NOAA TR NMFS SSRF-647
A UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF
COMMERCE
PUBLICATION
NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-647
7
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Marine Fisheries Service
Revised Annotated List of Parasites from
Sea Mammals Caught Off
the West Coast of North America
L. MARGOLIS and M. D. DAILEY
Marine Biological Laboratory
LIBRARY
SEP r3 1972
Woods Hole, Mast.
-I
SEATTLE, WA
March 1972
NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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604. The flora and fauna of a basin in central Florida
Bay. By J. Harold Hudson, Donald M. Allen,
and T. J. Costello. May 1970, iii + 14 pp., 2 figs.,
1 table.
605. Contributions to the life histories of several
penaeid shrimps (Penaeidae) along the south
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W. Anderson. May 1970, iii + 24 pp., 15 figs., 12
tables.
606. Annotated references on the Pacific saury, Colol-
abis saira. By Steven E. Hughes. June 1970,
iii + 12 pp.
607. Studies on continuous transmission frequency
modulated sonar. Edited by Frank J. Hester.
June 1970, iii + 26 pp. 1st paper, Sonar target
classification experiments with a continuous-
transmission Doppler sonar, by Frank J. Hester,
pp. 1-20, 14 figs., 4 tables; 2d paper, Acoustic
target strength of several species of fish, by H. W.
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608. Preliminary designs of traveling screens to col-
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levered traveling fish screen (model V), by Dan-
iel W. Bates, Ernest W. Murphey, and Earl F.
Prentice, 10 figs., 1 table.
609. Annotated bibliography of zooplankton sampling
devices. By Jack W. Jossi. July 1970, iii +
90 pp.
610. Limnological study of lower Columbia River,
1967-68. By Shirley M. Clark and George R.
Snyder. July 1970, iii + 14 pp., 15 figs., 11 tables.
611. Laboratory tests of an electrical barrier for con-
trolling predation by northern squawfish. By
Galen H. Maxfield,' Robert H. Lander, and
Charles D. Volz. July 1970, iii + 8 pp., 4 figs.,
5 tables.
612. The Trade Wind Zone Oceanography Pilot Study.
Part VIII: Sea-level meteorological properties
and heat exchange processes, July 1963 to June
1965. By Gunter R. Seckel. June 1970, iv +
129 pp., 6 figs., 8 tables.
613. Sea-bottom photographs and macrobenthos col-
lections from the Continental Shelf off Massa-
chusetts. By Roland L. Wigley and Roger B.
Theroux. August 1970, iii + 12 pp., 8 figs., 2
tables.
614. A sled-mounted suction sampler for benthic or-
ganisms. By Donald M. Allen and J. Harold
Hudson. August 1970, iii + 5 pp., 5 figs., 1 table.
615. Distribution of fishing effort and catches of skip-
jack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, in Hawaiian
waters by quarters of the year, 1948-65. By
Richard N. Uchida. June 1970, iv + 37 pp.,
6 figs., 22 tables.
616. Effect of quality of the spawning bed on growth
and development of pink salmon embryos and
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617. Fur seal investigations, 1968. By NMFS, Ma-
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1970, iii + 69 pp., 68 tables.
618. Spawning areas and abundance of steelhead
trout and coho, sockeye, and chum salmon in
the Columbia River Basin - past and present. By
Leonard A. Fulton. December 1970, iii + 37 pp.,
6 figs., 11 maps, 9 tables.
619. Macrozooplankton and small nekton in the
coastal waters off Vancouver Island (Canada)
and Washington, spring and fall of 1963. By
Donald S. Day, January 1971, iii + 94 pp., 19
figs., 13 tables.
620. The Trade Wind Zone Oceanography Pilot Study.
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values, July 1963 to June 1965. By Gunter R.
Seckel. June 1970, iii + 66 pp., 5 figs.
Continued on inside back cover.
^OWMOSP
*%NT O* C°
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Peter G. Peterson, Secretary
NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION
Robert M. White, Administrator
NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE
Philip M. Roedel, Director
NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-647
Revised Annotated List of Parasites from
Sea Mammals Caught Off
the West Coast of North America
L MARGOLIS and M. D. DAILEY
Marine Biological Ubanbry
LIBRA ■
*CP 1 3 1972
WcKds H „o.
SEAnLE, WA
March 1972
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CONTENTS
Page
Introduction 1
Parasite-host list 2
Trematoda 2
Cestoda 4
Nematoda 6
Acanthocephala 11
Copepoda 12
Amphipoda 12
Anoplura 14
Acarina 14
Host-parasite list 15
Cetacea 15
Pinnipedia 17
Carnivora 18
Acknowledgments 18
Literature cited 18
in
Revised Annotated List of Parasites from Sea Mammals
Caught Off the West Coast of North America
By
L. MARGOLIS
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological Station
Nanaimo, B.C., Canada
and
M. D. DAILEY
Department of Biology
California State College at Long Beach
Long Beach, California 90801
ABSTRACT
Parasite-host and host-parasite lists, with supporting references, of the ecto- and
endoparasites recorded from marine mammals of the North American west coast are
provided. Excluding records in which the parasites have not been identified to the spe-
cies level, there are known 15 trematodes, 3 cestodes, 10 nematodes, 7 acanthocephalans,
1 copepod, and 10 amphipods from 22 species of Cetacea; 8 trematodes, 10 cestodes, 12
nematodes, 8 acanthocephalans, 5 anoplurans, and 5 acarines from 8 species of Pinni-
pedia; and 4 trematodes, 2 cestodes, 1 nematode, 3 acanthocephalans, and 1 acarine from
a single species of Carnivora.
Previously unpublished records which are included here are: Anisakis simplex
from Phocoenoides dalli and Orcinus orca, British Columbia; Cyamus balaenopterae
from Balaenoptera musculus, California; Cyamus erraticus from Balaena glacialis,
Alaska; Cyamus scammoni from Eschrichtius gibbosus, Alaska; Antarctophthirus
trichechi from Odobenus rosmarus, Alaska.
INTRODUCTION
In 1954, Margolis (1954a) published a list
of parasites reported from marine mammals
caught in waters off western North America
(Bering Strait to Mexico). This list was com-
piled from the literature up to July 15, 1953.
During the 17 years since the preparation of
the first list there has been a marked increase
in the interest in marine mammals, both as
objects of research and for display purposes.
The numbers of animals necropsied and par-
asites recovered has grown rapidly. It was
considered worthwhile to bring this list up to
date in order to facilitate future work in this
area as well as furnish a current list of par-
asites to nonparasitologists working with ma-
rine mammals.
The revised list is restricted to organisms
generally considered to be true parasites. Ex-
cluded are the nematode Odontobius ceti
Roussel de Vauzeme, 1834 and the copepod
Balaenophilus unisetus Aurivillius, 1879, which
live on the baleen plates of whales and are best
described as commensals; the barnacles, which
have a phoretic relationship with whales; and
the lamprey, which is often regarded as a pred-
ator rather than a temporary parasite.
As in the original list, we have included par-
asites reported from Steller and California sea
lions which have died in zoological parks or
marine aquaria in New York; Maryland; Wash-
ington, D.C.; Louisiana; California; Switzer-
land; and Germany; as evidence indicates that
in most cases the sea lions were definitely cap-
tured in western North American waters and
were infected prior to capture. Information ob-
tained since publication of the first list has led
us to exclude Anisakis tridentatus Kreis, 1938
from the present list. This species was de-
scribed by Kreis (1938) from material col-
lected from the stomach and lungs of a "Eume-
topias jubata Schreb." that had died in 1935 in
the Zoological Gardens, Basel, Switzerland. Ac-
cording to Dr. Hans A. Kreis (personal comm-
nication to L. Margolis, January 17, 1955), the
host was probably Zalophus calif ornianus rath-
er than E. jubatus and was born in the Basel
Zoological Gardens, living there until its death;
its parents were imported from California.
Clearly, since infection of the definitive host
with anisakid nematodes is via ingestion of in-
termediate hosts, the sea lion must have become
infected in the Basel Zoo through its food,
rather than directly from its parents. There-
fore, A. tridentatus cannot be considered as a
parasite that occurs on the west coast of North
America.
