VOLUME 18 PART 9
NORTH AMERICAN, FLORA
(POALES)
(CYPERACEAE)
SCIRPEAE (CONTINUATIO)
Henry Knut SVENSON
Subscription Price, $1.50
Separate Copies, $2.00
PUBLISHED BY
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Issued November 5, 1957
s)
Revised Key to Tribe 2. Scirpeae.*
By Henry KNuUTE SVENSON
Seales of the spikelet spirally imbricate.
Base of the style not enlarged.
Scales of the spikelet not subtended by inner scales.
Seales usually not membranous, the bristles, when present, 1-8.
Bristles simple, sometimes lacking. 1. Scirpus.
Bristles with plate-like thickenings (except in F. incompleta). 2. FUIRENA.
Scales membranous, with spreading or loosely ascending tips, the
bristles usually numerous and silky-elongate. 3. ERIOPHORUM.
Each spikelet-scale subtended by an inner, commonly rudimentary,
hyaline scale. 4. HEMICARPHA.
Base of the style enlarged.
Style-base persistent as a tubercle.
Seales glabrous; spikelet solitary, terminating the leafless culm. 5. ELEOCHARIS.
Scales pubescent; spikelets rarely solitary. 6. BULBOSTYLIS.
Style-base deciduous; bristles absent. 7. FIMBRISTYLIS.
Scales of the spikelet 2-ranked.
Base of the style not persistent as a tubercle. 8. ABILDGAARDIA.
Base of the style persistent as a tubercle. 5. ELEocHARIS.
2. FUIRENA Rottb. Descr. & Ic. 70. 1773.
Vaginaria Pers. Syn. Pl. 1: 70. 1805.
More or less pubescent perennial (rarely annual) plants, occasionally with tuberous-
thickened rhizomes. Culms usually leafy, angled and striate, with many-flowered terete
spikelets in terminal and axillary clusters. Scales spirally imbricate, awned. Stamens 3.
Style 3-cleft, deciduous. Perianth normally of six bristles, the inner three usually scale-like
and inflated and ovate at the apex. Achene sharply trigonous, whitened, becoming brown
when mature, often prolonged into a slender beak as long as the body of the achene.
Type species, F. wmbellata Rottb.
Leaves reduced to sheaths without blades. : 1. F. scirpoidea.
Culms leafy.
Perianth of 6 slender retrorsely-toothed bristles.
Three inner bristles (scales) of the perianth ovate-thickened at the apex,
and usually awn-tipped.
Three outer bristles capillary to filiform (sometimes enlarged in the
middle in F. simplex).
Scales of the spikelet with short (1 mm. long) erect mucro; spike-
bo
F. incompleta.
lets erect. 3. F. robusta.
Scales of the spikelet with a long filiform awn; spikelets spreading
or reflexed.
Beak of the achene hispid to pubescent ; awn terminal. 4. F. squarrosa.
Beak of the achene glabrous; awn rising from below the apex
of the scale. 5. F. simplex.
Three outer bristles lacking; perianth-scales nearly sessile.
Perianth-scales membranous, with a slender recurved apical awn. 6. F. umbellata.
Perianth scales spongy-thickened at the apex; apical bristle usually
lacking. 7. F. bulbipes.
1. Fuirena scirpoidea Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. 1: 38. 1803.
Vaginaria Richardi Pers. Syn. Pl. 1: 70. 1805.
?Fuirena longa Chapm. FI. S. U. g. ed. 3. 541. 1897. (Appalachicola, Florida.)
Perennial with elongate, woody, horizontal rootstocks; culms erect, 2-6 dm. tall, the
leaves represented by loose sheaths 2-3 cm. long; spikelets terminal, clustered or sometimes
solitary, 5-12 mm. long, the pubescent scales with a short, subulate mucro; perianth-scales
with thickened, ovate body (1 mm. long, not awned) with stipe 1 mm. long; achene becom-
ing nearly black when mature, the somewhat hispid beak slightly longer than the scales;
bristles equaling the stipe; anthers 1.5 mm. long.
* See p. 479.
506 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VotumE 18,
Type LocaLity: Florida. ; : .
DisTRIBUTION: Swamps and pineland; on the coastal plain, Georgia to Louisiana; Cuba
See ies Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. 1: pl. 7; Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 58, f. 1-3; Small, Man.
SE. EI. 172.
2. Fuirena incompleta Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2*: 107. 1842.
Fuirena hexachaeta Schlecht. Linnaea 19: 69. 1847. (Toluca, Mexico.)
Perennial with creeping rootstocks; culms slender, 4-6 dm. tall; leaves narrow, stiff,
pubescent, 5-12 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; inflorescence of dense heads of 6-10 spikelets in a
terminal panicle; spikelets 8-12 mm. long, oblong, the aristate, pubescent scales not closely
appressed; bristles usually 6, slender, retrorsely barbed, equaling or exceeding the short-
beaked achene; anthers 2 mm. long.
TYPE LOCALITY: Goyaz, Brazil. ; d
DIsTRIBUTION: Wet places: Mexico; Guatemala; Panama; South America.
ILLusTRATIONS: Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 58, f. 6, 7.
3. Fuirena robusta Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 185. 1837.
Fuirena bahiensis Lindl. & Nees; Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. aes 108. 1842. (Brazil.)
Fuirena latifolia Steud. Syn. Cyp. 126. 1855. (Bahia, Brazil.)
Fuirena schizophylla C. Wright in Sauv. Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana 8: 82. 1871. (Vuelta de
Abajo, Cuba.)
Tall, erect perennial; culms thick, spongy, 1-2 m. high, 4-5 angled; leaves numerous,
glabrous, with short, thick, slightly scabrous blades 5-10 cm. long, mostly 1-2 cm. wide;
spikelets in axillary and terminal compound umbels, grayish-pubescent or brownish, 5-10 mm.
long, acute, the appressed scales tipped with a short, stout mucro; perianth-scales stipitate,
the body ovate and thickened, aristate at the apex; bristles slender, nearly equaling the
scales, usually smooth; achene with a glabrous short beak; anthers 1 mm. long.
Type LocaLity: Southern Brazil.
DistriguTion : Cuba; Panama (Barro Colorado Island, L. H. Bailey 256) ; Suriname; Brazil.
ILLUSTRATION : Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 59, f. 12.
4. Fuirena squarrosa Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. 1: 37. 1803.
Fuirena hispida Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 579. 1821. (“High ridges between the Flint and Chat-
tahoochie Rivers, Georgia.”)
Fuirena pumila Torr.; Spreng. Syst. 1: 237. 1825. (Long Island, N. Y.)
Fuirena squarrosa 8 pumila Torr. Comp. 46. 1826.
Fuirena Torreyana Beck, Bot. U. S. 429. 1833.
Fuirena squarrosa var. hispida Chapm. Fl. S. U. S. 514. 1860.
Fuirena squarrosa var. breviseta Coville, Bull. Torrey Club 17: 6. 1890.
Fuirena breviseta Coville; Harper, Bull. Torrey Club 28: 466. 1901.
Perennial, to 1 m. tall, with a short, creeping or bulbous rootstock, or becoming dwarfed
and annual (var. pumila); culms slender, many-angled, glabrous to hispid; leaves and
sheaths nearly glabrous to densely hispid, 2-7 mm. wide, the blades to 2 dm. long; spikelets
2-8, 5-15 mm. long, in squarrose, capitate terminal or axillary clusters, the spreading awns
of the hispid scales prominent; perianth-scales long-aristate at the apex; bristles from very
short to as long as the scales, smooth to retrorsely toothed; mature achene dark brown,
with a long prominently hispid beak sometimes nearly glabrous in var. pumila; anthers 0.5-
0.75 mm. long.
TYPE LOCALITY: Georgia.
. DIstRIBUTION : Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland,
Virginia to Texas and Oklahoma (chiefly on the coastal plain), Kentucky, Michigan, Indiana, and
mien Hs Cuba (Western Cuba and Isle of Pines) ; Puerto Rico.
; LLUSTRATIONS: Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. Ol. 1, Ff: 3 Bull: Torrey Club 17: pl. 98, f. 3-6: Rep.
ae rae pl. 19, f. 4; A. Gray, Man. ed 7. 197. f. 306; Britt. & Brow re a ed. DZ 1:
Note: Northward the plants become annual (var. pumila) with more slender and elongate
bristles and scale setae, and a less hispid (sometimes nearly glabrous) style. Transitions to the
typical southern plant are numerous.
Part 9, 1957] CYPERACEAE 507
5. Fuirena simplex Vahl, Eclog. 2: 8. 1798.
Fuirenia obtusiflora Vahl, Eclog. 2: 8. 1798. (South America.)
Fuirena squarrosa ¢ (aristulata) Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 291. 1836. (Arkansas?)
Fuirena Schiedeana Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 183. 1837. (Vera Cruz, Mexico.)
Fuirena aristulata Steud. Syn. Cyp. 127. 1855.
Fuirena squarrosa var. macrostachya Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 11: 87. 1884.
Fuirena repens Bock. Bot. Jahrb. 7: 277. 1886. (San Luis Potosi, Mexico.)
Fuirena simplex £. macrostachya Coville, Bull. Torrey Club 17: 4. 1890.
Fuirena cylindrica Bush, Missouri Bot. Gard. Rep. 16: 91. 1905. (Dona Ana County, New
Mexico; an aberrant, probably pathologic collection.)
Fuirena ciliata Bush, Missouri Bot. Gard. Rep. 16: 97. 1905. (Smith County, Texas.) Not
F. ciliata Leprieur ex Steud. 1855.
Fuirena zacapana Bartlett in Rob. & Bartl. Proc. Am. Acad. 43: 50. 1907. (Gualan, Guatemala.)
Fuirena primiera M. E. Jones, Contr. W. Bot. 18: 25. 1933, e descr. (Baja California.)
Perennial with a ligneous, creeping, occasionally tuber-bearing rootstock; culms angled,
slender, usually elongate, 1-8 dm. tall; leaves 3-25 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, nearly glabrous
to densely hispid; spikelets 2-8, 6-15 mm. long (20 mm. in “var. macrostachya’”), in squar-
rose, capitate terminal or axillary clusters, the long, spreading awns of the hispid scales
prominent; perianth-scales long-stipitate, the inflated body with a subapical awn; bristles
shorter than or exceeding the scales; mature achene yellowish-brown, the long, somewhat
thickened beak glabrous; anthers 1 mm. long.
TYPE LOCALITY: Baia Chica, Venezuela (?).
DistrizpuTion: Nebraska and Missouri, south to Oklahoma and Texas; Mexico; British
Honduras; Guatemala; western Cuba (including the Isle of Pines).
ILLustTRATIONS: Bull. Torrey Club 17: pl. 98, f. 2; Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 3: 82; Britt. &
Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 338. f. 834; Carn. Inst. Wash. Publ. 522: 297.
Note: “Var. macrostachya,’ a form with large spikelets, occurs in Texas and Oklahoma.
F. ciliata Bush is a pubescent form with smooth bristles, abundant from Missouri to Texas.
F. zacapana Bartlett is an elongate form with short scale-mucro and smooth bristles.
6. Fuirena umbellata Rottb. Descr. & Ic. 70. 1773.
Fuirena paniculata L. f. Suppl. 105. 1781.
Fuirena camptotricha C. Wright in Sauv. Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana 8: 82. 1871.
Fuirena tereticulmis Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 180. 1828, fide Bock. Linnaea 37: 111 (1871).
(Acapulco, Mexico.)
Perennial with short, thick rootstocks, occasionally tuber-bearing; culms usually stout
(6-15 dm. tall), erect, often 4-angled, with loose sheaths; leaves flat, 7-16 cm. long, 5-25 mm.
wide, glabrous or sparingly pilose; panicles pilose, 1-5, terminal and in the upper leaf-axils ;
spikelets numerous in capitate clusters, acute, oblong to linear-oblong, 6-10 mm. long, the
scales greenish-brown, pubescent, aristate, with spreading or recurved awns; perianth-scales
nearly sessile, obovate, membranous and translucent, the apex tipped by a falcate to recurved,
capillary seta; scales a little longer than the smooth, short-beaked, trigonous achene;
anthers 1 mm. long.
TYPE LOCALITY: Suriname.
DistR1BuTION: Meadows and marshes: Mexico to Panama; Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola;
Puerto Rico; Guadeloupe to Trinidad; tropical South America; Old World tropics.
7. Fuirena bulbipes Blake, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 24: 2. 1922.
Fuirena umbellata var. unguiculata Kiikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 200. 1926. (Isle of Pines,
Cuba: Ekman 11485).
Closely resembling F. wmbellata, from which it differs in its somewhat inflated, fre-
quently reddish perianth-scales, which are usually not apiculate or awned.
TYPE LOCALITY: Cristina, Dep. Izabal, Guatemala.
: Pee ean Yucatan; British Honduras; Guatemala; western Cuba (including the Isle
of Pines).
ILLUSTRATION: Carn. Inst. Wash. Publ. 522: 297.
Note: This species is probably a derivative of F. umbellata, with thickened perianth-scales.
508 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA , [VotumeE 18, |
4. HEMICARPHA Nees & Arnott, Edinb. New
Philos. Jour. 17: 263. 1834.
Isolepis R. Br. Prodr. 221. 1810, in part.
Tufted dwarf annuals with slender culms, leafy only at the base. Leaves similar to the
1-3 filiform involucral bracts. Spikes 1-3, ovate to nearly spherical, composed of numerous
spirally imbricated, 2-scaled, reduced spikelets; outer scale mucronate, chartaceous and
glutinous, an hyaline inner scale usually persistent on the cylindric rachis but frequently
absent or rudimentary. Flowers with a single stamen and 2-cleft style. Achene cylindric
to compressed, studded with minute papillae.
A genus of about 6 species, perhaps intermediate between Cyperus and Lipocarpha.
Type species, H. Isolepis Nees.
Inner scale equaling and partly enclosing the achene.
Mature achene black, compressed; mucro of the outer scale somewhat
shorter than the body of the scale. 1. H. Drummondi.
Mature achene dark brown, cylindric; mucro of the outer scale much 1 :
longer than the body of the scale. . : 2. H. occidentalis.
Inner scale much shorter than the achene, bristle-like, bifid, or lacking; ‘
achene cylindric, iridescent-brown when mature. 3. H. micrantha.
1. Hemicarpha Drummondi Nees in Mart. FI. Bras.
21: 62. 1842.
Hemicarpha micrantha var. aristulata Coville, Bull. Torrey Club 21: 36. 1894. (Western Texas.)
Hemicarpha aristulata Smyth, Trans. Kans. Acad. 16: 163. 1899. :
Hemicarpha intermedia Piper in Piper & Beattie, Fl. Palouse Reg. 36. 1901. (Washington
[state].)
Hemicarpha micrantha var. drummondii Friedland, Am. Jour. Bot. 28: 860. 1942.
Outer scales of the spikelet with a mucro approaching the length of the body of the
scale; inner scale equaling and enfolding the flattened, obovate, black achene (averaging
0.55 by 0.7 mm.).
TYPE LocaLity: St. Louis, Missouri. :
DistrisuTion: Wet sandy soil: Ohio (Lucas County, Bartley & Pontius) to California,
Oregon, and Washington.
ILLustrations: A. Gray, Man. ed. 7. 198. f. 310; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 340.
f. 837; Am. Jour. Bot. 28: f. 5, 6.
2. Hemicarpha occidentalis A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
7: 391. 1868.
Scirpus occidentalis Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 30. 1908.
Plants only 1-5 cm. high; outer scales of the spikelet with a long, recurved mucro;
inner scale hyaline, enfolding the brown (Suksdorf from Falcon Valley), nearly cylindric
achene.
TYPE LOCALITY: Yosemite Valley, California.
DistrisuTion : California and Washington.
ILLustraTIons: A. Gray, Man. ed. 7. 198. f. 311; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Paci *
Jepson, Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. 157. f. 157; Am. Jour. Bot. 28: 7. 3.” a ee
3. Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl) Pax in E. & P.
Nat, Pil. 2°: 105. "f. 173! ° 337
aA yer i a Vahl, Enum. 2: 254. 1805.
curpus subsquarrosus Muhl. Descr. Gram. 39. ; i
Isolepis micrantha R. & S. Syst. Veg. 2: 110. 1817, pes eee
Isolepis subsquarrosa Schrad.; R. & S. Syst. Veg. Mant. 2: 64. 1824
Isolepis subsquarrosa B minor Schrad.; R. & S. Syst. Veg. Mant. 2: 64. 1824
Hemicarpha subsquarrosa Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 21: 6L.. 1342. &
Isolepis caespitula Liebm, Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 237. 1851. (Mexico.)
Hemicarpha micrantha var. minor Friedland, Am. Jour. Bot. 28: 860. 1942.
oi Culms to 20 cm. high, becoming much reduced and usually recurved toward the northern
limits of the species; outer scales not strongly mucronate; inner scales usually minute, subu-
’
Part 9, 1957] CYPERACEAE 509
late to bifid, more frequently absent; achene cylindric, becoming iridescent-brown when
mature.
TYPE LocaLity: South America.
DistTRIBUTION: Scattered localities from Maine and Southern Ontario to Florida, westward
to the Great Plains (Minnesota, Kansas, Nebraska); also in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Cali-
fornia, and Washington; Mexico; Guatemala; El Salvador; Costa Rica; Guadeloupe and
Martinique; South America.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Mart. Fl. Bras. 21: pl. 4, f. 1; A. Gray, Man. ed. 7. 198. f. 309; Britt. &
Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 339. f. 836; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. 279. f. 670; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl.
Calif. 157. f. 156; Small, Man. SE. Fl. 141; Am. Jour. Bot. 28: 859. f. 7.
5. ELEOCHARIS R. Br. Prodr. 224. 1810.
Mariscus Moench, Meth. 350. 1794, in part.
Isolepis R. Br. Prodr. 221. 1810, in part, at least of later authors.
Bulbostylis Steven, Mém. Soc. Nat. Mose. 5: 355. 1817.
Clavula Dumort. Fl. Belg. 143. 1827, in part.
ee sensu Nees in Wight, Contr. Bot. Ind. 71. 1834; not Limnochloa Beauv. ex Lestib.
. 19.
Chaetocyperus Nees, Linnaea 9: 289. 1834.
Scirpidium Nees, Linnaea 9: 293. 1834.
Eleogenus Nees, Linnaea 9: 294. 1834.
Annual or perennial herbs with leafless scapes (culms) frequently proliferous at the
apex, and with sheathing scales at the base, the uppermost tubular and often with a tooth-like
projection. Spikelet solitary and terminal, terete or flattened, few- or many-flowered, with-
out a subtending bract. Scales spirally imbricated or distichous, frequently deciduous, with
one or more sterile scales at the base of the spikelet except in the Aciculares. Flower per-
fect. Style 2-3-cleft, with an enlarged base (tubercle) frequently constricted and usually
persistent on the apex of the achene. Perianth-bristles 6 (sometimes branching into 7-9),
more frequently reduced in size and number, or entirely lacking. Achene trigonous to
biconvex, smooth or variously reticulate or cancellate. Stamens 1-3. Creeping or matted
aquatic to terrestrial plants of world-wide distribution. About 150 species.
Type species: Scirpus palustris L. [Eleocharis palustris (L.) R. & S.]
Aquatic, usually coarse plants; spikelets not proliferous; culms often as thick as the spike-
lets; scales yellowish and cartilaginous, not keeled; achenes normally lenticular (except
in the dwarf E. elongata), mostly with strong, horizontally elongated sculpture; styles
2—3-branched. Series 1. Mutatae.
Periodically submerged or terrestrial plants; frequently proliferous; achenes trigonous,
gray to black, the tubercle not constricted at the base, confluent with the achene; style
3-branched. Series 2. Pauciflorae.
Achenes obscurely trigonous to terete, the longitudinal ridges separated by numerous cross-
walls (trabeculae) ; lowest scale fertile; style 3-branched. Series 3. Aciculares.
Achenes smooth, biconvex, glistening-brown when mature; tubercle compressed, lamelli-
form; style 2-3 branched; cespitose annuals, rarely perennial. Series 4. Ovatae:
Achenes biconvex, olivaceous to purplish-black when mature; style 2-branched; aquatic or
terrestrial. Series 5. Maculosae.
Stoloniferous aquatic perennials; sheaths scarious at the apex; pericarp marcescent.
Subseries Ocreatae.
Cespitose annuals, rarely stoloniferous; sheaths acute at the apex. Subseries Rigidae.
Achenes yellow to brown or black when mature; plants usually stoloniferous, with strict,
elongated, sometimes spongy culms. Series 6. Palustriformes.
Achenes biconvex, yellow or brown; aquatics; style 2-branched. Subseries Palustres.
Achenes trigonous; aquatic or terrestrial plants; style 3-branched; sheaths truncate.
Subseries Truncatae.
Mostly dwarf aquatic to terrestrial plants with capillary, frequently 4-angled culms; achenes
trigonous (except in E. minuta var. bicolor), white to gray and smooth to deeply can-
cellate ; style 3-branched. Series 7. Tentissimae.
Coarse chiefly South American plants, similar to the Tenwissimae; achenes smooth, tri-
gonous, white or gray to black, usually exceeding 1 mm. in length. Series 8. Sulcatae.
Species of the Atlantic coast of unknown affinity (perhaps of Pauciflorae); achenes tri-
gonous, gray; bristles red. E, albida.
Series 1. Mutatae Svenson, Rhodora 31: 127. 1929.
Culms septate.
Septa approximate below the spikelet; reticulation of the achene
coarse; bristles exceeding the achene. 1. E. interstincta.
Septa not approximate; achene nearly smooth; bristles poorly devel-
oped. 2. E. equisetoides.
510 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VotumeE 18,
Culms not septate.
Culms angled; bristles with teeth.
Culms coarse, 2—5 mm. wide.
Culms 4-angled. 3. E. quadrangulata.
Culms 3-angled.
Achene constricted below the summit into a neck about
one-half the width of the achene. 4. E. fistulosa.
Achene not constricted but prolonged gradually into a
cellular beak. 5. E. mutata.
Culms slender, not exceeding 2 mm. wide.
Achenes trigonous, 1-1.5 mm. long (including the style-base). 7. E. elongata.
Achenes biconvex, 2-4 mm. long (including the style-base).
Achene constricted into a neck below the style-base.
Style-base acuminate. 8. E. Robbinsii.
Style-base broadly triangular, as wide as the apex of
the achene. 9. E. mitrata. |
Achene not constricted at the apex. 10. E. plicarhachis.
Cuims not angled; bristles without teeth. 6. E. cellulosa.
1. Eleocharis interstincta (Vahl) R. & S. Syst. Veg.
2: 149. 1817.
Scirpus plantagineus Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 123. 1797; not S. plantagineus Retz. 1785.
Scirpus interstinctus Vahl, Enum. 2: 251. 1805.
Limnochloa articulata Lindl. & Nees; Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 24: 100. 1842. (Brazil.)
Eleocharis septata Mig. Linnaea 17: 58. 1843. (Suriname.)
Culms terete, 4-10 dm. high, about 5 mm. thick, septate, the septations becoming approxi-
mate below the spikelet; caudex short; roots coarse, light brown or reddish-brown; sheaths
membranous, pointed at the summit, the basal sheaths sometimes free and elongated; style
bifid or trifid; stamens 3; spikelets cylindric, 1.5-4 cm. long, many-flowered; scales in several
ranks, oblong, often acute, striate, straw-colored or grayish, with a scarious margin; achenes
rough, 2 mm. long (excluding the style-base), yellow or gray, with prominent transverse
rectangular cells often forming longitudinal ribs, and a pronounced annular thickening at the
summit; style-base dark brown; bristles 6, exceeding the achene, stout, flattened, with
coarse teeth.
TYPE LOCALITY: “In Caribaeis” (Martfeld).
DistTRIBUTION: Florida, Texas; Bermuda Islands and southward through the tropics.
IxnLustraTions: Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 33, f. 6-9; Rhodora 31: pl. 188, f. 2.
2. Eleocharis equisetoides (Ell.) Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.
33290) 30:
Scirpus equisetoides Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 79. 1816.
Eleocharis Elliotti A. Dietr. Sp. Pl. 2: 82. 1833.
Eleocharis interstincta of American authors, not E. interstincta R. & S.
Culms terete, 5-10 dm. high, about 5 mm. thick, prominently septate at intervals of
1-5 cm., the surface roughened by numerous minute projections; caudex short; roots coarse,
reddish-brown; sheaths membranous, pointed at the summit, those at the base often free
from the culm and greatly elongated; style bifid or trifid; stamens 3; spikelets cylindric,
2-4 cm. long, many-flowered; scales in several ranks, oblong, striate, straw-colored, with
an obscure purplish border beneath the scarious margin; achenes nearly smooth, 2-2.5 cm.
long (including the style-base), golden-yellow or light brown, broadly obovate, biconvex,
with fine transverse linear-rectangular reticulations; style-base dark brown; bristles narrow
and weak, rarely equaling the achene.
TYPE LOCALITY: Fayetteville, North Carolina.
DisTRIBUTION : Deep water of ponds: along the coast, Massachusetts to Louisiana; inland in
New York, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Missouri.
InLustrations: A. Gray, Man. ed. 7. 181. f. 238; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 311.
f. 758 ; Rhodora 31: pl. 188, f. 1; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 17, f. 5 (all as E. interstincta).
3. Eleocharis quadrangulata (Michx.) R. & S.
syst, Veg. 2a d55. clel7:
Scirpus quadrangulatus Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. 1: 30. 1803.
Scirpus marginatus Muhl. Descr. Gram. 28. 1817. Not S. marginatus Thunb. 1794.
Part 9, 1957] CYPERACEAE 511
Scirpus albo marginatus Schultes in R. & S. Syst. Veg. Mant. 2: 74. 1824.
Eleocharis quadrangulata var. crassior Fernald, Rhodora 37: 393. 1935. (Wellesley, Massa-
chusetts.)
