containing  65  to  77  per  cent,  of 
Tartaric  i^cid.  Also  crude  Tartrate  op  Lime,  and  a 
very  fine  specimen  of  crystallised  TARTARIC  ACID. 
Specimens  are  also  exhibited  of  Yeso,  a  kind  of  plaster^ 
from  Port  St.  Mary,  Cadiz  Bay,  used  in  Spain  to  sprinkle 
on  the  grapes  before  being  pressed.  SPANISH  Earth, 
used  likewise  in  Spain,  and  to  a  small  extent  in 
England,  for  fining  wine.  Grape  SUGAR,  which  is 
less  sweet  than  cane,  and  is  not  so  readily  dissolved 
in  water. 

25782  D 


50 

CASE        In  this  case  are  numerous  illustrations  of  the  progress 

26.  of  the  Phylloxera  and  other  diseases  to  which  the  Vine  is 
subject. 

Soapwort  Order  {Scqylndaceae).  Trees  or  climbing 
plants,  chiefly  of  tropical  countries.  The  fruits  of  several 
are  edible  ;  others  possess  a  saponaceous  principle,  and 
lather  freely  in  water.  Those  belonging  to  the  sub-order 
Acerineae  are  trees  principally  of  temperate  Europe,  Asia, 
and  America,  having  opposite  and  mostly  lobed  leaves, 
with  the  veins  radiating  from  the  leaf -stalk.  The  Syca- 
more {Acer  Pseudo-platanus^  L.),  extensively  planted  in 
Britain,  is  an  example  of  this  group. 

Observe  stems  and  seeds  of  Cardios])ermu?n  Hali- 
cacahum,  L.,  a  climber  found  throughout  India  and  in 
most  tropical  and  sub-tropical  countries.  The  roots  are 
employed  in  India  in  rheumatic  and  nervous  diseases. 
The  seeds  and  leaves  are  used  in  medicine  and  the  latter 
are  also  cooked  as  a  vegetable  in  the  Moluccas. 

No.  149.  GUARANA  Bread  of  Brazil,  made  from 
the  pounded  seeds  of  Paullinia  Ciipana,  H.  B.  and  K. 
[P.  sorhilis,  Mart.].  The  powder  is  kneaded  with  a  little 
water  and  the  paste  made  into  rolls  or  sticks  and  more 
recently  into  ornamental  figures.  These  are  dried  in  the 
sun.  A  cooling  drink  is  made  from  this  product  in  the 
interior  provinces  of  North  Brazil  by  grating  into  water 
the  hard  paste  on  the  rough  tongue  of  a  fish,  the  Piraruca 
{see  specimen),  sugar  being  sometimes  added.  Guarana 
contains  Caffeine  to  the  extent  of  4*3  per  cent.,  and  has 
been  used  medicinally  in  nervous  headache.  It  is 
occasionally  imported  into  this  country. 

Near  these  specimens  are  shown  stems  of  Paullinia 
curassavicaj  Jacq.,  and  P.  s^jhaerocarpa,  Rich.,  of  the 
West  Indies,  used  as  walking  sticks,  and  known  as 
Supple  Jacks  in  consequence  of  their  flexibility. 

CASE       No.  150.    Wood  of  the  Horse  Chestnut  (Aesculus 

27.  Eippocastanum,  L.).  A  Turkish  tree,  long  planted  for 
shade  and  ornament  on  the  Continent  and  in  England. 
The  wood,  which  is  soft,  and  not  durable,  is  turned  to 
little  account.  The  fruits  are  used  in  Switzerland  and 
Turkey  for  feeding  sheep,  horses,  &c. 


hi 

Note  also  fruits,  seeds  and  wood  of  the  Indian  Horsb  CASE 
Chestnut  (A.  Indica,  Colebr.).  A  handsome  ornamental  27. 
tree  similar  in  appearance  to  the  European  species.  In 
India  the  wood  is  employed  for  a  variety  of  purposes,  but 
more  particularly  for  turned  articles.  The  fruits  are 
given  as  food  to  cattle  and  goats,  and  in  times  of  scarcity 
are  grouiid  and  mixed  with  flour  and  consumed  by  the 
hill  tribes. 

No.  151.  Fruit  of  the  Akee  {BHghia  sapida^  Koen.). 
A  tree  of  West  Tropical  Africa.  The  edible  portion  is 
the  arll^  the  succulent  socket  developed  round  the  base  of 
each  seed.  This  aril  is  eaten  when  cooked  and  forms  a 
very  palatable  food  but  it  must  be  eaten  before  fermen- 
tation sets  in,  otherwise  it  is  considered  unwholesome. 
The  seeds  yield  by  expression  a  solid  oil  or  fat,  a  sample 
of  which  is  exhibited. 

No.  152.  Wood,  fruits,  oil,  and  twigs  bearing  lac,  of 
the  KosuMBA  (Schleichera  trijuga^  Willd.),  an  important 
deciduous  forest  tree  of  India,  Burma,  &c.  The  wood  is 
very  strong  and  durable;  used  for  oil  and  sugar  mills, 
rice-pounders,  agricultural  implements,  &c.  The  fruits 
are  edible,  and  the  seeds  yield  an  oil  used  for  burning 
in  Southern  India  and  Burma,  and  reputed  to  be  the 
original  Macassar  oil.  The  best  lac  is  produced  on  this 
tree. 

No.  153.  Soap  Berries,  the  fruits  of  Sapindus 
Saponaria^  L.,  a  small  tree  of  Tropical  America  and  the 
West  Indies,  where  the  seed-vessels,  which  contain 
saponin,  are  employed  as  a  valuable  substitute  for  soap. 
The  hard  black  seeds  take  a  fine  polish  and  are  used  for 
making  necklaces,  buttons,  &c. 

The  fruits  of  S.  trifoliatus^  L.,  and  S.  Mukorossi, 
Gaertn.,  Indian  species,  are  also  used  as  soap  for  washing 
silk  and  woollen  fabrics,  clothing,  &c. 

No.  154.  LiTCHis  (Nephelium  Litchi,  Camb.),  the 
fruits  of  a  handsome  evergreen  tree  of  China,  now  largely 
cultivated  in  northern  India.  The  fleshy  aril  surrounding 
the  seed  is  highly  esteemed  for  dessert,  more  particularly 
in  a  fresh  state.  The  dried  fruits  may  frequently  be  seen 
in  fruiterers'  shops  in  this  country. 


52 

CASE       No.   155.     LONGANS   {NepJielium   Longana,   Camb.)» 

27.  the  fruits  of  a  large  evergreen  tree  of  India,  Burma, 
Ceylon,  &c.  The  fruits  are  somewhat  smaller  than  those 
of  the  Litchi,  and  are  much  inferior  in  flavour. 

Note  LoNGAN  Pulp  prepared  in  Formosa  by  peeling 
and  stoning  the  fruit  of  N.  Longana,  and  drying  and 
baking  the  pulp.  This  product  is  largely  used  by  the 
Chinese  for  the  preparation  of  a  refreshing  drink  or 
as  a  febrifuge. 

No.  156.  Rambutans,  the  fruits  oiN.lappaceum,  L.^ 
a  small  tree  of  the  Malayan  Archipelago.  The  fruits  when 
fresh  are  of  a  bright  red  colour,  and  the  sub-acid  pulp  is 
highly  esteemed  by  the  natives. 

No.  157.  Tulip  Wood  of  Australia  (EarpuUia  pen- 
dula,  Planch.).  A  strong  and  durable  wood  much  used 
for  cabinet  work  in  Australia. 

CASE       No.    158.    Wood  of    the    Sycamore   (Acer   Pseudo- 

28.  platanus,  L.),  and  Maple  {A.  campestre^  L.).  The  white 
soft  wood  of  the  former  was  much  used  before  the 
general  introduction  of  earthenware  for  making  trenchers, 
bowls,  platters,  &c.  At  the  present  day  it  is  chiefly  used 
for  table-tops,  bobbins,  and  other  turnery.  Maple  wood 
is  employed  for  similar  purposes. 

Observe  specimens  of  the  wood  of  various  species  of 
Acer  from  the  East  Indies  and  North  America.  Amongst 
them  are  Acer  dasycarpum.  Ehr.,  and  A.  rubrum^  L.,  the 
latter  being  used  for  cabinet  work,  turnery,  &c.  Note  also 
facsimiles  of  the  leaves  of  these  species,  showing 
autumnal  colouration. 

No.  159.  ^Vood  of  the  Sugar  Maple  or  Hard 
Maple  {Acer  saccharinum^  Wang.).  A  large  ireQ  of 
great  economic  value,  of  the  United  States  and  Canada. 
The  wood  is  hard,  heavy  and  close-grained,  and  largely 
used  for  furniture,  interior  finish,  flooring,  &c.  Sometimes 
the  wood  exhibits  beautiful  curled  and  spotted  markings 
(Bird's-Eye  Maple),  which  is  much  valued  for  inlaying, 
panelling,  and  for  high-class  furniture. 

No.  160.  Maple  Sugar  is  principally  made  from 
this  species  in  North  America,    The  sweet  sap  is  collected 


53 

in  the  spring  by  tapping  the  tree  to  the  depth  of  about    CAS^ 
half-an-inch  with  an  auger,  and  inserting  a  spout.     The       28. 
juice  is  boiled  down  to  a  syrup,  clarified  and  crystallized. 
Good  Sugar  Maples  yield  each  about  an  average  of  four 
pounds  of  sugar  in  the  season. 

In  the  small  Order  Sahiaceae^  note  fruits  of  the  Snake 
Nut  {Ophiocaryon  paradoxum,  Schomb.).  A  large  tree 
of  British  Guiana,  the  embryo  of  which  is  coiled  up  in 
the  form  of  a  snake. 

Cashew-Nut  Order  {Anacardiaceae).  Chiefly  large 
tropical  trees,  often  with  a  resinous  or  caustic  juice ; 
several  species  bear  very  valuable  fruit.  They  occur  both 
in  the  Old  World  and  the  New  ;  some  extend  invo  tem- 
perate countries,  a  few  reaching  the  south  of  Europe. 
The  flowers  are  usually  very  small. 

No.  161.  A  very  complete  and  unique  series,  illustrat-  ^^^ -^ 
ing  the  preparation  of  .JAPANESE  Lacquer,  and  the  29. 
manufacture  of  lacquer  ware.  (1)  Stems  of  the  LACQUER 
Tree  {Rhus  vernicifera,  DC.),  showing  the  incisions 
made  for  collecting  the  juice  ;  (2)  Instruments  used  for 
making  the  incisions,  paring  the  bark,  &c.  ;  (3)  Bamboo 
pot  for  holding  the  lacquer  :  (4)  Glove  used  to  protect  the 
hand  of  the  collector  from  the  effects  of  the  acrid  juice. 
Note  also  numerous  specimens  of  lacquer  in  different 
stages  of  preparation,  or  used  for  different  kinds  of  work. 
Also  dyes,  colouring  matters,  and  other  materials,  together 
with  brushes,  squares  and  compasses  used  by  the  artists 
in  drawing  the  designs.  On  the  top  of  the  case  is  a  drying 
press,  in  which  the  work  is  put  to  dry.  Boxes  of  finished 
lacquer  ware  are  also  shown  on  the  upper  shelves  of  the 
next  case,  and  in  a  special  case  near  Case  40,  is  a  fine 
collection  of  finished  specimens,  and  some  others  showing 
the  progress  of  the  work. 

No.  162.     Japan  Wax.    Afforded  by  the  small  fruits    CASE 
(specimens  of  which  are  exhibited)  of  Rhus  vernicifera^       30. 
DC,  and  R.  succedanea,  L.,  employed  in  candle-making. 

Some  of  the  species  of  Rhus  are  very  poisonous,  notably 
the  Poison  Oak  (also  termed  POISON  Ivy)  of  North 
America  {Rhus  Toxicodendron^  L.),  contact  with  the 
leaves  of  which  produces  in  some  constitutions  violent 
inflammation  followed  by  blisters  and  ulcers. 


54 

CASE       No.  163.    Woo-PEi-TSZE  or  Chinese  Galls  {Rhus 
30.       semialata,  Murray).     Imported  from  China  and  Japan  for 
dyeing  purposes. 

No.  164.  Sumac  or  Sumach.  The  powdered  leaves 
of  Rhus  Coriaria,  L.,  a  hardy  shrub  of  the  rocky  slopes 
of  Sicily  and  elsewhere  in  the  Mediterranean  region. 
When  the  Sumach  is  cut,  it  is  spread  on  the  field  to  dry, 
the  leaves  are  then  broken  from  the  stems,  packed  in 
bags  and  conveyed  to  the  mills,  and  subsequently  ground 
into  powder.  It  is  used  in  dyeing  for  the  production  of 
grey  colours,  also  for  tanning  the  finer  kinds  of  leather. 
Note  the  peculiar  pruning  hook  (ronco)  with  which  the 
twigs  are  gathered  and  the  flail  {hovillo)  with  which  they 
are  thrashed.  There  is  a  large  annual  import  of  this 
product,  chiefly  from  Sicily. 

Venetian  Sumach  or  Young  Fustic  consists  of  the 
twigs  of  Rhus  Cotinus,  L.,  a  southern  European  species. 
It  yields  a  beautiful  bright  yellow  dye,  much  used  in 
calico  printing.  Fruits,  leaves,  and  bark  of  the  NORTH 
American  Sumach  (Rhus  glabra,  L.)  are  here  shown. 
They  are  astringent  and  used  in  America  for  tanning 
leather. 

No.  165.  Chi  an  Turpentine,  the  oleo-resin  of 
Pistacia  Terehinthus,  L.,  a  bush  or  small  tree ;  some- 
times however,  attaining  a  height  of  from  20  to  40  feet, 
common  on  the  islands  and  shores  of  the  Mediterranean, 
as  well  as  in  Asia  Minor.  The  resinous  juice,  exclusively 
obtained  from  the  island  of  Scio,  is  yielded  after  incisions 
in  the  bark.  Chian  turpentine  has  stimulant  and  diuretic 
properties,  and  was  formerly  used  in  medicine  for  the 
same  purposes  as  the  coniferous  turpentines  and  has  also 
been  employed  in  the  treatment  of  cancer.  At  the  present 
day  it  is  used  for  preserving^  wine,  especially  when  it  has 
to  be  shipped,  for  flavouring  Raki,  a  cordial  largely  con- 
sumed in  the  Levant,  and  to  a  small  extent  in  medicine. 
In  consequence  of  the  small  quantity  of  this  turpentine 
annually  collected,  it  always  realises  a  high  price,  and  is 
commonly  adulterated,  chiefly  with  coniferous  turpentines. 
The  wood,  fruits,  and  oil  expressed  from  the  kernels  at 
Scio,  together  with  galls  produced  on  the  species,  are  also 
shown. 


No.  166.    Pistachio-Nuts.    Frmts  oi  Plstacia  vera,    CASE 
L.,  a  small  tree  of   Western  Asia   and  the  Levant,  now       30. 
spread  far  along  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean.     The 
kernels  possess  an  agreeable  flavour  and  are  eaten  either 
uncooked   like   dried  almonds   or  made  into  articles  of 
confectionery. 

Observe  galls  of  Pistacia  Khinjuk,  Stocks,  and  resins 
of  P.  Khinjuk  and  P.  mutica,  Fisch.  and  Mey.,  var. 
cabuUca,  small  trees  of  Beluchistan  and  Cabul.  Also 
galls  of  P.  atkmtica,  Desf.,  from  Palestine  and  Algeria. 
The  galls  of  P.  integerrima,  Stewart,  a  deciduous  tree  of 
N.W.  India,  are  sold  in  the  bazaars  under  the  name  of 
Kakrasingi  ;  they  are  used  for  dyeing  and  tanning  and 
also  medicinally.  The  wood  is  extremely  hard,  has  a 
mottled  grain,  and  is  used  for  furniture,  carving,  &c. 

No.  167.  Mastic.  A  resin  obtained  in  the  Greek 
Archipelago,  chiefly  in  Scio,  from  incisions  made  in  the 
bark  of  Pistacia  Lentiscus,  L.  Formerly  used  in 
medicine  in  the  same  way  as  Chian  turpentine.  The  resin 
appears  in  commerce  in  the  form  of  small  tears,  and  is 
used  in  this  country  in  dentistry  and  in  the  manufacture 
of  varnishes.  Its  principal  consumption  is  at  Constan- 
tinople and  in  the  East,  where  it  is  used  as  a  masticatory 
for  sweetening  the  breath  and  preserving  the  teeth  and 
gums.  It  is  also  employed  in  the  East  for  fumigating 
and  in  the  preparation  of  confections  and  cordials. 

Quebracho  Colorado  (Quebrachia  Lorentzii,  Griseb.). 
A  tree  abundant  in  the  northern  parts  of  the  Argentine 
Republic,  attaining  a  considerable  size.  The  wood  is 
valuable  as  a  building  material  as  it  is  practically 
imperishable  when  exposed  to  both  air  and  water.  It  is 
of  a  red  colour,  hence  used  to  give  a  claret  tint  to  wine. 
The  bark  is  used  locally  and  the  wood  is  exported  to 
Europe  in  considerable  and  increasing  quantities  for 
tanning. 

No.  168.  Mango  (Mangifera  indica,  L.).  A  large 
umbrageous  tree  cultivated  very  generally  in  tropical 
countries,  though  especially  common,  under  a  multitude 
of  varieties,  in  India.  Like  all  highly  cultivated  fruits 
the  Mango  varies  much  in  size  and  quality.  All  the  best 
sorts  are  grafted.     Jamaica  Mangoes  may  be  frequently 


56 


CASE    seen  in  fruiterers'  shops  in  this  country.     The  fruit  is 

30.  most  delicious ;  unripe  it  is  used  for  tarts,  preserves, 
chutney,  &c.  Fruits  and  drawings  and  various  products 
are  exhibited  in  this  case  and  in  Case  31. 

CASE        PiURl,  a   yellow  colouring   matter  obtained  in  India 

31.  from  the  urine  of  cows  fed  upon  Mango  leaves.  It  is  an 
article  of  import  into  this  country. 

No.  169.  Cashew-Nut.  Fruit  of  Anacardium 
occidentale,  L.,  a  tree  of  Brazil,  Central  America,  and  the 
West  Indies,  cultivated  elsewhere  in  the  Tropics.  It  is 
naturalised  in  many  parts  of  India.  The  fruit  rests  on  a 
fleshy  edible  peduncle  from  which  a  spirit  is  distilled 
both  in  Mozambique  and  in  Western  India.  The  fruit 
when  roasted  yields  a  tar  employed  as  a  preservative  for 
boats  and  wood-work.  The  kernels,  sometimes  known 
as  Promotion  Nuts,  after  being  roasted,  are  used  for  dessert 
and  may  generally  be  purchased  in  this  country.  The 
kernels  also  yield  an  oil  and  from  the  stem  a  gum  exudes 
which  is  said  to  be  used  by  book-binders  in  South 
America.  Specimens  of  the  products  mentioned  will  be 
found  in  the  case. 

No.  170.  CuDDAPAH  Almonds.  The  kernels  of 
Buchanania  latifolia,  Roxb.  They  somewhat  resemble 
pistachio  nuts,  and  are  largely  used  in  native  sweetmeats ; 
a  sweet  and  wholesome  oil  is  extracted  from  them.  The 
fruit  has  a  sweetish  acid  flavour,  and  is  eaten  by  the  hill 
tribes  of  Central  India.     The  bark  is  used  in  tanning. 

No.  171.  Burmese  Lacquer  or  Varnish  Tree 
{Melano7^rhoea  usitata,  Wall.).  Every  part  of  the  tree 
abounds  in  a  thick,  viscid,  greyish  fluid  which  is  collected 
by  making  incisions  through  the  bark  of  the  trunk  and 
principal  boughs,  and  inserting  joints  of  Bamboo  to 
receive  the  fluid  as  it  flows.  This  forms  the  famous 
black  varnish  or  Thitsi  of  the  Burmese  used  for  lacquer 
work,  both  red  and  black,  examples  of  which  are 
exhibited,  also  as  size  in  gilding,  and  i'or  covering 
buckets  to  make  them  watertight.  It  has  also  been  used 
as  an  anthelmintic.  The  wood  is  used  for  tool-handles, 
gun-stocks,  railway-sleepers,  &c. 


57 

Observe   fruits   of    the    BLOOD    PLUM    of    the    Niger    CASE 
{Haematostaphis    Barteri,   Hook.   f.).     They  are  edible       31. 
:and  have  an  acid  flavour. 

No.  172.  Wood  and  gum  of  Odina  Wodier,  Roxb., 
a  deciduous  tree,  40  to  50  feet  high.  The  wood  is  used 
for  spear-shafts,  scabbards,  wheel-spokes,  oil-presses,  rice- 
pounders,  &c.  ;  the  tree  is  pollarded  for  fodder,  especially 
for  elephants.  The  brittle  gum  is  used  for  sizing  paper 
by  the  Nepalese  ;  it  is  also  used  for  mixing  with  lime  in 
whitewashing. 

No.  173.  Marking  Nuts,  the  fruit  of  Semecarpus 
Anacardmm,  L.  til.,  a  moderate-sized  deciduous  tree  of 
the  East  Indies.  The  juice  of  the  nut  mixed  with  a  little 
quicklime  and  water  is  used  all  over  India  for  marking 
linen,  and  is  far  more  durable  than  the  marking  inks  of 
Europe  ;  undiluted  it  acts  as  a  blister.  The  bark  is  used 
in  dyeing. 

Note  KuRAKA  Nut  {Cory nocar pus  laevigata^  Forst.), 
a  New  Zealand  tree  40  feet  high ;  the  fruit  is  a  fleshy 
drupe  an  inch  long,  the  palp  is  edible,  the  kernel  is 
poisonous,  but  is  eaten  by  the  Maoris  after  preliminary 
roasting  and  washing  in  salt  water. 

Note  fruits,  oil,  and  gum,  of  HOG  Plum  or  Wild 
Mango  (Spondias  mangifera,  Willd.),  a  tree  of  the  dry 
forests  of  many  parts  of  India  and  Burma.  The  ripe 
fruit  is  used  as  an  acid  vegetable  and  pickled.  "  Deer  eat 
it  greedily,  and  heaps  of  the  hard  kernels  are  found 
everywhere  in  the  forests  where  this  tree  grows." 

Fruits  of  Otaheite  Apple  {Spondias  dulcis,  Willd.), 
and  of  other  species  of  the  genus  are  exhibited  in  this 
case. 

Observe  edible  fruits  of  Kaffir  Date  or  Plum 
{Harpephylliim  caffrum^  Bernh.),  from  the  Cape. 

Moringa  Order  (Moringeae).  A.  small  family  of 
deciduous  soft- wooded  trees.  Natives  of  Northern  Africa, 
Western  Asia,  and  the  East  Indies. 

No.  174.  Fruits  of  the  Horse-Radish  Tree  (Mor^ 
inga  pierygosperma^  Gaertn.),  cultivated  in  the  Eastern 
tropics  on  account  of  its  leaves,  flowers  and  pods,  all  of 


58 

CASE    which  are  eaten  when  young.     The  fruits  are  also  pickled 

31.  and  the  seeds  yield  a  clear  limpid  oil.  In  India  the  root 
is  accepted  by  Europeans  as  a  perfect  substitute  for 
horse-radish  ;  it  also  used  medicinally  as  a  vesicant.  The 
stem  affords  a  reddish  gum  used  in  calico-printing  and 
in  native  medicine. 

Observe  pods  and  winged  seeds  of  Moringa  concanensis^ 
Nimmo,  also  those  of  M.  aptera,  Gaertn.,  the  seeds  of 
which  are  not  winged.  The  latter  species  is  found  in 
Abyssinia,  Upper  Egypt,  Syria,  and  Arabia,  and  the  seeds 
are  supposed  to  have  yielded  true  Oil  of  Ben. 

CASE       Connarus  Order  (Gonnaraceae).    A  group  of  erect 

32.  or  climbing  shrubs  or  trees.  Natives  of  tropical 
countries. 

Note  Cattle-ropes,  made  of  twisted  stems  of  Rourea 
santaloides,  W.  and  A.,  and  Connarus  monocarpus^  L., 
used  in  Ceylon.  Also  specimens  of  Zebra  Wood,  an 
ornamental  hard  wood  of  British  Guiana  used  for 
inlaying,  furnished  by  Connarus  guianensis^  Lamb. 
\_Omphalobmm  Lambertii,  DC.]. 

Leguminous  Order  (Leguminosae).  The  specimens 
and  products  illustrating  this  great  order  extend  from 
Case  32  to  Case  47.  The  species  number  about  6,000  to 
7,000.  They  are  herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  and  are  widely 
distributed  over  the  surface  of  the  globe.  One  division 
of  the  order  is  marked  by  the  curious  form  of  the  flower, 
the  petals  being  unequal  in  size  and  disposed  in  a  form 
which  has  suggested  the  name  Papilionaceous^  or  butter- 
fly-like.  The  fruit  is  commonly  a  pod  (legume)  more  or 
less  resembling  that  of  the  Bean  or  Pea.  Many  species 
are  natives  of  Britain  (Broom,  Whin,  Clover,  &c.),  and 
large  numbers  are  cultivated,  both  as  important  food-plants 
(Peas,  &c.),  and  for  ornament  (Acacias,  Laburnum,  Lupin, 
&c.)-  This  large  order  is  sub-divided  into  three  sub- 
orders. 

Sub-Order  I.  Papilionaceae.  On  the  middle  shelf 
of  the  first  division  of  this  case  are  samples  of  leaves  of 
two  species  of  Cyclopia  used  as  tea  in  South  Africa, 
namely  C.  genistoides,  Vent.,  en  lied  Honigthee,  and  C. 
suhternata^  Vog.,  Cape  or  Bush  Tea,  also  Borhorda 
•Toarviflora^  Lam.,  known  as  Stekelthee. 


59 

Note  also  roots  of  Wild  Indigo  (Bajjtisia   tinctoria,    CASE 
R.  Br.),  employed  in  medicine  in  the  United  States  as  an       32. 
antiseptic  in  ulcerated  sore  throats  and  putrid  fevers. 

No.  175.  Sunn  or  East  Indian  Hemp  {Crotalaria 
hmcea,  L.),- extensively  cultivated  in  India,  more  particu- 
larly in  Mysore  and  the  Deccan,  for  the  sake  of  its  fibre, 
which  by  proper  treatment  becomes  soft,  fine,  and  white, 
bearing  comparison  with  flax.  Samples  of  the  stems 
with  the  bark  beaten  out  showing  the  fibre,  also  of  the 
cleaned  fibre,  together  with  fishing  lines,  cables,  nets, 
sacking  and  paper  stock,  and  paper  made  from  it  are 
exhibited. 

No.  176.  Seeds  of  Lupins.  Several  species  of  Lii- 
pimis  (L.  luteus,  L..  principally)  are  largely  cultivated 
on  the  Continent  for  the  sake  of  the  seeds.  They  should, 
however,  be  regarded  with  suspicion,  as  they  frequently 
produce  poisonous  effects,  due  to  an  alkaloid,  lupinine, 
which  paralyses  the  nerve-centres.  Lupins  are  chiefly 
grown  in  this  country  as  ornamental  garden  plants. 

Note  specimens  of  yarn  sheeting  and  cloth  prepared 
from  fibre,  obtained  by  maceration  from  the  young  shoots 
of  Genet  d'espagne  or  Spanish  Broom  {Spartium 
juncetmi,  L.).     From  Herault,  France. 

On  a  lower  shelf  are  specimens  of  the  white  wood  of 
the  common  FuRZE  (Ulex  europaeus^  L.),  together  with 
rough  and  finished  walking  sticks  made  from  the  stems, 
and  a  drinking  cup  made  from  the  root. 

No.  177.  Baskets  and  mats  made  m  Madeira  of  the 
twigs  of  the  Yellow  Broom  {Cytisus  scoparius,  Link.). 

On  the  bottom  shelf  of  this  division  are  specimens 
of  the  dark-coloured  hard  wood  of  the  LABURNUM 
{Lahurnum  vtilgare,  J.  Presl.),  used  for  inlaying, 
turning,  &c. 

Also  seeds  of  Tagasaste  {Cytisus  proUferus,  L.  til., 
var.  2:)cdmensis),  a  small  tree  common  in  the  mountains  of 
the  Canary  Islands.  The  leafy  branches  form  a  valuable 
food  for  cattle  in  dry  climates  and  the  flowers  are  said  to 
be  much  frequented  by  bees. 

No.  178.  'Fe'sjigreek  (Trigotiella  Foenum-graecum 
L.).     An  annual  herb  one  to  two  feet  high,  native  of  the 


60 

CASE  East,  from  Greece  to  Persia,  and  cultivated  largely  in  th€ 
32.  Mediterranean  region.  Central  Europe,  Egypt,  Abyssinia 
and  India.  Fenugreek  is  used  as  a  fodder  plant,  but  U 
cultivated  more  particularly  for  the  seeds,  which  ar€ 
extensively  employed  in  veterinary  practice,  also  as  ar 
ingredient  in  curry  powder,  for  mixing  with  concentrated 
cattle -foods,  and  as  a  condiment  for  flavouring  damaged 
hay.  The  seedlings  are  eaten  in  Alexandria  and  Bombaj 
as  a  green  vegetable. 

Observe  on  the  middle  shelf  a  mounted  series  of  the 
singular  pods  of  the  genus  Medicago  to  which  the 
Lucerne  (J/,  sativa,  L.)  belongs. 

No.  179.  Samples  of  Red  and  White  Cloveb 
Seed  {TrifuUum  pratense,  L.,  and  T.  reiiens^  L.), 
Upwards  of  316,000  cwts.  of  "  Clover  and  Grass  "  seedg 
were  imported  in  1905.  Frequently  adulterated  with  old 
and  dead,  or  kiln-dried  seed,  and  with  the  cheaper  Hoi 
Clover  {T.  jorociimhens,  L.),  &c. 

No.  180.  Prairie  Turnips,  the  tuberous  roots  oj 
Psoralea  esculenta,  Pursh,,  a  native  of  North  Wesi 
America,  where  they  form  a  large  portion  of  the  food  oi 
the  native  population.  The  plant  was  introduced  int( 
Europe  in  1846  by  Lemare-Picquot  as  a  substitute  for  the 
Potato.  It  was  cultivated  for  some  time  in  France  undei 
the  name  of  PiCQUOTiANE,  but  the  results  were  noi 
encouraging. 

Psoralea  corylifolia^  L.,  an  East  Indian  species,  bean 
small  black  pods  with  dark  brown  seeds,  which  have  ar 
aromatic  and  somewhat  bitter  taste,  and  are  used  in  the 
treatment  of  cutaneous  affections  by  native  practitioners 
They  occasionally  come  to  this  country  as  an  oil-seed 
under  the  name  of  Bawchan  Seed. 

Note  seeds  of  white,  black,  and  grey  varieties  ol 
Cyamopsis  psoralioides^  DC.  The  plant  is  cultivated  in 
India  not  only  for  its  ripe  seeds,  but  as  a  green  vegetable, 
the  pods  being  eaten  like  French  beans.  The  dry  beans 
are  employed  as  food  for  man  and  cattle. 

No.  181.  Indigo.  Obtained  principally  from  three 
or  four  species  of  Indigofera  {1,  siimatrana,  Gaertn., 
/.   Anil,  L.,  /.  tinctoria,   L.,  /.   arrecta,   Hochst.,  &c.) 


61 

)y  soaking  the  plant  in  large  masses  in  tanks.  After  its  CASE 
emoval,  the  water  is  stirred  and  beaten  with  paddles,  32. 
ts  colour  passes  to  a  blue,  and  the  suspended  particles 
ettle  to  the  bottom  forming  a  blue  mud,  which  after 
he  water  is  drawn  off,  is  dried  in  the  sun  and  cut  into 
ubes.  Of  this  dye-stuff  8,201  cwts.  of  the  value  of 
U1G,902  were  imported  in  1905,  whilst  artificially  pre- 
>ared  indigo  to  the  extent  of  32,246  cwts.  of  the  value 
if  £121,269  were  imported  during  the  same  period. 
Specimens  are  exhibited  from  Egypt,  Nicaragua,  Siam, 
he  East  and  West  Indies,  also  a  series  of  photographs 
llustrating  the  industry  in  India  and  a  model  of  an  Indigo 
factory  placed  near  the  entrance  door  to  this  museum. 
?he  '*  blue  "  of  the  laundress  is  prepared  from  Indigo. 
Specimens  are  shown.  A  colouring  matter  similar  to 
rue  indigo  is  furnished  by  several  other  plants  as 
Polygonum  tinctormm,  Lour,  {see  Case  93),  Loncliocarpus 
yanescenSj  Benth.,  Wrightia  tinctoria,  R.  Br.  {see  Case 
7),  Strohilayithes  Jiaccidifoiius^  Nees,  and  Isatis  indigo- 
ica,  Fort.  Owing  to  the  competition  of  synthetic  indigo 
he  area  under  cultivation  in  India  is  stated  to  have  been 
educed  66  per  cent,  during  the  last  ten  years. 

On  an  upper  shelf  of  the  next  division  of  this  case  are 
vood,  seeds,  &c.,  of  the  Umzibiti  tree  of  South  Africa 
Millettia  caffra^  Meissn.). 

Note  also  wood  of  the  LOCUST  or  False  Aoacia 
Rohmia  Pseud-acacia,  L.),  a  North  American  tree.  Used 
or  posts,  treenails,  ribs  of  vessels,  turnery,  &c.  This 
vood  is  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  ground. 

No.  182.  KOLILA  Kat.  Mat  made  of  stems  of 
Keshan i a  paludosa,  Prain.  Sold  in  Calcutta.  Samples  of 
he  fibre  and  rope  made  of  the  same  are  also  exhibited, 
ogether  with  wood  and  fibre  of  an  allied  species,  Seshania 
legyiJiiaca,  Poir. 

Observe  pods  of  CAFE  DE  BRUSCA,  or  Chilinchile 
Seshania  occidentalis,  Poir.),  from  Magdalena. 

No.  183.  Afghan  Knife  enclosed  in  a  sheath 
30und  with  bands  of  the  bark  of  Garagana  decorticans, 
Eemsl.  It  is  used  for  this  and  similar  purposes  on 
iccount  of  its  bronze-like  appearance. 


62 

CASE        Observe     GuM     Sarcocolla,    Anzerut    or    Gujar 
32.       {Astragalus  Sarcocolla^  Uymock).      It  is  imported  into 
India  from  the  Persian   Gulf   and   is   an   important   in- 
gredient  in   the   preparation    of    plasters    employed    by 
Parsee  bone-setters. 

No.  184.  Tragacanth.  A  viscid  gum  yielded  by 
Astragalus  gum'tnifer^  Lab.,  A.  eriostylus,  Boiss.  and 
Haussk.,  A.adscendens^  Boiss.  and  Haussk.,  A.  hrachycalyx^ 
Fisch.,  A.  microceplialiis^  Willd.,  and  other  species,  natives 
of  mountainous  districts  in  iVsia  Minor,  Persia,  Syria,  and 
Greece.  They  are  spiny  shrubs,  as  shown  in  the  mounted 
specimen  of  A.  gummifer,  upon  which  the  gum  has 
exuded  from  cracks  in  the  bark.  Tragacanth  is  not 
simply  the  juice  of  the  plant  hardened  by  exposure,  "  but 
a  more  or  less  complete  transformation  of  the  cells  of  the 
pith  and  medullar}^  rays  of  the  stem  into  a  mucilaginous 
mass.  Tragacanth  is  collected  for  commercial  purposes 
either  from  natural  exudations  or  from  incisions  made  in 
the  stems.  The  first  produces  the  common  sorts  or  small 
irregular  pieces,  the  second  produces  Flake  Tragacanth,  a 
very  fine  sample  of  which  is  shown,  together  with  vermi- 
form or  vermicelli  Tragacanth  and  other  sorts.  Gum 
Tragacanth  is  used  in  medicine  as  an  emollient  and  demul- 
cent, also  in  confectionery,  and  as  a  mucilage  and  for 
stiffening  crape,  calico,  &c.  [Specimens  of  Tragacanth- 
yielding  species,  with  information  on  the  mode  of  collect- 
ing the  gum  are  much  wanted.] 

No.  185.  Liquorice  Root  {GlycyrrJiiza  glabra,!^.), 
cultivated  chiefly  in  Spain,  Italy,  Asia  Minor,  Southern 
Russia,  and  China,  and  to  some  extent  in  Yorkshire. 
Spanish  Juice  is  the  sweet  extract  evaporated  to  dryness; 
made  up  with  gum,  gelatine,  &c.,  it  forms  Pipe- juice. 
Liquorice  is  used  in  medicine  in  lozenges,  &c.  In  England 
it  serves  to  flavour  porter ;  in  France  it  is  made  into  drinks 
for  the  sick.  Block  Liquorice,  known  as  LIQUORICE 
Paste,  is  largely  used  in  America  for  soaking  tobacco 
leaves  in  the  form  in  which  they  are  made  up  for  chewing. 
The  bulk  of  Liquorice  root  exported  from  Smyrna  goes  to 
the  United  States  for  this  purpose. 

Turkish  Liquorice  is  not  so  sweet  as  that  of  Spain  or 
Sicily,  but  keeps  better.     Specimens  of  dried  roots  peeled 


63 

and  nnpeeled  as  imported,  also  Solazzi,  Corigliano,  and    CASE 
other  juices,  and  Pontefract  cakes  are  shown.  32. 

Note  specimens  of  Manna  from  the  CAM  EL-THORN 
{Alhagi  matirorum,  Medic).  A  small  shrub  widely  spread 
from  Greece  and  Egypt  through  Western  Asia  and 
Afghanistan  to  the  plains  of  North-Western  India.  The 
leaves  are  eaten  as  fodder  by  camels.  The  Manna  is 
collected  near  Candahar  and  Herat  from  the  bushes  at 
the  period  of  flowering. 

No.  186.  West  Indian  Ebony.  Furnished  by 
Bri/a  Ebenus,  DC,  a  small  tree  of  Jamaica  and  Cuba. 
It  takes  a  beautiful  polish,  and  is  used  for  turnery, 
inlaying,  walking  sticks,  &c.  COCUS  WOOD,  used  for 
making  flutes,  flageolets,  &c.,  is  supposed  to  be  produced 
by  this  plant. 

On  the  bottom  shelf  of  this  compartment  note  specimens 
of  the  light  wood  of  the  i^MBASH  or  PiTH  TREE  of  the 
Nile  {Herminiera  elaphroxylon,  Guill.  and  Perr.),  used  by 
natives  as  floats  in  swimming  across  the  river. 

No.  187.  Shola  (Aeschynomene  aspera,  L.).  A 
marsh  plant,  growing  in  the  lakes  and  jheels  of  India. 
The  wood  is  extremely  light,  is  a  bad  conductor  of  heat, 
and  on  this  account  is  used  for  helmets,  and  to  protect 
liquids  from  heat.  Helmets,  model  of  an  Hindu  temple, 
carved  figures,  &c.,  from  India  are  shown. 

No.  188.  Ground  NuT^u  Pods  and  seeds  of  ^racMs 
hypogaea,  L.,  an  annual  herb.  Remarkable  from  the 
plant,  after  flowering,  forcing  the  young  pods  under- 
ground, where  they  ripen.  Extensively  grown  in  warm 
climates  as  an  important  article  of  food,  and  for  the  sake 
of  its  oil,  which  is  largely  used  as  a  substitute  for  olive 
oil,  for  soap-making,  burning  in  lamps,  and  by  watch- 
makers, also  by  perfumers  in  pomades,  cold  cream,  &c. 
Its  value  as  an  oil  seed  was  first  recognised  in  Europe 
about  1840.  Its  native  country  is  somewhat  doubtful, 
but  it  is  probably  of  American  origin. 

On  the  lower  shelves  are  seeds  of  Gram  or  CHICK  Pea 
{Cicer  arietinum,  L.),  an  annual  herb,  cultivated  from  an 
early  period  in  warm  countries,  especially  in  India,  where 
it  is  used  in  cakes,  curries,  &c.     It  was  known   to   the 


64 

CASE    ancient  Egyptians,  Hebrews,  and  Greeks.     An  acid  liquid 

32.       is  obtained  by  collecting  the  dew  from  the  plant  in  the 

early  morning  ;  it  contains   oxalic,   acetic,   and   perhaps 

malic  acid  in  solution.     The  Persian  weight  "nukhud,"* 

y^  oz.  avoirdupois,  is  a  seed  of  Cicer  arietinum. 

No.  189.  Series  of  seeds  and  models  of  pods  of  the 
Field  Bean,  and  Broad  or  Windsor  Bean  ( Vicia  Faha^ 
L.),  a  native  of  Persia  and  the  borders  of  the  Caspian  Sea, 
now  extensively  cultivated  over  the  globe.  Large  quanti- 
ties of  the  seeds,  both  of  home  growth  and  imported  from 
Egypt,  are  used  in  this  country  for  feeding  horses. 
Cultivated  varieties  in  the  green  or  unripe  state  form  an 
important  vegetable. 

No.  190.  Lentils.  The  seeds  of  Lens  esculenta, 
Moench.,  an  annual,  the  native  country  of  which  is 
unknown,  though  it  was  cultivated  by  the  Hebrews,  and 
in  Europe  since  the  days  of  the  Roman  Empire.  It  is 
cultivated  at  the  present  time  throughout  the  East,  in 
many  parts  of  Europe,  North  Africa,  West  Asia,  and 
North- West  India.  The  seeds  of  the  cultivated  varieties 
vary  considerably  in  size  and  shape,  as  will  be  seen  from 
the  specimens  exhibited.  Lentils  are  used  as  food,  either 
whole,  split,  or  ground,  in  the  form  of  Lentil  flour.  "  The 
"  foods  in  common  use  for  invalids,  &c.,  and  known  under 
"  the  names  of  Ervalenta  and  Revalenta,  and  generally 
"  sold  at  extravagantly  high  prices, are  essentially  composed 
"of  lentil  meal." 

On  the  bottom  shelf  of  this  compartment  note  seeds  of 
Lathy rus  sativus,  L.,  extensively  cultivated  in  Southern 
Europe  and  eastward  as  far  as  the  plains  of  India.  In 
the  latter  country  it  is  known  as  Jarosse  or  Gesse.  In 
the  Mediterranean  region  the  dried  peas  or  seeds  are  used 
as  food,  the  pods  are  eaten  green  and  the  whole  plant  is 
cut  for  fodder.  In  India  there  are  about  half  a  million 
acres  under  this  crop  annually.  In  spite  however  of  this 
extensive  cultivation  the  seeds  are  well  known  to  possess 
poisonous  properties  and  their  continued  use  by  man  and 
animals  has  led  to  injurious  results. 
CASE  Observe  models  of  varieties  of  the  cultivated  Pea 
33.  (Pistim  sativum,  L.),  probably  native  originally  of 
countries  bordering  the  Black  Sea.    Presented  by  Messrs. 


65 

Sutton  &  Sons  of  Reading.    Note  also  a  series  of  seeds  of    CASE 
Pisiim  arvense,  L.,  cultivated  in  India.  33. 

No.  191.  Crab's  Eyes,  seeds  of  Ahrus  precatorius, 
L.,  used  in  India  by  jewellers  and  druggists  as  a  weight 
(rati)  averaging  a  little  less  than  2  grains.  They  are 
often  strung  together  for  necklaces,  rosaries,  &c.  Under 
the  name  of  Jequerity  seeds  they  were  introduced  into 
this  country  in  1882  for  the  treatment  of  ophthalmia. 
They  are  said  to  be  occasionally  used  as  an  article  of  food 
in  Egypt ;  the  powdered  seeds  are  harmless  Avhen  eaten, 
but  rapidly  produce  fatal  results  when  introduced 
beneath  the  skin  even  in  small  quantity.  They  are  used 
criminally  in  India  in  "  Sui "  poisoning,  the  object  being 
to  obtain  the  skins  of  the  poisoned  animals.  The 
poisonous  action  is  due  to  the  presence  of  Ahrine^  a 
proteid  (hence  rendered  inert  by  heat)  closely  allied  to 
albumen  in  composition,  and  obtainable  from  the  roots 
and  stem  as  well  as  from  the  seeds.  The  roots  are  said  to 
be  employed  in  India  as  a  substitute  for  Liquorice,  and 
the  bark  is  twisted  into  a  coarse  cordage. 

No.  192.  Soy  Beans  {Glycine  hispida,  Maxim.). 
An  annual,  cultivated  largely  in  China,  Japan,  and  India. 
In  the  two  former  countries  a  sauce  known  as  Soy  is 
produced  in  large  quantities  and  in  Japan  a  kind  of 
cheese  or  curd  cake  is  prepared  known  as  "  Natto." 

The  chief  products  of  Manchuria  are  bean  oil  and  bean 
cake.  The  seeds  yield  17  per  cent,  of  an  edible  oil 
obtained  by  expression,  and  the  residue  is  made  into 
large  circular  cakes,  weighing  about  60  lbs,,  similar  to 
that  exhibited,  used  in  the  East  for  feeding  cattle  and 
also  as  manure.  Soy  is  imported  into  Europe  in  barrels 
and  is  said  to  form  the  basis  of  most  of  the  popular 
sauces. 

Observe  on  the  middle  shelf  tubers  of  Eryth7Hna 
acanthocarpa,  E.  Mey.,  from  South  Africa.  These  are 
extremely  light  and  are  used  for  making  hats,  &c.,  a 
specimen  of  which  is  exhibited. 

On  a  lower  shelf  are  tubers  of  Apios  tuberoscCy  Moench., 
a  climbing  plant  of  North  America  ;  they  are  farinaceous, 
and  edible  when  cooked. 

25782  E 


6Q 

CASE        No.  193.     CowuAGB  or  Cow -ITGB.  (Mucuna2n%crtens, 

33.  DC).  A  woody  twiner,  common  in  India,  cultivated  or 
partially  wild  throughout  the  tropics  of  both  hemispheres. 
The  pods,  about  4  inches  long  and  J  inch  wide,  slightly 
curved  at  each  end,  are  densely  covered  with  stiff  brown 
hairs,  which  readily  separate  from  the  pods,  and,  pene- 
trating the  skin,  produce  an  intolerable  itching.  They  are 
used  in  medicine  as  a  mechanical  anthelmintic,  in  syrup, 
honey,  or  treacle,  but  not  so  much  as  formerly.  Cowhage 
is  imported  into  Europe  from  Bombay  and  the  West 
Indies  for  the  supposed  preparation  of  some  patent 
vermifuge.  The  young  pods  are  eaten  as  a  vegetable  and 
the  root  has  diuretic  properties. 

Pods  of  several  other  species  of  Mucuna  are  shown  from 
the  East  Indies,  Brazil,  Africa,  &c.,  all  more  or  less  coated 
with  strong  penetrating  hairs.  The  seeds  are  sometimes 
drifted  across  the  Atlantic  by  the  Gulf  Stream  from  the 
West  Indian  Islands  to  the  Azores,  Irish,  Scotch,  and 
Norwegian  coasts,  where  they  are  occasionally  picked  up. 
The  seeds  of  Mucuna  capiHta^  W.&A.,  are  used  in  India 
as  a  weight  {Massa)=  8  rati  or  about  16  grs. 

No.  194.  Bengal  Kino  (jBi^^ea/ronc/o5a,Roxb.).  The 
resin  exuded  either  naturally  or  from  incisions  in  the 
bark  of  an  erect  tree  common  throughout  the  j)lains  of 
India,  Burma  and  Ceylon,  where  it  is  stated  to  thrive  on 
salt  lands  and  in  water-logged  places.  The  resin  has  no 
smell,  but  a  strong  astringent  taste,  for  which  reason  it 
is  employed  in  medicine.  The  seeds  are  used  as  a 
vermifuge  in  India,  and  from  them  MuDUGA  oil  is 
obtained. 

The  flowers  (TISSOO  or  PULAS)  are  used  for  dyeing 
yellow  and  orange  red.  The  inner  bark  yields  a  fibre 
for  cordage  and  caulking  the  seams  of  boats,  and  a  lac 
is  produced  on  the  twigs  by  the  puncture  of  a  Coccus. 
Samples  of  the  various  products  mentioned  are  shown. 
CASE        On   an  upper  shelf  of   the    first  division    of  this  case 

34.  observe  portion  of  stem,  and  the  yam-like  tubers  of 
Pueraria  tuderosa,  DC,  the  latter  are  said  to  form  an 
article  of  food  in  the  Punjab. 

No.  195.  Ko  of  China,  KuzA  of  Japan  (Pueraria 
thunbergiana,  Bentb.).     A  large  woody  climber  of  China, 


67 

Japan,  Formosa,  &c.  From  the  stems  fibre  is  obtained  CASE 
especially  at  Kiukiang,  in  Corea,  &c.  Note  cloth  from  34. 
Corea,  China  and  Japan  made  from  it.  It  is  said  to  be  the 
oldest  textile  material  in  China,  cloth  made  from  this  fibre 
having  been  in  use  1,000  years  B.  C.  In  Japan  it  was 
formerly  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  summer 
clothing,  hot  getting  limp,  nor  clinging  when  wetted,  like 
cotton,  and  soon  drying.  Kuza  fibre  was  only  used  for 
the  woof,  the  warp  being  silk,  flax,  hemp  or  cotton. 
It  was  stiffened  with  starch  made  from  the  root  (a  sample 
of  which  is  shown).  It  is  now  nearly  superseded  by 
Hufu  or  paper  cloth,  made  from  Kozu,  the  fibre  of 
Broiissonetia  papyrifera^  Vent,  {see  Case  111.).  Note  on 
lower  shelves  of  this  compartment  mounted  pods  and  seeds 
of  Canavalia  ohtusifolia,  DC,  Bay  Bean  of  Bermuda ; 
a  common  shore  plant  in  nearly  all  warm  countries,  the 
seeds  of  which  germinate  after  long  immersion  in  sea- 
water  ;  and  G.  ensiformis^  DC,  Overlook  Bean  of  the 
West  Indies.  The  former  species  has  bright  red  seeds 
whilst  the  latter  are  marbled  or  mottled  and  the  pods 
scimitar  shaped.  The  young  tender  pods  and  seeds  of 
G.  ensiformis  are  eaten  in  India. 

No.  196.  Ordeal  Beans  of  Old  Calabar  {Physo^- 
tigma  venenosurn,  Balf .),  a  large  perennial  climber  found 
only  near  the  mouth  of  the  Niger  and  Old  Calabar,  West 
Tropical  Africa,  and  even  in  these  localities  it  is  said  to  be 
somewhat  rare  in  consequence  of  the  plants  having  been 
destroyed  by  order  of  the  Government.  Formerly  these 
beans  were  used  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Old  Calabar 
as  an  ordeal.  They  are  imported  into  this  country  from 
Western  Africa  for  medicinal  purposes,  being  used  in 
ophthalmic  diseases,  tetanus,  epilepsy  and  other  nervous 
affections.  In  commerce  the  seeds  of  P.  cylindrospermian, 
Holmes,  are  sometimes  mixed  with  those  of  the  true 
Calabar  bean. 

Observe  also  a  series  of  seeds  of  Moth  (Phaseolus 
aconitifolius,  Jacq.),  widely  cultivated  in  India  as  a  hot- 
weather  crop.  It  yields  a  valuable  fodder  and  the  grain 
is  employed  as  a  food  for  horses  and  oxen. 

No.  197.  A  large  series  of  seeds  of  Green  Gram  or 
Mtjng  of  India  {Phaseolus  Mungo,  L.),  largely  cultivated 


68 

CASE    under   various  forms  as  a   food  crop.     Flour  and  cakes 

34.       made  from  it  are  also  shown.     The  seeds  of   P.  Miingo, 

var.  radiatiis^  are  used  in  India,  under  the  name  of  Urd 

grains,  each  equalling  a  quarter  of  a  rati  or  about  .half 

a  grain. 

Note  also  a  fine  series  of  seeds  of  SCARLET  Runner 
Beans  (Phaseohis  muUiflorus,  Willd.),  and  of  French 
Beans  (P.  vulgaris,  L.),  and  models  of  their  pods  from 
Messrs.  Sutton  and  Sons,  of  Reading. 

No.  198.  Meal  of  the  Sugar  or  Lima  Bean 
(Phaseohis  lunatus,  L.)  from  Jamaica.  There  are  two 
varieties,  one  with  white,  the  other  with  purple  variegated 
seeds  ;  the  latter  are  esteemed  poisonous  in  Mauritius 
owing  to  their  producing,  like  Bitter  Almonds,  prussic 
acid  when  macerated  in  water.  This  would  be  dissipated 
in  cooking,  and  they  would  then  be  wholesome. 

No.  199.  Numerous  specimens  showing  the  great 
variety  in  the  seeds  of  Chowlee  of  India  (Vigna 
Catiang,  Walp.),  a  plant  perhaps  originally  Malayan,  very 
extensively  cultivated  in  India  and  the  tropics  of  the 
Old  World  for  the  seeds  which  are  used  as  food.  The 
leaves  are  said  to  be  used  as  a  dye  in  Bengal,  and  in 
China,  where  the  plant  is  known  as  Tow  COK  they  are 
mixed  with  Indigo  in  dyeing  native  cloth  blue.  A  black- 
eyed  variety  is  grown  in  Southern  Europe  under  the  namo 
of  Faggiola  del  Occhio. 

On  a  lower  shelf  are  seeds  of  the  Bambarra  GROUND 
Nut  {Voandzeia  suhterranea,  Thouars),  a  creeping 
annual  of  Madagascar  and  Tropical  Africa.  The  pods 
are  matured  underground  like  those  of  Arxtchis  hypogaea 
(No.  188).  The  seeds  are  largely  eaten  in  Tropical  Africa 
as  also  in  Brazil  where  they  have  been  introduced  by 
negro  slaves.  They  are  imported  into  Western  India 
from  Mozambique  under  the  name  of  MOZAMBIQUE 
Gram. 

No.  200.  Yam  Bean  {Pacliyrldzus  tiiberosiis, 
Spreng.).  A  native  of  Tropical  South  America,  and 
cultivated  in  the  West  Indies.  The  young  pods  are 
cooked  and  eaten  like  French  beans,  and  the  tubers  also 
form  an  excellent  vegetable.    A  flour  of  very  good  quality 


69 

may  also  be  obtained  by  slicing  the  tubers    drying  them    CASE 
in  the  sun  and  then  reducing  them  to  powder.     The  raw       34. 
seeds   are   said  to   be   poisonous,   but  wholesome  when 
cooked. 

Pods  of  an  allied  species  P.  angulattts,  Rich.,  from 
plants  grown  in  the  Botanic  Garden,  Ceylon,  are  also 
shown.  It  is  probably  of  Central  American  origin,  but  is 
now  widely  cultivated  in  the  tropics  of  both  hemispheres. 
The  young  tubers  are  eaten  like  those  of  P.  tuherosus, 
and  a  starch  is  also  obtained  from  them. 

No.  201.    A  series  of  seeds  of  Wall  or  Shim  (DoZzcAos    CASE 
Lahlah,  L.),     a  climbing  perennial,  or  under    cultivation       35^ 
an  annual,   common  in  India  where   the   seeds,   which 
vary  much  in  form  and  colour,  are  employed  as  food. 
The  fresh  stems  are  used  as  fodder. 

On  the  middle  shelf  are  seeds  of  the  HORSE  Gram 
(Dolichos  Mflorus,  L.),  used  as  food  by  the  poorer  classes 
in  India  and  also  for  feeding  cattle.  The  stems  are 
employed  as  fodder. 

On  the  shelves  below  are  numerous  specimens  of  seeds 
of  the  Pigeon  Pea  or  Dal  (Cajanus  Indicus,  Spreng.),  an 
erect  shrub,  widely  distributed  in  the  tropics.  Numerous 
varieties  are  cultivated  as  food  ;  the  seeds  vary  exceedingly 
in  shape,  size,  and  colour,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  speci- 
mens exhibited. 

Note  the  pretty  blue  seeds  of  Rhynchosia  cyanosperma,    CASE 
Benth.,   from  the    River   Niger.     They    are    known   as       3^ 
Damabo  on  the  Gold  Coast,  and  are  used  for  weighing 
gold  dust. 

Observe  Waras  a  substitute  for  Kamala  {see  Case  108)  ; 
it  consists  of  the  epidermic  glands  of  the  young  pods  of 
Flemmgia  congesta,  Roxb.,  a  native  of  Tropical  Asia  and 
also  of  F.  grahamiana,  W.  &  A.,  a  Nilgiri  shrub. 

Wood  of  the  SiSSOO  of  India  {Balbergia  Sissoo,  Roxb.), 
a  dark-coloured,  even-grained  hard  wood,  highly  valued 
for  furniture  and  for  carving  ;  also  employed  for  boat 
building, -gun  carriages,  wheelwrights'  work,  &c. 

No.  202.  ROSEWOOD.  Specimens  from  Brazil  and 
Central  America.  The  best  Brazilian  Rosewoods,  ex- 
ported from  Rio,  are  afforded  by  a  species  of  Dcdhergia, 
[Little  is  known  of    the  trees  furnishing  the   different 


70 

CASE    varieties  of    this  valuable    cabinet-wood,  and  authentic 
36.       specimens  of  flower  and  fruit,  from  the  timber-producing 
trees,  with  sections  of  the  wood,  are  much  wanted.] 

On  the  bottom  shelf  of  this  compartment  are  specimens 
of  the  hard  and  heavy  wood  of  Dalhergia  melanoxylon, 
Guill.  and  Perr.,  used  in  Tropical  Africa  for  furniture,  &c. 
Note  a  native  comb  of  this  wo(>d  from  East  Tropical 
Africa. 

No.  203.  Blackwood  or  Rosewood  of  Southern 
India  (Dalhergia  latifoUa,  Roxb.),  a  large  deciduous  tree 
widely  distributed  in  India.  The  wood  is  extremely 
hard,  and  of  a  dark  colour,  and  is  very  valuable  for 
furniture,  carving,  fancy  work,  as  also  for  cart-wheels, 
gun  carriages,  &c.  Note  model  of  the  Kootub  of  Delhi, 
carved  in  Blackwood.  Also  picture  frame,  book-rest, 
cups  and  other  articles. 

Observe  Paitan  or  White  Chandan  Wood  (Dalhergia 
hupeana,  Hance),  and  pulley  and  model  of  a  Chinese 
Orderly  carved  in  the  wood.  From  the  Ningpo  District, 
China. 

A  series  showing  the  variety  in  structure  of  the  fruit 
obtaining  in  the  group  of  Dalhergieae  arranged  by  the 
late  George  Bentham,  Esq.,  is  exhibited  on  an  adjoining 
wall. 

Observe  curious  winged  pods  of  Centrolohium  paraense, 
TuL,  also  specimens  of  Barwood,  a  well-known  red  dye- 
wood  from  West  Tropical  Africa  probably  furnished  by 
Pterocarpus  Soyauxii^  Taub. 

No.  204.  Bastard  Teak  (Pterocarpus  Marsupium, 
Roxb.),  a  large  deciduous  tree  of  the  forests  of  Central 
and  Southern  India.  The  dark  brown  wood  takes  a  fine 
polish,  and  is  much  used  in  India  for  furniture,  carpentry- 
work,  boat-building,  &c.  From  incisions  made  in  the 
trunk  of  this  tree  KiNO  is.obtained  (No.  205);  as  it  exudes 
it  has  the  appearance  of  red  currant  jelly,  hardening 
upon  exposure  to  the  air.  It  has  astringent  properties, 
and  is  used  in  medicine  on  that  account.  There  is  a  con- 
siderable demand  for  this  product  for  export,  much  of  it 
going  to  France.  Over  the  window  near  this  case  is  a 
portion  of  a  stem  which  has  been  deeply  gashed  to 
obtain  Kino. 


7i 

No.  206.  Red  Sanders  or  Calliature  Wood  CASE 
{Pterocarpiis  santaliniis^  L.),  affording  a  reddish-brown  36, 
dye,  used  for  woollen  cloths.  It  is  also  said  to  be 
used  for  colouring  wine.  The  tree  grows  to  a  height  of 
about  20  to  25  feet,  occupying  only  a  small  area  in 
Southenv  India,  more  particularly  in  the  Cuddapah 
District.  The  wood  is  also  extensively  used  for  carved 
work.  Note  a  carving  of  the  God  of  Wisdom,  Ganesha, 
in  this  wood  from  Madras. 

On  the  lower  shelves  note  Andaman  Redwood  or 
Andaman  Padauk  {Pterocarpus  dalhergioides^  Roxb.). 
A  very  large  tree  of  the  Andaman  forests.  The  wood  is 
hard,  close-grained,  of  a  deep  red  colour  and  durable, 
and  is  largely  exported  to  Europe  and  America  for 
furniture,  railway-carriages,  balustrades,  &c.  Note  also 
wood  and  gum  of  Pad  AUK  of  Burma  (P.  macrocarpuSy 
Kurz.).  The  wood  is  harder  and  heavier  than  the 
Padauk  of  the  Andamans,  and  is  probably  not  used 
outside  Burma. 

No.  207.  African  Rosewood  {Pterocarpus  erina- 
cms,  Poir.),  from  the  Gambia.  BoiS  RoUGE  or  Santal 
Rouge  of  Gabon.  This  species  affords  African  Kino 
of  commerce,  specimens  of  which  are  exhibited  ;  it  was 
the  original  source  of  the  drug  which  derives  its  name 
from  Kano,  which  the  tree  was  called  in  the  Mandingo 
language. 

Note  sample  of  wood,  and  small  box  of  Amboyna 
Wood,  a  beautiful  ornamental  wood,  said  to  be  imported 
from  Singapore,  and  supposed  to  be  furnished  by  a 
species  of  Pterocarpus.  It  is  sometimes  known  as  KiA- 
BOocA  Wood, 

Observe  on  the  middle  shelf  of  the  first  compartment  Q^gjj 
of  this  case  YoRUBA  INDIGO  from  Loncliocarpus  cyanes-  37^ 
cens,  Bth.,  also  yarns  dyed  with  it  from  Sierra  Leone. 
Note  also  cordage  made  from  fibre  of  Derris  uUginosa, 
Bth.,  from  Ceylon,  and  TOOBA  roots  {Derris  elliptica, 
Bth.),  from  Singapore,  where  they  are  used  as  a  fish 
poison. 

Wood,  fruits,  and  oil  of  Pongamia  glabra.  Vent.,  are 
here  exhibited.  The  pods  and  leaves  are  used  in  native 
medicine  in  India,  and  the  oil  expressed  from  the  seeds 
is  also  used  both  medicinally  and  for  burning. 


72 

CASE        On  the  bottom  shelf  are  fine  specimens  of  the  wood  and 

57.       bark   of    the    WHITE    DOGWOOD   of    Jamaica   (Piscidia 

Erythrina^  L.).     The  powdered  leaves  and  twigs  are  used 

to  poison  fish  ;  the  root  bark  is  used  in  the  United  States 

as  a  narciotic. 

On  an  upper  shelf  of  the  next  compartment  note  fruits 
and  bark  of  Macayo  of  Mexico  (Andira  excelsa,  H.B. 
and  K.)-     The  bark  is  used  for  tanning. 

Near  these  are  specimens  of  Araroba  or  GOA  Powder 
afforded  by  a  Brazilian  tree  described  under  the  name 
Andira  Araroba,  Aguiar.  Specimens  of  the  plant  in  the 
Kew  Herbarium  agree  more  nearly  with  the  genus  Tipii- 
ana,  therefore  it  is  greatly  to  be  desired  that  specimens 
of  the  Goa  powder  plant,  together  with  the  fruits  should 
be  forwarded  to  Kew  for  determination.  GOA  powder  is 
^extensively  used  in  India  and  in  other  tropical  countries, 
where  coolie  labour  is  employed,  for  the  treatment  of  ring- 
worm and  other  cutaneous  affections.  Also  Cabbage 
Tree  Bark  of  Jamaica  (Andira  ijiermis^  H.B.  and  K.), 
used  in  the  West  Indies  as  an  anthelmintic.  Fruits  and 
wood  of  this  species  are  also  shown. 

Note  walking  sticks  and  ruler  of  Partridge  Wood, 
believed  to  be  furnished  by  a  species  of  Andira.  The 
wood  is  imported  from  Brazil,  and  is  also  employed  for 
cabinet-making,  turnery,  &c. 

Canaran  or  Bastard  Tonquin  seed  {Geoffroea,  sp. 
near  G.  superha,  H.  &  B.),  imported  from  Brazil. 

On  the  middle  shelf,  note  pods,  seeds,  and  oil  of 
Dipieryx  oleifera,  Bth.,  known  as  the  Ebor  tree  of  the 
Mosquito  shore.  The  fruits  and  seeds  are  very  similar  to 
those  of  D.  odorata,  but  are  entirely  devoid  of  fragrance. 
A  large  quantity  of  fatty  oil  is  obtained  from  the  seeds, 
used  by  the  natives  as  a  hair  oil,  and  said  to  be  used  in 
the  composition  of  Macassar  oil. 

No.  208.  Tonquin  Be ans  (Z)^>^eryr  o^ora^a, Willd.), 
from  Guiana.  They  are  very  fragrant,  with  the  odour  of 
new-mown  hay,  and  are  largely  used  by  perfumers  for 
bouquets,  and  in  the  preparation  of  sachet  powders.  The 
tree  grows  to  a  large  size  and  produces  a  hard  wood, 
sections  of  which  are  shown. 

