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VoLUME 18 Part 6

NORTH AMERICAN FLORA

(POALES)

(CYPERACEAE)

CARICEAE (continuatio)

KENNETH KENT MACKENZIE

PUBLISHED BY

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

OcTOBER 21, 1935

eS aoa

Part 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 313

blade short or nearly wanting; upper bracts reduced, bladeless or nearly so; scales appressed,
ovate, obtuse to acuminate, thin, blackish, white-hyaline at apex, and with a very narrow
whitish-hyaline margin and poorly developed slender lighter midvein, wider but noticeably
shorter than the perigynia; perigynia narrowly lanceolate, 3.5—5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide below
the middle, flattened-triangular, not inflated, purplish-black above, greenish-white or straw-
colored below, membranaceous, glabrous but minutely puncticulate, two-edged and very
obscurely few-nerved, toward base tapering and short-stipitate at base, the upper half very
long-tapering and strongly ciliate-serrulate on the margins, the tip strongly white hyaline,
obliquely cleft, becoming bidentulate or bidentate; achenes narrowly obovoid, 2 mm. long,
0.75 mm. wide, triangular with concave sides and sharp angles, filling body of perigynium,
brownish, striolate, substipitate, strongly apiculate, jointed with the straight slender style;
stigmas 3, brownish, slender.

TYPE LocALiry: Melville Island, North America.

DIsTRIBUTION: Greenland to Northern Alaska, and southward very locally on the highest
mountains to Colorado; also in arctic Eurasia. (Specimens examined from Greenland, Ellesmereland,
Ungava, Quebec, Keewatin, northern Alaska, Alberta, central Colorado.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 731; ed. 2. f. 1025; roe Suppl. Riedgr. pl. 14, f. d;
Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 89. f. 67; Fl. Dan. pl. 2373; Boott, Ill. Carex 77. pl. 2

Nore: This pooaee is closely related to the widely distributed — species C. fuliginosa
Schkuhr, Riedgr. 1: 91. pl. CC, f. 47C. 1801 (Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 249, f. 614; Anderss,
Cyp. Scand, 1: 26. pl. 7, f. 90; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur. 2: 105. f. 240; Hallier, Deuts. Fl. pl. 439;

Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. pl. 14, excluding f. d). That species has more leafy culms, some of the leaves
nearly equal the culm, the lateral spikes are rounded at base, and the perigynia are 5-6 mm. long.

364. Carex atrofusca Schkuhr, Riedgr. 106. pl. Y, f. 82. 1801.

“Carex limosa I,.’’ Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2.2: 222. 1772. (From central Europe.)
Carex ustulata Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 156. 1803. (Type from Scandinavia.)
Trasus ustulatus S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:66. 1821. (Based on Carex ustulata Wahl.)
Carex ustulata a typica Regel, Acta Hort. Petrop. 7:571. 1881. (Based on C. ustulata Wahl.)
Carex atrofusca f. flavescens Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 554. 1909. (Type from Norway.)
Loosely cespitose and short-stoloniferous, the stolons slender, ascending, light brownish,
the clumps small, the culms few together, 1-3 dm. high, strict, erect, nodding, much exceeding
the leaves, phyllopodic, obtusely triangular, smooth or nearly so, brownish-tinged and slightly
fibrillose at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-
developed blades 5-10 to a fertile culm, the lower clustered, the upper somewhat scattered, the
blades flat, thickish, light-green, short, usually 2-9 cm. long (rarely more), 2-4 mm. wide,
roughened at the attenuate apex, the sheaths tight, more or less yellowish-brown-tinged ven-
trally, the ligule short; terminal spike staminate or gynaecandrous, slender-peduncled, 8—15
mm. long, 3—4.5 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, acute to obtuse, black with narrow
lighter center and white-hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, approximate or little separate,
drooping, on slender, smooth peduncles 1—2 times their own length, the lowest peduncle or all
with an empty scale, the spikes ovoid or short-oblong, round-truncate at base, 8-18 mm. long,
7-9 mm. wide, densely flowered, containing 15-30 ascending perigynia in several rows; lowest
bract long-sheathing, the sheath 4-12 mm. long, usually strongly purplish-tinged, its blade
short or rudimentary; upper bracts much reduced; scales appressed, oblong-ovate, acute to
obtusish, thin, black with narrow lighter midrib and scarcely developed hyaline margins, some-
what narrower and shorter than perigynia; perigynia ovate or oblong-ovate 4-5 mm. long,
1.75—2 mm. wide, much flattened, triangular, not at all inflated, usually black or at base straw-
colored, the edges greenish, thin, membranaceous, slightly granular, short-ciliate-serrulate
above, 2-ribbed, otherwise nerveless or nearly so, round-tapering at base, short-stipitate,
round-tapering at apex, abruptly minutely beaked, the beak 0.5 mm. long, bidentate, slightly
yellowish-hyaline; achenes obovoid, 1.75 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, narrower and shorter than
perigynia, triangular with concave sides, brownish, granular, strongly slenderly stipitate,
abruptly strongly apiculate, obscurely jointed with the slender, straight style; stigmas 3,
slender, brownish, rather short.

TYPE Loca.ity: “Habitat in Alpibus Vochein, M. Terglau, Kerma.”’
DISTRIBUTION: Meadows in calcareous regions, Greenland and Labrador to northern Alaska:

314 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

widely distributed in arctic-alpine localities in Eurasia. (Specimens examined from Ellesmereland,
Ungava, Keewatin, Alaska.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1024; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Y, f. 82; Fl. Dan. fl.
1590; Boott, Ill. Carex 70. pl. 193, f. 3; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 150. f. 124; Sturm, Deuts. Fl. 53:
pl. 5; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 90. f. 68; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 250, f. 615; Engl. Bot. pl. 2404; ed. 2.
pl. 1663; Coste, Fl. Fr. f. 3881; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur. 2: 106. f. 242; Lindm. Bild. Nord. FI. #l.
435A; Hallier, Deuts. Fl. pl. 439; Sv. Bot. pl. 717.

365. Carex Lemmonii W. Boott, Bot. Gaz. 9:93. 1884.

“Carex fulva var. Hornschuchiana Boott’”’ W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 250. 1880.

“Carex Cherokeensis Schw.”’ W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 248. 1880.

Carex albida 1,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:9. 1889.

Carex luzulaefolia f. albida Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 479: 558. 1909.

“‘Carex serratodens W. Boott’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 666, in part. 1909.

Carex Abramsii Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 482. 1909. (Type from southern California.)

Loosely or densely cespitose, stoloniferous, the rootstock short, the stolons very short,
ascending, the culms slender, erect, 2-8 dm. high, exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, obtusely
triangular, smooth or nearly so on the angles, fibrillose and light-brownish-tinged at base, the
dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; sterile shoots more or less elongate, conspicu-
ous; leaves with well-developed blades 4-8 to a fertile culm, the lower clustered, the upper
widely separate, the blades erect, thin, deep-green, flat, 5-25 cm. long, 1.5—4 mm. wide, rough-
ened at apex, the midvein conspicuous below and the two mid-lateral veins above, the sheaths
tight, truncate at mouth, the ligule short; terminal spike staminate, more or less strongly
peduncled to nearly sessile, linear, 6-25 mm. long, 2.5—-4 mm. wide, strongly overtopping the
uppermost pistillate spike; scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, reddish-brown with whitish-hyaline
margins and lighter center; pistillate spikes 2-4, the upper approximate, the lower widely
separate, erect, the upper not exsert-peduncled, the lower strongly exsert-peduncled, narrowly
oblong, 0.5-2 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, occasionally staminate at apex, the peduncles slender,
rough, closely flowered, the perigynia 15-30, spreading-ascending in several rows; bracts
leaflet-like, the lower sheaths 1—5 cm. long, slightly tubular, green, concave at mouth, the
blades erect, longer than the sheaths but much shorter than the culms; scales broadly ovate,
acute to obtusish, glabrous, reddish-brown with lighter 3-nerved center and broad white-
hyaline margins, the midvein not prominent at apex, slightly narrower and shorter than the
perigynia; perigynia narrowly ovoid, 3.5—-4 mm. long, 1.5-1.75 mm. wide, triangular, not
inflated, light-green or blackish-tinged above, membranaceous, puncticulate, 2-ribbed and
finely nerved, round-tapering at base and short-stipitate, tapering or abruptly narrowed into
a hyaline-tipped, more or less serrulate, obliquely cleft, bidentulate beak one third the length
of the whole, the teeth very short (0.25 mm. long), spreading or erect; achenes obovoid, 1.75
mm. long, 1 mm. wide, triangular with concave sides and sharp angles, closely enveloped,
brown, short-stipitate, slenderly apiculate, jointed with the straight slender style; stigmas 3,
reddish, slender, short; anthers 1.75 mm. long.

TYPE LOCALITY: Sierra Nevada, California (Lemmon).

DISTRIBUTION: Confined to the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, from Tehama to
Tulare counties, and the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains of southern California. (Speci-
mens examined showing range as given.)

ILLUSTRATION: Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 787.

Nore: C. albida L,. H. Bailey is based on very young and poor material, and apparently is best
placed under this species.

366. Carex ablata L. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 13:82. 1888.

Carex albata (sic) L.. H. Bailey, Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 4: 139. 1888. (Misprint for C. ablata L. H.
Bailey.)

“Carex frigida All.”’ Olney, in S. Wats. Bot. King’s Expl. 371. 1871.

Carex luzulaefolia var. ablata Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 558. 1909. (Based on C.
ablata 1,. H. Bailey.)

Carex owyheensis A. Nelson, Bot. Gaz. 53:219. 1912. (Type from Owyhee Mountains, Idaho.)

“Carex luzulina Olney’’ Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 134, in part. 1917.

““Carex Lemmonii W. Boott’’ Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 48: 22, in large part (including f. 9-1/2). 1919.

Densely cespitose, the rootstock short, the clumps medium-sized, the culms slender,
erect, 2.5-6 dm. high, much exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, obtusely triangular, smooth or

“per

ParT 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 315

nearly so, fibrillose and light-brownish-tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year
conspicuous; sterile shoots short; leaves with well-developed blades 4-9 to a fertile culm, the
lower clustered, the upper scattered, the upper blades the larger, the blades flat, light-green,
thin but firm, spreading to erect-ascending, acuminate or acute, 5-20 cm. long, 3—4.5 mm.
wide, strongly roughened toward apex, the sheaths tight, truncate at mouth, the ligule as long
as wide; terminal spike staminate or often with a few perigynia, sessile or slightly peduncled,
linear, 8-20 mm. long, 2.5—4 mm. wide, little overtopping the uppermost pistillate spike, the
scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, subciliate, reddish-brown to brownish-black, with lighter
roughish center and hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 3-6, occasionally staminate at apex,
erect, the upper and the staminate closely aggregated, the lowest 1 or 2 usually widely sepa-
rated, the upper sessile or short-exsert-peduncled, the lower on rough peduncles exserted 1-4
times the length of the spikes, the spikes linear-oblong or narrowly oblong, 8-30 mm. long,
4—7 mm. wide, closely 15—30-flowered, the perigynia ascending-spreading in several rows, or
sometimes attenuate or slightly compound at base; bracts leaflet-like, long-sheathing, the
sheaths 1-4 cm. long, slightly tubular, the blades short or rudimentary, much exceeded by
culms; scales ovate, obtusish, subciliate, purplish-black with lighter 3-nerved center and hya-
line margins, the midvein roughish above, not extending to the apex, as wide as but strongly
exceeded by perigynia; perigynia lanceolate, 3.5-5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, flattened-tri-
angular, not inflated, glabrous, slightly ciliate-serrulate, membranaceous, puncticulate,
greenish or straw-colored, usually strongly purplish-black-tinged, 2-ribbed and finely nerved,
rounded at base and short-stipitate, tapering at apex into the hardly differentiated bidentulate
beak about 1 mm. long, dark-purplish at tip; achenes obovoid or oblong-obovoid, 1.75 mm.
long, 1 mm. wide, sharply triangular with concave sides, closely enveloped, brownish, sessile,
apiculate, jointed with the straight, slender style; stigmas 3, slender, short, dark-reddish;
anthers 1.75 mm. long.

TYPE LOCALITY: A specimen collected by Macoun on Mt. Mark, Vancouver Island, is taken as
ai Bee nation: Mountain bogs and meadows, Montana and northwestern Wyoming to British
Columbia, and southward to Utah and California. (Specimens examined from northwestern Wyo-
ming, Idaho, British Columbia, including Vancouver Island, Washington, Oregon, Utah, northern

California.)
ILLUSTRATIONS: Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 789; Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 48: 25. f. 9-12.

367. Carex luzulina Olney, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 395. 1868.

Densely cespitose and short-stoloniferous, the rootstocks short, slender, the stolons
ascending, the clumps medium-sized, the culms 1.5—9 dm. high, erect, slender, much exceeding
the leaves, phyllopodic, obtusely triangular, smooth or nearly so, fibrillose and light-brownish-
tinged at base; sterile shoots conspicuous, elongate; leaves with well-developed blades 6-12
to a fertile culm, clustered near the base, the blades flat, thickish, stiff, light-green, 5-35 cm.
long, 3-8 mm. wide, long-attenuate to acute, roughened toward the apex, the sheaths thin
ventrally, convex at mouth, the ligule narrow, as long as wide; terminal spike staminate or
often with a few perigynia, erect, sessile or nearly so, linear, 10-15 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide,
little exceeding the uppermost pistillate spike, the scales obovate, very obtuse, subciliate,
reddish-brown with broad lighter center, rough above, and with hyaline margins; pistillate
spikes 2—4, the lowest 1—4 cm. (or rarely even 7 cm.) distant, erect, little to strongly exsert-
peduncled, the peduncles slender and roughish, the upper closely approximate to the staminate
spike, erect, slightly or not at all exsert-peduncled, the spikes oblong, 7-20 mm. long, 6-9 mm.
wide, closely flowered, containing 20-35 spreading-ascending perigynia in several rows; bracts
long-sheathing, the blades leaflet-like, much shorter than the culms, the sheaths tubular,
scarcely enlarged upwards; scales ovate, obtuse or acutish, subciliate, reddish-brown with
broad lighter center and slightly hyaline margins, the midvein extending or nearly extending
to the roughish apex, nearly as wide as but somewhat shorter than perigynia; perigynia lanceo-
late, 4-5 mm. long, 1.5-1.75 mm. wide, flattened-triangular, not inflated, glabrous, ciliate-
serrulate on margins, membranaceous, puncticulate, light-green or yellowish-green, purplish-
black-tinged, 2-ribbed and obscurely few-nerved, round-tapering at base and sessile, tapering

316 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

at apex into the dark-purplish-tinged, bidentulate beak 0.5—-0.75 mm. long; achenes obovoid,
1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, sharply triangular with concave sides, closely enveloped, brownish,
short-stipitate, apiculate, jointed with the straight, slender style; stigmas 3, slender, reddish-
brown, short.

TYPE LOCALITY: Mendocino City, California (Bolander 4740).

DISTRIBUTION: Mountain meadows and bogs, in the coast ranges of northwestern California

and southwestern Oregon. (Specimens examined from range as given.)
ILLUSTRATION: Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 788.

368. Carex luzulaefolia W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif.
222505" L880:

Carex luzulaefolia var. strobilantha Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. [V. 20: 305, 307. f. 18. 1905. (Type from

Donner Lake, California.)
Carex pseudo-japonica C. B. Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 81. 1908. (Type from Donner Lake,

California. )

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks short and thick, the clumps medium-sized, the culms
4-10 dm. high, erect, rather stout, much exceeding the short leaves, phyllopodic, obtusely tri-
angular, smooth or nearly so, fibrillose and dark-brown at base, the dried-up leaves of the
previous year conspicuous; sterile shoots little elongate, conspicuous; leaves with well-developed
blades 7-15 to a fertile culm, the upper 2 or 3 very widely separate from one another, the rest
clustered at base, the upper sheath 4-9 cm. long, the blades usually widely spreading, flat,
deep-green and very leathery, thick, usually 8-15 cm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, strongly striate,
very short-tapering, roughened at apex, the sheaths thin ventrally, truncate at mouth, the
ligule very short; terminal spike staminate or occasionally developing a very few perigynia,
sessile or peduncled, 1-2 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, very obtuse or
mucronate, brownish or purplish-black with lighter center and narrow hyaline margins; pis-
tillate spikes 3-6, erect, the upper 1-3 approximate and exsert-peduncled, the others usually
strongly separate and long-exsert-peduncled, the peduncles smooth, the spikes oblong-cylin-
dric, 12-25 mm. long, usually 6-8 mm. wide, round-tapering at base, closely flowered, contain-
ing 15-50 ascending perigynia in several to many rows; bracts long-sheathing, the blades rudi-
mentary, much shorter than inflorescence, the sheaths strongly enlarged upward; scales ovate,
smooth, shining, acute to cuspidate, purplish-black with conspicuous lighter midrib and narrow
hyaline margins, the midvein sharply defined to tip, slightly rough, as wide as but shorter than
the perigynia; perigynia ovate, 4.5-5 mm. long, 1.75—-2.25 mm. wide, much flattened, not in-
flated, glabrous, membranaceous, puncticulate, green- and purplish-black-mottled, obscurely
nerved, rounded at base, short-stipitate, abruptly contracted into a smooth, purplish-black-
tipped bidentate beak 1.5—2 mm. long; achenes obovoid, 1.75 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, about
half the width of the perigynia, sharply triangular with concave sides, loosely enveloped,
yellowish-brown, short-stipitate, apiculate, obscurely jointed with the straight slender style;
stigmas 3, light-brownish, slender, short; anthers 3.5—4 mm. long.

TYPE LOCALITY: Sierra Nevada, California, above Ebbetts Pass, near lake (Brewer 2019). (See
Erythea 8: 66. for discussion as to type.)

DISTRIBUTION: In the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, from Shasta County south to
Tulare County. A handsome species. (Specimens examined showing range as given.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 20: 307. f. 18; Erythea 8: 65. f. 34; Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 232.
. 34, a-c; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 790; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif. f. 192.

369. Carex fissuricola Mackenzie, Muhlenbergia 5:53. 1909.

Carex luzulaefolia W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 250. 1880. (In part, not as to type.)

Carex ablata var. luzuliformis L,. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 25: 272. 1898. (Type from Sierra Nevada
Mountains, California.)

Carex luzulaefolia var. ablata f. luzulaeformis Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 558. 1909,
(Based on C. ablata var. luzuliformis L,. H. Bailey.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, the clumps medium-sized, the culms 5-8
dm. high, erect, much exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, obtusely triangular, slightly rough-
ened above, dark-brown and fibrillose at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year con-

ParT 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 317

spicuous; sterile shoots little elongate, conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 6-10 to
a fertile culm, the upper 2 or 3 very widely separated from one another, the rest clustered at
base, the upper sheath 6-9 cm. long, the blades light-green, thickish but not leathery, flat,
7-25 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, very short-tapering, strongly striate, roughened at apex, the
sheaths thin ventrally, truncate at mouth, the ligule very short; terminal spike staminate or
often developing a few perigynia, sessile or short-peduncled, obclavate, 8-15 mm. long, 3-5
mm. wide, the scales oblong-oblanceolate, abruptly acute or mucronate from the projecting
midvein, brownish-black with light-colored center and roughish, scarcely hyaline, subciliate
margins; pistillate spikes 4 or 5, the upper 1-3 sessile or short-peduncled, and with the stami-
nate spike closely aggregated, the others more or less strongly separated and short- to long-
exsert-peduncled, the peduncles rough, the spikes oblong, 8-30 mm. long, 6-9 mm. wide,
rounded or somewhat attenuate at base, closely flowered, containing 15—40 spreading-ascending
perigynia in several to many rows; bracts long-sheathing, the sheaths tubular, green, scarcely
enlarged upward, the blades short or rudimentary, much shorter than the culms; scales nar-
rowly ovate, acute, cuspidate, or short-awned, brownish-black with lighter hispidulous
center, the margins narrowly hyaline, the midvein conspicuous to the tip, narrower and
shorter than the perigynia; perigynia ovate, 4.5—5 mm. long, 1.75—2 mm. wide, much flattened,
not inflated, very sparsely hairy at least when young, ciliate-serrulate on the margins above,
membranaceous, puncticulate, green- and purplish-black-mottled, obscurely nerved, rounded
at base, short-stipitate, abruptly contracted into a bidentate beak one fourth to one third the
length of the whole; achenes obovoid, 1.75 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, about half the width of the
perigynia, sharply triangular with concave sides, loosely enveloped, yellowish-brown, substipi-
tate, apiculate, obscurely jointed with the straight slender style; stigmas 3, slender, light-
reddish-brown; anthers 3 mm. long.

TYPE LOCALITY: Cafion at the head of south fork of Humboldt River, Elk County, Nevada
(Heller 2401).

DISTRIBUTION: Mountain meadows, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, western Nevada, and the
Sierra Nevada of California from Tulare County north to El Dorado County. (Specimens examined
from Utah, Nevada, California.)

ILLUSTRATION: Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 791.

Nove: Carex herbariorum L. H. Bailey (Bot. Gaz. 17: 150. 1892), erroneously guessed to have

been collected in the western United States, is C. Morrowii Boott (‘‘C. japonica’ Hort.), a Japanese
species sometimes in cultivation.

370. Carex misandroides Fernald, Rhodora 17: 158. 1915.

Loosely cespitose, the rootstocks slender, elongate, descending obliquely, the culms
mostly 1-3 dm. high, erect, slender, shorter than or exceeding leaves, phyllopodic, obtusely
triangular, smooth or slightly roughened above, chestnut-brown-tinged at base, the dried-up
leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 4-8 to a fertile
culm, clustered above the base, not septate-nodulose, the blades yellowish-green, stiff-involute,
5-10 em. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, long-attenuate, little roughened, the tip triangular, soon drying
up, the sheaths (at least the lower) cinnamon-brown-tinged ventrally, soon breaking, truncate
at mouth, strongly striate dorsally, the ligule very short; staminate spikes 1 or 2, sessile or
short- or slender-peduncled, 1-1.5 cm. long, the scales obovate, obtuse, purplish-black with
hyaline apex; pistillate spikes 1-4, sometimes androgynous, the uppermost sessile or short-
peduncled, the others on long roughish capillary peduncles, the lower 1 or 2 on arcuate spread-
ing peduncles 0.2—3.5 cm. long, the lowest frequently basal or nearly so, the spikes ovoid or
oblong-ovoid, 0.5—1.8 cm. long, 6 mm. wide, closely flowered, except for the 2 or 3 basal flowers,
the perigynia 15-30, appressed-ascending in several to many rows; bracts rather short-sheath-
ing, tight, strongly purplish-tinged, all except the lowest bladeless or short-bladed; scales
oblong-ovate, thin, closely appressed, minutely roughened, shining, about the width of but
exceeded by the perigynia, obtusish to short-rough-awned, purplish-black with narrow white-
hyaline apex and yellowish midvein conspicuous to tip; perigynia oblong-lanceolate, 5—6 mm.
long, 1.75 mm. wide, strongly flattened, not inflated, minutely asperulous on nerves, ciliate on
margins, thin, membranaceous, shining, straw-colored below, purplish-black above, obscurely
and slenderly several-nerved, tapering at base and short-stipitate, tapering at apex, scarcely

318 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

beaked, the apex white-hyaline, bidentulate, obliquely cut; achenes lenticular, oblong-obovoid,
1.75 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, much narrower and shorter than perigynia, yellowish-brown,
strongly stipitate, short-apiculate, jointed with the straight, slender style; stigmas 2, slender,
blackish.

TYPE LOCALITY: Table Mountain, Port 4 Port Bay, Newfoundland (Fernald & St. John 10801).

DISTRIBUTION: Mossy knolls in dry limestone barrens, Newfoundland; Gaspé, Quebec. (Speci-
mens examined from Newfoundland and Quebec.)

53. Virescentes Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 429. 1837; Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 14. 1843;
Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 553. 1848; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 100, mostly. 1886.
PENDULINAE Fries, Fl. Scan. 188, in small part. 1835. MoNTANAE Fries, Fl. Scan. 189, in
small part. 1835. PALLESCENTES Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 71. 1845; L. H. Bailey, Proc.
Am. Acad. 22: 112. 1886. GrRANULARES O. F. Lang, Linnaea 24: 582, in part. 1851.
ToMENTOSAE O. F. Lang, Linnaea 24: 586, in part. 1851. GLoBULARES Meinsh. Acta Hort.
Petrop. 18: 393, in part. 1901. CaRICIGYNE (3) VIRESCENTES C. B. Clarke, Kew Bull. Add.
Ser. 8: 147. 1908. PacuystTyLAk Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 428. 1909. Species
are referred by Holm (Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 458. 1903) to the CENCHROCARPAE Holm and
(op. cit. 459) to the TRACHYCHLAENAE Drejer.

Culms aphyllopodic, tufted, leafy toward the base; leaves with at least the sheaths
pubescent; terminal spike gynaecandrous or staminate; lateral spikes pistillate, closely many-
flowered in several rows; bracts sheathless or nearly so, at least the lower leaf-like; scales obtuse
to cuspidate or awned; perigynia green, round-triangular in cross-section, membranaceous to
subcoriaceous, from little to rather strongly inflated, several-nerved or ribbed, glabrous or
hairy, rounded or pointed or tapering at the apex, the orifice entire or nearly so; achenes
triangular, apiculate, the apiculation often bent, jointed with the short thick style; stigmas 3.

Dry-ground species of the temperate parts of North America and Eurasia. Two species
occur in the mountains of northern South America. The group is not otherwise represented
in the tropics or in Australasia.

Terminal spike staminate, linear; ligule longer than wide.

Perigynia lightly nerved, sessile, beakless; scales ovate. 371. C. pallescens.
Perigynia strongly many-ribbed, broadly short-stipitate, abruptly beaked,
the beak short, cylindric; scales ovate-orbicular. 372. C. Torreyi.

Terminal spike gynaecandrous, clavate at base; perigynia beakless or short-
pointed or tapering at apex.
Perigynia densely pubescent, green; lower spikes more or less strongly dis-
tant and peduncled; ligule conspicuously longer than wide.
Lowest bract setaceous, 0.5 mm. wide, twice exceeding inflorescence;
pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric to oblong-globose; perigynia
broadly obovoid; leaves usually exceeding culms; achenes bent-
apiculate; style as long as apiculation. 373. C. Swanii.
Lowest bract leaflet-like, 0.5-3 mm. wide, somewhat exceeding inflor-
escence; pistillate spikes linear-cylindric; perigynia oblong-elliptic
or obovoid; culms exceeding leaves; achenes straight-apiculate;
style much longer than apiculation. 374. C. virescens.
Perigynia glabrous or at most asperulous (or with very sparse pubescence
when young); spikes contiguous or approximate or the lowest
slightly remote, sessile or nearly so; ligule shorter than or about as
long as wide.
Rootstocks woody, elongate; culms becoming decumbent; lowest bract
shorter than inflorescence; perigynia elliptic-ovoid, tapering at
apex, strongly several-ribbed dorsally. 375. C. boliviensis.
Culms cespitose, erect; perigynia varying from strongly ribbed to
nerveless ventrally, not tapering at apex.
Perigynia more or less flattened ventrally, rounded at apex, nerved;
achenes with a somewhat bent short-apiculate tip; style very
short.
Leaf-blades glabrate or nearly so, stiff, with revolute margins;
perigynia somewhat flattened, very obscurely nerved or
nerveless ventrally, more or less strongly nerved dorsally
especially towards apex. 376. C. complanata.
Leaf-blades strongly short-pubescent, not stiff, flat; perigynia
markedly flattened ventrally, strongly nerved dorsally, and
less so ventrally. 377. C. hirsutella,

Part 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 319

Perigynia turgid, nearly round in cross-section, short-pointed at
apex, coarsely nerved or ribbed; achenes with a very abruptly
bent apiculate tip or style.
Perigynia 2 mm. long, brownish-green; pistillate scales not
pilose, obtuse or short-cuspidate; leaf-blades glabrate, with
traces of pubescence. 378. C. caroliniana.
Perigynia 2.5—3.5 mm. long, olive-green; pistillate scales sparingly
pilose, cuspidate or awned; leaf-blades soft-pubescent, es-
pecially below. 379. C. Bushit.

371. Carex pallescens L. Sp. Pl. 977. 1753.

Carex pallida Salisb. Prodr. 29. 1796. (Type from England.)

Trasus pallescens S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 89. 1821. (Based on Carex pallescens L,.)

Carex undulata Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. 23. pl. 4, f.2. 1840. (Type from Lapland.)

Carex pallescens var. cylindrica Peterm. Anal. Pfl. 506. 1846. (Type from Germany.)

Carex pallescens var. undulata Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: 22. pl. 251, f. 618. 1846. (Based on C.
undulata Kunze.)

Carex pallescens var. undulata Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 552. 1848. (Based on C. undulata Kunze.)

Carex pallescens var. glaberrima K. Koch, Linnaea 21: 612. 1848. (Type from southwestern Asia.)

Carex pallescens var. alpestris Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 714. 1866. (Type from Transsylvania.)

Carex leucantha Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 714. 1866. (Type from Transsylvania.) Not C.
leucantha Arn. 1846.

Carex pallescens var. leucostachya Schur, Enum, Pl. Transsilv. 714. 1866. (As synonym of C.
leucantha Schur.)

Carex punctata X pallescens Briigger, Jahresb. Nat. Ges. Graubiind. 23-24: 120. 1881. (Type
from Germany.)

. Carex sylvatica X pallescens Briigger, Jahresb. Nat. Ges. Graubiind. 23-24: 120. 1881. (Type from
Switzerland.)

Carex pallescens var. typica G, Beck, Fl. Nieder-Oesterr. 140. 1890. (Based on C. pallescens L,.)

Carex pallescens var. subglabra G. Beck, Fl. Nieder-Oesterr. 140. 1890. (Type from Austria.)

Carex microstoma Franch. Bull. Soc. Philom. VIII. 7:48. 1895. (Type from China.)

Carex tymphaea Formanek, Verh. Nat. Ver. Briinn 34: 279. 1896. (Type from central Europe.)

Carex pallescens var. brevibracteata Neuman, Sv. Fl. 702. 1901. (Type from Scandinavia.)

Carex pallescens var. pygmaea Lackowitz; Asch. & Retzd. Verh. Bot, Ver. Prov. Brand. 44: 165.
1 (Name only; type from Berlin, Germany.

eek pee f. elatior Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mictelenr. Fl. 22: 145. 1903. (Type from central

urope

Carex pallescens var. leucantha Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22: 146. 1903. (Based on C.
leucantha Schur.)

Carex pallescens £. pygmaea “‘ Lackowitz’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 433. 1909. (Based
on C. pallescens var. pygmaea Lackowitz.)

Carex pallescens {. alpestris ‘‘Schur’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 433. 1909. (Based on
C. pallescens var. alpestris Schur.)

Carex pallescens £. brevibracteata ‘‘Neuman”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 433. 1909.
(Based on C. alpestris var. brevibracteata Neuman.)

Carex pallescens {. cylindrica ‘‘Petermann’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 433. 1909.
(Based on C. pallescens var. cylindrica Peterm.)

Carex LON Hae glaberrima ‘‘K. Koch”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 433. 1909. (Based
on C. pallescens var. glaberrima K. Koch.)

Carex pallescens var. subsilvatica Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42: 433. 1909. (Type from
Switzerland.)

Carex pallescens var. luxuriosa Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 433. 1909. (Type from
Germany.)

Cespitose but not very densely, the rootstock short, the stolons very short-ascending,
the culms slender, not stiff, erect, 2-6 dm. high, in medium-sized clumps, rather sharply tri-
angular, with slightly concave sides, short-pubescent, rough above, from shorter to longer than
the leaves, aphyllopodic, brownish-red-tinged at base; leaves with well-developed blades 2 or
3 to a culm, on lower third, but not bunched, not septate-nodulose, the blades more or less
strongly soft-pubescent below, erect-ascending, 8-35 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, deep-green,
flat with slightly revolute margins, not stiff, the sheaths tight, more or less strongly soft-
pubescent, cinnamon-brown-tinged, deeply concave at mouth, the ligule prominent, longer
than wide; uppermost spike staminate, erect, short-peduncled, linear, subclavate, 1-2.5 mm.
wide, 5-30 mm. long, the scales oblong-obovate, acute or mucronate, greenish or yellowish-
brown; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, short-oblong to oblong-cylindric, 5-20 mm. long, 5—7 mm. wide,
closely 15—40-flowered, in several to many rows, erect to spreading, approximate or the
lowest somewhat separate, on capillary smooth peduncles varying from very short to 15 mm.
long, lowermost bract leaf-like, well-developed and much exceeding the inflorescence, not
sheathing or but little so, sometimes undulate at base; uppermost bracts much smaller; scales

320 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

ovate, the lower cuspidate or acuminate, the upper acute, about as wide as and from a little
shorter to a little longer than the perigynia, yellowish-brown or greenish-white with 3-nerved
green center; perigynia ascending or somewhat spreading, broadly elliptic, 2.5-3 mm. long,
1.5 mm. wide, orbicular or obscurely triangular in cross-section, membranaceous, greenish or
yellowish-green, sessile, minutely puncticulate, rounded at base, abruptly rounded and beak-
less at apex, glabrous, finely lightly many-nerved; achenes obovoid, loosely enveloped, tri-
angular with concave sides, 1.75-2 mm. long, 1-1.25 mm. wide, substipitate, short-apiculate
with straight tip, jointed to the thickish, very short style; stigmas 3, slender, rather short.

TYPE LOCALITY: “‘ Habitat in Europae paludibus.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Dry sunny banks and meadows, Newfoundland to Wisconsin, and southward to
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Illinois; widely distributed in Eurasia. (Specimens examined from
Newioundland, Miquelon, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Ver-
mont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ontario,
Ohio, Michigan.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Kk, f. 99; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 768; ed. 2. f. 1031;
Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 430 f. 68, E-H; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 465; Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. pl. 4, f. 2;
FI. Dan. pl. 1050; Boott, Ill. Carex 139. pl. 450; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 113. f. 93; Sturm, Deuts. FI.
53: pl. 8; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 251, f. 617-618; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 7, f. 78; Host,
Gram. Austr. 1: pl. 74; Leers, Fl. Herborn. pl. 15, f. 5; Engl. Bot. ed. 2. pl. 1657; Benth. Handb.
Brit. Fl. f. 1124; Coste, Fl. Fr. pl. 3905; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur. pl. 50, f. 3; Hallier, Deuts. Fl.
pl. 440; Karst. Deuts. Fl. 349. f. 175 (1-3); Lindm. Bild. Nord. Fl. pl. 437B.

372. Carex Torreyi Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 21. 1843.

Carex abbreviata Schw.; Boott, Trans. Linn. Soc. 20: 141. 1846. (Concerning type locality see note
below.)

Cespitose, but not very densely, from short-prolonged rootstocks, the culms erect, slender,
not stiff, 2.5-4 dm. high, in medium-sized clumps, sharply triangular with slightly convex
sides, short-pubescent, usually exceeding the leaves, very rough above, aphyllopodic, dark-
purplish-tinged at base; leaves with well-developed blades 2 or 3 to a culm, not septate-nodu-
lose, inserted on lower third but not bunched, the blades softly short-pilose, flat with slightly
revolute margins, flaccid, erect or ascending, 8-25 cm. long, 1.5—3 mm. wide, deep-green, the
sheaths tight, soft-pubescent, cinnamon-brown-tinged, deeply concave at mouth, the ligule
conspicuous, longer than wide; uppermost spike staminate, linear-clavate, erect, usually
short-peduncled, occasionally nearly sessile or long-peduncled, 8-16 mm. long, 2—4 mm. wide,
the scales ovate, acuminate or acute, 3-nerved, yellowish-brown with broad hyaline margins;
pistillate spikes 1—3, short-oblong, 6-12 mm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, closely 10—25-flowered, in
few to several rows, erect, sessile or short-peduncled, approximate or the lowest somewhat
separate; lowermost bract short, from about the length of to exceeding the inflorescence,
sheathless or very nearly so; uppermost bracts much smaller; scales ovate-orbicular, the
lower acuminate, the upper acute, about as wide as but only half the length of the perigynia,
reddish-yellow or brownish-yellow with broad white-hyaline margins and 3-nerved green
center; perigynia ascending, broadly ovoid or broadly obovoid, 2.5—3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide,
obscurely triangular in cross-section, round-tapering at base into a short broad stipe, mem-
branaceous, puncticulate, strongly finely many-ribbed, yellowish-green, abruptly rounded at
apex and depressed and abruptly beaked, the beak short, cylindric, truncate at orifice, hyaline
and colored; achenes obovoid, nearly filling the perigynium, triangular with concave sides,
2.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, substipitate, short-apiculate with straight tip, jointed with the
very short thick exserted style; stigmas 3, slender, short but rather prominent.

TYPE LOCALITY: See note below.

DISTRIBUTION: Dry soil, Manitoba and Minnesota to Alberta, and southward to South Dakota
and along the foothills of the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. (Specimens examined from Manitoba,
Minnesota, Saskatchewan, North Dakota, South Dakota, Alberta, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 769; ed. 2. f. 1032; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 464; Engler,
Pflanzenreich 42°: 430. f. 68, J-K; Boott, Ill. Carex 21. pl. 56, f. 1; Am. Jour. Sci. 49: pl. EE, f. 109.

Note: Evidently specimens of this species were mixed by Torrey with Carex pallescens. It
may be surmised that the Schweinitz specimen came from Torrey, and that he in turn had received
them as a part of the Richardson material collected at Carlton House. The species is not known
from Pennsylvania or New York and the facts recited by Boott (Ill. Carex 1: 21.) self-evidently

show some mix-up of specimens. In the original description the type locality is not given and is
erroneously guessed. It and the correct authorship of the species was supplied later by Boott (loc.

Part 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 321

cit.). Specimens in the ORES Herbarium are the basis for the type locality given for C. Torreyi
Tuckerm., ‘‘Hab. Nov. Ebor., Torr.’”’ These further illustrate the same mix-up.

EDITORIAL Nore: In his manuscript the author used Schweinitz’s name for this species, regarding
C. Torreyi as a homonym of C. Torreyana Schw. 1824 and C. Torreyana Dewey, 1826.

373. Carex Swanii (Fernald) Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club
af: 246. 1910.

“* Carex virescens Muhl.” Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 316. f. 743. 1896. (And other recent authors.)

Not C. virescens Willd. 1805.

Carex virescens vat. minima Barratt; L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:77. 1889. (Type from

Connecticut.) Not C. minima Boullu, 1878.

Carex virescens var. Swanti Fernald, Rhodora 8: 183. 1906. (Type from Manchester, Vermont.)
Carex virescens var. enormis Farwell, Am. Midl. Nat. 12:51. 1930. (Type from Michigan.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstock very short, the clumps medium-sized, the culms slender,
erect or in large forms prostrate, usually 1.5-6 dm. high, but sometimes up to 13 dm., leafy,
triangular, roughened above, sparsely hairy, normally exceeded by the leaves, but sometimes
exceeding them, aphyllopodic, reddish-purple-tinged at base, but much less so than in Carex
virescens, the basal sheaths breaking and becoming filamentose; sterile shoots elongate, con-
spicuous; well-developed leaves 3-6 to a culm, not bunched, the blades short-pilose (more
strongly beneath), flat, erect-ascending, flaccid, dull-green, the larger 1.5—3 dm. long, 1.5-3
mm. wide, long-attenuate, the uppermost usually inserted shortly below the lowest spike
(usually about 3 cm. but occasionally much more), strongly exceeding head; sheaths long,
tight, short-pilose, the lowest yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule
conspicuously longer than wide; spikes 2—5, oblong-cylindric to oblong-globose, 5—20 (30) mm.
long, 3-5 mm. wide, the lower half of the uppermost staminate and clavate, the remainder
pistillate, erect, the upper approximate and sessile or short-peduncled, the lower more or less
distant and more strongly peduncled, closely 10—30-flowered, the perigynia erect-appressed
in several to many rows; bracts sheathless, the lowest setaceous, 3-6 cm. long, 0.5 mm. wide,
twice exceeding inflorescence, the uppermost much smaller; pistillate scales broadly ovate,
small, hyaline with 3-nerved green center, narrower than the perigynia, varying from strongly
awned and about the length of the perigynia (the lowest) to acuminate or acute (the upper-
most); scales of staminate flowers hyaline with green midrib, from acuminate to strongly
obtuse; perigynia 2—2.25 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, broadly obovoid, compressed-triangular,
not inflated, green, membranaceous, strongly white-hirsute, more or less strongly nerved
dorsally, sessile, short-tapering at base, beakless and rounded or slightly tapering at apex, the
orifice entire; achenes obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, triangular with concave sides,
completely filling the perigynium, yellowish-brown, short-stipitate, shortly bent-apiculate,
jointed with the very short thick style which is as long as the apiculation; stigmas 3, short,
brownish.

TYPE LOCALITY (of Carex virescens var. Swanii on which C. Swanii is based): Manchester, Ver-
mont (M. A. Day 202).

DISTRIBUTION: Dry woodlands and thickets, Nova Scotia to Wisconsin, and southward to
North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas. (Specimens examined from Nova Scotia, Maine, New
Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl-
vania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, ‘North Carolina, Ohio,
Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, Arkansas.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 743; ed. 2. f. 1026; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 433; Rep.
E pe Yel0: pl. 25, f. 6; Boott, Ill. Carex 28, in part. pl. 73 (right hand figure); Knobel, Grasses
Ppl: 20, f. 60.

Nore 1: See discussion in Bull. Torrey Club 37: 246-249 concerning this species and Carex
virescens Muhl

Nore 2: A specimen in Herb. Goodenough from Jamaica may be surmised to be from Jamaica,

Long Island, New York. Extensive collecting in the Island of Jamaica has not resulted in the dis-
covery of any species of this group.

374. Carex virescens Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 251. 1805.

Carex costata Schw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 67. 1824. (Type from Easton, Pennsylvania.) Not C.
costata Presl, 1819.

Carex virescens var. costata Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 9: 260. 1825. (Based on C. costata Schw.)

Olamblis virescens Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex virescens Muhl.)

322 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

Carex virescens var. elliptica Olney, Caric. Bor.-Am.5, name only. 1871; L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey
Club 1:76, assynonym. 1889.
Carex costellata Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 223. 1895. (Based on C. costata Schw.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstock very short, the clumps medium-sized or large, the culms
slender, erect or ascending, 4-10 dm. high, leafy, triangular, roughened above, sparsely hairy,
much exceeding the leaves, strongly aphyllopodic, strongly reddish-purple at base, the basal
sheaths breaking and becoming filamentose; sterile shoots elongate, conspicuous; well-devel-
oped leaves about 4 to a culm, not bunched, the blade short-pilose (more strongly beneath),
flat, flaccid, deep-green, erect-ascending, about 2 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, long-attenuate,
the uppermost inserted very much (usually 2-3 dm.) below lowest spike, the sheaths very long,
tight, short-pilose, yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally, deeply concave at mouth, the ligule
much longer than wide; spikes 2—5, linear-cylindric, 1-4 cm. long, 2.5—4 mm. wide, the lower
half of the uppermost staminate and clavate, the remainder pistillate, erect, the upper ap-
proximate and sessile or short-peduncled, the lower separate and more strongly peduncled,
closely flowered above, rather loosely flowered at base, the perigynia 20-60, erect-appressed
in several rows; bracts nearly sheathless, the lowest leaflet-like, 0.5—-3 mm. wide, and at times
as much as 2 dm. long, somewhat exceeding the inflorescence, the upper much reduced; pis-
tillate scales broadly ovate, small, hyaline, with 3-nerved green center, narrower than the
perigynia, varying from strongly awned and nearly the length of the perigynia (the lowest) to
acuminate, acute or even obtuse (uppermost) and much shorter than the perigynia; scales of
staminate flowers hyaline with green midrib, from acuminate to strongly obtuse; perigynia
2-2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, oblong-elliptic or obovoid, compressed-triangular, not inflated,
deep-green, membranaceous, strongly white-hirsute, usually strongly costate dorsally, sessile,
beakless, tapering somewhat to the blunt apex and more at base, the orifice hyaline, entire;
achenes elliptic-obovoid, 1.5—2 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, triangular with concave sides, completely
filling the perigynium, dark-brown, sessile, straight-apiculate, jointed with the short rather
thickish style which is much longer than the apiculation; stigmas 3, short, dark-brown.

TYPE LOCALITY: “Habitat in Pennsylvania.”

DISTRIBUTION: Dry woods, usually on rocky banks or steep slopes, Maine to Indiana, and
southward to Georgia and Tennessee. (Specimens examined from Maine, New Hampshire, Ver-
mont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela-
ware, Maryland, District of Columbia, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Ohio,
ieee Kentucky, Tennessee.) The record from Ontario is based on Carex Swanii (Fernald)

pee ee Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Mmm, f. 147; Britt. & Brown, Il. Fl. f. 744; ed. 2. f. 1027;
Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 432; Boott, Ill. Carex 28, in part. pl. 73 (left hand figure).

Nove 1: See discussion in Bull. Torrey Club 37: 246-249 concerning this species and Carex

Swanii (Fernald) Mackenzie.

Nore 2: Fendler 1604 from Venezuela, referred here by Boott (Ill. Carex 28) and by Kiikenthal
(in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 432) represents a closely allied but distinct species.

375. Carex boliviensis Van Heurck & Muell.-Arg. in
Van Heurck, Obs. Myc. 32. 1870.

Carex Lorentziana Griseb. Abh. Ges. Wiss. Gott. 19:171. 1874. (Type from northwestern Argentina.)
Carex galbana 1,. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 25: 271. 1898. (Type from State of Mexico.)

Cespitose from elongate, interwoven, woody rootstocks, the culms 0.5-4.5 dm. high,
sharply triangular, very slender and becoming decumbent, rough on the angles above, about
twice exceeding the leaves, brownish and somewhat fibrillose at base, phyllopodic, the dried-
up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 5-10 to a fertile
culm, clustered immediately above base, the blades stiff, slightly glaucous-green, spreading,
at base flat or channeled, 2.5—-10 cm. long, 1.5—3 mm. wide, the apex slender with revolute
margins, sparsely pubescent at base, especially on margins, otherwise glabrous, the sheaths
truncate at mouth, yellowish-brown-tinged and reddish-brown-spotted, the ligule very short;
spikes 2 or 3, closely contiguous, the terminal normally gynaecandrous, 8-16 mm. long, 4-5
mm. wide, sessile or slightly peduncled, the lower half staminate and clavate, the lateral
somewhat shorter, pistillate, oblong, erect, sessile, or very nearly so, closely flowered, the
perigynia 10-25, erect-ascending, in several rows; bracts sheathless, the lowest scale-like,

ParT 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 323

long-awned, shorter than inflorescence, the head sometimes with an empty leaflet-like bract
developed 1 cm. or less beneath spikes; scales ovate, obtuse or acutish or slightly mucronate,
reddish-brown with 3-nerved lighter center and slightly hyaline margins, rather narrower than
and about two thirds the length of perigynia; perigynia elliptic-ovoid, 3 mm. long, 1.75 mm.
wide, not inflated, somewhat flattened-triangular, subcoriaceous, light-olive-green, puncticu-
late, granular, lightly nerved ventrally, strongly several-ribbed dorsally, glabrous, sessile,
round-tapering at base, short-tapering at apex, the apex beakless, minutely emarginate;
achenes oblong-obovoid, nearly filling perigynium, triangular with concave sides, 2 mm. long,
1.25 mm. wide, substipitate, yellowish-brown, granular, short-apiculate, the apiculation
straight, jointed with the short thickish style which is much longer than the apiculation;
stigmas 3, short, blackish.

