North American flora

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VoLuME 18 Parr 2

NORTH AMERICAN FLORA

(POALES)

(CYPERACEAE)
CARICEAE (continuatio)

KENNETH KENT MACKENZIE

PUBLISHED BY

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Ducumpgr 21, 1931

Part 2, 1931] CYPERACEAE 61

51. Carex cephaloidea Dewey, Rep. Pl. Mass. 262. 1840.

Carex muricata var. cephaloidea Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 11: 308. 1826. (Type from western Mas-

sachusetts.)

Carex cephalaphora var. 8 Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3:389. 1836. (Based on C. muricata var. cepha-
loidea Dewey.)

Carex sparganioides var. cephaloidea Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 542. 1848. (Based on C. cephaloidea
Dewey.)

Carex sparganioides var. minor Boott, Ill. Carex 123. pl. 394, f. 2. 1862. (Based on C. muricata
var. cephaloidea Dewey.)
“Carex cephalaphora Muhl.” Bock. Linnaea 39: 61, in part. 1875.

Rootstocks stout, conspicuously short-creeping, brownish-black, fibrillose; culms erect
but rather weak, usually 3-5 dm. high, sharply triangular, the lower portion covered by the
overlapping sheaths, the upper half strongly serrulate on the angles, shorter than or exceeding
the leaves, light-brownish-tinged at base; lower leaves with short blades, the upper 3-6 with
ascending, deep-green, thin, weak, flat blades 2.5-3.5 dm. long and 3-7 mm. wide, glabrous,
but roughened on the margins and towards the apex, the sheaths loose, conspicuously green-
and-white-mottled dorsally and septate-nodulose, whitened, fragile and easily broken ventrally,
the lowest only transversely rugulose, truncate and not thickened nor reddish-brown-tinged at
mouth, not exceeding base of blade, the ligule longer than wide, slightly dark-margined; spikes
5-10, densely aggregated in a solitary terminal head 1.5—4 cm. long, 8-10 mm. thick, the lower
3-5 distinguishable, and sometimes slightly separate, the few inconspicuous staminate
flowers terminal and the usually numerous spreading or slightly ascending perigynia basal;
bracts seale-like or short and bristle-form; scales ovate, small, thin, greenish-hyaline with
green midrib, acute or acutish or obtusish, narrower than and half the length of the bodies
of the perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, ovate, sharp-edged to base and serrulate to middle,
deep-green, 3.5-4 mm. long, 1.75-2.25 mm. wide, membranaceous, flat ventrally, substipi-
tate, rounded at base, nerveless ventrally and obscurely few-nerved dorsally, tapering into
a serrulate beak about one third the length of the body, bidentate, the teeth sharp, erect,
white-hyaline within, the sutures on both sides conspicuous; achenes lenticular, substipitate,
minutely apiculate, suborbicular, 1.75 mm. long; style slender, straight, jointed with achene,-
slightly thickened at base; stigmas two, reddish-brown, rather short, slender.

Type Locauity (of Carex muricata var. cephaloidea Dewey, on which C. cephaloidea is based) :
“Common” (i.c., in western Massachusetts, where the author resided).

DistTRtBuTIoN: Rich woods, in calcareous districts, New Brunswick to Minnesota, and southward
to northwestern New Jersey and Illinois. An early-flowering species, maturing several weeks before
its allies. (Specimens examined from New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massa-
chusetts, Connecticut, southwestern Quebec, New York, northwestern New Jersey, northeastern
Pennsylvania, southern Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota).

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 840; ed. 2. f. 889; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 402; Boott,
Ill. Carex 123. pl. 394, f. 2.

52. Carex aggregata Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 37: 246. 1910.

“Carex agglomerata Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 33: 442. 1906. (Type from Missouri.) Not

C. agglomerata C. B. Clarke, 1903.

Rootstocks lignescent but rather slender, conspicuously short-creeping, brownish or
blackish, fibrillose, the culms 4-10 dm. high, erect, ascending, or even decumbent, usually
considerably exceeding the leaves, sharply triangular, smooth below, slightly rough immediately
beneath the head, light-brownish-tinged at base; leaves regularly and evenly distributed on
the lower part of the culm and not chiefly tufted near the base, the blades flat, light-green,
not stiff, 1-5 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, smooth towards the base, roughened towards the apex
and on the margins; sheaths conspicuously green-and-white-mottled and septate-nodulose
dorsally, whitened but not easily broken ventrally, usually not transversely rugulose, concave,
reddish-brown-tinged and thickened at mouth, the ligule wider than long, not dark-margined;
spikes 5-10, densely aggregated in a terminal head 2,5-5 cm. long, 10 mm. thick, the lower
more or less separate and the upper closely aggregated, the few inconspicuous staminate
flowers terminal and the 8-15 ascending or at length spreading perigynia below; bracts awl-
shaped, elongate, those of the lower spikes usually conspicuous, much shorter than the head,
but frequently rudimentary; scales ovate, small, thin, greenish-hyaline with a green midrib,
acuminate to cuspidate, about the length of the bodies of the perigynia, but somewhat nar-

62 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

rower; perigynia plano-convex, ovate, sharp-edged to base and serrulate to the middle,
deep-green, 3.25-4.5 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, membranaceous, flat ventrally, sessile,
round-truncate at base, nerveless ventrally, obscurely few-nerved dorsally, tapering into
a serrulate beak about half the length of the body, bidentate, the teeth sharp, erect, white-
hyaline within, the sutures on both sides conspicuous; achenes lenticular, oblong-orbicu-
lar, 2 mm. long, very short-stipitate, minutely apiculate: style slender, straight, jointed with
achene, slightly thickened at base; stigmas two, reddish-brown, slender, elongate.

TYPE Locality (of C. ogflomerate Mackenzie, on which C. aggregata is based): Courtney,
Jackson County, Missouri (B. F. Bush 1718).

DISTRIBUTION: Rich aoa in calcareous districts, western New Jersey to District of Colum-
bia, and westward to Kansas and Oklahoma. (Specimens examined from western New Jersey,
New York, Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Illinois, lowa, Missouri,
Kansas, Oklahoma.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 890.

Norte: See “‘ Distribution of Carex aggregata in the Philadelphia region.’’ Bayard Long,
Torreya 16: 131-136. 1916.

53. Carex sparganioides Muhl; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 237. 1805.

Carex sparganioides var. lutea Farwell, Papers Mich. Acad. 1:91. 1923. (Type from Michigan.)

Cespitose,-the rootstocks lignescent, short-elongate, dark, fibrillose, the culms 3-7.5 dm.
high, from ascending and weak to strictly erect, the sheaths much overlapping, the culms
sharply triangular, narrowly margined, serrulate above, usually exceeding the leaves, brown-
ish-yellow-tinged at base; leaves with well-developed blades 3-6 to a culm, ascending but
rather weak, 5-10 mm. wide, 2—4 dm. long, green, flat, strongly minutely serrulate on the
margins and usually noticeably roughened on the veins; sheaths loose, conspicuously green-
and-white-mottled and septate-nodulose dorsally, white, fragile and easily broken ventrally
(the lower transversely rugulose), concave and scarcely thickened at mouth, not exceeding
base of blade, the ligule wider than long, conspicuously dark-margined; spikes 6-12, the upper
aggregated, the lower separate, in an elongate linear or linear-oblong terminal head 3—9 cm.
long, 12 mm. thick or less, all except the upper distinguishable, the lower often considerably
separated; staminate flowers apical, inconspicuous, with the 5-50 ascending or spreading
perigynia below; bracts bristle-form, short and inconspicuous, often rudimentary; scales ovate,
small, thin, greenish-hyaline, the midrib green, obtusish to short-cuspidate, narrower than
the perigynia and usually about the length of their bodies, inconspicuous and largely
hidden by the perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, ovate, 3 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, deep-
green or lighter-green or yellowish-green at full maturity, serrulate to middle, submembra-
naceous, sharp-edged to the base, the nerves on both sides wanting or inconspicuous, the mar-
gins somewhat elevated ventrally, substipitate, round-tapering at base, rather abruptly con-
tracted into a serrulate beak shorter than the body, bidentate, the teeth sharp, erect, white-
hyaline within, the sutures on both sides conspicuous; achenes lenticular, substipitate, mi-
nutely apiculate, suborbicular, 1.5 mm. long; style slender, straight, jointed with achene,
slightly thickened at base; stigmas two, short, reddish-brown, slender.

Type LocaLity: ‘Habitat in Pennsylvania.”

DisTRIBUTION: Dry woods and thickets, especially in calcareous districts, New Hampshire and
Quebec to South Dakota, and southward to Virginia, Kentucky, and Kansas. (Specimens examined
from Quebec, Ontario, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky,
Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, South Dakota, Missouri, Kansas.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Lil, f. 142; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 839; ed. 2. f. 891;
Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 401; Boott, Ill. Carex 122. pl. 394, f. 1.

13. Multiflorae Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 387,in part. 1837; Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 9. 1843;
Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 540. 1848; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 135, in part. 1886;
Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 142. 1909; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts.
122. 1917; Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 28. 1922. PuikomEarE Meinsh. Acta Hort. Petrop. 18:
281. 1901. AstrosTacHyAaE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 454, in part. 1903. ACANTHO-
PHORAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 454, in part. 1903. Species are referred to the genus
Vignea Beauv. by Rafinesque (Good Book 27. 1840).

Densely cespitose; culms more or less sharply triangular; sheaths usually transversely

Part 2, 1931] CYPERACEAE 63

rugulose, and often red-dotted ventrally; spikes very numerous, forming a spicate head, small,
androgynous or pistillate, but never gynaecandrous, the lower more or less compound; bracts
frequently conspicuous; perigynia low-convex dorsally, flat ventrally, yellowish or yellowish-
brown (or in C. alma blackish in age), appressed-ascending or somewhat spreading, not thick-
walled, somewhat spongy at base, short-stipitate, sharp-margined, nerved dorsally, nerveless
or more or less nerved ventrally, closely enveloping achene in upper part, conspicuously
beaked, the beak sutured dorsally, serrulate, bidentate; achenes lenticular, apiculate, jointed
with the style, the base of the style little to markedly thickened; stigmas 2.

A group represented by some thirteen species in the temperate and warmer parts of
North America; by a number of species in Eastern Asia; and by two in South America. It
does not occur naturally in Europe, Africa, or Australasia.

Scales strongly white-hyaline-margined.
Perigynia sharp-margined above, submembranaceous, blackish at matu-

rity, ovate or oblong-ovate, rounded-truncate at base. 54. C. alma.
Perigynia sharp-margined to base, membranaceous, straw-colored, nar-
rower, round-tapering at base. 55. C. agrostoides.

Seales not at all or but little hyaline-margined; perigynia sharp-margined
to base, yellowish, tawny, or brownish at maturity.
Perigynia 3-4.5 mm. long; pistillate scales (except lowest) acute or
cuspidate; beak of perigynium much shorter than the body.
Seales and perigynia greenish- or slightly yellowish-brown-tinged.
(Oklahoma.) 56. C. fissa.
Seales and often perigynia strongly brownish- or reddish-brown-
tinged.
Ligule conspicuous, as long as wide; scales brownish-tinged;
perigynia strongly nerved ventrally, usually appressed-ascend-
ing at maturity. 57. C. densa.
Ligule very short.
es brown; perigynia greenish-straw-colored, obscurely
nerved ventrally, appressed-ascending at maturity. 58. C. autumnalis.
Seales reddish-brown; perigynia reddish-brown or yellowish-
brown-tinged, spreading at maturity.
Perigynia flat and nerveless or nearly so ventrally, the
body sparingly serrulate above, tapering into the beak. 59. C. vicaria.
Perigynia low-convex and strongly nerved ventrally, the
body strongly serrulate above, abruptly contracted into
the beak. 60. C. breviligulata.
Perigynia 2.25-3.5 mm. long; pistillate scales strongly awned.
Beak of perigynium much shorter than the body; leaves normally
shorter than the culm.
Body of perigynium reniform or orbicular, strongly resinous-
dotted; perigynia squarrose, usually exceeding awn of scale. 61. C. triangularis.
Body of perigynium narrower, little resinous-dotted; perigynia
more ascending, little exceeded by awns of scales.
Upper sheaths strongly prolonged upward at mouth; perigynia
sharply bidentate, strongly nerved dorsally, green-margined
above, 1.7—2.25 mm. wide. 62. C. annectens.
Up sheaths truncate or low-convex at mouth; perigynia bi-
entulate, usually nerveless or obscurely few-nerved
dorsally, little green-margined above, 1.5—1.8 mm. wide. 63. C. brachyglossa.
Beak of perigynium about equaling the body.
Leaf-blades normally exceeding culms, very rough, long-tapering ;
sheaths greenish-white or olive-tinged ventrally; teeth of peri-
gynia subulate-triangular, sharp. 64. C. vulpinoidea.
Leaf-blades much shorter than the culms, little roughened, short-
tapering ; sheaths white ventrally ; teeth of perigynia triangular,
short. 65. C. Dudleyi.

54, Carex alma L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:50. 1889.

=" Carex chrysoleuca Holm"’ Parish, Bull. So. pee: paar. 5:22. 1906.
— Carex vitrea Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 17: are ae 1904. (Type from Palm Springs, California.)
—— Carex arizonensis C. B. Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 68, except as to Canadian specimen. 1908.

(Type from Arizona.)

Cespitose, the rootstocks short-prolonged, stout, black, fibrillose, the culms 3-12 dm.
high, aphyllopodic, sharply triangular with flat sides, roughened above, slender but erect,
usually noticeably exceeding the leaves, dark-brown at base; leaves with well-developed
blades several to a culm, all towards the base, the blades light-green, thickish, flat or canali-
culate, 1-5 (usually 2-3) dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, the margins strongly serrulate and the

64 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

apex rough, the sheaths tight, more or less septate-nodulose dorsally, thin and more or less
purplish-dotted ventrally, usually not cross-rugulose, slightly thickened at mouth and pro-
longed beyond base of blade, the ligule about as long as wide; head compound or decompound,
2.5-20 em. long, 1-2 em. thick, the clusters from closely aggregated to strongly separated,
the individual spikes hardly recognizable, with the staminate flowers uppermost and forming
a short cone and the several spreading-ascending perigynia beneath; a few of the lower bracts
present, but short, 2 cm. long or less, with broadly dilated hyaline-margined bases and attenu-
ately prolonged tips; upper bracts scale-like; scales ovate, straw-colored or brownish, with
sharply defined midvein, soon white-hyaline-margined, awned to obtusish, about the width of
and length of the perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, ovate or oblong-ovate. 3.5-4+ mm. long,
1.8 mm. wide, blackish at maturity, short-stipitate, rounded-truncate and somewhat spongy
at base, submembranaceous, obscurely striate on both sides, narrowly margined above,
serrulate above middle, tapering or contracted into a serrulate beak about one third the
length of the body, flat, dorsally cleft, bidentate, the teeth triangular, appressed, very short;
achenes lenticular, oval, short-stipitate, apiculate, 1.5 mm. long; style short, slender, jointed
with achene, enlarged at base; stigmas two, slender, light-reddish.

TYPE LOCALITY: San Bernardino County, California (Parry & Lemmon 396).

DisTRIBUTION: Along streams in southern California, from Monterey and Tulare counties
southward, and eastward to southern Nevada and Arizona. (Specimens examined from southern
California, southern Nevada and Arizona.)

ILLustRaTIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 17: 303. f. 5-7 (as C. vitrea); Erythea 8: 28. f. 8; Jepson,
Fl. Calif. 1: 213. f. 30, d—f; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif. f. 166; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 695.

55. Carex agrostoides Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 34: 607. 1908.

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks short, stout, blackish, fibrillose, the culms 4-8 dm.
high, exceeding the leaves, slender but strict, sharply triangular, roughened on the angles,
brownish-black at base and conspicuously clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous
year, the lower bladeless; leaves with well-developed blades 2-4 to a culm, usually 2-4 dm.
long, very long-attenuate, 1-2 mm. wide, flat at base, strongly involute above, light-green,
stiff, roughened towards the apex, the sheaths tight, conspicuously white-hyaline ventrally
and sparingly red-dotted, truncate at mouth, the ligule wider than long; head decompound,
4-7 cm. long, 8-20 mm. thick, the lower one or two clustered, more or less separate, the upper
closely aggregated; spikes very numerous, closely sessile, distinguishable with difficulty,
oblong-ovoid, usually 2—5 mm. long, 1.5—2.5 mm. wide, androgynous or staminate at both
ends, containing 1-10 appressed perigynia; bracts absent, or few and short (1.5 ecm.
long); scales oblong-ovate or lanceolate, obtusish to short-awned, greenish-straw-colored
or light-brownish with 3-nerved green or in age whitish midrib and conspicuous hyaline
margins, wider than but slightly exceeded by the mature perigynia; perigynia plano-convex,
lanceolate-cuneate, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, scarcely 1 mm. wide, membranaceous, light-greenish,
in age straw-colored, scarcely spongiose at base, margined to base, serrulate at base of beak,
nerveless ventrally, obscurely few-nerved dorsally, minutely short-stipitate, round-tapering
at base, tapering at apex into a beak as long as or longer than the body, with serrulate margins
and white-tipped bidentate apex; achenes lenticular, narrowly oblong-ovoid, yellowish-
brown, 1.5 mm. long, 0.5 mm. wide, truncately substipitate, tapering at apex and short-
apiculate; style slender, straight, slightly enlarged at base, jointed with achene; stigmas
two, light-reddish-brown, slender, long.

TypPE LocaLity: Luna, northwest of Mogollon Mountains, Socorro County, New Mexico
(Wooton, July 28, 1900, in herb. New Mexico Agricultural College).

DistRipuTion: Arid regions, Arizona and New Mexico to Sonora. (Specimens examined from
New Mexico, Arizona, Sonora.)

56. Carex fissa Mackenzie, sp. nov.

Cespitose, from short-prolonged, thick, stout, black, fibrillose rootstocks, the culms
slender above but strict, stoutish (4-7 mm. thick) at base, 2.5-7.5 dm. high, rather bluntly
triangular, the sides convex or flat, smooth or slightly roughened beneath head, much exceed-
ing the leaves, light-brown at base; leaves with well-developed blades 4-6 to a culm, on lower

Part 2, 1931] CYPERACEAE 65

third, but not bunched, the blades light-green, thick, flat or channeled at base, usually 1-2
dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, the sheaths not septate-nodulose nor conspicuously green-and-white-
mottled dorsally, thin and strongly cross-rugulose ventrally, thin at mouth and strongly
prolonged and red-dotted beyond base of blade, quickly rupturing, the ligule very short,
much wider than long; head 2.5-4 cm. long, 8-18 mm. thick, oblong or ovoid-oblong, the
spikes 10-20, androgynous, all closely aggregated or the lower somewhat separate, the indi-
vidual spikes poorly defined, with 8-20 ascending or at length spreading perigynia below and
the inconspicuous staminate flowers above; lower bracts setaceous-prolonged, much shorter
than the head, the upper scale-like; scales ovate, acute or cuspidate, hyaline and light yellowish-
brown-tinged with green midvein, narrower and somewhat shorter than the perigynia; peri-
gynia plano-convex with flat inner face, or slightly concavo-convex, 3.5 mm. long, 2 mm.
wide, the body ovate-orbicular, light-green or slightly yellowish-brown-tinged in age, sub-
membranaceous, sharp-margined nearly to base, serrulate above the middle, nerveless or
very nearly so ventrally, slenderly few-nerved dorsally, substipitate, round-truncate at
base, abruptly contracted into a serrulate beak half length of the body, dorsally cleft,
bidentate, the teeth short, subulate-triangular, appressed, light-reddish-brown-tinged; achenes
lenticular, quadrate-orbicular, 2 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, short-apiculate, substipitate;
style short, straight, enlarged at base, jointed with achene; stigmas two, slender, reddish-
brown.

Type collected at Sapulpa, Oklahoma (Bush 1043).
DisrripuTion: Eastern Oklahoma. (Specimens examined from eastern Oklahoma.)

57. Carex densa L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:50. 1889.

"™' Carex Brongniartii Kunth”’ Boott, Ill. Carex 124, in part. pl. 402. 1862.
~~“ Carex disticha Huds."’ W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 230. 1880.
“ Carex glomerata Thunb.”’ W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 232. 1880.
~~“ Carex paniculata L.’’ W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 232, in part. 1880.
Carex Brongniartii var. densa L.. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 137, as to description. 1886.
(Type from California.)
d mentee chrysoleuca Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 17: 302. f. 3,4. 1904. (Type from Mariposa, Cali-
ornia.)

Cespitose, the rootstocks short-prolonged, stout, black, fibrillose, the culms aphyllopodic,
3-7 dm. high, sharply triangular, with flat sides, strict and rather stout, 4-6 mm. thick at
base, smooth or roughened above, usually exceeding the leaves, brownish at base; leaves with
well-developed blades several to a culm, all towards the base, the blades flat, usually 1.5-2.5
dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, roughened on the margins and towards the apex, the sheaths tight,
inconspicuously septate-nodulose and green-and-white-mottled dorsally, thin, white-hyaline,
and usually cross-rugulose and slightly red-dotted ventrally, convex and prolonged beyond
base of blade at mouth, not thickened, the ligule conspicuous, as long as wide; heads oblong
or oblong-ovoid, compound, 2—5 cm. long, 1—1.5 cm. thick, the clusters closely aggregated,
the individual spikes hardly recognizable, the staminate flowers inconspicuous, apical, the
perigynia 6-15, appressed-ascending, or sometimes spreading at maturity; lower bracts
setaceous-prolonged, usually much shorter than the head; scales ovate, brownish, with con-
spicuous 3-nerved green center, cuspidate to acute, about the width of but shorter than the
perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, slightly convex ventrally, ovate, 3.5—4.5 mm. long, 1.5-2
mm. wide, thin-margined to base, the edges slightly elevated, serrulate to middle, sub-
Stipitate, round-tapering at base, yellowish-brown-tinged with green margin, strongly several-
nerved dorsally and few-nerved ventrally, membranaceous, tapering or contracted into
a serrulate beak one half length to nearly as long as the body, dorsally cleft, strongly
bidentate, the teeth triangular-subulate, strongly reddish-tinged; achenes lenticular, sub-
orbicular, 1.5-1.75 mm. long, short-stipitate, apiculate; style slender, straight, enlarged at
base, jointed with achene; stigmas two, reddish-brown, slender, elongate.

Tyre LocaLity: Mark Wests Creek and Napa, California, Bigelow (illustrated by Boott; see
Mackenzie, Erythea 8:29. 1922).

Disreipution: Dry soil, west of the higher ranges of the Sierra Nevadas, from Santa Clara
opt ma ee counties, California, northward into Oregon. (Specimens examined showing range
as given.

ILLusTRATIONS: Boott, Ill. Carex 124, in part. pl. 402 (as C. Brongniartii); Erythea 8: 29. f. 9;

66 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

Jepson, FI. Calif. 1: 214. f. 30, g-i; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif. f. 167; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 697;
Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 17: 303. f. 3, 4 (as C. chrysoleuca).

Norte: Palmer 389 from San Diego County, California, the first collection cited by Bailey under
Carex Brongniartii var. densa, is erroneously referred here. The same number is also cited by
him (Mem. Torrey Club 1: 51) under his Carex festiva var. stricta. It is Carex subfusca W. Boott.

58. Carex autumnalis Mackenzie, sp. nov.

“ Carex densa L. H. Bailey” Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 167,as to Mexican specimens. 1909.

Rootstocks woody, short-creeping, blackish, fibrillose, with short internodes; culms 6-9
dm. high, light-brownish and 4-5 mm. thick at base, much exceeding leaves, slender above and
1.5 mm. thick beneath head, sharply triangular with slightly concave sides, smooth or nearly
so, phyllopodic, biennial, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with
well-developed blades 5-8 to a fertile culm, on lower fourth, the sheaths tight, very sparingly
septate-nodulose dorsally, sparingly red-dotted ventrally near mouth, short-prolonged and
high-convex at mouth, the ligule very short, the blades flat with slightly revolute margins,
firm, dull-green, mostly 1-2 dm. long, 3.5-6 mm. wide, roughened on margins towards apex
only; head narrowly oblong to ovoid-oblong, 2-8 cm. long, 8-20 mm. thick, simple or compound
towards base, the spikes 8-20, androgynous, aggregated, or the lower more or less separate,
scarcely distinguishable, suborbicular, with 5-20 appressed or in age somewhat spreading
perigynia, the staminate part small and inconspicuous; lower 1-4 bracts setaceous-prolonged,
much shorter than head, the others scale-like; scales ovate, acute or short-cuspidate, narrower
than and about length of bodies of perigynia, light-brown with narrow hyaline margins and
1-3 nerved lighter center; perigynia plano-convex, ovate, 3.5-4 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide,
greenish-straw-colored, membranaceous, lightly nerved dorsally, obscurely nerved ventrally,
sharp-edged, serrulate on upper third or half, rounded and spongy at base, tapering into a
serrulate beak half length of body, dorsally cleft, shallowly bidentate, the teeth short, triangular;
achenes lenticular, yellowish, ovate, 2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, truncately stipitate, minutely
apiculate; style slender, deciduous, straight, scarcely enlarged at base; stigmas two, slender.

Type collected in low meadows, Flor de Maria, State of Mexico, Mexico, October 3, 1892,
Pringle 4275 (sheet mo. 817295 in U. S. Nat. Herb.).

DISTRIBUTION: Mountains of Mexico. (Specimens examined from Mexico (state), Oaxaca,
Hidalgo, Chihuahua.)

59. Carex vicaria L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:49. 1889.

cares glomerole Haun.” Bock. Linnaea 39: 59, in part. 1875; W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif.

“Carex Brongniartii Kunth” L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 137. 1886.

Carex vulpinoidea var. vicaria Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 148. 1909. (Based on C.
vicaria L. H. Bailey.)

Cespitose, the rootstocks very short-prolonged, stout, black, fibrillose, the culms aphyl-
lopodic, 3-6 dm. high, sharply triangular, with flat sides, slender but strict, strongly roughened
on the angles, usually noticeably exceeding the leaves, brownish at base; leaves with well-
developed blades several to a culm, all towards the base, the sheaths overlapping, the blades
flat, usually 1-2 dm. long, 3-4.5 mm. wide, roughened on the margins and towards the apex,
the sheaths tight, inconspicuously septate-nodulose dorsally, white-hyaline, cross-rugulose,
and sparingly red-dotted ventrally, not readily breaking, slightly thickened, yellowish-tinged,
convex and prolonged beyond base of blade at mouth, the ligule almost obsolete; head oblong,
1.5-3.5 cm. long, 8-12 mm. thick, decompound, the clusters closely aggregated; individual
spikes hardly recognizable, the staminate flowers apical, inconspicuous, the perigynia 6-15,
appressed-ascending, or at maturity spreading; bracts setaceous, usually only the lower 1 or
2 developed; scales ovate, reddish-brown with green midrib, acute to cuspidate, about the
width of but shorter than the perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, flat on inner face, ovate,
short-stipitate, the base rounded, narrowly margined, serrulate at base of beak, 3-3.5 mm.
long, 1.5 mm. wide, yellowish- or reddish-brown-tinged, with narrow thick green margin,
nerveless ventrally, few-nerved dorsally, membranaceous, tapering into a serrulate beak about
half the length of the body, dorsally cleft, bidentate, the teeth short, triangular, strongly
reddish-tinged; achenes lenticular, ovate-suborbicular, 1.5-1.75 mm. long, short-stipitate,

Part 2, 1931] CYPERACEAE 67

apiculate; style slender, straight, enlarged at base, jointed with achene; stigmas two, reddish,
short, slender.

TYPE LocaLity: Oregon, E. Hall (see Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 30. 1922.)

DISTRIBUTION: Marshes and swales, Washington to northern California. (Specimens examined
from range as given.)

ILLUSTRATION: Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 698.

60. Carex breviligulata Mackenzie, Erythea 8:92. 1922.

Carex vicaria var. costata L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 49. 1889. (Type from Grant’s Pass,
Oregon.)

Carex vulpinoidea var. vicaria f. costata “‘L.. H. Bailey’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 148.
19 (Based on C. vicaria var. costata L.. H. Bailey.)

Cespitose, the rootstocks very short-prolonged, stout, black, fibrillose, the culms aphyl-
lopodic, 3-6 dm. high, sharply triangular with flat sides, slender but strict, 2.5-4 mm. thick
at base, strongly roughened on the angles, usually noticeably exceeding the leaves, brownish
at base; leaves with well-developed blades 4~7 to a culm, on lower fourth, the blades flat or
canaliculate at base, usually 1-2 dm. long, 3-4.5 mm. wide, light-green, roughened on the
margins and towards the apex, the sheaths tight, inconspicuously septate-nodulose and white-
and-green-mottled dorsally, white-hyaline, cross-rugulose, and sparingly red-dotted ventrally,
not readily breaking, prolonged at mouth beyond base of blade and sometimes yellowish-
tinged, the ligule very short; head oblong, decompound, 1.5—3.5 cm. long, 8-12 mm. thick, the
clusters closely aggregated, the individual spikes hardly recognizable, the staminate flowers
apical, forming a short cone, the perigynia 6-15, appressed-ascending, or at maturity spreading;
lower bracts setaceous-prolonged, usually not conspicuous, the upper scale-like; scales ovate,
acute to cuspidate, light-reddish-brown with 3-nerved green center, about the width of but
rather shorter than the perigynia; perigynia thick- plano-convex, ovate, slightly convex ven-
trally and with slightly raised thick edge to base, serrulate from middle, 3.25-3.75 mm. long,
1.5-2 mm. wide, yellowish-brown with green margins, membranaceous, several-nerved dorsally
and fewer-nerved ventrally, substipitate, round-tapering at base, abruptly narrowed into
a serrulate beak half to two thirds length of the body, dorsally cleft, bidentate, the teeth short,
triangular, strongly reddish-tinged; achenes lenticular, ovate-suborbicular, 1.75 mm. long,
short-stipitate, apiculate; style slender, straight, enlarged at base, jointed with achene; stigmas
two, slender, reddish.

Tyre Locauirty (of C. vicaria var. costata, on which C. breviligulata is based): Grant's Pass,
Oregon (Henderson 1477).

DiIstTRIBUTION: Damp meadows, northern California and southern Oregon. (Specimens exam-
ined from northern California and southern Oregon.)

ILLUSTRATION: Abrams, IIl. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 699.

61. Carex triangularis Bock. Flora 39: 226. 1856.

“Carex vulpinoidea Michx."’ Gay, Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 10: 357, in part. 1838. (Rio Brazos, Texas,
Drummond.)

Carex vulpinoidea var. platycar pa Gay; E. Hall, Pl. Tex. 25. 1873. (Based on reference immediately
preceding; Hall's plant to be excluded.)

op es panama var. Drummondiana Béck. Linnaea 39: 96. 1875. (Based on C. triangularis

Carex vulpinoidea var. triangularis Kiikenth. in Engler, Planzenreich 4°°: 148. 1909. (Based on
C. triangularis Béck.)