On  a  lower  shelf  observe  specimens  of  CAMWOOD 
produced  by  Baphia  nilida^  Lodd.,  a  West  African  shrub 


73 

^  or  10  feet    high.      The    heart- wood    is    imported    for    CASE 
■dyeing  a  deep  red  colour.  37. 

On  the  upper  shelf  of  the  next  compartment  note  pods, 
seeds,  and  wood  of  Frigolito  {Sopliora  secundifiora^ 
Lag.),  of  New  Mexico.  The  seeds  contain  an  exceedingly- 
poisonous  .alkaloid,  known  as  Sophoria,  and  the  Indians 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  San  Antonio  use  them  as  an 
intoxicant,  half  a  bean  producing  exhilaration,  followed 
by  sleep  lasting  two  or  three  days,  and  a  whole  bean  being 
sufficient  to  kill  a  man. 

Note  also  section  of  the  wood  of  Sophora  japonica,  L., 
a  well-known  ornamental  tree  of  China.  Also  Wai-fa, 
flower  buds  of  the  same  species,  used  by  the  Chinese  for 
dyeing  yellow,  or  rather  for  rendering  blue  cottons  and 
silks  green. 

On  a  lower  shelf  observe  pods  of  the  MORETON  BAY 
Chestnut  or  Bean  Tree  (Castanospermu?n  australe^ 
A.  Cunn.).  The  seeds  are  steeped  in  w^ater  for  Several 
days,  dried  and  roasted,  then  ground  into  a  coarse  meal, 
which  is  made  into  cakes  and  used  as  food  by  the 
aborigines.  The  wood  has  been  recommended  for 
cabinet  work. 

Note  also  the  bright  red  seeds,  with  a  black  blotch,  of 
several  species  of  Ormosia, 

No.  209.    Balsam  op  Tolu,  furnished  by  Myroxylon    CASE 
Tolidfera^  H.B.  and  K.    The  tree,  which  grows  to  a  height       38« 
of  80  feet,  is  often  unbranched  for  a  distance  of  40  to  60 
feet  from  the  ground.     It  is  a  native  of  Venezuela  and 
Colombia,   where    the    balsam    is    collected   by   making 
V-shaped  incisions  through  the  bark  to  the  wood  of  the 
growing  tree,  and  inserting  cups  made  of  calabashes,  as    ' 
shown  in  the  specimen  exhibited.     The  balsam  is  finally 
put  into    cjdindrical    tins    for    exportation    to    Europe. 
Balsam  of  Tolu  is  used  in  medicine  as  an  expectorant 
and   stimulant.      Tolu   lozenges  are  well    known    as    a 
remedy  for  allaying  coughs. 

No.  210.  Balsam  of  Peru,  yielded  by  Myroxylon 
Pereirae,  Klotzsch,  a  spreading  tree  about  50  feet  high, 
found  in  woods  on  the  Sonsonate  Coast,  San  Salvador, 
Central  America.  To  collect  the  balsam  the  bark  is 
beaten  and  removed,  heat  is  then  applied  with  a  torch  to 


74 

CASE  the  bared  portion  of  the  trunk,  which  is  covered  with 
38.  cloths.  These  when  saturated  with  balsam  are  boiled 
in  water  for  some  time,  the  cloths  being  finally  wrung 
in  a  rope  press,  such  as  is  exhibited.  By  this  means 
very  little  of  the  balsam  is  wasted.  When  it  is  cooled 
the  water  is  poured  off,  and  the  balsam  transferred  to 
the  canisters  for  exportation.  One  of  these  canisters  is 
shown,  together  with  two  eartheuAvare  jars,  such  as  were 
formerly  used  for  the  purpose.  Balsam  of  Peru  is  used 
in  perfumery,  in  the  manufacture  of  soap,  and  to  a  slight 
extent  in  medicine,  in  cases  of  bronchitis,  asthma,  &c. 
Fruits  and  wood  of  the  tree  are  also  shown. 

Sub-Order  II.  Caesalpinieae.  On  an  upper  shelf  of 
the  next  compartment  of  this  case  are  seeds  of  the  Chiga 
(Campsiandra  comosa,  Bth.),  and  starch  obtained  from 
them  from  the  Upper  Orinoco,  where  the  flour  or  starch 
is  used  for  making  bread  and  tarts. 

Note  samples  of  Peach  Wood,  Brazil  Wood,  and 
Lima  Wood,  dye  woods  usually  attributed  to  Caesalpinia 
echinata,  Lam.  The  sources  of  these  woods  are,  however, 
not  satisfactorily  known.  Authentic  specimens  of  leaves 
and  flowers  would  be  valuable.  [Braziletto  wood  is 
the  product  of  Peltophorum  Linnaei^  Bth.  (Caesalpinia 
brasiliensis,  L.),  native  of  Jamaica  and  some  other  West 
Indian  Islands,  but  not  of  Brazil.] 

On  the  lower  shelves  are  pods  of  several  species  of 
Caesalpinia  from  South  America,  East  Indies,  &c.,  the 
more  important  being  Tarra  (C  tinctoria^  Domb.),  used 
in  Lima  for  making  ink.  Pods  and  leaves  of  Barbados 
Pride  {C,  2^ulch('rrima,  Sw.)  used  in  the  East  Indies  as  a 
substitute  for  Senna.  Pods  of  Tereb,  Teri,  or  TOWRI 
((7.  digyna,  Rottl.)  from  Assam,  used  for  tanning.  Also 
pods,  entire  and  pounded — showing  the  amount  of  resin 
contained  in  them  — of  C.  hrevifolia,  Baill.  (Balsamocar- 
pum  brevifolium,  67os.),  from  Santiago,  likewise  used  for 
tanning  and  known  as  Algarrobo. 

No.  211.  Divi  Divi  pods  {Caesalpinia  coriaria, 
Willd.).  A  powerful  astringent  imported  from  the  East 
and  West  Indies  and  South  America  for  the  use  of  tan- 
ners. Specimens  are  exhibited  from  Maracaibo,  Savanilla, 
und  other  parts,  also  leather  tanned  with  the  pods. 


75 

No.  212.    Pods  and  seeds  of  Caesalpinia  Bonducella,    CASE 
Flem.,   a   common    climbing    shrub   on   tropical   shores.       38. 
Seeds  are  exhibited  that  have  been  washed  up  on  the 
shores  of   Kaffraria,  Tristan  d'Acunha,  and  St.  Helena  ; 
they  are  also  occasionally  washed  up  on  the  Irish,  Scotch, 
and  Norwegian  coasts. 

The  seeds,  known  as  NiCKBR  NUTS,  are  used  in  India 
in  medicine.  Their  principal  use,  however,  is  for  making 
into  bracelets,  necklaces,  rosaries,  &c.  They  are  of  a  slate 
colour.  An  allied  species  is  C.  Bonduc,  Roxb.,  the  seeds 
of  which  are  of  a  yellow  colour,  as  may  be  seen  from  the 
specimens. 

No.  213.  Sappan  Wood  (Caesalpinia  Sappan,  L.). 
A  red  dye-wood,  furnished  by  an  East  Indian  tree  grow- 
ing to  a  height  of  30  or  40  feet.  It  is  imported  from 
India,  Siam,  and  Ceylon. 

No.  214.  Logwood.  The  heart  wood  of  Haemato-  CASE 
xijlon  campechianum,  L.,  a  small  spreading  tree  of  39. 
Central  America  introduced  into  Jamaica  in  1715,  and 
now  naturalised.  The  wood  is  imported  in  logs,  which 
are  cut  up  into  chips  and  ground  for  the  use  of  dyers  and 
printers.  Esteemed  as  one  of  the  best  deep-red  and 
black  dyes.     Medicinally  Logwood  is  a  mild  astringent. 

Note '  wood  and  pods  of  the  Kentucky  Coffee 
Tree  {Gymnocladus  canadensis,  Lam.).  The  wood  is 
occasionally  used  in  America  for  cabinet-work,  posts, 
rails,  &c.,  and  the  roasted  seeds  were  formerly  employed 
as  a  substitute  for  coffee.  The  fresh  leaves  macerated 
and  sweetened  are  sometimes  used  as  a  poison  for  house 
flies,  its  action  is  said  to  resemble  that  of  the  Calabar 
Bean  (see  No.  196). 

Observe  a  mounted  specimen  with  pod  of  Gymnocladiis 
chinensis,  Baill.  From  the  pods  a  soapy  substance  is 
obtained,  used  by  the  Chinese  for  washing  purposes. 
They  are  steeped  for  two  days  in  water,  and  the  liquid 
resulting  is  used  as  soft  soap,  or  it  can  be  dried  into  hard 
soap.  Note  also  pods  of  Oleditschia  sinensis,  Lam.  The 
ashes  of  these  are  used  by  the  Chinese  to  restore 
animation  in  partially  drowned  persons,  and  the  pods 
themselves  are  used  as  soap.  On  the  top  of  the  case  is  a 
section  of  the  remarkable  spiny  stem  of  this  species. 


7^ 


CASE  Wood  and  pods  of  the  HONEY  LOCUST  of  North 
39.  America  (Gleditschia  triacanthos,  L.),  are  also  shown,  as 
well  as  pods  of  Wagatea  spicata^  Dalz.,  a  robust  prickly- 
climber  of  Western  India,  which  contain  a  large  per- 
centage of  tannin. 

In  the  next  compartment  of  this  case  are  various 
products  of  the  genus  Cassia.  On  an  upper  shelf  are 
specimens  of  the  wood  of  Cassia  siamea,  Lam.,  a 
moderate-sized  tree  of  India,  Ceylon,  the  Malay  Peninsula, 
and  Siam ;  the  heartwood  is  dark  brown,  and  often 
beautifully  marked.  It  is  used  in  Burma  for  walking 
sticks,  mallets,  &c. 

Negro  Coffee,  the  seeds  of  Cassia  occidentalism  L., 
naturalised  in  Tropical  Africa,  where  they  are  used,  as 
well  as  in  Central  America  and  the  West  Indies,  as  a 
substitute  for  coffee. 

No.  215.  Pods,  seeds,  and  bark,  of  the  Tanner's 
Cassia  (Cassia  au^Hculata,  L.),  a  shrub  common  in 
Central  and  Southern  India.  The  bark  is  one  of  the 
most  valuable  of  Indian  tans,  and  the  wood  is  converted 
into  native  tooth  brushes.  The  root  is  employed  in 
tempering  iron  and  steel.  In  the  South  of  Ceylon,  it  is 
known  as  the  Matura  Tea  plant,  its  leaves  being 
infused  as  a  substitute  for  tea. 

On  the  lower  shelves  are  pods  and  seeds  of  Cassia 
Tora,  L.,  an  annual  weed  widely  spread  in  India  and  the 
tropics  generally.  The  seeds  yield  a  yellow  dye  and 
are  employed  in  India  in  the  treatment  of  cutaneous 
affections.  Also  pods  and  seeds  of  C.  Sophera,  L.,  a 
species  which  contains  chrysophanic  acid.  Note  also  the 
woody  pods  of  C.  grandls^  L.,  the  produce  of  a  tree  of 
Brazil. 

No.  216.  Pods  of  the  PURGING  Cassia  (Cassia 
Fistula,  L.),  an  ornamental  tree,  30  to  50  feet  high, 
bearing  numerous  racemes  of  bright  yellow  flowers.  It  is 
a  native  of  Tropical  Asia,  and  is  frequently  planted  in  the 
West  Indies,  Central  America,  Brazil,  &c.  The  pods,  are 
pendulous,  often  2  feet  long,  cylindric,  and  when  ripe, 
of  a  dark  purplish  brown.  They  contain  a  large 
number  of  small  seeds,  each  embedded  in  pulp,  of  a 
blackish-brown  colour,  which  has  a  sweetish  taste,  and  is 


77 

used  in  medicine  as  a  mild  laxative.     They  are  imported    CASE 
from   the   East  and   West  Indies,  but   chiefly  from  the       39. 
latter.     Wood,   bark  and   gum   of   this  species   are   also 
shown.      The  bark  is  in  considerable  demand  in  some 
parts  of  India  for  tanning  purposes. 

Observe  specimens  of  American  Senna,  the  leaflets 
of  Cassia  mari/Jandica,  L.,  a  perennial  herb,  3  or  4  feet 
high,  common  on  low  sandy  ground  throughout  the 
United  States.  American  Senna  is  usually  found  in 
commerce  in  compressed,  oblong  cakes,  often  containing 
leaflets,  petioles  and  flowers. 

No.  217.  Alexandrian  or  Nubian  Senna  (Cassia 
acuiifolia,  Delile).  A  shrub  about  2  feet  high,  native 
principally  of  Nubia,  Sennaar,  and  Kordofan.  This  kind 
of  senna  is  imported  in  large  bales  from  Alexandria, 
hence  its  name.  It  is  sometimes  adulterated  with  Argel 
leaves  (Solenostemma  Argel,  Hayne).     [See  case  78.] 

No.  218.  Arabian  or  Tinnivelly  Senna  (Cassia 
angustifolia^  Vahl).  A  small  shrub  of  Southern  Arabia, 
Somali  Land,  Scinde,  and  the  Punjab.  The  leaflets  when 
gathered  and  dried  form  part  of  the  senna  of  commerce, 
known  as  Arabian,  Mocha,  Bombay,  or  East  Indian  Senna. 
These  sorts  are  exported  from  Mocha,  Aden  and  other 
ports  of  the  Red  Sea  to  Bombay,  from  whence  they  are  re- 
exported to  Europe  and  America.  They  are  regarded  in 
commerce  as  of  inferior  quality  in  consequence  of  their 
being  carelessly  dried  and  often  mixed  with  portions  of 
legumes,  stalks  and  flowers.  All  the  Sennas  are  purgative. 
The  kind  known  as  Tinnivelly  Senna  is  furnished  by  the 
same  plant  grown  in  Southern  India,  and  on  account  of 
its  more  luxuriant  growth  and  careful  preparation,  is 
considered  in  commerce  as  a  fine  kind.  The  best  Senna, 
however,  is  that  afforded  by  C.  acuti folia. 

Observe  also  specimens  of  Italian,  Tripoli,  or 
Jamaica  Senna  (C.  obovata,  CoUad.),  the  first  kind 
known  to  botanists,  a  shrubby  perennial  found  in  Egypt, 
Nubia,  Abyssinia  and  Tripoli.  Cultivated  in  Italy  in  the 
first  half  of  the  16th  century,  and  now  naturalised  in 
Jamaica. 

No.  219.    CaroBj   St.  John's   Bread  or  Locust   CASE 
Bean,  the  pods  of   Ceratonia  Siliqua,  L.,  a  branching       40. 


78 

CASE    tree  about  30  feet  high,  native  of  the  Mediterranean  coast, 

40.  It  is  cultivated  for  the  sake  of  the  pods  which  contain  a 
quantity  of  saccharine  pulp,  and  are  used  in  Southern 
Europe  for  feeding  horses,  mules,  pigs,  and  even  for 
human  beings  in  times  of  scarcity.  Large  quantities  are 
imported  into  this  country  and  form  one  of  the  ingredients 
of  concentrated  cattle  foods.  The  small  seeds  are  said  to 
have  been  the  original  carat  weight  of  the  jewellers.  The 
knotted  branches  when  straightened  make  excellent 
walking  sticks,  for  which  purpose  they  were  at  one  time 
imported  in  large  quantities ;  specimens  are  shown,  as  well 
as  the  wood  itself. 

On  the  lower  shelves  observe  various  specimens  of  the 
woods,  pods,  barks  and  fibres,  and  cordage  made  from  the 
fibres  of  various  species  of  Baiihinia.  The  Indian  species 
represented  are  B.  racemosa,  Lam.,  B,  variegata^  L., 
B.  retusa,  Ham.,  B  iricemosa,  Lam.,  and  B.  malaharica, 
Eoxb. 

No.  220.  Rain  Caps  (Ghooms)  made  of  leaves  of 
Baiihinia  Vahlii,  W.  &  A.;  also  platters,  and  bellows  used 
for  smelting  iron  by  native  smiths  in  Central  India. 

Observe  in  the  last  compartment  of  this  case  stems  of 
species  of  Baiihinia^  showing  a  remarkable  mode  of 
growth,  being  flattened  and  corrugated  in  the  middle  ;  they 
are  termed  "Land-turtles  Ladders."  Also  sections  of 
stems  showing  anomalous  structure,  and  pods  of  unnamed 
species  of  Bauhinia,  Macrolohium^  and  allied  genera. 
Sections  of  the  trunk  of  the  JuDAS  TREE  {Cercis  Siliquas- 
trum,  L.)  are  also  shown. 

CASE        No.  221.     JURUPARI,    sent  by  Mr.  Spruce  from  the 

41.  Uaupes,  a  branch  of  the  Amazon,  where  they  are  used  on 
the  occasion  of  certain  superstitious  rites  as  musical  instru- 
ments. They  are  wrapped  up  in  the  folds  of  Eperuu 
grandifiora^  Bth. 

On  the  middle  shelf  of  this  compartment  are  woods, 
pods,  seeds  &c.  of  the  Wallaba  of  British  Guiana 
(Eperua  falcata,  Aubl.).  The  wood  is  used  for  shingles 
and  vat  staves.  Note  also  Gum  and  Frankincense  from 
the  BUNGO  Tree  of  Sierra  Leone  (Daniella  thurifera 
Benn.),  and  Ogea  Gum  and  wood  from  West  Tropical 


79 

Africa  believed  to  be  derived  from  one  or  more  species  of    CASE 
Cyanothyrsus  so  far  undetermined.  41, 

No.  222.  War  Clubs  from  the  Fiji  Islands  made 
of  the  dense  hard  wood  of  Afzelia  hijuga,  A.  Gray.  A 
native  pillow,  cannibal  fork  and  dish,  kava  bowl,  spear 
(over  the  c^-se),  and  other  articles  made  of  the  wood  from 
the  Pacific  Islands. 

No.  223.  Tamarinds.  The  pulp  of  the  pods  of 
Tarnarindus  indica,  L.,  imported  from  India  and  the 
West  Indian  Islands.  That  from  India  is  usually  in  the 
form  of  a  clammy  dark  mass,  consisting  of  the  pulp  and 
seeds,  whilst  that  from  the  West  Indies  is  of  a  lighter 
colour,  and  generally  preserved  in  sugar  syrup.  The 
name  Tamarind  appears  to  be  derived  from  the  Arabic 
Tamar-Hindi  (Indian  Date).  The  tree  grows  to  a  height 
of  60  to  80  feet,  with  a  wide  spreading  head  of  dense 
foliage.  It  is  now  found  in  all  tropical  countries,  but 
Africa  is,  in  all  probability,  its  country  of  origin.  Culti- 
vated chiefly  for  its  fruits,  in  warm  countries  it  is  often 
grown  as  a  shade  tree,  or  for  the  fragrance  of  its  flowers. 
Tamarinds  have  laxative  properties  and  an  agreeable  acid 
taste,  and  in  hot  countries  are  used  to  make  cooling 
drinks.  Dried  fruits,  gum  and  wood  are  shown.  The 
latter  is  very  heavy  and  sinks  in  water  ;  a  table  made  of 
it  is  exhibited  in  Museum  No.  III. 

No.  224.  Wood  of  West  Indian  Locust  Tree, 
SiMiRi  of  British  Guiana  (Hymenaea  Gou7^haril,  L.), 
tough  and  close-grained,  valuable  for  treenails  and  timber 
of  steam-engines.  Some  of  the  Brazilian  Locust  trees, 
according  to  Yon  Martins,  attain  a  size  so  great  that  15 
Indians  with  outstretched  arms  could  just  embrace  one  of 
them.  A  resin  resembling  Anime  exudes  from  the  trunk 
and  is  found  in  lumps  at  the  bases  of  old  trees.  It  is  used 
for  varnish  making.  Samples  of  the  resin  as  well  as  of 
the  woody  pods  are  shown. 

No.  225.  Metatb  or  Trough  made  of  the  wood  of 
Hymenaea  Courharil,  L.  Used  by  the  Caribs  for  rubbing 
down  flour  for  making  cakes.  It  was  found  in  a  Carib 
cave  in  Dominica,  and  is  of  great  antiquity.  On  the  top 
of  Case  No.  36  is  a  native  canoe  made  of  the  bark  of 
the  tree. 


80 

Case  No.  226.  Copal  or  Anime,  various  commercial  vari- 
42.  ties.  The  produce  principally  of  Trachylobium  home- 
mannianum,  Heyne,  a  tree  of  Zanzibar.  The  best  Anime 
is  that  which  is  dug  from  the  ground  near  the  roots  of 
trees,  or  where  the  trees  once  stood,  and  is  in  a  semi-fossil 
state.  Specimens  of  recent  Copal  attached  to  the  bark  of 
the  tree  are  exhibited,  also  fruits  of  the  Copal  tree. 
Specimens  of  the  flower  and  fruit  of  other  Copal  trees 
are  much  desired.  T.  verrucosum,  Oliv.,  of  Madagascar 
is  a  closely  allied  species. 

Note  on  an  upper  shelf  of  the  next  division  of  this  case 
a  section  of  the  trunk  with  Copal  exuding,  of  an  undeter- 
mined species  of  Trachijlobium,  together  with  another 
sample  of  the  copal,  from  the  Congo. 

Observe  also  fruits  of  the  Dattock  of  the  Gambia 
{Detarium  senegalense,  Gmel.).  The  edible  pulp  is  prized 
by  the  negroes. 

No.  227.  Balsam  of  Copaiba.  An  oleo-resin  obtained 
by  making  incisions  in  the  trunks  of  several  species  of 
Gopai/era,  the  principal  of  which  is  C.  Lansdo7\ffii^  Desf., 
a  tree  widely  distributed  in  Brazil,  varying  in  height  from 
that  of  a  shrub  to  60  feet.  The  other  species  which  yield 
Balsam  of  Copaiba  are  G.  officinalis^  L.,  a  native  of 
Venezuela,  Trinidad  and  Central  America ;  G.  Martii^ 
Hayne,  of  British  Guiana  and  North  Brazil ;  C.  guyanensis, 
Desf.,  of  the  same  localities,  and  probably  some  other 
species.  The  balsam  as  it  flows  from  the  trees  is  very  thin 
and  colourless,  but  soon  becomes  thicker  and  assumes  a 
yellow  tint.  It  is  imported  from  Maracaibo,  Rio  Janeiro, 
Demerara,  Carthagena,  and  some  of  the  West  Indian 
Islands,  and  reaches  this  country  often  by  way  of  Havre 
or  New  York.  A  specimen  of  the  stem  of  a  species  of 
Gopaifera  is  exhibited  showing  the  balsam  exuding. 

No.  228.     Purple  Heart,  the  wood  of  Gopaifera. 
pubiflora,  Benth.     A  large  timber  tree  of  British  Guiana, 
where  the  wood,  which  is  of  a  beautiful  purple  colour 
when   freshly   cut,   is   used   for   structural    purposes   on 
account  of  its  great  strength  and  durability. 

On  the  lower  shelves  are  various  specimens  of  African 
Copal  : — Lisbon  Copal,  recent  and  fossil ;  Pebbly 
Copal  ;  a  fine  mass  of  Accra,  and  another  sample  from 


81 

the  Gold  Coast  ;  and  Benguela  ;  all  probably  furnished    CASE 
by  species  of  Gopaifera.     Specimens  are  also  exhibited       42. 
of  the  Sierra  Leone  Copal  {Copaifera  guibou?^tiana, 
Bth.).     Inhambane    Copal  is  produced   by   Copaifera 
gorskiana^  Bth. 

In  the  last  compartment  of  this  case  are  sections  of  the 
hard  wood  of  Anjan  {Hardwichia  hinata,  Roxb.),  a 
large  deciduous  Indian  tree.  The  wood  is  extremely 
durable,  and  is  employed  in  India  for  bridge  and  house 
posts  and  ornamental  work.  Note  also  rope  made  from 
the  bark,  and  resin  yielded  by  the  tree.  The  tree  is  much 
pollarded  for  fodder  and  manure.  Samples  of  resin  and 
oleo-resin  from  H.  pinnata,  Roxb.,  are  also  shown. 

No.  229.  Wood,  pods  and  bark  of  Mora  (Dimor- 
pJiandra  Mora,  Bth.).  A  tree  100  to  1.50  feet  high,  and 
frequently  unbranched  for  nearly  half  the  height  ;  native 
of  Britisb  Guiana.  The  trunk  is  often  from  Z  to  2\  feet 
in  diameter.  The  wood  is  extremely  hard  and  durable, 
and  considered  first-class  for  shipbuilding  ;  it  does  not, 
however,  resist  the  Teredo,  as  a  specimen  in  the  case  will 
show.  A  large  square  trunk  of  Mora  wood  is  exhibited 
in  Museum  No.  III.,  British  Guiana  Coll.  No.  13b.  The 
seeds,  which  are  very  large,  are  eaten  by  the  natives  in 
times  of  scarcity. 

Observe  embryos,  in  spirit,  of  Dimorphandra  olelfera, 
Triana,  from  Rio  Grande,  Panama.  One  measures  14  inches 
round  and  6^  inches  in  the  widest  part.  This  is  probably 
the  largest  embryo  in  the  vegetable  kingdom. 

No.  230.  Sassy  Bark  of  Sierra  Leone  {Erythro-  CASE 
plileum  giiineense,  G.  Don).  A  tree  40  to  100  feet  high,  43. 
native  of  tropical  Africa.  The  bark  is  a  powerful  poison, 
and  is  used  by  the  native  tribes  as  an  ordeal  (called 
Casca  on  Lower  Congo,  used  merely  as  a  strong  emetic 
"  to  bring  up  the  devil  ";  MWAVI  in  Makua  country).  A 
red  juice  flows  from  the  tree,  which  is  used  for  the  same 
purpose. 

Sub-Order  III.  Minioseae.  On  the  middle  shelf  of 
this  compartment  are  shown  pods  and  seeds  of  the 
OWALA  or  Opochala  of  West  Africa  (Pentaclethra 
macrophylla,  Bth.).     The  pods  are  very  thick  and  woody 

25782  F 


82 

CASE    and  the  valves  powerfully  hygroscopic.     The  seeds  are 
43.       edible  and  contain  45  per  cent,  of  oil  or  fat  suitable  for 
candle  and  soap-making,  and  30  per  cent,  of  albuminoids, 
suitable,  after  the  expression  of  the  oil,  for  cattle  food. 

On  the  lower  shelves  are  pods,  &c.,  of  various  species 
of  ParMa,  of  which  note  Cafe  de  Soudan,  the  seeds  of 
Parkia  africana,  R.  Br.,  which,  when  roasted  are  used  as 
a  substitute  for  coffee  and  chocolate  ;  the  tree  was  long 
supposed  to  be  identical  with  Cola  {see  p.  29). 

No.  231.  Pods  of  Cacoon,  Mackay  Bean,  Sea 
Bean  {Entada  scandens,  Bth.).  A  large  woody  climber, 
widely  distributed  in  the  tropics.  Some  of  the  legumes 
measure  4  feet  in  length  by  4  or  5  inches  in  breadth. 
The  seeds  are  about  2  inches  across,  dark  brown,  hard  and 
shining,  and  are  often  made  into  spoons  or  small  boxes, 
and  are  used  for  crimping  linen.  They  are  also  eaten  by 
natives  in  North  Queensland  after  baking,  pounding  and 
steeping  in  water  in  a  dilly  bag  for  12  hours.  This 
process  is  probably  necessary  on  account  of  the  presence 
of  saponin  which  is  to  some  extent  poisonous.  These 
seeds  are  frequently  washed  up  on  shores  distant  from 
the  place  of  growth  ;  specimens  are  exhibited  that  have 
been  so  washed  up  on  the  coasts  of  Western  Europe  and 
Africa,  from  the  tropics  to  the  North  Cape.  Observe  the 
curiously  twisted  stem  of  this  plant,  also  fibre  and  rope 
prepared  from  it.  Under  the  name  of  SiNTOH  or  GOGO 
the  stem  is  beaten  out,  dried  and  used  in  place  of  soap  in 
Perak. 

No.  232.  NiOPE  Snuff,  made  from  the  pods  of 
PijJtadenia  peregrbia,  Bth.,  by  the  Indian  tribes  of  the 
Rio  Negro,  Brazil,  with  the  instruments  used  in  its  pre- 
paration.    The  pods  are  also  shown. 

On  an  upper  shelf  of  the  next  compartment  observe 
sample  of  Angico  gum  from  Pipiadenia  macrocarpa^ 
Bth.,  introduced  into  London  from  Brazil  in  1888  under 
the  name  of  Brazilian  Gum  Arabic.  Specimens  of 
the  wood  and  bark  are  shown.  Note  also  bark  of 
Barbatimao  {Stryphnodendron  Barhatimam^  Mart.), 
from  Brazil.  It  has  astringent  properties  and  is  used  for 
tanning. 


83 

No.  233.  Red  Wood,  or  sometimes  called  Red  CASE 
Sandal  Wood  {Adenanthera  %)avonina^  L.).  A  43. 
deciduous  tree  of  India,  Malay  Islands,  China  and  the 
Philippines.  The  heart-wood  is  red,  hard,  and  close- 
grained,  and  is  used  in  South  India  for  hou^e-building, 
cabinet  purposes,  and  as  a  red  dye.  The  seeds  are  worn 
as  necklaces  by  the  women  and  children,  and  are  used  as 
weights  by  goldsmiths  and  jewellers,  weighing  on  an 
average  four  grains  each.     They  also  yield  an  oil. 

Note  roots  of  Elephantorrhiza  Burchellii,  Bth.,  known 
as  Elands  Bontjes,  occasionally  imported  into  this 
country  from  Natal  for  tanning  purposes  ;  note  also  the 
curious  pods  of  Tetrapleura  Thonningii,  Bth.,  from  West 
Africa,  remarkable  for  the  strong  ridge  down  the  back  of 
each  valve.  They  contain  saponine  and  are  sold  in  the 
markets  of  Sierra  Leone  for  washing  purposes  and  are 
also  occasionally  imported  into  this  country  as  a  soap 
substitute. 

On  a  lower  shelf  observe  wood  of  the  Mesquit  Tree 
(Prosopis  jaliflora^  DC.)  from  Jamaica,  where  it  is  known 
as  Cash  AW.  The  wood  is  hard  and  durable,  and  a  gum 
resembling  Gum  Arabic  exudes  from  the  trunk.  The 
leaves,  shoots  and  pods  are  used  to  feed  cattle.  In  dry 
weather  the  pods  are  said  to  be  as  nutritious  as  corn  ;  but 
after  rains  horses  often  die  from  the  distention  due  to  the 
germination  of  the  seed  in  the  stomach.  It  is  a  nativ'e  of 
the  West  Indies  and  Central  America.  P.  pubescens,  Bth., 
sometimes  called  the  Screw  Mesquit  of  which  the 
twisted  pods  are  also  used  as  fodder,  is  found  in  Texas, 
New  Mexico  and  California. 

No.  234.     Candlestick,   work-bags,   and    other   orna-    CASE 
mental  articles  formed  of   the   shining   brown   seeds  of       44. 
Leucaena  glauca,  Bth.,  a  low  erect  tree,  probably  native 
of  Tropical  America,  but  now  widely  spread  throughout 
Tropical  Asia  and  Africa. 

No.  235.  Iron  WOOD  of  Pegu  and  Arracan  (Xylia 
dolahriformis,  Bth.).  A  large  deciduous  forest  tree. 
The  timber  is  durable,  heavy,  but  difficult  to  work ; 
it  is  however  largely  used  for  railway  sleepers  in  Burma 
and  India,  and  is  also  recommended  for  paving  blocks,  &c. 


,84 

CASE    Tanning  extract  is  obtained  from  the  wood,  specimens  of 
44.       which  are  shown. 

No.  236.  Pods  and  flowers  of  Acacia  farnesiana, 
Willd.  A  shrub  or  low  tree  widely  distributed  in 
America,  East  and  West  Indies,  Australia  and  Africa,  and 
often  planted  for  its  ornamental  character  or  for  the  sake 
of  the  perfume  from  its  flowers,  known  as  Cassie.  It  is 
cultivated  largely  on  the  perfume  farms  of  the  South  of 
France,  and  thrives  better  at  Cannes  than  in  any  other 
part  of  Europe.  A  model  of  a  still  used  by  the 
perfumers  for  distilling  flowers  is  here  shown,  also  frames 
upon  which  a  layer  of  fat  is  spread,  over  which  the 
flowers  are  sprinkled,  the  perfume  being  absorbed  by  the 
fat.  The  perfume  from  flowers  is  also  obtained  by 
spreading  cloths  saturated  with  the  finest  olive  oil  over 
the  wire  frames  here  shown,  and  laying  the  flowers  upon 
these  cloths,  leaving  them  for  a  long  time  till  the  oiled 
cloths  have  absorbed  the  perfume  ;  the  oil  is  afterwards 
obtained  from  the  cloths  by  means  of  a  screw  press. 

No.  237.  Babul  Gum  from  Acacia  arctbica,  Willd., 
a  moderate-sized  tree  found  in  India,  Arabia,  Egypt, 
Tropical  and  Southern  Africa.  Numerous  samples  of 
gum  are  shown  of  very  different  character,  some  in  large 
agglutinated  blocks,  nearly  black  in  colour,  others  in 
small  roundish  colourless  tears.  It  forms  some  of  the 
East  Indian  Gum  Arabic  of  commerce,  but  is  mostly 
mixed  with  other  gums.  In  India  it  is  employed  in 
native  medicine,  dyeing  and  cloth  printing.  The  wood 
is  very  durable  if  well  seasoned,  and  is  used  in  India  for 
wheels,  sugar  and  oil  presses,  rice-pounders,  agricultural 
implements,  &c.  The  bark  is  used  for  dyeing  and 
tanninsf.  In  Scinde  and  Guzerat  large  quantities  of  lac 
are  collected  from  the  tree. 

No.  238.  Gum  Arabic,  obtained  chiefly  from 
Acacict  Senegal,  Willd.,  a  tree  about  20  feet  high,  native 
of  Senegal  and  the  Soudan.  The  gum  exudes  from  the 
branches,  "  principally  during  the  prevalence  of  the  dry 
*'  desert  winds  from  the  north  and  east,  which  blow  in 
"  the  winter  after  the  rainy  season,"  In  some  districts 
the  issue  of  the  gum  is  facilitated  by  incisions.    The  best 


85 

gum  comes  from  Kordofan.  The  gum  collected  in  CASE 
Senegal  is  mostly  shipped  to  Bordeaux  to  the  extent  of  44. 
30-35,000  cwts.  annually  for  the  last  few  years.  The 
import  of  Gum  Arabic  from  all  sources  into  the  United 
Kingdom  during  1905  amounted  to  73,222  cwts.  of 
the  value  M  £105,062.  The  bulk  of  the  imports  come 
through  Egypt. 

Though  the  best  Gum  Arabic  of  commerce  is  furnished 
by  the  species  under  notice,  other  species  furnish  inferior 
qualities.  The  following  are  the  names  of  some  of  the 
principal  Gum  Arabic  yielding  plants,  with  the  trade 
names  of  the  gums. 

Acacia  Senegal,  Willd.,  yielding  Kordofan,  Picked  Turkey, 

White  Sennaar  or  Sene- 
gal Gum. 
A.  ste^iocarjM,  Hochst.        „        Suakin,   Talca,  or    Talha 
and  A .  Seijal,  Delile,  Gum. 

var.  Fistula, 
A.  ccrabicccy 'WiWd.    ...      „        Morocco,     Mogadore, 

Brown  Barbary,  or  East 
Indian  Gum. 
A.  horrida,  Willd.  ...        „        Cape  Gum. 
A.  2^ycnuntlia,  Bth.  ... "] 
A.  decurrens,  Willd.... 

A.  dealhata,  Link.         1      „        Australian  or  Wattle  Gum. 
A.    homalophylla,    A.  ( 

Cunn.,  and  perhaps  j 

other  species  ...J 

Gum  Arabic  is  largely  used  for  giving  lustre  to  crape 
and  silk,  for  thickening  colours  and  mordants  in  calico 
printing,  in  the  manufacture  of  ink  and  blacking,  amd 
very  largely  as  a  mucilage. 

No.  239.    CuTCH  or  Black  Catechu  prepared   by 
boiling  the  heartT^^ood  and  pods  of  the  Khair  (Acacia 
Catechu,  Willd.),   and  A.   Suma,   Kurz.,  forest  trees    of  • 
India  and  Burma.     It  contains  much  tannin,  and  is  exten- 
sively exported  to  Europe  for  the  use  of  tanners. 

The  word  Catechu  signifies  tree-juice.  It  is  sometimes 
called  Terra  Japonica,  a  name  which  is  more  correctly 
applied  to  Uncaria  Gambier  (see  case  63). 


86 

CASE        Catechu  is   packed   for   exportation   in   mats,  bags,  or 

44.  boxes,  the  best  quality  coming  from  Pegu.  Bengal  and 
Burma,  however,  furnish  a  very  large  proportion  of  that 
imported  into  this  country  and  America.  Observe  fine 
samples  of  Catechu,  also  of  the  wood,  which  is  extremely 
durable,  a  rice-pounder  made  of  the  wood,  and  cordage 
prepared  from  the  bark.  This  order  {Legtiminosae)  is 
continued  oji  the  next  floor. 

Middle  Floor. 

Observe   opposite   Case   45   a   small  cabinet    made    of 

Australian  woods  containing  a  valuable  series  of  materials, 

fruits,  &c.,  from  the  ancient  Pile  dwellings  in  the  Swiss 

lakes. 

CASE        The  first  compartment  of  this  case  contains  woods,  pods, 

45.  gums,  &c.,  of  species  of  Acacia  chiefly  from  India  and 
Africa.  In  the  next  division  are  numerous  specimens  of 
the  woods,  barks  and  gums  of  Australian  species  of  Acacia, 
among  which  may  be  noted  the  bark  of  Dead  Finish 
(^Acacia  tetragonophylla,  F.  Muell.),  and  bark  of  MULGA 
{A.  aneura,  F.  Muell.),  both  of  which  are  useful  for 
tanning  purposes ;  the  hardwood  of  the  latter  species  is 
employed  by  the  aborigines  for  boomerangs,  spear-shafts, 
&c.  Note  also  specimens  of  Myall  Wood  (Acacia 
homalophylla,  A.  Cunn.),  valued  for  its  dark  colour,  hard- 
ness, and  fragrance,  resembling  fresh  violets.  It  is  much 
used  for  turners'  work,  and  for  the  manufacture  of  tobacco 
pipes.  The  odour  emitted  from  the  tree  vhen  in  flower, 
and  just  before  rain,  is  said  to  be  almost  unbearable. 

No.  240.  Australian  Blackwood  (Acacia  meZa- 
noxylon,  R.  Br.),  sometimes  called  LiGHTWOOD,  chiefly  in 
Tasmania.  A  large-sized  tree  affording  a  timber  noted 
for  its  hardness  and  durability,  by  some  people  it  is 
considered  to  be  the  most  valuable  of  all  the  Australian 
timber  trees.  It  was  introduced  into  India  more  than 
50  years  ago,  and  is  now  completely  naturalised  in  the 
Nilgiris.  The  wood  is  employed  in  Australia  for  a  great 
variety  of  purposes,  being  much  valued  for  furniture, 
picture  frames,  cabinet  work,  &c.  Specimens  are  shown 
in  the  case  and  on  the  adjoining  walls  of  axe  and  spade 
handles,  shafts  for  carriages,  wagons,  &c. 


87 

In  the  last  compartment  of  this  Case  may  be  noted  CASE 
l);irks  of  the  following  species  of  Acacia  from  Australia : —  45. 
(iiiEEN  Wattle  or  Black  Wattle  {Acacia  7noUissima^ 
Wilkl.),  Silver  Wattle  (A.  dealhata,  Link.),  and 
r.ROAD-LEAVED  or  GOLDEN  Wattle  {A.  2jycnantha, 
lu'iith.).  These  species  are  among  the  more  important 
()!  the  tanning  barks  of  New  South  Wales,  known  as 
Wattle  Barks,  the  last  named  being  described  as 
'•  the  best  of  the  Australian  tan  barks,"  and  one  of  the 
richest  tanning  barks  in  the  world.  Some  of  the  Wattles 
aie  cultivated  in  India  and  Natal.  17,513  tons  of  Black 
Wattle  bark  of  the  value  of  £102,666  were  exported  from 
IHirban  during  1905.  The  twigs  of  A.  dealhata  are  some- 
times used  for  basket-making. 

The  first  compartment  of  this  Case  contains  specimens    Q^gg 
(>i  wood  of  various  species  of  Acacia  from  Australia  of       ^g 
more    or    less    use    for    cabinet-making    and    building 
}>nrposes.     Note  also  BOOMERANGS,  Australian  weapons, 
which  recoil  when  thrown,  made  of  the  wood  of  unknown 
species  of  Acacia. 

No.  241.  Sabicu.  The  wood  of  Lysiloma  Sctbicu 
Bth.,  a  native  of  Cuba.  The  wood  is  valuable  for  its 
extreme  hardness  and  durability.  It  has  been  used  for 
shipbuilding  and  for  various  structural  purposes,  also  for 
making  shuttles,  as  a  substitute  for  boxwood.  Note  a 
specimen  of  Horseflesh  Mahogany  from  Bahamas, 
apparently  furnished  by  the  same  tree.  Also  wood  of 
Wild  Tamarind  {Lysiloma  Icdisiliqua,  Bth.),  of  Florida 
and  the  West  Indies.  Used  locally  in  boat-  and  ship- 
building. 

The  lower  portion  of  this  compartment  and  upper  part 
of  the  next  contain  numerous  specimens  of  woods,  barks, 
and  gums  of  different  species  oi  Alhizzia^  such  as  Albizzia 
procera^  Bth.,  a  large  deciduous  tree  widely  spread  in  the 
West  Indies,  Malay,  and  Philippine  Islands.  The  wood  is 
even-grained  and  durable  ;  used  for  sugar-cane  crushers, 
rice-pounders,  agricultural  implements,  &c.  A.  odoratis- 
sima^  Bth.,  also  a  large  tree  of  the  central  Himalaya,  Ceylon, 
and  Malacca.  The  wood  is  durable,  and  takes  a  good 
polish ;  it  is  used  for  wheels,  oil  mills,  and  furniture.  The 
leaves  and  twigs  are  used  as  cattle  fodder.  A,  amara,  Boiv., 


88 

CA.SE  a  native  of  South  India.  The  wood  is  very  strong,  close  " 
46.  grained,  hard,  and  durable,  and  is  used  for  beams,  native 
houses,  and  carts,  ^i.  Lehhek,  Bth.,  a  large  tree  found 
throughout  India  and  Ceylon,  West  Burma,  and  Tenas- 
serim.  It  is  often  grown  as  an  avenue  tree,  and  its  wood 
varies  greatly  in  weight  and  strength.  It  is  used  for  oil 
mills,  wheel  work,  furniture,  &c.  A  considerable  amount 
of  it  has  been  exported  to  London  of  late  years  from  the 
Andamans  as  a  furniture  wood  under  the  name  of  East  , 
Indian  Walnut.  The  leaves  and  twigs  are  used  to  feed 
camels.  A  stipulata^  Boiv.,  a  large  tree  of  the  Tropical 
Himalayas  to  Ceylon  and  Burma.  It  is  used  for  building 
purposes,  cart  w^heels,  furniture,  and  "has  been  tried  for 
"tea  boxes,  for  which  purpose  it  will  probably  suit  well." 
A  gum  exudes  freely  from  the  stem  and  is  used  for  sizing 
Daphne  paper  in  Nepal.  A.  Julihrissin,  Durazz.,  a., 
moderate-sized  tree  found  throughout  the  Himalayas,  and 
distributed  in  Abyssinia,  Eastern  and  Central  Asia,  China, 
and  Japan.  Like  all  the  species,  the  tree  is  of  rapid 
growth,  and  very  handsome  when  in  flower.  The  wood  is 
used  for  furniture. 

No.  242.  Pods  of  the  Rain  Tree  {Pithecolobiion 
Saman,  Bth.)  ;  a  native  of  the  West  Indies  and  South 
America.  The  name  of  Rain  tree  is  derived  from  its 
being  spoken  of  as  occasionally  in  South  America  dis- 
tilling moisture  to  such  an  extent  as  to  wet  the  ground 
beneath.  This  is  described  as  being  caused  by  "multi- 
"tudes  of  cicadas  sucking  the  juices  of  the  tender  young 
"  branches  and  leaves  and  squirting  forth  slender  streams 
"  of  limpid  fluid."  The  pods  are  sweet,  and  are  used  for 
feeding  cattle.  The  plant  has  been  introduced  into  India 
and  other  countries,  and  is  considered  a  valuable  shade 
tree  in  tropical  pastures.  In  India  the  phenomenon  said 
to  be  observed  in  South  America  does  not  occur.  A 
photograph  of  the  tree  is  shown,  as  well  as  a  specimen  of 
the  wood,  pods  and  seeds. 

On  the  lower  shelves  are  specimens  of  wood  and  pods 
of  several  other  species  of  Pithecolohmm.  Note  also  the 
nearly  circular  pods  of  Enterolohiwn  Timhouva^  Mart., 
known  as  the  Orejera,  and  used  as  a  detergent  in 
Columbia.  Saponin  is  found  in  all  the  organs  of  the 
plant,  but  more  especially  in  the  pericarp  of  the  fruit. 


r 


89 


Note  in  the  first  compartment  of  this  case  the  long  and    CASE 
rope-like  pods  of  Inga  ediiUs,  Mart.,  a  Brazilian  tree ;       47. 
and   wood  and  pods  of   some  undetermined  species  of 
Inga  and  miscellaneous  Leguminosae. 

Rose  Order  (Eosaceae).  A  numerous  family  of 
trees,  shFubs,  or  herbs,  abounding  principally  in 
cool  and  temperate  climates,  and  including  many  species 
of  great  importance.  The  Apple,  Cherry,  Rose,  and 
Strawberry  may  be  taken  as  familiar  types  of  the  group. 

Coco  Plum  {Ghrysohalanus  Icaco,  L.).  A  shrub  or 
small  tree  of  Tropical  Africa  and  'I'ropical  America.  On 
the  Gambia  the  seeds,  called  Varach,  are  strung  on  a 
stick  and  used  as  a  candle.  In  Honduras  the  Spanish 
settlers  express  from  them  a  bland  fine  oil.  The  fruits 
are  about  the  size  of  an  ordinary  plum,  and  are  either 
white,  purple,  red,  or  yellow.  They  have  an  acid  pulp, 
and  are  eaten  in  the  West  Indies  either  raw  or  made  into 
a  conserve.  Wood,  fruits,  and  the  strung  seeds  are 
shown. 

No.  243.  Bark  of  the  Caraipi  or  Pottery-Tree 
of  Para  {Moqiiilea  lUllis,  Hook.  f.).  The  iDOwdered  bark, 
baked  with  an  equal  quantity  of  clay,  makes  vf^ssels 
(No.  244)  for  domestic  use,  capable  of  withstanding 
a  great  amount  of  heat. 

On  the  upper  shelves  of  the  next  compartment  are . 
fruits  of  numerous  species  of  Parinarium.  The  seeds 
of  many  of  them  contain  oil,  and  are  occasionally  im- 
ported as  oil  seeds.  The  principal  of  these  are  :  OlTZlKA 
seeds  from  Brazil,  and  NiKO  seeds  from  West  Tropical 
Africa.  Specimens  in  flower  and  fruit  are  much  needed 
for  their  accurate  determination.  Mabo  seeds,  hard, 
bony,  two-celled  stones,  the  kernels  of  which  are  very 
oily,  appear  to  be  furnished  by  ParinccfHum  Mobola, 
Oliv.,  known  as  the  MOLA  plum  in  Zambesi-land. 

The  other  species,  fruits  of  which  are  exhibited,  are  the 
following  : — P.  2Jolya?idrum,  Bth.,  from  Upper  Guinea, 
the  fruit  of  which  is  described  as  "hardly  edible"; 
P.  curatellaefolium,  Planch.,  a  small  tree  of  Zanzibar  and 
the  Niger  River,  where  it  is  said  to  be  one  of  the  best 
native  fruits  ;  P.  capense,  Harv.,  a  low  shrub  of  Lower 
Guinea,  South  Central  Africa,  and  the  Cape.     The  Gray 


90 

CASE  or  Rough-skinned  Plum  of  Sierra  Leone  (P.  excelsum^ 
47.  Sabine),  a  large  tree  ;  the  pulp  of  the  fruit  is  described 
as  "  dry,  farinaceous,  and,  owing  to  the  size  of  the  stone, 
**  small  in  quantity,  with  an  insipid  taste."  The  BURI 
NUT  or  Maketa  of  the  Fijis  (jP.  lauriniim^  Gray)  ;  the 
kernels  are  beaten  up,  made  into  a  kind  of  putty,  and 
used  for  stopping  holes  in  canoes,  and  for  fixing  spear- 
heads {see  specimen  from  the  Admiralty  Islands)  to  the 
shafts. 

No.  245.  Buck  Pot  made  by  Caribs  from  the  ashes 
of  the  Kauta  bark  {Hirtella  americana^  L.)  of  British 
Guiana.     Also  specimen  of  the  bark. 

Observe  specimen  of  the  herb  of  the  Meadow  Sweet 
{Spiraea  Ulmaria,  L.),  formerly  used  in  medicine  in  this 
country. 

No.  246.  QuiLLAiA  Bark  (Quillaja  SajJonaHay 
Mol.).  An  evergreen  tree,  native  of  Chili  and  South 
Brazil.  An  infusion  of  the  bark  is  much  used  in  the 
arts  as  a  detergent  for  washing  silks,  clothes,  &c.  In 
France,  under  the  name  of  BoiS  DE  PANAMA,  a  tincture 
made  from  the  wood  is  used  as  an  agent  in  preparing 
emulsions  from  various  balsams  and  oils.  In  medicine 
it  has  been  proposed  as  a  substitute  for  Senega  root.  It 
is  imported  into  this  country  for  the  preparation  of  a  hair 
wash  and  for  other  purposes.  Recently  an  unfamiliar 
bark  has  appeared  in  commerce  as  Quillaia,  but  so  far  its 
botanical  source  remains  undetermined. 

Note  on  a  lower  shelf  wood  of  Sakura  {Priimis 
Pstudo-cerasus,  Lindl.),  used  by  the  Japanese  for  turnery, 
printing-blocks,  carving,  pipe-stems,  &c.  The  flowering 
branches  are  much  esteemed  for  ornament  and  are  con- 
stantly introduced  in  artistic  decorations. 

The  next  compartment  contains  specimens  of  wood  of 
several  species  of  Primus,  chiefly  from  North  America, 
also  specimens  of  Prune  Bark  {Prumis  occidentalism 
Sw.,  a  native  of  the  West  Indies),  and  a  liqueur  prepared 
from  it.  Wild  Black  Cherry  Bark  (P.  serotina, 
Ehrh.),  used  in  medicine  in  North  America.  Wood  of 
the  Cherry  Laurel  (Prunns  Laurocerasus,  L.),  a  well- 
known  shrub  or  small  tree,  the  leaves  of  which  yield 
hydrocyanic  acid,  and  are  used  for  making  laurel  water, 


91 

flavouring  sweetmeats,  &c.     It  is  recommended,  however,    CASE 
that   "  they   should    be   emploj^ed    with    caution,   as   on        47. 
"account  of  their  poisonous  properties  they  may  produce 
*'  injurious,  or  even  fatal  effects."     The  fruits  are  said  to 
be  eaten  in  Imeritia,  East  of  the  Black  Sea. 

Observe  wood,  bark,  and  gum,  of  the  COMMON  Cherry    CASE 
{Primus  Gerasus^  L.).     Also  walking  sticks  and  tobacco       48. 
pipes  made  of  cherry  wood.     Near   these   are   fruits   of 
Prunus  insititia,  L.,  the  officinal  prune  of  India. 

No.  247.  Plums,  the  fruits  of  Prunus  clomestica, 
L.  The  plum  tree  grows  to  15  or  20  feet  high.  The 
French  or  St.  Julien  Plum,  or  Prune,  is  the  produce  of 
a  variety,  known  as  Juliana,  grown  in  France,  chiefly  in 
ih.Q  valley  of  the  Loire,  "  especially  about  Bourgueil,  a 
"  small  town  lying  between  Tours  and  Angers."  It  is 
also  largely  grown  in  S.W.  France,  especially  in  the 
department  of  Indre-et-Loire  and  Lot-et-Garonne.  The 
fruit  when  thoroughly  ripe  is  washed,  exposed  to  the  sun 
and  then  subjected  to  three  or  even  four  cookings  on  trays 
in  immense  ovens  ;  the  cookings  each  last  six  hours,  the 
first  is  at  a  temperature  of  50°  C,  the  second  of  70'  C, 
and  the  third  of  about  90^  C.  After  each  cooking,  the 
prunes  are  exposed  to  the  air,  and  then  flattened  between 
two  cylinders  covered  with  india-rubber.  Two  claies  or 
drying  trays  are  exhibited  in  this  Case.  An  inferior  kind 
of  dried  prune  is  imported,  Avhen  French  prunes  are 
scarce,  from  Germany.  It  is  there  known  as  Quetschen 
or  Zwetschen,  and  is  the  produce  of  Prunus  domestica, 
var.  prunealina,  DC.  Another  variety  of  Prune  is  largely 
produced  in  Serbia  and  sent  chiefly  to  Austria-Hungary 
and  Germany,  to  the  value  of  about  £250,000  per  annum. 
There  is  also  an  important  Prune  industry  in  California. 

Prunes  are  valued  for  their  nutritious,  demulcent,  and 
laxative  properties.  Amongst  the  other  varieties  of  plums 
exhibited  are  Carlsbad  plums  from  Germany,  Elva  plums 
from  Portugal,  Mirabelle  Plums,  and  Greengages. 

No.  248.  Peaches,  the  fruits  of  Prunus  Persica, 
Stokes,  a  small  tree,  supposed  by  some  to  be  native  of 
Persia,  but  considered  by  De  CandoUe  to  be  probably  a 
native  of  China.     Early  introduced  to  and  cultivated  in 


92 

CASE  this  country  for  the  fruits.  The  nectarine  is  a  variety  of 
48.  the  same  species.  Peaches  from  Natal,  and  green  peaches 
from  France  are  exhibited. 

On  an  upper  shelf  of  the  next  compartment  are  dried 
Apricot  Fruits  {Prunus  armeniaca^  L.),  an  important 
article  of  food  in  the  N.W.  Himalaya.  Oil  for  lamps, 
cooking,  &c.,  is  expressed  from  the  kernels.  Observe  flat 
cake  of  compressed  Apricot  pulp,  sold  in  bazaars  at 
Damascus.  Note  on  lower  shelf  shovel  made  of  Apricot 
Wood,  used  in  water  irrigation  of  fields  in  Ladak,  and  a 
club  for  crushing  rice  in  Ladak,  made  of  the  same  wood. 

Observe  walking  sticks  made  of  the  Sloe  or  BLACK- 
THORN {Prunus  spinosa^  L.),  also  portion  of  fishing  line 
from  Essex,  the  hooks  being  formed  of  the  thorns  of  this 
plant. 

No.  249.  Jordan  and  Valencia  or  Sweet  Almonds, 
the  kernel  of  the  fruic  of  Prunus  Amygdalus,  Stokes,  var. 
dulcis^  a  tree,  cultivated  in  the  North  of  Africa,  Italy, 
Spain,  &c.  Jordan  (corruption  of  Jardyne  or  Garden,  i.e. 
cultivated)  and  Valencia  Almonds  are  imported  from 
Malaga,  without  the  shell,  and  differ  from  other  sorts  by 
their  large  size  and  oblong  form. 

No.  250.  Bitter  Almonds  chiefly  from  Barbary, 
Sicily,  (fee,  of  smaller  size  than  the  sweet  variety,  are  the 
produce  of  P.  Amygdalus,  var.  amara.  Almond  Oil  is 
pressed  from  them  on  account  of  the  greater  value  of  the 
residual  cake.  This  when  crushed  and  distilled  with 
water  yields  the  Essential  Oil,  which  is  extremely 
poisonous  owing  to  the  presence  of  Hydrocyanic  (Prussic) 
acid. 

On  a  lower  shelf  are  shown  leaves  of  Ruhus  strigosus, 
Michx.,  from  North  America  ;  also  a  sample  of  wool  dyed 
with  the  juice  of  the  fruit  of  the  common  Blackberry 
(Rubus  fruticosus^  L.). 

On  an  upper  shelf  of  the  last  compartment  of  this  case 
are  specimens  of  "Blackberry"  root  {Ruhus  occidentalism 
L.),  from  North  America.  Note  also  bundles  of  the  dried 
herbs  of  the  following  : — Avens  {Geum  urba7ium,  L.), 
Wild  Strawberry  {Fragaria  vesca,  L.),  Tormentil  {Poten- 
tilla  Tormentilla,  Neck.),  Cinquefoil  (P,  reptans^  L.), 
Silverweed    (P.  Anserina^  Ij.),   Agrimony    {Agrimonia 


93 

Eujmtoria,  L.),  Salad  Burnet  (Poterium  Sanguisorha^  L.).    CASE 
These  were  all,  at  one  time,  used  in  medicine  in  this      |y 
country,  and  are  still  used  to  a  certain  extent  in  rustic 
practice. 

No.  251.  KOUSSO  or  KOSO.  The  flowers  of  Bray  era 
anthelmifitica,  Kunth,  a  handsome  tree  about  20  feet  high, 
native  of  the  higher  mountainous  districts  of  Abyssinia, 
and  commonly  planted  near  towns  and  villages  through- 
out the  country.  For  commercial  purposes  Kousso  is 
gathered  before  the  seeds  are  ripe,  it  is  hung  in  the  sun  to 
dry,  and  then  made  up  into  bundles  or  cylindrical  rolls, 
varying  in  length  from  10  inches  to  a  foot.  These  are 
packed  in  boxes,  and  reach  England  by  way  of  Aden  or 
Bombay.  Kousso  has  a  pleasant  herby  odour,  and  a 
bitterish  acrid  taste  ;  it  is  used  as  an  anthelmintic,  and  is 
\Qvj  effectual  in  its  action  on  tape  worm.  In  large  doses 
it  has  produced  dangerous  and  even  fatal  results. 

No.  252.  Rose  Bedeguars  :  "Robin  Redbreast's 
pincushions."  Mossy  excrescences  often  found  on  the 
common  Dog-rose  (Rosa  canina)  in  hedges ;  they  are 
occasioned  by  the  puncture  of  Ehodites  Rosae^  L.  Observe 
the  Bedeguars  cut  across,  showing  the  cavities  containing 
the  larvae. 

On  an  upper  shelf  of  the  first  compartment  of  this  CASE 
case  note  Petals  of  the  French,  Provins,  or  Red  Rose  49. 
{R.  gallica,  L.),  cultivated  in  this  country  near  Mitcham, 
in  Surrey,  as  well  as  in  Oxfordshire  and  Derbyshire,  and 
to  a  large  extent  in  Holland,  and  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Paris,  for  the  petals,  which  after  being  gathered  and 
dried,  are  used,  for  colouring  medicines,  as  well  as  for 
making  confection  of  roses,  a  specimen  of  which  is 
exhibited. 

No.  253.  Attar  or  Otto  of  Roses,  obtained  by 
careful  distillation  from  the  petals  of  sweet  scented 
species  of  Rose,  Rosa  gallica,  L.,  R.  centifolia,  L., 
R.  moschata,  Herrm.,  and  R.  damascena,  Mill.,  a  cultivated 
race  of  R.  gallica.  Cultivated  on  the  lower  slopes  of  the 
Balkans,  in  Roumelia,  for  the  prodviction  of  Attar. 

For  the  manufacture  of  Attar,  the  flowers  are  collected 
before  sunrise  in  April  and  May.     They  are  distilled  as 


94 

CASE  soon  as  possible  after  gathering.  "  The  first  portions  uf 
49.  "  the  distillate  are  returned  to  the  still ;  the  second  is  set 
"  by  for  a  day  or  two,  and  kept  at  a  temperature  not  lower 
"  than  60°,  in  order  that  the  oil  may  separate.  The  oil  in 
"  a  fluid  state  is  then  skimmed  from  the  surface  of  the 
"  water  by  means  of  a  very  small  tin  funnel,  having  a 
"  fine  orifice,  and  furnished  with  a  long  handle."  The 
average  annual  produce  of  Roumelia,  from  whence  the 
London  market  is  chiefly  supplied,  is  about  4,000  lbs., 
valued  at  £60,000.  Some  Attar  is  also  obtained  in  the 
South  of  France,  Tunis,  and  Persia,  as  well  as  at  Ghaze- 
pore,  in  India.  The  Turkish  Attar  is  almost  invariably 
adulterated  with  the  oil  of  an  Indian  grass  (Andropogon). 
See  Museum  No.  2,  Cases  97  and  98.  Various  specimens 
of  Attar  are  exhibited,  together  with  the  tins  in  which  it 
is  exported,  and  a  glass  flask  in  which  the  Attar  separates 
from  the  water  and  is  skimmed  off  by  a  pipette  which  is 
also  shown. 

No.  254.  Quince  (Pyrus  Cydonia,  L.).  The  fruit 
is  eaten  stewed,  in  tarts  and  confectionery,  or  made  into 
marmalade.  Quince  seeds  are  used  in  medicine  for  their 
mucilaginous  properties.  It  grows  wild  in  the  South  of 
Europe. 

Note  near  these  a  series  of  fruits  of  JAPANESE  QuiNCE 
(Pyrus  jcqjonica,  Thb.),  from  plants  grown  in  the  Royal 
Gardens.  Also  fruits  of  Chinese  Quince  (P.  catha- 
yensis^  Hemsl.),  a  native  of  China  and  Japan. 

On  the  lower  shelf  of  this  compartment  are  specimens 
of  woods  of  several  species  of  Pyrus  from  India,  North 
America,  and  Algeria. 

No.  255.  Apple  {Pyrus  Malus,  L.).  Note  dried 
and  sliced  apples,  and  Normandy  pippins,  also  refuse 
"  Trash  "  left  in  cider  and  perry  making,  used  in  Switzer- 
land as  fuel  for  stoves.  Ordinary  Cider  contains  about  5 
to  6  per  cent,  of  Alcohol  and  about  3  per  cent,  of  ash, 
mostly  due  to  alkaline  salts.  Specimens  of  the  close  and 
even-grained  wood  are  shown,  together  with  a  gun-stock 
made  of  the  wood,  also  branches  injured  by  American 
Blight  {ScMzoneura  lanigera).  Models  of  several 
varieties  of  Apples  and  Pears  are  shown  in  a  small  case 
near  top  of  stairs. 


95 

No.  256.     Pear  (Pyrtis  communis,  L.).     Dried  and    CASE 
compressed  fraits  are  shown  together  with  specimens  of       49. 
the  hard  and  even-grained  wood  used  for  drawing  squares 
and   curves,   specimens   of   which   and   a   gun-stock   are 
exhibited. 

No.  257.  Medlar  {Pyrus  germanica,  L.).  Common 
in  many  parts  of  Europe,  and  occurring  in  English 
hedgerows. 

On  the  middle  shelf  of  this  compartment  are  specimens 
of  the  wood  of  the  Mountain  Ash  or  Rowan  tree 
{Pyrus  Aucuparia,  Gsert.) ;  useful  as  a  nurse-tree  in 
plantations,  enduring  severe  exposure.  Formerly  re- 
garded as  a  charm  against  witchcraft,  &c. 

Also  wood  of  the  Wild  Service  tree  {Pyrus  tormi- 
nails,  Ehr.),  and  on  the  lower  shelves  fruits  and  woods  of 
several  species  of  Crataegus. 

No.  258.  Wood  of  the  Hawthorn  {Crataegus 
Oxyacantha,  L.),  and  its  variety  the  Glastonbury  Thorn, 
which  flowers  sparingly  in  mid-winter.  The  wood  is 
extremely  hard,  close-grained,  and  has  been  recommended 
as  a  substitute  for  box  for  wood  engraving.  A  prepared 
block  is  exhibited. 

No.  259.    LoQUAT  or  Japanese  Medlar,  a  dessert    cASE 
fruit^afforded  by  Eriohotrya  japonica,  Lindl.     A  native       5Q 
of  China  and  Japan,  cultivated  in  most  warm  temperate 
countries. 

On  the  lower  shelves  are  specimens  of  woods  of  species 
of  Photinia  and  Amelanchier. 

Gooseberry  and  Currant  Order  {Saxifrageae), 
Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs  of  temperate  or  mountainous 
countries.  Note  woods  of  Indian  species  of  Hydrangea, 
the  native  Laurel  of  Tasmania  {Anopterus  glandulosus, 
Lab.),  and  the  Lightwood  of  New  South  Wales  {Cerato- 
petalum  apetalum,  D.  Don.),  a  light,  tough  and  fragrant 
wood  used  for  boat  and  coach  building,  tool  handles,  &c. 