Culms 4-sided, with sharp angles, coarse, 5-10 dm. high, from a short caudex; roots
coarse, gray, often tuber-bearing; sheaths red or brown, membranous, with a loose, brown
tip, glistening, sometimes prolonged into leaf-like blades; spikelets 2-5 cm. long, cylindric,
acute; scales 4-ranked, elliptic, 5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, rounded or somewhat acute, straw-
colored, striate, not keeled; style bifid or trifid; stamens 3; achene 2.7-4.2 mm. long includ-
ing the beak (1 mm. long), narrowly obovate, deep shining-brown, almost smooth, with
about 24 rows of transverse linear cells, narrowed at the summit to a neck about one-fourth
the width of the achene, broadening again to form the base of the elongated triangular style;
bristles light brown, equaling the achene, slender and obscurely toothed.
TYPE LOCALITY: Carolina (the slender typical plant).
DisTRIBUTION: Deep to shallow water: Massachusetts, west to Wisconsin, south to Texas;
Jalisco.
IntustrRATions: Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. pl. 3, f. 2; Rhodora 27: pl. 149, f. 1-4; 31: pl. 188,
f. 4; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pi. 17, f. 6.
4. Eleocharis fistulosa (Poir.) Schultes in R. & S.
Syst. Veg. Mant. 2: 89. 1824.
Scirpus fistulosus Poir. in Lam. Encyc. 6: 749. 1804.
Scirpus acutangulus Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1: 213. 1820. (India.)
Scirpus medius Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1: 213. 1820. (India.)
Baeothryon fistulosum A. Dietr. Sp. Pl. 2: 94. 1833.
Limnochloa acutangula Nees in Wight, Contr. Bot. Ind. 114. 1834.
Limnochloa media Nees in Wight, Contr. Bot. Ind. 114. 1834. ;
Limnochloa obtusetrigona Lindl. & Nees; Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 24: 100. 1842. (Brazil.)
Eleocharis planiculmis Steud. Syn. Cyp. 80. 1855. (Java.)
Eleocharis obtusetrigona Steud. Syn. Cyp. 80. 1855.
Eleocharis mutata var. obtusetrigona Clarke, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6 (Append. 1): 20. 1898.
Culms sharply triangular, coarse, 4-6 dm. high; roots coarse, reddish-brown; sheaths
brown, membranous, rather loose, pointed at the summit; spikelets 1.5-3.5 cm. long, cylin-
dric, acute; scales 4 mm. long, straw-colored or gray, broadly-ovate, obtuse or somewhat
acute, firm, striate, the margins erose but not conspicuously membranous; style trifid; stamens
3; achene 2-2.4 mm. long (including the style-base), obovate, turgid, green or light brown,
rough, with about 20 rows of deeply pitted quadrangular cells, the apex narrowed to a neck
about one-half the width of the achene, broadening again to form the base of the triangular
style; bristles coarse, usually exceeding the achene, firmly toothed.
TYPE LocALity: Madagascar.
DisTRIBUTION: Fresh to brackish water: Texas (Runyon); Cuba; Mexico; Guatemala;
Panama; Old and New World tropics.
ItLustrations: Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 35, f. 1-4; Rhodora 27: pl. 149, f. 5-10; 31: pl. 188,
f. 3, 13; Descole, Gen. & Sp. Plant. Argent. 4: pl. 59.
5. Eleocharis mutata (L.) R. & S. Syst. Veg.
2 Fao: PISA
Scirpus mutatus L. Plant. Jam. Pug. 6. 1759.
Limnochloa mutata Nees, Linnaea 9: 294. 1834.
Culms sharply triangular, coarse, 4-10 dm. high, from a short caudex; roots very
numerous, fibrous, gray or brown; sheaths straw-colored or light brown, membranous,
pointed at the summit, often elongated; spikelets 1.5-5 cm. long, cylindric, usually obtuse;
scales many-ranked, straw-colored, thin, orbicular to obovate, with broad membranous sides
and an erose upper margin, often slightly keeled, frequently not appressed to the rachis;
style trifid; stamens 3; achene 1.7-2.3 mm. long (including the style-base), elliptic or obovate,
shining, rather smooth, yellow to brown, with about 24 rows of shallow, transversely linear
cells with their margins often slightly raised, surmounted at the summit by an angular
thickening which merges gradually into the short style-base; bristles 6, irregular, equaling
the achene, lustrous-brown, with coarse but soft teeth.
912 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLtumE 18,
TyPE LocaLity: Jamaica (Browne). aa ‘ ‘
DistTRiBUTION: West Indies; Mexico; British Honduras; Panama; tropical South America;
tropical Africa.
aa ee ee Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 311. f. 759; Rhodora 27: pl. 149, f. 11-14;
31: pl. 188, f. 8.
6. Eleocharis cellulosa Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.
3% 298. (1836.
Scirpus dictyospermus C. Wright in Sauv. Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana 8: 79. 1871. (Cuba.)
Culms terete, rarely triangular, 3-7 dm. high, 1-2 mm. wide, straw-colored or greenish;
roots coarse, pale to dark brown; stolons elongated; upper sheaths rigid, oblique, with an
elongated mucronate tip, often purplish; lowest sheaths membranous and inflated or leaf-
like; spikelets cylindric, 1.5-4.5 cm. long, obtuse, thicker than the culm; scales orbicular or
obovate, obtuse, 4 mm. long, rigid, striated, straw-colored, with a conspicuous brown border
and white, scarious margins, the brown coloration sometimes wanting; style trifid; stamens
3; mature achene shining, brown, elliptic to obovate, lenticular, with about 20 rows of quad-
rangular cells, overlaid by a glass-like surface, merging at the summit into a stout, spongy
beak, tipped by the short, dark style-base; bristles light brown, equaling the achene, involute,
without teeth.
TYPE LOCALITY: Bay of St. Louis, Mississippi (Dr. Ingalls). :
DistRiBuTION: In brackish to saline coastal waters: Cape Hatteras, North Carolina (Fos-
berg) ; Georgia (Eyles) ; Florida to Texas and northern Mexico; Bermuda; West Indies; Yucatan.
ILLUSTRATION: Rhodora 31: pl. 188, f. 11.
7. Eleocharis elongata Chapm. FI. S. U. S. 515. 1860.
Culms very slender, usually less than 1 mm. in width, elongated, 5-8 dm. long, often
floating on the surface of the water, flattened or obscurely angled; roots fibrous; stolons
abundant, brown or straw-colored, elongated, with culms rising from the nodes; spikelets
1-1.5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, acute; style trifid; stamens 3; scales linear, obtuse, 3.5 mm.
long, striate, greenish, conspicuously bordered with brown just within the hyaline margin;
achenes 1.5 mm. long, including the style-base, triangular, light green, obovate (the inner
face broadest, with about 12 rows of coarse, transversely linear cells), abruptly narrowed
at the summit to a short neck one-fourth the width of the achene, from which rises the
short, acute, deep brown style-base; bristles 6 or 7, equaling the achene, greenish, promi-
nently toothed.
TyPE LocaLity: “In still water, Apalachicola, Florida.”
DistrisuTion: Georgia (Eyles); Florida; Brazil.
ILLUSTRATION: Rhodora 31: pl. 188, f. 6.
8. Eleocharis Robbinsii Oakes, Mag. Hort. Bot.
7: 178. 1841.
Culms slender, 1-2 mm. wide, 2-7 dm. high, triangular, sometimes producing tufts of
capillary stems which float in the water; roots either fibrous or spongy; stolons slender and
elongate, the nodes inconspicuous; sheaths dull brown, the summit oblique; spikelet 1-2.5
cm. long, acute, scarcely wider than the culm; scales few (4-9), lanceolate, 7 mm. long,
greenish, striate, the margins and tip scarious, with a keel formed by 2 or 3 prominent longi-
tudinal ridges; style trifid; stamens 3; achenes brown, 2-2.5 mm. long (not including the
slender, elongate style-base), oblong-obovate, narrowed below the middle, lenticular, rarely
triangular, turgid, with 15-18 rows of shallow, transversely linear-rectangular cells, nar-
rowed at the apex to a neck one-half the width of the achene, broadening again to form the
base of the flattened style; bristles 7, closely and firmly toothed, twice as long as the achene.
TyPE LocaLity: Pondicherry Pond, Jefferson, New Hampshire (Robbins).
Distr1BurTion : Shallow water, borders of ponds and in ditches: chiefly along the coast, Nova
Scotia and New Brunswick to North Carolina, Georgia, and northern Florida; inland also in
Quebec (Victorin), New York, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Ontario.
ILLustTRATIONS: A. Gray, Man. ed. 7. 181. f. 240; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 311.
f. 760; Rhodora 31: pl. 188, f. 5; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 17, f. 7. .
Part 9, 1957] CYPERACEAE 513
9. Eleocharis mitrata (Griseb.) Clarke, Symb. Ant.
2 62.) 1900:
Scirpus mitratus Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 570. 1864.
Culms slender, 3-6 dm. high, cylindric, striate, from stoloniferous rootstocks; sheath
purplish, the summit blunt to acute; spikelet cylindric, 1.5-2 cm. long; scales ovate-oblong,
obtuse, greenish on the convex, substriate back, purple along the whitish margin; style bifid;
achene yellowish, biconvex, obovate, subtruncate with an enlarged ring below the style-base,
strongly narrowed to the base, with 11-13 rows of transversely elongated cells on each face,
2.0 mm. long, including the 0.5 mm.-long blunt, somewhat tricuspidate, broad, brown style-
base; bristles half the length of the achene.
TYPE LOCALITY: Savannas, Trinidad (Crueger).
DistTRiBuTION: Trinidad; San Domingo; French Guiana; Brazil.
ILLusTRATIONS: Rhodora 41: pl. 537, f. 5; Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 33, f. 10-13.
10. Eleocharis plicarhachis (Griseb.) Svenson,
Rhodora 31: 158. 1929.
Scirpus plicarhachis Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 239. 1866.
igs taais elata Bock. Vidensk. Meddel. 1871: 151. 1872. (Maracaibo, an old colony in
Brazil.
Erect from an ascending spongy rootstock, often with slender, elongate rhizomes; culms
wiry, flexuous, striate and sulcate, 2.5-6 dm. high; sheaths usually rigid, 4-8 cm. long, purplish
or straw-colored, oblique at the summit; spikelets 1-2 cm. long, about 25-flowered, narrowly
cylindric, acute; scales loose, 3.5 mm. long, linear, obtuse, striate, with an obvious midrib;
style bifid; stamens 3; achene biconvex, 2 mm. long (including the beak), light brown,
orbicular to obovate, with about 12 longitudinal rows of quadrate cells with upraised edges,
narrowed at the summit and surmounted by a turgid annulus-elevation from which rises
the deep-brown or black, lanceolate style-base; bristles 6, exceeding the achene, coarse, flat,
with strong, scattered teeth.
TYPE LOCALITY: Pinar del Rio, Cuba (C. Wright 3372).
DistRiIBuTION: Cuba; Mexico; Panama; British Guiana; Colombia; Brazil; Peru; Para-
guay; Argentina.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Rhodora 31: p/. 188, f. 7; Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 33, f. 14-16; Descole, Gen.
& Sp. Plant. Argent. 4: pl. 51.
Series 2. Pauciflorae Svenson, Rhodora 31: 127. 1929.
Dwarf plants 2-7 cm. high; spikelet with green scales; achenes 1-1.3 mm.
ong. 11. E. parvula.
Plants with culms at least 15 em. high.
Culms strongly compressed, usually proliferous at the tip; achenes not
strongly punctate.
Spikelets stramineous, acute; achenes long-beaked, 2-3 mm. long. 13. E. rostellata.
Spikelets brownish, obtuse; achene dark brown to black, 1 mm. long. 14. E. melanocarpa.
Culms not strongly flattened and not proliferous; achenes strongly
punctate, 2-3 mm. long. 12. E. pauciflora.
11. Eleocharis parvula (R. & S.) Link; Bluff & Fingerh.
Compend. Fl. Germ. ed. 2. 1: 93. 1836.
Scirpus pusillus Vahl, Enum. 2: 246. 1805. (Based partly on Scirpus capillaceus Michx. which
_ is E. acicularis.) Not Eleocharis pusilla R. Br. 1810.
Scirpus nanus Spreng. Pug. 1:4. 1813. (Halle, Germany.) Not S. nanus Poir. 1804; nor Eleo-
_ charis nana Kunth, 1837.
Scirpus parvulus R. & S. Syst. Veg. 2: 124. 1817. (Germany.)
Scirpus humilis Wallr. Sched. Crit. 27. 1822. (Germany.) Not S. humilis Vell. 1825; nor
S. humilis Willd. 1837.
Eleogiton parvula Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 285. 1827.
Limnochloa parvula Reichenb. in Méssler, Handb. ed. 2. 1808. 1829.
Baeothryon nanum A. Dietr. Sp. Pl. 2: 91. 1833.
Baeothryon pusillum A. Dietr. Sp. Pl. 2: 92. 1833.
Eleocharis pygmaea Torr, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 313. 1836. (“Near New York.”)
Eleocharis pygmaea 8. ? anachaeta Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 441. 1836. (New Orleans.)
Scirpus translucens LeGall; J. Lloyd, Fl. Loire-Inf. 275. 1844. (France.)
514 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLumE 18,
Chaetocyperus pygmaea Walp. Ann. 3: 683. 1852. |
? Isolepis leptos Steud. Syn. Cyp. 91. 1855. (Mexico: Parry 130.)
Chaetocyperus membranaceus Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 10. 1862. (Llano County, Texas.)
Eleocharis pusillus Wood, Bot. & Fl. ed. 1871. 361.1871. Not E. pusilla R. Br. 1810.
Scirpus leptos C. Wright in Sauv. Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana 8: 80. 1871.
Heleocharis triflora Bock. Flora 63: 437. 1880. (Morro de Boquilla, Vera Cruz: Liebmamn.)
mane oo Delile, Descr. Egypte 19: 50 (nomen nudum). 1813. pl. 63, f. 10. 1882.
gypt.
Scirpus nanus var. anachaetus Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. 11: 75. 1892.
Cyperus parvulus Missb. & Krause in Sturm, Fl. Deutschl. ed. 2. 2: 26. 1900.
Scirpus coloradoensis Britton, Torreya 4: 93. 1904. (Larimer County, Colorado.)
Eleocharis leptos Svenson, Rhodora 31: 176. 1929. Not E. lepta Clarke, 1900.
Eleocharis leptos var. coloradoensis Svenson, Rhodora 31: 177. 1929.
peli tice se var. Johnstonii Svenson, Rhodora 31: 177. 1929. (San Bernadino Mts., Cali-
ornia.
Eleocharis parvula var. anachaeta Svenson, Rhodora 36: 386. 1934.
Eleocharis parvula f£. spongiosa Fassett, Rhodora 39: 273. 1937. (Maine.)
Eleocharis membranacea Gilly, Am. Midl. Nat. 26: 66. 1941.
Eleocharis coloradoensis Gilly, Am. Midl. Nat. 26: 66. 1941.
Forming mats; roots fibrous, often with minute tuberous stolons; culms capillary (2-7
cm. high), greenish or straw-colored, often spongy and translucent, terete, becoming some-
what striate in drying; upper sheath inconspicuous, membranous; spikelets 2-3.5 mm. long,
broadly ovate, 2-9-flowered; scales ovate, scarcely keeled, obtuse or acute, striate and char-
taceous, green to yellowish, often dull brown on the sides; lowest scale empty, half the length
of the spikelet; stamens 3; style trifid; achenes obovate, 1-1.3 mm. long, straw-colored, equi-
laterally triangular with prominent angles, smooth and shining, under high magnification
sometimes lightly striate-reticulate ; style-base very small, triangular, greenish; bristles straw-
colored, equaling or exceeding the achene (rudimentary in var. anachaeta, which sometimes
has achene angles blunter and the surface more reticulate).
TyPE LOcALITY: Germany; “in inundatis lacus Koelmensis in Mannsfeldia.”
DIsTRIBUTION: Saline places in western Europe and along the Mediterranean Sea; Atlantic
Coast from Newfoundland to Cuba and Mexico and on the Pacific Coast from Vancouver to Cali-
fornia; inland in New York, Michigan, and Missouri. Var. anachaeta scattered in saline regions
from Missouri and westward in the United States and Mexico; known also from Cuba, and from
two collections in South America, at Maracaibo in Venezuela, and Rio de Janeiro.
InLusTRATIONS: Rhodora 31: pl. 189, f. 18; 36: pl. 320, f. 5, 6; Britt. & Brown, Ill. FI.
ils PEAS BAU /s aps CHILE
12. Eleocharis pauciflora (Lightf.) Link, Hort. Berol.
1284, 1827.
Scirpus pauciflorus Lightf. Fl. Scot. 1078. 1777. (Scotland.)
Scirpus Boeothryon L. £. Suppl. 103. 1781. (Europe.*)
Heleocharis atacamensis Philippi, Fl. Atacam. 53. 1860. (Chile.)
Scirpus andinus Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile 43: 554. 1873. (Chile.)
eee fa ea Beauverd, Bull. Soc. Bot. Geneve II. 13: 267. 1922. (Washington
tate}.
Scirpus bernardinus Munz & Johnston, Bull. Torrey Club 52: 221. 1925. (California.)
Eleocharis pauciflora var. Suksdorfiana Svenson, Rhodora 31: 174. 1929.
Eleocharis pauciflora var. bernardina Svenson, Rhodora 31: 174. 1929.
Heleocharis Vierhapperi Bojko, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 79: 300. 1930. (Austria.)
Eleocharis pauciflora var. Fernaldii Svenson, Rhodora 36: 380. 1934. (Maine.)
Heleocharis meridionalis Tsinz. Fl. URSS 3: 580. 1935. (Turkestan.)
Erect, from creeping rootstocks, the stolons often with conspicuously thickened buds;
culms slender, 1.5-4 dm. high, striate; sheath 2-3 cm. long, straw-colored or brownish,
truncate; spikelets 4-7 mm. long, ovate, 2-7-flowered; scales all flower-bearing, chocolate-
brown with pale, scarious margins and tip, the two lower larger; stamens 3, the filaments
often whitened and elongated; style trifid; achenes obovoid or fusiform, 2-3 mm. long, in
cross section triangular or plano-convex, prominently reticulate with small rectangular cells;
the triangular or lanceolate beak tipped by the dark style; bristles slender, often irregularly
toothed, equaling or exceeding the achene, sometimes poorly developed.
tN LOCALITY: Scotland.
ISTRIBNTION : In calcareous soil: Greenland to northern Ontario (54° N, Dutilly & Lepage
16775), Saskatchewan, and British Columbia, south to California, New Mexico, Colored tld
Illinois, Indiana, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and northern New England; mountains
of Eurasia; southern Andes.
* For additional European synonyms see Rhodora 31: 171, 172. 1929,
Part 9, 1957] CYPERACEAE 515
ILLusTRATIONS: Rhodora 31: pl. 189, f. 23; 36: pl. 320, f. 1-4; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fi.
Cave aede Foor.
13. Eleocharis rostellata Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 347. 1843.
Scirpus rostellatus Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 318. 1836.
Eleocharis rostellata var. occidentalis S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 222. 1880. (California.)
Eleocharis platypus Clarke in Sodiro, Bot. Jahrb. 34 (Beibl. 78): 3. 1904. (Ecuador.)
Eleocharis rostellata var. Congdonti Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 196. 1922. (California.)
Erect or arching from a short vertical rootstock; roots thickened, whitish; culms wiry,
conspicuously flattened and sulcate, 2.5-15(-—22) dm. in length, 1-2 mm. wide, often reclining
and rooting from the apex; sheaths rigid, truncate or oblique; spikelet spindle-shaped, acute,
12-20-flowered, 8-20 mm. long; scales light brown, rigid, ovate, the uppermost becoming
acute; stamens 3; style trifid; achene obovoid, obtusely triangular or plano-convex, olive,
shiny, under magnification lightly reticulate, 2-3 mm. long, narrowed into the obtuse, light
green, beaked style-base, which is about one-third the length of the achene; bristles firm,
regularly toothed, light brown, equaling the achene.
TYPE LOCALITY: “Penn-Yan, Yates County, New-York, Dr. Sariwell!”
DIsTRIBUTION: Seacoast of Nova Scotia and Maine, southward to Florida; calcareous and
saline places in the interior: Ontario to New Jersey; Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Kansas, Okla-
homa, and Texas; British Columbia to Wyoming, Utah, California, and New Mexico; Bermuda;
Cuba; Haiti; northern Mexico; Andes of Ecuador and Argentina.
ILLustRATIONS: Rhodora 31: pl. 189, ie as 36): 21.320, f. 9; A. Gray, Man ed, 7. 185. f,
263; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 319. f. 7
14. Eleocharis melanocarpa Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.
Soni Los.
Tufted from a short, ligneous caudex with thickened, spongy roots, the hardened culm-
bases of the previous year persistent; culms firm, flattened, sulcate, 2-6 dm. long, often 1 mm.
wide, frequently proliferous at the summit; sheaths truncate with a prominent subulate
mucro at the apex; spikelets cylindric-ovoid, obtuse, many-flowered, 6-15 mm. long; scales
firm, obtuse, stramineous with brownish sides and broad scarious margins; stamen 3, anthers
1.5 mm. long; style trifid; achene 1.1 mm. long, dark glossy brown to black, trigonous, with
rounded costulate angles, truncate at the broadened apex, minutely cellular; style-base pallid,
low-pyramidal to nearly flat, often with prominent overhanging margin; bristles dark brown,
shorter than the achene, retrorsely toothed, often rudimentary.
TYPE LOCALITY: “Pine barrens, generally not far from streams of water—near Savannah,
Georgia, Dr. Baldwin.”
DISTRIBUTION : Sandy margins of ponds on the coastal plain: Massachusetts to Texas; inland
in Virginia (Augusta County, Carr ; eo elen County), Indiana, and Michigan (Hanes).
ILLUSTRATIONS: Rhodora 39: pl. 464, f. 6; A. Gray, Man. ed. 7. 184. f. 255; Britt. & Brown,
Mite B leds. liso) 74d. 4/05 Clarke, If Cyp. pl. 38, f. 16-20.
Series 3. Aciculares Svenson, Rhodora 31: 128. 1929.
Perennials with creeping rootstocks.
Culms capillary to filiform, not markedly flattened.
Spikelets green or tinged with brown.
Culms and scales deep green (sometimes with a purplish band) ;
anthers 0.7-1.0 mm. long.
Achenes 0.7—-1.0 mm. long; scales appressed. 15. E. acicularis.
Achenes 1.5 mm. long; scales spreading and prominently striate
(mountains of Mexico). 16. E. nervata.
Culms (conspicuously spongy) and scales pale green; anthers
0.3-0.4 mm. long. 18. E. radicans.
Spikelets deep purple; achenes truncate, 0.5-0.7 mm. long (Texas). 17. E. Reverchonii.
Culms coarse, 1.0—1.5 mm. wide, usually flattened.
Culms markedly ancipital, frequently spiral; scales scarious-acumi-
nate ; achenes without bristles. 20. E. Wolfi.
Culms usually flattened, not spiral; scales obtuse; achenes with
bristles. 19. E. bonariensis.
Cespitose annuals, rarely exceeding 4 cm. in height.
Trabeculae about 15 in a longitudinal series.
Anthers 0.2-0.3 mm. long; achene 0.6—0.7 mm. long. 21. E. cancellata.
Anthers 0.7 mm. long; achene 0.4-0.5 mm. long; scales conspicu-
ously attenuate. 22. E. brachycarpa.
Trabeculae about 30 in a longitudinal series; anthers 0.4 mm. long;
achene 0.7—0.8 mm. long. 23. E. bella.
516 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [Vo.tumeE 18,
15. Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S. Syst. Veg.
2: 154- VtSi7e
Scirpus acicularis L. Sp. Pl. 48. 1753.
Mariscus acicularis Moench, Meth. 350. 1794.
Cyperus acicularis With. Brit. Pl. ed. 3. 2: 78. 1796. :
Scirpus trichodes Muhl. Descr. Gram. 30. 1817. (North America ?)
Eleocharis costata Presl. Fl. Cech. 11. 1819. Saree?
Isolepis acicularis Schlecht. Fl. Berol. 1: 36.
Scirpus Chaeta Schultes in R. & S. Syst. Veg. Me 2072s) S24.
Clavula acicularis Dumort. Fl. Belg. 143. 1827.
Clavula comosa Dumort. Fl. Belg. 143. 1827. (Purape:)
Scirpidium aciculare Nees, Linnaea 9: 293. 1834
Chaetocyperus acicularis Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2): 95. 1842.
?Scirpus yokoscensis * Fr. & Sav. Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 543. 1879. (Japan.)
Heleocharis acicularis var. japonica Baker; Diels, Bot. Jahrb. 29: 228. 1900. Nomen nudum.
(Japan.)
Eleocharis comosa K. Richt. Pl. Eur. 1: 143. 1890.
Eleocharis acicularis var. longiseta Svenson, Rhodora 31: 189. 1929. (Japan.)
Eleocharis acicularis var. occidentalis Svenson, Rhodora 31: 190. 1929. (California.)
Heleocharis Svensonti Tsinz. Fl. URSS 3: 580. 1935.
Usually forming close mats; culms 2-20 (rarely -25) cm. high, capillary, deep green,
usually angular and sulcate; rootstocks capillary, with abundant stolons; roots firm, white;
sheaths loose, reddish-striate at the base, the apex scarious and somewhat inflated; spikelets
ovate to linear, 2-7 mm. long, acute, 3-15-flowered (usually 5-8-flowered) ; scales ovate-
lanceolate, acute, green, with reddish-brown sides and scarious margins, usually only a few
subtending mature fruit; achene 0.7-1 mm. long, obovate-oblong, yellow to white or brown,
obscurely 3-angled, with many longitudinal ribs and close trabeculae (about 40-50 in a
longitudinal series) ; style-base narrow, somewhat compressed, conic-triangular; bristles 3
or 4, brownish, very slender, equaling the achene, often wanting.
Tyrer LocaALity: Europe.
DistRIBUTION : Greenland to Alaska, south to northern Florida and northern Mexico; Eurasia.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 315. f. 771; A. Gray, Man. ed. 7. 183. f.