Cespitose, the rootstocks short-prolonged, blackish, stout, tough, fibrillose, the culms
4-9 dm. high, exceeding the leaves, aphyllopodic, slender but strict, 3-5 mm. thick at base,
acutely triangular with flat sides above, obtusely triangular below, roughened on the angles
beneath the head, brownish at base; leaves with well-developed blades 4-6 to a culm,
on lower third, but not bunched, the blades erect-ascending, flat or slightly canaliculate at
base, light-green, thinnish but firm, 1-3 dm. long and 3—4.5 mm. wide, long-tapering, roughened
on the margins and towards the apex, the sheaths tight, not readily breaking, cross-rugulose
and sparingly red-dotted and olive-green-tinged ventrally, strongly prolonged upward beyond
base of blade and convex and slightly thickened and reddish-brown-tinged at mouth, the
ligule very short; spikes numerous in a compound oblong head 3-5 cm. long, 11.5 cm.
thick, the clusters all aggregated, greenish-yellow when young, and light-yellowish-brown at

68 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

maturity, the individual spikes poorly defined, the staminate flowers apical, inconspicuous,
the perigynia several to many, spreading-ascending, or soon widely spreading; lower bracts
setaceous-prolonged, usually shorter than the head, the upper much reduced; scales ovate-
triangular, narrower and shorter than the perigynia, greenish-hyaline and more or less strongly
reddish-brown-tinged, the center green, 3- HEATED. short-awned; perigynia plano-convex,
much flattened at maturity, orbicular or reniform, 3—3.5 mm. long, 2.5—-3 mm. wide, greenish-
vellow or at maturity light-brownish-yellow, the upper margins green, thick-edged to base,
serrulate above middle, substipitate and truncate-cordate, flat and nerveless or nearly so
ventrally and slenderly few-nerved dorsally, membranaceous, red-dotted and punctate,
abruptly contracted into a serrulate beak about one third length of body, sharply bidentate,
the teeth triangular-subulate, reddish-brown; achenes lenticular, short-oblong-quadrate,
short-stipitate, apiculate, 1.75 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide; style slender, straight, enlarged
at base, jointed with achene; stigmas two, short, reddish-brown.

TYPE Loca.ity: “Ad flumen Rio Brazos terrae texanae leg- Drummond.”

DISTRIBUTION: Wet prairies and swampy meadows, southeastern Missouri and Oklahoma to
Mississippi and Texas. (Specimens examined from Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas,
Oklahoma, southeastern Missouri.)

ILLustTRATION: Boott, Ill. Carex 125. pl. 409, f. 2

62. Carex annectens Bickn. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 492. 1908.

Carex vulpinoidea var. ambigua Barratt; Boott, Ill. Carex 125. pl. 406. 1862. (Type from Con-
necticut.)

Carex vulpinoidea var. platycarpa Gay; E. Hall, Pl. Tex. 25. 1873. (As to Hall’s plant only: “ peri-
gynia not spotted.’’)

Carex xanthocarpa var. annectens Bickn. Bull. Torrey Club. 23:23. 1896. (Type from New York.)

Carex setacea var. ambigua Fernald, Rhodora 8: 167. 1906. (Based on C. vulpinoidea var. ambigua
Barratt.)

Carex vulpinoidea var. annectens Farwell, Papers Mich. Acad. 1:91. 1923. (Based on C. annectens
Bickn.)

Carex vulpinoidea var. xanthocar pa f. anneclens “‘ Bickn.’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°; 148.
1909. (Based on C. xanthocarpa var. annectens Bickn.)

Cespitose, the rootstocks very short-prolonged, stout, tough, fibrillose, blackish, the
culms 3-10 dm. high, exceeding the leaves, very rarely shorter, stiff but slender, 2.5—4.5 mm.
thick at base, acutely triangular above with flat sides, obtusely triangular below, roughened
beneath the head, brownish at base, the lower leaves reduced, the dried-up leaves of the
previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 3-6 to a culm, on the lower
third, but not bunched, the blades erect-ascending, flat, or slightly canaliculate, light-green,
thinnish but rather firm, 2-4 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, long-tapering, roughened on the margins
and towards the apex, the sheaths tight, thin, cross-rugulose, red-dotted and greenish-white
ventrally, strongly prolonged upward beyond base of blade and high-convex and slightly
thickened and yellowish at mouth, the ligule much wider than long; spikes very numerous
or numerous, in a more or less compound terminal head 2-7 em. (usually 3-5 cm.) long, 8-15
mm. thick, the lower clusters often somewhat separated and usually not strongly compound,
the upper densely aggregated; heads greenish-stramineous when young, yellowish-brown when
mature, the individual spikes distinguished with difficulty; staminate flowers apical, incon-
spicuous, with the several to many ascending or at maturity spreading perigynia beneath; bracts
setaceous-prolonged, very variable in length and size, usually shorter than the head, often
rather conspicuous, the upper scale-like; scales ovate, reddish-brown with hyaline margins,
the center green, 3-nerved, terminating in a rough awn slightly exceeding the lower peri-
gynia and equaling or exceeded by the upper in each spike; perigynia plano-convex, mem-
branaceous, ovate-orbicular or broader, 2.6-3.2 mm. long, 1.7—2.25 mm. wide, brownish-
yellow at maturity, occasionally yellowish-green, short-stipitate, rounded or truncate at base,
flat, nerveless or nearly so and sharp-edged to base ventrally, strongly serrulate above middle,
low-convex and slenderly but conspicuously few-nerved dorsally, rarely varying to nearly
nerveless, green-margined above, abruptly contracted into a rough-serrulate beak much
shorter than the body, dorsally cleft, strongly bidentate, the teeth short, somewhat spreading,
triangular, reddish-brown; achenes lenticular, orbicular-quadrate, short-stipitate, rounded at
base and apex, apiculate, 1.5 mm. long; style slender, straight, jointed with achene, enlarged
at base; stigmas two, alenden, rather short, reddish-brown.

Part 2, 1931] CYPERACEAE 69

TYPE Loca.ity (of C. xanthocarpa var. annectens, on which C. annectens is based) : ‘Common at
New York. In the Columbia College Herbarium are specimens from Staten Island (Britton) and
North Carolina (Curtis).’’ The Staten Island specimen is taken as the type.

DISTRIBUTION: Dry fields and pastures, mostly in acid soils; largely a species of the coastal
plain, but occasional inland, Texas to Florida, and northward to Maine and Wisconsin. (Specimens
examined from Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia,
Florida, Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, Oklahoma.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Boott, Ill. Carex 125. pl. 405 (no. 1), 406, 409 (except no. 2); Britt. & Brown,
Il. Fl. f. 831; ed. 2. f. 895; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 407; Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Univ. Iowa 4!: pl. 7;
Francis, Grasses 321 (as C. vulpinoidea).

Nore: Both Carex annectens and C. brachyglossa are weedy species, and frequently are intro-
duced outside of their natural ranges.

63. Carex brachyglossa Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 50: 355. 1923.

Carex xanthocarpa Bickn. Bull. Torrey Club 23: 22. 1896. (Type from New York.) Not C.
xanthocarpa Degland, 1807.

Carex vulpinoidea var. xanthocarpa Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 148. 1909. (Based on
C. xanthocarpa Bickn.)

——Garex Bicknellii Camus, Not. Syst. Mus. Paris 1: 239. 1910. (Based on C. xanthocarpa Bickn.)

Not C. Bicknellii Britton, 1896.

tas “ig ed var. xanthocarpa Wiegand, Rhodora 24: 74. 1922. (Based on C. xanthocarpa

ickn.)

Cespitose, the rootstocks very short-prolonged, stout, tough, fibrillose, blackish, the
culms 3-12 dm. high, exceeding the leaves, very rarely shorter, stiff but slender, 2.5-4.5 mm.
thick at base, acutely triangular above with flat sides, obtusely triangular below, roughened
beneath the head, brownish at base, the lower leaves reduced, the dried-up leaves of the
previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 3-6 to a culm, on the lower
third, but not bunched, the blades erect-ascending, flat or slightly canaliculate, light-green,
thinnish but rather firm, 2-4 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, long-tapering, roughened on the margins
and towards the apex, the sheaths tight, thin, cross-rugulose, red-dotted and greenish-white
ventrally, short-prolonged upward beyond base of blade and truncate or slightly convex
at mouth and slightly thickened and yellowish, the ligule nearly as long as wide; spikes very
numerous or numerous in a more or less compound terminal head 2-7 cm. (usually 3-5 cm.)
long, 8-15 mm. thick, narrowly oblong-ovoid, the lower clusters not separated and usually
not strongly compound, the upper densely aggregated; heads greenish-yellow when young,
golden-brown when mature, the individual spikes distinguished with difficulty; staminate
flowers apical, inconspicuous, with the several to many ascending or at maturity spreading
perigynia beneath; bracts setaceous-prolonged, very variable in length and size, usually
shorter than the head, often inconspicuous, the upper scale-like; scales ovate, reddish-brown
with hyaline margins, the center green, 3-nerved, terminating in a rough awn mostly shorter
than the perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, membranaceous, typically golden-yellow at
maturity, ovate to broadly ovate, usually 2.2—2.7 mm. long, 1.5-1.8 mm. wide, short-stipitate,
round-tapering at base, flat, nerveless and sharp-edged to base ventrally, serrulate at base
of beak, low-convex and nerveless or faintly or occasionally plainly few-nerved dorsally, not
green-margined or scarcely so above, abruptly contracted into a serrulate beak much shorter
than the body, dorsally cleft, shallowly bidentate, the teeth short, appressed, triangular,
dull-reddish-brown; achenes lenticular, oblong-quadrate, 1.5 mm. long, short-stipitate, rounded
at base and apex; style slender, straight, jointed with achene, enlarged at base; stigmas two,
slender, rather short, reddish-brown.

_ Type Locauity: Paoli, Chester County, Pennsylvania, Pennell & Long 7598 (Herb. Acad.
| MEE Fields, pastures, and dry banks, especially in calcareous districts, Maine to
Iowa, and southward to Virginia and Kansas. (Specimens examined from Maine, New Hampshire,

Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, District of Columbia,
Virginia, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas.)

64, Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 169. 1803.

~~~ Carex microsperma Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 144. 1803. (Type from Pennsylvania.)

~~ Carex multiflora Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 243. 1805. (Type from Pennsylvania.)

~~ Carex longebracteata Hornem. Hort. Hafn. 881. 1815. (Type from North America.)

~—Carex polymorpha Schw. Ann. Lye. N. ¥.1:65. 1824. (Type from New Jersey and Carolina.) Not
C. polymorpha Muhl. 1817.

70 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

Carex bracteosa Schw.; Schw. & Torr. Ann. Lye. N. ¥Y. 1: 306. 1825.* (Type in herb. Torrey
from North Carolina.)

Carex setacea Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 9: 61. pl. B, f.5. 1825.4 (Type from western Massachusetts.)

Carex multiflora var. microsperma Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 11:317. 1826. (Based on C. microsperma
Wahl.)

Vignea setacea Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex setacea Dewey.) ‘ =

Carex vulpinaeformis Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 9. 1843. (Based on C. vulpinoidea Michx.)

Carex vulpinoidea var. microsperma Dewey, in Wood, Class-Book ed. 2. 577. 1847. (Based on C.
microsperma Wahl.)

Carex scabrior Sartw.; Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 8:349. 1849. (Type from Penn Yan, New York.)

Carex vulpinoidea var. glomerata Barratt; Boott, Ill. Carex 125. pl. 404 (in part). 1862. (Type
from Connecticut.)

Carex vulpinoidea var. scabrior Wood, Bot. & FI. ed. 1871. 371. 1871. (Based on C. scabrior
Sartw.)

Carex vulpinoidea var. setacea Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 148. 1909. (Based on
C. setacea Dewey.)

Carex vulpinoidea var. segregata Farwell, Rep. Mich. Acad. 22: 180. 1921. (Type from Dundee,
Michigan.)

Cespitose, the rootstocks short-prolonged, rather stout, tough, blackish, fibrillose, the
culms 2-9 dm. high, normally exceeded by the leaves, usually 3-4 mm. thick at base, slender
but stiff, sharply triangular with flat sides above, roughened on the angles above, dark-
brownish at base; leaves with well-developed blades usually 4 or 5 to a culm, on lower half,
but not bunched, the blades erect-ascending, light- or yellowish-green, flat, or somewhat
channeled at base, 1-5 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, long-tapering, strongly roughened on the
margins and towards the apex, the sheaths tight, ventrally thin, cross-rugulose, and greenish-
white or more or less olive-tinged, short-convex, thickened and slightly prolonged at mouth
beyond base of blade, the ligule wider than long, dark-margined; spikes numerous, in a com-
pound terminal head 3-10 em. (usually 5-8 cm.) long, 5-20 mm. thick, the lower branches
more or less separate, the upper densely aggregated; heads greenish-yellow when young,
brownish-yellow at maturity, the individual spikes distinguished with difficulty; staminate
flowers apical, inconspicuous, with the several to many spreading or ascending-spreading peri-
gynia beneath; bracts setaceous-prolonged, very variable in length and size, but almost
invariably present and conspicuous; scales ovate, yellowish-brown-hyaline with 3-nerved
green center and hyaline margins, narrower than the perigynia, and terminating in a rough
awn about the length of the lower and exceeding the upper perigynia in each spike; perigynia
plano-convex, membranaceous, 2—2.5 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, yellowish-green or straw-
colored, the body ovate-orbicular or orbicular, thick-edged and corky-margined to the rounded
or round-tapering base, flat and nerveless or nearly so ventrally, rounded and slenderly
several-nerved dorsally, slightly green-margined above, often serrulate at base of beak, short-
stipitate, contracted into a serrulate or entire-marginedt beak about the length of the body,
dorsally cleft, bidentate, the teeth triangular, subulate, sharp; achenes lenticular, orbicular-
ovate, stipitate, long-tapering at base, rounded and short-apiculate at apex, about 1 mm. long; -
style short, slender, enlarged at base, jointed with achene; stigmas two, slender, elongate,
light-reddish-brown.

TyPE Loca.ity: ‘Hab. in Canada et Nova Anglia.”

DISTRIBUTION: Swampy places, Newfoundland to Vancouver Island, and southward to Florida,
Texas, Arizona, and Oregon. One of our most widely distributed and abundant species. Introduced
into Europe. (Specimens examined from Newfoundland, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
Ontario, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia,
North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio,
Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas,
Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Colorado,
New Mexico, Arizona, Idaho, Washington, Oergon, British Columbia.)

ILLusTRaTIoNS: Am. Jour. Sci. 9: pl. B, f. 5 (as C. setacea, poor); 10: pl. F, f. 19 (as C. multi-
flora microsperma, very poor) ; Boott, Ill. Carex 125. pl. 404, 407, 408 (as C. setacea) ; Britt. & Brown,

* Carex bracteosa Schw. is cited as published in Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 65, but it does not so appear
in the copies of that publication available to me.

+ Carex setacea Dewey has been the source of a great deal of trouble to students of botany.
I have come to the conclusion that it is based on unfertilized material of Carex vulpinoidea in which
the undeveloped achenes have not distended the lower part of the perigynia so as to give them
their characteristic appearance. For another view see Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Club 23: 24. 1896.

t The beak of the perigynium in Carex vulpinoidea is either serrulate or smooth, but so far I
have not associated this difference with any other.

Part 2, 1931] CYPERACEAE 71

Til. Fl. f. 830, 832 (as C. setacea); ed. 2. f. 894, 896 (as C. setacea); Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 405, 406
(as C. setacea); Schkuhr, Riedgr. Nachtr. pl. Lil, f. 144; Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 145. f. 24, D-F;
Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: p/. 21, 7. 2; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 701; Francis, Grasses 305; Knobel,
Grasses pl. 27, f. 90.

Nore: See Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Club 23: 21. 1896.

65. Carex Dudleyi Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 30. 1922.

Cespitose, the rootstocks short-prolonged, rather stout, tough, dark-colored, fibrillose,
the culms 3-7 dm. high, aphyllopodic, stiff, stoutish, 4-5 mm. thick at base, sharply triangular
with flat sides, roughened on the angles above, strongly exceeding the leaves, brownish at
base; leaves with well-developed blades 4-6 to a culm, on lower fourth, but not bunched,
the blades light-green, thinnish but rather firm, flat, 1-3 dm. (usually 1.5—2.5 dm.) long, 4-7
mm. wide, short-tapering, the margins serrulate, otherwise little roughened, the sheaths
tight, somewhat green-and-white-mottled dorsally, white and red-dotted ventrally, more or
less cross-rugulose, not fragile, slightly prolonged at mouth beyond base of blade, low-convex
and narrowly yellowish-brown-tinged, the ligule wider than long; head compound or decom-
pound, 2-3.5 cm. long, about 1 cm. thick, the spikes or clusters of spikes all closely aggregated,
the individual spikes hardly recognizable, the apical staminate flowers inconspicuous, the
several to many perigynia ascending or at maturity spreading; lower bracts setaceous-prolonged,
shorter than the head, but conspicuous, the upper scale-like; scales ovate, hyaline and more
or less yellowish-brown-tinged, the center 3-nerved, green, nearly width of perigynia, strongly
awned, the awns often exceeding the perigynia; perigynia plano-convex or slightly biconvex,
2.5-3 mm. long, 1.2 mm. wide, membranaceous, yellowish-green or straw-colored, sharply
margined to base, serrulate above middle, round-tapering, substipitate, slightly spongy at
base, several-nerved dorsally, obscurely few-nerved at base ventrally, abruptly contracted
into a serrulate flat beak about the length of the body, dorsally cleft, shallowly bidentate,
the teeth triangular, appressed, very short; achenes lenticular, oval-orbicular, short-stipitate,
apiculate, 1.5 mm. long; style short, slender, jointed with achene, enlarged at base; stigmas
two, slender, elongate, reddish-brown.

Type Loca.ity: Tassajara Hot Springs, California (Elmer 3132).

DisTR1isuTIon: In the Coast Ranges of California, from Monterey County to Lake County; ap-
parently local. (Specimens examined from range as given.)

ILLUSTRATION: Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 700.

14. Paniculatae Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 389. 1837; Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 9. 1843;
Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 540. 1848; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 174. 1909;
Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 123. 1917; Mackenzie, Erythea 8:31. 1922. PHAE-
NOCARPAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 455. 1903. Referred by L. H. Bailey (Proc. Am.
Acad. 22: 135. 1886) to the MULTIFLORAE Kunth. Species are referred to the genus Physt-
glochis Neck. by Rafinesque (Good Book 27. 1840). Treated as a genus Rhynchopera by
Bérner (Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 272. 1913).

Densely or loosely cespitose, forming large dense stools; culms not weakly cellular and
not flattened in drying; sheaths strongly red-dotted ventrally, not transversely rugulose or
sparingly so in age; inflorescence paniculate or spicate-paniculate, the spikes very numer-
ous, small, androgynous or pistillate, but never gynaecandrous, the lower more or less com-
pound or often decompound; bracts usually not conspicuous; perigynia very thick, high-
convex dorsally and often somewhat convex ventrally, brownish or chestnut in age, ascending
or spreading, coriaceous, often shining, spongy at base, closely enveloping achene in upper
half of body, stipitate (often strongly), narrowly margined, nerved dorsally, nerveless or
nerved ventrally, serrulate from the middle, conspicuously beaked, the beak sutured dorsally,
serrulate, bidentate; achenes lenticular; style jointed with achene, deciduous, its base more
or less thickened; stigmas two.

Species of swampy meadows, best developed in calcareous districts. In North America
represented by four species in the cooler temperate parts, one of which also occurs in Eurasia.
Three species are widely distributed in Eurasia, one or two of which extend into northern
Africa or the Canary Islands. Several species occur in the more temperate parts of Australasia;
none in South America.

72 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

Perigynia very abruptly short-beaked, tapering at base; leaf-blades 2.5-8
mm. wide. 66. C. decomposita.
Perigynia tapering or contracted into the beak, rounded or truncate at
base; leaf-blades 1-6 mm. wide.
Sheaths not copper-tinged at the mouth; head little interrupted;
perigynia 2—2.75 mm. long, shining, not concealed by the scales. 67. C. diandra.
Sheaths copper-tinged at the mouth; head interrupted; perigynia 2.5—4
mm. long, nearly concealed by the scales.
Leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide, the ligule very short, the sheath convex
and conspicuously prolonged beyond base of blade; perigynia 2.5—3
mm. long, dull, the beak serrulate; scales reddish-brown-tinged. 68. C. pratrea.
Leaf-blades 2.5—6 mm. wide, the ligule conspicuous, longer than wide,
the sheath concave at mouth and only moderately prolonged
beyond base of blade; perigynia 3-4 mm. long, shining, the beak
setulose-serrulate; scales chestnut-brown-tinged. 69. C. Cusickii.

66. Carex decomposita Muhl. Descr. Gram. 264. 1817.

Carex Nuttallii Schw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 65. 1824. (Type from Arkansas; an obscure species,
doubtfully referred here.)

Carex paniculata var. decomposita Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 10: 276. 1826. (Based on C. decomposita
Muhl.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, lignescent, blackish, fibrillose, the culms
stout at base (4-8 mm. thick), slender above but stiff, more or less roughened on the angles
above, 4-10 dm. high, obtusely triangular with convex sides, from shorter than to much exceed-
ing the leaves, dark- or blackish-brown at base and clothed with the dried-up leaves of the
previous year, the lowest bladeless; leaves of the year with well-developed blades several to
a culm, on lower third, strongly separate, the blades erect, very long, 2—7 dm. long, 2.5-8 mm.
wide, flat or somewhat canaliculate, thickish, light-green, stiff, the margins and main nerves
(especially in the larger leaves) very serrulate, the sheaths tight, septate-nodulose dorsally,
hyaline and strongly purplish-red-dotted ventrally, concave and slightly reddish-brown-tinged
at mouth, the ligule wider than long; spikes androgynous, very numerous, in a decompound
panicle 4-15 cm. long, 1—4.5 em. wide, the panicle-branches widely separated but the spikes
closely aggregated on the branches, the spikes with several to many spreading perigynia and
inconspicuous terminal staminate flowers; bracts absent or occasionally one or two short
ones present, 2 cm. long or less, awl-shaped, long-attenuate; scales ovate-triangular, mucronate,
hyaline, with 3-nerved green center, narrower and rather shorter than the perigynia; perigynia
unequally biconvex, high-convex dorsally, low-convex ventrally, thick, very coriaceous,
olive or brownish-green, 2—2.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, the body broadly obpyramidal,
few-nerved dorsally, several-nerved at the base ventrally, sharp-edged ventrally to base and
serrulate on upper part, tapering at base into a short stipe, very spongy at base, very
abruptly beaked, the beak slender but flat, shallowly bidentate, serrulate, one third length
of body; achenes very closely enveloped, lenticular, oblong-elliptic, slightly more than 1 mm.
long and less than 1 mm. wide, apiculate, substipitate; style very short, slender, slightly
enlarged at base, jointed with achene; stigmas two, light-reddish-brown, slender, short.

Type LocaLity: ‘Habitat in Cherokee.”

DISTRIBUTION: Swamps, Florida to Louisiana, and northward to Maryland and west of the
mountains to Michigan and western New York; very local northward. (Specimens examined from
he sea York, Maryland, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Alabama,
*lorida.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 825; ed. 2. f. 899; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 408; Engler,
Pflanzenreich 47°: 176. f. 28, E, F; Boott, Ill. Carex 20. pl. 55; Torr. Fl. N. Y. pl. 142; Am. Jour.
Ries AIS MS ie ae

67. Carex diandra Schrank, Cent. Bot. Anmerk. 57. 1781.

Carex paniculata var. B Leers, Fl. Herborn. 198. 1775. (Type from Germany.)

Carre Sera Gooden. Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: 163. pl. 19, f. 3. 1794. (Type from Norwich,
tngland.

Cues Ponte ate var. minor Retz. Fl. Scand. Prodr. ed. 2. 219. 1795. (Based on C. diandra
Schrank.)

Carex Ehrhartiana Hoppe, Coll. Caric. Germ. 207; hyponym. 1829. (Type from central Europe.)

errs one Reichenb. in Moéssler, Handb. ed. 2. 1621. 1829. (Based on Carex teretiuscula

ooden,
Carex teretiuscula var. cylindrica Hartm. Skand. Fl. ed. 2. 248. 1832. (Type from Sweden.)
Carex teretiuscula var. major Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. 751. 1837. (Type from Germany.)

Ss

Part 2, 1931] CYPERACEAE 73

Physiglochis teretiuscula Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex teretiuscula Gooden.)

Carex teretiuscula var. crassior Hartm. Skand. Fl. ed. 4. 297. 1843. (Type from Sweden.)

Carex pseudoparadoxa S. Gibson, Phytol. 1: 778. 1843. (Type from Manchester, England.)

“Carex mitis Boott”’ Bock. Linnaea 39: 94. 1875. (From Kashmir.)

Carex teretiuscula var. Ehrhartiana Sanio, Bot. Centr. 6: 429. 1881. (Based on C. Ehrhartiana
Hoppe.)

Carex teretiuscula var. Ehrhartiana f. simplicior Sanio, Bot. Centr. 6:430. 1881. (Type from East
Prussia.)

Caricina teretiuscula St.-Lag. in Cariot, Etude Fl.ed.8. 2:875. 1889. (Based on Carex teretiuscula
Gooden.)

Carex teretiuscula var. tenella C. Beckm. Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 10:508. 1889. (Type from central
Europe.)

Carex bernardina Parish, Bull. So. Calif. Acad. 5:24. pl.21. 1906. (Type from San Bernardino,

California.)

Carex diandra {. tenella “‘ Beckm."’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 177. 1909. (Based on
C. teretiuscula var. tenella Beckm.)

Carex diandra f. major ‘‘Koch”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 177. 1909. (Based on
C. teretiuscula var. major Koch.)

In large dense clumps, the rootstocks very short-elongate, rather slender, tough, blackish,
fibrillose, the culms slender, but stiff and erect, 3-7 dm. high, exceeding the leaves, sharply
triangular with slightly convex sides, and strongly roughened on the angles, brown or dark-
brown at base; leaves with well-developed blades usually 4 or 5 to a culm, on lower fourth,
the blades erect-ascending, flat or canaliculate, light-green, 3 dm. long or usually considerably
shorter, 1-2.5 mm. wide, roughened on the margins and towards the apex, the sheaths con-
spicuously striate, tight, thin ventrally and strongly dotted with reddish-brown, prolonged
beyond base of blade, truncate or low-convex and not copper-tinged at mouth, the ligule
very short; spikes numerous, in a somewhat compound, slender, terminal head 2.5—5 cm. long,
10 mm. thick or less, the lower more or less separated; whole head brownish, the individual
spikes hardly distinguishable, the staminate flowers apical, inconspicuous, with the several
ascending or at length spreading perigynia beneath; bracts awl-shaped and long-cuspidate, 1
em. long or less, often rudimentary or absent; scales brownish with a lighter midrib and a
hyaline margin, acute, or slightly cuspidate, as wide as the perigynia at base, but usually
narrower above, and from slightly shorter to slightly longer; perigynia unequally biconvex,
high-convex, rounded, and strongly few-nerved dorsally, low-convex and little nerved at base
ventrally, ovate, 2-2.75 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, brown, shining, the body very plump, sharp-
edged nearly to base, serrulate above the middle, short-stipitate, round-truncate at base,
tapering or abruptly contracted into the beak, slightly margined above, the beak green or
whitish in age, strongly serrulate, shallowly bidentate, obliquely cut dorsally, shorter than
the body; achenes lenticular, broadly ovate, plump, stipitate, round-tapering at base,
long-tapering and apiculate above, 1 mm. long; style short, slender, jointed with achene,
slightly enlarged at base; stigmas two, slender, short, reddish-brown.

Tyre Locatity: Southern Bavaria, Germany.

DistRIBsuTION: Wet meadows in calcareous regions, Newfoundland and Labrador to Yukon, and
southward to New Jersey, Indiana, and Colorado and very locally to southern California; widely dis-
tributed in Eurasia and recorded from New Zealand. (Specimens examined from Labrador, New-
foundland, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, Maine, New
Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl-
vania, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, lowa, Nebraska, Keewatin, Alberta,
waa” Saskatchewan, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, British Columbia, California, Washington,

on

IL_ustrations: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 827; ed. 2. f. 897; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 409; wee Tee
Pflanzenreich 47°: 176. f. 28, A—D; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. D, f. 19; a T, f. 69; Fl. Dan. pl. 1886
Bull. So. Calif. Acad. 5: 25. pl. 21; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. 'St. f. 702 Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 57.
£5 38; 2s gto in Sturm, Deuts. Fl. 50: pl. 3; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 222, he 572; Trans. Linn.

Gost Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 3, f. 22; Engl. Bot. pl. 1065; ed. 3. pl. 1619, 1620 (C.
Tirkaclone) Fl. Fr. f. 3821; Hegi, Ill. FI. Mittel.-Eur. pl.46,f. 5; Karst. Deuts. FI. 167(1);
allier, Deuts. Fl 26.

Nor: See A. Bennett (Jour. Bot. 35: 244. 1897) for synonymy.

68. Carex prairea Dewey, in Wood, Class-Book 414 (as C. prarisa).
1845; ed. 2. 578 (as C. prairea). 1847.

"Carex paniculata 1.."" Muhl. Deser. Gram. 224. 1817.
~“' Carex paradoxa Willd.”’ Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 213.

1839,
Carex paniculata var. minor Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 540. 1848. (Based on C. prairea Dewey.)
Not C. paniculata var. minor Retz, 1779,

U4: NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

“Carex teretiuscula var. major Koch”’ Carey, in A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 511. 1856.

Carex teretiuscula var. ramosa Boott, Ill. Carex 145. 1867. (Based on C. prairea Dewey.) :

Carex teretiuscula vat. prairea Britton; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. 1:344. 1896. (Based on C. prairea
Dewey.)

Carex diandra var. prairea “‘Britton”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 177. 1909. (Based
on C. prairea Dewey.)

In large dense clumps, the rootstocks very short-elongate, rather slender, tough, blackish,
fibrillose, the culms slender, 5-10 dm. high, 3 mm. thick at base, aphyllopodic, sharply tri-
angular with flat sides, very rough on angles, much exceeding leaves, brown or dark-brown at
base; leaves with well-developed blades usually 3 or 4 to a fertile culm, on lower fourth, some-
what bunched, the blades light-green, flat with revolute margins, usually 1-3 dm. long, 2-3
mm. wide, much roughened, the sheaths tight, thin and conspicuously red-dotted ventrally,
conspicuously prolonged at mouth beyond base of blade, convex and strongly copper-tinged
at mouth, the ligule very short; head somewhat decompound, 4-8 cm. long, 1—2 em. thick,
the lower 3-5 branches separated, the upper aggregated, the individual spikes closely aggre-
gated, androgynous, ovoid, 3-6 mm. long, 2.5—4 mm. wide, the staminate flowers inconspicu-
ous, the perigynia 5-10, appressed or ascending, in several rows; lowest bract setaceous,
short, the others scale-like; scales narrowly ovate-triangular, acute or short-acuminate or
cuspidate, light-reddish-brown, with light-colored 1—3-nerved center, and conspicuous hyaline
margins, about as wide as or wider than and nearly as long as and concealing perigynia,
often falling with it; perigynia plano-convex or slightly unequally biconvex, 2.5-3 mm.
long, 1.25 mm. wide, dark-straw-colored or brownish, dull, the body ovate, thick, sharp-edged
to base and serrulate above middle, few-nerved dorsally, obscurely few-nerved towards base
ventrally, thick-walled, short-stipitate, truncate at base, tapering into a strongly ser-
rulate beak of somewhat less than its own length, green or in age whitish, obliquely cut
dorsally, shallowly bidentate, reddish-tipped with suture hyaline-margined; achenes lenticular,
stipitate, apiculate, filling perigynia, suborbicular, scarcely 1 mm. wide; style very short,
straight, slender, slightly enlarged at base, jointed with achene; stigmas two, slender, reddish-
brown, shorter than to about equaling perigynium.

Type Loca.ity: ‘Abundant in the prairies of Michigan and sparingly found in N. England
and N. Y.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Wet meadows in calcareous districts, Quebec to Saskatchewan, and southward
to New Jersey, Indiana, lowa, and Nebraska. (Specimens examined from Quebec, Ontario, Vermont,
Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan,
Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, Manitoba, North Dakota, Nebraska, Saskatchewan.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 898; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 410.

Nore: The name of this species was first given as “ prarisa,’’ but it was corrected to “‘ prairea”’
in the second edition of Wood's Class-Book.

69. Carex Cusickii Mackenzie; Piper & Beattie, Fl. N. W.
Coaste/2as 1915:

“* Carex paniculata L.’’ W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2:232,in part. 1880.

CoE CNS var. ampla L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:53. 1889. (Type from eastern
Carex pao’ C. B. Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 68, as to Canadian specimen only. 1908.
Carex diandra var. ampla ‘“‘L. H. Bailey’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 177. 1909.

(Based on C. teretiuscula var. ampla L. H. Bailey.)

In large clumps, rather densely cespitose, the culms 7-12 dm. high, stout, 4-6 mm. thick
at base, aphyllopodic, sharply triangular, the sides flat, roughened above, much exceeding
the leaves, brown at base; leaves with well-developed blades usually 3 or 4 to a fertile culm,
on lower fourth, somewhat bunched, the blades flat with revolute margins, usually 1-3 dm.
long, 2.5-6 mm. wide, much roughened towards apex, the sheaths somewhat septate-nodulose
dorsally, conspicuously red-dotted and not cross-rugulose ventrally or more or less so, concave
and copper-colored at mouth, and only moderately prolonged beyond base of blade, the ligule
longer than wide; lower bladeless sheaths numerous and conspicuous; head decompound, 4-8
em. long, 1-2 cm. thick, the lower 1-3 branches more or less separate, the upper aggregated,
the individual spikes closely aggregated, androgynous, ovoid, 3-6 mm. long, 2.5—4 mm. wide,
the staminate flowers inconspicuous, the perigynia 5—10, in several ranks, spreading at matu-
rity; lowest bract setaceous, short and inconspicuous, the others scale-like; scales ovate-

ParT 2, 1931] CYPERACEAE 75

triangular, acute or short-acuminate, chestnut-brown with hyaline margins and lighter mid-
rib, about as wide as and from slightly shorter to slightly longer than and nearly concealing
perigynia, often falling with them; perigynia very thick, more or less strongly biconvex,
3-4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, brownish-black at maturity, coriaceous, shining, the body
ovoid-orbicular, few-nerved dorsally, obscurely nerved towards base ventrally, short-stipitate,
strongly truncate at base, sharp-edged to base, serrate above, abruptly narrowed into
a setulose-serrulate beak of less than its own length, green or whitish in age, shallowly
bidentate, obliquely cleft dorsally; achenes lenticular, stipitate, apiculate, filling perigynia,
suborbicular, 1.25 mm. wide; style short, slender, slightly enlarged at base, jointed with
achene; stigmas 2, slender, light-reddish-brown, short.

Type Loca.ity (of C. teretiuscula var. ampla, on which C. Cusickii is based): ‘‘Quaking bogs,
head of Burnt River, E. Oregon, Cusick 1331; near Salem, Howell.’

DISTRIBUTION: Wet meadows, Montana to Vancouver, and southward to Utah and San Fran-
cisco Bay, California; rare in California and there confined to the Coast Ranges. (Specimens ex-
amined from Montana, Idaho, Utah, California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Erythea 8: 31. f. ee Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: f. 30, j-l; Jepson, Man. FI. Pi. Calif.
f. 168; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 7

15. Vulpinae Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 383, in part, especially as to type species. 1837;
Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 9. 1843; Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 540. 1848; L. H. Bailey, Proc.
Am. Acad. 22: 134. 1886. VuLPINoIDEAE Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2:381,in part. 1837. Muri-
CATAE Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 73, in part. 1845. STENORHYNCHAE Holm, Am. Jour.
Sci. IV. 16: 454. 1903; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 165. 1909; Mackenzie, in
Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 123. 1917; Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 32. 1922. ACANTHOPHORAE
Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. [V. 16: 454, in part, 1903. Species are referred to the genus Loncoperis
Raf. (Good Book 27. 1840).

Densely cespitose, or the rootstocks more or less elongate; culms triangular or concave-
triangular, frequently weakly cellular and flattened in drying; sheaths usually either trans-
versely rugulose or red-dotted ventrally; spikes few to many, androgynous or pistillate, but
never gynaecandrous, forming a spicate or capitate head, the lower from simple to com-
pound; bracts not strongly developed; perigynia plano-convex, yellowish or yellowish-brown,
appressed-ascending to spreading, not very thick-walled, but strongly spongy at base, closely
enveloping the achene in the upper part of the body, stipitate, usually strongly many-nerved
dorsally, strongly ribbed to nerveless ventrally, the margins nearly obsolete or very narrow
on lower half, conspicuously beaked, the beak sutured dorsally, usually serrulate, bidentate;
achenes lenticular, apiculate, jointed with the style, the latter more or less thickened at base;
stigmas two.

Species of swampy places, of which eleven are widely distributed in North America,
especially in the temperate portions. Four species are recorded from southern Africa and the
highlands of eastern Africa. One species is widely distributed in Europe and western Asia,
and extends into northern Africa. One species occurs in southern Australia. No South
American species are known.

Perigynium tapering into the beak, the body strongly nerved ventrally or
perigynium very long-beaked.
Perigynium 3-4 mm. long, the beak much shorter than the body; scales
dark-tinged.
Head capitate, simple, 8-30 mm. long; scales brownish-black or red-
dish-brown.
Leaves all clustered near base; sheaths not green-and-white-mot-
tled dorsally ; culms slender; perigynia little spongy at base. 70. C. Jonesii.
Leaves not at all clustered near base; sheaths green-and-white-
mottled dorsally; culms thickish at base, strongly aphyl-
lopodic.
Sheaths cross-rugulose ventrally, usually convex and prolonged
at mouth; perigynia little spongy at base, very shallowly
bidentate; stigmas short; culms not weak. 71. C. neurophora.
Sheaths not cross-rugulose ‘ventrally, concave or truncate and
not prolonged at mouth; perigynia strongly spongy at base,
sharply bidentate; stigmas long; culms weak. 72. C. nervina,

Head not capitate, often compound, 2-7 em. long; scales light-brown-
ish or chestnut-brown; culms sharply triangular.

76 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

Leaf-sheaths not green-and-white-mottled dorsally ; culms 2-4 dm.

high; leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide. 73. C. chihuahuensis.
Leaf-sheaths conspicuously green-and-white-mottled dorsally;
culms 3.5-8 dm. high; leaf-blades 2.5—5 mm. wide. 74. C. oklahomensis.

Perigynium 4~7 mm. long, the beak as long as or longer than the body.

Perigynium 4-6 mm. long, strongly nerved ventrally, rounded at

base, membranaceous, the beak 1—2 times the length of the

body; sheaths not purplish-dotted ventrally; achenes ovate-
orbicular.

Sheaths cross-rugulose ventrally, easily broken, prolonged upward

at mouth beyond base of blade, not thickened at mouth.
Leaf-blades 4-8 mm. wide; perigynia 4-5 mm. long, the beak

about the length of the body. 75. C. stipata.
Leaf-blades 8-15 mm. wide; perigynia 5—6 mm. long, the beak
longer than the body. 76. C. uberior.

Sheaths not cross-rugulose ventrally or only obscurely so, not
easily broken, not prolonged upward at mouth beyond base of
blade, thickened at mouth. 77. C. laevivaginata.
Perigynium 6-7 mm. long, obscurely nerved ventrally, with a disk-
like subcoriaceous base, the beak 2-3 times the length of the
body; sheaths conspicuously purplish-dotted ventrally; achenes
strongly ovate, tapering above. 78. C. Crus-corvi.
Perigynium contracted into a beak not longer than the body, the body
nerveless ventrally, except sometimes at base.
Perigynium faintly nerved dorsally, with beak about length of body;

sheaths not cross-rugulose ventrally. 79. C. alopecoidea.
Perigynium strongly nerved dorsally, with beak about half length of
body; sheaths cross-rugulose ventrally. 80. C. conjuncta.

70. Carex Jonesii L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 16. 1889.

“Carex Bonplandii var. angustifolia Boott” W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 233, in part. 1880.

“‘Carex illota L. H. Bailey’’ Parish, Bull. So. Calif. Acad. 5: 52. 1906.

Carex nervina var. Jonesii Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 167. 1909. (Based on C. Jonesii
L. H. Bailey.)

Cespitose, the rootstocks slender, elongate, dark-brown, more or less fibrillose, the culms
slender but strict, 2 mm. thick at base, 2-6 dm. high, exceeding the leaves, sharply triangular
above with flat sides, roughened on the angles beneath the head, inconspicuously aphyllopodic,
light-brownish-tinged at base; leaves with well-developed blades about 3 to a culm, bunched
above the base, the blades flat, light-green, rather stiff, ascending, usually 5-15 cm. long,
1.5—2.5 mm. wide, slightly roughened towards the apex, the sheaths tight, not green-and-white-
mottled dorsally, very thin ventrally and truncate at mouth, not cross-rugulose and not
thickened at mouth, the ligule much wider than long; spikes 4-8, closely capitate in an orbicular
or short-oblong, dense, erect head 8-18 mm. long and 8-10 mm. thick, none of the spikes
separate and bracts not present; staminate flowers apical, inconspicuous, the 5-10 ascending
or at length spreading perigynia below; scales ovate-triangular, brownish or blackish with
inconspicuous green midrib and hyaline margins, acute, about the width of but somewhat
shorter than the mature perigynia, which at maturity are conspicuous in the spikes; perigynia
plano-convex, ovate-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, 1.25—1.5 mm. wide, somewhat spongy at base,
membranaceous, straw-colored or brownish-tinged, flat ventrally and rounded dorsally,
substipitate, truncate at base, widest immediately above the base, sharp-edged to base, and
slightly margined above, strongly striate on both sides, tapering into a nearly smooth or
slightly serrulate beak about one third the length of the body, hyaline at orifice, bidentate,
the teeth very short, appressed, triangular, dark-chestnut-tinged; achenes lenticular, minute,
1.25 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, strongly apiculate, substipitate, broadly oval; style slender,
straight, jointed with achene, scarcely enlarged at base; stigmas two, light-colored, short,
slender, quickly breaking off.

TyPE LocaLity: Soda Springs, Nevada County, California (M. E. Jones.)

DISTRIBUTION: High mountains, Montana to Wyoming, and westward to Washington and
California, where confined to the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino mountains. (Specimens
examined from Wyoming, Washington, Oregon, California.)

a Pa Erythea 8: 32. f. 1/; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif. f. 169; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif.
t. f. (04.

Part 2, 1931] CYPERACEAE 77

71. Carex neurophora Mackenzie, in Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St.
1: 298. f. 706. 1923.
“Carex nervina L. H. Bailey’’ Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 123, in part. 1917.

Cespitose, the rootstocks slightly elongate, black, fibrillose, rather slender but tough,
the culms 3-7 dm. high, strongly aphyllopodic, stout (3.5 mm. thick) and brownish-tinged at
base, slender above, strictly erect, sharply triangular with concave sides, smooth or roughened
above, exceeding leaves; leaves with well-developed blades about + to a culm, clustered
on the lower fourth, the lower 4 or 5 with much reduced blades but with conspicuous
sheaths, the sheaths tight, conspicuously green-and-white-mottled dorsally, cross-rugulose,
thickish and convex and short-prolonged at mouth, the blades flat, light-green, not stiff,
up to 4 dm. long, about 3.5 mm. wide, the ligule almost obsolete; spikes 5-10, androgynous,