Also  fruit  of  Davidson's  Plum  {Davidsonia pruriens, 
F.  Muell.),  ripened  in  the  Palm  House  at  Kew.  It  is  a 
native  of  Queensland. 


96 

CASE  No.  260.  Gooseberries  {Biles  Grossularia,  L.), 
'  f'O.  and  Curra:nts  (R.  riihrum,  L.),  plants  native  of  Britain, 
and  largely  cultiTated  for  the  sake  of  their  edible  fruits  ; 
numerous  varieties  both  of  the  gooseberry  and  currant 
have  arisen  by  cultivation.  The  fruits  are  very  whole- 
some, and  large  quantities  are  bottled  for  winter  use. 

Witch  Hazel  Order  {Hamamelideae).  A  small  group 
of  trees  and  shrubs  widely  distributed  over  the  globe. 

Observe  fruits  of  Altingia  excelsa^  Noronha,  a  tree 
growing  from  60  to  100  feet  high  in  Assam,  Bhotan, 
Pegu,  Java,  and  Yunnan.  The  wood  is  used  in  Assam  for 
building  and  ordinary  domestic  purposes.  Samples  of  oil 
and  balsam  obtained  from  the  tree  in  India  are  exhibited. 

No.  261.  Liquid  Storax  a  sofi:  viscid  resin  the  pro- 
duce of  Liquidambar  orientalis^  Mill.,  a  handsome  branch- 
ing tree,  30  or  40  ft.  high  forming  forests  on  the  extreme 
south-west  of  Asia  Minor.  Liquid  Storax  is  extracted 
from  the  inner  bark  by  boiling  in  water  when  the  resin 
is  separated  and  skimmed  off.  The  boiled  bark  is  sub- 
mitted to  heavy  pressure  in  hair  bags,  hot  water  being 
added  to  cause  the  resin  to  flow  more  freely.  The  residue 
forms  the  fragrant  foliaceous  cakes  of  bark  known  as 
Cortex  Thymiamatis^  a  specimen  of  which  is  exhibited. 
Liquid  Storax  is  chiefly  exported  in  barrels  to  Constanti- 
nople, Smyrna,  Syra  and  Alexandria.  Some  goes  to 
Smyrna  packed  in  goat  skins,  and  transferred  to  barrels 
is  shipped  mostly  to  Trieste.  It  is  also  exported  to 
Bombay  by  way  of  the  Red  Sea,  and  from  thence  finds 
its  way  in  considerable  quantities  to  China,  which  with 
India  are  the  principal  markets.  Liquid  Storax,  has 
stimulant  and  expectorant  properties,  and  is  said  to  be 
useful  in  chronic  bronchial  affections.  It  is  little  used  in 
this  country  except  in  perfumery. 

Observe  also  fruits  and  wood  of  Liquidambar  for- 
mosantty  Hance,  a  tree  of  Formosa,  upon  the  leaves  of 
which  a  silkworm  feeds.  Cocoons  of  this  siJkworm  are 
exhibited.  The  wood  is  much  used  in  China  for  tea 
chests. 

On  a  lower  shelf  are  specimens  of  wood,  fruits,  and 
balsam  of  Sweet  Gum  (Liquidamhar  styracifliia,  L.), 
a  large  American  tree  extending  from  Connecticut  and 


I 


97 


Illinois  southward  to  Mexico  and  Guatemala.     The  resin    CASE 
exudes   either  from  natural  fissures  or   from   incisions.       50. 
The    wood    is    imported   into    this    country    as    Satin 
Walnut,  American  Red  Gum,  &c.    It  is  fairly  hard, 
tough,  and   close-grained  but  warps  badly  in  seasoning. 
Used  for  furniture,  paving  blocks,  &c. 

Mangrove  Order  {Rhizoiihoreae).      Opposite-leaved    CASE 
trees,  growing  on  the  muddy  shores  of  tropical  countries.        51. 

No.  262.  Germinating  seeds  of  two  species  of.  MAN- 
GROVE {Rliizopliora  Mangle,  L.,  and  R.  ')niicronata.  Lam.); 
germinating  in  the  fruit  they  form  a  long  root  before 
dropping  to  the  ground,  which  they  sometimes  reach 
before  becoming  detached. 

No.  263.  Mangrove  Barks  and  Extracts  prepared 
from  them,  which  from  their  astringency,  are  used  in 
tanning. 

Note  Tengah  Bark  and  Extract  {Ceriops  candol- 
lecma,  x4.rn.),  employed  in  the  Straits  Settlements,  &c.,  for 
dyeing  and  tanning. 

Myrobalan  Order  {Comhreiaceae).  All  tropical  trees 
and  shrubs,  growing  in  both  hemispheres.  They  are 
characterized  by  some  degree  of  astringency. 

No.  264.  Fruits,  wood,  gum,  and  oil  obtained  from  the 
kernels  of  Baheka  {Tei^minalia  helerica,  Roxb.),^a  large 
deciduous  tree  of  India  and  Ceylon.  The  fruit  is  one  of 
the  Myrobalans  and  is  occasionally  exported  to  Europe 
for  dyeing  and  tanning,  but  it  is  thought  little  of  and  is 
barely  worth  the  cost  of  collection  and  carriage.  It  is 
known  in  the  London  Market  as  Bed  A  NuT.  In  India  it 
is  employed  in  native  medicine  and  for  making  ink. 

On  the  lower  shelves  of  this  compartment  are  speci- 
mens of  fruits,  wood,  bark  and  gum  of  ASAN,  Terminalia 
tomentosa,  W.  &  A.,  one  of  the  mostly  widely  distributed 
and  important  of  Indian  forest  trees.  The  wood  is 
largely  used  for  house  building,  carts,  ship  and  boat 
building.  When  polished  it  resembles  walnut,  and  is 
considered  one  of  the  best  woods  for  making  stethoscopes 
at  the  Government  Medical  Store  Depot,  Bombay. 

25782  G 


98 

CASE        No.  265.     Tusseh  Silk,  raw,  and  dyed  ;  also  speci- 

51,  mens  of  the  insects  which  produce  the  silk  in  India. 
These  feed  upon  the  loaves  of  Termmalia  tomentosa  and 
of  those  of  several  other  trees. 

No.  266.  Myrobalans  or  fruits  of  HiRDA  {Termi- 
nalia  Chehula^  Retz.).  A  large  deciduous  tree  found 
throughout  India  and  Burma.  The  hard  woody  fruits 
are  exported  in  large  quantities  from  Bombay  to  Europe 
for  the  use  of  tanners.  S^jecimens  are  also  shown  of 
astringent  galls  which  form  on  the  young  tw^igs,  and  are 
employed  in  India  for  making  ink,  as  well  as  for  dyeing 
and  tanning.  The  wood  is  hard  and  fairly  durable ; 
used  for  furniture,  agricultural  implements,  &c. 

Several  other  species  of  Termifialia  are  represented  in 
this  case  including  T,  angiistifolia^  Jacq.,  the  Bois 
Benzoin  of  Mauritius.  It  yields  a  fragrant  resin  like 
Benzoin  {see  Case  74),  said  to  be  used  in  Mauritius  in 
churches  as  incense. 

•  Note  also  fruits,  wood,  bark  and  oil  of  the  INDIAN 
Almond  {T,  Catajjpa,  L.).  The  kernels  of  the  nuts  are 
eaten  at  dessert  and  also  yield  an  oil.  Specimens  are 
also  shown  of  T.  Oliveri,  Brandis,  the  Than  tree  of 
Burma  where  an  extract  of  the  bark,  though  itself  poor 
in  tanning,  is  used  to  adulterate  Cutch  {see  No.  239). 
CASE        On    an    upper   shelf    are   gum,   leaves,   and   wood   of 

52.  Anogeissus  latifolia^  \Yall.,  a  large  tree  common  from  the 
Himalayas  to  Ceylon.  The  wood  is  highly  valued  for  its 
great  strength  and  toughness,  and  is  employed  for  furni- 
ture, ship-building,  &c.  The  gum  is  extensively  used  in 
cloth  printing  in  India,  and  the  leaves  in  tanning. 

The  remainder  of  the  compartment  is  devoted  to  woods, 
barks,  and  fruits  of  other  Combretaceous  plants. 

Myrtle  Order  {Myrtaceae).  A  very  large  Order, 
numbering  about  1,800  species,  trees  or  shrubs  ;  abound- 
ing in  hot  countries,  especially  South  America,  the  East 
Indies,  and  Australia.  The  most  northern  member  is 
the  common  Myrtle  {Myrtus  comtnunis,  L.),  a  native  of 
Southern  Europe.  The  Order  abounds  in  a  volatile  oil, 
frequently  fragrant,  and  giving  character  to  the  products 
of  the  group.  The  opposite  and  evergreen  leaves,  dotted 
-with  numerous  little  oil-glands,  are  marked  by  a  marginal 


99 

\ein.  None  of  the  Order  have  bine  flowers.  Observe  CASE 
the  numerous  specimens  of  Australian  woods  furnished  52. 
by  the  genera  Melaleuca  (Australian  Tea-trees,  &c.)  and 
Eucalyptus  (the  Gum,  Iron-bark,  and  Stringy-bark). 
Some  of  the  Gum  and  Stringy-bark  trees  rise  to  a  great 
height,  haying  straight,  unbranched  trunks,  from  100  to 
150  feet.     Note  also  the  variety  in  structure  of  the  bark. 

On  an  upper  shelf  of  the  central  compartment  observe 
specimens  of  oil  from  various  species  of  Melaleuca, 
including  M.  Wilsonii,  F.  Muell,  M.  linariifolia\  Sm.,  if. 
Jiyperici folia ^  Sm.,  and  M.  deciissata,  R.  Br. 

No.  267.  Bark,  annually  shed,  of  Melaleuca  Leuca- 
dendron^  L.  It  is  extremely  durable,  impervious  to 
water,  and  is  employed  in  Australia  for  thatching. 

No.  268.  Cajuput  Oil.  Obtained  by  distillation 
from  the  leaves  of  Melcdeuca  Leucadendron^  L.,  var., 
'tninor.  A  small  irregular  tree  of  the  Indian  Archipelago 
and  Malayan  Peninsula.  Cajuput  oil  is  mostly  obtained 
from  Celebes,  Bouro,  and  Amboyna,  and  comes  in 
ordinary  beer  or  wine  bottles.  It  is  used  internally  as 
a  stimulant  and  antispasmodic,  and  externally  as  a 
rubefacient. 

The  last  compartment  of  this  case  contains  woods, 
fruits,  &c.,  of  various  species  of  Melaleuca,  AyigopJiorct, 
and  of  the  important  genus  Euccdyptus,  of  which  may 
be  noted  fruits,  kino,  wood  and  gun-stocks  of  the  wood 
of  Spotted  Gum  {Euccdyptus  maculata,  Hook.),  from 
New  South  Wales.  The  wood  is  strong,  close-grained 
and  durable,  and  is  in  demand  for  ship-building,  bridges, 
girders,  and  for  general  building  work.  From  the  leaves 
of  E.  maculata.  Hook.,  var.  citriodora,  the  Citron,  or 
Lemon-scented  Gum  of  Queensland,  a  fragrant  oil  is 
obtained.     A  sample  is  here  shown. 

On  the  bottom  shelf  are  specimens  of  wood,  kino, 
Lerp,  and  other  products  of  Euccdyptus  vhnincdis,  Lab., 
the  Manna  Gum  of  Australia,  so  called,  as  Lerp  or 
Mellitose,  a  kind  of  Manna  exudes  from  the  bark  from 
injuries  believed  to  be  caused  by  the  "  Great  Black  or 
Manna  Cicada"  ((7.  moerens).  Lerp  has  a  pleasant, 
sweet  taste,  and  is  in  much  request  by  the  aborigines  as  a 
food  in  the  summer  season^ 


100 

CASE  The  whole  of  this  case  is  devoted  to  further  illustrations 
53.  of  woods,  oils,  resins,  &c.  of  the  numerous  species  of 
Eucalyptus. 

In  the  first  compartment  note  the  hard  wood  of  the 
Red  Gum  Tree  {Eucalyptus  rostrata,  Schlecht.),  of 
Australia,  together  with  kino  from  the  same  species  ;  also 
tool-handles  and  wheel  spoke  of  the  wood  of  the  Iron 
Bark  Tree  of  Now  South  Wales  {^E.  leucoxijlon,  F.  Muell.). 

On  a  lower  shelf  observe  spoke,  felloe,  and  nave  of 
wheel  of  York  Gum  (E,  loxojMeba,  Benth.)  of  Western 
Australia.  This  timber  is  stated  to  be  the  best  in 
Australia  for  wheelwright's  work. 

In  the  next  compartment  note  mounted  specimen  of 
the  bark  of  the  Peppermint  Tree  (E.  2^fperitcc,  Sm.), 
from  New  South  Wales,  showing  natural  deposit  of  kino. 
Also  specimens  of  wood,  kino,  oil  from  the  leaves,  and  a 
photograph  of  the  base  of  a  tree  of  Eucalyptus  amyg- 
dcUina,  Lab.,  from  Victoria,  Australia,  known  as  *'  Rig 
Ben".  The  tree  measured  56  feet  in  circumference  at  the 
base  and  was  400  feet  high.  This  species  forms  the 
highest  of  all  known  trees,  one  is  recorded  measuring 
470  feet  high,  far  exceeding  even  the  well-known  Giant 
trees  of  California  {Sequoia  giganteay  Torr.),  iS^e  Museum 
No.  III. 

No.  269.  Blue  Gum  {Eucalyptus  Globulus,  Lab.),  of 
Victoria  and  Tasmania.  One  of  the  largest  known  trees, 
occasionally  reaching  a  height  of  over  300  feet,  and  of 
remarkably  rapid  growth.  Of  late  years  this  tree  has 
become  familiar,  having  been  introduced  and  widely 
cultivated  in  many  parts  of  the  world,  especially  in  the 
malarious  parts  of  Italy  and  other  districts  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean region,  and  in  many  parts  of  India,  especially  in 
Southern  India  in  the  Nilgiris.  In  Australia  the  hard 
wood  is  employed  for  a  great  variety  of  purposes,  includ- 
ing mill  work,  ship  building,  railway  sleepers,  poles  and 
shafts  for  vehicles,  tool  handles,  &c.  The  fruits  are 
occasionally  used  for  rosaries  and  necklaces.  The  leaves 
possess  febrifugal  properties  and  are  smoked  in  the  form 
of  cigars  or  cigarettes,  as  a  remedy  for  asthma.  From  the 
fresh  leaves  of  this  and  of  other  species  of  the  genus, 
Eucalyptus  Oil  of  commerce  is  distilled.    Considerable 


101 


attention  has  of  late  been  bestowed  upon  the  chemical    CASE 
constituents  of  these  oils  and  they  have  been  found  to       53. 
vary    greatly    in    character.       Their    commercial    value 
depends  upon  the  percentage  of  Eucalyptol  they  contain. 

Note  in  the  last  compartment  mounted  specimens  of 
the  flowers^  and  fruits  of  E.  macrocarpa^  Hook.  Also 
road  paving  blocks  of.  Karri  {E.  diversicolor,  F.  Muell.), 
and  of  Jarrah  {E.  marglnaia^  Sm.),  two  of  the  most 
important  timber  trees  of  Australia.  The  Karri  is 
described  as  the  finest  and  most  graceful  tree  of  the 
Australian  forests.  It  is  strictly  confined  to  the  South- 
western Division  of  Western  Australia.  An  average  tree 
attains  a  height  of  2<^>0  feet  with  a  diameter  of  4  feet  near 
the  base  ;•  it  is  not  unusual,  however,  to  meet  with  trees 
300  feet  high.  The  timber  is  hard,  heavy,  elastic  and 
tough,  red  in  colour,  and  is  very  similar  in  appearance  to 
Jarrah  but  not  so  easily  worked.  Its  chief  uses  are  for 
bridge  planking,  shafts,  spokes,  felloes,  wagon  work, 
beams,  mining  timber  and  paving  blocks.  The  Jarrah  is 
the  principal  timber  tree  of  Western  Australia,  found  only 
in  the  South-western  Division  of  the  Colony.  The 
average  height  is  90  to  100  feet  with  a  diameter  of  2^  to 
3^  feet  at  the  base.  When  thoroughly  seasoned  the  wood 
weighs  60  lbs.  per  cubic  foot,  is  red  in  colour,  takes  a  good 
polish  and  is  comparatively  easily  worked.  Some  of  its 
principal  uses  are  for  piles,  jetties,  bridges,  boat-building, 
furniture,  railway  sleepers  and  paving  blocks.  Fine 
Specimens  of  these  timbers  will  be  found  in  Museum 
No.  III. 

This  case  contains  woods  and  other  products  of  unde-    CASE 
termined  species  of  Eucalyptus,  also  weapons  and  other       54. 
articles  made  by  the  aborigines. 

No.  270.  Bark  of  a  EucalyiJtus,  upon  the  inner 
surface  of  which  drawings  have  been  made  by  tlie 
aborigines  of  Victoria. 

In  the  first  compartment  of  this  case  note  specimens  of  CASE 
the  wood,  and  essential  oil  distilled  from  the  leaves  of  the  55. 
Scrub  or  Native  Myrtle  of  Queensland  (Backhousia 
citriodora,  F.  Muell.).  The  lemon-scented  oil  is  used  in 
Ausiralia  as  a  perfume  for  soap.  Small  quantities  of  it 
have  recently  been  imported  into  this  country  as  a 
perfume. 


102 

CASE  No.  271.  Models  and  preserved  Fruits  of  Guava 
55.  {Psidium  Guajava^  L.).  A  Bmall  tree,  prol3ably 
indigenous  to  Mexico  and  other  parts  of  tropical  America^ 
but  now  cultivated  and  naturalised  in  most  tropical 
countries  for  the  sake  of  the  fruits,  which  are  used  for 
dessert.  Two  distinct  varieties  are  known  ;  the  apple- 
shaped  or  Red  Guava  (var.  pomiferum),  and  the  pear- 
shaped  or  White  Guava  (var.  pyriferum). 

Guava  jelly,  prepared  from  the  fruits,  is  imported  into 
this  country  from  the  West  Indies. 

On  the  top  shelves  of  the  next  compartment  are 
specimens  of  wood  of  Common  Myrtle  {Myrtus 
communis,  L.),  a  well-known  evergreen  plant  of  the 
Mediterranean  region.  On  the  outside  of  the  case  is  a 
well-rope  formed  of  the  branches  of  this  plant  from 
Cyprus. 

No.  272.  Allspice,  Pimento,  or  Jamaica  Pepper, 
the  dried,  unripe  fruits  of  Pimenta  officinalis^  Ldl.,  a  tree 
common  in  Jamaica  ;  from  whence  large  quantities  are 
imported  into  this  country.  Pimento  is  very  largely  used 
as  a  spice,  also  in  medicine  for  its  aromatic  and  stimulant 
properties.  Oil  of  Pimento,  obtained  by  distillation  from 
the  fruits,  is  often  used  for  similar  purposes  as  the  Oil  of 
Cloves,  as  well  as  in  perfumery.  Sticks  of  the  pimento 
are  imported  in  very  large  quantities  for  walking  sticks 
and  umbrella  handles. 

From  the  leaves  of  an  allied  species  (P.  acris,  Kostel.), 
the  oil  of  bay  or  bay  berry  is  obtained,  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  Bay  Rum,  employed  in  the  United  States  as  a 
refreshing  perfume  in  faintness,  or  to  sprinkle  about  sick 
rooms,  as  well  as  for  hair  washes.  The  dried,  unripe 
berries  have  similar  properties  to  pimento  or  allspice. 

No.  273.  Cloves.  The  dried,  unopened  flower-buds 
of  Eugenia  caryophyllata,  Thunb.,  a  tree  originally  brought 
from  the  Moluccas  ;  now  cultivated  for  this  valuable  spice 
in  Amboyna,  Malacca,  Penang,  Mauritius,  Zanzibar, 
Pemba,  in  the  West  Indies  principally  at  Grenada,  and  in 
other  tropical  countries.  Cloves  are  collected  hy  hand  or 
broken  from  the  trees  by  means  of  bamboos,  cloths  being 
placed  beneath  the  trees  to  receive  them,  and  simply  dried 
in  the  sun.     They  are  gathered  in  the  green  state,  before 


103 

they  ripen  or  turn  red,  and  in  drying  they  change  to  the  CASE 
familiar  brown  colour.  Several  varieties  are  known  in  55. 
commerce,  those  from  Penang  being  considered  the  best. 
Cloves  and  Clove-stalks  yield  essential  oil  by  distillation 
extensively  used  by  soap  makers,  perfumers,  and  in 
medicine.  Cloves  tliemselves  are  very  largely  used  as  a 
spice,  and  iTi  medicine,  on  account  of  their  stimulant  and 
aromatic  properties. 

During  1905,  136,724  cwts.  of  Cloves  of  the  value 
of  £287,073  were  exported  from  Zanzibar;  these  were 
mostly  grown  in  the  island  of  Pemba.  The  bulk  was 
exported  to  India,  and  nearly  £35,000  worth  came  to  the 
United  Kingdom.  Of  Clove  stems  exported  during  the 
same  period  92  per  cent,  went  to  Germany.  Observe 
the  curious  and  fragrant  ornamental  models  from 
Amboyna  made  of  Cloves  strung  together.  Also  silvered 
Cloves,  and  Clove  confectionery  from  India.  The  dried 
fruits  of  the  Clove  Tree,  under  the  name  of  MOTHER 
Cloves,  are  sometimes  imported.  They  contain,  however, 
less  oil  than  cloves,  and  are  inferior  in  fragrance. 

No.  274.  Rose  Apples,  the  fruits  of  Eugenia 
Jambos,  L.  A  small  tree  of  India,  and  cultivated  in 
many  tropical  countries.  The  tree  is  planted  for  hedges, 
shade,  and  ornament,  as  well  as  for  the  sake  of  the  fruits, 
which  have  a  fragrance  similar  to  rose  water,  but  a  very 
insipid  taste.  They  are  usually  about  the  size  of  a  small 
apple,  but  vary  in  colour,  some  being  white,  others  rose 
pink.  Candied  Rose  Apples,  preserved  with  sugar,  are 
exhibited. 

No.  275.  Fruits  and  models  of  fruits  of  the  Jam- 
BOLANA  {Eugenia  Jainbolana^  Lam.),  a  large  evergreen 
tree,  generally  distributed  throughout  India,  Ceylon,  the 
Malay  Archipelago  to  Australia.  The  fruits  are  edible, 
and  vary  in  size,  the  result  of  cultivation.  The  powdered 
seeds  and  also  fluid  extracts  of  the  fruit  and  bark  have  a 
reputation  in  the  treatment  of  diabetes.  The  wood,  of 
which  specimens  are  shown,  is  hard  and  durable,  and  is 
used  for  building  purposes,  agricultural  implements,  &c., 
and  the  astringent  bark  is  used  in  dyeing  and  tanning, 
and  in  medicine.  This  tree  is  one  upon  which  the  Tasar 
silkworm  feeds. 


104 

CASE        The  rest  of  the   compartment   consists  of  woods  and 

55.  fruits  of  various  other  species  of  Eugenia. 

CASE        Note  on  central  shelf  of  the  first  division  of  this  case 

56.  the  angular,  float-like  fruits  of  Barring  ton?  a  speciosa, 
Forst.,  a  tree  found  in  India  and  Ceylon,  and  extending 
to  the  shores  of  the  Malay  Islands,  Australia,  and 
Polynesia.  Specimens  are  exhibited  that  have  been 
washed  ashore  on  the  East  Coast  of  Africa  and  Madagascar. 
Also  fibrous  inner  bark  of  B.  racemosa,  BL,  and  cloth 
prepared  from  it  on  the  Zambesi.  The  bark  is  also  used 
in  North  Queensland  to  stupefy  fish. 

On  a  lower  shelf  observe  calyces  of  the  flowers  of 
Careya  arborecty  Roxb.,  used  in  Scinde  as  a  remedy  for 
colds.  The  wood  is  used  in  Burma  for  gun  stocks,  house- 
building, cabinet-work,  &c.,  and  the  fibrous  bark  for 
coarse,  strong  cordage,  and  also  for  slow  matches. 

On  an  upper  shelf  of  the  next  compartment  are  wood 
and  fruits  of  Anchovy  Pear  (Grias  caulijiora,  L.)  a 
native  of  the  West  Indies.  The  fruit  may  be  sometimes 
eaten  by  the  natives,  but  is  never  gathered  for  sale  to 
Europeans.  The  wood  is  said  to  split  easily,  and  has 
been  recommended  for  cask  staves. 

Observe  also  the  woody  fruits  of  species  of  Couratari 
from  tropical  America.  The  bark  when  beaten  out  is 
used  to  make  articles  of  clothing.  *'  While  stopping  for 
breakfast,  some  of  the  boatmen  took  the  opportunity  of 
making  themselves  new  shirts.  A  young  tree  of  the 
proper  size  was  stripped  of  its  bark  to  a  height  of  8  or  10 
feet.  This  was  taken  to  the  river,  placed  on  a  log  or 
stone,  and  beaten  with  a  stick.  When  free  from  the 
outer  bark  the  fibres  are  opened  and  form  a  good  cloth. 
This  is  then  folded  in  the  middle,  a  space  left  for  the  arms, 
the  sides  sewn  to  near  the  bottom,  and  a  slit  cut  for  the 
head.  When  old  these  shirts  are  as  soft  as  linen  ;  and 
thus  easily  are  the  boatmen  of  the  Beni  supplied  with 
clothing." — Proc.  E.G.S.y  Jane  1883,  p.  324. 

No.  276.  Fruit  of  the  Cannon-Ball  tree  (Cotirou' 
pita  guianensis,  Aubl.),  from  St.  Vincent,  so  called 
from  its  spherical  shape. 

Under  the  name  of  MOXKBY  POTS  the  fruits  of  several 
species  of  Lecythis  are  known.  They  are  very  remarkable, 
consisting  of  a  hard,  round  or  lengthened  capsule,  con- 


I 


105 

taining  the  seedy,  and  opening  transversely  by  a  lid  at  the  CASE 
top.  They  grew  in  the  forests  of  the  hottest  parts  of  56. 
South  America.  The  fruits  of  many  species  are  used, 
after  the  seeds  have  been  removed,  as  water  vessels. 
Amongst  the  species  exhibited  are  Lecythis  ampullaria, 
Miers,  L.  cimpla,  Miers,  L.  urnigera,  Mart.,  L.  lacunosa, 
Miers,  L.  usitata^  Miers. 

In  the  last  compartment  of  this  case  note  wood  of 
Wadadura  {Lecythis  grandiflora^  Aubl.),  of  British 
Ouiana.  It  is  even-grained,  dense,  takes  a  j?ood  polish 
and  is  employed  for  furniture,  turnery  and  barrel  staves. 
Also  observe  wood  and  specimens  of  the  bark  of 
Kakaralli  (L.  Ollaria,  L.),  of  British  Guiana.  The 
wood  is  very  dense  and  even-grained.  It  is  said  to  resist 
both  teredo  and  barnacles,  and  to  be  more  durable  in 
water  than  greenheart  {see  Case  98).  Used  for  house 
framing,  wharves,  sluices,  &c.  The  papery  inner  bark  is 
employed  by  the  natives  of  British  Guiana  for  cigarette 
wrappers. 

No.  277.  Sapucaia  Nuts,  the  edible  seeds  of 
Lecythis  usitata,  Miers,  and  of  L.  Ollaria,  L.,  gigantic 
forest  trees  of  Brazil  and  Guiana.  Sapucaia-nuts  are 
regarded  as  greatly  superior  in  delicacy  and  flavour  to 
the  closely  allied  Brazil-nut. 

No.  278.  Brazil-nuts,  about  twenty-four  of  which 
are  contained  in  one  of  the  hard-shelled  fruits  of  the 
Bertholletia  excelsa,  H.B.,  an  enormous  tree,  growing  on 
the  Amazon. 

Note  in  the  upper  portion  of  this  compartment,  a  kind 
of  garment  known  as  "  Tacae "  worn  by  Cuben  Indians 
on  the  Rio  Uaupes,  a  tributary  of  the  Amazon,  made 
partly  of  the  fibrous  bark  of  a  Myrtaceous  tree. 

On  the  lower  shelves  and  in  the  next  case  the 
Melastom  Order  {Melastomciceae)  is  represented ;  a 
very  large  tropical  family,  characterized  by  opposite 
three-veined  leaves,  and  splendid  flowers  with  curious 
stamens,  but  affording  very  few  economic  products. 

Note  in  the  first  compartment  of  this  case,  wood  and    CASE 
combs  made  from  the  wood  of  Memecylon  edide,  Roxb.,       57. 
from  Southern  India,  also  specimens  of  the  leaves  which 
are  used  as  a  dye. 


106 

CASE        Loosestrife  Order  {Lythrarieae).     Principally  herbs 

57,       with  entire,  opposite  leaves,  widely   dispersed  over  the 

globe,  some  of  the  tropical  species  being  shrubs  or  trees. 

The  common  Purple  Loosestrife  {Lythruyn  Salicaria,  L.) 

of  wet  ditches,  represents  the  Order  in  Britain. 

Observe  the  dried  flowers,  wood,  bark,  and  gum  of 
Woodfordia  jiorihunda^  Salisb.,  a  large  shrub  common 
throughout  India  and  distributed  in  Tropical  Africa, 
Madagascar,  and  China.  The  flowers  are  used  for  dyeing 
red  in  India. 

No.  279.  Tulip  Wood,  from  Physocalymma  scaher- 
rimum,  Pohl,  a  Brazilian  tree.  The  wood  is  beautifully 
marked  with  red  streaks,  and  is  used  for  inlaying  costly 
furniture,  caskets,  &c. ;  a  small  box  made  of  the  wood  is 
exhibited. 

No.  280.  Henna,  the  powdered  leaves  of  Lawsonia 
alha,  Lamk.,  a  shrub  found  throughout  India,  in  Cabul, 
Persia,  &c.,  and  cultivated  in  many  tropical  and  warm 
countries.  Made  uj)  into  a  paste,  and  used  by  the  Eastern 
women  to  dye  their  nails,  by  way  of  ornament,  an  orange- 
colour.  The  colour  lasts  from  three  to  four  weeks. 
Specimens  are  exhibited  from  Erzeroum,  East  Indies, 
Somali  Coast,  &c.,  also  a  packet  of  Henna  as  sold  at 
Damascus.  Fruits,  wood,  and  bark  of  the  shrub  are 
likewise  shown. 

On  the  upper  shelves  of  the  next  compartment  are 
specimens  of  the  leaves,  fruits,  bark,  and  wood  of 
Lagerstroemia  Flos-regintv,  Retz,  described  as  the  chief 
timber  tree  of  Assam,  Eastern  Bengal  and  Chittagong, 
and  one  of  the  most  important  trees  of  Burma.  Wood 
used  for  ^^hip-building,  boats,  canoes,  gun-carriages,  &c. 
Note  also  wood,  bark,  and  gum,  of  L.  iKirviflora^  Koxb.,  a 
large  forest  tree  of  India.  The  wood  is  employed  by  the 
natives  for  house-building,  agricultural  implements,  &c. 
The  bark  is  used  both  for  dyeing  and  tanning,  and  the 
leaves  are  eaten  by  the  Tasar  silkworm. 

No.  281.  Pomegranates,  the  produce  of  Punica 
Granatiim^  L.,  cultivated  from  early  antiquity  for  its 
fruit ;  naturalised  in  the  Mediterranean  region,  but  a 
native  of  Western  Asia,  south  of  the  Caspian,  and  not  of 


107 

Carthage,  as  its  name  would  denote  {Malum  punicum).  CASE 
It  was  known  to  the  Hebrews  under  the  name  Eimmon,  57. 
and  is  mentioned  in  Deuteronomy  as  a  product  of 
Palestine.  The  root  is  an  excellent  vermifuge  ;  the  bark 
gives  the  colour  to  yellow  morocco  leather,  which  is 
tanned  with  it.  The  dried  rind  of  the  fruit  is  valued  as  a 
remedy  in  India  for  diarrhoea  and  dysentery.  The  flowers, 
under  the  name  of  Balaustine  flowers,  are  sometimes 
used  for  their  astringent  properties.  Walking  sticks  are 
made  from  the  stems  of  young  plants  imported  from 
Algeria. 

Evening"  Primrose  Order  (Onagrarieae).  Herba- 
ceous plants  or  shrubs,  mostly  of  temperate  countries  ; 
some  species,  chiefly  American,  bearing  beautiful  and  sho  wy 
flowers,  as  the  Clarkias  and  Fuchsias  of  Gardens ;  Willow- 
Herbs  are  among  the  British  members  of  the  group. 
They  do  not  possess  any  marked  properties. 

No.  282.  Water  Chestnuts,  the  horned  fruits  of 
species  of  Trapa^  growing  in  ponds,  lakes,  &c.,  in 
temperate  Europe  and  Asia.  In  some  parts  of  Southern 
Europe  the  seeds  of  T.  natans,  L.  [J',  bicornis,  L.],  are 
ground  into  flour  which  is  made  into  bread. 

The  same  species  is  collected  in  large  quantities  in 
China  for  use  as  food.  Another  widely  distributed 
species,  namely,  T.  hisjnnosa,  Roxb.,  found  throughout 
India  and  Ceylon,  is  cultivated  extensively  for  food  in 
Kashmir  and  in  the  lakes,  tanks,  and  fresh- water  reservoirs 
of  the  North  West  and  Central  Provinces  of  India.  In 
Kashmir  it  is  stated  to  furnish  almost  the  only  food 
of  at  least  30,000  people  for  five  months  of  the  year. 
Samples  of  flour  prepared  from  these  seeds  in  India  and 
known  as  Singhara  flour  are  exhibited.  During  the 
Hooly  festival  the  flour  is  mixed  with  a  dye  from  the 
flowers  of  Butea  frondosa  and  thrown  over  persons  in 
sport. 

Observe  rosaries  made  of  the  fruits  of  Trapa  natans^ 
var.  verhanensis,  De  Not.,  called  Frutti  Dl  Lago  from 
Lago  di  Varese  and  Lago  Maggiore,  Italy. 

In  the  small  order  Turneraceae  observe  specimens  of 
D  AMI  AN  A  {Turnera  diffusa,  Willd.  and  its  var.  apliro- 
diisiaca). 


108 

CASE  Passion  Flower  Order  {Passifloreae).  A  group  of 
57.  twining  herbs  or  shrubs,  natives  chiefly  of  South 
America.  Some  of  the  species  produce  edible  fruits,  as 
the  Granadillas  {Passiflora  quadrangulm^is^  L.,  and 
P.  macrocarpa.  Mast.),  Sweet  Cup  or  Pomme  d'or 
(P.  maliformiSy  L.),  also  Bell  Apple  [P.  laurifolia,  L.), 
natives  of  Tropical  America  and  the  West  Indies.  These 
fruits,  of  which  examples  are  shown,  may  occasionally  be 
seen  in  Oovent  Garden  Market. 

No.  283.  Papaw,  fruit  of  Carica  Papaya^  L.  Though 
now  Avidely  scattered  in  the  tropics,  it  is  believed  to  have 
originated  from  the  warm  part  of  the  American  continent. 
In  cultivated  plants  the  fruits  are  V  ins.  to  15  ins.  long, 
pear  or  melon- shaped,  and  are  eateji  by  all  classes  in  the 
tropics,  and  may  occasionally  be  bought  in  this  country. 
The  milky  juice  has  the  property  of  rendering  meat 
tender  ;  it  also  yields  Papain,  a  vegetable  pepsin  widely 
employed  in  the  treatment  of  dyspepsia,  &c.  Note  also 
fruits  of  C.  candamarcensis,  Hook,  f.,  cultivated  in 
Ecuador,  up  to  an  altitude  of  9,000  feet.  The  fruit  is 
described  as  possessing  a  delicious  scent  and  grateful 
taste. 

Gourd  Order  {Cucurbitaceae).  A  group  of  prostrate 
or  climbing  plants  wdth  palmately-lobed  leaves  and 
tendrils, — chiefly  tropical,  with  but  few  species  extending 
Into  cool  regions.  Cucumber  {Cucumis  sativus,  L.)  and 
Melon  (0.  Melo,  L  )  belong  to  the  Order.  Many  of  the 
species  are  acrid  and  purgative. 

Observe  on  the  lower  shelves  fruits  and  seeds  of 
Hodgsonia  heteroclita.  Hook.  f.  and  T.,  a  large  clim.ber  of 
India,  Burma,  and  Malaya.  Also  the  large  acutely  ribbed 
fruit  of  Telfairia  occidentalism  Hook,  f .,  a  native  of  tropical 
Africa,  cultivated  for  the  seeds  which  are  boiled  and 
eaten.  Fruit  and  seeds  of  2\  pedata^  Hook.,  from  East 
Africa  are  also  shown.  The  seeds  are  covered  with  a 
fibrous  network,  and  the  kernels  yield  oil  ;  they  are  also 
boiled  and  eaten  by  negroes. 

Observe  the  variety  in  form  of  the  fruit  of  various 
species  of  gourd  here  exhibited,  especially  the  snake 
gourd  {^Trichosanthes  anguinct,  L.). 


109 

The  next  two  compartments  contain  a  large  collection  CASE 
of  tropical  GoURDS  and  CALABASHES,  some  of  remarkable  57. 
size  and  shape  ;  they  are  principally  the  shells  of  the  fruit 
of  Lagenarla  vulgaris,  Ser.  They  are  employed  for  an 
innumerable  variety  of  purposes, — as  domestic  utensils, 
drums,  musical  instruments,  snuff-boxes,  &c.  The  outer 
surface  is^often  elaborately  carved  or  painted.  Specimens 
are  exhibited  from  China,  East  Indies,  Australia,  New 
Zealand,  and  Central  and  Southern  Africa.  Dried  gourds 
imported  from  Zanzibar  into  Bombay  for  making  the 
natiye  guitars  (Tamboora)  are  considered  much  superior 
to  the  Indian.  [The  name  Calabash  is  also  applied  to  the 
shell  of  the  fruit  of  Grescentia.  See  Case  87a. — In 
Museum  No.  II.,  a  huge  Gourd  is  suspended  from  the 
ceiling  in  the  large  room.J 

No.  284.  Fruits  of  Liiffa  acutangula,  Roxb.,  var. 
amara.  A  climbing  plant  met  with  all  over  India  where 
the  fruits,  seeds,  and  leaves  are  employed  in  medicine  as. 
an  emetic,  and  the  dried  fibrous  portion  of  the  fruit  serves 
as  a  brush  for  sizing  paper. 

No.  285.  Towel  Gourds  or  hooFAK&(LuffaaegijP' 
tiaca,  Mill.),  cultivated  throughout  the  tropics.  The  close 
vascular  network  of  the  inside  of  the  fruit  serves  as  a 
scrubbing  brush,  sponge,  and  to  strain  palm  wine.  It  is- 
also  worked  up  into,  light  ornamental  articles,  baskets,  &c. 

In  the  German  army  it  is  used  for  stuffing  saddles,  and 
in  the  French  as  a  lining  for  helmets.  In  a  young  state 
the  fruits  are  edible  and  have  been  grown  in  this  country 
under  the  name  of  SOOLY  Qua. 

Observe  fruit  and  model  of  fruit  of  Chijsese  Wax 
Gourd  or  White  Gourd  Melon  (Benincasa  ceriferay 
Savi.).  The  plant  is  cultivated  in  China,  Japan,  India, 
and  Africa,  and  often  met  with  in  a  wild  state.  The 
White  Gourd  is  used  in  India  as  a  cooked  vegetable,  as  a 
curry,  and  also  for  the  preparation  of  a  sweetmeat  called 
heshim.  The  fresh  juice  from  the  fruit  is  used  as  a 
specific  for  haemorrhage  from  internal  organs. 

Note  also  fruits  and  seeds  of  the  Naras  {Aca^ithosicyos 
horrida.  Welw.).  A  prickly  dwarf  shrub  confined  to  the 
coast  region  of  Angola  and  Dammaraland,  bearing  abun- 
dance of  pleasant  melon-like  fruits  of  which  the  natives- 


110 


OASE    are  passionately  fond.      "  They  crowd  down  to  the  coast 

57.       "  region  and  almost  live  upon,  and  then  carry  away  with 

"  them,  sacks  of  the  seeds  which  are  edible."     These  are 

also  broiisfht  down  by  the  coasters  for  market  to  Cape 

Town. 

On  the  lower  shelves  of  this  compartment  are  fruits 
and  models  of  fruits  of  Momordica  Charcmtia.  L.,  a 
climbing  plant  cultivated  throughout  India,  Malaya.  &c., 
for  medicinal  uses  and  as  food.  Also  of  31.  cochinchinensis, 
Spreng.,  a  species  widely  distributed  in  Tropical  Asia. 
The  fruit  is  occasionally  used  as  food  in  India. 

No.  286.  Models  of  fruits  of  varieties  of  MELONS 
(Cticumis  Melo,  L.),  presented  by  Messrs.  Sutton,  of 
Reading. 

Models  of  Cucumbers  (Cticumis  sativiis,  L.),  are  also 
shown. 

Note  on  a  lower  shelf  of  this  compartment  models  of 

Water  Melons,  the  fruits  ot"  Citrullus  vulgaris,  Schrai., 

a  plant  commonly  cultivated  in  the  east  and  Mediterranean 

region  of  Africa  and  Europe,  as  well  as  in  the  Western 

.hemisphere,  for  the  sake  of  its  fleshy  edible  fruit. 

No.  287.  COLOCYNTHS,  peeled  and  unpeeled.  The 
fruits  of  Citrullus  Colocynihis,  Schrad.,  a  perennial  herb 
having  a  v/ide  range  from  North-west  India  to  Spain, 
Northern,  Western,  and  Southern  Africa,  and  Japan. 
The  Colocynth  is  valued  for  the  pulp  in  which  the  seeds 
are  embedded.  As  seen  in  commerce  the  fruit  is  usually 
peeled.  The  pulp  has  no  smell  but  an  intensely  bitter 
taste,  and  is  used  as  a  powerful  cathartic,  usually  in 
combination  with  other  ingredients. 
CASE  Observe  on  the  upper  shelf  of  the  first  compartment 
.58.  roots  and  fruits  of  the  Squirtlng  Cucumber  {EcbalUum 
Elaterium,  A.  Rich.),  a  prostrate  perennial  herb,  common 
in  waste  places  in  the  south  of  Europe.  The  active 
principle,  Elaterium,  is  prepared  from  the  juice  which 
flows  from  the  fruit  when  nearly  ripe  ;  ii  is  used  as  a 
very  powerful  cathartic. 

Note  fruits  of  Coccinia  indica,  W.  &  A.,  a  climbing 
plant  common  throughout  India,  often  cultivated.  The 
fruits  are  eaten  fresh  when  ripe,  and  cooked  in  curries 
when  green. 


Ill 

No.  288.  Models  of  fruits  of  various  kinds  of  Gourds  CASE 
as  Vegetable  Marrow,  Dolphin  Gourd,  Knotted  Poteron,  58. 
Custard,  Crown,  &c.,  furnished  by  Cumtrhita  Pepo^  DC.  ; 
also  the  Portmanteau  and  other  Gourds  from  India,  the 
produce  of  Cucurbita  moschatcc,  Duch.,  and  Turban, 
Yellow  Ppteron,  Cushion  and  Ribbed  Gourds,  the  fruits 
of  C.  maxima,  Duch.  Ornamented  Gourds  of  the  latter 
species  from  Bahia  and  Old  Calabar  are  show^n. 

Note  in  the  centre  compartment  of  this  case  the  acrid 
and  cathartic  roots  of  the  common  Bryony  {Bryonia 
rtVo/ca,  Jacq.),also  fruits  of  Melo  Coton  (Sicana  odorifera, 
Naud.),  from  Jamaica  and  Brazil  ;  the  spiny  fruits  of 
Chayotilla  (Hanburia  mexicana.  Seem.)  a  Mexican 
climbing  plant,  and  the  fruits  of  Chayote,  Choco  or 
Christophine  {Sechium  edule,  Sw.)  of  Tropical  America. 
The  latter  is  a  favourite  vegetable  in  the  West  Indies  and 
Madeira,  and  is  sometimes  sold  in  this  country.  The 
root  yields  starch,  or  it  may  be  eaten  when  quite  young  as 
a  substitute  for  the  potato. 

Observe  also  the  beautiful  winged  seeds  of  Zanonia 
macrocarpa,  Blume,  a  climbing  plant  of  Java,  and  the 
fruits  and  seeds  ot  the  ANTIDOTE  CocoON  of  Jamaica 
(Fevillea  cordifolia,  L.).  The  negroes  in  Jamaica  fasten 
a  number  of  the  latter  upon  a  skewer  and  setting  fire  to 
the  uppermost,  they  burn  very  gradually  to  the  bottom. 
The  oil  extracted  from  them  burns  in  lamps  with  a  clear, 
fine  light  and  has  been  used  for  car.dle-making.  The 
seeds  are  also  used  locally  as  an  aperient  medicine. 

The  bottom  shelf  contains  undetermined  cucurbitaceous 
fruits,  seeds,  &c. 

Indian  Fig*  Order  {Cacteae).  A  singular  group  of 
succulent  shrubs,  most  variable  in  form — angular,  flattened, 
or  almost  spherical,  and  frequently  spinous,  bearing  often 
large  and  showy  flowers.  Thej^  are  almost  exclusively 
American,  although  the  Indian  Fig  {Opuntia  Ficus-indioa^ 
Webb),  has  long  been  naturalised  in  Southern  Europe  and 
hot  countries.  The  fruits  of  various  species  of  Opuntia 
and  of  Cerent  giganteuSy  Engel.,  and  G.  Tliurberi,  Engel., 
are  eaten  and  much  esteemed  by  the  Indians  of  New 
Mexico  and  Arizona. 


112 

CASE        Observe  specimens  of  the  stem   of   the   Turk's   Cap 
58.       Cactus  {Melocactus  communis^  Link  and  Otto),  from  the 
West  Indies  ;    also  plants  of  Echinocactus  cylindraceus, 
EngeL,  with  long  curved  spines. 

No.  289.  Calcium  oxalate  deposited  in  immense 
quantities  in  the  tissues  of  various  Cacti  (Cereus  spp.). 

No.  290.  Portions  of  the  Old  Man  Cactus  {Cereus 
senilis,  Salra-Dyck),  so  called  from  the  long  white  hairs 
which  crown  the  columnar  stems.  One  species  in  Western 
North  America  {C.  giganteus,  Engel.)  attains  a  height  of 
45  to  50  feet. 
CASE  ^^  *h^  upper  shelves  of  the  first  compartment  are 
59^  fruits,  &c.,  of  various  species  of  Cereus,  chiefly  from 
Venezuela,  also  portions  of  stem  and  a  photograph  of 
C.  gigauteus,  EngeL,  and  flowers  of  species  of  PhyJlocactus 
and  Bhijosalis. 

No.  291.  Woody  portion  of  stem  of  Opuntla  Bigelovii, 
Engel.,  from  Arizona. 

No.  292.  Cochineal.  Small  hemipterous  insects 
subsisting  upon  species  of  Opujitia  and  iVo^^aZea,  to  which 
the  wingless  females  attach  themselves.  Cultivated  in 
the  Canary  Islands,  Mexico,  and  Brazil,  for  the  sake  of 
their  rich  crimson  dye,  from  which  carmine  and  the  lakes 
of  the  artist  are  made.  Different  kinds  of  Cochineal  are 
known  in  commerce,  as  silver  grain,  black,  white,  &c. 
Specimens  are  exhibited  from  Teneriffe  (which  is  the 
principal  source  of  British  imports),  Mexico,  East  Indies, 
Java,  &c.  A  view  in  the  Cochineal  Gardens  or  Nopaleries 
at  Santa  Cruz,  Teneriffe,  is  shown  in  the  Korth  Gallery 
(No.  522).  2,388  cwts.  of  Cochineal  were  imported  into 
the  United  Kinsrdom  during  1905  of  the  value  of  £2o,718. 
The  remainder  of  this  compartment  is  filled  with  fruits  of 
various  species  of  Opxmtia. 

No.  293.  Fibrous  portions  of  stems  of  NoPAL  {Opunila 
Tuna,  Mill.),  made  into  various  ornamental  articles.  From 
Algeria. 


't>" 


Fig-Marigold  Order  {Ficoideae).     A  tribe  of  succu- 
lent plants,  remarkably  characteristic  of  the  hot  desert 


113 

plains   of   South   Africa  ;    their   flowers  are   often   very    CASE 
beautiful.     The  Order  is  unimportant  from  an  economic       59. 
point   of  view   but    several    of    its    representatives    are 
employed  for  medicinal  purposes  in  South  Africa. 

Umbellifer  Order  {Umhelli ferae),  so  called  from  the 
arrangement  of  the  flower-stalks  in  heads  or  "  umbels." 
There  are  about  1,300  species,  all  herbaceous  and  abound- 
ing in  temperate  climates.  The  products  of  the  group  vary 
much  in  character.  Some  species  are  acrid  and  poisonous, 
some  secrete  gum-resins,  others  again  are  aromatic  and 
useful  as  condiments.  Celery,  Fennel,  Parsnip,  Carrot, 
and  Parslev,  are  all  familiar  esculents  belonging  to  the 
Order. 

Observe  leaves  of  the  INDIAN  PENNYWORT  {Hydrocotyle 
asiatica,  L.),  used  in  India,  internally  as  a  tonic,  and 
externally  as  a  local  stimulant,  being  more  especially 
useful  in  cutaneous  affections.  The  drug  is  generally 
much  mixed  with  grass  and  weeds  and  is  occasionally 
imported  into  this  country. 

No.  294.  Balsam  Bog  (Azorella  gleharia,  A.  Gray), 
a  singular  feature  in  the  landscape  of  the  Falkland  Islands* 
forming  huge,  hard,  and  perfectly  hemispherical  hillocks, 
often  2  to  4  feet  in  height.  It  yields  a  gum  which  has 
been  used  in  medicine,  [A  "  hillock "  of  the  plant  is 
exhibited  in  a  glass  case,  opposite  Case  49.] 

Observe  also  tufts  of  plants  of  Azorella  Selago,  Hook,  f ., 
a  \eY\  abundant  plant  in  Kerguelens  Land  often  covering 
the  ground  with  dense  masses  of  vegetation. 

No.  295.  Epidermis  of  the  leaves  of  Hermas  gigantea, 
L.,  separated  from  the  veins  and  midrib  by  the  Hottentots 
of  South  Africa.  Used  as  a  tinder,  and  made  into  minia- 
ture socks,  gloves,  &c. 

On  a  lower  shelf  observe  roots  of  the  Sea  Holly 
{Erynglum  maritimum,  L.).  A  British  sea-coast  plant, 
the  roots  of  which  are  sometimes  preserved  in  sugar  and 
eaten  as  a  sweetmeat. 

Also  leaves  of  the  HEMLOCK  (Conium  maculatum,  L.), 

a  biennial  herb  on  waste  ground  and  hedge  banks  in  many 

parts  of  England.     Under  the  name  of  Conium  it  is  used 

as    a    sedative    and    antispasmodic.      In   the   East   it   is 

25782  H 


114 

CASE    prescribed  as  a  neurotic  in  painful  affections  of  the  skin 
59.       and  subjacent  tissues.     The  juice,  probably  mixed  with 
Opium,  was  given  by  the  Athenians  to  citizens  condemned 
to  death,  as  in  the  case  of  Socrates  and  Phocion. 

No.  296.  Tubers  of  the  Arracacia  {Arrcicaria 
xanthorrhiza,  Bancr.),  and  starch  obtained  from  them, 
from  Jamaica.  The  tubers  when  boiled  are  eaten  as  a 
vegetable  ;  grated  they  may  be  employed  for  thickening 
soup. 

In  the  last  compartment  of  this  case  observe  models  of 
the  Celery  plant  (Apiiim  graveolens^  L.),  the  blanched 
stalks  of  which  are  eaten  as  a  vegetable.  In  its  wild  state 
the  Celery  is  found  in  marshy  places  by  the  sea  in  England 
and  Ireland. 

No.  297.  Umbels  of  Ammi  Visnaga^  Lam.,  brought 
from  Africa  and  the  Levant  to  Marseilles.  The  *' rays  " 
are  used  in  the  South  of  Europe  as  tooth-picks.  They 
possess  the  same  grateful  aromatic  taste  as  the  whole 
plant,  which  gives  them  an  advantage  over  ordinary  quill 
tooth-picks. 

On  the  same  shelf  are  shewn  fruits  (familiarly  known 
as  seeds)  of  the  AJOWAN  of  India  (Caritm  copticum^ 
Benth.),  an  annual  herb,  cultivated  in  many  parts  of 
Egypt.  Persia,  Afghanistan,  and  adjacent  countries,  and 
abundantly  in  Bengal.  Ajovvan  fruits  are  stimulant  and 
carminative,  and  contain  a  quantity  of  oil  from  which 
Thymol  or  Thymic  Acid  is  obtained  ;  both  are  exhibited. 

No.  298.  Caraway  Seeds,  the  fruits  of  Carum 
Carvi\  L.,  a  biennial  or  annual  plant,  naturalised  in  this 
country  and  common  in  Northern  and  Central  Europe 
and  West  Asia  to  the  Himalayas.  It  is  cultivated  in  Essex 
and  Kent,  Holland,  Prussia,  and  North.  Russia.  Caraway 
fruits,  called  seeds  in  commerce,  contain  a  quantity  of  oil, 
which  is  readily  obtained  by  distillation.  Both  the  fruits 
and  oil  are  aromatic  and  stimulant ;  the  oil  is  also  used 
for  scenting  soap.  By  far  the  largest  consumption  of 
Caraways  is  as  a  spice  for  flavouring  confectionery,  &c. 

On  the  same  shelf  observe  stems  of  Siiini  heJenianum, 
Hook.  f.  one  of  the  few  indigenous  plants  of  St.  Helena. 
The  green  stems  are  sold  in  the  markets  under  the  name 


115 

of  Jellico,  (no  doubt  a  corruption  of  Angelica,  which    CASE 
the  plant  resembles,)  and  eaten  raw.  59. 

Fi'uits  are  also  exhibited  of  the  FENNEL  {Foeniculum 
vi/l(/are,  Mill.),  a  well-known  garden  herb.  They  are 
aromatic  and  carminative.  Large  quantities  are  used  in 
cattle  medicines,  and  the  oil  in  cordials. 

Observe  also  the  fruits  and  roots  of  Prangos  paJmlaria^ 
Lindl.,  a  perennial  herb,  known  as  the  Hay  PLANT  of 
Tibet,  used  as  a  fodder  plant,  for  which  its  cultivation  in 
other  countries  has  attracted  some  attention. 

No.  299.  SuMBUL  or  Musk  Root  {Ferula  Sicmhul,  CASE 
Hook.  f.).  A  perennial,  dying  after  flowering,  discovered  60. 
in  1869  in  the  mountains  south-east  of  Samarkand,  at  an 
elevation  of  3-1,000  feet.  Sumbul  root,  of  commerce,  is 
in  roundish  pieces, — transverse  sections  of  the  root,  which 
vary  considerably  both  in  diameter  and  thickness.  It  has 
a  bitter,  aromatic  taste  and  a  strong,  but  pleasant,  musky 
smell,  which  it  retains  for  a  long  period.  It  is  imported 
into  this  country  and  America  exclusively  from  Russia, 
and  is  used  in  dysentery,  diarrhoea,  hysteria,  and  similar 
cases. 

Note  specimens  of  GuM  Sagapenum,  a  rare  drug, 
believed  to  be  the  produce  of  an  Umbellifer  of  Western 
Asia,  perhaps  Ferula  jjerslcay  Willd.,  or  F.  Szotvitsiana, 
DC.  Also  on  middle  shelf  a  stool  made  of  pieces  of  the 
stem  of  Ferula  communis,  L.,  from  the  Island  of  Amorgos, 
Greek  i^rchipelago. 

No.  300.  ASAFOETIDA.  A  gum-resin  obtained  from 
the  thick  roots  of  Ferula  Narthex,  Boiss.,  F.  foetida, 
Regel,  and  probably  other  allied  species.  These  species  are 
lar^e  perennial  herbs,  which  die  after  flowering.  The  first 
is  a  native  of  dry  sunny  places  on  the  northern  slopes  of 
the  mountains  dividing  Kashmir  from  Western  Tibet,  and 
yields  Tibetan  Asafoetida.  The  second  grows  on  the  east 
of  the  Sea  of  Aral,  and  also  south-east  of  Samarkand  and 
in  Northern  Afghanistan :  it  probably  extends  over  a  wide 
district  in  South  Western  Asia.  It  furnishes  Persian 
Asafoetida.  The  gum-resin  is  collected  about  the  middle 
of  April  or  somewhat  later,  when  the  plant  has  ceased  to 
grow.  The  root  is  cut  with  a  sharp  knife,  covered  with  a 
small  domed  structure  of  twigs  and  clay,  and  after  six 


116 


CASE    weeks  the  juice  is  scraped  off  with  a  broad  iron  spatula 

60.  and  put  into  a  cup.  At  each  collection  a  thin  transvers«- 
slice  is  taken  off,  which  causes  the  juice  again  to  flow,  ami 
this  is  done  till  the  root  is  exhausted.  The  contents  <»r 
the  cups  are  emptied  into  large  vessels,  and  the  juice 
exposed  to  the  sun  lo  harden.  Asafoetida  is  mostly  mvx 
with  in  commerce  in  lumps,  and  rarely  in  separate  tears, 
varying  in  size  from  that  of  a  pea  to  a  walnut.  It  is  a 
stimulant,  antispasmodic,  and  expectorant,  used  to  some 
extent  in  veterinary  practice  ;  much  more,  however,  on 
the  Continent  than  in  England.  In  India  and  Persia  it  is 
also  used  as  a  condiment. 

Observe  stems,  fruits  and  umbels  of  Ferula  foetUhiy. 
also  umbel  of  F,  alliacea,,  Boiss.,  from  Kerman,  Persia, 
yielding  the  Asafoetida  exported  to  Bombay  under  the 
name  of  Hing. 

CASE        No.  301.     Gum     Galbanum,    afforded     by    Ferula 

61.  galhanifiua^  Boiss.  and  Buh.,  native  of  Afghanistan  and 
Persia,  and  F.  ruh^Hcaulis,  Boiss.,  of  Persia.  Ferula 
Schair,  Borszc,  of  the  desert  regions  of  the  Syr-Darja,  on 
the  confines  of  Siberia  and  Turkestan,  is  also  a  source  of 
the  drug.  In  the  first-mentioned  species  the  stem,  on 
injury  in  an  early  stage  of  growth  yields  an  orange-yellow 
gummy  fluid  which  slowly  consolidates.  The  gum  is 
commonly  found  adhering  to  the  lower  portions  of  the 
stem.  No  artificial  means  are  employed  in  its  collection. 
Galbanum  finds  its  way  by  the  Persian  Gulf  to  Arabia 
and  India  and  thence  to  Europe,  but  the  principal  supply 
is  by  way  of  the  Levant.  It  occurs  in  commerce  eirher 
in  tears  or  masses  formed  of  agglutinated  tears  with 
impurities  of  various  kinds.  It  is  separated  from  these 
by  melting  and  straining.  Galbanum  is  an  antispasmodic 
and  stimulant  expectorant  ;  externally,  it  is  applied  as  a 
plaster  in  chronic  pulmonary  affections.  It  is,  however, 
not  so  much  used  as  formerly. 

No.  302.  Gum  Ammoniacum,  obtained  from  Dorerna 
Ammoniacum^  Don,  a  large  herbaceous  plant,  found  in 
South-west  and  Northern  Persia  and  Northern  Afghanistan. 
It  contains  an  abundant  milky  juice,  which  exudes  upon 
the  puncture  of  beetles,  and  dried  by  exposure  to  the  air 
constitutes  Ammoniacum  of  commerce.     For  commercial 


117 

purposes  Ammoniacum  is  obtained  almost  entirely  by  Cx\SE 
way  of  Bombay,  where  it  arrives  in  bales  often  mixed  61. 
w^ith  large  quantities  of  extraneous  matter,  from  which  it 
is  sorted  and  sent  to  the  various  markets.  It  occurs  in 
tears  of  a  yellowish  straw  colour,  or  in  lumps^  the  tears 
becoming  agglutinated  by  pressure  or  heat.  It  is  a 
powerful  srimulating  expectorant  and  valuable  in  chronic 
bronchitis  and  other  pulmonary  affections.  Externally  it 
is  applied  as  a  local  irritant.  Ammoniacum  is,  however, 
not  so  much  used  as  formerly  :  it  has  a  strong  alliaceous 
smell. 

A  specimen  of  DOREMA  root  is  also  shown,  which  is 
imported  into  Bombay  from  Persia  in  large  quantities, 
and  used  as  incense  in  the  Parsee  fire  temples.  It  "  was 
"  some  years  ago  exported  to  Europe  as  Bombay  sumbul, 
*'  after  having  been  cut  up  and  impregnated  with  musk." 
When  old  or  worm-eaten  it  becomes  spongy,  and  might 
be  mistaken  for  sumbul.  Stems  of  the  plant  are  shown 
at  the  back  of  the  case. 

The  Ammoniacum  here  referred  to  is  not  that  of 
Hippocrates,  Dioscorides,  and  Pliny,  which  was  used  for 
fumigation  and  was  derived  from  Africa.  This  last  forms 
an  article  of  trade  between  Egypt  and  Arabia  and  is 
furnished  by  a  species  of  Elaeoselinum.  A  specimen 
collected  in  Morocco  is  shown  on  the  bottom  shelf. 

A  gum-resin  very  similar  to  the  Ammoniacum  of 
commerce  is  furnished  by  Dorema  Aucherl,  Boiss.,  a 
plant  widely  distributed  in  the  western  provinces  of 
Persia  and  the  neighbourhood  of  Ispahan. 

Note  also  Dill  seed,  the  fruits  of  Peiicedanum  gixweo- 
leiis,  Bth.  and  Hook,  f.,  an  annual  found  throughout 
Southern  Europe,  extending  from  Spain  to  the  Caucasus 
and  Persia,  and  also  into  Egypt  and  Abyssinia.  It  was 
introduced  into  England  at  the  end  of  the  16th  century 
and  is  cultivated  for  the  sake  of  the  fruits,  from  w-hich 
oil  of  Dill  is  readily  obtained  by  distillation.  Dill 
possesses  stimulant,  carminative,  and  aromatic  properties, 
and  is  often  administered  in  the  form  of  Dill  water. 

On  a  lower  shelf  are  models  of  PARSNIPS,  the  roots  of 
Peucedanum  sativum^  Bth.  and  Hook,  f.,  cultivated  forms 
of  the  common  wild  Parsnip.  The  parsnip  has  been 
cultivated    as    an    esculent    from  a   very   early   period ; 


118 

CASE    numerous  varieties  are  known,  some  of  which  grow  to  a 
61.       great  length,  particularly  in  the  Channel  Islands. 

No.  303.  Opopanax.  The  gum-resin  of  a  species 
of  Opopanax^  perhaps  0.  Chironium^  Koch,  a  native  of 
North  x^frica,  Spain,  and  Dalmatia.  This  gum-resin  has 
been  described  in  old  drug  books  since  the  time  of 
Dioscorides,  but  even  to  the  present  time,  little  or  nothing 
is  known  of  its  collection  except  that  it  exudes  from 
wounds  made  in  the  roots.  When  first  introduced 
Opopanax  was  not  received  with  much  favour  as  a 
perfume  ;  of  late,  however,  it  is  said  to  have  had  a  larger 
sale  than  any  other  except  Eau  de  Cologne. 

At  the  present  day  the  gum-resin  known  in  commerce 
as  Opopanax  is  believed  to  be  derived  from  Commipliora 
Kataf,  Engl.,  a  native  of  Arabia,  where  the  native  women 
employ  it  for  washing  the  hair. 

Observe  fruits  of  the  Coriander  {Coriandrum  sativumy 
L.),  known  in  commerce  as  CORIANDER  seeds.  The  plant 
is  an  annual,  found  in  many  parts  of  the  Mediterranean 
region.  Corianders,  at  the  present  time,  are  cultivated 
largely  in  most  warm  countries  of  the  globe,  and  in 
smaller  quantities  in  some  parts  of  Europe  as  well  as  in 
England,  chiefly  in  Essex.  They  are  stimulant  and 
carminative,  but  are  little  used  in  medicine  ;  sometimes 
however  employed  in  veterinary  practice,  but  their  chief 
consumption  is  as  a  flavouring  agent  for  culinary  purposes 
and  in  the  distillation  of  gin.  They  yield  about  one-half 
per  cent,  of  volatile  oil,  samples  of  which  are  shown. 

Note  fruits  of  CuMiN  {Cuminum  Cymimim,  L.),  an 
annual  herb  cultivated  from  earliest  times  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean countries,  used  chiefly  as  a  condiment  in  India, 
and  as  a  constituent  in  curry  powder,  also  to  a  small 
extent  in  medicine,  and  largely  in  veterinary  practice. 
Cumin  fruits  are  exported  from  Morocco,  Sicily,  Malta, 
Bombay,  and  Calcutta. 