250; Rhodora 41: pl. 539, f. 1, 9b.
Norte: Var. gracilescens Svenson (Rhodora 31: 191. 1929. Isolepis longifolia Steud. Syn.
Cyp. 90. 1855. Both types from St. Louis, Missouri) is a coarse elongate plant from Missouri,
Tennessee, and Oklahoma, perhaps distinct from EF. acicularis. For variations of the European
plant, see Rhodora 31: 183 (1929).
16. Eleocharis nervata Svenson, Rhodora 31: 204. 1929.
Chaetocyperus radicans Steud. Syn. Cyp. 74. 1855. (Oaxaca, Mexico.)
Heleocharis radicans Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3: 456. 1885. Not Eleocharis radicans
(Poir.) Kunth, 1837.
Plants matted, usually with elongated, whitened rhizomes; culms soft, spreading, 3-9 cm.
long, obscurely striate and angled; sheaths membranous and marcescent, greenish, hyaline
at the apex; spikelets ovate, 2-3 mm. long, 3-5-flowered; scales ovate, acute to obtuse,
keeled, spreading at maturity, prominently striate, green, sometimes rufescent on the sides;
style trifid; stamens 3; anthers 0.7 mm. long; achenes 1.5 mm. long, narrowly obovate, with
60-70 trabeculae in each longitudinal series; style-base conic; bristles frequently 3, equaling
the achene.
TYPE LOCALITY: Vicinity of Puebla (Arséne 217).
DistrisutTion: Alpine summits in Mexico and Guatemala.
ILLUSTRATION: Rhodora 31: pl. 190, f. 33.
17. Eleocharis Reverchonii Svenson, Rhodora
31: 203. 1929.
Extensively creeping, with long, filiform rootstocks; culms capillary, sulcate, 2-20 cm.
long; spikelets 2-4 mm. long, purple, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, many-flowered; scales
ovate, obtuse, hyaline at the margin; style trifid; anthers 3, 0.7-1.0 mm. long; achenes 0.5-0.7
mm. long, narrowed at apex and base, with about 20 trabeculae in each longitudinal series;
style-base conic; bristles lacking.
”
* “vokoscencis,” corrected in index.
Part 9, 1957] CYPERACEAE 517
TypE LocaLity: Western Texas (Reverchon).
DisTRIBUTION : Prairies, Texas.
ILLUSTRATION : Rhodora 31: pl. 190, f. 27.
18. Eleocharis radicans (Poir.) Kunth, Enum. PI.
7 A Cok
Scirpus radicans Poir. in Lam. Encyc. 6: 751. 1804. (Puerto Rico.)
Eleogiton radicans A. Dietr. Sp. Pl. 2: 97. 1833.
Eleocharis costulata Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 142. 1837. (Chile.)
Chaetocyperus costulatus Nees, Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol. 19 (Suppl. 1): 96. 1843.
Eleocharis acicularis var. Lindheimeri Clarke; Britton, Jour. N. Y. Micr. Soc. 5: 105. 1889, as
syn. (Texas.)
Eleocharis acicularis var. radicans Britton, Jour. N. Y. Micr. Soc. 5: 105. 1889.
Eleocharis Lindheimeri Svenson, Rhodora 31: 199. 1929.
Culms matted, 3-8 cm. high, light green, soft and spongy, striate; rootstocks slender
and extensively creeping, white or light brown; roots fibrous, white; sheaths membranous,
closely investing the culm, fugacious; spikelets ovate, acute, 3-4 mm. long, 6-12-flowered;
scales ovate-lanceolate, the lower blunt, green, striate, the upper often strongly keeled at the
tip; style trifid; stamens 3; anthers 0.3-0.4 mm. long; achenes narrowly obovate, yellowish,
about 0.7 mm. long (excluding the narrow, conic beak), with elevated longitudinal ridges
and about 30-40 close trabeculae in each longitudinal series; bristles usually 4, very slender,
white, retrorsely toothed, exceeding the achene or sometimes lacking.
Type LocaALity: ‘Porto Rico, dans les terrains marécageux, par M. Ledru.”
DistTRIBUTION: Virginia (Fernald), Michigan, Texas, Oklahoma, and California; northern
Mexico; Puerto Rico; Haiti; Santo Domingo; Hawaii; southern South America.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Rhodora 31: pl. 190, f. 31 (as E. Lindheimeri) ; 41: pl. 539, f. 9a; Descole,
Gen. & Sp. Plant Argent. 4: pl. 72C.
19. Eleocharis bonariensis Nees, Jour. Bot. Hook.
2: 398. 1840.
Chaetocyperus bonariensis Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 24: 96. 1842.
Chaetocyperus obtusatus Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 21: 94. 1842. (Brazil.)
Heleocharis striatula Desv. in C. Gay, Hist. Chile Bot. 6: 173. 1853. (Chile.)
Heleocharis oxyneura Durieu, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 2: 609. 1855. (France.)
Eleocharis amphibia Durieu; Cuigneau, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 21: 487. 1858. (France.)
Eleocharis aciculariformis Greenman, Proc. Am. Acad. 34: 566. 1899. (Mexico.)
oes LO aa hee subsp. B. H. bonariensis Osten, Anal. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo II. 3:
Rootstocks creeping, 1-1.5 mm. thick; culms fascicled, usually flattened, somewhat rigid,
1.5-4 dm. high, about 0.5 mm. wide, bright green or yellowish, striate and sulcate; sheaths
yellow or brown, often reddish at the base, the firm apex obtuse, elongated and spreading;
spikelets lanceolate, 4-8 mm. long, the lowest scale about half the length of the spikelet;
scales ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, green with reddish sides; style trifid; stamens 3, anthers 1.5
mm. long; achene elliptic to narrowly obovate, 1-1.3 mm. long, with many longitudinal ribs
and about 50-60 trabeculae in each longitudinal series; style-base small, conic, one-third as
wide as the achene; bristles 3 or 4, white, sharply toothed, equaling the achene or somewhat
shorter.
TyPE LocaLity: Argentina.
DistTrRiBuTION: Mexico; southern South America; vicinity of Bordeaux, France, where un-
doubtedly introduced.
Intustrations: Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 21: pl. 2; Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 49: pl. 4 (as Heleo-
charis amphibia) ; Husnot, Cyperaceae pl. 17; Rhodora 31: pl. 190, f. 37, 38; Anal. Mus. Nac.
Buenos Aires 34: 451; Descole, Gen. & Sp. Plant. Argent. 4: pl. 69.
20. Eleocharis Wolfii A. Gray in H. Patters.
Cat. Pl. Illinois 46. 1876.
Scirpus Wolf A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10: 77. 1874.
Culms sparsely cespitose, from slender creeping rhizomes, 1.5-3 dm. high, about 1 mm.
in diameter, two-edged, often concavo-convex or inrolled, frequently spiral, lightly striate;
sheath oblique and scarious at the apex; spikelets slender-ovoid, acute, 5-9 mm. long; scales
518 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLtumE 18,
oblong-ovate, acuminate, purple-striate, with a scarious margin; style trifid; anthers 3, 1 mm.
long; achene pyriform, light brown, shining, 1 mm. long, strongly costulate with 9 longi-
tudinal ribs and about 40-45 trabeculae in each longitudinal series; style-base depressed-
truncate, with an apiculate center; bristles lacking.
TYPE LOcALITY: Canton, Illinois (J. Wolf). : ;
DisTRIBUTION: Wet meadows and prairies: New York (adventive), Indiana, Tennessee, IIli-
nois, Louisiana, Iowa, Missouri, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, Saskatchewan.
InLustRaTions: Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 37, f. 1-7; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 315. f. 772;
Rhodora 31: pl. 190, f. 36.
21. Eleocharis cancellata S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad.
18: 170. 1883.
Annual? Dwarf, cespitose; culms 1.5-4 cm. high, radiating from a vertically branched
rootstock, capillary, striate and sulcate, light green; sheaths closely investing the culm,
fugacious; spikelets 2-4 mm. long, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, the flowers numerous ;
scales obtuse, striate, green, with a narrow brown line on each side, the margin and tip
hyaline, at maturity often exposing the achenes; style trifid; anthers 0.2-0.3 mm. long;
achenes broadly obovate-pyriform, 0.6-0.7 mm. long (including the small conic style-base),
white and shining, with 6 longitudinal ribs and about 15 trabeculae in each longitudinal
series, and with conspicuous translucent fenestration between the trabeculae; bristles lacking.
TYPE LocALITY: San Luis Potosi, Mexico (Schaffner 575).
DistTRIBUTION: Central and northern Mexico; perhaps New Mexico.
ILLUSTRATION: Rhodora 31: pl. 190, f. 30.
22. Eleocharis brachycarpa Svenson, Rhodora 31: 200. 1929.
Slightly cespitose annual with flexuous, capillary culms 1-7 cm. long; spikelets 2-4 mm.
long, many-flowered; scales green or streaked with brown, striate, attenuate-lanceolate, with
prominently scarious tips; style trifid; anthers 0.7 mm. long; achenes 0.4-0.5 mm. long, obo-
vate, almost terete, with about 15 trabeculae in each longitudinal series; style-base narrowly
conic; bristles lacking.
TYPE LocaLity: “In locis paludosis, Matamoros” (Berlandier).
DisTRIBUTION : Lower Rio Grande, Mexico.
ILLusTRATION: Rhodora 31: pl. 190, f. 34.
23. Eleocharis bella (Piper) Svenson, Rhodora
SL: 2OLS. 1929:
Eleocharis acicularis var. minima Torr.; Britton, Jour. N. Y. Micr. Soc. 5: 104. 1889. (Oregon.)
ssc led eeleins var. bella Piper; Piper & Beattie, Fl. Palouse Reg. 35. 1901. (Washington
ate].
Annual? Rootstock very short, the plant forming dense round tufts 5-10 cm. in diam-
eter ; culms ascending, 2-6 cm. high, light green, capillary, soft, sometimes angled and sulcate;
sheaths loose, inflated at the summit, acute; spikelets 2-3 mm. long, blunt or acute, ovate,
many-flowered; scales ovate-lanceolate, keeled at the summit, acute, with a broad green
midrib and purple-striated sides; style trifid; anthers 0.4 mm. long; achene yellowish or
white, linear-obovate, 0.7-0.8 mm. long, obtusely 3-angled, with 3 primary and many secondary
longitudinal ridges and about 30 trabeculae in each longitudinal series; bristles none.
TyPE LocaLity: Pullman, Washington (Piper 3055).
DistriBuTIon: Chiefly in river alluvium: Washington, Idaho d Mont th th-
ern Mexico (Chihuahua, Mueller). papier repe iia
ILLUSTRATIONS: Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif. 148. f. 135; Rhodora 31: pl. 190, f. 29.
Series 4. Ovatae Svenson, Rhodora 31: 128. 1929.
Tubercle (style-base) nearly or quite as broad as the achene; stamens 3.
Spikelets broadly ovoid to cylindric, obtuse to subacute; scales obtuse;
tubercle depressed or deltoid, rarely half as high as the body of
the achene.
Part 9, 1957] CYPERACEAE 519
Tubercle deltoid, compressed (lamelliform), the sides usually concave,
one-third to nearly one-half as high as the body of the achene;
bristles (wanting in var. Peasei) much exceeding the achene. 24. E. obtusa.
Tubercle lamelliform, very low, not more than one-fourth as high as
the body of the achene; summit of the achene appearing truncate ;
bristles equaling the achene or rudimentary. 26. E. Engelmanni.
Spikelets lanceolate, acuminate; scales acute; tubercle elongate-deltoid,
one-half as high as the body of the achene. 27. E. lanceolata.
Tubercle less than two-thirds as broad as the achene; stamens 2 or 3. 25. E. ovata.
24. Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schultes in R. & S.
Syst. Veg. Mant. 2:89. 1824.
Scirpus obtusus Willd. Enum. 76. 1809. (Pennsylvania.)
Scirpus elegantulus Steud. Syn. Cyp. 317. 1855. (New Orleans.)
Eleocharis diandra C. Wright, Bull. Torrey Club 10: 101. 1883. (Connecticut.)
Eleocharis obtusa var. jejuna Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 34: 492. 1899. (Maine.)
Eleocharis ovata var. gigantea Clarke; Britton, Jour. N. Y. Mier. Soc. 5: 103. 1889. Nomen
nudum. (Oregon.)
Eleocharis obtusa var. gigantea Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 34: 493. 1899.
Eleocharis Macounii Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 34: 497. 1899. (Quebec.)
Heleocharis ovata var. obtusa Kiikenth.; Skottsb. Acta Hort. Gothob. 2: 212. 1926.
Eleocharis obtusa var. Peasei Svenson, Rhodora 31: 217. 1929. (New Hampshire.)
Eleocharis obtusa var. ellipsoidalis Fernald; Svenson, Rhodora 31: 218. 1929. (Massachusetts.)
Annual (rarely perennial, as in var. ellipsoidalis), usually erect; culms numerous, 0.3-5
dm. long, yellowish-green, capillary to 1.5 mm. in diameter; sheaths purplish at base, at the
apex firm and somewhat oblique; spikelets globose-ovoid to ovoid-cylindric, obtuse, many-
flowered, 2-13 mm. long, closely or loosely flowered; scales ovate-oblong to suborbicular,
brown, with a narrow scarious margin and usually a greenish midrib; style bifid or trifid;
achene 1-1.5 mm. long, turbinate-obovoid, narrowed at the base, pale to deep brown, smooth
and shining; style-base strongly flattened, deltoid, acute, nearly as wide as the achene;
bristles 6 or 7, dark brown, coarse, exceeding the achene, retrorsely toothed.
TYPE LOcALITY: Pennsylvania.
DistrisutTion: Nova Scotia, west to Minnesota, south to northern Florida and Texas; Colo-
rado and New Mexico; British Columbia and Idaho to northern California; Hawaiian Islands.
InLustRATIoNS: A. Gray, Man. ed. 7. 182. f. 247; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 313. f.
766; Jepson, Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. 148. f. 133; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. 1: 263. f. 627; Proc. Am.
Acad. 34%: pl., f. 1-7 ; Rhodora 41: pl. 540, f. 1, 6, 7.
Note: The complex represented by E. obtusa, E. ovata, E. diandra, E. Engelmanni, and
E. lanceolata is very difficult and, because of the presence of intergrading forms, all could perhaps
be treated as a single species. EE. diandra, found where there are rapid changes of water level,
is directly transitional to E. obtusa. In the estuary of the Hudson River in New York forms
representing E. obtusa, E. ovata, E. diandra, and E. lanceolata, as least in respect to style-base
and shape of spikelets, occur at the various tide levels. E. Macounii represents a variant with
elongated style-base somewhere between E. obtusa and E. ovata, in which some of the achenes are
slightly trigonous. Occasional autumnal plants of typical E. obtusa are found with well-developed
rhizomes; in var. ellipsoidalis of the Atlantic coast, rhizomes commonly appear. Var. jejuna com-
monly forms mats of small prostrate plants in swamps that have dried out.
25. Eleocharis ovata (Roth) R. & S. Syst. Veg. 2: 152. 1817.*
Trichophyllum ovatum Farwell, Rep. Mich. Acad. 21: 358. 1920.
Eleocharis annua House, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 243-244: 58. 1923.
In habit similar to E. obtusa, but usually less coarse; culms 0.3-5 dm. long; spikelet
globose-ovoid to ovoid-cylindric, obtuse or acute, many-flowered, 2-8 mm. long; scales oblong
to narrowly ovate, obtuse, purplish-brown, with pale midrib and base and a white, scarious
margin; style bifid or trifid; achene obovoid or inverted-pyriform, light brown, shining,
1 mm. long excluding the deltoid-conic style-base, which is half as broad as the summit of
the achene; bristles light brown, 6 or 7, exceeding the achene or frequently lacking.
TYPE LOCALITY: Europe.
DistTrRisuTION: Scattered, chiefly northward on lake margins: Newfoundland and Quebec,
south to Maine and Vermont; Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Washington, Oregon; Eurasia.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 313. f. 765; Proc. Am. Acad. 34%: #l.,
i ore oD Gray, Man. ed. 7. 182. f. 246; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. 1: 262. f. 626; Rhodora 41:
pl. Bet ewe
Note: The name Scirpus soloniensis Dubois, transferred to Eleocharis, has recently been
used for this species because of Scirpus ovatus Gilib. Exerc. Phyt. 512 (1792). The validity of
Gilibert’s binomials has been rejected by McVaugh, Gent. Herb. 8: 87-90 (1949).
* For synonymy of European plants see Rhodora 31: 211, 212 (1929).
520 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [Vo.tumE 18,
26. Eleocharis Engelmanni Steud. Syn. Cyp. 79. 1855.
Eleocharis Engelmanni var. detonsa A. Gray in H. Patters. Cat. Pl. Illinois 46. 1876. (Illinois.)
Eleocharis ovata var. Engelmanni Britton, Jour. N. Y. Micr. Soc. 5: 103. 1 a :
Eleocharis Engelmanni var. robusta Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 34: 496. 1899. ( Missouri.)
Eleocharis monticola Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 34: 496. 1899. (California.)
Eleocharis monticola var. leviseta Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 34: 496. 1899. (Idaho.)
Trichophyllum Engelmanni Farwell, Rep. Mich. Acad. 21: 359. 1920.
Trichophyllum monticolum House, Am. Midl. Nat. 6: 205. 1920. :
Eleocharis monticola var. pallida St. John; St. John & Jones, Northw. Sci. 2: 81. 1928. (Wash-
ington [State].)
Eleocharis Engelmanni var. monticola Svenson, Rhodora 31: 209. 1929.
Eleocharis Engelmanni var. monticola £. leviseta Svenson, Rhodora 31: 210. 1929.
Eleocharis obtusa var. Engelmanni Gilly, Iowa St. Coll. Jour. Sci. 21: 92. 1946.
Resembling E. obtusa in habit, the culms 1-4 dm. long; spikelets dark to pale brown,
obtuse to acute, cylindric, 5-16 mm. long; scales obtuse to acute, appressed; achenes similar
to those of E. obtusa but appearing truncate by the depressed tubercle which is not more
than one-fourth the height of the body of the achene; bristles about equaling the achene,
retrorsely toothed, frequently reduced or lacking.
Type LocaLity: St. Louis (Engelmann). ‘ \ .
DistTRIBUTION: Southern Maine to Washington [state], south to Georgia and California.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 314. f. 767; Proc. Am. Acad. 34: l.,
fi. eee) cae Man. ed. 7. 183. f. 248; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. 1: 263. f. 628; Rhodora
41: pl. 540, f. 2.
27. Eleocharis lanceolata Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad.
34: 493. 1899.
Trichophyllum lanceolatum House, Am. Midl. Nat. 6: 205. 1920.
Eleocharis obtusa var. lanceolata Gilly, Iowa St. Coll. Jour. Sci. 21: 92. 1946.
Culms slender, almost capillary, erect, 2 dm. high; spikelets many-flowered, 5-8 mm.
long, narrowly ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; scales scarious, acute, light brown, with a
greenish midrib; achene broadly obovate, 1 mm. long, light brown; style-base as broad as
the summit of the achene, compressed, elongate-deltoid, half as high as the body of the
achene; bristles 6-7, brown, coarse, exceeding the achene.
TYPE LocaLtity: Central Arkansas (Harvey).
DistTrIBuTION: Arkansas and Texas.
ItLustrATIONS: Proc. Am. Acad. 34": pl., f. 27-29; Rhodora 41: pl. 540, f. 5.
Series 5. Maculosae Svenson, Rhodora 31: 128. 1929.
Sheaths firm, acute at the apex; achenes black or purplish-brown; chiefly
cespitose annuals. Subseries Rigidae.
Achenes 0.7—1.5 mm. long.
Achenes 0.7-1.0 mm. long; not stoloniferous. 28. E. caribaea.
Achenes 0.9-1.5 mm. long; plants stoloniferous. 29. E. Sintenisit.
Achenes 0.5 mm. long.
Spikelets usually elongated, 2-8 mm. long, many-flowered; achene
frequently broadest at the summit. 30. E. atropurpurea.
Spikelets ovate, 1-2 mm. long, 3—9-flowered. (Bahama Islands.) 31. E. bahamensis.
Sheaths membranous-marcescent at the apex; perennials. Subseries Ocreatae.
Mature achenes olivaceous.
Culms not rigid or conspicuously thickened, rarely exceeding 0.5
mm. in width.
Style-base conic-subulate; achenes lightly punctate. 32. E. olivacea.
Style-base low-conic; achenes longitudinally striate. 33. E. Schaffner.
Culms rigid, frequently recurved, often 1.5-2 mm. wide; style-base
low-conic. 34. E. Sellowiana.
Mature achenes black to purplish-brown.
Scales yellow to green; achenes 0.8 mm. long; style-base conic;
bristles white. 35. E. flavescens.
Scales purplish-brown to black; achenes 1.3-1.5 mm. long, includ-
ing the subulate style-base; bristles reddish-brown. 36. E. maculosa.
28. Eleocharis caribaea (Rottb.) Blake, Rhodora
20: 24... 1918.
Scirpus geniculatus L. Sp. Pl. 48. 1753, in part. Not S. iculatus L. Sp. P 1762.*
Scirpus caribaeus Rottb. Descr. Pl. Rar. 24) VI 72: A (Wea lndicss, Sp Ph
* See note under E. elegans.
Part 9, 1957] CYPERACEAE 521
Scirpus geniculatus 8 minor Vahl, Enum) 2)4251-) 1805:
Eleocharis capitata R. Br. Prodr. 225. 1810. (Australia.)
Eleocharis setacea R. Br. Prodr. 225. 1810. (Australia.)
Eleocharis geniculata R. & S. Syst. Veg. 2: 150. 1817.
Eleocharis caduca Schultes in R. & S. Syst. Veg. Mant. 2: 88. 1824. (Egypt.)
Scirpus Browniit Spreng. Syst. 1: 204. 1825.
Eleogenus capitatus Nees in Wicht, Contr. Bot. Ind. 112. 1834.
Eleocharis microformis Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 10. 1862. (Northern Texas.)
Eleocharis dispar E. J. Hill, Bot. Gaz. 7: 3. 1882. (Indiana. )
Chlorocharis capitata Rikli, ‘Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 27: 564. 1895.
Eleocharis capitata var. dispar, Fernald, Rhodora 8: 129. 1906.
Eleocharis caribaea var. dispar Blake, Rhodora 20: 24. 1918.
Eleocharis caribaea var. Stokesii F. B. H. Brown, Bishop Mus. Bull. 84: 106. 1931. ( Polynesia.)
Cespitose; culms firm, 0.3-4 dm. high, striate and sulcate; sheaths prominent, stra-
mineous, usually with a brown base and a firm, oblique, often attenuate apex; spikelets sub-
globose or ovoid, obtuse, many-flowered; scales ovate-orbicular, almost cartilaginous to
membranous, yellow to pale brown; style bifid; stamens 2 or 3; achene obovoid, 0.7-1 mm.
long, lustrous-black to purplish, the spongy, whitened style-base variable in shape but usually
much depressed; bristles 6-8, coarse, brown, exceeding the achene or occasionally lacking.
TYPE LOCALITY: Jamaica.
DistrRisuTIon: South Carolina, Florida, Texas, California, Indiana, Michigan, Ontario;
tropics of the Old and New Worlds. The most widely distributed species of Eleocharis.
ItLtustrRATIONS: Rottb. Descr. & Ic. pl. 15, f. 3; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 313. f. 764;
A. Gray, Man. ed. 7. 182. f. 244; Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 34: 440; Rhodora 31: pl. 191,
f. 45, 48; Descole, Gen. & Sp. Plant. Argent. 4: pl. 58B (as Heleocharis geniculata).
Note: The development of rootstocks in this species is very rare but occurs sometimes in
the Egyptian E. caduca and in occasional other African specimens, as well as in one or two speci-
mens from the Florida Keys; see note on E. Sintenisu.
29. Eleocharis Sintenisii Bock. Beitr. Cyp. 1: 16. 1888.
Eleocharis Shaferi Britton, Mem. Torrey Club 16: 59. 1920. (Oriente, Cuba.)
2 as yunquensis Britton; Britton & Wilson, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico 5: 92. 1923. (Puerto
Rico.
Heleocharis Ekmanii Kiikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 192. 1926. (Cuba.)
Heleocharis debilis £. macra sensu Ktikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 192. 1926. (Brazil.)
Rootstocks wide-creeping to matted-lignescent; culms filiform, 0.5-3 dm. long, often
short and rigid, irregularly sulcate; sheaths stramineous to purple, the apex acute, not in-
flated; spikelets usually few-flowered, elliptic-lanceolate to ovate, obtuse to acute; scales
obtuse to subacute, stramineous to purple, often with a green midrib; stamens 2 or 3, anthers
0.4-0.7 mm. long; style bifid; achenes lenticular, narrowly obovoid, 0.9-1.5 mm. long, shining-
black; style-base conic to subulate; bristles light brown to white, equaling or exceeding the
achene.
TYPE LOCALITY: “Prope Bayamon ad Palo Seco in fossis,” Puerto Rico.
DistrisuTion ;: Cuba; Puerto Rico.
InLustRATIoNS: Rhodora 41: pl. 541, f. 3, 6.
Note: E&. Sintenisii should probably be placed under the Brazilian E. debilis. The specimens
previously cited by me (Rhodora 41: 49. 1939) from Big Pine Key, Florida, seem to represent
E. caribaea with a very rare development of rootstocks.
30. Eleocharis atropurpurea (Retz.) Kunth, Enum. Pl.
Ae) Wed i It i8
Scirpus atropurpureus Retz. Obs. 5: 14. 1789.
Isolepis atropurpurea R. & S. Syst. Veg. 2: 106. 1817.
Eleogiton atropurpurea A. Dietr. Sp. Pl. 2: 97. 1833.
Eleogenus atropurpureus Nees in Wight, Contr. Bot. Ind. 113. 1834.
Eleocharis Lereschii Shuttl. Flora 20: 241. 1837. (Switzerland.)