very closely aggregated into a dense ovoid or oblong head 1.5—2.5 em. long, 8-12 mm. thick,
the individual spikes scarcely distinguishable, consisting of a few very inconspicuous apical
staminate flowers and several to many at length widely spreading perigynia; bracts not devel-
oped; scales ovate, obtuse or acute, thin, brown with slender green midvein and without hyaline
margins, nearly width but only about half length of perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, lance-
olate, 3.5-4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, light-brown, or deep-chestnut-tinged above, membra-
naceous, finely several- to many-nerved on both sides, not margined below, but sharp-edged
above, short-stipitate, little spongy and rounded at base, tapering into a_ sparingly
minutely serrulate beak half length of body, dark-tipped, shallowly bidentate, the teeth
very short, triangular; achenes lenticular, ovoid-quadrate, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, apiculate,
short-stipitate; style short, slender, thickened at very base, jointed with achene; stigmas
two, light-colored, short, slender, quickly breaking off.

Type LOCALITY: Stevens Pass, Cascade Mountains, Washington (Sandberg & Leiberg 773).

DistripuTIoN: High mountains, from Wyoming and Montana to Washington and Oregon.

(Specimens examined from Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Washington, Oregon.)
ILLUSTRATION: Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 706.

72. Carex nervina I. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 203.
pl. 3, f. 6-8. 1885.

Cespitose, the rootstocks short-elongate, black, fibrillose, rather slender but tough, the
culms stout at base, 3.5 mm. thick, strongly aphyllopodic, 3-9 dm. high, flattened and striate,
weak, sharply triangular, concave on the sides, slightly flattened in drying, about equaling
or exceeding the leaves, roughened on the angles above, brownish-tinged at base; leaves
with well-developed blades about 6 to a fertile culm, on lower fourth, but not bunched, the
blades very flat, flaccid, light-green, 1-3 dm. long, 3.5-5 mm. wide, not long-attenuate, rough-
ened towards apex, somewhat nodulose at base, the sheaths conspicuously green-and-white-
mottled dorsally, tight and not cross-rugulose ventrally, thickened and truncate or concave
at mouth, not prolonged upward, the ligule nearly as long as wide, brown-margined; inflores-
cence consisting of 5-10 scarcely distinguishable androgynous spikes, densely aggregated
into an ovoid or oblong head 1.5—3 cm. long, 8-10 mm. thick, the individual spikes suborbicular
or ovoid, the larger 8 mm. long, 6 mm. wide, and containing some 6-12 ascending or at length
spreading perigynia below and a few rather inconspicuous staminate flowers above; lower
bract more or less developed, 5-20 mm. long, cuspidate, the center green, the margins brownish-
hyaline; seales ovate, acute, brown with green center and narrow hyaline margins, about
width of but shorter than perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
3.5-4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, light-brown or deep-chestnut-tinged above, membranaceous,
strongly many-nerved on both faces, sharp-margined above but not wing-margined, the lower
one fourth strongly spongy, substipitate, rounded at base, tapering into a smooth or sub-
serrulate beak half length of body, sharply bidentate, the teeth slender, erect, short but con-
spicuous; achenes lenticular, narrowly quadrate-orbicular, 1.75 min. long, 1,25 mm, wide,
short-apiculate, substipitate; style slender, short, enlarged at base, jointed with achene;
stigmas two, slender, light-colored, elongate.

78 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA {VoLUME 18

TyPE LOCALITY: Summit Camp, California (Kellogg, July 10, 1870).

DISTRIBUTION: Mountains of southern Oregon and California, where found in the Sierra Nevada
as far south as Tulare County.- (Specimens examined showing range as given.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Bot. Gaz. 10: pl. 3, f. 6, 7, 8; Erythea 8: f. 1/2; Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: f. 31 a-e;
Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif. f 170; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 705.

Norte: The more extended easterly range given this species by me in Rydberg’s Rocky Moun-
tain flora is based on specimens of Carex neurophora Mackenzie.

73. Carex chihuahuensis Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club
35: 265. 1908.

Loosely cespitose, from rather slender, long-creeping, tough, black, fibrillose rootstocks,
the culms 2-4 dm. high, slender but strict, sharply triangular with flat sides, slightly roughened
above, exceeding the leaves, dark-brown or blackish at base, aphyllopodic, the dried-up leaves
usually inconspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 4-8 to a culm, clustered on the
lower fourth, the sheaths much overlapping, the blades flat or channeled, thick, ascending
or more or less spreading, 5-15 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, very rough towards the apex, the
sheaths tight, not green-and-white-mottled nor septate-nodulose dorsally nor cross-rugulose
ventrally, sparingly red-dotted towards mouth, thin and truncate and scarcely thickened
at mouth, the ligule very short, much wider than long; inflorescence consisting of numerous
scarcely distinguishable spikes, densely aggregated (or the lower clusters separate) into a simple
or somewhat compound ovoid or oblong head 2-7 em. long, 7-15 mm. thick, the individual
spikes with 4-10 ascending or more or less spreading perigynia below and the inconspicuous
staminate flowers above; bracts scale-like, the lower prolonged into cusps, shorter than the
head; scales oblong-ovate, obtuse (or lower acute), brown or light-brownish with lighter 3-
nerved center and white-hyaline margins, about the width of but shorter than the perigynia;
perigynia plano-convex, narrowly ovate, straw-colored or yellowish-brown-tinged, membrana-
ceous but thicker and rather corky at base, 3.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, sharp-margined nearly
to base, serrulate above middle, conspicuously several- to many-nerved dorsally, less conspicu-
ously several- to many-nerved on lower half ventrally, short-stipitate, round-truncate at
base (the young perigynia rounded), tapering at apex into a serrulate beak one fourth to one
third the length of the whole (or longer in the young perigynia), obliquely cleft dorsally, deeply
bidentate, the teeth subulate-triangular, appressed, chestnut-tinged, the dorsal suture and false
ventral suture conspicuous; achenes lenticular, truncately short-apiculate, substipitate, oval,
1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, filling upper part of perigynium-body; style slender, short, jointed
with achene, enlarged at base; stigmas two, light-reddish-brown, slender, elongate.

TYPE LOCALITY: Puerta de St. Diego, Chihuahua (Hartman 620).
DISTRIBUTION: Mountains of Chihuahua, Mexico. (Specimens examined from Chihuahua.)

74. Carex oklahomensis Mackenzie, Torreya 14: 126. 1914.

Cespitose, from short-prolonged, stout, tough, dark-colored, fibrillose rootstocks, the
culms 3.5-8 dm. high, 4-6 mm. thick at base, 1.5 mm. thick beneath head, slender but stiff,
sharply triangular with flat sides, rough above, not wing-angled nor strongly flattened in
drying, exceeding leaves, aphyllopodic, brownish at base; leaves with well-developed blades
3 or 4 toa culm, the blades flat, thickish, up to 4 dm. long, 2.5—5 mm. wide, serrulate on margins
towards apex as well as roughened on veins, the sheaths tight, strongly green-and-white-
mottled dorsally, but not conspicuously septate-nodulose, ventrally white-hyaline, not red-
dotted nor cross-rugulose, thin, and soon ruptured, exceeding base of blade, the ligule wider
than long, dark-margined; head 4—7 em. long, about 15 mm. thick, oblong-cylindric, with
numerous spikes, continuous or somewhat interrupted below, the basal branches compound,
appressed, sessile or short-peduncled, the upper simple, closely aggregated and scarcely
distinguishable; spikes androgynous, subglobose, 5-8 mm. long, nearly as wide, with about
6-12 appressed-ascending perigynia and inconspicuous staminate flowers; lower one or two
bracts prolonged, setaceous, the others scale-like; scales ovate or lance-ovate, as wide as but
shorter than perigynia, chestnut-brown-tinged with hyaline margins and 3-nerved center,
the prominent midvein excurrent as a cusp; perigynia plano-convex, lance-ovate, 4-5 mm.
long, 1.75 mm. wide, thick, the walls thin, spongy and subturgid at base, green or in age green-

ParT 9, 1931] CYPERACEAE 79

ish-straw-colored but not brownish, dorsally conspicuously 7—10-nerved, ventrally less con-
spicuously fewer-nerved, sharp-margined nearly to the truncate subcordate base, serrulate
to the middle, stipitate, tapering into a serrulate beak much shorter than body, at apex red-
- dish-brown-tinged, and with a dorsal suture, deeply bidentate, the teeth subulate, appressed;
achenes lenticular, yellow, ovate-orbicular, 1.75 mm. long, 1.5 wide, apiculate, substipitate;
style, short, slender, thickened at base, jointed with achene; stigmas two, reddish-brown,
slender, short.

TYPE LocaLity: Catale, Oklahoma (Bush 993).
DISTRIBUTION: Wet places in calcareous districts, southwestern Missouri, northwestern Arkan-
sas, eastern Oklahoma, and eastern Texas. (Specimens examined showing range as given.)

75. Carex stipata Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 233. 1805.

——Carex Boscii Willd.; Spreng. Syst. 3: 812. 1826. (Type from North Carolina.)
—“Carex vulpinoidea Michx.’’ Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 390. 1836.
Loncoperis stipata Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex stipata Muhl.)
Carex stipata var. crassicurta Peck; Howe, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 48: 128. 1897. (Type
from New York.)
Carex stipata var. subsecuta Peck; Howe, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 48: 128. 1897. (Type
from New York.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks short-prolonged, stout, tough, dark, fibrillose, the
culms stout, 4-6 mm. thick at base, erect but weak and flattened in drying, 3-12 dm. high,
from shorter than to exceeding the leaves, triangular with concave sides, the angles slightly
winged and strongly serrulate especially above, light-brown at base; leaves with well-developed
blades 3-6 to a culm, the blades erect-ascending, green, flaccid, flat, 1.5—5 dm. long, 4-8 mm.
wide, the upper part serrulate on the margins and roughened below, the sheaths septate-
nodulose dorsally, and thin, cross-rugulose, not thickened at mouth and easily breaking
ventrally, prolonged above base of blade, the ligule very conspicuous, longer than wide,
colored on the margin; spikes numerous, yellowish-brown, in a compound, terminal, oblong-
linear to ovoid head 3-10 cm. long, 1—2.5 cm. thick, the lower branches often somewhat
separate; separate spikes hardly distinguishable, the staminate apical flowers inconspicuous,
with the usually 4-10 ascending or spreading perigynia beneath; lowest bract bristle-form,
5 cm. long or less, often wanting, the others, if present, short; scales ovate-triangular, brownish-
hyaline with 3-nerved green center, acuminate or cuspidate, narrower than and about the
length of the bodies of the perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, lanceolate, thick, 4-5 mm. long,
1.5 mm. wide, yellow at maturity, membranaceous, sharp-edged to base, strongly several-
nerved dorsally, strongly few-nerved ventrally, substipitate, spongy and truncate-rounded
at base, tapering into a serrulate beak about the length of the body, dorsally cleft, biden-
tate, the teeth triangular, appressed, reddish-brown-tinged; achenes lenticular, short-apicu-
late, substipitate, plump, ovate-orbicular, 1.5-2 mm. long, 1.25-1.75 mm. wide; style slender,
straight, strongly enlarged at base, jointed with achene; stigmas two, 1.5—-2 mm. long, slender,
light-reddish-brown.

Tyre Loca.ity: “Habitat in Pennsylvania.”

Distrisution: Swamps and wet meadows, Newfoundland to southern Alaska, and southward
to North Carolina, Tennessee, Kansas, New Mexico, and central California; one of the most widely
distributed of the American species of ‘Carex; also in Japan. (Specimens examined from Newfound-
land, Quebec, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Ver-
mont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, ‘Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware,
Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Ontario, Ohio,
Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, South
Dakota, North Dakota, Manitoba, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico,
Montana, Idaho, Utah, California, Oregon, ae mar Ere British Columbia, southern Alaska.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Schkuhr, om r. pl. Hhh, f. 132; Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 169. f. 27, H-L;
Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. . 823; ed “900; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 412; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl.
21, f. 1; Erythea 8: f. 13; ; Jepson, Fi. Calif. 1: f. 31, d-f; Jepson, Man. FI. PL Calif f. 171; Abrams,
Ill, Fi. Pacif. St. f. 07; Am. Jour. Sci. 1V. 8: 106. f. 1; 107. f. 2-5; 109. f. 6, 7

76. Carex uberior (C. Mohr) Mackenzie.

“ Carex stipata Muhl."’ Chapm. FI. S. U.S. 533. 1860.
hanige ap pon May Tema Chapm.; Boott, Ill. Carex 122. pl.391. 1862. (Type from Florida.) Not
maxima
Carex stipata var. Werle Gi. Mohr, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 6: 419. 1901. (Type from Mobile
County, Alabama.)

80 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

Cespitose, the rootstocks very short, dark-colored, fibrillose, the culms 4-9 dm. high,
stout (6-12 mm. thick at base) but weak, sharply triangular with concave sides, much flattened
in drying, very rough above, exceeding or shorter than the leaves, light-brown at base and
clothed with the few short-bladed leaves of the previous year; leaves of the year 4-6 to a-
culm, on lower third, not bunched, the blades yellowish-green, thin, flat, usually 1-3.5 dm.
long, 8-15 mm. wide, roughened towards apex, the sheaths loose, conspicuously septate-
nodulose dorsally, thin and easily broken and conspicuously cross-rugulose ventrally, convex
and short-prolonged beyond base of blade at mouth, the ligule conspicuous, longer than wide;
head decompound, 4-10 em. long, 2-4 em. thick, the clusters all densely aggregated or the
lower approximate, the spikes numerous, androgynous, scarcely distinguishable, the staminate
flowers very inconspicuous, the perigynia several to many, ascending or at maturity spreading,
the beaks conspicuous; lower bracts setaceous, usually not conspicuous, the upper scale-like;
scales lanceolate, light-yellowish-brown with hyaline margins and 3-nerved green center,
cuspidate or awned, narrower and much shorter than perigynia; perigynia plano-convex,
lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, membranaceous but spongiose at base, yellowish-green
or at maturity dull-brownish-green or straw-colored, slenderly many-nerved on both sides,
sharp-edged to base, serrulate at base of beak, stipitate, truncate-cordate at base, tapering
into a flat beak more than length of body, serrulate, reddish-brown-tipped, obliquely cleft
dorsally, bidentate; achenes lenticular, broadly ovate, yellowish-brown, shining, substipitate,
apiculate, 2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide; style slender, straight, enlarged at base, jointed with
achene; stigmas two, light-reddish-brown, very short.

Type Loca.ity (of C. stipata var. uberior Mohr, on which C. uberior is based) : Mobile County,
Alabama (Mohr).

DisTRIBUTION: Deep swamps on the coastal plain and the southern Mississippi valley, Florida
to Texas, and northward to southern New Jersey and Pennsylvania and in the Mississippi valley to
Missouri and Kentucky. (Specimens examined from New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Mary-
land, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Missouri, Kentucky.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Boott, Ill. Carex 122. pl. 390 (as C. stipata), pl. 391.

77. Carex laevivaginata (Kiikenth.) Mackenzie, in Britt. &
Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2.1: 371. 1913.

Carex stipata var. laevivaginata Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 172. 1909. (Type from
Biltmore, North Carolina.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks short-prolonged, stout, tough, dark, fibrillose, the culms
aphyllopodic, stoutish, 3-5 mm. thick at base, 3-8 dm. high, shorter than to somewhat exceed-
ing the leaves, sharply triangular with concave sides, and slightly wing-angled, weak and
flattened in drying, very rough above, light-brown at base; leaves with well-developed blades
3-6 to a culm, not bunched, the blades erect-ascending, light-green, flaccid, flat, usually 1-3
dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, roughened on margins and towards tip, the sheaths septate-nodulose
dorsally and not at all or only obscurely transversely rugulose ventrally, strongly thickened at
mouth, not prolonged beyond base of blade and not breaking, the ligule conspicuous, longer
than wide, colored on the margin; spikes numerous, yellowish-green, in a somewhat compound
linear-oblong or oblong head 2.5—6 cm. long, 1—1.5 em. thick, the lower branches little separate;
individual spikes poorly defined, androgynous, the perigynia 4-10, ascending or spreading;
bracts bristle-form and inconspicuous or the upper scale-like; scales triangular-lanceolate,
hyaline with 3-nerved green center, awned, narrower than and about length of bodies of peri-
gynia; perigynia plano-convex, lanceolate, thick, 4.5-5 mm. long, 1.5—-2 mm. wide, greenish or
yellowish at maturity, membranaceous, strongly nerved on both sides, sharp-edged to base,
abruptly slender-stipitate, spongy and truncate-rounded at base, tapering into a serrulate
beak 1-2 times length of the body, dorsally cleft, bidentate, the teeth subulate-triangular,
dark-tinged, appressed; achenes lenticular, small, strongly apiculate and substipitate, the
body ovate-orbicular, 1.5—1.75 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide; style slender, straight, jointed with
achene, slightly enlarged at base; stigmas two, slender, reddish-brown, 1.5-2 mm. long.

_ Type Loca.ity (of C. stipata var. laevivaginata Kiikenth. on which C. laevivaginata is based):
Biltmore, North Carolina (Biltmore no. 262a).

_ DISTRIBUTION: Swampy woods, Massachusetts to Minnesota, and southward to Florida and
Missouri. (Specimens examined from Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New

Part 2, 1931] CYPERACEAE 81

Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina,
Salen Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota,
fissouri.)
Nore: First fully described and contrasted with C. stipata in Small & Carter’s Flora of Lan-
easter County, Pennsylvania (54. 1913); see also Fernald (Rhodora 17: 231. 1915).

78. Carex Crus-corvi Shuttlw.; Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr.
128. 1842; pl. 32. 1844.

Carex Crus-corvi f. orthoclados Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. 166, pl. 42. 1844. (Type from Louisiana.)
Carex Crus-corvi f. orthostachys Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. 167. 1844. (Type from Illinois.)
——Carex ornithorhyncha Engelm.; Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. 167, as synonym. 1844.
Carex Hystrix A. Gray; Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. 167, as synonym. 1844.
-—Carex sicaeformis Boott, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist.5:113. 1845. (Type from New Orleans, Louisiana.)
__.Carex Halei Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 2: 248. 1846. (Type from Louisiana.)

Cespitose, the rootstocks short-prolonged, tough, stout, black, fibrillose, the culms very
stout, 8-12 mm. thick at base, erect, 5—9 dm. high, light-brown at base, shorter than the leaves,
sharply triangular with concave sides, the angles strongly serrulate and slightly winged; leaves
with well-developed blades 5-8 to a culm, the blades erect-ascending, flat, light-green, very
elongate, 3-7 dm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, serrulate on margins and roughened towards the apex,
the sheaths septate-nodulose dorsally, and ventrally thin, strongly purplish-dotted, not cross-
rugulose and not thickened nor prolonged beyond base of blade at mouth, the ligule conspicu-
ous, dark-margined, wider than long; spikes very numerous, in a compound terminal head 7-17
em. long, 1.5—5 cm. thick, the lower branches often somewhat separate; separate spikes hardly
distinguishable, the staminate flowers apical, inconspicuous, with the several to many ascend-
ing or spreading perigynia beneath; lower bract usually present, bristleform, 8 cm. long or
less, sometimes wanting, the others, if present, short; scales lanceolate-triangular, thin,
greenish or light-brownish-tinged, or soon hyaline, with 3-nerved green center, acuminate
to aristate, 3-5 mm. long and narrower than the perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, 6-7 mm.
long, yellowish or brownish in age, the body narrowly ovoid, the lower third turgid, disk-like,
very spongy and subcoriaceous, 2.5-3 mm. long, 1-1.25 mm. wide, strongly nerved dorsally,
obscurely nerved and sharp-margined ventrally, short-stipitate, truncate-cordate at base,
and tapering into a serrulate slender beak 2-3 times length of body, dorsally cleft, deeply
bidentate, the teeth subulate, slightly spreading; achenes lenticular, strongly ovate, rounded
at the short-stipitate base, tapering above, slightly apiculate, 1.75 mm. long, 1 mm. wide;
style slender, straight, somewhat enlarged at base, jointed with achene; stigmas two, light-
reddish-brown, slender, short.

Type LocaLitry: New Orleans, Louisiana (Drummond 432).

DisTRIsuTION: Swamps, Florida to Texas, and northward in the Mississippi Valley to southern
Michigan, southern Minnesota, and eastern Nebraska. (Specimens examined from Michigan, Wis-
consin, Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma,
Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia, Florida.)

IttusTRATIONS: Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. f. 32, 42; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 824; ed. 2. f. 901;
Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 413; Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 169. f. 27, M—-Q; Boott, Ill. Carex 25. pl. 65.

79. Carex alopecoidea Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 18. 1843.

—— Carex cephalophora var. maxima Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 43: 92. 1842. (Type from Penn Yan,
New York.) Not C. maxima Scop. 1772. E
Carex og, ce var. sparsispicata Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. IT. 8: 350. 1849. (Type from Washing-
ton, Michigan.)
Carex alopecoidea {. sparsispicata ‘“‘Dewey” Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 167. 1909.
(Based on C. alopecoidea var. sparsispicata Dewey.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short-prolonged, stout, conspicuously black-
fibrillose, the culms rather slender, 4-8 dm. high, 3-4 mm. thick at base, usually exceeded by
the leaves, weak, sharply triangular with concave sides, rather strongly winged and serrulate
on the angles above, flattened in drying, dark-brownish at base; lower leaves with short
blades, the upper 3 or 4 with ascending, thin, flaccid, flat blades 3-4 dm, long and
2.5-5 mm. wide, roughened on the margins and towards the apex, the sheaths tight, septate-
nodulose dorsally, thin ventrally and very readily breaking, purplish-dotted, not cross-rugulose,
not thickened at mouth, but prolonged upward beyond base of blade, the ligule conspicuous,
dark-margined, longer than wide; spikes 8-12, densely aggregated in a solitary, terminal head

82 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

2-3 cm. long, 8-10 mm. thick, the lower 3 to 5 distinguishable, bearing the few inconspicuous
staminate flowers above and the 8-15 ascending or in age somewhat spreading perigynia
below; bracts bristle-form, slightly enlarged at base, about 1 cm. long, not conspicuous; scales
ovate, copper-colored with hyaline margins and 3-nerved green center, acuminate or cuspidate,
narrower and rather shorter than the perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, ovate, 3-4 mm.
long, 1.75 mm. wide, the body dull-brownish-yellow, the margins and beak greenish, mem-
branaceous, sharp-edged to base, narrowly winged and serrulate above, stipitate, somewhat
spongy and rounded-truncate at base, nerveless ventrally, rather faintly many-nerved dorsally,
rather abruptly narrowed into a serrulate beak about the length of the body, bidentate,
the teeth triangular, very short and reddish-brown-tirged, both sutures conspicuous; achenes
lenticular, apiculate, substipitate, suborbicular, 1.5 mm. long; style slender, short, scarcely
enlarged at base, jointed with achene; stigmas two, slender, reddish-brown, short.

Tyre Locatity: ‘Hab. Penn-Yan, Nov. Ebor. D. Sartwell.”

DISTRIBUTION: Swampy meadows in calcareous districts, Quebec and Maine to Minnesota,
and southward to northwestern New Jersey and Iowa. (Specimens examined from Quebec, Ontario,
Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Michigan, Wisconsin,
Indiana, Minnesota, Illinois, Iowa.)

ILLustRaTIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 828; ed. 2. f. 892; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 403; Boott, Ill.
Carex 26. pl. 68.

80. Carex conjuncta Boott, Ill. Carex 122. pl. 392. 1862.
“Carex vulpina 1." Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 541. 1848.

Cespitose, the rootstock lignescent, short, blackish, fibrillose, the culms stout but weak
and spongiose, erect or ascending, 4-8 dm. high, exceeding or shorter than the leaves, sharply
triangular and narrowly winged, roughened on the margins, drying very flat and 2-3 mm. wide,
light-brownish-tinged at base; leaves with well-developed blades about 3-6 to a culm, the
blades erect-ascending, flat, flaccid, 1.5—3.5 dm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, serrulate on the margins
and roughened below towards the apex, the sheaths more or less septate-nodulose dorsally,
very fragile, quickly breaking, cross-rugulose and red-dotted ventrally, convex at the mouth
and exceeding base of blade; spikes 7-15, in a more or less compound slender terminal head
1.5-6 em. long, 8-15 mm. thick, the lower branches often somewhat separate, the upper spikes
hardly distinguishable, the staminate flowers apical, inconspicuous, the several to many
ascending or somewhat spreading perigynia basal; lower bract bristle-form, 4 cm. long or
less, usually short, the others, if present, short; scales ovate-triangular, hyaline with a green
midrib, acuminate to cuspidate, narrower than and about the length of the bodies of the peri-
gynia; perigynia plano-convex, ovate, 3.5-5 mm. long, 1.6-2 mm. wide, greenish or yel-
lowish-green, membranaceous, sharp-edged to base, 4~5-nerved dorsally, several-nerved at
base and somewhat spongy ventrally, short-stipitate, round-truncate at base, tapering or
somewhat abruptly contracted into a serrulate beak about half length of the body, shallowly
bidentate, the sutures conspicuous and teeth short; achenes lenticular, suborbicular, 1.5
mm. long, short-stipitate, apiculate; style slender, straight, jointed with achene, slightly
thickened at base; stigmas two, slender, reddish-brown, rather short.

Type LocaLity: “Hab. In America septentrionali. New York, Torrey. Kentucky, Short
(“C. stipata”’). Ohio, Sullivant. Illinois, Mead.’’ Sullivant’s specimens from Columbus, Ohio,
are figured by Boott, and are taken as the type.

DistrRiBuTIon: Borders of alluvial thickets, usually in calcareous districts, New York and New
Jersey to the District of Columbia, and westward to South Dakota and eastern Kansas. (Specimens
examined from New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, Michigan, Ohio, Ken-
tucky, Indiana, Illinois, lowa, Missouri, eastern Kansas, South Dakota.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 822; ed. 2. f. 893; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 411; Boott,
Ill. Carex 122. pl. 392.

Nore: Olney’s 102 from Rhode Island, cited by Kiikenthal, is undoubtedly mislabeled.

16. Macrocephalae Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 186. 1909. XBROCHLAENAE
Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 455, in small part. 1903. By L. H. Bailey (Proc. Am. Acad.
22: 134. 1886) placed in the VULPINAE Kunth; by Pax (in E. & P. Nat. Pfl. 2?: 124. 1887)
in the CurvuLAE Tuckerm.

Rootstocks elongate, slender but tough, obliquely ascending; culms aphyllopodic;

Part 2, 1931] CYPERACEAE 83

spikes very many, usually pistillate or staminate, but at times androgynous, forming very
dense heads 3-6 cm. long; heads usually entirely pistillate or staminate, but sometimes mixed;
bracts short or frequently elongate; perigynia plano-convex or becoming slightly biconvex
from the enlarging achene, strongly wing-margined and jagged-serrulate, very coriaceous,
many-nerved on both sides, closely enveloping the achene in the upper part of the body,
strongly beaked, the beak sutured dorsally, deeply bidentate, the teeth rigid; achenes obtusely
triangular, constricted in the middle, truncate at top; style slender with slightly enlarged
base, jointed with the achene; stigmas three, very long, slender.

One peculiar species in seacoast sands of the northern Pacific in North America and Asia.

81. Carex macrocephala Willd.; Spreng. Syst. 3: 808. 1826.

“Carex anthericoides Presi, Rel. Haenk. 1: 204. 1828. (Type from Nootka Sound.)

~Carex Menziesiana Smith; Boott, Ill. Carex 27, as synonym. 1858.

Carex macrocephala var. bracteata Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. [V. 10: 266. 1900. (Type from Kussiloff,
Alaska.)

Carex macrocephala {. bracteata ‘‘Holm”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 187. 1909. (Based
on C. macrocephala var. bracteata Holm.)

Culms arising one to three together from perpendicular rootstocks arising from deep-
seated horizontal and long-creeping rootstocks, the culms very strongly long-black-fibrillose
at base, 1.5-3.5 dm. high, obtusely triangular, very stiff and stout, often strongly roughened
above, from shorter than to considerably exceeding the leaves, brown at base and clothed
with the dried-up leaves of the previous year; leaves with well-developed blades 2-5 to a
culm, near the base, the blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, thickish, yellowish-green,
somewhat channeled, flat, roughened especially below and towards the apex, the margins
minutely but sharply serrulate, the sheaths truncate at mouth, the ligule very short, much
wider than long; heads generally dioecious, the pistillate enormous, 4-6 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm.
thick, ovoid-orbicular to oblong, composed of a great many very closely aggregated and
nearly undistinguishable spikes, the spikes at anthesis narrowly ovoid, 1.5 cm. long, 6-9 mm.
wide, each with several to many appressed or at maturity squarrose perigynia, the bracts
somewhat enlarged at base and from short and concealed by the mature perigynia to 6 cm.
long and 3 mm. wide, with serrulate margins and much exceeding the perigynia, at times as
many as 20 so developed; staminate heads 4 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, composed of many very
closely aggregated spikes, similar to the pistillate at anthesis, but no developed bracts seen;
seales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, awned, cuspidate, or acuminate, strongly many-striate,
with green center and hyaline margins and chestnut-brown between, about the width of but
at maturity exceeded by perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, or slightly unequally biconvex,
ovate-lanceolate, thick, 10-15 mm. long, very coriaceous, smooth, shining, brownish-yellow or
soon brownish- tinged, the body ovate, 6-8 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, substipitate, somewhat
spongy and rounded at base, strongly many-nerved on both faces, strongly wing-margined
ventrally nearly to base, the margin irregularly cut and serrulate to base of beak and a short
distance up the beak, the perigynia tapering into a smooth beak about length of body,
very sharply bidentate, the teeth subulate, very sharp, erect; achenes obtusely triangular,
thick, brownish, short-oblong, narrowed at base, truncate above, deeply constricted in the
middle, 4 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, jointed with the slightly flexuous slender style, the style
slightly enlarged at base and at length deciduous; stigmas three, very long, slender, reddish-
brown.

Tyre Locauity: “Sibir. Pallas.”’

Distrisution: Sands along the sea-coast, from Oregon to Alaska, and on the Asiatic coast
southward to northern China and Japan. (Specimens examined from Oregon, Washington, Van-
couver, Alaska Peninsula, Cook Inlet.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Engler, Pflanzenreich 4: 185. f. 30, J-N; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. pl. 216; Boott,
It. Carex 27. pl. 69; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 691; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 59. f. 40; Am. Jour.
Sci. 43: pl. CC, f. 96; Regel, Tent. Fl. Ussur. pl. 12, f. 8-12.

Nore: Fernald (Rhodora 32: 9-11. 1930) treats the North American plant under the name
Carex anthericoides Presi, as differing from the Asiatic. The Asiatic plant was very fully described
by Boeckeler (Linnaea 39: 66,67. 1875) and by Kunth (Enum. Pl. 2: 428,429. 1837), apparently
from the original material. These descriptions do not agree with some of the distinctions made by
Fernald, and some other distinctions made by him are not borne out by the few Asiatic specimens I
have seen.

84 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

Willdenow’s original description calls for two stigmas and Regel’s very poor detail drawings
show two stigmas. Other authors have, however, always observed three stigmas. I am leaving
the question of the possible lack of identity between the American plant and the Asiatic plant open
for further information.

17. Heleonastes Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 393. 1837; Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 10 (as Heleo-
nasteae). 1843. CANESCENTES Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 72. 1845; Carey, in A. Gray,
Man. 543. 1848; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 212. 1909; Mackenzie, in Rydb.
Fl. Rocky Mts. 127. 1917; Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 49. 1922. ExLoncaTar Kunth, Enum.
Pl. 2: 402, in part. 1837; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 142, in part. 1886; Kiikenth. in
Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 226, in part. 1909. TENUIFLORAE Kunth, Enum. Pl.2: 405. 1837;
Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 222. 1909; LrportNaE Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 72,
in part. 1845. LaGoprinaE Anderss. Cyp. Scand. 62. 1849. Monastes Nyman, Consp.
Fl. Eur. 779. 1882. LonrackAE Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. 780. 1882. BRracHYSTACHYAE
Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 453. 1903. NEUROCHLAENAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16:
453, in greater part. 1903. Species are referred to the HYPARRHENAE Fries by Pax (in
E. & P. Nat. Pfl. 22: 124. 1887). Species are referred to the genera Facolos Raf., Vignea
Beauv., and Neskiza Raf. by Rafinesque (Good Book 26, 27. 1840). Treated as a genus
Leptovignea, subgenus Crossantha, by Borner (Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 273. 1913).

Cespitose, but in some species with slender stolons; culms triangular; sheaths not cross-
rugulose; spikes 1-10, with few to many perigynia, simple, the terminal gynaecandrous, the