No.  304.  Models  of  Carrots,  the  roots  of  Dann'^ 
Carota,  L.,  a  biennial  found  in  a  wild  state  in  fields  and 
on  the  sea  shores  in  England,  and  extending  through 
Europe,  North  Africa,  North  and  West  Asia  to  India.  By 
cultivation  the  roots  of  the  wild  carrot  have  become 
fleshy,  and  the  various  forms  of  Garden  Carrot  have  been 


produced. 


I 


119 

On  the  bottom  shelf  of  this  compartment  observe  roots,    CASE 
umbels,  and  fruits  of  Tha/jsia  (/(uyanica,  L.,  one  of  the       61. 
plants  supposed  to   be   identical   with   the    Silphium  of 
Oyrenaica  ;  a  blistering  substance  obtained  from  the  roots 
is  largely  used  in  France  in  the  preparation  of  plasters. 

Ivy  Oj^der  {Araliaceae).  Resembling  the  Umbellifers 
in  many  respects,  but  chiefly  woody-stemmed  ;  many  of 
the  species  grow  in  hot  countries. 

No.  305.  Virginian  Sarsaparilla,  the  climbing 
stem  of  Aralia  nudicauUSy  L.,  used  medicinally  in  the 
United  States. 

No.  306.  Ginseng,  the  root  of  Aralia  qiibiqaefuUa, 
Decne.  and  Planch.,  var.  ginseng^  Reg.  and  Maack,  native 
of  North  China.  So  highly  valued  as  a  tonic  and  stimulant 
medicine  in  China  that  it  is  sold  at  from  20  to  250  times 
its  weight  in  silver,  sometimes  for  500  times  this  amount. 
Ginseng  is  a  Government  monopoly  in  Corea  and  the 
principal  article  of  export  from  that  country  to  China. 
During  1905,  China  received  from  Corea  107,485  lbs.  of 
Red  Ginseng  of  the  value  of  £112,351.  This  variety  of 
Ginseng  ranks  in  quality  next  to  Manchurian  or  Imperial 
and  is  prepared  for  export  by  steaming  the  roots  for  .about 
four  hours  in  wicker  baskets  enclosed  in  a  closely  fitting 
earthenware  vessel  pierced  at  the  bottom  with  holes  and 
placed  over  boiling  -water. 

Note  also  roots  of  A.  qainquefolia^  Decne.  and  Planch., 
from  North  America,  having  slight  demulcent  properties, 
collected  in  the  Alleghany  highlands  from  Pennsylvania 
to  Tennessee  and  sold  at  a  dollar  a  pound  for  exportation 
to  China  as  a  substitute  for  the  Eastern  product.  The 
average  importation  (of  twentj'  years)  mainly  through 
Hong  Kong  is  about  400,000  lbs.  It  is  ranked  by  the 
Chinese  as  about  fourth  in  quality,  Japanese  being  the 
legist  esteemed. 

No.    307.      Rice    Paper.      An    instructive    series, 
continued  in  the  next  case,  illustrating  the  preparation  of 
the  "  paper  "  from  the  pith  of  Fatsia,  iKipyrifera^  Bth.  & 
Hook,  f.,  a  tree  of  Formosa  : — the  large  knives  used  to    CASE 
cut  sheets  from  the  cylinders  of  pith,  specimens  of  the       62. 
paper  made  into  bundles   (100   squares   of  about  %\  or 


120 

CASE    3  inches,  being  sold  by  the  Chinese  for  l^d.  or  1^/.), 
62.       dyed  rice-paper,  artificial  flowers,  and  paintings  on  rice 
paper  by  Chinese  artists. 

On  the  central  shelf,  in  Ihe  middle  compartment  of  this 
Case,  note  rope  made  of  fibre  of  the  common  IVY  {Hedera 
Helix,  L.;.  together  with  very  large  section  of  the  stem 
and  a  w^alking  stick  made  of  Ivy  wood. 

Cornel  Order  {Gomaceae).  A  small  group  of  trees 
and  shrubs,  scattered  over  the  globe,  most  abundant  in 
the  temperate  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

Note  Hassagay  Wood  {Curtisia  faginea,  Ait.).  A 
tough  wood  used  in  South  Africa  for  furniture,  tools, 
wagons,  &c.,  and  by  the  natives  for  weapons.  A.  Zulu 
spear  with  the  shaft  of  this  wood  is  shown,  and  on  the 
wall  near  Case  53  is  a  painting  (by  the  traveller  Baines) 
of  a  Zulu  war  dance  in  which  the  natives  are  armed  with 
the  Hassagay. 

On  a  lower  shelf  observe  specimens  of  the  hard  and 
close-grained  wood  of  the  FLOWERING  DOGWOOD  of 
North  America  {Gorniis  florida,  L.).  Used  for  bobbins 
and  shuttles  for  weaving  ;  for  the  bearings  of  machinery, 
hubs  of  wheels,  kc.  The  bark  is  tonic  and  astringent, 
and  is. employed  in  medicine  in  North  America. 

On  the  upper  shelves  of  the  next  compartment  note 
woods  of  several  species  of  Corn  us  from  North  America, 
and  India,  also  wood  of  the  CORNELIAN  Cherry  {Cornus 
Mas,  L.),  used  in  France  for  hammer  and  shovel 
handles,  &c.,  and  in  this  country  under  the  name  of 
"  Acacia  "  for  walking  sticks. 

The  wood  is  known  to  the  Turks  as  KizziLJiCK  and  is 
employed  by  them  for  dyeing  their  fezzes. 

Observe  edible  fruits,  preserved  in  syrup,  of  Nyssa 
cajntata,  Walt.,  known  in  North  America  as  Ogeechee 
Lime.     They  are  said  to  have  an  agreeable  acid  flavour. 

Honeysuckle  and  Elder  Order  {CapHfoliaceae). 
It  consists  of  shrubs  or  small  trees  distributed  through 
the  temperate  and  sub-tropical  regions  of  the  northern 
hemisphere. 

No.  308.  Flowers  of  the  American  Elder  {Sam- 
bucus  canadensis,   L.).      Used    in    medicine    in    North 


121 

America.      The  flowers  of   the  Common  English  Elder    CASE 
(Sambucus  nigra,  L.),  are  used  for  making  Elder  flower       02. 
water,  and  the  berries  for  making  wine. 

On   the   upper   shelves   of   the    first   compartment    are    CASE 
specimens  of  wood  of  several  species  of  Viburnum  and       63. 
leaves  of  V.  dilatatam,  Thunb.,  used  in  the  preparation  of  a 
beverage,  Snd  known  as  SWEET  Tea  in  Szechuan. 

Note  also  lace  parasol  cover  made  in  Ireland  from  the 
fibre  of  the  HONEYSUCKLE  (Lonicera  Pericli/menum,  L.), 
and  a  walking  stick  made  of  Honeysuckle  stem. 

Peruvian  Bark  Order  {RuMaceae).  A  very  large 
Order  of  trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs,  numbering  about  2,800  to 
i^,000  species ;  common  in  tropical  countries.  Characterised 
by  opposite,  undivided  leaves,  having  scales  {stipules) 
between  the  bases  of  the  stalks.  A  small  section 
{Stellatae),  differing  in  having  the  leaves  in  whorls  of 
from  four  to  eight,  represents  the  Order  in  cool  countries. 
.Several  species  afford  most  important  economic  products. 

No.  309.  Negro  Peach  of  Sierra  Leone.  The  dense 
fruit-heads  of  the  Doundake  or  Egbessye  {Sarcoce- 
plvihis  esculentus,  Afzel.).  The  root  bark  yields  a  j^ellow 
dye  and  a  bitter  astringent  alkaloid,  said  to  be  a  powerful 
antipyretic  like  quinine. 

In  the  next  compartment  note  w^ood  of  Kadam  {Antho- 
cephaliis  Caa'amba,  Miq.),  used  in  India  for  building,  and 
for  tea  boxes.  x\lso  wood  of  Haldu  (Adina  cordifolia. 
Hook,  f.),  an  important  forest  tree  of  India.  The  wood 
takes  a  good  polish,  and  is  much  esteemed  in  Northern 
India  for  combs  and  small  articles  of  turnery  ;  it  is  also 
used  for  furniture,  agricultural  implements,  &c.  Note 
also  w^ood  of  Keim  {Stephegyne  parvifolia,  Korth.), 
another  important  forest  tree  of  India,  where  the  easily 
w^orked  wood  has  similar  uses  to  the  last  mentioned. 

No.  310.  Gambier,  Pale  Catechu,  or  Terra 
Japonic  A,  an  astringent  extract,  prepared  by  boiling 
down  the  leaves  and  shoots  of  Uncaria  Gambier,  Roxb., 
a  climbing  hooked  shrub,  growing  in  the  Malay  peninsula 
and  islands,  used  by  tanners  and  dyers.  Note  on  outside  of 
case  the  heavy  w^ooden  fork  for  removing  the  spent  leaves 
from  the  boiling-pans.     A  series  of  specimens  of  Gambler 


122 


CASE    ^^   various   kinds   is  shown   together  with   a   view  of  a 
.  53^       Gambier   Factory   in   Singapore.     (See    also   model   of    a 
Gambier  Factory,  Museum  No.  3.) 

Various  species  and  varieties  of  Cinchona  and  Cascar'Ua 
barks  are  exhibited  in  this  and  the  following  Case. 
Cinchona  bark  comes  into  commerce  in  several  forms,  the 
chief,  however,  are  quilled  hark,  which  consists  of  that 
from  branches  and  small  trunks,  which  by  drying  roll  up 
into  pipes  or  quills,  and  flat  hark.,  which  is  mostly  from 
larger  trunks,  the  bark  being  submitted  to  pressure.  The 
barks  of  the  various  species  of  Cinchona  contain  in  diverse 
proportions  alkaloids  of  a  valuable  character,  the  most 
important  of  which  is  Quinine  ;  this,  in  the  form  of  a 
sulphate,  is  a  highly  prized  tonic  and  febrifuge. 

No.  311.  Pale  Cixchona,  or  Crowx  Bark  (Cin- 
chona officinalis,  L.).  A  tree  of  35  feet  or  more,  but  often 
found  as  a  shrub,  native  of  the  mountain  slopes  of  the 
Andes,  at  an  altitude  of  6-7,500  feet,  in  the  district  of 
Loxa,  on  the  confines  of  Peru  and  Ecuador.  Several 
varieties  of  this  are  known,  the  most  distinct  are  Urihf- 
singa,  condaminea,  honplandiccna  and  crispa.  Very  little^ 
pale  Cinchona  bark  is  now  imported  from  Loxa,  the  plant 
being  extensively  cultivated  in  India,  Ceylon,  Java,  and 
other  countries.  Specimens  of  root-bark,  stem-bark,  and 
renewed  bark  are  exhibited  from  the  Government  Cin- 
chona plantations,  Darjeeling,  from  Madras,  Ceylon,  and 
Jamaica. 

Note  also  specimens  of  C.  land  folia,  Mutis,  C.  pahii- 
diana,  Howard,  from  Darjeeling,  (7.  peruviana,  Howard, 
C.  humholdUana,  Lamb.,  and  C.  nitida,  R.  and  P. 
CASE  On  the  upper  shelves  of  the  first  compartment  are  barks  of 
64.  C.  rosulenta,  Howard,  C.  macrocalyx,  Pav.,  C.  micrantha, 
K.  and  P.,  C.  ovata,  R.  and  P.,  and  C.  scrohiculata, 
H. and  B. 

No.  312.  Yellow  Cinchona,  or  Calisaya  Bark 
{Cinchona  Calisaya,  Wedd.).  A  large  tree,  native  of  the 
valley  forests  on  the  borders  of  Bolivia  and  South  Peru, 
at  an  elevation  of  4,500  to  5,400  feet.  The  plant  is  very 
variable  in  form,  and  several  varieties  have  been  culti- 
vated. The  richest,  however,  in  quinine,  is  that  known 
as    C.  ledgeriana,    Moens,  which   is   grown   both  in  the 


123 

Dutch  plantations  in  Java,  and  in  the  Indian  plantations    CASE 
in  Sikkim.     Fine  specimens  of  the  bark  of  this  variety       G4. 
are  shown  from  Darjeeling  and  Ceylon,  and  of  ordinary 
(kilisaya  from  Bolivia,  Peru,  Darjeeling,  and  Jamaica. 

Note  a  series  of  ALKALOIDS  obtained  from  Cinchona 
barks,  consisting  of  Quinine,  Cinchonine,  Cinchonidine, 
Quinidifie,  &c.  Also  samples  of  CiNCHOXA  FEBRIFUGE, 
obtained  from  bark  of  Cinchona  sncdriihra^  made  and 
sohl  in  India;  the  Crystalline  febrifuge,  also  prepared  and 
sold  in  India,  and  the  Sulphate  of  Quinine,  manufactured 
at  Mungpoo,  near  Darjeeling. 

No.  313.  Red  Cinchona  Bark  {Cinchona  succt- 
r ultra,  Pav.),  a  tree  from  20  to  40  feet  high,  but  sometimes 
attaining  80  feet.  It  was  formerly  common  in  the 
province  of  Huaranda,  in  Ecuador,  but  it  has  long  been 
becoming  steadily  scarcer,  and  at  the  present  time  is  found 
only  on  the  Western  slopes  of  Chimborazo,  near  Guayaquil, 
at  an  elevation  of  from  2,500  to  5,000  feet.  This  species 
has  been  very  extensively  cultivated  in  India,  and  also  in 
Ceylon,  Java,  Jamaica,  and  elsewhere.  Barks,  mossed, 
unmossed,  and  renewed,  are  exhibited.  Also  various 
samples  from  Sikkim,  Madras,  Jamaica,  Java,  Ceylon, 
St.  Helena,  and  South  America. 

Observe  on  a  lower  shelf  of  this  compartment  specimens- 
of  CUPREA  Bark  furnished  by  Remijia  pxirdieana^ 
Wedd.,  and  R.  pediinculata,  Flueck.,  from  Colombia. 

Note  also  w^ood  and  bark  of  Hymenodictyon  excelsunu 
Wall.,  from  India,  wdiere  the  soft  wood  is  in  use  for 
scabbards,  grain-measures,  toys,  &c.,  and  the  bitter  astrin- 
gent bark  is  employed  as  a  febrifuge  and  for  tanning. 

Specimens  are  also  shown  of  Degame  WOOD,  believed 
to  be  furnished  by  a  species  of  Calycopliyllum.  It  is 
imported  into  this  country  in  spars  from  the  West  Indies, 
and  has  similar  uses  to  those  of  Lancewood. 

On  the  upper  shelves  of  the  last  compartment  of  this 
Case  are  specimens  of  WEST  INDIAN  or  Princewood 
Bark  Tree  {Exostemma  caribaeiwiy  R.  and  S.).  The 
bark  is  bitter  and  had  at  one  time  a  considerable  reputa- 
tion as  a  febrifuge,  similar  to  Cinchona  bark.  The  wood 
is  hard,  strong,  close-grained  and  takes  a  good  polish. 

Observe  Chay  ROOT  {Oldenlandla  unihellata,  L.), 
collected  in  India  in  considerable  quantities  for  use  as  a 


124 

red  dye.  Also  portion  of  stem  of  Posoqueria  latifolia^ 
R.  and  S.  ?,  from  Bahia,  and  walking  sticks  of  the  wood 
known  as  BRAZILIAN  or  CEYLON  Oak. 

The  first  compartment  of  this  Case  contains  chieflj' 
mounted  specimens  of  fruits  of  species  of  Randia  and 
Gardenia,  notably  R.  diimetorum,  Lam.,  the  fruits  of 
which  are  used  in  India  as  a  fish  poison,  and,  when  ripe, 
are  said  to  be  roasted  and  eaten  ;  R.  malleifera,  Bth.  and 
Hook,  f.,  known  as  BooJAY  in  Sierra  Leone,  where  the 
fruits  are  said  to  yield  a  pure  indigo  dye.  Under  the 
name  of  Blippo,  the  Niam-niam  of  Central  Africa  employ 
the  dye  from  this  plant  for  staining  their  bodies.  Note 
also  fruits  of  R.  macrocarpa,  Hiern,  and  of  Oardenia 
Thunhergia,  L. 

No.  314.  Dikamali,  the  greenish  yellow  gum-resin 
obtained  from  Gardenia  hicida,  Roxb.,  and  G.  guminifera, 
L.,  small  Indian  trees.  The  odour  of  the  resin  is  peculiar 
and  offensive,  like  that  of  cat's  urine.  Used  in  India  in 
the  treatment  of  cutaneous  affections,  to  keep  away  flies 
from  sores,  and  also  as  an  anthelmintic. 

A  portion  of  a  branch  of  G.  luclda  with  the  resin 
exuding,  is  shown. 

No.  315.  Coffee,  the  seeds  of  Coffe:t  arahica,  L.  A 
tree,  native  of  Abyssinia  and  tropical  Africa,  now  widely 
cultivated  in  hot  countries.  The  East  and  West  Indies, 
Java,  Brazil,  and  Central  America,  afford  the  principal 
supply  of  this  important  product.  The  fruit  of  the  Coffee 
tree,  which  resembles  a  cherry  in  size  and  colour,  contains 
two  seeds  (beans),  which  are  separated  by  mechanical 
means  from  the  pulp.  After  fermentation  and  washing, 
the  seeds  pass  through  a  rolling  mill,  which  removes  the 
parchment-like  husk  and  the  silver  skin  immediate!}^ 
enclosing  the  seeds.  The  commercial  value  depends  on 
the  size,  form,  and  colour  of  the  beans,  and  on  their 
flavour.  Pearl  coffee  is  that  in  which  the  berry  instead 
of  bearing  two  seeds  has  only  one  which  consequently 
takes  a  rounded  form  ;  a  proportion  of  pearl  coffee  is 
produced  in  every  crop.  TRIAGE  consists  of  the  damaged 
and  broken  beans  which  though  not  of  so  good  an 
appearance  is  equal  in  quality  to  the  other  kinds  of 
coffee.     Specimens  of    Coffee  in  the  berry,   and   of   the 


125 

different  Coffees  of  the  London  market  are  here  exhibited    CASE 
and  continued  in  the  next  case.  65. 

The  proportion  of  Caffeine  in  raw  Coffee  beans  varies 
from  about  1*10  to  1*28  per  cent.  It  is  not  destroyed  by 
roasting,  and  as  a  general  rule,  pure  roasted  coffee  contains 
as  much  as  1*3  per  cent. 

A  series  of  photographs  illustrating  the  cultivation  of 
Coffee  in  Central  America  will  be  found  on  the  wall  near 
Case  61. 

Note  Coffee  sticks  from  Ceylon  sometimes  used  as 
walking  sticks,  and  tea  made  from  the  leaves  of  the  Coffee 
tree,  from  Jamaica  and  the  East  Indies. 

x\lso  model  of  a  coffee  peeler  or  cleaner  from  Ceylon, 
and  on  the  outside  of  the  case  one  of  a  coffee  sizer,  by  the 
use  of  which  berries  of  three  sizes  are  sifted. 

No.  316.    Liberia N  Coffee  (CoifeaZi^/ertcajHiern),    CASE 
a  glabrous  shrub,  native  of  Liberia.     This  plant  has  been       66. 
introduced  into  many  Coffee-growing  countries,  in  con- 
sequence of  its  more  robust  habit  than  the  Coffea  arahica. 
The   beans   are   much   larger,   and   it    thrives    at    lower 
elevations. 

The  total  imports  of  raw  Coffee  into  the  United  King- 
dom from  all  countries  during  1905  amounted  to  929,459 
cwts.,  of  the  value  of  £2,575,776. 

Part  of  this  Case  is  devoted  to  illustrations  of  the 
various  diseases  to  which  the  Coffee  plant  is  liable, 
especially  He^nileia  vastatrix.  Berk,  and  Br.,  a  parasitic 
fungus  common  in  the  Ceylon  plantations,  and  Cemiostoma 
coff'eellum,  Mann,  a  small  moth  which  has  caused  almost 
the  entire  destruction  of  the  Coffee  plants  in  Dominica. 

No.  317.  Fruits,  w^ood,  and  roots  of  Indian  Mul- 
berry ;  TOGARI  of  Madras  (Mo7^i7ida  citrifolia,  L.).  A 
small  tree  or  shrub  of  very  variable  habit,  cultivated 
throughout  India  chiefly  for  its  roots  which  yield  the  red 
dye  known  as  Al.  Cloth  dyed  with  this  substance  is  said 
not  to  be  attacked  by  white  ants  and  on  this  account  is 
universally  employed  to  wrap  round  account  books  of 
bankers  and  shop-keepers.  Specimens  are  also  shown  of 
M.  tinctoria,  Roxb.,  which  affords  a  red  dye  apparently 
identical  with  that  of  M.  citrifolia,  and  of  M.  angustifolia^ 
Roxb.,  and  M,  umhellata,  L.,  employed  in  India  as 
yellow  dyes. 


126 


€ASE       No.  318.     Ipecacuanha.     The  root  of  PsycJwtria 

.^Q.       Ippcacaanha,  Stokes,  a  small  shrubby  plant  found  in  most 

parts  of  Brazil  and  also  cultivated  in  India  and  the  Straits 

Settlements.     The  roots  afford  an  important  emetic  and 

valuable  specific  for  dysentery. 

During  the  year  1905,  454  bales  of  the  drug,  of  an 
average  weight  of  about  100  lbs.,  were  imported  into  this 
country  from  Matto  Grosso,  Minas  Geraes,  Carthagena  and 
Johore,  the  bulk  coming  from  Brazil.  It  may  be  noted 
that  Carthagena  or  New  Granada  Ipecacuanha  is 
believed  to  be  the  i)roduce  of  P.  amiminata^  Benth. 
Observe  also  STRIATED  or  BLACK  IPECACUANHA  (P. 
emetica,  L.),  a  native  of  Colombia.  This  drug  occasionally 
appears  in  the  London  Market  and  is  one  of  the  man> 
substitutes  for  the  true  product. 

On  a  lower  shelf  observe  mounted  specimens  of 
Hydnophytum  formlcarum^  Jack. 
OASE  The  first  compartment  of  this  case  contains  chiefly 
67.  mounted  specimens  of  species  of  Hydnophytum  and 
Myrniecodia,  including  M.  Beccarii.,  Hook,  f.,  from 
Australia,  and  M.  tuberosa^  Jack.,  from  Malaya.  These 
plants  are  constantly  inhabited  by  ants. 

Note  a  sample  of  UNDULATED  or  FALSE  IPECACUANHA 
(Richardsonia  pilosa,  H.  B.  &  K.^,  a  very  common  plant 
in  Brazil.  When  fresh  it  is  pure  white,  becoming  of  an 
iron  grey  colour  when  dry.  It  is  used  for  adulterating 
true  ipecacuanha. 

No.  319.  Madder,  the  root  of  Ruhia  tinctorum,  L., 
at  one  time  largely  grown  for  the  sake  of  its  valuable  red 
dye,  in  France,  Southern  Europe,  and  the  Levant.  From 
it  alizarine,  carmine,  &c.,  are  made.  Its  cultivation  has 
almos!:  entirely  disappeared,  owing  to  the  more  general 
use  of  alizarine  artificially  made  from  coal-tar  dyes. 
Specimens  of  Alizarin,  Rubianic  acid,  and  Purpurin 
obtained  from  Madder  roots  are  exhibited. 

No  320.  Indian  Madder,  or  Munjeet.  The  roots 
of  Ruhta  cordifoUa^  L.,  a  climbing  perennial,  common 
throughout  the  hilly  districts  of  India,  and  extending  into 
Ceylon,  Malacca,  Japan,  Java,  tropical  Africa,  &c.  ;  it 
yields  an  important  red  dye  used  in  India.  Observe 
ispecimen  of  Munjistin  from  R.  cordi folia. 


127 

Valerian  Order.    ( Valerlaneae).    Herbs  of  temperate    CASE 

climates,  often  aromatic  or  strong-scented.  67. 

No.  321.  Spikenard  {Nardostachys  Jatamansi, 
DC).  A  x)lant  of  the  Himalayas,  the  rootstock  has  been 
highly  valued  in  India  from  a  remote  period  as  a  per- 
fume. 

Observe  specimens  of  VALERIAN  ROOTS  (Valeriana 
({(ficinalis^  L.),  a  perennial  herb  common  in  this  country, 
and  widel}^  distributed  in  Europe  and  in  Asia,  as  far 
as  Japan.  Valerian  is  an  antispasmodic  cultivated  for 
medical  use  near  Chesterfield  in  Derbyshire,  in  Holland, 
and  in  the  United  States  of  America. 

Teazle  Order  {Bipsaceae),  A  small  group  of  plants 
destitute  of  important  properties,  having  numerous  flowers 
collected  into  dense  heads,  from  which  in  some  species  the 
flower-leaves  (bracts)  project  in  pointed  or  hooked  pro- 
cesses, as  in 

No.  322.  Fuller's  Teazle  {Blpsacus  falloiium, 
L.).  Cultivated  in  Yorkshire  and  on  the  Continent,  for 
the  use  of  woollen  cloth  manufacturers,  who  use  the  heads 
fixed  in  frames  to  give  a  ''  nap  "  to  their  fabrics,  by  raising 
to  the  surface  some  of  the  fine  fibres  of  the  wool.  The 
heads  are  assorted  commercially  into  different  sizes  and 
qualities,  known  as  "  King's,"  ''  Queen's,"  ''  Seconds,"  and 
"  Buttons."  Every  piece  of  fine  broadcloth  requires  from 
1,500  to  2,000  teazles  to  bring  out  the  proper  nap,  after 
which  they  are  useless. 

Note  parasol  handles  formed  of  the  fasciated  stem  of 
this  plant. 

Composite  Order  {Comimsltae).  One  of  the  largest 
and  at  the  same  time  most  naturally  defined  families  of 
the  Vegetable  Kingdom  :  it  is  found  almost  all  over  the 
globe,  from  the  tropics  to  very  high  latitudes.  The  Order 
is  botanically  marked  by  the  flowers  (florets)  being 
collected  into  dense  heads,  the  whole  resembling  a  single 
flower,  as  in  the  Daisy  and  Dandelion  ;  the  stamens  united 
in  a  ring  by  their  anthers,  and  the  simple  structure  of  the 
fruit.  Some  species  abound  in  a  bitter  aromatic  principle, 
as  the  Wormwoods  and  Chamomile  ;  others  afl'ord  a  milky, 
narcotic,  or  bitter  juice,  as  the  Lettuce  and  Dandelion. 


128 

CASE  Note  mounted  specimens  of  several  species  of  Lyclino- 
67.  phora  from  Brazil.  Also  the  small  black  fruits  of 
BuCKCHB  {Vermmia  anthelmintica,  Willd.),  used  in 
India  for  the  treatment  of  cutaneous  affections,  for  preserv- 
ing woollen  goods  from  the  attacks  of  insects,  and  for  the 
expression  of  an  oil.  Ayapana  Tea,  the  leaves  of 
Eajiatorium  triplinerve,  Vahl.,  from  Reunion.  The 
plant  is  a  native  of  Tropical  America  and  naturalised  in 
many  parts  of  India.  The  leaves  have  stimulant,  tonic, 
and  diaphoretic  properties.  THOROUGH  WORT,  the  leaves 
of  E.  perfoliaiiint,  L.,  a  North  American  medicinal  plant. 
Bitter  Bush  of  Jamaica  {E.  villoswn,  Sw.),  esteemed 
as  a  tonic  and  proposed  as  a  substitute  for  hops. 

GUACO  {Mikania  arnara^  Willd.).  The  leaves  are  used 
in  South  America  and  the  West  Indies  as  a  febrifuge  and 
anthelmintic,  and  also  as  a  cure  for  snake-bites.  Leaves 
of  the  Deer's  Tongue  {Trilisa  odoratissima,  Cass.), 
used  in  North  America  for  scenting  cigars  and  tobacco  and 
also  as  a  flavouring  agent  and  perfume.  BUTTON  Snakf- 
ROOT  {Liatris  spicata,  Willd.),  used  as  a  diuretic  in 
North  America. 

No.  323.  Musk  WOOD  of  Tasmania,  Victoria  and  New 
South  Wales  (Olearia  argophi/Ua,  F.  Muell.).  The  timber 
is  close-grained,  of  a  beautiful  mottled  colour  and  takes  a 
good  polish.  It  is  well  adapted  for  turnery,  cabinet  work 
and  perfumery.  The  whole  plant  smells  strongly  of  musk 
and  it  also  yields  a  brilliant  sap  green. 
CASE  On  the  upper  shelves  of  the  first  compartment  note 
68.  woods  of  species  of  Commidend ron,  as  G.  spiirium,  DC, 
and  C.  rohustu)}},  DC,  known  as  GUM  WOODS  in  St. 
Helena,  where  they  form  some  of  the  few  endemic  trees 
still  remaining  on  the  island. 

The  wood  of  the  Bl^ck  Cabbage  TREE  (Melano- 
dendron  integrifoliuin^  DC),  another  species  endemic  in 
St.  Helena,  is  also  shown. 

No.  324.  Coat  made  of  the  tough  leaves  of  the 
Leather  Plant  of  the  Colonists  of  New  Zealand 
{Celmisia  coriacea^  Raoul). 

No.  325.  Ai,  Ngai,  or  Blumea  Camphor  obtained 
from    Blumea  halsamifera,  DC,  an  evergreen  shrubby 


I  129 

■i' 

plant  of  South  China,  the  Islands  of  Hainan  and  Formosa,  CASE 
and  a  common  v/eed  in  Eastern  India.  The  Camphor  is  68. 
produced  in  Kwangtung  and  Hainan,  refined  in  Canton, 
and  realizes  about  ten  times  the  price  of  ordinary 
Camphor.  It  does  not  find  its  way  into  Europe  as  an 
article  of  trade,  but  is  used  in  China  in  medicine  and  for 
perfuming  the  fine  kinds  of  Chinese  ink. 

On  a  lower  shelf  observe  Tinder  made  from  the  leaves 
of  Phagnalon  riqjestre,  DC,  used  in  Spain. 

No.  326.  Tuft  of  plant  of  Raoulia  eximia,  Hook.  f. 
It  grows  in  large  tufts  on  the  mountains  of  New  Zealand 
and  is  known  as  the  Sheep  Plant  from  its  resemblance, 
even  at  a  short  distance,  to  that  animal.  B.  mammillaris^ 
Hook,  f.,  is  called  the  New  Zealand  Pincushion,  and 
tufts  of  it  are  often  used  by  the  shepherds'  wives  for  the 
purpose  that  its  name  implies. 

Some  fine  tufts  of  these  plants  are  exhibited  in  a  special 
Case  opposite  Case  49. 

On  the  middle  shelf  are  dried  leaves  of  Helichrysum 
serpyllifolium,  Less.,  known  as  Hottentot's  Tea,  and 
H.  nudifolmm,  Less.,  called  Kaffir  Tea,  both  from  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

No.  327.  Plant  of  Cape  Everlasting  {Helichrysum 
vestitum^  Less.).  The  white  silvery  flower-heads  are 
imported  into  this  country  in  large  quantities  for  decora- 
tive purposes.  Observe  Chaplet,  or  Immortelle,  made  of 
the  flowers  of  the  "Yellow  Everlasting"  {Helichrysum 
orientale^  Gaert.),  commonly  hung  about  tombs  on  the 
Continent.  Other  Everlasting  Flowers  used  for  decoration 
exhibited  in  this  Case  are  H.  hracteatum^  Willd.,  Helip- 
terum  Mcmglesii^  F.  MuelL,  &c. 

On  a  lower  shelf  observe  root  of  Elecampane  {Inula 
Helenium^  L.),  used  in  medicine  as  well  as  in  the  French 
liqueur  Absinthe. 

No.  328.  Plant  of  a  Guayulb  {Partheniuyn  argenta^ 
turn,  A.  Gray),  from  Mexico.  This  plant  has  recently 
come  into  notice  as  a  source  of  rubber.  There  seems, 
little  doubt  that  it  will  yield  rubber  of  fair  quality,  but  it 
remains  to  be  seen  whether  its  extraction  upon  a  com- 
mercial scale  will  prove  successful. 

25782  I 


i30 

(3ASE        On  the  bottom  shelf  note  Bhangra,  the  herb  Eclipta 
68.       erecta,  L,,  used  in  Hindoo  medicine  as  a  tonic  and  in 
tattooing  for  producing  an  indelible  bluish  black. 

No.  329.  Jerusalem  Artichokes,  the  tubers  of  a 
Sunflower  {Helianthus  tuherosus^  L.),  originally  intro- 
duced from  the  Northern  United  States.  The  Jerusalem 
Artichoke  has  been  cultivated  in  England  as  an  article  of 
food  since  early  in  the  17th  century.  The  tuber  does  not 
contain  starch,  hence  it  is  not  floury  when  boiled,  like 
the  potato. 

Sunflower  Seeds  (H.  annuus,  L.)  are  here  shown, 
together  with  samples  of  oil  expressed  from  them.  The 
sunflower  is  grown  for  this  purpose  in  Russia  and  other 
countries,  and  it  has  also  been  introduced  into  India. 

The  seeds  form  an  excellent  food  for  poultry,  and  are 
also  given  to  horses  and  cattle  to  keep  them  in  good  con- 
dition. The  oil  is  extensively  used  as  a  food  stuff  and  is 
said  to  approach  more  nearly  to  olive  oil  than  any  other 
vegetable  oil  known.  The  oil  cake  is  rich  in  nitrogenous 
matter  and  is  largely  used  on  the  Continent  for  fattening 
cattle. 

No.  330.  Niger,  Ixga,  or  Ramtil  Seeds  {Quizotia 
abyssinica^  Cass.).  The  plant  is  a  native  of  tropical 
Africa,  but  is  cultivated  in  many  parts  of  India  for  the 
small  black  seeds,  from  which  an  oil  is  expressed,  used  as 
a  lamp  oil,  for  anointing  the  bod}",  and  as  a  condiment. 
In  this  country  the  seeds  are  employed  as  a  medicine  for 
cage  birds. 

Observe  roots  of  the  Pellitory  OF  SPAIN  (Anacyclus 
Pyrethrum,  DC),  a  perennial  herb  found  wild  in  Algeria, 
and  occasionally  cultivated  in  English  gardens  ;  it  is 
exported  from  Algeria  to  Leghorn  and  Egypt,  from  whence 
large  quantities  are  sent  to  India.  It  is  used  in  medicine, 
chiefly  as  a  local  irritant  and  sialagogue.  An  allied  species 
(A.  officinarum,  Hayne),  furnishes  the  root  known  as 
German  Pellitory.  It  is  cultivated  for  similar  pur- 
poses to  the  last  mentioned  in  Saxony,  Prussia  and 
Bohemia. 

No.  331.  Colorado  Rubber  Plant  {Hymenoxys 
sp.).     From  the  roots  a  rubber-like  substance  is  obtained. 


131 

It  does  not  however  compare  very  favourably  with  many    CASE 
of  the  inferior  grades  of  rubber  already  in  commerce.  68. 

No.  332.  Chamomiles.  The  flower-heads  of  An- 
themis  nohiliSy  L.,  a  perennial  herb,  wild,  and  cultivated 
in  Europe,  West  Asia,  and  North  Africa.  Chamomiles 
are  cultivated  in  this  country,  chiefly  at  Mitcham.  The 
plant  so  grown  "  is  always  the  '  double '  state,  in  which 
the  yellow  disc  flowers  have  all  or  nearly  all  become 
converted  into  white  ray  flowers."  They  are  used  in 
medicine  as  a  stimulant,  aromatic  tonic.  Oil  of  Chamo- 
mile, a  specimen  of  which  is  shown,  is  mostly  distilled 
from  the  entire  plant,  though  sometimes  from  the  flowers 
alone.     It  is  a  valuable  carminative. 

Observe  specimens  of  YARROW,  or  MILFOIL  {Achillea 
Millefolium^  L.),  a  common  British  plant,  used  as  an 
aromatic  tonic  and  astringent.  Also  flowers,  whole  and 
pulverized,  of  Chrysanthemum  coccineum,  Willd.,  which 
furnishes  Persian  Powder,  and  flowers  of  G.  cin- 
erariaefolium,  Vis.,  the  source  of  Dalmatian  Insect- 
POWDER  ;  both  are  well-known  insecticides. 

On  a  lower  shelf  are  Wild  Chamomile  flowers 
{Matricaria  Ghamomilla,  L.),  which  have  somewhat 
similar  properties  to  true  Chamomile,  and  for  which  they 
are  used  as  a  substitute  both  in  India  and  Europe. 

Note  also  tuft  of  Abrotanella  forsterioides^  Hook,  f,, 
which  forms  dense  green  cushions  on  the  summits  of  the 
Tasmanian  mountains. 

On  the  upper  shelves  of  the  first  compartment  of  this  CASE 
case  are  specimens  of  Tansy  {Tanacetum  vulgar e^  L.),  69. 
formerly  used  as  a  tonic,  febrifuge,  and  vermifuge. 
Observe  also  specimens  of  the  Genepi  DES  Alpes 
(Artemisia  glacialis,  L.)  and  the  Genepi  Blanc  (A. 
Mutellina,  Vill.).  Both  species  are  collected  in  the  Alps 
for  the  manufacture  of  Genepi,  a  rich  green  liqueur  of 
the  Absinthe  type. 

On  the  middle  shelf  observe  specimen  of  WoRMSEBD 
or  Santonica  {Artemisia  maritima,  L.)  This  drug 
consists  of  the  very  small,  un expanded  flower-heads  of 
the  plant,  collected  on  the  steppes  or  vast  plains  of  the 
Kirghiz  in  Northern  Turkestan.  It  is  an  anthelmintic. 
The  crystalline  substance  to  which  the  action  of  worm- 


132 

CASE    seed  is  due  is  Santonin  ;  it  constitutes  from  1|  to  2  per 
69.       cent,  of  the  drug.     It  is  not  limited  to  the  flower-heads, 
but  occurs  also  in  the  small  leaflets.      It  reaches  its  maxi- 
mum in  July  and  August  and  disappears  immediately 
after  the  flowering. 

No.  333.  Wormwood  {Artemisia  Absinthium,  L.). 
An  herbaceous  perennial,  common  in  this  country,  and 
distributed  through  the  northern  temperate  old  world. 
It  has  also  become  na,turalised  in  the  United  States,  and 
is  cultivated  at  Mitcham  and  other  places  in  England. 
The  plant  flowers  and  is  collected  in  July  and  August. 
Wormwood  has  a  strong  aromatic  smell,  and  a  bitter, 
slightly  aromatic  taste.  It  was  formerly  extensively  used 
as  an  anthelmintic,  and  had  a  reputation  as  a  specific  in 
intermittent  fevers,  before  the  introduction  of  Cinchona 
bark.  A  volatile  oil  is  contained  in  the  plant  (a  specimen 
of  which  is  exhibited) ;  it  is  one  of  the  principal  ingredi- 
ents in  the  French  liqueur  known  as  Absinthe. 

On  a  lower  shelf  note  tinder  formed  of  the  epidermis 
of  the  leaves  of  Liahum  Bo7iplandiiy  Cass.,  from  Quito- 

No.  334.  Flowers,  leaves,  and  root  of  Arnica  or 
Mountain  Tobacco  {Ajmica  man  tana,  L.).  A  perennial 
herb,  native  of  moist  meadows  throughout  Northern  and 
Central  Europe,  and  found  on  mountains  in  Switzerland, 
North  Italy,  and  the  Pyrenees.  Arnica  root  of  commerce 
consists  of  the  dried  rhizome  and  attached  rootlets.  These 
and  the  flowers  have  a  slight  aromatic  odour,  and  an  acrid 
bitter  taste.  Internally  they  are  stimulant  and  irritant. 
Arnica,  however,  is  chiefly  used  in  the  form  of  a  tincture, 
for  outward  application  in  sprains,  bruises,  chilblains,  &c. 

On  an  upper  shelf  in  the  next  compartment  note  flowers 
of  the  Marigold  (Calendula  officinalis,  L.),  formerly  in 
repute  as  a  domestic  medicine. 

No.  335.  Dogwood  of  Tasmania  {Bedfordia  soli- 
cina,  DC).  A  shrub  12  to  14  feet  high.  The  wood, 
which  is  well  mottled,  and  used  for  ciibinet  work,  emits  a 
foetid  smell  when  cut  and  is  exceptionally  difficult  to 
season. 

Note  plants  of  Echinops  strigosus,  L.,  used  for  making 
tinder  by  the  mule  drivers  in  Spain. 


133? 

Note  also  a  model  of  the  Cardoon  {Gyyiara  Gardun-    CASE 
culus^  L.).     A  hardy  perennial.     The  blanched  stalks  of       69. 
the  inner  leaves  are  eaten  as  a  vegetable. 

.Also  Artichoke  Heads  {Cynara  Scolyrrms,  L.),  a 
hardy  perennial,  cultivated  in  this  country  as  a  vegetable. 
The  part  eaten  is  the  lower  fleshy  portion  of  the  imbri- 
cated scales  of  the  involucre  and  the  receptacle. 

Observe  Kenguel  Seeds  {Silyhum  Marianum^ 
Gfertn.),  from  Asia  Minor,  where  they  are  roasted  and 
used  as  a  substitute  for  coffee.  They  are  also  believed  by 
the  Turks  to  have  a  medicinal  value. 

No.  336.  CosTus  of  the  Ancients,  the  root  of 
Saussurea  Lappa^  Clarke  {Aucklandia  Oostus,  Falc),  a 
plant  of  Cashmere,  where  it  is  called  KOOT.  Large 
quantities  of  it  are  sent  to  different  parts  of  India,  the 
Persian  Gulf,  and  China.  It  is  used  in  medicine  in  India 
and  China,  and  in  Cashmere  for  protecting  bales  of 
shawls  from  the  attacks  of  insects. 

No.  337.  Safflower.  A  beautiful  rose-colour,  used 
as  a  dye  and  rouge,  obtained  from  the  flowers  of  Car- 
thamus  tinctorius,  L.  Cultivated  in  China,  India,  the 
South  of  Europe,  &c.  The  fruits  contain  a  large  quantity 
of  oil,  which  is  expressed  and  used  in  India  for  culinary 
purposes,  and  for  burning  in  lamps ;  it  is  also  said  to  be 
an  ingredient  in  macassar  hair  oil.  Under  the  name  of 
Kurdee  Seeds  they  are  imported  into  Europe  from 
Southern  India  as  an  oil  seed. 

Observe  roots  and  leaves  of  Gerbera  lanuginosa,  Sch. 
Bip.  Also  specimen  of  yarn  made  from  the  woolly  leaves, 
and  a  bag  made  from  the  yarn  and  used  by  the  Jampanees 
or  carriers  in  the  Himalayas  for  holding  meal,  for  making 
into  bread. 

Note  also  PiPlTZAHOAC  root  and  PiPiTZAHOAC  acid 
obtained  from  roots  of  Perezia  rigida,  A.  Gray,  from 
Mexico. 

No.  338.  Chicory,  the  root  of  Gichorium  Intyhus, 
L.,  a  plant  wild  and  cultivated  in  England  and  other  parts 
of  Europe  and  largely  used  for  the  purpose  of  mixing 
with  coffee.  The  roots  are  sliced,  kiln-dried,  roasted,  and 
ground. 


134 

CASE       No.  339.    Dandelion  Roots  {Taraxacum  officinale, 

69.  Wiggers),  a  common  and  troublesome  weed  almost 
wherever  cultivation  extends.  Dandelion  roots  are  ino- 
dorous, have  a  bitter  taste,  and  are  tonic,  aperient,  and 
diuretic.  An  extract  is  prepared  from  them.  The  roots 
dried,  roasted,  and  ground  are  sometimes  used  to  adulterate 
coffee,  or  even  as  a  substitute  for  it.  The  blanched  leaves 
are  used  on  the  Continent  as  a  salad.  Observe  crystallized 
Mannite  from  the  Dandelion. 

Note  a  specimen  of  Lactucarium  or  Lettuce  Opium 
obtained  from  several  species  of  Lactuca  as  L.  virosa,  L., 
L.  Scariola,  L.,  &c.  It  is  used  in  medicine  as  a  mild 
narcotic.  The  leaves  of  the  Garden  Lettuce  (L.  Scariola) 
are  very  largely  used  as  a  salad. 
CASE        In  the  first  compartment   of   this   Case  note   roots  of 

70.  SCORZONERA  {ScoTzonera  hispanica,  L.),  a  native  of  Spain, 
cultivated  for  the  roots,  which  are  used  as  a  vegetable, 
as  are  also  those  of  the  Salsafy  (Tragopogon  po7^rifolius, 
L.),  which  is  found  in  wet  meadows  in  some  localities  in 
Britain,  but  nowhere  wild.  It  is  occasionally  cultivated 
in  this  country  as  a  vegetable,  but  much  more  extensively 
on  the  Continent. 

In  the  small  order  Goodenovieae,  note  Taccada  Pith 
from  the  stems  of  Scaevola  Koenigii,  Vahl,  used  by 
Malays  and  Siamese  for  making  artificial  flowers,  &c. 
Observe  models  of  fruits  in  this  pith  from  Amboyna. 

Bluebell  or  Harebell  Order  (Campanulaceae).  A 
group  of  herbs  or  undershrubs  scattered  throughout  the 
globe.     Very  few  have  any  economic  value. 

No.  340.  Indian  Tobacco  {Lobelia  Winflata,  L.). 
An  erect  annual  or  biennial  herb,  from  one  to  two  feet 
high,  an  inhabitant  of  dry  places  in  the  Northern  United 
States,  extending  to  Hudson's  Bay  and  Saskatchewan  on 
the  one  hand  and  to  the  Mississippi  on  the  other,  and  found 
also  in  Kamtschatka.  Lohelia  inflata  as  imported  into 
this  country  consists  of  the  dried  herb  cut  into  pieces  of 
varying  sizes,  and  mostly  compressed  in  the  form  of 
oblong,  rectangular-shaped  packages.  Lobelia  in  small 
doses  is  expectorant  and  diaphoretic,  in  full  doses  emetic, 
and  in  excessive  doses  a  powerful  acro-narcotic  poison  ; 
its  effects  being  similar  to  those  of  tobacco. 


135 

Cranberry  Order  (Vacciniaceae),  Shrubs  or  small  CASE 
trees,  natives  chiefly  of  cold  and  temperate  regions.  The  70. 
fruits  of  some  are  edible,  as  the  WHORTLEBERRY  or 
Bilberry  {Vaccinium  Myrtillus,  L.),  the  Cowberry 
(F.  VitiS'Idaeay  L.),  and  the  Cranberry  (Oxycoccus 
palustris,  Pers.).  Large  quantities  of  Cranberries  are 
brought  to  this  country  from  Canada.  They  are  the  fruits 
of  another  species,  O.  macrocarpus,  Pers. 

Observe  specimen  of  Broussa  Tea  (  Vaccinium  Arcto- 
stajohylos,  L.),  used  at  Broussa  and  sold  at  about  Sd,  per 
pound. 

Heath.  Order  {E^Hcaceae),  All  woody  plants,  often 
bearing  beautiful  flowers,  abounding  in  the  temperate 
parts  of  the  world,  and  the  mountains  of  intertropical 
countries.  Heaths  are  remarkably  numerous  in  species 
at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  In  Europe,  numerous  indi- 
viduals of  two  or  three  species  cover  very  large  areas,  as 
the  common  Ling  or  Heather  {Calluna  vulgaris,  Sal.). 
Note  a  Besom  of  this  species  on  the  top  of  the  case. 

Observe  woods  of  species  of  Arbutus  remarkable  for 
the  smooth  chocolate-coloured  bark. 

Also  leaves  of  the  Bear-berry  {Arctostaphylos  Uva- 
ursi,  Spreng.),  a  dwarf  sub-alpine  shrub  found  in  Europe, 
North  Asia,  and  North  America.  The  leaves  have  astrin- 
gent properties,  and  are  used  in  medicine  chiefly  in  the 
form  of  infusion. 

A  specimen  of  cake  made  from  the  compressed  fruits 
of  Gaultheria  Shallon,  Pursh,  from  Vancouver  Island,  is 
also  here  exhibited. 

Note  leaves,  and  oil  distilled  from  the  leaves  of  the 
Spring  Winter  Green  or  Partridge  Berry  (Gaul- 
theria procumhensj  L.),  a  dwarf  shrub  of  North-West 
America.  The  leaves  are  used  as  an  aromatic  stimulant, 
and  in  some  parts  of  North  America  as  a  substitute  for 
China  tea,  under  the  name  of  Mountain  or  Salvador  tea. 

No.  341.  Woody  Root,  Tobacco  Pipes  in  the 
rough,  and  a  finished  Pipe  of  the  Tree  Heath  (Erica 
arborea,  L.),  from  the  South  of  Europe.  This  wood  is 
the  Briar  Root  of  commerce,  so  much  used  for  making 
pipes  and  chiefly  produced  at  the  present  time  in  Calabria ; 
the  blocks  being  cut  into  shape  upon  the  spot  and  shipped 


136  ^ 

CASE    to   Leghorn,   where   they   are   selected   and   packed    for 

70.  export,  the  name  Briar  being  a  modification  of  the  French 
'bruyere. 

Observe  sample  of  leaves  of  Ledum  latifolium,  Jacq., 
known  as  Labrador  Tea.  The  leaves  have  an  agreeable 
odour  and  taste  and  are  esteemed  for  their  pectoral  and 
tonic  properties.  They  are  said  to  have  been  employed 
as  a  substitute  for  tea  during  the  American  War  of  Inde- 
pendence. The  plant  is  found  in  damp  situations  in  the 
United  States  and  Canada. 

No.  342.  Rhododendron  nivale,  Hook.  f.  Believed 
to  attain  the  loftiest  elevation  of  any  Alpine  shrub  known  ; 
inhabiting  a  height  of  17,500  to  18,000  feet,  in  the  Eastern 
Himalaya,  where  it  is,  for  eight  months  of  the  year, 
buried  under  many  feet  of  snow. 

On  a  lower  shelf  observe  a  sample  of  poisonous  honey 
collected  from  the  flowers  of  Rhododendron  ponticum,  L., 
from  Erzeroum. 

Also  a  Yak  Saddle  made  of  the  wood  of  Rhododen- 
dron Hodgsonii,  Hook.  f.     Used  in  the  Himalayas. 
CASE        In   the   upper   portion   of   the   first   compartment    are 

71.  exhibited  woods  of  several  species  of  Rhododendron. 

Note  leaves  of  Spotted  Winter  Green  or  Pipsis- 
SEWA  {Chimajjhila  umbellatcf,  Nutt.),  employed  in  North 
America  as  a  tonic  and  astringent  medicine. 

EpacriS  Order  (Epacrideae).  A  group  corresponding 
very  closely  to  the  Heath  Order  in  general  appearance  and 
structure,  and  representing  that  family  in  Australia.  A 
few  afford  edible  berries. 

No.  343.  Observe  specimens  of  Richea  pandanifolia, 
Hook,  f.,  a  native  of  Tasmanian  forests,  which  presents  a 
peculiarly  striking  appearance  from  the  huge  crown  of 
waving  leaves  surmounting  a  slender  naked  stem,  often 
36  feet  in  height. 

Note  in  the  small  order  Plumhagineae  the  peculiar 
structure  of  the  woods  of  Statice,  also  roots  of  Plumbago 
rosea,  L.,  employed  in  India  in  the  treatment  of  cutaneous 
affections,  dyspepsia,  &c.  The  root-bark  is  a  powerful 
vesicant.  Specimens  are  also  shown  of  the  roots  of  P. 
zeylanica,  L.,  which  have  similar  properties  to  those  of 
P.  rosea,  though  to  a  much  milder  degree. 


137 

Observe  also  in  the  Primrose  Order  {Primulaceae)    CASE 
flowers  of  the  COWSLIP  {Primula  officinalis^  Jacq.),  used       71. 
for  making  wine,  and  the  dried  plants  of  the  Pimpernel 
(Anagallis  arvensis^  L.),  an  abundant  annual  weed  known 
as  the  Poor  Man's  Weather-glass  in  consequence  of 
the  flowers  generally  closing  on  the  approach  of  rain.. 

Note  allso  Ham  AM  A,  the  Amomum  spurium  of  early 
writers  on  Materia  Medica.  It  consists  of  the  moss-like 
tufts  formed  by  Dionysia  diapensiaefolia,  Boiss.  The 
aromatic  constituent  probably  resides  in  the  glandular 
hairs  with  which  the  plant  is  more  or  less  covered.  It  is 
a  native  of  Persia  from  whence  it  finds  its  way  into  the 
Bombay  Market. 

Myrsine  Order  {Myrsineae).  A  group  of  tropical  or 
subtropical  shrubs  or  small  trees  of  no  great  economic 
value.  On  the  low^er  shelf,  woods  of  several  species  of 
Myrsine  are  shown,  and  on  an  upper  shelf  of  the  next 
compartment  is  a  pestle  and  mortar,  as  used  in  Dominica 
for  cleaning  coffee,  beating  yams,  bread-fruit,  &c.,  into 
pulp  for  use  as  food.  The  mortar  is  made  of  the  wood  of 
Adegon  (Ardisia  sp.),  and  the  pestle  of  the  BoiS 
Riviere  (Chimarrhis  cymosa^  Jacq.)  belonging  to  the 
natural  order  Buhiaceae. 

No.  344.  Fruits  of  Emhelia  Rihes,  Burm.,  a  scan- 
dent  shrub  found  throughout  India,  Malaya,  and  South 
China.  The  berries  are  used  as  an  anthelmintic,  and  to 
adulterate  black  pepper. 

Sapodilla  Order  {Sapotaceae).  Mainly  trees  and 
shrubs  of  tropical  countries ;  frequently  abounding  in  a 
milky  juice.     Several  species  afford  edible  fruits. 

No.  345.  Star  Apple  {Chrysophyllum  Cainito,  L.), 
a  well-known  and  highly  esteemed  fruit  of  the  West 
Indies  and  Tropical  America.  Spirit  obtained  from  Star 
Apples  and  specimens  of  wood  of  the  tree  are  also 
shown. 

On  the  lower  shelf  of  this  compartment  are  fruits  and 
wood  of  the  Mammee  Sapote  or  Marmalade  Plum 
(Lucuma  mammosa,  Gaertn.),  a  native  of  the  West  Indies 
and  South  America,  where  the  tree  is  cultivated  for  its 


138 

CASE    fruit,  which  contains  an  agreeably  flavoured  pulp.     The 

71.  seeds  contain  hydrocyanic  acid,  and  are  used  in  the  West 
Indies  for  flavouring,  as  a  substitute  for  bitter  almonds. 

CASE        In  the  first  compartment  of  this  Case  note  fruits  of 

72.  Sideroxylon  dulcificum,  A.  DC,  the  MIRACULOUS  Berry 
of  the  West  Coast  of  Africa.  The  fleshy  portion  of  the 
fruit  contains  a  peculiar  sweetening  property,  and  when 
eaten  has  the  effect  of  neutralizing  bitter  and  acid 
substances,  such  as  quinine,  lemon,  &c. 

On  the  outside  cf  the  Case  observe  section  of  stem  and 
branches,  with  fruit,  of  Argania  Sideroxylon,  R.  and  S., 
a  tree  growing  in  Morocco.  The  pulp  of  the  fruit  is 
eaten  by  cattle  ;  from  the  kernels  Argan  Oil,  resembling 
Olive  Oil,  is  expressed.  A  sample  is  exhibited  in  the 
Case,  also  a  series  of  fruits  showing  the  varied  forms  they 
assume  ;  the  wood  is  extraordinarily  hard  and  dumble. 

Note  on  a  lower  shelf  fruits  of  the  Nasebbrry  or 
Sapodilla  Plum  (Achras  Sapota,  L.),  a  native  of  tropical 
America,  the  West  Indies,  and  generally  cultivated  in 
the  tropics.  The  excellent  fruit  is  much  esteemed,  and 
tastes  like  a  superior  medlar.  An  elastic  gum  furnished 
by  the  plant,  and  known  as  Chicle  Gum,  is  imported  into 
New  York  from  Mexico  for  use  as  a  masticatory.  The 
wood  is  extremely  hard  and  very  durable. 

On  the  upper  shelves  of  the  next  compartment  are 
samples  of  Gutta  Percha,  known  as  Niato  Bunga, 
NiATO  TUNBAGA  Or  NiATO  Balam  from  Palaquium 
ohovatum,  King  &  Gamble,  also  gutta  from  P.  clarkeanum^ 
King  &  Gamble,  both  large  trees  of  Malaya.  Note  also  oil 
obtained  from  seeds  of  Dichopsis  grandis,  Benth.,  a  large 
tree  of  Ceylon,  and  bark  and  gutta  known  as  Pauchontee 
from  Dichopsis  elliptica,  Benth.,  a  large  tree  of  Southern 
India. 

No.  346.  Gutta  Percha  from  Palaquium  Guttay 
Burck  [_Dichopsis  Gutta,  Benth.],  a  large  evergreen  tree 
of  the  Malayan  Peninsula.  This  is  the  true  Gutta  Percha 
tree,  and  is  described  as  being  probably  the  most  valuable 
of  all  the  trees  of  the  Peninsula.  It  is  the  source  of 
Taban  Gutta  or  Taban  Merah,  obtained  by  felling  the 
trees  and  ringing  the  bark.  Owing  to  the  destructive 
method  of  collecting  the  gutta,  the  tree  has  become  scarce 


132 

in  a  wild  state  ;  it  is  now,  however,  being  much  planted,    CAS^B 
and   there   is   every  probability   of    its   again   becoming       72. 
common. 

This  destruction  was  stated  in  1878  by  Dr.  Dennys,  "  to 
be  so  enormous  that  it  seems  impossible  for  the  supply 
to  long  continue,  it  is  computed  that  over  7,000  trees 
were  cut  down  during  1877  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Klang,  while  4,000  must  have  perished  near  Selangor  in  a 
single  month  to  furnish  the  270  piculs  (a  picul  =  133^  lbs.) 
returned  as  exported.  The  estimated  annual  export  from 
the  Straits  Settlements  and  the  Peninsula  was  given 
as  10  millions  of  pounds  in  1875,  which  at  the  high 
average  ot  16  lbs.  to  a  single  tree  would  give  800,000  trees. 
The  demand  seems  always  to  exceed  the  supply."  The 
quantity  of  Gutta  Percha  imported  into  this  country  in 
1901  amounted  to  88,438  cwts.  of  the  value  of  £1,382,646, 
whilst  the  imports  of  this  product  during  1905  only 
amounted  to  45,434  cwts.  of  the  value  of  £361,475. 

Various  samples  of  crude  Gutta  Percha  of  different 
qualities  are  shown  from  Perat,  Borneo,  Singapore,  &c. 

Observe  section  of  stem  from  Singapore  which  has  been 
gashed  for  the  extraction  of  gutta. 

The  last  compartment  of  this  Case  contains  numerous 
articles  made  from  Gutta  Percha.  Note  also  sections  of 
marine  telegraph  cables,  telephone  wires,  &c.,  insulated 
with  this  substance. 

On  the  upper  shelves  of  the  first  compartment  of  this  CASE 
Case  observe  specimens  of  Gutta  Percha  from  Palaquium  73. 
Gutta,  Burck,  var.  oblong i folia,  a  large  evergreen  tree  of 
the  Malayan  Peninsula,  and  Getah  Puteh  and  Getah 
Taban  Simpor  (P.  Maingayi,  King  &  Gamble),  a  tree 
attaining  a  height  of  60  feet,  also  of  the  Malayan 
Peninsula.  Near  these  note  Getah  Soentei  from  P. 
oleosum,  Burck,  and  a  sample  of  concrete  oil  from  the 
seeds,  from  Sumatra.  Other  gutta-yielding  species  of 
Palaquium  are  contained  in  this  Case. 

No.  347.  Mahwa  or  MOWA  Tree  {Bassia  laiifolia, 
Roxb.).  This  is  one  of  the  most  important  forest  trees  of 
India,  where  it  is  much  cultivated,  and  where  cultivated, 
frequently  self-sown.  It  yields  an  excellent  timber  but 
is   valued   more   particularly  for    the   sweet  and    fleshy 


140 

CASE    corollas  of  the  flowers,  which  form  an  important  article 

73.       of  food  both  for  men  and  animals  in  Central  India,  and 

yield   by  distillation  a  large   percentage  of   spirit.     The 

average  yield  of  flowers  per  tree  is  estimated  at  2^  maunds 

and  they  sell  at  about  12  annas  per  maund. 

The  fruit,  ripe  or  unripe,  is  also  valuable.  The  outer 
coat  is  eaten  raw,  or  cooked  as  a  vegetable ;  the  inner  one 
is  dried  and  ground  into  meal.  From  the  kernel  a  greenish- 
yellow  oil  or  butter  is  obtained,  largely  used  by  jungle 
tribes  or  sold  for  soap-making.  The  oil  cake  is  employed 
for  feeding  cattle. 

No.  348.  Seeds  and  oil  of  the  Mee  or  Illupi  {Bassia 
longifolia^  L.),  a  large  evergreen  tree  of  India.  The 
flowers  are  eaten  in  the  same  way  as  those  of  the  last- 
named  species,  and  the  oil  expressed  from  the  seeds  is  used 
for  similar  purposes  to  that  of  Mahwa.  The  leaves,  bark, 
and  young  fruit  are  used  medicinally. 

In  the  next  compartment  observe  the  seeds  and  vege- 
table butter  of  B.  hutyraceay  Roxb.  The  solid  white  oil 
obtained  from  these  seeds  is  of  the  consistence  of  lard. 
It  keeps  a  long  time  without  deteriorating,  and  is  said  to 
make  good  soap  and  candles.  It  is  perfumed  and  used  as 
an  ointment  in  rheumatism. 

The  pulp  of  the  fruit  is  eaten,  and  in  Sikkim  the  bark 
is  employed  as  a  fish  poison. 

Note  seeds  of  Diiilocnema  sebifera^  Pierre,  believed  to 
be  the  source  of  the  vegetable  fat  exported  from  Borneo 
under  the  name  of  MiNJAK  Tankawang.  A  sample  of 
the  fat  is  shown.  Observe  also  wood,  bark  and  Getah 
SUNDEK  from  Payena  Leerii,  Benth.  and  Hook,  f.,  Perak. 
It  is  a  tree  growing  from  80  to  100  feet  high,  and  yields  a 
second-rate  variety  of  Gutta  Percha  and  is  probably  also 
the  source  of  Getah  Sundi  of  Sumatra. 

No.  349.  Balata,  the  inspissated  juice  of  the  Bul- 
let or  Bully  Tree  {Mimusops  globosa^  Gaertn.),  a  large 
forest  tree  of  tropical  America.  Balata  is  analogous  to 
Gutta  Percha,  for  which  it  is  employed  as  a  substitute  in 
some  industries  where  the  use  of  the  best  quality  of  Gutta 
is  not  imperative  ;  it  is  chiefly  produced  in  the  Guianas 
and  Venezuela,  from  whence  it  is  exported  to  European 
countries. 


i  141 

Specimens  of  this  substance,  both  raw  and  in  a  manu-    CASE 
factured  state,  together  with  samples  of  the  hard,  heavy       73. 
and  durable  wood,  are  exhibited. 

Observe  portion  of  the  stem  and  samples  of  the  concrete 
milk  of  the  Massaranduba  or  Cow-Trbe  of  Para 
(Mimiiso^  elata^  Allem.)  ;  the  milk,  resembling  good 
cream  in  consistence,  exudes  slowly  from  the  wounded 
bark.     It  is  too  viscid  to  be  a  safe  article  of  diet. 

In  the  next  compartment  observe  fruits,  flowers,  and 
oil  expressed  from  the  seeds  of  Mimusops  Elengi,  L. 
The  fruit  is  largely  eaten  in  Guiana  and  elsewhere,  the 
fragrant  flowers  are  used  for  making  garlands,  and  the 
bark  yields  a  tonic  and  febrifuge. 

No.  350.  Fruits  and  Seeds  of  Karite  or  Shea 
Butter  Tree  {Butyros2)ermwn  Parkii,  Kotschy), 
grown  in  Western  Africa.  From  the  kernels  a  fat  is 
obtained,  called  Shea  butter,  and  used  as  butter  by  the 
natives.  Samples  of  the  fat  as  imported  are  shown, 
together  with  soap  made  from  it.  Gutta  Shea,  a  hydro- 
carbon obtained  from  the  fat  in  the  manufacture  of  soap, 
is  present  to  the  amount  of  from  '5  to  '75  per  cent.  The 
milky  juice  of  the  tree  when  solidified  is  stated  to  have 
all  the  properties  of  Gutta  Percha. 

V'  Ebony  Order  (Ehenaceae),  consisting  principally  of 
tropical  Indian  trees,  several  of  which  afford  a  heavy  and 
valuable  wood. 

On  the  lower  shelves  and  in  the  next  compartment,  are 
specimens  of  woods  of  species  of  Maha^  Euclea,  and 
Diospyros. 

No.  351.  Calamander  or  Coromandel  Wood 
(Diospyros  quaesita,  Thw.).  A  large  tree  of  the  forests 
of  Ceylon,  below  1,000  feet. 

This  is  the  chief  of  the  trees  producing  Calamander 
wood,  now  unfortunately  scarce  ;  it  is  a  most  beautiful 
cabinet  wood,  taking  a  high  polish,  and  is  so  hard  that 
edge  tools  can  scarcely  work  it.  Boxes  and  other  articles 
made  from  it  are  exhibited. 