Tadros (1966) reported the nematode Spiro-
cerca lupi (Rudolphi, 1809) from tumours in
the aorta of a Z. calif ornianus which had died
in the Giza Zoo, Cairo, UAR. No information
was provided on the history of this animal
which would allow any speculation regarding
the origin of the infection; consequently this
record is not included in the list.
The present list has been compiled from the
literature up to December 31, 1970. Records of
parasites that have not been identified at least
to the generic level are not included, except
for microfilariae in the blood. Several errors
in the 1954 list are corrected here. A few pre-
viously unpublished records from the files of
the first author are also included.
For nomenclature of hosts we have followed
Rice and Scheffer (1968) . In listing synonyms
of parasites we give only those names used in
the literature dealing with the parasites of ma-
rine mammals from the North American west
coast.
PARASITE-HOST LIST
Trematoda
Braunina cordiformis Wolf, 1903
Host: Tur stops truncatus - bottle-nosed
dolphin.
Locality: California.
Recorded by: Johnston and Ridgway (1969).
Campula oblonga Cobbold, 1858
Host: Phocoena phocoena - harbour porpoise.
Location: Liver.
Locality: Washington.
Recorded by: Ching and Robinson (1959).
Cryptocotyle jejuna (Nicoll, 1907) Ransom,
1920
Host: Callorhinus ursinus - northern fur seal.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Neiland ( 1961 ) ; Keyes ( 1965) .
Hadwenius nipponicus Yamaguti, 1951
Host: Phocoena, phocoena - harbour porpoise.
Location: Stomach (fourth chamber).
Locality: Washington.
Recorded by: Ching and Robinson (1959).
Hadwenius seymouri Price, 1932
Syn.: Odhneriella seymouri (Price, 1932)
Skrjabin and Schulz, 1935.
Host: Delphinapterus leucas - white whale.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Price (1932).
Remarks: Skrjabin (1944) considered Had-
wenius to be a synonym of Odhneriella, but
Yamaguti (1951) retained it as a valid genus
and described a second species.
Lecithodesmus sp.
Hosts: Balaenoptera borealis - sei whale;
Megaptera novaeangliae - humpback whale.
Location: Bile ducts.
Locality: California.
Recorded by: Rice (1963).
Lecithodesmus goliath (van Beneden, 1858)
Odhner, 1905
Host: Balaenoptera physalus - fin whale.
Location: Bile ducts.
Locality: British Columbia.
Recorded by: Margolis and Pike (1955).
Lecithodesmus spinosus Margolis and Pike,
1955
Host: Balaenoptera borealis - sei whale.
Location: Bile ducts.
Locality: British Columbia.
Recorded by: Margolis and Pike (1955).
Microphallus pirum (Afanas'ev, 1941)
Rausch, 1953
Syn.: Microphallus enhydrae Rausch and
Locker, 1951.
Host: Enhydra lutris - sea otter.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Rausch and Locker (1951);
Rausch (1953) ; Schiller (1954,1959); Ken-
yon (1969).
Nasitrema attenuata Neiland, Rice and Holden,
1970
Host: Pseudorca crassidens - false killer
whale.
Location: Air sinuses.
Locality: Mexico.
Recorded by: Neiland et al. (1970).
Nasitrema delphini Neiland, Rice and Holden,
1970
Host: Delphimis delphis - common dolphin.
Location: Air sinuses.
Locality: California.
Recorded by: Neiland et al. (1970).
Nasitrema globicephalae Neiland, Rice and
Holden, 1970
Hosts: Globicephala macrorhyncha - short-
finned pilot whale; Lagenorhynchus obliqui-
dens - Pacific white-sided dolphin; Lissodel-
phis borealis - northern right-whale dolphin;
Pseudorca crassidens - false killer whale.
Location: Air sinuses.
Locality: California.
Recorded by: Neiland et al. (1970).
Nasitrema lanceolata Neiland, Rice and Holden,
1970
Host: Globicephala macrorhyncha - short-
finned pilot whale.
Location: Air sinuses.
Locality: California.
Recorded by: Neiland et al. (1970).
Nasitrema stenosoma Neiland, Rice and Holden,
1970
Host: Stenella dubia - spotted dolphin.
Location: Air sinuses.
Locality: Mexico.
Recorded by: Neiland et al. (1970).
Ogmogaster antarcticus Johnston, 1931
Hosts: Balaenoptera physalus - fin whale;
Eschrichtius gibbosus - gray whale.
Locations: Intestine and rectum.
Localities: British Columbia; California.
Recorded by: Rausch and Fay (1966) ; Rausch
and Rice (1970).
Remarks: Rausch and Fay (1966) separated
Ogmogaster plicatus of Margolis and Pike
(1955), from the fin whale, into O. plicatus
and O. antarcticus.
Ogmogaster pentalineatus Rausch and Fay,
1966
Host: Eschrichtius gibbosus - gray whale.
Locations: Intestine and rectum.
Localities: Alaska; California.
Recorded by: Rausch and Fay (1966) ; Rausch
and Rice (1970).
Ogmogaster plicatus (Creplin, 1829) Jager-
skiold, 1891
Hosts: Balaenoptera borealis - sei whale;
Balaenoptera physalus - fin whale.
Locations: Intestine and rectum.
Localities: British Columbia; California.
Recorded by: Margolis and Pike (1955);
Rausch and Fay (1966); Rausch and Rice
(1970).
Ogmogaster trilineatus Rausch and Rice, 1970
Host: Balaenoptera physalus - fin whale.
Location: Rectum.
Locality: California.
Recorded by: Rausch and Rice (1970).
Orthosplanchnus arcticus Odhner, 1905
Host: Erignathus barbatus - bearded seal.
Locations: Gall bladder, bile ducts, pancre-
atic ducts.
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Johnson et al. (1966).
Orthosplanchnus fraterculus Odhner, 1905
Hosts: Enhydra lutris- sea otter; Erignathus
barbatus - bearded seal.
Locations: Gall bladder, bile ducts, pancre-
atic ducts.
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Rausch and Locker (1951);
Rausch (1953); Kenyon (1969).
Phocitrema fusiforme Goto and Ozaki, 1930
Hosts: Callorhinus ursinus - northern fur
seal; Enhydra lutris - sea otter; Phoca vitu-
lina richardi - harbour seal.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Rausch and Locker (1951);
Rausch (1953); Neiland (1961); Keyes
(1965).
Stictodora ubelakeri Dailey, 1969
Host: Zalophus calif ornianus - California sea
lion.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: California.
Recorded by: Dailey (1969) ; Dailey and Hill
(1970).
Zalophotrema hepaticum Stunkard and Alvey,
1929
Host: Zalophus calif ornianus - California sea
lion.
Location: Liver.
Localities: California and Baja California
(wild and captive animals); New York
Aquarium; Washington, D.C. (zoo); Balti-
more Zoo.
Recorded by: Stunkard and Alvey (1929,
1930); Price (1932); Schroeder and Wege-
forth (1935); Fleischman and Squire
(1970).
Remarks: Of several species of pinnipeds ex-
amined from Baja California and from the
San Diego, Calif., Zoo, Schroeder and Wege-
forth (1935) did not specify in which they
found Zalophotrema hepaticum.
Pricetrema zalophi (Price, 1932) Ciurea, 1933
Syn.: Apophallus zalophi Price, 1932.
Hosts: Callorhinus ursinus - northern fur
seal; Enhydra lutris - sea otter; Eumetopias
jubatus - Steller sea lion; Zalophus calif orni-
anus - California sea lion.
Location: Intestine.
Localities: Alaska; California; Washington,
D.C. (zoo).
Recorded by: Price (1932); Rausch and
Locker (1951); Rausch (1953); Neiland
(1961); Keyes (1965); Dailey and Hill
(1970).
Remarks: Ciurea (1933) created a new genus,
Pricetrema, for Apophallus zalophi Price,
1932, described from the California sea lion.
Stephanoprora denticidata (Rudolphi, 1802)
Odhner, 1910
Host: Zalophus calif ornianus - California sea
lion.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: Washington, D.C. (zoo).
Recorded by: Price (1932).
Cestoda
Abothrium gadi van Beneden, 1871
Host: Eumetopias jubatus - Steller sea lion.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: British Columbia.