Scirpus erraticus Rota; De-Not. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 5: 366. 1846. (Italy.)
Tsolepis setifolia A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 498. 1852. (Abyssinia.)
Eleocharis Zanardinii Parl. Fl. Ital. 2: 67. 1852. (lItaly.)
Eleocharis monandra Hochst.; Steud. Syn. Cyp. 75. 1855. (Northern Africa.)
Isolepis allochroa Steud. Syn. Cyp. 91. 1855. (Bahia, Brazil.)
Isolepis dichroa Steud. Syn. Cyp. 91. 1855. (Senegal.)
Eleocharis ? erratica Steud. Syn. Cyp. 79. 1855. (Italy.)
Eleocharis multiflora Chapm. Fl. S. U. S. 517. 1860. (Florida.)
Trichophyllum atropurpureum House, Am. Midl. Nat. 6: 204. 1920.
NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VotumeE 18,
on
bo
bo
Dwarf annual, cespitose; culms 3-12 cm. high, capillary, erect or arcuate; sheaths deep
brown at the base, the firm apex oblique and often attenuate ; spikelet oblong-ovoid, 2-8 mm.
long, many-flowered, the lower scales frequently deciduous; scales ovate, membranous, blunt,
with broad, green midrib and deep brown sides; style bifid; stamens 1-3; achenes strongly
flattened, lenticular, obovoid, frequently widest at the summit, 0.5 mm. long, smooth, lustrous-
black to translucent cherry-red; style-base minute, flattened, about one-fourth the width of
the achene; bristles slender, translucent, shorter than the achene, often reduced or wanting.
Type LocaLity: Calcutta, India (Koenig). : ‘
DistriBUTION: Sporadically in damp sand: Georgia, Florida, Nebraska, lowa, Colorado,
Washington (Lake Chelan), Texas; Mexico; tropics of the Old and New Worlds; Lake Leman,
Switzerland; northern Italy.
ie cute eNTONE Husnot, Cyperaceae pl. 17; Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 36, f. 6-9; A. Gray, Man.
ed. 7. 182. f. 243; Rhodora 31: pl. 191, f. 49; Descole, Gen. & Sp. Plant Argent. 4: pl. 57A.
31. Eleocharis bahamensis Bock. Beitr. Cyp. 2: 11. 1890.
Eleocharis atropurpurea sensu Clarke, Symb. Ant. 2: 65. 1900. Not E. atropurpurea Kunth, 1837.
? Eleocharis camptotricha var. B Schweinitzii Clarke, Symb. Ant. 2: 69. 1900. (Perhaps from
British Guiana.)
Dwarf and sprawling, matted; culms of unequal length, 2-5 cm. long, capillary-setaceous,
erect or recurved, obscurely quadrangular and lightly sulcate; apex of the upper sheath firm,
oblique, elongated; spikelet minute, 1-2 mm. long, in fruit broadly ovate, 3-9-flowered ;
scales membranous, acutish, purplish-brown, with a green midrib; achene minute, about 0.5
mm. long, black and shining, the surface slightly roughened; style-base pallid, disciform,
apiculate in the center, about two-thirds the width of the achene; bristles 6, slender, of
unequal length, a little shorter than the achene, white, retrorsely toothed, united to form a
prominent base.
TYPE LOCALITY: Bahamas.
DISTRIBUTION : Bahamas.
ILLUSTRATION: Rhodora 31: pl. 191, f. 51.
32. Eleocharis olivacea Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 300. 1836.
Scirpus olivaceus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 758. 1891.
Trichophyllum olivaceum House, Am. Midl. Nat. 6: 205. 1920.
Eleocharis flaccida var. olivacea Fern. & Grisc. Rhodora 37: 155. 1935.
Culms light green, often decumbent, 2-15 cm. long (3 dm. in elongate plants from the
southern states), flattened and grooved, diffusely tufted from slender rootstocks; apex of the
upper sheath membranous but not conspicuously dilated; spikelets oblong-ovoid, acute, 20—30-
flowered, 3-7 mm. long; scales ovate, rather membranous and loosely imbricated, with green
keel and brown sides, sometimes green throughout; style bifid; stamens 2 or 3; achene obo-
void, narrowed at the base, 1 mm. long, olive to dark brown, the surface punctulate and
often marcescent; style-base conic, light green, annular-thickened at the base, one-fourth as
wide as the achene, sometimes prolonged into a subulate beak; bristles 6-8 (usually 7), green
or whitish, opaque or semi-translucent, exceeding the achene, retrorsely toothed.
TYPE LOCALITY: “Pine barrens of New Jersey!”
_ Distrisution: Chiefly near the coast from Nova Scotia and southern New Brunswick to
Virginia, inland to the Great Lakes, Wisconsin, and Minnesota; also in South Carolina (Aiken),
northern Georgia (Stone Mt.), and western Florida.
InLustraTions: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 312. f. 762; A. Gray, Man. ed. 7. 182.
f. 242; Rhodora 31: pl. 191, f. 43; 41: pl. 541, f. 2. : a vee
33. Eleocharis Schaffneri Bock. Bot. Jahrb.
7: 274. 1886.
Heleocharis exilis Bock. Beitr. Cyp. 1: 16. 1888. (Mexico.)
Cespitose; culms light green, capillary, setaceous, spreading, sulcate, 3-5 cm. high; apex
of the upper sheath membranous, scarcely inflated, obtuse; spikelet ovate, somewhat acute,
2-3 mm. long, 7-15-flowered; scales membranous, green, sometimes with light reddish or
bronze sides, broadly ovate, obtuse or acute; style bifid; stamens 2 or 3; achene 0.7 mm.
long, olive-green, the surface with elongate black striations; style-base very small, flattened,
Part 9, 1957] CYPERACEAE 523
gray, slightly apiculate, one-fourth as wide as the achene; bristles 6 or 7, white, somewhat
shorter than the achene.
Type LocaLity: San Luis Potosi (Schaffner 204). ;
DisTRIBUTION : Mexico; Honduras; Guatemala; Costa Rica.
ILLUSTRATION: Rhodora 31: pl. 191, f. 39
34. Eleocharis Sellowiana Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 149. 1837.
Eleogenus Sellovianus Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 24: 103. 1842.
Eleocharis homonyma Steud. Syn. Cyp. 79. 1855. (Guiana.)
Heleocharis albivaginata § macrostachya Bock. Linnaea 36: 438. 1870. (Puerto Rico?)
Scirpus Sellowianus Griseb. Abh. Ges. Wiss. GOtt. 24: 312. 1879.
Heleocharis crispovaginata Bock. Bot. Jahrb. 8: 206. 1887. (Northern Ecuador.)
Heleocharis Pittieri Bock. Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. 2: 35. 1896. (Costa Rica.)
Eleocharis Sellowiana var. homonyma H. Pfeiffer, Herb. 56: 54. 1921.
Eleocharis galapagensis Svenson, Rhodora 31: 233. 1929. (Galapagos Islands.)
Culms numerous, rigid, somewhat spongy and thickened, 8-15 cm. long, usually 1.5-2 mm.
wide when dry, striate, constricted below the spikelet; upper sheath with a divided, hyaline,
fugacious apex; spikelets 5-10 mm. long, ellipsoid, acute, many-flowered; scales appressed,
oblong, obtuse, scarcely keeled, stramineous, with a narrow brown stripe on each side of
the midrib; style bifid; stamens 3; achene 0.8-1 mm. long, broadly obovate, turgid-lenticular,
somewhat flattened at the margin, olivaceous, shining, minutely black-striate; style-base
yellowish-green, short-conic, acute, marginulate below, about one-fourth as wide as the
achene; bristles 7 or 8, glistening-white, shorter than the achene.
TYPE LocALITY: Brazil.
DistrIBUTION: Costa Rica; tropical South America.
I~LtustTRATIoNS: Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 34: 438; Rhodora 31: p/. 191, f. 42; Anal.
Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo II. 3: pl. 37, f. 16; Descole, Gen. & Sp. Plant. Argent. 4: pl. 52.
35. Eleocharis flavescens (Poir.) Urban, Symb. Ant.
4:116. 1903.
Scirpus flavescens Poir. in Lam. Encyc. 6: 756. 1804.
? Scirpus flaccidus Reichenb.; Spreng. f. Tent. Suppl. Syst. 3. 1828. (Suriname.)
Baeothyron flavescens A. Dietr. Sp. Pl. 2: 91. 1833.
Scirpus Gaudichaudianus Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 157. 1837. (Brazil.)
Eleogenus ocreatus Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 24: 102. 1842, in part. (Probably from Brazil.)
Eleocharis ochreata Steud. Syn. Cyp. 79. 1855.
Scirpus bahiensis Steud. Syn. Cyp. 83. 1855. (Brazil.)
Scirpus ocreatus Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 570. 1864.
Heleocharis albivaginata Bock. Linnaea 36: 437. 1870.
Scirpus anisochaetus C. Wright in Sauv. Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana 8: 80. 1871. (Cuba.)
? Heleocharis Urbani Bock. Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. 2: 20. 1896. (Brazil.)
Heleocharis Dussiana Bock. Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. 2: 54. 1896. (Martinique.)
Heleocharis flaccida Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 165. 1900.
? Eleocharis thermalis Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 69. 1900. (Yellowstone Park, Wyoming.)
Eleocharis praticola Britton; Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 182. 1903. (Florida.)
Trichophyllum ochreatum House, Am. Midl. Nat. 6: 205. 1920.
Heleocharis flaccida var. fuscescens Kiikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 191. 1926. (Cuba.)
Eleocharis flavescens var. fuscescens Svenson, Rhodora 41: 48. 1939.
Culms slender, light green, 0.5-4 dm. long, usually soft and lax, striate, in small speci-
mens sometimes becoming somewhat rigid; apex of the sheath membranous, white, inflated;
spikelets 2-6 mm. long, ovate, acute or blunt; scales elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, membranous,
pale green or yellowish (rarely brown) ; style bifid; stamens 3; mature achene lustrous,
purplish-brown, 0.8 mm. long, obovate, the surface minutely punctulate; style-base green,
conic, acute; bristles 6 or 7 (rarely none), shining-white, shorter than the achene, retrorsely
toothed.
TYPE LOCALITY: Puerto Rico.
DistriguTion: Delaware, Virginia, South Carolina, Florida, Mississippi; Mexico; West
Indies; South America.
ILLustTRraTIoNS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 312. f. 761; Bih. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand].
26(3)°: pl. 2, f. 1; A. Gray, Man. ed. 7. 181. f. 241; Rhodora 31: pl. 191, f. 47 (as E. flaccida) ;
41: pl. 541, f. 1; Descole, Gen. & Sp. Plant. Argent. 4: pl. 54B.
__Nore: In E. thermalis the brown achenes are larger (0.9-1.1 mm. long) and the bristles
slightly exceed the achene: A. Nelson 6747 h. 42 from Gibbon Canyon, Wyoming; M. E. Jones
in 1882 from St. Lawrence, California; Mason & Smith 8376 from Snelling, California; and pre-
sumably Tidestrom 384 from Wasatch Mts., Utah. These collections should perhaps be segregated
as a distinct species, E. thermalis Rydb.
524 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VotumeE 18,
36. Eleocharis maculosa (Vahl) R. & S. Syst. Veg.
2: 154. 1817.
Sci losus Vahl, Enum. 2: 247. 1805. A
pay ad a BD var. B 2 albo-ater Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2': 102. 1842, fide Bockeler.
Brazil. *
piea cs ee: var. B 3 binocreatus Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 21: 103. 1842, fide Bockeler.
Brazil. ,
pice: oa Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 24: 102. 1842. (Brazil.)
Eleocharis binocrenata Nees; Steud. Syn. Cyp. 79. 1855, as syn.
Eleocharis Schottiana Steud. Syn. Cyp. 79. 1855. :
Heleocharis Glazioviana Bock. Vidensk. Meddel. 1871: 150. 1872. (Brazil.)
Heleocharis Lehmanniana Bock. Bot. Jahrb. 8: 205. 1887. (Ecuador.)
Trichophyllum maculosum House, Am. Midl. Nat. 6: 205. 1920.
Stolons elongate, castaneous; culms 7-35 cm. long, erect, striate, rigid; apex of the
upper sheath conspicuously enlarged, scarious and rugose; spikelets 5-12 mm. long, ovoid to
lanceolate, many-flowered, the scales densely imbricated; scales ovate, rather blunt, firm,
shining, purplish-brown to black with scarious margins, the lowest orbicular with a promi-
nent green midrib; style bifid; stamens 3; achene obovoid, narrowed at the base, 1.3-1.5 mm.
long (including the style-base), shining-black, the surface roughened; style-base half as
wide as the achene, light brown, with a dilated base and a narrow subulate beak; bristles
7 or 8, reddish-brown, of unequal length, some usually equaling the achene, the retrorse
teeth small but very numerous.
Type LocALity: Guadeloupe (Richard).
DistrinuUTION: Guatemala; Guadeloupe; Martinique; Dominica; Venezuela; Colombia;
Ecuador; Bolivia; Brazil.
ILLustrRATIoNS: Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 34: 439; Rhodora 31: pl. 191, f. 40; Descole,
Gen. & Sp. Plant. Argent. 4: pl. 53.
Series 6. Palustriformes Svenson, Rhodora 31: 128. 1929.
Subseries Palustres Svenson, Rhodora 31: 128. 1929.
Basal scales of the spikelet solitary and spathiform, completely encircling
the base of the spikelet.
Achenes prominently reticulate-pitted.
Tubercle ovoid, nearly equaling or larger than the achene; spikelets
castaneous to purplish. Sea coasts, Alaska to northern Quebec. 37. E. kamtschatica.
Tubercle pyramidal, much smaller than the achene; spikelets cas-
taneous. Near the coast, Massachusetts to Louisiana; Cuba. 38. E. fallax.
Achenes smooth to faintly reticulate.
Culms elongate-filiform ; spikelets 30—-40-flowered with obtuse scales ;
tubercle conic, only 9.2—-0.45 mm. wide at the base. Quebec to
the margin of the Great Plains. 39. E. erythropoda.
Culms usually thicker, frequently inflated or rigidly flattened.
Spikelets few-flowered, the 5-30 scales usually lustrous purple;
tubercles conic, only 0.2-0.4 mm. wide at the base. Sea
coasts, Hudson Bay to Virginia. 40. E. halophila.
Spikelets frequently many-flowered, the scales stramineous to
purplish; tubercles depressed-deltoid to lanceolate. Western
North America. 41. E. macrostachya.
Basal scales of the spikelet usually 2 or 3 below the thinner fertile scales,
the lowest not encircling the base of the spikelet.
Tubercles depressed-deltoid, the scales acuminate, and the culms wiry
in the southern part of the range, the entire plant commonly becom-
ing soft, with elongate tubercles, northward. Newfoundland to
Alabama, west to the Great Plains. 42. E. Smallii.
Tubercles depressed-deltoid to lanceolate; culms variable. Western
North America. 41. E. macrostachya.
37. Eleocharis kamtschatica (C. Meyer) Kom. FI. Pen.
Kamtsch. 1: 207. 1927.
Scirpus kamtschaticus C. Meyer, Mém. Acad. St.-Pétersb. Sav. Etr. 1: 198. 1831.
Eleocharis piieata A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. II. 6: 417. 1859, in part.
Loosely stoloniferous with filiform culms 0.3-3 dm. high, 0.5-1.0 mm. wide; sheaths
reddish, close; spikelets castaneous to purplish, oblong-lanceolate, 4-12 mm. long, loosely
few-flowered; basal scale amplexicaul; fertile scales 10-20, broadly ovate, rounded at the
Part 9, 1957] CYPERACEAE 525
tip, castaneous, subcoriaceous; anthers 1.7-2 mm. long; achenes obovoid, 1.3-1.5 mm. long,
1.2 mm. wide, capped by the spongy-cellular, mitriform, blunt tubercle nearly equaling or
larger than the achene; bristles variable.
TYPE LOCALITY: Kamchatka.
DisTRIBUTION : Labrador; Quebec; Alaska; eastern Asia. (cf. Rhodora 49: 66. 1947.)
IntustrRaTIons: Rhodora 31: pl. 184, f. 32, 33.
Note: E. uniglumis (in part) of American authors.
38. Eleocharis fallax Weath. Rhodora 24: 23. 1922.
Heleocharis nervosa Kiikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 192. 1926. (Cuba.)
Eleocharis ambigens Fernald, Rhodora 37: 394. 1935. (Virginia.)
Loosely stoloniferous or subcespitose with purplish-castaneous stolons 1.5-2 mm. thick;
culms subrigid, pale, 2.5-7 dm. high; sheaths castaneous or purplish, coriaceous and sub-
truncate at the apex; spikelets lanceolate or narrowly ovoid, acute, 4-10 mm. long, loosely
few-flowered; lowest scale amplexicaul, much elongated at the base; fertile scales lanceolate-
ovate, acute or subacute, pale brown with a hyaline margin; achene ellipsoid-obovoid, convex
to obtusely 3-angled, yellow, often becoming castaneous when mature, 1.2-1.7 mm. long
(excluding the pyramidal tubercle which is much smaller than the achene), the surface
prominently punctate-reticulate; bristles variable in length.
‘ Tyre LocaLity: Fresh and brackish springy border of Dinah’s Pond, Yarmouth, Massa-
chusetts.
Distripution: Along the coast, southern Massachusetts to Louisiana; Texas (Matagorda
County, Bechtold) ; Cuba.
ILLusTRATIONS: Rhodora 37: pl. 387, f. 1-8.
Note: The achenes of this species vary from lenticular to bluntly 3-angled. Sometimes the
majority of the stigmas are 3-parted, more frequently only one or two will be found in a spikelet,
or they may be entirely 2-parted. EE. fallax forms a link between the two subsections, as the
names “fallax” and ‘‘ambigens” suggest.
39. Eleocharis erythropoda Steud. Syn. Cyp. 76. 1855.
nner plomces Torr. Fl. U. S. 44. 1824. Not S. glawcus Lam. 1791, nor Eleocharis glauca
6ck. 1871.
Eleocharis calva Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 346. 1843. A “provisional species.”
Eleocharis palustris var. 2 calva A. Gray, Man. 522. 1848.
Trichophyllum palustre var. caluum House, Am. Midl. Nat. 6: 205. 1920.
Loosely stoloniferous with capillary or slender rhizomes and stolons; culms usually
nearly filiform, rarely 0.5-1.5 mm. wide, subterete; sheaths red or castaneous, very close,
the apex frequently darkened and almost truncate; spikelets lanceolate, 1.0-1.7 cm. long,
30-40-flowered, with the appressed basal scale completely encircling the culm; fertile scales
brown; anthers 1.3-1.7 mm. long; achenes obovate, dark brown when mature, averaging
1.7 mm. long (including the short, conic tubercle) and 1.0 mm. wide; bristles variable.
TYPE LOCALITY: Ohio (Frank).
DistRIBUTION : Margins of lakes and streams, chiefly in calcareous regions: Cape Breton and
Quebec to Hudson Bay and Manitoba, south to Virginia, Tennessee, Illinois, Missouri, Oklahoma,
and Nebraska.
ILLustRaATIONS: Rhodora 31: pl. 182, f. 15, 16; 41: pl. 547, f. 1, 5.
40. Eleocharis halophila Fernald & Brackett; Fernald,
Rhodora 37: 395. 1935.
Eleocharis uniglumis var. halophila Fernald & Brackett, Rhodora 31: 72. 1929.
Loosely stoloniferous with slender purplish stolons; culms subrigid, 2-5 dm. high;
sheaths purplish, acute at the apex; spikelets lanceolate or narrowly ovoid, acute, loosely
5-30-flowered; lowest scale amplexicaul; fertile scales lanceolate-ovate, acute or subacute,
usually lustrous-purple; achene usually dark lucid brown, obovate, averaging 1.6 mm. long
(excluding the ovoid-deltoid, sometimes bulbiform tubercle) and approximately 1 mm. wide,
the surface smooth; bristles brown, variable in length.
TYPE LocALity: Brackish marshes at the mouth of Bonaventure River, Quebec.
DisTRIBUTION: Borders of salt marshes, Hudson Bay and Newfoundland to Virginia.
ILLUSTRATION: Rhodora 31: pl. 183, f. 17-26.
526 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLumE 18,
41. Eleocharis macrostachya Britton; Small. FI.
SEU Sr (S44. 3100s.
Eleocharis mamillata of authors, not E. mamillata Lindb. f. ie
Eleocharis calva of authors (as to plants of western United States and Hawaii), not E. calva
Torr. 1843.
Eleocharis palustris 8 australis Nees, Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol. 19 (Suppl. 1): 96. 1843.
(Hawaii.) s
Scirpus nudissimus Steud. & Jardin, Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. II. 9: 278, 280. 1875. Nomen
subnudum. (Hawaii.) : J
Eleocharis perlonga Fernald & Brackett, Rhodora 31: 70. 1929. (California. ) :
Eleocharis xyridiformis Fernald & Brackett, Rhodora 31: 76. 1929. (Valley of Mexico.)
Loosely stoloniferous or subcespitose; culms filiform to 3 mm. wide, usually promi-
nently striate, soft to rigid, frequently flattened, or spirally twisted; sheaths orange to dark
red, loose, often truncate and mucronate at the apex; spikelets lanceolate (rarely ovate) to
acuminate, pale brown to nearly black, few- or many-flowered, the scales usually remaining
appressed at maturity; lower scale frequently encircling the culm; fertile scales lanceolate,
firm, acute, scarcely hyaline at the apex, usually with a pale midrib and brown to black
margins; anthers 1.5-2.0 mm. long; achenes obovate, glistening yellow when immature,
becoming dark brown, averaging 1.8 mm. long (not including the depressed-deltoid to lanceo-
late tubercle), and 1.0 mm. wide; bristles slender, variable in length.
Type LocaLity: “Indian Territory” (Oklahoma).
DistR1IBuTIOoN: Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Illinois (Bluff Lake, Eggert), and Texas, west to
Alberta, British Columbia, and California, northward along the coast to southern Alaska; north-
ward in the interior of Canada to Great Slave Lake; northern and central Mexico; El Valle,
Colombia, Cuatrecasas 20871) Argentina; Uruguay.
ItLustRATIoNS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 314. f. 768; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. 1:
264. f. 630; Rhodora 31: pl. 184, f. 34, 35; 41: pl. 547, f. 3-20 (in part); Anal. Mus. Nac.
Buenos Aires 34: 444; Descole, Gen. & Sp. Plant. Argent. 4: pl. 57B.
42. Eleocharis Smallii Britton, Torreya 3: 23. 1903.
Eleocharis palustris var. vigens L. H. Bailey; Britton, Jour. N. Y. Micr. Soc. 5: 104. 1889.
Trichophyllum palustre var. vigens House, Am. Midl. Nat. 6: 205. 1920.
Loosely stoloniferous to subcespitose ; culms usually firm or wiry, to 1 m. high, 0.5-5 mm.
wide; sheath firm, usually with a prominently blackened apex and sinus; spikelets narrowly
lanceolate, frequently becoming ovate and loosely-flowered in age, usually acute, 0.5-2.0 cm.
long; scales lanceolate, pale to dark brown, with rigid, acuminate, sometimes spreading tips,
at the northern border of the range frequently of softer texture; anthers 1.5-2.0 mm. long;
achenes obovoid, averaging 2.0 mm. long (excluding the depressed-deltoid to elongate tuber-
cle) and 1.1 mm. wide, becoming dark brown in age; bristles variable.
TYPE LOCALITY: Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
DistTRIBUTION: Labrador and Newfoundland to Manitoba, Minnesota, and eastern North
Dakota, south to Delaware, western Virginia, West Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama, Indiana, Tlli-
nois, and Missouri.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 315. f. 770; Rhodora 31: pl. 182, f. 8-11;
Ali plod fatale OF
Note: This is the common “E. palustris” of New England; the European E. palustris seems
not to be in America.
Subseries Truncatae Svenson, Rhodora 31: 128. 1929.
Slender species, the culms rarely exceeding 1 mm. in width and without oe
transverse septa.
Achenes with prominent keel-like angles; spikelets long-cylindric. 50. E. tricostata
Achenes without keel-like angles. ‘
Rootstocks very stout, 4-5 mm. in diameter; scales of the root-
stock 2-3 cm. long; culms subterete (northwestern United
States). ; ; 58. E. decumbens.
Rootstocks thinner (except sometimes in E. compressa) ; rootstock
scales not exceeding 1 cm. in length; culms usually angled or
flattened.
Culms flattened, sometimes becoming 2 mm. wide; scales of
the spikelet with conspicuous whitened, often bifid, acumi-
nate tips (except sometimes in var. atrata). 48, E, compressa,
>
Part 9, 1957] CYPERACEAE 527
Culms 4—-8-angled; scales obtuse to acute (in E. acutisquamata
with acuminate, not whitened tips).
Scales acuminate, usually somewhat spreading (Texas). 49. E. acutisquamata.
Scales obtuse to acute.
Style-base depressed or truncate, often with a central
apical projection.
Tip of upper sheath whitened; achenes 0.7-1 mm.
long; culms capillary, not exceeding 8 cm. in ob
height. 47. E. nitida.
Tip of upper sheath dark-girdled; achenes 0.9-1.5
mm. long; culms coarser.
Rootstocks creeping and elongated.
Mature achenes yellow to orange. 46. E. elliptica.
Mature achenes olivaceous (vars. verrucosa
and pseudoptera). 45. E. tenuis.
Rootstocks greatly thickened, the numerous wiry
culm-bases persisting (western United States). 56. E. Bolanderi.
Style-base conic, pyramidal or mucroniform.
Style-base mucroniform, its sides nearly parallel; the
achenes smooth under magnification (Mexico to
South America). 54. E. Dombeyana.
Style-base conic or pyramidal.
Spikelets linear to linear-lanceolate.
Body of achene 1.0-1.2 mm. long. 52. E. Parishii.
Body of achene 0.5 mm. long. 53. E. cylindrica.
Spikelets ovoid to ellipsoid.