No.  352.  Andaman  Marble  or  Zebra  Wood 
(Diospyros  Kurzii,  Hiern).    An  evergreen  tree  growing 


142 

CA  SE    to  a  height  of  about  60  feet.    Native  of  the  Andaman  and 
73.       Nicobar  Islands. 

This  splendid  wood  does  not  appear  to  be  known  in 
commerce,  though  it  might  prove  of  value  in  the  European 
market,  if  it  could  be  supplied  in  sufficient  quantity. 

It  is  recommended  for  cabinet-work,  sticks,  frames  and 
carvings,  but  is  said  to  be  difficult  to  season,  and  liable  to 
shrink  and  warp. 

No.  353.  Ebony.  The  chief  source  of  this  wood  is 
(Dins2jyros  Ebenum,  Koenig).  A  large  tree  of  Southern 
India  and  Ceylon.  Very  little  of  the  wood  is  exported 
from  India,  as  in  that  country  the  tree  is  usually  of  small 
size  and  somewhat  scarce.  Ceylon  exports  about  300  tons 
of  the  wood  annually,  the  chief  markets  being  England, 
Germany,  and  China.  In  Europe,  Ebony  is  employed  for 
turnery,  cabinet-work,  piano  keys,  rulers,  &c.  This  wood 
is  characterised  by  the  extremely  dark  colour  and  hardness 
of  the  heart- wood  (duramen)^  the  sap-wood  {alhurnuni) 
being  white,  and  not  durable. 

The  Greeks  and  Romans  were  acquainted  with  Ebony  ; 
it  is  mentioned  by  Dioscorides,  Pliny,  &c.  Indian 
caskets,  inkstand,  and  other  articles,  carved  in  Ebony  are 
shown. 

CASE  ^^*  «^54.  Gaub  Fruits  (Dios^njros  Emhryopteris, 
rj^  Pers.).  The  Gaub  is  a  tree  growing  to  a  height  of  about 
35  feet,  extending  through  India  from  the  Himalaya  to 
Ceylon,  Siam,  and  the  Malay  Archipelago.  The  large 
round  fruit  is  of  a  reddish  colour  and  contains  a  viscid 
pulp,  which  is  used  as  gum  in  bookbinding,  and  in  place 
of  tar  for  covering  the  seams  in  fishing  boats.  The  fluid 
contains  a  large  quantity  of  tannin,  and  is  used  medici- 
nally as  an  astringent.  The  oil  extracted  from  the  seeds 
is  also  used  by  the  natives  in  medicine.  The  leaves  are 
used  as  cigarette  wrappers  in  Bombay. 

Note  woods,  fruits,  &c.,  of  other  species  of  Diospyros^ 
including  D.  eh7'etioides,  Wall.,  a  common  Burmese  tree, 
and  D.  Melanoxylon,  Roxb.,  a  tree  of  the  Deccan 
Peninsula  and  Ceylon.  This  species  yields  Ebony,  and 
the  leaves  are  largely  used  as  cigarette  wrappers  in 
Bombay.  Note  also  edible  fruits  of  European  Date 
Plum  (Z).  Lotus,  L.),  a  native  of  Italy  and  of  the  East. 


143 

The  fruit  is  eaten  by  Afghans,  either  fresh  or  dried,  and    CASE 
is  also  employed  as  a  remedy  for  diarrhoea.     Specimens       74. 
are  also  shown  of  the  edible  fruits  of  D.  mespiliformis, 
Hochst.,  the  MONKEY  GUAVA  of  Upper  Guinea.     It  is  a 
shrub  or  small  tree  with  a  black  heart-wood  similar  to 
Ebony,  and  is  widely  distributed  in  tropical  Africa. 

On  the  lower  shelves  note  fruits  and  wood  of  the 
Persimmon  {Diospyros  virginiana,  L.),  a  tree  common 
in  the  Middle  and  Southern  United  States.  The  fruit 
has  a  strong  astringent  taste,  and  is  hence  used  medi- 
cinally ;  when  fully  ripe  or  blett^d  it  is  edible.  From 
the  unripe  fruit  an  indelible  ink  is  made  in  the  Southern 
States.  The  bark  is  bitter  and  a  febrifuge ;  the  wood  is 
dark-coloured  and  hard,  and  used  for  weaving-shuttles, 
turnery,  shoe-lasts,  &c. 

Observe  on  the  upper  shelves  of  the  next  compartment, 
edible  fruits  of  the  CHINESE  DATE  Plum  or  Kaki  of 
Japan  (Diospyros  Kaki,  Linn.  f.).  They  are  highly 
esteemed  in  the  East,  both  in  the  fresh  and  dried  states. 
The  plant  has  been  introduced  into  European  gardens, 
and  the  fruits  may  occasionally  be  seen  in  fruiterers' 
shops  in  this  country.  By  cutting  this  fruit  in  halves, 
and  putting  it  in  water,  the  Chinese  are  stated  to  obtain 
an  oil,  which  they  employ  for  waterproofing  umbrellas 
and  hats. 

Storax  Order  (Styraceae).  A  small  group  of  woody 
plants  affording  the  fragrant  resins  Benzoin  and  true 
Storax. 

Observe  LODH  BARK  (Symploces  racemosa,  Roxb.),  an 
Indian  shrub  or  small  tree.  It  was  formerly  regarded  in 
Europe  as  a  cinchona  bark  and  known  as  '  China  nova  ' 
and  *  China  californica.'  At  the  present  day  the  leaves 
and  bark  are  used  to  a  considerable  extent  in  India  for 
dyeing,  giving  yellow  and  red  tints.  The  bark  is  also 
employed  in  medicine.  Woods  of  other  species  of 
Symplocos  are  shown  on  the  adjoining  shelves. 

No.  355.  True  Storax,  a  fragrant  gum-resin 
obtained  from  wounds  in  the  stem  of  Sty  rax  officinale, 
L.,  a  small  tree  of  Southern  Europe  and  Asia  Minor. 
This  substance  was  held  in  great  estimation  from  the 
time   of  Pliny  to  the  close  of  the  18th  Century,  since 


144 

CASE    which  time  it  has  completely  disappeared  from  commerce. 
74.      Liquid  Storax  is  obtained  from  Liquidamha^^  orientalis, 
Mill.     (See  No.  261.) 

No.  356.  Gum  Benjamin  or  Gum  Benzoin,  obtained 
from  Sty  rax  Benzoin^  Dry  and.  A  moderate -sized  tree, 
found  abundantly  in  Sumatra  (where  also  it  is  cultivated), 
Java,  Borneo,  and  in  the  Malay  Peninsula,  where,  probably, 
it  has  been  introduced. 

Benzoin  of  commerce  is  obtained  both  from  Sumatra  and 
Siam.  That  from  the  latter  country  is  procured  from  the 
district  east  and  north-east  of  Luang  Prabang,  in  the 
Shan  States,  but  the  plant  furnishing  it  has  not  yet  been 
identified. 

Benzoin  is  collected  in  Sumatra  by  cutting  deep 
incisions  into  the  bark  when  the  trees  are  about  six  or 
seven  years  old  ;  as  the  resin  exudes  it  becomes  hard,  and 
is  scraped  off  with  a  knife.  The  best  quality  is  that  which 
is  obtained  during  the  first  three  years,  and  for  the  next 
seven  or  eight  years  the  produce  is  browner  in  colour,  and 
less  valuable.  A  quantity  of  Benzoin  is  scraped  from  the 
wood  of  the  tree  after  it  is  cut  down  ;  this  is  of  a  still 
darker  colour,  and  is  often  mixed  with  pieces  of  bark  and 
other  impurities.  Sumatra  Benzoin  always  comes  into 
commerce  in  lumps,  and  is  of  inferior  quality  to  that  from 
Siam,  which  comes  either  in  tears  or  in  masses  of 
agglutinated  tears.  Benzoin  is  used  as  a  stimulant  and 
expectorant  in  chronic  bronchitis  and  other  affections  of 
the  lungs.  It  is  one  of  the  principal  ingredients  in 
"  Friars'  Balsam."  Its  chief  use,  however,  is  for  incense, 
both  in  Europe  and  in  the  East.  Various  specimens  of 
Benzoin  are  exhibited  from  Sumatra,  Siam,  Penang,  and 
India.  Of  special  interest  is  a  sample  which  formed  part 
of  a  ton  of  Benzoin  recovered  by  divers  in  Table  Bay 
about  20  years  since.  From  the  cases  in  which  the  gum 
was  packed  and  from  the  date,  1691,  which  they  bore, 
there  is  little  doubt  that  it  formed  part  of  the  cargo  of 
a  Dutch  East  Indian  Company's  Merchantman,  bound  for 
Europe,  and  wrecked  in  the  Bay.  Note  also  Benzoic  acid 
and  oil  from  Benzoin. 

Olive  Order  {Oleaceae),  A  family  characterised  by 
opposite  leaves  and  flowers  with  two  stamens,  natives  of 
temperate  latitudes  ;  represented  by  the  Ash  in  Britain. 


145 

Observe  MOHLE   FLOWERS  {Jasminum  Samhac,  Ait.)    CASE 
and  oil  obtained  from  them,  used  in  perfumery  in  India.       7^. 
They    are    also    largely    used    by   Hindus   for    making 
garlands. 

Note  also  flowers  of  Harsinghar  {Nyctanthes  Arhor- 
trlstis,  L.),  employed  in  India  as  a  yellow  dye  for  cotton 
cloths.  They  also  yield  an  essential  oil  used  in  perfumery, 
and  like  those  last  mentioned,  are  made  into  garlands  by 
the  Hindus. 

Observe  wood  of  AMERICAN  ASH  (Fraxinus  americana, 
L.),  and  various  articles  made  of  it.  This  wood  is  inferior 
to  English  Ash  and  is  used  for  agricultural  implements, 
carriages,  tool-handles,  oars,  (fee. 

No.  357.  Manna,  the  concrete,  sweet  juice  of  the 
Manna  Ash  (Fraxinus  Ornus,  L.),  growing  in  Sicily  and 
Southern  Italy.  It  is  obtained  from  incisions  in  the  bark, 
made  in  summer  and  autumn.  A  portion  of  a  trunk 
showing  the  incisions  is  exhibited,  also  mannite  and 
manna  sugar.     Manna  is  a  mild  and  agreeable  laxative. 

No.  358.  Insect  Wax,  from  China,  secreted  by 
Coccus  Pe-la,  Westw.  The  insects  live  and  reproduce 
themselves  spontaneously  on  Ligustrum  lucidum,  Ait. 
The  Chinese  transport  the  females  and  cultivate  them  in 
Western  China  on  Fraxinus  chinensis,  Roxb.,  which  is 
readily  propagated  by  cuttings;  in  Eastern  China  Ligus- 
trum lucidum  itself  is  used.  The  wax  is  employed  for  a 
variety  of  purposes  by  the  Chinese,  as  for  coating  candles 
(note  examples),  glazing  paper,  polishing  furniture,  and 
finishing  the  plastered  walls  of  rooms  {see  also  Case  75). 

No.  359.  Wood  of  the  Common  Ash  {Fraxinus  excel- 
sior, L.),  the  toughest  and  most  elastic  of  British  timbers, 
greatly  valued  by  the  cart-wright,  wheel -wright,  cooper, 
machine-framework,  and  agricultural  implement  maker. 
In  request  in  olden  time  for  spears,  and  used  at  the 
present  time  for  the  shafts  of  lances  carried  by  the  British 
cavalry.  An  English  ash-shafted  cavalry  lance  is  exhibited 
over  the  doors. 

Note  in  the  Case  a  series  of  specimens  illustrating  the 
manufacture  of  tennis  rackets,  an  alpenstock,  and  other 
articles  made  of  Ash. 

25782  K 


146 

CASE        Woods   of    other   Bpecies   of    Fraxinus,   chiefly   from 

74.  U.S.  America,  may  be  noted  in  this  compartment. 

In  the  last  compartment  of  this  Case  note  wood 
specimens  of  Fraxinus  floribunda,  Wall.,  a  large 
deciduous  tree  of  India,  Burma,  &c.  The  wood  is  tough 
and  hard,  and  is  employed  in  India  for  oars,  jampan  poles, 
ploughs,  and  other  purposes. 

On  the  lower  shelves  observe  woods  of  several  species 
of  OsmanthuSf  Notelaea^  and  Olea^  including  Notelaea 
ligustrina^  Vent.,  known  as  IRONWOOD  in  Australia  and 
Tasmania.  The  wood  is  exceedingly  hard,  close-grained, 
and  is  used  for  mallets,  sheaves  of  blocks,  turnery,  &c. 
Also  Indian  Olive,  Kahu  of  Sind  {Olea  cuspidata. 
Wall.).  The  wood  takes  a  good  polish,  and  is  highly  prized 
for  turning,  for  combs  (specimens  of  which  are  shown), 
agricultural  implements,  &c.  An  oil  obtained  from  the 
fruit  is  employed  in  medicine  as  a  rubefacient.  Both  the 
fruits  and  the  oil  are  shown. 

On  the  bottom  shelf  observe  Black  Ironwood  of 
Natal  and  the  Cape  {Olea  laurifolia^  Lam.).  The  wood 
is  close-grained  and  very  durable,  and  is  extensively 
employed  in  South  Africa  for  wagon  work  ;  it  is  also 
stated  to  be  an  excellent  furniture  wood. 

CASE       No.  360.    Branches  of  the  Olive  Tree  {Olea  europaea, 

75,  L.),  emblems  of  peace  and  plenty.  A  tree  of  Syria  and 
Greece,  naturalized  abundantly  on  the  shores  of  the 
Mediterranean,  cultivated  also  in  California  and  South 
Australia.  Valued  from  a  remote  period  for  the  sake  of 
the  oil  obtained  by  pressure  from  the  pulp  of  its  fruit. 
Note  Rosaries  made  of  the  wood  and  seeds  of  the  Olive 
from  Jerusalem.  Also  fruits  from  France,  Italy,  Spain, 
and  California. 

No.  361.  Samples  of  Olive  Oil,  from  Portugal, 
Spain,  Sardinia,  Tuscany,  South  Australia  and  California. 
During  the  year  1905,  7,690  tuns  of  Unrefined  or  Raw 
Olive  oil,  of  the  value  of  £256,601,  and  4,352  tuns  of  the 
Refined  or  Edible  oil,  of  the  value  of  £184,885  were 
imported  into  the  United  Kingdom.  The  best  quality  of 
Tuscan  olive  oil  is  imported  into  London  in  casks. 

Olive  oil  does  not  reduce  silver  nitrate,  which  cotton 
seed  oil  does.     This  affords  a  means  of  detecting  as  small 


147 

an  adulteration  as  one  per  cent.     Castile  soap  is  made  of    CASE 
olive  oil  and  soda.  75. 

On  a  lower  shelf  observe  IBOTA  Wax  from  Tokio, 
Japan,  obtained  from  Ligustnim  Ihota,  Sieb.,  and 
probably  the  secretion  of  a  Coccus, 

Note  also  Chinese  White  Wax  and  candles  prepared 
with  the  same. 

Mustard  Tree  Order  {Salvadoraceae),  a  small  group 
of  trees  or  shrubs,  natives  of  hot  countries,  of  but  little 
economic  value. 

Observe  wood,  bark,  fruits,  and  oil  of  Tooth-Brush 
Tree  {Salvadora  persica,  L.).  A  small  glaucous  tree 
of  India,  Ceylon,  Arabia,  &c.  The  Mahomedans  of 
Persia  form  tooth-brushes  of  the  twigs.  The  bark  has 
an  odour  like  cress  and  the  root-bark  is  very  acrid  and 
acts  as  a  vesicant.  The  leaves  are  eaten  as  salad,  and  are 
also  given  as  fodder  to  cattle.     The  seeds  yield  an  oil. 

Dogbane  Order  (Apocynaceae).  Erect  or  twining 
shrubs,  often  with  a  milky,  elastic,  and  sometimes  very 
poisonous  juice,  mostly  natives  of  the  tropics.  The 
Periwinkle  (  Vinca)  of  our  gardens  belongs  to  the  Order. 

The  remainder  of  this  Case  and  a  portion  of  the  next 
is  devoted  to  illustrations  of  India-rubber  or  caoutchouc- 
producing  plants. 

Observe  dried  mounted  specimen  of  Leuconotis  eugeni- 
folius^  A.  DC,  an  evergreen  shrub  of  Penang,  Sumatra, 
and  Borneo,  and  one  of  the  sources  of  the  Borneo  Rubber, 
known  under  the  name  of  Menungan.  Note  also  a 
portion  of  the  stem,  and  a  sample  of  Rubber  from 
Leuconotis  Griffithiiy  Hook,  f.,  an  evergreen  shrub  of 
Malacca. 

Near  these  are  portions  of  stems  and  rubber  from 
Willughheia  firma,  Blume,  a  large  climber  of  Singapore, 
Sumatra,  and  Borneo.  In  both  Borneo  and  Singapore  it 
is  said  to  yield  the  "  GUTTA  SiNGARlP."  Note  also 
specimens  of  Willughheia  flavescenSj  Dyer,  a  large  climber, 
yielding  rubber,  from  Singapore. 

On  a  lower  shelf  are  samples  of  rubber  and  of  the 
edible  fruits  of  Willughheia  edulis,  Roxb.,  an  immense 
climber  of  India,  Burma,  Malacca,  and  Borneo.  Also 
fruits,    portions    of    stem  and  rubber  from   species  of 


148 

CASE    Glitandray    including    rubber    from    C.    henriquesiana, 
75.       Schum.,  a  shrubby  plant  and  one  of  the  sources  of  root 
rubber  from  Lower  Guinea. 

This  form  of  rubber  is  obtained  by  cutting  the  rhizomes 
into  small  pieces  and  extracting  the  rubber  therefrom  by 
pounding  or  beating. 

On  the  bottom  shelf  observe  specimens  of  rubber  from 
the  Gambia,  probably  yielded  by  Landolpliia  Heudelotii, 
A.  DC.,  a  shrub  or  climber  of  Tipper  Guinea,  and  one  of 
the  most  valuable  sources  of  West  African  rubber.  Also 
rubber  from  L.  turhinata^  Stapf,  Uganda,  and  portion 
of  root  and  rubber  from  L.  ThoUonii,  Dew.,  a  dwarf 
shrub  of  Lower  Guinea  and  a  source  of  root  rubber. 
The  last  compartment  of  this  Case  contains  fruits,  stems, 
and  rubber  from  various  species  of  Landolpliia  from 
Tropical  Africa. 

No.  362.  Fruits,  portions  of  stem  and  rubber  from 
Landolpliia  oivariensis^  Beauv.,  a  more  or  less  scandent 
shrub  or  tree  widely  distributed  in  Tropical  Africa,  and 
one  of  the  principal  sources  of  African  rubber.  L,  Klainei, 
Pierre,  a  scandent  shrub  of  Upper  and  Lower  Guinea 
and  the  principal  rubber  vine  of  the  Gaboon  district.  L. 
fiorida,  Benth.,  a  tall,  climbing  shrub  widely  distributed 
in  Tropical  Africa.  The  fruits  of  this  species  are  very 
sour,  but  are  eaten  by  the  natives  of  the  West  Coast  and 
are  known  as  Aboli.  Opinions  as  to  the  economic 
value  of  L,  florida  as  a  rubber  producer  are  highly 
contradictory. 

On  a  lower  shelf  observe  fruits,  portions  of  stem  and 
rubber  from  L.  Kirkii,  Dyer,  a  scandent  shrub,  and  one 
of  the  most  important  rubber  plants  of  East  Africa.  Also 
samples  of  rubber  from  Vahy  {Landolj)liia  madagas- 
cariensiSj  Bth.  and  Hook,  f.),  a  climbing  plant  of  con- 
siderable size,  and  one  of  the  sources  of  Madagascar 
Rubber. 

CASE       No.  363.     Root  Rubber  from   Carpodinus  lanceo- 
7g^       lata^    K.    Schum.,    a    glabrous   perennial   erect  herb  of 
Lower  Guinea  and  South    Central  Africa.     This  species 
yields  most  of  the  root  rubber  of  the  Congo. 

No.  364.  Fruits  and  Rubber  of  Mangabeira 
{Hancornia   speciosa,  Gomez).     A   small  tree   native  of 


149 

Brazil,  and  the  source  of  Mangabeira  or  Pernambuco 
Rubber  of  commerce..  During  1905,  1,404,825  lbs.  of 
this  rubber,  of  the  value  of  £144,751  were  exported  from 
Brazil.  The  fruits  known  as  Mangaba  have  an  agreeable 
taste,  and  are  eaten  either  in  a  fresh  state  or  cooked  in 
various  ways. 

Note  fruits  of  the  Karaunda  (Carissa  CarandaSy  L.), 
cultivated  in  most  parts  of  India;  the  half  ripe  fruit  is 
much  used  for  pickles,  and  is  also  employed  for  tarts  and 
puddings.  When  ripe,  it  makes  good  jelly,  and  is 
universally  eaten  by  the  natives.  The  wood  is  well 
adapted  for  turning.  Spoons  delicately  carved  from  it  in 
South  India  are  exhibited. 

Note  specimens  of  the  leaves,  wood,  &c.,  of  Acokanthera 
Schimperi^  Schwein.,  a  glabrous  shrub  of  East  Tropical 
Africa.  From  the  wood,  the  Wy  Nyika  and  other  tribes 
prepare  a  poisonous  extract,  used  as  an  arrow  poison  over 
an  extensive  area  in  East  Africa.  Samples  of  the  poison 
are  shown. 

Observe  on  the  same  shelf  roots  of  Acokanthei^a 
venenata,  G.  Don,  employed  in  the  Taita  District  of 
South  Africa  as  an  arrow  poison. 

Note  on  the  bottom  shelf  a  Fijian  native  dress  made  of 
leaves  of  the  VONO  {Alyxia  stellata,  Roem.  et  Sch.). 

In  the  next  compartment  note  fruits  of  the  Tanghin 
{Cerbera  Tangliin,  Hook.),  containing  a  poisonous  juice, 
formerly  used  in  Madagascar  as  an  ordeal  in  cases  of 
suspected  crime  or  apostasy.  Also  fruits,  oil  from  the  seeds, 
and  wood  of  Ce^^hera  Odollam,  Gaertn.,  an  evergreen  tree  of 
India,  Burma  and  Ceylon.  The  oil  is  used  for  burning. 
Note  also  fruits  of  the  POKOSOLA  (Ochrosia  elliptica, 
Lab.),  from  the  Solomon  Islands.  The  flat  kernels  are 
said  to  be  edible. 

No.  365.  Paddle -Wood,  the  remarkable  buttressed 
or  fluted  stem  of  Aspidos]3erma  excelsiim,  Bth.  A  tree  of 
Guiana  used  for  the  rollers  of  cotton-gins,  and  by  the 
Indians  in  making  paddles.  Observe  the  beautiful 
winged  seeds. 

Observe  also  bark,  wood,  and  fruits  of  QUEBRACHO 
BLANCO  (Aspidosperma  Qtiebracho-blanco,  Schlecht.),  a 
tree  native  of  the  Argentine  Republic.  An  extract  has  been 
used  medicinally  in  various  forms  of  dyspnoea. 


150 

The  wood  is  used  for  tanning,  but  is  not  so  valuable  for 
this  purpose  as  that  of  the  Quebracho  Colorado.  (See 
Case  30.) 

Note  wood,  bark,  and  weaving  shuttle  made  of  Cape 
Boxwood  or  Kamassi  (Gonioma  Kamassi,  G.  Mey.). 
The  bark  is  employed  at  the  Cape  as  a  substitute  for 
Angostura  bark  in  making  bitters. 

Specimens  are  here  shown  of  the  wood  and  bark  of 
Alstonia  scholaris,  ti.  Br.,  a  tree  of  tropical  Asia,  Africa, 
and  Australia.  The  bark,  called  DiTA  Bark,  has  been 
recommended  as  a  most  valuable  antiperiodic,  anthel- 
mintic, and  tonic.  The  milky  juice  yields  a  substance 
resembling  gutta  percha.  Another  species,  A.  constricta, 
F.  Muell.,  a  native  of  Queensland  and  New  South  Wales, 
has  a  tonic  bark. 

No.  366.  Fruit,  portion  of  stem  and  samples  of 
Getah  Jelutong  or  Pontianac  from  Dyera  costulata, 
Hook,  f.,  a  large  tree  of  Malaya.  Getah  Jelutong 
resembles  a  poor  quality  of  gutta  percha,  and  is  mostly 
shipped  to  the  United  States  of  America. 

On  a  lower  shelf  observe  fibre  and  cloth  called  DODO 
cloth  from  the  KPOKPOKA  TREE  (Conopharyngia 
pachysipJion,  Stapf).     A  shrub  of  Upper  Guinea. 

Observe  wood  and  bark  of  KURCHI  or  CONESSI 
(Holm^rhena  antidysenterica^  Wall.),  a  small  Indian  tree, 
the  wood  of  which  is  largely  used  for  carving,  turnery, 
furniture,  &c.,  and  the  bark  and  seeds  in  Hindoo  medicine. 
The  former  is  one  of  their  principal  remedies  for  dysentery; 
both  are  very  bitter. 

No.  367.  Frame  carved  in  the  hard,  white  wood  of 
Wrightia  tinctoria,  R.  Br.,  much  used  in  India  for 
carving  and  turning,  and  the  leaves  in  dyeing.  Note  also 
fork,  spoon,  and  platters  carved  in  wood  of  WrHghtia 
tomentosa,  R.  &  S.,  from  India. 

On  the  upper  shelves  of  the  first  compartment  note 
fruits  and  seeds  of  species  of  Strophanthus,  including 
those  of  KOMBE  {S.  Kombe^  Oliv.),  a  rambling  or  climbing 
shrub  of  the  Mozambique  District.  The  seeds  are  im- 
ported into  this  country  for  medicinal  purposes,  being 
chiefly  used  for  the  treatment  of  cardiac  affections. 


151 

On  a  lower  shelf  observe  edible  fruits  and  rubber  from  CASE 
Kybtpaung  {Urceola  esculenta,  Benth.),  a  large  climbing  .78 
evergreen  shrub  of  Burma,  where  it  is  common  in  the 
Teak  forests.  Note  also  samples  of  fibre  from  Apocynum 
cannabinum,  L.,  and  articles  prepared  from  the  fibre  by 
North  American  Indians.  Also  fibre  from  the  bark  of 
Anodenclron  paniculatuniy  DC,  a  climber  of  India  and 
Ceylon.  The  fibre  is  strong  and  is  used  for  fishing 
nets,  &c. 

No.  368.  Fruits,  portion  of  stem  incised  for  the 
■collection  of  rubber,  and  various  samples  of  rubber,  from 
the  Ire  or  Silk  Rubber  Tree  of  Lagos  (Funtumia 
elastica,  Stapf),  a  large  tree  and  one  of  the  most 
important  sources  of  West  African  Rubber.  This  species 
has  been  recently  found  in  Uganda.  A  native  drum  made 
from  the  wood  of  this  tree  from  the  Gold  Coast  is  also 
shown. 

Asclepias  Order  (Asclepiadeae),  represented  in  hot- 
houses by  the  fleshy-leaved  Hoyas  and  other  beautiful 
species.  The  Asclepiads  are  mainly  tropical,  many  of 
them  African  and  Indian  twining  shrubs,  frequently  with 
a  milky  juice.  The  structure  of  the  flowers  is  very 
anomalous. 

No.  369.  Indian  Sarsaparilla,  the  root  of  Hemi- 
desmus  indicus,  Br.,  a  twining  shrub,  used  medicinally  in 
India. 

No.  370.  Yercum  or  Madar  Fibre,  obtained  from 
Calotropis  gigantea,  Br.,  common  in  waste  places  in  India. 
The  fibre  obtained  from  the  inner  bark  is  very  durable 
and  is  used  for  bow-strings,  fishing  lines  and  nets. 
Attempts  have  been  made  to  weave  the  hair  or  floss  from 
the  seeds,  without,  however,  any  satisfactory  results. 
The  plant  abounds  in  acrid  milk,  which  has  powerful 
medicinal  properties.  Stems  of  the  plant  with  the  fibre 
partially  removed  are  exhibited,  also  twine  made  from 
the  fibre,  and  a  specimen  of  woven  fabric  made  from  the 
floss. 

On  the  upper  shelves  of  the  first  compartment  observe    CASE 
specimens  of  fibre  from  the  bark,  floss  from  the  seeds,       79. 


152 

CASE  which,  like  the  last  mentioned,  is  known  as  Madar,  and 
79.  roots  of  Calotropis  procera^  Br.  The  dried  bark  of  the 
root  has  alterative,  tonic  and  diaphoretic  properties. 

Ob-erve  stems  and  bark  of  Condurango  (Mai^sdenia 
Cundurango,  Nichols.),  a  climbing  plant  of  South 
America.  The  bark  has  alterative  and  tonic  properties, 
and  is  a  reputed  cure  for  snake  bites  and  cancer. 

Also  Rajmahal  Hemp,  the  fibre  of  Marsdenia  tenacis- 
sima,  Wight  and  Arn.,  a  large  twining  shrub  of  India. 
The  fibre  is  very  strong  and  durable,  and  is  used  for 
making  bow-strings.  Marsdenia  tinctoria,  Br.,  was 
formerly  cultivated  in  Java  as  a  source  of  indigo. 

Note  specimens  of  the  seeds  of  Asclepiads,  showing 
the  beautiful  crest  of  silky  hairs  which  usually  surmount 
them. 

Strychnos  Order  (Loganiaceae).  Chiefly  tropical, 
bearing  opposite,  undivided  leaves.  The  Order  is 
eminently  poisonous,  affording  some  of  the  most 
dangerous  drugs  known  to  us. 

Note  False  Jasmine  Root  {Gelsemium  sempervirenSy 
Ait.),  a  woody  vine,  native  of  North  America.  Used  in 
medicine,  especially  in  cases  of  neuralgia,  rheumatism, 
and  fevers. 

Observe  herb  of  the  INDIAN,  or  Maryland  Pink  Root 
(S2ngelia  marilandica^  L.),  a  native  of  the  Southern 
IJnited  States.  It  is  an  acro-narcotic  poison,  and  is  used 
in  medicine  in  America. 

No.  371.  Fruits,  seeds,  wood,  and  bark  of  Nux- 
VOMICA  {Strychnos  Nux-vomica,  L.),  a  moderate-sized 
tree  of  India,  Burma,  and  Ceylon. 

No.  372.  Strychnine,  a  poisonous  alkaloid  prepared 
from  Nux-vomica  seeds.  Valued  in  medicine  as  a 
tonic  and  stimulant. 

No.  373.  WOURALI  or  CURARE  of  Guiana,  a  virulent 
poison,  prepared  from  the  bark  of  Strychnos  toxifera^ 
Schomb.,  by  scraping  it,  steeping  it  in  water,  and  con- 
centrating the  fluid  by  evaporation.  It  is  used  by  the 
Indians  to  tip  weapons  for  war  and  the  chase.  Note 
small  calabash  containing  the  poison  as  kept  by  the 
Macusi  Indians,  the  principal  makers  of  it. 


153 

Observe  wood  and  seeds  of  the  CLEARING  NuT  Tree    CASE 
(Strychnos  potatorum,  Linn,  f.),  a  moderate-sized  tree  of       79. 
India  and    Ceylon.      The  ripe  seeds   are   used   to   clear 
muddy  water,  by  rubbing  them  round  the  inside  of  the 
vessel. 

They  are  also  much  used  in  medicine,  and  the  pulp  of 
the  fruit  is  eaten  and  made  into  preserve.  The  wood  is 
used  for  ploughs,  building  purposes,  cart-wheels,  &c. 

No.   374.     St.   Ignatius'    Beans.     The   seeds   of   CASE 
Strychnos  Ignatii,  Berg.,  a  shrub  or  small  tree,  native  of       80. 
the  Philippine  Islands.     The  properties  of  these  seeds  are 
identical  with  those  of  Nux-vomica,  hence  they  are  largely 
used   in   India,   and   with   us    for    the    manufacture    of 
Strychnine.     The  supply,  however,  is  very  irregular. 

Note  seeds  of  Mussaenda  Coffee  {Oaertnera  vagi- 
nata.  Lam.),  from  Reunion.  It  is  a  low  erect  shrub,  and 
the  seeds  have  been  recommended  as  a  coffee  substitute, 
but  are  of  little  value,  as  they  do  not  contain  caffeine. 

Gentian  Order  {Gentianeae).  A  numerous  and 
widely  dispersed  family  of  herbaceous  plants,  generally 
with  smooth,  entire,  opposite  leaves  and  iDeautifully 
coloured  flowers.  They  are  characterised  by  a  powerful 
bitterness  in  every  part ;  hence  their  use  by  all  nations  as 
febrifugal  and  stomachic  medicines. 

Note  specimens  of  root  of  Oentiana  Kurroo^  Royle, 
occasionally  used  in  India  in  medicine. 

No.  375.  Gentian  Root  {Gentiana  lutea,  L.).  Native 
of  France,  Germany,  the  Alps,  Pyrenees,  &c. ;  principally 
employed  as  a  tonic. 

Note  also  roots  of  Field  Gentian  (Genticma  cam- 
pestris,  L.),  employed  in  rustic  medicine  as  a  tonic  and 
stomachic. 

On  an  upper  shelf  of  the  next  compartment  observe 
Chiretta  or  KiRAYAT  of  India  (Swertia  Chirata, 
Ham.).  The  entire  plant  is  collected  when  in  flower,  and 
is  valued  in  Hindu  medicine  on  account  of  its  tonic, 
anthelmintic,  and  febrifuge  properties.  It  is  frequently 
imported  into  this  country  for  medicinal  purposes. 

Note  also  Bogbean  (Menyanthes  trifoliata,  L.),  a 
perennial  marsh  herb  of  this  country,  used  in  medicine 


154 

CASE    as  a  tonic  and  febrifuge,  and  also  to  add  bitterness  to 

80.  beer. 

Borage  Order  (Boragineae).  Rough-leaved  plants^ 
with  one-sided  flower-spikes  ;  growing  in  temperate 
countries,  especially  around  the  Mediterranean.  The  roots 
of  some  species  afford  dyes. 

Observe  woods  of  several  species  of  Corclia,  including 
that  of  the  Sbbesten  Tree  {Gordia  Myxa,  L.)  ;  also 
cordage  made  from  the  bark.  It  is  a  moderate-sized  tree, 
found  throughout  India,  Burma,  and  Ceylon. 

The  upper  shelves  of  the  last  compartment  contain  a 
continuation  of  woods  and  fibres  furnished  by  species  of 
Gordia  and  of  Ehretia. 

On   a  lower  shelf   observe  Alkanet-ROOT  {Alkanna 
tinctoria,  Tausch.),  from  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean. 
It  yields  a  red  dye,  used  to  stain  furniture,  &c. 
CASE        ^^   ^^    upper    shelf    of    the    first    compartment    are 

81.  specimens  of  The  de  Montagne,  the  plant  of  Litho- 
spermum  officinale,  L.,  dried  and  used  as  tea  in  the 
Pyrenees. 

Bindweed  Order  (Convolvidaceae),  Usually  twin- 
ing herbs  or  shrubs,  with  handsome  plaited  corollas, 
abundant  all  over  the  tropics.  Represented  in  Britain  by 
the  common  Bindweeds.  The  roots  commonly  possess  an 
acrid  and  purgative  juice. 

No.  376.  Vera  Cruz  Jalap,  the  tubers  of  Ipomoea 
Piirga,  Hayne,  a  well-known  drug,  named  Jalap  from 
Xalapa,  a  city  of  Mexico,  near  to  which  the  plant  grows. 
This  species  is  the  principal  source  of  Jalap.  Specimens 
are  also  shown  of  Tampico  Jalap  (/.  simulans,  Han- 
bury),  and  of  Orizaba  or  Male  Jalap  (/.  orizahensisy 
Led.).  During  the  year  1905,  119  tons  of  Jalap  of  the 
value  of  £3,948  passed  through  Vera  Cruz  for  export. 

No.  377.  Sweet  Potato.  The  tubers  of  Ipomoea 
Batatas,  Poir.  Extensively  cultivated  in  all  tropical  coun- 
tries, although  not  known  in  a  wild  state.  The  tuber 
contains  much  starch  and  saccharine  matter.  In  the 
Azores  it  is  largely  cultivated  for  the  distillation  of 
alcohol  which  is  exported  to  Lisbon. 


155 

Models  of  tubers,  sliced  tubers,  and  starch  obtained  from    CASE 
them  are  shown.  81. 

Note  also  tubers  of  the  KUMARAH  {Ipomoea  chrysor- 
rhiza,  Hook,  f.),  of  the  natives  of  New  Zealand  ; 
probably  a  variety  of  the  last. 

No.  378.  SCAMMONY,  a  gum-resin  obtained  from  the 
roots  of  Convolvulus  Scammonia,  L.,  a  native  of  Asia 
Minor  and  Syria.  It  is  chiefly  exported  from  Smyrna  and 
Aleppo,  and  is  employed  in  medicine  as  a  cathartic  and 
vermifuge.  Scammony  is  very  frequently  adulterated  by 
the  collectors,  who  mix  with  it  carbonate  of  lime,  wheat 
flour,  sand,  black  lead,  and  other  substances.  Specimens 
of  the  root  and  of  different  qualities  of  Scammony  are 
shown. 

Nightshade  Order  (Solanaceae).  A  large  and  widely 
distributed  group  of  herbs  and  shrubs,  most  abundant 
between  the  tropics,  characterised  by  dangerous  and 
narcotic  properties.  Familiar  representatives  are  the 
Potato,  Tomato,  and  Tobacco. 

No.  379.  Tomatoes,  the  fruits  of  Lycopersicum 
esciilentum,  Mill.  A  plant  probably  of  Mexican  or  South 
American  origin  ;  commonly  cultivated  as  an  esculent. 

Observe  fruits  of  the  Brinjal,  or  Aubergine  {Solarium 
Melongena,  L.),  a  plant  largely  cultivated  in  hot  countries. 
The  fruits,  which  are  more  or  less  egg-shaped,  varj'  con- 
siderably in  size  and  colour,  being  either  white,  yellow, 
violet,  purple,  or  nearly  black.  They  are  very  highly 
esteemed  in  France,  and  are  sometimes  seen  in  the 
markets  in  this  country. 

Note  also  stems  and  herb  of  the  Bitter-Sweet,  or 
Woody  Nightshade  (Solanum  Dulcamara^  L.),  a  well- 
known  hedge  plant  in  this  country  ;  used  in  medicine 
in  the  form  of  decoction,  in  rheumatic  or  cutaneous 
aflections. 

On  an  upper  shelf  of  the  first  compartment  of  this  Case    CASE 
observe  edible  tubers,  and  models  of  tubers,  of  Solanum       82. 
Maglia,  Schlecht.,  native  of  Chili.     This  species  is  under 
experimental  cultivation  in  this  country. 

Observe  a  large  series  of  models  of  Potatoes  {Solanum 
tuberosum,  L.) 


156 

CASE        The  next  compartment  is  chiefly  devoted  to  illustrations 
82.       of  the  uses  of  the  Potato,  our  most  important  esculent. 

No.  380.  Plant  of  Potato,  showing  the  tubers  to  be  an 
altered  (thickened)  condition  of  subterranean  stems.  It  is 
a  native  of  Chili,  and  is  represented  by  nearly  allied 
forms  in  the  South- Western  States  of  America.  The 
potato  was  brought  first  to  Great  Britain  in  1563.  It  w^as 
not,  however,  till  late  in  the  18th  century  that  it  became 
popular.  In  the  wild  state  the  tubers  are  very  small, 
seldom  exceeding  the  size  of  a  walnut.  Specimens  of 
these  are  shown  in  the  second  compartment.  Observe 
British  Gum  or  Dextrine,  an  altered  product  of  potato 
starch,  used  for  postage  stamps ;  STARCH  or  English 
arrowroot,  syrup  and  sugar  from  potatoes ;  dried  com- 
pressed potatoes. 

The  potato  is  very  liable,  especially  in  hot  and  damp 
seasons,  to  attacks  of  disease  caused  by  a  fungus  known 
as  Phytophtliora  infestans,  De  Bary.  A  drawing  is  ex- 
hibited showing  the  progress  of  the  disease  in  a  potato 
leaf.  Note  also  specimens  and  description  of  Colorado 
Potato  Beetle  {Doryphora  Decemlineata^  Say.),  a 
potato  pest  of  North  America. 

Observe  fruits  of  TREE  TOMATO  {Gyphomandra  hetacea^ 
Sendt.),  a  shrub  or  small  tree,  native  of  Peru,  cultivated 
in  the  South  of  Europe,  West  Indies,  and  other  warm 
countries.  When  ripe  the  fruit  is  eaten  for  dessert  and 
is  also  made  into  a  preserve. 

Also  fruits  of  Cape  Gooseberry  (Physalis  peruviana, 
L.),  a  native  of  Tropical  America  and  cultivated  in  India 
and  other  parts  for  the  fruits  which  are  eaten  raw  or 
made  into  a  preserve. 

No.  381.  Capsicums  and  Chillies,  the  acrid  biting 
fruits  of  Capsicum  annuum,  L.,  and  C.  frutescens,  L., 
respectively,  cultivated  in  all  hot  countries  for  use  as  a 
condiment. 

Cayenne  Pepper  consists  of  the  pulverised  rind  or 
skin  and  is  chiefly  prepared  from  the  smaller  fruits  known 
as  Bird-peppers  or  Chillies.  The  latter  are  regularly 
imported  into  this  country,  chiefly  from  Zanzibar  and 
Sierra  Leone  for  medicinal  purposes,  and  for  use  as  a 
condiment. 


157 

The  upper  portion  of  the  first  compartment  of  this  Case    CASE 
contains  Capsicum  fruits  from  South  America.  83. 

Observe  also  fruits  of  Panirband  (  Withania  coagulans^ 
Dun.),  a  small  undershrub  of  Northern  India  and 
Afghanistan,  where  the  fruits  are  employed  by  the  natives 
to  coagulate  milk  instead  of  using  rennet,  to  which  they 
object  on  religious  grounds. 

Specimens  are  also  shown  of  Mandrake  root  {Man- 
dr agora  officinarum,  L.).  It  was  known  to  the  ancients, 
and  credited  with  many  virtues,  on  account  of  the 
supposed  resemblance  of  the  root  to  the  human  figure. 

No.  382.  Deadly  Nightshade  (Atropa  Bella- 
do7ina,  L.).  A  dangerous  powerful  narcotic  poison^ 
usefully  employed  in  medicine.  It  is  an  herbaceous 
plant,  with  solitary,  lurid  flowers,  and  violet-black  berries, 
on  short  stalks,  springing  from  the  bases  of  the  rather 
large  ovate  leaves.  Found  in  waste  places,  often  near  old 
buildings,  in  England  and  on  the  Continent.  Leaves  and 
cigars  made  from  them,  also  root  and  extract,  as  well  as 
the  alkaloid  atropine,  are  exhibited. 

No.  383.  Thorn  Apple  or  Stramonium  (Datura 
Stramonium^  L.,  and  allied  species),  a  poisonous  narcotic 
used  in  medicine.  The  leaves,  fruits,  and  extract  are 
shown. 

No.  384.  Henbane  {Hyoscyamus  niger,  L.).  A 
viscid  and  hairy  weed,  growing  in  waste  places  about 
villages,  with  a  dingy  yellow  flower,  veined  with  purple. 
It  is  used  in  medicine  as  a  sedative  and  substitute  for 
opium,  and  is  cultivated  near  Banbury  in  Oxfordshire,  as 
well  as  in  Surrey,  Herts,  Bedfordshire,  and  Cambridge- 
shire. The  plant  is  known  under  two  forms,  annual  and 
biennial.  The  latter  produces  in  the  first  year  only  a 
large  tuft  of  spreading  radical  leaves,  and  is  preferred  for 
medicinal  purposes,  an  extract  being  prepared  from  the 
leaves. 

Observe  foliage  of  PiCHi  (Fabiana  imbricata,  R.  &  P.), 
a  small  shrub  of  Peru.  It  has  been  found  useful  as  a 
diuretic  and  for  the  treatment  of  kidney  diseases. 

The  remainder  of  this  Case  is  devoted  to  TOBACCO,  the 
dried  leaves  of  species  of  Nicotiana  (N.  Tabacum^  L.,  and 


158 

CASE    N,  rustica,  L.),   both  of  American  origin.     During  the 

83.  year  1905,  the  total  imports  of  Tobacoo,  manufactured  and 
unmanufactured,  into  the  United  Kingdom,  amounted  to 
about  87,000,000  lbs.,  of  the  value  of  over  £3,000,000.  By 
far  the  greater  proportion  of  the  Tobacco  consumed  in  the 
United  Kingdom,  is  the  produce  of  the  United  States. 
From  Cuba,  the  Northern  provinces  of  South  America, 
Manila,  Borneo,  &c.,  further  supplies  are  obtained. 

The  peculiar  and  characteristic  narcotic  principle  of 
Tobacco,  is  developed  in  the  leaf  after  it  is  collected,  by  a 
fermentative  process,  promoted  by  moistening  it  with 
syrup  or  brine.  Latakia  tobacco,  specimens  of  which  are 
shown  in  this  Case,  derives  its  peculiar  aroma  from  the 
fact  of  its  being  dried  over  the  smoke  of  the  burning 
wood  of  Queyxus  Mobur. 

The  last    compartment  of   this   Case  contains   various 
forms  of  Tobacco  including  samples  from  Persia,  China, 
Japan,  and  Fiji. 
CASE        The  whole  of  this  Case  is  devoted  to  Tobacco. 

84.  Observe  in  the  first  compartment  samples  from  Manila, 
Borneo,  Sumatra,  &c.,  and  in  the  second  division  various 
forms  of  Indian  and  Ceylon  Tobacco  and  cigars. 

Of  the  samples  exhibited  in  the  last  compartment  note 
specimens     from    Africa    and    commercial    forms   from 
America. 
CASE        The  exhibit  of  Tobacco  is  continued  in  this  Case.     On 

85.  the  upper  shelves  of  the  first  compartment  note  specimens 
from  the  West  Indies. 

No.  385.  English-grown  Tobacco,  and  cigars  made 
from  the  leaf,  also  samples  of  manufactured  Tobacco  from 
plants  grown  in  Ireland. 

Observe  also  in  this  Case  various  specimens  of  cut 
Tobacco,  Cigars,  Snuff,  and  a  Water-pipe,  as  commonly 
used  in  China  for  smoking  tobacco. 

The  last  compartment  contains  a  collection  of  Tobacco 
Pipes  from  various  parts  of  the  world. 

No.  386.  PiTURl.  The  broken  leaves  and  twigs  of 
Duhoisia  Hopwoodi^  F.  Muell.,  a  bush  or  small  tree  found 
in  the  barren  deserts  from  the  Darling  River  to  Western 
Australia.  Pituri  leaves  are  chewed  by  the  natives  as  a 
stimulating  tonic  to  strengthen  them  in  long  journeys,  or 


159 

to  give  them  courage  in  warfare.     Observe  dilly  bags  as    CASE 
used  by  the  natives  for  carrying  Pituri ;  they  are  made  in       85. 
North  Queensland  from  the  split  young  leaves  of  Pan- 
danus  aquaticus^  F.  Muell. 

The  Australian  Case  on  the  opposite  side  contains  a 
large  series  of  Drift  fruits  and  seeds  from  the  shores  of 
the  Wesf  Indies,  Ecuador,  Keeling  Islands,  Solomon 
Islands,  Fiji,  New  Guinea,  Java,  &c. 

Ground  Floor. 

Figrwort  Order  (Scrophularineae)y  a  numerous  family,    CASE 
with   a    wide    distribution,    but   few   are  prominent   in       86. 
economic  use.     Several  are  highly  valued  as  ornamental 
flowers,  as  Calceolaria,  Pentstemon,  and  Paulownia. 

In  the  first  compartment  of  this  Case  observe  MuLLBIN 
{Verhasciim  Thapsus,  L.),  a  widely  distributed  plant, 
found  in  waste  dry  places.  The  leaves  were  formerly 
used  in  this  country  in  domestic  medicine  in  catarrh,  and 
the  wool  for  lamp  wicks.  The  stems  are  occasionally 
used  as  walking  sticks,  specimens  of  which  are  shown. 

Also  herb  of  the  FiGWORT  {Scrophularia  7iodosa,  L.), 
found  in  damp  woods  and  thickets,  and  formerly  employed 
in  this  country  in  medicine,  as  a  purgative  and  emetic. 

Specimens  of  the  wood,  fruits,  and  oil  from  the  seeds 
of  Paulownia  imperialis,  Sieb.  and  Zucc,  are  exhibited 
on  the  lower  shelves.  The  wood  is  much  valued  by  the 
Japanese  for  making  boxes  ;  one  is  exhibited. 

Observe  also  flowers  of  Lyperia  atropurpurea,  Bth., 
from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  used  both  in  medicine,  and 
for  producing  an  orange  dye. 

No.  387.  Foxglove  {Digitalis  purpurea,  L.).  A 
tall  and  handsome  plant,  frequent  in  hedges  in  Britain. 
A  powerful  poison,  used  in  medicine  as  a  sedative  and 
diuretic.  The  stems  are  occasionally  used  as  sunshade 
handles. 

Observe  rhizomes  of  KUTKI  {Picrorhiza  Kurroa,  Royle), 
a  small  plant  of  the  Alpine  Himalaya,  employed  in  Indian 
medicine  as  a  bitter  tonic  and  antiper iodic. 

Also  Culvers  root  ( Veronica  virginica,  L.),  a  native 
of  the  Eastern  United  States,  where  it  is  used  in  medicine 
as  an  emetic  and  cathartic. 


160 

CASE        Near  this  are  specimens  of  The  d'Europe  and  The 

86.  DE  Mont  Cbnis,  the  first  is  composed  of  the  leaves  of 
Veronica  officinalis^  L.,  and  the  second  of  those  of  V, 
A/lioniif  Vill. ;  both  are  used  as  medicinal  teas. 

Note  also  herb  of  the  Eyebright  (Euphrasia 
officinalis,  L.),  a  British  plant,  found  in  meadows  and  on 
heaths.  It  is  astringent,  and  was  formerly  used  in  the 
preparation  of  an  eye  wash. 

Broom-rape  Order  (Orobanchaceae),  characterised 
by  parasitical  habit,  browm  colour,  and  absence  of  other 
than  mere  scale-like  leaves. 

No.  388.  Mounted  specimens  of  Broom-RAPE 
{Orohanche  minor,  Sutt.),  showing  its  parasitism  on 
Clover  and  on  Garden  Pelargonium. 

Trumpet-flower  Order  (JBz^nony'ac^ae),  characterised 
by  twining  or  climbing  stems,  often  bearing  divided 
leaves  and  magnificent  flowers.  They  are  mainly  inter- 
tropical. Note  the  beautiful  membrane-like  wing,  often 
of  curious  microscopic  structure,  surrounding  the  seeds  of 
several  species  of  the  Order. 
CASE        The  first  division  of  this  Case  contains  chiefly  mounted 

87.  fruits  and  seeds  of  various  species  of  Bignonia,  Adeno- 
calymma,  Pithecoctenium^  &c. 

No.  389.  Red  Pigment,  prepared  from  the  leaves  of 
the  Chic  A  {Bignonia  Chica,  H.  &  B.),  used  by  the 
Indians  of  South  America  as  a  paint  for  their  bodies. 

In  the  next  compartment  of  this  Case  are  pods,  seeds, 
wood  and  bark  of  Oro.rylon  indicum.  Vent.,  a  small 
deciduous  tree,  found  throughout  India.  The  fruit  and 
bark  are  used  for  tanning  and  dyeing,  and  the  winged 
seeds  as  a  lining  for  hats  and  for  making  umbrellas  ;  for 
the  latter  purpose  they  are  placed^between  two  layers  of 
wickerwork. 

In  the  last  compartment  observe  wood  of  Tecoma 
leucoxylon,  Mart.,  from  the  West  Indies,  also  West 
Indian  Boxwood  {Tahehuia  pentaphylla,  Hemsl.). 
Both  woods  are  hard  and  even  grained.  Sometime  since 
the  latter  was  proposed  as  a  substitute  for  boxwood,  for 
engraving  purposes.     This  w^ood  is  exported  in  consider- 


able  quantities  from  Maracaibo  to  the  United  States,  under  CASE 
the  name  of  Maracaibo  Boxwood.  87. 

The   first  two   divisions  of  this   Case  contain  chiefly  CASE 
fruits,  and  woods,  of  species  of  Spathodea^  Dolichandrone,      87a. 
Heterophragma    and    Stereosjjermum^   from    India    and 
Burma. 

No.  390.  Calabashes,  the  shells  of  the  fruit  of 
Crescentia  Gujete,  L.,  a  tree  of  the  West  Indies  and  South 
America,  applied  to  various  domestic  purposes,  and  often 
carefully  carved  or  painted. 

No.  391.     Woody  fruits  of  species  of  Kigeliay  from    CASE 
Mauritius,  Abyssinia,  &c.  88. 

Sesamum  Order  {Pedalineae),  A  small  group  of 
herbaceous  plants  distributed  over  the  tropical  and  sub- 
tropical regions  of  the  New  and  Old  Worlds. 

No.  392.  Remarkably  armed  fruits  of  Marty nia 
diandra^  Glox.,  and  of  M.  fragrans^  Lindl. 

The  rind  of  the  fruit  of  the  latter  species  is  used  by  the 
Pima  Indians  of  Arizona  for  basket  work.  Strips  prepared 
for  plaiting  and  a  basket  ornamented  with  them  are  shown. 

No.  393.  Fruits  of  the  Grapple  Plant  {Harpago- 
phytum  procumbenSf  DC),  from  South  Africa. 

No.  394.  Seeds  of  Sesamum,  Beni,  Benne,  Til  or 
GiNGELLY  (Sesamum  indicum^  L.),  an  annual,  cultivated 
in  warm  countries,  especially  in  Asia  Minor  for  European 
demand,  for  the  sake  of  the  valuable — 

No.  395.  Oil  of  Sesamum  or  Gingelly  Oil, 
expressed  from  the  seed.  It  is  "  the  Oil "  of  India,  where 
it  is  universally  used  in  cooking,  anointing,  for  soaps,  &c. ; 
in  England  it  is  used  chiefly  in  soap-making,  and  to  burn 
in  lamps,  and  also  for  mixing  with  olive  oil.  In  France 
and  Italy  cold  drawn  oil  of  Sesamum  is  used  for  salads,  and 
in  Japan  and  China  the  lampblack  used  in  making  the 
best  Chinese  ink  is  obtained  by  burning  Sesamum  oil. 

Acanthus  Order  (Acanthaceae),  A  tribe  of  plants 
chiefly  tropical,  including,  besides  many  weeds,  some  very 
beautiful  hothouse  species ;  but  few  have  any  economic 
value. 

25782  I» 


162 

CASE        Observe    Room   or    Maigyeb,    a    blue    dye    (indigo) 

88.  produced  by  Strohilanthes  flaccidifolius^  Nees,  a  shrub  of 
North  and  East  Bengal,  extending  from  Assam  into  South 
China,  where  it  is  thought  finer  than  the  blue  dye 
obtained  from  any  other  plant. 

Note  also  stems  of  the  Kariyat  (Andrographis 
paniculata^  Nees),  a  plant  common  in  dry,  shady  places  in 
nearly  all  parts  of  India  and  Ceylon,  and  introduced  into 
the  Mauritius  and  West  Indian  Islands.  It  has  bitter, 
tonic  and  stomachic  properties  similar  to  Chiretta  and 
Gentian,  with  the  former  of  which  it  has  been  confounded 
in  Indian  medicine. 

Observe  flowers,  leaves,  and  wood  of  Adhatoda  Vasica^ 
Nees,  a  small  shrub  of  India,  Burma,  and  Malaj'a.  The 
leaves  yield  a  yellow  dye,  but  their  chief  use  is  as  a 
dressing  for  rice-fields,  as  they  seem  to  have  the  power  of 
killing  aquatic  weeds.  An  infusion  of  them  is  also  used 
as  an  insecticide.  The  wood  is  employed  for  charcoal  for 
making  gunpowder. 

Note  specimens  of  root  of  Tong-PANG-Chong  {Rhina- 
canthus  commu7iis,  Nees),  used  in  India  and  China  in  the 
treatment  of  ringworm  and  other  cutaneous  diseases.  The 
plant  is  universally  known  in  Lower  India  as  N  AGAMULLIE. 

Note  a  few  products  of  a  minor  character  belonging  to 
the  small  order  Myoporineae,  an  order  of  shrubs  and 
small  trees,  chiefly  Australian. 

Vervain  Order  (  Verhenaceae),    A  large  Order  widely 

distributed   over   the   New   and    Old   Worlds,   but   most 

abundant  within  the  tropics  ;  some  of  the  species  furnish 

valuable  timbers. 

CASE        Observe  wood  of  Petitia  domingensiSy  Jacq.,  from  the 

89.  West  Indies  where  it  is  one  of  the  woods  known  as 
FiDDLEWOOD,  the  name  being  a  corruption  of  Bois-fidele, 

No.  396.  Teak  (Tectona  grandis,  L.).  A  deciduous 
tree  attaining  a  height  of  120  to  150  feet,  with  a  girth  of 
20  to  25  feet.  Native  of  India,  Burma,  and  the  Malay 
Archipelago.  This  is  the  chief  export  timber  of  India 
and  Burma,  and  it  is  also  exported  from  Java,  where  there 
exist  large  plantations  of  great  value.  Once  seasoned, 
Teak-wood  does  not  split,  warp,  or  alter  its  shape  ;  its 
principal  value  is  its  great  durability.     It  is  one  of  the 


163 

most  useful  timber-trees,  for   ship  and   railway-carriage    CASE 
building.     In  India  the  wood  is  used  for  house  building,       89« 
bridges,     railw^ay-sleepers,     &c.,    and     in    Burma     it    is 
extensively  used  for  carving. 

Various  ^  specimens  are  shown  including  a  musical 
instrument  and  screen,  carved  in  it. 

No.  397.  Teak,  quite  sound,  from  Salsette  in  Bombay, 
supposed  to  be  2,000  years  old. 

The  rest  of  this  Case  is  devoted  to  species  of  Premna 
and  GmeMna,  from  India  and  Burma. 

The  first  compartment  of  this  Case  is  devoted  chiefly  to    CA.SE 
specimens  of  woods  and  fruits  of  species  of  Vitex.  90. 

On  the  upper  shelves  of  the  next  compartment  are 
woods  of  Avicennia  nitiday  Jacq.,  from  British  Guiana, 
and  A,  officinalis^  L.,  from  Queensland.  They  are  some- 
times known  under  the  name  of  White  Mangrove,  in 
consequence  of  their  growing  in  tidal  estuaries  near  the 
sea  coast. 

Labiate  Order  (Ldbiatae).  A  large  and  well-marked 
group  of  about  3,000  species,  prevailing  in  dry  situations 
in  the  warmer  temperate  regions.  Marked  botanically  by 
the  four-angled  stem,  opposite  dotted  leaves,  whorls  of 
lipped  (labiate)  flowers,  often  of  great  beauty,  as  in  Salvia^ 
and  a  deeply  four-lobed  dry  fruit.  The  order  is  devoid 
of  hurtful  properties.  Many  species  are  highly  fragrant 
Jand  aromatic,  as  Sage,  Pennyroyal,  Lavender,  Peppermint, 
Marjoram,  &c.,  specimens  of  which,  with  many  essential 
oils,  are  here  exhibited. 

Observe  rosaries  made  of  beads  turned  from  the  roots  of 
TOOLSI  {Ocimum  sanctum^  L.)  a  plant  cultivated  through- 
out India,  sacred  to  Vishnu  and  held  in  great  veneration. 
The  beads  are  worn  round  the  necks  and  arms  of  the 
Vishnu  Brahmins.  In  North  Queensland  the  leaves  are 
crushed  in  water  which  is  drunk  by  the  natives  in  fever 
.and  sickness ;  dried,  the  white  people  make  '  bush  tea  * 
of  them. 

Note  also  seeds  of  Hyptis  spicigeray  Lamk.,  an  annual ; 
probably  a  native  of  America,  but  also  widely  spread  in 
Tropical  Africa.  The  seeds  have  been  occasionally 
imported  into  this  country,  both  from  the  East  and  West 
African  Coasts,  as  oil  seeds. 


164 

CASE        Near  these  are  shown  tubers  of  Plectranthiis  madacfas- 

90.       cariensis,  Bth.,  and  of  Coleus  parvijiorus^  Bth.,  the  former 

occasionally  cultivated  in  Madagascar  and  Mauritius  as  an 

article   of   food,   and   the    latter   in   Java   for  the   same 

purpose. 

No.  398.  Lavender  Oil  is  distilled  from  the  flowers 
of  Lavandula  vera,  DC.  A  native  of  the  South  of  France, 
Spain,  North  Italy,  and  other  parts  of  the  Mediterranean, 
It  is  cultivated  extensively  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Mitcham  in  Surrey,  as  well  as  in  Lincolnshire.  The  oil 
distilled  from  the  plants  grown  at  Mitcham  is  considered 
the  finest  quality,  and  fetches  the  highest  price.  It  is 
chiefly  used  in  perfumery. 

No.  399.  Patchouli,  the  essential  oil  of  Pogostemon 
Heyneanus,  Bth.  [P.  Patchouli,  Pell.],  a  plant  of  India. 
A  powerful  perfume,  not  so  much  used  in  this  country  at 
the  present  day  as  formerly. 

No.  400.  Japanese  Paper,  steeped  with  "  Yegoma," 
oil,  obtained  from  the  seeds  of  Perilla  ocymoides^  L.,  made 
to  imitate  leather,  and  used  for  walls  of  rooms,  book- 
binding, &c.,  also  for  water-proof  papers  for  windows, 
umbrellas,  &c.  Seeds  of  P.  ocymoides,  L.,  and  oil 
expressed  from  them  in  Japan,  are  shown. 

Observe  herb  of  PENNYROYAL  {Mentha  Pulegium,  L.), 
carminative  and  stimulant.  Spearmint  (If.  viridis,  L.), 
also  used  as  a  carminative,  as  well  as  for  flavouring.  Oil 
is  distilled  from  this  plant  chiefly  in  the  United  States, 
where  it  is  used  as  a  perfume  by  soap  makers. 

On  a  lower  shelf  are  specimens  of  Japan  Peppermint 
(Mentha  arvensis,  L.  var.),  and  oil.  Also  Menthol,  or 
Peppermint  Camphor,  the  crystalline  portion  of  the  oil, 
used  in  neuralgia  and  as  an  antiseptic. 

No.  401.  Peppermint  (Mentha  piperita,  L.)-  A 
well  known  perennial,  a  doubtful  native  of  this  country, 
but  extensively  cultivated  for  medicinal  purposes  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Mitcham,  Lincoln,  Cambridge,  and 
Herts.  Two  forms  of  Peppermint  are  cultivated  at 
Mitcham,  one  known  as  the  Black  Mint,  and  the  other  the 
White  Mint,  both  of  which  are  forms  of  M.  piperitay  var. 
officinalis.     The  white  yields  the  best  oil.     Peppermint  is 


165 

largely  grown  in  America,  France,  Germany,  Russia,  &c,    CASE 
It  possesses  aromatic  properties,  and  the  oil  is  used  in       90. 
medicine,  cordials,  lozenges,  &c. 

On  the  upper  shelves  of  the  first  compartment  of  this    CASE 
Case  are  specimens  of   Sweet   Marjoram   {Origanum      91. 
Marjorana,  L.),  of  Thyme  {Thymus  vulgaris^  L.),  and  on 
a  lower  shelf  Sage,  the  foliage  of  Salvia  officinalis,  L., 
all  culinary  herbs. 

Note  also  Phaskomylia  Tea,  the  leaves  and  twigs  of 
Salvia  triloha^  L.,  as  sold  in  Athens  ;  also  Sage  Apples, 
galls  formed  on  S,  triloba  from  the  puncture  of  Cynips 
Salviae,  eaten  as  fruits  at  Athens.  Observe  also  Chia 
SEEDS  {Salvia  Columhariae^  Bth.),  used  in  North  America 
in  the  preparation  of  a  mucilaginous  drink. 

The  adjoining  shelves  contain  specimens  of  the  dried 
plants  of  Rosemary  {Rosmarinus  officinalis,  L.),  w^hich 
yields  an  oil  used  in  perfumery  and  medicine,  both  in 
this  country  and  in  India. 

Observe  also  AMERICAN  HORSE  MINT  {Monarda 
punctata,  L.).  Employed  in  medicine  in  the  United 
States  of  America  as  a  stimulant  and  carminative. 

On  the  upper  shelves  of  the  next  compartment  note 
Cat  Mint  {Nepeta  Cataria,  L.).  It  has  tonic  and  anti- 
spasmodic properties  and,  like  the  last  mentioned,  is  used 
medicinally  in  the  United  States  of  America. 

Also  HOREHOUND  {Marrubium  vulgare,  L.),  a  tonic 
and  aromatic  stimulant,  sometimes  used  in  the  form  of 
tea  or  candied  with  sugar. 