Type Locauity: “In Bolivia andinae prov. Larecaja prope Sorata altitud. 10—-11,000 ped.
(Mandon n. 1428 in hb. H. van Heurck et in hb. DC.)”

DISTRIBUTION: Dry open places, high mountains, from Mexico State to Argentina. (Specimens
examined from State of Mexico to Argentina and Bolivia.)

376. Carex complanata Torr. & Hook.; Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.
3: 408. 1836.

ee Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 170. 1803. (Type from Carolina.) Not C. triceps Schrank,
Facolos complanata Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex complanata Torr. & Hook.)
Carex Bolliana Bock. Flora 61:40. 1878. (Type from Texas.)

Cespitose in rather small clumps, not stoloniferous, the culms slender but stiff and erect,
2-6 dm. high, glabrate, triangular with slightly concave sides, strongly exceeding the leaves,
aphyllopodic, strongly reddish-purple at base; well-developed leaves usually 4-6 to a culm,
on lower fourth, mostly bunched above the base, the blades glabrate with traces of pu-
bescence toward base or occasionally below, not septate-nodulose, 1-3 dm. long, 1.5-3 mm.
wide, thickish and rather stiff, ascending, flat with revolute margins, long-attenuate, the
uppermost inserted from shortly to much below inflorescence and more or less strongly ex-
ceeding it; sheaths long, tight, sparingly hairy, concave and short-pilose at mouth, the ligule
much wider than long; spikes 2—5, usually 3, oblong, sessile or nearly so, 6-15 mm. long, 5—7
mm. wide, approximate or the lowest slightly remote, the terminal gynaecandrous with the
lower third staminate and clavate, the lateral pistillate, closely 15—30-flowered in several to
many rows; lowest bract leaflet-like, several times length of inflorescence, not sheathing, the
others much smaller; pistillate scales ovate-triangular, several-nerved, straw-colored and
reddish-brown-tinged with hyaline margins and green center, narrower and from shorter to
slightly longer than perigynia, varying from obtuse to short-rough-awned; staminate scales
greenish-straw-colored, acuminate or short-awned; perigynia broadly obovoid, somewhat
flattened ventrally and obtusely triangular, at maturity appressed or ascending, olive-green,
submembranaceous, more or less granular-roughened and slightly asperulous, very obscurely
nerved or nerveless ventrally except for the two marginal nerves, more or less strongly nerved
dorsally, especially toward apex, 2—2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, round-tapering and sessile at
base, rounded and beakless at apex, the orifice slightly emarginate; achenes obovoid, sharply
triangular with concave sides and prominent rounded angles, nearly filling the perigynium,
1.75 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, short-stipitate, short-apiculate with somewhat bent tip, jointed

with the very short thickish style; stigmas 3, slender, short; anthers reddish.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Hab. Texas, T. Drummond. (Texas collection III, No. 424.)”’

DISTRIBUTION: Dry, often sterile, pine lands. Florida and Texas, and northward to southern
New Jersey, chiefly on the coastal plain, and in the interior to Arkansas. (Specimens examined
from New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, peuane Arkansas, Texas.)

ILLUSTRATION: Am. Jour. Sci. 48: BADD los:

377. Carex hirsutella Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 50: 349. 1923.
al lee Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 252. 1805. (Type from North America.) Not C. hirsuta Suter,

“Carex viridula Michx.” Schw. & Torr. Ann. yey Ne Ys.1s 3205) 1825:

324 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

Olamblis hirsuta Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex hirsuta Willd.)

Carex triceps var. hirsuta L,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:35. 1889. (Based on C. hirsuta Willd.)

“Carex triceps Michx.”’ Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 316. 1896.

“Carex complanata Torr.’’ Mackenzie, in Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2.1: 414. 1913.

Carex complanata var. robusta Burnham, Torreya 19: 134. 1919. (Type from Lake George, New
York.)

Cespitose, not stoloniferous, the culms slender but stiff and erect, 2-9 dm. high, growing
in small to good-sized clumps, somewhat pubescent, triangular with slightly concave sides,
usually exceeded by the upper leaves, strongly reddened at base; well-developed leaves usually
5 or 6 to a culm, on lower fourth (except uppermost) but not bunched at base, not septate-
nodulose, the blades strongly short-pubescent on both sides, 1-2.5 dm. long, 1.5—4 mm. wide,
flat, not thickish and not stiff, erect-ascending, the upper culm-leaf inserted from moderately
to much below the inflorescence, but usually exceeding it; sheaths long, tight, hairy, concave
and short-pilose at mouth, the ligule wider than long; spikes 2—5, usually 3 or 4, oblong or
oblong-cylindric, 6-18 mm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, the uppermost gynaecandrous with lower
third staminate and clavate, the others pistillate, all approximate or the lower somewhat
separate, erect, sessile or very short-peduncled, closely 15—30-flowered, in several to many
rows; lower bract 1.5 mm. wide, about three times the length of the inflorescence, the others
much smaller; pistillate scales ovate-triangular, with green 3-nerved center and broad hyaline
margins, narrower and shorter than the perigynia, varying from short-cuspidate to obtuse;
staminate scales whitish with green midrib, acuminate or cuspidate; perigynia broadly obovoid
or obovoid-orbicular, obscurely obtusely triangular, markedly flattened ventrally at maturity,
appressed or ascending, submembranaceous, more or less granular, slightly more than 2 mm.
long, 1.5 mm. wide, round-tapering at base, rounded and very obtuse at apex, or very minutely
pointed, strongly several-nerved dorsally, more Jightly several-nerved ventrally; achenes
sharply triangular with concave sides and prominent rounded angles, obovoid, nearly filling
the perigynium, 1.75 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, sessile, short-apiculate with somewhat bent
tip, jointed with the very short thickish style; stigmas 3, slender, short; anthers yellowish.

TYPE LOCALITY (of Carex hirsuta Willd. on which C. hirsutella is based): ‘‘ Habitat in America
boreali.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Dry copses and meadows, best developed in calcareous districts, Maine to
southern Ontario and Michigan, and southward to Alabama and Texas. (Specimens examined from
Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware,
Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama,
Mississippi, Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri,
Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Www, f. 172; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 745; ed. 2. f. 1028;
Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 430. f. 68, A-D; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: #1. 25, f. 2; Boott, Jll. Carex 48,
in part. pl. 128 (as C. triceps).

378. Carex caroliniana Schw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1:67. 1824.

Carex Smithii Porter; Olney, Caric. Bor.-Am. 2, without description. 1871; Wood, Bot. & FI. ed.
1873. 374. 1873. (Type from southeastern Pennsylvania.) Not C. Smithii Tausch, 1821.
Carex gynandra var. caroliniana Olney, Caric. Bor.-Am. 5. 1871. (Based by synonymy on C.

caroliniana Schw.)
Carex triceps var. Smithii Porter; L. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 13: 88. 1888. (Based on C. Smithii
Porter.)

Densely cespitose, not stoloniferous, the culms slender but stiff and erect, 2.5—-8 dm. high,
growing in small to medium-sized clumps, glabrate, triangular with concave sides, usually
much exceeded by the upper leaves, aphyllopodic, strongly reddened at base; well-developed
leaves usually 4 or 5 to a culm, on the lower half (except uppermost) but not bunched, not
septate-nodulose, the blades essentially glabrate, but with traces of pubescence especially
below and toward the base, 1-3 dm. long, 1.5—3 mm. wide, not stiff, flat, erect-ascending, the
upper culm-leaf inserted from 2—12 cm. below the inflorescence and much exceeding it; the
sheaths long, tight, more or less strongly soft-hairy, truncate at mouth, reddish-brown-tinged
or spotted ventrally, the ligule about as long as wide; spikes usually 3, oblong-cylindric to
cylindric, 8-18 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, the uppermost gynaecandrous with its lower half
staminate, the others pistillate, all approximate or the lower slightly remote, erect, sessile or

Part 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 325

slightly peduncled, closely 15-30-flowered in several rows; lowest bract about 1 mm. wide,
several times the length of the inflorescence, not sheathing, the others much smaller; pistillate
scales ovate-triangular, not pilose, straw-colored and slightly reddish-brown-tinged, with
broad hyaline margins and 3-nerved green center, narrower and shorter than the perigynia,
varying from short-cuspidate to obtuse; staminate scales straw-colored with green midrib,
acuminate; perigynia obovoid-orbicular, obscurely obtusely triangular, being nearly round in
cross-section, turgid and not flattened, squarrose-spreading at maturity, brownish-green,
strongly few-ribbed, submembranaceous, glabrous or slightly asperulous, 2 mm. long, 1.5
mm. wide, tapering at base, abruptly tapering above and short-pointed or at times slightly
beaked, the orifice entire or minutely emarginate; achenes strongly triangular with concave
sides and prominent rounded angles, not entirely filling perigynium, broadly obovoid, sessile,
1.5—2 mm. long, somewhat narrower, with abruptly bent very short-apiculate tip, jointed with
the very short thickish style; stigmas 3, slender, short.

TYPE LOCALITY: “‘ Carol.”

DISTRIBUTION: Dry meadows, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to North Carolina and Texas.
(Specimens examined from New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia,
Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, Ohio, Indiana, Tennessee, Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma,

Texas.)
ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 746; ed. 2, f. 1029.

379. Carex Bushii Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 37: 241. 1910.

Carex hirsuta var. cuspidata Dewey, in Wood, Class-Book ed. 1861. 758. 1861. (Type from Illinois.)
Carex triceps var. longicuspis Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 431. 1909. (Type from St.
Louis, Missouri.)

Densely cespitose, not stoloniferous, the culms slender, but stiff and erect, 3-9 dm. high,
in medium-sized clumps, sparingly pubescent, triangular with concave sides, shorter than or
exceeded by the leaves, aphyllopodic, more or less strongly reddish-tinged at base; well-
developed leaves 3 or 4 to a culm, not septate-nodulose, on the lower half (excepting upper-
most), not bunched, the blades short, soft-pubescent, especially below, the larger 2.5 dm. long,
1.5-3 mm. wide, flat, erect-ascending, not stiff, the uppermost bract-like leaf usually shortly
below the inflorescence and exceeding it, the sheaths long, hairy, tight, concave or truncate
and slightly reddish-brown-tinged at mouth, the ligule about as long as wide; spikes usually
2 or 3, oblong or oblong-cylindric, 5—20 mm. long, 5-8 mm. wide (without the scales), the
uppermost gynaecandrous with its lower half staminate, the others pistillate, all erect, sessile
or nearly so, densely 15—40-flowered in several to many rows; bract of lowest spike slender,
awl-shaped, somewhat to much exceeding the head, not sheathing; second bract when present
much smaller; pistillate scales triangular-lanceolate, long-acuminate, cuspidate or awned,
sparingly pilose, narrower than but strongly exceeding the perigynia, somewhat reddish-
brown-tinged, with 3-nerved green center and hyaline margins; scales of staminate flowers
similar; perigynia 2.5—3.5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, broadly obovoid, obtusely obscurely
triangular, nearly round in cross-section, somewhat swollen at maturity, turgid and squarrose-
spreading, olive-green, submembranaceous, rather strongly several-ribbed, minutely asperu-
lous, tapering at base, substipitate, rounded but somewhat tapering at the blunt or slightly
pointed entire apex; achenes obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.8 mm. wide, sharply triangular with
concave sides and prominent rounded angles, nearly filling the perigynium, substipitate,
apiculate, the apiculation abruptly bent, jointed with the short bent thickish style; stigmas 3,
slender, short.

TYPE LOCALITY: Fulton, Arkansas. (Bush 2514).

DISTRIBUTION: Dry meadows and banks in calcareous districts, Massachusetts to Michigan and
southward to District of Columbia, Mississippi and Texas. (Specimens examined from Massachu-
setts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland,
District of Columbia, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Missis-
Ce ions: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2, f. 1030; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 431 (as C. triceps
var. hirsuta).

Note: This species has a marked general resemblance to Carex Buxbaumii Wahl., a species
to which it is not at all related.

326 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

54. Hirtae Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 14. 1843; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 72.
1886; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich, 47°: 742. 1909; Borner, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21:
265. 1913; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 140. 1917; Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 83.
1922. (Allin greater part.) LaAsIocARPAE Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 70. 1845. LaNUGINO-
SAE Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 560, in part. 1848. Scarrosak Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 560,
in part. 1848. ARrIsTATAE Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 561, in small part. 1848. BrruRCATAE
Kiikenth. Bot. Jahrb. 27: 545, in part. 1899. TRrcHOCARPAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16:
462, in large part. 1903. ‘Treated by L. H. Bailey (Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 71. 1886) as
belonging to the TRACHYCHLAENAE Drejer; also (op. cit. 74) as a subsection of the PALUDOSAE
Fries. Species are referred to the VESICARIAE Tuckerm. by Meinshausen (Acta Hort. Petrop.
18: 366. 1901).

Culms stout, leafy; rootstocks usually with long horizontal stout stolons; leaves septate-
nodulose; spikes 3-10, the upper 1—5 staminate, slender, the others pistillate, many-flowered,
erect; bracts leaf-like, equaling or exceeding the culm, often sheathing, especially the lowest
one; pistillate scales ovate or lanceolate, acute to aristate; perigynia mostly ascending, rarely
spreading, coriaceous or subcoriaceous or membranaceous, ovoid or oblong-ovoid or lanceolate-
ovoid, somewhat inflated, nearly orbicular in cross-section, many-ribbed or many-nerved,
usually hairy, round-tapering or rounded at the base, tapering or contracted into the biden-
tate or obliquely cut beak; achenes triangular, often short-stipitate, the sides flat or deeply
concave, apiculate, jointed with the straight or slightly flexuous, slender style; stigmas 3.

Species of wet or swampy or even dry places. Eight species are widely distributed in the
temperate parts of North America, of which one is also widely distributed in Europe and
eastern Asia. One species, of broad range in Eurasia and reaching northern Africa, is very
sparingly naturalized in North America. A few endemic Asiatic species are known and several
more occur in South America. The group is not known in Australasia.

Perigynia glabrous to sparsely short-pubescent, the beak strongly bidentate.
Culms brownish at base; perigynia strongly spreading, lanceolate-ovoid,
tapering into the beak, strongly many-ribbed; pistillate scales 5—7-
ribbed. 380. C. turgescens.
Culms purplish-red at base; perigynia appressed-ascending, ovoid, con-
tracted into the beak, many-nerved, the nerves impressed; pistillate
scales 3-nerved. 381. C. Walteriana.
Perigynia densely or strongly pubescent, the ribs often largely obscured by
the pubescence.
Perigynia with beak strongly bidentate.
Staminate scales not long-ciliate; foliage glabrous; sheaths not pilose
at mouth; perigynium-teeth 0.25—0.5 mm. long (native species).
Fertile culms phyllopodic, many-leaved, brownish or slightly pur-
plish-red at base; sheaths not breaking and becoming filamen-
tose ventrally; lowest bract conspicuously sheathing. 382. C. Halliana.
Fertile culms aphyllopodic, few-leaved, strongly purplish-red at
base; lowest bract sheathless to short-sheathing or some-
times long-sheathing; sheaths (at least the basal) breaking
and becoming more or less strongly filamentose.
Perigynia strongly and conspicuously 15-—20-ribbed; peri-
gynium-beak nearly half the length of the body, the teeth
spreading, scabrous within. 383. C. Houghtonit.
Perigynia with ribs largely obscured by the dense pubescence;
perigynium-beak short, 1 mm. long, the teeth erect.
Leaf-blades flat with revolute margins, 1.5—-5 mm. wide,
long-attenuate; lowest bract usually moderately exceed-
ing culm; culms sharply triangular; achenes straight-
apiculate. 384. C. lanuginosa.
Leaf-blades strongly involute except toward base, 2 mm.
wide or less, very long-attenuate; lowest bract strongly
exceeding culm; culms obtusely triangular; achenes
bent-apiculate. 385. C. lasiocarpa.
Staminate scales long-ciliate; foliage usually soft-hairy; sheaths pilose
at mouth; perigynium-teeth 0.75-1 mm. long (introduced species). 386. C. hirta.
Perigynia with beak hyaline-tipped, obliquely cut at orifice, becoming
shallowly or deeply bidentate at maturity.
Foliage softly pubescent; staminate scales conspicuously white-ciliate;
pistillate spikes 4.5-6 mm. wide, oblong-cylindric; perigynia 2-
ribbed and obscurely nerved. 387. C. Sartwelliana.
Foliage glabrous; staminate scales not ciliate; pistillate spikes oblong
or short-oblong-cylindric; perigynia strongly many-ribbed. 388. C. vestita.

Part 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 327

380. Carex turgescens Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.3:419. 1836.

Cespitose from slender, elongate rootstocks, the stolons long, slender, horizontal, the
culms 6-9 dm. high, slender, erect, obtusely triangular, much exceeding the leaves, smooth or
nearly so, phyllopodic, brownish and more or less fibrillose at base; leaves with well-developed
blades 3-6 to a fertile culm, on the lower third but not bunched, sparingly septate-nodulose,
the blades firm, light-green, flat above with more or less revolute margins, channeled towards
base, usually 1-3 dm. long, 1.5-5 mm. wide, long-attenuate, much roughened towards the
apex, the sheaths tight, chestnut-brown-tinged at mouth, and prolonged upward beyond base
of blade, the ligule much longer than wide; staminate spike solitary, slender-peduncled,
narrowly linear, 3.5—5 cm. long, 2.5—-4 mm. wide, the peduncle rough, the scales obovate,
obtuse, light-reddish-brown with green 1—3-nerved center and white-hyaline margins; pis-
tillate spikes 2 or 3, widely separate or sometimes approximate, erect, the upper on peduncles
exserted one half to two times length of spikes, the lower on peduncles exserted 2-5 times
length of spikes, the peduncles roughish, ancipital, the spikes oblong to globose, 2—3 cm. long,
1.5—2.5 em. wide, loosely flowered, containing 10-20 strongly spreading perigynia in several
rows; bracts leaflet-like, the lowest very long-sheathing, the upper shorter-sheathing, from
much shorter than to exceeding inflorescence; scales ovate, acute to cuspidate, long-persistent,
pale-yellowish-brown with strongly 5—7-ribbed green center and hyaline margins, about half
width and one third to one half length of perigynia; perigynia lanceolate-ovoid, suborbicular
in cross-section, somewhat inflated, 8-11 mm. long, 3-3.5 mm. wide, olive-green or becoming
brownish-yellow, subcoriaceous, strongly and coarsely 20—30-ribbed, densely puncticulate,
rounded and slightly tapering and substipitate at base, tapering at apex into the bidentate,
slightly serrulate, hyaline-tipped beak 2-3 mm. long, the teeth stiff, erect, ciliate-scabrous
within; achenes broadly obovoid, 3—3.5 mm. long, 2—2.5 mm. wide, loosely enveloped in lower
half of perigynium-body, triangular with concave sides, short-stipitate, yellowish, abruptly
apiculate and jointed with the long, straight, slender style; stigmas 3, slender, reddish-brown,
rather short.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Hab. New Orleans, Dr. T. Ingalls.”

DISTRIBUTION: Wet pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. (Specimens ex-

amined from South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana.)
ILLUSTRATION: Boott, Ill. Carex 90. pl. 264.

381. Carex Walteriana L. H. Bailey, Bull. Torrey Club 20: 429. 1893.
a gee Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 174. 1803. (Type from Carolina.) Not C. striata Gilib.

“ Carex bullata Schk.” Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 556. 1824.

“Carex polymorpha Muhl.”’ Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 413. 1836.

Carex striata var. B Boott, Ill. Carex 58. 1858. (Type from New Jersey.)

Sa aes var. brevis 1,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 34. 1889. (Based on C. striata var. 8

Carex Wallerana var. brevis L.. H. Bailey, Bull. Torrey Club 20: 429. 1893. (Based on C. striata
var. brevis L. H. Bailey.)

Loosely cespitose and freely long stoloniferous, in large beds, the stolons horizontal,
tough, scaly, the culms aphyllopodic, 2—8 dm. high, slender, erect, sharply triangular, smooth or
slightly roughened above, usually exceeded by the upper leaves, purplish-red at base, the
basal sheaths breaking and becoming filamentose; sterile shoots with many leaves, short;
leaves with well-developed blades 3-6 to a fertile culm, the lower somewhat clustered, the
upper regularly disposed, the blades septate-nodulose, thickish, light-green, strongly channeled
and keeled at the base, flat above, usually 1.5-4 dm. long, 1.5—5 mm. wide, long-attenuate,
much roughened towards the apex; sheaths more or less yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally,
concave at mouth, the ligule wider than long; staminate spikes 1 or 2, linear, 1.5—5 cm. long,
3-4.5 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtusish, slightly ciliate, reddish-purple with
lighter center and hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, erect, not or but shortly exsert-
peduncled, strongly separate, narrowly oblong, 2-6 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, containing
10-30 appressed-ascending perigynia in few rows, closely flowered above, rather loosely flowered
below; bracts leaf-like, exceeding culm, the sheaths 0.5-3.5 em. long; scales ovate, long-acu-

328 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

minate, short-cuspidate, or acute, reddish-purple with very wide 3-nerved green center and
white-hyaline margins, narrower than and from half as long to nearly as long as the perigynia;
perigynia narrowly to broadly ovoid, suborbicular in cross-section, somewhat inflated, 4-6 mm.
long, 2-2.5 mm. wide, many-nerved, the nerves impressed, slender, the walls coriaceous,
glabrous or sparsely short-pubescent, rounded at base, short-stipitate, contracted into the
broad bidentate beak about one third the length of the body, the teeth widely separate, erect,
or somewhat spreading, 0.5 mm. long, thickish; achenes obovoid, triangular with concave
sides, rather loosely enveloped, sessile, 1.75—2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, conspicuously bent-
apiculate, jointed with the straight slender style; stigmas 3, slender, blackish.

TYPE LOCALITY (of C. striata Michx. on which C. Walteriana is based): ‘‘ Hab. in Carolina.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Sunny pine barren swamps near the coast, southeastern Massachusetts to
Florida. (Specimens examined from Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Virginia,
North Carolina, Georgia, Florida.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 709; ed. 2. f. 1065; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 522; Rep.
N. J. Mus. 1910: #1. 23, f. 7; Boott, Ill. Carex 57. pl. 151.

382. Carex Halliana L. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz.9:117. 1884.

Carex oregonensis Olney; A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 407, name only. 1872; L. H. Bailey, Proc.

Am. Acad. 22:73. 1886.

Loosely cespitose, and stoloniferous, the stolons long, horizontal, slender, rather tough,
scaly, the clumps small, the culms erect, 1-5 dm. high, stiff, sharply triangular, smooth,
phyllopodic, exceeding or about equaling leaves, brownish or but slightly purplish-reddened
at base, and little or not at all fibrillose; sterile shoots more or less elongate, with ascending or
erect blades; leaves with well-developed blades 4~8 to a fertile culm, clustered near base,
sparingly septate-nodulose, the blades thick, glabrous, light-green, 1-3 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide,
flat above, strongly channeled at base, long-attenuate, and much roughened towards apex;
sheaths tight, not breaking, yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule
as wide as long; terminal 2 or 3 spikes staminate, approximate, sessile or short-peduncled,
linear-clavate, 0.8-2.5 cm. long, 2.5—4 mm. wide, the peduncle smooth, the scales oblong-
obovate, acutish, glabrous, erose, purplish-brown with lighter center and dull-white-hyaline
margins; pistillate spikes usually 3 or 4, more or less strongly separate, erect-appressed, the
upper sessile or nearly so, the lower peduncled, the peduncles smooth, the spikes linear-
cylindric, 1.5-5 cm. long, 4.5—6 mm. wide, closely flowered above or attenuate at base, con-
taining 20-40 appressed-ascending perigynia in several rows; bracts leaf-like, exceeding or
equaling the culms, the lowest bract conspicuously sheathing, the others less so, the sheaths
15 mm. long or less; scales ovate, acute to cuspidate, slightly wider to rather narrower than
and from about half to nearly length of perigynia, purplish-brown with conspicuous 3-nerved
green center and dull-white-hyaline margins; perigynia with ovoid or obovoid body, little
inflated, obtusely triangular in cross-section, 4-5 mm. long, 2—2.25 mm. wide, densely white-
hispid, obscurely but strongly 15—20-ribbed, subcoriaceous, light-brownish, rounded at base,
contracted at apex into the broad, strongly bidentate beak one fourth to one third the length
of the whole, the teeth whitish, erect or slightly spreading, 0.25—0.5 mm. long, rough within;
achenes obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5—1.75 mm. wide, closely enveloped, filling body of perigy-
nium, sharply triangular with concave sides, sessile, brown, apiculate, jointed with the straight
slender style; stigmas 3, slender, blackish.

TYPE LOCALITY: Oregon.

DISTRIBUTION: Mountain meadows, from southern Washington to Siskiyou county, California.
(Specimens examined from Washington, Oregon, northern California.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 746. f. 127; Erythea 8: 84. f. 46; Abrams, Ill. Fl.
Pacif. St. f. 831; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif. f. 204.

EpiroriAL Nore: In his manuscript the author used Olney’s name for this species, regarding
C. Halliana as a homonym of C. Hallii Olney, 1871

383. Carex Houghtonii Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 413. 1836.

““Carex Houghtoniana Torr.’’ Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 30: 63. pl. Bb, f. 91. 1836. (Based on C.
Houghtonii Torr.)

Loosely cespitose and stoloniferous, the stolons long, horizontal, slender, rather tough,

Part 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 329

scaly, the clumps small, the culms erect, rather stiff, stoutish, 1.5—6.5 mm. high, sharply tri-
angular, rough above, aphyllopodic, much exceeding the leaves, strongly purplish at base, the
basal sheaths breaking and sparingly filamentose; sterile shoots elongate, with erect blades;
leaves with well-developed blades usually 2—4 to a fertile culm, on lower third but not bunched,
sparingly septate-nodulose, the blades glabrous, deep-green, thinnish, erect, flat with slightly
revolute margins, long-attenuate, 8-20 cm. long, 2.5—4 mm. wide, roughened especially on the
margins and towards the apex, the sheaths glabrous, tight, thin and yellowish-brown-tinged
ventrally, not breaking, concave at mouth, the ligule as long as wide; staminate spike solitary
(or often with an additional sessile shorter one near its base), slender, erect, linear, rough-
peduncled, 1-3.5 cm. long, 2—4 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, acutish or obtuse, smooth,
subciliate, reddish-brown with white-hyaline margins and lighter center; pistillate spikes 1-3,
normally 2, erect, sessile or short-rough-peduncled, remote, oblong, 1—4.5 cm. long, 8-12 mm.
wide, the perigynia 15-30, closely arranged (or somewhat loosely at base), spreading or some-
what ascending in several to many rows, lower bract leaf-like, usually equaling or exceeding
the culm, very short-sheathing or short-sheathing, the others much smaller; scales lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, awned or cuspidate or the upper acuminate, narrower and shorter than
the perigynia, reddish-brown with broad 3-nerved green center and narrow hyaline margins;
perigynia with obovoid body, little inflated, obscurely triangular in cross-section, 5—6 mm.
long, 2.5 mm. wide, strongly and conspicuously 15—20-ribbed, short-hirsute, submembrana-
ceous, olive or brownish-green, rounded at base, abruptly contracted into a bidentate beak
2 mm. long, nearly half the length of the body, strongly purple between the teeth, the teeth
spreading, 0.5 mm. long, scabrous within; achenes obovoid, 3—3.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide,
closely enveloped, nearly filling the perigynium-body, triangular with concave sides, yellowish-
brown, substipitate, prominently apiculate, jointed with the straight slender style; stigmas 3,
slender, short, blackish.

TYPE LocALIty: ‘“‘Found at Lake La Biche near the sources of the Mississippi River by Dr.
Houghton; in the herbarium of Dr. Torrey.”

DISTRIBUTION: Open sterile sandy or rocky soil, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, and south-
ward to Maine, Ontario, Michigan, and Minnesota. (Specimens examined from Newfoundland,
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, Ontario,
Manitoba, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Saskatchewan.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. 30: pl. BB, f. 91; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 710; ed. 2. f. 1069;
Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 520; Boott, Ill. Carex 19. pl. 51; pl. 151 (perigynium only).

Note: The name of this species as first published by Dewey was erroneously given as Carex
Houghtoniana Torrey (l. c.). ‘Torrey corrected this to C. Houghtonii (l. c.), saying: ‘“‘It is hardly
necessary to remark that in accordance with well established rules of botanical nomenclature, and
the uniform practice of the most accomplished naturalists, we adopt the genitive termination where-
ever a species is named after its discoverer.”’

Later when Dewey came to publish C, Sartwellii (Am. Jour. Sci. 43: 90. 1842), we find him
saying: ‘‘Found by Dr. S. P. Sartwell in Junius, Seneca County, N. Y., after whom it is named, with
the genitive termination and in accordance with well established rules of botanical nomenclature.’’

But sad to relate we find the Index Kewensis (1: 438) citing this latter name as C. Sartwelliana
Dewey.

384. Carex lanuginosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:175. 1803.

Carex pellita Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 302. 1805. (Type from Pennsylvania.)

Diemisa pellita Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex pellita Muhl.)

Carex Watsoni Olney, in S. Wats. Bot. King’s Expl. 370. 1871. (Type from Carson City, Nevada.)
Not C. Watsoni Boott, 1867, as synonym; nor C. Watsoniana Steud. 1855.

“Carex aematorhyncha Desv.”’ Olney, in S. Wats. Bot. King’s Expl. 373. 1871.

Carex filiformis var. latifolia B6ck. Linnaea 41: 309. 1877. (Based on C. lanuginosa Michx.)

Carex filiformis var. aematorhyncha W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 250. 1880. (As to plant
described only; not C. aematorhyncha Desv.)

Carex filiformis var. lanuginosa B.S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 63. 1888. (Based on C. lanuginosa Michx.)

Carex lanuginosa var. kansana Britton; Britt. & Brown, IIl. Fl. 1: 305. 1896. (Type from Kansas.)

Carex lasiocarpa var. lanuginosa Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 748. 1909. (Based on C.
lanuginosa Michx.)

Carex lasiocarpa var. lanuginosa f. kansana “‘‘ Britt.’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich, 42°: 748.
1909. (Based on C. lanuginosa var. kansana Britton.)

Cespitose and freely long-stoloniferous, the stolons horizontal, long, tough, scaly, the
culms 3-10 dm. high, in large beds, stiff, erect, sharply triangular, rough above, aphyllopodic,
dark-purplish-red at base, the lower sheaths breaking and becoming more or less strongly

330 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

filamentose; sterile shoots numerous, elongate; leaves with well-developed blades 2—5 to a
fertile culm, more numerous on the sterile shoots, septate-nodulose, the blades dull-green,
thinnish, flat with revolute margins, often exceeding the culms, 2—6 dm. long, 1.5—5 mm. wide,
long-attenuate, rough, especially towards the tip; sheaths more or less purplish-tinged and
deeply concave at mouth, the ligule as long as wide; staminate spikes usually 2 (the lower
often small), slender, erect, long-peduncled, 2-6 cm. long, 2.5—4 mm. wide, the scales ob-
lanceolate, acute to cuspidate, smooth or subciliate, light-reddish-brown with lighter center
and dull-hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, widely separate, erect, sessile or short-
peduncled, oblong-cylindric, 1.5—5 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, closely many-flowered, the peri-
gynia 25-75, ascending in several to many rows; bracts sheathless or very short-sheathing, the
blade of the lowest usually moderately exceeding the culm; scales lanceolate, long-acuminate,
mucronate or awned, more or less ciliate, narrower than the perigynia, the lower usually
exceeding the perigynia, the upper shorter, reddish-brown with broad 3-nerved green center
and hyaline margins; perigynia broadly obovoid or ovoid, 2.5—3.5 mm. long, 1.75—2 mm. wide,
suborbicular in cross-section, somewhat inflated, coriaceous, dull-brownish-green, densely soft-
hairy, the numerous ribs usually largely hidden, sessile, rounded at base, abruptly very short-
beaked, the beak 1 mm. long, deeply bidentate, the teeth erect, 0.5 mm. long; achenes broadly
ovoid, triangular with concave sides and blunt angles, rather loosely enveloped, 1.75—2 mm.
long, 1.5 mm. wide, sessile or nearly so, yellowish-brown, punctate, short-apiculate, jointed
with the very short, straight style; stigmas 3, slender, blackish.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Hab. ad lacus Mistassins,’’ Quebec.

DISTRIBUTION: Sunny swampy places, mostly in calcareous soils, New Brunswick to British
Columbia, and southward to Tennessee, Arkansas, Texas, New Mexico, and southern California.
One of our most widely distributed species. (Specimens examined from New Brunswick, Quebec,
Ontario, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, District of Columbia, Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan,
Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska,
North Dakota, South Dakota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado,
New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Idaho, British Columbia, including Vancouver Island, Wash-
ington, Oregon, California.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 711; ed. 2. f. 1067; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Nunn, f. 149,
150; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 23, f. 3; Boott, Ill. Carex 48. pl. 129; Erythea 8: 85. f. 47; Jepson,
Fl. Calif. 1: 240. f. 36, d-f; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 832; Torr. Fl. N. Y. pl. Vfirst no.) 145 (as
Carex pellita); Clements, Rocky Mt. FI. #l. 45, f. 15.

Nore: The habitat of this plant differs from that of C. lasiocarpa Ehrh. very markedly, as
does also its distribution.

385. Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. Hannov. Mag. 1784: 132. 1784.

“Carex hirta I,.”’ Oeder, Fl. Dan. 7: 5. pl. 379 (in part). 1768. (From northwestern Europe.)

““Carex tomentosa L,.”’ Lightf. Fl. Scot. 553. 1777. (From Scotland.)

Carex splendida Willd. F1. Berol. 33. pl. 1, f. 3. 1787. (Type from northwestern Germany.)

a Cue eee L.”’ Gooden. Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: 172. pl. 20, f. 5 (and most authors). 1794. (From

ngland.

Trasus flliformis S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:59. 1821. (As to plant described only. Based
on Carex filiformis of authors.)

Diemisa filiformis Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex filiformis of authors.)

Carex filiformis var. australis I, H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 56. 1889. (Type from central

Europe.)

Carex filiformis f. meduanensis Lév. & Vaniot, Bull. Acad. Géogr. Bot. 10:35. 1901. (Type from
France.)

Carex lasiocarpa {. robusta Junge, Verh. Nat. Ver. Hamburg III. 12: 21. 1905. (Type from Ger-
many.)

Carex lasiocar pa f. stricta Junge, Verh. Nat. Ver. Hamburg III. 12:22. 1905. (Type from Germany.)

Loosely cespitose with long-creeping rootstocks long stoloniferous, the stolons horizontal,
long, tough, scaly, the culms 3-12 dm. high, in large clumps, erect, slender, obtusely triangular,
smooth, aphyllopodic, purplish-red at base, the lower sheaths long, breaking and becoming
strongly filamentose; sterile shoots very numerous, elongate; leaves with well-developed
blades 2—5 to a fertile culm, more numerous on the sterile shoots, septate-nodulose, the blades
light-green, thinnish, very elongate, often 7 dm. long, 2 mm. or less wide, flattish at base,
strongly involute above, the tip very long-attenuate, roughened triangular and soon becoming
dried-up, the sheaths yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule as long as
wide; staminate spikes usually 2 (the lower often small), slender, erect, long-peduncled, 2—6

ParT 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 331

em. long, 2.5—3.5 mm. wide, the scales oblanceolate, acute to cuspidate, smooth, light-reddish-
brown with lighter center and dull-hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 1, 2 or 3, widely separate,
erect, sessile or very nearly so, 0.5—5 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, oblong-cylindric, closely flowered,
the perigynia 15-50, ascending in several to many rows; bracts sheathless or very short-sheath-
ing, or at times the lowest long-sheathing, the blade of the lowest strongly exceeding the culm,
those of the others shorter than to exceeding the culm; scales lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
sparingly ciliate at tip, narrower than the perigynia, the lower mucronate-awned and exceeding
the perigynia, the upper acute and exceeded by the perigynia, purplish-brown with broad 3-
nerved green center and very narrow dull-hyaline margins; perigynia oblong-obovoid or
oblong-ovoid, suborbicular in cross-section, somewhat inflated, 3-5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide,
coriaceous, dull-brownish-green, densely soft-hairy, the ribs very obscure, round-tapering at
base, strongly contracted at apex into a short, bidentate beak 1 mm. long, the teeth erect, 0.5
mm. long; achenes broadly ovoid, triangular with concave sides and blunt angles, rather
loosely enveloped, 1.75—2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, sessile or nearly so, yellowish-brown,
strongly punctate, abruptly slenderly apiculate, the tip bent, jointed with the straight or
flexuous slender style; stigmas 3, slender, blackish.

TYPE LOCALITY: Sweden.

DISTRIBUTION: Sphagnum swamps, usually in large colonies on borders of lakes, calcareous
districts, glaciated regions. Newfoundland to Keewatin and British Columbia and southward to
northern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Iowa, Idaho and Washington. (Specimens examined from
Newfoundland, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massa-
chusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ontario, Ohio, Michigan,
Wisconsin, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Keewatin, Idaho, Wash-
ington, British Columbia, Vancouver.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 712; ed. 2. f. 1068; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 519; Schkuhr,
Riedgr. pl. K, f. 45; Fl. Dan. pl. 379 (except separate spikes) and 1344; Boott, Ill. Carex 50. pl. 132;
Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 833; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 194. f. 158; Sturm, Deuts. Fl. 53: pl. 3;
Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 265, f. 643; Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: pl. 20, f. 5; Anderss. Cyp. Scand.
pl. 8, f. 103; Host, Gram. Austr. 1: pl. 86; Coste, Fl. Fr. pl. 3859; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur. pl. 54,
f. 4; Engl. Bot. pl. 904; ed. 2, pl. 1676; Benth. Handb. Brit. Fl. ed. 2, f. 1122; Hallier, Deuts. Fl.
pl. 445; Karst. Deuts. Fl. f. 171 (3); Willd. Fl. Berol. pl. 1, f. 3.

joo.) Carex, hirtas.cop. Pl. 973.) 1753.

Carex hirta * hirtaeformis Pers. Syn. Pl. 2: 547. 1807. (Type European; not definitely given.)

Carex villosa Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. 4: 346. 1812. (Type from England.)

Carex hirta var. sublaevis Hornem. Dansk Oecon. Pl. ed. 3. 1: 953. Je 1821; Fl. Dan. 29: 7. pl. 1711.
$ 1821. (Type from Denmark.)

Trasus hirtus S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:58. 1821. (Based on Carex hirta L.)

Carex hirta var. hirtaeformis Reichenb. in Méssler, Handb. ed. 2. 1649. 1829. (Based on C. hiria *
hirtaeformis Pers.)

Carex hirta var. humilis Peterm. Fl. Lips. 62. 1838. (Type from Leipzig, Germany.)

Carex hirta var. vulgaris Peterm. Anal. Pfl. 516. 1846. (Based on C. hiria L.)

Carex hirta var. major Peterm. Anal. Pfl. 516. 1846. (Type from Leipzig, Germany.)

Carex hirta var. villosa Peterm. Anal. Pfl. 516. 1846. (Type from Leipzig, Germany.)

Carex hirta var. glabrata Peterm. Anal. Pfl. 516. 1846. (Based on C. hirta * hirtaeformis Pers.)

Carex hirta var. androgyna Peterm. Anal. Pfl. 517. 1846. (Type from Leipzig, Germany.)

Carex hirta a vera Neilr. Fl. Nieder-Oesterr. 122. 1859. (Based on C. hirta L.)

Carex hirta var. pseudo-hirta Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 711. 1866. (Type from Transsylvania.)

Carex hirta a pilosa Celak. Prodr. Fl. Bbhm. 74. 1867. (Type from Bohemia.)

Carex hirta B subglabra Celak. Prodr. Fl. Bohm. 74. 1867. (Type from Bohemia.)

Carex hirta var. spinosa Mortensen, Bot. Tidssk. 5:94. 1872. (Type from southern Sweden.)

Carex hirta var. glabrescens St.-Lag. in Cariot, Etude Fl. ed. 8. 2: 871. 1889. (Type from France.)

Carex hirta var. hirtaeformis £. subhirtaeformis Kneucker, Allg. Bot. Zeits. 4:165. 1898. (Type from
Baden, Germany.)

Carex hirta f. hirtiformis Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22: 223. 1903. (Based on C. hirta *
hirtaeformis Pers.)

Carex hirta f. major Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22: 223. 1903. (Based on C. hirta var.
major Peterm.)

Carex hirta f. paludosa A. Winkler; Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22: 223. 1903. (Type from
central Europe.) :

Carex hirta var. aquatica Waisb. Magyar Bot. Lap. 4: 76. 1905. (Type from Hungary.)

Carex hirta f. humilis ‘‘Peterm.’”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 751. 1909. (Based on C.
hirta var. humilis Peterm.)

corer. hirta ss eciebeg Waisb.; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 751. 1909. (Type from

ungary.

Carex hirta f. villosa ‘‘Peterm.’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 751. 1909. (Based on C.

hirta var. villosa Peterm.)

332 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

Carex hirta f. subhirtaeformis ‘‘Kneucker’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 751. 1909. (Based
on C. hirta var. hirtaeformis {. subhirtaeformis Kneucker.)

Carex hirta f. pseudo-hirta ‘‘Schur’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 751. 1909. (Based on
C. hirta var. pseudo-hirta Schur.)

Carex hirta f. spinosa ‘‘Mortensen”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 425: 751. 1909. (Based on
C. hirta var. spinosa Mortensen.)

Loosely cespitose and long-stoloniferous, the stolons stout, tough, horizontal, scaly, the
culms 2-10 dm. high, erect, rather slender, obtusely triangular, aphyllopodic, exceeding the
leaves, smooth or nearly so, brownish or purplish at base, the basal sheaths breaking and be-
coming somewhat filamentose, the sterile shoots elongate, the leaves clustered at apex; leaves
(not bracts) with well-developed blades 2—5 to a fertile culm, soft-hairy or rarely glabrate, ob-
scurely more or less septate-nodulose, the lower clustered, the upper scattered, the blades thin,
light-green, flat, 5—25 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, strongly roughened towards the long-attenuate
apex, the sheaths tight, white-pilose and concave at mouth, the ligule as long as wide; staminate
spikes 1-3, the upper slenderly long-peduncled with a scale-like bract at base, linear-oblong,
1.5—3 em. long, 2.5—3.5 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, truncate or obtuse, often awned
cuspidate or mucronate, strongly long-ciliate and white-pilose, purplish-brown or becoming
tawny-red with green 3-nerved center and hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, very widely
separated, the lowest often nearly basal, erect, short-exsert-peduncled (the peduncles slender,
hairy), oblong, 1.5—5 cm. long, 6-9 mm. wide, closely flowered above or more loosely at base
and containing 10-35 ascending perigynia in several rows; bracts leaf-like, the lowest strongly
sheathing, the upper short-sheathing, the uppermost usually exceeding culm; scales lanceolate-
ovate, white-hairy and long-ciliate, long-acuminate, mucronate, or awned, narrower than and
(excluding awn) from half to two thirds the length of the perigynia, purplish-brown, with green
3-nerved center and hyaline margins; perigynia ovoid-lanceolate, suborbicular in cross-
section, somewhat inflated, 5-9 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, usually strongly white-pubescent,
submembranaceous, greenish-straw-colored or light-brownish, strongly 15—20-ribbed, rounded
at base, very short-stipitate, tapering at apex into a strongly bidentate beak, 1.5—2.5 mm. long,
the teeth slender, 0.75-1 mm. long, hispidulous within and without; achenes obovoid-oval,
loosely enveloped, 3 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, triangular with obtuse angles and slightly
concave sides, yellowish, substipitate, tapering at apex, slender-apiculate and jointed with
the nearly straight, slender, deciduous style; stigmas 3, slender, blackish.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Habitat in Europae sabulosis.’’

DISTRIBUTION: Dry fields and waste places, Prince Edward Island to eastern New York, Pennsyl-
vania, and the District of Columbia; also Oregon. Very locally naturalized or adventive from
Europe, erroneously recorded from Tennessee. (Specimens examined from Prince Edward Island,
Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, Oregon.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 713; ed. 2. f. 1072; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 524; Schkuhr,
Riedgr. pl. Uu, f. 108; Fl. Dan. pl. 425, 1711; Sturm, Deuts. Fl. 55: pl. 16; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ.
8: pl. 257, f. 628; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 8, f. 101; Leers, Fl. Herborn. pl. 16, f. 3; Coste, Fl. Fr.
f. 3860; Engl. Bot. pl. 685; ed. 2. pl. 1677; Benth. Handb. Brit. FI. ed. 2. f. 1123; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-

Eur. pl. 54, f. 5; Garcke, Fl. Deuts. f. 2362; Hallier, Deuts. Fl. pl. 449; Karst. Deuts. Fl. f. 171
(1-2); Thomé, Fl. Deuts. pl. 92, A-C.

387. Carex Sartwelliana Olney, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 396. 1868.

Carex yosemitana L,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:8. 1889. (Change of name only.)
Carex Congdonii 1,. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 21:6. 1896. (Type from Tuolumne County, California.)

Cespitose from stout rootstocks with short-ascending stolons, the culms rather stout,
rather stiff, 3-9 dm. high, phyllopodic, much exceeding leaves, sharply triangular and slightly
roughened above, brownish or purplish-red and not fibrillose at base, the basal sheaths not
breaking and becoming filamentose, the sterile shoots elongate, the leaves clustered towards
apex; leaves with well-developed blades 8-15 to a fertile culm, clustered on lower third, softly
pubescent, not septate-nodulose, the blades light-green, not rigid, flat with revolute margins or
channeled towards the base, usually 1-3.5 dm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, strongly roughened towards
the attenuate apex; sheaths strongly cinnamon-brown-tinged and red-dotted ventrally, con-
cave at mouth, the ligule longer than wide; terminal spike staminate, or occasionally with a
few perigynia, more or less peduncled, linear or linear-clavate, 12-30 mm. long, 4.5—6 mm. wide,

Part 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 333

the scales narrowly oblong-obovate, conspicuously white-ciliate, obtuse, purplish-brown with
straw-colored center and narrow hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 3 or 4, approximate or
somewhat separate, erect, sessile or slightly peduncled, oblong-cylindric, 12-40 mm. long,
4.5-6 mm. wide, containing 40-200 appressed perigynia, closely packed in several to many
rows; lowest bract leaf-like, very lightly sheathing, about equaling inflorescence, the upper
bracts much reduced; scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, white-ciliate and appressed-hairy,
awned, mucronate, or acute, purplish-brown with white-hyaline margins and conspicuous
green 3-nerved center, somewhat narrower and from shorter to longer than the perigynia;
perigynia 2.5-3.5 mm. long, 1.25—-1.75 mm. wide, greenish or in age straw-colored, submem-
branaceous, white-pilose, the body obovoid or oblong-obovoid, triangular, not inflated, two-
ridged and obscurely nerved, short-tapering at base, short-stipitate, abruptly beaked, the
beak 1 mm. long, slender, conic, hyaline-tipped, obliquely cut, at length minutely bidentate;
achenes broadly obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, 1—-1.5 mm. wide, closely enveloped, triangular with
concave sides and blunt angles, substipitate, yellowish, granular, abruptly short-apiculate,
jointed with the short, rather slender style; stigmas 3, dull reddish-brown, slender.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ California, Yosemite Valley, alt. 6000 feet, Brewer 1636; Bolander 6221.”