Surface of achene not reticulate under magni-
fication; style-base pyramidal (Texas). 55. E. Palmeri.
Surface of achene clearly pitted or reticulate
under magnification.
Achenes olivaceous.
Surface coarsely and deeply roughened-
reticulate, the projecting angles of
the cells conspicuous. 45. E. tenuts.
Surface minutely punctate; style-base
acicular-elongate. 57. E. intermedia.
Achenes yellowish or brown; achenes with
punctate pitting. 51. E. montevidensis.
Coarse species (sometimes slender in E. montana) with spongy, often
transversely septate culms 2-10 mm. wide; styles 3- (or 2-) branched.
Culms with transverse septa.
Culms 1—2 mm. wide. 59. E. montana.
Culms 3-10 mm. wide. 60. E. elegans.
Culms without transverse septa, 3-10 mm. wide. 61. E. densa.
45. Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) Schultes in R. & S.
Syst. Veg. Mant. 2: 89. 1824.
Scirpus capitatus L. Sp. Pl. 48. 1753. (Virginia.) Not Eleocharis capitata R. Br. 1810.
See outiormes Lam. Tab. Encye. 1: 138. 1791. (New York.) Not S. filiformis Burm. f.
Scirpus tenuig Willd. Enum. 76. 1809. (Pennsylvania.)
Isolepis filiformis R. & S. Syst. Veg. 2: 106. 1817.
Eleogiton filiformis A. Dietr. Sp. Pl. 2: 96. 1833.
Eleocharis filiformis Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 146. 1837.
sige ing capitata (L.) sensu Blake, Rhodora 20: 24. 1918. Not Eleocharis capitata R. Br.
Trichophyllum tenuis Farwell, Rep. Mich. Acad. 21: 359. 1920.
Eleocharis capitata var. typica Svenson, Rhodora 34: 199. 1932.
Eleocharis capitata var. pseudoptera Weath. in Svenson, Rhodora 34: 202.
1932. (New Jersey.)
Eleocharis capitata var. verrucosa Svenson, Rhodora 34: 202. 1932. (Arkansas.)
Eleocharis tenuis var. pseudoptera Svenson, Rhodora 41: 65. 1939.
Eleocharis tenuis var. verrucosa Svenson, Rhodora 41: 66. 1939.
Culms capillary or filiform, 0.5-4 dm. high, usually quadrangular with slightly concave
sides or five-angled, erect from a thickened, creeping, ligneous rootstock; stolons thickened,
elongate, covered with acute, brown or reddish scales; sheaths truncate at the apex, with a
short mucro; spikelets ellipsoid to ovoid, acute or blunt, 3-10 mm. long, 20-30-flowered;
scales ovate, obtuse or acute, reddish-brown to black, with a scarious margin and green keel,
the lowest scale suborbicular and larger; styles trifid; stamens 3; achene obovoid, 0.8-1 mm.
long, trigonous, olivaceous, alveolate, with wavy transverse bands formed by the projecting
angles of the vertically elongated cells; style-base brownish, pyramidal or depressed; bristles
2 or 3, rarely persisting, light brown, less than half as long as the achene.
528 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18,
TYPE LOCALITY: Pennsylvania. : a! ; ;
DisTRIBUTION: Cape Breton to South Carolina, west to Illinois, Missouri, Oklahoma, and
Texas.
ILLUSTRATION : Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 39, f. 6-9; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 318. f. 779;
A. Gray, Man. ed. 7. 184. f. 258; Rhodora 34: pl. 219, f. 56, 57 (as E. capitata var. typica) ; pl.
221, f. 1-3, 14, 16, 17 (as E. capitata). y cok
Note: Typical E. tenuis, with capillary culms and acute tubercles, is characteristic of the
Atlantic drainage slope; var. verrucosa, with capillary culms and depressed tubercles, is known
from the Mississippi Basin and is isolated in eastern Virginia (Fernald) and Pennsylvania; var.
pseudoptera (Scirpus quadrangulatus Muhl. not Michx.), with winged culms and depressed tuber-
cles, is known from New York, New Jersey, eastern Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, and in
the mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. These varieties are generally distinct.
46. Eleocharis elliptica Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 146. 1837.
Eleocharis capitata var. borealis Svenson, Rhodora 34: 200. 1932. (Nova Scotia.)
Culms filiform, 0.5-4 dm. high, 6-8-angled, erect from a thickened, creeping, ligneous
rootstock; stolons thickened, elongate, covered with acute brown to reddish scales; sheaths
truncate at the apex, with a short mucro; spikelets ellipsoid to ovoid, obtuse, 3-10 mm. long,
20-30-flowered; scales ovate, brown to black, obtuse to subacute, with a prominent hyaline
apex, the lowest scale suborbicular and larger; style trifid; stamens 3; mature achenes
1.0 mm. long, yellow to dull orange, trigonous with blunt outer angle, with shallow, undulate
reticulation; style-base depressed, sometimes poorly distinguished from the body of the
achene, with an apiculate center; bristles much reduced.
TYPE LOCALITY: Pennsylvania ?
DisTRIBUTION : Newfoundland, west to Wisconsin and Minnesota, south to Illinois, Indiana,
and Pennsylvania; infrequently in Manitoba, Alberta, Montana, and British Columbia.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 39, f. 1-4 (as “E. tenuis Schultes”) ; Rhodora 34: pl.
219, f. 58, 59; pl. 221, f. 4, 15 (as E. capitata var. borealis).
47. Eleocharis nitida Fernald, Rhodora 8: 129. 1906.
Perennial from a slender rootstock; culms capillary, 4-angled, striate, 2-8 cm. high;
apex of the upper sheath slightly inflated, whitish; spikelet oblong-ovoid, somewhat acute,
2.5-4.5 mm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. thick, 8-20-flowered; scales elliptic-oblong, with rounded tips,
purplish-brown, with greenish ribs and very narrow scarious margins, the lowermost larger :
achene golden-yellow when mature, narrowly obovoid, sharply trigonous, 0.7-1 mm. long,
the roughened surface and depressed tubercle as in E. elliptica.
TYPE LocaLity: Springy place, Parker’s Station, Pontiac County, Quebec (Macoun).
DistriBuUTION: Moist places, chiefly in acid peat: Newfoundland, Quebec, Ontario (Ottawa),
Nova Scotia, New Hampshire, Wisconsin, Minnesota, British Columbia (Glacier Lake, herb. Univ.
Minnesota) ; Kodiak Island, Alaska.
ILLustTRATIONS: A. Gray, Man. ed. 7. 184. f. 260; Rhodora 34: pl. 219, f. 54, 55.
48. Eleocharis compressa Sull. Am. Jour. Sci.
42:50. 1842.
?Scirpus acuminatus Muhl. Descr. Gram. 27. 1817. ( Pennsylvania.)
Eleocharis acuminata Nees, Linnaea 9: 294. 1834.
Eleocharis compressa var. atrata Svenson, Rhodora 34: 218. 1932. ( Pennsylvania.)
Culms strongly flattened, 1-2 mm. in width, striate, erect from creeping rootstocks
sometimes nearly 1 cm. thick; upper sheaths 2-9 cm. high, reddish-brown to stramineous,
truncate, faintly to prominently toothed; spikelets 5-12 mm. long, oblong-ovate to ovate,
acute or obtuse; scales ovate-lanceolate, chestnut-brown (or black in var. atrata), the whit-
ened tips attenuate and commonly bifid; style trifid; achene 1-1.5 mm. long, obovate-pyriform,
golden-yellow to brown, bluntly trigonous to nearly terete, granular-roughened or reticulate
under magnification, the raised margins of the cells often forming undulating lines; style-
base depressed- to globose-conic, usually acute; bristles 1-5, fugacious, usually shorter than
the achene.
TYPE LocaLity: Wet places in the Darby Plains, 15 miles west of Columbus, Ohio
(Sullivant). a :
_ ,VISTRIBUTION : Ontario to central New York, western New Jerse , Washington, D. C.
ss and Illinois Pcie i ayant pela Oklahoma and persey eee oe
LLUSTRATIONS: Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 39, f. 10-16; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 318.
f. 780; A. Gray, Man. ed. 7. 184. f. 259; Rhodora 34: pl. 219, f. 62, 63; pl. 221, f: 5, Ola
Part 9, 1957] CYPERACEAE 529
Note: This species, which reaches its best development in the prairies and limestone glades
of Ohio and Tennessee, is probably the most terrestrial of all species of Eleocharis. It perhaps
grades into E. elliptica ‘and E. acutisquamata at the limits of its range.
49. Eleocharis acutisquamata Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila.
18622.10. 1862.
Culms 3-4 dm. high, rigid, slender (about 0.5 mm. in diameter), angled, striate and
sulcate, from lignified, thickened rootstocks; sheaths gray to purplish, the apical tooth not
conspicuous; spikelets oblong-ovate, acute, 0.7-1 cm. long, 15-20-flowered; scales reddish-
brown, ovate-lanceolate, with inconspicuous, whitened, acute to acuminate tip; achene 1-1.5
mm. long (including the style-base), golden-yellow to brownish, obovate-pyriform, almost
terete, with a very blunt outer angle and a granular-roughened, obscurely reticulate sur-
face; style-base brown, short-conic; bristles none.
TYPE LocALITY: San Saba County, Texas (Buckley).
DIsTRIBUTION: Texas and Oklahoma; southwestern Minnesota.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Rhodora 34: pl. 219, f. 60, 61; pl. 221, f. 7.
50. Eleocharis tricostata Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 310. 1836.
Rootstocks stout, creeping, 2-5 mm. thick; culms 2-6 dm. high, usually slender, striate,
compressed or subterete; sheaths 2-6 cm. high, loose, reddish to stramineous, with longitudi-
nal striations and a toothed apex; spikelets densely flowered, long-cylindric, 6-18 mm. long,
2-3 mm. thick, obtuse or sometimes acute; scales ovate, obtuse, reddish-brown with a yel-
lowish midrib and a broad hyaline apex, often emarginate or reflexed; style trifid; achene
yellow to dark brown, 0.8-1 mm. long, obovoid, with three prominent keel-like angles, the
surface roughened-reticulate; style-base brown, short-conic, acute; bristles none.
TYPE LOCALITY: “Georgia” (LeConte).
DIsTRIBUTION: Pine-barren bonds 3 southeastern Massachusetts to New Jersey; Virginia;
South Carolina to Florida; Michiga
ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & aeaae Il. FL. ed. 2. 1: 317. f. 778; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pi. 17,
f. 10; Rhodora 34: pl. 220, f. 75, 26.
51. Eleocharis montevidensis Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 144. 1837.
Eleocharis arenicola Torr.; Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 5: 237. 1845. (Texas.)
Limnochloa montevidensis Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 24: 99. 1842.
Eleocharis montana sensu Britton, Jour. N. Y. Micr. Soc. 5: 109. 1889, and of many later
authors. Not E. montana (H. 'BLK.) R. & S.
Trichophyllum arenicolum House, Am. Midl. Nat. 6: 204. 1920.
en Ae spas subsp. H. montevidensis Osten, Anal. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo II. 3:
; i.
Culms erect from extensively creeping reddish rootstocks, 0.5-4.5 dm. high, rigid, striate;
upper sheath deep brown at the base, usually becoming stramineous toward the truncate
apex; spikelets ovoid to oblong, blunt, 4-13 mm. long, many-flowered; scales ovate, obtuse,
brownish or yellowish, with a hyaline margin; style trifid; achene 1 mm. long, obovoid,
triangular, with blunt angles, golden-yellow to brown, with a minutely punctulate, glossy
surface; style-base conic, short, sessile at the apex of the achene, or sometimes with a slight
constriction; bristles 4-6, brown, toothed, equaling or shorter than the achene.
TyPrE LocaLity: Montevideo, Uruguay (Humboldt).
DIsTRIBUTION: Chiefly in wet sand: South Carolina to Florida, west to California; Mexico;
southern Brazil; Uruguay; Argentina.
ILLustRATIonsS: Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. 1: 266. f. 636; Jepson, Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. 149.
f. 137; Rhodora 34: pl. 220, f. 64, 65; pl. 221, f. 8, 9 (as E. arenicola) ; Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires 34: 479; Descole, Gen. & Sp. Plant. Argent. 4: pl. 74.
52. Eleocharis Parishii Britton, Jour. N. Y. Micr. Soc.
ae 110) 1889:
Eleocharis disciformis Parish, Bull. So. Calif. Acad. 3: 81. 1904. (California.)
Culms slender, striate, 1-3 dm. high, in fascicles from slender, extensively-creeping,
reddish rootstocks; upper sheath brown or reddish below, stramineous above, the brownish
530 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VotumE 18,
apex truncate and toothed ; spikelets linear-lanceolate, acute, 1-1.5 cm. long, rather loosely
flowered; scales ovate-oblong, somewhat rigid, stramineous with chestnut or dark brown
sides, acute to obtuse with a short hyaline tip; style trifid; achene trigonous with a blunt
outer angle, often nearly plano-convex, ellipsoid, narrowed at both ends, yellow to light
brown, smooth or faintly reticulate under magnification; style-base acute, short-subulate to
conic, sessile upon the body (1.0-1.2 mm. long) of the achene or surmounting a constriction
at the apex of the achene; bristles white, 6 or 7, exceeding or shorter than the achene, re-
trorsely toothed.
Type LocaLtity: Agua Caliente, San Diego County, California (Parish).
DistRIBUTION: In deserts and mountain meadows, California, Oregon, Nevada (Hall), Ari-
zona, New Mexico; northern Mexico.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Bull. So. Calif. Acad. 3: 82 (pl. 6); Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. 1: 264, 265.
f. 632, 635; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif. 149. f. 136; Rhodora 34: pl. 220, f. 66, 67; pl. 221, f. 12.
53. Eleocharis cylindrica Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila.
1862: 10. 1862.
Culms erect from a slender, ligneous rhizome, filiform, 2-3 dm. high, sulcate and angled;
sheaths stramineous to light brown, truncate at the apex and conspicuously subulate-toothed ;
spikelets linear-cylindric, many-flowered, acute, 8-17 mm. long, not exceeding 2 mm. in
width; scales lanceolate, acute, chestnut-brown, not strongly keeled, the scarious margins
inrolled at maturity; stamens 3, the anthers 0.7 mm. long; style trifid; body of the achene
0.8 mm. long, dark brown, obovate, smooth to faintly reticulate, trigonous with sharply
costate angles, conspicuously narrowed at the apex; style-base light brown, pyramidal, a
little wider than the constricted apex of the achene; bristles slender, brown, much shorter
than the achene.
Type LocaLity: Northern Texas (Buckley).
DIsTRIBUTION : Texas and New Mexico.
ILLUSTRATION: Rhodora 39: pl. 464, f. 5.
54. Eleocharis Dombeyana Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 145. 1837.
Chaetocyperus stoloniferus Nees, Linnaea 19: 695. 1847. (Mexico.)
Heleocharis truncata Schlecht. Bot. Zeit. 7: 118. 1849. (Mexico.)
Limnochloa truncata Liebm. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 244. 1951.
Eleocharis bivaginata Steud. Syn. Cyp. 77. 1855.
Heleocharis stolonifera Bock. Linnaea 36: 424. 1870.
Heleocharis vulcani Bock. Bot. Jahrb. 8: 206. 1887. (Ecuador.)
Bheorhags montana sensu Svenson, Rhodora 34: 222. 1932. Not E. montana (H.B.K.) R. & S.
1817.
Culms 0.5-3 dm. long, from elongate, creeping rootstocks; sheaths as in E. montevidensis ;
spikelets ovate to linear-lanceolate, 8-12 mm. long, acute, many-flowered, often with rather
loose scales; scales ovate-elliptic, usually acute, brown with a yellowish or green midrib and
a hyaline margin; style trifid; achene 1-1.3 mm. long, obovate, shining yellow or brown,
trigonous with blunt outer angle, the surface smooth or very obscurely reticulate; style-
base mucroniform, acute, usually with nearly parallel sides; bristles brown, 4, exceeding or
shorter than the achene.
Type LocaLity: Peru (Dombey).
DistRIBUTION: Central Mexico; Guatemala; in the Andes from Ecuador to Argentina
InLusTRATIONS: Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 34: 477; Rhodora 34: pl. 220, f 70-72 > pl
221, f. 10 (as E. montana) ; Descole, Gen. & Sp. Plant. Argent. 4: pl. 67B. peas cid
55. Eleocharis Palmeri Svenson, Rhodora 34: 223. 1932.
Culms rather soft, 1.5-2 dm. high, erect from a ligneous rhizome; sheaths truncate at
the apex, mucronate; spikelets cylindric-ovoid, obtuse, 3-8 mm. long; scales ovate-oblong
obtuse, pale brown with greenish midrib, hyaline at the margin and frequently enareie
style trifid; stamens 3; achene 1-1.3 mm. long, shining brown, pyriform, obtusely sripoHita
nearly smooth under magnification; style-base pyramidal, acute, one-fourth as long as the
achene; bristles white, equaling the achene.
Part 9, 1957] CYPERACEAE 531
TYPE LocALIty: West margins of the Pecos River, in deep limestone canyon, near the Rio
Grande, Valverde County, Texas (EF. J. Palmer 33464).
DIsTRIBUTION : Known only from the type collection.
ILLUSTRATION: Rhodora 34: pl. 221, f. 11.
56. Eleocharis Bolanderi A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
7: 392. 1868.
Culms very numerous, 1-3 dm. high, about 0.5 mm. in diameter, glaucous-green, erect
and wiry, from a black, ascending, thick, woody rootstock; sheaths usually stramineous,
sometimes purplish at the base, 2-3 cm. high, slightly swollen at the indurated, purplish
summit, rarely with a mucro; spikelets 3-8 mm. long, elliptic to ovate, blunt or acute, about
10-20-flowered; scales dark brown to black, ovate, acute, with a short, whitened, scarious
tip, the lowest orbicular; stamens 3; style trifid; achene obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, golden-
yellow to black, trigonous with a blunt outer angle, with a cellular surface under magnifica-
tion, the truncate apex forming a depressed style-base with a short apiculate central pro-
jection; bristles 3 or 4, retrorsely toothed, reddish-brown, one-half to three-fourths the
length of the achene.
TYPE LocaLity: Bank of creek at Clark’s, Mariposa County, California.
Distrigution: Mountain meadows: California, Oregon, Idaho (herb. U. S. Forest Service),
Utah, Nevada (herb. U. S. Forest Service), Colorado, Arizona.
IntustRATIoNS: Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. 1: 265. f. 633; Jepson, Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. 148.
f. 134; Rhodora 34: pl. 220, f. 68, 69.
57. Eleocharis intermedia Schultes in R. & S.
Syst. Veg. Mant. 2:91. 1824.
Scirpus intermedius Muhl. Descr. Gram. 31. 1817. Not S. intermedius Thuill. 1799.
Eleocharis reclinata Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 143. 1837. (Virginia.)
Eleocharis intermedia var. Habereri Fernald, Rhodora 8: 130. 1906. (New York.)
Eleocharis reclinata var. Habereri House, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 243-244: 43. 1923.
Eleocharis reclinata £. Habereri Svenson, Rhodora 39: 265. 1937.
Annual? Diffusely spreading from fibrous roots or from a thin descending rhizome;
culms numerous, of unequal length, 0.2-4 dm. long, usually reclining, grayish-green, irregu-
larly sulcate; sheath-apex soft and spreading, a short, hardened, apiculate projection fre-
quently present; spikelets cylindric-ovoid, acute, 2-7 mm. long, loosely 5—20-flowered; scales
obtuse, with broad, green keel and brownish sides, the lowest scale rounded and completely
encircling the culm; stamens 2, the anthers 0.4 mm. long; style trifid; achene obovoid to
pyriform, 1.5 mm. long including the narrow elongate style-base, obtusely trigonous, light
glistening olive, with a minute punctulate reticulation, the brownish style-base conic-subulate ;
bristles pale brown, equaling or slightly exceeding the style-base.
TYPE LOCALITY: Pennsylvania.
DistrisuTion: In calcareous regions: eastern Quebec, west to Minnesota, south to Pennsyl-
vania, western Virginia, Tennessee, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 318. f. 781; A. Gray, Man. ed. 7. 185.
f. 261; Rhodora 39: pl. 465, f. 3 (as E. reclinata).
58. Eleocharis decumbens Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser.
S23... 1908;
Culms elongated, 5-6 dm. long, striate, subterete, from a stout rootstock 4-5 mm. thick
with fibrillose roots, the culm-bases covered by conspicuous, lanceolate, light brown scales
2-3 cm. long; spikelet ellipsoid, obtuse, 5-7 mm. long, 3.5-4 mm. thick; scales brown, ovate,
obtuse; style trifid; achene about 1 mm. long, trigonous, yellow, minutely reticulate, with
a roughened ovoid-triangular style-base one-third as long as the achene; bristles brown,
2 or 3, some equaling the achene.
TyPE LocaLity: Mt. Shasta, California, alt. 2500 m. (H. E. Brown).
DisTRIBUTION: California (Echo Summit, Eldorado County, J. T. Howell).
IntLtustraTions: Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. 1: 265. f. 634; Rhodora 34: pl. 219, f. 52, 53.
532 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VotumeE 18,
59, Eleocharis montana (H.B.K.) R. & S. Syst. Veg.
2215354 1817;
Scirpus montanus H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 226. 1816.
Scirpus nodulosus Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. 29. 1821. (Brazil.)
Eleocharis nodulosa Schultes in R. & S. Syst. Veg. Mant. 2: 87. 1824.
Eleocharis consanguinea Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 148. 1837. (Brazil.)
Eleogenus nodulosus Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2*: 104. 1842.
Eleocharis haematolepis Steud. Syn. Cyp. 79. 1855. (Quito, Ecuador.)
Eleocharis subnodulosa Steud. Syn. Cyp. 81. 1855. (Guatemala. ) .
Heleocharis chrysocarpa Bock. in Warm. Vidensk. Meddel. 1869: 134. 1870. (Brazil.)
Heleocharis nodulosa var. tenuis Bock. Flora 62: 160. 1879. ( Paraguay.) ;
Eleocharis andesica Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 23. 1908. (Bogota, Colombia. )
Eleocharis Ravenelii Britton; Small, Flora SE. U. S. 184. 1903. ( Texas.)
Heleocharis nodulosa var. subnodulosa Kiikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 192. 1926. p
Eleocharis nodulosa var. angulata Svenson, Rhodora 39: 258. 1937. (Guasca, Colombia.)
Eleocharis montana var. nodulosa Svenson; I. M. Johnston, Jour. Arnold Arb. 25: 47. 1944.
Erect from a coarse, creeping rootstock; culms green, 1-2 mm. thick, 3-8 dm. high,
terete, with numerous, usually conspicuous (sometimes nearly obsolete) transverse septa;
sheaths elongate, stramineous (often with a purplish-red base), the truncate, darkened apex
with a distinct mucro; spiketets many-flowered, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, rarely obtuse,
8-15 mm. long; scales appressed to slightly spreading, 2 mm. long, obtuse to acute, scarious
throughout, light to dark brown, with a broad hyaline margin, the lowest suborbicular, firmer,
and broadly scarious-margined; anthers 0.8-1 mm. long; style-branches 2 (not infrequently
3) ; achenes 1 mm. long, broadly obovate, biconvex, yellow to brown or olivaceous, distinctly
pitted-reticulate; style-base usually flattened, brown, half as wide as the achene, deltoid,
acute, the surface elevated at the junction with the achene-body ; bristles ferrugineous, equal-
ing or slightly exceeding the achene, the common base prolonged into a short stipe.
TypE LOCALITY: Quindiu Pass, near Bogota, in the Middle Cordillera of Colombia.
DistRiIBuTION: Florida, Louisiana, Texas, Arizona; Mexico to Panama; West Indies; tropi-
cal and temperate South America.
ItLustrations: Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 34: 446; Rhodora 39: pl. 463, f. 2; Descole,
Gen. & Sp. Pl. Argent. 4: pl. 56A (as Heleocharis nodulosa).
Note: The type of E. montana is the mountain extreme of the species, with swollen culms
which have no visible septation.
60. Eleocharis elegans (H.B.K.) R. & S. Syst. Veg.
Zea n0s 1Siz.
Scirpus geniculatus L. Sp. Pl. 42. 1753, in part; ed. 2. 71. 1762.
Scirpus elegans H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 226. 1816.
Eleocharis geniculata R. & S. Syst. Veg. 2: 150. 1817.
Eleocharis constricta Schultes in R. & S. Syst. Veg. Mant. 2: 87. 1824. (Brazil.)
Scirpus depressus Vell. Fl. Flum. 35. 1825. (Brazil.)
Limnochloa crassiculmis Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 24: 99. 1842. (Brazil.)
Limnochloa constricta Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 24: 99. 1842.
Eleocharis crassicaulis Steud. Syn. Cyp. 81. 1855. (Brazil.)
Eleocharis singularis Steud. Syn. Cyp. 81. 1855. (Suriname.)
Eleocharis mexicana Peyr. Linnaea 30: 14. 1859, acc. to Index Kewensis. (Mexico.)
Coarse aquatic plants, erect from a ligneous, creeping rootstock; culms terete, firm,
green, 1-15 dm. high, 3-10 mm. wide, with close, usually prominent septa; sheaths reddish,
truncate at the summit, usually with an inconspicuous subulate mucro; spikelets many-
flowered, lanceolate to cylindric, usually acute; scales 2 mm. long, not keeled, obtuse, thin,
with an opaque, brown central area and broad, scarious, light brown margin; style bifid or
trifid; achene 1.5 mm. long, obovate, biconvex to slightly trigonous, yellow to brown, shining,
lightly punctate-reticulate; style-base dark brown, flattened, lanceolate, half as long as the
achene-body ; bristles deep brown, nearly equaling the tubercle, their common base forming
a short stipe.
TyPE LOCALITY: Peru.