Near  this  observe  tubers  of  Crosnes  or  Chinese 
Artichoke  {Stachys  Sieboldii,  Miq.).  Introduced  into 
this  country  in  1885  as  a  new  esculent,  and  also  cultivated 
in  France  for  the  Paris  markets. 

Plantagro  Order  {Plantagineae).  A  small  order  of 
herbs  widely  spread  over  the  globe,  but  principally  in  the 
temperate  regions  of  the  Old  World. 

No.  402.  Ispaghul,  or  Spogel  Seeds  {Plantago 
ovata,  Forsk.).  An  annual,  found  wild  in  North-western 
India,  and  cultivated  for  the  seeds,  which  are  of  a  greyish 
pink  colour,  and  boat  shaped.  They  have  neither  taste 
nor  smell,  but  are  extremely  mucilaginous,  yielding  a 


166 

CASE    thick  jelly  in  water,  and  are  highly  valued  in  India  for 

91.  their  demulcent  properties. 

Marvel  of  Peru  Order  {Nyctagineae).  A  group  of 
herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  natives  chiefly  of  Tropical 
America.     The  order  has  but  little  economic  value. 

Note  roots  of  Boerhaavia  repens,  L.,  a  widely  distributed 
medicinal  herb  of  India,  Ceylon,  &c.  In  India  the  roots 
are  employed  in  the  treatment  of  asthma,  and  as  a  laxative, 
diuretic,  and  anthelmintic. . 

In  the  order  Illecehraceae  note  The  Arabe  or 
Algerian  tea,  the  flowers  of  Paronychia  argenteay 
Lam.,  and  P.  capifata.  Lam.,  used  as  a  medicinal  tea  in 
Algeria,  and  sold  in  Paris. 

Also  Sergena  Roots  (Corrigiola  littoralis,  L.).  They 
are  dried  in  quantities  at  Arzilah,  Morocco,  for  export  as 
a  dye. 

In  the  Amaranth  Order  (Amarantaceae)  observe  seeds' 
of  Amarantlius  paniculatus,  L.,  and  A.  gangeticus^  L., 
cultivated  throughout  India  and  Ceylon  for  use  as  food. 

CASE       Goosefoot    Order   (Chenopodiaceae).     A    group    of 

92.  herbaceous,  weed-like  plants,  with  insignificant  flowers, 
growing  in  waste  places  all  over  the  world ;  least  numerous 
in  hot  climates.  Some,  as  Spinach  and  Orach,  are  used  as 
pot-herbs. 

No.  403.  Models  of  varieties  of  Beet-ROOT,  red  and 
white,  of  market  gardens.  All  forms,  originated  under 
cultivation,  from  a  native  seaside  plant  Beta  vulgains^  L. 

No.  404.  Beet-root  Sugar.  Several  varieties  of 
Beet  are  cultivated  in  Europe  and  North  America  for  the 
production  of  sugar.  During  the  year  1905, 8,182,108  cwts. 
of  unrefined  Beet-root  Sugar  of  the  value  of  £4,368,867 
were  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom  from  the 
Continent,  of  this  quantity  5,510,108  cwts.  came  from 
Germany  and  1,054,998  cwts.  from  Belgium. 

No.  405.  Models  of  roots  of  Mangold  Wurzel,  a 
cultivated  variety  of  the  Beet  {Beta  vulgaris^  L.). 

In  the  next  compartment  observe  specimen  of  SPINACH 
{Spinacia  oleracea^  L.),  prepared  by  Messrs.  Chollet's 
process. 


167 

No.  406.     QuiNOA.     The  farinaceous  seeds  of  Cheno-    CASE 
podium  Quinoa,  Willd.,  an  important  article  of  food  on       92. 
the  slopes  of  the   Andes  of    Chili,   Peru,  and   Central 
America. 

Note  wood  of  the  Sacsaoul  {Haloxylon  Ammodendron^ 
Bunge),  a  small  tree,  with  the  habit  of  a  conifer,  of 
Western  and  Central  Asia  in  the  Kizil-Koumi  desert ;  it 
forms  small  forests,  and  the  wood,  which  is  so  dense  as  to 
sink  in  water,  is  prized  for  fuel  and  also  yields  a  green 
dye. 

Note  samples  of  Barilla,  an  impure  carbonate  of  soda, 
formerly  an  article  of  considerable  commercial  importance 
in  soap  and  glass  making.  It  was  obtained  from  the 
ashes  of  several  species  of  Salsola  principally  S.  Soda,  L., 
a  South  European  and  North  African  species.  One  of  the 
samples  exhibited  is  from  Spain,  obtained  from  Halogeton 
sativuSy  Moq.  A  mounted  specimen  of  the  plant  is  also 
shown.  Near  these  observe  a  cake  of  Barilla  prepared 
from  Suaeda  fruticosa,  Forsk.,  at  Bir  Ahmed  near  Aden, 
also  specimens  of  Barilla  from  Sind  known  under  the 
name  Kharsugi  and  believed  to  be  derived  from  a 
species  of  Salsola. 

On  the  middle  shelf  are  tubers  of  Ulliccus  tuberosus, 
Caldas,  cultivated  in  Peru  and  Bolivia  under  the  name  of 
OCA-QUINA  as  a  regular  article  of  food. 

Under  the  Poke- weed  Order  (Phytolaccaceae), 
observe  sections  of  the  stem  of  Phytolacca  dioica,  L.,  the 
Bella  Sombra,  an  umbrageous  tree  of  South  America, 
introduced  into  Spain,  where  it  is  planted  as  a  shelter  in 
public  promenades. 

Note  also  fruits  and  roots  of  P.  decandra,  L.,  a  North 
American  species,  with  emetic,  cathartic  and  narcotic 
properties. 

Buckwheat  Order  (Polygonaceae),  Mostly  herba- 
ceous plants,  marked  by  the  membranous  sheath  at  the 
base  of  the  stalk  of  their  alternate  leaves.  Widely 
diffused ;  many  are  common  and  troublesome  weeds,  as 
the  Dock  and  Knotgrass. 

On  a  lower  shelf  note  abortive  flowers  of  Phog 
(CaUigonum  polygonoides,  L.).     Used  in  Afghanistan, 


168;- 

CASE    Punjab,  and  Sind  as  an  article  of  food,  either  made  into 

92.  bread  or  cooked  with  ghee. 

CASE        In  the  first  compartment  of  this  Case  observe  roots  of 

93.  Bistort  or  Snakeweed  {Polygonum  Bistorta,  L.),  a 
perennial  herb  in  moist  or  swampy  meadows  in  this 
country.  The  root  or  rhizome  is  a  powerful  astringent, 
and  was  formerly  used  in  tnedicine  as  a  gargle  and 
injection. 

Also  note  on  the  upper  shelves  specimens  of  CHINESE 
Indigo  plant  {Polygonum  tinctorium,  Ait.),  known  as 
Tjok  in  Corea,  with  samples  of  indigo  prepared  from  it. 
The  plant  is  also  commonly  cultivated  in  Japan,  and  is 
the  source  of  Mandschurian  Indigo. 

No.  407.  Buckwheat  {Fagopyrum  esculentum^ 
Moench).  Long  cultivated  on  the  Continent  of  Europe, 
and  generally  in  temperate  countries,  for  its  farinaceous 
seeds,  from  which  an  excellent  bread  is  made  ;  it  forms  a 
staple  food  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Himalaya  and  Central 
Asia.  Often  planted  in  Britain  for  feeding  game  and 
poultry.  Its  native  country  is  probably  Russia  or  Western 
Asia.  Specimens  of  seeds  are  exhibited  from  Japan,  East 
Indies,  New  Brunswick,  &c. 

The  seed  husks  are  commonly  used  as  a  packing 
material. 

Samples  of  Kangra  Buckwheat  {Fagopyrum  lata- 
ricum^  Gaertn.,  var.  himalaica,  Batalin.)  are  here  shown. 
It  is  grown  as  a  hill  crop  in  Kulu  and  is  very  rich  in 
nutrient  constituents.  The  typical  plant  {F.  tataricum^ 
Gaertn.)  is  cultivated  throughout  the  Himalaya,  at 
elevations  of  3,C00  to  12,000  feet. 

No.  408.  Rhubarb,  an  important  medicine,  valuable 
for  its  mild  purgative  properties.  As  it  appears  in  com- 
merce it  consists  of  the  dried  root  deprived  of  more  or 
less  of  its  cortex,  the  bulk  of  the  drug  being  derived  from 
species  of  Rheum  natives  of  China  and  Tibet,  of  which 
the  following  are  the  principal ; — 

1.  Rheum  officinale^  Baill.,  a  striking  plant,  with  a  tall 
loose  inflorescence  of  white  flowers,  7  to  8  feet  high, 
found  in  the  mountainous  district  of  the  Szechuan- 
Tibetan  border.  From  the  latest  information  upon  the 
subject  it  appears  probable  that  the  bulk  of  Ta  Huang 


169 

or  Medicinal  Rhubarb  exported  from  China,  by  sea  to    CASE 
foreign   countries,   is   the   produce   of   this  species.     M.       93. 
officinale  was  first  grown  in  this  country  in  1873  by  the 
late   Daniel    Hanbury,   since    which   time   it    has    been 
cultivated  at  Bodicote  near  Banbury,  and  the  roots  have 
found  their  way  into  commerce. 

12.  Eheum  palmatiim,  L.,  var.  tanguticum^  a  large 
Perennial  herb  of  the  Western  Alpine  region  of  Western 
fcansuh,  where  it  is  also  cultivated  for  the  drug.  This 
ipecies  was  first  found  wild  in  1872-73  by  Col.  Przewalski 
n  the  Tangut  district  of  Kansuh,the  extreme  north-western 
province  of  China,  whence  it  was  long  known  that 
the  root  was  procured.  This  is  probably  one  of  the 
sources  of  the  product,  formerly  known  in  commerce  as 
Russian  or  Turkey  Rhubarb. 

3.  Rheum  Rhaponticum^  L.,  a  well-known  species, 
cultivated  in  our  gardens  for  the  acid  leaf  stalk,  used  for 
culinary  purposes,  and  generally  called  English  Rhuba  b, 
is  a  native  'of  Southern  Siberia,  and  is  known  to  have 
been  cultivated  at  Padua  early  in  the  17th  century,  from 
whence  it  was  brought  to  England,  the  first  plant  being 
raised  about  the  year  1628.  It  is  largely  cultivated  at 
Bodicote  for  medicinal  purposes.  Fine  samples  of 
Rhubarb  of  different  qualities  and  from  different  countries 
are  exhibited,  also,  roots  of  other  species  of  Rheum, 
besides  those  mentioned  above. 

During  the  year  1904,  China  exported  to  Europe  and 
America  9,648  cwts.  of  this  drug,  of  the  value  of  £14,044. 
Observe  on  a  lower  shelf  of  the  middle  compartment 
of  this  Case  roots  of  Canaigrb  or  GONAGRA  {Rujnex 
hymenosepaluSf  Torr.),  a  plant  found  abundantly  in  the 
sandy  soil  of  both  sides  of  the  Rio  Grande,  and  northward 
over  a  large  portion  of  Western  Texas  and  New  Mexico. 
The  roots  are  much  used  as  a  tanning  material  and 
contain  a  large  proportion  of  tannin. 

In  the  next  compartment  note  fruits  and  wood  of  the 
Seaside  Grape  of  Jamaica  {Coccoloha  uvifera,  L.). 
When  ripe  the  fruits  are  edible,  but  very  astringent.  The 
wood  is  used  for  fancy  work  and  takes  a  fine  polish. 

Podostemon  Order  {Podostemaceae),  moss-like  plants 
:  growing    in    fresh  water,  chiefly   in  tropical   countries. 


17a 

CASE    Some  fine  specimens  of  Hydrostachys  imbricata^  A.  Juss., 

93.  from  Madagascar,  are  here  shown. 

No.  409.  Salt,  called  Caarura^  from  the  Uapes 
branch  of  the  Amazon.     Prepared  from  a  Podostemacea. 

CASE        Pepper  Order  (Piperaceae).    A  large  family  of  jointed 

94.  herbs  or  shrubby  plants,  with  minute  flowers  borne   on 
spikes.     They  grow  in  the  hottest  countries  of  the  globe, 
chiefly  Tropical  America  and   India.     Many  species  are- 
pungent  and  aromatic. 

On  the  upper  shelves  of  the  first  compartment  observe 
African  Cubebs  (Piper  Clusii,  C.  DC),  and  Ashanti 
Pepper  or  Dojvie  (Piper  guineense,  Schum.  &  Thonn.). 
The  fruits  of  both  species  are  employed  by  the  natives  of 
the  West  Coast  of  Africa  as  condiments.  Note  also 
Cubebs,  dried  fruits  of  Piper  Cubeba^  L.  fil.,  and  Cubeb 
oil  and  Cubebine  used  in  medicine. 

No.  410.  PEPPER;  Black  and  White.  The  fruit 
of  Piper  nigrum,  L.,  a  climbing  Indian  shrub,  cultivated 
in  India,  Straits  Settlements,  Malaya  and  elsewhere  in  the 
tropics.  Black  Pepper  consists  of  the  dried  unripe 
berries  ;  White  Pepper  is  the  ripe  fruit  deprived  of  its 
rind  by  macerating.  Various  specimens  of  both  Black 
and  White  Pepper  are  exhibited.  18,563,635  lbs.  of 
Pepper  of  the  value  of  £481,371  were  imported  into  the 
United  Kingdom  in  1905.  Nearly  half  of  this  quantity 
came  from  the  Straits  Settlements. 

Observe  Long-Pepper,  the  dried  unripe  fruit-spikes  of 
Piper  Ghaba,  Hunter,  and  P.  longum,  L.,  Indian  shrubs. 

No.  411.  Matico.  The  coarse  leaves  of  A^er  an^i^s- 
tifoliiim,  R.  and  P.,  a  Peruvian  shrub,  used  as  a  mild 
aromatic.  A  portion  of  the  leaf  or  the  leaf  reduced  to 
powder  is  very  effectual  in  arresting  haemorrhage. 

No.  412.  Kava  root  (Piper  methysticum^  Forst.), 
used  in  the  Society  and  South  Sea  Islands,  in  the  prepa- 
ration of  a  beverage,  prepared  by  chewing  the  root  and 
ejecting  the  saliva  into  large  bowls,  in  which  it  is  fer- 
mented, &c.  In  the  Society  Islands  the  plant  is  cultivated 
with  great  care,  the  root,  which  is  dried  and  looks 
something    like    very    large    horse-radish,    is    pounded 


171 

between  two  stones  ;  it  is  then  put  into  a  wooden  bowl 
(which  after  long  use  acquires  a  bluish,  almost  iridescent 
glaze,  and  is  then  much  prized)  and  water  is  poured  upon 
it ;  it  is  then  kneaded  and  the  disintegrated  debris  is 
finally  removed  by  drawing  a  bundle  of  Pandanus  fibre 
through  the  liquor,  which  is  then  fit  for  drinking.  It  is 
slightly  -intoxicant  or  narcotic  and  tastes  like  soapsuds  ; 
but  the  taste  for  it  seems  to  be  easily  acquired  and  it  is 
said  to  quench  the  thirst  better  than  any  other  liquid.  In 
Samoa  and  elsewhere  in  the  Pacific  the  root  is  cut  into 
small  pieces,  and  masticated  into  a  paste  before  the 
addition  of  water. 

The  active  properties  of  Piper  methysticum  appear  to 
be  due  to  a  resin,  which  like  Cocaine,  produces  local 
insensibility. 

Note  Kava  Bowls  from  Samoa  and  Fiji. 

Nutmeg:  Order  (Myristiceae).  Evergreen  trees  con- 
fined to  the  tropics,  often  characterised  by  their  red  viscid 
juice  and  aromatic  properties. 

Observe  fruits  and  seeds  of  various  species  of  Myristica 
occasionally  imported  into  Liverpool  as  oil  seeds,  amongst 
them  M.  surinamensis,  Roland,  M.  angolensis,  Welw., 
M,  guatefnalensis,  Hemsl.  Butter  obtained  from  seeds  of 
M.  Otoha^  H.B.,  from  Antioquia,  and  seeds,  mace  and 
butter  from  M.  malaharica^  Lam.,  from  India. 

No.  413.  Nutmegs,  the  seeds  of  if 2/r^sh'ca/ra^rans, 
Houtt.  A  beautiful  tree  of  the  Moluccas,  scattered  also 
in  other  islands  of  the  East  Indian  Archipelago,  and 
introduced  into  Mauritius,  West  Indies,  and  South 
America.  The  fruit  of  the  nutmeg,  which  resembles  a 
Peach,  consists  of  a  fleshy  exterior,  which  is  edible  and 
splits  into  two,  disclosing  the  solitary  seed  or  nutmeg 
surrounded  by  the  scarlet  aril,  which  latter  is  the  spice 
called  Mace.  Specimens  preserved  in  fluid  show  the 
entire  fruits,  some  of  which  are  partly  open,  exhibiting 
the  shell  of  the  nutmeg  and  the  Mace  covering  it. 

Other  species  allied  to  M.  fragrans  yield  inferior  Nut- 
megs. Observe  instrument  used  in  Banda  for  gathering- 
nutmegs  from  the  trees.  "By  far  the  largest  supply  of 
nutmegs  are  derived  from  the  Banda  Islands.  These  are 
all  at  first  shipped  to  Batavia." 


172 

During  1904,  433,432  lbs.  of  Nutmegs  and  155,856  lbs. 
of  Mace  were  exported  from  Java.  The  principal 
consumption  of  nutmegs  is  as  a  condiment,  but  they  are 
also  used  in  medicine  for  their  aromatic  and  stimulant 
properties. 

No.  414.  Concrete  Oil  OF  Nutmeg,  obtained  in  the 
Moluccas,  from  the  seeds,  by  heat  and  pressure. 

Pitcher-Plant  Order  {Nepenthaceae).  A  small  but 
strange  group  of  plants  of  South-Eastern  Asia,  especially 
remarkable  for  the  prolonged  midrib  of  the  leaf,  which 
is  hollowed  in  the  form  of  a  pitcher  and  surmounted  by  a 
lid-like  expansion.  "  Pitchers "  of  several  species  are 
exhibited  ;  among  them  Nepenthes  Rajah^  Hook,  f.,  the 
largest  known ;  N.  Edwardsiana,  Low ;  N.  sanguinea, 
Ldl. ;  iV.  Lowii,  Hook,  f.,  and  N.  khasicma,  Hook.  f. 

On  the  upper  shelves  of  the  jBrst  compartment  of  this 
Case  note  pitchers  of  several  species  of  Nepenthes  includ- 
ing N.  Northiana^  Hook,  f . 

Under  the  RafOlesia  Order  (Cytinaceae),  which 
consists  of  fleshy  herbs  parasitic  upon  the  roots  of  other 
plants,  observe  Cytinus  Hypocistis,  L.,  the  only  European 
representative. 

No.  415.  Flowers  of  Rafflesia  (R.  Patma^  Bl.,  and 
R.  Arnoldi,  Br.).  Of  the  latter,  the  largest  flower  in  the 
world,  see  a  model  in  wax,  in  a  table-case,  near  Case  81 
on  the  middle  floor  ;  it  is  a  native  of  Sumatra,  and  consists 
of  a  flower  alone,  which  grows  parasitically  on  the  trailing 
stems  of  a  kind  of  vine. 

Birthwort  Order  (Aristolochiaceae)^  natives  of  the 
tropical  parts  of  both  hemispheres,  with  bitter  and  acrid 
properties. 

Observe  ASARABACCA  LEAVES  {Asarum  europaeum, 
L.),  formerly  used  as  a  purgative  and  emetic  medicine. 

Also  Alpam  Root  {Bragantia  Wallichii,  R.  Br.),  used 
for  the  treatment  of  snake  bites  in  India.  Specimens  are 
also  shown  of  GUACO,  the  roots  of  unknown  species  of 
Aristolochia  from  Central  America,  where  they  have  a 
reputation  for  the  cure  of  snake  bites.  [See  also  GUACO 
{Mikania  amara),  Willd.,  Case  67,  p.  128.] 


173 

No.    416.    Virginian    Snake    Root    (AristolocMa   CASE 
Serpentaria,  L.),  a  native  of  moist  fertile  woods  in  the      96. 
United  States  of  America.     At  one  time  it  had  a  reputation 
for  the  cure  of   the  bites  of  venomous  serpents,  as  its 
common  and  specific  names  imply.     It  is  now  used  as  a 
stimulant  tonic. 

Observe  on  the  bottom  shelf  flower  of  AristolocMa 
gigasj  L.,  var.  Sturtevantii,  modelled  from  a  plant  grown 
in  the  Royal  Gardens. 

In  the  last  compartment  of  this  Case  note  the  remark- 
ably large  flower  of  AristolocMa  Goldieana,  Hook,  f .,  from 
West  Tropical  Africa,  together  with  a  photograph  of  the 
flower  produced  in  the  Royal  Gardens.  Also  roots  of 
Jamaica  CONTRAYERVA  (AristolocMa  odoratissima^  L.), 
used  both  as  an  alexipharmic  and  vermifuge. 

Australian  Sassafras  Order  (Monimiaceae)- 
Trees,  shrubs,  or  woody  climbers  chiefly  natives  of  South 
America,  represented  also  in  the  Mascarene  Islands, 
Tropical  Asia,  New  Zealand  and  Australia. 

No.  417.  BoLDO  Leaves  {Peumus  Boldus,  Molin.). 
The  Boldo  is  a  shrub  10  to  20  feet  high,  native  of  Chili, 
and  frequently  grown  in  gardens  for  the  sake  of  the 
agreeably  scented  flowers  and  fragrant  evergreen  leaves. 
These  leaves  are  used  in  medicine  for  the  purpose  of 
assisting  digestion.  The  fruit  is  sweet  and  is  eaten  in 
Chili,  and  the  bark  is  used  for  tanning. 

Observe  bark  of  Atherospermcc  moschatum^  Lab.,  a  large 
tree  of  Victoria  and  Tasmania.  The  bitter  aromatic  bark 
is  used  for  making  a  kind  of  tea.  It  affords  an  essential 
oil,  two  drops  of  which  it  is  said  will  almost  stay  the 
heart's  action. 

Note  also  wood  of  Dorypliora  Sassafras,  Endl.,  also  a 
large  tree,  native  of  New  South  Wales.  An  infusion  of 
the  bark  is  used  as  a  tonic  medicine.     Both  these  trees  are 

known  as  AUSTRALIAN   SASSAFRAS. 

Laurel  Order  {Lccurineae),  Fine  trees,  principally 
of  cool  islands  and  mountain  slopes  within  the  tropics. 
But  one  species,  the  Sweet  Bay  Laurel,  is  native  of  Europe. 
The  stamens  are  remarkable  for  the  mode  in  which 
their  anthers  open,  by  little  valves  or  doors,  as  in  the 
Barberry, 


174 


In  the  first  compartment  note  fruits  of  Gry]otocarya 
Peumus,  Nees.  They  are  cooked  and  used  as  food  by  the 
poorer  natives  of  the  province  of  Aconcagua,  Chili. 

Observe  wood  of  Taraire,  (Beilschmiedia  Tarairi, 
Bth.  and  Hook.  t.=Nesodaphne  Tarairi,  Hook,  f.),  and 
Tawa  {B.  Tawa,  Bth.  and  Hook,  f.),  both  large  New 
Zealand  trees. 

Near  these  are  specimens  of  Massoy  Bark  (Massoia 
aromatica^  Becc),  from  the  forests  of  Southern  New 
Guinea ;  the  aromatic  bark  is  an  article  of  commerce 
amongst  the  Malays. 

On  the  lower  shelves  note  woods  of  several  species  of 
Cinnamomiim,  including  O.  Cecicodaphne,  Meissn.,  which 
has  a  strong  camphoraceous  odour,  C.  iniinctum,  Meissn., 
G.  ohtusifolium,  Nees,  and  (7.  tavoyanum^  Meissn.,  from 
India  and  Burma. 

On  the  upper  shelves  of  the  next  compartment,  speci- 
mens aro  exhibited  of  the  wood  and  bark  of  CASSIA 
Lignba  or  Cassia  Cinnamon  {Cinnamomum  Tamala, 
Nees),  an  evergreen  tree  of  India,  where  the  aromatic  bark 
is  collected  and  sold  under  the  name  of  Taj,  as  a 
substitute  for,  or  as  an  adulterant  of,  true  Cinnamon. 
The  leaves  are  known  as  Tezpat  or  Tejpat  and  are  used 
in  medicine,  and  also  to  flavour  curries. 

Note  buds  and  bark  of  Cinnamomum  iners^  Rwdt,, 
from  the  East  Indies.  This  species  is  said  to  produce  the 
Cassia  Buds  collected  in  Southern  India. 

No.  418.  Cinnamon,  the  bark  of  Cinnamomum 
zeylanicumy  Br eyn.,  a,  tree  of  Ceylon.  Specimens  of  un- 
barked  branches,  affording  the  different  qualities  of  this 
valuable  spice,  with  the  instruments  used  in  peeling  it, 
are  exhibited,  also  a  series  of  photographs  illustrating  the 
growth  and  preparation  of  Cinnamon  in  Ceylon.  871,642 
lbs.  of  Cinnamon  of  the  value  of  £24,031  were  imported 
into  the  United  Kingdom  in  1905. 

No.  419.  Cassia  Buds.  The  unripe  fruits  of  Cmna- 
momum  Cassia^  Bl.,  a  tree  of  Southern  China,  used  as  a 
spice,  chiefly  in  confectionery. 

Another  Cassia  Lignba,  or  Chinese  Cassia  as  it  Is 
sometimes  called,  is  the  bark  of  the  tree  that  yields  Cassia 
Buds.     Specimens   are   exhibited,  of  different  ages  and 


1T5 

qualities,  from  Pakhoi  and  from  Tai-wu  and  Luk-po  in    CASE 
Southern  China.     Cassia  Bark  is  used  in  the  same  way      ,9L 
as    cinnamon,    it    is,   however,   more  astringent.      Note 
instruments  used  in  collecting  the  bark,  also  samples  of 
Cassia  oil. 

No.  420.  Camphor,  obtained  by  distillation  from 
the  wood  of  Cinnamomum  Camphora,  Nees,  a  tree  of 
Formosa,  Japan  and  China.  It  is  also  cultivated  in  India 
and  Ceylon.  In  the  latter  country  successful  experiments 
have  recently  been  carried  out  for  extracting  Camphor 
from  the  leaves  and  twigs.  Camphor  of  commerce  is 
obtained  from  the  root,  trunk,  and  branches,  broken  up 
and  heated  with  water  in  closed  vessels,  the  volatilised 
Camphor  being  sublimed  upon  Rice-straw.  It  is  further 
refined  on  its  arrival  in  Europe.  Samples  of  crude  and 
refined  Camphor  are  shown,  also  specimens  of  Camphor 
wood  and  Camphor  oil.  From  this  oil,  Safrol,  the  prevail- 
ing ingredient  of  Oil  of  Sassafras  Root  [No.  423],  is  largely 
prepared  in  Germany.  {See  also  Sumatra  Camphor, 
Oase  11,  No.  64,  p.  24.) 

In  the  first  compartment  of  this  Case  observe  specimens    CASE 
of  the  Muga,  or  Moonga  silk  and  silkworms  {Antheraea       98. 
assama^  Helf.).     The  insect  feeds  on  the  leaves  of  several 
Indian  trees,  amongst  them  Machilus  odoratissima^  Nees, 
the  wood  of  which  is  used  for  building  purposes. 

No.  421.  Avocado  Pear,  the  fruit  of  Persea 
gratissima^  Gaert.  Grown  in  Tropical  America,  the  West 
Indies  (where  it  is  much  esteemed),  and  in  the  Atlantic 
Islands.     Note  also  the  wood  of  this  plant. 

No.  422.  Nan-mu  Wood  {Persea  Nanmu,  Oliv.). 
This  wood  is  highly  esteemed  by  the  Chinese  on  account 
of  its  great  durability,  and  is  employed  by  them  for  making 
€ofiRns,  buildings,  bridge  work,  book-cases,  &c.  A  model 
of  a  cofi&n  made  from  the  wood  is  exhibited. 

Note  wood,  bark,  and  fruits  of  one  of  the  trees  known 
as  Comino  in  Colombia  {Aniha  perutilis,  Hemsl.).  The 
wood  is  beautifully  marked,  and  possesses  exceptional 
qualities  to  recommend  it  for  high  class  furniture  and 
also  for  building  purposes. 


176 

CASE        On  the  lower  shelves    observe    Stinkwood    {Ocotea 

98.       hullata,  E.  Mey.).     A  valuable  South  African  timber,  both 

strong  and  durable,  and  having  a  very  disagreeable  odour ; 

used     for     building     purposes,    wagon     work,     cabinet 

making,  &c. 

On  the  outside  of  the  Case  is  a  large  washing  bowl  cut 
from  the  solid  trunk  of  a  tree  of  Ocotea  foetens,  Bth.  and 
Hook,  f.,  from  Madeira,  It  is  the  Til  of  the  evergreen 
forests. 

No.  423.  Root-bark,  root,  wood,  and  pith  of  Sassa- 
fras {Sassafras  officinale,  Nees).  A  fine  tree  of  the 
United  States  and  Canada.  Used  in  medicine  as  an 
aromatic  and  sudorific.  Sassafras  owes  its  properties  to  a 
volatile  oil,  of  which  the  root  bark  contains  twice  as  much 
as  the  wood  ;  the  prevailing  constituent  of  this  oil  is 
Safrol.  This  oil  is  employed  as  a  flavouring  agent  and 
for  scenting  soap. 

The  wood  is  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil  and  is 
largely  used  in  North  America  for  fencing  and  for 
cooperage. 

Observe  PiCHURiM  or  PUCHURY  BEANS  {Nectandra 
Puchury,  Nees).  They  are  aromatic,  and  are  used  as  a 
tonic  and  astringent  and  are  occasionally  imported  into 
this  country  from  Brazil. 

No.  424.  Wood  of  the  Greenheart  {Nectandra 
Bodioei,  Schk.),  a  remarkably  hard  timber,  of  British 
Guiana,  highly  valued  for  its  strength  and  durability.. 
Note  portions  of  old  piles  of  this  wood  showing  that  the 
heart  wood  is  not  liable  to  attacks  of  Teredo.  Note  also- 
fruits  of  the  Greenheart,  and  sulphate  of  Bebeerine.  The 
bark  occasionally  enters  commerce  as  Beberu  or  BiBiRir 
bark  for  use  as  a  tonic  medicine  and  comes  from  British 
Guiana. 

The  next  compartment  contains  chiefly  fruits  and  woods 
of  various  species  of  Litsea. 

No.  425.  Leaves  and  Fruit  of  the  Sweet  Bay 
{Laurits  nobilis,  L.).  The  classic  Victor's  Laurel,  sacred 
to  Apollo.  A  South  European  shrub.  The  aromatic 
leaves  are  employed  in  cookery.  From  the  berries  a  green 
odorous  oil  is  obtained,  sometimes  used  in  perfumery. 


177 

Observe   also   the   filiform,  or  wiry  twining  stems  of    CASll 
species  of  Gassytha^  a  group  of  leafless  parasites  found  in       98. 
tropical  regions. 

Protea  Order  {Proteaceae).  Abounding  in  Australia 
and  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  with  a  few  outliers  in 
India  and  South  America.  Termed  Proteaceae  from  the 
extraordinary  diversity  in  structure  of  their  often 
beautiful  inflorescence  and  of  the  fruit.  They  do  not 
furnish  many  useful  products.  The  wood,  which  seldom 
reaches  a  large  size,  is  prettily  marked  by  its  peculiar 
"silver  grain."  Numerous  specimens  are  exhibited  in 
this  Case,  also  in  Case  99. 

.  Note  wood  and  fruits  of  the  Silver  tree  {Leuca- 
dendron  argenteum^  R.  Br.),  which  in  its  native  state  is 
confined  to  a  slope  of  the  Table  Mountain  close  to  Cape 
Town. 

In  the  next  compartment  note  wood  and  flowers  of 
various  species  of  Protea^  likewise  from  South  Africa. 

On  a  lower  shelf  are  specimens  of  the  hard,  heavy, 
and  prettily  grained  wood,  of  Terblanz  {Faurea  salignaj 
Harv.),  from  Cape  Colony  and  Uganda, 

No.  426.  Wild  Almonds,  fruits  of  Brahejum 
stellatifolium^  L.,  a  native  of  South  Africa,  where  the 
seeds  are  eaten  raw,  and  when  roasted  and  ground,  used 
as  a  substitute  for  coffee. 

Near  these  are  the  edible  seeds  of  Gevuina  Avellana 
Molina,  from  Santiago,  and  of  the  Queensland  Nut 
{Macadamia  ternifolia^  F.  Muell.),  The  wood  of  the 
latter   species  is   used  in  Australia  for   cabinet  making,  : 

shingles,  staves,  &c. 

Note  also  Wooden  pears  {Xylomelum  pyriformCj 
Knight),  so  called  from  the  extreme  hardness  and  form  of 
the  fruits. 

.  In  the  next  compartment  are.  shown  specimens  of  the 
■wood  of  the  Silky  Oak  of  Australia  (GreviUea  robusta^ 
A.  Cunn.).  A  beautifully  marked  wood  valued  in  the 
Colony  for  cabinet  work  and  occasionally  exported  to  this 
country  for  similar  purposes. 

The  remainder  of  this  Case  contains  fruits  and  woods  of 
various  species  of  Hakea  and  Banksia  from  Australia. 

25782  M 


-J78 

CASE       The  first  two  compartments  of  this  Case   are  mainly 
'  99.       devoted  to  mounted  cones  and  sections  of  woods  of  a  large 

number   of    species    of    Australian    Honeysuckle 

(BanTcsia),  a  genus  endemic  in  Australia. 

Spurgre-Laurel  or  Lace-bark  Order(Thymelaeaceae), 
A  family  of  shrubby  plants,  with  remarkably  tenacious 
inner  bark  (liber)  and  caustic  juice,  represented  in 
our  gardens  and  greenhouses  by  Daphne  Mezereum^ 
Pimelea,  &c. 

In  the  last  compartment  of  this  Case  observe  specimens 
of  bark  of  Mezereon  (Daphne  Mezereum^  L.).  A  slender 
straggling  shrub,  found  in  some  parts  of  Britain  and 
distributed  throughout  the  sub-alpine  districts  of  Europe. 
The  bark  which  is  very  acrid  is  used  in  medicine,  and  for 
this  purpose  is  imported  chiefly  from  Germany  ;  near  this 
are  shown  barks  of  the  SPURGE  Laurel  (Daphne 
Laureola,  L.),  and  SPURGE  Flax  (D.  Gnidium,  L.),  used 
medicinally  for  the  same  purposes  as  D,  Mezereum. 

No.  427.  Fibrous  bark  of  Daphne  cannaUna,  Wall., 
a  tall  evergreen  shrub  of  the  Himalaya  and  Khasia  Hills, 
also  "Half -stuff"  and  paper  made  from  it,  of  various 
qualities  and  in  different  stages  of  manufacture.  Nepal 
and  Bhutia  paper  are  made  from  this  bark,  which  is  also 
converted  into  rope  for  various  purposes. 

Some  models  are  shown  illustrating  the  manufacture' 
of  paper  in  India.  Daphne  paper  is  in  common  use  in 
Northern  India.  It  is  extremely  strong  and  durable,  and 
the  finer  qualities  are  well  suited  for  engravings. 
CASE  On  the  upper  shelves  of  the  first  compartment  of  this  Case 
100.  are  specimens  of  the  wood  and  bark  of  the  BURN-NOSB 
or  BONACE  of  Jamaica  (Daphnopsis  tini/olia,  Griseb.). 
The  inner  bark  is  very  fibrous,  and  is  used  for  ropes, 
cordage,  &c. 

Note  also  paper  made  in  Japan  from  Edgworihia, 
Gardner  if  Meissn.  Some  of  the  finer  kinds  of  NEPAL 
Paper  are  said  to  be  manufactured  from  this  plant,  which 
is  found  in  the  Central  and  Eastern  Himalaya  and 
Bhotan. 

Specimens  are  also  shown  of  paper  made  from. 
Wikstroemia  viridijlora,  Meissn.,  from  Pakhoi,  China. 


179 

No.  428.      Stem,  with  the  bark-layers  partly  turned    CASE' 
back,  of    the  Jamaica  Lace-bark  {Lagetta  linteariay     100. 
Lam.),  a  tree  of   from  23  to  30  feet.     The  lace-layer  is 
carefully  removed  through  considerable  lengths  of    the 
stem,  and  when  pulled  open  made  up  in  various  orna- 
mental articles,— collars,  purses,  &c. 

,  On  the  upper  shelves  of  the  next  compartment,  note 
fibrous  bark  of  Lasiosiphon  eriocephalus^  Dene.  Also 
popes  and  paper  pulp  made  from  the  bark  which  is  also 
employed  in  India  as  a  fish  poison. 

No.  429.  Eagle-wood  or  Lign-Aloes.  The  pro- 
duce of  Aquilaria  Agallocha^  Roxb.,  and  A.  malaccensisy 
Lamk.  Both  large  evergreen  trees,  the  first  of  Eastern 
Himalaya,  Assam,  Khasia  and  Martaban  Hills  and  the 
latter  of  Malacca,  Tenasserim  and  the  Malay  Islands. 
The  woods  are  white,  soft,  and  even  grained,  and  when 
freshly  cut  give  off  a  perfume.  In  the  interior  of  old 
trees  irregular  masses  of  darker  coloured  and  harder 
"wood  are  found,  which  are  carefully  removed  and  cleaned 
for  commerce.  These  are  known  under  the  name  Kayu 
Garu  by  the  Malays  and  as  Akyau  by  the  Burmese. 

By  some  writers  this  substance  is  considered  to  be 
identical  with  the  Aloes  Wood  of  the  Bible. 

Oleaster  Order  (Elaeagnaceae).  Consisting  of  a  few 
trees  or  shrubs  with  their  leaves  more  or  less  covered, 
especially  beneath,  with  minute  silvery  scales.  They  are 
chiefly  Asiatic  or  European. 

No.  430.  Trebizonde  Dates,  the  fruit  of  Elaeagnus 
angustifolia^  L.,  a  small  tree  widely  distributed  in 
Northern  Asia,  extending  to  Europe.  The  fruits  are 
used  as  dessert,  in  the  preparation  of  sherbet,  and  in 
Tarkand  for  the  distillation  of  spirit. 

No.  43 1 .  Buffalo  Berries,  the  fruits  of  Shepherdia 
argentea^  Nutt.,  a  somewhat  spiny  shrub  of  North 
America.  In  July  and  August  it  is  sometimes  loaded 
with  bright  red  pellucid  berries,  which  have  the  acidity 
and  flavour  of  the  red  currants  They  are  used  for. making 
:^arts  and  preserves.  ./;..     '\^! 


m 

CASE     '  Mistletoe    Order    (Loranthaceae).     A    remarkable 

100.  group  of  shrubs,  almost  invariably  parasitical  upon  other^ 
plants,  with  leaves  usually  opposite,  thick,  and  fleshy,. 
In  tropical  countries  numerous  species  abound,  some, 
"with  large,  brilliantly  coloured  flowers.  These  have  not; 
yet  been  introduced  into  our  hot-houses.  In  Europe,  the:. 
Order  is  represented  by  the  MISTLETOE  ( Viscum  album, 

L.). 

Observe  gum  of  the  Flame  Tree  {Nuytsia  florihunday 
R.  Br.),  a  tree  endemic  in  Western  Australia. 

Note  on  a  lower  shelf  specimens  of  Flores  db  Palo 
or  Wood  Flowers  from  Guatemala.  These  curious 
growths  are  the  matrices  of  dead  Loranthus,  and  are 
occasionally  offered  for  sale  in  this  country  as  curiosities. 

CASE        No.  432.     Sections  showing  the  mode  of  union  which 

101.  takes  place  between  the  wood  of  the  Mistletoe  and  that  of 
the  Apple,  Thorn,  and  Lime  trees,  upon  which  it 
generally  grows.  These  parasites,  frequently  decaying 
after  death,  before  the  stock  upon  which  they  grow,  leave 
curiously  furrowed  moulds  or  casts,  answering  to  the 
space  occupied  by  their  attachment. 

Sandalwood  Order  (Santalaceae).  Herbs,  shrubs, 
3r  trees,  widely  dispersed  over  the  globe. 

Specimens  are  here  shown  of  Sandwich  ISLANDS 
Sandal- Wood  (Santahmi  Freycinetianum,  Gaud.),  and 
Fiji  Sandal-Wood  (5'.  Yasi,  Seem.). 

CASE       iq-Q.  433.    Boxes  made  of  Sandal- Wood  afforded  by 

102.  an  Indian  tree  {Santalum  album,  L.).  The  wood  is 
fragrant,  and  is  used  to  burn  as  incense  in  temples  and 
private  houses.  It  is  largely  used  for  carving  and  for 
ornamental  purposes.  Observe  samples  of  spotted  wood, 
caused  by. the  growth  of  adventitious  buds  and  known  in. 
Kanarese  as  Naga  or  COBRA  and  Nawal  kanu  or 
Peacock's  Eye.  These  woods  are  held  in  veneration 
by  the  Hindus.  Note  Sandal-wood  oil  used  in  perfumery 
and  in  medicine,  also  Chinese  Joss-Sticks  in  part  made> 
of  Sandal- wood.  Specimens  are  also  shown  of  Australian 
Sandal-wood  (Fusanusspicatus,  R.  Br.,  and  F.  acuntinatus^ 
R.  Br.).  The  former  yields  the  fragrant  Sandal-wood 
of    West    Australia,    while    the    latter  has  little   or   no 


I 


181 


perfume.     Observe   also    the    ornamental    stones  of  the    CASE 
fruit  of  this  species,  used  for  necklaces,  bracelets,  buttons,      102. 
&c. 

Also  on  a  lower  shelf  observe  leaves  of  BARK  BosCH 
or  Cape  Sumach  {Golpoon  compressum,  Berg.),  a  South 
African  bush  ;  it  is  cut  over  every  four  or  five  years  and 
used  as  sumac  in  tanning.  It  gives  the  peculiar  bloom 
to  leather  characteristic  of  Sumac  (see  No.  164). 

Near  this,  note  sample  of  Tea  formed  of  the  leaves  of 
Osijris  arborea^  WaW.^  from  Kumaon.  When  specially 
prepared  the  leaves  are  said  to  smell  remarkably  like 
ordinary  tea,  but  the  infusion  has  powerfully  emetic 
properties. 

BalanoplLora  Order  {Balanophoreae),  Under  this 
head  are  collected  a  few  most  anomalous  plants  of  very 
different  structure,  agreeing  in  the  absence  of  green 
colour  and  of  leaves,  and  in  their  parasitism  upon  the 
stems  and  roots  of  other  vegetables. 

Note  specimens  of  Sarcophyte  sanguinea,  Sparrm.,, 
from  South  Africa. 

No.  434.  Fqngus  Melitensis,  of  the  Old  Writers 
(Gynomorium  coccine.um,  Michx.).  It  was  valued  by  the 
Crusaders  as  a  styptic,  and  was  used  in  Malta  as  a  remedy 
for  dysentery.  So  highly  indeed  was  it  valued  that  the 
place  where  it  grew  was  carefully  guarded  and  "even 
up  to  a  recent  date  the  plant  was  gathered,  and  its  growth 
secured  by  a  person  specially  appointed  to  the  office  by 
the  English  Government."  The  plant  grows  in  the 
Mediterranean  region  from  the  Canaries  to  Syria. 

No.  435.  Candles  made  in  Java  from  the  wax 
secreted  by  Balanophora  elongata^  Bl. 

Note  on  the  lower  shelves  Balanophora  fungosa,  Forst., 
from  North  Australia.  Also  Cups  used  by  the  Himalayan 
tribes,  Tibetans,  &c.,  made  from  knots  formed  on  the  roots 
of  Oaks,  Maples,  &c.,  by  the  parasitical  Balanoplwra 
involucrata,  Kook.  t.  Some  of  these,  esteemed  antidotes 
to  poison,  fetch  a  great  price. 

The  last  compartment  of  this  Case,  as  well  as  a  portioijfc' 
of  the  first  compartment  of  Case  103,  contain  further 
illustrations  of  plants  of  this  Order. 


CASE  Spurge  Order  (EuphorMaceae).  A  large  family, 
'  103^.  consisting  of  about  3,000  species,  exhibiting  great  variety 
in  floral  structure,  which  is  very  imperfectly  represented 
by  our  British  Spurges.  The  order  is  widely  diffused^ 
most  abundant  towards  the  Equator,  especially  in  South 
America.  Many  contain  a  milky  juice,  which  is  often 
dangerously  poisonous.  Several  species  afford  invaluable 
medicines  ;  some,  after  the  removal  of  their  venomous 
juice,  yield  excellent  farina. 

Observe  Queensland  Asthma  Herb  (Euphorbia 
pihilifera,  L.),  a  common  weed  in  the  tropics,  employed  as 
a  remedy  in  asthma,  bronchitis,  and  other  diseases  of  the 
respiratory  organs.  Near  this  note  Katti-mandu,  the 
inspissated  juice  of  Euphorbia  trigona,  Haw.,  employed 
in  India  for  fixing  knives  into  handles,  and  for  similar 
purposes. 

On  a  lower  shelf  are  wood  and  inspissated  juice  of 
Eup)horbia  antiquorum^  L.  The  fresh  juice  is  employed 
in  medicine  in  India  as  a  purgative  and  for  the  treatment 
of  rheumatism  and  toothache. 

In  the  next  compartment  of  this  Case  note  specimens 
of  iron  coated  with  paint  prepared  from  the  gum  of  species 
of  Euphorbia.  The  paint  so  prepared  is  said  to  be  durable,, 
and  a  preservative  against  corrosion,  and  is  used  for  ships' 
bottoms.  Gum  Euphorbium,  an  occasional  article  of 
import  into  this  country,  one  of  the  ingredients  used,  is 
furnished  by  Euphorbia  resinifera,  Berg.,  a  fleshy 
perennial  plant  of  Morocco.  It  is  obtained  by  making 
incisions  in  the  plant,  when  the  milky  juice  flows,  and 
hardens  on  exposure  to  the  air.  It  was  formerly  used  as 
an  emetic  and  purgative,  but  owing  to  its  violent  and 
dangerous  action,  it  is  now  seldom  employed,  except  in 
veterinary  practice,  and  as  a  rubefacient  and  vesicant. 

'  Specimens  are  also  shown  of  the  inspissated  juice  of 
EuphOi'bia  TirucalU,  L.,  a  small  tree,  native  of  Africa, 
Cultivated  in  India  and  Burma  as  a  hedge  plant.  This  is 
probably  the  source  of  Almeidina,  Potato  Gum,  or 
Cassoneira  Gum,  of  Angola  and  Loanda,  a  poisonous 
gutta-like  substance  which  Soon  becomes  brittle,  but  is* 
however  believed  to  be  employed  as  a  substitute  for  Gutta 
iPercha  in  some  industries. 


183 

No.  436.    Boxwood  (Buxus  sempervirens,  L.).    A    CASE 
well-known  evergreen  tree  of  Europe,  growing  in  some      103. 
situations    in    Britain.      Its    dense,    compact    wood    is 
admirably   suited   for  the   use    of    wood-engravers,    for 
graduated  scales,  &c.      Specimens  of   different  qualities 
of  boxwood  are  shown  from  Persia,  Trebizonde,  Anatolia, 
and   of    British   growth  ;  also  blocks  prepared  for  wood 
engraving,  one  upon  which  the  drawing  has  been  made 
ready  for  engraving,  and  a  finished  engraved  block,  also 
shuttles,  walking  sticks,  rules,  &c.     Russia  and  Persia  are 
the  principal  sources  of  boxwood  of  commerce,  but  the 
supplies  of  late  years  have  been  decreasing.    A  hard  even-  ^ 
grained  wood  that  would  prove  a  perfect  substitute  for' 
boxwood  has  yet  to  be  discovered.  ■ 

Observe  a  specimen  of  Cape  Boxwood  furnished  by 
Buxus  Macowani,  Oliv.,  a  tree  about  30  feet  high,  native 
of  South  Africa. 

The  remainder  of  this  compartment  contains  various 
Euphorbiaceous  woods,  mostly  from  the  East. 

No.    437.     Fruits    of    the    Emblio    Myrobalan    CASE 
(Phyllanthus  Emblica,  L.),  a  moderate-sized  tree  of  the  :    104, 
Indian  and  Burmese  forests.     The  fruits  are  edible,  and 
are  used  for  preserves,  in  medicine,  and  for  dyeing  and  . 
tanning.     The   wood   is   durable,   and   is  used   for  agriv: 
cultural  implements,  buildings,  furniture,  &c. 

Observe  fruits  and  wood  of   Otahbitb   Goosebbrry> 
(Phyllanthus  distichus,  Muell.  Arg.),  a  deciduous  tree  of 
the  East  Indies.     The  fruits  are  acid  and  astringent,  and' 
are  used  either  in  pickles,  preserved  with  sugar,  or  in  tarts. , 

On  the  lower  shelf  are  specimens  of  bark  of  BiTTER' 
Bark  or  "  Quinine  Tree  "  {Petalostigma  quadriloculare^, 
F.  Muell.),  introduced  from  Australia  as  a  substitute  foi?  j 
Cinchona. 

It  also  yields  a  brownish-yellow  dye.  The  wood  is^ 
hard  and  fine-grained  and  useful  for  cabinet  work.  1 

No.  438.  African  Oak  or  Teak  {OldfieUia  africana, 
Bth,  and  Hook,  f.),  from  Sierra  Leone.  A  fine,  close- 
grained  timber,  formerly  imported  into  this  country  for 
shipbuilding.  At  the  present  day  this  timber  is  hardly  ' 
known  in  commerce.  The  "  African  Oak  "  now  imported 
is  the  produce  of  Lophira  alata,    ^See  Case  21.] 


QAS2  On  the  upper  shelves  of  the  next  compartment  of  this 
104:.  Case,  note  specimens  of  wood  of  Bischojia  javanica,  Bl., 
a  deciduous  tree  of  India,  Burma,  Malaya,  &c.  The 
timber  is  hard,  heavy  and  durable,  particularly  in  damp 
situations,  and  is  recommended  for  pile  foundations  and 
railway  sleepers.  In  Assam  it  is  largely  used  for  bridges 
and  other  works  of  construction. 

Note  also  KOKRA  wood  of  Bengal  (Aporosa  Boxburghii, 
Baill.),  a  moderately  hard  and  even-grained  wood  of  a 
Hght  red  colour.  The  name  KOKRA  has  occasionally  been 
confounded  with  Cocus  [See  No.  186]. 

Observe  fruits  of  Baccaurea  racemosa,  Maell.  Arg. 
They  are  acid  and  eaten  in  Java.  Also  fruits  of  LUTQUA 
(B.  sapida^  Muell.  Arg.)  ;  these  are  eaten  in  India,  and 
have  an  agreeable  acid  taste.  The  leaves  are  employed  as 
a  dye.  Fruits  are  also  shown  of  other  edible  species  of 
Baccaurea^  including  Rambeh  (B,  dulcis,  Muell.  Arg.), 
from  the  Malay  Islands. 

On  a  lower  shelf  observe  specimens  of  Antidesma 
Bunius^  Spreng.,  and  of  A,  Ghaesembilla,  Gaertn.,  small 
L  trees  of  the  East.     The  leaves  and  fruits  of  both  species 

are  eaten  in  India. 

Near  these  note  large  stones  of  fruits  of  Joannesia 
PrincepSy  Veil.  The  fruit  is  about  the  size  of  an  apple, 
and  of  an  ash  colour.  The  stones  contain  two  seeds, 
which  yield  by  expression  a  pale  yellowish  oil,  used  as  a 
ciaithartic  in  Brazil. 

On  the  bottom  shelf  are  seeds  and  oil  from  the  Physic 
Nut  (Jatropha  Curcas^  L.),  a  bush  or  shrub  of  tropical 
America,  but  introduced  into  most  tropical  countries. 
The  oil  expressed  from  the  seeds  is  a  strong  purgative. 
It  is  employed  in  medicine  in  India  and  is  also  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  soap  and  candles. 

On  an  upper  shelf  of  the  next  compartment  are  seeds 
of  Balucanat  (Aleurites  trisperma,  Blanco),  from  the 
Philippines.  Occasionally  imported  into  this  country 
as  an  oil-seed. 

No.  439.  Fruits,  seeds  and  oil  from  the  TuNG  Yu 
or  Chinese  Varnish  Tree  {Aleurites  Fordii,  Hemsl.). 
The  oil  known  as  WOOD  Oil  is  an  article  of  enormous 
consumption  by  the  Chinese,  who  use  it  for  caulking  and 


18$ 

painting    junks     preserving     wood     work,     varnishing    OAsfe 
furniture,  &c.  104. 

During  the  last  few  years  large  quantities  of  this  oil 
have  been  exported  from  Hankow  to  European  and 
American  ports,  by  far  the  greater  quantity  going  to 
America.  Of  ^54,501  piculs  (the  picul=133ilbs.  avoir.) 
shipped  from  Hankow  during  the  year  1905,  49,514  piculs 
i;vere  absorbed  by  America.  So  far  as  can  be  gathered 
the  applications  of  Wood  Oil  in  the  West  are  for  the 
manufacture  of  linoleum,  as  a  substitute  for  linseed  in 
•other  industries,  and  it  is  also  believed  to  form  the  basis  of  a 
varnish  to  compete  with  that  produced  from  Copal.  The 
oil  has  poisonous  properties,  and  the  refuse  cake  is 
employed  as  manure  in  China. 

Note  also  fruits  of  Aleurites  cordata^  R.  Br.,  from 
Hong  Kong.  The  seeds  yield  an  oil  similar  to  that  of  the 
last  mentioned. 

No.  440.  Candle-Nut  or  Country  Walnut  Oil, 
from  the  seeds  of  Aleurites  triloba^  Forst.,  a  handsome 
tree  widely  distributed  in  tropical  countries.  The  seeds, 
strung  upon  a  stick,  are  burnt  as  candles  in  the  Sandwich 
Islands.  When  pressed  they  yield  a  large  proportion 
of  pure  palatable  oil. 

No.  441.  Croton  Oil,  expressed  from  the  seeds  of 
Groton  Tigliuw,  L.,  a  shrub  of  India  and  the  Indian 
islands,  a  powerful  purgative ;  employed  externally  as  a 
rubefacient. 

No.  442.  Sweet  Bark,  or  Cascarilla  Bark 
(Croton  Eluteria^  Benn.).  It  is  a  native  of  the  Bahamas, 
is  aromatic,  bitter,  and  tonic,  and  was  at  one  time  used  as 
a  substitute  for  Cinchona.  On  account  of  its  agreeable 
musky  odour  when  burned  it  is  used  as  an  ingredient  in 
fumigating  pastilles.  It  is  sometimes  inserted  in  cigars  to 
give  a  pleasant  odour  when  smoked. 

Note  COPALCHI  Bark  [Quina  blanca  of  the  Mexicans] 
{Croton  niveus,  Jacq.),  "a  shrub,  native  of  Venezuela. 
This  bark  has  bitter  properties  and  is  occasionally  imported 
into  Europe  as  a  drug. 

No.  443.     The  whole  of  this  Case  is  devoted  to  Para    GAiSfe 
Rubber,    the    most    important    source    of    Rubber    or     105. 


18^ 


i 


CASE  Caoutchouc  of  commerce.  It  is  obtained  from  incisions^ 
105.  made  in  the  trunk  of  Hevea  hrasiliensis^  Muell.  Arg.,  a 
large  forest  tree  of  Brazil,  now  extensively  cultivated  in 
Ceylon  and  the  Straits  Settlements.  Various  samples  of 
the  product  are  shown  from  Brazil,  Ceylon,  Straits 
Settlements,  Burma,  Gold  Coast  and  Trinidad.  Of  the 
many  forms  from  Brazil  observe  models  of  animals, 
bottles,  &c.,  made  by  moulding  the  rubber  over  a  clay 
base  which  was  afterwards  broken  up  and  removed.  This 
method  of  preparing  the  rubber  for  commerce  is  now 
obsolete.  On  the  lower  shelves  of  the  middle  compart- 
ment note  a  series  of  specimens  to  illustrate  the  industry 
in  Brazil.  Note  (1)  small  axe  for  tapping  the  trees  ;  the 
milk  falls  into  small  bowls  (2),  whence  it  is  poured  into 
a  collecting  gourd  (3),  from  which  it  is  emptied  into  a  large 
clay  bowl  (4).  From  the  latter  it  is  ladled  with  a  cuia  or 
calabash  (5),  and  poured  over  the  round  blade  of  the 
paddle  (6),  which  is  then  held  in  the  smoke  of  the  stove 
(7),  the  invariable  fuel  being  Urucury  nuts  {Maximiliana- 
regia).  This  is  the  mode  of  production  of  the  black 
rubber  of  commerce.  Many  of  the  numerous  applications; 
of  Caoutchouc,  including  those  of  hard  vulcanised  rubber 
for  jewellery,  &c.,  are  here  illustrated  by  a  large  series  of  > 
specimens  presented  by  the  India  Rubber,  Gutta  Percha 
and  Telegraph  Company. 

The  exports  of  rubber  from  Brazil  during  the  year  1905 
amounted  to  31,474  tons,  of  the  value  of  £13,795,372*, 
The  imports  of   rubber  into  the  United  Kingdom  from' 
Ceylon  during  the  same  period  were  60  tons  18  cwts.,  of 
the  value  of  £34,594 ;  and  from  the  Straits  Settlements) 
975  tons  14  cwts.,  of  the  value  of  £265,863.  ,    >"• 

On  the  lower  shelves  of  the  last  compartment  of  this ' 
Case  are  fruits,  seeds,  and  rubber  from  other  species  of' 
Hevea  including  H.  Spruceanci,  Muell.  Arg.,  from  British 
Guiana,  H.  Benthamiana,  Muell.  Arg.,  and  H.  lutea, 
Ijlluell.  Arg.,  from  Brazil.  Other  important  Caoutchoucs^ 
a^re  afforded  by  species  of  Landolphia^  Carpodinus,  &c., ' 
Case  75 ;  Funtumia^  Case  78 ;  Manihot^  Case  106 ;  Sapiurrty. 
Case  108;  FicuSy  Case  114;  and  Castilloay  Case  115. 

Q^;pP;       Note  on  an  upper  shelf  the  dark  green  wood  of  Santal, 
i^»i    Vert   {Croton  sp.)   from   Zanzibar.      It  is  said    to    be- 


1^1 

exported    from    Zanzibar    and    Madagascar .  into    India,    CASE 
where  it  is  used  for  burning  the  bodies  of  Hindoos.  XO^y 

No.  444.  Figures  carved  in  wood  of  Givotia 
rottleriformiSy  Griff.  The  wood  is  exceedingly  light,  very- 
soft,  but  even-grained,  and  is  much  used  in  India  for 
making  toys  as  here  shown.  The  seeds  yield  an  oil 
valuable  for  lubricating  fin6  machinery.  > 

/I  tr 
»,.  ii. 

No.  445.  Gbara  or  MANigOBA  Rubber  and  specimen 
of  the  plant  yielding  the  rubber  (Manihot  Olaziovii, 
Muell.  Arg.),  a  South  American  tree,  which  has  been 
introduced  into  India,  Ceylon,  and  many  other  tropical 
countries.  The  tree  grows  rapidly  and  yields  rubber  of 
excellent  quality.  Of  the  specimens  in  the  Case  note  a 
complete  series  of  articles  and  photographs  illustrating 
the  cultivation  and  preparation  of  rubber  in  the  Nilgiris. 
Specimens  are  also  shown  of  the  tuberous  roots  and  starch 
prepared  from  them. 

No.  446.    Cassava  or   Mandiocca  Meal,  obtained    CASE 
from  the  root  of  two  species  of  Manihot   (M.  utilissima,     X07. 
Pohl,  and  M.  palmata,  Muell.  Arg.) ;  the  former  Bitter, 
the  latter  Sweet  Cassava. 

The  juice  of  Bitter  Cassava,  which  contains  Hydrocyanic 
(Prussic)  acid,  is  highly  poisonous.  Cassava  is  grown 
chiefly  in  Brazil,  Peru,  and  on  the  African  Coast, — forming 
a  main  article  of  native  food.  The  roots  of  Bitter  Cassava, 
which  are  often  large,  weighing  from  30  to  40  pounds, 
contain  much  farinaceous  matter.  They  are  grated  after 
washing,  the  poisonous  juice  separated  by  pressure,  and 
the  residue  made  into  thin  cakes  (No.  447),  which  are, 
baked.  Prussic  acid  being  volatile,  the  heat  dissipates  th« 
remaining  poison. 

Observe  Cassareep,  the  concentrated  juice  of  Manihot 
roots  rendered  harmless  by  boiling.  It  is  largely  used  in 
the  West  Indies  for  culinary  purposes,  and  in  this  country 
as  the  basis  for  many  table  sauces. 

^  No.  448.  Taptoca.  A  very  pure  form  of  Starch,^ 
"iyhich  settles  from  the  water  employed  to  wash  Cassava"^ 
ineal.  It  is  granulated  upon  hot  plates.  A  close  imitation 
61  Tapioca  is  prepared  from  potato  starch. 


18a 

6ASE      '  No.    449.      Mandiocca  strainers.      Long,   cylindrical, 

107.  plaited  baskets  in  which  the  grated  pulp  is  put  after 
washing  and  pressed  by  torsion. 

No.  450.     Mandiocca  grater,  studded  with  particles  of 
granite,  secured  in  the  tough  wooden  frame  by  the  viscid 
juice  of  Couma  utilis,  Muell.  Arg.,  one  of  the  Dogbanes. 
CASE        Observe  on  an  upper  shelf  of  the  first  compartment  of 

108.  *^^^  ^^^^  mounted  specimen  of  plant  of  Chrozophora 
plicataj  A.  Juss.,  a  common  weed  in  Indian  Cotton  fields, 
and  sometimes  known  as  Indian  Turnsole,  a  purplish 
blue  dye  being  obtained  from  the  fruits. 

No.  451.  Kamala.  The  red  powdery  substance 
obtained  as  a  glandular  pubescence  from  the  exterior  of 
the  fruits  of  Mcdlotus  philippinensis,  Muell.  Arg.,  a  small 
evergreen  tree  of  India,  Ceylon,  Malaya,  &c.  Kamala 
powder  is  extensively  employed  as  an  orange  dye  for 
silks,  and  in  medicine  as  a  vermifuge.  The  fruits,  wood 
and  bark  are  also  exhibited.  Both  the  bark  and  roots  are 
r  used  for  dyeing.     Waras  (Case  36)  is  sometimes. used  as  a 

substitute  for  Kamala. 

On  a  lower  shelf  observe  Endi  cloth  made  from  silk  of 
the  Castor  oil  Silkworm  (Attacus  ricini,  Boisd.),  much 
used  in  Sikkim,  Nepal,  and  Bhotan.  Cocoons,  moths,  and 
raw  silk  made  by  the  worm  which  feeds  on  the  Castor  oil 
plant  are  shown. 

No.  452.  Castor  Oil,  obtained  by  pressure,  either 
with  or  without  some  degree  of  heat,  from  the  seeds  of 
Ricinus  communis,  L.,  a  native  originally  of  India.  It  is 
now  widely  dispersed  through  tropical  and  warm 
countries.  Known  from  antiquity  as  a  valuable  laxative 
medicine.  Castor  oil  seeds  vary  considerably  in  size  and 
colour.  Specimens  showing  this  variation  are  exhibited 
from  the  East  and  West  Indies,  Central  Africa,  &c. 
Various  samples  of  oil  are  also  shown. 

Note  fruits,  seeds,  and  roots  of  the  BOMAH  NuT  of 
Natal  {Pycnocoma  macrophylla,  Bth.).  The  fruits  are 
used  for  tanning  purposes,  the  seeds  yield  a  sweet  bland 
oil,  and  the  roots  are  employed  in  medicine  as  a  purgative. 

Observe  also  JAMAICA  COB  NUTS  {Qmphalea  triandra, 
L.),  a  small  tree  exuding  a  white  juice  which  dries  black, 
and  bearing  a   yellow  globose  furrowed  drupe,  called 


189 

Noisettier  in  the  French  W.  Indies  and  known  in  Jamaica    CASE 
as  pig  or  hog  nut.    When  ripe  the  seeds  burst  from  the      108. 
pericarp  ;  they  are  eaten  raw  or  roasted.     By  compression 
they  yield  a  fine  flavoured  oil.  ,         ; 

Note  also   fruits,  seeds,   and    oil   from   the    seeds   of      , ,  L 
Omphalearmegacarpa,  Hemsl.,  from  the  West  Indies.    The 
seeds  and  the  oil  extracted  from  them  possess  purgative 
properties. 