Recorded by: Margolis (1956).
Remarks: This is a typical parasite of marine
fishes of the family Gadidae. It must be re-
garded as a pseudoparasite of the sea lion,
its presence in this mammal indicating re-
cent ingestion of a gadid.
Diphyllobothrium spp.
Hosts: Balaenoptera borealis - sei whale;
Erignathus barbatus - bearded seal.
Location: Intestine.
Localities: Alaska; California.
Recorded by: Kenyon (1962); Rice (1963).
Diphyllobothrium alascense Rausch and Wil-
liamson, 1958
Host: Phoca vitulina richardi - harbour seal.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Rausch and Hilliard (1970).
Diphyllobothrium cordatum (Leuckart, 1863)
Gedoelst, 1911
Host: Erignathus barbatus - bearded seal.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Hilliard (1960).
Diphyllobothrium lanceolatum (Krabbe, 1865)
Cooper, 1921
Hosts: Erignathus barbatus - bearded seal;
Phoca vitulina richardi - harbour seal.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Stunkard and Schoenborn
(1936); Stunkard (1948); Hilliard (1960);
Rausch and Hilliard (1970).
Remarks: Wardle, McLeod, and Stewart
(1947) regarded this species as identical
with D. phocarum (Fabricius, 1780) and
placed it in their new genus Cordicephalus.
Stunkard (1948) considered Cordicephalus
to be a direct synonym of Pyramicocephalus.
Markowski (1952) agreed with Stunkard
and Schoenborn (1936) in identifying this
species from the bearded seal as D. lanceo-
latum. He replaced phocarum, a species
quite distinct from lanceolatum, in the genus
Pyramicocephalus.
Diphyllobothrium glaciale (Cholod-
kovsky, 1915) Markowski, 1952.
Diphyllobothrium krotovi Delya-
mure, 1955.
Hosts: Callorhinus ursinus - northern fur
seal; Eumetopias jubatus - Steller sea lion;
Zalophus calif ornianus - California sea lion.
Location: Intestine.
Localities: Alaska; British Columbia; Cali-
fornia.
Recorded by: Stiles and Hassall (1899) ; Ny-
belin (1931) ; Wardle, McLeod, and Stewart
(1947); Stunkard (1948); Markowski
(1952); Margolis (1956); Keyes (1965);
Dailey and Hill (1970).
Remarks: For a review of the history and
synonymy of this species see Margolis
(1954a, 1956) and Baer et al. (1967).
Diphyllobothrium schistochilus (Germanos,
1895) Meggitt, 1924
Host: Erignathus barbatus - bearded seal.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Johnson et al. (1966).
Diplogonoporus sp.
Host: Callorhinus ursinus - northern fur seal.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Keyes (1965).
Diphyllobothrium osmeri (von Linstow, 1878)
Kuhlow, 1953
Host: Phoca vitulina. richardi - harbour seal.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Neiland (1962).
Diphyllobothrium pacificum (Nybelin, 1931)
Margolis, 1956
Syns.: Bothriocephalus sp. Stiles and Has-
sall, 1899.
Adenocephalus septentrionalis Ny-
belin, 1931.
Cordicephalus arctocephalinus
(Johnston, 1937) Wardle, Mc-
Leod, and Stewart, 1947, in part.
"Species No. 2" of Stunkard, 1948.
Diplogonoporus balaenopterae Lonnberg, 1892
Host: Megaptera novaeangliae - humpback
whale; unidentified whale.
Location: Intestine.
Localities: Washington; California.
Recorded by: Rice (1963); Rausch (1964).
Diplogonoporus fasciatus (Krabbe, 1865)
Liihe, 1899
Syn.: Diplogonoporus sp. Stunkard, 1948.
Host: Eumetovias jubatus - Steller sea lion.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Stunkard (1948).
Remarks: Stunkard (1948) believed his Di-
plogonoporus sp. was possibly conspecific
with D. fasciatus (Krabbe, 1865), but dif-
ferent from the Diplogonoporus sp. from the
Diplogonoporus fasciatus — Cont.
northern fur seal. Markowski (1952) con-
sidered Stunkavd's material as D. fasciatus.
Diplogonoporus tetrapterus (von Seibold,
1848) Ariola, 1896
Syn.: Diplogonoporus sp. Stunkard, 1948.
Hosts: Callorhinus ursinus - northern fur
seal; Enhydra lutris - sea otter ; Eumetopias
jubatus - Steller sea lion.
Location: Intestine.
Localities: Alaska; British Columbia.
Recorded by: Stunkard (1948); Margolis
(1956); Rausch (1964); Kenyon (1969).
Remarks: Diplogonoporus sp. of Stunkard
(1948) was considered as D. tetrapterus by
Markowski (1952), with D. variabilis as a
synonym.
Phyllobothrium delphini (Bosc, 1802)
Hosts: Balaenoptera physalus - fin whale;
Berardius bairdi - North Pacific giant bottle-
nose whale; Delphinus delphis - common dol-
phin; Lagenorhynehus obliquidens - Pacific
white-sided dolphin; Physetcr catodon -
sperm whale.
Location: Blubber.
Localities: British Columbia; California.
Recorded by: Margolis and Pike (1955) ; Rice
(1963); Ridgway and Johnston (1965);
Johnston and Ridgway (1969).
Remarks: A review of the literature on this
cestode, which has an involved history, can
be found in Delyamure (1955), Dollfus
(1964), and Williams (1968).
Pyramicocephalus }>hocarum (Fabricius, 1780)
Monticelli, 1890
Hosts: Enhydra lutris - sea otter; Erignathus
barbatus - bearded seal; Phoca sp.; Pho-
coena phocoena - harbour porpoise.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Rausch (1953); Hilliard
(1960); Kenyon (1962); Johnson et al.
(1966); Rausch and Hilliard (1970).
Remarks: Adult worms have been found only
in the intestines of sea otter and the bearded
seal. Plerocercoids have been found free in
the stomach of Phoca sp. and the harbour
porpoise.
Tetrabothrius sp.
Hosts: Balaenoptera borealis - sei whale;
Eschrichtius gibbosus - gray whale.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: California.
Recorded by: Rice (1963).
Nematoda
Anisukis sp.
Hosts: Balaenoptera borealis - sei whale;
Balaenoptera physalus - fin whale; Berardi-
us bairdi - North Pacific giant bottle-nose
whale; Megaptera novaeangliae - humpback
whale; Ore in us orcu - killer whale; Physeter
catodon - sperm whale; Ziphius cavirostris -
goose-beaked whale.
Location: Stomach.
Localities: Alaska; British Columbia; Wash-
ington; California.
Recorded by: Scheffer and Slipp (1948) ; Mar-
golis and Pike (1955); Kenyon (1961);
Rice (1963).
Anisakis physeteris Baylis, 1923
Host: Physeter catodon - sperm whale.
Locations: Stomach and intestine.
Localities: Alaska; British Columbia.
Recorded by: Scheffer (1939); Margolis and
Pike (1955).
Anisakis similis (Baird, 1853) Baylis, 1920
Hosts: Eumetopias jubatus - Steller sea lion;
Mirounga angustirostris - northern elephant
seal; Zalophus calif ornianus - California sea
lion.
Location: Stomach.
Localities: California (San Diego Zoo) ; Baja
California; Switzerland (Basel Zoo).
Recorded by: Schroeder and Wegeforth
(1935); Caballero and Peregrina (1938);
Kreis (1940); Herman (1942).
Remarks: Schroeder and Wegeforth (1935)
reported stomach nematodes from the Cali-
fornia sea lion, northern elephant seal, har-
bour seal, and "Galapagos fur seal" (Arcto-
cephalus australis galapagoensis) from Baja
California and the San Diego Zoo as Anisakis
similis and Contracaecum osculatum, but
with one exception they did not indicate in
which pinniped (s) each of the nematode spe-
cies was found. Their Figure 2 bears the
caption "Ulcer crater, California sea lion,
male, adult, imbedded with Anisikis [sic]
similis ad." Kreis' (1940) specimens of A.
similis from the Basel Zoological Gardens
were obtained from "Otaria jubata Desm."
Although it is not certain, we are considering
this host to be Eumetopias jubatus.