lateral pistillate or gynaecandrous, or rarely all androgynous; bracts usually inconspicuous;
perigynia plano-convex or unequally biconvex, greenish-white-puncticulate, lanceolate, ovoid,
oval, or obovoid, appressed to spreading, more or less nerved on both sides, not winged nor
margined, but acute-angled above, the body nearly or entirely filled by the achene, beakless to
prominently beaked, the beak obliquely cut and sutured dorsally, entire to bidentate; achenes
lenticular, apiculate, jointed with the slender style; stigmas two.

A group of sphagnum-loving plants represented by seventeen species in the colder parts
of North America, extending northward into the arctic regions and southward in the western
mountains. Eleven of these species are also widely distributed in the colder parts of Eurasia.
A few additional species are found in eastern Asia. The group is also sparingly represented in
the mountains of southern South America, southern Australia, and New Zealand. It is absent
from all the warmer parts of the world.

Spikes androgynous; perigynia unequally biconvex. 82. C. disperma.
Spikes (at least uppermost) gynaecandrous; perigynia plano-convex.
Lowest bract bristle-form, much prolonged, many times exceeding its
1—5-flowered spike; spikes widely separate. 83. C. trisperma.
Lowest bract much shorter or none; spikes several - to many-flowered, the
upper approximate.
Perigynia beakless or nearly so; scales white-hyaline; rootstocks
loosely cespitose and with slender stolons.
Spikes closely aggregated, forming an ovoid or suborbicular
head; perigynia with slender nerves. 84.
Spikes remote; perigynia many-ribbed. 85.
Perigynia very short-beaked to strongly beaked; scales often darker-
tinged; rootstocks more densely or very densely cespitose.
Perigynia broadest near middle; beak short, smooth or moder-
ately serrulate.

Spikes 1-4 (6), closely approximate; perigynia with beak
smooth or very nearly so; scales chestnut- or reddish-
tinged.

Spike one (or rarely with a smaller one at base). 86. C. ursina.
Spikes 2-4 (6).
Lateral spikes gynaecandrous (arctic-alpine).
Culms smooth or nearly so; perigynia brownish-
yellow, the beak prominent, hyaline at apex. 87. C. bipartita.
Culms very rough above; perigynia cinereous or at
length brown, the beak ferruginous at apex. 88. C. Heleonastes.
Lateral spikes pistillate (northern seacoast).
Perigynia very abruptly short-beaked.
Terminal spike strongly clavate; perigynia ex-
ceeding scales, the beak conspicuous; scales
light-chestnut to reddish-brown. 89. C. marina.

. tenuiflora.
. loliacea.

foie)

Part 2, 1931] CYPERACEAE 85

Terminal spike short-clavate; perigynia ex-
ceeded by scales, the beak very short; scales
dark-chestnut. 90. C. pribylovensis.
Perigynia fusiform, tapering into beak. 91. C. glareosa.
Spikes 3-9, the lower at least remote.
Seales light-reddish-brown, obtuse, slightly enveloping the
subcoriaceous perigynia; culms smooth. 92. C. norvegica.
Seales usually lighter-colored, acutish to cuspidate, not at
all enveloping the membranaceous perigynia (except
in C. arctaeformis); culms rough above.
Perigynia loosely- spreading, distinctly beaked, the beak
bidentate; leaf-blades 1-2.5 mm. wide, not glaucous;
spikes few-flowered. 93. C. brunnescens.
Perigynia appressed-ascending until over-ripe, at most
very short-beaked, the beak entire or emarginate;
leaf-blades usually 2-4 mm. wide (rarely nar-
rower), glaucous.
Perigynia 1.5-1.75 mm. long; scales strongly brown-
or chestnut-brown-tinged.
Spikes distinct, the lower separate; perigynium-

beak smooth. 94. C. bonanzensis.
Spikes densely aggregated; perigynium-beak
sparingly serrulate. 95. C. praeceptorium.

Perigynia 1.8-3 mm. long; scales hyaline with green
center, usually brownish-tinged at maturity.
Scales not at all enveloping perigynia, the latter
conspicuous in the spikes; lower spikes remote. 96. C. canescens.
Seales somewhat enveloping perigynia towards
base, the latter largely concealed and not con-
spicuous in the spikes; spikes all closely ap-

: proximate. 97. C. arctaeformis.
Perigynia ovate, broadest near base, the beak conspicuous,
strongly serrulate. 98. C. arcta.

82. Carex disperma Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 8: 266. 1824.

~~ Carex tenella Schkuhr, Riedgr. a pl. Pp, f. 104. 1801. (Type thought to have come from Saxony.)
Not C. tenella Thuill. 1799
~™'"“Carex loliacea L."’ Schkuhr, Riedgr. Nachtr. 18, in part. 1806.
Carex disperma var. tetrasperma Beck, Bot. U. S. 432. 1833. (Type not given.)
Vignea disperma Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex disperma Dewey.)
~~ Carex Blyttii F. Nyl. Spic. Pl. Fenn. 2:35. 1844. (Type from Finland.)
~~" Carex gracilis Ehrh.’’ A. Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 4:19. 1847. (Not C. gracilis Curt. 1783.)
~— Carex misera Franchet, Bull. Soc. Philom. VIII. 7:31. 1895. (Type from Japan.) Not C. miser

Buckle¥. 1843; nor C. misera Phil. 1860.
~ eggs Poca + var. misera Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris III. 8: 224. 1896. (Based on C. misera
ranchet.)

Carex tenella {. brachycarpa Kiikenth. Allg. Bot. Zeits. 15:36. 1909. (Type from island of Sachalin,
eastern Asia.)

Loosely cespitose, sending forth long, very slender, light-brown stolons, the culms very
slender, weak, triangular, 1.5-6 dm. high, exceeding the leaves, roughened beneath head,
light-brown at base and conspicuously clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous year;
leaves with well-developed blades 3-6 to a culm, bunched on lower third, the blades erect-
ascending, 3 dm. long or less (usually about 1.5 dm.), 0.75-1.5 (rarely 2 mm.) wide, deep-
green, flat, thin, soft, strongly minutely serrulate on the margins and on the veins, the sheaths
tight, very thin and hyaline ventrally, short-prolonged beyond base of blade and continuous
with ligule; spikes 2-4, androgynous, in a terminal head 1.5—2.5 em. long, 3-5 mm, thick,
the lower separated, the upper aggregated; staminate flowers 1 or 2, apical, inconspicuous,
the 1-6 ascending perigynia borne below; bracts bristle-form, somewhat enlarged at base, | em.
long or less, often rudimentary; scales ovate-triangular, white-hyaline, the midrib green,
acuminate or short-mucronate, narrower and shorter than the perigynia; perigynia unequal-
ly biconvex, oblong-ovoid, 2.25—3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, very thick, light-green or in age
yellowish-green, sharp-edged above, finely many-nerved on both sides, subcoriaceous, densely
white-punctate, abruptly short-stipitate, spongy and rounded at base, rounded at the summit
and abruptly contracted into a minute beak (0.25 mm. long or less), smooth, slender, ob-
liquely cut dorsally, entire, hyaline at orifice; achenes lenticular, oblong-elliptic, completely
filling the perigynia, 1.75 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, sessile, truncately very short-apiculate,
brownish-yellow, shining; style very short, jointed with achene, at length deciduous; stigmas
two, slender, reddish-brown,

86 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

TYPE LOCALITY: Massachusetts (Dewey).

DISTRIBUTION: Boggy coniferous woods, Labrador and Newfoundland to Yukon and southern
Alaska, and southward to northern New Jersey, Indiana, New Mexico, and the Sierra Nevada of
California: also in the northern parts of Eurasia. (Specimens examined from Labrador, Newfound-
land, Quebec, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Ver-
mont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ontario, Michigan,
Indiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota, South Dakota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Montana,
Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Idaho, California, Oregon, Washington, British
Columbia (including Vancouver Island), Alaska, Yukon.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Fl. Dan. Suppl. pl. 116; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 834; ed. 2. f. 902; Rob. &
Fern. Man. f. 394; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Pp, f. 104; Engler, Pflanzenreich 4”; 223. f. 36, A—C; Jour.
Russe Bot. 1911:69. f. 53; Boott, lll. Carex 47. pl. 125, 126; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St.f. 753; Clements,
Rocky Mt. Fl. pl. 45, f. 1; Am. Jour. Sci. 9: pl. A, f. 3; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 4, f. 33; Hegi, Ill.
Fl. Mittel.-Eur. 2: 77. f. 225.

83. Carex trisperma Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 9:63. pl. C,
Pull ap GOS:

Carex quaternaria Spreng. Syst. 3: 809. 1826. (Type from New Jersey.)
Neskiza trisperma Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex trisperma Dewey.)

Loosely cespitose, in large clumps, with long, very slender, light-brown stolons, the culms
weak, nearly filiform, 2-7 dm. high, exceeding the leaves, triangular, roughened above, brown-
ish at base and clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous year; leaves with well-developed
blades 3-5 to a fertile culm, on the lower fourth or third, the blades deep-green, weak,
flat or canaliculate, 5-20 cm. long, 0.25-2 mm. wide, smooth, except slightly rough towards
the apex, the sheaths tight, thin and white-hyaline ventrally, conspicuously prolonged beyond
base of blade and continuous with ligule; spikes 1-3, usually 2, containing 1-5 ascending peri-
gynia and about the same number of inconspicuous basal staminate flowers, the spikes 2-4
em. apart, 4-6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, the lowest subtended by an elongate, very slender
bract 3-10 cm. long, often appearing like a continuation of the culm, the second bract shorter,
the uppermost merely cuspidate; scales ovate, obtuse or acute or short-mucronate, whitish with
green 3-nerved center, about width of but somewhat shorter than perigynia; perigynia plano-
convex, thick, ovate-oval, 2.5-3.75 mm. long, 1.5—2 mm. wide, subcoriaceous, pale-green or
in age brownish, strongly white-puncticulate, sharp-edged, finely many-nerved on both sur-
faces, rounded, slightly stipitate, spongy at base, tapering at apex into a minute (0.4 mm.
long), entire or minutely serrulate beak, obliquely cut dorsally, emarginate, hyaline-tipped;
achenes lenticular, minutely truncately-apiculate, brownish, shining, rather closely enveloped,
sessile, oval-oblong, 2 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide; style very short, jointed with achene, at
length deciduous; stigmas two, slender, reddish-brown.

TYPE LOCALITY: Williamstown and Deerfield, Massachusetts.

DISTRIBUTION: Acid soils, wet sphagnum in swampy woods or bogs, Labrador and Newfound-
land to Saskatchewan, and southward to Maryland, Illinois, and Minnesota; reported from Nebraska.
(Specimens examined from Labrador, Newfoundland, St. Pierre, Quebec, Prince Edward Island
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, Ontario,
Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 855; ed. 2. f. 903; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 391; Proc.
Am. Acad. 37: pl. 5, f. 131, 132; Boott, Ill. Carex 29. pl. 74; Am. Jour. Sci. 9: pl. C, f. 12.

Carex trisperma var. Billingsii O. W. Knight, Rhodora 8: 185. 1906.

Distinguished by its narrow leaf-blades, 0.3-0.5 mm. wide. Spikelets one or two, 1—3-flowered;
perigynia 2.5-3.5mm.long. Frequently well-marked. TypE Locacity: Jewett Pond, Pleasant Ridge
Plantation, Maine. DistTRrsuTION: Sphagnum bogs and thickets, especially abundant on or near the
Atlantic coastal plain. (Specimens examined from Newfoundland, Quebec, Prince Edward Island,
Nova Scotia, Maine, New Hampshire. Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New
York, Ontario, New Jersey, Pennsylvania.)

84. Carex tenuiflora Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl.
24: 147. 1803.

ewer tesa Turcz.; Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 292; hyponym. 1840. (Type from “‘Sibir-
aical.””
Carex tenuiflora var. setacea Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 224. 1909. (Type from Lan-
sing, Michigan.)
Loosely cespitose, in large clumps, the rootstocks very slender, much elongate, yellowish-
brown, the nodes widely separate; the culms 1.5-6 dm. high, triangular, very slender, exceeding

Part 2, 1931] CYPERACEAE 87

the leaves, somewhat roughened beneath the head, brownish at base and conspicuously clothed
with the dried-up leaves of the previous year; leaves with well-developed blades 3-7 to a
fertile culm, clustered on the lower third, the blades erect-ascending, pale-green, soft, flat or
somewhat canaliculate, usually 5-15 em. long, 0.5—2 mm. wide, roughened towards the apex,
the sheaths tight, hyaline ventrally, very thin, short-prolonged at mouth beyond base of
blade and continuous with ligule; spikes 2-4, gynaecandrous, whitish, rather loosely flowered,
closely aggregated into an ovoid or suborbicular head 6-12 mm. long, 4-9 mm. thick, the
spikes short-oblong or suborbicular, 4-9 mm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, obtuse at apex, obtuse or
clavate at base, with 3-15 appressed-ascending or at length more or less spreading perigynia,
the basal staminate flowers inconspicuous; bracts scale-like or the lowest short-prolonged,
shorter than head; scales ovate, or oblong-ovate, obtuse, whitish with green 3-nerved center,
about as wide, and as long as and concealing the perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, obovate-
oval, 3-3.5 mm. long, 1.5-1.75 mm. wide, thick, subcoriaceous, greenish-white, densely
white-puncticulate, sharp-edged, obscurely few-nerved on both surfaces, short-stipitate,
spongy and rounded at base, tapering at apex and beakless or very minutely beaked, the beak
0.2 mm. long, obliquely cleft dorsally, yellowish-brown-tinged, slightly emarginate, smooth or
rarely somewhat toothed; achenes lenticular, oblong-oval, closely enveloped by perigynia,
sessile, short-apiculate, 2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide; style very short, jointed with achene, at
length deciduous; stigmas two, slender, dark-reddish-brown, conspicuous, elongate.

Type Loca.ity: “‘ Hab. in graminosis humidis Lapponiae.”’

DIsTRIBuTION: Sphagnum bogs, Labrador and Newfoundland to Yukon and southern Alaska,
and southward to Maine, Michigan, and Minnesota; also in northern Eurasia. (Specimens examined
from Labrador, Newfoundland, Quebec, Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, Ontario,
Michigan, Wisconsin, Manitoba, Minnesota, Saskatchewan, Yukon.)

InLustRaTIons: Boott, Ill. Carex 144. pl. 463; Fl. Dan. Suppl. pl. 167; Britt. & Brown, Ill. FI.
f. 851; ed. 2. f. 904; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 390; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Eeee, f. 187; Proc. Am. Acad.
37: pl. 5.7. 129, 130; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 71. f. 54; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. 91. 4, f. 36.

Nore: Hybridizes with Carex trisperma Dewey. (Specimens examined from Labrador,
Maine, Michigan.)

85. Carex loliacea L. Sp. Pl. 974. 1753.
—€arex sibirica Spreng. Syst. 3: 809. 1826. (Type from Siberia.)
Neskiza loliacea Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex loliacea L.)

Loosely cespitose, sending forth long, very slender, light-brown stolons, the culms weak,
very slender, 2-4 dm. high, triangular, exceeding the leaves, slightly roughened beneath the
head, brownish-tinged at base and clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous year;
leaves with well-developed blades 4-8 to a fertile culm, on the lower third but not bunched,
the blades flat, soft, deep-green, usually 5-10 cm. long (the sterile-culm leaves longer) 0.5—2
mm. wide, roughened towards the attenuate apex, the sheaths tight, hyaline and thin, ven-
trally prolonged beyond base of blade and continuous with ligule; spikes 2-5, gynaecandrous,
the lower separate, the upper contiguous, forming a strict but interrupted head 1-2.5 cm.
long, 4-6 mm. thick, the spikes suborbicular, rounded at apex, rounded or in the uppermost
more or less clavate at base, containing 3-8 loosely ascending or at length strongly spreading
perigynia above and the inconspicuous staminate flowers beneath; lower bract usually short-
prolonged, 2-8 mm. long, the upper scale-like; scales ovate, thin, white-hyaline with green
midrib, sharply keeled, obtuse or acutish, nearly as wide (at base) as perigynia, but only
half their length; perigynia thick-plano-convex, narrowly elliptic, 2.5-3 mm. long, 1.4 mm.
wide, subcoriaceous, light-green, rounded on the margins below, slightly sharp-edged above,
finely but conspicuously many-ribbed on both sides, densely white-punctate, minutely stipitate,
round-tapering and spongy at base, tapering and often slightly narrowed at apex, beakless;
achenes lenticular, closely enveloped, short-oblong, slightly substipitate, brownish, minutely
truncately apiculate, 1.75 mm. long, | mm. wide; style very short, jointed with achene, at
length deciduous; stigmas two, light-reddish-brown, slender, short.

Tyre Locatity: “ Habitat in Suecia.”
Distrimution: Marshes and mossy banks of streams, British Columbia to Yukon and Alberta;
widely distributed in boreal Eurasia. (Specimens examined from Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta.)
LLUSTRATIONS: Fl, Dan. pl. 1403; Boott, Ill, Carex 48, pl. 127; Engler, Pflanzenreich 4”; 223.
f. 36 G-K; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 72. f. 56; Sturm, Deuts. Fl. 69: pl. 2; Reichenb, Ic. Fl. Germ, 8:
= 214, f. 559; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 4, f. 34; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur. f. 224; Sv. Bot. pl. 664;
allier, Deuts. Fl. pl. 432; Karst. Deuts, Fl. f. 164 (1).

88 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

86. Carex ursina Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 27: 240.
PUNO p05. W835:

“Carex glareosa Wahl.’’ Malmgr. Oefv. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Férh. 19: 251. 1862.

Carex glareosa var. 8. Boott, Ill. Carex 153. pl. 494, f. 5, 6. 1867. (Based on C. ursina Dewey.)
Carex glareosa var. caespitosa Bock. Linnaea 39:76. 1875. (Type from Kamchatka.)

Carex glareosa var. ursina L.. H. Bailey, Cat. N. Am. Car. 3. 1884. (Based on C. ursina Dewey.)

Loosely cespitose, in small clumps, the rootstocks much bunched, slender, brownish, the
culms 2-6 cm. high, very low, erect or slightly curving, slender, about equaling or hidden
among the leaves, smooth, bluntly triangular, brown at base and clothed with the dried-up
leaves of the previous year, the lowest bladeless; leaves with well-developed blades usually
4-8 to a fertile culm, clustered near the base, the blades flat at base, involute above, light-
or glaucous-green, stiffish, 1-3 cm. long, 0.75-1.5 mm. wide, roughened towards the attenuate
apex, the sheaths tight, white-hyaline and thin ventrally, short-prolonged at mouth beyond
base of blade and continuous with ligule; spike usually solitary, obovoid or suborbicular,
4-7 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, gynaecandrous, obtuse at apex, rounded or more or less short-
clavate at base, containing 7-15 closely appressed perigynia above and the inconspicuous
staminate flowers beneath; bract absent; scales broadly ovate or broadly oblong-ovate, obtuse,
chestnut-brown with very narrow hyaline margins and lighter center, thin and rounded, the
midvein not extending to tip, as wide as but shorter than perigynia; perigynia plano-convex,
thickish, ovate, 2 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, slightly sharp-angled, but not at all margined,
glaucous, yellowish, membranaceous, densely white-punctate, finely several-nerved dorsally,
obscurely nerved ventrally, conspicuously stipitate, rounded at base, very abruptly
contracted into a very minute beak scarcely 0.2 mm. long, smooth, obliquely cut and sutured
dorsally, entire; achenes lenticular, small, closely filling perigynia, obovate, 1.5 mm. long, 1
mm. wide, short-stipitate, truncately apiculate; style short, slender, jointed with achene, at
length deciduous; stigmas two, slender, yellowish-brown, rather short.

Type LOCALITY: ‘Found by Dr. Richardson on the seacoast of Arctic America.”

DISTRIBUTION: Arctic seacoast from Greenland to Mackenzie; also in the extreme northern
parts of Eurasia. A rare but very often illustrated species. (Specimens examined from Greenland,
Mackenzie.)

ILLustRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. 27: pl. U, f. 68; Fl. Dan. pl. 2429; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. pl. 210;
Boott, Ill. Carex 153. pl. 494, f. 5,6; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 59. f. 29; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 905;
Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 71. f. 15, O-R; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 31. f. 7.

87. Carex bipartita All. Fl. Ped. 2: 265. pl. 89,f.5. 1785.

“* Carex lethiiina L.” Oeder, Fl. Dan. 5: 9. pl. 294. 1766. (From northwestern Europe.)
Carex Lachenalii Schkuhr, Riedgr. 51. pl. Y. 1801. (Type from central Europe.)
Carex approximata Hoppe, Bot. Tasch. Hoppe 1801: 152. 1801. (Type from central Europe.)
Not C. approximata All. 1785.
Carex lagopina Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 145. 1803. (Type from northern Lapland.)
ie rfl Gaudin, Etr. Fl. 84. 1804. (Type from central Europe.) Not C. parviflora
ost. .
ice a eo Reichenb. in Méssler, Handb. ed. 2. 1609. 1829. (Based on Carex lagopina
chkuhr.
Carex furva Webb, Iter Hisp. 5. 1838. (Type from the mountains of Spain.)
Carex boetica Gay, Ann. Sci. Nat. I]. 11:181. 1839. (Based on C. furva Webb.) Not C. boelica
Auserw. 48.
Carex lagopina var. pleiostachya Drejer, Nat. Tidssk. 3: 443. 1841. (Type from Iceland.)
Carex lagopina var. gracilescens Th. Fries, Bot. Notiser 1857: 208. 1857. (Type from Scandinavia.)
Carex pusilla Wulfen, Fl. Norica Phan. 743. 1858. (Type from Austria.)
Carex lagopina var. major Lange, Consp. Fl. Groenl. 135. 1880. (Type from Greenland.)
Carex lagopina var. debilis Lange, Consp. Fl. Groenl. 135. 1880. (Type from Greenland.)
Carex Parkeri Petrie, Trans. N. Z. Inst. 13: 332. 1881. (Type from New Zealand.)
Carex lagopina var. furva Christ, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 247: 19. 1885. (Based on C. furva Webb.)
Caricina approximata St.-Lag. in Cariot, Etude Fl. ed. 8. 2: 879. 1889. (Based on Carex approxi-
mata Hoppe.)
ree A aa & Clarke; Sewell, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. 17: 456. 1.8. 1889. (Type from
apland.
Carex lagopina var. boetica K. Richt. Pl. Eur. 1: 151. 1890. (Based on C. boetica Gay.)
Carex lagopina f. angustifolia Norman, Forh. Vid.-Selsk. Christ. 27!°:47. 1893. (Type from Norway.)
Carex a i f. pauciflora Norman, Forh. Vid.-Selsk. Christ. 27": 47. 1893. (Type from Nor-
way.
Carex lagopina var. laxior Norman, Forh. Vid.-Selsk. Christ. 278: 47. 1893. (Type from Norway.)

~™ Carex cooptanda C. B. Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 707. 1894. (Type from Khasia Hills,

India).

Part 2, 1931] CYPERACEAE 89

Carex lagopina var. longisquama Kiikenth.; J. M. Macoun, in D. S. Jordan, Fur Seals N. Pacif.
3: 572. 1899. (Type from St. Paul Island, Behring Straits.)

Loosely cespitose, in small clumps, the rootstocks slender, short-prolonged, brownish,
fibrillose, obtusely triangular below, sharply so above, the culms 0.5—3 dm. high, slender but
strict, sometimes curving, exceeding the leaves, smooth or slightly roughened above, brown-
ish at base and clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous year, the lower short-bladed
or bladeless; leaves with well-developed blades 4-8 to a fertile culm, clustered on the lower
fourth, the blades usually +-10 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, green, rather stiff, flat with revolute
margins, roughened towards the attenuate apex, the sheaths tight, hyaline ventrally, thin
and short-prolonged at mouth beyond base of blade and continuous with ligule; sterile-culm
leaves similar; spikes 2-4, distinct, aggregated or the lower one or two slightly separate,
the head 1-2 cm. long, 5-12 mm. thick, the spikes gynaecandrous, erect, obtuse at apex,
short-oblong to suborbicular, the lower 5-10 mm. long, 2.5—-5 mm. wide, rounded or slightly
tapering at base, the staminate flowers inconspicuous, the uppermost spike slightly larger,
strongly clavate at base with conspicuous staminate flowers; perigynia 10-30, closely arranged,
appressed-ascending, the beaks not conspicuous; bracts scale-like, the lower occasionally
short-prolonged; scales oblong-ovate, obtuse, thin, chestnut-brown with yellowish-brown
center and conspicuous white-hyaline margins, the midvein not extending to apex, keeled
below, about the width of but exceeded by the tips of the mature perigynia; perigynia plano-
convex, obovate, 2-3.5 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, thick, with thin and sharp but not winged
margins, lightly several-nerved dorsally, nerveless or obscurely several-nerved ventrally,
membranaceous, brownish-yellow, densely punctate, short-stipitate, round-tapering at base,
rather abruptly contracted at apex into a short but prominent beak with entire or emar-
ginate apex, 0.5 mm. long, dark-chestnut, hyaline-tipped, obliquely cut dorsally, smooth
or nearly so; achenes lenticular, nearly filling perigynia, short-oval, sessile, short-tapering
at base, truncately short-apiculate, 1.5 mm. long, 0.75—-1 mm. wide; style slender, jointed with
achene, at length deciduous; stigmas two, slender, light-reddish-brown.

Type Locauity: “Loc. In alpibus d’Ussey, & in monte Cenisio locis uliginosis reperit Cl. Bel-
lardi.’”’ [Piedmont.]

DistTRiBuTION: Arctic-alpine in calcareous regions, Greenland to Alaska, and southward to
Quebec and northern Montana; also widely distributed in Eurasia, and reported from New Zealand.
(Specimens examined from Greenland, Newfoundland, Quebec, Alberta, Montana, Yukon, Alaska.)

ILLusTRATIONS: Hallier, Deuts. Fl. pl. 431; All. Fl. Ped. pl. 89, f. 5; Fl. Dan. pl. 294; Britt. &
Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 853; ed. 2. f. 906; Engler, Pflanzenreich 4”: 213. f. 35, A, B; Proc. Am. Acad. 37:
pl. ae 139, 140; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Y, f. 79; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 64. f. 45; Sturm, Deuts. FI.
47: pl. 5; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 204, f. 543; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 57. f. 27; Anderss. Cyp. Scand.
63. pl. 4, f. 28; Coste, Fl. Fr. f. 3832; Benth. Handb. Brit. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1098; Engl. Bot. pl. 2815; ed.
2. pl. 1633; Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. 17: pl. 8.

Note: See Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 15: 145-152 (1903), and Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 50:
348 (1923), as to the identity of Allioni’s plant. Specimens of Kobresia caricina Willd. were mixed
ye oe species usually called Carex lagopina Wahl., but Allioni’s plate and description apply to
the Carex.

88. Carex Heleonastes L.f. Suppl. 414. 1781.

“Carex leporina I,."’ Schkuhr, Riedgr. Nachtr. 17. pl. FS. J. 129. 1806.
iganee lagen Reichenb. in Méssler, Handb. ed. 2.1609. 1829. (Based on Carex Heleonastes

~™ Carex Carltonia Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 27: 238. pl. U, f. 64. 1835. (Type from Carleton House,

Saskatchewan.)

=~ Carex Sendineriana Briigger, Jahresb. Nat. Ges. Graubiind. 23-24: 119. 1881. (Type from

Germany.)
seater elongata % eerste Briigger, Jahresb. Nat. Ges. Graubiind. 23-24: 119. 1881. (Type

rom any.

Carex cryptantha Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 10: 267. 1900. (Type from Kussiloff, Alaska.)

erence x echinata var. grypos Vetter, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 57: (237). 1907. (Type
ur n.

Carex Houcnasies f. Sendineriana Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 215. 1909. (Based on

C. Sendineriana Briigger.)

Loosely cespitose, in small clumps, the rootstocks very slender, long-creeping, light-
brownish, fibrillose, the culms 1.5-3.5 dm. high, slender but stiff and strict, usually exceeding
the leaves, sharply triangular, very rough on the angles at least beneath the spikes, brownish-
tinged at base and clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous year, the lower bladeless

or short-bladed; leaves with well-developed blades 4-8 to a fertile culm, clustered on the

90 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

lower fourth, the blades flat to more or less involute, light-green, not glaucous, not stiff, usually
6-12 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, strongly roughened towards the attenuate apex, the sheaths
tight, hyaline and very thin ventrally, short-prolonged at mouth beyond base of blade and
continuous with ligule; sterile-culm leaves similar; spikes 2-4, distinct, closely aggregated,
or the lower slightly separate, the head 8-18 mm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, the spikes gynae-
candrous, rather closely flowered, erect, short-oblong to suborbicular, 4-7 mm. long, 4-6 mm.
wide, obtuse and rounded at both ends, the staminate flowers few and inconspicuous, the
terminal spike not conspicuously larger and not strongly clavate at base, the perigynia 5-10,
appressed-ascending, the beaks inconspicuous; bracts scale-like, occasionally short-cuspidate;
scales oblong-ovate, obtuse, thin, reddish-brown with yellowish-brown center and broad white-
hyaline margins, the midvein sharply keeled nearly to apex, about the width of but exceeded
by the tips of the mature perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, oval-obovate, 2.5-3 mm. long,
1.25 mm. wide, thick with abrupt sharp margins not at all winged, finely several-nerved on
both sides, subcoriaceous, densely punctate, greenish-white below or light-yellowish-brown
above or throughout, substipitate, rounded at base, tapering at apex into a minute beak (0.5
mm. long), smooth or nearly so, obliquely cleft dorsally, reddish-brown-tipped, the apex entire
or nearly so; achenes lenticular, filling perigynia, broadly obovoid, short-tapering and sessile,
truncately short-apiculate, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide; style slender, jointed with achene, at
length deciduous; stigmas two, very slender, light-reddish-brown.

TyprE Loca.ity: ‘‘ Habitat in Suecia’’ (Ehrhart).

DISTRIBUTION: Wet open places in calcareous regions, Ontario to Mackenzie, and southward to
Alberta and British Columbia; widely distributed in northern and middle Europe and northern Asia;
a rare species in North America. (Specimens examined from Cumberland House, Mackenzie, Kee-
watin, Saskatchewan, British Columbia.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Fl. Dan. Suppl. pl. 31; Boott, Ill. Carex 152. pl. 489; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Ii,
f. 97 and pl. Ff, f. 129; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 852; ed. 2. f. 909; Proc. Am. Acad. 37: pl. 5, f.
141, 142; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 64. f. 46; Sturm, Deuts. Fl. 47: pl. 6; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 57. f. 26;
Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 204, f. 542; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. 62. pl. 4, f. 30; Coste, Fl. Fr. f.
3833; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel.-Eur. 2: 74. f. 221; Hallier, Deuts. Fl. pl. 431; Karst. Deuts. Fl. 337.
f. 163 (1); Am. Jour. Sci. 27: pl. U, f. 64 (as C. Carltonia); IV. 10: 268. f. E-G (as C. cryptantha).

89. Carex marina Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 29: 247. 1836.

‘Carex glareosa Wahl.” Liebm. Fl. Dan. 41: 8. pl. 2430. 1845. (And of most authors.)

Carex neurochlaena Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 17: 301; 303. f. 1,2. 1904. (Type from Rink Rapids,
Yukon.)

atare glareosa var. amphigena Fernald, Rhodora 8: 47. 1906. (Type from Bonaventure County,

uebec.)

Carex glareosa f. elegantissima Kiikenth. Allg. Bot. Zeits. 15: 35. 1909. (Type from island of
Sachalin, eastern Asia.)

Carex amphigena Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 37: 246. 1910. (Based on C. glareosa var. am-
phigena Fernald.)

Carex soriofkensis Lév. & Vaniot; Christ. & Lév. Bull. Acad. Géogr. Bot. 19: 35. 1919. (Type
from island of Sachalin, eastern Asia.)

Loosely cespitose, the clumps small, the rootstocks very slender, dark-brown, fibrillose,
the culms very slender, weak, often curved, 1.5—2.5 dm. high, much exceeding the leaves,
obtusely triangular below, acutely triangular above, smooth on angles except immediately
beneath head, brownish at base and conspicuously clothed with the dried-up leaves of the
previous year; leaves with well-developed blades 4-8 to a fertile culm, clustered on the lower
fourth, the blades canaliculate, light-green or blue-green, somewhat glaucous, usually 3-12
em. long, 0.75-1.5 mm. wide, the sterile-culm leaves longer, roughened towards the attenuate
apex, the sheaths tight, hyaline and thin ventrally, short-prolonged beyond base of blade
and continuous with ligule; head 0.7—2.5 em. long. 5-10 mm. thick, consisting of 2-4 approxi-
mate or slightly separate spikes, the terminal spike gynaecandrous, oblong, 7-12 mm. long,
4 mm. wide, the lower half long-clavate, staminate, the upper half with about 10 appressed-
ascending perigynia, the lower spikes usually pistillate, oblong to suborbicular, 4-9 mm. long,
3-4 mm. wide, containing 5-8 appressed-ascending perigynia; bracts scale-like, the lowest
occasionally short-cuspidate; scales ovate, obtuse, thin, light-chestnut to reddish-brown, with
yellowish-brown center and hyaline margins and apex, wider than but exceeded by the mature
perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, broadly elliptic-obovate, 1.5-2.25 mm. long, 1.5 mm.
wide, thick, membranaceous, whitish, sharp-edged above, but not at all winged, strongly

Part 2, 1931] CYPERACEAE 91

many-nerved on both sides, densely white-punctate, substipitate, spongy and round-tapering
at base, abruptly contracted at apex into a minute beak (0.4 mm. long), smooth, entire,
obliquely cut dorsally; achenes lenticular, quadrate, obovate, 1.75 mm. long, 1 mm. wide,
brownish, shining, substipitate, truncately minutely apiculate, closely enveloped; style very
short, jointed with achene, at length deciduous; stigmas two, slender, reddish-brown.

TYPE Loca.ity: “Found at the sea-coast of Arctic regions by Dr. Richardson.”

DISTRIBUTION: Salt marshes, Greenland and Labrador to New Brunswick, and on the Pacific
coast from southeastern Alaska to St. Lawrence Island; also on the coasts of northern Eurasia.
(Specimens examined from Greenland, Turnavik Island, Labrador, Newfoundland, James Bay,
Quebec, Alaska.)

ItLustRaTions: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 854; ed. 2. f. 907; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 393; Proc.
Am. Acad. 37: 493. pl. 5, f. 137, 138; Fl. Dan. pl. 2430; see Ill. Carex 153. pl. 494, f. 1-4; Ostenf.
Fl. Arct. 57. f. 28; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 64. f.47; Lindm. Bild. Nord. FI. pl. 434B (all as C. glareosa)!
Am. Jour. sai 29: pl. X, f. 74; IV. 17: 303. f. 1-2 (as C. neurochlaena).

90. Carex pribylovensis J. M. Macoun, in D. S. Jordan, Fur Seals
N. Pacif. 3: 572. 1899.
Carex lagopina var. pribylovensis Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 214. 1909. (Based on

C. pribylovensis J. M. Macoun.)

Loosely cespitose, in small clumps, the rootstocks long-creeping, slender, brownish, fibril-
lose, the culms 2.5-4 dm. high, sharply triangular, slender but stiff, exceeding the leaves, very
rough on the angles on the upper half, black-fibrillose at the brownish base and conspicuously
clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous year, the lower short-bladed; leaves with well-
developed blades 5-8 to a fertile culm, on the lower half but not bunched, the blades flat,
yellowish-green, thickish, ascending or erect, usually 5-15 cm. long, 1.5—2.5 mm. wide, long-
attenuate and very rough towards the apex, the sheaths tight, hyaline ventrally, thin and
short-prolonged beyond base of blade and continuous with ligule; spikes 3 or 4, distinct but