'  No.  453.  Tallow  from  the  seeds  of  Sapium  sehiferum; 
Roxb.,  largely  collected  in  China  for  candle-making. 
The  seeds,  which  are  enveloped  in  the  tallow,  are  steamed, 
beaten,  and  sifted.  The  coarse  tallow  thus  obtained 
is  strained  through  a  cylinder  of  twisted  straw.  The 
candles  are  usually  dipped  in  wax,— owing  to  the  tallow 
becoming  soft  in  warm  weather.  For  festivals  they  are 
made  very  large,  and  ornamented.  It  is  the  most  common 
shade-tree  in  New  Orleans,  and  is  said  to  be  the  only  one 
which  will  sustain  the  vibration  of  the  tram-cars. 

Observe  wood  of  the  Manchineel  Tree  {Hippomane 
Mancinella,  h.).  A  tree  of  moderate  size,  native  of 
tropical  South  America  and  the  West  Indies.  Though  of 
a  poisonous  character,  its  power,  like  that  of  the  Upas, 
has  been  much  exaggerated.  The  milky  juice  of  the  stem 
and  fruit  causes  great  pain  if  incautiously  handled  or 
allowed  to  come  in  contact  with  the  eyes. 

In  the  next  compartment  note  samples  of  COLOMBIAN  ^ 

Scrap  or  Virgen  Rubber,  Touckpong  from  British      -  ■  ■— 
Guiana,  and  BOLIVIAN   RUBBER,   believed  to  be  from 
Sapium  Aucuparium,  Jacq.,  a  widely  spread  and  variable 
tree  of  tropical  America,  but  the  precise  source  of  thi 
particular  rubber  is  still  involved  in  some  doubt. 

Specimens  are  also  shown  of  JUMPING  SEEDS,  the 
carpels  of  Sehastiana  Palmeri,  Rose,  from  Mexico. 
Each  carpel  contains,  when  fresh,  the  larva  of  an  insect 
(Carpocapsa  saltitans),  the  movements  of  which  cause 
the  carpel  to  jump  or  jerk,  especially  when  placed  in  a 
warna  situation. 

.  No.  454.  Fruit  of  Sand-box  Tree  (Hura  crepitansy 
L.).  The  valves  of  the  fruit  separate  with  much  violence 
when  mature  and  dry.    It  is  a  native  of  the  West  Indies 


190 

<GASE    and  tropical  America,  sometimes  grown  as  a  shade  for 

108.  Cacao.     The  seeds  contain  a  purgative  oil. 

CASE       Nettle  Order  (Urticaceae),    A  large  and  important 

109.  group  represented  in  almost  every  climate  by  trees, 
shrubs,  or  herbs.  Their  economic  properties  are  very 
varied.  The  order  is  divided  into  eight  tribes  as 
follows  :— 

Tribe  I.  Ulmeae. — American  and  European  species 
of  which  are  valuable  timber  trees  ;  the  English  Elm 
{Ulmus  campestris,  L.),  being  especially  suited  for  works 
in  damp  situations.  Specimens  of  this  wood  as  well  as  of 
the  North  American  Bi^ecies  U,  fulva,  Michx.,  U.  amerir 
cana,  L.,  and  U,  racemosa,  Thomas,  are  shown. 

Observe  section  of  the  Wellington  Elm,  the  tree  under 
which  the  Duke  of  Wellington  stood  during  part  of  the 
battle  of  Waterloo. 

Note  also  specimens  of  the  beautiful  wood  of  Keyaki 
of  Jsiipan  (Zelkova  acuminata,  Planch.),  and  boxes  made 
of  the  wood. 

Tribe  II.  Celtideae. — Under  this  tribe  are  exhibited 
specimens  of  wood  and  bark  of  various  species  of  Celtis 
and  Trema, 

Tribe  III.  CannaMneae.—The  Hop  and  the  Hemp 
are  alone  included  in  this  tribe. 

CASE       No.  455.     Samples  of  Hops  used  by  brewers ;    the 

110.  dried  heads  of  fruit  of  Humulus  Lupulus,  L.  Remarkable 
among  the  great  Nettle-tribe  for  its  twining  stem.  A 
native  of  Europe,  Russian  Asia,  and  perhaps  of  England. 
Cultivated  in  Germany  from  the  eighth  century,  and 
introduced  into  England  under  Henry  VIII.  for  the  sake 
of  its  odorous  and  resinous  cones  used  in  brewing. 

Note  also  Tallies  as  used  in  Hop  gardens  in  Kent  and 
Worcester,  and  HOP  TEA  formed  of  Indian  Tea  mixed 
with  dried  hops. 

No.  456.  Hemp  ((7anna&/s  sa^tm,  L.),  cultivated  in 
cool  climates  for  its  invaluable  fibre ;  in  tropical  India, 
-&C.,  for  the  narcotic  resin  exuded  by  the  leaves  and  stem. 
Hemp  grows  wild  in  Northern  India  and  temperate  Asia. 
It  was  cultivated  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  but  the 
Egyptians    and    Hebrews  appear  to    have    been    unac- 


m 

<iuainted  with  it.  Specimens  of  Indian,  Russian,  Prussian,  CASE 
Spanish,  and  Italian  Hemps  are  exhibited,  with  Hempen  110. 
cordage,  &c.,  from  the  Royal  Dockyards.  The  separation 
of  the  fibrous  bark  of  the  stem  is  brought  about  by 
soaking  in  stagnant  water.  The  prepai-ation  of  the  fibre 
is  quite  similar  to  that  of  Flax  (Case  17).  Observe 
portions  of  cable  of  the  "  Royal  George,"  sunk  at  Spithead 
in  1782,  and  samples  of  paper  made  from  it. 

On  the  bottom  shelf  of  the  middle  compartment  are 
Hemp  seeds  and  oil  expressed. from  them. 

No.  457.  Bhang  or  SiDEE,'the  larger  leaves  of  the 
Hemp  plant,  dried,  roughly  broken,  and  mixed  with 
some  of  the  fruits.  It  is  dark  green  in  colour,  and  has  a 
strong  narcotic  odour  and  taste.  It'  is  chiefly  used  in 
India  for  smoking,  and  an  intoxicating  drink  is  prepared 
by  infusing  it  in  water.  Bhang  when  mixed  with  flour, 
eugar,  &c.,  is  made  in  India  into  a  kind  of  sweetmeat 
called  "  Majoon." 

No.  458.  GUNJAH  or  Ganja.  The  dried  flowering 
tops  of  the  female  Hemp  plant  with  the  resin  attached. 
In  Assam  Ganja  is  smoked  in  a  Ghilam,  an  earthen 
receptacle  used  for  ordinary  tobacco  smoking:.  A  wet 
rag  is  sometimes  put  round  the  Chilam  which  is  held 
between  the  hollows  of  the  smoker's  hands.  The  hookah 
is  scarcely,  if  ever,  used ;  when  used  it  contains  no  water. 
To  a  beginner  two  or  three  pulls  are  sufficient  to  produce 
intense  giddiness  and  prostration  for  five  or  six  hours. 
Habitual  consumers  feel  no  inconvenience  but  expe- 
rience a  refreshed  feeling.  Ganja  smokers  seldom  smoke 
alone  ;  a  single  chilam  does  for  a  number  of  men. 
Ounjah,  like  Bhang,  is  of  a  dark  greenish  colour,  and 
has  a  faint  narcotic  smell.  It  is  chiefly  used  for  smoking, 
and  sometimes  comes  into  the  English  market,  where  it 
is  known  as  "  Guaza." 

Hashish,  which  is  used  as  an  intoxicant  by  the  Arabs, 
is  a  similar  preparation. 

No.  459.  Churras  or  Char  as,  the  gum-resin  of  the 
Hemp-plant.  Chiefly  used  for  smoking.  Various  samples 
from  dijffierent  localities  are  exhibited.  Lyall  states  that 
for  the;  production  of  Ganja  rich  in  resin  it  is  essential 


19g 

CASE    that  the  ovaries  should  be  abortive ;  the  hypertrophied 

110,  perianth  and  bracts  then  secrete  the  Charas  in  larga 
quantities.  It  is  therefore  necessary  in  cultivation  to 
eliminate  the  male  plants.  The  finest  Charas  is  produced 
in  Yarkand  and  Kashgar.  In  collecting  it  men,  clothed 
with  leather  garments,  are  said  to  walk  about  among  the^ 
hemp  plants,  brushing  up  against  them,  the  gum  resin 
comes  off  and  adheres  to  the  garments,  which  are  then 
taken  off,  and  carefully  scraped. 

Tribe  IV.  Moreae.— On  this  shelf  note  cigarettes 
smoked  universally  in  Burma.  They  are  covered  with 
the  leaves  of  a  species  of  Gordia,  and  filled  with  a  mixture 
of  equal  parts  of  tobacco  and  finely  chopped  wood  of 
StreUus  asper^  Lour. 

In  Siam  the  bark  of  this  tree,  under  the  name  of  Tois 
Khoi,  is  much  used  in  the  manufacture  of  paper.  A 
series  of  specimens  illustrating  this  industry,  as  carried 
on  near  Bangkok,  is  shown. 

CASE        In  this  Case  note  specimens  of  the  bark  of  the  Paper 

111.  Mulberry  {Broussonetia  papyrifera^  Vent.).  A  small 
tree  widely  distributed  in  the  East,  and  often  cultivated. 
It  is  the  source  of  Tapa  or  Kapa  Cloth  of  the  South 
Sea  Islands  prepared  in  the  following  manner  : — The 
bark  of  slender  stems  is  stripped  off  in  ribbons  ;  after 
soaking  in  .water  the  outer  bark,  which  is  useless,  is 
scraped  off.  Each  ribbon  of  the  white  inner  bark  is 
beaten  into  a  broad  strip  of  cloth ;  these  are  joined 
together  with  arrowroot,  and  beaten  together  so  as  to 
form  pieces  of  any  size  desired.  Note  shells  used  for 
scraping  the  bark,  and  several  specimens  half  prepared,, 
also  many  examples  of  finished  Tapa  cloth,  and  articles 
of  clothing,  &c.,  made  from  it. 

-  No.  460   is  a   portion    of   a  piece  which   originally 
measured  2  miles  in  length  by  120  feet  wide. 

In  the  middle  compartment  of  this  Case,  note  clubs-, 
made  of  the  hard  wood  of  Casuarifia  equisetifolia,  Forst., 
used  in  Fiji  for  beating  the  bark  of  the  Paper  MUL- 
BERRY, in  the  manufacture  of  Tapa  cloth. 

Note  memorandum  books  made  in  Burma  of  Brousso- 
netia  paper  coated  with  charcoal  of  Cassia  Toi^.a,    The 


I 


193 


^ctritint^  is  done  with  a  steatite  pencil,  and  can  be  erased  CASE 

with  Betel  leaves.  111. 

Note  in  this  Case  an  interesting  collection  of  articles  CASE 

made  of  Broussonetia  paper  from  Corea  and  Japan.  112. 

The  first  compartment  of  this  Case  contains  a  series  of  CASE 

specimens  illustrating  the  manufacture  (and  various  uses)  113. 
of  paper  in  Japan  from  the  barks  of  Broussonetia  papyri- 
fera^  Vent.,  and  B.  Kaempferi^  Sieb. 

No.  461.  Portions  of  branches,  rough  bark,  and  bark 
partially  prepared  of  B.  Kaempferi^  Sieb.  Note  on  the 
adjoining  wall  copies  of  native  drawings  showing  the 
different  processes  of  paper  making. 

No.  462.  Fustic  {Ghlorophora  tinctoria,  Gaud.),  a 
large  tree  of  tropical  America  and  the  West  Indies.  The 
yellow,  close-grained  timber  is  largely  used  in  dyeing, 
and  is  chiefly  imported  from  the  West  Indies  and  Brazil. 

Note  wood  of  IROKO,  HOKO,  or  Odum  tree  {Chloropho7^a 
excelsa,  Benth.  and  Hook,  f.)  from  Upper  Guinea  ;  the 
wood,  which  has  a  finely  mottled  grain,  is  much  used 
in  building  on  account  of  its  resisting  the  attacks  of 
white  ants. 

On  the  bottom  shelf  of  this  compartment  are  shown 
fruits  of  the  OsAGE  ORANGE  (Madura aurantiaca,l^utt.), 
a  North  American  tree,  which  has  been  used  as  a  substi- 
tute for  the  Mulberry  in  feeding  silkworms.  Its  yellow 
juice  was  formerly  used  by  the  Indians  to  disfigure  their 
faces  in  war  time.  The  wood  is  known  in  America  as 
Bow  WOOD,  and  is  largely  employed  for  fence-posts, 
paving  blocks,  &c. 

On  the  upper  shelves  of  the  next  compartment  are 
shown  Cocoons,  Moths,  and  silk  of  the  Silkworm 
{Bomhyx  Mori,  L.).  The  insects  feed  on  the  leaves  of 
the  White  Mulberry  {Morus  alha,  L.),  specimens  of 
the  wood  of  which,  as  well  as  of  the  BLACK  MULBERRY 
(3f.  nigra,  L.),  are  also  exhibited.  The  White  Mulberry 
is  cultivated  in  Southern  Europe  and  China  for  the  sake 
of  its  leaves  for  feeding  silkworms,  and  the  black  chiefly 
in  Kurope  for  its  fruit. 

Observe  CONTRAYERVA  Root  {Dorstenia  hrasiliensis. 
Lamb.),  from  Brazil,  formerly  employed  in  medicine  in 
this  country  as  a  stimulant,  tonic  and  diaphoretic.     Note 

25782  N 


194 

tJASE    also   roots   of   D,    Contrajerva^   L.,   likewise    known   as 
'  ll3.      CONTRAYERVA,  and  formerly  employed  in  medicine. 

Tribe  V.     Artocarpeae. — A  group  of  tropical  trees  or 
:  shrubs   marked   by  a  milky  juice  and   the   large  scales 

(stipules)  at  the  base  of  each  leaf -stalk,  which  fall  and 
leave  a  ring-like  scar. 

Observe  the  skeletonised  leaves  of  Ficus  religiosa,  L., 
the  Peepul  or  Pipal  tree  of  India,  covered  with 
gelatine  and  painted  upon  by  Chinese  artists.  The  tree, 
which  is  sacred  to  the  Buddhists,  is  commonly  planted  by 
them  in  Ceylon  and  Burma,  and  also  by  the  Hindoos 
throughout  India.  Observe  photograph  of  Sacred  Bo 
tree  of  Anarajapoora  "  in  all  probability  the  oldest 
historical  tree  in  the  w^orld,"  it  was  planted  B.C.  288. 
The  Buddhist  priests  object  to  "lop  it  with  any  weapon  " 
and  only  distribute  to  pilgrims  the  leaves  which  fall 
naturally  to  the  ground.  Lac  is  produced  in  large 
quantities  on  the  Peepul,  specimens  of  which  are  shown. 

The  last  compartment  contains  specimens  of  wood,  &c., 
of  several  species  of  Ficus  from  India,  also  a  specimen  of 
the  Sycamore  Fig  (F.  Sycomorus,  L.),  a  large  Egyptian 
tree  affording  a  fruit  used  by  the  Arabs.  Its  light  wood 
is  said  to  be  almost  imperishable,  and  served  to  make 
the  cases  of  Egyptian  mummies  ;  specimens  are  shown. 

No.  463.  Leaves,  Wood,  Bark,  Cordage,  and  Lac  of 
the  Banyan  (Ficus  bengalensis,  L.),  one  of  the  most 
famous  trees  of  India,  remarkable  for  its  enormous 
extension  by  means  of  rooting  branches.  The  milky 
juice  is  made  into  birdlime,  the  leaves  are  made  into 
platters,  specimens  of  which  are  shown. 
CASE  Observe  fruits  of  Ficus  pumila,  L.,  known  as  Ok-GUE 
114.  in  Formosa.  These  fruits  are  much  used  in  Southern 
China  and  Formosa  for  making  jelly. 

No.  464.  Figs.  The  well-known  heads  of  fruit  of 
Ficus  Uarica,  L.,  long  cultivated  in  South  Europe  and 
West  Asia. 

Note  Fig  Pies  or  Cakes  from  Greece  and  Cyprus 
where  they  are  used  as  an  important  article  of  food. 

In  the  next  compartment  are  samples  of  Rubber,  raw 
and  manufactured,  from  the  Abba  or  Abo  tree  (Ficus 
Vogelii,  Miq.)  from  Lagos. 


195 

No.  465.  INDIARUBBER  FiG  or  CAOUTCHOUC  Tree  CASE 
of  India  and  Malaya  (AVifseZas^ica,  Roxb.).  A  handsome  114. 
tree,  with  firm  glossy  leaves  :  often  a  parlour  plant  in 
England.  The  tree  is  usually  epiphytic,  the  seeds 
germinating  at  the  top  of  forest  trees,  it  sends  down 
innumerable  aerial  roots,  which  extend  to  considerable 
distances  Below,  giving  the  tree  a  wide  spreading  appear- 
ance. This  is  well  illustrated  by  the  accompanying 
photographs,  as  well  as  by  some  fine  photographs  on  the 
staircase. 

Observe  samples  of  Getah  Rambong  from  Malacca, 
Get  AH  Karet  from  Sumatra  and  other  forms  of  rubber 
obtained  from  this  species  from  Assam,  Java,  &c. 

In  the  last  compartment  of  this'  Case  note  specimens  of 
Bark  Cloth  from  Uganda,  prepared  by  beating  out  the 
bark  of  a  species  of  Ficiis. 

Observe  a  fine  series  of  Lac  and  Lac  dyes.  Lac  is  a  resin  CASE 
produced  by  the  puncture  of  a  small  hemipterous  insect  115. 
abounding  in  India  on  various  trees,  especially  species  of 
Ficus,  Butea  frondosa,  Roxb.,  &c.  The  collection  of  Lac 
and  its  products  is  continued  in  the  next  compartment. 
Specimens  are  exhibited  of  shellac,  grain,  button,  liver, 
seed,  and  thread  lacs  ;  also  a  fine  sample  of  bleached  lac, 
sealing  wax,  into  the  composition  of  which  lac  is  a 
principal  ingredient,  and  various  ornaments  made  from 
lac  in  India. 

No.  466.  Lacquered  Work  from  the  Punjab,  Scinde, 
Kashmir,  and  other  parts  of  India,  consisting  of  jewel 
cases,  pen  boxes,  &c. 

No.  467.  Concrete  Milk  and  Wood  of  the  Cow  Tree 
(Brosimum  Oalactodendon,  Don.).  It  is  a  native  of  the 
South  American  forests,  particularly  in  Venezuela,  where 
it  grows  to  a  height  of  100  feet,  and  often  unbranched  for 
60  or  70  feet.  The  milk,  which  is  obtained  from  incisions 
in  the  trunk,  closely  resembles  cow's  milk.  It  is  said  to 
be  wholesome,  nourishing,  and  agreeable  in  taste,  and  is 
largely  used  by  the  people  as  an  article  of  food. 

No.  468.    Letter,  Leopard  or  Snake- wood  (Brosi- 
mum  AiiUetii,  Poepp.).     A  tree,  often   of  considerable 
of    Guiana,    Northern    Peru,    Brazil,   and 


196 

CASE    Trinidad.     The  heart-wood  is  exceedingly  hard  and  very 

115.      finely  marked  or  mottled  with  dark  blotches,  having  a 

fancied  resemblance  to  letters,  or  the  skin  of  a  leopard  or 

snake.     The  wood  is  used  for  inlaying,  walking  sticks, 

bows,  &c. 

No.  469.  Upas.  Inspissated  juice  of  Antiaris 
toxicaria,  Lesch.,  a  large  evergreen  tree  of  India  and 
Malaya.  The  fresh  juice  is  a  virulent  poison  (Ipoh),  and 
is  used  by  the  Sakais  and  other  aboriginal  tribes  of  the 
Malay  Peninsula  to  tip  their  arrows.  Note  quiver  with 
Ipoh-tipped  arrows  and  bamboo  blow  pipes  from  Perak. 

No.  470.  Sacks  made  in  Western  India  from  the 
bark  of  Antiaris  toxicaria,  by  soaking  and  beating  the 
trunk  until  the  bark  is  sufficiently  loosened  to  be  removed 
whole.  A  portion  of  the  stem  remains  at  the  end  to  serve 
as  a  bottom. 

No.  471.  Central  American  and  West  Indian 
Rubber  from  Castilloa  elastica,  Cerv.  One  of  the 
largest  forest  trees  of  the  North-east  Coast  of  Mexico,  and 
found  also  in  Honduras,  Guatemala,  Nicaragua,  Guyaquil, 
&c.  It  is  the  Ule  of  the  natives.  The  plant  has  been 
introduced  into  India,  Ceylon,  and  other  countries. 
Several  specimens  of  different  qualities  of  rubber  are 
exhibited.  -  -"•j 

Observe  fruits  and  seeds  of  the  Okwa  or  African 
Bread-fruit  (Treculia  africana^  Dene.),  also  fruit  of 
Affon  {Treculia  Affona,  N.E.Br.).  The  seeds  of  both 
species  are  ground  into  meal  and  used  as  food  by  the 
natives  of  West  Tropical  Africa. 

No.  472.  Bread-fruit  (Artocarpus  incisa,  L.).^^A 
staple  food  of  the  South  Sea  Islanders,  Introduced  into 
the  East  and  West  Indies.  Observe  biscuits,  &c.,  made  of 
slices  of  the  Bread-fruit  ;  also  Bread-fruit  Meal. 

No.  473.  Jack-fruit  (Artocarpus  integ7vfolia,  L.). 
Grown  from  time  immemorial  in  Southern  Asia.  The 
fruit  attains  an  enormous  size.  Certain  varieties  are 
highly  esteemed  as  an  article  of  food  by  the  natives  of 
India.  The  name  "Jack"  is  derived  from  the  Sanscrit 
name  of  the  fruit,  "  Tchackka."     Fruits  from  the  East  and 


197 


]West  Indies  are  exhibited.  Specimens  of  the  wood, 
which  is  valuable  for  furniture,  are  also  shown. 

In  the  next  compartment  are  fruits  and  woods  of  other 
species  of  Artocarpus,  and  on  the  upper  shelves  of  the 
next  division  of  the  case  observe  Tambaram  bark 
(Artocarpus  clastica,  Reinw.,)  and  specimens  of  native 
cloths  from  Borneo,  prepared  by  beating  out  the  bark. 

Tribe  VI.  Conocephaleae. — Observe  wood,  bark,  and 
cordage  of  TRUMPET  WOOD  {Cecropia  peltata,  L.),  a  soft- 
wooded  tree  of  Jamaica.  Note  also  Ambaubas,  or  drum, 
from  Brazil,  and  a  Jamaica  rat  trap  made  of  the  wood. 
The  rough  leaves  are  used  in  place  of  sandpaper  by  the 
Forest  Indians  of  British  Guiana  in  polishing  their 
weapons. 

Tribe  VII.  Urticeae. — Represented  by  herbs,  or  some- 
times trees,  bearing  leaves  often  formidably  armed  with 
stinging  hairs.  Their  economic  value  depends  chiefly  on 
the  tenacious  fibre  of  the  bark.  A  few  species  are  used 
in  rustic  medicine  and  cookery.  The  sting  of  some  East 
Indian  species  is  dangerous,  occasioning  great  and  long- 
continued  suffering. 


CASE  1 
115. 


No.  474.  Parasol-cover  made  of  the  fibre  of  the 
Common  Nettle  (Urtica  dioica^  L.).  The  young  tops  of 
this  plant  are  used  as  a  pot  herb. 

Note  sections  of  the  extremely  light  and  open-grained 
wood  of  a  gigantic  nettle  of  Australia  {Laportea  gigas^ 
Wedd.),  sometimes  exceeding  80  feet  in  height.  From 
the  bark  the  Aborigines  extract  fibre,  which  they  employ 
for  their  fishing  nets  and  lines. 

Note  specimens  of  the  silky  fibre  of  the  Neilgherry 
Nettle  (Girardinia  palmata,  Gaud.)  used  in  Sikkim  for 
ropes,  twine  and  coarse  cloth. 

The  last  compartment  of  this  Case  and  the  first  division 
of  the  next  contain  a  large  series  of  specimens  of  China 
Grass,  Ramie  or  Rhea  (Boehmeria  nivea,  Gaud.). 
There  are  two  forms  of  this  plant,  one  (B.  nivea)  a 
temperate  plant  with  leaves  white  felted  beneath,  and  the 
other  (J5.  nivea,  var.  tenacissima)  a  tropical  plant  with 
larger  leaves,  which  are  green  on  both  sides.  [See  Kew 
Bulletin,  Additional  Series  II,  Vegetable  Fibres,  pp. 
52-95.] 


CASE 
11^ 


198 

CASE        In  the   next   compartment   observe  wood  and   turned 

116.  articles  of  Boehmeria  rugulosa^  Wedd.,  a  small  evergreen 
tree  of  Northern  India  and  Burma.  The  wood  may  be 
easily  cut  or  carved  without  splitting  or  warping,  and  on 
this  account  is  largely  used  in  India  for  bowls,  cups,  plates, 
and  other  domestic  utensils. 

Near  these  note  stems  and  fibre  of  Maoutia  Puya, 
Wedd.,  from  which  cloths,  net-bags,  fishing  nets,  &c.,  are 
made  in  India. 

Plane  Order  {Plaianaceae).  A  small  order,  consist- 
ing only  of  the  genus  Platanus,  moderate-sized  trees  of 
Europe,  Asia,  and  North  America.  Observe  the  beautiful  ly 
marked  woods  of  Platanus  occidentalism  L.,  the  American 
Plane,  used  for  cabinet  work  and  for  musical  instru- 
ments ;  and  P.  07^ientalis,  L.,  the  Oriental  Plane, 
or  Lacewood,  native  of  Greece,  Macedonia,  Northern 
Persia,  &c.  It  is  used  for  cabinet  work,  turnery,  &c.,  and 
commonly  in  Persia  for  internal  fittings. 

Walnut  Order  {Juglandcweae).  Trees  or  shrubs,  im- 
portant in  economic  botany  from  the  value  of  the  timber 
of  two  or  three  species,  and  the  fruits  of  the  Walnut  and 
Hickory. 

No.  475.  Hickory  Nuts  (Caf^ya  alba,  Nutt.,  and  C. 
tomeniosa,  Nutt.),  the  former  species  affording  the  principal 
supply.  They  are  natives  of  North  America,  and  the 
woods  are  both  tough  and  elastic,  especially  that  of  C.  alba, 
which  is  much  used  for  spokes  for  carriage  wheels,  shafts, 
&c.  The  fruits  and  woods  of  several  other  species,  all 
natives  of  North  America,  are  shown. 

Note  also  Peccan  Nuts  {Gary a  olivaeformis,  Nutt.), 
occasionally  to  be  found  in  English  fruit-shops  ;  the 
kernels  are  sweeter  than  those  of  the  former. 

CASE        No.  476.     Black  Walnut  {Juglans  nigra,  L.).    A 

117.  large  tree  of  North  America.  The  timber  is  durable, 
susceptible  of  a  fine  polish,  and  is  largely  employed  both 
in  North  America  and  in  this  country  for  furniture, 
gun-stocks,  boat -building,  &c. 

No.  477.  Walnut  Wood  {Juglans  regia^  L.),  figured 
and  plain.     The  chief  cabinet- wood  of  Europe  before  the 


199 

introduction  of  Mahogany.    The  tree  is  widely  cultivated,    CASEJ 
and  is  also  found  in  the  Himalayan  forests,  the  timber      117. 
being   commonly    used    throughout    Kashmir    and    the 
Punjab   for  carvings,    specimens   of   which   are   shown. 
Walnut  is  also  the  chief  wood  for  gun-stocks,  of  which 
specimens  are  exhibited. 

No.  478,  Walnuts,  the  kernel  of  the  fruit  of 
Juglans  regia^  L.,  exported  from  the  South  of  France. 
Introduced  into  Europe  from  the  South  of  the  Caucasus 
and  adjoining  parts  of  Russia.  Note  walnuts  preserved 
in  sugar,  as  used  in  Japan. 

No.  479.  Walnut  Oil,  obtained  from  the  kernels  ; 
used  as  an  article  of  food.  Expressed  with  heat,  it  is 
a  drying  oil,  much  used  in  the  arts. 

No.  480.  Walnut  Cake,  remaining  after  the  expression 
of  the  Oil  ;  used  for  cattle-feeding  in  the  North  of  Italy. 

No.  481.  Fruits,  wood,  and  bark  of  Butternut 
{Juglans  cinerea,  L.).     A  large  tree  of  the  United  States  > 

and  Canada.     The  wood  is  used  for  panelling,  furniture, 
&c.,  and  the  bark  as  a  yellow  dye  and  cathartic  medicine. 

On  a  lower  shelf  observe  wood  oi  Engelhardtia  spicata, 
Bl.,  a  large  deciduous  tree  of  the  Himalaya  and  Burma. 
Used  for  tea-boxes,  building  purposes,  and  for  carving. 

Myrica  Order  {Myricaceae).  Shrubs  or  trees,  con- 
sisting of  one  genus  only,  namely,  Myrica,  to  which  the 
Sweet  Gale  of  our  bogs  belongs.  They  are  natives  chiefly 
of  North  America  and  South  Africa. 

Note  leaves  of  Sweet  Gale  {Myrica  Gale,  L.),  and 
Sweet  Fern  {M.  asplenifolia,  L.),  used  in  medicine  in 
North  America.  Also  wax,  and  candles  made  of  the 
same,  from  various  species  of  Myrica  from  Colombia. 

On  the  bottom  shelf  of  this  compartment  are  specimens 
of  the  fruits,  wood,  and  bark  of  M.  cerifera,  L.,  the 
Bayberry  or  Wax-Myrtle  of  North  America,  and 
Myrtle  Wax,  and  candles  made  of  the  hard,  but  brittle 
wax,  of  M.  cordifolia,  L.,  from  South  Africa. 

In  the  last  compartment  of  this  Case  are  fruits,  wood, 
and  bark  of  Myrica  Nagi,  Thb.,  a  moderate  sized  ever- 
green tree  of  India,  Malaya,  &c.    The  fruits,  which  have 


•       200 

dASE    an  agreeable  acid  flavour,  are  eaten  and  also  made  into 
117.      sherbet.     In  India  the  bark  is  used  in  medicine   as  an 
aromatic  stimulant  and  also  affords  a  yellow  dye. 

Beefwood  Order  (Casuarineae).  A  small  group  of 
leafless  trees  with  jointed  pendulous  twigs.  Some  of  the 
species  afford  a  wood  of  extreme  hardness,  formerly  used 
in  the  Pacific  islands  for  war  clubs,  &c. 
.  Note  fruits,  wood,  and  bark  of  BEEFWOOD  or  FOREST 
Oak  of  Australia  {Casuarina  eqidsetifolia^  Forst.),  a 
large  evergreen  tree  of  India,  Malaya,  Australia,  &c.  The 
wood  is  used  for  fencing,  gates,  and  shingles,  and  the 
astringent  bark  as  a  dye.  The  tree  is  chiefly  valued  in 
India  from  its  capability  of  growing  on  coastlands  close 
to  the  sea,  thus  preventing  the  encroachments  of  sand- 
drifts. 

On  the  lower  shelves  are  fruits  of  species  of  Casuarina^ 

clubs  made  from  the  woods,  also  a  sleeping  pillow  used 

by  the  natives  in  Fiji  to  prevent  the   hair  from  being 

PAOTT    disarranged. 

Tift  ^^   ^^^^  Case   observe   the   hard   wood   of   Casuarina 

^•*-^*      suberosa,  Otto  &  Dietr.,  which,  in  common  with  that  of 

C  equisetifolia,  is  known  in  Australia  as  Beefwood  and 

Forest  Oak.     The  wood  is  of  fine  grain  and  suitable  for 

veneers  for  cabinet  work.     This  tree  is  much  valued  in 

the  interior  districts  of  Australia  as  a  fodder  for  stock, 

during  periods  of  drought.     Note  also  specimens  of  the 

finely  figured  wood  of  She  Oak   (C.   stricta,  Ait.),   of 

Australia.     This  wood  is  used  for  furniture,  turnery  and 

wheel    spokes,    and    also    makes    excellent    fuel.     The 

branches  are  also  lopped  for  fodder  in  times  of  drought. 

Birch,  Hazel,  and  Oak  Order  (CujjuUferae).  This 
large  family  consists  for  the  most  part  of  trees,  many  of 
them  of  large  size,  and  affords  some  most  valuable 
timbers,  such  as  oak,  beech,  &c.  Very  common  in  the 
forests  of  temperate  countries  ;  many  species  of  Oak  and 
Chestnut  extend  to  the  Himalaya  and  Indian  islands.  The 
order  is  divided  into  three  tribes  as  follows  : — 

Tribe  I.  Betulae.—'No,  482.  Bread  made  of 
Birch  bark,  from  North- west  America. 


201 

Note  wood,  bark,  and  gun-stock  made  of  the  wood  of    CASE 
Black  Birch  {Betula  lenta,  L.),  of  the  United  States     118. 
and   Canada.      The   wood   is   heavy,   strong,   and    close- 
grained,  and  is  largely  used  for   furniture  and  cabinet 
making. 

The  first  compartment  of  this  Case   contains   various    CASE 
ornamental   articles   made   of    the    bark   of   the   Paper      119. 
Birch  {Beiula  ijapyracea^  Ait.),  in  North  America  ;  also 
specimens  of  printing  on  Birch  bark. 

No.  483.  Butter  prints,  Tap,  and  a  series  of  speci- 
mens illustrating  the  manufacture  of  spools  or  cotton 
reels  from  wood  of  the  BiRCH  {Betula  alha,  L.).  Also 
Bark  of  the  Birch  from  Sweden,  shoes  and  basket  from 
Lapland,  and  Alp  horn  from  Switzerland  made  of  Birch 
bark.  Note  also  Birch  oil,  used  for  imparting  the  charac- 
teristic odour  to  Russian  leather. 

No.  484.  Pedestal  made  of  a  beautifully  marked 
sample  of  Karelian  Birch  or  Masur  Wood,  the 
knotted  or  gnarled  trunk  of  Betula  alba,  from  Finland. 
Note  also  boxes,  spoons  and  other  articles  made  in 
Finland  from  ihe  wood  and  bark  of  this  tree. 

No.  485.  Wood  and  bark  of  Betula  utilis^  D.  Don,  a 
moderate-sized  deciduous  tree  of  the  higher  ranges  of  the 
Himalaya.  The  thin  bark  is  used  as  paper  for  writing 
and  packing,  also  for  roofing  houses,  for  umbrellas,  and 
for  the  tubes  of  Hookahs.  The  wood  is  elastic,  seasons 
well,  and  does  not  warp,  and  is  largely  used  for  building 
purposes. 

Note  on  the  lower  shelves  wood  specimens  of  several 
species  of  Alnus  from  America  and  India. 

No.  486.     Wood,   bark,   and  a  series  of    specimens    CASE 
illustrating  the  manufacture  of  clog  soles  in  Ireland  from      12O. 
the   common   Alder   (Alnus  glutinosay   Medic).     Also 
gun-stock,  and  young  wood  as  used  for  making  charcoal 
for  the  manufacture  of  gunpowder. 

Tribe  II.  Conjleae.—'No,  487.  Wood  of  Hornbeam 
{Garpinus  Betulus,  L.)  and  various  articles  made  from  it 
as  lasts  for  boot  makers,  shovel  handles,  bench  screw, 


202 

CASE    mallet,  &c.     The  wood  is  extremely  strong,  dense,  and 

120.  not  liable  to  split. 

In  the  next  compartment  are  shown  Turkey  Nuts  and 
Turkey  Filberts,  the  fruits  of  Goryhis  Colurna,  L., 
imported  from  Smyrna  ;  also  fruits  and  woods  of  oher 
species  of  Coryhis. 

No.  488.  Kent  Filberts  and  Barcelona  Nuts. 
These  are  varieties  of  the  common  Hazel  {Gorylus 
Avellana,  L.).  Filberts  and  cob  nuts  are  grown  largely 
in  Kent,  chiefly  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Maidstone. 
Barcelona  nuts  are  imported  from  Tarragona,  in  the 
district  of  Catalonia,  Spain.  The  kernels  contain  a  large 
quantity  of  sweet  oil,  a  specicnen  of  which  is  shown  from 
France. 

Observe  walking  sticks  of  Hazel,  and  on  the  outside 
of  the  Case  rough  and  finished  Alpenstocks  of  the 
same  wood. 

Tribe  III.  Quercineae. —  Observe  a  series  of  galls  afiCect- 

ing  oak  leaves  and  twigs  which  have  been  punctured  by 

minute  insects  (Cynips,  Aphis,  &c.).     Some  forms  of  Oak 

galls  are  valuable  as  sources  of  Gallic  and  Tannic  i^cids. 

CASE        In  the  upper  portion  of  the  first  compartment  of  this 

121.  Case  are  woods  of  Italian  and  Adriatic  Oak,  furnished  by 
Quercus  Cerris^  L. 

Note  on  the  lower  shelves  specimens  of  Oak  of 
historical  interest,  many  of  them  being  of  great  age  and 
proving  the  durability  of  Oak  timber. 

No.  489.  Block  from  "Heme  the  Hunter's  Oak," 
from  Windsor  Forest. 

No.  490.  Piece  of  a  beam  from  the  Council  Chamber 
of  the  White  Tower  in  the  Tower  of  London,  probably 
coeval  with  the  building  of  the  Tower  by  William  Rufus. 

No.  491.  Portion  of  a  pile  of  old  London  Bridge,  in 
use  about  650  years  ;  taken  up  in  1827. 

No.  492.  A  block  recovered  in  1840  from  the  wreck 
of  the  "Royal  George,"  sunk  in  1782  at  Spithead. 

Note  also  portion  of  a  pile  of  old  Kew  Bridge  taken  up  in 
1900.     Also  another  from  the  foundations  of  the  Arsenal 


203 

at  Venice,  driven  in    1312,  and   well   preserved  to  the    CASE 
present  time.  121, 

On   the   upper  shelves   of    the    central    compartment 

Ibserve  woods  of  Dantzic,  Memel,  Stettin,  and  French 
laks,  furnished  by  Q.  Rohur.  This  Oak  is  known  under 
Vfo  forms,  described  by  some  writers  as  distinct  species, 
aider  the  names  of  Q.  sessiliflora^  Salisb.,  and  Q.  pedun- 
Ulata,  Ehr. 


No.  493.    Series  showing  stages  in  the  manufacture  of 
le  Oak  and  Elm  fasteners,  used  to  secure  rails  to  the 
f shoes  "  and  "  sleepers  "  on  railways. 


No.  494.  Series  of  products  of  destructive  distillation 
of  w^ood  obtained  from  Oak,  Beech,  Ash,  &c.  Peeled 
Oak  yields  the  largest  quantity,  and  the  stronger  acid, 
one  ton  producing  131  gallons  of  acid  and  5^  cwts.  of 
charcoal. 

Observe  on  the  outside  of  the  Case  Kype  or  WiSKET, 
a  rough  kind  of  basket  made  of  Split  Oak  Saplings,  used 
in  Shropshire  for  general  purposes. 

The  last  compartment  contains  specimens  of  Bog  Oak 
from  Norfolk  and  Ireland.  xA.lso  bracelets,  brooch,  and 
necklace  of  Bog  Oak. 

The  first  compartment  of  this  Case  contains  a  continua-    CASE 
tioo    of    specimens   of    wood   of   Q.   Rohur,   also   some      j^22. 
illustrations  o.^'  veneers  and  of  machine  carving  in  Oak. 

On  a  lower  shelf  observe  model  in  Cork  of  the  town  of 
Fribourg,  Switzerland. 

No.  495.  Wood  of  Cork  Oak  (Quercus  Siiher,  L.) 
and  specimens  of  bark  (Cork)  showing  the  formation  of 
the  several  layers.  The  Cork  tree  grows  in  Spain,  South 
of  France,  Italy,  and  Algeria.  Cork  is  the  thick  outer 
bark,  which  may  be  removed  from  the  same  tree  at  inter- 
vals of  6  to  10  years  after  it  attains  an  age  of  about 
30  years.  The  Cork  collected  previously  is  of  inferior 
quality.  The  bark  is  heated,  loaded  with  weights  to 
flatten  it,  and  then  slowly  dried.  The  operation  of 
removing  the  Cork  does  not  interfere  with  the  healthy 
growth  of  the  tree ;  it  is  said,  rather,  to  favour  it. 
Specimens  of  various  Bottle  "Corks,"  finished  and  in 
progress,  are  exhibited.     On  the  bottom  shelf  is  shown  a 


3(M 

CASE    Cork   box   called   a   "Tarro,"  used   in    the   province  of 

122.  Alentejo,  Portugal,  by  agricultural  labourers  for  carrying 
their  food  in  and  to  keep  it  cool.  Observe  also  a  Cork 
hat,  as  used  in  Portugal. 

Note  in  the  next  compartment  a  sample  of  Kermes, 
the  small  insects  which  attach  themselves  to  the  leaves 
and  branches  of  Quercus  coccifera^  L.,  a  native  of  the 
Mediterranean  region.  They  furnish  a  crimson  dye  and 
are  much  used  in  the  South  of  France,  Spain,  Morocco, 
and  Turkey,  chiefly  for  dyeing  woollens  and  leather. 
CASE        Specimens  of  wood  and  acorns  of  Holm  or  Evergreen 

123.  Oak  {Quercus  Ilex^  L.)  are  shown  on  the  upper  shelves 
of  the  first  compartment.  Note  also  acorns  of  Q.  Ilex,  L., 
var.  Ballota,  sold  in  the  markets  of  Spain  and  Morocco, 
and  used  as  food. 

Observe  also  in  this  Case  a  collection  of  woods  and 
acorns  of  Oaks  from  India,  Malay  Archipelago,  Japan, 
China,  &c.  The  following  are  amongst  those  exhibited  : — 
Quercus  lamellosa,  Sm.,  Q.  glauca,  Thb.,  Q.  fenestrata, 
Roxb.,  and  Q.  spicata,  Sm.,  all  East  Indian  species, 
Q.  serraia,  Thb.,  from  Japan,  and  Q.  cornea,  Lour.,  from 
China,  the  last  of  which  is  edible. 

No.  496.  Gall-nuts,  or  Mecca  Galls,  from  the 
puncture  of  a  Cynips,  on  Q.  Lusitanica,  var.  infectoria, 
A.DC,  a  shrubby  oak  of  Asia  Minor.  Galls  produced  on 
other  species  are  also  met  with  in  commerce. 

No.  497.  Tannin,  extracted  from  Gall-nuts.  The 
gelatinous  tissue  of  a  piece  of  raw  hide  immersed  in  a 
solution  of  tannin  gradually  combines  with  it,  and  retains 
it  in  the  form  of  Leather.  The  colouring  matter  of 
ordinary  ink  is  obtained  by  digesting  Gall-nuts  with  a 
salt  of  iron. 

No.  498.     Gallic  Acid,  obtained  from  Gall-nuts. 

No.  499.  Valonia,  the  Acorn-cups  of  Q.  Aegilops,  L. 
That  imported  from  Greece  is  furnished  by  the  variety 
macrolepiSy  and  that  from  Asia  Minor  by  the  variety 
XJngeri.  It  is  largely  used  by  tanners  and  dyers. 
25,652  tons  of  Valonia  of  the  value  of  £262,819  were 
imported  in  1905. 


205 

Observe  on   a  lower  shelf  section   of  Oak   of  Basan    CASE 
(Q.  AegilojJS,  L.).  123. 

On  an  upper  shelf  of  the  first  compartment  of  this  Case  CASE 
observe  mounted  specimens  of  Oak-feeding  Silkworms,  124. 
Antheraea  Pernyi^  Guer.  Men.,  of  North  China,  and 
A.  Yama  Mai,  Guer.  Men.,  of  Japan.  The  former  feeds 
on  the  "  ts'ing-kang-liu  "  (Que7xus  mongolica,  Fisch.),  and 
the  "hoo-po-lo  "  (Q.  dentata,  Thb.)  ;  it  has  been  acclima- 
tised in  Spain  and  the  United  States. 

The  lower  half  of  the  compartment  is  devoted  to  woods 
and  acorns  of  North  American  species  of  Oak,  including 
Q,  rubra,  L.,  Q.  cinerea,  Michx.,  Q.  alba,  L.  The  collec- 
tion is  continued  in  the  next  division. 

The  woods  shown  in  this  compartment  include,  amongst 
others,  Q,  Phellos,  L.,  Q.  nigra,  L.,  Q.  macrocarpa,  Michx., 
Q.  virginiana,  Mill.,  and  Q,  aquatica,  Walt. 

No.  500.  Quercitron,  the  bark  of  Q.  discolor.  Ait., 
a  useful  yellow  dye.  It  is  also  used  for  tanning,  and  in 
medicine  as  an  astringent.  Specimens  are  shown  from 
Baltimore  and  Philadelphia. 

No.  501.  Wood  of  the  Chestnut  {Castanea  sativa,  CASE 
Mill.).  A  valuable  and  highly  ornamental  European  tree,  125, 
attaining,  sometimes,  an  enormous  size.  Chestnut  copses 
furnish  hoops  and  vine-props  in  France.  Saplings  used 
for  hoops,  and  the  instrument  for  cutting  them,  are  shown» 
The  wood  is  very  largely  used  in  Corsica  for  the  manu- 
facture of  Chestnut  Extract,  which  is  used  for  tanning, 
and  is  the  staple  industry  of  the  island.  12,860  tons  of 
Extract  were  exported  during  1904.  Essence  of  Chestnut 
is  manufactured  in  Northern  France  and  exported  to 
Belgium  for  a  similar  purpose. 

No.  502.  Smoked  and  dried  CHESTNUTS.  First  and 
second  qualities,  as  prepared  for  food  at  Castigliano,  in 
the  mountains  of  Pistoja.  Flour  of  Chestnuts  is  also 
shown,  and  "  Necci  "  or  cakes  made  from  it  by  mixing  it 
with  water,  placing  the  cake  on  a  Chestnut  leaf,  and 
baking  between  heated  stones.  The  Chestnut  is  an 
important  article  of  food  in  the  Apennines. 

Note  also  walking  sticks  formed  of  Chestnut  saplings. 


206 

lo^       The  knotted  appearance  is  artificially  produced  by  gashing 
4^^!.     the  plants  during  growth. 

4tin„.  .^  ]N^0.  503.  Wood  of  the  Beech  (Fagus  sylvatica,  L.). 
A  fine  forest  tree,  affording  a  valuable  tenacious  and 
flexible  wood.  Amongst  the  articles  exhibited  made  of 
Beech  are  sabots,  saddle  frames,  boxes,  carpenters'  planes, 
lasts  for  bootmakers,  and  a  series  of  specimens  illustrating 
the  manufacture  of  Golf  clubs. 

On  the  outside  of  the  Case,  is  a  bullock  yoke  from 
France,  made  of  Beech. 

No.  504.  Beech  oil,  obtained  in  Northern  Germany 
from  the  fruit  of  the  Beech '(Beech-mast),  used  for  food 
and  burning. 

No.  505.  Refuse  of  Beech-mast,  after  expressing  the 
oil.     Used  as  fuel. 

No.  506.  Specimens  of  the  wood  of  the  Tasmanian 
Myrtle  {Fagus  Cun^iinghamii,  Hook.),  abounding  in 
the  forests  of  Tasmania ;  often  attaining  a  height  of  i:00 
feet,  with  a  girth  of  40  feet.  The  wood  is  beautifully 
marked,  and  is  used  for  cabinet  work  in  the  Colony. 

Willow  Order  (Salicineae).  A  group  of  trees,  well 
represented  by  our  Sallows,  Osiers,  and  Poplars.  Two 
genera  alone  constitute  the  order,  namely,  Salix  and 
Populus. 

CASE  No.  507.  Wood  of  White  Willow  {Salix  alba,  L.). 
126.  It  is  light  and  tough,  and  is  used  for  various  purposes. 
The  young  wood  is  made  into  charcoal,  for  the  manu- 
facture of  gunpowder.  Specimens  of  the  wood  and  char- 
coal are  exhibited  by  Messrs.  Curtis  and  Harvey ;  also 
a  series  of  photographs  and  wood  specimens  illustrating 
the  manufacture  of  Cricket  Bats,  the  best  of  which  are 
generally  believed  to  be  made  of  White  Willow. 

Near  these  are  samples  of  Salicine,  the  active  principle 
of  the  Willow.  It  has  been  obtained  from  more  than  20 
species  of  Salix^  as  well  as  from  several  species  of 
Populus^  but  the  barks  of  S.  alba,  L.,  *S'.  Caprea,  L., 
S.  fragilis,  L.,  S.  pentandra,  L.,  and  S.  purpurea^  L.,  are 
said  to  yield  the   largest  quantity.      Willow  barks  and 


i 


207 

Salicine  are  used  in  medicine  as  a  substitute  for  Cinchona    CASE 
in  intermittent  fevers,  acute  rheumatism,  &c.  126. 

On  the  bottom  shelf  of  this  compartment  note  Truck 

IlASKETS  made  of  willow  wood.  Used  in  gardens,  and 
y  the  peasantry  in  Sussex  for  general  purposes. 
The  middle  compartment  is  devoted  to  models  of 
tASKETS  of  various  kinds  in  different  stages  of  construe- 
on,  made  of  unpeeled  and  peeled  Willow  shoots  known 
3  Osiers.  These  are  furnished  by  Salix  viminalis,  L., 
S.  j)urpurea,  L.,  ^S*.  triandra,  L.,  and  other  species.  On 
the  upper  shelves  of  the  last  compartment  some  very  fine 
specimens  of  split  willow  work  are  shown. 

No.  508.    Exchequer   Tallies  (formerly  made  of    CASE 
Hazel,  Alder,  or  Willow),  with  an  account  of  the  mode  of      127. 
usiner  them. 

In  the  next  compartment  of  this  Case  are  various 
illustrations  of  the  uses  of  willow  wood,  as  sabots,  spoons, 
and  strips  of  wood  as  used  in  Russia  for  making  matches 
and  match-boxes.  Also  paper  pulp,  paper  and  a  gun-stock 
made  from  ASPEN  wood  (Populus  tremula,  L.).  In  the 
last  compartment  are  woods  of  various  species  of  Populus. 

This   Case   contains   a  series   of   funeral  wreaths  and    CASE 
flowers   from  the  tombs  of  Aahmes  I.  and  Ramses  J  I.,      128. 
Kings  of  Egypt,  of  dates  respectively  1700  B.C.  and  1100- 
1200  B.C. 

Further  specimens  are  shown  on  the  wall  of  the 
descent  staircase. 


209 


INDEX 


Abba,  194. 
Aberia,  18. 
Abo,  194. 
Aboli,  148. 
Abrine,  65. 
Abroma,  30. 
Abrotanella,  131. 
Abrus,  65. 
Absinthe,  129,132. 
Abutilon,  25. 
Acacia,  84,  120. 

,  False,  61. 

,  Locust,  61. 

Acanthaceae,  161 
Acanthosicyos,  109. 
Acer,  52. 
Acerineae,  50. 
Achillea,  131. 
Achras,  138. 
Acokanthera,  149. 
Aconite,  8. 
Aconitum,  8. 
Acorns,  Edible,  204. 
Adansonia,  27. 
Adegon,  137. 
Adenanthera,  83. 
Adenocalymma,  160. 
Adhatoda,  162. 
Adina,  121. 
Aegle,  37. 
Aeschynomene,  63. 
Aesculus,  50. 
Affon,  196. 
Afghan  Knife,  61. 
African  Bread-fruit,  196. 

Kino,  71. 

Mammee  Apple,  21. 

Oak,  39,  183. 

Pepper,  11. 

Rosewood,  71. 

Rubber,  148,  151. 

Teak,  183. 

Afzelia,  79. 
Aglaia,  42. 
Agrimonia,  92. 

25782 


Agrimony,  92. 

Ai,  128. 

Ailanthus,  38. 

Ailanthus  Silkworm,  38. 

Ajowan,  114. 

Akee,  51. 

Akyau,  179. 

Al,  125. 

Albizzia,  87. 

Alder,  201,  207. 

Buckthorn,  47. 

Aleurites,  184. 
Alexandrian  Laurel,  21. 

Senna,  77. 

Algarrobo,  74. 
Algerian  Tea,  166. 
Alhagi.  63. 
Alizarin,  126. 
Alkanet  Root,  154. 
Alkanna  154. 
Alligator  Apple,  10. 
Allspice,  102. 
Almeidina,  182. 
Almonds,  92. 

,  Cuddapah,  56. 

,  Indian,  98. 

,  Wild,  177. 

Alnus,  201. 
Aloes  Wood,  179. 
Alpam  Root,  172. 
Alstonia,  150. 
Althaea,  25. 
Altingia,  96. 
Alyxia,  149. 
Amarantaceae,  166. 
Amaranthus,  166. 
Ambari  Hemp,  25. 
Ambash,  63. 
Ambaubas,  197. 
Amboyna  Wood,  71. 
Amelanchier,  95. 
American  Ash,  145. 

Blight,  94. 

Elder,  120. 

Horse  Mint,  165, 

Plane,  198. 

Red  Gum,  97. 

Senna,  77. 


210 


Ammi,  114. 
Ammoniacum,  116. 
Amomum  Spurium,  137. 
Ampelideae,  49. 
Amyris,  41. 
Anacardiaceae,  53. 
Anacardium,  56. 
Anacyclus,  130. 
Anagallis,  137. 
Anamirta,  11. 
Anastatica,  14. 
Anchovy  Pear,  104. 
Andaman  Marble  Wood,  141. 

Padauk,  71. 

Redwood,  71. 

Andira,  72. 
Andrographis,  162. 
Andropoffon,  94. 
Angelica,  115. 
Angico  Grum,  82. 
Angostura,  34. 

Bark,  150. 

Aniba,  175. 
Anime,  79,  80. 
Anise,  Star,  9. 
Anjan,  81. 
Ankalaki,  19. 
Annatto,  18. 
Anodendron,  151. 
Anogeissus,  98. 
Anona,  10. 
Anonaceae,  10. 
Anopterus,  95. 
Anthemis,  131. 
Antheraea,  175,  205. 
Anthocephalus,  121. 
Antiaris,  196. 
Antidesma,  184. 
Antidote  Cocoon,  111, 
Anzerut,  62. 
Aphis,  202. 
Apios,  65. 
Apium,  114. 
Apocynaceae.  147. 
Apocynum,  151. 
Aporosa,  184. 
Apple,  94,  180. 

,  Alligator,  10. 

,  Bell,  108. 

,  Custard,  10. 

,  Kei,  18. 

,  Mammee,  21,  22. 

,  May,  12. 


Apple,  Otaheite,  57. 

,  Rose,  103. 

,  Star,  137. 

.  Thorn,  157. 

;  Wood,  37. 

Apples,  Sage,  165. 
Apricot,  92. 
Aquilaria,  179. 
Arabian  Senna,  77. 

Tea,  46. 

Arachis,  63,  68. 

Aralia,  119. 

Araliaceae,  119. 

Araroba,  72. 

Arbutus,  135. 

Arctostaphylos,  135. 

Ardisia,  137. 

Areca,  24. 

Arenaria,  19. 

Argan  Oil,  138. 

Argania,  138. 

Argel  Leaves,  77. 

Argemone,  14. 

Argol,  49. 

Aristolochia,  172. 

Aristolochiaceae,  172. 

Aristotelia,  30. 

Arnica,  132. 

Arracacia,  114. 

Arrow  Poison,  African,  149. 

Artemisia,  131. 

Artichoke,  133. 

,  Chinese,  165. 

,  Jerusalem,  130. 

Artocarpeae,  194. 
Artocarpus,  196. 
Asafoetida,  115. 
Asan,  97. 
Asarabacca,  172. 
Asarum,  172. 
Asclepiadeae,  151. 
Ash,  American,  145, 

,  Comruon,  145,  203. 

,  Manna,  145. 

,  Mountain,  95. 

Ashanti  Pepper,  170. 

Aspen,  207. 

Aspidosperma,  149. 

Asthma  Herb,  Queensland,  182. 

Astragalus,  62. 

Atherosperma,  173. 

Atropa,  157. 

Attacus,  38,  188. 


t 


Attar  of  Rose,  93. 
Aubergine,  155. 
Aucklandia,  133. 
Australian  Blackwood,  86. 

Sassafras,  173. 

Avens,  92. 
Averiiloa,  34. 
Avicennia,  163. 
Avignon  Graines,  48. 
Avocado  Pear,  175. 
Ayapana  Tea,  128. 
Azorella,  113. 


B. 

Babiil  Gum,  84. 
Baccaurea,  184. 
Backhousia,  101. 
Bael,  37. 
Bahera,  97. 
Balanites,  38. 
Balanophora,  181. 
Balanophoreae,  181. 
Balata,  140. 

Balaustine  Flowers,  107. 
Balsam  Bog,  113. 
of  Copaiba,  80. ' 

Mecca,  40. 

Peru,  73. 

St.  Thomas,  41. 

Tolu,  73. 

Balsamocarpum,  74. 
Balsamodendron,  39. 
Balucanat,  184. 
Bambarra  Ground  Nut,  68. 
Banksia,  177. 

Banyan,  194. 
Baobab,  27. 
Baphia,  72. 
Baptisia,  59. 
Barbados  Pride,  74. 
Barbatimao,  82. 
Barberry,  Indian,  12. 
Barcelona  Nuts,  202. 
Barilla,  167. 
Bark  Bosch,  181. 

Cloth,  Uganda,  195. 

Tree,  West  Indian,  123. 

Barosma,  35. 
Barringtonia,  104. 
Barwood,  70. 


Bassia,  139. 
Basswood,  30. 
Bastard  Cedar,  30,  42. 

Teak,  70. 

Tonquin  Seed,  72. 

Bauhinia,  78. 
Bawchan  Seed,  60. 
Bay  Bean,  67. 
Bay  berry,  199. 
Bay  Rum,  102. 
Bdellium,  40. 
Bead  Tree,  42. 
Bean  Tree,  73. 
Bear-berry,  135. 
Bebeerine,  176. 
Beberu,  176. 
Beda  Nut,  97. 
Bedara  Plum,  38. 
Bedfordia,  132. 
Beech,  203,  206. 
Beefwood,  200. 
Beet-root,  166. 
Beilschmiedia,  174. 
Bela,  37. 
Bell  Apple,  108 
Ben,  Oil  of.  58. 
Beni,  161. 

Beni  Seed,  Black,  19. 
Benincasa,  109. 
Benne,  161. 
Benzoic  Acid,  144. 
Berberideae,  12. 
Berberis,  12. 
Bergamot,  Oil  of,  37 
Berfcholletia,  105. 
Besom,  135. 
Beta.  166. 
Betula,  201. 
Betulae,  200 
Bhang,  191, 
Bhangra,  130, 
Bibiru,  176. 
Bignonia,  160. 
Bignoniaceae,  160. 
Bilberry,  135. 
Bilimbi,  34. 
Birch,  201. 

Bark,  200,  201. 

,  Black,  201. 

,  Karelian,  201. 

,  Paper,  201. 

,  West  Indian,  41. 

Bird-lime,  45. 


^12 


Bird-peppers,  156. 
Bird's-eye  Maple,  52 
Bischofia,  184. 
Bish,  9. 
Bissa  B61,  40. 
Bistort,  168. 
Bitter  Bark,  183. 

Bush,  128. 

Cassava,  187. 

Kola,  21. 

Wood,  38. 

Bitter-Sweet,  155. 
Bixa,  18. 
Bixineae,  17. 
Blackberry,  92. 
Black  Birch,  201. 

Cabbage  Tree,  123. 

Catechu,  85. 

Cohosh,  9. 

Dammar,  41. 

Iron  wood,  146. 

Oil,  46. 

Snake  Root,  9. 

Walnut,  198. 

Wattle,  87. 

Blackthorn,  92. 
Blackwood,  70. 

,  Australian  86. 

Blighia,  51. 
Blippo.  124. 
Blood  Plum,  57 

Root,  14. 

Blue  Gum,  100. 
Blumea,  128. 

Camphor,  128. 

Bo  Tree,  Sacred,  194. 
Boa-tam-paijang,  28. 
Bocagea,  10. 
Boehmeria,  197. 
Boerhaavia,  166. 
Bogbean,  153. 
Bog  Oak,  203. 
Bois  Benzoin,  98. 

de  Panama,  90. 

fidele,  162. 

Riviere,  137. 

Rouge,  71. 

Boldo,  173. 

Bolivian  Rubber,  189. 
Bomah  Nut,  188. 
Bombaceae,  27. 
Bomba-5,  27,  28. 
Bombilla,  45. 


Bombyx,  193. 
Bonace,  178. 
Boo  jay,  124. 
Boomerangs,  87. 
Boragineae,  154. 
Borbonia,  58. 
Borneo  Rubber,  147. 
Boswellia,  39. 
Bovillo,  54. 
Bow  Wood,  193. 
Boxwood,  183. 

,  Cape,  150,  183. 

,  Maracaibo,  161. 

,  West  Indian,  160. 

Brabejum,  177. 
Bragantia,  172. 
Brassica,  15. 
Bray  era,  93. 
Brazil  Nut,  105. 

Wood,  74. 

Braziletto  Wood,  74. 
Brazilian  G-um  Arabic,  82. 

Oak,  124. 

Rosewood,  69. 

Brea,  41. 

Bread,  Birch  Bark,  200. 

Bread-fruit,  196. 

,  African,  196. 

Briar  Pipes,  135. 
Brinjal,  155. 
British  Gum,  156. 
Broad  Bean,  64. 
Broad-leaved  Wattle,  87. 
Broom-Rape,  160. 
Broom,  Spanish,  59. 

,  Swan  River,  19. 

,  Yellow,  59. 

Brosimum,  195. 
Broussa  Tea,  1 35. 
Broussonetia,  67,  192. 
Bruyere,  136. 
Brya,  63. 
Bryonia,  111. 
Bryony,  111. 
Buaze  Fibre,  19. 
Buchanania,  56. 
Buchu,  35. 
Buck  Pot,  90. 
Buckche,  128. 
Buckthorn,  47,  48. 
Buckwheat,  168. 

,  Kangra,  168. 

Buffalo  Berries,  179. 


^3 


Bugbane,  9. 
Bullet  Tree,  140. 
Bullock's  Heart,  10 
Bully  Tree,  HO. 
Bungo  Tree,  78. 
Buri  Nut,  90. 
Burma,  Cigarettes,  192. 
Burmese  Lacquer,  56. 
Burn-Nose,  178. 
Bursera,  41. 
Bush  Tea,  58. 

,  Queensland,  163. 

Butea,  66,  107. 
Butternut,  199. 
Butter  Tree,  20. 
Button  Snakeroot,  128. 
Butyrospermum,  141. 
Buxus,  183. 
Byrsonima,  32. 


c. 

Caarura,  170. 
Cabbage,  15. 

Tree  Bark,  72. 

• ,  Black,  128. 

Walking  Sticks,  16. 

Cacoon,  82. 
Cacteae,  111. 
Cactus,  112. 
Caesalpinia,  74. 
Caesalpinieae,  74. 
Cafe  cle  Brusca,  61. 

• Soudan,  82. 

Caffeine,  125. 
Cafta,  46. 
Cail-Cedra,  43. 
Cajanus,  69. 
Cajuput  Oil,  99. 
Calabar  Bean,  67,  75. 
Calabash,  109,  161. 

Nutmeg-,  10. 

Calamander  Wood,  141. 
Calcium  Oxalate,  112. 
Calendula,  132. 
Calisaya  Bark,  122. 
Calliature  Wood,  71. 
Calligonum,  167. 
Calluna,  135. 
Calodendron,  35. 
Calophyllum,  21. 


Calotropis,  151. 
Calumba,  False,  11. 

Root,  11. 

Calycophyllum,  123. 
Camellia,  22. 
Camel-Thorn,  63. 
Campanulaceae,  134. 
Camphor,  175. 

,  Blumea,  128. 

,  Sumatra,  24,  175. 

Campsiandra,  74. 
Camwood,  72. 
Canaigre,  169. 
Canaran.  72. 
Canarium,  41. 
Canavalia,  67. 
Candle-Nut,  185. 
Canella,  17. 
Canellaceae,  17. 
Cannabineae,  190. 
Cannabis,  190. 
Cannon-ball  Tree,  104. 
Caoutchouc,  147,  186,  195 
Cape  Boxwood,  150. 

Everlasting,  129. 

Gooseberry,  156. 

Sumach,  181. 

Tea,  58. 

Capers,  16. 
Capparideae,  16. 
Capparis,  16. 
Caprifoliaceae,  120. 
Capsicum,  156. 
Caragana,  61. 
Caraipi,  89. 
Carambola,  34. 
Carana,  40. 
Carap,  43. 
Carapa,  43. 
Caraway  Seed,  114. 
Cardiospermum,  50. 
Cardoon,  1.^3. 
Careya,  104. 
Carica,  108. 
Carissa,  149. 
Carob,  77. 
Carpinus,  201. 
Carpocapsa,  189. 
Carpodinus,  148. 
Carrot,  118. 
Carthamus,  133. 
Carum,  114. 
Carya,  198. 


m 


Caryocar,  22. 
Caryophylleae,  19. 
Casca,  81. 

Cascara  Sagrada,  47; 
Cascarilla,  122. 

Bark,  185. 

Cashaw,  83. 
Cashew  Nut,  56. 
Cassareep,  187. 
Cassava,  187. 
Cassia,  76,  192. 

Buds,  174. 

Cinnamon,  174. 

Lignea,  174. 