Anisakis simplex (Rudolphi, 1809) Baylis, 1920
Hosts: Balaenoptera borealis - sei whale;
Berardius bairdi - North Pacific giant bottle-
nose whale; Orcinus orca - killer whale;
Phocoenoides dalli - Dall porpoise; Physeter
catodon - sperm whale.
Location: Stomach.
Locality: British Columbia.
Recorded by: Mueller (1927a, b); Cornwall
(1928) ; Margolis and Pike (1955).
Remarks: The records from Phocoenoides dalli
and Orcinus orca are reported here for the
first time.
Anisakis typica (Diesing, 1860) Baylis, 1920
Syns.: Ascaris typica Diesing, 1860.
Ascaris simplex of Leidy, 1886.
Host: Unidentified dolphin (IDelphinus sp.) .
Location: Stomach.
Locality: Unspecified region of the Pacific.
Recorded by: Leidy (1886).
Remarks: This record is included here with
reservations because it is not known if the
host was captured in waters off North Amer-
ica. Stiles and Hassall (1899) re-examined
Leidy's specimens and identified them as
Ascaris typica. Lyster (1940) and Margolis
and Pike (1955) regarded Anisakis typica
(Diesing, 1860) as a synonym of Anisakis
simplex (Rudolphi, 1809), but recent studies
(Kagei, Oshima, and Takemura, 1967; Ka-
gei, 1969) support the view that they are
distinct species.
Contracaecum sp.
Host: Lagenorhynchus obliquidens - Pacific
white-sided dolphin.
Location: Brain.
Locality: California.
Recorded by: Martin et al. (1970).
Contracaecum sp. (larva)
Host: Pusa hispida - ringed seal.
Location: Stomach.
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Johnson et al. (1966).
Contracaecum oscukitum (Rudolphi, 1802)
Baylis, 1920
Syn.: Ascaris osculata Rudolphi, 1802.
Hosts: Callorhinus ursinus - northern fur
seal; Eumetopias jubatus - Steller sea lion;
Mirounga angustirostris - northern elephant
seal; Phoca vitulina richardi - harbour seal;
Zalophus californianus - California sea lion.
Location: Stomach and intestine, abnormally
in brain.
Localities: Alaska; British Columbia; Cali-
fornia; Baja California; Baltimore Zoo.
Recorded by: Stiles and Hassall (1899);
Schroeder and Wegeforth (1935) ; Caballero
and Peregrina (1938); Herman (1942);
Fisher (1952); Margolis (1956); Flores-
Barroeta et al. (1961); Keyes (1965); John-
son et al. (1966); Johnston and Ridgway
(1969); Dailey and Hill (1970) ; Fleischman
and Squire (1970).
Remarks: See Anisakis similis for comments
on Schroeder and Wegeforth's (1935) rec-
ords.
Crassicauda sp.
Hosts: Balaenoptera borealis - sei whale;
Balaenoptera physalus - fin whale; Megap-
tera novaeangliae - humpback whale.
Location: Kidneys.
Locality: California.
Recorded by: Rice (1963).
Crassicauda pacifica Margolis and Pike, 1955
Host: Balaenoptera physalus - fin whale.
Location: Kidneys.
Locality: British Columbia.
Recorded by: Margolis and Pike (1955).
Dipetalonema odendhali Perry, 1967
Host: Zalophus californianus - California sea
lion.
Locations: Muscle fascia, thoracic and ab-
dominal cavities.
Locality: California (wild and captive sea
lions).
Recorded by: Perry (1967); Dailey and Hill
(1970).
Dipetalonema odendhali — Cont.
Remarks: Perry (1967) noted that Ander-
son's (1959) specimens from the testicular
sheath, subcutaneous tissue, and upper colon
of northern fur seals from Alaska, which the
latter author doubtfully referred to Dipetalo-
nema spirocauda, may belong- to D. odendhali.
Dipetalonema spirocauda (Leidy, 1858) Ander-
son, 1959
Hosts: ( ?) Callorhinus ursinus - northern fur
seal; Phoca vitulina richardi - harbour seal.
Location: Heart.
Localities: (?) Alaska; California (captive
harbour seals).
Recorded by: Anderson (1959); Taylor et al.
(1961); Keyes (1965).
Remarks: Like Anderson's (1959) specimens
from the northern fur seal from Alaska (see
Dipetalonema odendhali) , the specimens re-
ported by Keyes (1965) from subcutaneous
tissues of the same host species from the
same locality may be D. odendhali. D. spi-
rocauda and D. odendhali apparently differ
in their sites of infection, the former being
found in the heart and main arteries and
the latter mainly in connective tissues (see
Perry, 1967). For synonymy and a review
of the taxonomy of D. spirocauda, see An-
derson (1959).
Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856) Ralliet and
Henry, 1911
Syns.: Dirofilaria spirocauda (Leidy, 1858)
sub judice Faust, 1937.
Dirofilaria fausti Skrjabin and Shi-
khobalova, 1948.
Host: Zalophus calif ornianus - California sea
lion.
Location: Heart.
Locality: Zoological Garden, New Orleans,
La. (animal captured at Sea Cliffs, Calif.).
Recorded by: Faust (1937).
Remarks: Faust (1937) did not definitely de-
cide on the specific identity of his specimens.
He recognized that they were morphologi-
cally indistinguishable from the type material
of Dirofilaria immitis; however, he associ-
ated them provisionally with Filaria spiro-
cauda Leidy, 1958 (the types of which were
not available for restudy) under the name
Dirofilaria spirocauda (sub judice) . Skrja-
bin and Shikhobalova (1948) named a new
species, D. fausti, for Faust's material.
Faust's specimens are now accepted as D.
immitis, and Filaria spirocauda is regarded
as a distinct species, Dipetalonema spiro-
cauda (see Anderson, 1959). Perry (1967)
expressed doubt that D. immitis occurs en-
zootically in California sea lions and implied
that the sea lion examined by Faust could
have acquired its infection in New Orleans,
where D. immitis is enzootic.
Dujardinia sp.
Host: Zalophus calif ornianus - California sea
lion.
Location: Stomach.
Locality: California (San Diego Zoo).
Recorded by: Herman (1942).
Halocercus invaginatus (Queckitt, 1841)
Dougherty, 1943
Host: Phocoena phocoena - harbour porpoise.
Location: Lungs.
Localities: Washington; California.
Recorded by: Dougherty (1943a, 1944);
Scheffer and Slipp (1948).
Halocercus kirbyi Dougherty, 1944
Syn.: Halocercus sp. of Benson and Groody,
1942 and of Dougherty, 1943.
Host: Phocoenoides dalli - Dall porpoise.
Location: Lungs.
Locality: California.
Recorded by: Benson and Groody (1942);
Dougherty (1943a, 1944).
Parafilaroides sp. Dougherty and Herman, 1947
Host: Eumetopias jubatus - Steller sea lion.
Location: Lungs.
Localities: British Columbia; California (wild
and captive animals).
Recorded by: Dougherty and Herman (1947);
Margolis (1956); Dailey and Hill (1970).
Parafilaroides decorus Dougherty and Herman,
1947
Syns.: Filaroides sp. of Dougherty, 1943.
Parafilaroides sp. of Dougherty,
1946.
Host: Zalophus californianus - California sea
lion.
Location: Lungs.
Locality: California (wild and captive ani-
mals); Baltimore Zoo.
Recorded by: Dougherty (1943b, 1946) ;
Dougherty and Herman (1947); Johnston
and Ridgway (1969); Dailey (1970) ; Dailey
and Hill (1970) ; Fleischman and Squire
(1970).
Parafilaroides nanus Dougherty and Herman,
1947
Syns.: Filaroides sp. of Dougherty, 1943.
Parafilaroides sp. of Dougherty,
1946.
Host: Eumetopias jubatus - Steller sea lion.
Location: Lungs.
Locality: California (San Diego Zoo).
Recorded by: Dougherty (1943b, 1946);
Dougherty and Herman (1947).
Parafilaroides prolificus Dougherty and Her-
man, 1947
Syns.: Filaroides sp. of Dougherty, 1943.
Parafilaroides sp. of Dougherty,
1946.