closely aggregated, forming a head 13-20 mm. long, 8-12 mm. thick, the spikes densely flow-
ered, oblong, 7-12 mm. long, 5 mm. wide, the lateral pistillate and rounded at both ends,
the terminal gynaecandrous and short-clavate at base, the perigynia 10-30, appressed; bracts
seale-like; scales broadly ovate, obtuse to acute, deep-chestnut-brown with straw-colored
midrib and broad white-hyaline margin, sharply keeled nearly to apex, wider and longer than
the perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, broadly ovate, sharp-angled ventrally but not mar-
gined, 2.5-3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, lightly several-nerved on both sides, membranaceous,
strongly puncticulate, light-yellowish-green, smooth, substipitate, round-tapering at base,
very abruptly minutely beaked, the beak minutely emarginate, dorsally cleft, smooth, slightly
tawny-tinged; achenes lenticular, nearly filling perigynia, oval, 2 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide,
tapering at base, truncately apiculate; style slender, jointed with achene, at length deciduous;
stigmas two, slender, light-reddish-brown.

Type Loca.ity: “ Uplands in moss,”’ Pribilof Islands (J. M. Macoun).
DistRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality.

91. Carex glareosa Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl.
24: 146. 1803.
Neskiza glareosa Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex glareosa Wahl.)

Loosely cespitose, in small clumps, the rootstocks slender, elongate, black, fibrillose, the
culms very slender, 1—2.5 dm. high, sharply triangular, much exceeding the leaves, smooth
or nearly so, brownish and strongly black-fibrillose at base, and clothed with the dried-up
leaves of the previous year, the lower bladeless; leaves with well-developed blades 4-8 to a
fertile culm, clustered on the lower fourth, the blades flat, or more or less canaliculate, usually
4-12 em. long, 1.25-2.5 mm. wide, light-yellowish-green, stiffish, roughened towards the
attenuate apex; sterile-culm leaves longer, the sheaths tight, very thin, hyaline ventrally,
short-prolonged at mouth beyond base of blade and continuous with ligule; spikes 2 or
3, distinct, approximate, the head 12-18 mm. long, 0.5-1 cm. thick, the terminal spike
linear, 7-12 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, with a long-clavate base containing the staminate flowers
and with 4-20 strongly appressed perigynia, the lower spikes pistillate, oblong-linear, 5-8 mm.
long, 2.5 mm. wide, containing 5~15 appressed-ascending perigynia; bracts scale-like, rarely

92 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

short-cuspidate; scales oblong-ovate, obtuse, thin, chestnut-brown with yellowish-brown 3-
nerved center and shining white-hyaline margins, the midvein sharply keeled, not extending
to apex, wider than but exceeded by the mature perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, lanceolate,
3.5 mm. long, scarcely 1 mm. wide, thick, very membranaceous, light-brownish above, glau-
cous, white or yellowish below, densely white-punctate, finely many-nerved on both sides,
stipitate, spongiose and round-tapering at base, long-tapering at apex into a very minute
beak, smooth, slightly obliquely cleft dorsally, tawny-tinged, with entire tip; achenes lenticular,
short-stipitate, truncately short-apiculate, narrowly oblong, 2 mm. long, 0.5 mm. wide, nearly
filling perigynia; style slender, jointed with achene, at length deciduous; stigmas two, slender,
yellowish-brown, short.

TYPE Locaity: ‘‘Hab. in littoribus maritimis glareosis Norvegiae septentrionalis & ad Sinum
Bottnicum.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Brackish marshes, Labrador and Newfoundland to Quebec; Alaska; also in north-
ern Europe. (Specimens examined from Quebec, Newfoundland (Quirpon Harbor), Labrador,
Alaska.

Te eee. Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 908; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Aaa, f. 97. Anderss.
Cyp. Scand. pl. 4, f. 31; Svensk. Bot. pl. 645.

92. Carex norvegica Willd.; Schkuhr, Riedgr. 50. pl. S, f. 66. 1801.

Carex norvegica var. isostachya Norman, Forh. Vid.-Selsk. Christ. 27!°: 48. 1893. (Type from

Scandinavia.)

Carex norvegica subsp. glareosoides E. J@rgensen, Nyt Mag. Naturvid. 34: 99. 1894. (Type
from Scandinavia.)

Cespitose, the clumps small, connected by slender, not tough, long-creeping, black, fibril-
lose rootstocks, the nodes widely separate, the culms 1—4.5 dm. high, from much exceeding
to exceeded by the leaves, slender but rather stiffly erect, triangular with flat sides, smooth,
light-brown at base and conspicuously clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous year;
leaves with well-developed blades 5—10 to a fertile culm, clustered on the lower fourth or third,
more or less glaucous, the blades yellowish-green, thin, flat, soft, but roughened at apex, usu-
ally 5-12 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, the sheaths tight, thin and greenish-white or brownish-tinged
ventrally, prolonged at mouth beyond base of blade and continuous with ligule; spikes 3
-—6, brownish, the upper approximate, the lower separate, forming an erect, rather strict
head 1.5—5.5 em. long, 1 cm. thick or less, the lower spikes oblong, 5-15 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide,
usually 1—1.5 cm. distant, rounded at base and apex, the basal staminate flowers inconspicuous
or absent, the 5-20 perigynia appressed-ascending; terminal spike similar but longer, 1—2 em.
long, long-clavate and conspicuously staminate at base; bracts scale-like, the lowest often
setaceous-prolonged; scales ovate-suborbicular, obtuse or obtusish, light-reddish-brown with
brownish-yellow center and very narrow hyaline margins, slightly longer and slightly wider
than and nearly concealing the perigynia, closely fitting and partly enveloping perigynia;
perigynia plano-convex, oblong-oval, 2.5—3.3 mm. long, 1.5—-2 mm. wide, thick, not winged,
sharp-edged, finely many-striate on both sides, stipitate, rounded to a spongy base,
glaucous-green, reddish-dotted, densely white-punctate, coriaceous, abruptly contracted into
a minute beak about 0.3 mm. long, nearly smooth, obliquely cut dorsally, chestnut-brown-
tinged, subentire; achenes lenticular, oblong, 2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, sessile, apiculate,
very closely filling the perigynia; style very short, jointed with achene, at length deciduous;
stigmas two, slender, reddish-brown.

TPE Loca.ity: ‘Hab. in littoribus limosis maris Nordlandiae norvegicae.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Brackish soil along the sea-coasts, from Maine to Labrador on the Atlantic
coast; Hudson Bay; Pribilof Islands and Seward Peninsula on the Pacific coast; also widely distributed
along the coasts of northern Eurasia. (Specimens examined from Maine, New Brunswick, Nova
Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Newfoundland, Labrador, Hudson Bay.)

InLustrations: Fl. Dan. Suppl. pl. 103; Wahl. Fl. Lapp. pl. 15, f. 3; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl.
f. 849; ed. 2. f. 910; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 392; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. S, f. 66; Proc. Am. Acad. 37:

pl. 5, f. 135, 136; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 65. f. 48; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 55. f. 25; Anderss. Cyp.
Scand. 61. pl. 4, f. 29.

Part 2, 1931] CYPERACEAE 93

93. Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. in Lam. Encyc. Suppl.
3: 286. 1813.

—Garex gracilis Ehrh. (Beitr. 6: 83; hyponym. 1791); Schkuhr, Riedgr. 48. pl. E, f. 24. 1801.
(Type from Sweden.) Not C. gracilis Curt. 1783.
Carex canescens var. 8 Wahl. Sv. Vet-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 147. 1803. (Type from Lapland.)
Sage ang var. brunnescens Pers. Syn. Pl. 2: 539. 1807. (Type from Mt. Fully, Valais, Switzer-
and.)
Carex canescens var. alpicola Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 232. 1812. (Type from Lapland.)
— Carex Personii Sieber, Herb. Fl. Austr. 282. 1821; Flora 5: 652. 1822. (Based on C. curta var.
brunnescens Pers.)
—“‘Carex Gebhardii Schkuhr” Hoppe, in Sturm, Deuts. Fl. 50: pl. 9. 1827. (Plant from Austria.)
Vignea Gebhardii Reichenb. in Méssler, Handb. ed. 2. 1613, in part. 1829. (As to plant from
Germany; not as to Carex Gebhardii Willd.)
Carex canescens var. 8 Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 393. 1836. (Based on C. brunnescens Poir.)
nS canescens var. brunnescens Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. 754. 1837. (Based on C. brunnescens
oir.)
Facolos brunnescens Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex brunnescens Poir.)
— Carex vitilis Fries, Mant. 3: 137. 1842. (Type from Norway.)
Carex canescens var. sphaerostachya Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 19. 1843. (Type from New England.)
ya Tasca Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 48: 143. 1845. (Type from ‘‘mountains of Carolina and
eorgia.””
——Carex sphaerostachya Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 49: 44. pl. EE, f. 110. 1845. (Based on C. canescens
var. sphaerostachya Tuckerm.)
Carex canescens var. alpestris Trev. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 280. 1853. (Error for C. canescens var.
alpicola Wahl.)
Carex canescens var. vililis Carey, in A. Gray, Man. ed. 2.514. 1856. (Based on C. vitilis Fries.)
——Carex vitilis var. a Boott, Ill. Carex 219. 1867. (Based on C. vitilis Fries.)
Carex vitilis var. 8 Boott, Ill. Carex 219. 1867. (Based on C. canescens var. sphaerostachya
Tuckerm.)
Carex vitilis {. brunnea Olney, in S. Wats. Bot. King’s Expl. 364. 1871. (Type from North Amer-

ica.)

Carex vililis f. pallida Olney, in S. Wats. Bot. King’s Expl. 364. 1871. (Type from Uinta Moun-
tains, Utah.)

Carex vitilis var. sylvatica Meinsh. Fl. Ingr. 402. 1878. (Type fron Russia.)

Sada var. Personii Christ, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 247: 18. 1885. (Based on C. Personii

ieber.

Carex canescens var. vulgaris L. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 13: 86. 1888. (Type North American; not
definitely designated.)

Carex brunnescens var. gracilior Britton; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 351. 1896. (Based on C.
canescens var. vulgaris L. H. Bailey.)

Carex canescens subsp. brunnescens Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 27:61. 1902. (Based onC.
brunnescens Poir.)

Carex brunnescens var. vitilis Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 27: 62. 1902. (Based on C.
vitilis Fries.)

Carex brunnescens var. sphaerostachya Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 220. 1909. (Based
on C. canescens var. sphaerostachya Tuckerm.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, blackish or brownish, fibrillose, the clumps
small to medium-sized, the culms very slender, lax but mostly erect, 0.7—7 dm. high, exceeding
the leaves, sharply triangular with flat sides, smooth or slightly roughened immediately
beneath the head, brownish at base and conspicuously clothed with the dried-up leaves of
the previous year; leaves not glaucous, 5-8 to a fertile culm, clustered towards the base, the
blades erect or ascending, flat, thin, deep-green, usually 5-10 cm. long, 1-2.5 mm. wide,
roughened towards the attenuate apex, the sheaths tight, hyaline and thin ventrally, slightly
yellowish-brown-tinged at mouth and short-prolonged beyond base of blade and continuous
with ligule; spikes 5-10, the lower more or less strongly separate, the upper closely approxi-
mate, the head erect or somewhat nodding, 1.5—5 cm. long, usually about 5 mm, thick, the
lateral spikes suborbicular or short-oblong, usually gynaecandrous, 3-7 mm. long, 3-4 mm.
wide, containing 5-10 at first appressed-ascending, at maturity loosely spreading green or
brownish perigynia, obtuse at apex, and rounded at base, the terminal longer, gynaecandrous
and conspicuously clavate and staminate at base; lowermost bract setaceous-prolonged, from
shorter than to exceeding its spike, the upper bracts much shorter, usually scale-like; scales
ovate, obtusish or acute, white-hyaline with green 3-nerved center, often strongly brownish-
tinged, about width of but shorter than mature perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, oval-
ovate, 2~2.5 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, thick, somewhat sharp-edged above, membranaceous,
white-punctate, greenish or brownish, lightly several-nerved dorsally, lightly few-nerved
ventrally, often only at base, substipitate, spongy and rounded at base, tapering at apex into a

94 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

short but well-developed serrulate beak 0.5 mm. long, obliquely cut and sutured dorsally,
minutely bidentate, the margins of the orifice hyaline and reddish-brown-tinged; achenes
lenticular, ovate-orbicular, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, sessile or nearly so, minutely trun-
cately apiculate, yellowish, very closely enveloped by perigynia; style very short, jointed
with achene, at length deciduous; stigmas two, light-reddish-brown, slender, short.

Type Loca.ity (of C. curta var. brunnescens, on which C. brunnescens is based) : ‘‘ Hab. in Monte
Touly [= Fouly or Fully]”’ Switzerland.

DISTRIBUTION: Boggy thickets and woods in acid soils, Greenland, Labrador, and Newfoundland
to southern Alaska, and southward to northern New Jersey and the high mountains of North Carolina,
Colorado, and Washington; widely distributed in Eurasia. (Specimens examined from Greenland,
Labrador, Newfoundland, Miquelon, St. Pierre, Quebec, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin,
Minnesota, Manitoba, Saskatechwan, Alberta, Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, Oregon, Washington,
British Columbia.)

InLustRaTions: Fl. Dan. pl. 2973; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 848; ed. 2. f. 912; Rob. & Fern.
Man. f. 387; Proc. Am. Acad. 37: pl. 5, f. 121-124; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. E, f. 24; Engler, Pflanzenreich
420: 213. f. 35, F, G; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 755; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 68. f. 52; Coste, Fl. Fr,
f. 3829; Engl. Bot. ed. 3. pl. 1632; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur. f. 223; Am. Jour. Sci. 48: pl. OD, f. 104
(as C. Buckleyi); 49: pl. EE, f. 110 (as C. sphaerostachya); Sturm, Deuts. Fl. 50: pl. 9; Reichenb.
Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 206, f. 547; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 55. f. 24; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 4, f. 38.

Nore: When growing in thickets and woods this species is slender and weak and the scales are
not or but little colored; when growing in more exposed situations it is lower and stiffer and the
scales become strongly brownish-tinged. The differences are apparently of a purely ecological
nature.

94. Carex bonanzensis Britton; Britton & Rydb. Bull. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 2: 160. 1901.
Carex Cajanderi Kiikenth. Oefv. Finska Vet.-Soc. Férh. 458: 3. 1903. (Type from eastern Siberia.)

Cespitose, with slender, elongate, light-brown rootstocks, the culms 2.5—4.5 dm. high, stiff,
sharply triangular with concave sides and strongly roughened on the angles above, somewhat
exceeding the leaves, light-brownish at base and clothed with the dried-up leaves of the
previous year, the lower blade-bearing; leaves with well-developed blades 4-7 to a fertile
culm, on the lower third, but not very closely clustered, the blades flat, with slightly revolute
margins, not thick, light-green or glaucous-green, usually 1-2 dm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, long-
attenuate, very rough on the margins above, the sheaths tight, hyaline ventrally and con-
spicuously red-dotted, thin at mouth and short-prolonged beyond base of blade and continuous
with ligule; spikes about 7, all thoroughly distinct, the upper approximate, the lower 2 or 3
more or less separate (1 em. or less), forming a head 3-4 cm. long, 1 em. thick, the spikes
gynaecandrous, densely-flowered, oblong, 5-14 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, obtuse at apex, the
lower obtuse at base, the uppermost strongly clavate, the perigynia 10—20, appressed-ascending,
the uppermost spike conspicuously staminate at base, the others slightly so; lower bract
prolonged, 1.5—3 em. long, shorter than the head, the upper bracts scale-like or short-cuspidate;
scales broadly ovate, small, thin, strongly obtuse to acutish, brown, with a broad greenish-
straw-colored 3-nerved center and very narrow hyaline margins, sharp-keeled nearly to tip,
rather narrower than and much exceeded by perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, oval-oboyate,
1.5 mm. long, 1 mm, wide, dark-straw-colored, sharp-angled but not margined, membrana-
ceous, densely white-punctate, strongly several-nerved dorsally, obscurely few-nerved at
base ventrally, substipitate, round-tapering and spongy at base, rounded at apex and abruptly
minutely beaked, the beak 0.25 mm. long, obliquely cleft dorsally, but not sutured, smooth,
entire and reddish at apex; achenes lenticular, closely filling perigynia, oval, 1.25 mm. long,
0.8 mm. wide, short-tapering at base, bluntly and minutely apiculate; style short, slender,
jointed with achene, at length deciduous; stigmas two, slender, light-yellowish-brown.

Type LocaLity: Mouth of Bonanza Creek, Yukon (Williams).

eee ea Upper Yukon Valley; also in eastern Siberia. (Specimens examined from
Yukon.

ILLUSTRATION: Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 68. f. 51 (C. Cajanderi).

Part 2, 1931] CYPERACEAE 95

95. Carex praeceptorium Mackenzie, sp. noy.

a. “ Carex—teefgogginre- Wahl.”’ W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 233. 1880.

~ Carex canescens var. dubia L. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 9: 119. 1884. (Type from Bear River Cajon,
Utah.)

“Carex canescens 1..’’ Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 49, in part. f. 22. 1922.

Cespitose, in small clumps, the rootstocks short, dark, fibrillose, the culms stiff but slen-
der, 1-1.5 dm. high, sharply triangular with flat sides, roughened beneath head, exceeding
the leaves, brownish-tinged at base and clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous
year; leaves with well-developed blades 3—5 to a culm, clustered on the lower fourth, the
blades light-green, erect, stiffish, canaliculate, 5-8 em. long, 1.25—-2 mm. wide, tapering and
roughened towards apex, the sheaths tight, hyaline and very thin ventrally, more or less
yellowish-brown-tinged, short-prolonged at mouth beyond base of blade and continuous with
ligule; spikes 4 or 5, densely aggregated in an ovoid or oblong-ovoid head 1—1.5 em. long, 5-8
mm. thick, the spikes small, gynaecandrous, oblong-ovoid or ovoid, 4-7 mm. long, 3.5 mm.
wide, the lateral rounded at both ends, with the staminate flowers inconspicuous, the terminal
short-clavate at base and the staminate flowers conspicuous, the perigynia 8-20, ascending or
rather loosely spreading at maturity; lowest bract setaceous-prolonged, much shorter than head,
the upper bracts scale-like; scales ovate, obtuse or acutish, as wide as but somewhat shorter
than perigynia, light-chestnut-brown with lighter midvein and hyaline apex and margins;
perigynia plano-convex, oval-ovate, thick, very small, 1.5—1.75 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, mem-
branaceous, densely white-punctate, yellowish-brown, lightly many-striate on both sides,
sharp-edged above ventrally, substipitate, rounded and slightly spongy at base, abruptly
contracted into an entire or slightly emarginate sparingly serrulate beak about 0.25 mm.
long, chestnut-brown-tinged, obliquely cut dorsally but not sutured; achenes lenticular, closely
enveloped by perigynia, 1.25 mm. long, 0.9 mm. wide, broadly obovate, quadrate, yellowish-
brown, substipitate, apiculate; style very short, jointed with achene, at length deciduous;
stigmas two, light-reddish-brown, slender, short.

Type collected on the Simcoe Mountains, fifteen miles miles north of Goldendale, Washington,
M.E. Peck 13, August 3,1917. Named to commemorate Professors Morton Eaton Peck and James
Carlton Nelson, from both of whom I have received many specimens.

DisrrisuTion: Mountains of California, Oregon, and Washington. (Specimens examined from

California, Oregon, Washington.)
ILLusTRATIONS: Erythea 8: 49. f. 22; Jepson, Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. f. 180 (as C. canescens).

96. Carex canescens L. Sp. Pl. 974. 1753.

~~“ Carex brizoides 1,.’" Huds. Fl. Angl. 349. 1762.
“Carex elongata L."’ Leers, 1. Herborn. 197. pl. shige To MTS
~~ Carex cinerea Poll. Hist. Pl. Palat. 2: 571. 1777. (Type from central Europe.)
~~ Carex curta Gooden. Trans. Linn, Soc. 2: 145. 1794. (Type from England.)
~~ Carex compressa Hose, Ann. Bot. Usteri 21:33. 1797. (Type from Crefeld, Germany.)
~~ Carex Richardi Thuill. Fl. Par. ed. 2.482. 1799. (Type from France.)
~— Carex similis Ury. Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 4: 599. 1826. (Type from Falkland Islands.)
Vignea canescens Reichenb. in Mossler, Handb. ed. 2.1612. 1829. (Based on Carex canescens 1.)
Carex canescens var. bracteata Klett & Richter, Fl. Leipz. 752. 1830. (Type from central Europe.)
Carex canescens var. a Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 393. 1836. (Based on C. canescens 1.)
Carex canescens {. subloliacea \aest. Nova Acta Soc. Sci. Upsal, 11: 282. 1839. (Type from Lap-

land.)

Facolos curta Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex curla Gooden.)

Carex canescens var. subloliacea Hartm. Means, Skand. Fl. ed. 4.299. 1843. (Type from Lapland;

by inference on C. canescens {. subloliacea Laest.)
Carex canescens var. robustior Blytt; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. 57. 1849. (Type from Scandinavia.)
Carex canescens var. tenuis O. F. Lang, Linnaea 24: 538. 1851. (Type from Germany.)
~—Carex lapponica O. ¥. Lang, Linnaea 24: 539. 1851. (Type from Lapland.)

Carex canescens var. robusta Blytt, Norges Fl. 201. 1861. (Based on C. canescens var. robustior
Blytt.)

Carex canescens var. laelevirens Asch. Fl. Brand. 1: 770. 1864. (Type from Germany.)

Vienee canescens var. gracillima Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 702. 1866. (Type from central

rope.)

Carex canescens {. Boott, Ill. Carex 154. pl. 496, 1867. (From New York; basis of var, disjuncta
Fernald.)

Carex canescens var. minor Yoott, Ul, Carex 220, 1867. (Based on C. canescens var. subloliacea

t.)
“ Carex elongata 1,.""; Olney, in S. Wats. Bot. King's Expl. 365. 1871.
“ Carex lagopina Wahl."’; Olney, in S. Wats, Bot, King’s Expl. 365, 1871.

96 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

Carex Kanilzii Porcius, Magyar Novén. Lap. 9: 131. 1885. (Type from central Europe.)

Carex canescens B longibracteata Porcius, Magyar Novén. Lap. 9:131. 1885. (Based on C. Kanitzit
Porcius.) :

Caricina canescens St.-Lag. in Cariot. Etude FI. ed. 8. 2: 878. 1889. (Based on Carex canescens L.)

Carex canescens var. robustina Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 5:376. i890. (Type from British Columbia.)

“Carex gracilis Schkuhr’’ Meinsh. Acta Hort. Petrop. 18: 328, in part. 1901.

Carex canescens var. subvitilis Neuman, Sv. Fl. 710. 1901. (Type from Scandinavia.)

Carex canescens var. fallax F, Kurtz; Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 27: 61. 1902. (Type
from central Europe.)

Carex canescens var. disjuncta Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 37: 488. pl. 5, f. 118-120. 1902. (Type
from New York, Boott pl. 490.)

Carex canescens var. congesla Domin, Sitz-ber. Bohm. Ges. Wiss. 1903°8: 47. 1904. (Type from
central Europe.)

Carex disjuncta Bickn. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 495. 1908. (Based on C. canescens var. disjuncla

Bena ed Bickn. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 496. 1908. (Based on C. canescens var. subloliacea
Gecciuneees var. sublenella Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 218. 1909. (Type from
pone var. maxima Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4": 218. 1909. (Type from central
Enea oes var. heterostachya Farwell, Rep. Mich. Acad. 19: 247. 1917. (Type from Ke-

weenaw Peninsula, Michigan.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks usually very short, blackish, fibrillose, occasionally
somewhat prolonged, the clumps medium-sized to large, the culms 1-8 dm. high, from shorter
than to exceeding the leaves, erect but not stiff, sharply triangular with flat sides, smooth
except immediately below the head, brownish at base and conspicuously clothed with the
dried-up leaves of the previous year; leaves glaucous-green, 5-8 to a fertile culm, on the lower
third, the blades erect or ascending, flat, not stiff, usually 7-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide,
roughened towards the attenuate apex, the sheaths tight, thin and hyaline ventrally and
short-prolonged beyond base of blade and continuous with ligule; spikes 4-8, forming an
erect or flexuous head 2-15 em. long, usually about 8 mm. thick, the upper spikes approximate
or flexuous, the lower more or less strongly separate, the spikes 3-12 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide,
suborbicular or oblong, containing 10-30 appressed-ascending perigynia, rounded at apex, at
base inconspicuously staminate and rounded, or the uppermost clavate and more conspicuously
staminate; lowermost bract cuspidate-prolonged, from shorter than to exceeding its spike,
the upper bracts much shorter, usually scale-like; scales broadly ovate, obtusish or acute,
hyaline with green 3-nerved center when young, usually brownish-tinged at maturity, about
width of but shorter than mature perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, oval-ovate, 1.8-3 mm.
long, 1.25-1.75 mm. wide, thick, membranaceous, densely punctate, gray-green or becoming
yellowish-brown, slightly sharp-edged ventrally, more or less strongly many-nerved on both
sides (usually obscurely so), the margins smooth throughout or minutely serrulate at base
of beak, minutely stipitate, spongy and rounded at base, contracted into a very short incon-
spicuous beak, entire or very minutely emarginate, obliquely cut but not fissured dorsally,
the orifice reddish-brown-tinged and slightly hyaline; achenes lenticular, oblong-obovate,
yellowish-brown, closely enveloped by perigynia, 1.5 mm. long, 0.9 mm. wide, substipitate,
apiculate; style very short, jointed with achene, at length deciduous; stigmas two, slender,
reddish-brown.

Tyre Locauity: ‘‘Habitat in Europa septentrionali.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in swamps and bogs, in acid soils, from Greenland and New-
foundland to Alaska, and southward to Virginia, Arizona, and California; also in Eurasia, South
America, and Australia. (Specimens examined from Greenland, Labrador, Newfoundland, St. Pierre,
Quebec, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont,
Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Mary-
land, District of Columbia, Virginia, Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota,
Alberta, Mackenzie, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, California,
Oregon, Washington, Vancouver, British Columbia, Alaska.)

ILLustRATIONS: Fl. Dan. pl. 285; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 847; ed. 2. f. 911; Engler, Pflanzen-
reich 4%: 213. f. 35, C-E; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 384-386; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. C, f. 13; Proc. Am. Acad.
37: pl. 5, f. 114-120; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 21, f. 5. (var. disjuncta); Boott, Ill. Carex 4: 154.
pl. 496 (var. disjuncta); Abrams, III. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 754; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 65. f. 49; Sturm,
Deuts. Fl. 50: pl. 8; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 20G, f. 546; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 55. f. 22; Anderss.
Cyp. Scand. 57. pl. 4, f. 39; Host, Gram. Austr. 1: 37. pl. 48; Engl. Bot. pl. 1386; ed. 3. pl. 1631;
Benth. Handb. Brit. Fl. ed. 2. 7. 1101; Coste, Fl. Fr. 3: 499. f. 3828; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel.-Eur. pl. 47,
f. 4; Lindm. Bild. Nord. Fl. pl. 434A; Karst. Deuts. Fl. f. 163 (3, 4); Hallier, Deuts. Fl. pl. 425;
Leers, Fl. Herborn. pl. 14, f. 7 (as C. elongata).

ParT 2, 1931] CYPERACEAE 97

Nore 1: A species varying much in the size of the spikes and in the extent to which the lower
spikes are separated. The larger forms, with spikes 6-12 mm. long, the lower 2-4 cm. apart, represent
the form of the species found in the more southern part of its range in eastern North America, and
constitute var. disjuncta Fernald; but northerly it shades so much into the forms with more congested
inflorescence that it there loses its distinctiveness.

Norte 2: A hybrid between Carex canescens L. and Carex norvegica Willd. occurs not infrequently.
(Specimens examined from New Brunswick, Maine, Quebec.) It has been named Carex pseudo-
helvola (Kihlm. Medd. Soc. Faun. Fl. Fenn. 16:71. 1889); Carex helvola subsp. pseudohelvola (Ny-
man, Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: 324. 1890). It has usually been called Carex helvola Blytt (Fries,
Bot. Notiser 1849: 58. 1849), but that name properly belongs to the hybrid Carex canescens L.
X Carex bipartita All. (according to Kihlm. loc. cit. 74). This hybrid last referred to has been re-
corded from western Greenland and Labrador (Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 220).

97. Carex arctaeformis Mackenzie, sp. nov.

——**Carex muricata L.."’ Meehan, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1884:94. 1884. (Specimen from Sitka, Alaska.)

Carex canescens L. ‘‘a curious form’’ Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 4: 123. 1888. (Specimen from
gford Lake, Vancouver Island.)
? Carex Heleonastes var. robustior Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 215. 1909. (Type from

Sitka, Alaska.)

Very densely cespitose, in large clumps, the rootstocks very short, not stoloniferous, the
culms 1.5—4.5 dm. high, erect, strict, stoutish (2.5—-4 mm. thick at base), rather weakly cellular,
the sides strongly concave, strongly roughened on upper half, exceeding or shorter than the
leaves, strongly biennial, the dried-up leaves of the first year very conspicuous; sterile shoots
elongate; leaves of the flowering year with well-developed blades 2—4 to a fertile culm, on
lower third, not septate-nodulose, the blades erect, mostly 1-3 dm. long, 1.5-4 mm. wide, light-
green or glaucous-green, thinnish, channeled above, somewhat keeled below, long-attenuate
and very rough, the sheaths white-hyaline ventrally, deeply concave at mouth, the ligule
nearly as long as wide; head ovoid or oblong, 1.5-3 cm. long, 8-14 mm. thick, the spikes closely
aggregated, even the lowest only slightly separate, gynaecandrous, ovoid to short-oblong, 6-10
mm. long, 4.5-6 mm. wide, obtuse, the terminal short-clavate, the lower rounded or slightly
tapering, closely flowered, the perigynia 15-40, appressed-ascending in several to many rows;
lowest bract squamiform, usually shorter than but sometimes exceeding head, the upper bracts
reduced; scales ovate, cuspidate to acute, closely appressed, slightly enveloping perigynia at
base, somewhat narrower above and somewhat shorter than the perigynia, dull-greenish-white,
slightly reddish-brown-tinged, the margins dull-white-hyaline, the midvein green, sharp,
prominent to tip; perigynia plano-convex, ovate-oval (widest near middle), flattened, but thick-
ish, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, membranaceous, grayish-green, white-puncticulate, sometimes
sparsely yellow-glandular, finely several- to many-nerved on both sides, the margins entire,
not at all winged, substipitate, round-tapering at base, somewhat abruptly beaked, the beak
0.25 mm. long, with a very few obscure serrulations at base, entire or nearly so, dull-yellowish-
hyaline, slightly obliquely cut but not sutured dorsally; achenes lenticular, oblong-quadrate,
1.75 mm. long, 1.2 mm. wide, nearly filling five sixths of perigynium-body, yellowish, sub-
stipitate, abruptly short-apiculate, jointed with the slender straight style; stigmas two,
slender, reddish-brown, rather short.

Type collected at Elgin, British Columbia, Latitude 49°, June 4, 1915, J. K. Henry 9152.

Distrisution: Sphagnum bogs, Alaska and British Columbia, including Vancouver Island.
(Specimens examined from Elgin, Cloverdale, and Lula Island, British Columbia, and Sitka, Alaska.)

Nore: Brought to my attention by the late Prof. Joseph Kaye Henry, who noted its distinct
appearance as contrasted with Carex canescens L., and who collected it for a number of years. It
has the appearance of Carex arcta Boott, but the perigynia of Carex canescens L.

98. Carex arcta Boott, Ill. Carex 155. pl. 497. 1867.

gy area mga var. polystachya Boott, in Richards, Arct. Exped. 2:344. 1851. (Typefrom western

tario.)

Carex Kunzi Olney, Caric. Bor.-Am. 9. Mr 1872; A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 406. My 1872.
(Based on C. leiorhyncha"’C. A. Meyer" Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr., as to Hall's plant only; not
as to type.)

Carex canescens var. oregana \,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:75. 1889. (Type from Portland,

Oregon.
Carex Heleonastes var. scabriuscula Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 215. 1909. (Type from
Mt. Adams, Washington.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, black, fibrillose, the culms 1.5-8 dm. high,

98 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [Vo_umME 18

sharply triangular with concave sides, slender but strict, very rough on the angles above,
usually strongly exceeded by the long leaves, light-brown at base and conspicuously clothed
with the dried-up leaves of the previous year; leaves with well-developed blades 5-10 toa
fertile culm, bunched towards the base, the blades 1.5-4 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, light-green,
flat, not stiff, very rough towards the long-attenuate apex, the sheaths hyaline and very thin
ventrally, not prolonged beyond base of blade, the ligule about as long as wide, the lower
sheaths conspicuously purplish-dotted ventrally and loose; inflorescence consisting of 5-15
gynaecandrous, greenish or brownish-yellow-tinged spikes, closely aggregated into an ovoid-
oblong or oblong head 1.5-3 em. long, 7-12 mm. thick, the upper spikes hardly recognizable,
the lower well differentiated and often slightly separated, oblong, 5-10 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide,
obtuse at both ends, the staminate basal flowers very inconspicuous, the 10-20 perigynia
spreading-ascending, the beaks not very conspicuous; lower one or two bracts developed and
from much shorter than to much longer than the head; upper bracts scale-like, cuspidate-
pointed; scales ovate, short-cuspidate to obtusish, hyaline with a sharp green center, the mid-
vein usually more or less strongly brownish-tinged, about width of but rather shorter than
perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, ovate, 2-3 mm. long, 1.1-1.5 mm. wide, greenish-straw-
colored or brownish at maturity, thickish, membranaceous, densely white-punctate, widest
near the broad truncate base, wingless but slightly sharp-edged, strongly several-nerved
dorsally, more obscurely several-nerved ventrally, short-stipitate, spongy at base, gradually
tapering into a medium-sized (0.75 mm. long) flat beak, strongly serrulate, obliquely cut
dorsally, bidentate, the orifice reddish-brown-tinged ; achenes lenticular, closely enveloped, ovate,
1.5 mm. long, 0.8 mm. wide, substipitate, short-apiculate, brownish; style slender, jointed
with achene, at length deciduous; stigmas two, dark-reddish-brown, slender, short.

TyrrE Loca.ity (of C. canescens var. polystachya Boott, on which C. arcta is based) : “In America
boreali, Canada, Lake Superior, Rainy Lake, Lake of the Woods.”