DISTRIBUTION: Mountains of California; Sierra Nevada from Tuolumne to Tulare counties and
in the San Jacinto mountains. (Specimens examined showing above range.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Erythea 8: 84. f. 45; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 830; Jepson Man. Fl. Pl.
Calif. f. 203; Jepson, Fl. Calif. 239. f. 36, a-c.

Eprror1aAL Nove: In his manuscript the author used C. yosemitana as the name of this species,
regarding C. Sartwelliana as a homonym of C. Sartwellii Dewey, 1842.

388. Carex vestita Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 263. 1805.

Loxotrema vestita Raf. Good Book 25. 1840. (Based on Carex vestita Willd.)

Carex vestita var. Kennedyi Fernald, Rhodora 2: 170. 1900. (Type from Wilmington, Massachu-
setts.)

Carex vestita £. Kennedyi ‘‘Fernald”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 744. 1909. (Based on
C. vestita var. Kennedyi Fernald.)

Loosely cespitose and strongly stoloniferous, the stolons long, horizontal, rather slender,
tough, scaly, the clumps small, the culms 3-8 dm. high, slender, strict, sharply triangular, very
rough or smoothish above, aphyllopodic, strongly exceeding the leaves, reddish-tinged at
base, the lower sheaths breaking and becoming filamentose; sterile shoots elongate, phyllo-
podic; leaves with well-developed blades 2-4 to a fertile culm, on lower third, not septate-
nodulose, the blades 0.5—2 dm. long on the fertile culms, up to 2-3 dm. on the sterile, 2-5 mm.
wide, light-green, smooth, thin, flat with revolute margins or channeled at base, rough on both
surfaces towards apex, the sheaths tight, yellowish-tinged and red-dotted ventrally, not
breaking and not becoming filamentose, the ligule about as long as wide; staminate spike
usually solitary (occasionally with an additional smaller one at base), slender, erect, cylindric,
clavate, sessile or nearly so, 1-5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse,
reddish-brown with white™hyaline apex and margins and light-colored center, not ciliate;
pistillate spikes 1-3, often staminate at apex, approximate or the lowest more or less strongly
remote, erect, sessile or very nearly so, oblong or short-oblong-cylindric, 6-30 mm. long, 5-8
mm. wide, densely flowered, the perigynia 25-50, appressed-ascending in several to many
rows; lowest bract leaflet-like, 4 cm. or less long, not sheathing, much shorter than culm, the
upper bracts much reduced; scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly ciliate, narrower and
usually somewhat shorter than the perigynia, purplish-brown with green 3-nerved center and
hyaline margins; perigynia obovoid, obtusely triangular in cross-section, not inflated, 3-4 mm.
long, 1.75 mm. wide, 2-keeled and strongly many-ribbed, strongly white-hirsute, the pubes-
cence largely concealing the nerves, olive-green or yellowish-green, subcoriaceous, tapering at
base and substipitate, abruptly tapering into the short-conic strongly hyaline-tipped beak,
scarcely 1 mm. long, the orifice oblique, becoming deeply bidentate; achenes obovoid, closely
enveloped, triangular with blunt angles and slightly concave sides, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm.
wide, sessile, yellowish, granular, abruptly (often bent-) apiculate, jointed with the slender,
deciduous style; stigmas 3, slender, long, dark-reddish-brown.

334 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Habitat in America boreali’’ (Pennsylvania).

DISTRIBUTION: Open dry sandy woods and thickets, acid soils, southern Maine to eastern New
York and Pennsylvania, and southward to District of Columbia. (Specimens examined from
Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Delaware, District of Columbia.) Erroneously attributed to Georgia by Pursh and

subsequent authors following him.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 708; ed. 2. ip 1066; Rob. & Fern. Man. sf ae Schkuhr,

Riedgr. pl. Bbbb, f. 182; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 25, f. 7; Boott, Ill. Carex 49. pl. 1

55. Fecundae Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42: 401. 1909. ‘‘PoLYSTACHYAE
Tuckerm.” L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 95. 1886. TRICHOCARPAE Holm, Am. Jour.
Sci. IV. 16: 462, in small part. 1903. VIGNEANDRA PICHINCHENSES C. B. Clarke, Kew Bull.
Add. Ser. 8: 139. 1908.

Culms stout, sharply triangular with concave sides, brownish or purplish at base; leaf-
blades broad, coriaceous; spikes numerous, androgynous, simple or the lower branched, or
paniculate, in which case the terminal branch is longer than the others, mostly 2-6 together,
or some in the inflorescence single, densely flowered, the lower exsert-peduncled, sometimes
nodding; lower bracts short-sheathing to nearly sheathless; perigynia membranaceous, lanceo-
late or elliptic to obovoid or broadly obovoid, smooth, contracted into a short or longish beak,
the orifice bidentate or bidentulate, sometimes ciliate, rarely nearly beakless; achene filling or
nearly filling perigynium-body, triangular with sides concave above or lenticular, apiculate,
jointed with the slender style, often strongly constricted in the middle; stigmas 3 or 2.

A group represented by a number of species in the mountains of tropical South America
and extending north into Mexico, where it is also rather well developed.

Achenes strongly constricted in the middle; perigynia obtusely triangular,
not oblique, the beak straight.

Perigynia obovoid or broadly obovoid, 2—2.5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm.

wide, prominently 2-keeled, otherwise nerveless; stigmas short.

Lower sheaths cinnamon-brown; spikes all androgynous; perigynia

obovoid, strongly purple-resinous, the beak bidentate; achenes
oblong-obovoid; spikes 3-6 cm. long. 389. C. tuberculata.

Lower sheaths reddish-purple; upper spikes staminate or nearly so;

perigynia broadly obovoid, obscurely resinous, the beak shal-

lowly bidentate; achenes obovoid; spikes 3-10 cm. long. 390. C. Ehrenbergiana.
Perigynia elliptic-obovoid, 3.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, finely several-
nerved as well as strongly 2-keeled; stigmas long. 391. C. psilocarpa.

Achenes not constricted in the middle; perigynia compressed-triangular,
oblique, the beak somewhat excurved; perigynia nerved (except in
C. Cortesiz) as well as 2-keeled.
Achenes triangular; stigmas 3; perigynia not hispid-serrulate.
Achenes yellowish- brown, oblong- elliptic.
Lower sheaths cinnamon-brown; spikes linear-cylindric, 5-15

cm. long; perigynia nerved as well as 2-keeled. 392. C. chordalis.
Lower sheaths dull-purplish-brown; spikes 2.5—7 cm. long;
perigynia 2-keeled, otherwise nerveless or nearly so. 393. C. Cortesit.

Achenes purplish-black, shining, oblong-obovoid; lower sheaths
purplish-brown.
Spikes 2.5-7 cm. long; pistillate scales reddish-brown; beak of

perigynium with very short teeth. 394. C. melanosperma.
Spikes 3-12 cm. long; pistillate scales purplish-black; beak of
perigynium with slender teeth 0.5 mm. long. 395. C. Donnell-Smithii.
Achenes lenticular; stigmas 2; perigynia hispid-serrulate above. 396. C. Lemanniana.

389. Carex tuberculata Liebm. Danske Vid. Selsk. Skr. V.
ZO, ls 50:

Cespitose, the rootstocks stout, oblique, elongate, the culms stout, stiff, erect, 6—9 dm.
high, sharply triangular with slightly concave sides, roughish above, about equaled by the
leaves, phyllopodic, but very lowest leaves bladeless, cinnamon-brown-tinged at base; leaves
on lower third of culm, obscurely very sparingly septate-nodulose, the blades light-green or
somewhat glaucous-green, coriaceous, strongly many-striate, channeled above, sharply keeled
below, and with very strongly revolute margins and prominent midrib, usually 2.5—5 dm. long,
4-8 mm. wide, long-attenuate and much roughened towards the apex, the sheaths concave at
mouth, very thin ventrally and yellowish-brown-tinged and red-dotted, breaking and sparingly

ParT 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 335

filamentose, the ligule nearly as long as wide; spikes 7-16, androgynous, the staminate part
conspicuous, not widely separate, all but the uppermost in pairs or threes, slender, drooping or
slightly roughened; spreading on very slender peduncles, shorter or the lower longer than the
spikes, the spikes linear-cylindric, 3-6 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, densely flowered above, more
loosely at base, the perigynia 25-75, spreading-ascending in several rows; lowest bract leaf-
like, very short-sheathing, equaling or exceeding culm; upper bracts much reduced; staminate
scales oblong-obovate, mucronate or obtuse, purplish-brown with lighter center and whitish-
hyaline apex and margins; pistillate scales ovate, appressed, slightly keeled, the lower short-
cuspidate, the upper acutish, somewhat shorter and narrower than the perigynia, purplish-
brown with 3-nerved center and narrow white-hyaline margins; perigynia obovoid, obtusely
inflated, triangular in cross-section, 2—2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, membranaceous, pale-
green, strongly purple-resinous (sometimes appearing as small tubercles on the angles), smooth,
prominently 2-keeled, otherwise nerveless, round-tapering at base, sessile or very nearly so,
abruptly contracted into a short, straight, bidentate beak scarcely 0.5 mm. long, the orifice
hyaline; achenes not closely enveloped but nearly filling perigynium-body, oblong-obovoid,
obtusely triangular with prominent angles and convex sides above, constricted in the middle,
1.5—2 mm. long, 1.25—1.5 mm. wide, yellowish, or in age dark-colored, somewhat resinous, gran-
ular, sessile or nearly so, abruptly somewhat bent-short-apiculate, jointed with the straight
slender style; stigmas 3, slender, short, dark-colored.

TYPE LOCALITY: Chinantla, Puebla, Mexico; alt. 7000 feet (Liebmann 563).

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection.

Note: The above description is made up from a photograph of the type specimen supplied by

Carl Christensen of Copenhagen, from fragments of the type, and from the descriptions of Liebmann
and Kiikenthal.

390. Carex Ehrenbergiana Bock. Linnaea 41: 175. 1877.

Carex tuberculata var. Ehrenbergiana Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 408. 1909. (Based on
C. Ehrenbergiana Bock.)

Rootstock stout, the culms stout, stiff and erect, 6-9 dm. high, sharply triangular with
slightly concave sides, smooth or nearly so, exceeding the leaves, strongly phyllopodic, reddish-
purple at base; leaves with well-developed blades 6-12 to a fertile culm, on lower third, ob-
scurely sparingly septate-nodulose, the blades light-green or somewhat glaucous-green, coria-
ceous, strongly many-striate, channeled above, sharply keeled below and with strongly revolute
margins and prominent midrib, usually 2.5-5 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, long-attenuate, much
roughened towards the apex, the sheaths concave at mouth, very thin ventrally and yellowish-
brown-tinged and red-dotted, breaking but little or not at all filamentose, the ligule nearly as
long as wide; spikes 15-18, the upper 3 or 4 staminate or with a few perigynia, the middle ones
androgynous (the staminate part short), the lower pistillate, not widely separate, all but the
uppermost in pairs or threes, slender, drooping or spreading on slightly roughish, very slender
peduncles shorter or sometimes longer than the spikes, the spikes linear-cylindric, 3-10 em.
long, 5 mm. wide, densely flowered above, more loosely at base, the perigynia 25—75, ascending
in several rows; lowest bract leaf-like, short-sheathing, purplish-tinged at base, equaling or
exceeding culm; upper bracts much reduced; staminate scales oblong-obovate, mucronate or
obtuse, purplish-brown with lighter center and whitish-hyaline apex and margins; pistillate
scales ovate, appressed, slightly keeled, the lower cuspidate and exceeding perigynia, the upper
acute and sometimes shorter, narrower than perigynia, purplish-brown with lighter 3-nerved
center, prominent especially at apex, and narrow hyaline margins; perigynia broadly obovoid,
inflated-triangular in cross-section, 2—2.5 mm. long, nearly 2 mm. wide, membranaceous, pale-
green, minutely purple-dotted, obscurely resinous, smooth, prominently 2-keeled, otherwise
nerveless, round-tapering at base, sessile or very nearly so, abruptly contracted into a short
conic beak scarcely 0.5 mm. long, the orifice hyaline, shallowly bidentate; achenes obovoid, ob*
tusely triangular with prominent angles and convex sides above, not closely enveloped but
nearly filling perigynium-body, 1.5—2 mm. long, 1.25—1.5 mm. wide, yellowish, sessile, strongly

336 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuUME 18

constricted and bent in the middle, abruptly apiculate, jointed with the short, straight, slender
style; stigmas 3, slender, short, dark-colored.

TYPE LOCALITY: Mexico (Ehrenberg 855).
DISTRIBUTION: Mountains of middle Mexico. (Specimens examined from Hidalgo.)

391. Carex psilocarpa Steud. Syn. Cyp. 195. 1855.

Carex maculata Liebm. Danske Vid. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 268. 1850. (Type from State of Mexico.)

Not C. maculata Boott, 1846.
Carex consors C. B. Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8:76. 1908. (Type from Salazar, Mexico.)

Rootstocks stout, horizontal, the culms stout, stiff, and erect, 5-9 dm. high, strongly
phyllopodic, reddish-purple at base, very sharply triangular with concave sides, roughened
above, exceeding the leaves; leaves with well-developed blades 8-15 to a fertile culm, mostly
clustered above base, sparingly septate-nodulose, the blades somewhat glaucous and coria-
ceous, sharply keeled below and with strongly revolute margins and prominent midrib, usually
3-6 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, long-attenuate, much roughened towards the apex, the sheaths
concave at mouth, very thin ventrally and yellowish-brown-tinged and red-dotted, breaking
but scarcely filamentose, the ligule nearly as long as wide; spikes 8-12, androgynous, all
approximate or little separate, all but the uppermost in pairs, flexuous and drooping or the
upper spreading on rough, slender peduncles, shorter to much longer than the spikes, the
spikes linear-cylindric, the well-developed ones 2—12 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, the upper one
fifth to one sixth staminate, the remainder with 25-75 ascending, or at length spreading peri-
gynia in several rows, closely arranged above, loosely towards base; lower bracts leaflet-like,
scarcely sheathing, strongly purple-tinged at base, equaling or shorter than the inflorescence;
upper bracts much reduced; staminate scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, purplish-brown with
lighter center and whitish-hyaline apex and margins; pistillate scales oval-ovate, the lower
cuspidate and exceeding perigynia, the upper acute and shorter, somewhat narrower than
the perigynia, purplish-brown with lighter 3-nerved center and narrow hyaline margins;
perigynia elliptic-ovoid, rather obtusely triangular, membranaceous, slightly inflated, greenish-
straw-colored, strongly 2-keeled and finely several-nerved, rather sparingly purplish-red-
dotted, glabrous, 3.5—4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, tapering to a substipitate base, abruptly
short-beaked, the beak 0.5 mm. long, minutely notched and somewhat ciliate at apex, dark-
tinged; achenes obovoid, 2 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, closely enveloped, triangular with con-
spicuous rounded angles and convex sides above, constricted in the middle, brownish-black,
sessile, abruptly bent-apiculate, jointed with the curving slender style of its own length;
stigmas 3, slender, long.

TYPE LocaLity (of C. maculata Liebm. on which C. psilocarpa Steud. is based): ‘‘Orizaba,”’
South Mexico, at 8000 to 10,000 feet (Liebmann).

DISTRIBUTION: Mountains, Mexico (State of), Puebla and Hidalgo. (Specimens examined from
state of Mexico and Hidalgo.)

Norte: The name as given originally was misprinted as “‘spilocarpa.’’ Steudel’s description is
copied from the description of Liebmann, with an occasional word or words omitted.

392. Carex chordalis Liebm. Danske Vid. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 269. 1850.

Carex Jamesonii var. B Boott, Ill. Carex 109. pl. 335. 1862. (Type from Valleseta, Colombia.)

Ed ts var. gracilis L.. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 13: 88. 1888. (Based on C. Jamesonii var. B

Carex oan var. chordalis Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 409. 1909. (Based on C.
chordalis Liebm.)

Cespitose, the culms stout, stiff, erect, 6-12 dm. high, sharply triangular with concave
sides, slightly roughened above, exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, cinnamon-brown-tinged at
base, the basal sheaths not breaking and becoming filamentose, or but little so; leaves with
well-developed blades 6-10 to a fertile culm, mostly clustered above the base, sparingly septate-
nodulose, the blades coriaceous, glaucous-green, sharply keeled and channeled below, flat
above, usually 3-6 dm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, the margins strongly revolute, long-attenuate,
much roughened towards the apex, the sheaths very thin ventrally and yellowish-brown-

ParT 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 337

tinged and red-dotted, the ligule much longer than wide; spikes 15—25, androgynous, the in-
florescence 2—4 dm. long, the lower spikes mostly in twos to fours, the upper single, erect to
drooping, on unequal, long, slender, rough peduncles, mostly shorter than the spikes, the
spikes linear-cylindric, flexuous, the well-developed ones 5—15 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, closely
flowered above, more loosely towards base, the upper one fifth to one sixth staminate, the
perigynia 50-200, spreading-ascending in few rows; lower bracts leaflet-like, scarcely sheathing,
longer or shorter than the inflorescence; upper bracts much reduced; pistillate scales oblong-
lanceolate, shortly rough-awned, dark-purplish-tinged with 3-nerved green center and very
narrow hyaline margins, as wide as and from longer to shorter than the perigynia; staminate
scales similar, but lighter in color; perigynia lanceolate, compressed-triangular, not inflated,
3.5-4.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, oblique, slightly excurved, membranaceous, glabrous, light-
green or yellowish-green, 2-keeled and slenderly several-nerved, round-tapering at base, sub-
stipitate, tapering into the smooth, hyaline-tipped, bidentate beak 1 mm. long, the teeth
short, erect, hispidulous within; achenes oblong-elliptic, 2 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, closely
enveloped in lower part of perigynium-body, triangular with convex sides above, not constricted
in middle, yellowish-brown, substipitate, apiculate, jointed with the slender, more or less
flexuous style; stigmas 3, brownish, slender, short.

TYPE LOCALITY: Hacienda de Castresana, Oaxaca, at 7500 feet alt. (Liebmann, June 1).
DISTRIBUTION: Southern Mexico to Colombia. (Specimens examined from Vera Cruz.)
ILLUSTRATION: Boott, Ill. Carex 109. pl. 335.

393. Carex Cortesii Liebm. Danske Vid. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 268. 1850.

Carex Galeottiana C. Meyer; Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Brux. 92: 248, name only. 1842. (Type from
Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico.)

“Carex Jamesonti Boott’’ L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22:98. 1886.

“‘Carex pinchinchensis H. B. K.’’ Bock. Linnaea 39: 147. 1875. (As to plant of Gollmer.)

“Carex viridis Jungh.”’ Bock. Linnaea 40: 330, in part. 1876.

Cespitose, the rootstocks short, stout, the culms stout, erect, 6-12 dm. high, sharply
triangular with concave sides, smooth or nearly so, exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, dull-
purplish-brown-tinged at base, the basal sheaths breaking and becoming more or less filamen-
tose; leaves with well-developed blades 7-15 to a fertile culm, sparingly septate-nodulose, the
lower clustered, the blades glaucous-green, coriaceous, stiff, strongly keeled and channeled
towards the base, flat above, the margins strongly revolute, usually 3-6 dm. long, 3-6 mm.
wide, long-attenuate, roughened towards the apex, the sheaths thin-hyaline and yellowish-
brown-tinged and red-dotted ventrally, the ligule longer than wide; spikes 15-25, androgy-
nous, the inflorescence 1—2 dm. long, the lower spikes often in twos, the upper single, drooping
on unequal, long, slender, rough peduncles mostly shorter than the spikes, the spikes linear-
cylindric, somewhat flexuose, the well-developed ones 2.5—7 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, closely
flowered or somewhat loosely at base, the upper one fourth or one fifth staminate, the perigynia
30-100, spreading-ascending in few rows; lower bracts leaflet-like, very short-sheathing,
longer or shorter than the inflorescence; upper bracts much reduced; pistillate scales lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, shortly rough-awned or cuspidate, dark-purple with 3-nerved greenish
center and very narrow hyaline margins, narrower and somewhat shorter than the perigynia;
staminate scales similar, but lighter in color; perigynia broadly oblanceolate, compressed-
triangular, not inflated, 3 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, oblique, slightly excurved, membranaceous,
light-green or yellowish-green, red-dotted, 2-ribbed, otherwise nerveless or nearly so, rounded
at base, substipitate, tapering into the smooth, hyaline-tipped, bidentate beak 1 mm. long,
the teeth short, erect, hispidulous within; achenes oblong-obovoid, 2 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide,
closely enveloped, nearly filling perigynium-body, triangular with convex sides above, not
constricted in middle, yellowish-brown, substipitate, apiculate, jointed with the slender
flexuose style; stigmas 3, brownish, slender, short.

TYPE LOCALITY: Cerro de Sempoaltepec, Oaxaca, at 10,000 feet (Liebmann).
6 cael Mountains of southern Mexico. (Specimens examined from Mt. Sempoaltepec,
axaca.
N OTE: Carex Jamesonii Boott, of South America, has achenes strongly constricted in middle,
bracts with a conspicuous black band at base, the lowest many times exceeding the culm, and scales
markedly longer than the perigynia.

338 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

394. Carex melanosperma Liebm. Danske Vid. Selsk. Skr. V.
27269, 1850:

Carex Jamesonii var. melanosperma Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 409. 1909. (Based on
C. melanosperma Liebm.)

Cespitose, the rootstocks short, stout, the culms stout, erect, 6-12 dm. high, sharply tri-
angular with concave sides and smooth angles, exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, purplish-
brown-tinged at base, the lower sheaths breaking and becoming more or less filamentose;
leaves with well-developed blades 7—15 to a fertile culm, sparingly septate-nodulose, the lower
clustered, the blades glaucous-green, coriaceous, stiff, strongly keeled and channeled towards
base, flat above, the margins strongly revolute, usually 3-6 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, long-
attenuate, roughened towards the apex, the sheaths thin-hyaline and yellowish-brown-tinged
and red-dotted ventrally, the ligule longer than wide; inflorescence 1-2 dm. long, the spikes
15-25, androgynous, the lower in twos to fours, the upper solitary or in pairs, drooping on
unequal slender rough peduncles, mostly shorter than the spikes, the spikes linear-cylindric,
somewhat flexuose, the well-developed ones 2.5—7 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, closely flowered
or somewhat loosely at base, the upper one fourth or one fifth staminate, the perigynia 30-100,
spreading-ascending in few rows; lower bracts leaflet-like, very short-sheathing, strongly
exceeding the inflorescence; upper bracts much reduced; pistillate scales lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, shortly rough-awned or cuspidate, reddish-brown with 3-nerved greenish center
and nearly obsolete hyaline margins, somewhat narrower than and about length of perigynia;
staminate scales similar but lighter in color; perigynia elliptic-ovoid, somewhat flattened,
suborbicular-triangular in cross-section, not inflated, 2.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, slightly
excurved and oblique, membranaceous, smooth, dull-green or yellowish-green, red-dotted,
2-ribbed and strongly few-nerved, rounded at base, sessile or nearly so, contracted into the
smooth, hyaline-tipped shallowly bidentate beak 0.5 mm. long, the teeth very short, erect,
smooth within; achenes oblong-obovoid, 1.75 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, very closely enveloped,
nearly filling perigynium-body, triangular with convex sides above, purplish-black, shining,
slightly puncticulate, not constricted in middle, substipitate, very slightly apiculate, jointed
with the slender style; stigmas 3, slender, brownish, short.

TYPE LOCALITY: Between Huitamalco and Tiuzultan, Puebla, at 5000 feet (Liebmann 938,

May 1).
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality. (Specimens examined from Orizaba, Veracruz.)

395. Carex Donnell-Smithii L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club
50.) 1369:

“Carex viridis Jungh.”’ Bock. Linnaea 40: 330, in part. 1876.

Carex Pittieri Bock. Allg. Bot. Zeits. 2: 190. 1896. (Type from Costa Rica.)

“Carex Jamesonti Boott”’ C. B. Clarke, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 10: 469. 1908.

Carex Jovis C. B. Clarke, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 10:470. 1908. (Type from Costa Rica.)

Cespitose, the culms stout, erect, 3-10 dm. high, sharply triangular with concave sides,
more or less roughened above, usually exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, strongly purplish-red-
tinged at base, the lower sheaths breaking and becoming prominently filamentose; leaves with
well-developed blades 7-15 to a fertile culm, the lower clustered, the blades glaucous-green,
coriaceous, stiff, flat with revolute margins, keeled and channeled towards base, usually 3-6 dm.
long, 3-10 mm. wide, long-attenuate, roughened towards the apex, the sheaths thin, hyaline
and red-dotted ventrally, the ligule longer than wide; inflorescence compound, 2—6 dm. long,
the lower primary branches usually in twos to fours, drooping or weakly erect, on rough
filiform peduncles, unequal in length, usually shorter than the branches, the lower branches
with several to many spikes, the upper simple; spikes androgynous, very numerous, very
narrowly linear, cylindric, elongate, 3-12 cm. long, 3.5-5 mm. wide, containing 20-50 loosely
disposed ascending perigynia below in few rows, the upper one fourth to one sixth staminate;
lower bracts leaf-like, short-sheathing, from shorter than to exceeding inflorescence, the upper
much reduced; pistillate scales lanceolate-ovate, strongly hispid-awned to cuspidate, purplish-

Part 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 339

black with lighter 1-3-nerved midrib, and slightly hyaline apex and upper margins, as wide
as perigynia at base and from slightly shorter to slightly longer; staminate scales similar;
perigynia lanceolate, scarcely inflated, compressed-triangular in cross-section, oblique and
frequently bent in middle, 3.5-4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, membranaceous, puncticulate,
dull-green, often purplish-black-tinged, 2-ribbed and strongly few-nerved, tapering to a short-
stipitate base, abruptly beaked, the beak excurved, oblique, slender, slightly rough, 1—-1.5 mm.
long, purplish-black-tinged, bidentate, the teeth slender, erect, stiffish, scabrous within, 0.5
mm. long; achenes oblong-obovoid, 2—2.5 mm. long, 1-1.25 mm. wide, closely enveloped,
filling body of perigynium, triangular with strongly convex sides above, purplish-black,
shining, not constricted in middle, substipitate, short-apiculate, jointed with the slender
more or less flexuose style; stigmas 3, dark-brown, slender, short.
TYPE LOCALITY: Pansamala, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala (H. von Tiirckheim 659).

DISTRIBUTION: Guatemala and Costa Rica. (Specimens examined from Guatemala and Costa
Rica.)

396. Carex Lemanniana Boott, Trans. Linn. Soc. 20: 121. 1846.

‘Carex pichinchensis H. B. K.” Bock. Linnaea 39: 147, in part. 1875.
Carex Lemanniana var. simplex Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 405. 1909. (Type from Costa
Rica.)

Cespitose and short-stoloniferous, the rootstocks stout, woody, the stolons ascending,
the culms 2.5—6 dm. high, stiff, erect, sharply triangular with concave sides and more or less
roughened above, exceeding or shorter than the leaves, phyllopodic, dull-brownish at base, the
lower sheaths not breaking and becoming filamentose; leaves with well-developed blades 7-15
to a fertile culm, clustered, the blades glaucous-green, coriaceous, stiff, channeled above and
keeled towards the base below, the margins revolute, usually 1-4 dm. long, 2.5—8 mm. wide,
long-attenuate, roughened towards the apex, the sheaths thin, yellowish-brown-tinged and
red-dotted ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule wider than long; inflorescence not or but
sparingly compound, 1-2.5 dm. long, the spikes 4-20, simple or the lower more or less com-
pound, weakly erect or drooping on nearly smooth, very slender peduncles usually shorter
than the spikes; spikes androgynous, linear-cylindric, 2-8 em. long, 3.5-5 mm. wide, containing
20-40 rather closely disposed (or more loosely towards base), ascending perigynia below in
several rows, the upper one fourth to one sixth staminate; lower bracts leaf-like, rather short-
sheathing, usually exceeding inflorescence, the upper much reduced; pistillate scales ovate-
lanceolate, short-rough-awned to cuspidate, purplish-black with lighter 1—3-nerved center
and narrow hyaline upper margins and apex, wider and longer than the perigynia; staminate
scales similar, duller; perigynia oblong-obovate, not inflated, plano-convex, sharp-edged, 2.5
mm. long, 1 mm. wide, straight, membranaceous, puncticulate, straw-colored and strongly
purplish-splashed, 2-ribbed (the marginal), obscurely striate ventrally, strongly several-
nerved dorsally, hispid-serrulate above, rounded at base, slightly stipitate, abruptly beaked,
the beak straight, 0.5 mm. long, shallowly bidentate, purplish-tinged above, the orifice hya-
line, the teeth very short, stiffish, scabrous within, somewhat spreading; achenes lenticular,
oblong-ovate, 1.75 mm. long, 0.85 mm. wide, closely enveloped, filling body of perigynium,
brown, dull, not constricted in middle, sessile or nearly so, abruptly short-apiculate, jointed
with the short slender style; stigmas 2, dull-brown, slender, short.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Hab. in locis humidis montis ignivomi Cotopaxi, Columbiae, Amer. Merid.
Hariweg, no. 1446, Herb. C. M. Lemann; Columbia Dr. Jameson 220, Herb. Lemann.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Costa Rica to Columbia and Ecuador. (Specimens examined from Costa Rica
and Panama.) S

ILLUSTRATION: Boott, Ill. Carex 72. pl. 198 (left hand only):

Nore: The Costa Rica records of Carex pichinchensis H. B. K. in C. B. Clarke’s publication
(Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 10: 469. 1909) are based on this species.

56. Anomalae Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 557. 1848; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22:
72. 1886; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 135. 1917; Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 66. 1922.
Tumipak Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 611. 1909. (Not Tumrpar Meinsh. Acta

340 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

Hort. Petrop. 18: 376. 1901.) The species are referred to the HYMENOCHLAENAE Drejer by
Holm (Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 462, 463. 1903).

Culms stout, leafy; leaf-blades broad, flat, not hairy, not septate-nodulose; terminal
spike staminate, linear; lateral spikes pistillate, linear-cylindric, scattered, closely many-
flowered or very many-flowered in several rows; bracts leaf-like, sheathless or the lowest little
sheathing; perigynia ascending or in age spreading, obovoid, small, 2.5-4 mm. long, membrana-
ceous, dull-green or brownish-green, 2-ribbed and nerveless or nerved, tapering or rounded at
the base, obtusely triangular, slightly inflated, abruptly beaked, the beak conic, obliquely cut,
becoming bidentulate or bidentate; achenes triangular, short-apiculate, more or less closely
enveloped, the style straight, slender, jointed with the achene, at length withering, its base not
enlarged; stigmas 3.

A group strongly developed in eastern Asia, where it is represented by numerous species.
Three species are known from Australasia; and two from the temperate parts of North America,
one from the eastern part, and the other from the western part. The group is not known from
Europe, Africa, or South America.

Perigynia strongly scabrous-papillate, 2-ribbed and strongly several-nerved;

leaf-blades very scabrous above; culms brownish at base; achenes straight-

apiculate. 397. C. scabrata.
Perigynia smooth or nearly so, somewhat rugose, 2-ribbed, otherwise nerveless;

leaf-blades smooth above (except on the veins towards the tip); culms more

or less strongly purplish-tinged towards base; achenes bent- -apiculate. 398. C. amplifolia.

397. Carex scabrata Schw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1:69. 1824.

Loosely cespitose and freely stoloniferous, the stolons very long, horizontal, tough,
stoutish, brownish, scaly, the clumps medium-sized, the culms 2.5—9 dm. high, erect, stiffish,
sharply winged, triangular with concave sides, exceeded by leaves, very rough above, obscurely
phyllopodic, brownish at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; sterile
shoots prominent, phyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades about 4 to a fertile culm,
regularly disposed, sparingly septate-nodulose, the blades flat, 1-4 dm. long, 5-18 mm. wide,
deep-green, thin, flaccid, very rough on the margins and very scabrous on the upper surface,
the two mid-lateral nerves prominent above, the sheaths smooth dorsally, very thin and some-
what yellowish-tinged ventrally, deeply concave at mouth, the ligule conspicuous, longer than
wide; staminate spike solitary, linear, from little to strongly peduncled, 1.5—4 cm. long, 3 mm.
wide, the scales oblong-ovate, obtusish or acute, slightly ciliate, reddish-brown with lighter or
greenish 3-nerved center and narrow hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 3-8, usually 4 or 5,
erect, the upper contiguous, the lower often strongly separate, the lowest on a long, slender,
rough peduncle often several times the length of the spike, the upper on shorter peduncles or
nearly sessile, the spikes linear-oblong, 1.2-6 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, closely flowered or
somewhat loosely at base, the perigynia spreading-ascending in several rows; lowest bract
leaf-like, not sheathing, exceeding inflorescence, the upper reduced; scales ovate or lanceolate,
ciliate, acute to short-awned, narrower and usually shorter than the perigynia, light-reddish-
brown with strongly 3-nerved green center; perigynia dull-green, strongly scabrous-papillate,
membranaceous, 2-ribbed and strongly several-nerved, 2.5—-4 mm. long, the body obovoid,
not or but little inflated, obtusely triangular in cross-section, 1.5—2 mm. wide, strongly tapering
at base, substipitate, abruptly contracted into a rough, conic, more or less excurved beak
nearly its own length, the orifice hyaline, obliquely cut, at length bidentulate or bidentate;
achenes small, broadly obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, rather closely enveloped, triangu-
lar with concave sides and prominent thickened angles, brown, papillate, nearly sessile, shortly
straight-apiculate, jointed with the slender style; stigmas 3, slender, short, dull-reddish-brown.

TypE LOCALITY: ‘‘New Eng.’’ and more specifically ‘‘In various parts of Berkshire county,
Massachusetts” (Dewey).

DISTRIBUTION: Springy banks in woodlands, Nova Scotia and eastern Quebec to Ontario and
Michigan, and southward mostly in the mountains to South Carolina and Tennessee. (Specimens
examined from Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Maine, New
Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl-

Part 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 341

vania, Delaware, Virginia, Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Caro-

lina, Tennessee.)
ILLUSTRATIONS: Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: pl. 26, f. 2; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 707; ed. 2. f. 1034;
Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 518; Boott, Ill. Carex 158. pl. 517; Am. Jour. Sci. 11: pl. K, f. 32.

398. Carex amplifolia Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am.
2: 228. pl. 226. 1839.

Cespitose and stoloniferous, the stolons long, horizontal, stout, tough, blackish, scaly,
the culms stout, erect, 5-10 dm. high, sharply winged-triangular, rough on the angles above,
exceeded by the bracts and often by the upper leaves, more or less strongly purplish-tinged
towards base, phyllopodic, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous, sterile shoots
prominent, phyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades 6-12 to a fertile culm, the lower
clustered, the upper regularly disposed, septate-nodulose, the blades flat, thin, flaccid, light-
green or glaucous-green, usually 1.5—4 dm. long, 8-18 mm. wide, rough on the margins towards
the apex, smooth above except on the veins towards the tip, the two mid-lateral nerves very
prominent above, the sheaths more or less hispidulous dorsally, very thin, whitish-hyaline
and usually brownish-tinged opposite the blades, the ligule conspicuous, much longer than
wide; staminate spike solitary, linear, short-peduncled, 4-9 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, the scales
oblong-obovate, obtuse, mucronate, or strongly awned, brown with lighter center and con-
spicuous hyaline apex; pistillate spikes 3-6, usually 4 or 5, the upper approximate, the lower
from little to strongly separate, erect, short-peduncled or the upper nearly sessile, the peduncles
rough, the spikes linear-cylindric, 3.5—-14 cm. long, 6-7 mm. wide, closely flowered above, more
loosely below and containing very many spreading perigynia in few to several rows; lower
bract leaf-like, exceeding inflorescence, little sheathing, the uppermost much reduced; scales
varying from lanceolate and acuminate or awned (the lower) to ovate and acute (the upper),
often mucronate, sometimes strongly awned, narrower and all except the lower shorter than
the perigynia, brownish-purple with lighter 3-nerved center and hyaline apex; perigynia 3
mm. long, the body ovoid, not or but little inflated, obtusely triangular in cross-section, 1.5
mm. wide, brownish-green, smooth or nearly so, somewhat rugose, membranaceous, 2-ribbed,
otherwise nerveless, rounded and substipitate at base, abruptly contracted into a conic, more
or less excurved beak of nearly its own length, the orifice oblique, hyaline, becoming bidentu-
late or bidentate; achenes small, broadly obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, rather closely
enveloped, triangular with slightly concave sides and thickened angles, brown, granular, sub-
stipitate, shortly bent-apiculate, jointed with the slender style; stigmas 3, slender, dull-reddish-
brown.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘“‘Hab. marshy places. Columbia River. Douglas.”

DISTRIBUTION: Wet soil, Idaho to British Columbia, and southward to San Mateo and Tulare
See (Specimens examined from Idaho, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon,

ILLUSTRATIONS: Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. pl. 226; Boott, Ill. Carex 17. pl. 48; Erythea 8: 67. f. 35;
Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 793; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif. f. 193.

57. Shortianae L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 71. 1886. By Carey (in A. Gray,
Man. 550. 1848) referred to the ATRATAE Kunth. By Kiikenthal (in Engler, Pflanzenreich
4°20: 424, 427. 1909) referred to the Maximak Aschers.

Culms leafy; leaves glabrous, the blades flat; spikes 4 or 5, the terminal gynaecandrous,
the lateral pistillate or gynaecandrous with a few staminate basal flowers, erect or drooping,
cylindric, more or less peduncled, closely many-flowered; bracts nearly sheathless or short-
sheathing, the lower leaf-like; pistillate scales 3-nerved, mucronate to acute; perigynia very
broadly obovoid, compressed-triangular in cross-section, membranaceous, nerveless, trans-
versely corrugated, tapering to a short-stipitate base, abruptly short-beaked or minutely
beaked, the orifice entire or very nearly so; achenes loosely enveloped, triangular with concave
sides, jointed with the short, slender, deciduous style; stigmas 3, short.

One species of calcareous districts in the eastern United States and adjacent Canada.

342 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

399. Carex Shortiana Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 30:60. 1836.

Carex Shortii Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 407. 1836. (Type from Lexington, Kentucky.)

“Carex formosu Dewey’’ Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 431. 1837.

Cores ee Hochst. & Steud.; Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 293. 1840. (Name only; type from
Carex opasenite Kunze; Steud. Syn. Cyp. 202, name only. 1855.

Carex aporandra Kunze: Boott, Ill. Carex 92, name only. 1860.

Cespitose and not stoloniferous, the clumps medium-sized to large, from very short,
thick, dark, fibrillose rootstocks, the culms 3—9 dm. high, rather stout, stiff, erect, sharply
triangular, very rough above, usually shorter than the leaves, phyllopodic, brownish at base;
leaves with well-developed blades 4-8 to a fertile culm, regularly disposed and not bunched
towards base, the blades flat, 1-3 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, stiff, rather light-green, with very
rough edges, the middle nerves on each side prominent above, the sheaths greenish-white,
sparingly septate-nodulose dorsally, light-brownish-red-tinged ventrally and thin and slightly
transversely rugulose, concave at mouth, extending up beyond point of insertion of blade and
continuous with the prominent ligule which is longer than wide; terminal spike erect, short-
peduncled or nearly sessile, the upper half or three fourths pistillate, the rest staminate, the
whole 2—3.5 cm. long, the staminate scales oblong-obovate, cuspidate to obtusish, reddish-
brown or straw-colored, with 3-nerved green midrib and hyaline margins; lateral spikes 4 or 5,
pistillate with a few basal staminate flowers, the lower more or less strongly separate, the upper
approximate, erect, the lower on slender, roughish peduncles often several times the length
of the spikes, the others on shorter peduncles, with the uppermost often sessile, the spikes
linear-cylindric, 1-3.5 em. long, 4-5 mm. wide, the perigynia 20-60, spreading or the upper
somewhat ascending, closely packed in about six rows; lowest bract leaf-like, little sheathing,
exceeding inflorescence, the uppermost reduced; scales ovate, mucronate or acute, much
narrower than and from somewhat shorter to somewhat longer than perigynia, reddish-brown-
hyaline with strongly developed 3-nerved green center; perigynia very broadly obovoid,
compressed-triangular, 2.5—3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, membranaceous, nerveless, olive-green or
soon cinnamon-brown, transversely corrugated, smooth, strongly cuneate-tapering at base
and short-stipitate, very obtuse at apex, with a central, usually bent ridge bearing in the
middle the very minute (0.2 mm. long), often bent beak with entire or emarginate orifice;
achenes oblong-obovoid, triangular, with somewhat concave sides, 1.75 mm. long, 1 mm. wide,
granular, sessile, very short-apiculate, jointed with the short deciduous style; stigmas 3,
slender, short.

TYPE LOCALITY: “Found in Lexington, Kentucky, by Dr. Short and named in his honor.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Moist woodlands and thickets, in calcareous districts, Pennsylvania to southern
Ontario and Iowa, and southward to Virginia, Tennessee, and Oklahoma. (Specimens examined
from Pennsylvania, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky,
Ontario, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, lowa, Missouri, Kansas.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Boott, Ill. Carex 92. pl. 271; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 706; ed. 2. f, 1044; Rob.
& Fern. Man. f. pas Drejer, Symb. Car. pl. 1; Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Univ. Iowa 44: pl. 2; Am. Jour.
Sci. 30: pl. AA, f. 8

Nore: Boott Gi Carex 2: 92) erroneously states that Dewey ascribed the name Carex Shortiana
to Torrey. Dewey published it as his own species and in his alphabetical list of species (Am. Jour.
Sci. II. 42: 325), published shortly before he died, he continued to treat it so.

58. Pendulinae Fries, Fl. Scan. 189, as to first species cited. 1835. TRACHYCHLAENAE
Drejer, Symb. Car. 9. 1844; Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 459, in small part. 1903; Kiikenth.
in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 415, in smaller part. 1909. FrLaccak O. F. Lang, Linnaea 24:
581. 1851. Grtaucar Aschers. Fl. Brand. 1: 783, in part. 1864. Referred in part by Tuck-
erman (Enum. Caric. 11. 1843) and by Bailey (Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 87. 1886) to the ACUTAE
Fries. Referred by Bailey (Proc. Am. Acad, 22: 72. 1886) in part to the ANOMALAE Carey
and in part (op. cit. 91) to the CryPTOCARPAE Tuckerm. Referred by Holm (Am. Jour. Sci.
IV. 16: 458. 1903) in part to the AEORASTACHYAE Drejer. Referred by Kiikenthal (in Engler,
Pflanzenreich 4”: 423, 424, 427. 1909) in part to the Maximak Aschers. and in part (op. cit.)
to the PALUDOSAE Fries.

Phyllopodic; culms leafy below, the lower sheaths not filamentose, or filamentose ven-
trally; spikes 2 to 7, the upper 1—3 staminate, linear, the lower 2—3 pistillate (sometimes stam-

ParT 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 343

inate at apex), linear-cylindric or oblong-cylindric, closely very many-flowered, the lower at
least long-peduncled, and often more or less drooping; lowest bract from nearly equaling to
exceeding the inflorescence, subsheathing; scales sharp-pointed to long-awned; perigynia
coriaceous, granular to submembranaceous, firm, appressed-hispidulous to nerveless, except
for the two marginal nerves, to strongly ribbed, scarcely inflated, minutely to short-beaked,
the orifice entire to shallowly bidentate; achenes rather closely enveloped, triangular, apiculate,
jointed with the very abruptly bent or straight style; stigmas 3, slender.

Represented by one or two species, widely distributed in Europe and extending into
northern Africa and western Asia, and by three in the southeastern United States; one species
is adventive or introduced in several parts of North America and also in New Zealand.

Perigynia appressed-hispidulous; style very abruptly bent. 400. C. flacca.
Perigynia papillate or granular; style straight.
Perigynia strongly ribbed, squarrose, often but slightly glaucous; pistillate
scales not retuse; staminate scales tapering into the awn; basal sheaths
not filamentose. 401. C. Joorit.
Perigynia nerved, ascending, very glaucous; pistillate scales deeply retuse;
staminate scales retuse, abruptly awned.
Pistillate spikes erect, the lower short-peduncled, pistillate scales pur-
plish-brown-tinged, oblong-obovate; perigynia strongly nerved, at
least above; basal sheaths little if at all filamentose. 402. C. verrucosa.
Pistillate spikes nodding at maturity, the lower long-peduncled; pistil-
late scales reddish-brown-tinged, obovate; perigynia obscurely
nerved; basal sheaths usually filamentose. 403. C. glaucescens.

400. Carex flacca Schreb. Spic. Fl. Lips. App. 1771.

Carex glauca Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2. 2: 223. 1772. (Type from Carniola.)

“Carex limosa lL.’ Leers, Fl. Herborn. 201. pl. 15, f. 3. 1775. (Plant from Germany.)

Carex limosa 6 Leers, Fl. Herborn. 201. 1775. (Plant from Germany.)

Carex recurva Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2. 413. 1778. (Type from England.)

Carex aspera Willd. Fl. Berol. 32. 1787. (Type from Berlin, Germany.)

Carex verna y Lam. Encye. 3: 395. 1791. (Based on C. glauca Scop.)

Carex trachycarpos Link, Jour. Bot. Schrad. 17992: 310. 1799. (Type from Portugal.)

Carex Micheliana Smith, Trans. Linn. Soc. 5: 270. 1800. (Type from Aberdeen, Scotland.)

“Carex acuta I,.’’ Suter, Fl. Helv. 2: 261. 1802. (Plant from Switzerland.)

Carex nigro-lutea Gaudin, Etr. Fl. 196. 1804; Agrost. Helv. 2:196. 1811. (Type from Switzerland.)

Carex thuringiaca Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 250. 1805. (Type from Thuringia.)

Carex recurva B C. aspera Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 299. 1805. (Based on C. aspera Willd.)

Carex ambleocarpa Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 307. 1805. (Based on C. Micheliana Smith.)

Carex genuensis DC. Cat. Pl. Hort. Monsp. 87. 1813. (Type from Genoa, Italy.)

Carex glauca B C. aspera Poir. in Lam. Encyc. Suppl. 3: 277. 1813. (Based on C. aspera Willd.)

Trasus glaucus S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:67. 1821. (Based on Carex glauca Scop.)

Trasus glaucus var. Michelianus S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:68. 1821. (Based on Carex Michel-
tana Smith.)

Trasus glaucus var. ramosus S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:68. 1821. (Type from England.)

Carex glauca var. vulgaris Spenner, Fl. Frib. 68. 1825. (Based on C. glauca Scop.)

Carex glauca var. oligostachya Spenner, Fl. Frib. 68. 1825. (Type from Germany.)

Carex glauca var. gynobasis Spenner, Fl. Frib. 68. 1825. (Type from Germany.)

Carex glauca var. erecta Spenner, Fl. Frib. 68. 1825. (Type from Germany.)

Carex glauca var. brevistachya Spenner, Fl. Frib. 68. 1825. (Type from Germany.)

Carex glauca var. glabra Spenner, Fl. Frib. 68. 1825. (Type from Germany.)

Carex glauca var. androgyna Spenner, Fl. Frib. 68. 1825. (Type from Gemany.)

Carex stictocarpa Smith, Engl. Fl. 4: 127. 1828. (Type from Scotland.)

Carex glauca forma Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 459. 1837. (Based on C. thuringiaca Willd.)

Carex glauca f. typica Drejer, Symb. Car. 20. 1844. (Based on C. glauca Scop.)

Carex glauca f. arrecta Drejer, Symb. Car. 20. 1844. (Based on C. ambleocarpa Willd.)

Carex glauca f. bulbosa Drejer, Symb. Car. 20. 1844. (Type locality not given.)