Host: Eumetopias jubatus - Steller sea lion.
Location: Lungs.
Locality: California (San Diego Zoo).
Recorded by: Dougherty (1943b, 1946);
Dougherty and Herman (1947).
Pharurus convolutus (Kiihn, 1829) Dougherty,
1943
Host: Phocoena phocoena - harbour porpoise.
Location: Lungs.
Localities: Washington; California.
Recorded by: Dougherty (1943a); Scheffer
and Slipp (1948).
Remarks: Soviet authors (see Skrjabin et al.,
1952; Delyamure, 1955) do not recognize
Pharurus Leuckart, 1848 as a valid genus.
They use the designation Torynurus convo-
lutus (Kiihn, 1829) Baylis and Daubney,
1925 for this species. Dougherty (1943a)
considered Torynurus Baylis and Daubney,
1925 as a synonym of Pharurus.
Pharurus oserkaiae (Skrjabin, 1942) Dough-
erty, 1949
Host: Delphinapterus leucas - white whale.
Location: Head sinuses.
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Babero and Thomas (1960).
Remarks: Dougherty (1949) considered Oto-
phocaenurus Skrjabin, 1942 to be a synonym
of Pharurus Leukart, 1848, and transferred
0. oserskoi Skrjabin, 1942 to the latter genus.
This view was upheld by Babero and Thomas
(1960) but not by Soviet authors (see Skr-
jabin et al., 1952; Delyamure, 1955). The
specific name was modified by Dougherty
( 1949) from oserskoi to oserskaiaae and sub-
sequently emended (Dougherty, 1951) to
oserskaiae. Babero and Thomas (1960)
spelled the specific name oserkaiae.
Placentonema sp.
Host: Phocoenoides dalli - Dall porpoise.
Location: Mammary glands.
Locality: California.
Recorded by: Ridgway (1966) ; Johnston and
Ridgway (1969).
Placentonema gigantissima Gubanov, 1951
Host: Physeter catodon - sperm whale.
Location: Placenta.
Locality: California.
Recorded by: Rice (1963).
Porrocaecum sp.
Host: Zalophus calif ornianus - California sea
lion.
Location: Stomach.
Locality: California (San Diego Zoo).
Recorded by: Herman (1942).
Remarks: This species is undoubtedly a
Terranova, likely T. decipiens.
Stenurus minor (Kiihn, 1829) Baylis and
Daubney, 1925
Syns.: Stenurus phocoenae Dougherty, 1943.
Stenurus vagans (Eschricht, 1841)
Dougherty, 1943.
Hosts: Phocoena phocoena - harbour porpoise;
Phocoenoides dalli - Dall porpoise.
Locations: Lungs and head sinuses.
Locality: California.
Recorded by: Dougherty (1943a, c); John-
ston and Ridgway (1969).
Remarks: Dougherty (1943a, c) argued that
the name minor was not available for this
nematode and proposed for it first the new
name phocoenae and later vagans. His views
seem not to have been generally accepted.
Terranovadecipiens (Krabbe, 1878) Mozgovoy,
1951
Syns.: Ascaris decipiens Krabbe, 1878.
Porrocaecum decipiens (Krabbe,
1878) Baylis, 1920.
Phocanema decipiens (Krabbe,
1878) Myers, 1959.
Hosts: Callorhinus ursinus - northern fur
seal; Enhydra lutris - sea otter; Erignathus
barbatus - bearded seal; Eumetopias jubatus
- Steller sea lion; Phoca vitidina richardi -
harbour seal; Pusa hispida - ringed seal.
Location: Stomach.
Localities: Alaska; British Columbia; Wash-
ington.
Recorded by: Stiles and Hassall (1899);
Scheffer and Slipp (1944) ; Scheffer (1945);
Fisher (1952); Rausch (1953); Schiller
(1954); Margolis (1956); Neiland (1961);
Kenyon (1962,1969); Keyes (1965); John-
son et al. (1966).
Remarks: The nomenclatural combination
Terranova decipiens apparently was first
published by either Mozgovoy (1951) or
Skrjabin et al. (1951). According to in-
formation received from colleagues in the
USSR it is not known which of these two
publications was issued first. The cor-
rected proofs of Mozgovoy (1951) and
Skrjabin et al. (1951) were returned to
the publisher on July 20, 1951, and June
4, 1951 (the "podpisano k pechati" dates
shown on these publications), respectively,
but it does not follow that the first to be
returned was necessarily the first to be
published. In view of this uncertainty it
would seem just to consider Mozgovoy as the
author of the combination T. decipiens be-
cause apparently he used this name in a
thesis written in 1949 and, as a co-author of
Skrjabin et al. (1951), he was responsible
for the section on Ascaridata in that book.
Authors who have been erroneously re-
garded as the originators of the combina-
tion T. decipiens are Baylis (1916), Johns-
ton and Mawson (1945), and Mozgovoy
(1953) (see Mozgovoy, 1951, 1953; Skrjabin
et al., 1951; Margolis, 1956; Myers, 1959).
Trichinella spiralis (Owen, 1835) Railliet, 1895
(larva)
Host: Odobenus rosmarus - walrus; Phoca
sp.
Location: Muscle.
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Rausch et al. (1956); Fay
(1960).
Remarks: Rausch et al. (1956) also reported
Trichinella spiralis larvae from Erignathus
barbatus and Delphinapterus leucas in Arctic
Alaska.
Uncinaria sp.
Host: Zalophus calif ornianus - California sea
lion.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: California.
Recorded by: Dailey and Hill (1970).
Remarks: Dailey and Hill (1970) considered
their specimens to be identical with those
tentatively identified by Baylis (1933) from
a sea lion from the San Francisco Bay area
as Uncinaria hamiltoni (see below).
Uncinaria hamiltoni Baylis, 1933
Host: (?) Eumetopias jubatus - Steller sea
lion.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: California.
Recorded by: Baylis (1933, 1947).
Remarks: Baylis doubtfully assigned materi-
al obtained "from a sea lion at Palo Alto, San
Francisco Bay, California" to Uncinaria
hamiltoni although the measurements did not
agree with the material collected from Otaria
byronia. Baylis assumed the sea lion was
Eumetopias jubatus inasmuch as it is the
"commoner of the two species of sea lions
occurring in the region of San Francisco
Bay." Accepting the validity of Dochmoides
Cameron, 1924 as a replacement for Unci-
naria Frolich, 1789, Wolfgang (1956) trans-
ferred U. hamiltoni to Dochmoides.
Uncinaria lucasi Stiles, 1901
Syn.: Uncinaria sp. of Stiles and Hassall,
1899.
Hosts: Callorhinus ursinus - northern fur
seal; Eumetopias jubatus - Steller sea lion.
Location: Intestine.
10
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Stiles and Hassall (1899);
Stiles (1901); Baylis (1947); Olsen (1958);
Olsen and Lyons (1962, 1965); Keyes
(1965).
Unidentified microfilariae
Hosts : Zalophus calif ornianus - California sea
lion; Eumetopias jubatus - Steller sea
lion.
Location: Blood.
Locality: California (animals in captivity,
originally caught off California coast) .
Recorded by: Taylor et al. (1961); Perry
(1967).
Acanthocephala
Bolbosoma sp.
Hosts: Balaenoptera borealis - sei whale;
Balaenoptera musculus - blue whale ; Megap-
tera novaeangliae - humpback whale.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: California.
Recorded by: Rice (1963).
Bolbosoma balaenae (Gmelin, 1790) Meyer,
1932
Host: Unidentified whale.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: Washington.
Recorded by: Van Cleave (1953b).
Bolbosoma turbineUa (Diesing, 1851) Porta,
1908
Host: Balaenoptera borealis - sei whale.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: British Columbia.
Recorded by: Margolis and Pike (1955).
Corynosoma sp.
Host: Pusa hispida - ringed seal.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Johnson et al. (1966).
Corynosoma alaskensis Golvan, 1959
Host: Phocoena phocoena - harbour porpoise.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Golvan (1959).
Corynosoma enhydri Morosov, 1940
Syns.: Corynosoma macrosomum Neiland,
1962.
Corynosoma sp. of Van Cleave,
1953.
Host: Erihydra lutris - sea otter.
Location : Intestine.