Distripution : Central Mexico; Guatemala; Honduras; El Salvador; Costa Rica; Panama;
Cuba, and southward in the West Indies; tropical South America. ;
InLustTRATIONS: Vell. Fl. Flum. 1: pl. 83; Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 39, f. 22-26; Rhodora 39:
pl. 463, f. 1 (as E. geniculata); Anal. Mus. Nac. B Ai : :
inte aR GaN ) us. Nac. Buenos Aires 34: 459; Descole, Gen. & Sp.
Part 9, 1957] CYPERACEAE 533
Nore: The name Scirpus geniculatus included E. caribaea and the plant known as Juncus
aquaticus geniculatus, capitulis equiseti, major Sloane. In the second edition of Species plantarum
(1762) Linnaeus restricted the name Scirpus geniculatus to the latter. In view of the modern
confusion of names, it seems best to take up the unequivocal name Eleocharis elegans.
61. Eleocharis densa Benth. Pl. Hartw. 27. 1840.
Similar to E. elegans, but the culms without outward sign of septation; achenes not so
strongly punctate-reticulate as in E. elegans.
Type LocaLity: Aguas Calientes, Mexico.
DisTRIBUTION : Central Mexico.
ItLusTRATION: Rhodora 39: pl. 463, f. 3.
Series 7. Tenuissimae Svenson, Rhodora 31: 129. 1929,
Achenes cancellate, i.e. with coarse, deep-pitted reticulation.
Achenes large, 2-3 mm. long.* | :
Style-base mitriform, as wide as or wider than the
achene. 76. E. tuberculosa.
Style-base conic-subulate, much narrower than the
achene 77. E. tortilis.
Achenes small to medium-sized, not exceeding 1.3 mm. long
(species chiefly tropical) .*
Achenes 1-1.3 mm. long.
Spikelets narrowly linear, the scales only 3 or 4
(Cuba). 69. E. alveolata.
Spikelets lanceolate to ovate, many-flowered. 70. E. retroflexa.
Achenes obovate-urceolate, coarsely cancellate;
style-base with angles decurrent on the achene.
Achenes obovate, finely cancellate; style-base
pyramidal, without decurrent angles.
Culms 1-3 dm. high, firm; spikelets linear-
cylindric, usually proliferous (se. United
States). 71. E. vivipara.
Culms 8-10 cm. high, flaccid; spikelets ovate-
oblong (Cuba). 72. E. grisea.
Achenes 0.5-0.8 mm. long, whitish-iridescent when
mature.
Achenes 0.5 mm. long; pitting horizontally elongate
(Cuba). 73. E. minutissima.
Achenes 0.6-0.8 mm. long; pitting circular (Mexico). 74. E. subcancellata.
Achenes smooth to reticulate, not cancellate.
Achenes biconvex (scattered trigonous achenes usually
present). 62. E. minima var. bicolor.
Achenes trigonous.
Achenes medium-sized (0.8-1.3 mm. long).
Spikelets few (2-6)-flowered, ovate; scales dark
purplish-brown (Cuba). 75. E. oligantha.
Spikelets many-flowered (if 2—6-flowered the spike-
lets linear).
Style-base flat (with an apiculate center), as
wide as the achene (Mexico). 63. E. urceolata.
Style-base conic or pyramidal (if depressed, much
narrower than the achene).
Mature achenes glistening white. 64. E. nana.
Mature achenes pale gray to deep brown.
Spikelets obviously distichous.
Style-base subulate-tipped (se. United
States). 65. E. Baldwinii.
_Style-base pyramidal, obtuse. 62. E. minima.
Spikelets not distichous. 67. E. microcarpa var. filiculmis.
Achenes small (0.5—-0.7 mm. long).
Achenes 0.5-0.6 mm. long, white to faint buff,
usually costulate; style-base pyramidal to de-
pressed-conic, narrower than the achene. 66. E. nigrescens.
Achenes 0.6-0.7 (rarely 0.8) mm. long, pale gray
to greenish.
Achenes pale gray; style-base short-pyramidal. 67. E. microcarpa.
Achenes greenish-gray, obovate; style-base de-
pressed; scales whitened. 68. E. Brittonii.
* Achene measurements include the style-base.
534 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VotumeE 18,
62. Eleocharis minima Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 139. 1837.
Chaetocyperus viviparus Nees in Mart. Fi. Bras. 2*: 93. 1842. (Brazil.) Not Eleocharis vivi-
para Link, 1827. : ,
Chaetocyperus polymorphus Lindl. & Nees; Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 21: 94. 1842, in large part.
Brazil ?)
Chaetocyperus Jamesoni Steud. Syn. Cyp. 74. 1855. _(Ecuador.)
Isolepis ambigua Steud. Syn. Cyp. 91. 1855. (Brazil.) |
Eleocharis bicolor Chapm. Fl. S. U. S. 517. 1860. (Florida.)
Heleocharis tenuissima Bock. Linnaea 36: 419. 1870. E
Heleocharis subtilis Bock. Linnaea 36: 426. 1870. (Brazil.)
Heleocharis Wrightiana Bock. Beitr. Cyp. 1: 12. 1888. (Cuba.) _ f
Eleocharis villaricensis Maury; M. Micheli, Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genéve 31(1)*: 138.
1889. (Paraguay.) q ,
Heleocharis Durandii Bock. Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. 2: 34. 1896. (Costa Rica.)
Eleocharis Jamesonii N. E. Brown, Kew Bull. 1921: 356. 1921. -
Eleocharis savannarum Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 48: 327. 1922. (Trinidad.)
Eleocharis oropuchensis Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 48: 327. 1922. (Trinidad.)
Heleocharis minima var. B ambigua Kiikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 194. 1926.
Eleocharis uncialis Chapm.; Small, Man. SE. Fl. 163. 1933. (Florida.)
Eleocharis minima var. bicolor Svenson, Rhodora 39: 219. 1937.
Dwarf, 3-7 cm. tall, cespitose, with numerous whitish, elongated fibrous roots; culms
capillary, often recurving, quadrangular-sulcate, light green, punctate; sheaths conspicuous,
light or dark brown, the apex inflated, blunt, hyaline; spikelets 2-4 mm. long, ovate, few- to
many-flowered; scales ovate-lanceolate, mostly acute, dark brown with greenish midrib and
hyaline margin; style trifid; achene ovate, 0.75-1.0 mm. long, sharply triangular (biconvex
in var. bicolor) with convex faces, whitish to pale or olivaceous-brown, lightly reticulate to
minutely striate, narrowed at the apex and base, capped by a brownish or gray, short-
pyramidal, obtuse style-base; bristles inconspicuous, transparent-white, obscurely toothed,
shorter than the achene, often greatly reduced.
Type Locatity: Brazil. . ; J
DistripuTion: Florida, Georgia, Texas, California; Mexico; Costa Rica; San Salvador ;
Cuba; Jamaica; tropical South America.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 37, f. 22-25; Rhodora 39: pl. 460, f. 1-4, 7; pl. 462,
f. 1-3; Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genéve 31(1)?: pl. 40, f. 7-10; Descole, Gen. & Sp. Plant.
Argent. 4: pl. 63B.
63. Eleocharis urceolata (Liebm.) Svenson, Rhodora
395219. 1937.
Chaetocyperus urceolatus Liebm. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 243. 1851. (Mexico.)
Heleocharis Liebmanniana Bock. Linnaea 36: 439. 1870. (Mexico.)
Densely cespitose ; culms finely capillary, 3-7 cm. high, dull green, punctate and obscurely
quadrangular-sulcate; sheaths purplish, a little inflated at the summit; spikelets 2-3 mm.
long, ovate (occasionally narrowly oblong and fewer-flowered), 6-11-flowered; scales spread-
ing in fruit, keeled, green with purplish sides and hyaline margins; style trifid; achenes
triangular, costulate, 0.8 mm. long, urceolate-obovate, truncate at the apex, pale gray to
brownish-yellow, faintly striate-reticulate to smooth; style-base flat, as wide as the achene,
apiculate in the center; bristles none.
Type Locauity: “Mirador, Potrero de Consoquitla, Mexico.”
DistTriBUTION: Mexico.
ILLUSTRATION: Rhodora 39: pl. 460, f. 5.
64. Eleocharis nana Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 140. 1837.
Chaetocyperus punctatus Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 21: 93. 1842.
Heleocharis punctata Bock. Linnaea 36: 420. 1870. Not E. punctata Hochst. 1855.
Scirpus camptotrichus C. Wright in Sauv. Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana 82: 78. 1871. (Cuba.)
Eleocharis camptotricha Clarke, Symb. Ant. 2: 69. 1900.
Erect cespitose annual (?) with coarse whitened roots; culms 4-12 cm. long, glaucous-
green, punctate, irregularly sulcate; sheaths stramineous, often marcescent, the apex ap-
pressed-acute to somewhat inflated; spikelets ovate to elliptic, 3-4 mm. long, 5-8-flowered;
scales greenish to stramineous, keeled, the apex and margin hyaline; style trifid; achene
sharply trigonous to costate, 1-1.3 mm. long, greenish, becoming pearly-white when mature,
Part 9, 1957] CYPERACEAE 535
obscurely reticulate; style-base deep olive to brown, short-pyramidal with an acuminate tip;
bristles colorless to light brown, exceeding the achene.
Type LocaLity: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. }
DistTRIBUTION: Florida; Cuba; British Guiana; Brazil.
ILLUSTRATION: Rhodora 39: pl. 462, f. 12.
65. Eleocharis Baldwinii (Torr.) Chapm. Fl. S. U. S.
519. 1860.
Chaetocyperus Baldwinti Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 295. 1836. (Georgia.)
Eleocharis prolifera Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 316. 1836, in part. (Southern United States.)
Perennial, forming loose tufts; rootstocks (rarely present) loosely branched-ascending,
the fibrous white roots numerous; culms usually wiry, capillary, 3-20 cm. long, often pro-
liferous, dull green, flattened-sulcate, punctate; sheaths prominent, red to yellow, the apex
acute; spikelets flattened, linear to ovate, 3-6 mm. long, 3-8-flowered; scales linear, acute,
strongly keeled, red to faded brown, the lowest scale much shorter; style trifid; achene 1 mm.
long, sharply triangular, dark olive-brown, frequently obscurely striolate; style-base short
to long-pyramidal, sharply angled, subulate-tipped, brownish; bristles shorter than the
achene, brownish-tinged, obscurely toothed.
Type LocALity: St. Mary’s, Georgia. ‘ fs f
DIsTRIBUTION: Moist pine barrens: North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Rhodora 39: pl. 460, f. 12, 13.
66. Eleocharis nigrescens (Nees) Steud. Syn. Cyp. 77. 1855.
Scirpidium nigrescens Nees, Linnaea 9: 293. 1834 (nomen nudum); in Mart. Fl. Bras. 21: 97
[“nigrescems’]. 1842. (Brazil.)
Eleocharis nigrescens Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 157. 1837.
Scirpus microlepis Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 239. 1866. (Cuba.)
Heleocharis atropurpurea Bock. Linnaea 36: 459. 1870. (Brazil.)
Heleocharis Hildebrandtti Bock. Flora 61: 34. 1878. (Africa.)
Heleocharis minutiflora Bock. Bot. Jahrb. 7: 274. 1886. (St. Thomas.)
? Heleocharis Perrieri Cherm. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 73: 554. 1927. (Madagascar.)
Eleocharis carolina Small, Man. SE. Fl. 165. 1933. (South Carolina.)
Eleocharis nigrescens var. minutiflora Svenson, Rhodora 39: 226. 1937.
Cespitose annual with fibrous roots, or perennial with lignescent (usually whitened),
vertical, much-branched rootstocks; culms filiform, erect, 3-7 cm. high, obscurely quad-
rangular-sulcate, punctate; sheath red (sometimes greenish), the apex marcescent or some-
times projecting into an attenuate, appressed appendage 1-2 mm. long; spikelets many-
flowered, ovoid, 2-3 mm. long; scales chestnut-brown with a greenish midrib, obtuse to
emarginate, scarcely keeled, spreading at maturity; style trifid; achenes trigonous, 0.5-0.6
mm. long, the mature achenes (i.e. those at the base of the spikelet) smooth, semitranslucent,
light yellowish-brown with prominent, costulate, whitened, opaque angles; immature achenes
(or at least those at the middle part of the spikelets) opaque, white, with obscure striolate
reticulation and a pearly lustre and with less costulate angles; style-base brown to light
gray, pyramidal (or occasionally depressed-conic), one-third as wide as the achene; bristles
none.
TYPE LOcALITY: In maritimis, Bahia, Brazil.
DisTRIBUTION: South Carolina; Mexico; Yucatan; West Indies; Trinidad; Brazil; tropical
Africa; Madagascar; Australia.
InLustRATIoNS: Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 38, f. 1-4; Rhodora 39: pl, 462, f. 5-9.
67. Eleocharis microcarpa Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 312. 1836.
Eleocharis microcarpa g? filiculmis Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 312. 1836. (New Jersey.)
Heleocharis Torreyana Bock. Linnaea 36: 440. 1870.
Heleocharis cubensis Bock. Beitr. Cyp. 2: 10. 1890. (Cuba.)
Annual; culms 1-3 dm. high, finely capillary, flexuous, often quadrangular-sulcate ; roots
fibrous, white; sheaths inconspicuous, closely investing the culm, purple-striate at the base,
somewhat acuminate at the apex; spikelets many-flowered, oblong to ovate, 2-7 mm. long;
stamens 2 or 3; style trifid; scales loose, strongly keeled, especially toward the acuminate
536 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VotumE 18,
apex, ovate, with a whitish margin and green, red-bordered midrib, all deciduous except the
enlarged lowest scale, which persists as a bract; achene minute, 0.6-0.7 mm. long (nearly
0.7 mm. in the type), obovate, triangular, pale gray or yellowish, smooth; style-base short-
pyramidal, gray, often reddish when young; bristles whitish to light brown, appressed, less
than half the length of the achene.
TyprE Locatiry: New Orleans (Ingalls).
DistTrRIBUTION: Connecticut; New Jersey to Florida and Texas, mostly near the coast;
Tennessee and Indiana.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 316. f. 775; A. Gray, Man. ed. 7. 184.
f. 254; Rhodora 39: pl. 460, f. 9, 10; pl. 462, f. 14.
Note: The northern var. filiculmis differs in somewhat coarser, rigid culms, higher style-base,
and longer bristles.
68. Eleocharis Brittonii Svenson; Small, Man. SE.
FL 164. . 1933.
Eleocharis tenuis B Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 310. 1836. (New Orleans.)
Eleocharis microcarpa var. Brittonii Svenson, Rhodora 39: 230. 1937.
Annual, similar to E. microcarpa in habit but much coarser; culms 1.5-10 dm. high;
spikelets ellipsoid to ovoid-ellipsoid, 2.5-5 mm. long; scales appressed, obtuse, scarcely keeled,
white or lightly tinged with brown; achene obovate, 0.6-0.8 mm. long, much contracted at
the base, obscurely trigonous, grayish-green, obscurely reticulate and often black-spotted ;
style-base depressed, apiculate; bristles short or lacking.
TypE LocaLity: New Orleans (Ingalls; type of E. tenuis var. B).
DIsTRIBUTION : Pine barrens: southern New Jersey, Georgia and Florida to Texas.
ILLUSTRATION: Rhodora 39: pl. 460, f. 11.
69. Eleocharis alveolata Svenson, Rhodora 31: 241. 1929.
Scirpus capillaceus Griseb. Cat. Fl. Cub. 239. 1866; not S. capillaceus Michx. 1803, nor Eleo-
charis capillacea Kunth, 1837.
Forming dense mats; culms 2-5 cm. long, frequently recurved, capillary, triangular to
sulcate-quadrangular, punctate; sheaths reddish-brown, firm, scarious, and a little inflated
at the apex; spikelets linear, acute, 2-3 mm. long, usually sterile; scales 3-4, linear, strongly
keeled, brown with a hyaline margin; style trifid; achenes most frequently situated at the
culm-bases, acutely trigonous, 1-1.3 mm. long (including the prominent style-base), obovate,
narrowed at base and apex, stipitate, shining, olivaceous to whitish, prominently cancellate ;
style-base trigonous, elongate, conic, acuminate, from a broad base; bristles lacking.
Tyrer Locality: Herradura, western Cuba (Ekman 17788).
DiIstTRIBUTION : Western Cuba and the Isle of Pines.
ILLUSTRATION: Rhodora 39: pl. 460, f. 8.
70. Eleocharis retroflexa (Poir.) Urban, Symb. Ant.
2: 165. 1900.
Scirpus retroflexus Poir. in Lam. Encyc. 6: 753. 1804. (Puerto Rico.)
Cyperus depauperatus Vahl, Enum. 2: 305. 1805. (West Indies.)
Baeothryon retroflexum A. Dietr. Sp. Pl. 2: 93. 1833.
Eleocharis depauperata Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 140. 1837.
Chaetocyperus polymorphus var. a depauperatus Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 24: 94. 1842.
Chaetocyperus niveus Liebm. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 242. 1851. (Probably from Costa Rica.)
Chaetocyperus viviparus Liebm. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 242. 1851. (Nicaragua.)
Chaetocyperus rugulosus Nees, Bonplandia 3: 86. 1855. (Panama.)
pa PS opt ag sensu Britton, Jour. N. Y. Micr. Soc. 5: 105. 1889. Not E. Chaetaria
: 5 SIs
Cespitose, often proliferous annual (?) with fibrous roots; culms green, filiform, usually
recurved, 2-2.5 cm. long, flattened to deeply quadrangular-sulcate, obscurely punctate; sheath
stramineous to reddish, obtuse, scarious and inflated at the summit; spikelets few- to many-
flowered, the scales usually spreading in fruit; scales green, keeled, obtuse to acute, often
with chestnut to reddish-brown sides; style trifid; achene 1.0-1.2 mm. long, trigonous, can-
cellate, costate, obovoid to urceolate, white or stramineous; style-base light brown, as wide
Part 9, 1957] CYPERACEAE 537
and one-third as long as the body of the achene, pyramidal-acuminate, the angles decurrent
on the costae of the achene; bristles white, shorter than the achene. «
TYPE LOCALITY: Puerto Rico.
DistRiBuTION: Alabama; West Indies; Central America from British Honduras southward;
Colombia; Venezuela; Dutch Guiana; Brazil.
ILLusTRATION: Rhodora 39: pl. 461, f. 11.
71. Eleocharis vivipara Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 283. 1827.
Chlorocharis vivipara Rikli, Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 27: 564. 1895.
Eleocharis Curtisti Small, Man. SE. Fl. 165. 1933. (North Carolina.)
Erect from a stout often vertical rootstock covered by the culm-bases of the previous
year ; roots coarse, deep brown; culms 1-3 dm. high, filiform to 0.5 mm. wide, light green
faintly punctate, deeply striate to sulcate; sheaths yellowish, often purple at the base, firm,
acute and frequently lightly purple-tipped at the apex; spikelets linear-cylindric, acute, many-
flowered, 3-8 mm. long, usually wholly proliferous and seldom perfecting fruit; scales
appressed, obtuse, 2 mm. long, usually without a keel, dark chestnut on the sides, with
whitish hyaline margin, the lowest somewhat larger, erect and appressed to the base of the
spikelet; style trifid; achene triangular, obovate, 1 mm. long, dark gray, coarsely reticulate
to cancellate; style-base pyramidal, narrower than the achene, light gray to nearly black
with a whitened elevated ridge at the base; bristles reddish-brown, closely retrorse-toothed,
nearly equaling the achene.
TYPE LocALity: Grown at the Berlin Botanic Garden.
DisTRIBUTION : Swamps on the coastal plain: Virginia to Florida.
ILLUSTRATION: Rhodora 39: pl. 461, f. 12.
BT
72. Eleocharis grisea Ktikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov.
23: 194. 1926.
Culms few from a slender creeping rhizome, 8-10 cm. high (0.5-1 mm. wide in dried
material), flaccid, compressed, obscurely sulcate and lightly punctate; sheaths light brownish-
purple, the apex marcescent; spikelets ovate-oblong, 3-4 mm. long, 3-6-flowered; scales
ovate-oblong, obtuse, stramineous, brownish on the sides, with a hyaline margin; style trifid;
achene trigonous, 1 mm. long, greenish-gray, obovate-elliptic, prominently angled, cancellate
with small circular pittings; style-base depressed-pyramidal, gray; bristles white, rudimen-
tary, from a cup-like base.
TYPE LOCALITY: Sandy pine lands, Westport, Isle of Pines, Cuba (Ekman 12077).
DIsTRIBUTION : Known only from the type locality.
ILLUSTRATION: Rhodora 39: pl. 465, f. 5.
73. Eleocharis minutissima Britton, Mem. Torrey Club
16:60. 1920.
Densely cespitose; culms capillary, punctulate, 1-3 cm. high, somewhat thickened at the
base; roots whitish, rather coarse; spikelets ovoid, 1-2 mm. long, loosely 3-7-flowered;
scales spreading, ovate, strongly keeled, green to castaneous with hyaline margins; achenes
0.5 mm. long, oblong, obovoid, iridescent, white to gray, obtusely trigonous, cancellate, the
depressions tending to be horizontal; bristles none; style-base gray, low triangular-apiculate,
half as wide as the achene.
TYPE LocaLity : Border of a lagoon near Pinar del Rio, Cuba (Britton & Gager 6965).
DIsTRIBUTION : Known only from the type locality.
ILLUSTRATION: Rhodora 39: pl. 462, f. 13.
74. Eleocharis subcancellata Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser.
8:21. 1908.
Cespitose, the rhizome when present white, branched-ascending; culms filiform, green,
spongy, lightly punctate, sometimes quadrangular-sulcate, 2-7 cm. long; sheaths green to
whitish, usually marcescent, the apex sometimes becoming filiform and divergent; spikelets
538 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLtumE 18,
many-flowered, 2-5 mm. long; scales greenish, keeled, with purplish to chestnut sides; style
trifid; achene triangular, elliptic to obovate, 0.6-0.8 mm. long, strongly costate with a truncate
apex, whitish with a pearly lustre, lightly cancellate, with circular pitting; style-base narrow,
depressed-apiculate; bristles rudimentary, united to form a cup-like base.
Type Locatity : Muddy places near Guadalajara, Mexico (Pringle 3430).
DISTRIBUTION: Mexico.
ILLUSTRATION: Rhodora 39: pl. 461, f. 3.
75. Eleocharis oligantha Clarke, Symb. Ant. 2: 69. 1900.
Dwarf, densely matted, often proliferous annual; culms finely capillary, 2-5 cm. long,
often recurved or prostrate, punctate, quadrangular-sulcate; sheath stramineous to reddish,
scarious and slightly inflated at the apex; spikelets 1-3 mm. long, ovate, 2-6-flowered; scales
dark purplish-brown, keeled, spreading in fruit; style trifid; achene 1 mm. long, trigonous,
sharply-angled, whitish, becoming gray to dark olive-brown when ripe, faintly punctate-
reticulate; style-base usually lighter, pyramidal, acute, somewhat 3-crested at the base with
overhanging projections; bristles hyaline, obscurely retrorse-toothed, rudimentary to nearly
as long as the achene.
Type LocaLity: Probably western Cuba (C. Wright 3367, 3368).
DisTRIBUTION: Western and central Cuba.
InLusTRATION: Rhodora 39: pl. 460, f. 6.
76. Eleocharis tuberculosa (Michx.) R. & S. Syst. Veg.
2:52. AGI7.
Scirpus tuberculosus Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. 1: 30. 1803.
Rhynchospora monostachya Steud. Syn. Cyp. 140. 1855. (New Orleans.)
Chlorocharis tuberculosa Rikli, Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 27: 564. 1895.
Eleocharis tuberculosa var. pubnicoensis Fernald, Rhodora 23: 233. 1922. (Nova Scotia.)
Eleocharis tuberculosa £. retrorsa Svenson, Rhodora 39: 250. 1937. (Massachusetts.)
Eleocharis tuberculosa £. pubnicoensis Svenson, Rhodora 39: 250. 1937.
Coarse, cespitose plants with short, vertical rootstocks, or often with only soft, fibrous
bases; culms flattened, glaucous-green, 1.5-8 dm. high; sheaths stramineous to green, closely
appressed, acute at the apex; spikelets many-flowered, broadly ovoid to ovoid-lanceolate,
5-15 mm. long; scales cartilaginous, stramineous with narrow green midrib and faint to
dark brown coloration on the sides; achene body 1.5 mm. long, stramineous to olivaceous,
trigonous, deeply cancellate; style-base pallid, mitriform, 1.0-1.5 mm. long, obtuse to acute,
often 3-lobed at the base, usually equaling (occasionally exceeding) the achene-body in size;
bristles nearly equaling the style-base, light brown to ferrugineous.
TYPE LocaLity: “Carolina inferiore.”
DIsTRIBUTION : Sandy shores, chiefly on the coastal plain: Nova Scotia; New Hampshire, south
and west to Texas; inland in Alabama, Tennessee, and Arkansas.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 316. f. 774; A. Gray, Man. ed. 7. 183.
f. 253 ; Rhodora 39: pl. 464, f. 1-3.
77. Eleocharis tortilis (Link) Schultes in R. & S.
Syst. Veg. Mant. 2:92. 1824.
Scirpus tortilis Link, Jahrb. Gewachsk. 1°: 78. 1820.
mye! ee Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 306. 1836. Not Scirpus simplex Ell. 1816. (North
arolina.
Eleocharis camptotricha sensu C. Mohr, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 6: 399. 1901. Not E. campto-
tricha Clarke, 1900.
Perennial, forming compact clumps; rootstocks (when present) vertical, branched, sub-
ligneous, the roots firm, white, thickened; culms light green, twisted, 2-5 dm. high, sharply
triangular ; sheaths stramineous, acute at the apex; spikelets ellipsoid to ovoid, 4-8 mm. long,
few- to many-flowered; scales 2-3 mm. long, obtuse, cartilaginous, yellow, prominently
marked with dark chestnut on the sides, the margin hyaline; style trifid; achene 2 mm. long,
bluntly to sharply trigonous, deeply cancellate, oblivaceous to gray, one-third of its length
Part 9, 1957] CYPERACEAE 539
occupied by the narrow pyramidal-subulate style-base; bristles equaling or exceeding the
achene, reddish-brown, retrorsely toothed.