Carex glauca var. scabra Peterm. Flora 27: 337. 1844. (Type from Germany.)

Carex oe var. sphaerostachys Lange, Haandb. Danske FI. ed. 2. 620. 1859. (Type from Den-
mark.

Carex glauca var. arenosa Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 713. 1866. (Type from Transsylvania.)

Carex glauca var. leptostachys Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 713. 1866. (Type from Transsylvania.)

Carex glauca var. laxiflora Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 713. 1866. (Type from Transsylvania.)

Carex La var. ambleocarpa Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 713. 1866. (Based on C. ambleocarpa
Willd.

Carex flacca f. melanostachya Uechtr.; Fiek, Fl. Schles. 486. 1881. (Type from Germany.)

Carex glauca var. rotundata Callmé, Deuts. Bot. Monats. 6:1. 1888. (Type from Germany.)

Carex glauca f. subrotundata Kiikenth. Deuts. Bot. Monats. 8: 107. 1890. (Type from Germany.)

Carex flacca var. typica G. Beck, Fl. Nieder-Oesterr. 141. 1890. (Based on C. flacca Schreb.)

Carex flacca var. aggregata G. Beck, Fl. Nieder-Oesterr. 141. 1890. (Type from Austria.)

Carex flacca var. basigyna G. Beck, Fl. Nieder-Oesterr. 141. 1890. (Type from Austria.)

344 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLumME 18

Carex flacca var. pallida G. Beck, Fl. Nieder-Oesterr. 141. 1890. (Type from Austria.)

Carex flacca var. microcarpa G. Beck, FI. Nieder-Oesterr. 141. 1890. (Type from Austria.)

Carex flacca var. melanocarpa Murr, Oesterr. Bot. Zeits. 41:90. 1891. (Type from Austria.)

Carex flacca var. oogyna Murr, Oesterr. Bot. Zeits. 41:90. 1891. (Type from Austria.)

Carex hinnulea C. B. Clarke, Symb. Ant. 2: 159. 1900. (Type from Jamaica.)

Cae glauca var. depauperata Hoschede, Bull. Acad. Géogr. Bot. 12: 205. 1903. (Type from

rance.)

Carex glauca stirps eu-glauca Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22: 135. 1902. (Based on C.
glauca Scop.)

Cuee ep silvatica Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22: 135. 1902. (Type from central

urope.

Carex ee var. typica Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22: 135. 1902. (Based on C. glauca
Scop.

Carex glauca var. typica subvar. pallida Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22: 135. 1902. (Based
on C. flacca var. pallida G. Beck.)

Carex glauca var. typica subvar. melanostachys Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22: 135. 1902.
‘(Based on C. flacca f. melanostachya Uechtr.)

Carex glauca var. typica subvar. thuringiaca Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22: 136. 1902.
(Based on C, thuringiaca Willd.)

Carex glauca var. Micheliana Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22: 136. 1902. (Based on C.
Micheliana Smith.)

Carex flacca var. chlorocarpa R. Keller, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 3: 377. 1903. (Type from south-
eastern Switzerland.)

Carex glauca f. pubicarpa Rohlena, Sitz.-ber. B6hm. Ges. Wiss. 190438; 95. 1905. (Type from
Montenegro.)

Carex glauca f. aristolepis Kiikenth.; I. Gross. Mitt. Bad. Bot. Ver. 210/211: 75. 1906. (Type from
Germany.)

Carex glauca f. scabra “‘ Peterm.”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 417. 1909. (Based on C.
glauca var. scabra Peterm.)

Carex glauca f. thuringiaca ‘‘Kunth’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 417. 1909. (Based on
C. thuringiaca Willd.)

Carex glauca f{. subrotunda Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 417. 1909. (Change of spelling
for C. glauca f. subrotundata Kiikenth.)

Carex glauca f. leptostachys ‘‘Schur’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420; 417. 1909. (Based on
C. glauca var. leptostachya Schur.)

Carex glauca f. laxiflora ‘‘Schur’”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 417. 1909. (Based on C.
glauca var. laxiflora Schur.)

Carex glauca f. silvatica ‘‘ Asch. & Graebn.’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420; 417. 1909.
(Based on C. glauca var. silvatica Asch. & Graebn.)

Carex glauca f. pallida ‘‘G. Beck”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 417. 1909. (Based on C.
glauca var. pallida G. Beck.)

Carex glauca f. flavescens Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 417. 1909. (Type European.)

Carex glauca f. chlorocarpa ‘‘R. Keller’? Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 417. 1909. (Based
on C. glauca var. chlorocarpa R. Keller.)

Carex glauca f. melanostachya “‘ Uechtr.’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 417. 1909. (Based
on C. flacca f. melanostachya Uechtr.)

Carex glauca f. Micheliana ‘‘ Asch. & Graebn.’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 417. 1909.
(Based on C. Micheliana Smith.)

Loose cespitose from slender, elongate rootstocks, sending forth long slender horizontal
stolons, the culms slender but stiff and erect, phyllopodic, 2—6 dm. high, exceeding the leaves,
sharply triangular with flat sides, rough above, reddish-brown at base, leaves with well-
developed blades 8-15 to a fertile culm, mostly clustered near the base, not septate-nodulose,
the blades flat with revolute margins above and keeled below, usually 1-4 dm. long, 2—5 mm.
wide, glaucous, thick, spreading, rough-serrulate on margins, the sheaths tight, copper-colored
ventrally, concave at mouth, not breaking nor becoming filamentose, the ligule much wider
than long; sterile shoots aphyllopodic, the lower sheaths breaking and becoming sparingly
filamentose; staminate spikes 1-3, approximate, the uppermost short-peduncled, the lateral
sessile, linear, 1.5—4 em. long, 2-6 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, brownish-
black with lighter midrib and hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, not aggregated, at first
erect, soon more or less nodding on slender, rough peduncles, usually somewhat shorter than
the spikes, often staminate at apex, linear- or oblong-cylindric, 1-4 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide,
containing 50-100 ascending or at length somewhat spreading perigynia closely packed in
several rows; bracts leaflet-like, the lowest equaling or exceeding inflorescence, sub-sheathing
and dark-tinged at base; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute, acuminate or often short-mucronate,
dark-brown with lighter center and hyaline margins, nearly as wide as and often nearly equal-
ing perigynia; perigynia ovoid-oval or obovoid, suborbicular and slightly triangular in cross-
section, 3 mm. long, 1.7 mm. wide, nerveless except the two marginal nerves, granular, sparingly
appressed-hispid above, coriaceous, straw-colored or becoming brownish-black, rounded

Part 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 345

and substipitate at base, rounded at apex, abruptly very minutely beaked, the beak hardly 0.3
mm. long with entire orifice; achenes obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, rather closely
enveloped, triangular, the angles rounded, the sides rather convex below, brownish-puncticu-
late, jointed with the very abruptly bent, very short, non-exserted, slender style; stigmas 3,
slender.

TYPE Locality: ‘‘Ad fossas passim, v. c. loco ab ill. Boehmero indicato,” Leipzig, Germany.

DISTRIBUTION: Naturalized in meadows, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Ontario; St. Croix; Jamaica.
Widely distributed in Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa. (Specimens examined from Nova
Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, Jamaica.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 742; ed. 2. f. 1033; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 457; Schkuhr,
Riedgr. pl. O, f. 57a; pl. P, f.57b; pl. Zz, f. 113; pl. Ppp, f. 155; pl. Cecc, f. 184; Fl. Dan. pl. 1051,
26606; Sturm, Deuts. FI. 53: pl. 15; 69: pl. 11 (as C. erythrostachys); Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl.
269, f. 648; pl. 270, f. 650 (C. clavaeformis); Leers, Fl. Herborn. pl. 15, f. 3 (as C. limosa); Drejer,
Symb. Car. pl. 6; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 7, f. 79; Host, Gram. Austr. 1: pl. 91; Coste, Fl. Fr. f.
3852, 3854 (C. clavaeformis); Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur. pl. 50, f. 1; Engl. Bot. pl. 1506; pl. 2236 (var.
Micheliana); Suppl. pl. 2772 (C. stictocarpa); ed. 2. pl. 1664, pl. 1665 (var. Micheliana), pl. 1646
(var. stictocarpa); Benth. Handb. Brit. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1132; Baxter, Brit. Bot. pl. 440 (as C. recurva);
Hallier, Deuts. Fl. 349. pl. 438, pl. 449 (C. clavaeformis); Karst. Deuts. Fl. 349. f. 175 (5); Thomé,
Fl. Deuts. pl. 97, A—B; Willd. F1. Berol. pl. 1, f. 2; Willd. Acta Berol. pl. 3.

Note: The name Carex glauca has been attributed to Murray (Prodr. Stirp. Gétting. 76. 1770).
He, however, merely gives reference to Haller 1408, without giving a binomial name. Haller’s 1408
is one of the synonyms given by Scopoli in establishing C. glauca Scop.

401. Carex Joorii L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22:72. 1886.
“Carex macrokolea Steud.”’ Rob. & Fern. Man. 247. 1908.

Loosely cespitose, from creeping, stout, tough, blackish, scaly rootstocks, the culms
strongly phyllopodic, 4-10 dm. high, erect, stout, exceeding the leaves, sharply triangular
and much roughened above, reddish-brown at base, the sterile shoots numerous, phyllopodic;
leaves with well-developed blades 8-15 to a fertile culm, on the lower half, the lower bunched,
the upper separate, not septate-nodulose, the blades thin but stiff, glaucous, channeled at
base, flat with revolute margins above, 2-5 dm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, serrulate-margined and
very rough towards the long-attenuate apex, the sheaths very thin and yellowish-tinged
ventrally, not filamentose, truncate at mouth, the ligule short; staminate spike one, long-
rough-peduncled, erect, 1.5-3 cm. long, 3 mm. wide, the scales narrowly oblong-obovate.
tapering into a short, rough awn, white-hyaline with green, three-nerved center and slightly
reddish-brown-tinged; anthers red, 4 mm. long; pistillate spikes 3-5, approximate or the lowest
separate, erect, the lower on rough peduncles shorter or somewhat longer than the spikes, the
upper shorter-peduncled to nearly sessile, oblong, 1.5-6 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide, sometimes
sparingly staminate at apex, densely flowered, the perigynia 15-50, squarrose-spreading at
maturity in several to many rows; lowest bract slightly sheathing, leaflet-like, from somewhat
shorter to longer than inflorescence, the upper much reduced; scales obovate, not retuse,
abruptly rough-awned, the body narrower and shorter than the perigynia, hyaline with green
3-nerved center and more or less reddish-brown-tinged; perigynia very broadly obovoid,
inflated-suborbicular in cross-section, 4 mm. longy 3-3.5 mm. wide, strongly many-ribbed,
dull-green, often but slightly glaucous, submembranaceous, tapering at base, sessile, the beak
1 mm. long, flat, conic, straight or slightly bent, the orifice entire; achenes rhomboid-orbicular,
rather loosely enveloped, 2.5 mm. long and somewhat wider, triangular with deeply concave
sides and blunt somewhat knobbed angles, yellowish, sessile, abruptly apiculate, jointed with
the straight, short, thickish style; stigmas 3, reddish-brown.

‘TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Comite Swamp, near Baton Rouge, La.’ (Joor).

DISTRIBUTION: Hummocks in cypress swamps, Florida to Texas, northward to Maryland, and
in the Mississippi Valley to western Tennessee and southeastern Missouri. Flowers in summer.
(Specimens examined from Virginia, Maryland, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi,
Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, western Tennessee, southeastern Missouri.)

= mee Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 178; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 517 (as C. macrokolea
teud.).

346 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

402. Carex verrucosa Muhl. Descr. Gram. 261. 1817.

Carex glaucescens var. androgyna M. A. Curt. Am. Jour. Sci. 44:84. 1843. (Type from Wilmington,

North Carolina.)

Carex verrucosa var. androgyna ‘‘M. A. Curt.’”’ Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 48: 140. pl. DD, f. 99. 1845.

(Based on C. glaucescens var. androgyna M. A. Curt.)

Carex macrokolea Steud. Syn. Cyp. 223. 1855. (Type from New Orleans, Louisiana.)

_ Carex brasiliensis var. gracilis B6ck. Linnaea 41: 292. 1877. (Excluding citations mostly; type
from Louisiana.)

Carex sp. Harper, Bull. Torrey Club 32: 460. 1905. (Brunswick, Georgia.)

Carex glaucescens f. macrokolea Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 733. 1909. (Based on C,
macrokolea Steud.)

Loosely cespitose, from creeping, rather slender, tough, blackish, scaly rootstocks, the
culms 6-12 dm. high, stout below, rather slender above, sharply triangular with concave
sides and smooth angles, much exceeding leaves, phyllopodic, reddish-brown at base, the
basal sheaths little if at all filamentose; leaves with well-developed blades 6—12 to a fertile
culm, mostly clustered near the base, not septate-nodulose, the blades deeply channeled,
keeled and somewhat triangular at base, flat above with revolute margins, 2-7 dm. long, 4-10
mm. wide, glaucous, punctate, firm, much roughened towards the long-attenuate apex, the
sheaths very thin and yellowish-tinged and strongly dark-red-dotted ventrally, truncate at
mouth, the ligule short; staminate spike normally one (or with 1 or 2 additional sessile ones at
base), erect, linear, 3-6 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, the peduncle rough, the scales oblanceolate or
obovate, deeply retuse, abruptly strongly rough-awned, purplish-brown with green 3-nerved
center and very narrow hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 3 or 4, or occasionally up to 6, strongly
separate, erect, the lower on short peduncles, the upper sessile or nearly so, 2.5-8 cm. long,
7-10 mm. wide, densely flowered, the perigynia numerous, ascending, in several to many rows;
lowest bract leaflet-like, slightly sheathing, exceeding inflorescence, the others reduced} scales
with oblong-obovate bodies, narrower and somewhat shorter than the perigynia, purplish-
brown with green 3-nerved center, and very narrow hyaline margins, deeply retuse, abruptly
rough-cuspidate, the awns from one third to twice the length of the body of the scale; peri-
gynia broadly obovoid, triangular, not inflated, 3-4.5 mm. long, -2.5 mm. wide, very glaucous,
strongly several-nerved (at least above), papillate, subcoriaceous, tapering at base, sessile or
nearly so, contracted at apex into a minute (0.25 mm. long) beak with entire orifice; achenes
very broadly rhomboid-obovoid, triangular with deeply concave sides and prominent blunt
angles, 2.5 mm. long and about as wide, closely filling perigynium, granular, sessile, abruptly
apiculate, jointed with the straight, slender style; stigmas 3, slender, reddish-brown.

TYPE LocALity: ‘‘ Habitat in Georgia et Carolina.”

DISTRIBUTION: Pineland swamps, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Flowers in spring
and sometimes again later in the season. (Specimens examined from South Carolina, Georgia,
Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 741; Boott, Ill. Carex 89, in part. pl. 262; Am. Jour.
Sci. 77: pl. M, f. 41 (C. verrucosa); Am. Jour. Sci. 48: pl. DD, f. 99 (C. verrucosa var. androgyna).

Nore: A scrap of this species received from Muhlenberg is preserved in the Torrey Herbarium.
The species answers to his description and that of Elliott (Bot. S.C. & Ga. 2:555. 1824). It does
not at all agree with Carex stricta Lam., as intimated by Kiikenthal (Pflanzenreich 420: 733. 1909).

403. Carex glaucescens Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 553. 1824.

Carex sempervirens Schw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1:70. 1824. (Type from Hillsborough, North Carolina.)
Not C. sempervirens Vill. 1787.

Carex inundata Willd.; Schlecht. Linnaea 10: 267. 1835. (Type from “‘Carolina.’’)

Edritria glaucescens Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex glaucescens Ell.)

Carex glaucescens var. polystachys M. A. Curt. Am. Jour. Sci. II. 7: 410. 1849. (Type from Society
Hill, South Carolina.)

Carex rufidula Steud. Syn. Cyp. 220. 1855. (Type from Louisiana.)

Carex verrucosa var. glaucescens Wood, Bot. & FI. ed. 1871. 379. 1871. (Based on C. glaucescens
Ell.)

Carex brasiliensis B gracilis Bock. Linnaea 41: 292. 1877. (As to citations mostly.)

“‘Carex verrucosa Muhl.”’ Rob. & Fern. Man. 247. 1908.

Loosely cespitose from creeping, stout, tough, blackish, scaly rootstocks, the culms 5-12
dm. high, stout below, slender above, exceeding the leaves, sharply triangular with concave
sides, somewhat roughened above, strongly phyllopodic, reddish-brown-tinged at base, the

Part 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 347

basal sheaths usually strongly filamentose; leaves with well-developed blades 5-10 to a fertile
culm, on the lower half, not septate-nodulose, the blades deeply channeled, keeled and tri-
angular at base, flat above with revolute margins, glaucous, firm, 2-6 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide,
very rough towards the long-attenuate apex, the sheaths very thin and yellowish-tinged and
red-dotted ventrally, truncate at mouth, the ligule short; staminate spike one, erect, linear,
2.5-6 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, the peduncle rough, the scales oblanceolate or narrowly obovate,
retuse and abruptly strongly awned, reddish-brown with green 3-nerved center and very
narrow hyaline margins; pistillate spikes usually 3 or 4 but reported sometimes to be as many
as 12, more or less strongly separate; on rough, slender peduncles of about their own length,
at first erect, finally nodding, the spikes linear-oblong, 2.5—-5 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide, densely
flowered, often more or less staminate at apex, the perigynia numerous, ascending, in several
to many rows; lowest bract leaf-like, short-sheathing, equaling or exceeding the inflorescence,
the upper much reduced; scales with obovate bodies, narrower and shorter than the perigynia,
deeply retuse, reddish-brown with prominent 3-nerved green midrib, the lower (at least)
abruptly long-cuspidate; perigynia broadly ovoid or obovoid, triangular, not inflated, 3—-3.5
mm. long, 2—2.25 mm. wide, very glaucous, papillate, subcoriaceous, 2-ribbed and obscurely
several-nerved, round-truncate and very short-stipitate at base, contracted at apex into a
minute (0.25-0.5 mm. long) beak with orifice entire or nearly so; achenes broadly rhomboid-
obovoid, closely enveloped, 2.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, triangular with deeply concave sides
and prominent blunt angles, brownish, granular, sessile, abruptly apiculate, jointed with the
short, straight, slender style; stigmas 3, slender, reddish-brown.

TYPE LOCALITY: South Carolina.

DISTRIBUTION: Pineland swamps, Louisiana to Florida, and northward to southeastern Vir-
ginia. Flowers in summer. (Specimens examined from Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina,
Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1046; Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: f. 125, H, J.;

Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 516 eo verrucosa) ; Boott, Ill. Carex 89, in oe pl. 261, 263; Drejer, Symb.
Car. pl. 3; Am. Jour. Sci. V. 3: 261. f. 1-3; Am. Jour. Sci. 11: pl. M ais Ole

59. Limosae Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 12. 1843; Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 71. 1845;
Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 549. 1848; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 502. 1909;
Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 135. 1917. PENDULINAE Fries, Fl. Scan. 189, in part.
1835; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 94, mostly. 1886. AEORASTACHYAE Drejer, Symb.
Car. 9, in small part. 1844; Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 457, in small part. 1903. AkorRa-
STACHYAE Limosae Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV, 49: 431. 1920; op. cit. V.3: 262. 1922.

Culms slender, leafy below; roots yellowish-brown felted; leaf-blades narrow; terminal
spike linear, staminate or gynaecandrous; lateral spikes 1—4, pistillate or gynaecandrous with
a few staminate flowers, distant, narrowly oblong to oblong or suborbicular, closely several-
to many-flowered in several rows, drooping or weakly erect on slender peduncles; bracts
leaflet-like, sheathless or very short-sheathing; perigynia appressed or ascending, coriaceous
or membranaceous, ovoid to broadly elliptic, glaucous-green or straw-colored, beakless or
nearly so; achenes triangular, usually closely enveloped, jointed with the short, straight,
slender, somewhat exserted style; stigmas 3.

Seven species, of sphagnous bogs or swamps; five of them widely distributed in the colder
and temperate parts of Eurasia and North America, one restricted to the Atlantic coastal
plain of the United States, and one confined to the southern part of South America.

Perigynia suborbicular-triangular in cross- -section.
Pistillate scales partly enveloping the perigynia at base; pistillate spikes
—20 mm. long; perigynia 2—25 in each spike.
Bepigyiia 3-3.5 mm. long, round-tapering at apex; achenes elliptic;
pistillate scales broadly ovate to suborbicular; culms obtusely
triangular, stiff; pistillate spikes usually 2—10- flowered. 404. C. rariflora.

Perigynia 4-4.5 mm. long, tapering at apex; achenes broadly obovoid;
pistillate scales broadly ovate; culms sharply triangular, not stiff:

pistillate spikes usually 10-25-flowered. 405. C. stygia.
Pistillate scales not enveloping the perigynia at base; pistillate spikes 1.5—5
(usually 2.5-4) em. long; perigynia 20-60 in each spike. 406. C. Barraitit.

Perigynia compressed-triangular in cross-section.
Pistillate scales short-cuspidate to obtuse.

348 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

Plant strongly stoloniferous; leaf-blades more or less glaucous, deeply

canaliculate, 1-3 mm. wide; pistillate scales persistent, ovate to

suborbicular, about the length of to somewhat exceeding peri-

gynia; perigynia minutely beaked; fertile culms obliquely ascend-

ing, strongly phyllopodic. 407. C. limosa.
Plant loosely cespitose; leaf-blades deep-green, 2-4 mm. wide; pistillate

scales soon deciduous, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, usually con-

spicuously exceeding perigynia; perigynia scarcely beaked; fertile

culms erect, clothed at base with the dried-up leaves of the pre-

ceding year. 408. C. paupercula.

Pistillate scales terminating in a slender rough awn 2-12 mm. long. 409. C. macrochaeta.

404. Carex rariflora (Wahl.) Smith, Engl. Bot. pl. 2516. 1813.

Carex limosa var. pauciflora Wabl.; Schkuhr, Riedgr. 105. 1801. (Type from Norway.)

Carex limosa var. rariflora Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 162. 1803. (Type from Lapland.)

“Carex laxa Wahl.’ Schkuhr, Riedgr. Nachtr. 79. 1806. (Plant from Lapland.)

Trasus rariflorus S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:68. 1821. (Based on Carex rariflora Smith.)

Carex rariflora var. ? pallidior M. N. Blytt, Norges Fl. 1: 210. 1861. (Type from Norway.)

Carex rariflora var. firmioy Norman, Forh. Vid.-Selsk. Christ. 2716: 51. 1893. (Type from northern
Norway.)

Carex rariflora var. firmior f. rufescens Norman, Forh. Vid.-Selsk. Christ. 2716: 51. 1893. (Type
from northern Norway.)

Carex rariflora var. iwation f. expallida Norman, Foérh. Vid.-Selsk. Christ. 2716: 51. 1893. (Type
from northern Norway.)

Carex rariflora var. firmior f. baeostachya Norman, Foérh. Vid.-Selsk. Christ. 2716: 51. 1893. (Type
from northern Norway.)

Carex rariflora var. brevipedunculata Meinsh. Acta Hort. Petrop. 18: 351. 1901. (Type from
Sachalin.)

Carex rariflora {. pallidior ‘‘M.N. Blytt’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 504. 1909. (Based
on C. rariflora var. (?) pallidior M. N. Blytt.)

Carex rariflora f. rufescens ‘‘Norman”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429; 504. 1909. (Based
on C. rariflora var. firmior f. rufescens Norman.)

Carex rariflora f. baeostachya ‘‘Norman”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 504. 1909. (Based
on C. rariflora var. firmior f. baeostachya Norman. )

Carex rariflora {. brevipedunculata ‘‘ Meinsh.”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich, 420: 504. 1909.
(Based on C. rariflora var. brevipedunculata Meinsh.)

Loosely stoloniferous, from slender, elongate, dark-colored, scaly, branching rootstocks,
the clumps small, the culms 1—3.5 dm. high, stiff, much exceeding the leaves, obtusely tri-
angular, the angles smooth, dark-purplish-brown at base, and clothed with the short-bladed
dried-up leaves of the previous year; leaves with well-developed blades 3-6 to a fertile culm,
clustered at the base, the blades green, erect, thickish and stiff, flat or with somewhat involute
margins, 5-20 cm. long, 1.5—2.5 mm. wide, somewhat roughened towards apex; the sheaths
very thin and hyaline ventrally and slightly yellowish-brown-tinged, obliquely truncate at
mouth, the ligule prominent; terminal spike staminate, peduncled, erect or sometimes droop-
ing, linear, 6-15 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, several-flowered, the scales oblanceolate or obovate,
acute or obtusish, dark-reddish-brown with lighter midrib and very narrow hyaline margins;
pistillate spikes 1-3 (usually 2), approximate, the lowest on a slender, smooth peduncle of its
own length, at first erect, later drooping, the others on shorter peduncles and more erect, the
spikes narrowly oblong, 6-15 mm. long, 3.5—5 mm. wide, the perigynia usually 2-10, suberect,
rather closely packed, but in few rows; bracts colored at base, the auricles prominent, the
lowest bract leaflet-like, 5-20 mm. long, short-sheathing or sheathless, shorter than inflores-
cence, the upper rarely prolonged; scales broadly ovate or suborbicular, obtuse to abruptly
mucronate, dark-reddish-brown varying to yellowish or reddish-brown or dark-brown, with
lighter midrib and very narrow hyaline margins, about length of but wider than and partially
enveloping perigynia; perigynia ovoid to broadly ovoid-elliptic, suborbicular-triangular in
cross-section and slightly 2-edged, several-nerved on lower half, 3—3.5 mm. long, 1.75—2 mm.
wide, glaucous-green, coriaceous, densely papillate, smooth, tapering to an obconic substipitate
base, round-tapering and beakless at apex and with entire orifice, but often tipped by the
persistent style; achenes triangular, with slightly convex sides, elliptic, black, substipitate,
2 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, in lower two thirds of perigynium, rather closely enveloped, taper-
ing at apex and apiculate and obscurely jointed with the style, the latter slender, exserted, at
length deciduous; stigmas 3, slender, elongate.

ParT 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 349

TYPE LOCALITY (of Carex limosa var. rariflora, on which C. rariflora is based): ‘‘ Hab. in locis
irriguis infra alpinis per Norlandiam Septentrionalem.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Cold open bogs and wet slopes, acid conditions, Greenland to Alaska, and
southward in the east to Mt. Katahdin, Maine; also widely distributed in arctic and subarctic
Eurasia. (Specimens examined from Greenland, Labrador, Newfoundland, St. Pierre, Miquelon,
Quebec, Mt. Katahdin, Maine, Keewatin, Mackenzie [Seward Peninsula and Aleutian Islands],
Alaska.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 733; ed. 2. f. 1035; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 468; Engler,
Pflanzenreich 420: f. 80, A—D; Fl. Dan. pl. 2432; Boott, Ill. Carex 79. pl. 217; Jour. Russe Bot.
1911: 141. f. 1/7; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 68. f. 38; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 6, f. 70; Engl. Bot. pl. 2516; ed.
2. pl. 1649; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Aaa, f. 78 (as C. laxa Wahl.).

Nore: The Minnesota record for this species is based on a specimen of Carex limosa L.

405. Carex stygia Fries, Mant. 3: 141. 1842.

Carex rariflora var. stygia Anderss. Cyp. Scand. 35. 1849. (Based on C. stygia Fries.)

Carex limosa var. Bock. Linnaea 41: 164. 1877. (Type from Sitka.)

Carex nigrita Fisch.; Bock. Linnaea 41: 164, assynonym. 1877. (Type from Sitka.)

Carex limosa var. stygia L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22:95. 1886. (Based on C. stygia Fries.)
Carex limosa var. nigrita (Fisch.) ‘‘ B6ck.”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 504, as synonym.

1909. (Based on C. nigrita Fisch.)

Loosely stoloniferous from slender, elongate, dark-purple, scaly and fibrillose rootstocks
usually bulbous-thickened at the nodes, the culms arising singly or a few together, slender,
2-6 dm. high, sharply triangular, erect but not stiff, smooth or slightly roughened above,
usually somewhat exceeding leaves, dark-purplish at base and conspicuously clothed with the
dried-up leaves of the previous year; leaves with well-developed blades usually 3—5 to a fertile
culm, on the lower fourth, the blades green, not stiff or thickish, flat with slightly revolute
margins, usually 1-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, roughened towards the attenuate apex, the
sheaths thin and hyaline ventrally and slightly yellowish-brown-tinged, obliquely truncate at
mouth, the ligule prominent; terminal spike staminate, erect, strongly peduncled, many-
flowered, 1-2.5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, dark-reddish-
brown with narrow but conspicuous white-hyaline margins and lighter center; pistillate
spikes 1 or 2, more or less strongly separate, drooping on smooth capillary peduncles about
length of spikes, the spikes oblong, 12-20 mm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, containing usually 10-25
closely packed appressed-ascending perigynia in several rows; bracts reduced, leaflet-like, dark,
auricled but not sheathing, shorter than inflorescence; scales broadly ovate, acute to abruptly
short-cuspidate, black with lighter midrib, as wide as and usually slightly shorter than mature
perigynia and somewhat enveloping them towards base; perigynia ovoid, flattened, suborbicu-
lar-triangular in cross-section, glaucous-green or whitish, 2-edged, strongly several-nerved,
4-4.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, tapering at base, coriaceous, very densely papillate, smooth,
short-tapering at apex but not beaked, the orifice entire; achenes triangular, broadly obovoid,
3.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, closely enveloped, contracted above and apiculate and obscurely
jointed with the slender, at length deciduous, short-exserted style; stigmas 3, slender, long.

TYPE LOCALITY: Finmark.

DISTRIBUTION: Abundant in boggy places on the Pacific coast, where it is a characteristic species
often collected, from northwestern Washington to St. Lawrence Island; also very locally in northern
Europe. (Specimens examined from Washington, northeastern Vancouver, Queen Charlotte Islands,

Alaska along entire coast.)
ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. V. 3: 261. f. 8-11; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 7, f. 71.

406. Carex Barrattii Schw. & Torr. Ann. Ly¢. N. Y. 1: 361. 1826.

Carex littoralis Schw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 70. 1824. (Type from Cape May, New Jersey.) Not
C. littoralis Krock. 1814.

Olamblis Barrattii Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex Barrattiit Schw. & Torr.)

“Carex flacca Schreb.”’ Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 549. 1848.

Be ecee Scheele, Linnaea 23: 565. 1850. (Type from New Jersey.) Not C. variegata Lam.

Loosely cespitose, forming beds, sending forth long, horizontal, stout, yellowish-brown,
scaly stolons, the culms 3-9 dm. high, slender but usually strict, with concave sides, much
exceeding the leaves, sharply triangular, the angles smooth or nearly so, brownish-tinged at
base, strongly aphyllopodic, the basal sheaths breaking and becoming filamentose, sharply

350 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

keeled and strongly glaucous; sterile shoots very leafy, obscurely aphyllopodic, 7. e., 2-4 of the
basal sheaths bladeless, the others very long-bladed; leaves with well-developed blades 4-6 to
a fertile culm, on the lower third, the blades erect or ascending, with strongly revolute margins,
thin but firm, flat or more or less channeled above, 0.5-3 dm. long, or up to 5 dm. on the z
sterile shoots, 2-4 mm. wide, light-green or glaucous-green when young, rough towards the
tip, long-attenuate, the sheaths smooth dorsally, hyaline and yellowish-brown-tinged and
red-dotted ventrally, the ligule conspicuous, longer than wide; staminate spike solitary (occa-
sionally with an additional smaller one at base), strongly peduncled, linear, 3-5 cm. long,
2.5-5 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, brownish or blackish with slender, lighter
midvein obsolete at tip, and narrow hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2—4, slightly separate,
drooping on slender, smooth peduncles or the upper more erect, the peduncles from the length
of to much shorter than the spikes, the spikes linear-oblong, 1-5 cm. (usually 2.5—4 cm.) long,
4.5—6 mm. wide, from little to strongly staminate above, closely flowered or somewhat attenu-
ate at base, the perigynia very numerous (20-60), ascending in several rows; lower bract
short-sheathing, squamiform, 2—7 cm. long, shorter than culm, yellowish-brown-tinged at
base; upper bracts scale-like, much reduced; scales ovate, obtusish or acute, thin, close-ap-
pressed, nearly as wide as but somewhat shorter than the perigynia, black or brownish with
lighter 1-3-nerved midrib and very narrow hyaline margins; perigynia ovoid or oval, subor-
bicular in cross-section or more or less triangular-suborbicular, 2.5-3 mm. long, 1.25—-1.75
mm. wide, 2-ribbed and faintly few-nerved, membranaceous, puncticulate, granular, straw-
colored, strongly blackish-tinged, sessile and rounded at base, rounded at apex and abruptly
minutely beaked, the beak 0.2-0.5 mm. long, nearly entire; achenes triangular with concave
sides, very closely enveloped and filling perigynium, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 2 mm. long,
1-1.5 mm. wide, yellowish, granular, substipitate, minutely apiculate, jointed with the very
short, slender style; stigmas 3, slender, dark-tinged, rather long.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Hab. on the sea-coast of New Jersey near Cape May.” (Z. Collins.)
DISTRIBUTION: Acid swamps in pinelands, near the coast, Connecticut to North Carolina. A
very local species. (Specimens examined from Connecticut, Long Island, New Jersey, southeastern
Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina.)
ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 732; ed. 2. f. 1038; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 469; Rep.
re iss 1910: pl. 23, f. 4; Boott, Ill. Carex 69. pl. 189; Am. Jour. Sci. 12: pl. P, f. 51; V.3: 261.
il

ifs 5

Nove: Recorded from Alabama by M. A. Curtis (Am. Jour. Sci. II. 7: 410. 1849) but I have
seen no specimens from south of North Carolina, and the species is not listed by Mohr in his “‘ Plant
life of Alabama.”’’

407. Carex limosa L. Sp. Pl. 977. 1753.

Carex elegans Willd. Fl. Berol. 34. pl. 1, f. 4. 1787. (Type from Berlin, Germany.)

Trasus limosus S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:67. 1821. (Based on Carex limosa L.)

Carex limosa subsp. C. oblonga Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 10:42. 1825. (Type from White Mountains,
New Hampshire.)

“Carex laxa Wahl.’ Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 26: 376. 1834.

Carex limosa var. vulgaris Tausch, Flora 17: 178. 1834. (Type European.)

Carex limosa var. alpestris Tausch, Flora 17: 178. 1834. (Type European.)

Carex limosa var. acuminata Tausch, Flora 17: 178. 1834. (Type European.)

Carex limosa var. stenocarpa Tausch, Flora 17: 178. 1834. (Type European.

Carex limosa var. ciclocarpa Tausch, Flora 17: 178. 1834. (Type European.)

Facalos limosa Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex limosa 1.)

Carex limosa f. pauciflora Asch. F1. Brand. 1: 783. 1864. (Type from central Europe.)

Carex limosa var. Painei Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 39:71. 1865. (Type from Utica, New York.)

Carex limosa f. stans Bolle, Verh. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brand. 7:27. 1865. (Type from central Europe.)

Carex limosa var. radicalis Paine, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Cab. 18: 162. 1865. (Type from Herkimer
County, New York.) .

Carex glaucocarpa St.-Lag. in Cariot, Etude Fl. Ed. 8. 2: 856. 1889. (Based on C. limosa L.)

Carex limosa subsp. subalpina Briigger, Kneucker, Allg. Bot. Zeits. 5: 196. 1899. (Type from
Switzerland.)

Carex limosa subsp. subalpina f. pallescens Kiikenth.; Kneucker, Allg. Bot. Zeits. 5: 196. 1899.
(Type from Sweden.)

Carex limosa f. laxiformis Lackowitz; Asch. & Retzd. Verh. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brand. 44: 164. 1902.
(Type from central Europe.)

Carex limosa {. robustior Lackowitz; Asch. & Retzd. Verh. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brand. 44: 164. 1902.
(Type from central Europe.)

Carex limosa var. fusco-cuprea Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 505. 1909. (Type from
Japan.)

Par? 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 351

Strongly long-stoloniferous from slender, long-running, brown, scaly rootstocks, the
culms one to several together, slender, arising obliquely, 2-6 dm. high, much exceeding their
leaves, sharply triangular, erect but not stiff, more or less roughened on angles or nearly
smooth, purplish-red at base, mostly strongly aphyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades
1-3 to a fertile culm, on the lower third, the blades not thick, but strict, deeply canaliculate,
more or less glaucous, 5-15 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, rough 9n margins and towards apex, the
sheaths very thin and hyaline ventrally, the lower sometimes slightly filamentose, the ligule
very short; sterile culm-blades more numerous, much longer, 12-36 cm. long; staminate spike
solitary, slender, long-peduncled, erect or drooping, linear, many-flowered, 1-3 cm. long, 2.5
mm. wide, the scales broadly obovate, short-cusped to obtuse, light-reddish-brown with
conspicuous lighter midrib and very narrow hyaline margin; pistillate spikes 1-3, slightly
separate, drooping on very slender smooth peduncles (slightly dilated upward), from slightly
shorter than to three times length of spike, the spikes oblong, 1—2.5 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide,
occasionally somewhat staminate at apex, the perigynia 8-30, appressed, rather closely packed
but in few rows; lowest bract leaflet-like, narrow, 2—6 cm. long, but shorter than inflorescence,
sheathless or very short-sheathing, its auricles prominent, brownish, the upper much reduced;
scales ovate to suborbicular, with prominent mid-nerve, short-tapering or rounded at apex,
cuspidate to acutish, brown or yellowish-brown or reddish-brown or purplish-brown, with
green or lighter 1—3-nerved center, wider than and from about length of to somewhat longer
than perigynia but not or but little enveloping them towards base, persistent; perigynia
broadly ovoid, 2.5—4 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, compressed-triangular, thick but flattened and
two-edged (the margins thick), prominently few- to several-nerved on each face, glaucous-
green, coriaceous, strongly papillate, rounded-truncate and substipitate at base, rounded and
minutely beaked at apex with entire or emarginate orifice, but often tipped by the persistent
style; achenes triangular, oblong-obovoid, 2.25 mm. long, 1.8 mm. wide, in lower half of peri-
gynium, rather closely enveloped, dark-brown, sessile, apiculate, jointed with style; style
short, not enlarged at base, exserted, at length deciduous; stigmas 3, slender, long.

TYPE LocALity: “Habit in Europae frigidae paludibus sylvaticis.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Sphagnum bogs, acid conditions, Labrador and Newfoundland to Yukon, and
southward to southern Delaware, Iowa, Montana, and California, mostly in glacial regions; also
widely distributed in the cooler portions of Eurasia. (Specimens examined from Labrador, New-
foundland, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire,
Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Ontario,
Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Montana, Cali-
fornia, Oregon, Washington, Vancouver, British Columbia, Yukon.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 734; ed. 2. f. 1036; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 467; Engler,
Pflanzenreich 420: 503. f. 80, E-G; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 23, f. 5; Boott, Ill. Carex 78. pl. 216;
Fl. Dan. fl. 646; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 143. f. 118; Sturm, Deuts. Fl. 53: pl. 7; Reichenb. Ic. FI.
Germ. 8: pl. 238, f. 592; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 68. f. 39; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 7, f. 73; Willd. Fl. Berol.
pl. 1, f. 4; Engl. Bot. pl. 2043; ed. 2. pl..1647; Benth. Handb. Brit. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1131; Coste, Fl. Fr.

. 3883; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur. pl. 49, f. G; Hallier, Deuts. Fl. pl. 435; Karst. Deuts. Fl. 351. f.
177(5); Lindm. Bild. Nord. Fl. ~l. 436B; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 794.

408. Carex paupercula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 172. 1803.

Cue aan irrigua Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 162. 1803. (Type from northern

weden.) .

Carex limosa var. irrigata Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 243. pl. 15, f. 2. 1812. (Type from Lapland.)

“Carex lenticularis Michx.’’ Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 7: 273. 1824.

Carex irrigua Smith; Hoppe, Caric. Germ. 72. 1826. (Based on C. limosa var. irrigua Wahl.)

Carex abjiciens Steud. Syn. Cyp. 209. 1855. (Type from ‘‘ Missouri,’ identified by L. H. Bailey.)

“Carex magellanica Lam.’’ Boott, Ill. Carex 80. pl. 219, 220. 1860.

Carex planifolia Kohts, Oesterr. Bot. Zeits. 20: 141. 1870. (Type from Tirol.)

Carex limosa var. subalpina Briigger, Fl. Chur. 53. 1874. (Type from central Europe.)

eked nee var. humilior St.-Lag. in Cariot, Btud. Fl. ed. 8. 2: 857. 1889. (Based on C. irrigua
mith.

Carex Gentiliana H. Lév.; Lév. & Vaniot, Bull. Acad. Géogr. Bot. 10:221. 1901. (Type from Japan.)

Carex magellanica var. planitiet Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22: 132. 1902. (Type from

eastern Prussia.)
Carex paupercula var. irrigua Fernald, Rhodora 8: 76. 1906. (Based on C. limosa var. irrigua
Wahl.)

haar paupercula var. pallens Fernald, Rhodora 8: 77. 1906. (Type from North Sydney, Nova
cotia.) f

le A Ral var. brevisquama Fernald, Rhodora 20: 152. 1918. (Type from Charlevoix Co.,
uebec.

352 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

Loosely cespitose, usually forming medium-sized clumps from much branched, slender,
short to elongate rootstocks, the culms slender, erect, 1-8 dm. high, exceeding the leaves,
sharply triangular, from smooth to strongly roughened above, purplish-brown at base and
conspicuously clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous year; leaves with well-developed
blades 3-12 to a fertile culm, on the lower half, the blades deep-green, erect, not thick or stiff,
flat with slightly revolute margins, 5—20 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, somewhat roughened towards
apex, the sheaths very thin and hyaline ventrally, faintly to strongly red-dotted, concave
at mouth, the ligule prominent; terminal spike staminate, but at times developing a few
perigynia above, long-peduncled, usually erect, linear, 7-15 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, the scales
loose, oblanceolate or obovate, cuspidate to obtuse, very variable in color, the body yellowish-
brown to dark-brown with green or lighter midrib; lateral spikes 1-4 (usually 2 or 3), pistillate
or with very few staminate flowers at base, approximate, drooping or somewhat erect on slender
smooth peduncles (slightly dilated upward) from as long as to four times their length, 4-22
mm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, suborbicular to oblong, the perigynia 5-20, ascending, rather closely
packed but in few rows; lowest bract leaf-like, slightly sheathing and darkened at base, erect,
equaling or exceeding inflorescence, the upper reduced; scales lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
tapering at apex, cuspidate, narrower and not covering but usually conspicuously longer (or
rarely shorter) than perigynia, the center 3-nerved, prominent, the scales varying in color
from castaneous throughout to green in center with broad brownish margins or castaneous
below with greenish tips, deciduous before the perigynia and not enveloping them; perigynia
pale or somewhat glaucous-green, broadly ovoid to broadly elliptic, 2.5—3 mm. long, 1.75—2.25
mm. wide, compressed-triangular, thick but flattened and 2-edged, coriaceous, densely papil-
late, prominently few-nerved on each face, rounded and obconic-stipitate at base, rounded at
apex and scarcely beaked, the orifice entire or emarginate, often tipped by the style; achenes
triangular, ovoid-oblong, 2 mm. long, 1.2 mm. wide, sessile, apiculate, jointed with the short,
slender, at length deciduous, exserted style; stigmas 3, slender.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘“‘Hab. ad lacus Mistassins’’ (Quebec).

DISTRIBUTION: Sphagnum bogs, acid conditions, Newfoundland to Alaska, and southward to
Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Colorado, and Utah; also widely distributed in the cooler portions of
Eurasia. (Specimens examined from Labrador, Newfoundland, Miquelon, Quebec, Prince Edward
Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Con-
necticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Saskatchewan,
Alberta, Colorado, Utah, Mackenzie, Yukon, Alaska, Washington.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 735; ed. 2. f. 1037; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 466; Engler,
Pflanzenreich 42°: 503. f. 80, H-K; Fl. Dan. Suppl. fl. 106; Boott, Ill. Carex 80, in part. pl. 219-220;
Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 143. f. 119; Hoppe, Deuts. Fl. 53: pl. 6; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 238,
f. 593; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 67. f. 37; Am. Jour. Sci. 9: pl. A, f. 2 (as C. lenticularis); Anderss. Cyp.
Seand. pl. 7, f. 72; Engl. Bot. Suppl. pl. 2895; ed. 2. pl. 1648; Coste, Fl. Fr. f. 3882; Hallier, Deuts.
Fl. pl. 433; Wahl. Fl. Lapp. pl. 15, f. 2.

Note: The South American Carex magellanica Lam. (Encye. 3: 385. 1791), with which this
has been confused, not only has the terminal spike normally gynaecandrous, but the perigynia are
elliptic-ovoid and much narrower and longer in proportion in the only specimen (Chili, Valdivia,
Philippi) with mature perigynia seen by me. They are like Boott’s right-hand figure b (Ill. Carex
pl. 218). Immature perigynia as drawn by Schkuhr (Riedgr. pl. N, f. 51) and by Boott (Ill. Carex

pl. 218) are not characteristic. The scale and sheath distinctions made by Fernald (Rhodora 8:
74, 75) I have not been able to follow.

409. Carex macrochaeta C. Meyer, Mém. Acad. St.-Pétersb.
sav. Etir. 13224. $1. 132. es

Carex excurrens Cham..; Steud. Syn. Cyp. 228, assynonym. 1855.

“Carex podocarpa R. Br.’ ” Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 29: 251. pl. Z, ft. 83. 1836; Boott, Ill. Carex 4:
197, in part. 1867. (Plants from northwestern America.)

Carex macrochaeta var. emarginata Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 17: 314. 1904. (Type from Kukak
Bay, Alaska.)

Carex macrochaeta var. macrochlaena Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 17: 315. 1904. (Type from St.
Paul Island, Bering Sea.)

Carex Kiihleweinii Gand. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 66: 295. 1920. (Type from Sitka, Alaska.)

Loosely cespitose in medium-sized clumps from densely matted, tough, scaly rootstalks,
the culms 2—6 dm. high, slender, erect, or nodding at apex, sharply triangular, more or less
strongly exceeding the leaves, smooth or slightly roughened above, aphyllopodic, strongly

ParT 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 353

purplish-red-tinged and fibrillose at base; leaves with well-developed blades 2-5 to a fertile
culm, on the lower third or half, but not clustered, light-green, firm, the blades flat with revo-
lute margins, 0.3-2 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, somewhat roughened towards the blunt-tipped
apex; sterile culm-blades longer, 1.5-3 dm. long, long-attenuate, sheaths yellowish-brown-
tinged ventrally, concave at mouth, strongly prolonged beyond base of blade, the ligule as
long as wide; staminate spike usually solitary, peduncled, oblong-linear or narrowly oblong,
1.5-2.5 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, blackish with minutely hyaline
edge and conspicuous light-colored midrib strongly exserted at the bifid or emarginate apex as
a slender rough cusp; anthers very conspicuous, 5 mm. long; pistillate spikes 2—4, more or
less strongly separate, the upper erect and short-peduncled or nearly sessile, the lower varying
from short-peduncled and erect to strongly (2-4 cm.) peduncled and drooping, the peduncles
slender, smooth, the spikes oblong or oblong-cylindric, 1-3 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide (without
awns), closely flowered, containing 15-40 closely appressed perigynia in several rows; lower
bract leaflet-like, shorter than or exceeding inflorescence, not sheathing, often dark-auricled;
upper bracts reduced; scales ovate-oblong, black with slightly hyaline margins and whitish
midrib, the midrib excurrent as a very slender rough cusp 2-12 mm. long from the emarginate
or bifid apex, the scales slightly narrower and shorter than the perigynia; perigynia oblong-
ovate or oblong-oval, much compressed, thin, 4.5—6 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, thin, membrana-
ceous, minutely papillate, straw-colored, occasionally dark-blotched, obscurely slenderly
nerved, substipitate, rounded at base and round-tapering at apex, abruptly very minutely
(0.2 mm.) beaked, the orifice purplish, entire or very obscurely emarginate; achenes oblong-
obovoid, 2—2.5 mm. long, 1—1.25 mm. wide, loosely enveloped in lower half of perigynium,
triangular with sides concave below, short-stipitate, brownish, apiculate, jointed with the
nearly straight, slender style; stigmas 3, reddish-brown, thickish towards base.