DISTRIBUTION: Swampy woods and thickets, Quebec and New Brunswick to British Columbia,
and southward to Massachusetts, New York, Minnesota, and extreme northern California. (Speci-
mens examined from New Brunswick, Quebec, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York,
Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Montana, Alberta, Idaho, California, Oregon, Wash-
ington, British Columbia.)

ILLustRaTIONS: Boott, Ill. Carex 155. pl. 497; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 850; ed. 2. f. 913;
Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 383; Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 229. f. 37, A, B; Proc. Am. Acad. 37: pl. 5, f.
110-113; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 756.

18. Dioicae Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 7, excluding C. capitataL. 1843; L. H. Bailey, Proc.
Am. Acad. 22: 141, in part. 1886; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4*°: 75, in greater part.
1909; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 120. 1917. Puxicares O. F. Lang, Linnaea 24:
498, in part, not as to type species. 1851. DavaLLIANaE Pax, in E. & P. Nat. Pfl. 27: 123,
in part, not as to type species. 1887. D1orcar Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2: 8.
1902. AsTROSTACHYAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 454, in part, not as to type species.
1903. Treated as a genus Mauwkschia by Heuffel (Flora 27:527. 1844).

Freely long-stoloniferous; culms very slender; leaf-blades filiform-involute; spike solitary,
staminate or pistillate or androgynous, always bractless, linear to oblong-ovoid; perigynia at
length widely spreading or reflexed, plano-convex or unequally biconvex, not inflated, sub-
coriaceous, dark-tinged at maturity, glabrous, nerved, rounded and strongly spongy at base,
narrowly sharp-edged, strongly beaked, the apex hyaline, in age slightly bidentate, obliquely
cut dorsally and sutured; achenes lenticular, apiculate, jointed with the style, closely enveloped
in upper part of perigynium-body; stigmas two.

Four species, of sphagnum bogs and thickets, in northern and alpine Eurasia, one of them
in North America.

99. Carex gynocrates Wormsk.; Drejer, Nat. Tidssk.

33434. 1841.

“Carex Bellardi All.’’ Hornem. Fl. Dan. pl. 1529. 1816.
“Carex dioica L.”’ Schw. & Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 293. 1825.
Kobresia nardina Hornem. Nom@f. Fl. Dan. 74. 1827. (As to reference to Fl. Dan. pl. 1529.)

“Carex Redowskyana C. A. Meyer’’ Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 29: 250. 1836. (Plant from north-
western North America.)

Carex alascana Bock. Bot. Jahrb. 7: 277. 1886. (Type from Alaska.)

Part 2, 1931] CYPERACEAE 99

Carex gynocrates var. substaminata Peck; Howe, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 48: 148. 1897. (Type
from New York.)
——Carex monosperma Macoun; Howe, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 48: 148, as synonym. 1897.
Carex dioica var. gynocrates Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 60. 1902. (Based on C. gynocrates Wormsk.)

Freely long-stoloniferous, the stolons very slender, | mm. thick, yellowish-brown, the
culms erect, 4-30 em. high, very slender but stiff, obscurely obtusely triangular, smooth,
arising singly or few together, noticeably exceeding the leaves, brown and clothed at base
with the conspicuous dried-up leaves of the previous year; leaves of the year with well-devel-

oped blades usually 3—5 to a culm, clustered near the base, the blades erect or somewhat
spreading, 2.5-10 dm. long, 0.5 mm. wide, narrowly involute, smooth, stiff, light-green, the
sheaths very tight, not prolonged at mouth, the ligule very short; spike solitary, entirely
pistillate, entirely staminate, or pistillate at base and staminate above, not densely flowered,
linear, 5-15 mm. long, 2-+ mm. wide, bractless; scales of pistillate flowers oblong-ovate, short-
cuspidate or acute or acuminate, light-reddish-brown or brownish in age, with narrow hyaline
margin and poorly defined lighter-colored midvein, usually rather wider but shorter than
perigynia; scales of staminate flowers similar, but more obtusish and lighter-colored; perigynia
4-10, erect-ascending or at maturity widely spreading or somewhat reflexed, at maturity
biconvex, oblong-ovate, 3-3.5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, yellowish or at maturity brownish-
black, shining, coriaceous, finely many-nerved dorsally, obscurely many-nerved ventrally,
searcely margined but minutely serrulate above, substipitate, round-tapering and spongy
at base, abruptly contracted into a short beak about 0.5 mm. long, sparingly serrulate, ob-
liquely cut dorsally, the orifice hyaline, the apex at length minutely bidentate; achenes len-
ticular, broadly obovate, yellowish-brown, shining, 1.5 mm. long, apiculate, tapering at base;
style slender, jointed with achene, somewhat enlarged at base, not protruding; stigmas two,
conspicuous, slender, light-reddish-brown.

Type Loca.ity: ‘“‘Grénland Wormskj.! (flor.) Vahl! (fructif.).’’

DistTRIsuTION: Sphagnum swamps in calcareous districts, Greenland to Yukon, and southward
to New York, Michigan, Colorado, and British Columbia; also in Siberia. Recorded, apparently
erroneously, from northern Europe. (Specimens examined from Greenland, Labrador, Newfound-
land, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New York, Pennsylvania, Ontario, Michigan,
Wisconsin, Minnesota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Keewatin, Mackenzie, Montana, Wyo-
ming, Colorado, British Columbia, Yukon.)

ILLustrations: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 815; ed. 2. f. 871; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 373; Kunze,
Suppl. Riedgr. pl. 31, f. 1; Proc. Am. Acad. 37: pl. 4, f. 72-77; Fl. Dan. pl. 1529; Boott, Ill. Carex
143. pl. 459, 460; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 33. f. 10; Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 11: 220. f. 2; Ostenf. Fl.
Arct. 61. f. 30 (right hand); Am. Jour. Sci. 29: pl. Y, f. 80 (as C. Redowskiana C. A. Meyer).

Nore: The North American records for Carex dioica L., Carex parallela (Laest.) Sommerf.,
and Carex Redowskyana C. A. Meyer, are based on this species.

19. Stellulatae Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 399. 1837; Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 9. 1843;
Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 544. 1848; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 124. 1917;
Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 34. 1922. ELoncataE Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 402. 1837; L. H.
Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 142. 1886; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4: 226. 1909.
AXILLAREs O. F. Lang, Linnaea 24: 525. 1851. Ecurnatar O. F. Lang, Linnaea 24: 528.
1851. Remotage Asch. Fl. Brand. 1: 770. 1864. AstTrosTacHyAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci.
IV. 16: 454, mostly. 1903. Treated as part of the HypaARRHENAE Fries by Pax (in E. & P.
Nat. Pfl. 27: 124. 1887); Carex exilis Dewey is frequently referred to the Diorcark Tuckerm.
Treated as a genus Leptovignea, subgenus LEPTOVIGNEA, by Borner (Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21:
273. 1913).

Densely cespitose; culms triangular; sheaths not red-dotted nor cross-rugulose; spikes
2-10, or by reduction one, gynaecandrous, pistillate or in a few species staminate, not com-
pound; bracts inconspicuous; perigynia plano-convex, yellow-brown or brown, ascending to
reflexed at maturity, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, the body orbicular, ovate, or broadly oval, strongly
spongy at base, sharp-edged nearly if not entirely to the rounded or truncate base, not
puncticulate, nerved on the outer, nerved or nerveless on the inner surface, the achene closely
enveloped in the upper part of the perigynium-body, the beak sutured dorsally, bidentate or
obliquely cut; achenes lenticular, apiculate, jointed with the straight, slender style; stigmas two,

A group of sphagnum-loving species, strongly developed in the temperate parts of North
America, where 20 species occur. One of these species is also widely distributed in Eurasia,

100 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

and a closely related one is found in the mountains of New Zealand and southern Australia.
There are a few additional species, widely distributed in Eurasia.

Spike one, sometimes with a small additional one at base; leaf-blades nar- ~
rowly involute, rigid. 100. C. exilis.
Spikes more than one; leaf-blades 0.5-5 mm. wide, not rigid.
Beak of perigynium smooth or nearly so, the body broadest near the
middle.
Perigynia with the body ascending, weakly nerved ventrally and
with the beak spreading, reddish-brown-tipped and with a few

weak serrulations. 101. C. laeviculmis.
Perigynia with the body widely spreading, strongly nerved ven-
trally and with the beak hyaline-tipped and smooth. 102. C. seorsa.

Beak of perigynium serrulate, the body broadest near the base (except
in C. Josselynii).
Perigynia soon ruptured by elongating achene and appearing
glume-like; achenes linear-oblong, 1.75 mm. long; perigynia 2.25
mm. long, nerved ventrally, very short-beaked; scales sharp-
pointed, the midvein prominent to tip. 103. C. elachycarpa.
Perigynia normally not ruptured by achene and not appearing
glume-like.
Perigynia small, 2.25-3.25 mm. long, the beak very shallowly
bidentate one fourth to one third length of the body;
scales one half to two thirds length of bodies of perigynia.
Perigynia ascending at maturity, the bodies narrowly oval,
broadest near middle, strongly nerved ventrally. 104. C. Josselynii.
Perigynia widely spreading at maturity, the bodies ovate to
oblong-ovoid, broadest near base.
Perigynia light-brownish-tinged, nerveless or few-nerved
at base ventrally, the beak with ventral false suture
inconspicuous, reddish-brown between teeth; scales
yellowish-brown, with broad white-hyaline margin,
very obtuse; leaf-blades flat or somewhat canaliculate,
1—3 mm. wide; culms stiffish. 105. C. interior.
Perigynia deep-green, strongly nerved ventrally, the
beak with the ventral false suture conspicuous, white-
hyaline between teeth; scales greenish or hyaline,
acute or obtusish.
Spikes strongly separate; leaf-blades 0.25-1 mm. wide. 106. C. Howez.
Spikes aggregated in a dense head; leaf-blades 1—2.5
mm. wide. 107. C. Mohriana.
Perigynia 2.75-4.75 mm. long, with beak sharply bidentate and
ventral false suture conspicuous.
Body of perigynium suborbicular or very broadly ovate, deep-
green at maturity (before over-ripe), strongly nerved
ventrally, the beak less than half length of the body.
Scales acutish to short-cuspidate, two thirds length to nearly
the length of the bodies of the perigynia, sharply keeled,
the raised prominent midvein extending to the apex; culms
slender, sharply triangular, 1.5—2.5 mm. thick at base; leaf-
blades 1.5—2.5 mm. wide. 108. C. incomperta.
Seales obtuse, about half length of bodies of perigynia, the
midvein not raised, obsolete or nearly so at the apex;
culms stiff, obtusely triangular below, 2—3.5 mm. thick
at base; leaf-blades 1.5—4 mm. wide. 109. C. atlantica.
Body of perigynium ovate to lanceolate, straw-colored at
maturity or often darker-tinged, the beak half length of the
body or more (except in C. laricinum and C. Townsendii).
Staminate flowers terminal, basal, or in separate spikes;
upper part of perigynium-body setulose-serrulate; culms
sharply triangular, usually very rough above; scales chest-
nut-brown with shining white margins, not sharply keeled. 110. C. sterilis.
Staminate flowers mostly at base of terminal spikes; upper
part of perigynium-body serrulate or smooth; culms
from little to strongly roughened above.
Pistillate scales obtuse or obtusish, chestnut-brown-
tinged with broad bright white margins and apex,
not sharply keeled, the midvein obscure at apex.
Leaf-blades 2-5 mm. wide; sheaths conspicuously
thickened at mouth; culms somewhat flattened in
drying, very rough above, 4-5 mm. thick at base. 111. C. Wiegandii.
Leaf-blades 1-3 mm. wide; sheaths but slightly
thickened at mouth; culms not flattening in
drying, slender to base.
Culms aphyllopodic; leaf-blades little or not at all
thickened and stiff.

ParT 2. 1931] CYPERACEAE 101

Perigynia ovate, abruptly short-beaked, the
body nerveless ventrally or nearly so. 112.
Perigynia narrower, tapering into a long beak,
the body many-nerved ventrally.
Spikes widely separate, the terminal long-
clavate; perigynia 3.5—4 mm. long. 113.
Spikes approximate, the terminal short-
clavate; perigynia 3.75-4+.5 mm. long. 114.

Culms phyllopodic, light-green or yellowish-green;
leaf-blades thick, firm, and stiff; perigynia ovate,
abruptly short-beaked. 115.

Pistillate scales obtusish to cuspidate, yellowish-brown-
tinged, the margins and apex narrow, opaque or
dull-whitish, the midvein sharply defined, promi-
nent to apex; culms sharply triangular.

Perigynium with body noticeably exceeding the ob-
tuse to acutish scale; leaf-blades averaging 3-3.5
mm. wide; sheaths strongly thickened at mouth. 116.
Perigynium with body equaled or exceeded by the
scale; leaf-blades 0.75—2.5 mm. wide; sheaths
scarcely thickened at mouth.

Mature developed perigynia lanceolate, the beak
remotely low-serrulate, more than half the
length of the body; perigynia nerveless or im-
pressed-nerved towards base ventrally; achenes
much longer than wide; culms slender; leaf-
blades 0.75—2 mm. wide. 117. C. angustior.

Mature perigynia ovate, the beak strongly serru-

late, much shorter than the body; perigynia

with raised nerves ventrally; achenes about

as wide as long; culms stouter; leaf-blades

1.5-2.5 mm. wide.
Seales obtusish to acute; perigynia 2.75-3.5

mm. long, the beak about one third length of

the body, the teeth triangular. 118. C. laricina.
Scales acute to somewhat cuspidate; perigynia

3.5-4 mm. long, the beak about half the

length of the body, the teeth subulate. 119. C. cephalantha.

io)

. muricata.

>)

. ormantha.

lot

>. phyllomanica

lo

>, Townsendti.

9

. Ruthii.

100. Carex exilis Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 14:351. pl. Q,f.53. 1828.
Carex exilis var. squamacea Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 14: 351. pl. O, f. 54. 1828. (Type from Mas-

sachusetts.)
Vignea exilis Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex exilis Dewey.)
tae var. androgyna Dewey, in Wood, Class-Book ed. 1861. 750. 1861. (Type from New
ork.

Very densely cespitose, the rootstock not at all prolonged, the culms 1.5-7 dm. high,
slender, stiff and wiry, obtusely triangular, roughened beneath head, noticeably exceeding the
leaves, dark-brown at base and clothed with the conspicuous dried-up leaves of the previous
year, the lowest short-bladed; leaves with well-developed blades usually 2 or 3 to a culm,
somewhat clustered near the base, the blades stiff, light-green, erect, usually 5-10 cm. long
on the fertile culms, longer on the sterile, 0.5 mm. wide, narrowly involute, attenuate, slightly
roughish above, the sheaths tight, hyaline ventrally, thin, concave and yellowish-brown-
tinged at mouth, the ligule short; spike solitary, usually gynaecandrous, but sometimes entirely
staminate or entirely pistillate or androgynous or frequently or occasionally with one or two
small lateral spikes, linear or linear-oblong, often somewhat clavate at base, 1-3 cm. long,
3-6 mm. wide, the lower 2-3 scales short-cuspidate, empty; pistillate scales ovate-orbicular,
obtuse or sharp-pointed, reddish-brown with green midrib and conspicuous white-hyaline
margins, narrower and about length of bodies of the perigynia; staminate scales similar;
perigynia on well-developed spikes numerous (20-35), spreading, plano-convex, ovate, 3 mm.
long, 1.5 mm. wide, coriaceous, thick, olive-green or at maturity yellowish-brown, sharp-edged
to base, the edges slightly raised, strongly serrulate above middle, several-nerved dorsally,
nerveless or nearly so ventrally, rounded and spongy at base, contracted into a strongly
serrulate beak half length of body, bidentate, chestnut-brown-tipped, the apex and dorsal
suture more or less hyaline; achenes lenticular, ovate-reniform, substipitate, apiculate, yellow,
1.75 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide; style slender, straight, jointed with achene, at length deciduous;
stigmas two, dark-reddish-brown, slender, rather long.

102 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

TyPE LOCALITY: Danvers, Massachusetts (Oakes).

DISTRIBUTION: In sphagnum bogs and acid soils, Labrador to Delaware, mostly near the coast.
Locally inland in Vermont, New York, northwestern New Jersey, Ontario, Michigan, and Minnesota.
(Specimens examined from Labrador, Newfoundland, St. Pierre, Quebec (including Magdalen
Islands), Nova Scotia (including Cape Breton Island), Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode
Island, New York, New Jersey (pine barrens and Sussex County), Delaware, Ontario, Michigan.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. pl. 4/; Boott, Ill. Carex 17. pl. 47; Britt. & Brown.
lll. Fl. f. 816; ed. 2. f. 916; Proc. Am. Acad. 37: pl. 4, f. 78-83; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 374; Rep. N. J,
Mus. 1910: pl. 26, f. 13; Am. Jour. Sci. 14: pl. O, f. 53, 54 (var. squamacea).

Nore: A hybrid with Carex sterilis Willd. is known (Mingan Islands, Quebec, Bros. Victorin &
Rolland 201106). :

101. Carex laeviculmis Meinsh. Bot. Centr. 55: 195. 1893.

“Carex elongata L.’’ Bong. Mém. Acad. St.-Pétersb. VI. 2: 168. 1832.

“Carex remota L,.”’ Trev. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 283, in part. 1853.

Carex Bolanderi var. sparsiflora Olney; A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 407. 1872. (Name only;
type from Oregon.)

Carex Deweyana var. sparsiflora L. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 13:87. 1888. (Based on C. Bolanderi var.
sparsiflora Olney.)

Densely cespitose, but with slender, short-creeping, brown, fibrillose rootstocks, the culms
very slender, weak, sharply triangular, 3-7 dm. high, exceeding the leaves, roughened beneath
the head, light-brownish at base and clothed with the short-bladed dried-up leaves of the
previous year, the lower bladeless; leaves with well-developed blades 3-5 to a fertile culm,
on the lower fourth, but not bunched, the blades weak, flat, 5-30 em. long, 1-2 mm. wide,
light-green, roughened on the margins and towards the apex, the sheaths tight, hyaline and
thin ventrally, the ligule short; inflorescence consisting of 3-8 spikes, widely separated or the
upper 1—3 aggregated, the head 2-6 cm. long, the lower spikes pistillate, suborbicular or short-
oblong, 3-10 mm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, containing 3-10 appressed or ascending or in age slightly
excurved spreading perigynia, the beaks spreading; uppermost spike gynaecandrous, with a
long clavate staminate base; lowermost bract developed, from very short to 4 or 5 em. long,
exceeded by head, the upper bracts scale-like or short-cuspidate; scales ovate, obtusish or
acutish, sharply keeled to tip, yellowish-brown with green 3-nerved center, and in age narrow
hyaline margins, as wide as but rather shorter than body of perigynia; perigynia plano-convex
or concavo-convex, oblong-obovoid, thick, 2.5-4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, light-green or
brownish-green, membranaceous, broadest above middle, sharp-edged, lightly several-nerved
dorsally, faintly few-nerved ventrally, short-stipitate, rounded and spongiose at base,
tapering at apex into a sparingly subserrulate beak one fourth to one third the length of the
body, with entire or emarginate tawny-tipped apex, obliquely cut dorsally; achenes lenticular,
sessile, short-obovoid, 1.25-1.75 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, tapering at base, minutely apiculate;
style straight, slender, slightly enlarged at base, jointed with achene, at length deciduous;
stigmas two, yellowish-brown, slender, rather short.

Type LocaALity: ‘‘Aus Kamtschatka und von der Insel Sitcha.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Southern Alaska to middle California, and eastward to Montana. (Specimens
Se from southern Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Mon-
tana.

InLustRations: Engler, Pflanzenreich 4”: 229. f. 37, E, F; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 73. f. 58;
Erythea 8: 34. f. 14, Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif. f. 172; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 709; Am. Jour.
Sei lVe Lis 219 220.

102. Carex seorsa Howe; Gordinier & Howe,
Fl. Renss. Co. 39. 1894.

Carex rosaeoides Howe; Gordinier & Howe, Fl. Renss. Co. 33. 1894. (A name for which C.
seorsa was substituted.)
“Carex canescens var. vulgaris L. H. Bailey’’ Deane, Fl. Metrop. Park Comm. 95. 1896.

In large dense clumps, the rootstocks not at all prolonged, the culms weak, 3-7 dm. high,
sharply triangular, flattened in drying, roughened above, usually exceeding the leaves, light-
brown at base, conspicuously clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous year, the lower
bladeless; leaves with well-developed blades about 3 to a fertile culm, on the lower third,
but not bunched, the blades erect-ascending, flat, green, thin, usually 2.5-3.5 dm. long, 2-4
mm. wide, very rough towards the apex, the sheaths tight, very thin and hyaline ventrally,

ParT 2, 1931] CYPERACEAE 103

concave at mouth, the ligule short; spikes 3-7, in a head 3-7 cm. long, the lower separate, the
upper approximate, the lower spikes 1-2 cm. apart, the terminal spike 6-12 mm. long, pe-
duncled and varying from narrowly linear, 1 mm. wide and all staminate, to oblong, 4-6 mm.
wide and the staminate flowers occupying the clavate base, the lower spikes oblong to short-
orbicular, 4-7 mm. long, +-6 mm. wide, containing 5—20 at length widely radiating excurved
perigynia and a few staminate flowers at base; bracts scale-like or the lowest occasionally
prolonged, shorter than the head; scales orbicular-ovate, obtusish or acutish to cuspidate,
dull-whitish-hyaline, prominently keeled to apex with the brownish or greenish midrib,
narrower and from little to much shorter than bodies of perigynia; staminate scales longer;
perigynia concavo-convex, broadly oval, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, membranaceous, deep-
green, the body broadest near middle, somewhat spongy at base, narrowly sharp-edged, the
edges thick, not serrulate, strongly several-nerved both dorsally and ventrally, short-stipitate,
round-truncate at base, abruptly narrowed into a short beak about one fourth to one fifth
of length of body, white-tipped, shallowly bidentate, smooth-margined (or nearly so), its
teeth very short and erect, the false suture on ventral face obscure, obliquely cut dorsally
and with the suture more pronounced; achenes lenticular, occupying upper part of body of
perigynium, short-stipitate, broadly ovate, minutely apiculate, 1.25 mm. long, 1 mm. wide;
style very short, somewhat enlarged at base, jointed with achene, at length deciduous; stigmas
two, slender, light-reddish-brown, rather short.

Type Loca.ity: Lansing’s Grove, Rensselaer County, New York.

DistriBuTion: Acid soils in swampy woods, Massachusetts to Georgia, mostly east of the
mountains, and locally westward to Ohio and northwestern Indiana. (Specimens examined from
Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Dis-
trict of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, Indiana.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Proc. Am. Acad. 37: pl. 4, f. 106-109; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 382; Britt. & Brown,
Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 923.

103. Carex elachycarpa Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 37: 492. pl. 5,
f. 133, 134. 1902

Kobresia elachycarpa Fernald, Rhodora 5: 251. 1903. (Based on Carex elachycarpa Fernald.)

Very densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, black, fibrillose, the culms slender,
wiry, 2-5.5 dm. high, striate, triangular, roughened beneath head, strongly exceeding leaves,
dark-brown at base and clothed with the short-bladed leaves of the previous year, the lowest
bladeless; leaves with well-developed blades 2 or 3 to a fertile culm, on lower fourth, but not
bunched, the blades erect or ascending, light-green, stiffish, up to 12 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide,
canaliculate or involute, the sheaths tight, thin and hyaline ventrally, short-prolonged at
mouth beyond base of blade and continuous with ligule; head narrow, 12-25 mm. long, the
spikes 4-6, the lower more or less separated, the upper approximate, short-ovoid or suborbic-
ular, 4-7 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, gynaecandrous, rounded at apex, rounded or short-tapering
at base, the perigynia 15 or less, closely appressed, many abortive, whole spikes being often
sterile; bracts scale-like or lowest slightly prolonged; scales ovate, acutish to short-cuspidate,
light-chestnut-brown with lighter 1—3-nerved center and narrow dull-hyaline margins, sharply
keeled, the midvein prominent to apex, as wide as but shorter than perigynia, nearly concealing
them; perigynia plano-convex, oblong-lanceolate, 2.25 mm. long, 0.8 mm. wide, thick, yellowish-
green or straw-colored or light-brownish, sharp-edged to base but not serrulate except at base
of beak, lightly several-striate on both faces, tapering and truncate at base, tapering at apex
into a serrulate beak one fourth to one fifth length of the whole, hyaline-tipped, chestnut-
brown-tinged, obliquely cut dorsally, bidentulate, the dorsal suture conspicuous, the ventral
false suture obsolete, the walls extremely membranaceous and fragile and broken by elonga-
tion of maturing achene; achenes lenticular, linear-oblong, 1.75 mm. long, 0.6 mm, wide,
substipitate, short-apiculate, yellowish, nearly as thick as wide; style slender, jointed with
achene, deciduous; stigmas two, dark-reddish-brown, slender, short.

Tyre Locauiry: Fort Fairfield, Maine (Williams, Collins & Fernald).
Distemution: Known only from gravelly river banks at the type locality. .
ILtusTRATIONS: Proc. Am. Acad. 37: pl. 5, f. 133, 134; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 339; Britt. & Brown,

Ill. FA. ed. a. 917. ; : : p
Norse: Thisis probably a hybrid between Carex interior L. H. Bailey and C. angustior Mackenzie.

104 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

104. Carex Josselynii (Fernald) Mackenzie; Pease, Proc. Bost. Soc.

Nat. Hist. 37: 188. 1924.
Carex interior var. Josselynii Fernald, Rhodora 8: 115. 1906. (Type from Fort Kent, Maine.)
Carex scirpoides var. Josselynii Fernald, Rhodora 10: 48. 1908. (Based on C. interior var. Jos-
selynit Fernald.)

Densely cespitose, the culms slender but rather stiff, 2-3.5 dm. high, sharply triangular,
roughened beneath head, about equaling leaves, aphyllopodic, brownish-tinged at base and
clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous year, the lower bladeless; leaves with well-
developed blades 2-4 to a culm, the blades flat, thin, light-green, usually 1-2 dm. long, 1.5 mm.
wide, the sheaths tight, hyaline ventrally, thin, but somewhat thickened at mouth, short-
prolonged beyond base of blade and continuous with ligule; spikes 3 or 4, approximate, forming
a head 1.5-3 cm. long, rounded at apex, the lower gynaecandrous or pistillate, short-oblong or
oblong, 4-10 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, rounded or short-clavate at base, with 10—20 appressed-
ascending or in age ascending-spreading perigynia, the uppermost longer, gynaecandrous with
conspicuous clavate base; bracts scale-like or lowest setaceous, short; scales broadly ovate,
obtuse, narrower than and half length of bodies of perigynia, yellowish-brown or chestnut-
tinged with greenish center and conspicuous hyaline margins, not sharply keeled, the midvein
becoming obsolete above; perigynia plano-convex, linear-oval, thick, 2.5-3.25 mm. long,
scarcely 1 mm. wide, membranaceous but firm, widest near middle of body, green or in age
stramineous, sharp-edged to base, the body narrowly oval, not serrulate, strongly nerved on
both faces, substipitate, tapering and spongy at base, tapering at apex into a sparingly but
sharply serrulate beak one fourth length of body, very shallowly bidentate, chestnut-brown-
tipped, obliquely cut dorsally, slightly white-hyaline at tip, the ventral false suture obsolete,
the dorsal suture conspicuous; achenes lenticular, closely enveloped, short-stipitate, light-
brownish, oblong, 1.75 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, truncately subapiculate; style slender, short,
jointed with achene, at length deciduous, slightly enlarged at base; stigmas two, slender,
reddish-brown, short.

TYPE Loca.ity (of C. interior var. Josselynii Fernald, on which C. Josselynii is: based): Fort
Kent, Maine (Fernald).
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the vicinity of the type locality.

105. Carex interior L. H. Bailey, Bull. Torrey Club 20: 426. 1893.

Carex scirpoides Schkuhr; (Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 237, in smaller part. 1805) Muhl. Descr. Gram. 225.

1817. Not C. scirpoidea Michx. 1803.
- Carex stellulata var. y Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y.3:392. 1836. (Based on the synonym immediately

preceding.)

Carex stellulata var. scirpina ‘‘ Torr. & Gray'’’ Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 9. 1843. (Based on C. scir-
poides Schkuhr, in part.) Not C. scirpina Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 8. 1843.

Carex stellulata var. scirpoides Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 544. 1848. (Based on C. scirpoides
Schkuhr, in part.)

“Carex echinata Murray"’ Bock. Linnaea 39: 124-125, in part. 1875.

“Carex norvegica Wahl.”’ E. P. Sheldon, Bull. Torrey Club 20: 284. 1893.

Carex sterilis f. flexibilis Farwell, Rep. Mich. Acad. 21: 362. 1920. (Based on C. interior L. H.
Bailey.)
Very densely cespitose, the rootstocks dark-colored, not at all prolonged, the culms 1.5-5

dm. (usually 2.5-3.5 dm.) high, slender but wiry and strict, sharply triangular, slightly rough-

ened on the angles immediately beneath the head, mostly longer than the leaves, aphyllopodic,

light-brownish at base, the old leaves of the previous year few, short-bladed; leaves with well-

developed blades about 3 to a fertile culm, on the lower third, but not bunched, the blades

erect-ascending, yellowish-green, thin, flat or somewhat canaliculate, usually 1-3 dm. long,

1-2 mm. or even 3 mm. wide, roughened on margins and towards apex, the sheaths tight,

hyaline ventrally, thin and concave at mouth, the ligule wider than long; spikes usually 2-4,

or rarely up to 6, close together in a strict terminal head 1—2 cm. long, the terminal spike 5-10

mm. long, peduncled, usually gynaecandrous and long-clavate, but varying from narrowly

linear, 0.5 mm. wide and all staminate, to oblong, 4 mm. wide and pistillate with a few incon-

spicuous basal staminate flowers; lower spikes suborbicular, about 4 mm. long and as wide,

containing 1-10 perigynia widely radiating at maturity, and usually without staminate flowers;

bracts scale-like or the lowest occasionally short-prolonged; scales broadly ovate, very obtuse,

“Part 2, 1931] CYPERACEAE 105

yellowish-brown with broad 3-nerved green center and broad white-hyaline margin, the mid-
vein obsolete or nearly so at apex, as wide as but only one half length of bodies of perigynia;stam-
inate scales more acute; perigynia concavo-convex, oblong-ovoid or ovoid, 2.25-3.25 mm. long,
1.5—2 mm. wide, firm, thick, the body broadest just above the base, very narrowly but thickly
sharp-edged, serrulate at base of beak only, olive-green, stramineous or light-brownish, sub-
coriaceous, several-nerved dorsally, nerveless or few-nerved at base ventrally, substipitate and
truncate-rounded at base, the lower third spongy, rather abruptly narrowed into a beak about
one third or one fourth the length of the body, reddish-brown-tinged, sparingly serrulate, dor-
sally cleft, shallowly bidentate, its teeth very short and erect, the ventral false suture short
and inconspicuous, the dorsal suture conspicuous; achenes lenticular, occupying upper part
of perigynia, short-stipitate, broadly ovate-orbicular, 1.5 mm. wide, 1.25 mm. long, short-
apiculate; style slender, very slightly enlarged at base, jointed with achene, at length de-
ciduous; stigmas two, slender, brown, short.

TYPE LocaLity: Penn Yan, New York (Sartwell Exs. no. 36).

DISTRIBUTION: Very widely distributed in swampy meadows, in calcareous or non-acid soils,
Labrador and Newfoundland to Vancouver, and southward to Pennsylvania, Indiana, Kansas,
Chihuahua, and northern California. (Specimens examined from Labrador, Newfoundland, Quebec
(including Magdalen Islands), Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New
Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ontario,
Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, South
Dakota, North Dakota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New
Mexico, Arizona, Chihuahua, Utah, Idaho, British Columbia (including Vancouver Island), Wash-
ington, Oregon, northern California.)

IttustrRations: Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Zzz, f. 180 (plant with oy ecco spikes only); Boott,
Til. Carex 56. pl. 146**; Britt. & Brown, Ill. eu f. 846; ed. 2. f. 918; Proc. Am. Acad. 37: 485. pl.
Sy 70.” Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 381; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 26, f. 10; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif.

aye i

106. Carex Howei Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 37: 245. 1910.

Carex interior var. capillacea L.. H. Bailey, Bull. Torrey Club 20: 426. 1893. (Type from eastern
assachusetts.)
ie eeetaes 5 capillacea Fernald, Rhodora 10: 47. al 908. (Based on C. interior var. capillacea
aile

Carex delicatula Bickn. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 495. N 1908. (Based on C. interior var. capillacea
L. H. Bailey.) Not C. delicatula C. B. Clarke, S 1908.

Carex stellulata var. scir poides {. capillacea Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 231. 1909. (Based
on C. interior var. capillacea L. H. Bailey.)

Very densely cespitose, in large clumps, the rootstocks not at all prolonged, the culms
2-7 dm. high, aphyllopodic, very slender, usually weak, sharply triangular, little or not at all
roughened above, usually exceeded by the leaves, light-brownish at base, and clothed with the
dried-up leaves of the previous year, the lower bladeless; leaves with well-developed blades
3 or 4 to a fertile culm, on lower third, but not bunched, the blades deep-green, thin, cana-
liculate, or more or less involute, 1-6 dm. long, 0.25—-1 mm. wide, much roughened towards
the apex, the sheaths tight, thin and hyaline ventrally, the ligule short; spikes 2-4, occasion-
ally 5, more or less strongly separate and forming a head 1—2.5 em. long, the terminal gynae-
candrous and more or less long-clavate at base or occasionally staminate, the lateral sessile
and usually pistillate, suborbicular, 4-6 mm. long and about as wide, the 5-10 perigynia in
several rows, at first ascending, at length widely excurved-spreading; lowest bract usually
setaceous, much shorter than the head, the others scale-like; scales broadly ovate, very thin,
obtusish or acutish, narrower and one half to two thirds the length of bodies of the perigynia,
whitish or greenish-hyaline with green 3-nerved midvein, the midvein mostly obsolete at apex;
perigynia concavo-convex, ovate with entire sharp-edged but not winged margins, 2.25-2.5
mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, deep-green, membranaceous, strongly many-nerved dorsally, more
lightly but strongly several-nerved ventrally, slightly stipitate, spongy-rounded at base,
abruptly contracted into a shallowly serrulate beak one third or one fourth its length, dor-