TyPeE LocaLity: Probably South Carolina (Bosc).
DisTRIBUTION: Swamps and bogs, chiefly on the coastal plain: Long Island, N. Y., to Texas.
InLustrRaTIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 316. f. 773; A. Gray, Man. ed. 7. 183.
f. 252; Rhodora 39: pl. 464, f. 4.
Series 8. Sulcatae Svenson, Rhodora 31: 129. 1929.
Spikelets obovoid, 5-7 mm. long; achenes 1.5 mm. long, including the elon-
gate style-base. 78. E. pachystyla.
Spikelets cylindric to ovate.
Achenes 1.0 mm. long, including the pyramidal style-base. 79. E. filiculnus.
Achnes 1.2-1.5 mm. long, including the low style-base, with angles
strongly decurrent on the achene. 80. E. pachycarpa.
78. Eleocharis pachystyla (C. Wright) Clarke,
Symb. Ant. 2:72. 1900.
Scirpus pachystylus C. Wright in Sauv. Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana 82: 79. 1871.
Culms numerous from a short horizontal or branched-ascending rootstock, 3-5 dm. high,
1-2 mm. wide, rather soft, terete to flattened-sulcate when dry; sheaths dark reddish-brown,
not loose, oblique at the herbaceous but firm apex; spikelets obovoid, obtuse, 5-7 mm. long,
often clavate at the base; scales obtuse, thin, scarcely keeled, stramineous with brown-flecked
margins, the lowest inclined to be cartilaginous; stamens 3; anthers 0.7 mm. long; style
trifid; achene narrowly obovoid, trigonous, 1.5 mm. long (including the elongated style-
base), yellowish-brown, faintly striate-reticulate; style-base one third as long as the achene
body, elongated, triangular-conic, or sometimes almost falcate; bristles dark brown, retrorsely
toothed, equaling the body of the achene.
TYPE LOcALiTy : Edge of ponds in pine woods, Pinar del Rio (C. Wright 3373).
DistrRIBuTION: Cuba; Puerto Rico; San Domingo; Costa Rica; northern South America.
InLustRaATIONS: Rhodora 39: pl. 465, f. 4; Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 38, f. 5-9.
79. Eleocharis filiculmis Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 144. 1837.
Scirpus sulcatus Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. 30. 1821. Not S. sulcatus Petit-Thouars, 1811. ‘
? Scirpus tenuiculus Schrad. ; Schultes in R. & S. Syst. Veg. Mant. 2: 74. 1824. (Brazil.)
? Chaetocyperus tenuiculus Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 24: 96. 1842.
? Chaetocyperus emarginatus Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2!: 96. 1842. (Brazil.)
Scirpidium sulcatum Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 21: 98. 1842. (Bahia, Brazil.)
Limnochloa calyptrata Liebm. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 244. 1851. (Mexico.)
Eleocharis calyptrata Steud. Syn. Cyp. 81. 1855.
Heleocharis Rothiana Bock. Flora 43: 3. 1860.
eu Nees, Linnaea 9: 294. 1834 (nomen nudum); Bock. Linnaea 36: 445. 1870.
razil.
Scirpus filiculmis Schrad.— Griseb. Abh. Ges. Wiss. Gott. 24: 311. 1879.
Heleocharis Balansaiana Bock. Flora 62: 159. 1879. (Pernambuco.)
Heleocharis costaricensis Béck. Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. 2: 34. 1896. (Costa Rica.)
Heleocharis purpureo-vaginata Bock. Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. 2: 34. 1896. (Buenos Aires.)
Erect from an ascending caudex; culms 1.5-4 dm. high, flattened and sulcate, lightly
punctate, rarely as much as 1 mm. wide; sheath purplish-brown to stramineous, acute, some-
times slightly inflated at the apex; spikelets ovoid-cylindric, 4-10 mm. long, many-flowered ;
scales obtuse to emarginate, stramineous to reddish-brown, with a lighter keel and a promi-
nently scarious margin; anthers 0.7 mm. long; style trifid; achene 1.0 mm. long (including
the style-base), trigonous with sulcate angles, glistening white, often obscurely reticulate or
brown-striolate; style-base nearly as wide as the apex of the achene, irregularly pyramidal,
often somewhat flattened, white to light brown, frequently with overhanging margins ; bristles
white, usually equaling the achene.
TYPE Locality: Brazil.
DisTRIBUTION : Mexico to Panama; Cuba; Dominica; tropical South America.
InLustTRrATiIons: Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 34: 460; Rhodora 39: pl. 465, f. 1, 2;
Descole, Gen. & Sp. Plant. Argent. 4: pl. 70A.
540 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18,
80. Eleocharis pachycarpa Desv. in C. Gay, Hist. Chile Bot.
62174. 1833:
Eleocharis leptocaulis Steud. Syn. Cyp. 77. 1855. (Chile.) }
Heleocharis liocarpa Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile 43: 553. 1873. (Chile.)
Heleocharis lepida Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile 93: 349. 1896. (Chile.)
Perennial, with a thickened, descending rootstock; culms fascicled, rigid, filiform, 10-40
cm. high, erect to recurved, frequently proliferous; sheath purple to stramineous, the apex
rigid, acute, appressed; spikelets ovate, compressed, 5-10 mm. long, about 8-16-flowered;
scales loosely subdistichous, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse to acute, purplish-brown to nearly black,
usually with a green midrib, not conspicuously hyaline at the margin; stamens 3, anthers
2.0 mm. long; style trifid; achene trigonous with obtuse angles, orbicular-ovate, 1.2-1.5 mm.
long (including the style-base), smooth, yellowish-white; style-base pyramidal, subacute to
acuminate, the trilobed lower part decurrent on the angles of the achene; bristles slender,
equaling the achene or frequently absent.
TYPE LOCALITY: Chile.
Distrisution: Chile; Argentina; introduced in Nevada (Lake Tahoe, Beetle), California
(Humboldt and Eldorado Counties, H. G. Smith) ; and in Australia.
ItLustTrATiIons: Rhodora 41: pl. 544, f. 4; Descole, Gen. & Sp. Plant Argent. 4: pl. 60.
Norte: Introduction of the species to Australia and Nevada is probably dependent on the
sheep industry.
SPECIES OF UNCERTAIN CLASSIFICATION
81. Eleocharis albida Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 304. 1836.
Eleocharis simplex Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 143. 1837. (South Carolina.)
Eleocharis albida var. Berlandieri Britton, Jost, N. Y. Micr. Soc. 5: 108. 1889. (Texas.)
Eleocharis Berlandieri Clarke, Symb. Ant. 162. 1900.
Eleocharis bermudiana Britton, Jour. N. y Bot. Gard. 13: 191. 1913. (Bermuda.)
Tufted, from a slender, creeping rootstock; culms 0.5-3 dm. long, usually wiry, slender,
1 mm. wide in large specimens, lightly striate; sheaths stramineous, often with a brownish
base, the apex strongly oblique, acute, somewhat cartilaginous; spikelets cylindric-ovoid,
2-10 mm. long, obtuse; scales white to light brown, appressed, obtuse, cartilaginous, scarcely
keeled, the scarious margin almost lacking; stamens 3, the anthers 0.8 mm. long; style trifid;
achenes 1 mm. long, broadly obovate-trigonous, often contracted at the apex, smooth, dull to
shining brown when mature; style-base conic-deltoid, pale brown, one-fourth as wide as the
achene; bristles dark reddish-brown, exceeding the achene, with close-set retrorse teeth.
TYPE LocaLity: Talbot Island, South Carolina (Baldwin.)
DistTRIBUTION: Saline shores: Maryland to Mexico; Bermuda.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 317. f. 777; A. Gray, Man. ed. 184. f.
256; Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 39, f. GT eS Ee Britton, FI. Bermuda 52. ii 79 ; Rhodora 39: $l. Gay ee
6. BULBOSTYLIS Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 205. 1837.
[sub Isolepis; nomen conservandum. |
Not Bulbostylis Steven, 1817, nor DC. 1836, nom. rejic.
Stenophyllus Raf. Neog. 4. 1825.
Oncostylis Mart.; Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 24: 80. 1842.
Pubescent annual or perennial herbs with slender erect culms, leafy below, the leaves
narrowly linear or filiform with ciliate or pubescent sheaths. Spikelets umbellate, capitate,
or solitary, sometimes appearing lateral on the culm, with one or more subtending bracts or
sterile scales. Scales pubescent, spirally imbricated, usually deciduous. Flower perfect.
Style 3-cleft, with an enlarged base (tubercle) sometimes constricted below and usually
persistent on the apex of the achene. Perianth lacking. Achene trigonous, rarely lenticular,
with longitudinally elongate cells and frequently with a papillose-roughened surface. Sta-
mens 1-3.
About 70 species, chiefly of dry sandy places in the tropics.
Type species, Scirpus stenophyllus Ell. [Bulbostylis stenophylla (Ell.) Clarke].
Part 9, 1957] CYPERACEAE
Inflorescence composed of a single spikelet.
Spikelet terminal, not distinctly flattened.
Spikelet ovoid, obtuse.
Plant with a thickened woody base.
Base of plant not woody-thickened; achenes strongly 3-lobed.
Spikelet acuminate.
Spikelet lateral, distinctly flattened.
Achenes strongly 3-lobed.
Achenes not 3-lobed.
Perennial plants with linear spikelets.
Dwarf annuals with ovate spikelets.
Achenes rugose-undulate.
Achenes not rugose-undulate.
Inflorescence of two or more spikelets.
Slender annuals.
Achenes prominently spinescent-papillose, only 0.6-0.8 mm. long;
inflorescence umbellate.
Achenes not prominently spinescent-papillose.
Achenes smooth, 0.6 mm. long; inflorescence congested.
Achenes with transversely rugose to low-papillose surface, 0.8—1.3
mm. long; inflorescence normally umbellate.
Mature achenes bright bluish-gray with a waxy, low-papillose
surface (Atlantic United States).
Mature achenes distinctly transversely rugulose.
Mature achenes stramineous.
Achenes 0.75-0.9 mm. long.
Achenes 1.0-1.3 mm. long; plant strongly hispid.
Mature achenes gray to dark brown or black.
Inflorescence umbellate.
Inflorescence capitate.
Perennials.
Inflorescence capitate; scales with a pectinate-ciliate margin.
Inflorescence congested to umbellate; scale margins not pectinate.
Spikelets conspicuously flattened, borne at the apex of the culm
(laterally in B. pauciflora and B. setacea).
Culms capillary to filiform.
Slender plants 1-2 dm. high, with capillary leaves similar
to the culms.
Achenes obovate.
Achenes strongly trilobed.
Coarse plants 2-6 dm. high with recurved basal leaves
(Revillagigedo Islands).
Culms flat and thickened (0.5-1.0 mm. wide); robust West
Indian species.
Sheath opening densely woolly.
Inflorescence of 1-3 aggregated
flattened, 0.5-2 cm. long.
Inflorescence umbellate.
Sheath opening not floccose; inflorescence capitate.
Spikelets ovoid (not conspicuously flattened) in an umbellate to
congested inflorescence.
Achenes not transversely rugose, deep brown.
Achenes densely papillose.
Achenes elongate; inflorescence usually crowded; tall,
nearly glabrous plants with glistening cinnamon-
colored lower sheaths.
Achenes obovoid; plant dwarf.
Achenes smooth to slightly papillose, brown, becoming
bluish-gray when mature.
Culms essentially glabrous.
Culms hispid.
Achenes transversely rugose, becoming dark gray when mature.
spikelets, strongly
10.
hile
12.
13.
14.
iS:
oat
16.
SSO See ae
Ba BD WY BHD
ty tty
[ees] BSB Bbw BD
wath
541
. paradoxa.
. pubescens.
. Funckii.
. setacea.
. pauciflora.
. Schaffneri.
. curassavica.
. tenuifolia.
. barbata.
. ciliatifolia.
. capillaris.
. hirta.
. arenaria.
. stenophylla.
. Waret.
. pauciflora.
. setacea.
. nesiotica.
. floccosa.
. hispaniolica.
. subaphylla.
. papillosa.
. antillana.
. junciformis.
. vestita.
. juncoides.
1. Bulbostylis paradoxa (Spreng.) Lindm. Bih. Sv. Vet.-Akad.
Handl. 26(3)°: 17.
Schoenus spadiceus H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 227. 1816.
diceum Lam. 1789; nor Schoenus spadiceus Vahl, 1805.
Schoenus paradoxus Spreng. Syst. 1: 190. 1825.
? Nemum spadiceum Desv.; Hamilt. Prodr. 13. 1825.
Isolepis paradoxa Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 206. 1837.
Rhynchospora perrigida Bock. Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. 2: 93. 1896.
Stenophyllus paradoxus Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 88.
Bulbostylis spadicea Kiikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 197. 1926.
1900.
1916.
(Venezuela.) Not
(Central America.)
Eriocaulon spa-
542 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLtumE 18,
Perennial with a thickened, vertical base clothed by persistent leaf-bases, the resulting
fire-resistant structure often 6 cm. long and 3 cm. thick; culms 4-12, borne at the apex of
the caudex; leaves capillary to filiform, flattened, often recurved, shorter than or equaling
the culms, the sheaths densely lanate, 4-10 cm. high, thickened, striate; inflorescence a single
terminal, obovate spikelet 7-10 mm. long, 5 mm. wide, becoming broader at maturity by
expansion of the perianth-like outer involucral bracts; scales lanceolate, rigid, long-cuspidate,
lanate-fimbriate; mature achenes obovate to pyriform, obtusely trigonous, 1.5 mm. long,
1.0 mm. wide, dark brown with the low surface undulations frequently marked by transverse
gray lines; tubercle dark brown, depressed-conic; style slender, elongate (2-3 mm. long
below the style-branches) ; stamens 3, the anthers 3.0 mm. long.
TYPE LOCALITY: Caracas, Venezuela.
DistTrIBUTION: Pinelands and dry prairies, Cuba; Panama; northern South America.
Note: Vahl (Enum. Pl. 2: 210) described the specimen which he received from herb. Lamarck,
from San Domingo, as having “squamis margine nudis,” quite evidently not Schoenus spadiceus
H.B.K.; nor does Lamarck’s description of the African plant as having glabrous leaves and
glabrous scales conform with the American species under discussion.
2. Bulbostylis pubescens (Presl) Svenson, comb. nov.
Abildgaardia pubescens Pres], Rel. Haenk. 1: 180. 1828.
Fimbristylis Preslii Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 22 3. 1837.
Bulbostylis clavinux Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 41, f. 1-3. 1909. (Mexico.)
Annual? Culms filiform, glabrous to slightly hispid, 1-3 dm. high, deeply sulcate; leaves
setaceous, glabrous to hispid, much shorter than the culms, the sheaths stramineous, long-
pilose at the apex; spikelet single and terminal (sometimes with a single acicular bract half
the length of the spikelet), ovate, 5-13 mm. long, 3-6 mm. wide; scales nearly glabrous to
hirtellous, stramineous to black, with greenish midrib, acute and sometimes prominently
mucronate, little or not at all keeled, becoming loose and spreading at maturity; mature
achenes broadly obovate, truncate to depressed at the apex and deeply 3-lobed, abruptly
narrowed below the middle, prominently transversely rugose; tubercle conic, trigonous,
light brown, frequently deciduous; style elongated and thickened (1.5 mm. long below the
branches) ; stamens 3, the anthers 1.0 mm. long.
TYPE LocaLity: “Mexico and Luzon” (excluded from Philippines by Merrill, Enum. Philip.
Piet 1272 el922)F
DistRIBUTION: Mexico (Morelos, Chiapas, México [state]) ; Colombia.
ILLUSTRATION: Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 41, f. 1-3.
3. Bulbostylis Funckii (Steud.) Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser.
8:26. 1908.
Isolepis Funckii Steud. Syn. Cyp. 91. 1855. (Venezuela.)
! Scirpus tenuispicatus Bock. Linnaea 36: 740. 1870. (Valle de México.)
Scirpus heterocarpus S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 18: 171. 1883. (San Luis Potosi, Mexico.)
Stenophyllus Funckii Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 21: 30. 1894.
Bulbostylis tenuispicata Barros, Anal. Mus. Argent. Ci. Nat. 41: 338. 1945.
Cespitose annual, the filiform culms 3-12 cm. high, glabrous; leaves similar, smooth to
hispidulous, often equaling or exceeding the culms; leaf-sheaths slightly fimbriate at the
apex, usually obscured by the numerous, reduced basal spikelets; inflorescence a single ter-
minal, linear, acuminate spikelet 4-10 mm. long; scales dark brown with green keel, loosely
attached to the axis, acute to mucronate, the lowermost often with an attenuate mucro;
achene broadly obovate, 1 mm. long, stramineous to gray, deeply transverse-rugulose, the
basal achenes larger (1.5 mm. long) with coarser, elongated vertical cells; tubercle narrowly
to broadly conic; style slender, 1.5 mm. long; stamens 2, the anthers 0.4 mm. long.
TYPE LocaLiTy: Venezuela.
DiIsTRIBUTION: Venezuela; Santa Marta, Colombia; El Salvador; Mexico (Jalisco, México
[state], Orizaba, Chihuahua, San Luis ae Arizona and New Mexico ; Bolivia (Mandon 1410 ;
fide Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 15: 103. 18 88).
ILLusTRATIONS: Bull. Torrey Club 15: pl. 80, f. 5-10; Descole, Gen. & Sp. Plant. Argent.
4: pl. 111A (as B. tenuispicata) ; Anal. Mus. Argent. Ci. Nat. 41: 341.
Note: A collection from San Salvador (Calderén 1141) has non-rugulose achenes.
Part 9, 1957] CYPERACEAE 543
4. Bulbostylis setacea (Griseb.) Svenson, Contr. Oc. Mus. Hist.
Nat. Col. de la Salle 4: 10. 1946.
Abildgaardia setacea Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 238. 1866.
Fimbristylis Grisebachii Greenman; Combs, Trans. Acad. St. Louis 7: 474. 1897.
Fimbristylis cubensis Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 43, f. 15-17. 1909. (Cuba.)
Bulbostylis Grisebachii Ktikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 197. 1926.
Tufted perennial; culms capillary to coarsely filiform, 0.5-2 dm. long, sulcate, glabrous
to lightly hispid; leaves similar to and often equaling the culms, the sheaths stramineous,
fimbriate at the apex; inflorescence capitate, of 2-3 terminal, ovate to lanceolate, compressed
spikelets 4-5 mm. long, frequently appearing lateral when the involucral bract is developed,
or often reduced to a single spikelet; scales strongly flattened, acute, shining yellowish-brown ;
mature achenes pale brown, 0.9-1.0 mm. long, 0.8 mm. wide, deeply 3-lobed, with retuse apex,
the surface transversely rugulose; tubercle conic, dark brown, normally deciduous; style
slender, 1.0 mm. long below the branches; stamens 3, the anthers subulate, 1 mm. long.
TYPE LOCALITY: Cuba (C. Wright 1531, 3366).
DIsTRIBUTION: Limestone rocks, pinelands, Havana, Santa Clara, and Pinar del Rio prov-
inces in Cuba; Isle of Pines.
ILLusTRATIONS: pl. 1, f. 13; Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 43, f. 15-17.
5. Bulbostylis pauciflora (Liebm.) Clarke, Kew Bull.
Add. Ser. 8: 26. 1908.
Oncostylis pauciflora Liebm. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 241. 1851.
Stenophyllus portoricensis Britton, Torreya 13: 216. 1913. (Guanica, Puerto Rico.)
Bulbostylis Ekmanii Kiikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 197. 1926. (Oriente, Cuba.)
Bulbostylis portoricensis Fernald, Rhodora 40: 392. 1938.
Perennial; culms 1-2 dm. high from a tufted base, glabrous, filiform, flexuous, often
spreading or recurved, deeply sulcate, quadrangular to compressed; leaves numerous, seta-
ceous, scabrous, resembling the culms and frequently of the same height; sheaths stramineous
to brown, the apex long-fimbriate; spikelet lateral (exceeded by the prominent filiform
bract), linear, 5-8 mm. long; scales acute (the two lowermost mucronate), lanceolate, stra-
mineous with prominent, dark brown, keeled midrib, narrow and partially exposing the
achenes at maturity; achenes obtusely trigonous, obovate, 1.5 mm. long, 1.0 mm. wide,
brownish-stramineous when mature, the surface transversely rugose; tubercle brown, conic,
trigonous, frequently deciduous; style 1.0 mm. long below the elongate style-branches;
stamens 3, the anthers 1.25 mm. long.
TYPE LOCALITY: St. Croix, West Indies.
DisTRIBUTION: Dry limestone rocks: Cuba; Puerto Rico; Haiti; St. Croix.
ItLusTrRATION: Pl. 1, f. 15.
6. Bulbostylis Schaffneri (Bock.) Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser.
8:26. 1908.
Scirpus Schaffneri Bock. Bot. Jahrb. 7: 275. 1886.
Scirpus Pringlei Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 15: 103. 1888. (Chihuahua, Mexico.)
Cespitose dwarf annual; culms 2-4 cm. high (or more frequently reduced to basal
spikelets), filiform, hispid, sulcate; leaves hispid, setaceous, 2-3 cm. long; inflorescence a
single ovate, compressed, acute, loosely-flowered spikelet 5 mm. long (much exceeded by
the lowest bract) ; scales stramineous to chestnut-brown, mucronate and strongly keeled,
becoming saccate at the base in maturity; achene broadly obovate, sharply trigonous, trun-
cate to depressed at the apex, rugose-undulate, stramineous at maturity; style-base light
brown, depressed-conic; style slender, 1.0 mm. long below the branches; stamens 3, the
anthers 0.25 mm. long.
TYPE LocaLity: San Luis Potosi.
DistRIBUTION : Chihuahua and San Luis Potosi.
Intustrations: pl. 1, f. 17; Bull. Torrey Club 15: pl. 80, f. 1-4.
Note: Exceedingly close to B. curassavica, from which it is distinguished only by the acute-
angled, undulate achenes.
544 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [Vo.tumE 18,
7. Bulbostylis curassavica (Britton) Kukenth. & Ekman;
Urban, Ark Bot. 22A1”: 6. 1929.*
Bulbostylis floccosa var. B (?) pumilio Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 290. 1907. (Curagao.)
Stenophyllus curassavicus Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 43: 445. 1916.
Bulbostylis curassavica var. pallescens Kitkenth. & Ekman; Urban, Ark. Bot. 22A™: 6. 1929.
Haiti.)
Dwarf cespitose annual, frequently only with a basal spikelet; culms setulose, sometimes
reaching 1 dm. in height; leaves filiform, setulose, frequently longer than the culms; in-
florescence lateral, usually a single flattened spikelet 3-10 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; scales
acute, stramineous to brown, with prominent green keel; basal spikelets less flattened,
acuminate, dark brown; achenes obovate, 0.6-0.7 mm. long, with obtuse angles, iridescent
brown and punctate-reticulate when mature; tubercle brown, flattened, half as broad as the
achene; style slender, elongate, 1.5 mm. long below the branches; stamens 2, the anthers
slender, 1 mm. long.
TYPE LOCALITY: Curacio.
DisTRIBUTION: Dry limestone rocks: Curacao and Haiti.
ItLustTrRaTion: fl. 1, f. 12.
8. Bulbostylis tenuifolia (Rudge) F. Macbr. Field Mus.
Publ; Bot. $1165), 193i.
Scirpus tenuifolius Rudge, Pl. Guian. 18. 1805.
Isolepis bufonia H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 222. 1816. (Type from Venezuela.)
Scirpus bufonis Poir. in Lam. Encyc. Suppl. 5: 105. 1817.
Oncostylis tenuifolia Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 21: 83. 1842.
Bulbostylis capillaris var. tenuifolia Clarke, Symb. Ant. 2: 89. 1900.
Chiefly annual; culms capillary, 0.5-2.0 dm. high, sulcate, glabrous, rarely hirtellous;
leaves capillary, shorter than the culms, the stramineous sheaths lightly fimbriate at the
apex; inflorescence a simple or compound umbel, the spikelets mostly long-pedicellate and
solitary at the ends of the frequently arcuate branches; spikelets narrowly ovate, 3-6 mm.
long, frequently acute; scales dark brown with a lighter keel, glabrous to hirtellous, usually
obtuse to acute, rarely mucronate; achenes trigonous, obovate, 0.6-0.8 mm. long, finely
spinescent-papillose (occasionally reticulate to nearly smooth), stramineous to grayish-
brown, often with concave faces; tubercle reddish-brown, minute; style slender, 0.75 mm.
long below the branches; stamen 1, the anther 1.0 mm. long.
que LOCALITY: French Guiana.
DistrisuTIon: Chiefly northern South America; also scattered in Cuba (C. Wright 3382) ;
El Salvador (Calderén 1413); Guatemala (Heyde & Lux 3888); Consoquitla, Mexico (Lieb-
mann); Panama (Standley 26353).
ILLusTRATIONS: pl. 1, f. 10; Rudge, Pl. Guian. pl. 22.
Note: Wright’s Cuban specimens and some similar collections, all with distichous, elongate
spikelets and nearly smooth achenes, perhaps represent a distinct localized species.
9. Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) Clarke in Hook. f. Fl.
Brit. Ind. 6: 651. 1893.
Scirpus barbatus Rottb. Descr. Pl. Rar. 27. 1772.
Isolepis barbata R. Br. Prodr. 222. 1810.
Scirpus Dussit Bock. Beitr. Cyp. 2: 38. 1890. [Martinique; type incorrectly cited (Duss 478
i ae as Bulbostylis fimbriata Clarke, Symb. Ant. 2: 87 (1900). Not B. fimbriata (Nees)
arke
Stenophyllus floridanus Britton; Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 161. 1895. (Florida.)
Bulbostylis floridanus Fernald, Rhodora 40: 392. 1938.