TYPE LOCALITY: “Habitat in Unalaschka.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Wet open places, Multnomah Falls, Oregon, northward along the coast mostly
west of the mountains to the Aleutian and Pribilof Islands and southward on the Asiatic coast to
Sakhalin; locally in the interior. A handsome plant and one of the most characteristic species of
the Alaskan coast. (Specimens examined from Vancouver, Yukon, Alaska.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Mém. Acad. St.-Pétersb. Sav. Etr. 1: pl. 13; Am. Jour. Sci. 29: pl. Z, f. 83;

IV. one d; V. 3: 142. f. 1-9; Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 413. f. 65, A-C; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif.
Staite :

60. Atratae Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 431. 1837; Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 12. 1843; Carey,
in A. Gray, Man. 549. 1848; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 76. 1886; Kiikenth. in
Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 382. 1909; Mackenzie, Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 136. 1917; Macken-
zie, Erythea 8:67. 1922. MELANANTHAE Drejer, Symb. Car. 9. 1844; Holm, Am. Jour. Sci.
IV. 16: 457. 1903. Nuicra& O. F. Lang, Linnaea 24: 566. 1851. CARICIGYNE ALPINAE and
ATRATAE C. B. Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 146. 1908. Scrra& Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflan-
zenreich 4°; 410. 1909. AEORASTACHYAE NESOPHILAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 49: 431.
1920; Am. Jour. Sci. V. 3: 138, et seq. 1922. Certain species belonging to this group are by
L. H. Bailey (Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 77. 1866) classed with the R1icipak Fries, and by Holm
(Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 457. 1903) with the AkoRASTACHYAE Drej. Treated as a genus
Limivasculum, subgenus Hymenotheca by Borner (Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 269. 1913).

Culms aphyllopodic or phyllopodic; terminal spike gynaecandrous or staminate, the
lateral 1-10 pistillate or with a few staminate flowers at base, from sessile, erect and closely
approximate to long-peduncled, nodding and distant; bracts sheathless or nearly so, dark-
colored at the base, the blades short; scales usually dark-tinged; perigynia membranaceous
or more or less coriaceous, straw-colored or greenish, often strongly dark-tinged, elliptic to
broadly obovate, circular in cross-section to much flattened, papillose to puncticulate; glab-
rous, abruptly short-beaked or beakless, the orifice entire or bidentate; achenes triangular,
apiculate, jointed with the straight, slender, often exserted style; stigmas 3.

A group containing many species and strongly developed in the cooler and mountainous
portions of the northern hemisphere, especially in North America and Asia. One species occurs
_ in southern South America; and one is recorded, possibly erroneously, from Australia.

354 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA

Culms central, arising from the midst of the persistent leaves of the previous
year or their desiccated fragments (clothed at base with the dried-up

leaves of the previous year, except in a few species with non-filamentose »

lower sheaths).

Terminal spike in some plants pistillate and linear-oblong or cylindric or
staminate only at apex; in others staminate.

Pistillate scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acute or acuminate,
2-3 times as long as the perigynia; perigynia obovoid, obtusely
triangular, somewhat flattened on one side.

Pistillate scales orbicular to broadly ovate, obtuse to slightly mucro-
nate, little exceeding the perigynia or at maturity slightly shorter;
perigynia broadly obovoid to suborbicular, sharp-edged, plano-
convex, becoming obtusely triangular at maturity.

Terminal spike staminate or gynaecandrous, not pistillate and linear-
oblong or cylindric.

Pistillate scales small, 1.5—2.5 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, or the lower
acute, broadly ovate, broadly obovate, or orbicular; perigynia
2-2.5 mm. long (or up to 3.5 mm. in C. Vahlii and in C. stylosa).

Terminal spike gynaecandrous, or staminate and inconspicuous;

perigynia obtusely triangular in cross-section; pistillate

spikes short, peduncled or sessile.

Culms stiff, obtusely triangular; scales about covering perigynia,
dark-reddish-brown, the midvein prominent; perigynia
slightly ciliate at mouth, scarcely beaked.

Culms not stiff or somewhat stiff, sharply triangular above;
scales much shorter than the perigynia, purplish-black,
the midrib obsolete or obscure; beak of perigynium not
ciliate at mouth.

Terminal spike gynaecandrous, conspicuous; stolons rather
short; perigynia with short but prominent minutely
bidentate beak.

Terminal spike generally staminate, few-flowered and in-
conspicuous; stolons long and conspicuous; perigynia
barely beaked, the orifice entire or nearly so.

Terminal spike staminate (or with a few perigynia), peduncled;
lower pistillate spike on a peduncle as long to twice as long as
spike; perigynia suborbicular or nearly so in cross-section,
abruptly minutely beaked, the orifice entire; style prominently
exserted.

Pistillate scales larger or sharp-pointed or both; perigynia 3 mm. or
more long.

_ Terminal spike staminate.

Perigynia strongly flattened.

Leaves of fertile culms widely separate, only the upper 2-4
blade-bearing, the lower bladeless; culms strongly
aphyllopodic and purplish-tinged at base; leaves of
the previous year not persistent or much desiccated
at flowering time.

Staminate and pistillate scales obtuse to acute, the mid-
vein nearly or quite obsolete or inconspicuous; peri-
gynia 2-ribbed (the marginal), otherwise nerveless;
achenes slenderly long-stipitate.

Staminate and pistillate scales with conspicuous mid-
vein usually more or less excurrent as a short cusp;
perigynia granular-roughened, marginally 2-ribbed
and very obscurely nerved; achenes short-stipitate.

Leaves many on lower third of culms; culms clothed at base
with dried-up leaves of previous year, not purplish-
tinged at base.

Perigynia smooth, light-green, concealed by scales; mid-
vein of scales prominent; pistillate spikes linear.

Perigynia granular-roughened, darker, prominent in the
spikes; midvein of scales nearly obsolete; pistillate
spikes short-oblong to cylindric.

Perigynia nearly round or obtusely triangular in cross-section,
little or not at all flattened.

Lower sheaths not breaking ventrally and becoming fila-
mentose; perigynia membranaceous, nearly round in
cross-section, 3.5—4.5 mm. long.

Lower sheaths breaking ventrally and becoming filamentose;
perigynia subcoriaceous, obtusely triangular in cross-
section, 2.75-3.5 mm. long.

Terminal spike gynaecandrous, the terminal flowers pistillate.
Pistillate scales abruptly slender-awned.

Pistillate scales not slender-awned.

Perigynia sub-inflated-triangular, scarcely compressed.

[VOLUME 18

410. C. idahoa.

411. C. Hallit.

412.

413.

414,

415.

416.

417.

418.

ALO,

420.

421.
422.

. Parryana.

. Vahlit.

. holostoma.

. Stylosa.

. montanensis.

. spectabilis.

. nesophila.

. podocar pa.

. Raynoldsii.

. aboriginum.

. Gmelini.

ParT 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE

Perigynia subcoriaceous; rootstocks long-creeping; leaf-

blades very smooth.

Perigynia membranaceous; rootstocks short-creeping or
cespitose; leaf-blades roughened towards apex.

Spikes closely contiguous, forming a dense head;
perigynia with conspicuous beak 1 mm. long.
Spikes or lower spike strongly peduncled, distant;
perigynia abruptly minutely beaked.
Perigynia strongly compressed.

Spikes 3-6, not oblong-cylindric; walls of perigynia not
papery; perigynia 2.5—4.5 mm. long, nerveless or
obscurely nerved on face, dull-green to brownish-
black.

Perigynia not granular-roughened (under a lens),
the margin (at least) green or whitish-green.

Spikes contiguous, sessile or nearly so, forming a

dense head; scales lanceolate, strongly exceed-

ing perigynia; culms stiff, erect.

Spikes or lower spike more or less peduncled,
usually distant, erect or nodding; scales
wider, shorter than or about equaling
perigynia; culms more slender.

Lateral spikes oblong or ovoid, pistillate,
erect on stiff peduncles.

_ Seales with midvein largely obsolete; ma-
ture perigynia 3.5-4.5 mm. long, wider
on either side than the achene, the
latter on a stipe of nearly its own
length; sheaths not purplish-tinged
ventrally.

Seales with prominent midvein; mature
perigynia 3.5 mm. long, narrower on
either side than the achene, the latter
much longer than its stipe; sheaths
normally purplish-tinged ventrally.

Lateral spikes linear, gynaecandrous, the
lower nodding on long slender peduncles.

Perigynia granular-roughened (under a lens) es-
pecially on the upper margins, yellowish-
brown or dark-tinged.

Spikes contiguous, sessile or short-peduncled,
forming a dense head; culms stiff, erect.

Lowest spike slightly separate, short-pe-

. duncled; scales purplish-black with very

conspicuous white-hyaline apex and upper

margins.

Spikes very densely aggregated, sessile; scales
purplish-black with very inconspicuous
hyaline upper margins.

Spikes or lowest spike strongly peduncled, usu-
ally distant, erect or nodding.

Perigynia wide-margined, the margins as wide
as the achene; lateral spikes linear-
oblong, oblong, or ovoid.

Upper pistillate scales exceeding the peri-
gynia; lateral spikes ovoid; lowest pe-
duncle less than the length of its spike.

Upper pistillate scales exceeded by the peri-
gynia; lateral spikes oblong or linear-
oblong; lowest peduncle 1-2 times as
long as its spike.

Perigynia sharp-edged, the margins much nar-
rower than the achene; lateral spikes linear.

Spikes 6-10, oblong-cylindric; perigynia 5 mm. long,

lightly 3-nerved, light-green, the walls papery;
scales much shorter than perigynia.

Culms lateral, arising from without the tufts of leaves of the previous year
and not clothed at base with the dried-up leaves of the previous year,
aphyllopodic, the lower sheaths breaking ventrally and conspicuously
filamentose.

Terminal spike staminate or with perigynia in the middle; perigynia not
glaucous or light-green, the beak bidentate, the teeth hispidulous
within; perigynia usually exceeding the scales.

Terminal spike gynaecandrous; perigynia glaucous or light-green, the
beak minutely bidentate, the teeth not hispidulous within; scales usu-
ally strongly exceeding the perigynia.

423.

426.

427.

428.
429.

430.

431.

432.

433.
434.

435.

436.

437.

355

. leiophylla.

. Nelsonit.

. alrosquama.,

. Helleri.

. epapillosa.

. heteroneura.

. bella.

. albo-nigra.

- nova.

. chalciolepis.

. atrata.

. atratiformis.

. Mertensiz.

. serratodens.

. Buxbaumit.

356 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

410. Carex idahoa L. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 21:5. 1896.

Rootstocks not seen, the culms 2-3.5 dm. high, central, slender but strict, somewhat
fibrillose but not filamentose at base, much exceeding the leaves, obtusely triangular, but
slightly roughened above, phyllopodic, more or less. purplish-brown-tinged at base, the
dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 5-10 toa
fertile culm, clustered just above the base, not septate-nodulose, the blades light-green, thin,
flat with somewhat revolute margins, 3-20 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, somewhat roughened
towards the apex, long-attenuate, the sheaths very thin and white-hyaline ventrally, concave
at mouth, the ligule about as long as wide; spikes usually 3, frequently all pistillate, linear-
oblong or cylindric, erect on short, stiff, scabrous peduncles, approximate, forming a narrow
head 3.5—5 cm. long, the lateral spikes 1-2 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, the terminal 2-3 cm. long,
6-8 mm. wide, the perigynia numerous, appressed-ascending in few rows; bracts sheathless,
usually less than 1 cm. long and much shorter than the subtended spikes; pistillate scales ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, long-acute or acuminate, brown with conspicuous lighter center and very
narrow hyaline margins, wider than and 2—3 times as long as the perigynia; perigynia obovoid,
somewhat flattened on one side, obtusely triangular, not inflated, 3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide,
glabrous, membranaceous, puncticulate, 2-ribbed, otherwise nerveless or nearly so, tapering to
base, substipitate, the body yellowish-green, rounded and abruptly short-beaked at apex, the
beak purplish, 0.5 mm. long, emarginate to shallowly bidentate; achenes obovoid, 2 mm. long,
1.35 mm. wide, very closely enveloped, triangular with concave sides, tapering to base, sessile,
brownish, granular, abruptly apiculate, jointed with the short style; stigmas 3, blackish,
slender, short.

TYPE LOCALITY: Beaver Cafion, Idaho (Rydberg 2339).

DISTRIBUTION: Mountain meadows, Montana and Idaho. (Specimens examined from Idaho
and Montana.)

411. Carex Hallii Olney; Porter, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr.
5: 4962. "1872.

Carex Parryana var. unica L,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 54. 1889. (Based on C. Hallit
Olney.) 5
Carex Parryana var. Hallii Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 388. 1909. (Based on C. Halli

ney.
Carex Elrodi M. E. Jones, Bull. Univ. Mont. 61:70. 1910. (Type from Monida, Montana.)

Loosely cespitose and stoloniferous, the stolons long, slender, horizontal, scaly, the clumps
small, the culms 1—6 dm. high, central, slender but stiff, papillose, usually strongly exceeding
the leaves, obtusely triangular, smooth or nearly so, phyllopodic, reddish-purple and more or
less fibrillose at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-
developed blades usually 5—12 to a fertile culm, clustered near the base, not septate-nodulose,
the blades erect, ascending or spreading, light-green, thin but stiff, flat with revolute margins,
usually 5—20 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, strongly roughened towards the apex, very long-atten-
uate, the sheaths thin and white-hyaline ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule about as long
as wide; spikes 1—5, often all pistillate, the terminal when staminate erect, usually short-
peduncled, linear, 1.5—2.5 cm. long, 2.5—4 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, reddish-
brown with lighter midrib and conspicuous white scarious margins; pistillate spikes (often
only one) contiguous or the lowest slightly separate, erect, the lower and uppermost short-
peduncled, the middle nearly sessile, the lateral short-oblong to linear-oblong, 6-30 mm. long,
3-5 mm. wide, the terminal linear-oblong, densely flowered, containing 10-100 appressed-
ascending perigynia in several rows; lowest bract leaflet-like, shorter than the head, the upper
much reduced, all with darker-colored auricles at base or slightly (1-3 mm.) sheathing; scales
orbicular to broadly ovate, very obtuse to slightly mucronate, brownish-purple with lighter
midrib and conspicuous white scarious margins, wider and a little longer than and concealing
the perigynia or at maturity slightly shorter; perigynia plano-convex, thick, with broadly
obovoid or suborbicular body, becoming obtusely triangular by ripening achene, not inflated,
2-3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, membranaceous, puncticulate, glabrous, the upper margins spar-

ParT 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 357

ingly scabrous, light-green or whitish, often dark-purple-tinged towards tip, sharp-edged,
2-ribbed, otherwise nerveless or lightly few-nerved dorsally, rounded at base, short-stipitate,
rounded at apex and abruptly minutely beaked, the beak 0.3 mm. long, bidentulate, hyaline
and ciliate at mouth; achenes obovoid, closely enveloped, filling perigynium, 1.75—2 mm. long,
1.5 mm. wide, triangular with slightly concave sides, sessile, brownish, slightly granular,
strongly apiculate, jointed with the short, more or less exserted style; stigmas 3, slender,
short, brownish.

TYPE LOCALITY: Pleasant Valley, Idaho.

DISTRIBUTION: Mountain meadows, Hudson Bay to North Dakota, Colorado, and Alberta.
(Specimens examined from Manitoba, North Dakota, South Dakota, Alberta, Montana, Wyoming,
ee marron: Bull. Univ. Mont. 61: pl. 3 (right-hand figure).

Nore: The perigynia in this species are more beaked than in Carex Parryana Dewey, the achenes
are sessile and the style is shorter. It is a plant of more southern range than that species.

412. Carex Parryana Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 27: 239. pl. U,f.65. 1835.

Carex arctica Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 27: 239. pl. U, f. 66. 1835. (Type from Carleton House,

Saskatchewan.) Not C. arctica Deinb. 1842.

Carex Parryana var. 8 Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.3:426. 1836. (Based on C. arctica Dewey.)

Very loosely cespitose and stoloniferous, the stolons long, slender, horizontal, scaly, the
clumps small, the culms 1.5—4 dm. high, central, slender, stiff, papillose, usually strongly
exceeding the leaves, obtusely triangular below, smooth, or slightly roughened above, phyllo-
podic, reddish-purple and scarcely fibrillose at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year
conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades usually 5—12 to a fertile culm, clustered near the
base, not septate-nodulose, the blades erect or ascending, light-green, thin but stiff, flat with
revolute margins, 5—30 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, roughened towards the apex, long-attenuate,
the sheaths very thin and white-hyaline ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule about as long as
wide; spikes 3-5, the lateral pistillate, the terminal gynaecandrous (sometimes nearly stamin-
ate), more or less strongly separate or the upper approximate, erect, linear, 0.7—2 cm. long,
3 mm. wide, the lower short-peduncled, the upper sessile, closely 7—20-flowered in few rows,
the perigynia closely appressed; lowest bract usually shorter than the head, not sheathing or
but short-sheathing, purplish-red-tinged at base, the upper much smaller; scales small, 2—2.5
mm. long, persistent, dark-reddish-brown, with green midvein prominent to apex, and con-
spicuous white-hyaline margins, suborbicular, obtuse or short-mucronate, as wide as and about
length of perigynia and concealing them; perigynia broadly obovoid, unequally triangular and
sharp-edged before maturity, obtusely triangular at maturity, not inflated, 2-2.5 mm. long,
1-1.5 mm. wide, glabrous, membranaceous, puncticulate, straw-colored, purplish-tinged and
rough-granular towards apex, 2-ribbed (the marginal), otherwise nerveless or nearly so, short-
tapering and short-stipitate at base, tapering or somewhat rounded at apex and scarcely
beaked, the beak 0.1—0.2 mm. long, bidentulate, hyaline and slightly ciliate at mouth; achenes
obovoid, very closely enveloped, filling perigynium, 1.5-1.75 mm. long, 1—1.25 mm. wide,
triangular with slightly concave sides, shortly stipitate, brownish, slightly granular, strongly
apiculate, jointed with the slender more or less prominently exserted style; stigmas 3, slender,
short, brownish.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘“‘Hudson’s Bay’’ Manitoba (Dr. Richardson).

DISTRIBUTION: Plains and openings, Manitoba to Alberta and Mackenzie. (Specimens ex-
amined from Alberta, Saskatchewan, Mackenzie.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. 27: pl. U, f. 65, 66; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 717; ed. 2. f. 1041;
Boott, Ill. Carex 28. pl. 71.

413. Carex Vahlii Schkuhr, Riedgr. 87. 1801.

Carex Halleri Gunn. Fl. Norv. 2: 106. 1772. (In part; as to Fl. Dan. pl. 403, not as to type.)
Carex alpina Lilj. Sv. Fl. ed. 2.26. 1798. (Type from Lapland, Swartz not given as author.) Not
C. alpina Schrank, 1787; nor C. alpina Honck. 1792.
Carex alpina var. inferalpina Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 241. 1812. (Type from Lapland.)
cane ae = Br.; Richards. in Frankl. Journey 763. 1823. (Type from 54°-64°, northwestern
anada.

358 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

Carex alpina var. heterostachya Anderss. Cyp. Scand. 39. 1849. (Type from northwestern Europe.)

Carex alpina var. nigrescens Anderss. Cyp. Scand. 39. 1849. (Type from northwestern Europe.)

Carex ‘Angarae Steud. Syn. Cyp. 190. 1855. (Type from the Angara river, Siberia; doubtfully
referred here.)

“Carex sabulosa Turez.” Freyn, Oesterr. Bot. Zeits. 46: 132. 1896. (Plant from Transbaikalia.)

Carex alpina var. Steventi Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 21, 27. 1903. (Type from Colorado.)

Carex alpina f. nigrescens “ Anderss.” Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420; 386. 1909. (Based on
C. alpina var. nigrescens Anderss.)

Carex alpina f. robustior Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 386. 1909. (Type from Switzerland.)

Carex alpina f. inferalpina ‘‘ Wahl.’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 386. 1909. (Based on
C. alpina var. inferalpina Wahl.)

Loosely cespitose and stoloniferous, the stolons rather short, slender, scaly, the clumps
small or medium-sized, the culms 2-8 dm. high, central, slender, not stiff, erect to decumbent,
sharply triangular above, smooth or slightly roughened on the angles above, much exceeding
the leaves, phyllopodic, purplish-red-tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year
conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 8-15 to a fertile culm, chiefly bunched above
the base, not septate-nodulose, the blades light-green, thin, erect or spreading, flat with slightly
revolute margins, 5-15 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, long-attenuate, roughened on the margins,
especially towards the apex, the sheaths hyaline ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule very
short, much wider than long; spikes usually 3, the lateral pistillate, the terminal conspicuous,
gynaecandrous, closely aggregated or approximate, erect, short-oblong to suborbicular, 4-8
mim. long, 3—4.5 wide, the lower short-peduncled, the upper sessile, closely flowered, the 8-25
perigynia ascending in several rows; lowest bract usually shorter than the head, not or but
very little sheathing, slightly darkened at base, the upper much smaller; a larger bract occa-
sionally developed shortly below the inflorescence; scales small, 1.5—-2.5 mm. long, long persis-
tent, purple-black, the staminate ovate-lanceolate, acutish, with lighter midrib and white-
hyaline margins, the pistillate broadly ovate, acutish or obtuse, the midrib obsolete or nearly
so, the margins white-hyaline, nearly as wide as but much shorter than the perigynia; peri-
gynia obovoid or oblong-obovoid, 2—3.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, obtusely triangular,
slightly inflated, membranaceous, yellowish-green becoming yellowish-brown, granular and
strongly puncticulate, glabrous, 2-ribbed, otherwise nerveless, tapering at base, sessile, some-
times slightly serrulate, rounded and abruptly beaked above, the beak short (0.5 mm. long)
but prominent, minutely bidentate, purplish-tinged, not ciliate at mouth, achenes obovoid,
1.75 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, rather loosely enveloped in lower part of perigynium-body, tri-
angular with concave sides, yellowish-brown, granular, substipitate, abruptly apiculate,
jointed with the slender, short, more or less exserted style; stigmas 3, slender, blackish, short.

TYPE LocALity: ‘‘In alpibus Norvegiae rarius, e.g. in Séder Ranen.” (Oeder, Fl. Dan. pl. 403.)

DISTRIBUTION: Dry sunny places, in calcareous districts, esi and Newfoundland to
Alaska, southward to Ontario and Wisconsin, and in the mountains to New Mexico; widely dis-
tributed in arctic- -alpine Eurasia. (Specimens examined from Greenland, Labrador, Newfound-
land, Quebec, Keewatin, Ontario, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Mackenzie,
Yukon, Alberta, South Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. FI. f. 714; ed. 2. f. 1039; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 428; Schkuhr,
Riedgr. pl. G, f. 94; pl. Ppp, f. 154; Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 385. f. 60, A—E; Boott, Ill. Carex 112.
pl. 356, 357; F\. Dan. pl. 403; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 100. f. 79; Clements, Rocky Mt. FI. pl. 45, f.
§; Am. Jour Sci. IV. 23: 425. f. 13; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 63. f. 31; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 235, f.
588; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 6, f. 66; Coste, Fl. Fr. pl. 3843; Benth. Handb. Brit. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1113;
Engl. Bot. Suppl. pl. 2666; ed. 2. pl. 1636; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur. 2: 84. f. 230; Gmel. Fl. Sib. 1:
pl. 31, f. 1 (doubtful).

Nore 1: The name Carex alpina is attributed to Swartz by Wahlenberg (Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya
Handl. 24:160. 1803) and by Andersson (Cyp.Scand.39. 1849), but there is nothing in the original
publication to bear this out.

Norte 2: Carex Halleri Gunner (Fl. Norv. 2: 106. 1772) is based upon Haller’s no. 1356 (Hist.
Stirp. Ind. Helv. 2: 184. 1768), upon a species of Scheuchzer (Agrost. 493. pl. 11, f. 8. 1719) and
upon Flora Danica (7: 8. pl. 403. 1768). Haller’ Ss polynomial name enlarged by the word androgyna
from his text is given. ‘The habitat is given as ‘‘in alpibus’”’ of Norway, as given in the Flora Danica.
In the Flora Danica Haller and Scheuchzer are both cited and there is no original description. The
Norwegian plant of the Flora Danica is C. alpina Lilj. Haller’s plant from which the name is taken
and which should be regarded as the type, is entirely different. His description says ‘‘spica ex tribus
composita congestis . . . . androgynae omnes . . . . glumae mucronatae
capsulae . . mucrone longiusculo, simplici.’”’ It is compared with a figure in Micheli (Nov.
Pl. Gen. 68. No. 5. pl. 33, f. 6. 1729) and with Scheuchzer’s figure referred to above. It is doubt-
fully referred to C. approximata Hoppe by Gaudin (Agrost. Helv. 2: 107. 1811; Fl. Helv. 6: 54.
1830). ‘The description does not apply to this, but it does seem to me to well answer an immature
specimen of the mountain form of C. leporina Le (Kiikenthal, Pflanzenreich 420; 211. 1909), as do

Part 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 359

the figures of Micheli and Scheuchzer. I cannot find any other Swiss sedge to which it does apply.
I am therefore treating C. Halleri as a synonym of C. leporina L. or one of its varieties and as typified
by Haller’s no. 1356, from which the name came.

414. Carex holostoma Drejer, Nat. Tidssk. 3: 449. 1841.

Carex alpina var. holostoma 1,. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 76. 1886. (Based on C. holostoma

Drejer.)

Loosely cespitose and stoloniferous, the stolons long and conspicuous, slender, horizontal,
the culms 1—2 dm. high, central, sharply triangular, somewhat stiffly erect, smooth, shorter
than or exceeded by the leaves, phyllopodic, purplish-red-tinged at base, the dried-up leaves
of the previous year conspicuous, leaves with well-developed blades 6-10 to a fertile culm,
bunched towards the base, not septate-nodulose, the blades 5-20 ecm. long, 1.5—2 mm. wide,
light-green, thin, erect, flat with revolute margins, long-attenuate, little roughened except at
apex, the sheaths thin and yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule
longer than wide; terminal spike generally staminate, sessile, inconspicuous, overtopped and
largely hidden by the contiguous pistillate spikes, linear, 3-8 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, few-
flowered, the scales ovate or obovate, acute or obtuse, purplish-black with inconspicuous
lighter midvein and conspicuously white-hyaline margins above; pistillate spikes 1-3 (usually
2), erect, sessile or short-peduncled, aggregated or the lower more or less remote and more or
less strongly peduncled, linear, linear-oblong, or short-oblong, 6-10 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide,
closely flowered, the perigynia 10-30, appressed-ascending in several rows; bracts sheathless,
black-auricled, the upper reduced and squamiform, that of the remote spike (when present)
leaflet-like and shorter or longer than the inflorescence; scales small, 1.5—2.5 mm. long, broadly
ovate, broadly obovate, or suborbicular, obtuse or the upper acute, purplish-black with obscure
lighter midvein and narrow white-hyaline apex, as wide (at base) but shorter than the mature
perigynia; perigynia obovoid, slightly inflated, obtusely suborbicular-triangular in cross-section,
2-2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, membranaceous, densely granular, not serrulate, very obscurely
few-nerved, straw-colored below, purplish-black-tinged above, tapering at base, sessile or nearly
so, truncately or abruptly contracted into a very minute nearly entire beak 0.1 mm. long;
achenes obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, nearly filling perigynium, triangular with concave
sides, granular, yellowish-brown, sessile, abruptly apiculate, jointed with the very short,
black, more or less exserted style; stigmas 3, slender, blackish, short.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘In locis humidis ad radices montium Groenlandiae occidentalis (69°-71°
L. B.) legit J. Vahl.”” (Fl. Dan. pl. 2428.)

DISTRIBUTION: Keewatin, West Coast of Greenland between 68° 21’ and 70° 20’; extreme
aa Norway and Lapland. (Specimens examined from Chesterfield Inlet, Keewatin, Green-

ILLUSTRATIONS: Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 385. f. 60, F, G; Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 23: 425. f. 3-10;
Fl. Dan. pl. 2428; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 63. f. 32.

415. Carex stylosa C. Meyer, Mém. Acad. St.-Pétersb. Sav. Etr.
Me 222.ple bo. PSST.

Carex nigritella Drejer, Nat. Tidssk. 3: 450. 1841. (Type from southern Greenland.)
Carex beringiana Cham.; Steud. Syn. Cyp. 229. 1855. (Type from Unalaska.)

Cespitose in large mats, the clumps dense, from stout, fibrillose, creeping rootstocks, the
culms 1.5—5 dm. high, central, slender, depressed, papillose, much exceeding the leaves, sharply
triangular, roughened above, phyllopodic, purplish-red-tinged and slightly fibrillose at base,
the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades usually
5-10 to a fertile culm, clustered near the base, the blades light-green, firm, erect or ascending,
flat with slightly revolute margins, or channeled towards the base, papillose, usually 8-30 cm.
long, 1.5—3 mm. wide, long-attenuate, much roughened towards the apex, the sheaths yellowish-
brown-tinged ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule as long as wide; terminal spike staminate
or with a few perigynia, linear, 1-2 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, peduncled, the scales obovate,
obtusish, dark-purplish with lighter center and hyaline margin at least at apex; pistillate
spikes 2 or 3, approximate or the lower somewhat separate, erect, the lower on smooth peduncles

360 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

once to twice their own length, the upper shorter-peduncled or nearly sessile, oblong, 7-18 mm.
long, 4.5-8 mm. wide, closely flowered, containing 10-40 ascending-spreading perigynia in
several rows; lowest bract leaflet-like, sheathless, dark-auricled, usually much exceeded by
inflorescence, the upper much reduced; scales 2-3 mm. long, ovate, obtuse or the lower acute,
as wide as but shorter than the perigynia, purplish-black with lighter midrib extending to
the apex and hyaline margins; perigynia oval or ovoid, suborbicular or nearly so in cross-
section, 2.5—3.5 mm. long, 1.5-1.75 mm. wide, yellowish-brown and more or less purple-black-
tinged, glabrous, puncticulate, papillose above, subcoriaceous, strongly 2-ribbed and nerveless
or very obscurely nerved, tapering or rounded to a stipitate base, round-tapering and abruptly
minutely beaked at apex, the beak very minute, 0.1—0.3 mm. long, the orifice entire, filled by
the slender prominently exserted style 1 mm. long; achenes broadly elliptic or broadly ovoid
or elliptic-quadrate, filling perigynium or nearly so, 1.5 mm. long and about 1.25 mm. wide,
brownish, triangular with thick angles and sides concave below, truncate or rounded and
broadly substipitate at base, truncate or rounded above and abruptly slender-apiculate,
jointed with the straight or rarely bent slender style; stigmas 3, slender, short.

TYPE LOCALITY: Unalaska.

DISTRIBUTION: Open places, arctic and subarctic coastal regions from Greenland to Alaska,
and southward on the Atlantic coast to western Newfoundland and northeastern Quebec and on the
Pacific coast to northwestern Washington; also very locally in extreme northern Eurasia. (Speci-

mens examined from Greenland, Labrador, Newfoundland, northeastern Quebec, Alaska, British
Columbia, Vancouver Island, Washington.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 716; ed. 2. f. 1040; Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. pl. 29; Fl.
Dan. pl. 2369; Boott, Ill. Carex 141. pl. 454; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 105. f. 87; Am. Jour. Sci. IV.
23425) (2 11, J2Ostents BS Arct. Gonj.33:

416. Carex montanensis L. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 17: 152. 1892.

“Carex fuliginosa Schkuhr’’ Seem. Bot. Voy. Herald 42. 1852.
Carex venustula Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 17: 304. 1904. (Type from Cook Inlet, Alaska.)
““Carex podocarpa R. Br.” Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 411. 1909.

Loosely cespitose, the rootstocks more or less elongate, slender, brownish, the new shoots
at the base of the old, the culms 1—5 dm. high, central, rather slender to base, stiff below, more
or less nodding above, bluntly triangular, obscurely papillose, exceeding the leaves, little to
strongly roughened above, reddish-purple-tinged and somewhat fibrillose, strongly aphyllo-
podic; sterile shoots elongate, aphyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades usually 2—4
to a fertile culm, the upper much the longer, widely separate on lower third, not at all clustered,
the blades erect, deep-green, thin but firm, flat, usually 0.5-1.5 dm. long (or up to 2.5 dm. on
sterile shoots), 2-4 mm. wide, short-tapering, roughened towards apex, the sheaths rounded
and smooth dorsally, reddish-brown-tinged ventrally, not at all filamentose, the lower sheaths
long and conspicuous, the ligule conspicuous, much longer than wide; staminate spike solitary
(or with an additional small sessile one at its base), erect, oblong or oblong-obovoid, slender-
peduncled, 0.7—2.5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, black, the lighter
midrib inconspicuous, usually not extending to apex, the margins not hyaline; pistillate spikes
2 or 3, rarely 4, occasionally slightly staminate at apex, approximate or a little separate,
drooping or weakly erect on slender, smooth peduncles from somewhat shorter than to twice the
length of the spikes, the spikes oblong to linear-oblong, 1-2 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, closely
flowered, the perigynia 15-30, appressed-ascending in several rows; bracts squamiform, sheath-
less, black-auricled, usually much shorter than culm; scales oblong-obovate, obtuse to acute,
much shorter than to about length of but much narrower than perigynia, thin, closely appressed,
black, the margins not hyaline, the midvein obsolete, or rarely with somewhat lighter midvein
not extending to apex; perigynia oblong-ovate or elliptical, much flattened, 4 mm. long, 2 mm.
wide, 2-ribbed (the marginal), otherwise nerveless, very membranaceous, granular, straw-
colored at base, strongly blackish-tinged above, rounded at base, substipitate, round-tapering
at apex and abruptly minutely beaked, the beak 0.25 mm. long, black, entire or becoming
bidentulate; achenes triangular with concave sides, obovoid, one third to one fourth the width
and about half the length of perigynium, minute, 1.5 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, slenderly

ParT 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 361

long-stipitate, brownish, apiculate, jointed with the slender, straight, short-exserted style;
stigmas 3, slender, rather long.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Montana, Upper Marais Pass, W. M. Canby, Aug. 2, 1883 (no. 350) and along
subalpine streams, Park County, Frank Tweedy, Aug. 5, 1887. Also on mountain slopes, Kootanie
Pass, Rocky Mountains of British America, John Macoun, Aug. 9, 1883.”

DISTRIBUTION: Meadows and along streams in the mountains, Alberta to southern Alaska, and

southward to Montana and Idaho. (Specimens examined from Alberta, Montana, Idaho.)
ILLUSTRATION: Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 48: 25. f. 1-5 (C. venustula Holm).

417. Carex spectabilis Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci.
29: 248. pl. X,f. 76. 1836.

Carex nigella Boott, in Hook, Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 225. 1839. (Type from Columbia River.)

“Carex podocarpa R. Br.’’ W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 245. 1880.

Carex invisa I1,. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 82. 1886. (Type from Summit Camp, California.)

Carex Tolmiei var. nigella 1,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 47. 1889. (Based on C. nigella
Boott.)

‘Carex Tolmiei var. invisa Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 412. 1909. (Based on C. invisa
L. H. Bailey.)

“Carex venustula Holm’”’ Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 136. 1917.

Carex spectabilis f. chrysantha Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 49: 202. 1920. (Type from Washington.)

Carex spectabilis f. alpina Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 49: 202. 1920. (Type from Washington.)

Carex spectabilis var. superba Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 49: 202. 1920. (Type from Alberta.)

Carex spectabilis var. elegantula Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 49: 202. 1920. (Type from British
Columbia.)

Carex spectabilis var. gelida Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. 1V. 49: 202. 1920. (Type from Alberta.)

Loosely cespitose, the clumps medium-sized from densely matted, stout, tough, strongly
fibrous, short-branching rootstalks, the culms 2.5—9 dm. high, central, slender, erect, sharply
triangular, smooth or slightly roughened above, papillose, more or less strongly exceeding the
leaves, purplish-tinged at base, arising from the center of the tuft of dried-up leaves of the
previous year, the lower culm-leaves very much reduced; sterile shoots aphyllopodic; leaves
with well-developed blades 2—5 to a fertile culm, on the lower third or half, strongly separate,
the blades flat with slightly revolute margins, usually 0.5-1.5 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, light-
green, firm, papillose, short-tapering, somewhat roughened towards the apex, the sheaths very
long, very fragile and more or less yellowish-brown-tinged and purplish-dotted ventrally, pro-
longed at mouth beyond base of blade, the ligule wider than long; sterile-culm blades much
longer, 1.5—4 dm. long, and narrower, long-attenuate; staminate spike solitary or occasionally
two, erect or sometimes drooping, the upper more or less peduncled, the second sessile, linear-
oblong, 8-20 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, blackish with conspicuous
thick light-colored midrib more or less excurrent as a short cusp; pistillate spikes 2-4, more or
less strongly separate, erect, the upper short-peduncled or nearly sessile, the lower more strongly
peduncled, oblong or linear-oblong, 1-3 cm. long, 3.5—5 mm. wide, closely flowered, but little
attenuate-at base, containing 15-30 appressed perigynia in several rows; lower bract leaflet-
like, shorter than or exceeding inflorescence, sheathless; upper bracts reduced, the auricles
often dark-tinged; scales oblong-ovate, purplish-black with the margins slightly hyaline and
with conspicuous, thick, whitish midvein prominent to apex and usually excurrent as a very
short cusp, usually narrower and slightly shorter than the perigynia; perigynia oblong-elliptic
or oblong-ovate, much flattened, 4-5 mm. long, 1.75—2 mm. wide, 2-ribbed (the marginal),
otherwise very obscurely nerved, membranaceous, granular-roughened, light-green, strongly
purplish-blotched, rounded and sessile at base, rounded at apex, abruptly tipped by an
emarginate or bidentulate beak 0.5 mm. long; achenes linear-ovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide,
loosely enveloped in lower half of perigynium, triangular with blunt angles, light-brown,
puncticulate, short-stipitate, apiculate-tipped, jointed with the straight slender style; stigmas
3, reddish-brown, slender, short.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Found in the arctic regions.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Mountains and meadows, from Yukon to Montana, and southward in the
higher mountains to Tulare County, California. (Specimens examined from California, Oregon,
Washington, British Columbia, including Vancouver Island, Montana, Alberta, Yukon.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. 29: pl. X, f. 76; IV. 18: 17, 18. f. A, a-c; IV. 49: 197. f. 5-15;
Abrams, Fl. Pacif. St. f. 796.

362 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

418. Carex nesophila Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 17: 315. 1904.

Carex melastoma Fisch.; Boott, Ill. Carex 100, as synonym. 1860. (Plant from Bering Straits.)
Carex macrochaeta var. ’ subrigida Kiikenth.; J. M. Macoun, in D. S. Jordan, Fur Seals N. Pacif.

3:573. 1899. (Type from St. Paul Island. )
Carex salina var. tristigmatica Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 362, in part. 1909. (Type

from St. Paul Island, Bering Sea.)
“«Carex salina var. thulensis Th. Fries’? Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 49: 439, as to plant described. 1920.

Loosely long-stoloniferous, the stolons slender, long-creeping, at length ascending, with
light-brown scales breaking into numerous fibers; culms 1-4 dm. high, sharply triangular,
papillose, smooth, stiff, mostly strongly exceeding leaves, phyllopodic, light-brownish at base,
arising from the center of the 4-10 dried-up leaves of the previous year, the lower culm-leaves
shorter than the upper; leaves with well-developed blades 3—5 to a fertile culm, clustered above
the base, the blades flat with strongly revolute margins, mostly 1-3 dm. long, 2.5-—6 mm. wide,
smooth except at apex, stiff, thickish, papillose, short-tapering, the sheaths smooth, white-
hyaline or yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally, the ligule wider than long; terminal spike stam-
inate, sessile or short-peduncled, oblong-oblanceolate, 1-2 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, the scales
oblong-obovate, obtuse or acute or slightly cuspidate, purplish-black with conspicuous 3-
nerved narrow white center often excurrent as a short cusp; lateral spikes 3—5, erect, pistillate,
linear-oblong, mostly 1-3 (0.5-3.5) cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, densely flowered or somewhat
loosely at base, the perigynia 15-40, appressed in several rows, the upper spikes sessile or
short-peduncled, the lower on long stiff peduncles; bracts sheathless or nearly so, the lowest
leaf-like, often dark-auricled, shorter or longer than the inflorescence, the upper bracts much
reduced; scales obovate or oblong-obovate, largely concealing perigynia, purplish-black with
conspicuous slender 3-nerved midvein, obtuse, acute, or the midrib often slightly excurrent as
a very short awn; perigynia ovate or oblong-ovate, strongly flattened-triangular, 3—4.5 mm.
long, 1.5-1.75 mm. wide, light-green, or brownish or purplish-black-tinged in age, membrana-
ceous, puncticulate, smooth, very lightly 2-ribbed (the marginal) and 3-nerved on either face,
round-truncate and substipitate at base, round-tapering and abruptly minutely beaked, the
beak 0.25 mm. long, slender, smooth, slightly emarginate; achenes oblong-obovoid, normally
triangular, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, very short-stipitate, yellowish-brown, bluntly apiculate,
jointed with the slender included style; stigmas normally 3, slender, rather short.

TYPE LOCALITY: St. Paul Island, Bering Sea (James M. Macoun 16614, 16616).

DISTRIBUTION: Islands off the coast of western Alaska and northeastern Asia. (Specimens ex-

amined from Alaskan islands.)
ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. V. 3: 142. f. 10-12.

419. Carex podocarpa R. Br.; Richards. in Frankl. Journey 751. 1824.

Carex Tolmiei Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 224. 1839. (Type from Columbia River.)
Carex microchaeta Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. [V. 17: 305. 1904. (Type from Indian Divide, Yukon.)
Carex Paysonis Clokey, Am. Jour. Sci. V. 3: 89. 1922. (Type from Jackson’s Hole, Wyoming.)

. Very loosely cespitose in medium-sized or small clumps, the rootstocks long, scaly, fibril-
lose, tough but rather slender, branching, the culms 1.5-5 dm. high, stiff, erect, sharply tri-
angular, smooth or a little roughened above, papillose, much exceeding the leaves, brownish-
tinged and fibrillose at base, arising from the center of the dried-up leaves of the previous year,
the lower culm-leaves little reduced; sterile shoots aphyllopodic; leaves with well-developed
blades 8-15 to a fertile culm, clustered near the base, the blades flat with revolute margins,
3-25 em. long, 2.5-5 mm. wide, light-green, firm, papillose, short-tapering, somewhat roughened
towards the apex, the sheaths short, fragile and yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally, short-
prolonged at mouth beyond base of blade, the ligule wider than long; sterile shoots with similar
blades; staminate spikes 1 or 2, short-peduncled, oblong-clavate, 1.5-3 em. long, 3—4.5 mm.
wide, the scales oblong-oblanceolate to oblong-obovate, purplish-black with conspicuous,
thick, light-colored midrib more or less exserted as a short cusp; pistillate spikes 2-6, more or
less strongly separate, erect, the upper sessile or nearly so, the lower on slender peduncles
somewhat shorter than the spikes, the spikes short-oblong to oblong-cylindric, rounded or
slightly attenuate at base, 0.7—2.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, densely flowered, the 15-40 peri-

Part 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 363

gynia appressed-ascending in several rows; bracts sheathless, dark-auriculate, the lower 1 or 2
leaflet-like, shorter than the inflorescence, the upper much reduced; scales ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, slightly narrower and from slightly longer to slightly shorter than the perigynia,
purplish-black with minutely hyaline margins and conspicuous, thick, whitish midvein
usually prominent to apex, varying to nearly obsolete, more or less excurrent as a very short
cusp, sometimes merely obtuse or acute; perigynia ovate, much flattened, 2-4 mm. long, 1.5—
1.75 mm. wide, 2-ribbed (the marginal), faintly several-nerved, membranaceous, papillose,
light-green, strongly purplish-blotched, rounded and sessile at base, round-tapering at apex,
minutely abruptly beaked, the beak 0.2 mm. long, bidentulate, purple-tipped; achenes oblong-
obovoid, 1.75 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, loosely enveloped in lower half or two thirds of perigy-
nium, triangular, light-brown, puncticulate, short-stipitate, apiculate, jointed with the straight,
slender style; stigmas 3, reddish-brown, slender, short.

TYPE LOCALITY: Lat. 64°-69° northwestern Canada.

DISTRIBUTION: Mountain meadows, Yukon to Oregon and Wyoming. (Specimens examined
from Yukon, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. V. 3: pl. 2, f. 7-12; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 108. f. 90, f. 91 (asC.
macrochaeta); Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 797; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. pl. 224.

Nore: As to Carex podocarpa R. Br. and Carex Tolmiei Boott see the views of Boott (Hook.

Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 224. pl. 224. 1839), Clarke (Jour. Linn. Soc. 35: 403. 1903), and Holm (Am. Jour.
Sci. IV. 48: 17-20, 1919; 49: 200-201. 1920).

420. Carex Raynoldsii Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 32:39. 1861.
Carex Lyallii Boott, Ill. Carex 150. pl. 483. 1867. (Type from east side of Cascade Mts.).

Loosely cespitose, the rootstocks stout, scaly, creeping, the culms stout, erect, stiff, 2—7.5
dm. high, rather sharply angled, usually exceeding the leaves, smooth or nearly so, phyllopodice,
purplish-red-tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with
well-developed blades usually 5-10 to a fertile culm, clustered towards the base, the blades
light-green, stiff, erect or ascending, flat with revolute margins, 5—20 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide,
attenuate, roughened towards the apex, the sheaths yellowish-tinged ventrally, concave at
mouth, the ligule wider than long; terminal spike staminate, sessile or nearly so, linear, 1—2
cm. long, 3-4.5 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, firm, obtuse or acutish, purplish-brown
with: lighter center and narrow hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2-4, approximate or the
lowest slightly separate, erect, the upper sessile or nearly so, the others more or less strongly
peduncled, the peduncles nearly smooth, slender, stiff, the spikes oblong, 1-2 cm. long, 6-8
mm. wide, densely flowered, containing 15-40 ascending-spreading perigynia in several to
many rows; bracts sheathless, dark-auricled, the lowest leaflet-like, about the length of the
culm, the others much reduced; scales broadly ovate, dark-purplish-black with lighter-colored,
often nearly obsolete midrib and very narrow hyaline margins, short-acute or cuspidate,
about as wide below as but considerably exceeded by the perigynia; perigynia oblong-oval or
oblong-obovoid, somewhat inflated, suborbicular in cross-section, 3.5—-4.5 mm. long, 1.75-2
mm. wide, glabrous, puncticulate, subcoriaceous, 2-ribbed and strongly several-nerved,
yellowish-green, becoming yellowish-brown, substipitate, round-tapering at base, rounded
and abruptly contracted at apex into a minute, purple-tinged, entire or emarginate beak 0.5
mm. long; achenes obovoid, 2.25—2.5 mm. long; 1.5-1-75 mm. wide, nearly as wide as but
shorter than perigynia, triangular with thick angles and sides concave below, substipitate,
yellowish-brown, minutely granular, apiculate, jointed with the straight, slender, slightly
exserted style; stigmas 3, slender, short.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Pierre’s Hole, valley of Snake River, June 20, 1860, 6000 ft. altitude, and
Henry’s Fork, June 22, 1860, 5500 ft. altitude. Dr. F. V. Hayden.”