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Van Cleave (1953b); Neiland
(1962); Kenyon (1969).
Remarks: In a mimeographed report by Jel-
lison and Neiland (1965), Corynosoma mac-
rosomum is recognized as a synonym of C.
enhydri.
Corynosoma falcatum Van Cleave, 1953
Host: Phoca vitulina richardi - harbour
seal.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Van Cleave (1953a, b).
Remarks: Van Cleave gave the host as Hal-
ichoerus grypus, the gray seal. Kruidenier
(1954) pointed out that this species of seal
does not occur in the Pacific and that the
host was almost certainly Phoca vitulina
richardi.
Corynosoma obtuscens Lincicome, 1943
Host: Zalophus calif ornianus - California sea
lion.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: California (wild and captive ani-
mals).
Recorded by: Lincicome (1943); Van Cleave
(1953a, b); Dailey and Hill (1970).
Corynosoma semerme (Forssell, 1904) Liihe,
1911
Hosts: Callorhinus ursinus - northern fur
seal; Delphinapterus leucas - white whale;
Phoca vitulina richardi - harbour seal; un-
identified seals.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Van Cleave (1953b) ; Neiland
(1962).
Remarks: Fisher's (1952) report of this spe-
cies from the harbour seal in British Colum-
bia proved to be erroneous; his specimens
were redetermined as Corynosoma strumo-
sum (see Margolis, 1956).
11
Corynosoma similis Neiland, 1962
Hosts: CaUorhirms ursinus - northern fur
seal; Delphinapterus leucas - white whale.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Neiland (1962).
Corynosoma strumosum (Rudolphi, 1802)
Liihe, 1904
Syn.: Corynosoma osmeri Fujita, 1921.
Hosts: Callorhinus ursinus - northern fur
seal; Delphinapterus leucas - white whale;
Enhydra lutris - sea otter; Eumetopias ju-
batus - Steller sea lion; Phoca vitulina
richardi - harbour seal; Phoca sp.; Zalophus
californiamis - California sea lion; unidenti-
fied seals.
Location: Intestine.
Localities: Alaska; British Columbia ; Wash-
ington; California.
Recorded by: Ball (1930); Lincicome (1943);
Scheffer and Slipp (1944); Van Cleave
(1953a, b); Rausch (1953); Margolis
(1956); Neiland (1961, 1962); Keyes
(1965); Kenyon (1969); Dailey and Hill
(1970).
Remarks: Van Cleave (1953a, b) considered
Corynosoma osmeri Fujita, 1921, recorded
by Lincicome (1943) from the California sea
lion, as a synonym of C. strumosum. Hal-
ichoerus grypus was erroneously included by
Van Cleave (1953b) as a host of C. strtimo-
sum in Alaska; according to Kruidenier
(1954) this host was almost certainly Phoca
vitulina richardi.
Corynosoma validum Van Cleave, 1953
Hosts: Erignathus barbatus - bearded seal;
Odobenus rosmarus - walrus; Phoca sp.; un-
identified seal.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Van Cleave (1953a, b); Ken-
yon (1962).
Corynosoma villosum Van Cleave, 1953
Syn.: Corynosoma sp. of Rausch and Lock-
er, 1951 and Rausch, 1953.
Hosts: Callorhinus ursinus - northern fur
seal ; Enhydra lutris - sea otter; Eumetopias
jubatus - Steller sea lion; unidentified seal.
Location: Intestine.
Localities: Alaska; British Columbia.
Recorded by: Rausch and Locker (1951);
Rausch (1953); Van Cleave (1953a, b) ;
Schiller (1954); Margolis (1956); Golvan
(1959).
Corynosoma wegeneri Heinze, 1934
Syn.: Corynosoma hadweni Van Cleave,
1953.
Hosts: Delphinapterus leucas - white whale;
Phoca vitulina richardi - harbour seal; Phoca
sp.; Pusa hispida - ringed seal; unidentified
seals.
Location: Intestine.
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Van Cleave (1953a, b); Neil-
and (1962).
Remarks: Margolis (1955b) considered Cor-
ynosoma hadweni to be a synonym of C. weg-
eneri. Halichoerus grypus was erroneously
included by Van Cleave (1953a, b) as a host
of C. hadweni in Alaska; according to Krui-
denier (1954) this host was almost certainly
Phoca vitulina richardi.
Copepoda
Pennella balaenopterae Koren and Danielssen,
1877
Hosts: Balaenoptera borealis - sei whale;
Balaenoptera physalus - fin whale.
Location: Head embedded in blubber, trunk
external.
Localities: British Columbia; California.
Recorded by: Cornwall (1927, 1928, 1955);
Rice (1963).
Amphipoda
Cyamus sp.
Host: Berardius bairdi - North Pacific giant
bottle-nose whale.
Location: Skin.
Localities: British Columbia; California.
Recorded by: Rice (1963) ; Leung (1965).
Cyamus balaenopterae Barnard, 1932
Hosts: Balaenoptera acutorostrata - minke
whale; Balaenoptera musculus - blue whale;
Balaenoptera physalus - fin whale.
12
Location: Skin.
Localities: Alaska; British Columbia; Cali-
fornia.
Recorded by: Margolis (1959); Leung
(1965).
Remarks: The record from the blue whale
(California) was previously unpublished and
is based on a collection obtained for identi-
fication from D. W. Rice, National Marine
Fisheries Service, Seattle.
Cyamus boopis Liitken, 1870
Syns.: Cyamus stiff usus Dall, 1872.
Paracyamus boopis (Liitken, 1870)
Sars, 1895.
Host: Megaptera novaeangliae - humpback
whale.
Location: Skin.
Localities: Alaska; British Columbia; Cali-
fornia.
Recorded by: Dall (1872a, b); Scammon
(1874); Cornwall (1928) ; Scheffer (1939);
Margolis (1954b, 1955a); Rice (1963);
Leung (1965).
Remarks: For review of synonymy and tax-
onomy see Margolis (1954a, b; 1955a).
Cyamus catodontis Margolis, 1954
Host: Physeter catodon - sperm whale.
Location: Skin.
Locality: British Columbia.
Recorded by: Margolis (1954b, 1955a);
Leung (1965).
Cyamus ceti (Linnaeus, 1758) Lamarck, 1801
Syn.: Cyamus mysticeti Liitken, 1870;
Dall, 1872.
Hosts: Balaena mysticetus - bowhead whale;
Eschrichtius gibbosus - gray whale.
Location: Skin.
Localities: Alaska; California.
Recorded by: Dall (1872b); Scammon
(1874); Rice (1963); Leung (1965).
Cyamus erraticus R. de Vauzeme, 1834
Host: Balaena glacialis - black right whale.
Location: Skin.
Localities: Alaska; British Columbia.
Recorded by: Margolis (1955a).
Remarks: The Alaskan record is based on
specimens received for identification from D.
W. Rice, National Marine Fisheries Service,
Seattle, and has not been published previ-
ously.
Cyamus gracilis R. de Vauzeme, 1834
Syn.: Cyamus gracilis Dall, 1874.
Host: Balaena glacialis - black right whale.
Location: Skin.
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Dall (1874); Leung (1965).
Remarks: Liitken (1887) re-examined Dall's
specimens and found them to be identical
with Cyamus gracilis R. de Vauzeme, 1834.
Cyamus kessleri Brandt, 1872
Host: Eschrichtius gibbosus - gray whale.
Location: Skin.
Locality: California.
Recorded by: Leung (1965).
Remarks: This whale-louse has been reported
from Arctic Alaska (Hurley and Mohr, 1957;
Leung, 1965).
Cyamus ovalis R. de Vauzeme, 1834
Syn.: Cyamus tentator Dall, 1874.
Host: Balaena glacialis - black right whale.
Location: Skin.
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Dall (1874).
Remarks: Liitken (1887) re-examined some
of Dall's specimens of C. tentator and found
them to be identical with C. ovalis.
Cyamus scammoni Dall, 1872
Host: Eschrichtius gibbosus - gray whale.
Location: Skin.
Localities: Alaska; British Columbia; Cali-
fornia.
Recorded by: Dall (1872a); Scammon
(1874); Liitken (1887); Margolis (1954b,
1955a); Rice (1963); Leung (1965).