sally cleft, light-reddish-tinged, shallowly bidentate, the teeth very short and the dorsal suture
and false ventral suture white-hyaline-margined; achenes lenticular, filling upper part of peri-
gynia, ovate, 1.25 mm. long, | mm. wide, short-stipitate and short-apiculate; style short,
somewhat enlarged at base, jointed with achene, at length deciduous; stigmas two, slender,
reddish-brown, rather short.

106 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

TYPE LocALiry: ‘‘ Eastern Massachusetts, New Jersey, and central Pennsylvania.’’ (Specimens
collected in eastern Massachusetts by Wm. Boolt, who first called attention to the plant, are taken
as the type of C. interior, var. capillacea L. H. Bailey, on which C. Howei is based.)

DISTRIBUTION: Acid soils, wet sphagnum in swampy woods, Florida to Louisiana and northward
to southwestern Nova Scotia, and locally westward to Ohio and Michigan. (Specimens examined
from Nova Scotia, Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut,
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, Ohio, Michigan, Virginia, South
Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 919; Francis, Grasses 310 (as C. scirpoides).

107. Carex Mohriana Mackenzie, sp. nov.

Very densely cespitose, in large clumps, the rootstock not at all prolonged, the culms
2-7 dm. high, aphyllopodic, very slender, usually weak, sharply triangular, little or not at all
roughened above, usually exceeded by the leaves, light-brownish at base and clothed with the
dried-up leaves of the previous year, the lower bladeless; leaves with well-developed blades
3 or 4 to a fertile culm, on lower third, but not bunched, the blades thin, deep-green, cana-
liculate or more or less involute, 1-6 dm. long, 1—2.5 mm. wide, much roughened towards
the apex, the sheaths tight, thin and hyaline ventrally, concave, purplish-dotted and scarcely
thickened at mouth, the ligule as long as wide; spikes 2-5, aggregated into an ovoid to oblong
head 0.75—1.5 cm. long, the terminal gynaecandrous and inconspicuously staminate at base,
the lateral sessile and usually pistillate, suborbicular, 4-6 mm. wide and nearly as long, the
4-10 perigynia in several rows, at first ascending, at length widely excurved-spreading; lowest
bract usually setaceous, much shorter than the head, the others scale-like; scales broadly ovate,
acute to obtusish, much narrower and about two thirds length of bodies of perigynia, white-
hyaline with green 3-nerved midvein, the midvein usually not extending to the tip;
perigynia concavo-convex, deep-green, membranaceous, ovate, with sharp-edged but not
winged margins, serrulate above, 2.25—2.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, strongly many-nerved
both dorsally and ventrally, substipitate, spongy and truncate-cordate at base, contracted
into a serrulate beak about one fourth length of body, dorsally obliquely cleft, shallowly bi-
dentate, the teeth minute and the beak white-hyaline save for green margins; achenes lenticular,
filling upper part of perigynia, ovate, yellowish, 1.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, broadly short-
stipitate and slightly apiculate; style short, enlarged at base, jointed with achene, at length
deciduous; stigmas two, slender, reddish-brown, short.

Type ee in a swamp near Wauchula, Florida, April 15, 1901, A. H. Curtiss (Second Distr.
PRS UES.
eee Known definitely from Florida only. (Specimens examined from Florida.)

108. Carex incomperta Bickn. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 494. 1908.

Carex sterilis Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 208, in part, not as to type. 1805.

“Carex sterilis Willd.”’ Schkuhr, Riedgr. Nachtr. pl. MMM, f. 146, in part. 1806.

Carex sterilis var. d Muhl. Descr. Gram. 217. 1817.

“Carex stellulata Gooden.”’ Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 380. 1843.

Carex sterilis var. B Boott, Ill. Carex 1: 56. pl. 146*. 1858. (Type from Penn Yan, N. Y.)

as AL excelsior L. H. Bailey, Bull. Torrey Club 20: 424. 1893. (Type from Penn

an, N.

Carex echinata var. excelsior Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 37: 484. 1902. (Technically based on
C. sterilis var. excelsior 1,. H. Bailey.)

Carex stellulata var. excelsior Fernald, Rhodora 4: 222. 1902. (Technically based on C. sterilis
var. excelsior L,. H. Bailey.)

Carex stellulata var. sterilis f. excelsioy ‘1. H. Bailey”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 231.
1909. (Based on C. sterilis var. excelsior L,. H. Bailey.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstock not at all prolonged, the clumps large, the culms usually
2.5-6 dm. high, slender (1.5—2.5 mm. thick) to base, wiry, erect, sharply triangular, roughened
above, from shorter to longer than the leaves, light-brownish at base, and conspicuously clothed
with the dried-up leaves of the previous year, the lower bladeless; leaves with well-developed
blades usually 3 or 4 to a fertile culm, on the lower third, but not bunched, the blades erect-
ascending, thin, deep-green, flat or canaliculate, usually 5-20 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, or
occasionally up to 2.5 mm. wide, roughened on the margins and towards the apex, the sheaths
tight, hyaline ventrally, slightly thickened and reddish-brown-tinged and truncate at mouth,
the ligule wider than long; spikes 3 or 4, approximate, or somewhat separate in a strict terminal
head 1-3 em. long, the spikes 4-5 mm. wide, containing 6-15 spreading or retrorse perigynia,

Part 2, 1931] CYPERACEAE 107

the terminal spike 6-10 mm. long, clavate and staminate at base, the lower 4-6 mm. long,
usually not staminate at base; bracts scale-like or the lowest occasionally short-prolonged;
seales ovate, acutish to short-cuspidate, yellowish-brown, shading into the dull-white-hyaline
margin, sharply keeled to apex by the conspicuous green midrib, narrower than and from
two thirds to nearly length of bodies of perigynia; staminate scales longer, more acute; peri-
gynia unequally slightly biconvex, suborbicular or broadly ovate-orbicular, 3 mm. long,
2 mm. wide, broadest just above base, deep-green, or brownish-green in age, sharp-edged,
thick, firm, strongly many-nerved on both sides, the lower half spongy, short-stipitate,
round-truncate at base, abruptly narrowed into a beak one half to one third the length of
the body, bidentate, the teeth prominent, sharp, erect, the dorsal suture and false ventral
suture conspicuous, somewhat reddish-tinged, extending more than half way down the beak,
the serrulations of the margins extending a short distance down the body; achenes lenticular,
broadly ovate, 1.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, occupying upper part of perigynia, short-
stipitate, slightly apiculate; style short, slightly enlarged at base, jointed with achene, at
length deciduous; stigmas two, light-reddish-brown, slender, rather short.

TYPE Loca.ity: Wet bog below the Sea Cliff Inn, Nantucket Island, Massachusetts (Bicknell).

DISTRIBUTION: Acid soils, swampy woods, Florida to Texas, and northward to Indiana, Michi-
gan, central New York, and Massachusetts. (Specimens examined from Massachusetts, Rhode
Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Colum-
bia, Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee,
Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Mmm, f. 146 (excluding pees plant and details
thereof); Boott, Ill. Carex 56. pl. 146*; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 9.

NOTE: Carex incom perta in one direction is a close ally of G cephalantha, caeiicha in turn is closely
related to C. laricina and to C. angustior; this last species is a close ally of the series C. muricata,
C. ormantha, and C. phyllomanica. In another direction C. incomperta is closely related to C. Howei
and to C. Mohrii, and C. Howei in turn is a close relative of C. interior. In another direction C.

incomperta is closely allied to C. atlantica and its allies C. Wiegandii and C. Ruthii, while the last-
named species shows many features of C. cephalantha.

109. Carex atlantica L. H. Bailey, Bull. Torrey Club 20: 425. 1893.

Carex stellulata var. conferta Chapm. FI. S. U. S. 534. 1860. (Type from Apalachicola, Florida.)

Carex echinata var. conferta L. H. Bailey Cat. N. Am. Car. 2. 1884. (Based on C. stellulata var.
conferta Chapm.)

“Carex sterilis Willd.’”’ Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 37: 484. 1902.

Very densely cespitose, the rootstocks not at all prolonged, dark-colored, fibrillose, the
clumps large, the culms usually 2-7 dm. high, stiff, thickish (2-3.5 mm.) at base, obtusely
triangular below, less so and roughened on the angles above, usually exceeded by the long
leaves, light-brown at base, and clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous year, the lower
short-bladed or bladeless; leaves of the year with well-developed blades usually 3 or 4 to a
fertile culm, on the lower third, but not bunched, the blades erect, light-green, firm, cana-
liculate, 2.5-4 dm. long, 1.5—4 mm. wide (usually about 2.5 mm. wide), roughened on margins
and towards apex, the sheaths tight, hyaline ventrally, concave or truncate and yellowish-
brown-tinged and thickened at mouth, the ligule wider than long; spikes 3-5, more or less
separate, rarely aggregated in a strict terminal head 2-6 cm. long, the spikes 6-7 mm. wide
and containing 8-40 at length widely spreading perigynia, the terminal gynaecandrous, 8-15
mm. long, strongly clavate at base, the lateral 8-12 mm. long and entirely pistillate; bracts
seale-like or the lowest often prolonged but much shorter than head; scales ovate-orbicular,
typically obtuse, occasionally slightly acutish, narrower than and only half length of bodies of
perigynia, light-yellowish-brown-tinged, with green 3-nerved center and broad white-hyaline
margin, rounded on back and not sharply keeled, the midvein becoming obsolete at apex;
staminate scales similar; perigynia concavo-convex, plano-convex, or even slightly biconvex,
very broadly ovate or suborbicular, broadest just above base, 3 mm. long, slightly more than
2 mm. wide, thick, subcoriaceous, sharp-edged to base, serrulate above to base of beak, deep-
green until over-ripe, strongly many-nerved dorsally and strongly several-nerved ventrally,
the lower part spongy, cordate or truncate at base, abruptly narrowed into a serrulate beak
one fourth to one third length of body, obliquely cleft dorsally, yellowish-brown-tipped,
bidentate, the teeth short, sharp, erect, both dorsal suture and false ventral suture prominent,

108 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

the dorsal white-margined; achenes lenticular, occupying upper part of bodies of perigynia,
slightly stipitate, short-apiculate, ovate-suborbicular, 1.75 mm. long, nearly as wide; style
short, somewhat enlarged at base, jointed with achene, at length deciduous; stigmas two,
light-reddish-brown, S[emey rather short.

TyPE LocaLitry: ‘‘Pine barren swamps.’’ (Chapman’s specimens of C. stellulata var. conferta
Chapm., on which C. atlantica is based, came from Apalachicola, Florida.)

DISTRIBUTION: Acid soils, pine barren bogs, mostly on the coastal plain, Nova Scotia to Florida
and Texas. (Specimens examined from New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Maine, New Hampshire,
Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina,
South Carolina, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Texas.)

ILLustTRaTIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 845; ed. 2. f. 922; Proc. Am. Acad. 37: pl. 4, f. 98-100;
Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 380; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 36: i NUE

110. Carex sterilis Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 208, in greater part. 1805.

Carex scirpoides Schkuhr; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 208, in greater part. 1805. (Type from North America.)

Carex stellulata var. B Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 387. 1836. (Based on C. sterilis Willd.)

Carex stellulata var. scirpoides Darl. Flora Cestr. 31. 1837. (Technically based on C. scirpoides
Schkuhr.)

Carex stellulata var. sterilis Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 544. 1848. (Based on C. sterilis Willd.)

Very densely cespitose, tlie rootstocks very short, black, fibrillose, the culms slender but
strict, usually 3-6 dm. high, dark-brown or brownish-black at base, exceeding leaves, sharply
triangular and usually much roughened on angles above, clothed at base with the dried-up
leaves of the previous year, the lower bladeless;.leaves with well-developed blades 3 or 4 toa
fertile culm, on lower fourth, but not bunched, the blades 1-3 dm. long, 1.25—2.5 mm. wide,
canaliculate or involute, green, stiff, very rough towards the long-attenuate apex, the sheaths
tight, hyaline ventrally, thickened, concave, and yellowish-brown-tinged at mouth, wider than
long; sterile culms similar, slender, well-developed; head 2—3 cm. long, the spikes 3-6, approxi-
mate or the lower more or less separate, very variable, pistillate, staminate, androgynous, or
gynaecandrous, the culms frequently dioecious or nearly so, the spikes then being often entirely
staminate or pistillate; pistillate spikes suborbicular to short-oblong, 4-6 mm. long and nearly
as wide, the perigynia 3-15, widely spreading or somewhat reflexed at maturity; bracts short
and scale-like, or the lowest more or less setaceous-prolonged; scales ovate, obtuse or some-
what cuspidate, with 3-nerved green center, a chestnut-brown (or in age brownish) intermediate
band, and conspicuous shining white margins, the midvein obscure at apex, not sharply keeled,
narrower but slightly longer than bodies of perigynia; staminate scales more obtuse and with
more obscure midvein; perigynia plano-convex, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3 mm. long,
1.5-1.75 mm. wide, thick, subcoriaceous, yellowish-brown or brownish, sharp-edged to base,
the margins little elevated, lightly several- to many-nerved both dorsally and ventrally,
substipitate, spongy and truncate at base, rather abruptly contracted into a beak about half
its length, the beak chestnut at apex, usually minutely white-hyaline dorsally at orifice,
sharply bidentate, the upper margins of the body and the beak setulose-serrulate; achenes
lenticular, broadly ovate, yellow, short-stipitate, apiculate, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide; style
slender, straight, jointed with achene, at length deciduous; stigmas two, dark, slender, rather
long.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘“‘Habitat in Pennsylvania’; according to Schkuhr, ‘“‘Hab. in Pennsylvaniae
graminosis humidis’’ (probably near Lancaster, Muhlenberg).

DISTRIBUTION: Swampy meadows in calcareous regions, Newfoundland and Anticosti Island
to Minnesota, and southward to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Illinois. (Specimens examined
from Newfoundland, Quebec, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Ontario, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Mmm, f. 146 (immature plant only; pl. Zz, f. 180 (pistillate
plant and details, as C. scirpoides); Boott, Ill. Carex/55. pl. 146.

Nore: A hybrid with Carex exilis Dewey is known (Mingan Islands, Quebec, Bros. Victorin &
Rolland 20116).

Carex Wiegandii Mackenzie, sp. nov.

Very densely cespitose, the rootstock not at all prolonged, dark-colored, fibrillose, the
clumps large, the culms usually 1—5 dm. high, stiff, thick (4-5 mm.) at base, sharply triangular,
but somewhat flattened in drying, very rough on the angles above, usually exceeded by the
long leaves, light-brown at base and very conspicuously clothed with the dried-up leaves of

Part 2, 1931] CYPERACEAE 109

the previous year, the lower short-bladed; leaves of the year with well-developed blades usually
3 or + to a fertile culm, on the lower third or half, but not bunched, the blades erect, dull-
green or yellowish-green, rather thinnish, flat or somewhat canaliculate towards base, usually
1.5—-3 dm. long, 2-5 mm. (usually about 3 mm.) wide, roughened on margins and towards
apex, the sheaths tight, strongly hyaline ventrally, concave or truncate and yellowish-brown-
tinged and thickened at mouth, the ligule wider than long; spikes 3-6, closely approximate
in a short, stiff, terminal head 1.5-2.5 cm. long, the spikes 5—7 mm. wide, and containing
6-15 at length widely spreading perigynia, the terminal gynaecandrous, 8-12 mm. long, strongly
and abruptly clavate at base, the others 5—7 mm. long and entirely pistillate; bracts scale-like
or the lowest often prolonged but much shorter than the head; scales ovate-orbicular, obtuse
or acutish, somewhat narrower than and about two thirds length of bodies of perigynia, dull-
yellowish-brown-tinged with green 3-nerved center and broad bright-white hyaline margins,
rounded on back and not sharply keeled, the midvein usually becoming obsolete at apex;
staminate scales similar; perigynia plano-convex or slightly biconvex, ovate, broadest some-
what above base, 3-3.5 mm. long, 1.5—1.8 mm. wide, thick, coriaceous, sharp-edged to base of
beak, dull-green or at maturity yellowish-brown and shining, strongly many-nerved dorsally,
nerveless or obscurely nerved towards base ventrally or rarely throughout, the lower part
spongy, truncate at base, tapering into a serrulate beak one third to one half length of body,
green-margined, obliquely cleft dorsally, chestnut-brown-tipped, bidentate, the teeth tri-
angular, sharp, erect, the dorsal suture prominent, narrowly white-margined, the ventral false
suture nearly obsolete; achenes lenticular, occupying upper part of bodies of perigynia, ovate,
1.75 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, broadly substipitate and broadly minutely apiculate, yellowish;
style shorter than achene, straight, enlarged at base, green, jointed with achene and at length
deciduous; stigmas two, light-reddish-brown, slender, short.

Type Loca.ity: Curling, Newfoundland, July 21, 1910, Fernald & Wiegand 2776.
DISTRIBUTION: Sphagnum bogs, Newfoundland to Massachusetts, northern New York, and
Ontario. (Specimens examined from Newfoundland, Maine, Massachusetts, Ontario.)

112. Carex muricata L. Sp. Pl. 974. 1753.

~~ Carex echinata Murr. Prodr. Stirp. Gotting. 76. 1770. (Type from Germany.)
~—~Carex Leersii Willd. Fl. Berol. 28. 1787. (Based on ‘‘C. muricata 1."’ of Leers.)
~—Carex vulpina var. 8 Lam. Encyc. 3: 383. 1791. (Type from Europe.)
~~ Carex stellulata Gooden. Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: 144. 1794. (Type from England.)
Carex stellulata var. masculina S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:50. 1821. (Type from England.)
~~Carex hydrophila Dumort. Fl. Belg. 146. 1827. (Type from Belgium.)
nee 2 a Reichenb. in Méssler, Handb. ed. 2. 1610. 1829. (Based on Carex stellulata

Vignes ydrophil Reichenb. Fl. Germ. Exc. 1407. 1832. (Based on Carex hydrophila Dumort.)
Carex stellulata var. pseudodivulsa F. Schultz, Fl. Pfalz 499. 1846. (Type from Germany.)
21 met a seudodivulsa F. Schultz, Fl. Pfalz 499, as ines ree 1846. (Synonym of preceding.)
— Carex leptophylla Heuffel, Linnaea 31: 728. pl. 5,f.5. 1862. (Identified with C. stellulata Gooden.)
Carex echinata var. yg icinr F. Schultz, Pollichia 20/21: 259. 1863. (Based on C. stellulata
var. pseudodivulsa F. Schultz.)
Carex echinata X canescens Briigger, Jahresb. Nat. Ges. Graubiind. 23-24: 119. 1881. (Type from

Germany.)
~~ Carex Caflischii Brigger, Jahresb. Nat. Ges. Graubiind. 23-24: 119. 1881. (Type from Germany.)
Carex stellulata var. oligantha Callmé, Deuts. Bot. Monats. 6:49. 1888. (Type from Sweden.)
Caricina stellulata St.-Lag. in Cariot, Etude Fl. ed. 8. 2: 878. 1889. (Based on Carex stellulata

Gooden
Carex stellulata var. hylogiton Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 27: 56. 1902. (Type from
emia.)

Carex stellulata {. hylogiton Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 230. 1909. (Based on C, stel-
lulata var. hylogiton Asch, & Graebn.)

Carex stellulata {. pseudodivulsa Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 230. 1909. (Based on C.
stellulata var. pseudodivulsa F. Schultz.)

Carex stellulata {. hydrophila Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4”: 230, 1909. (Based on C.
hydrophila Dumort.)

Carex stellulata {. oligantha Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 230. 1909. (Based on C. stel-
lulata var. oligantha Callmé.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstock not at all prolonged, the culm slender but wiry, usually
1.5-3.5 dm. high, longer than the leaves, more or less roughened beneath the head, rather
bluntly triangular, aphyllopodic, light-brownish at base and clothed with the dried-up leaves
of the previous year, the lower bladeless; leaves with well-developed blades usually 3-5 to

3 |

/
|

110 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

a fertile culm, on the lower third, but not bunched, the sheaths usually overlapping, tight,
slightly thickened at mouth, the blades flat or somewhat canaliculate, thickish, rather light-
green, ascending, usually 1-2.5 dm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, roughened towards the apex, the
sheaths tight, hyaline ventrally, concave and slightly thickened at mouth, the ligule short;
spikes usually 2 or 3, approximate or more or less separate, forming a head 1—3.5 cm. long,
4-6 mm. wide, the lateral spikes suborbicular, 3-5 mm. wide, mostly pistillate, the 3-10
perigynia widely spreading, the terminal spike similar, but with long-clavate basal staminate
portion 2-5 mm. long; lower bract often cuspidate-prolonged, the upper scale-like; scales ovate,
obtusish, chestnut-brown with lighter 3-nerved green center and shining white-hyaline mar-
gins, not sharply keeled, the midvein obsolete at apex, nearly as wide as but much shorter than
bodies of perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, ovate, 2.5-3 mm. long, 1.2-1.8 mm. wide, green
or at maturity yellowish-brown, thick, subcoriaceous, sharp-edged to base, the margins
serrulate at base of beak only, scarcely raised, several- to many-nerved dorsally, nerveless or
nearly so ventrally, the lower part spongy, round-truncate at base, abruptly contracted at
apex into a chestnut-tinged beak one third the length of the body, its margins serrulate, the
dorsal suture and ventral false suture chestnut-brown-tinged, conspicuous, bidentate, the
teeth short, triangular; achenes lenticular, broadly ovate, substipitate, slightly apiculate,
yellow, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide; style slender, slightly enlarged at base, jointed with achene,
at length deciduous; stigmas two, chestnut-brown, slender, short.

TypE LocaLity: ‘‘Habitat in Europae nemoribus humentibus”’ (or, as given in Flora Suecica,
“‘Habitat in udis nemorosis umbrosis praesertim Nordlandiae’’).

DISTRIBUTION: Swampy soil in calcareous districts, Greenland to Newfoundland, Quebec, and
southern Alaska; widely distributed in northern Eurasia. (Specimens examined from Labrador,
Newfoundland, Quebee (Mingan Islands), Alaska, Alberta.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. C, f. 14; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 73. f. 57; Sturm, Deuts.
Fl. 50: pl. 7; Fl. Dan. pl. 284; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 844; ed. 2. f. 920; Proc. Am. Acad. 37: pl. 4,
f. 84-8; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 375; Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 229. f. 37, C, D; Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 11:
221. f. 5; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 214, f. 560; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 4, f. 37; Engl. Bot. pl.
806; ed. 2. pl. 1626; Benth. Handb. Brit. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1100; Coste, FI. Fr. f. 3827; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-
Eur. pl. 47, f. 3; Hallier, Deuts. Fl. pl. 425; Karst. Deuts. Fl. 338. f. 104 (2, 3); Thomé, Fl. Deuts.
pl. 89, f. C; Leers, Fl. Herborn. pl. /4, f. 8; Linnaea 31: pl. 5, f. 5 (C. leptophylla Heuff., poor).

Nore 1: Britten (Jour. Bot. 45: 163), Briquet (Prodr. Fl. Corse 1: 199), and Fernald (Rhodora
19: 154) have pointed out that Murray founded his Carex echinata entirely on a description of
Haller and on plate 284 of Carex muricata L. in Fl. Danica; that both these are plainly the plant
later described as Carex Leersii Willd. and Carex stellulata Gooden.; and that the fact that Murray’s
herbarium specimens are Carex Pairaei F. Schultz does not warrant the application of the name to
that species, as done by C. B. Clarke (Fernald, Rhodora 4: 225. 1902).

Nore 2: Concerning the applicability of the name Carex muricata to this species, see Mackenzie in
Bull. Torrey Club 50: 346 (1923). (Fl. Dan. pl. 284; Leers, Fl. Herborn. 196; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2.
406; Lightf. Fl. Scot. 549; Pollich, Hist. Pl. Palat. 2: 565; Wulfen, Fl. Norica Phan. 737, 741; Kit.
Linnaea 32: 317.)

113. Carex ormantha (Fernald) Mackenzie, Erythea 8:35. 1922.

Carex echinata var. ormantha Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 37: 483, excluding Connecticut and Rhode
Island specimens. pl. 4, f.89. Mr 1902. (Type from California.)

Carex stellulata var. ormantha Fernald, Rhodora 4: 222. N 1902. (Based technically on C. echinala
var. ormantha Fernald).

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, the culms 1.5—4 dm. high, slender but rather
stiff, obtusely triangular below, sharply triangular above, smooth, exceeding leaves, light-
brownish at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year not conspicuous, the lower blade-
less; leaves with well-developed blades 3-5 to a fertile culm, on lower fourth, but not bunched,
the blades flat or canaliculate, light-green or yellowish-green, not stiff, mostly 0.5-2 dm. long,
1.5-2 mm. wide, the sheaths tight, hyaline ventrally, thin and concave at mouth, the ligule
very short; spikes 3 or 4, widely separated, forming a head 2-6 cm. long, the terminal gynae-
candrous, conspicuously long-clavate and staminate at base, the lateral pistillate or obscurely
gynaecandrous, 3-5 mm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, with 2-12 widely radiating or even reflexed
perigynia; lowest bract more or less setaceous-prolonged, the others scale-like; scales ovate,
obtuse, chestnut-brown with lighter 3-nerved center and bright white-hyaline margins and
apex, not sharply keeled, the midvein not prominent to apex, as wide as and nearly length of
bodies of perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, lanceolate, 3.5-4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, the
margins of the body scarcely raised, not serrulate except at base of beak, yellowish-green or

Part 2, 1931] CYPERACEAE 111

soon brownish-yellow, thick, subcoriaceous, many-nerved dorsally, many-striate ventrally,
rounded and spongy at base, tapering into a serrulate beak more than half length of body,
the dorsal suture with chestnut-brown margins, the ventral face chestnut-brown-tinged, bi-
dentate, the teeth triangular, short, erect, chestnut-brown; achenes lenticular, ovate, yellowish,
substipitate, 1.75 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, short-apiculate; style slender, jointed with achene,
at length deciduous; stigmas two, slender, short, chestnut-brown.

TYPE Loca.ity: Strawberry Creek, El Dorado County, California (Brainerd 160).
DISTRIBUTION: Mountains, from Washington to southern California, chiefly in the Sierra
Nevada. (Specimens examined showing range as given.)
- eo ttONs: Proc. Am. Acad. 37: pl. 4, f. 89; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 376; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif.
i ees

114. Carex phyllomanica W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif.
2: 233. 1880.

Densely cespitose, from short-prolonged ascending rootstocks, the culms slender but strict,
2.5-6 dm. high, sharply triangular at least above, smooth or slightly roughened immediately
below head, shorter than or exceeding leaves, light-brown at base and conspicuously clothed
with the dried-up leaves of the previous year, the lower bladeless; leaves 3 or 4 to a fertile culm,
on lower third, but not bunched, the blades flat or somewhat canaliculate, mostly 1-2 dm. long,
1.75-2.75 mm. wide, green, rather stiff, roughened towards apex, the sheaths tight, hyaline
ventrally, concave and scarcely thickened at mouth, the ligule short; spikes usually 3 or 4,
approximate, forming a head 1.5—3.5 cm. long, the terminal gynaecandrous and clavate at
base, the lateral obscurely gynaecandrous or pistillate, suborbicular, 7 mm. long and about
as wide, with 8-15 widely spreading perigynia; lowest bract somewhat setaceous-prolonged,
the others scale-like and inconspicuous; staminate scales ovate, obtuse, chestnut-brown
with 3-nerved green center and shining white-hyaline margin; pistillate scales similar, as wide
as but only about two thirds length of bodies of perigynia, not sharply keeled, the midvein
obscure towards apex; perigynia plano-convex, ovate-lanceolate, thick, 3.75—4.5 mm. long, 1.5
mm. wide, subcoriaceous, green or in age olive-green, round-truncate and spongy at base,
conspicuously many-striate, both dorsally and ventrally sharp-edged to base, the margins
scarcely raised, entire, tapering into a serrulate beak about half length of the body, the apex
chestnut-brown-tinged and somewhat hyaline-tipped, bidentate, the teeth short, both ventral
false suture and dorsal suture conspicuous; achenes lenticular, ovate, 2 mm. long, 1.5 mm.
wide, yellowish, substipitate, short-apiculate; style slender, jointed with achene, at length
deciduous; stigmas two, slender, chestnut-brown, short.

TyPe LOCALITY: Sphagnum swamps, Mendocino City, California (Bolander 4746).

DIsTRIBUTION: Sphagnum swamps, southern Alaska to northern California, near the coast
and in the coast ranges. (Specimens examined from northern California, Oregon, Washington,
Vancouver, southern Alaska.)

ILLusTRATION: Abrams, III. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 712.

115. Carex Townsendii Mackenzie, sp. nov.

Cespitose, the rootstocks short, blackish, fibrillose, the culms 2—3.5 dm. high, stiff, sharply
triangular, smooth or slightly roughened beneath head, exceeding leaves, brownish and
somewhat fibrillose at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year inconspicuous, the lower
short-bladed; leaves 5 or 6 to a culm, on lower third, but not bunched, the blades mostly 1-2 dm.
long, about 2.5 mm. wide, canaliculate, thickish, light-green, stiff, roughened above, erect or
recurved-spreading, the sheaths tight, hyaline and yellowish-green-tinged ventrally, convex
and slightly thickened at mouth, very little prolonged beyond base of blade, the ligule wider
than long; spikes 5-8, the upper aggregated, the lower approximate, forming a head 2-4 em.
long, the spikes pistillate or the uppermost gynaecandrous, short-oblong or suborbicular, 5-8
mm. long, 5-6 mm. wide, with 8-20 at length spreading perigynia, the staminate flowers few
and inconspicuous; lower bract short-setaceous, exceeded by spike, the upper ones scale-like;
pistillate scales broadly ovate, obtusish, narrower than and two thirds length of bodies of
perigynia, chestnut-brown with prominently 3-nerved green center and broad hyaline
margins, not sharply keeled and the midvein not prominent to apex; staminate scales similar,

112 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

but with sharper midvein; perigynia plano-convex, ovate, 3.25 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide,
thickish, membranaceous but firm, sharp-edged to base, serrulate at base of beak, substipi-
tate, spongy and round-truncate at base, lightly several-nerved dorsally, nerveless or nearly so
ventrally, abruptly contracted into a serrulate beak about 1 mm. long, obliquely cut dorsally,
both dorsal suture and false ventral suture conspicuous, sharply bidentate, the teeth subulate-
triangular, slender, reddish-brown; achenes lenticular, ovate, yellowish-brown, short-stipitate,
apiculate, 1.75 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, in upper part of perigynium-bodies; style slender, jointed
with achene, deciduous; stigmas two, slender, yellowish-brown, long.

Type collected five miles southeast of Colonia Garcia, Chihuahua, Mexico, at 2250 meters
altitude (Townsend & Barber 157, July 21, 1899).

DISTRIBUTION: Wet soil, Sierra Madre Mountains, Chihuahua. (Specimens examined from
Chihuahua.)

116. Carex Ruthii Mackenzie, sp. nov.

Densely cespitose, the rootstock very short, fibrillose, the culms stoutish, 3 mm. thick at
base, sharply triangular, stiff, roughened above, strongly aphyllopodic, brownish at base and
clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous year, the lower bladeless; leaves 3 or + to a
fertile culm, on lower half, not at all bunched, the blades flat or canaliculate, light-green, not
stiff, usually 1-2 dm. long, 2.5-4 mm. (averaging 3-3.5 mm.) wide, the sheaths tight, hyaline
ventrally, concave, reddish-brown-tinged and strongly thickened at mouth, the ligule wider
than long; spikes 5 or 6, the lower widely separate, forming a head 3.5—6 cm. long, the lateral
spikes subglobose, closely sessile, pistillate, 3-6 mm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, with 5-15 widely
spreading perigynia, the terminal spike similar, but longer, gynaecandrous, and clavate at
base; lowest bract short-setaceous, the upper scale-like; staminate scales obovate, obtuse or
obtusish, light-reddish-brown-tinged with broad hyaline margins, the midvein green, not
extending to apex; pistillate scales similar, but with less conspicuous hyaline margins and
3-nerved green center, the midvein rather sharp, extending to apex, narrower and markedly
shorter than bodies of perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, lance-ovate, 3.25-3.75 mm. long,
1.5 mm. wide, yellowish-green, becoming yellowish-brown, thick, subcoriaceous, round-trun-
cate and spongy at base, several-nerved dorsally, nerveless ventrally, sharp-edged to base,
serrulate above, tapering into a beak half length of body, reddish-tinged ventrally and dor-
sally, strongly bidentate, the teeth sharp, subulate, erect; achenes lenticular, substipitate,
apiculate, golden-yellow, broadly ovate, about 1.5 mm. long, somewhat narrower; style
straight, very slightly enlarged at base, jointed with achene, withering and at length deciduous;
stigmas two, slender, light-reddish-brown.

Type collected on Craggy Mountain, North Carolina, Albert Ruth, July, 1900. (Type in herb.
K. K. Mackenzie.)

DIstRIBUTION: Higher mountains of northern Georgia, western North Carolina, and eastern
Tennessee. (Specimens examined showing range as given.)

117. Carex angustior Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts.
Ieee es

Carex stellulata var. angustata Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 544. 1848. (Type not given, but from
Fairfield, New York.)

Carex echinata var. microstachys Bock. Linnaea 39: 125. 1875. (Type from North America.)

Carex echinata var. ‘‘microcarpa Bock.” L. H. Bailey, in Coult. Man. 395. 1885. (Excluding
synonyms; error in citation.)

Carex echinata var. angustata L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:59. 1889. (Based on C. stellulata
var. amgustata Carey.)

Carex sterilis var. angustata L. H. Bailey, Bull. Torrey Club 20: 425. 1893. (Based on C. stellulata
var. angustata Carey.)

Carex Leersii var. angustata Mackenzie, in Small & Carter, Fl. Lane. Co. 55. 1913. (Based on
C. stellulata var. angustata Carey; same combination by Burnham, Torreya 19: 131. 1919.)

Very densely cespitose, the rootstocks not at all prolonged, the culms 1—6 dm. high, very
slender but strict, sharply triangular and somewhat roughened above, about equaling the
leaves, yellowish-brown at base and clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous year, the
lower bladeless; leaves with well-developed blades 2—4 to a fertile culm, on lower third, but
not bunched, the blades flat or canaliculate, averaging about 1.5 dm. long, 0.75—2 mm. wide,

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