DISTRIBUTION: Mountain meadows, Alberta to British Columbia and southward to Colorado,
Utah, and middle California. (Specimens examined from Alberta, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming,
Colorado, Utah, California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Erythea 8: 68. f. 36; Jepson Man. FI. Pl. Calif. f. 194; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif.
St. f. 798; Boott, Ill. Carex 150. pl. 483.

364 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

421. Carex aboriginum M. E. Jones, Bull. Univ. Mont. 61:69. 1910.

Cespitose in medium-sized clumps, the rootstocks very short, tough, dark, fibrillose, the
culms very slender, 5—9 dm. high, sharply triangular, papillose, smooth, much exceeding the
leaves, aphyllopodic, purplish-red-tinged at base, the basal sheaths breaking and sparingly
filamentose, the dried-up leaves of the previous year short; leaves with well-developed blades
4—8 to a fertile culm, clustered above the base, the blades erect, 0.5-1.5 dm. long (or up to 3
dm. on the sterile shoots), 1.5-3 mm. wide, channeled, the margins revolute, light-green,
stiff, papillose, long-attenuate, the sheaths thin and hyaline ventrally, yellowish-brown-tinged,
the ligule wider than long; staminate spike slender-peduncled, linear, 1-2 em. long, 3.5 mm.
wide, the scales broadly obovate, obtuse, purplish-red with lighter 3-nerved center and con-
spicuous white-hyaline margins; pistillate spikes usually 2, erect, approximate or more or
less strongly separate, the upper sessile, the lower on short, smooth peduncles, short-oblong, to
linear-oblong, 8-25 mm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, closely flowered, the perigynia 10-30, ascending
in few-several rows; lowest bract squamiform, shorter than head, sheathless or very short-
sheathing, the upper much reduced, biauriculate; scales orbicular, nearly the width but only
half the length of perigynium, 3-nerved, sharply keeled, obtuse or rough-mucronate, purplish-
red with lighter center and white-hyaline margins; perigynia obovoid, obtusely triangular in
cross-section, 2.75-3.5 mm. long, 1.75—2.5 mm. wide, 2-ribbed and finely many-nerved, sub-
coriaceous, puncticulate, straw-colored, strongly purplish-red-blotched, round-tapering and
sessile at base, abruptly beaked, the beak flattened, 0.25 mm. long, bidentulate, the teeth
scarcely hispidulous within, the notch wide; achenes obovoid, 2 mm, long, 1.75 mm. wide,
closely enveloped and filling lower three fourths of perigynium-body, triangular with concave
sides, broadly substipitate, brownish, abruptly slenderly apiculate, jointed with the very
short style; stigmas 3, slender, reddish-brown, rather short.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Indian Valley, southern Idaho, near Salubria, July 12, 1899.”

DISTRIBUTION: Dry gumbo soil, wet in the spring, Idaho. (Specimens examined from Idaho.)
ILLUSTRATIONS: Bull. Univ. Mont. 61: 70. f. 1-3.

422. Carex Gmelini H. & A., Bot. Beech. Voy. 118. pl. 27. 1832.

Carex sp. Gmel. FI. Sib. 1: 139. pl. 30, f. 1. 1747. (Type from Kamtschatca.)

Carex acrolepis Ledeb. Denks. Bot. Ges. Regensb. 3: 56. 1841. (Type from Siberia.) Not C.
acrolepis Liebm. 1851.

Carex laticuspis Franch. Bull. Soc. Philom. VIII. 7:38. 1895. (Type from northern Japan.)

Cespitose, the clumps dense, from short, stout, scaly rootstocks, the culms 1-6 dm. high,
stiff, papillose, sharply triangular, roughened above, aphyllopodic, strongly purplish-red-
tinged at base, the basal sheaths breaking and becoming very sparingly filamentose, the dried-
up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades usually 3-5 toa
fertile culm, clustered above the base, the blades light-green, firm, erect, papillose, flat with
slightly revolute margins or channeled towards the base, 0.5-3 dm. long, 1.5—4 mm. wide,
long-attenuate, strongly roughened towards apex, the sheaths strongly yellowish-red-tinged
and red-dotted ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule as long as wide; spikes 3-6, closely
approximate or the lowest more or less strongly separate, the terminal gynaecandrous, the
lateral pistillate, erect, short-peduncled (the peduncles rough), or the upper nearly sessile,
oblong or oblong-cylindric, 1-3 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, closely flowered, containing 10-30
appressed-ascending perigynia in numerous rows; lowest bract leaflet-like, sheathless or very
nearly so, dark-auricled, about length of inflorescence, the upper bracts reduced; scales ovate,
purplish-black with lighter 1—3-nerved center excurrent as a prominent rough cusp and nar-
rowly white-hyaline margins, as wide as but usually shorter than the perigynia; perigynia
oblong-ovate, plano-convex, 4-5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, subcoriaceous, yellowish-brown,
purple-dotted, puncticulate, nerveless or nearly so ventrally, finely many-nerved dorsally,
abruptly rounded to a short-stipitate base, rounded and abruptly minutely beaked at apex,
the beak purple-tipped, 0.25 mm. long, bidentulate; achenes obovoid, 1.75—2 mm. long,
1-1.25 mm. wide, loosely enveloped in lower part of perigynium, yellowish-brown, triangular

Part 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 365

with sides slightly concave below, substipitate, abruptly slender-apiculate, jointed with the
straight slender style; stigmas 3, slender, short.
ae LOCALITY: Kamtschatca (Krazcheninnicow), ‘‘Carex n. 77, Gmel. Fl. Sib. v. 1. p. 139.
by, Fa?
DISTRIBUTION: Along the coast, occasionally in the interior, from British Columbia to the
Shumagin and Pribilof islands; also on the Asiatic coast as far south as northern Japan. (Specimens
examined from British Columbia, Yukon, Alaska, Bering Straits.)
ILLUSTRATIONS: Gmel. Fl. Sib. 1: pl. 30, f. 1; H. & A. Bot. Beech. Voy. pl. 27; Engler, Pflan-
zenreich 420; 397. f. 62, A-C; Boott, Ill. Carex 139. pl. 440; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 106. f. 88; Ostenf.
Fl. Arct. 67. f. 36.

423. Carex leiophylla Mackenzie, sp. nov.

Loosely cespitose from long-creeping, slender, stout, fibrous rootstocks, the culms 2.5—3.5
dm. high, smooth, papillose, sharply triangular, slender and more or less nodding, not at all
stiff, exceeding leaves, phyllopodic, purplish-tinged and more or less fibrillose at base, the
dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 10-15 to
a fertile culm, clustered on lower fourth, the blades mostly 1—2 dm. long, 2—3.5 mm. wide,
yellowish-green, papillose, flat or slightly channeled with somewhat revolute margins, thick
with prominent midvein, triangular and long-attenuate towards the apex, very smooth through-
out, even towards the apex, the sheaths whitish, very membranaceous, and readily breaking
ventrally, the ligule as long as wide; spikes 4 or 5, sessile, very closely aggregated into an
oblong-ovoid head about 2.5 cm. long and 12—16 mm. wide, the terminal gynaecandrous with
a few staminate flowers at base, the lateral pistillate with 10-20 spreading-ascending perigynia
closely packed in several to many rows; bracts sheathless, the lower with dilated dark-purplish
base, short-prolonged but exceeded by head, the others scale-like; scales ovate or lance-ovate,
acute, purplish-brown with slightly hyaline margins and apex and with slender midvein not
conspicuous for its whole length, about width of but shorter than mature perigynia; peri-
gynia ovoid, 4 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, suborbicular in cross-section and somewhat inflated,
straw-colored, purplish-blotched, 2-ribbed and obscurely many-nerved, minutely granular,
subcoriaceous, strongly stipitate, round-tapering at base, more or less abruptly contracted at
apex, the beak 1 mm. long, bidentate, purplish, and strongly white-hyaline at the orifice;
achenes triangular, oblong-obovoid, 2.25 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, loosely enveloped, sessile,
apiculate, jointed with the slender included style; stigmas 3, slender, long.

Laxe cespitosa e rhizomatibus repentibus; culmi acute triangulares plusminus nutantes
folia superantes; folia 10-15 crassa paullo revoluta glabra, costa crassa, vaginis albidis; spicae
4 vel 5 sessiles in capitulum oblongum confertae, terminalis gynaecandra basi mascula, later-
ales femineae, bracteis brevibus evaginatis; squamae ovatae vel ovato-lanceolatae acutae
purpureo-brunneae perigyniis breviores; perigynia ovoidea 4 mm. longa straminea paullo
inflata 2-costata inconspicue multinervata, in rostrum bidentatum 1 mm. longum contracta;
achaenia triangularia oblongo-ovoidea apiculata.

Type collected at Carcross, Upper Yukon Valley, Alice Eastwood 725 ch
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. (Specimens examined from Yukon.)

424. Carex Nelsonii Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 137. 1917.

Loosely cespitose, the rootstock short-creeping, rather slender, light-brown, the culms
1.5-3 dm. high, stiff, erect, triangular, smooth, much exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic,
fibrillose and brownish and sparingly dark-purplish-red-tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of
the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 5-12 to a fertile culm,
clustered near the base, the blades thick, dull-green, flat with scarcely revolute margins,
channeled at base, 3-15 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, short-attenuate, roughened towards the apex,
the sheaths whitish ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule much wider than long; spikes 2 or
3, closely aggregated, sessile and forming a dense capitate head, the spikes oblong or obovoid,
10-12 mm. long, 5—8 mm. wide, the lateral pistillate, the terminal gynaecandrous and somewhat
clavate at base, densely 15-35-flowered, the appressed perigynia in numerous rows; bracts
sheathless, scale-like and inconspicuous or the lowest short-prolonged; an empty bract-like

366 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

leaf usually 1 cm. below head and about equaling the inflorescence often present; scales ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or slightly acute, black, the midvein obsolete and upper margins
not hyaline, narrower and shorter than the perigynia; perigynia oblong-obovoid, somewhat
inflated and compressed-suborbicular, 4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, yellowish-green, strongly
blotched with purplish-black, membranaceous, 2-ribbed (the lateral), otherwise nerveless,
puncticulate, granular-roughened on margins above and ciliate-serrulate, glabrous, rounded
at base, substipitate, somewhat abruptly contracted into a purplish-black, cylindric, sharply
bidentate, sparsely ciliate-serrulate beak nearly 1 mm. longs achenes small, obovoid, 1.5 mm.
long, 0.75 mm. wide, scarcely half length of perigynium, triangular with flattened sides,
stipitate, yellowish-brown, granular, apiculate, jointed with the slender style; stigmas 3,
slender, very short, whitish at flowering.

TYPE LOCALITY: La Plata Mines, Wyoming (A. & E. Nelson 5264).

DISTRIBUTION: Mountain meadows at 3000-4100 m. elevation, Wyoming and Colorado. (Speci-

mens examined from Wyoming and Colorado.)
ILLUSTRATION: Clements, Rocky Mt. FI. pl. 45, f. 7 (as C. atrata).

425. Carex atrosquama Mackenzie, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.
2550 ye oe.
Carex apoda Clokey, Am. Jour. Sci. V. 3: 88. pl. 2, f. I-6. 1922. (Type from Custer County, Idaho.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, slender, the culms 1.5—5 dm. high, slender,
erect, or at maturity nodding, sharply triangular, slightly roughened above, much exceeding
the leaves, phyllopodic, dark-purplish-red-tinged at base, the lower sheaths sparingly filamen-
tose, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades
7-10 to a fertile culm, on lower fourth, mostly clustered near base, the blades deep-green,
firm, flat, with slightly revolute margins, 0.5—2.5 dm. long, 1.5-3.5 mm. wide, mostly erect,
attenuate, roughened towards the apex, the sheaths whitish or yellowish-white ventrally,
concave at mouth, the ligule as long as wide; spikes 3 or 4, the lateral pistillate, the terminal
gynaecandrous and clavate at base, approximate or the lower slightly separate, the lower 1
or 2 on erect peduncles half to twice their own length, the others sessile or nearly so, the
peduncles rough, triangular, the spikes oblong, 6-20 mm. long, 5-6 mm. wide, densely 15-35-
flowered, with appressed perigynia in several rows; lowest bract leaflet-like, slightly or not at
all sheathing, not or but little purplish-tinged, shorter than or exceeding the inflorescence;
upper bracts much reduced; scales broadly ovate, obtuse or slightly acute, black, the midvein
obsolete or very indistinct, and the upper margins not at all or but very slightly hyaline,
nearly the width of but markedly shorter than the perigynia; perigynia narrowly elliptic-
obovoid, 3.25 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, nerveless, granular-roughened above, puncticulate,
olive-green, becoming yellowish-brown, sometimes slightly purplish-spotted, membranaceous,
slightly inflated, suborbicular and but little flattened at maturity, glabrous, sessile, round-
tapering at base, abruptly contracted into a minute shallowly bidentate purplish-black beak
0.5 mm. long; achenes obovoid, 1.5—2 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, rather loosely enveloped in
lower part of body of perigynium, triangular with sides somewhat concave below, stipitate,
dull-yellowish-brown, slightly granular, apiculate, jointed with the slender, not exserted style;
stigmas 3, short, slender, whitish at flowering.

TYPE LOCALITY: Head of Smoky River, Alberta (N. Hollister 14).

DISTRIBUTION: Mountain meadows, Alberta to British Columbia, and southward to Montana,

Idaho and Oregon. (Specimens examined from Alberta, British Columbia, Montana, Idaho, and

Oregon.)
ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. V. 3: pl. 2, f. 1-6; Abrams. Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 804.

426. Carex Helleri Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 80. 1922.

Carex atrata var. nigra W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 239, in part. 1880.
“‘Carex nova 1,. H. Bailey’’ Smiley, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 9: 124. 1921.

Very densely cespitose, not stoloniferous, the culms 0.5-3 dm. high, slender but strictly
erect, sharply triangular, roughened on angles beneath head, exceeding leaves, phyllopodic,

Part 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 367

purplish-red-tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year inconspicuous; leaves
with well-developed blades usually 6-10 to a fertile culm, clustered near the base, not septate-
nodulose, the blades flat with slightly revolute margins, stiff, light-green, erect or ascending,
up to 1 dm. long, 2~3.5 mm. wide, strongly attenuate, the sheaths very thin ventrally, usually
whitish, often reddish-dotted, concave at mouth, the ligule as long as wide; spikes 3-5, closely
aggregated, the terminal gynaecandrous, sessile or short-peduncled, with few staminate flowers,
the lateral pistillate, sessile or very short-peduncled, oblong, 10-20 mm. long, 5—7 mm. wide,
obtuse at apex, rounded or the terminal one tapering at base, very densely 25—50-flowered,
the appressed-ascending perigynia in many rows; lowest bract leaflet-like, not sheathing,
shorter than inflorescence, strongly purplish-margined or auricled at base; upper bracts much
reduced; scales lanceolate or lanceolate-ovate, aristate or acuminate, purplish-black, with
white midvein extending entire length or in places obsolete, longer but much narrower than the
perigynia; perigynia very strongly 2-edged and flat save where distended in center by achene,
broadly oval to orbicular, 2.5—-3.5 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, 2-ribbed (the marginal), otherwise
nerveless, membranaceous, smooth, puncticulate, strongly purplish-tinged, except the light-
green margins, rounded and sessile or substipitate at base, rounded above and very abruptly
minutely beaked, the beak apiculate, 0.25 mm. long, shallowly bidentate, purplish-tinged;
achenes narrowly oblong-obovoid, 1.5 mm, long, 0.75 mm. wide, much narrower and shorter
than the perigynia, triangular with shallowly concave sides, substipitate, yellowish-brown,
abruptly apiculate, jointed with the straight slender style; stigmas 3, slender, whitish at
flowering.

TYPE LOCALITY: Mt. Rose, Washoe County, Nevada (Heller 9975).

DISTRIBUTION: At high altitudes in the Sierra Nevada of California, from Tulare County
north to El Dorado County; also in the White Mountains of California and the high mountains of

western Nevada. (Specimens examined showing distribution as given.)
ILLUSTRATIONS: Erythea 8: 70. f. 38; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 801; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif.

f. 196
427. Carex epapillosa Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 138. 1917.

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, the culms 1.5—6 dm. high, erect, usually
rather stiff, sharply triangular, smooth, exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, dark-purplish-red-
tinged and brown-fibrillose at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous;
leaves with well-developed blades 5-8 to a fertile culm, on lower fourth, the blades stiff, erect,
light-green, flat with somewhat revolute margins, 0.5—2 dm. long, 3.5—7 mm. wide, attenuate,
smooth except towards the apex, the sheaths whitish or dull-yellowish-tinged ventrally, tight,
dorsally somewhat septate-nodulose, concave at mouth, the ligule very short, much wider
than long; spikes 3-6, usually 4 or 5, the terminal gynaecandrous, its lower third staminate,
the lateral pistillate, all approximate, the upper closely aggregated, the lowermost on peduncles
3-10 mm: in length, erect or erect-ascending, oblong, 1—2.5 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, very
closely flowered, with 30-60 appressed-ascending perigynia in many rows; bracts sheathless,
dark-purplish-tinged at base, the lowest leaflet-like, usually shorter than the head, the others
seale-like; scales blackish, ovate or lanceolate, acute, acuminate, or cuspidate, about the
length of the perigynia but much narrower, the light-colored midvein often conspicuous for
its entire length; perigynia oval or oval-orbicular, strongly flattened, not inflated, 3-4 mm.
long, 1.75-3 mm. wide, membranaceous, puncticulate, very smooth, not at all papillose, 2-
ribbed (the marginal), otherwise nerveless or very obscurely nerved, dull-yellowish-green or
purplish-blotched, sessile, rounded at base and apex, abruptly minutely beaked, the beak
purple, slender, 0.5 mm. long, bidentate; achenes obovoid, small, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide,
occupying about a third of width of perigynium, triangular with sides somewhat concave
below or rarely lenticular, dull-yellowish-brown, granular, strongly stipitate, apiculate, jointed
with the straight, slender, at length deciduous style; stigmas 3 or rarely 2, slender, short.

TYPE LocaLity: Marysvale, Utah (M. E. Jones 5345).

DISTRIBUTION: Mountain meadows, Wyoming to Washington, and southward to Utah and

California. (Specimens examined from Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, Washington, Oregon and Cali-

fornia.)
ILLUSTRATION: Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 802.

368 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

428. Carex heteroneura W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 240. 1880.

“Carex atrata L.’’ W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 239. 1880.
Carex atrata var. erecta W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 239. 1880. (Type from California.)
Carex quadrifida 1. H. Bailey, Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 3: 104. 1891. (Type from Mt. Dana, Cali-

fornia.)

Carex quadrifida var. lenis 1,. H. Bailey, Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 3: 104. 1891. (Type from Mt.

Dana, California.)

Carex quadrifida var. caeca L,. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz.21:8. 1896. (Type from San Jacinto Mountains,

California. )

Carex atrata subsp. atratiformis var. erecta ‘‘W. Boott’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420:

399. 1909. (Based on C. atrata var. erecta W. Boott.)

Carex atrata subsp. atratiformis var. erecta f. lenis Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 399. 1909.

(Based on C. quadrifida var. lenis L,. H. Bailey.)

Carex atrata subsp. atratiformis var. erecta f. caeca Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42:400. 1909.

(Based on C. quadrifida var. caeca L,. H. Bailey.)

“‘ Carex atrata var. discolor 1,. H. Bailey’’ Smiley, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 9: 124. 1921.

Very densely cespitose, the rootstocks usually very short, the culms 2.5-10 dm. high,
slender but erect, exceeding leaves, acutely triangular above, smooth or somewhat roughened
above, phyllopodic, strongly purplish-red-tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous
year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades usually 5-10 to a fertile culm, on the
lower third, the lower clustered, the blades stiff, erect, light-green, flat with slightly revolute
margins, 0.5-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, attenuate, much roughened towards the apex, the
sheaths yellowish-tinged ventrally and usually more or less purplish-red, concave at mouth,
the ligule as long as wide; spikes 3—6, usually 4, closely approximate or the lowest 1 or 2 from
little to strongly separate, the terminal gynaecandrous, rarely staminate, the lateral pistillate,
erect, the upper very short-peduncled or sessile, the lower on peduncles from one half to twice
the length of the spikes, the peduncles triangular, rough, the spikes oblong or rather broadly
linear-oblong, 0.7—2.5 cm. long, 5—7 mm. wide, densely flowered, containing 15—40 appressed-
ascending perigynia in many rows; lowest bract leaflet-like, sheathless or nearly so, purple-
auricled, from much shorter than to exceeding inflorescence; upper bracts much reduced;
scales dark-purple-brown with lighter center conspicuous to the tip and minutely hyaline
margins, the staminate ovate or obovate, obtuse or acute, the pistillate ovate or lance-ovate,
acute, half width and from nearly length of to noticeably shorter than the perigynia; perigynia
broadly oval or obovate or suborbicular, 2.5—3.5 mm. long, 1.75—2.5 mm. wide, very strongly
flattened, not inflated, membranaceous, glabrous, puncticulate, not granular, greenish-white
with green edges, 2-ribbed (the marginal), otherwise nerveless or obscurely few-nerved dor-
sally, sessile, rounded at base and apex, abruptly minutely beaked, the beak slender, purple,
minutely bidentate, 0.25 mm. long; achenes minute, obovoid, 1.75 mm. long, 0.75—1 mm. wide,
half width of perigynia, triangular with slightly concave sides, short-stipitate, yellowish-brown,
granular, apiculate, jointed with the slender style; stigmas 3, slender, very short.

TYPE LOCALITY: Lake Tahoe to Bear Valley, California (Kellogg).

DISTRIBUTION: Mountain meadows, Sierra Nevada of California, from Tulare County to
Placer County; in the high mountains of southern California, and in the high mountains of western
Nevada. (Specimens examined showing range as given.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Bull. So. Calif. Acad. 4: pl. 12; Erythea 8: 71. f. 39; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St.
f. 803; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif. f. 197.

429. Carex bella L. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 17: 152. 1892.

Carex atrata var. W. Boott, in Rothr. Bot. Wheeler’s Surv. 278. 1878. (Type from Mt. Graham,

Arizona.)

“Carex atrata var. ovata Boott”’ L. H. Bailey, in Coult. Man. 388. 1885.

Carex atrata var. discolor 1,. H. Bailey, Jour. Bot. 26: 321. 1888. (Type from mountains of Colo-
rado and Utah and southward.)

Carex atrata subsp. atratiformis var. discolor Bailey; Kiikenth, in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 399,

909. (Based on C. atrata var. discolor L,. H. Bailey.)

Cespitose, the rootstocks short-creeping, fibrillose, the clumps medium-sized, the culms
very slender, 5-9 dm. high, often drooping, much exceeding the leaves, sharply triangular,
roughened on the angles above, phyllopodic, cinnamon-brown and more or less strongly
purplish-red-tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with
well-developed blades usually 8-12 to a fertile culm, on the lower half, but not bunched, not

ParT 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 369

septate-nodulose, the blades light-green, firm, erect, flat, usually 2-4 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide,
long-attenuate, roughened on the margins and towards the apex, the sheaths very thin ven-
trally and dull reddish-brown-tinged or dotted, concave at mouth, the ligule as long as wide;
spikes 3 or 4, the lower strongly peduncled, more or less drooping, the peduncles slender,
roughish, 1.5—4 cm. long, the upper spikes erect, short-peduncled or nearly sessile, the upper-
most contiguous, the others more or less strongly separate, gynaecandrous, the lateral with a
few staminate flowers, the terminal half staminate, the lateral oblong-linear, 12-25 mm. long,
4-5 mm. wide, closely flowered, containing 15-30 appressed perigynia in few rows, the terminal
spike slightly wider; lowest bract short (2-5 mm.), sheathing, leaflet-like, exceeding head, the
upper much reduced; staminate scales oblong-obovate, acutish, dark-purplish-brown with
lighter midrib and shining white-hyaline margins; pistillate scales ovate, obtuse or acute.
dark-purplish-brown with lighter midrib usually conspicuous throughout, and shining white-
hyaline margins, nearly as wide as but shorter than mature perigynia; perigynia strongly
flattened but swollen by ripening achene, broadly oval to oblong-oval, 3—-4mm. long 1.75—2 mm.
wide, 2-ribbed (the marginal), otherwise nerveless or lightly 2—3-nerved on one face, whitish-
green, little or not at all purplish-tinged, membranaceous, puncticulate, smooth, not granular,
rounded at base, substipitate, rounded at apex and abruptly beaked, the beak apiculate,
0.3 mm. long, purplish-tinged at mouth, shallowly bidentate; achenes obovoid or oblong-ob-
ovoid, 2—2.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, little narrower but much shorter than perigynia, triangu-
lar with sides concave below, substipitate, yellowish-brown, granular, short-round-tapering
at apex, strongly apiculate and jointed with the straight, slender style; stigmas 3, slender,
short, whitish at flowering.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Mountains, Colorado, Utah, and Arizona.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Wooded hillsides and along streams in the higher mountains, Colorado to Utah,

and southward to New Mexico and Arizona; erroneously recorded from California. A handsome
species. (Specimens examined from Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona.)

430. Carex albo-nigra Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 137. 1917.

Cespitose, the rootstocks short, slender, the culms 1-3 dm. high, stiff, rigid and erect,
sharply triangular, roughened towards apex, much exceeding leaves, phyllopodic, purplish-
red-tinged and but slightly fibrillose towards base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year
conspictious; leaves with well-developed blades 6—12 to a fertile culm, clustered at base, not
septate-nodulose, the blades light-green, firm, erect or ascending, flat with slightly revolute
margins, 5-20 cm. long, 2.5—5 mm. wide, roughened towards the strongly attenuate apex;
sheaths whitish ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule as long as wide; spikes usually 3,
approximate or the lowest slightly separate, the lowest on an erect peduncle shorter than the
spike, the others sessile or nearly so, the lateral pistillate, narrowly oblong, very closely flowered,
8-10 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, with 8-20 appressed perigynia in several to many rows, the
terminal gynaecandrous, clavate at base, 10-12 mm. long, 6 mm. wide, with about 25-30
appressed perigynia in several to many rows; lowest bract leaflet-like, about equaling inflores-
cence, brownish-purple-tinged and subsheathing at base, the others scale-like; scales broadly
ovate, obtuse or acutish, purplish-black, conspicuously white-hyaline at apex and on the
margins, the midvein normally more or less obsolete, mostly wider than (except at apex) and
nearly length of the perigynia; perigynia much flattened, broadly ovate or obovate, 3—3.5 mm.
long, 2 mm. wide, 2-ribbed (the marginal), otherwise nerveless or nearly so, membranaceous,
glabrous, granular, purplish-black, rounded at base, substipitate, rounded at apex, and very
abruptly contracted into a minute, apiculate, shallowly bidentate beak scarcely 0.5 mm. long;
achenes obovoid, 1.25 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, narrower and shorter than the perigynia,
triangular with concave sides, granular, light-yellowish-brown, substipitate, apiculate, jointed
with the straight, slender style; stigmas 3, slender, short, whitish at flowering.

TYPE LOCALITY: Needle Mountain, Wyoming (Merritt Cary 613).

DIsTRIBUTION: Dry mountain sides at high elevations, Alberta to Washington, and southward
to Arizona and California. (Specimens examined from Wyoming, Colorado, Alberta, Utah, Arizona

California, Washington.) s
ILLUSTRATION: Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 805.

370 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

431. Carex nova L. H. Bailey, Jour. Bot. 26: 322. 1888.

‘ Carex atrata var. nigra Boott’’ Olney in S. Wats. Bot. King’s Expl. 371. 1871 (and other authors).
““Carex nigra All.” Olney, Caric. Bor.-Am. 10. 1877.

“Carex melanocephala Turcz.’’ Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. lV. 16:21, 27. 1903.

Carex violacea C. B. Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8:87. 1908. (Type, Hall & Harbour 587 from

Colorado, erroneously attributed to California.)

Cespitose, the rootstocks short-creeping, slender, the clumps medium-sized, the culms
stiffly erect, 1.5—6 dm. high, exceeding the leaves, sharply triangular, smooth or more or less
roughened above, phyllopodic, strongly purplish-red-tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of
the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 8-15 to a fertile culm,
chiefly bunched above the base, not septate-nodulose, the blades firm, erect, light-green, flat
with slightly revolute margins, 5-15 cm. long, 2.5—5 mm. wide, roughened at the attenuate
apex, the sheaths hyaline and yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule
as long as wide; spikes 3 or 4, the lateral pistillate, the terminal gynaecandrous, sessile, very
closely aggregated into a dense terminal head 8-18 mm., long and about as wide, the spikes
suborbicular, 7-12 mm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, very closely flowered, the spreading-ascending,
at length squarrose perigynia in many rows; head subtended by an empty bract 2-30 mm.
below, little sheathing, darkened at base, from shorter to longer than the head; other bracts
obsolete; scales lanceolate or oblanceolate to obovate, obtusish to acutish or short-cuspidate,
purplish-black with very narrow hyaline margins above, the midrib very inconspicuous, the
pistillate shorter and narrower than the perigynia; perigynia much flattened, but strongly dis-
tended by ripening achene, ovate-suborbicular to obovoid, 3-4 mm. long, 2—3.5 mm. wide,
2-ribbed (the marginal), otherwise nerveless, membranaceous, granular, remotely and spar-
ingly ciliate-scabrous, purplish-black with green margins and straw-colored at base, rounded
and substipitate at base, rounded at apex, abruptly short-beaked, the beak apiculate, 0.5-1
mm. long, sharply bidentate, purplish-black; achenes narrowly obovoid, 1.75-2 mm. long,
1 mm. wide, much shorter than and about half as wide as perigynia, triangular with sides
concave below, short-stipitate, yellowish-brown, granular, short-round-tapering and abruptly
apiculate at apex, jointed with the slender straight style; stigmas 3, short, slender, dull-
brownish.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado and southward.”

DISTRIBUTION: Along streams and in mountain meadows at altitudes of 2400-3900 meters,

Montana to New Mexico and Utah. Erroneously recorded from California. (Specimens examined
from Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah.)

432. Carex chalciolepis Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV.
16: 28, 29.4, 1-5... 1905"

Carex atrata var. chalciolepis Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 399. 1909. (Based on C.
chalciolepis Holm.)

Densely cespitose; the rootstocks very short, the clumps medium-sized, the culms slender
and weak, nodding or even reclining, 2—7.5 dm. high, exceeding the leaves, sharply triangular,
smooth or slightly roughened above, phyllopodic, purplish-red-tinged at base, the dried-up
leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 5-10 to a fertile
culm, on the lower half, the lower bunched, the blades erect, stiff, dull-green, flat, with slightly
revolute margins, 7-15 cm. long, 2.5—-6 mm. wide, long-attenuate, slightly roughened towards
the apex on the margins, the sheaths white or yellowish-tinged ventrally, concave at mouth,
the ligule wider than long; spikes 2—4, closely aggregated or the lowest slightly separate, the
terminal gynaecandrous, the lateral pistillate, all varying from short-peduncled to sessile,
oblong (especially the lateral) to broadly ovoid (especially the terminal), 1—2.5 em. long, 6-10
mm. wide, very closely flowered, the perigynia appressed-ascending in many rows; lowermost
bract leaflet-like, from shorter to longer than the inflorescence, darkened and slightly or not
at all sheathing at the base; upper bracts much reduced; scales brown-copper-colored, very
thin and closely appressed, the staminate lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, with very incon-
spicuous midrib and narrow hyaline margins, acute to short-cuspidate, the pistillate similar

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;
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q

ParT 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 371

but the midrib not apparent, mostly narrower than but exceeding the perigynia; perigynia
broadly ovate-suborbicular to obovate, 3-4 mm. long, 2.3-5 mm. wide, much flattened, but

distended by the ripening achene, 2-ribbed (the marginal), otherwise nerveless, membrana-

ceous, puncticulate, granular above, dark-purple, the upper margins often green, round-
truncate at base, sessile, rounded at apex, sparsely ciliate-serrulate along the margins, abruptly
short-beaked, the beak 0.5 mm. long, emarginate, dark-purple; achenes narrowly obovoid,
2 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, triangular with sides slightly concave below, much narrower than
perigynia, dull-yellowish-brown, minutely granular, very short-stipitate, apiculate, jointed
with the straight slender style; stigmas 3, short, slender.

TYPE LOCALITY: Pagosa Peak, Colorado (C. F. Baker), and Mt. Kelso (Holm).

DISTRIBUTION: Mountain slopes and meadows at 2400-3900 meters elevation, Wyoming and
Colorado to Utah and Arizona. (Specimens examined from Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Arizona.)

i ania Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 29. f. 1-5; Clements, Rocky Mt. Fl. pl. 45, f. 6 (as C.
atrata).

433. Carex atrata L. Sp. Pl. 976. 1753.

Carex atrata var. varia Gaudin, Etr. Fl. 178. 1804. (Type from central Europe.)
Carex atrata var. rectiuscula Hartm. Skand. Fl. 41. 1820. (Type from Sweden.)
Trasus atratus S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:56. 1821. (Based on Carex atrata L.)
Loxanisa atrata Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex atrata L.)
Carex castanea Mielichh.; Sauter, Flora 32: 665. 1849. (Type from Central Europe.)
Carex atrata var. brunnescens Anderss. Cyp. Scand. 37. 1849. (Type from Sweden.)
Carex atrata var. spadicea Beurl. Bot. Notiser 1853: 36. 1853. (Based on C. atrata var. brunnes-
cens Anderss.)
Carex Sibert Rota, Prosp. Fl. Bergamo 103. 1853. (Type from Lombardy.)
Carex atrata var. laxa Neilr. Fl. Nieder.-Oesterr. 107. 1859. (Type from central Europe.)
Carex atrata f. gelida Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 708. 1866. (Type from southeastern Europe.)
Carex atrata var. bicolor Celak. Prodr. Fl. Bbhm. 67. 1867. (Type from central Europe.)
Carex frigida X atrata Briigger, Jahresber. Nat. Ges. Graubitind. 23-24: 119. 1881. (Type from
Switzerland.)
Carex atrata var. typica G. Beck, Fl. Nieder. Oesterr. 137. 1890. (Based on C. atrata L.)
Carex atrata f. castanea K. Richt. Pl. Eur. 1: 157. 1890. (Based on C. castanea Mielichh.)
Carex atrata f. decolorans Neuman, Sv. F1. 698. 1901. (Type from Sweden.)
Cespitose, from slender, brownish, fibrillose, short-elongated rootstocks, the culms 1.5—5
dm. high, stiff below, slender and nodding above, papillose, sharply triangular, smooth or but
little roughened above, much exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic and purplish-red-tinged and
more or less fibrillose at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves
with well-developed blades 7-15 to a fertile culm, mostly clustered near the base, the blades
flat with slightly revolute margins and channeled above, light-green, stiff, papillose, usually
5—20 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, roughened towards the attenuate apex, the sheaths hyaline and
usually more or less yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally, strongly high-convex at mouth, the
ligule as long as wide; spikes 3-7, approximate or the lowest somewhat separate (usually less
than 5 cm.), the upper short-peduncled and weakly erect, the lower on peduncles from shorter
to longer than their own length and from weakly erect to nodding, the peduncles triangular,
slender, smooth, the terminal spike gynaecandrous, the upper three quarters pistillate and
ovoid or oblong-ovoid, the whole generally 12-24 mm. long, 7-10 mm. wide, the lateral spikes
similar but pistillate throughout and slightly narrower, densely flowered, the 15-50 perigynia
closely appressed in several to many rows; lowest bract leaflet-like, not sheathing, but dark-
auricled, from shorter than to exceeding inflorescence; the upper much reduced; scales ovate
to oblong-ovate, black or fading brownish-black, usually with inconspicuous lighter midrib
extending to apex and whitish-hyaline tip and very narrow margins, strongly acute to obtusish,
about as wide as (except towards apex) and usually slightly longer than the mature perigynia;
perigynia broadly oval to obovate, more or less strongly flattened, 3-4 mm. long, 1.5—3 mm.
wide, 2-ribbed (the marginal), otherwise nerveless, submembranaceous, papillose, yellowish-
brown and more or less strongly purplish-blotched, round-tapering and substipitate at base,
rounded at apex, very abruptly beaked, the beak apiculate, 0.5 mm. long, emarginate, purplish-
tipped; achenes narrowly oblong-obovoid, 2—2.5 mm. long, 0.75—-1 mm. wide, occupying two
thirds or half of perigynium and about half its width, triangular with blunt angles and sides
concave below, short-stipitate, yellowish-brown, short-apiculate, jointed with the straight

slender style; stigmas 3, slender, brownish-black, short.

S172 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘“‘ Habitat in Alpibus Europae.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Arctic or alpine meadows in calcareous districts, Greenland to Alberta, and
southward to Colorado and Nevada; widely distributed in arctic-alpine Eurasia. (Specimens ex-
amined from Greenland, Alberta, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Nevada.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 397. f. 62, D-G; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. X, f. 77; Fl.
Dan. pl. 158; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 107. f. 89; Sturm, Deuts. Fl. 47: pl. 111; ane Ill Cyp. pl.
144, f. 5-9; Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 29. f. 6-7; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 65. fad Reichenb. Ic. Fl, Germ. 8:
pl. 237, f. 592; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 6, f. 67; Engl. Bot. pl. 2044; ed. 2. pl. 1635; eae Handb.
Brit. Fl. ed. 2. fobs Coste” BSE F- 3840; Host, Gram. Austr. 1: pl. 88; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur.
pl. 52, f. 3; Karst. Deuts. Fl. 351. f. 177 (4); Hallier, Deuts. Fl. pl. 434; Lindm. Bild. Nord. Fl. pl.
435 B.

434. Carex atratiformis Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 222. 1895.

Carex ovata Rudge, Trans. Linn. Soc. 7: 96. pl. 9, f. 1. 1804. (Type from Newfoundland.) Not

C. ovata Burm. f. 1768.

Carex atrata var. ovata Boott, Ill. Carex 114. pl. 362. 1862. (Based on C. ovata Rudge.)
Carex atrata subsp. atratiformis ‘“‘Britton’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 399. 1909.

(Based on C. airatiformis Britton.)

x Carex quirponensis Fernald (C. atratiformis X Halleri), Rhodora 28: 164. 1926. (Type from

Quirpon Island, Newfoundland.)

Cespitose, the rootstocks slender, short, the clumps medium-sized, the culms slender,
2-9 dm. high, much exceeding the leaves, sharply triangular, more or less roughened above,
phyllopodic, purplish-red-tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous;
leaves with well-developed blades 6-15 to a fertile culm, clustered above the base, not septate-
nodulose, the blades flat with revolute margins, glaucous-green, thin but firm, erect or ascend-
ing, 1-2.5 dm. long, 2.5-5 mm. wide, short-attenuate, much roughened towards the apex, the
sheaths white-hyaline ventrally, often yellowish-tinged, concave at mouth, the ligule wider
than long; spikes 3-6, the lateral pistillate with a very few basal staminate flowers, the terminal
gynaecandrous, approximate or little separate, the lower nodding on slender, rough peduncles
1—2 times the length of the spikes, the upper more erect on shorter peduncles, the spikes
narrowly oblong, 1—2.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, or the terminal one slightly wider, densely
flowered, the 10-30 closely appressed perigynia ascending in several to many rows; lowest
bract leaflet-like, mostly shorter than the culm, scarcely sheathing, slightly darkened at base;
upper bracts much reduced; scales ovate, obovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute to short-
cuspidate, dull, not shining, dark-reddish-brown to brownish-black with nearly obsolete mid-
rib and minutely hyaline margins, the pistillate about as wide as and slightly longer than the
perigynium; perigynia ovoid to orbicular-ovoid, flattened-oval in cross-section, 2-edged, dis-
tended over achene, slightly inflated, 2.5-3 mm. long, 1.5—1.75 mm. wide, 2-ribbed (the mar-
ginal), nerveless or few-nerved, membranaceous, granular, puncticulate, purplish-brown, or
straw-colored below, obscurely very short-stipitate, rounded at base, round-tapering and
abruptly short-beaked at apex, the beak apiculate, 0.5 mm. long, shallowly bidentate; achenes
small, obovoid, 1.5-1.75 mm. long, 0.75—1 mm. wide, loosely enveloped in lower part of peri-
gynium, triangular with lightly concave sides, nearly sessile, silvery-black and shining, strongly
granular, apiculate, jointed with the slender style; stigmas 3, slender, short.

TYPE LOCALITY (of C. ovata Rudge, on which C. airatiformis is based): ‘‘ Habitat in Newfound-
oe Sunny banks and meadows along streams in calcareous districts, Labrador and
Newfoundland to Yukon, and southward to Maine, Michigan, and Alberta. (Specimens examined
pate rire Newfoundland, Quebec, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Michi-

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. FI. i viet ed. 2. f. 1042; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 429; Boott,
Ill. Carex 114. pl. 362; Trans. Linn. Soc. 7: pl. 9, f. 1.

435. Carex Mertensii Prescott; Bong. Mém. Acad. St.-Pétersb. VI.
Z; 168. 1832.
Carex columbiana Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 30: 62. pl. BB, f.90. 1836. (Type from Columbia River.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, stout, the clumps large, the culms 3-10 dm.
high, slender, erect. usually much exceeding the leaves, very sharply triangular with concave
sides and narrowly winged, very rough on angles, aphyllopodic, purplish-red-tinged at base;
leaves with well-developed blades 3-6 to a fertile culm, regularly disposed on the lower half,

Part 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 373

not bunched, the blades erect, flaccid, light-green, flat with slightly revolute margins, 1-4 dm.
long, 4-7 mm. wide, attenuate, roughened towards the apex, the sheaths rather loose, cinna-
mon-brown-tinged, concave at mouth, the ligule very short; spikes 5-10, approximate, more
or less strongly drooping on peduncles varying from much longer (the lower) to shorter (the
upper) than the spikes, the peduncles slender, roughish, the spikes cylindric, 1-4 cm. long,
7-9 mm. wide, the lateral with a few staminate flowers at base, the terminal varying from
staminate below to nearly all staminate, closely flowered except at base, the perigynia very
numerous, appressed-ascending in several to many rows; the lower 2 or 3 bracts leaf-like,
sheathless or very short-sheathing, exceeding inflorescence; upper bracts much reduced;
staminate scales oblong-obovate to lanceolate, acute to obtuse or mucronate, dark-purplish-
brown with conspicuous, lighter-colored, nerved center and very narrow hyaline margins;
pistillate scales ovate-lanceolate, acute or mucronate, similar in color, much narrower and
much shorter than and nearly concealed by the perigynia; perigynia broadly ovate or obovate,
4.5—5 mm. long, 2.5—3.5 mm. wide, very thin and flattened save where distended over achene,
glabrous, scarcely granular, very chartaceous, light-green, or becoming whitish or light-brown,
purple-spotted, 2-ribbed (the marginal) and finely few-nerved, rounded at base, nearly sessile,
short-tapering at apex, minutely beaked, the beak 0.25—0.5 mm. long, slender, purplish-tipped,
entire or emarginate; achenes small, oblong-obovoid, 1.75—2 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, much
narrower and shorter than perigynia, strongly stipitate, triangular with sides slightly concave
below, silvery-brown, apiculate, jointed with the slender style; stigmas 3, slender, very short.

TYPE LOCALITY: Sitka, Alaska.

DISTRIBUTION: Rocky slopes, Yukon and southern Alaska to northern California, and eastward
to Montana. (Specimens examined from northern California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana,
British Columbia, including Vancouver Island, southern Alaska, western Yukon.)

ILLusTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. 30: pl. BB, f. 90; Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 397. f. 62, H—-L;

Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. pl. 217; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 807; Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris III. 8: pl. 13,
f. 1 (excellent).

436. Carex serratodens W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif.
2: 245. 1880.

Carex bifida Boott; Olney, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 394. 1868. (Type from Salinas Valley, south of

Monterey, California.) Not C. bifida Roth; Steud. Nom. ed. 1. 155. 1821.

Carex aequa C. B. Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 86. 1908. (Type from San Mateo County,

California.)

Loosely cespitose with short, ascending stolons, the culms 3-12 dm. high, slender, sharply
triangular, smooth or roughened immediately beneath spikes, papillose, exceeding the leaves,
aphyllopodic and strongly purplish-tinged at base, the basal sheaths breaking and becoming
filamentose; sterile shoots strongly phyllopodic, very conspicuous; leaves with well-developed
blades 2-5 to a fertile culm, clustered on lower fourth, the blades 1-6 dm. long, 1.75-—4 mm.
wide, flat, pale-green, papillose, slender, long-attenuate, roughened towards apex, not septate-
nodulose, the sheaths very thin and dull-white-hyaline or yellowish-brown-tinged and red-
dotted ventrally, the ligule strongly red-dotted, as long as wide; terminal spike staminate or
gynaecandrous, slightly peduncled or nearly sessile, linear, 1.5-3 cm. long, 3-4.5 mm. wide,
the scales oblong-obovate, from roughly short mucronate to obtuse, reddish-brown with
lighter center and slightly hyaline apex; pistillate spikes 2-5, the lower 1 or 2 more or less
separate, the others closely approximate, erect, sessile or the lowest slightly peduncled, oblong,
6-18 mm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, densely flowered, containing 20-40 ascending and at length
spreading or squarrose perigynia in many rows; lowest bract leaflet-like, erect, from shorter
than to exceeding culm, scarcely sheathing, purplish-tinged at base; the other bracts much
reduced; scales ovate, acute to shortly rough-mucronate, somewhat narrower and slightly
shorter than perigynia, reddish-brown with lighter center; perigynia oblong-ovate or ovate,
flattened-triangular in cross-section, 3-5 mm. long, 1.5—2 mm. wide, many (about 10)- nerved,
light-green, purplish-dotted, puncticulate, the walls thin, round-contracted and sessile at
base, rather abruptly tapering at apex into the slender bidentate rough beak 0.5-1 mm. long,
the notch narrow, the teeth erect, minute, hispidulous and purplish-tinged within; achenes
obtusely triangular, obovoid, 2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, loosely enveloped, in lower half of

374 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

perigynium, short-stipitate, abruptly slenderly apiculate, jointed with the straight slender
style; stigmas 3, reddish-brown, slender, short.

TYPE LOCALITY: California, without locality or collector being given.

DiIsTRIBUTION: Open places, Jackson County, Oregon, and southward in California, mostly
in the Coast Ranges, to San Bernardino County. (Specimens examined from range as given.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Erythea 8: 69. f. 37; Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 48: 25. f. 6-8; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St.
f. 799; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif. f. 195.

Nore: The name Carex bifida Boott (Olney, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 394. 1868) is unfortunately
antedated by the rather obscurely published Carex bifida Roth (Steud. Nom. Ed. 1. 155. 1821),
based on the imperfectly understood Carex bipartita F. G. Dietrich (Vollst. Lex. Gaertn. Nachtr. 2:
16. 1816; not C. bipartita All.). Kiikenth. (Pflanzenreich 42°: 239. 1909) gives Dietrich’s species
as “‘species vigneae inextricabilis,’’ which is very doubtfully accurate.