Remarks: The Alaskan record was previously
unpublished and is based on material col-
lected at St. Lawrence Island in the Bering
Sea by Dr. F. H. Fay, Arctic Health Research
Laboratory, College, Alaska. Hurley and
Mohr (1957) and Leung (1965) reported
this species from the Arctic coast of Alaska.
Neocyamus physeteris (Pouchet, 1888) Mar-
golis, 1955
Host: Physeter catodon - sperm whale.
Location : Skin.
13
Neocyamus physeteris — Cont.
Locality: British Columbia.
Recorded by: Margolis (1959); Leung
(1965).
Platycyamus sp.
Host: Berardius bairdi - North Pacific giant
bottle-nose whale.
Location: Skin.
Locality: British Columbia.
Recorded by: Leung (1965).
Syncyamus sp.
Host: Tursiops truncatus - bottle-nosed dol-
phin.
Location: Skin.
Locality: Mexico.
Recorded by: Leung (1967).
Syncyamus sp.
Host: Stenella longirostris - long-beaked dol-
phin.
Location: Skin.
Locality: Mexico.
Recorded by: Leung (1970).
Anoplura
Antarctophthirus callorhini (Osborn, 1899)
McAtee, 1923
Syns.: Haematopinus callorhini Osborn,
1899.
Antarctophthirus monachus Kellogg
and Ferris, 1915.
Host: Callorhinus ursinus - northern fur seal.
Location: Skin.
Locality: Alaska.
Recorded by: Osborn (1899) ; Kellogg and
Ferris (1915); McAtee (1923); Ferris
(1934, 1951); Jellison (1952); Keyes
(1965).
Antarctophthirus microchir (Trouessart and
Neumann, 1888) Enderlein, 1906
Hosts: Eumetopias jubatus - Steller sea lion;
Phoca vitulina richardi - harbour seal; Za-
lophus californianus - California sea lion.
Location: Skin.
Localities: Alaska; British Columbia; Cali-
fornia (wild and captive animals).
Recorded by: Ferris (1916, 1934, 1951) ;
Doetschman (1944b); Jellison (1952);
Margolis (1956); Thorsteinson and Lensink
(1962); Dailey and Hill (1970).
Remarks: The only report of this louse from
the harbour seal was from captive animals
in the San Diego Zoo where Doetschman
(1944b) found it on all three hosts listed
above.
Antarctophthirus trichechi (Bohemann, 1865)
Enderlein, 1909
Host: Odobenus rosmarus - walrus.
Location: Skin.
Locality: Alaska.
Remarks: This record is based on informa-
tion received from the late Prof. G. J. Spen-
cer, University of British Columbia, who
identified a collection of lice from walrus
taken at St. Lawrence Island in the Bering
Sea (personal communication to L. Margolis,
February 25, 1955). Weber (1950) previ-
ously reported this species from the walrus
in Arctic Alaska (Point Barrow).
Echinophthirius horridus (Olfers, 1816) Fahr-
enholz, 1919
Hosts: Phoca vitulina richardi - harbour seal;
Pusa hispida - ringed seal.
Location: Skin.
Localities: Alaska; British Columbia; Cali-
fornia (wild and captive animals).
Recorded by: Ferris (1934, 1951); Margolis
(1956); Brown et al. (1960); Taylor et al.
(1961).
Proechinophthirus fluctus (Ferris, 1916)
Ewing, 1923
Syn.: Echinophthirius fluctus Ferris, 1916.
Hosts: Callorhinus ursinus - northern fur
seal ; Eumetopias jubatus - Steller sea lion.
Location: Skin.
Localities: Alaska; California (Stanford Mu-
seum specimen).
Recorded by: Ferris (1916, 1934, 1951);
Ewing (1923); McAtee (1923); Keyes
(1965).
Acarina
Halarachne sp.
Hosts: Eumetopias jubatus - Steller sea lion;
Phoca vitulina richardi - harbour seal.
14
Location: Naso-pharynx.
Localities: British Columbia; California.
Recorded by: Ferris (1942); Fisher (1952);
Margolis (1956).
Halarachne halichoeri Allman, 1847
Syn.: Halarachne otariae of Ferris, 1925,
in part.
Host: Phoca vitulina richardi - harbour seal.
Location: Naso-pharynx.
Localities: Washington; California.
Recorded by: Ferris (1925, 1942); Scheffer
and Slipp (1944).
Remarks: Ferris (1925) identified specimens
from Pacific Grove, Calif., as Halarachne
otariae Steding, 1923. In 1942 he redeter-
mined these specimens as H. halichoeri.
Newell (1947) doubted the existence of this
species on the Pacific coast of North Amer-
ica and referred the above records of it to
H. miroungae.
Halarachne miroungae Ferris, 1925
Hosts: Enhydra lutris - sea otter; Mirounga
angustirostris - northern elephant seal;
Phoca vitulina richardi - harbour seal.
Location: Naso-pharynx.
Localities: Alaska; California (San Diego
Zoo) ; Baja California.
Recorded by: Ferris (1925, 1942); Doetsch-
man (1941); Newell (1947); Kenyon et al.
(1965); Kenyon (1969).
Orthohalarachne attenuata (Banks, 1910)
Newell, 1947
Syn.: Halarachne attenuata Banks, 1910.
Hosts: Callorhinus ursinus - northern fur
seal; Eumetopias jubatus - Steller sea lion;
Zalophus calif ornianus - California sea lion.
Location: Naso-pharynx.
Localities: Alaska; Oregon; California.
Recorded by: Banks (1910); Oudemans
(1926); Newell (1947); Keyes (1965);
Dailey and Hill (1970).
Orthohalarachne diminuata (Doetschman,
1944) Newell, 1947
Syn.: Halarachne diminuata Doetschman,
1944.
Hosts: Callorhinus ursinus - northern fur
seal; Eumetopias jubatus - Steller sea lion;
Zalophus californianus - California sea lion.
Location: Bronchioles and trachea.
Localities: Alaska; British Columbia; Cali-
fornia.
Recorded by: Doetschman (1944a); Newell
(1947) ; Margolis (1956); Thorsteinson and
Lensink (1962); Keyes (1965); Dailey
(1970); Dailey and Hill (1970).
Remarks: Thorsteinson and Lensink (1962)
referred to their specimens from Eumetopias
jubatus as "nose mites." It seems likely,
therefore, that they had either Orthohalar-
achne attenuata or O. zalophi, which occur in
the nasal passages, rather than O. diminuata,
which occurs deeper in the respiratory sys-
tem.
Orthohalarachne zalophi (Oudemans, 1916)
Newell, 1947
Syns.: Halarachne zalophi Oudemans,
1916.
Halarachne otariae Steding, 1923.
Hosts: Eumetopias jubatus - Steller sea lion;
Zalophus calif oi-nianus - California sea lion.
Location: Naso-pharynx.
Localities: California (wild and captive ani-
mals); Germany (Gottingen Zoo).
Recorded by: Oudemans (1916, 1926); Ste-
ding (1923); Doetschman (1941); Ferris
(1942); Newell (1947).
Remarks: Oudemans (1916) and Steding
(1923) described Halarachne zalophi and H.
otariae, respectively, from the same Cali-
fornia sea lion in Gottingen. Ferris (1942)
and Newell (1947) considered H. otariae
identical with H. zalophi, the latter author
transferring the species to Orthohalarachne.
HOST-PARASITE LIST
Cetacea
Balaena glacialis - black right whale.
Amphipoda: Cyamus erraticus, C. gracilis, C.
ovalis.
Balaena mysticetus - northern bowhead whale.
Amphipoda: Cyamus ceti.
Balaenoptera acutorostrata - minke whale.
Amphipoda: Cyamus balaenopterae.
15
Balaenoptera borealis - sei whale.
Trematoda: Lecithodesmus sp., L. spinosus,
Ogmogaster plicatus.
Cestoda: Diphyllobothrium spp., Tetraboth-
rius sp.
Nematoda: Anisakis sp., A. simplex, Crassi-
cauda sp.
Acanthocephala: Bolbosoma sp., B. turbinella.
Copepoda: Pennella balaenopterae.
Balaenoptera musculus - blue whale.