Cassie,  84. 

Cassoneira  Gum,  182. 
Cassytha,  177. 
Castanea,  205. 
Castanospermum,  73. 
Castilloa,  196. 
Castor  Oil,  188. 
Casuarina,  192,  200. 
Casuarineae,  200. 
Cat  Mint,  165. 
Catechu,  Black,  85. 

,  Pale,  121. 

Catha,  46. 
Cay  Cay,  38. 
Cayenne  Pepper,  156, 
Ceanothus,  48. 
Ceara  Rubber,  187. 
Cecropia,  32,  197. 
Cedar,  43. 

,  Bastard,  30,  42. 

,  Moulmein,  43. 

,  N.  S.  Wales,  43. 

,  West  Indian,  44. 

Cedrela,  43. 

Cedron,  37. 

Cedrus,  44. 

Celastrineae,  46, 

Celastrus,  46. 

Celery,  114. 

Celmisia,  128. 

Celtideae,  190. 

Celtis,  190. 

Cemiostoma,  125. 

Central  American  Rubber,  196. 

Centrolobium,  70. 

Ceratonia,  77. 

Ceratopetalum,  95. 

Cerbera,  149. 

Cercis,  78. 


Cereus,  111,  112. 
Ceriops,  97. 
Ceylon  Oak,  124. 

Rubber,  186. 

Chamomile,  131. 

,  Wild,  131. 

Chandan  Wood,  70. 
Charas,  191. 
Chaulmugra  Oil,  18. 
Chaw  Stick,  48. 
Chay  Root,  123. 
Chayote,  111. 
Chayotilla,  111. 
Cheirostemon,  28. 
Chenopodiaceae,  166. 
Chenopodium,  167. 
Cherimoyer,  10. 
Cherry,  Common,  91. 

,  Cornelian,  120. 

Laurel,  90. 

,  Wild  Black,  90. 

Chestnut,  205. 

Extract,  205. 

,  Horse,  50. 

,  Moreton  Bay,  73. 

,  Water,  107. 

,  Wild,  35. 

Chew  Stick,  48. 
Chia  Seeds,  165. 
Chian  Turpentine,  54. 
Chica,  160. 
Chick  Pea,  63. 
Chickrassia,  43. 
Chicle  Gum,  138. 
Chicory,  133. 
Chiga,  74. 
Chigoes,  22. 
Chilam,  191. 
Chilinchile,  61. 
Chillies,  156. 
Chimaphila,  136. 
Chimarrhis,  137. 
China  Californica,  143. 

Grass,  197. 

Nova,  143. 

Chinese  Artichoke,  165. 

Cassia,  174. 

Date,  47. 

Galls,  54. 

Green  Indigo,  48. 

Indigo,  168. 

Ink,  129,  161. 

Varnish  Tree,  184. 


215- 


f 


Chinese  Wax  Gourd,  109. 

White  Wax,  147. 

Chiretta,  153,  162. 
Chittagong  Wood,  43. 
Chlorophora,  193. 
Chloroxylon,  44. 
Choco,Jll. 
Chocolate,  29. 
Chondodendron,  11. 
Chowlee,  68. 
Christmas  Rose,  8. 
Christophine,  111. 
Chrozophora,  188. 
Chrysanthemum,  131. 
Chrysobalanus,  89. 
Chrysophyllum,  137. 
Churras,  191. 
Cicada.  99. 
Cicer,  63. 
Cichorium,  133. 
Cider,  94. 
Cimicifuga,  9. 
Cinchona,  122,  183,  185,  207. 

Febrifuge,  123. 

,  Pale,  122. 

,  Red,  123. 

,  Yellow,  122. 

Cinchonidine,  123. 
Cinchonine,  123. 
Cinnamodendron,  17. 
Cinnamomum,  174. 
Cinnamon,  Mountain,  17. 
Cinquefoil,  92. 
Cissampelos,  12. 
Cistineae,  16, 
Cistus,  16. 
Citric  Acid,  36. 
Citron,  36. 

Gum.  99. 

Citrullus,  110. 
Citrus,  36. 
Clausena,  36. 
Clearing  Nut,  153. 
Clematis,  7. 
Clitandra,  148. 
Clog  soles,  Alder,  201. 
Clove,  102. 
Clover,  60,  160. 

,  Hop,  60. 

Cob  Nuts,  202. 

,  Jamaica,  188. 

Cobra  Sandal  Wood,  180. 
Coca,  32. 


Cocaine,  171. 
Coccinia,  110. 
Coccoloba,  169. 
Cocculus  Indipus,  11. 
Coccus,  66,  145,  147. 
Cochineal,  112. 
Cochlearia,  14. 
Cochlospermum,  17,  28. 
Coco  Plum,  89. 
Cocoa,  29,  32. 
Cocus  Wood,  63,  184. 
Coffee,  124,  133. 

Diseases,  125, 

,  Kentucky,  75. 

,  Liberian,  125. 

,  Mussaenda,  153. 

,  Negro,  76. 

Cohosh,  Black,  9. 
Cola,  29.  82. 
Coleus.  164. 
Colletia,  48. 
Colocynth,  110. 
Colombian  Rubber,  189. 
Colombo  Root,  11. 
Colorado  Potato  Beetle,  156. 

Rubber,  130. 

Colpoon,  181. 
Colubrina,  48. 
Colza,  15. 
Combretaceae,  97. 
Comesperma,  19. 
Comino,  175. 
Commidendron,  128. 
Commiphora,  39,  118. 
Common  Ash,  145. 
Oompositae,  127. 
Condurango,  152. 
Conessi,  150. 
Conium,  113. 
Connaraceae,  58. 
Connarus,  58. 
Conocephaleae,  197. 
Conopharyngia,  150. 
Contrayerva,  173,  193. 
Convolvulaceae,  164. 
Convolvulus,  155. 
Copaiba,  Balsam  of,  80. 
Copaifera,  80. 
Copal,  80. 

,  Accra,  80. 

,  African,  80. 

,  Beuguela,  81. 

-,  Indian,  24. 


216 


Copal,  Inhambane,  81. 

,  Lisbon,  80. 

• ,  Pebbly,  80. 

,  Sierra  Leone,  81. 

Copalchi  Bark,  185. 
Coptis,  8. 

Tita,  8. 

Coral  Tree,  48. 
Corchoras,  30. 
Cordia,  154,  192. 
Coriander,  118. 
Coriandrum,  118. 
Cork,  203. 

Model,  203. 

Tree.  28. 

Wood,  11. 

Cornaceae,  120. 
Cornelian  Cherry,  1 20. 
Cornus,  120. 
Coromandel  Wood,  141. 
Corrigiola,  166. 
Cortex  Thymiamatis,  96. 
Coryleae,  201. 
t'orylus,'202. 
Corynocarpus,  57. 
Coscinium,  11. 
Costus,  133. 
Cotton,  26. 

,  Devil's,  30. 

' ,  Silk,  27. 

Coula,  44. 
Couma,  188. 
Country  Walnut,  185. 
Couratari,  104. 
Couroupita,  104. 
Cowberry,  135. 
Cowhage,  66. 
Cow-itch,  66. 
Cowslip,  137. 
Cow  Tree,  141,  195. 
Crab  Tree,  43. 
Crab's  Eyes,  65. 
Cranberry,  135. 
Crataegus,  95. 
Creosote  Plant,  33. 
Crescentia,  109,  161. 
Cricket  Bats,  206. 
Crosnes,  165. 
Crotalaria,  59. 
Croton,  185,  186. 
Crown  Bark,  122. 

Gourd,  111. 

Cruciferae,  14. 


Cryptocarya,  174. 
Cuba  Bast,  25. 
Cubebine,  170. 
Cubebs,  170. 

,  African,  170. 

Cucumber,  108,  110. 

,  Squirting,  110. 

Cucumis,  108.  110. 
Cucurbita,  111. 
Cucurbitaceae,  108. 
Cuddapah  Almonds,  56. 
Culex,  22. 
Culver's  Root,  159. 
Cumin,  118. 
Cuminum,  118. 
Cuprea  Bark,  123. 
Cupuliferae,  200. 
Curagoa,  37. 
Curare,  152. 
Currant,  96. 
Currants,  49. 
Curtisia,  120. 
Curry  Leaf  Tree,  35. 
Cushion  Gourd,  111. 
Cusparia,  34. 
Custard  Apple,  10. 

Gourd,  111. 

Cutch,  85,  98. 
Cyamopsis,  60. 
Cyanothyrsus,  79. 
Cyclopia,  58. 
Cynara.  133. 
Cynips,  165,  202,  204. 
Cynomorium,  181. 
Cyphomandra,  156. 
Cytinaceae,  172. 
Cytinus,  172, 
Cytisus,  59. 


D. 

Dacryodes,  41. 
Dal,  69. 
Dalbergia,  69. 
Dalbergieae,  Fruits  of.  70. 
Dalmatian  Insect  Powder,  1 3 1 
Damabo,  69. 
Damiana,  107. 
Dammar,  Black,  41. 

Holder,  24. 

,  White,  24. 


217 


Dandelion,  134. 
Daniella,  78. 
Daphne,  88,  178. 
Daphnopsis,  178. 
Date,  Chinese,  47. 

,  Indian,  79. 

,  Kaffir,  57. 

,  Trebizonde,  179. 

Date  Plum,  Chinese,  1 43. 

,  European,  142, 

Dattock,  80. 
Datura,  157. 
Daucus,  118. 
Davidsonia,  95, 
Davidson's  Plum,  95. 
Dead  Finish,  86, 
Deadly  Nightshade,  157. 
Deccan  Hemp,  25, 
Deer's  Tongue,  128. 
Degame  Wood,  123. 
Derris,  71. 
Detarium,  80. 
Devil's  Cotton,  30. 
Dextrin,  156. 
Dichopsis,  138. 
Digitalis,  159. 
Dika  Bread,  38. 
Dikamali,  124, 
Dill,  117, 

Dimorphandra,  81. 
Dionysia,  137. 
Diospyros,  141. 
Diplocnema,  140. 
Dipgaceae,  127, 
Dipsacus,  127, 
Dipterocarpeae,  23. 
Dipterocarpus,  23. 
Dipteryx,  72. 
Dita  Bark,  150. 
Divi  Divi,  74. 

Doctor  Humming  Bird,  28, 
Dodo  Cloth,  150, 
Doekoe,  42, 
Dog-rose,  93, 
Dogwood,  47, 

,  Flowering,  120, 

,  Tasmanian,  132. 

,  White,  72. 

Dojvie,  170. 
Dolichandrone,  161. 
Dolichos,  69. 
Dolphin  Gourd,  111, 
Domba  Oil,  21. 


Dorema,  116. 
Dorstenia,  193. 
Dor^phora,  156,  173. 
Doundake,  121. 
Drift  Fruits  &c.,  159. 
Drimys,  9. 
Dryobalanops,  24. 
Duboisia,  158. 
Duguetia,  10. 
Durian,  28. 
Durio,  28. 
Dyera,  150. 
Dyer's  Weed,  1 7. 


E. 

Eagle-Wood,  179. 
East  Indian  Hemp,  59. 

Walnut,  88. 

Ebenaceae,  141. 
Eboe  Tree,  72. 
Ebony,  142. 

,*West  Indian,  63. 

Ecballium,  110. 
Echinocactus,  112. 
Echinops,  132. 
Eclipta,  130. 
Edgworthia,  178. 
Egbessye,  121. 
Egyptian  Lotus,  12. 
Ehretia,  154. 
Elaeagnaceae,  179, 
Elaeagnus,  179. 
Elaeocarpus,  30. 
Elaeodendron,  46. 
Elaeoselinum,  117. 
Elands  Bontjes,  83. 
Elaterium,  110. 
Elder,  American,  120. 

,  English,  121. 

Elecampane,  129. 
Elemi,  Manila,  41, 
Elephantorrhiza,  83. 
Elm,  190. 
Embelia,  137. 
Emblic  Myrobalan,  183. 
Endi,  188, 
Eng  Oil,  23. 
Engelhardtia,  199, 
Entada,  82. 
Enterolobium,  88. 


2ia 


Epacrideae,  136. 
Eperua,  78. 
Ericaceae,  135. 
Eriobotrya,  95. 
Eriodendron,  28. 
Ervalenta,  64. 
Eryngium,  113. 
Erythrina,  65. 
Erythrophleum,  81. 
Erythroxylon,  32. 
Eucalyptus,  99. 

Oil,  100, 

Euclea,  141, 
Eucommia,  9. 
Eugenia,  102. 
Euonymus,  13,  46. 
Eupatorium,  128. 
Euphrasia,  160. 
Euphorbia,  182. 
Euphorbiaceae,  182. 
Euphorbiiim,  Grum,  182. 
Eurycoma,  38. 
Everlasting  Flowers,  129. 
Exchequer  Tallies,  207. 
Exostemma,  123. 
Eyebright,  160. 


Fabiana,  157. 
Faggiola  del  Occhio,  68. 
Fagopyrum,  168. 
Fagus,  206. 
False  Acacia,  61. 

Calumba,  11. 

Jasmine  Root,  152. 

Fatsia,  119. 
Faurea,  177. 
Fennel,  115. 
Fennel-Flower  Seeds,  8. 
Fenugreek,  59. 
Feronia,  37. 
Ferula,  115. 
Fevillea,  111. 
Ficoideae,  112. 
Ficus,  194. 
Field  Bean,  64. 

Gentian,  153. 

Fig,  194. 


Fig  Cakes,  194. 

,  Indian,  111. 

Pies,  194. 

Fig  wort,  159. 
Filberts,  202. 
Flame  Tree,  180. 
Flax,  31,  19]. 

,  Spurge,  178. 

Flemingia,  69. 
Flindersia,  44. 
Flores  de  Palo,  180. 
Foeniculum,  115. 
Forbidden  Fruit,  36. 
Forest  Oak,  200. 
Foxglove.  159. 
Fragaria,'92. 
Frankincense,  39. 
Fraxinus,  145. 
French  Bean,  68. 
Frigolito,  73. 
Fructus  Simulo,  16. 
Frutti  di  Lago,  107. 
Fuller's  Teazle,  127. 
Fungus  Melitensis,  181. 
Funtumia,  151. 
Furze,  59. 
Fusanus,  180. 
Fustic,  193. 


G. 

Gaertnera,  153. 
Galba,  21. 

Galbanum,  Gum,  116. 
Gall-nuts,  204. 
Gallic  Acid,  202,  204. 
Galls.  Chinese,  54. 

,  Mecca,  204. 

Gambler,  121. 

Factory,  122. 

Gamboge,  20,  21. 
Ganja,  191. 
Garcinia,  20. 
Gardenia,  124. 
Garjan  Oil,  23. 
Gaub  Fruits,  142. 
Gaultheria,  135. 
Gelsemium,  152. 
Genepi  Blanc,  131." 
des  Alpes,  131 


219 


Genet  d'Espagne,  59. 
Gentian,  162. 

,  Field,  153. 

Root,  153. 

Gentiana,  153. 
Gentianeae,  153. 
Geoffroea,  72. 
Geraniaceae,  33. 
Geranium,  Rose  leaf,  33. 
Gerbera,  133. 
German  Pellitory,  130. 
Gesse,  64. 
Getah  Jelutong,  150. 

Karet,  195. 

Puteh,  139. 

Ram  bong,  195. 

Soentei,  139. 

Sundek,  140. 

Sundi,  140. 

Taban  Simpor,  139. 

Geum,  92. 
Gevuina,  177. 
Glioom3,  78. 
Giant  Trees,  100. 
Gifdoorn,  33. 
Gingelly,  161. 
Ginseng,  119. 
Girardinia,  197. 
Givotia,  187. 
Glastonbury  Thorn,.  95. 
Gleditscbia,  75. 
Glossostemon,  30. 
Glycine,  65. 
Glycyrrhiza,  62. 
Gmelina,  163. 
Goa  Powder,  72, 
Gogo,  82. 
Gold  Thread,  8. 
Golden  Seal,  8. 

Wattle,  87. 

Golf  Clubs,  206. 
Gombo,  25. 
Gommier,  41. 
Gonagra,  169. 
Gonioma,  150. 
Goodenovieae,  134. 
Gooseberry,  96. 

,  Cape,  156. 

,  Otaheite,  183. 

Gossypium,  26. 
Gouania,  48. 
Gourds,  109,  111. 
Gouty  Stem  Tree,  27. 


Gram,  63,  67. 
Granadillas,  108. 
Grape  Fruit,  36. 
Grape-Vine,  49. 
Grapple  Plant,  161. 
Gray  Plum,  89. 
Greenheart,  176. 
Green  Gram,  67. 

Wattle,  87. 

Grevillea,  177. 
Grewia,  30. 
Grias,  104. 
Ground  Nuts,  63. 

,  Bambarra,  68. 

Guaco,  128,  172. 
Guaiacum,  33. 
Guarana  Bread,  50. 
Guava,  102. 

,  Monkey,  143. 

Guayule,  129. 
Guaza,  191. 
Guazuma,  30, 
Gugal,  39. 
Guimauve,  25. 
Guinea  Pepper,  11. 
Guizotia,  130. 
Gujar,  62. 
Gulancha,  11. 
Gum  Arabic,  83,  84. 

,  Brazilian,  82. 

Ammoniacum,  116. 

Benjamin,  144. 

Benzoin,  144. 

Euphorbium,  182. 

Galbanum,  116. 

Olibanum,  39. 

Opal,  41. 

Sagapenum,  115. 

Sarcocolla,  62. 

,  Sweet,  96. 

Tragacanth,  62. 

,  Wattle,  85. 

Woods,  128. 

Gunjah,  191. 
Gunny  Fibre,  30. 
Guttapercha,  138,   140,  141,150 
182. 

Shea,  14]. 

Singarip.  147. 

Gutti  ferae,  20. 
Guzerat  Rape,  15. 
Gymnocladus,  75. 
Gypsophila,  19. 


m 


H. 

Haematostaphis,  57. 
Haematoxylon,  75. 
Hakea,  177. 
Haldu,  121. 
Halogeton,  167. 
Haloxylon,  167. 
Hamama,  137. 
Hamamelideae,  96. 
Hanburia,  111. 
Hancornia,  148. 
Hand  Plant,  28. 
Haploclathra,  22. 
Hard  Maple,  52. 
Hardwickia,  81. 
Harpagophytum,  161. 
Harpephyllum,  57. 
Harpullia,  52. 
Harsinghar,  145. 
Hashish,  191. 
Hassagay  Wood,  120. 
Hawthorn,  95. 
Hay  Plant,  115. 
Hazel,  207. 
Heath,  Tree,  135. 
Heather,  135. 
Hedera,  120. 
Heisteria,  44. 
Helianthus,  130 
Helichrysum,  129. 
Helipterum,  129. 
Hellebore  Root,  8. 
Helleborus,  8. 
Hemidesmus,  151. 
Hemileia,  125. 
Hemlock,  113. 
Hemp,  190. 

,  Ambari,  25. 

,  Chinese,  25. 

,  Deccan,  25. 

,  East  Indian,  59. 

,  Rajmahal,  152. 

,  Rozelle,  25. 

,  Sunn,  59. 

Henbane,  157. 
Henna,  106. 
Hermas,  113. 
Herminiera,  63. 
Heshim,  109. 
Heterophragma,  161. 
Hevea,  186. 


Hibisceae,  25. 
Hibiscus,  25. 
Hickory  Nut,  198. 
Hing,  116. 
Hippocratea,  46. 
Hippomane,  189. 
Hirda,  98. 
Hirtella,  90. 
Hodgsonia,  108. 
Hog  Gum,  20. 

Nut,  189. 

Plum,  57. 

Holarrhena,  150. 
Holly,  45. 

5  Sea,  113. 

Honey  Locust,  76. 
Honeysuckle,  121. 

,  Australian,  1 78. 

Honigthee,  58. 
Hookah,  191. 
Hoo-po-lo,  205. 
Hop,  190. 

Tallies,  190. 

Tea,  190. 

Hopea,  24. 
Horehound.  165. 
Hornbeam,  201. 
Horse  Chestnut,  50. 
Horseflesh  Mahogany,  87. 
Horse  Gram,  69. 

Mint,  American,  165. 

Horseradish.  8,  14. 

Tree,  57. 

Hotai,  40. 

Hottentot's  Tea,  129. 
Hovenia,  48. 
Hufu,  67. 
Humulus,  190. 
Hura,  189. 
Hyawa  Gum,  40. 
Hydnocarpus,  18. 
Hydnophytum,  126. 
Hydrangea,  95. 
Hydrastis,  8. 
Hydrocotyle,  113. 
Hydrostachys,  170. 
Hymenaea,  79. 
Hymenodictyon,  123. 
Hymenoxys,  130. 
Hyoscyamus,  157. 
Hypericineae,  20. 
Hypericum,  20. 
Hyptis,  163. 


m 


I. 

IbotaWax,  14  7. 
Ilex,  45. 
Ilicineae,  45. 
lUecebraceae,  166. 
Illicium,  9. 
Illupi,  140. 
Immortelle,  129. 
In  Oil,  23. 
Incense  Gum,  41. 
India  Rubber,  147. 
Indiarubber  Fi?,  1 95. 
Indian  Almond,  98. 

Barberry,  12. 

Copal,  24. 

Date,  79. 

Fig,  111. 

Madder,  126. 

Mulberry,  125. 

Olive,  146. 

Redwood,  43. 

Root,  152. 

Sarsaparilla,  151. 

Tobacco.  134. 

Turnsole,  188. 

Indigo,  60,  152,  162, 

,  Chinese,  168. 

, Green,  48. 

Factory,  Model  of,  61. 

,  Wild,  59. 

,  Yoraba,  71. 

Indigofera,  60, 
Inga,  89. 

Seed,  130. 

Insect  Powder,  Dalmatian,  131. 

Wax,  145. 

Inula.  129. 
lonidium,  17. 
Ipecacuanha,  126. 

,  False,  17,  126. 

Ipoh,  196. 
Ipomoea,  154. 
Ire  Rubber,  151. 
Iroko,  193. 
Iron  Bark,  100. 
Ironwood,  83.  146. 

,  Black,  146. 

Irvingia,  38. 
Isatis,  16,  61. 
Ispaghul  Seeds,  165. 


Issue  Peas,  37. 
Italian  Senna,  77. 
Ivy,  120. 
,  Poison,  53. 


Jaborandi,  35. 
Jack-fruit,  196. 
Jalap,  154. 
Jamaica  Pepper,  102. 

Senna,  77. 

Jambolana,  103. 
Japan  Pepper,  35. 

Wax,  53. 

Japanese  Lacquer,  53. 

Medlar,  95. 

Jarosse,  64. 

Jarrah,  101. 

Jasmine  Root,  False,  152. 

Jasminum,  145. 

Jateorhiza,  11. 

Jatropha,  184. 

Jellico,  115. 

Jequerity,  65. 

Jerusalem  Artichoke,  130. 

Joannesia,  184. 

Joss-sticks,  180. 

Judas  Tree,  78. 

Juglandaceae,  198. 

Juglans,  198. 

Jujube,  47. 

Juliana  Plum,  91. 

Jumping  ^eeds,  189. 

Jurupari,  78. 

Jute,  30. 

,  Chinese,  25. 


Kadam,  121. 
Kaffir  Date,  57. 

Plum,  57. 

Tea,  129. 

Kahu,  146. 
Kakaralli,  105. 
Kakrasingi  Galls,  55. 
Kamala,  69,  188. 
Kamassi,  150. 


m 


Kanaff,  25. 
Kano,  71. 
Kanyin  Oil,  23. 
Kapa  Cloth.  192. 
Kapok,  28. 
Karamani  Resin,  20. 
Karaunda,  149. 
Karelian  Birch,  201. 
Karite,  141. 
Kariyat,  162. 
Karri,  101. 
Katti-Mandu,  182. 
Kauta  Bark,  90. 
Kava,  170. 

Bowls,  171. 

Kayu  Graru,  179. 
Keena,  21. 
Kei  Apple,  18. 
Keim,  121. 
Kenguel  Seeds,  133. 
Kentucky  Coffee,  75. 
Kermes,  204. 
Keyaki,  190. 
Khair,  85. 
Kharsugi,  167. 
Khat,  46. 
Khaya,  43. 
Kiabooca  Wood,  71. 
Kigelia,  161. 
Kino,  70. 

,  African,  71. 

,  Australian,  99,  100. 

,  Bengal,  66. 

Kirayat,  153. 

Kizziljick,  120. 

Knotted  Poteron  Gourd,  111. 

Ko,  66. 

Kokoon,  46. 

Kokoona,  46. 

Kokra,  184. 

Kokum  Butter,  21. 

Kola,  29. 

,  Bitter,  21 

,  Male,  21. 

Kolila  Kat,  61. 
Kombe,  150. 
Koot,  133. 

Kootub  of  Dellii,  70. 
Koso,  93. 
Kosumba,  51. 
Kousso,  93. 
Kozu,  67. 
Kpokpoka,  150. 


Krameria,  19. 
Kumarah,  155. 
Kumquat,  36. 
Kuraka  Nut,  57. 
Kurchi,  150. 
Kurdee  Seeds,  133. 
Kuteera  Gum,  17,  28. 
Kutki,  159. 
Kuzu,  66. 
Kyetpaung,  151. 
Kype,  203. 
Kyphi,  40. 


Labdanum,  16. 
Labiatae,  163. 
Labrador  Tea,  136. 
Laburnum.,  59. 
Lac,  33,  195. 

Dyes,  195. 

Lace  Bark,  179. 
Lacewood,  198. 
Lacquer,  Burmese,  56. 

,  Indian,  195. 

,  Japanese,  53. 

Lactuca,  134. 
Lactucarium,  134. 
Ladanisterion,  17. 
Lagenaria,  109. 
Lagerstroemia,  106. 
Lagetta,  179. 
Lagos  Rubber,  151,  194. 
Lance  wood,  10,  123. 
Landolphia,  148. 
Land-turtles  Ladders,  78 
Langsat,  42. 
Lansa,  42. 
Lansium,  42. 
Laportea,  197. 
Larrea,  33. 
Lasiosipbon,  179. 
Latakia  Tobacco,  158. 
Lathy rus,  64. 
Laurel,  Alexandrian,  2L 

,  Cherry,  90. 

,  Spurge,  178. 

,  Tasmanian,  95. 

Laurineae,  173. 
Laurus,  176. 
Lavandula,  164. 


m 


Lavender,  164. 
Lawsonia,  106. 
Leather  Plant,  128. 
Lecythis,  104. 
Ledum,  136. 
Leguminosae,  58. 
Lemon,  36. 

Lemon-scented  Gum,  99. 
Lens,  64. 
Lentils,  64. 
Leopard- Wood,  195. 
Lerp,  99. 

Letter- Wood,  195. 
Lettuce,  134. 

Opium,  134. 

Leucadendron,  177. 
Leucaena,  83. 
Leuconotis,  147. 
Lewisia,  20. 
Liabum,  132. 
Liatris,  128. 
Liberian  Coffee,  125. 
Lightwood,  86. 

,  N.S.  Wales,  95. 

Lij?n- Aloes,  179. 
Lignum  Vitae,  33. 
Ligustrum,  145,  147. 
Lilac,  Persian,  42. 
Lima  Bean,  6S. 

Wood,  74. 

Lime,  30,  36,  180. 

,  Ogeechee,  120. 

Lin-a-Loa,  41, 
Linden,  30. 
Lineae,  31. 
Linen,  31. 
Ling,  135. 
Linseed,  31. 
Linum,  31. 

Liquid  Storax,  96,  144. 
Liquidambar,  96,  144. 
Liquorice,  62,  65. 
Liriodendron,  10. 
LitcMs,  51. 
Lithospermum,  154. 
Litsea,  176. 
Lobelia,  134. 
Locust  Acacia,  61. 

Bean,  77. 

,  Honey,  76. 

,  West  Indian,  79. 

Lodh  Bark,  143. 
Loganiaceae,  152. 


Logwood,  75 
Lo-Kao,  48. 
Lonchocarpus,  61,    1. 
Longan  Pulp,  52. 
Longans,  52. 
Long-Pepper,  170. 
Lonicera,  121. 
Loofahs,  109. 
Loosestrife,  Purple  10(5. 
Lopez  Root,  35. 
Lophira,  39,  183. 
Loquat,  95. 
Loranthaceae,  180. 
Loranthus,  180. 
Lote  Fruit,  47. 
Lotus,  Egyptian,  12. 
Luban  Maitee,  39, 
Lucerne,  60. 
Lucuma,  137. 
LufiPa,  109. 
Lukrabo  Seeds,  18. 
Lupins,  59. 
Lupinus,  59. 
Lutqua,  184. 
Lychnophora,  128. 
Lycopersicum,  155. 
Lyperia,  159. 
Lysiloma,  87. 
Lythrarieae,  106. 
Ly  thrum,  106. 


M. 

Maba,  141. 
Mabee  Bark,  48. 
Mabo,  89. 
Macadamia,  177. 
Macassar  Oil,  72. 
Macayo,  72. 
Mace,  171. 
Machilus,  175. 
Mackay  Bean,  82. 
Madura,  193. 
Macqui  Berries,  30. 
Macrolobium,  78. 
Madagascar  Rubber,  1 1 8. 
Madar  Fibre,  151. 
Madder,  126. 
Maf  ureira,  42. 
Magnoliaceae,  9. 
Mahoe,  25, 


m 


Mahogany,  42. 

,  Horseflesh,  87. 

Mahwa,  139. 
Maig^yee,  162. 
Majoon,  191. 
Maketa,  90. 
Malachra,  25. 
Male  Jalap,  154. 

Kola,  21. 

Mallotus,  188. 
Mallow,  Marsh,  25. 
Maloakang,  19. 
Malpighiaceae,  32. 
Maluku,  19. 
Malvaceae,  24. 
Malvaviscus,  25. 
Malveae,  25. 
Mammea,  22. 
Mammee  Apple,  22. 

,  African,  21. 

Sapote,  137. 

Manchineel,  189. 
Mandragora,  157. 
Mandiocca,  187. 
Mandrake  Root,  157. 
Mangaba,  149. 
Mangabeira  Rubber,  148. 
Mangifera,  55. 
Mango,  55. 

,  Wild,  38,  57. 

Mangold  Wurzel,  166. 
Mangosteen,  21. 
Mangrove,  97. 

,  White,  163. 

Manigoba  Rubber,  187. 
Manihot,  187. 
Manila  Elemi,  41. 
Manna,  63,  145. 

Ash,  145. 

Gum,  99. 

Mannite,  134, 
Maoutia,  198. 
Maple,  52. 

,  Bird's  Eye,  52. 

,  Hard,  52. 

,  Sugar,  52. 

Maracaibo  Boxwood,  161. 
Marble  Wood,  Andaman,  141. 
Margosa,  41. 
Marigold,  132. 
Marjoram,  Sweet,  166. 
Marking  Nuts,  57. 
Marmalade  Plum,  137. 


Marrubium,  165. 
Marsdenia,  152. 
Marsh  Mallow,  25. 
Marty  nia,  161. 
Maryland  Pink  Root,  152. 
Masea,  66. 
Massaranduba,  141. 
Massoia.  174. 
Massoy  Bark,  174. 
Mastic,  55. 
Matico,  170. 
Matricaria,  131. 
Mattipal,  38. 
Matura  Tea,  76. 
Maw  Seed,  14. 
Maximiliana,  186. 
May  Apple,  12. 
Meadow  Sweet,  90, 
Mecca  Galls,  204. 
Medicago,  60. 
Medlar,  95. 

,  Japanese,  95. 

Mee,  140. 
Melaleuca,  99. 
Melanodendron,  128. 
Melanorrhoea,  56. 
Melastomaceae,  105. 
Melia,  41. 
Meliaceae,  41. 
Mellitose,  99. 
Melo  Ooton,  111. 
Melocactus,  112. 
Melon,  103,  110. 

,  Water,  110. 

,  White  Gourd,  109. 

Memecylon,  105. 
Meni,  39. 

Menisperraaceae,  IJ. 
Mentha,  164. 
Menungan,  147. 
Menyanthes,  153. 
Mesquit,  83. 

,  Screw,  83. 

Mesua,  21. 

Metate,  79. 

Mezereon,  178.  ^ 

Mikania,  128,  172. 

Milfoil,  131. 

Millettia,  61. 

Mimoseae,  81. 

Mimusops,  140. 

Minjak  Tankawang,  140. 

Mint,  Black,  164. 


225 


Mint,  White,  164. 
Miraculous  Berry,  138. 
Mishmee  Tita,  8. 
Mistletoe.  180. 
Moghat,  30. 
Mohle  Flowers,  145. 
Mola  Plum,  89. 
Momordioa,  110. 
Monarda,  165. 
Monimiaceae,  173. 
Monkey  Bread,  27. 

Guava,  143. 

Pots,  104. 

Tamarind,  27. 

Monkshood,  8. 

Monodora,  10. 

Moonga,  175. 

Moquilea,  89. 

Mora,  81. 

Moreae,  192. 

Moreton  Bay  Chestnut,  73. 

Morinda,  125. 

Moringa,  57. 

Moringeae,  57. 

Morus.  193. 

Moth,  67. 

Mother  Cloves,  103. 

Moulmein  Cedar,  43. 

Mountain  Ash,  95. 

Cinnamon,  17. 

Gommier,  41. 

Tea,  135. 

Tobacco,  132. 

Mowa,  139. 

Mozambique  Gram,  68. 
Mucherus,  27. 
Mucuna,  66. 
Mddiiga,  66. 
Muga,  175. 
Mulberry,  193. 

,  Indian,  125. 

,  Paper,  192. 

Mulga,  86. 

Mullein,  159. 

Mummy  Wreaths  &c,,  207. 

Miing,  67. 

Munjeet,  126. 

Munjistin,  126. 

Mura  Piranga,  22. 

Murraya,  35. 

Murucu,  22. 

Musk  Root,  115. 

Seed,  25. 

25782 


Muskwood,  128. 
Mussaenda  Coffee,  153. 
Mustard,  15. 
Mwavi,  81. 
Myall,  86. 
Myoporineae,  162. 
Myrica,  199. 
Myricaceae,  199. 
Myristica,  171. 
Myristiceae,  171. 
Myrmecodia,  126. 
Myrobalans,  97. 

,  Egyptian,  39, 

,  Emblic,  183. 

Myroxylon,  73. 
Myrrh,  39. 
Myrsine,  137. 
Myrsineae,  137. 
Myrtaceae,  98. 
Myrtle^  98. 

,  Common,  102. 

.  Native,  101. 

,  Scrub,  101. 

,  Taymanian,  206. 

,  Wax,  199. 

Myrtus,  98,  102. 


N. 

Naga  Sandal  Wood,  180, 

Nagamullie,  162. 

Nagesar,  21. 

Nan-Mu,  175. 

Naras,  109. 

Nardostachys,  127. 

Naseberry,  138. 

Nasturtium,  34. 

Native  Myrtle,  101. 

Natto,  65. 

Nawal  Kanu  Sandal  Wood,  180. 

Nectandra,  176. 

Necci,  205. 

Neem,  41. 

Neesia,  28. 

Negro  Coffee,  76. 

Peach,  121. 

Pepper,  1 1 . 

Neilgherry  Nettle,  197. 
Nelumbium,  12. 
Nepenthaoeae,  172. 
Nepenthes,  172. 


Nepeta,  165. 
Nephelium,  51. 
Neroli,  Oil  of,  37. 
Nesodaphne,  174. 
Nettle,  197. 

,  Neilgherry,  197. 

New  Zealand  Pincushion,  129. 

NRai,  128. 

Niato  Balam,  138. 

Bung:a,  138. 

Tunbaga,  138. 

Nicker  Nuts,  75. 
Nicotiana,  157. 
Nig-ella,  8. 
Niger  Seed,  130. 
Nightshade,  Deadly,  157. 

,  Woody,  155. 

Niko,  89. 
Niope  SnufE,  82. 
Nopal,  112. 
Nopalea,  112. 
Nopaleries,  112. 
Notelaea,  146. 
Nubian  Senna,  77. 
Nukhud,  64. 
Nutmeg,  171. 

,  Calabash,  10. 

Nux- Vomica,  152,  153. 
Nuytsia,  180. 
Nyctagineae,  166. 
Nyctanthes,  145. 
Nyraphaeaceae,  12. 
Nyssa,  120. 


o. 

Oak,  Adriatic,  202. 

,  African,  39,  188. 

of  Basan,  205. 

,  Bog,  203. 

,  Brazilian,  124. 

,  Ceylon,  124. 

,  Cork,  203. 

,  Dantzig,  203. 

,  Evergreen,  204. 

,  Forest,  200. 

,  French,  203. 

,  Holm,  204. 

,  Italian,  202. 

,  Memel,  203. 

,  PoiBon,  53. 


Oak  Relics,  202. 

,  She,  200. 

,  Silky,  177. 

,  Stettin,  203. 

Oca-quina,  167. 
Ochnaceae,  39. 
Ochrocarpus,  21. 
Ochroma,  28. 
Ochrosia,  149. 
Ocimum,  163. 
Ocotea,  176. 
Odall,  45. 
Odina,  57. 
Odum,  193. 
Ogea  Grum,  78. 
Ogeechee  Lime,  120. 
Oil  of  Ben,  58. 
Oitzika,  89. 
Ok  gue,  194. 
Okro,  25. 
Okwa,  196. 
Olacineae,  44. 
Old  Man  Cactus,  112 
Oldenlandia,  123. 
Oldfieldia,  39,  183. 
Olea,  146. 
Oleaceae,  144. 
Olearia,  128. 
Oleum  Nigrum,  46. 
Olibanum,  39, 
Olive,  146. 

,  Indian,  146. 

Oil,  27. 

Omphalea,  188. 
Omphalobium,  58. 
Onagrarieae,  107. 
Oncoba,  18. 
Ophiocaryon,  53. 
Opium,  13, 

,  Lettuce,  134. 

Opochala,  81. 
Opopanax,  118. 
Opuntia,  111,  112. 
Orange,  36. 

,  Osage,  193. 

Ordeal  Bean,  67. 
Orejera,  88. 
Oriental  Plane,  198 
Origanum,  1 65. 
Orizaba  Jalap,  154. 
Ormosia,  73. 
Orobanchaceae,  160 
Orobanche,  160, 


2»l 


Oroxylon,  160. 
Osage  Orange,  193. 
Osiers,  207. 
Osmanthus,  146. 
Osyris,  181. 
Otaheite  Apple,  57. 

Gooseberry,  183. 

Otto  of  Rose,  93. 
Overlook  Bean,  67. 
Owala,  38,  81. 
Oxalic  Acid,  34. 
Oxalideae,  34. 
Oxalis,  34. 
OxycoocuB,  135. 


P. 

PachyrhizuB,  68. 
Padauk,  Andaman,  71. 

,  Burma,  71. 

Paddle  Wood,  149, 
Pai'cha,  13,  46. 
Paitan,  70. 
Palaquium,  138. 
Pale  Catechu,  121. 

Cinchona,  122. 

Pampelmousse,  36. 
Pandanus,  159,  171. 
Panirband,  157. 
Papain,  108. 
Papaver,  13. 
Papaveraceae,  13. 
Papaw,  108. 
Paper  Birch,  201. 

,  Bhutia,  178. 

Mulberry,  192. 

,  Nepal,  178. 

Papilionaceae,  58. 
Para  Rubber,  185. 
Paraguay  Tea,  45. 
Pareira  Brava,  11. 

,  False,  12. 

Parinarium,  89. 
Parkia,  82. 
Paronychia,  166. 
Parsnip,  117. 
Parthenium,  129. 
Partridge  Berry,  135. 

Wood,  72. 

Passiflora,  108. 
Passifloreae,  108.    . 


Patchouli,  164. 
Pauchontee,  138. 
PauUinia,  50. 
Paulownia,  159. 
Payena,  140. 
Pea,  64. 
Peach,  91. 

,  Negro,  121. 

Wood,  74. 

Peacock's  Eye  Sandal  Wood,  180. 
Pear,  95. 

,  Anohovy,  104. 

,  Avocado,  175. 

,  Wooden,  177. 

Peccan  Nut,  198. 
Pedalineae,  161. 
Peepul,  194. 
Pelargonium,  33,  160. 
Pellitory,  130. 
Peltophorum,  74. 
Penawar  Pait,  38. 
Pennyroyal,  164. 
Pennywort,  Indian,  118. 
Pentaclethra,  38,  81. 
Pentadesma,  20. 
Pepper,  170. 

,  African,  11. 

,  Ashanti,  170. 

,  Cayenne,  156. 

,  Guinea,  11. 

,  Jamaica,  102. 

,  Japan,  35. 

,  Negro,  11, 

Peppermint,  164. 

Tree,  100. 

Perezia,  133. 
Perilla,  164. 
Periwinkle,  147. 
Pemambuco  Rubber,  149. 
Persea,  175. 
Persian  Berries,  48. 

Lilac,  42. 

Powder,  131. 

Persimmon,  143. 
Petalostigma,  183. 
Petitia,  162. 
Peucedanum,  117. 
Peumus,  173. 
Peru,  Balsam  of,  73. 
Phagnalon,  129. 
Phaseolus,  67. 
Phaskomylia  Tea,  165. 
Phog,  167. 


228 


Photinia,  95. 

Platanus,  198. 

Phyllanthus,  183. 

Plectranthus,  164. 

Pliyllocactus,  112. 

Plum,  Bedara,  38. 

Phylloxera,  50. 

,  Blood,  57. 

Physalis,  156. 

,  Coco,  89. 

Physic  Nut,  184. 

,  Common,  91. 

Physocalymma,  106. 

,  Date,  142,  143. 

Physostigma,  67. 

,  Davidson's,  95. 

Phytocrene,  44. 

,  French,  91. 

Phytolacca,  167. 

,  Gray,  89. 

Phytolaccaceae,  167. 

,  Hog,  57. 

Phytophthora,  156. 

,  Kaffir,  57. 

Pichi,  157. 

,  Marmalade,  137. 

Pichurim,  176. 

,  Mola,  89. 

Picquotiane,  60. 

,  Rough-skinned,  90. 

Picraena,  38. 

,  St.  Julien,  91. 

Picrorhiza,  159. 

,  Sapodilla,  138. 

Pig  Nut,  189. 

Plumbagineae,  136. 

Pigeon  Pea,  69. 

Plumbago,  136. 

Pila-Jari,  8. 

Podophyllin,  12. 

Pilocarpus,  35. 

Podophyllum,  12. 

Pimelea,  178. 

Podostemaceae,  169. 

Pimenta,  102. 

Pogostemon,  164. 

Pimento,  102. 

Poison  Ivy,  53. 

Pimpernel,  137. 

Oak,  53. 

Pincushion,  New  Zealand,  129. 

Poisonous  Thorn,  33. 

Piney  Resin,  24. 

Pokosola,  149. 

Pink  Root,  152. 

Polygala,  19. 

Pinnay  Oil,  21. 

Polygaleae,  18. 

Pipal,  194. 

Polygonaceae,  167. 

Pipe  Juice,  62. 

Polygonum,  61,  168. 

Piper,  170. 

Pomalo,  36. 

Piperaceae,  170. 

Pomegranate,  106. 

Pipes,  Tobacco,  136. 

,  Queensland,  16. 

Pipitzahoac,  133. 

Pomme  d'Or,  108. 

Pipsissewa,  136. 

Pongamia,  71. 

Piptadenia,  82. 

Pontianac,  150. 

Piscidia,  72. 

Poor  Man's  Weather  Glass, 

137 

Pistacia,  54. 

Poplar,  10. 

Pistachio  Nuts,  55. 

,  Yellow,  10. 

Pisum,  64. 

Popli-chekke,  47. 

Pith  Tree,  63. 

Poppy,  13. 

Pitheccctenium  160. 

Populus,  207. 

Pithecolobium,  88. 

Portia  Tree,  26. 

Pittosporeae,  18. 

Posoqueria,  124. 

Pittosporum,  18. 

Portulaca,  19. 

Pituri,  158. 

Portulaceae,  19. 

Piuri,  56. 

Potato,  155. 

Plane,  American,  198. 

Gum,  182. 

,  Oriental,  198. 

,  Sweet,  154. 

Plantagineae,  165. 

Potentilla,  92. 

Plantago,  165. 

Poterium,  93. 

Platanaceae,  198. 

Pottery  Tree,  89. 

229 


I 


Prairie  Tnmip,  60. 

Prangos,  115.      

Premna,  163. 
Primula,  137.  V3fla 

Primulaceae,  137.^ 
Princewood  Bark,  123. 
Propiotion  Nuts,  66. 
Prosopis,  83. 
Protea,  177. 
Proteaceae,  177. 
Protium,  40. 
Prune,  91. 

Bark,  90. 

Prunus,  90. 
Psidium,  102. 
Psoralea,  60. 
Psychotria,  126. 
Pterocarpus,  70. 
Puccoon,  14. 

,  Yellow,  8. 

Puchury,  176. 
Pueraria,  66. 
Pulas  Flowers,  66. 
Pumelo,  36. 
Punica,  106. 
Purging  Cassia,  76. 
Purple  Heart,  80. 

Loosestrife,  106. 

Purpurin,  126. 
Pyonocoma,  188. 
Pyrus,  94. 


Q. 

Qat,  46. 

Quassia,  37,  38. 
Quebrachia,  55, 
Quebracho  Blanco,  149, 

Colorado,  55,  150. 

Queensland  Nut,  177, 

Pomegranate,  16. 

Quercineae,  202. 
Quercitron,  205. 
Quercus,  158,  202. 
Quetschen,  91. 
Quiina,  22. 
Quillaia  Bark,  90. 
Quillaja,  90. 
QuinaBlanca,  185, 
Quince,  94. 
,  Chinese,  94. 


Quince,  Japanese,  94. 
Quinidine,  123. 
Quinine,  123. 

Tree,  183. 

Quinoa,  32,  167. 


R. 

Radish,  16. 
Rafflesia,  172. 
Rain  Caps,  78. 

Tree,  88. 

Raisins,  49. 
Rajmahal  Hemp,  152. 
Raki,  54, 
Rambeh,  184. 
Rambutans,  52. 
Ramie,  197. 
Ramtil  Seed,  130. 
Randia,  124. 
Ranunculaceae,  7. 
Raoulia,  129. 
Rape,  15. 
Raphanus,  16. 
Rati,  65. 
Red  Cinchona,  123. 

Gum,  100. 

Gum,  American,  97, 

Sandal  Wood,  83. 

Sanders,  71. 

Sorrel,  25, 

Redwood,  83, 

,  Andaman,  71. 

,  Indian,  43, 

Remijia,  123. 
Reseda,  17. 
Resedaceae,  17. 
Revalenta,  64. 
Rhamnaceae,  47. 
Rhamnus,  47, 
Rhatany  Root,  19, 
Rhea,  197, 
Rheum,  168. 
Rhinacanthus,  162. 
Rhipsalis,  112. 
Rhizophora,  97. 
Rhizophoreae,  97. 
Rhodites,  93. 
Rhododendron,5l  36. 
Rhubarb,  168. 
Rhus,  53. 


230 


Rhynchosia,  69. 

Ribes,  49,  96. 

Ribbed  Gourd,  111. 

Rice  Paper,  119. 

Ricbardsonia,  126. 

Richea,  136. 

Ricinus,  188. 

Rimmon,  107. 

Robin    Redbreast's    Pincushions, 

93. 
Robinia,  61. 
Rohan  Tree,  43, 
Roko,  193. 
Ronco,  54. 
Room,  162. 
Root  Rubber,  148. 
Rosa,  93. 
Rose  Apples,  ]  03. 

,  Attar  of,  93. 

Bedeguars,  93. 

,  Christmas,  8. 

of  Jericho,  14. 

,  Otto  of,  33,. 93. 

Rosaceae,  89. 
Rosmarinus,  165. 
Rosemary,  165. 
Rosewood,  69,  70,  71. 
Rough-skinned  Plum,  90. 
Rourea,  58. 
Rowan  Tree,  95. 
Rozelle,  25. 
Rubber,  African,  148,  151. 

,  Bolivian,  189. 

,  Borneo,  147. 

,  Ceara,  187. 

,  Central  American,  196. 

,  Ceylon,  186. 

,  Colombian,  189. 

,  Colorado,  130. 

,  India,  195. 

,  Ire,  151. 

,  Lagos,  151,  194. 

,  Madagascar,  148. 

,  Mangabeira,  148. 

,  ManiQoba,  187. 

,  Para,  185. 

,  Pernambuco,  149. 

,  Root,  148. 

,  Silk,  151. 

,  Straits  Settlements,  186. 

,  Virgen,  189. 

,  West  Indian,  196. 

Rubia,  126. 


Rubiaceae,  121,  137. 
Rubianic  Acid,  126. 
Rubus,  92. 
Rue,  35. 
Rumex,  169. 
Russia  Matting,  30. 
Russian  Leather,  201. 
Rusot,  12. 
Ruta,  35. 
Rutaceae,  34. 


s. 

Sabiaceae,  53. 
Sabicu,  87. 
Sacred  Bo  Tree,  194. 
Sacsaoul,  167. 
Safrol,  175,  176. 
Safflower,  133. 
Sagapenum,  Gum,  115. 
Sage,  165. 

Apples,  165. 

St.  Ignatius'  Beans,  153. 

John's  Bread,  77. 

Sakura,  90. 
Sal,  24. 

Salad  Burnet,  93. 
Salai  Tree,  39. 
Salicine,  206. 
Salicineae,  206. 
Salix,  206. 
Salsafy,  134. 
Salsola,  167. 
Salvador  Tea,  135. 
Salvadora,  147. 
Salvadoraceae,  147. 
Salvia,  165. 
Sambucus,  120. 
Sandal  Wood,  180. 

,  Australian,  180. 

,  Fiji,  180. 

,  Indian,  180. 

,  Red,  83. 

,  Sandwich  Islands,  180. 

,  West  Indian,  41. 

Sand-Box  Tree,  189. 
Sanguinaria,  14. 
Santal  Rouge,  71. 

Vert,  186. 

Santalaceae,  180. 
Santalum,  180. 


231 


Santiriopeis,  41. 
Santonica,  131. 
Sap  Green,  48. 
Sapindaceae,  50. 
Sapindus,  51. 
Sapium,  189. 
Sapodilla  Plum,  138. 
Saponaria,  19. 
Sapotaceae,  137. 
Sappan  Wood,  75. 
Sapucaia  Nut,  105. 
Sarcocephalus,  121. 
SarcocoUa,  Gum,  62. 
Sarcocaulon, 33. 
Sarcophyte,  181. 
Sarcostigma,  45. 
Sarracenia,  13. 
Sarraceniaceae,  13. 
Sarsaparilla,  Indian,  151. 

,  Virginian,  119. 

Sassafras,  175,  176. 

,  Australian,  173. 

Sassy  Bark,  81. 
Satin  Walnut,  97. 
Satinwood,  35,  44. 
Saul,  24. 
Saussurea,  133. 
Saxifrageae,  95. 
Scaevola,  134. 
Scammony,  155. 
Scarlet  Runner  Bean,  6S. 
Schizoneura,  94. 
Schleichera,  51. 
Scorzonera,  134. 
Screw  Mesquit,  83. 
Scrophularia,  159. 
Scrophularineae,  159. 
Scrub  Myrtle,  101 . 
Sea  Bean,  82. 

Holly,  113. 

Seaside  Grape,  169. 
Sebastiana,  189. 
Sebesten  Tree,  154. 
Sechium,  111. 
Securidaca,  19, 
Semecarpus,  57. 
Semul,  27. 
Senega,  19,  90. 
Senna,  Alexandrian,  77. 

,  American,  77. 

,  Arabian,  77. 

,  Italian,  77. 

,  Jamaica,  77. 


Senna,  Nubian,  77. 

,  Tinnivelly,  77. 

,  Tripoli,  77. 

Sennett,  44. 
Sequoia,  100. 
Sergena  Root,  166. 
Service  Tree,  Wild,  95. 
Sesamum,  161. 
Sesbania,  61. 
Shaddock,  36. 
She  Oak,  200. 
Shea  Butter  Tree,  141. 
Sheep  Plant,  129. 
Shepherdia,  179. 
Shim,  69. 

Shoemaker's  Bark,  32. 
Shola.  63. 
Shorea,  24. 
Sicana,  111. 
Sida,  25. 
Sidee,  191. 
Sideroxylon,  138. 
Silk  Cotton,  27. 

Rubber,  151. 

,  Tasar,  103. 

,  Tusseh,  98. 

Silkworm,  Castor  Oil,  188. 

,  Mulberry,  193. 

,  Oak,  205. 

Silky  Oak,  177. 
Silphium,  119. 
Silver  Tree,  177. 

Wattle,  87. 

Silver  weed,  92. 
Silybum,  133. 
Simaba,  37. 
Simaruba,  37. 
Simarubeae,  37. 
Simiri,  79. 
Singhara,  107. 
Sintoh,  82. 
Sissoo,  69. 
Sium,  114. 
Sloe,  92. 

Snake  Gourd,  108. 
— —  Nut,  53. 

Root,  19. 

,  Black,  9. 

,  Button,  128. 

,  Virginian,  173, 

Snakeweed,  168. 
Snake- Wood,  195. 
Snuff,  158, 


232 


Soap  Berries,  51. 
Soap  Root,  19. 
Solanaceae,  155. 
Solanum,  155. 
Solenostemma,  77 
Sonora  Gum,  33. 
Sooly  Qua,  109. 
Sophora,  73. 
Sorrel.  Red,  25. 

,  Wood,  34. 

Souari  Nut,  22. 
Sour  Sop,  10. 
Soy  Beans,  65. 
Soymida,  43. 
Spaetlum  Root,  20. 
Spanish  Berries,  48. 
Broom,  59. 

Earth,  49. 

Juice,  62. 

Spartium,  59. 
Spathodea,  161. 
Spearmint,  164. 
Spigelia,  152. 
Spikenard,  127. 
Spinach,  166. 
Spinacia,  166. 
Spindle  Tree,  46. 
Spiraea,  90. 
Spogel  Seeds,  165. 
Spondias,  57. 
Spotted  Gum,  99. 
Spurge  Flax,  178. 

Laurel,  178. 

Squirting-  Cucumber,  110. 
Stachys,  165. 

Star  Anise,  9. 

Apple,  137. 

Statice,  136. 
Stekelthee,  58. 
Stephegyne,  121. 
Sterculia,  28. 
Sterculiaceae,  28. 
Stereospermum,  161. 
Stinkwood,  176. 
Storax,  Liquid,  96,  144. 

,  True,  143. 

Straits  Rubber,  186. 
Stramonium,  157. 
Strawberry,  Wild,  92. 
Streblus,  192. 
Strobilanthes,  61,  162. 
Strophanthus,  150. 
Strychnine,  152. 


Strychnos,  162. 
Stryphnodendron,  82. 
Styraceae,  143. 
Sty  rax,  143. 
Suaeda,  167. 
Sugar  Bean,  68. 

,  Beet-root,  166. 

Maple,  52. 

Sumac,  54. 
Sumach,  54. 

,  American,  54. 

,  Cape,  181. 

,  Venetian,  54. 

Sumatra  Camphor,  24,  175 
Sumbul,  115,  117. 
Supple  Jacks,  50. 
Suringi,  21. 
Sunflower,  130. 
Sunn  Hemp,  59. 
Swan  River  Broom,  19. 
Sweet  Bark,  185. 

Bay,  176. 

Cassava,  187. 

Cup,  108. 

Fern,  199. 

Gale,  199. 

Gum,  96. 

Marjoram,  165. 

Potato,  154. 

Sop,  10. 

Tea,  121. 

Swertia,  153. 
Swietenia,  42. 
Sycamore,  52. 

Fig,  194. 

Symphonia,  20. 
Symplocos,  143. 


Ta  Fung-tsze,  18. 

Huang,  168. 

Taban  Gutta,  138. 

Merah,  138. 

Tabebuia,  160. 

Tacae,  105. 

Taccada  Pith,  134. 

Tagasaste,  59. 

Taj,  174. 

Tallies,  Exchequer,  207. 

,  Hop,  190. 


Tallow  Tree,  20. 
Tamarind,  79. 

,  Monkey,  27. 

,  Wild,  87. 

Tamarindus,  79. 
Tamariscineae,  20. 
Tamarix,  20. 
Tambaram,  197. 
Tamboora,  109. 
Tampico  Jalap,  154. 
Tanacetum,  131. 
Tanghin,  149. 
Tanner's  Cassia,  76. 
Tannic  Acid,  202. 
Tannin,  204. 
Tansy,  131. 
Tapa  Cloth,  192. 
Tapioca,  187. 
Taraire,  174. 
Taraktogenos,  18. 
Taraxacum,  134. 
Tarra,  74. 
Tarro,  204. 
Tartaric  Acid,  49. 
Tasar  Silk,  103. 
Tasmanian  Myrtle,  206. 
Tawa,  174. 
Tchackka,  196. 
Tea,  22. 

,  Algerian,  166. 

,  Bush,  58. 

,  Cape,  58. 

,  Hop,  190. 

,  Matura,  76. 

,  Osyris,  181. 

,  Phaskomylia,  165. 

,  Sweet,  121. 

Trees,  Australian,  99. 

Teak,  162. 

,  African,  183. 

,  Bastard,  70. 

Teazle,  Fuller's,  127. 
Tecoma,  160. 
Tectona,  162. 
Tejpat,  174. 
Telfairia,  108. 
Tengah,  97. 
Terblanz,  177. 
Teree,  74. 
Teri,  74. 
;Terminalia,  97. 
Terns troemiaceae,  22. 
Terra  Japonica,  85,  121. 

25782 


Tetrapleura,  83. 
Tezpat,  174. 
Thalictrum,  8. 
Than,  98. 
Thapsia,  119. 
The  Arabe,  166. 

d'Europe,  160. 

de  Montague,  154. 

Mont  Cenis,  160. 

Theobroma,  29,  32. 
Thespesia.  26. 
Thitsi,  56. 
Thorn,  180. 

Apple,  157. 

,  Glastonbury,  95. 

,  Poisonous,  33. 

Thorough  wort,  128. 
Thylacospermum,  19. 
Thyme,  165. 
Thymelaeaceae,  178. 
Thymic  Acid,  114. 
Thymol,  114. 
Thymus,  165. 
Tibetan  Tea,  23. 
Til,  161,  176. 
Tilia,  30. 
Tiliaceae,  30. 
Tinder,  132. 
Tinnivelly  Senna,  77. 
Tinospora,  11. 
Tipuana,  72. 
Tissoo  Flowers,  66. 
Tobacco,  157,  192. 

,  Indian,  134. 

,  Mountain,  132. 

Pipes,  135. 

Toddalia,  35. 
Tooari,  125. 
Toiu,  Balsam  of,  73. 
Tomato,  155. 

.  Tree,  156. 

Ton  Khoi,  192. 
Tong-pang-Chong,  162. 
Tong  Rong,  20. 
Tonquin  Bean,  72. 

Seed,  Bastard,  72. 

Tooba  Roots,  71. 
Toolsi,  163. 
Toon,  43. 

Tooth-brush  Tree,  147. 
Tormentil,  92. 
Touckpong,  189. 
Touroulia,  22. 


234 


Tow  Cok,  68. 
Towel  Gourds,  109. 
Touri,  74. 
Trachylobium,  80. 
Tragacanth,  17,  28,  62. 
Tragopog-on,  134. 
Trapa,  107. 
Traveller's  Joy,  7. 
Trebizonde  Date,  179. 
Treculia,  196. 
Tree  Heath,  135. 

Tomato,  156. 

Trema,  190. 
Triage,  124. 
Trichilia,  42. 
Trichosanthes,  108. 
Trifolium,  60. 
Trigonella,  59. 
Trilisa,  128. 
Tripoli  Senna,  77. 
Triumfetta,  30, 
Truck  Baskets.  207. 
Trumpet  Wood,  197. 
Ts'ing-kang-liu,  205. 
Tulip  Tree,  10. 

Wood,  52,  106. 

Tung  Yu,  184. 
Turban  Gourd,  111. 
Turkey  Filberts,  202. 

Nuts,  202. 

Turkish  Berries,  48. 
Turk's  Cap  Cactus,  112. 
Turnera,  107. 
Turneraceae,  107. 
Turnip,  15. 

,  Prairie,  60. 

Turnsole,  Indian,  188. 
Turpentine,  Chian,  54, 
Tusseh  Silk,  98. 


u. 

U16,  196. 
Ulex,  59. 
Ulmeae,  190. 
XJlmus,  190. 
Ullucus.  167. 
Umbelliferae,  113. 
Umzimbiti,  61. 
Unoaria,  85,  121. 
Upas,  189, 196. 


I    Urceola,  151. 
I    Urena,  25. 
I    Ureneae,  25. 

Urtica,  197. 

Urticaceae,  190. 

Urticeae,  197. 

Urucury  Nuts,  186. 


Vacciniaceae,  135. 

Vaccinium,  135. 

Vahy,  148. 

Valerian  Roots,  127. 

Valeriana,  127. 

Valerianeae,  127. 

Valonia,  204. 

Varach,  89. 

Varnish  Tree,  Chinese,  184. 
i    Vateria,  24. 
I    Vegetable  Marrow,  111. 
i    Velvet  Leaf,  12. 
I    Ventilago,  47. 
j    Vera  Cruz  Jalap,  154. 

Verbascum,  159. 
j    Verbenaceae,  162. 
I    Vernonia,  128. 
j    Veronica,  159. 
I    Viburnum,  121. 

Vicia,  64. 

Victoria  Lily,  12. 
!    Vigna,  68. 
I    Vinca,  147. 
\    Violarieae,  17. 
i    Virgen  Rubber,  189. 
j    Virginian  Sarsaparilla,  119. 

Snake  Root,  173. 

I    Viscum,  180. 
I    Vitex,  163. 

Vitis,  49. 

Voandzeia,  68. 

Vono,  149. 


w. 


Wadadura,  105. 
!    Wagatea,  76. 
i    Wai-Fa,  73. 
i    Wall,  69. 


235 


Wallaba.  78. 
Walnut,  198. 

,  Black,  198. 

,  Country,  186. 

,  East  Indian,  88. 

— — ,  Satin,  97. 
\Val8ura,  42. 
Wampi,  36. 
Waras,  69,  188. 
War  Clubs,  79. 
Water  Chestnut,  107. 

Melon,  110. 

Wattle  Barks,  87. 

,  Black,  87. 

,  Broad-leaved,  87. 

,  Golden,  87. 

,  Green,  87. 

Gum,  85. 

,  Silver,  87. 

Wax,  Balanophora,  181. 

,  Chinese  White,  147. 

Gourd,  Chinese,  109. 

,  Ibota,  147. 

,  Insect,  145. 

,  Japan,  53. 

,  Myrica,  199. 

Wax-Myrtle,  199. 
Weld,  17. 

Wellington  Elm,  190. 
West  Indian  Birch,  41. 

Boxwood,  160. 

Ebony,  63. 

Rubber,  196. 

Sandal,  41. 

White  Dammar,  24. 

Dogwood,  72. 

Gourd  Melon,  109. 

Mangrove,  163. 

Whitewood,  10. 
Whortleberry,  135. 
Wikstroemia,  178. 
Wild  Almond,  177. 

Black  Cherry,  90. 

Chestnut,  35. 

Indigo,  59. 

Mango,  38,  57. 

Service  Tree,  95. 

Strawberry,  92. 

Tamarind,  87. 

Willow,  206. 

,  White,  206. 

Willughbeia,  147. 
Windsor  Bean,  64. 


Wine  Lees,  49. 

Winter  Green,  Spring,  135» 

,  Spotted,  136. 

Winter's  Bark,  9,  17. 
Wisket,  203. 
Withania,  157. 
Woad,  16. 
Wolfsbane,  8. 
Wood  Apple,  37. 

distillation,  203. 

Flowers,  180. 

Oil,  23, 184. 

Wood-Sorrel,  34. 

Wooden  Pear,  177. 

Woodfordia,  106. 

Woody  Nightshade,  155. 

Wool  Tree,  28. 

Woo-pei-tsze,  54. 

Wormseed,  131. 

Wormwood,  132. 

Wourali,  152. 

Wrightia,  61,  150. 

Wy  Nyika  Arrow  Poison,  149, 


Ximenia,  44. 
Xylia,  83. 
Xylomelum,  177. 
Xylopia,  11. 


Y. 

Yak  Saddle,  136. 
Yam  Bean,  68. 
Yapon  Tea,  45. 
Yarrow,  131. 
Yaupon  Tea,  45. 
Yegoma  Oil,  164. 
Yellow  Berries,  48. 

Broom,  59, 

Cinchona.  122, 

Poplar,  10. 


236 


Yellow  Poteron  Gourd 

Puccoon,  8. 

Root,  8. 

Sanders  Wood,  35. 

Wood,  44. 

Yerba  de  Mate,  45. 
Yercum,  151. 
Yeso,  49. 
York  Gum,  100. 
Yoruba  Indigo,  71. 
Young  Fustic,  54. 


Ill, 


Zanonia,  111. 
Zantlioxylum,  35. 
Zebra  Wood,  58,  141. 
Zelkova,  190. 
ZizyphuB,  47. 
Zwetschen,  91. 
Zygophylleae,  33. 
Zygophyllum,  16. 


\