437. Carex Buxbaumii Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 163. 1803.

Carex polygama Schkuhr, Riedgr. 84. pl. X, f. 76; pl. Gg, f. 76. 1801. (Type from northwestern
Europe.) Not C. polygama J. F. Gmel. 1791.

Carex subulata Schum. Enum. Pl. Saell. 1: 270. 1801. (Type from Denmark.) Not C. subulata
J. F. Gmel. 1791. <

Carex Buxbaumii var. alpicola Hartm. Scand. Fl. 41. 1820. (Type from Scandinavia.)

Physiglochis Buxbaumii Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex Buxbaumii Wahl.)

Carex Buxbaumii var. macrostachya Hartm. Scand. Fl. ed. 5.268. 1849. (Type from Scandinavia.)

Carex Buxbaumii var. australis Anderss. Cyp. Scand. 39. 1849. (Type from Scandinavia.)

Carex Buxbaumii var. heterostachya Anderss. Cyp. Scand. 39. 1849. (Type from Scandinavia.)

Carex albo-atra Muhl.; Boott, Ill. Carex 136, assynonym. 1867.

“Carex fusca All.” L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:63. 1889.

Carex Buxbaumii var. oenipontana Gremblich; Appel, Mitth. Bot. Ver. Thiir. 8:43. 1895. (Type
from central Europe.)

Carex Buxbaumii f. virescens Norman, Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christ. 2716: 50. 1893. (Type from Fin-
mark.)

Carex Buxbaumii f. mitis Norman, Foérh. Vid. Selsk. Christ. 276: 50. 1893. (Type from Scandi-
navia. )

Carex tarumensis Franch. Bull. Soc. Philom. VIII. 7:37, 1895. (Type from Japan.)

Carex picea Franch. Bull. Soc. Philom. VIII. 7:39, 151. 1895. (Type from Japan.)

Carex Buxbaumii f. macrostachya ‘‘Hartm.” Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich. 420: 394. 1909.
(Based on C. Buxbaumii var. macrostachya Hartm.)

Carex Buxbaumii f. oenipontana ‘‘Gremblich”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 394. 1909.
(Based on C. Buxbaumii var. oent pontana Gremblich.)

Carex Buxbaumii f. heterostachya ‘‘ Anderss.”’ ernie in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 394. 1909.
(Based on C. Buxbaumii var. heterostachya Anderss.)

Carex Holmiana Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 48]. 1909. (Type from Montana.)

Carex polygama var. heterostachya Farwell, Rep. Mich. Acad. 19: 254. 1917. (Based on C. Bux-
baumii var. heterostachya Anderss.)

Loosely cespitose and stoloniferous, the stolons long, slender, horizontal, scaly, the culms
2.5-10 dm. high, erect, very slender, sharply triangular and rough above, papillose, aphyllopo-
dic, strongly purplish-red-tinged at base, the basal sheaths breaking and conspicuously fila-
mentose; sterile shoots phyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades 2—4 to a fertile culm, on
lower half, not clustered, the blades erect, light-green, more or less glaucous, thin, papillose,
flat with revolute margins, channeled towards the base, sharply keeled, usually 1-2 dm. long,
1.5-4 mm. wide, long-attenuate, rough on margins and towards apex, the sheaths thin, yel-
lowish-brown-tinged and purplish-dotted ventrally, the lower sharply keeled, the ligule longer
than wide; spikes 2—5, approximate or the lower more or less separate, the terminal short-
peduncled, gynaecandrous, oblong-ovoid, 1—4 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, the basal staminate
part short, the lateral pistillate, sessile or nearly so, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 0.5—2 cm. long,
6-10 mm. wide, densely flowered, the 10-40 perigynia appressed-ascending in many rows;
bracts sheathless, squamiform, dark-auricled, the lowest shorter than or equaling inflorescence,
the upper much reduced; scales lanceolate, narrower than and usually longer but sometimes
shorter than the perigynia, long-acuminate or aristate, varying to acute or even obtusish,
purplish-black or purplish-brown with light midvein prominent to apex; perigynia elliptic or
obovoid, triangular-biconvex, 2.5-4 mm. long, 1.5—-2 mm. wide, glaucous-green, densely
papillose, subcoriaceous, 2-ribbed (the marginal) and finely many-nerved, rounded and short-
stipitate at base, rounded and abruptly very minutely beaked, the beak 0.2 mm. long, bidentu-
late, purplish-tipped; achenes suborbicular-obovoid, triangular with blunt angles, 1.75 mm.
long, 1.5 mm. wide, nearly filling lower four fifths of perigynium body, brownish, strongly

ParT 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 375

punctate, short-tapering at base, abruptly short-apiculate, jointed with the short, slender
style; stigmas 3, slender, reddish-brown, rather short.

fe TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Hab. in paludosis Sueciae, e. g. in Stormossan ad Oesthammar et in Lapponia
ubique.

DISTRIBUTION: Sunny swamps or wet meadows or springy places in caleareous regions, New-
foundland to southern Alaska, and southward to Georgia, Arkansas, Colorado, Utah, and Cali-
fornia; widely distributed but a very local species in many parts of its range: also widely distributed
in Eurasia. (Specimens examined from Newfoundland, Miquelon, Quebec, including Anticosti,
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, District of Columbia, North Carolina,
Ontario, Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Kentucky, Illinois, lowa, Missouri, Arkan-
sas, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Montana, Colorado, Utah, British Columbia, including
Vancouver Island, Oregon, California.)

_ ALLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 718; ed. 2. f. 1043; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 430; Schkuhr,
Riedgr. pl. X, f. 76; pl. Gg, f. 76; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 25, f.4; Fl. Dan. pl. 1406; Boott, Il.
Carex 136. pl. 438, 439; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. States f. 800; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 105. f. 86; Sturm,
Deuts. Fl. 61: pl. 9; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 67. f. 35; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: 235. f. 589; Anderss. Cyp.
Scand. l. 6, f. 35; Engl. Bot. Suppl. pl. 2885; pl. 1637; Benth. Handb. Brit. Fl. ed. 2. pl. 1114; Coste,
aS cy Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur. pl. 48, f. 2; Hallier, Deuts. Fl. pl. 434; Karst. Deuts. FI.

Note: Carex subulata Schum. is by a typographical error cited by Boott (Ill. Carex 136) as
Carex tubulata Schum.

61. Acutae Fries, Fl. Scan. 191. 1835; Tuckerm. Enum. Caric, 11. 1843; Carey, in
A. Gray, Man. 546. 1848; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 82. 1886; Kiikenth. in Engler,
Pflanzenreich 47°: 296. 1909; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 138. 1917; Mackenzie,
Erythea 8:72. 1922. LermonastTEs Reichenb. Fl. Sax. 45. 1842, MIcRORRHYNCHAE Drejer,
Symb. Car. 9. 1844; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 76, in large part. 1886; Holm, Am.
Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 457. 1903. A®gorasTACHYAE Drejer, Symb. Car. 9, in small part. 1844;
Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 457, in small part. 1903. AuriraE Heuffel, Flora 27: 536.
1844. Ricmwak Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 72, 232. 1845; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22:
77, in part. 1886; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 299. 1909. CaxrsprTosaE Fries,
Summa Veg. Scand. 226. 1845. PrRoLrxak Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 228. 1845. AQUATILES
Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 229. 1845. IpIoMoRPHAE O. F. Lang, Linnaea 24: 546. 1851.
LIMNONASTES Pax, in E. & P. Nat. Pfl. 2?: 124. 1887. ForsicuLaAE Franchet, Nouv. Arch.
Mus. Paris III. 10: 103. 1898; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 334. 1909. Limono-
NASTES Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2?: 83. 1902. Euvicnéa C. B. Clarke, Jour. Linn.
Soc. 37: 3. 1904; C. B. Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 141. 1908, with minor groups as
follows: (1) VuLGAREs (A) MuTicak, a GooDENOIDES, b RIGIDAE, c AQUATILES, d ACUTAE, é
NoTHAE; (B) f LONGIGLUMAE, g ARISTELLATAE; (2) BIDENTES; (3) LONGIROSTRES; (4) IN-
SIGNES. PRAELONGAE Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 345. 1909. AEORASTACHYAE
APERTAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 49: 431. 1920; Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. V. 2: 285, 288. 1921.
AEORASTACHYAE MAGNIFICAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 49: 431. 1920; Holm, Am. Jour. Sci.
V. 2: 285, 291, in part. 1921. AKRORASTACHYAE PHACOTAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 49: 431.
1921. AEORASTACHYAE TERNARIAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 49: 431. 1920; Holm, Am.
Jour. Sci. V. 2:.322. 1921. Treated as part of Vignea Beauv. by Lestiboudois (Ess. Fam.
Cyp. 22. 1819); as a genus Vignantha by Schur (Enum. PI. Transsilv. 705. 1886); and asa
genus Limivasculum subgenus Limivasculum by Borner (Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 268, 269.
1913.)

Culms leafy below, aphyllopodic or phyllopodic; terminal one to several spikes staminate
(rarely gynaecandrous), linear, the others pistillate, linear to cylindric or oblong, closely many-
flowered, sesssile or peduncled; bracts sheathless or rarely short-sheathing, leafy or squami-
form, bi-auriculate and often darkened at the’ base; perigynia membranaceous to coriaceous,
plano-convex or bi-convex or turgid, elliptic to obovate, 2-ribbed (the marginal) and otherwise
nerveless or nerved or ribbed, margined, puncticulate, beakless or abruptly minutely beaked,
the orifice entire to deeply bidentate; achenes lenticular, apiculate, jointed with the straight,
slender, sometimes exserted style, its base not enlarged; stigmas 2.

A group of numerous species characteristic of open swamps, represented in all the
cooler portions of the northern hemisphere and sometimes found in the mountains in the
tropics; probably best developed in Asia, but also well represented in North America, forming

376 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

a great part of the sedge meadows. The group is also represented by several species in the
cooler southern parts of South America and several species are found in the cooler parts of
Australasia. It barely reaches northern Africa, but several species are known in the mountains
of Madagascar. A species is known in the Hawaiian Islands. Its study presents unusual
difficulties. The fundamental distinguishing characters are found in the underground parts
and in the lower parts of the culms; these are unfortunately usually not gathered by collectors.
The scales and spikes vary much in size and shape in the same species, and distinctions based
upon them need an unusual amount of verification by a study of abundant material.

Flowering culms arising from the center of previous year’s tufts of leaves
and surrounded at base with dried-up leaves of previous year.
Lower sheaths of flowering culms not breaking ventrally and becoming
filamentose.
Lowest bract shorter than inflorescence; pistillate scales with obso-
lete or slender midvein; strongly stoloniferous, the culms arising
one to few together, low. I. RIGIDAE.
Lowest bract equaling or exceeding inflorescence; pistillate scales
with slender midvein or broader light-colored center; culms taller,

less stiff, in larger clumps. II. VULGARES.
Lower sheaths of flowering culms (of season’s growth) breaking ven-
trally and becoming filamentose. III. SENTAE.

Flowering culms all or mostly arising laterally and not enveloped at base
by the previous year’s tufts of leaves.
Pistillate spikes erect; culms slender to the base or rarely stoutish.
Lowest bract poorly developed, usually much exceeded by inflores-

cence. IV. STRICTAE.
Lowest bract conspicuously developed, from somewhat shorter than
to exceeding inflorescence. V. FoRSICULAE.
Lower pistillate spikes or all nodding or curved; culms stout below. VI. PRAELONGAE.
I. RIGIDAE.

Dried first-year leaf-blades at base of fertile culms stiff, rigid and conspicu-
ous, concealing the base of culms; fertile-culm leaves all blade-bear-
ing, the lower sheaths not purplish or hispidulous dorsally.
Perigynia plano-convex, puncticulate, appressed.
Perigynia ovoid or obovoid. 438. C. concolor.
Perigynia elliptic. 439. C. anguillata.
Perigynia soon turgid, papillose, more spreading.
Culms stiff; perigynia squarrose-spreading, the beak 0.2-0.5 mm.
long, often bent; scales obovate, exceeded by the perigynia. 440. C. scopulorum.
Culms slender; perigynia spreading-ascending, the beak 0.1—0.2 mm.
long; scales lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, exceeding the peri-
gynia. 441. C. Chimaphila.
Dried first-year leaf-blades at base of fertile culms much desiccated, not
stiff, rigid, or conspicuous, not concealing the base of the culms;
lowest fertile-culm leaves (of season’s growth) not blade-bearing,
the lower sheaths purplish and more or less strongly hispidulous
dorsally.
Lower bladeless sheaths of fertile culms (of season’s growth) incon-
spicuous and largely hidden by old dead leaves; lower sheaths
sparingly hispidulous; culms sharply triangular and rough above.
Perigynia plano-convex or flattened-biconvex, appressed-ascending ;
sterile shoots phyllopodic.
Perigynia membranaceous, appressed, straw-colored; scales

conspicuous. 442. C. gymnoclada.
Perigynia subcoriaceous, spreading, olive-green; scales very
short, largely hidden by perigynia. 443. C. accedens.
Perigynia deeply concave ventrally, convex dorsally, curved out-
wardly and spreading; sterile shoots aphyllopodic. 444. C. campylocarpa.

Lower bladeless sheaths of fertile culms (of season’s growth) conspicu-
ous; sterile shoots strongly aphyllopodic.
Lower bladeless sheaths very long, strongly hispidulous; leaf-blades
dull-bluish-green, very long (often 6-9 dm.); culms narrowly
wing-angled and very serrulate; perigynia exceeding scales. 445. C. prionophylla.
Lower bladeless sheaths short, hispidulous; leaf-blades light-green,
1.5—3.5 dm. long; culms sharply triangular; scales exceeding peri-
gynia. 446. C. miserabilis.

II. VULGARES.

Perigynia conspicuously nerved or ribbed ventrally, the nerves raised.
Perigynia membranaceous, slenderly nerved, the beak apiculate, entire.
Plants cespitose or with ascending stolons; lowest bract exceeding
culm; perigynia more or less slenderly stipitate.

ParT 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE

Lowest bract short-sheathing; sterile shoots phyllopodic; culms
densely cespitose; pistillate scales brownish-red-tinged; peri-
gynia short-stipitate, few-ribbed on both faces, oval-ovate.

Lowest bract sheathless or nearly so; sterile shoots aphyllopodic;
culms less densely cespitose; pistillate scales blackish.

Perigynia short-stipitate, several-ribbed on both faces, sub-
orbicular; achenes sessile.

Perigynia strongly stipitate, ovate; achenes substipitate.
Perigynia light-green or in age glaucous-green, nerved,

very minutely granular; scales long persistent.
Perigynia yellowish-green, ribbed, papillate-roughened;
scales deciduous.

Plants strongly stoloniferous, with horizontal stolons; perigynia
from nearly sessile to strongly stipitate; lowest bract shorter than
or but moderately exceeding the inflorescence.

Perigynia coriaceous, strongly ribbed, the beak broad, bidentate; lowest
bract about equaling inflorescence.
Perigynia nerveless ventrally or with obscure impressed nerves.
Perigynia turgid; scales divaricate.
Perigynia not turgid; scales appressed.

Perigynia ovate-orbicular, olive-green, scarcely 2 mm. long.

Perigynia narrowly elliptic to broadly ovate or obovate, light-green

to straw-colored, 2.5—3.5 mm. long.

Sheaths usually strongly dark-colored ventrally at mouth; lower
pistillate spikes subcernuous on long peduncles; pistillate
scales whitened at tip, especially in age; long horizontal
stolons absent.

Culms very rough on the angles; blades obscurely septate-
nodulose, the sheaths smooth dorsally; pistillate spikes
usually 2, 1-3 cm. long, the perigynia 25—50; lowest bract
shorter than culm.

Culms smooth or roughened above; blades strongly septate-
nodulose, the sheaths hispidulous dorsally; pistillate
spikes 3-5, 2-9 cm. long, the perigynia 50-150; lowest
bract usually exceeding inflorescence.

Sheaths not colored ventrally at mouth; lower pistillate spikes
not nodding; pistillate scales not whitened at tip; sending
forth long horizontal stolons.

Perigynia narrowly to very broadly elliptic, broadest below
apex, less than 3 mm. long, 1—-1.5 mm. wide.

Perigynia strongly obovate, broadest at the apex, 3 mm. long,
1.75 mm. wide.

III. SENTAE.

Beak of perigynium bidentate, hispidulous between the teeth; pistillate
scales mostly rough-cuspidate or rough-awned.
Beak of perigynium entire or emarginate, not hispidulous between the
teeth; pistillate scales not rough-cuspidate or rough-awned.

Culms cespitose; long horizontal stolons present; leaf-blades 3-12 mm.
wide; lowest bract conspicuously developed; perigynia few- to
several-nerved both dorsally and ventrally.

Lower leaf-sheaths (of year’s growth) sharply keeled dorsally; culms
very stout below, 1—1.5 m. high; leaf-blades 6-12 mm. wide.

Lower leaf-sheaths (of year’s growth) rounded dorsally; culms more
slender, 3-10 dm. high; leaf-blades 3-5 mm. wide.

Culms very densely cespitose; long horizontal stolons absent; leaf-blades
1-2 mm. wide; lowest bract very short, conspicuously black-
auricled; perigynia nerveless (except for marginal ribs).

IV. STRICTAE.

Beak of perigynium entire or emarginate.

Pistillate scales straw-colored to reddish-brown or purplish-black with
lighter center; if purplish-black, plants with long horizontal
stolons (not Pacific Slope).

Perigynia inflated, brownish at maturity, minutely granular towards
apex; achenes suborbicular; plants rather loosely cespitose with
short ascending stolons; pistillate scales divaricate at maturity;
ligule as long as wide or somewhat longer; lower sheaths not at
all or very sparingly filamentose.

Perigynia unequally biconvex, not inflated, green or straw-colored;

achenes oblong-obovate or oblong-quadrate.

Lower sheaths not filamentose ventrally, strongly septate-nodu-
lose dorsally; ligule much wider than long; perigynia slightly
granular-roughened towards apex only, soon straw-colored;
plants forming beds; long horizontal stolons numerous; leaf-
blades light-green.

447.

455.

456.

457.
458.

459.

460.
461.

Oe One Oy aC

377

. lenticularis.

. paucicostata.

C. Kelloggii.

. Hindsii.

. acula.
. nebraskensts.
. aperta.

. nterrupla.

. Suksdor fu.

. Silchensis.

. aquatilis.

. substricta.

. Barbarae.

. Schottit.

. Senta.

. lugens.

463. C. Haydeni.

464. C. Emoryt.

378 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

Lower sheaths filamentose ventrally; ligule much longer than
wide; perigynia granular-roughened, green.

Plants forming beds; long horizontal stolons numerous; leaf-
blades glaucous-green, light-green, or blue-green, flat or
nearly so to base; leaf-sheaths markedly hispidulous ven-
trally and with a narrow hyaline jagged-ciliate margin at
mouth. 465. C. strictior

Culms very densely cespitose, forming dense tussocks, long
horizontal stolons usually not conspicuous; leaf-blades
deep-green, channeled and keeled towards base; leaf-
sheaths smooth ventrally and without a narrow hyaline
jagged-ciliate margin at mouth. 466. C. stricta

Pistillate scales purplish-black with light-colored midvein (sometimes
nearly obsolete); long horizontal stolons absent; achenes sub-
orbicular or broadly obovate; ligule somewhat longer than to
much shorter than wide; leaf-blades light-green or glaucous-
green (Pacific Slope).

Culms very densely cespitose; lowest bract often much shorter than
inflorescence; perigynia conspicuously slenderly few- to
several-nerved both dorsally and ventrally.

Perigynia inflated, 2.5 mm. long, broadly oval-ovoid or broadly

obovoid. 467. C. suborbiculata.
Perigynia not inflated, 2.5-4 mm. long, plano-convex, oblong-
obovate to obovate. 468. C. nudata.

Culms loosely cespitose from a creeping rootstock with short ascend-
ing stolons; lowest bract about equaling inflorescence; perigynia
obscurely slenderly nerved. 469. C. acutinella.
Beak of perigynium bidentulate; pistillate scales purplish-black with
lighter center; culms loosely cespitose, without long horizontal stolons;
achenes orbicular-obovate; perigynia not inflated (Mexican). 470. C. Endlichit.

V. FoRSICULAE
Represented by one species in our area. 471. C. eurycarpa.

VI. PRAELONGAE.
Represented by one species in our area. 472. C. torta.

438. Carex concolor R. Br. Chlor. Melv. 25. 1823.

Carex rigida Gooden. Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: 193. pl. 22, f. 10. 1794. (Type from Scotland.) Not C.
rigida Schrank, 1789.

“ Carex saxatilis L.’’ Schkuhr, Riedgr. 1:54. 1801. (Plants from Europe and Greenland.)

Carex rigida var. recurva S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:51. 1821. (Type from Great Britain.)

Carex Bigelovii Torr.; Schw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.1:67. 1824. (Type from the White Mountains, New
Hampshire.)

Carex Washingtoniana Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 10: 272. pl. D, f. 14. 1826. (Type from Mt. Wash-
ington, New Hampshire.)

Vignea saxatilis Reichenb. in Méssler, Handb. ed. 2. 1624, in part. 1829.

““Carex Washingtonia Dewey”’ Eaton, Man. ed. 5. 156. 1829. (Change of spelling.)

Carex saxatilis var. 8 Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3:397. 1836. (Based on C. Bigelovii Torr.)

Carex saxatilis var. rigida Laest. Nova Acta Soc. Sci. Upsal. 11: 287. 1839. (Based by inference
on C. rigida Gooden.)

Carex saxatilis var. a Laest. Nova Acta Soc. Sci. Upsal. 11: 287. 1839. (Type from Sweden.)

Carex serie var. inferalpina Taest. Nova Acta Soc. Sci. Upsal. 11: 287. 1839. (Type from
Lapland.

Olotrema Washingtoniana Raf. Good Book 25. 1840. (Based on Carex Washingtoniana Dewey.)

Onkerma rigida Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex rigida Gooden.)

Neskiza saxatilis Raf. Good Book 27, in part. 1840.

Diemisa concolor Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex concolor R. Br.)

Carex caespitosa var. elliptica Drejer, Nat. Tidssk. 3: 456. 1841. (Type from Igalliko Bay, Green-
land.)

Carex saxatilis var. typica Drejer, Nat, Tidssk, 3: 460. 1841. (Type from lepine

Carex saxatilis var. infuscata Drejer, Nat. Tidssk. 3:460. 1841. (Type from Greenland.)

Carex saxatilis var. pudica Drejer, Nat. Tidssk. 3: 461. 1841. (Type from Iceland.)

Carex saxatilis var. lutosa Drejer, Nat. Tidssk. 3: 461. 1841. (Type from Greenland.)

Carex hyperborea Drejer, Nat. Tidssk. 3:461. 1841. (Type from Greenland.)

Carex Sie var. inferalpina Fries, Mant. 3: 147. 1842. (Based on C. saxatilis var. inferalpina
Laest.

Carex rigida var. saxatilis Fries, Mant. 3: 148. 1842. (Based on C. saxatilis var. rigida Laest.)

Carex rigida var. glacialis Fries, Mant. 3: 148. 1842. (Based on C. saxatilis var. a Laest.)

Carex rigida var. Bigelovii Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 19. 1843. (Based on C. Bigelovii Torr.)

Carex hyperborea f. latifolia Anderss. Cyp. Scand. 52. 1849. (Type from Lapland.)

Carex hyperborea var. paradoxa Drejer; Liebm. Fl. Dan. 42:7. pl. 2483. 1849. (Type from Green-
land.)

Carex Friedrichsthaliana Steud. Syn. Cyp. 211. 1855. (Type from Greenland.)

Part 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 379

Carex saxatilis var. pallidioy a. major Blytt, Norges Fl.1:210. 1861. (Type from Norway.)

Carex saxatilis var. pallidior b. minor Blytt, Norges Fl. 1: 210. 1861. (Type from Norway.)

Carex dubitata Dewey, in Wood, Class-Book, ed. 1861. 755. 1861. (Type from the White Moun-
tains, New Hampshire.)

Vignantha rigida Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 705. 1866. (Based on Carex rigida Gooden.)

Carex vulgaris var. hyperborea Boott, Ill. Carex 167. 1867. (Based on C. hyperborea Drejer.)

Carex vulgaris var. alpina Boott, Ill. Carex 167. 1867. (Based on C. rigida Gooden.)

Carex vulgaris f. Bock. Linnaea 40:417. 1876. (Based on C. Bigelovii Torr.)

Carex Drejeriana Lange, Fl.. Dan. 50: 10. pl. 2975. 1880. (Type from Greenland.)

Carex hyperborea var. tenuifolia Lange, Consp. Fl. Groenl. 145. 1880. (Type from Greenland.)

Carex Warmingit Holm, Bot. Jahrb. 8: 294. 1887. (Type from western Greenland.)

Carex Fyllae Holm, Bot. Jahrb. 8: 294. 1887. (Type from western Greenland.)

Carex spiralis Ewing, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow II. 2: 110. 1888. (Type from Scotland.)

Carex hyperborea f. cuspidata Rosenv. Consp. Fl. Greenl. 723. 1892. (Type from Greenland.)

Carex caespitosa var. rigida Benth. & Hook. f. Handb. Brit. Fl. ed. 6. 496. 1896. (Based on C.
rigida Gooden.)

Carex rigida f. aggregata Almq.; Neuman, Sv. Fl. 707. 1901. (Type from Sweden.)

Carex rigida f. juncelliformis Almq.; Neuman, Sv. Fl. 707. 1901. (Type from Sweden.)

Carex rigida f. glacialis ‘‘ Fries’? Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 301. 1909. (Based on C.
rigida var. glacialis Fries.)

Carex rigida f. infuscata ‘“‘ Drejer’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 301. 1909. (Based on
C. saxatilis var. infuscata Drejer.)

Carex rigida f. lutosa ‘‘ Drejer’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 301. 1909. (Based on C.
saxatilis var. lutosa Drejer.)

Carex rigida f. pudica ‘‘ Drejer’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 301. 1909. (Based on
C. saxatilis var. pudica Drejer.)

Carex rigida var. concolor Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 301. 1909. (Based on C. con-
color R. Br.)

Carex rigida var. concolor f. latifolia Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 302. 1909. (Based on
C. hy perborea f. latifolia Anderss.)

Carex rigida var. concolor f. Drejeriana Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 302. 1909. (Based
on C. Drejeriana Lange.)

Carex rigida var. concolor f. paradoxa Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 302. 1909. (Based on
C. hyperborea var. paradoxa Drejer.) :

Carex rigida var. concolor f. cuspidata Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 302. 1909. (Based on
C. hyperborea f. cuspidata Rosenv.)

Carex Harizii Gand. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 66: 296. 1920. (Type from Greenland.)

Strongly stoloniferous, the culms arising one to few together, the stolons horizontal or
ascending, stoutish or slender, purplish-red, scaly, the culms stout, stiffly erect, 1-4 dm. high,
papillate, sharply triangular, usually exceeding the leaves, smooth or roughened above, strongly
phyllopodic, brownish-purple-tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year numer-
ous and very conspicuous, all the leaves of the year blade-bearing; sterile shoots aphyllopodic;
leaves with well-developed blades usually 8-20 to a fertile culm, clustered near the base, 3-5
of the flowering year, the rest of the previous year, sparingly septate-nodulose, the blades
ascending or spreading, thickish, stiff, flat with revolute margins, bluish-green, papillate,
0.5-3 dm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, short-tapering, smooth except at apex, the sheaths dull-whitish
or light-yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally, not hispidulous dorsally, the ligule as long as wide;
terminal spike staminate (rarely with a few perigynia), usually strongly peduncled, linear,
0.5-2.5 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide, the scales obovate or oblong-obovate, very obtuse, brownish-
black with lighter center and usually narrow hyaline margins, especially at apex; pistillate
spikes 1-6, usually 2 or 3, approximate or the lowest more or less distant, erect, the upper
sessile or nearly so, the lower short-peduncled, narrowly oblong or linear, 0.5—3 em. long, 3-6-
' mm. wide, the upper often staminate at apex, closely flowered, the perigynia 10-40, appressed-
erect in few to several rows; lower bract leaflet-like, normally shorter than the culm, sheathless,
black-auricled, the others much reduced, scale-like; scales oblong-obovate, 3-4 mm. long, 2
mm. wide, strongly puncticulate, blackish with lighter midrib and very narrow hyaline mar-
gins, rarely somewhat paler, usually very obtuse, rarely somewhat mucronate, usually wider
and longer than and completely concealing perigynia, but sometimes narrower or shorter,
slightly enveloping perigynia; perigynia unequally biconvex, not turgid, more or less flattened,
oblong-obovoid, or obovoid, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, 2-ribbed (the marginal),
otherwise nerveless, puncticulate, membranaceous, light-green, very often strongly purplish-
black-spotted or blotched above, rounded to a nearly sessile or substipitate base, not serrulate
above, abruptly minutely apiculate, the beak 0.1-0.3 mm. long, entire, straight, purplish-
black; achenes lenticular, oval or obovoid, 1.5—-2 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, filling more than
three fourths of lower part of perigynium, light-brown, granular, broadly substipitate, slightly

380 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

apiculate, jointed with the short, straight, often slightly exserted style; stigmas 2, slender,
white or becoming yellowish-brown.

TYPE LOCALITY: Melville Island, Arctic America.

DISTRIBUTION: Sunny rocky. shores and exposed places; arctic-alpine, throughout the colder
parts of Eurasia and North America, and southward in the higher mountains. In North America
it ranges from Greenland to Alaska, and southward to the mountains of New Hampshire and northern
New York. (Specimens examined from Greenland, Ungava, Labrador, Newfoundland, Quebec,
Maine, New Hampshire. Vermont, New York, Mackenzie, Alaska.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 725; ed. 2. f. 1051; Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 300. f.
46, A—E; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. U, f. 71; pl. J, f. 40; pl. Tt, f. 40; Boott, Ill. Carex 167. pl. 568-574;
Fl. Dan. pl. 159, 2482, 2483, 2975; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 81. f. 63; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 77, 78. f. 52,
53; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 225, f. 578; Am. Jour. Sci. 10: pl. D, f. 14; Trans. Linn. Soc. 2:
pl. 22, f. 10; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 5, f. 46 (C. rigida), f. 47 (C. hyperborea); Engl. Bot. ed. 2. pl.
1640; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur. pl. 48, f. 1; Karst. Deuts. Fl. 341. f. 170 (7); Hallier, Deuts. FI. pl.
432.

Nore: One of the most widely distributed far northern species. Like so many northern plants,
its size and development depend on its place of growth. Plants in wind-swept localities are much
smaller and more rigid than plants in near by localities a little more protected from the very strong
northern winds. As aresult many names have been proposed of no systematic value.

439. Carex anguillata Drejer, Nat. Tidssk. 3: 454. 1841.
Carex rigida var. concolor f. anguillata Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429; 302. 1909. (Based on

C. anguillata Drejer.)

Loosely cespitose, the stolons stoutish, scaly, reddish-brown, horizontally ascending, the
culms one to few together, 1—2.5 dm. high, slender, stiff, erect, papillate, smooth, triangular,
exceeding leaves, strongly phyllopodic, purplish-red-tinged at base, the lower leaves longer
than the upper; leaves with well-developed blades 8-15 to a fertile culm, on the lower third;
sparingly and obscurely septate-nodulose, the blades mostly 4-12 em. long, 2—3.5 mm. wide,
channeled above, the margins revolute, firm, yellowish-green, rather long-tapering, ascending
or somewhat spreading, sparingly roughened at tip only, the sheaths smooth dorsally, whitish or
slightly yellow-tinged ventrally, the ligule wider than long; staminate spike solitary, strongly
peduncled, linear, 1—-1.5 cm. Jong, 3 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, reddish-
brown with wide conspicuous white-hyaline margins and lighter 1—3-nerved center not ex-
tending to apex; pistillate spikes 1-3, strongly separate, linear-oblong, 1-3 em. long, 3-4 mm.
wide, erect-appressed, the upper short-peduncled, the lower on a long, slender but stiff peduncle,
mostly of its own length, closely flowered above, mostly very loosely towards base, the peri-
gynia 12-30, erect-appressed in few rows; lowest bract leaflet-like, sheathless, reddish-brown-
tinged at base, much shorter than head; upper bract much reduced, strongly bi-auriculate
and dark-reddish-brown-tinged; scales closely appressed, broadly ovate, very obtuse, some-
what narrower and somewhat shorter than perigynia, dark-reddish-brown with very narrow
hyaline margins and 1-nerved lighter midvein not extending to apex; perigynia elliptic, plano-
convex, much flattened, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, 2-ribbed (the marginal), otherwise
nerveless, membranaceous, not at all inflated, not granular, pale or glaucous-green below,
more or less yellowish-brown-tinged above, rounded and substipitate at base, abruptly apicu-
late, the beak 0.1—0.2 mm. long, straight, entire; achenes lenticular, suborbicular, 1.5 mm. long,
nearly as wide, closely enveloped, filling lower three quarters of perigynium, broadly short-
stipitate, brownish, apiculate, jointed with the short, slender, short-exserted style; stigmas 2,
slender.

TYPE LOCALITY: Iceland, Steenstrup.

DISTRIBUTION: Open rocky places, North Labrador and Keewatin, Iceland. (Specimens ex-

amined from Keewatin, Fullerton and Wager Inlet, Hudson Bay.)
ILLUSTRATION: Fl. Dan. pl. 2846.

440. Carex scopulorum Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV.
14: 422; 421. f. 1-6. 1902.

Carex Tolmiei var. subsessilis 1. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 47. 1889. (As to Colorado
specimens only.)
Strongly stoloniferous, the culms one to few together, the stolons stout, ascending or
horizontal, purplish-red, scaly, the culms stiffly erect, 1-4 dm. high, stout, papillate, exceeding

ParT 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 381

the leaves, sharply triangular, smooth or roughened above, strongly phyllopodic, brownish or
dull-purplish-brown-tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year numerous and
conspicuous, all the leaves of the year blade-bearing; sterile shoots aphyllopodic; leaves with
well-developed blades usually 8-15 to a fertile culm, 3-5 of the flowering year, the rest of the
previous year, clustered near the base, slightly septate-nodulose, the blades erect, thickish,
flat with revolute margins, light-green, papillate, 0.5—-3 dm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, short-tapering,
roughened at apex only, the sheaths light-yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally, not hispidulous
dorsally, the ligule as wide as long; staminate spike solitary, sessile or more or less peduncled,
linear or linear-clavate, 1-2.5 cm. long, 2.5—4 mm. wide, often partly pistillate, the scales
oblong-obovate, obtuse to acute, black, usually slightly hyaline at apex, the midvein whitish,
usually prominent; pistillate spikes 2-6, usually 2-4, closely aggregated or the lowest occa-
sionally separate, erect, the upper sessile or nearly so, the lower short-peduncled, oblong,
1—2.5 em. long, 6-7 mm. wide, the uppermost often somewhat androgynous, closely many-
flowered, the perigynia squarrose-spreading in many rows; lower bracts squamiform, much
shorter than the culm, sheathless, conspicuously black-biauriculate; upper bracts reduced,
scale-like; scales obovate, usually obtuse, black, sometimes with lighter midrib and very
narrow hyaline margins, from nearly the length of to much shorter than but narrower than
the perigynia; perigynia strongly biconvex and turgid, orbicular or broadly obovoid, 2.5-3.5
mm. long, 1.5—2 mm. wide, 2-ribbed (the marginal), otherwise nerveless, papillose, membrana-
ceous, pale at base, purplish-black-spotted or blotched above, rounded to a nearly sessile or
substipitate base, not or very sparingly remotely serrulate above, apiculate, the beak 0.2—0.5
mm. long, entire, purplish-black, often abruptly bent; achenes normally lenticular, subor-
bicular or broadly obovoid, 1.25 mm. long, nearly as wide, nearly filling lower three quarters
of perigynium, light-brown, sessile, minutely apiculate, jointed with the slender short-exserted
style; stigmas 2, slender, whitish or becoming yellowish-brown.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘“‘We found this species very abundant in the”region of Clear Creek Canon
(Colo.), also near Leadville, (Colo.); it grows in thickets of willows along creeks at an elevation of
between 3600 and 3900 met.’’ (Holm).

DISTRIBUTION: High mountains, from Colorado and Wyoming to Nevada and the Sierra
Nevada of California (Tulare County). (Specimens examined from Colorado, Wyoming, Montana,
Washington, Nevada, California.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 14: 421. f. 1-6; Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 300. f. 46 F;
Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacific St. f. 808.

441. Carex Chimaphila Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV.
IGS 39e52.) 1-13 1903.

Carex scopulorum var. Chimaphila Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 303. 1909. (Based on

C. Chimaphila Holm.)

Strongly stoloniferous, the culms in small clumps, the stolons long, stout, horizontal or
ascending, purplish-red, scaly, the culms stoutish, but not stiff, 2-5 dm. high, papillate, much
exceeding the leaves, usually roughened above, strongly phyllopodic, purplish-brown-tinged at
base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year numerous and conspicuous, all the leaves of the
year blade-bearing; sterile shoots aphyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades 10-15 toa
fertile culm, 3—5 of the flowering year, the rest of the previous year, clustered near the base,
slightly septate-nodulose, the blades erect, thickish, flat with slightly revolute margins, light-
green, papillate, usually 1-3 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, short-tapering, roughened towards the
apex only, the sheaths light-yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally, smooth or very nearly so
dorsally, the ligule as long as wide; staminate spike solitary, often partly pistillate below or
above, short-peduncled or sessile, linear-oblong, 1-2.5 cm. long, the staminate part 4-6 mm.
wide, the scales oblong-oblanceolate, acute to short-cuspidate, black with lighter midrib and
very narrowly hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2-4, contiguous or the lowest somewhat re-
mote, erect, the upper peduncled, the lower on peduncles shorter than the spikes, oblong, 1-3
em. long, 7-10 mm. wide, densely flowered, containing 20-40 spreading-ascending perigynia
in several to many rows; lowest bract leaflet-like, sheathless, dark-auricled, exceeded by culm,
the upper much reduced; scales lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, about

382 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

half the width of but usually noticeably exceeding perigynia, black throughout or usually with
lighter midrib and hyaline apex and upper margins; perigynia flattened-biconvex and turgid,
broadly obovoid or suborbicular, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, 1.5—2 mm. wide, 2-ribbed (the marginal),
otherwise nerveless, papillose, membranaceous, pale towards base, purplish-black-blotched
above, round-tapering to a substipitate base, remotely very sparingly serrulate above, truncate-
rounded at apex, and abruptly very minutely beaked, the beak 0.1-0.2 mm. long, entire,
purplish-black; achenes normally lenticular, suborbicular or broadly obovoid, 2 mm. long,
1.5 mm. wide, nearly filling lower two thirds of perigynium, light-brown, sessile, minutely
apiculate, jointed with the slender, short-exserted style; stigmas 2, slender, whitish or becom-
ing yellowish-brown.
TYPR LOCALITY: Long’s Peak, Colorado (Holm).

DISTRIBUTION: Rocky slopes and meadows, high mountains, Colorado and Wyoming. (Speci-

mens examined from Colorado, Wyoming
ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 32. if JUANES.

442. Carex gymnoclada Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV.
14: 424. f. 12-14.* 1902.

“*Carex vulgaris var. alpina Boott’’ W. Boott in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 240. 1880.
Carex vulgaris var. bracteosa L,. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 81. 1886. (Type from Ebbett‘s

Pass, California.)
Carex nudata var. angustifolia L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:16. 1889. (As to Lyall plant

ee var. subsessilis L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:47. 1889. (As to Oregon plants.)
Carex brachypoda Holm, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 20: 302; 307. f. 4-6. 1905. (Type from Crater Lake

National Park, Oregon.)

Carex rigida var. hesperia Piper, Contr, U. S. Nat. Herb. 11: 173. 1906. (Based on C. rigida var.
bracteosa L. H. Bailey.)
“Carex rigida Good.’’ Smiley, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot.9:120. 1921.

Strongly stoloniferous, the stolons stout, ascending or horizontal, clothed with somewhat
shining, purplish-brown scales, the culms in small clumps or single, stiffly erect, 2-6 dm. high,
papillate, strongly exceeding leaves, sharply triangular, from very rough above to smooth,
phyllopodic, brownish or dull-purplish-brown-tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous
year inconspicuous and short, the lower leaves of the year reduced to bladeless or short-
bladed sheaths; sterile shoots phyllopodic; leaves of the year with well-developed blades 3-6
to a fertile culm, clustered on lower fourth, septate-nodulose, the blades strictly erect, light-
green, thick, usually 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 2.5—5 mm. wide, flat with revolute margins, tapering
and sharp-tipped, rough towards apex, the sheaths very thin and hyaline ventrally, slightly
yellowish-brown-tinged, short-hispidulous dorsally, the ligule as long as wide; staminate spike
solitary, sessile or more or less peduncled, linear-clavate, 1-3 cm. long, 2.5—4 mm. wide, the
scales oblong-obovate, obtuse or acutish, black, usually slightly hyaline at apex, the midvein
whitish, often nearly obsolete; pistillate spikes 1-3, contiguous or somewhat separate, erect,
sessile to short-peduncled, oblong to cylindric, often staminate at apex, 5-25 mm. long, 4-6
mm. wide, closely flowered, the 8-50 perigynia ascending or spreading, in several to many
rows; lowest bract black-auricled, not sheathing, squamiform, much shorter than the culm,
the others much reduced, strongly black-auricled; scales ovate, obtuse or acute, black with
white (often nearly obsolete) midvein and slightly hyaline margins, noticeably narrower than
and from shorter than to exceeding perigynia; perigynia flattened bi-convex or plano-convex,
not inflated, broadly obovate to suborbicular, 2.25-3.5 mm. long, 1.5—2 mm. wide, 2-ribbed
(the marginal), otherwise nerveless, granular, membranaceous, pale at base, purplish-black
at apex, not or very sparingly remotely serrulate above, round-tapering and slightly stipitate
at base, rounded at apex, abruptly apiculate, the beak very short, 0.1—0.25 mm. long, entire,
purplish-black; achenes lenticular, broadly obovate, 1.5-1.75 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide,
nearly filling lower two thirds of perigynium, brownish, substipitate, abruptly apiculate, jointed
with the very short, not exserted, slender style; stigmas 2, slender, yellowish-brown.

TYPE LOCALITY: Bogs of Hurricane Creek, Oregon (Cusick 2487).
DISTRIBUTION: In wet meadows, in the higher mountains from Washington south to Tulare

* Exc. ref. to Carex Tolmiei var. angusta Bailey.

PART 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 383

county, California, and eastward to Colorado. (Specimens examined from Washington, Oregon,
Idaho, Colorado, California.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 14: 425, f. 12-14; 20: 307. f. 4-6 (Carex brachypoda Holm);
Erythea 8: 73. f. 40; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 810; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif. f. 198.

443. Carex accedens Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV.
16: 457. 1903.

Carex stylosa var. virens L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22:79. 1886. (Type is taken as from Mt.
dams, Washington.)

Carex spreta 1,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:6. 1889. (Based on C. stylosa var. virens L. H.

Bailey.) Not C. spreta Steud. 1855. =

Strongly stoloniferous, the rootstocks stoutish, horizontal or ascending, scaly, purplish-
brown, the culms 2.5—4 dm. high, stiff, stoutish, very sharply triangular, strongly roughened
above, papillate, exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, purplish-brown-tinged at base, the
dried-up leaves of the previous year not very conspicuous, the lower leaves of the year all
blade-bearing; leaves of the year with well-developed blades 4-5 to a fertile culm, on the lower
fourth, erect, flat with revolute margins, elongate, not rigid, light-green, papillose, short-
tapering, 1-2.5 dm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, the sheaths, at least the lower, hispidulous and
purplish-brown-tinged dorsally, white-hyaline ventrally, the ligule longer than wide; terminal
spike staminate, or rarely gynaecandrous, sessile or nearly so, 1.5—2 em. long, 5-6 mm. wide,
the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, purplish-black, with white midvein not extending to apex
and minutely hyaline apex; pistillate spikes 2—4, closely aggregated or the lowest more or less
distant, sessile or the lower one or two peduncled, oblong, 0.7—2 em. long, 6-8 mm. wide,
densely flowered, with 20-40 spreading-ascending perigynia in several to many rows; bracts
not sheathing, the lowest leaflet-like, dark-auricled, 8 cm. long or less, much shorter than culm,
the others much reduced; scales ovate or lanceolate-ovate, purplish-black with white midvein
usually not extending to apex, not hyaline-margined, obtuse or acutish, much narrower and
much shorter than perigynia; perigynia broadly obovoid or suborbicular, flattened, biconvex,
scarcely inflated, 3 mm. long, 1.75—2.25 mm. wide, 2-ribbed (the marginal), otherwise nerveless,
granular, subcoriaceous, resinous-dotted towards apex, olive-green, often purplish-dotted
above, not serrulate, sessile, abruptly apiculate with a very minute, entire, dark-colored,
straight beak 0.1—0.2 mm. long; achenes lenticular, oblong-obovoid, 2 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide,
nearly filling lower two thirds of perigynium, brownish, substipitate, abruptly apiculate,
jointed with the slender, short-exserted style; stigmas 2, slender, whitish or in age yellowish-
brown.

TYPE LocALIty (of C. stylosa var. virens L,. H. Bailey, on which C. accedens is based): ‘‘ Sauvies
Island, Oregon, and Mt. Adams, Washington territory, at 5000 feet, Howell.”

DISTRIBUTION: Rare and local, Mt. Adams and Mt. Rainier, Washington. (Specimens ex-
amined from both localities.) While Howell reports this mountain species from Sauvies Island,
Oregon, and says it forms “‘part of the sedge pasturage of the Columbia,’’ it is to be surmised that

he confused it with Carex aperta Boott, and that his labeling represents some mistake.
ILLUSTRATION: Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacific St. f. 809.

444, Carex campylocarpa Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV.
205304307. J, 31a, 1900;

Loosely cespitose, the rootstocks slender, ascending, elongate, sending forth slender
horizontal stolons, the culms 3-6 dm. high, slender, erect, sharply triangular and very rough
on the angles above, papillate, exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, strongly purplish-tinged and
fibrillose at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year few, rather inconspicuous, the lower
leaves of the year reduced to bladeless sheaths; sterile shoots aphyllopodic; leaves with well-
developed blades about 4 to a fertile culm, obscurely septate-nodulose, the blades erect, widest
above, light-green, papillate, thinnish, flat with revolute margins, 1.5-3.5 mm. (averaging
2.5-3 mm.) wide, very sharp-tipped, short-tapering, the margins rough above, the sheaths
slightly hispidulous dorsally, very thin, olive-tinged, and red-dotted ventrally, concave at
mouth, not filamentose, the ligule longer than wide; staminate spike solitary, subsessile or
short-peduncled, oblong-clavate, 6-20 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate,

384 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

obtuse or acute, black with obsolete or slender, white midvein; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, the
upper contiguous and sessile or nearly so, the lower separate, erect and short-peduncled, or
sometimes strongly peduncled and drooping, short-oblong to linear-oblong, 5-20 mm. long,
4.5-6 mm. wide, closely 10—30-flowered in several rows, the perigynia ascending or excurved-
spreading; lowest bract leaflet-like, shorter than inflorescence, sheathless, purplish-black at
base, the upper much reduced, black-auricled; scales ovate, obtuse, black, sometimes with
minutely hyaline apex, the slender midvein nearly or entirely obsolete, narrower than and
from half to nearly as long as the perigynia; perigynia ovate or elliptic, 3-3.75 mm. long
1.5-1.75 mm. wide, flattened biconvex, often with convex outer face and concave inner face,
becoming very slightly turgid, membranaceous, 2-ribbed (the marginal), otherwise nerveless,
dull-green below, purplish or purplish-mottled above, granular, very sparingly remotely serru-
late above when young, rounded and substipitate at base, tapering above, abruptly short-
apiculate-beaked, the beak 0.2 mm. long, black, entire; achenes lenticular, obovate, 1.5—1.75
mm. long, 1 mm. wide, in lower half of and narrower than perigynium, yellowish-brown, short-
stipitate, apiculate, jointed with the slender, not exserted style; stigmas 2, slender, yellowish-
brown.