Acanthocephala: Bolbosoma, sp.
Amphipoda: Cyamus balaenopterae.
Balaenoptera physalus - fin whale.
Trematoda: Lecithodesmus goliath, Ogmo-
gaster antarcticus, 0. plicatus, 0. trilinea-
tus.
Cestoda: PhyUobothrium delphini.
Nematoda: Anisakis sp., Crassicauda sp., C.
pacifica.
Copepoda: Pennella balaenopterae.
Amphipoda: Cyamus balaenopterae.
Berardius bairdi - North Pacific giant bottle-
nose whale.
Cestoda: PhyUobothrium delphini.
Nematoda: Anisakis sp., A. simplex.
Amphipoda: Cyamus sp., Platycyamus sp.
Lagenorhynchus obliquidens - Pacific white-
sided dolphin.
Trematoda: Nasitrema globicephalae.
Cestoda: PhyUobothrium delphini.
Nematoda: Contracaecum sp.
Lissodelphis borealis - northern right-whale
dolphin.
Trematoda: Nasitrema globicephalae.
Megaptera novaeangliae - humpback whale.
Trematoda: Lecithodesmus sp.
Cestoda: Diplogonoporus balaenopterae.
Nematoda: Anisakis sp., Crassicauda sp.
Acanthocephala: Bolbosoma sp.
Amphipoda: Cyamus boopis.
Orcinus orca - killer whale.
Nematoda: Anisakis sp., A. simplex.
Phocoena phocoena - harbour porpoise.
Trematoda: Campula oblonga, Hadivenius
nipponicus.
Cestoda: Pyramicocephahis phocarum plero-
cercoids.
Nematoda: Halocercus invaginatus, Pharur-
us convolutus, Stenurus minor.
Acanthocephala: Corynosoma alaskensis.
Delphinapterus leucas - white whale.
Trematoda: Hadivenius seymouri.
Nematoda: Pharurus oserskaiae.
Acanthocephala: Corynosoma semerme, C.
similis, C. strumosum, C. wegeneri.
Delphinus delphis - common dolphin.
Trematoda: Nasitrema delphini.
Cestoda: PhyUobothrium delphini.
Eschrichtius gibbosus - gray whale.
Trematoda: Ogmogaster antarcticus, 0. pen-
talineatus.
Cestoda: Tetrabothrius sp.
Amphipoda: Cyamus ceti, C. kessleri, C.
scammoni.
Globicephala macrorhyncha - short-finned pilot
whale.
Trematoda: Nasitrema globicephalae, N. lan-
ceolata.
Phocoenoides dalli - Dall porpoise.
Nematoda: Anisakis simplex, Halocercus kir-
byi, Placentonema sp., Stenurus minor.
Physeter catodon - sperm whale.
Cestoda: PhyUobothrium delphini.
Nematoda: Anisakis sp., A. physeteris, A.
simplex, Placentonema gigantissima.
Amphipoda: Cyamus catodontis, Neocyamus
physeteris.
Pseudorca crassidens - false killer whale.
Trematoda: Nasitrema attenuata, N. globi-
cephalae.
Stenella dubia - spotted dolphin.
Trematoda: Nasitrema stenosoma.
Stenella longirostris - long-beaked dolphin.
Amphipoda: Syncyamus sp.
16
Tursiops truncatus - bottle-nose dolphin.
Trematoda: Braunina cordiformis.
Amphipoda: Syncyamus sp.
Ziphius cavirostris - goose-beaked whale.
Nematoda: Anisakis sp.
Unidentified dolphin.
Nematoda: Anisakis typica.
Unidentified whales.
Cestoda: Diplogonoporus balaenopterae.
Acanthocephala: Bolbosoma balanae.
Pinnipedia
Callorhinus ursinus - northern fur seal.
Trematoda: Cryptocotyle jejuna, Phocitrema
fusiforme, Pricetrema zalophi.
Cestoda: Diphyllobothrium pacificum, Diplo-
gonoporus sp., D. tetrapterus.
Nematoda: Contracaecum osculatum, Dipeta-
lonema (?) spirocauda, Terranova decipiens,
Uncinaria lucasi.
Acanthocephala: Corynosoma semerme, C. si-
milis, C. strumosum, C. villosum.
Anoplura: Antarctophthirus callorhini, Proe-
chinophthirus fluctus.
Acarina: Orthohalarachne attenuata, 0. di-
minuata.
Erignathiis barbatus - bearded seal.
Trematoda: Orthosplanchnus arcticus, 0. fra-
terculus.
Cestoda: Diphyllobothrium cordatum, D. lan-
ceolatum, D. schistochilus , Pyramicocepha-
lus phocarum.
Nematoda: Terranova decipiens.
Acanthocephala: Corynosoma validum.
Eiimetopias jubatus - Steller sea lion.
Trematoda: Pricetrema zalophi.
Cestoda: Abothrium gadi, Diphyllobothrium
pacificum, Diplogonoporus fasciatus, D. te-
trapterus.
Nematoda: Anisakis similis, Contracaectim
osculatum, Parafilaroides sp., P. nanus, P.
prolifictis, Terranova decipiens, Uncinaria
hamiltoni, U. lucasi, microfilariae.
Acanthocephala: Corynosoma strumosum, C.
villosum.
Anoplura: Antarctophthirus microchir, Pro-
echinophthirus fluctus.
Acarina: Hakirachne sp., Orthohalarachne
attenuata, 0. diminuata, 0. zalophi.
Mirounga angustirostris - northern elephant
seal.
Nematoda: Anisakis similis, Contracaecum
osculatum.
Acarina: Halarachne miroungae.
Odobenus rosmarus - walrus.
Nematoda: Trichinella spiralis (larva).
Acanthocephala: Corynosoma validum.
Anoplura: Antarctophthirus trichechi.
Phoca vitulina richardi - harbour seal.
Trematoda: Phocitrema fusiforme.
Cestoda: Diphyllobothrium alascense, D. lan-
ceolatum, D. osmeri.
Nematoda: Contracaecum osculatum, Dipet-
alonema spirocauda, Terranova decipi-
ens.
Acanthocephala: Corynosoma falcatum, C.
semerme, C. strumosum, C. wegeneri.
Anoplura: Antarctophthirus microchir, Echi-
nophthirius horridus.
Acarina: Halarachne sp., H. halichoeriC.) ,
H. miroungae.
Pusa hispida - ringed seal.
Nematoda: Contracaecum sp., Terranova de-
cipiens.
Acanthocephala: Corynosoma sp., C. wegeiv-
eri.
Anoplura: Echinophthirius horridus.
Zalophus calif omianus - California sea lion.
Trematoda: Pricetrema zalophi, Stictodora
ubelakeri, Stephanoprora denticulata, Zal-
ophotrema hepaticum.
Cestoda: Diphyllobothrium pacificum.
Nematoda: Anisakis similis, Contracaecum
osculatum, Dipetalonema odendhali, Dirofi-
laria immitis, Dujardinia sp., Parafilaroides
decorus, Porrocaecum sp., Uncinaria sp.,
microfilariae.
Acanthocephala: Corynosoma obtuscens, C.
strumosum.
Anoplura: Antarctophthirus microchir.
Acarina: Orthohalarachne attenuata, O. di-
minuata, 0. zalophi.
17
Unidentified seals.
Cestoda: Pyramicocephalus phocarum plero-
cercoids.
Acanthocephala: Corynosoma semerme, C.
strumosum, C. validum, C. villosum, C. ive-
generi.
Nematoda: Trichinella spiralis (larva).
Carnivora
Enhydra lutris - sea otter.
Trematoda: Orthosplanchnus fratereulus,
Microphallus pirum, Phoeitrema fusi forme,
Pricetrema zalophi.
Cestoda: Diplogonoporus tetrapterus, Pyra-
micocephalus phocarum.
Nematoda: Terranova decipiens.
Acanthocephala: Corynosoma enhydri, C.
strumosum, C. villosum.
Acarina: Halarachne miroungae.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The assistance of Dr. R. L. Rausch, Arctic
Health Research Laboratory, Alaska, and S.
Prudhoe, British Museum (Natural History),
London, with certain questions of nomenclature
is gratefully acknowledged.
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