TYPE LOCALITY: Cathedral Spring, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon (Coville 1457).

DISTRIBUTION: Alpine meadows and stream-banks, Cascade Mountains, Oregon and Washing-

ton. (Specimens examined from Oregon, Washington.)
ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 20: 307. f. 13-15; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 811.

445. Carex prionophylla Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV.
14: 423. 1902:

Stoloniferous, the stolons stout, ascending, clothed with the somewhat shining purplish
scales, the culms in small clumps or single, 5-15 dm. high, erect or decumbent, slender above,
exceeding the leaves, papillate, very sharply triangular, narrowly wing-angled and very
serrulate on the angles, strongly reddish-purple at base, apparently strongly aphyllopodic,
arising from among the few much dried-up and inconspicuous leaves of the previous year, the
lower leaves of the flowering year very conspicuously reduced to bladeless sheaths; sterile
shoots strongly aphyllopodic; leaves of the year with well-developed blades 3-5 to a fertile
culm, clustered well above the base, sparingly septate-nodulose, the blades dull-bluish-green,
thick, papillate, flat, with slightly revolute margins, very long (often 6 dm.), 4-5 mm. wide,
very scabrous, short-acute, the lower bladeless, the sheaths very long and conspicuous,
rounded and strongly hispidulous dorsally, yellowish-brown-tinged, strongly purplish-red-
dotted, and very fragile ventrally, the ligule as long as or longer than wide; staminate spike
solitary, short-peduncled, 18-25 mm. long, 3—4.5 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse
or acutish, black with lighter slender midrib and scarcely hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 3
or 4, erect, sessile, or the lowermost slightly peduncled, approximate, or the lowest more or
less strongly separate, oblong- or linear-cylindric, 1-2 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, closely flowered
with 15-40 appressed perigynia in several rows; lowest bract leaflet-like, exceeded by inflores-
cence, sheathless but dark-auricled, the others reduced to dark auricles; scales oblong-ovate,
acutish or obtusish, half as wide as and shorter than to nearly as long as the perigynia, black
throughout or with lighter midrib; perigynia obovate or oblong-obovate, plano-convex, not
turgid, much flattened, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, 2-ribbed (the marginal), otherwise nerve-
less or very obscurely few-nerved dorsally, green, granular, membranaceous, round-tapering
and substipitate at base, abruptly rounded and minutely beaked at apex, the beak 0.25 mm.
long, purplish-black, entire; achenes lenticular, obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, nearly
filling lower two thirds of perigynium, nearly sessile, apiculate, jointed with the short slender
style; stigmas 2, slender,

Type LOCALITY: Northern Idaho. Region of the Coeur_d’Alene Mountains, near mountain
streams; divide between St. Joe and Clearwater River.

DISTRIBUTION: Springy and swampy places along mountain streams, northern Idaho and north-

eastern Washington. An excellent species. (Specimens examined from both localities.)
ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 14: 425. f. 7-11; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 812.

ParT 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 385

446. Carex miserabilis Mackenzie sp. noy.

Strongly stoloniferous, the stolons stout, ascending, clothed with the somewhat shining
purplish scales, the culms in small clumps or single, erect, stiff, 2.5-6 dm. high, papillate,
exceeding leaves, sharply triangular, strongly roughened above, purplish-tinged at base,
arising from among the few, much dried-up and inconspicuous leaves of the previous year, the
lower leaves of the year reduced to bladeless sheaths; sterile shoots strongly aphyllopodic;
leaves of the year with well-developed blades 2 or 3 to a fertile culm, somewhat septate-
nodulose, widely separate on lower half, the blades erect, light-green, thick, papillate, flat with
revolute margins, mostly 1.5—3.5 dm. long, 3.5—-5 mm. wide, tapering and sharp-tipped, rough-
ened towards the apex, the sheaths hispidulous dorsally and white-hyaline, yellowish-tinged
and red-dotted, and very fragile ventrally, the ligule as long as wide; staminate spike solitary,
short-peduncled or nearly sessile, narrowly obovoid-oblong, 1-1.5 em. long, 4.5 mm. wide,
the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, black with more or less hyaline margins, the midvein
slender, mostly obsolete; lateral spikes 2 or 3, short-peduncled or sessile, closely approximate
or the lower somewhat separate, pistillate or staminate at apex, broadly to narrowly oblong,
0.75-3 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, closely flowered, the perigynia 10-40, ascending in several to
many rows; lowest bract black-biauriculate at base, broad, 2.5—3 mm. wide, shorter than the
culm, the upper much reduced, strongly black-biauriculate; scales oblong-ovate to lanceolate,
obtuse or acutish, black, the midvein slender, usually obsolete, slightly narrower than but
mostly exceeding perigynia; perigynia plano-convex or slightly biconvex, obovate, 2.5-3 mm.
long, 1.5 mm. wide, 2-ribbed (the marginal), otherwise nerveless, granular, membranaceous,
not turgid, usually straw-colored at base and purplish-black-tinged above or throughout,
rounded and substipitate at base, rounded at apex, abruptly minutely beaked, the beak
purplish-black, 0.1-0.3 mm. long, entire; achenes lenticular, obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm.
wide, nearly filling lower two thirds of perigynium, brownish, sessile, abruptly apiculate,
jointed with the very short, not exserted style; stigmas 2, slender, yellowish-white or in age
yellowish-brown.

Valde stolonifera; culmi triangulares 2.5—6 dm. alti rigidi, inter folia defoliata anni prae-
cedentis orientes; vaginae inferiores hispidulae non foliatae; folia pallida 1.5-3.5 dm. longa
culmis breviora; spica mascula solitaria obovoideo-oblonga, squamis oblongo-obovatis obtusis;
spicae laterales 2 vel 3 breviter pedunculatae vel sessiles, femineae vel apice masculae, oblongae;
perigynia plano-convexa obovata 2.5—3 mm. longa 2-costata apice in rostrum minutum rotun-
data, squamis oblongo-ovatis vel lanceolatis perigynia saepe superantibus, costa obsoleta;
achaenia lenticularia obovoidea.

Type collected at Chiwaukum Lake, Chelan County, Washington (Eggleston 13567).

DISTRIBUTION: Swampy meadows and wet grounds, mountains of eastern Oregon, Washington,
and northern Idaho. (Specimens examined from eastern Oregon, Washington, Idaho.)

447. Carex lenticularis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 172. 1803.

Carex lenticularis var. albi-montana Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 29: 348. 1860. (Type from White

Mountains, New Hampshire.)

Carex lenticularis var. Blakei Dewey, in Wood, Class-Book, ed. 1861. 755. 1861. (Type from

Harrison, Maine.)

Carex lenticularis var. merens Howe, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 48: 149. 1897. (Type from

Adirondack Mountains, New York.)

Carex lenticularis var. eucycla Fernald & Wieg. Rhodora 15: 134. 1913. (Type from Newfound-
land.)

Densely cespitose, forming large clumps, the rootstock very short, the culms 1-6 dm.
high, erect, slender, sharply triangular above, smooth or somewhat roughened above, papillose,
usually shorter than but sometimes exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, brownish at base, the
dried-up leaves of the previous year not very conspicuous; sterile shoots phyllopodic; leaves
with well-developed blades 4—9 to a fertile culm, clustered on the lower third, the blades erect,
thin, light-green, flat above, plicate at base, long-attenuate, 0.5-4 dm. long, 1-2 mm. wide,
roughened towards the apex, the sheaths very obscurely or not at all septate dorsally, not
hispidulous, thin-white-hyaline and yellowish-brown-dotted ventrally, concave at mouth

386 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

(often deeply so), the ligule longer than wide; staminate spike solitary, sometimes with a few
perigynia, from little to strongly peduncled, linear, 8-30 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, the scales
oblong-obovate, very obtuse, with broad 3-nerved green center and narrow hyaline margins
and an intermediate reddish-brown or dark-purplish zone; pistillate spikes 3—5, erect, the upper
sessile, the lower short- (rarely long-) peduncled, the lower from little to strongly separate, the
upper contiguous, typically elongate-linear and 1.5—4.5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, closely flowered
above, often attenuate towards base, the perigynia numerous, ascending, in few rows; lowest
bract leaf-like, erect, short-sheathing, strongly exceeding inflorescence, the upper ones smaller,
biauriculate; scales suborbicular-ovate to oblong-ovate, small, very obtuse, narrower and
usually noticeably shorter than perigynia, sometimes about equaling them, dark-purplish or
brownish-red-tinged with broad 3-nerved green center not extending to the apex, and wide or
narrow hyaline margins especially at the apex; perigynia soon deciduous, obovate, varying
to orbicular-obovate or oblong-obovate, flattish, biconvex and 2-edged, 1.8—-3 mm. long, 1—1.5
mm. wide, glaucous-green, slightly yellow-glandular-dotted, membranaceous, lightly few-
ribbed on both sides, minutely papillate, round-tapering or rounded-truncate and slenderly
short-stipitate at base, tapering or rounded at apex, and abruptly apiculate, the beak slender,
0.25 mm. long, with entire, rarely dark-tipped orifice; achenes lenticular, oblong-quadrangu-
lar, 1.75 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, filling lower three quarters of perigynium, brownish, papillate,
sessile, abruptly short-apiculate, jointed with the very short, slender style; stigmas 2, reddish-
brown, slender, short.

TYPE LOCALITY: “Hab. per tractus montium, a sinu Hudsonis ad Canadam, praesertim ad
lacum Cycnorum dictum.”

DISTRIBUTION: River and lake shores, in calcareous districts, Labrador and Newfoundland to
Mackenzie, and southward to Massachusetts, Minnesota, Saskatchewan, and Idaho. (Specimens
examined from Labrador, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Maine, New
Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, Ontario, Michigan, Minnesota, Manitoba, Sas-
katchewan, Idaho, Keewatin, Mackenzie.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 723; ed. 2. f. 1053; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 421; Engler,

Pflanzenreich 420: 308. f. 47; Boott, Ill. Carex 30. pl. 77.
Note: See Fernald’s treatment of these varieties.

448. Carex paucicostata Mackenzie, Erythea 8:74. 1922.

“Carex lenticularis Michx.’’ W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 242,in part. 1880.
Carex interrupta var. impressa 1, H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:18. 1889. (Type from Sierra

Nevada, California.)

Densely cespitose, forming large or medium-sized clumps, the rootstocks very short,
tough, the new shoots very short-ascending, at the base of the old, long horizontal stolons
absent, the culms 2.5—5 dm. high, slender, strict, sharply triangular, smooth or slightly rough-
ened above, papillose, shorter than or exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, brownish and some-
what fibrillose at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-
developed blades 5-10 to a fertile culm, clustered on lower fourth, the blades erect, thin,
usually 1.5—2.5 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat above, more or less channeled towards base,
light-green, long-attenuate, roughened towards the apex, obscurely septate-nodulose towards
base, the sheaths rounded and not hispidulous dorsally, light-yellowish-brown or whitish-
hyaline ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule longer than wide; staminate spike solitary,
rarely with a few perigynia, short-peduncled or nearly sessile, linear, 2-3 cm. long, 2.5-4 mm.
wide, the scales oblong-obovate, very obtuse, dark-reddish-brown with broad whitish center
and hyaline apex; pistillate spikes 4—6, more or less strongly separate or the upper approximate,
erect, linear, 1-4 cm. (typically 2—3 cm.) long, 3.5—5 mm. wide, erect, the lower short-peduncled,
the upper sessile or nearly so, closely flowered or somewhat loosely at base, with numerous
appressed-ascending perigynia in several rows; lowest bract leaf-like, sheathless, exceeding
culm, the others reduced, dark-biauriculate; scales oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or
acutish, blackish, with narrow whitish center not extending to tip and minutely hyaline apex,
usually a little shorter than and about half width of perigynia, falling early but after peri-
gynia; perigynia suborbicular or very broadly obovate or very broadly ovate, strongly
flattened, biconvex, 2 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, glaucous-green, granular and resinous,

ee

Part 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 387

membranaceous, 2-ribbed (the marginal) and coarsely 3-5-nerved ventrally and 7—9-nerved
dorsally, rounded and slenderly short-stipitate at base, rounded and abruptly minutely apicu-
late at apex, the upper part not conspicuously empty, the beak 0.1—0.25 mm. long, subentire,
black-tipped; achenes lenticular, blackish, suborbicular, 1.5 mm. long and nearly as wide,
filling more than three fourths of perigynium, sessile, abruptly apiculate, jointed with the
straight, short, slender style; stigmas 2, slender, dark-colored.

TYPE LOCALITY (of C. interrupta var. impressa L. H. Bailey, on which C. paucicostata is based):
“Summit Camp, California, Kellogg, Yosemite Valley, Bolander 6198.’

DISTRIBUTION: Wet places, mostly around lakes, in the Sierra Nevada of California, known

from Tulare County to El Dorado county. (Specimens examined showing range as given.)
ILLUSTRATION: Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 8/4.

449. Carex Kelloggii W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 240. 1880.

Carex acuta var. pallida Boott, Ill. Carex 166. pl. 554. 1867. (Type from Oregon.)

“Carex vulgaris var. juncella Fries’’ Olney, in S. Wats. Bot. King’s Expl. 368, in part. 1871.

“Carex caespitosa I,.’’ Olney; A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8:407. 1872.

“Carex decidua Boott’’ W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif.2: 240. 1880.

“Carex aquatilis Wahl.’ Kurtz, Bot. Jahrb. 19: 417. 1894.

Carex vulgaris var. lipocarpa Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. 1V. 17: 308, in part. 1904. (Type not definitely
designated.)

“Gea a Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 20: 301, 307. f. 1-3. 1905. (Type from Crater Lake,

regon.

Carex Hindsti var. brevigluma Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 307. 1909. (Type from Lake
Pend d’Oreille, Idaho.)

Carex lenticularis var. paullifructus Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 308. 1909. (Type from
Palouse Creek, Washington.)

Carex Goodenovii var. lipocarpa M. E. Jones, in Bull. Univ. Mont.61: 172, in part. 1910. (Based
on C. vulgaris var. lipocarpa Holm.)

Cespitose, forming medium-sized or large clumps, the rootstocks short or more or less
elongate, slender but tough, the culms 1-6 dm. high, erect, slender, sharply triangular above,
more or less roughened above, papillose, usually shorter than but sometimes exceeding -the
leaves, phyllopodic, brownish and somewhat fibrillose at base, the dried-up leaves of the pre-
vious year conspicuous; sterile shoots aphyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades 5-10 to
a fertile culm, on the lower third, more or less clustered, the blades erect, thin, light-green,
flat above, channeled towards base, usually 1-3 dm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, long-attenuate,
much roughened at the apex, the sheaths very obscurely or not at all septate, rounded and
not hispidulous dorsally, thin-white-hyaline and yellowish-brown-dotted ventrally, concave
at mouth (often deeply so), the ligule longer than wide; terminal spike staminate, rarely some-
what pistillate, more or less strongly peduncled, 1-4 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, the scales oblong-
obovate, obtuse, purplish-brown with conspicuous lighter center and hyaline margins; pistillate
spikes 3-5, approximate or slightly separate, erect, the lower short-peduncled, the upper
sessile or nearly so, linear-cylindric, from not at all to noticeably attenuate at base, generally
1.5-3.5 em. long, about 4.5 mm. wide, containing numerous appressed-ascending perigynia
in few to several rows; lowest bract leaf-like, strongly exceeding inflorescence, sheathless or
nearly so, the upper reduced, biauriculate; scales oblong-ovate, obtuse or slightly acutish, dark-
purplish-brown with broad, lighter, usually 1-nerved center not extending to the apex, and
narrow hyaline margins, narrower than and from much shorter than to about the length of the
perigynia; perigynia soon deciduous, ovate, flattened biconvex, 2-edged, 1.5-3 mm. long, 1.25
mm. wide, light-green, not at all dark-colored, granular, not or rarely yellow-glandular, mem-
branaceous, 2-ribbed (the marginal), lightly several-nerved on both sides, round-truncate at
base and slenderly stipitate, rounded at apex, abruptly apiculate-beaked, the beak 0.1-0.25
mm. long, entire, usually conspicuously black-tipped; achenes lenticular, suborbicular, about
1 mm. long, filling lower half of perigynium, blackish, granular, substipitate, abruptly short-
apiculate, jointed with the short slender style; stigmas 2, slender, dark-colored.

TypPE Loca.ity: Sierra Nevada Mountains of California (Kellogg; Lemmon).

DISTRIBUTION: Sunny swamps and wet meadows, Alberta to Colorado, and westward to Alaska
and California (where confined to the higher Sierras). (Specimens examined from Alberta, Montana,
Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Idaho, Alaska, British Columbia, including Vancouver Island, Wash-
ington, Oregon, California.) es

ILLustRaATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 20: 307. f. 1-3; Boott, Ill. Carex 166. pl. 554; Abrams, Ill.
Fl. Pacif. St. f. 8106.

388 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

450. Carex Hindsii C. B. Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser.
8: 70 (excluding Montana specimen). 1908.

Carex decidua Boott, Ill. Carex 163. 1858. (As to North American plant, not as to type.)

“Carex vulgaris Fries”’ Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 10: 269. 1900.

““Carex interrupta Bock.’ Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 10: 269. 1900.

Carex vulgaris var. limnophila Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 17: 307. 1904. (Type from St. Paul
Island, Bering Sea.)

Carex vulgaris var. lipocarpa Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 17: 308. 1904. (Type not definitely desig-
nated.)

Carex Goodenovii var. limnophila M. E. Jones, Bull. Univ. Mont. 61: 72. 1910. (Based on C.
vulgaris var. limnophila Holm.)

Carex Goodenovii var. lipocarpa M. E. Jones, Bull. Univ. Mont. 61: 72, in part. 1910. (Based on
C. vulgaris var. lipocarpa Holm.)

Cespitose, forming medium-sized or large clumps, the rootstocks short to long, stout,
tough, branching, creeping and descending, often fibrillose, the culms 1-5 dm. high, slender

but strict, sharply triangular, papillose, smooth or slightly roughened above, shorter than or_

often exceeded by the leaves, phyllopodic, brown or purplish-brown at base, the dried-up
leaves of the previous year conspicuous; sterile shoots aphyllopodic; leaves with well-developed
blades 5—10 to a fertile culm, clustered on lower third, the blades erect, thin, firm. light-green,
flat above, channeled towards base, usually 1.5-3 dm. long, 1.5-—3 mm. wide, long-attenuate,
much roughened towards the apex, the sheaths obscurely or not at all septate-nodulose dor-
sally, not hispidulous, thin-white-hyaline and yellowish-brown-dotted ventrally, concave at
mouth (often deeply so), the ligule as wide as long; staminate spike solitary, short-peduncled
or nearly sessile, linear, 1.5—3.5 cm. long, 2.5—4.5 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, very
obtuse, purplish-black with broad lighter center and white-hyaline margins; pistillate spikes
3-6, more or less strongly separate or the upper approximate, linear, 1-4.5 cm. (typically
2-3.5 cm.) long, 5—7 mm. wide, erect, the lower short-peduncled, the upper sessile or nearly so,
densely flowered, with numerous appressed-ascending perigynia in several to many rows; lowest
bract leaf-like, strongly exceeding inflorescence, sheathless or nearly so, the upper reduced,
biauriculate; scales oblong-oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, purplish-
black with narrow or broad lighter center not extending to the apex, hyaline apex and upper
margins, much shorter than and about half the width of perigynia, early deciduous; perigynia
early deciduous, ovate, strongly flattened, unequally biconvex, 2-edged, 2-3.5 mm. long, 1.5—2
mm. wide, membranaceous, slenderly about 5-ribbed on both sides, yellowish-green, papillate,
rounded or truncate and strongly (0.5—1 mm.) slenderly stipitate at base, tapering or contracted
into an apiculate, subentire, usually black-tipped beak, the beak 0.1—0.25 mm. long; achenes
lenticular, suborbicular, 1.5 mm. long and about as wide, filling lower two thirds of perigynium,
brownish-black, granular, substipitate, abruptly short-apiculate, jointed with the short
slender style; stigmas 2, reddish-brown, slender.

TYPE LOCALITY: Columbia River (Hinds).

DISTRIBUTION: Wet meadows along the coast, from northwestern California to the Aleutian
and Commander Islands; abundant on the Alaskan coast. (Specimens examined from northwestern

California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, including Vancouver Island, Alaska.)
ILLUSTRATIONS: Bot. Gaz. 10: pl. 3, f. 1-5 (as C. decidua); Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. Fao

451. Carex acuta L. Sp. Pl. 978. 753%

Carex nigra verna vulgaris L. Hin wappa Zoe eldisne

Carex spicis masculis pluribus 8 Carex nigra verna vulgaris L,. Fl. Suec. 280. 1745.

Carex acuta var. nigra I,. Sp. Pl. 978. 1753. (The type variety.)

Carex diversicoloy Crantz, Inst. 1: 405. 1766. (Based on C. acuta L.)

Carex nigra Reichard, Fl. Moeno-Franc. 2: 96. 1778. (Based on C. acuta var. nigra L,.) Not C.
nigra All. 1785.

Carex fusca All. Fl. Pedem. 2: 269. 1785. (Type from Switzerland; as to identity sees Gaudin,
Agrost. Helv. 2: 190-191.)

Carex alpina Honck. Syn. 1: 374. 1792. (Type from Germany.) Not C. alpina Schrank, 1789.

“Carex caespitosa 1,.’’ Gooden. Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: 195. pl. 21, f. 8. 1794. (Plant from Great
Britain.)

Carex ambigua Moench, Meth. 325. 1794. (Type from west central Germany.) Not C. ambigua
Link, 1799.

Carex polyandra Schkuhr, Riedgr. 59. pl. Dd, f. 90. 1801. (Type from Germany.)

Carex aquatilis var. C. nardifolia Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24:165,in part. 1803.

Part 6, .1935] CYPERACEAE 389

Carex acuta (var.) Sw. Sv. Bot. pl. 408 (f. B). 1808. (Plant from Sweden.)

“Carex saxatilis L,.’’ Schultes, Oesterr. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 146. 1814. (Plant from Austria.)

Carex Monchiana Wender. Schr. Nat. Ges. Marburg 1:130. 1823. (Based on C. ambigua Moench.)

Carex angustifolia Smith, Engl. Fl.4:127. 1828. (Type from Angusshire, Scotland.)

Carex caespitosa var. curvata Fleischer, Riedgr. Wiirtemb. 15. 1832. (Type from Wiirtemberg.)

Carex caespitosa var. recta Fleischer, Riedgr. Wiirtemb. 15. 1832. (Type from Wiirtemberg.)

Carex stolonifera Hoppe, in Sturm, Deuts. Fl. 69: pl. 6. 1835. (Type from the Alps.) Not C.
stolonifera Ehrh. 1791.

Carex caespitosa var. alpina Gaudin, Syn. Fl. Helv. 782. 1836. (Type from Switzerland.)

Carex Goodenowit Gay, Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 11: 191. 1839. (Based on ‘‘C. caespitosa L.’’ Gooden.)

Carex caespitosa var. polymorpha Laest. Nova Acta Soc. Sci. Upsal. 11: 284. 1839. (Type from
Lapland.) 7

Osculisa acuta Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex acuta 1.)

Vignea caespitosa var. polygama Peterm. Fl. Bienitz 16. 1841. (Type from Germany.)

Carex vulgaris Fries, Mant. 153. 1842. (Type from Lapland.) ;

Carex vulgaris var. tornata Fries, Mant. 154. 1842. (Type from Scandinavia.)

Carex vulgaris var. juncea Fries, Mant. 154. 1842. (Type from Scandinavia.)

Carex Gibsoni Bab. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 11: 168. pl. 5. 1843. (Type from Yorkshire, England.)

Carex turfosa Fries, Bot. Notiser 1843: 104. 1843. (Type from Sweden.)

Carex vulgaris subsp. juncella Fries, Bot. Notiser 1843: 105. 1843. (Type from Scandinavia.)

Carex Goodenovii var. polygama Peterm. Flora 27: 334. 1844. (Based on Vignea caespitosa var.
polygama Peterm.)

Carex intricata Tineo; Guss. Fl. Sic. Syn. 2:574. 1844. (Type from Sicily.)

Carex vulgaris var. zonaia F. Nyl. Spic. Pl. Fenn. 2:19. 1844. (Type from Finland.)

Carex vulgaris var. androgyna Peterm. Anal. Pfl. 500. 1846. (Type from Germany.)

Carex vulgaris var. tenuis Peterm. Anal. Pfl. 500. 1846. (Type from Germany.)

Carex vulgaris var. ramosa Peterm. Anal. Pfl.500. 1846. (Type from Germany.)

Carex vulgaris var. atra Peterm. Anal. Pfl. 500. 1846. (Type from Germany.)

Carex vulgaris var. polygama Peterm. Anal. Pfl. 500. 1846. (Based, by inference, on Vignea
caespitosa var. polygama Peterm.)

Carex vulgaris var. chlorostachya Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: 13. pl. 226, f. 579. 1846. (Type from
central Europe.)

Carex vulgaris f. polygama Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: 13. pl. 227, f. 580b. 1846. (Type from
central Europe.)

pecan’ f. basigyna Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: 13. pl. 227, f. 580c. 1846. (Type from central

urope.

Carex acuta var. minor Neilr. Fl. Wien. 71. 1846. (Based on C. acuta var. nigra L.)

Carex vulgaris var. humilior Maly, Enum. 34. 1848. (Based on C. stolonifera Hoppe.)

Carex vulgaris var. Bructeri G. Meyer, Fl. Hanov. Exc. 598. 1849. (Type from Hanover, Germany.

Carex melaena Wimmer, Uebers. Arb. Schles. Ges. 1849: 79? 1850. (Type from Ohlau, Germany.)

Carex seerceloa Wimmer, Uebers. Arb. Schles. Ges. 1849: 79? 1850. (Typefrom Breslau, Ger-
many.

Carex vulgaris var. elatioy O. F. Lang, Linnaea 24:556. 1851. (Type European, but not definitely
designated.)

Carex vulgaris var. juncella Hartm. Skand. Fl. ed. 6. 297. 1854. (Based, by inference, on C. vul-
garis subsp. juncella Fries.)

Carex caespitosa var. fuliginosa Doll, Fl. Bad. 260. 1856. (Type from Germany.)

Carex vulgaris var. fuliginosa A. Br.; Doll, Fl. Bad. 261. 1856. (Type from Germany.)

EN Th. Fries, Bot. Notiser 1857: 207. 1857. (Based on C. vulgaris subsp. juncella

ries.

Carex vulgaris var. longepedunculata Blytt, Norges Fl. 213. 1861. (Type from Norway.)

Carex vulgaris var. rigida Blytt, Norges Fl. 213. 1861. (Type from Norway.)

Carex vulgaris var. aira Blytt, Norges Fl. 213. 1861. (Type from Norway.)

Carex vulgaris var. anomala Blytt, Norges Fl. 213. 1861. (Type from Norway.)

Carex intermedia Miégev. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 10: 93. 1863. (Type from France.) Not C. inter-
media Gooden. 1794.

Carex Goodenoughii Asch. Fl. Brand. 1: 776. 1864. (Change of spelling for C. Goodenowii Gay.)

Carex Goodenoughii var. tornata ‘‘Fries’’ Asch. Fl. Brand. 1: 777. 1864. (Based, by inference, on
C. vulgaris var. tornata Fries.) }

Carex Goodenoughii var. juncella ‘‘ Fries” Asch. Fl. Brand. 1: 777. 1864. (Based, by inference, on
C. vulgaris subsp. juncella Fries.) .

Carex Goodenoughii var. juncella f. chlorostachya ‘‘Reichenb.”’ Asch. Fl. Brand. 1: 777. 1864.
(Based, by inference, on C. vulgaris var. chlorostachya Reichenb.)

Carex Goodenoughii var. turfosa Asch. Fl. Brand. 1:777. 1864. (Based on C. turfosa Fries.)

Carex Goodenoughii var. stolonifera Asch. Fl. Brand.1:777. 1864. (Based on C. stolonifera Hoppe.)

Vignantha vulgaris Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 706. 1866. (Based on Carex vulgaris Fries.)

Vignantha vulgaris var. chlorocarpa Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 706. 1866. (Based on Carex
chlorocarpa Wimmer.)

Vignantha vulgaris var. subfastigiata Schur, Enum. PI. Transsilv. 706, excl. syn. 1866. (Type from
Transsylvania.)

Vignantha vulgaris var. turfosa Schur, Enum. PI. Transsilv. 706. 1866. (Based on Carex turfosa
Fries.)

Vignantha Ménchiana Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 706. 1866. (Based on Carex Monchiana
Wimmer.)

“Carex limula Fries’? A. Gray, Man. ed. 5.582. 1867. (Plant from Boston, Massachusetts.)

Carex acuta var. angustifolia Celak. Prodr. Fl. B6hm. 63. 1867. (Type from Bohemia.)

Carex vulgaris var. teres Boott, Ill. Carex 168. pl. 559, f. 1,2. 1867. (Type from Sweden.)

390 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

Carex vulgaris var. intricata Boott, Ill. Carex 169. pl. 561, f.3.. 1867. (Based on C. intricata Tineo.)

Carex vulgaris var. laxa A. Blytt, Veg. Sognefj. 83. 1869. (Type from Norway.)

Carex vulgaris var. angustifolia A. Blytt, Veg. Sognefj. 83. 1869. (Type from Norway.)

Carex vulgaris Nes ‘atrata Blytt’’ A. Blytt, Veg. Sognefj. 83. 1869. (Error for C. vulgaris var.
atra Blytt.

Carex vulgaris var. conferta A. Blytt, Veg. Sognefj. 83. 1869. (Type from Norway.)

Carex vulgaris var. typica Meinsh. Fl. Ingr. 409. 1878. (Based on C. vulgaris Fries.)

Carex vulgaris var. subramosa Meinsh. Fl. Ingr. 409. 1878. (Type from Russia.)

Carex vulgaris var. sabulosa Meinsh. Fl. Ingr. 409. 1878. (Type from Russia.)

Carex vulgaris var. leucocarpa Meinsh. Fl. Ingr. 410. 1878. (Type from Russia.)

Carex vulgaris var. minuta Meinsh. Fl. Ingr. 410. 1878. (Type from Russia.)

Carex acuta var. turfosa ‘‘Wimmer’”’ Sanio, Bot. Contr. 6:432. 1881. (Type from Lyck, Germany.)

Carex acuta var. turfosa f. picta Sanio, Bot. Contr. 6: 432. 1881. (Type from Lyck, Germany.)

Carex acuta var. nigra subvar. vulgaris ‘‘Fries’’ Sanio, Bot. Contr. 6: 433. 1881. (Based on C.
vulgaris Fries.)

Carex acuta var. nigra subvar. vulgaris f. badia Sanio, Bot. Contr. 6: 434. 1881. (Type from
Germany.)

Carex acuta var. nigra subvar. vulgaris f. fuliginosa ‘“‘A. Br.’’ Sanio, Bot. Contr. 6: 434. 1881.
(Based on C. vulgaris var. fuliginosa A. Br.)

Carex acuta var. nigra subvar. sejuncta Sanio, Bot. Contr. 6:434. 1881. (Type from Burgundy.)

Carex acuta var. nigra subvar. sejuncta f. grata Sanio, Bot. Contr. 6: 435. 1881. (Type from
Germany.)

Carex acuta var. nigra subvar. sejuncta f. melaena ‘‘Wimmer’’ Sanio, Bot. Contr. 6: 435. 1881.
(Based on C. melaena Wimmer.)

Carex acuta var. nigra subvar. subenervis Sanio, Bot. Contr. 6: 436. 1881. (Type from Lyck,
Germany.)

Carex acuta var. nigra subvar. juncella ‘‘Fries’’ Sanio, Bot. Contr. 6: 436. 1881. (Based on C.
vulgaris subsp. juncella Fries.)

Carex acuta var. nigra subvar. chlorocarpa ‘‘Wimmer’’ Sanio, Bot. Contr. 6: 436. 1881. (Based
on C. chlorocarpa, Wimmer.)

Carex acuta var. nigra subvar. tornata ‘‘Fries’”’ Sanio, Bot. Contr. 6: 436, 1881. (Based on C.
vulgaris var. tornata Fries.)

Carex acuta var. oxylepis Sanio, Bot. Contr. 6:437. 1881. (Type from Lyck, Germany.)

Carex acuta var. oxylepis subvar. diluta Sanio, Bot. Contr. 6: 437. 1881. (Type from Lyck,
Germany.)

Carex acuta var. oxylepis subvar. melanolepis Sanio, Bot. Contr. 6: 437. 1881. (Type from Lyck,
Germany.)

Carex acuta var. oxylepis subvar. stygia Sanio, Bot. Contr. 6: 437. 1881. (Type from Lyck,
Germany.)

Carex acuta var. macrocarpa Celak. Prodr. Fl. Bohm. 754. 1881. (Type from Bohemia.)

Carex acuta f. pseudosparganioides Celak. Prodr. Fl. B6hm. 754. 1881. (Type from Bohemia.)

Carex vulgaris var. tenuis Hartm.; Lange, Haandb, Danske FI. ed. 4. 132. 1886. (Type from
Denmark.)

Carex vulgaris var. strictiformis L.. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:74. 1889. (Type from Quebec.)

Carex rigida var. Goodenovii L,. H. Bailey, Jour. Bot. 28:172. 1890. (Based on C. Goodenovii Gay.)

Carex rigida var. strictiformis L,. H. Bailey, Jour. Bot. 28: 172. 1890. (Based on C. vulgaris var.
strictiformis 1, H. Bailey.)

Carex rigida var. juncea 1,. H. Bailey, Jour. Bot.28: 172. 1890. (Based on C. vulgaris var. juncea
Fries.)

Carex rigida var. teres L,. H. Bailey, Jour. Bot. 28: 173. 1890. (Based on C. vulgaris var. teres
Boott.)

Carex rigida var. turfosa L. H. Bailey, Jour. Bot. 28:173. 1890. (Based on C. turfosa Fries.)

Carex nigra G. Beck, Fl. Nieder. Oesterr. 136. 1890. (Based on C. acuta var. nigra I. as was C.
nigra Reichard, 1778.)

Carex nigra subsp. typica G. Beck, Fl. Nieder-Oesterr. 136. 1890. (The type subspecies.)

Carex nigra subsp. typica var. basigyna G. Beck, Fl. Nieder-Oesterr. 136. 1890. (Based on C.
vulgaris f. basigyna Reichenb.)

Carex nigra subsp. typica var. basigyna f. ramifera G. Beck, Fl. Nieder-Oesterr. 136. 1890. (Type
from Austria: )

Carex nigra subsp. typica var. alpicola G. Beck, FI. Nieder-Oesterr. 136. 1890. (Type from Austria.)

Carex nigra subsp. turfosa G. Beck, Fl. Nieder-Oesterr. 136. 1890. (Based on C. ee eee

Carex vulgaris var. densicarpa Kneucker; L. Klein, in Seubert, Exc.-fl. Baden. ed. 5. 62. 1891.
(Type from Baden, Germany.)

Carex vulgaris var. salinoides Kiikenth. Mitth. Thiir. Bot. Ver. II. 5: 17. 1893. (Type from
Oslo, Norway.)

Carex Goodenovii {. microlepis Norman, Forh. Vid.-Selsk. Christ. 2716: 49. 1893. (Type from
Norway.)

Carex vulgaris var. silvatica Russow; E. Lehm. Arch. Nat. Dorpat 11: 162. 1895. (Type from
central Europe.)

Carex vulgaris var. androgyna Russow; E. Lehm. Arch. Nat. Dorpat 11: 162. 1895. (Type from
central Europe.)

Carex vulgaris var. aquatiliformis Kiikenth. Oesterr. Bot. Zeits. 46: 163. 1896. (Type from
Norway.)

Carex vulgaris var. pumila Kiikenth. Allg. Bot. Zeits. 4: 2..1898 (Type from central Europe.)

Carex vulgaris var. elatioy subvar. latifolia. Kiikenth. Allg. Bot. Zeits. 4:3. 1898. (Type from
central Europe.)

Se

ParT 6, 1935] CYPERACEAE 391

Carex vulgaris var. elatioy subvar. angustifolia Kiikenth. Allg. Bot. Zeits. 4:3. 1898. (Type from
central Europe.)

Carex vulgaris var. elatior subvar. juncella ‘‘Fries’’ Kiikenth. Allg. Bot. Zeits. 4:3. 1898. (Based
on C. vulgaris subsp. juncella Fries.)

Carex vulgaris f. Roussiaet H. Lév.; Lév. & Vaniot, Bull. Acad. Géogr. Bot. 10: 37. 1901. (Type
from Mayenne, France.)

kes gree ‘ Goodenoughii Ostenf. in Warming, Bot. Faerées 82. 1901. (Type from the Faerée
slands.

Carex vulgaris var. elatior subvar. angustifolia f. subovalis Kneucker, Allg. Bot. Zeits. 7: 56. 1901.
(Type from Baden, Germany.)

et lal var. communis Meinsh. Acta Hort. Petrop. 18: 334. 1901. (Based on C. vulgaris

ries.

Carex vulgaris var. leucolepis Meinsh. Acta Hort. Petrop. 18: 334. 1901. (Type from Russia.)

Carex Goodenoughii var. elatioy Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22:95. 1902. (Based on C.
caespitosa var. elatior O. F. Lang.)

Carex Goodenoughii var. elatioy subvar. tornata Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22: 95. 1902.
(Based on C. vulgaris var. tornata Fries.)

Carex Goodenoughii var. elatior subvar. recta Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22: 95. 1902.
(Based on C. caespitosa var. recta Fleischer.)

Carex Goodenoughii var. elatior subvar. recta f. silvatica Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22: 95.
19. (Based on C. vulgaris var. silvatica Russow.)

Carex Goodenoughii var. curvata Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22: 96. 1902. (Based on C.
caespitosa var. curvata Fleischer.)

Carex Goodenoughii var. curvata subvar. basigyna Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22:96. 1902.
(Based on C. vulgaris f. basigyna Reichenb.)

Carex Goodenoughii var. curvata subvar. basigyna f. subramosa Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl.
22:96. 1902. (Based on C. vulgaris var. subyamosa Meinsh.)

Carex Goodenoughii var. curvata subvar. basigyna f. chlorostachya Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur.
Fl. 22:96. 1902. (Based on C. vulgaris var. chlorostachya Reichenb.)

Carex Goodenoughit var. curvata subvar. basigyna f. melaena Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. F1.
22: 96. 1902. (Based on C. melaena Wimmer.)

Carex Goodenoughii var. curvata subvar. polygama Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22:96. 1902.
(Based on C. caespitosa var. polygama Peterm.)

Carex Goodenoughit memor. Gibsoni Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22:97. 1902. (Based on
C. Gibsonii Bab.) ;

Carex Goodenoughii var. juncea Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22: 97. 1902. (Based on C.
vulgaris var. juncea Fries.)

Carex Goodenoughii var. pumila Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22:98. 1902. (Based on C.
vulgaris var. pumila Kiikenth.)

Carex Goodenoughii var. subrigida Kiikenth.; Brockm.-Jer. Fl. Puschlav 91. 1907. (Type from
Switzerland.)

Carex Goodenoughii f. pumila Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 314. 1909. (Based on C.
vulgaris var. pumila Kiikenth.)

Carex Goodenoughii f. polyandra Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 314. 1909. (Based on C.
polyandra Schkubhr.)

Carex Goodenoughii f. androgyna Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 314. 1909. (Based on C.
vulgaris var. androgyna Russow.)

Carex Goodenoughii f. basigyna Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 314. 1909. (Based on C.
vulgaris f. basigyna Reichenb.)

Carex Goodenoughii f. subramosa Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 314. 1909. (Based on C.
vulgaris var. subramosa Meinsh.)

Carex Goodenoughii f. subfastigiata Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 314. 1909. (Based on
Vignantha vulgaris var. subfastigiata Schur.)

Carex Goodenoughii f. subsetacea Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 314. 1909. (Type from
Silesia.)

Carex Goodenoughii f. badia ‘‘Sanio’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 314. 1909. (Based on
C. acuta var. nigra subvar. vulgaris f. badia Sanio.)

Carex Goodenoughii f. fuliginosa Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 315. 1909. (Based on C,
caespitosa var. fuliginosa Doll.)

Carex Goodenoughii f. Roussioei ‘“H. Lév’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42: 315. 1909.
(Based on C. vulgaris f. Roussiaei H. Lév.)

Carex Goodenoughii f. chlorostachya ‘‘Reichenb.”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 315. 1909.
(Based on C. vulgaris var. chlorostachya Reichenb.)

Carex Goodenoughii f. leucolepis ‘‘Meinsh.’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 315. 1909.
(Based on C. vulgaris var. leucolepis Meinsh.)

Carex Goodenoughii f. oxylepis Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 315. 1909. (Based on C.
acuta var. oxylepis Sanio.)

Carex Goodenoughii f. zonata ‘‘ Nylander’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4:315. 1909. (Based
on C. vulgaris var. zonata F. Nyl.) : 5

Carex Goodenoughii memor. polygama “‘ Peterm.”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 315. 1909.
(Based on Vignea caespitosa var. polygama Peterm.)

Carex Goodenoughii var. tornata ‘‘ Fries” Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 316. 1909. (Based
on C. vulgaris var. tornata Fries.) A combination previously made. ;

Carex Goodenoughii var. tornata f. pleiandra Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 316. 1909.
Type from Thuringia.) ; ,

Carex Goodenoughii var. tornata f. densicarpa “‘Kneucker’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 40:
316. 1909. (Based on C. vulgaris var. densicarpa Kneucker.)

392 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

Carex Goodenoughii var. subcaespitosa Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 316. 1909. (Type
from Ireland.)

Carex Goodenoughit var. strictiformis ‘“‘l, H. Bailey’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 316.
1909. (Based on C. vulgaris var. strictiformis L. H. Bailey.)

Carex Goodenoughii var. recta ‘‘ Fleischer’? Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°:316. 1909. (Based
on C. caespitosa var. recta Fleischer.)

Carex Goodenoughii var. recta f. grata ‘‘Sanio’”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 316. 1909.
(Based on Carex acuta var. nigra subvar. sejuncta f. grata Sanio. )

Carex Goodenoughii var. recta f. silvatica ‘‘Russow’”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 316.
1909. (Based on C. vulgaris var. silvatica Russow.)

Carex Goodenoughii var. recta f. subovalis Kneucker; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420; 317.
1909. (Based on C. vulgaris var. elatioy subvar. angustifolia f. subovalis Kneucker.)

Carex Goodenoughii var. recta f. aquatiliformis Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 317. 1909.
(Based on C. vulgaris var. aquatiliformis Kiikenth.)

Carex Goodenoughii var. salinoides Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 317. 1909. (Based on
C. vulgaris var. salinoides Kiikenth.)

Carex Goodenoughii var. stenocarpa Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 317. 1909. (Type from
Scotland.)

Loosely to densely cespitose, the clumps large to small, sending forth long, horizontal,
slender but tough, brownish, scaly stolons, the culms erect or somewhat curved, stiff to slender,
sharply triangular, papillate, smooth to strongly roughened above, usually strongly exceeding
the leaves, but occasionally shorter, brownish-tinged and often fibrillose at base, strongly
phyllopodic, the dried-up leaves of the previous year very conspicuous; sterile shoots phyllo-
podic; leaves of the flowering year with well-developed blades usually 5—8 to a fertile culm, the
lower clustered near the base, the blades erect, ascending, spreading, or even recurved, flat or
channeled towards base with involute margins, narrow, 5—30 cm. long, usually 1.5-2.5 mm.
wide, light-green, thin but firm, sometimes stiff, papillate, roughened towards the apex,
usually long-tapering but often short-tapering, the sheaths rounded and smooth dorsally,
white-hyaline and often yellowish-brown-tinged, the ligule wider than long; terminal spikes
staminate, often with 1 or 2 smaller ones at base, from short-peduncled to long-peduncled,
linear, 1.5-4 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, very obtuse to acutish,
brownish or blackish, with lighter midrib and inconspicuous hyaline margins; pistillate spikes
2-4, often staminate above, erect, all sessile, or the lower short-peduncled, contiguous or more
or less separate, oblong to linear-oblong, 1—4.5 cm. long, 5 mm. wide, densely flowered except
occasionally towards base, containing 20-100 appressed-ascending perigynia in several to
many rows; lowest bract leaflet-like, mostly shorter than but frequently more or less strongly
exceeding the culm, sheathless, but biauriculate, the upper reduced, strongly dark-auricled;
scales ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse (at least middle and upper), narrower and shorter than
the perigynia, black or dark-colored with lighter midrib and inconspicuous hyaline margins;
perigynia plano-convex, not turgid, strongly flattened, obovate, ovate, oval, or suborbicular,
2.5-3 mm. long, 2—2.5 mm. wide, green or often darkened at apex, membranaceous, puncticu-
late, 2-ribbed (the marginal), and lightly several-nerved on both sides, short-stipitate to long-
stipitate, rounded at base and apex, minutely apiculate-beaked, the beak 0.1-0.3 mm. long,
entire or very nearly so, ciliolate at tip; achenes lenticular, suborbicular, 1.5 mm. long, nearly
as wide, broadly substipitate, rather loosely enveloped in lower half of perigynium-body,
short-apiculate, obscurely jointed with the straight slender style somewhat enlarged at base;
stigmas 2, slender.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘“‘Habitat in Europa ubique in siccioribus.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Wet meadows near the coast, Greenland to Rhode Island; erroneously recorded
from Pennsylvania and various parts of western North America; widely distributed in western
Europe; doubtfully recorded from northern Asia; reported from South America, but this is undoubt-
edly some allied species. (Specimens examined from Greenland, Labrador. Newfoundland, St.
Pierre, Miquelon, Quebec, including Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Bruns-
wick, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 724; ed. 2. f. 1052; Schkubr, Riedgr. pl. Aa, Bb, f.
85; Boott, Ill. Carex 166. pl. 557-560; ‘pl. 561, f. 1-4; pl. 565; Fl. Dan. pl. 2478; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911:
84. f. 66; ‘Sturm, Deuts. Fl. 50: pl. 13; 69: pl. 6; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 226, f. 579; pl. 227,
f. 580; pl. 228, f. 581; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 73. f. 44; Trans. Linn. Soc: 2): pl. 205 faronasiGe caespitosa) :
Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 5, f. 52; Engl. Bot. pl. 1507; ed. 2. pl. 1643; Benth. Handb. Brit. Fl. ed. 2.
f. 1111; Coste, Fl. Fr. pl. 3849; pl. 3848 (as C. turfosa); Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel.-Eur. pl. 47, f. 5; Host,
Gram. Austr. 1: pl. 91 (as C. caespitosa); Hallier, Deuts. Fl. pl. 430 (as C. caespitosa); Karst. Deuts.
Fl. 341. f. 170 (5); Sv. Bot. pl. 408, f. B (as C. acuta var.); Jard. Ann. Nat. Hist. 11: 168. #1. 5.

Note: As to applicability of the name Carex acuta lL. to the present species, see Wulfen, FI.
Norica Phan. 747. 1858; Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 50: 343. 1923.

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