Densely tufted annual with long fibrous roots; culms erect, filiform, 0.5-2 dm. high,
glabrous; leaves setaceous, much shorter than the culms; inflorescence a many-flowered com-
pact unbel 1-1.5 cm. in diameter, often becoming capitate or even reduced to 3 or 4 spikelets,
sometimes accompanied by capillary bracts exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets linear,
3-10 mm. long, acute; scales ovate-lanceolate, strongly keeled with green midrib and brown
sides and a short excurrent mucro, glabrous to sparsely strigose-hispid; achenes sharply
* The combination made inadvertently in describing var. pallescens.
Part 9, 1957] CYPERACEAE 545
trigonous, obovate, 0.6 mm. long, dull brown, smooth, obscurely reticulate with nearly isodia-
metric cells; style-base brown, minute, truncate to acicular; stipe nearly lacking; style fili-
form, 0.5 mm. long, not fimbriate; style-branches 3; stamen 1, the anther 1.0 mm. long.
Type LocaLity: Malabar (Koenig).
iy DISTRIBUTION : Tropics of the Old World; Georgia, Florida, Alabama; Martinique; South
merica!
ILLusTRATION: Rottb. Descr. & Ic. pl. 17, f. 4.
10. Bulbostylis ciliatifolia (Ell.) Fernald, Rhodora
40-7391, 1938.
Scirpus ciliatifolius Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 82. 1816.
Scirpus coarctatus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 83. 1816. (Beaufort, South Carolina.)
Isolepis ciliatifolius Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 352. 1836.
Isolepis coarctata Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 352. 1836.
Fimbristylis capillaris var. coarctata Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 15: 102. 1888.
Stenophyllus capillaris coarctatus Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 21: 30. 1894.
Stenophyllus ciliatifolius C. Mohr, Bull. Torrey Club 24: 22. 1897.
Stenophyllus coarctatus Britton; Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 189. 1903.
pkg clr Carteri Britton; Small, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 420. 1905. (Dade County,
orida.
Stenophyllus capillaris A. eu-capillaris b. coarctata H. Pfeiffer, Bot. Arch. 6: 187. 1924.
Bulbostylis capillaris var. coarctata F. Macbr. Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 11: 5. 1931.
Bulbostylis coarctatus Fernald, Rhodora 40: 392. 1938.
Cespitose annual with glabrous culms 1.0-3.0 dm. tall; sheaths glistening brown-
stramineous, lightly asperulous, the apex prominently fimbriate; leaves capillary, setulose!
on the margins; inflorescence usually a loose compound umbel, but sometimes with the
branches aggregated (B. coarctata) or even capitate (S. Cartert) ; spikelets 2-6 mm. long,
subacute, dark brown, prominently keeled, frequently subglutinous and usually covered with
short strigose pubescence; achenes obtusely trigonous, narrowly obovate (0.6-1.0 mm. long),
often slightly 3-lobed at the apex, the convex sides minutely papillate to smooth, with a
bluish-gray waxy covering when mature; style filiform, very short (ca. 0.3 mm. below the
style-branches), not fimbriate; stamens 2 or 3, the anthers apiculate, 0.5-0.8 mm. long.
TYPE LocaLity: ‘Grows in damp soils. Two miles from Beaufort [S. Carolina].”
DisTRIBUTION: Wet sandy pinelands, southeastern Virginia to Louisiana; reported by Britton
(Bull. Torrey Club 43: 447. 1916) from Santiago, Cuba (Britton 1879), but the collection is
perhaps better treated as B. arenaria.
ILLUSTRATION: Pl. 1, f. 16.
11. Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) Clarke in Hook. f. FI.
Brit: Ind. 6: 652. 1893.
Scirpus capillaris L. Sp. Pl. 49. 1753.
Isolepis ? capillaris R. & S. Syst. Veg. 2: 118. 1817. i
Scirpus brachyphyllus Link, Jahrb. Gewichsk. 1°: 78. 1820. (Willd. 1201 from Pennsylvania.)
Isolepis brachyphylla Schultes in R. & S. Syst. yee Mant. 2: 64. 1824.
Scirpus Miihlenbergii Spreng. Syst. 1: 207. 1825.
Fimbristylis capillaris A. Gray, Man. 530. 1848.
Isolepis radiciflora Steud. Syn. Cyp. 318. 1855. (Louisiana.)
Stenophyllus capillaris Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 21: 30. 1894.
Bulbostylis capillaris var. crebra Fernald, Rhodora 40: 395. 1938. (Massachusetts.)
Bulbostylis capillaris var. isopoda Fernald, Rhodora 40: 395. 1938. ( Virginia.)
Annual with fibrous roots; culms glabrous, densely cespitose, filiform, 0.5-3.0 dm. high;
leaves capillary, scabrous on the margins, much shorter than the culms; involucral bract
very slender, usually exceeding the inflorescence; inflorescence umbellate, often much reduced,
sometimes becoming capitate; spikelets ovoid-oblong, 2-7 mm. long, subacute; scales dark
brown, obtuse, fimbriate, with a strongly keeled, green midrib; stamens 2, the anthers 0.3
mm. long; achenes obovate, 0.75-0.9 mm. long, sharply angled, truncate, stramineous to pale
brown, the surface undulate-rugose; tubercle minute, conic.
TYPE LOCALITY: Virginia (Clayton).
DistR1BUTION: Sandy places: southern Maine to Minnesota, south to Texas and Florida ;
also in eae California, New Mexico, and Arizona; northern Mexico (Johnston 8145); very
rare in Cuba
InLustTRATIONS: pl. 1, f. 14; A. Gray, Bene — 7. 186. f. 268; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 17,
f. 3 (as Stenophylis capillacea) ; ” Jepson, Man. Ply Calif 1503 f. 139: Britt. & Brown, Ill. FI.
ed. 2. 1: 319. f. 783; Abrams, hi, Fl. Pacif. Se iD 267. Ff. 639°: Rhodora 40: pl. 510.
546 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLtuME 18,
12. Bulbostylis hirta (Thunb.) Svenson, Contr. Oc. Mus. Hist.
Nat. Col. de la Salle 4: 11. 1946.
Cyperus hirtus Thunb. Phytogr. Bl. 6. 1803. (South Africa.)
Scirpus hispidulus Vahl, Enum. 2: 276. 1805. (Guinea.)
Tsolepis exilis H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 224. 1816. (Venezuela.)
Fimbristylis exilis R. & S. Syst. Veg. 2: 98. 1817.
Fimbristylis hispidula Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 227. 1837.
Scirpus chirigota C. Wright in Sauv. Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana 8: 81. 1871. (Cuba.)
Fimbristylis hirta Ktikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 196. 1926. Not F. hirta R. & S. 1817.
Annual, strigose-pubescent throughout; culms thicker and less wiry than in other annual
species, 1.5-3 dm. high; leaves half the length of the culms; inflorescence umbellate, the
spikelets single, 5-9 mm. long, on long, erect or horizontal rays; scales acute, hispid; achenes
trigonous, obovate, 1.0-1.3 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, truncate at the apex and with an obtuse
outer angle, dull yellowish-gray, the surface prominently undulate; tubercle conic, borne on
a slight elevation and usually deciduous; style very short, 0.75 mm. below the branches;
stamens 3, the anthers 0.75-1.0 mm. long.
TYPE LocALity: South Africa.
Distripution: Africa and Madagascar; occasional in Cuba and Venezuela.
IntustraTions: pl. 1, f. 8; Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 43, f. 1-3.
Note: Clarke in Thistleton-Dyer, Fl. Cap. 7: 202 (1898) wrote, “This species is the con-
necting link between Fimbristylis and Bulbostylis; its hairy stem is common in Bulbostylis, very
rare in Fimbristylis.” The tubercle is usually dehiscent in the same manner as in B. setacea.
13. Bulbostylis arenaria (Nees) Lindm. Bih. Sv. Vet.-Akad.
Eland!) 26(3)* 19: 9 1900)
Isolepis arenaria Nees, Linnaea 9: 291. 1834. Nomen nudum.
Oncostylis arenaria Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 21: 87. 1842. (Brazil.)
Tufted annual; culms 0.5-2.5 dm. high, filiform, glabrous or rarely minutely strigulose ;
leaves half as long as the culms or shorter; inflorescence usually a simple, frequently spread-
ing umbel; spikelets 2-6 mm. long, acute; scales brown, keeled, acute to cuspidate; achenes
obovate, 0.8-1.1 mm. long, transversely rugose, becoming dark gray when mature.
TYPE LocaLity: Eastern Brazil.
DisTRIBUTION: Sandy pinelands: northeastern South America; West Indies; sporadically in
Central America; British Honduras (Schipp 919).
Note: This species has undulate achenes similar to those of B. juncoides but of somewhat
smaller size. In habit it resembles B. capillaris, from which it differs in the dark gray to nearly
black achenes. The taxonomic limits of this species with respect to B. capillaris, B. juncoides,
and B. ciliatifolia are not clear.
14. Bulbostylis stenophylla (EIl.) Clarke, Kew Bull.
Add. Ser..8: 26, 1908:
Scirpus stenophyllus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 83. 1816.
Dichroma cespitosum Muhl. Descr. Gram. 14. 1817. (Georgia.)
Dichromena caespitosa Spreng. Syst. 1: 202. 1825.
Stenophyllus cespitosus Raf. Neog. 4. 1825.
Isolepis stenophylla Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 353. 1836.
Stenophyllus stenophyllus Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 21: 30. 1894.
Densely tufted annual; culms capillary to coarsely filiform, 0.5-2 dm. high, sulcate,
glabrous to hirtellous; leaves capillary, channeled, usually shorter than the culms, the sheath
stramineous to lucid pale brown; inflorescence terminal, capitate, the 4-8 linear spikelets
much exceeded by 3 or 4 elongate, capillary bracts; scales broadly ovate, dull brown, strongly
keeled, aristate, hirtellous ; achenes sharply trigonous with concave faces, 1 mm. long, 0.7 mm.
wide, dark brown, the transverse undulate lines often heightened at maturity by grayish
wax-like deposits; tubercle reddish-brown, conic; style slender, 1.0 mm. long below the
branches; stamen 1, the anther 1.0-1.5 mm. long.
Type LocaLity: “Around Beaufort [S. C.], common. James Island.”
Ps ican ale Sandy pinelands: North Carolina to Florida; Pinar del Rio, Cuba (Ekman
ILLusTRATION: Pl. 1, f. 11.
Part 9, 1957] CYPERACEAE 547
15. Bulbostylis Warei (Torr.) Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser.
$2326, 1908:
Isolepis Waret Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 354. 1836.
Stenophyllus Warei Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 21: 30. 1894.
Perennial (?) ; culms relatively stout, often 1 mm. wide, 1-5 dm. high, glabrous, striate ;
leaves capillary or filiform, often flattened, usually much shorter than the culms, the sheaths
stramineous to pale brown, lightly fimbriate at the apex; inflorescence terminal, the densely
capitate spikelets surrounded by pectinate-fimbriate bracts equaling or much exceeding the
spikelets; spikelets congested, flattened, 6-10 mm. long; scales ovate, brown, appressed,
strongly nerved, acute to short-mucronate, long-ciliate at the apex; achenes (rarely matur-
ing) obtusely trigonous, broadly obovate with narrowed base, 1.0 mm. long, 0.8 mm. wide,
retusely 3-lobed at the apex, glistening white, the transverse undulations obscure; tubercle
minute, conic; style filiform (2.5 mm. long below the branches); stamens 3, the anthers
1.5 mm. long.
TyPE LocaLity: Tampa Bay, West Florida (N. A. Ware).
DistrisuTION: Dry sand: Florida and Georgia.
ILLUSTRATION: Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 45, f. 4-7.
16. Bulbostylis nesiotica (I. M. Johnston) Fernald,
Rhodora 40: 392. 1938.
Stenophyllus nesioticus I. M. Johnston, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 7: 438. 1922.
Perennial (?) with thickened culm-bases; culms 2-6 dm. high, rather coarse for the
genus, glabrous, striate-sulcate; leaves 0.5-1.0 mm. wide, flattened, one-third to half as long
as the culms, the recurved blades usually deciduous in mature specimens, the sheaths fibrillose
at the apex and frequently over the entire surface of the sheath; inflorescence capitate, ter-
minal (or lateral if the involucral bract is well developed), of 3-6 compressed, sessile, ovate-
lanceolate, 8-12-flowered spikelets; scales dull brown, subacute, somewhat glutinous; achenes
(apparently rarely maturing) broadly obovate (1.0 mm. long, 0.7-0.9 mm. wide), sharply
trigonous, deep gray, transversely rugose; tubercle hemispheric, on a slightly raised projec-
tion; style 1 mm. long below the branches; stamens 3, the anthers acuminate, 1.7 mm. long.
TyPE LocALity: San Benedicto Island, Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico (A. W. Anthony 317).
DistTrisuTIon : Revillagigedo Islands.
Note: Probably related to B. nesiotis (Hemsl.) Clarke, known only from immature speci-
mens from isolated South Trinidad Island [off the Brazilian coast], and to B. subaphylla of eastern
Cuba and Hispaniola.
17. Bulbostylis floccosa (Griseb.) Clarke, Symb. Ant.
2:86. 1900.
Scirpus floccosus Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 241. 1866.
Stenophyllus Wilsoni Britton, Torreya 13: 215. 1913. (Bahama Islands.)
Bulbostylis haitiensis Kiikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 199. 1926. (Haiti.)
Bulbostylis Wilsoni Kiikenth.; Urban, Ark. Bot. 22A%: 7. 1929.
Robust perennial with enlarged culm-bases; culms glabrous, rigid, erect or recurved,
0.5-1.0 mm. in diameter, 1-3 dm. high; leaves few or none, similar to the culms in texture,
the sheaths castaneous, the apices and often the young spikelets flocculent-pubescent ; inflores-
cence lateral, or terminal in well-developed plants, of 1-3 aggregated, flattened, brown, linear
spikelets 0.5-2 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; scales 3-4 mm. long, castaneous, keeled, lightly
hispid, often ciliate-floccose at the margin; mature achenes obovate, obscurely trigonous,
dark brown to black, 0.7-0.8 mm. long, smooth (the minute, vertically elongated cells
scarcely distinguishable) ; tubercle black, flattened; style slender, obscurely compressed,
2.0 mm. long; stamens 3, the anthers 3 mm. long.
Type Locatity: Eastern Cuba (Wright 3381). :
DistriBuTIoNn : Sandy beaches: eastern Cuba; Bahama Islands (Castle Island, Little Inagua) ;
Santo Domingo; Haiti.
Note: Probably close to B. curassavica in its flattened spikelets and somewhat similar achenes.
ILLusTRATION: fl. 1, f. 18.
548 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLumE 18,
18. Bulbostylis hispaniolica Kukenth. & Ekman; Urban,
Ark, Bot 22A°h26:9), 1929:
Perennial with bulbous-thickened culm-bases; culms rigid, filiform, 3-3.5 dm. high;
leaves flattened (1.0 mm. wide) and rigid, nearly equaling the culms; sheath apices lightly
floccose; inflorescence umbellate, of 3-6 strongly flattened, acute, brown spikelets 1.0-1.5 cm.
long, borne singly or 2 or 3 at the ends of short, arcuate rays; scales dull chestnut-brown,
obscurely hirtellous, acute to mucronate; achenes broadly obovate, 1.4 mm. long, 1.0 mm.
wide, stramineous (immature), the angles blunt, the inner face somewhat concave, faintly
transverse-undulate; tubercle small, light brown, short-conic; style slender, obscurely com-
pressed, 2 mm. long below the style-branches; stamens 3, the anthers 2.5 mm. long.
TypE LocaLity: Haiti, “Massif du Nord prope Hinche ... ad colles steriles’ (Ekman
H6174).
DisTRIBUTION : Haiti. s :
Note: Very close to B. subaphylla and perhaps only a radiate extreme of that species.
19. Bulbostylis subaphylla Clarke, Symb. Ant. 2: 86. 1900.
Stenophyllus subaphyllus Britton, Bull. Dep. Agr. Jamaica 5 (Suppl. 1): 12. 1907.
Bulbostylis alpestris Urban, Symb. Ant. 7: 168. 1912. (Santo Domingo.)
Bulbostylis Tuerckheimii Urban, Symb. Ant. 7: 169. 1912. (Santo Domingo.)
Stenophyllus Harrisii Britton, Torreya 20: 83. 1920. (Jamaica.)
Bulbostylis subaphylla var. longiglumis Kiikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 198. 1926. (Sierra de
Nipe, Cuba.
Bulbostylis subaphylla var. rigida Kiikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 199. 1926. (Sierra de Nipe,
Cuba.)
Bulbostylis subefimbriata Kiikenth.; Urban, Ark. Bot. 22A™: 7. 1929. (Haiti.)
Coarse perennial, frequently with bulbous-thickened culm-bases; culms glabrous, 2-10
dm. long, rigid, cylindric to flattened, frequently 1 mm. wide; leaves similar to the culms,
the sheaths smooth to hirtellous with a fimbriate to nearly glabrous apex; inflorescence
terminal and capitate, of 2-6 shining, dark brown, flattened spikelets, sometimes appearing
lateral in plants with elongate involucral bracts, and often proliferous; scales dark brown,
glabrous to lightly hirtellous, not strongly keeled, obtuse to acute-short-mucronate, fimbriate
to nearly smooth at the margins; mature achenes obovate, bluntly trigonous, shining grayish-
brown, 1.3-1.5 mm. long, 0.7 mm. wide, with light transverse undulation; tubercle prominent,
hemispheric, dark brown; style flattened, 2.0 mm. long below the branches; stamens 3, the
anthers 2.5 mm. long.
Type LocaLity: “Prope villam Monte Verde dictam, Cuba Oriental.” (C. Wright 1533 in
part, herb. Gray.)
DistriBuTION: Eastern Cuba, Santo Domingo, Jamaica.
Note: B. subaphylla (= B. alpestris) is the smallest extreme of the species (culms ca. 2 dm.
long), which appears in its most elongated phase as B. Harrisii (= B. subefimbriata) (culms 8-10
dm. long, with larger, often proliferous spikelets). Intermediate is B. Tuerckheimiit (= B. sub-
aphylla var. longiglumis and B. subefimbriata), also frequently proliferous.
ILLusTRATION: Pl. 1, 0.
20. Bulbostylis papillosa Ktkenth. Repert. Sp. Nov.
23° 198. 1926,
Perennial with bulbous culm-bases; culms 5-10 dm. long, glabrous, lightly striate,
generally inflated (2 mm. wide), less frequently filiform; leaves a third to half as long as
the culms, deeply channeled, the sheaths light brown, long-fimbriate at the apex; inflores-
cence a densely contracted, compressed umbel, rarely becoming loosely radiate; spikelets
7-12 mm. long, lucid reddish-brown, subacute; scales ovate, short-mucronate, strongly keeled,
glabrous to slightly hirtellous; achene oblong, 1.0-1.1 mm. long, 0.5 mm. wide, stramineous
to dull reddish-brown, with obtuse, yellow outer angle and a densely papillose surface;
tubercle light brown, depressed; style 0.75 mm. long below the branches; stamens 3, the
anthers acuminate, 1.0 mm. long.
TYPE LocALity: Sierra de Nipe, Oriente, Cuba.
Distrigution: Cuba; Haiti; Santo Domingo; Jamaica; Mexico; Panama; northern South
America, south to Bolivia and Brazil.
Part 9, 1957] CYPERACEAE 549
ILLusTRATIONS: pl. 1, f. 21; Anal. Mus. Argent. Ci. Nat. 41: 349.
Note: Distinguished from B. junciformis by the elongate, papillose achenes, thickened culms,
and dense inflorescence.
21. Bulbostylis antillana (Britton) Fernald, Rhodora
40: 392. 1938.
Stenophyllus antillanus Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 43: 447. 1916.
Densely tufted perennial; the filiform culms firm and flexuous, 1.5-4 dm. long, glabrous;
leaves filiform, similar to the culms and one-half to two-thirds as long; sheaths light
cinnamon-brown, flocculent at the apex; inflorescence umbellate, rather compact, the rays
(sometimes compound) not exceeding 1.5 cm.; spikelets sessile, fascicled, oblong, 5-6 mm.
long; scales lanceolate, brown, keeled, acute; achene trigonous, obovoid, 0.9 mm. long, brown,
the surface covered with minute, almost echinate papillae; tubercle small, brown, short-conic.
TyPE LocALity: Grand Savanna, Dominica (F. E. Lloyd 822).
DistTripuTion: Dry sandy savannas locally in Martinique and Dominica.
22. Bulbostylis junciformis (H.B.K.) Lindm. Bih. Sv.
Vet.-Akad. Handl. 26(3)°: 19. 1900.
Isolepis junciformis H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 222. 1816.
Scirpus junciformis Poir. in Lam. Encyc. Suppl. §: 105. 1817. Not S. junciformis Retz. 1791.
Scirpus Humboldtii Spreng. Syst. 1: 213. 1825.
Oncostylis junciformis var. y Humboldtiana Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 24: 86. 1842.
Bulbostylis junciformis var. laxiuscula Kitikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 198. 1926. (Pinar del
Rio, Cuba.)
Perennial with bulbous-thickened culm bases; culms rigid, nearly glabrous, filiform, 2-4
dm. high; leaves glabrous, rigid, filiform, deeply channeled, frequently glaucous, usually half
as long as the culms, the sheaths dull castaneous to dark brown, the apices long-fibrillose ;
inflorescence narrowly umbellate, of capitate glomerules on rays 1-3 cm. long, rarely decom-
pound, not infrequently reduced to a single capitate inflorescence; spikelets lanceolate, acute,
flattened, 4-6 mm. long, numerous in each glomerule; scales lanceolate, acute to short-
mucronate, castaneous to dull reddish-brown; achene bluntly trigonous, obovate, 0.7-0.9 mm.
long, 0.5-0.7 mm. wide, somewhat truncate at the apex, most frequently with a translucent,
shining, golden-brown, subpapillose surface, sometimes opaque-stramineous, often coated at
maturity with a bluish-gray waxy covering through which the papillae protrude; stamens 3,
the anthers acuminate (1.0 mm. long).
Type LocaLity: Northeastern Venezuela: ‘in temperatis montanis prope Guachari et villam
Cocoller” (Humboldt).
DistrisuTIon: Cuba; British Honduras (Lundell 6696); Panama; northern South America.
ItLustTrRaATion: pil. 1, f. 19.
23. Bulbostylis vestita (Kunth) Clarke, Symb. Ant.
Bier «AGO;
Isolepis vestita Kunth, Enum. PISZ e205) 1837.
Oncostylis vestita Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 21: 88. 1842.
Oncostylis hispida Liebm. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 240. 1851. (Mexico.)
Scirpus hirtus Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 241. 1866. (C. Wright 3383 from Pinales, Cajolbana, Cuba.)
Scirpus vestitus Reichenb.; Bock. Linnaea 36: 753. 1870.
Fimbristilis vestita Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3: 460. Sep
Stenophyllus vestitus Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 43: 446. 1916 4
Bulbostylis Langsdorffiana Clarke, Symb; Ant: 2/3 89: 1900: “(Only as to Antillean citation,
Sintenis 1208.)
Perennial, sometimes with bulbously-enlarged culm-bases; culms filiform, rigid, 1-3.5
dm. high, strigose-pubescent; leaves capillary, channeled, strigose-pubescent, the sheaths
stramineous to light brown, long-fimbriate at the apex; inflorescence capitate or frequently
umbellate with spikelets (3-6 mm. long) in glomerules; scales brown, frequently glutinous,
hirtellous, with a yellowish keel, prominently mucronate; achenes obovate, trigonous, 0.9 mm.
long, frequently truncate, dark-semitranslucent-brown, with a prominent yellow stripe
550 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VotumeE 18,
beneath the blunt angles, often at maturity with minute papillae projecting through a bluish-
gray waxy covering; tubercle light brown, flattened; style short, 0.5 mm. long below the
branches; stamens 3, the anthers acuminate, 1.0 mm. long.
TYPE LOCALITY: Suriname. , : nt ‘ ei
DistrisuTion: Dry rocks and sandy pinelands: Cuba; Puerto Rico; Haiti; Mexico; British
Honduras; South America.
ItLusTRATIONS: Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 45, f. 8-10.
24. Bulbostylis juncoides (Vahl) Kikenth.; Osten, Anal. Mus.
Hist. Nat. Montevideo II. 3: 187. 1931.
Schoenus juncoides Vahl, Enum. 2: 211. 1805.
? Isolepis consanguinea Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 211. 1837. (Brazil.)
? Oncostylis Kunthiana Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 21: 87. 1842.
Oncostylis tenuifolia var. hirta Liebm. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 240. 1851. (Mexico.)
Oncostylis tenuifolia var. nana Liebm. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 240. 1851. (Mexico.)
? Scirpus consanguineus Bock. Linnaea 36: 754. 1870.
Scirpus Lorentgii Bock. Linnaea 38: 378. 1874. (Argentina.)
Bulbostylis argentina Palla, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 57: 258. 1907. (Argentina.)
Fimbristylis ciliatifolia Britton; S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 459. 1887. Nomen nudum.
Fimbristylis capillaris var. pilosa Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 15: 102. 1888. (Guatemala.)
Bulbostylis Fendleri Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 27. 1908. (As to Mexican citations, not
as to type from Venezuela.)
Bulbostylis Langsdorfiana Clarke, Symb. Ant. 2: 89. 1900. (As to Mexican specimens so deter-
mined by Clarke in herb. Kew.)
Bulbostylis hirtella sensu Clarke; Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 166. 1900. Not Isolepis hirtella
Schrad.; Schultes, 1824.
? Bulbostylis consanguinea Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 110. 1908.
Bulbostylis juncoides var. 8 Lorentzii Kiikenth.; Osten, Anal. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo II. 3:
1931. (Argentina.)
Bulbostylis juncoides var. y ampliceps Kiikenth.; Osten, Anal. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo II. 3:
188. 1931. (Argentina.)
Perennial (rarely annual at the northern limit of the range) with hard, thickened, fre-
quently semi-bulbous base and coarse roots; culms dull green, 1-3 dm. high, filiform, sulcate,
glabrous to pilose; leaves capillary, frequently glaucous, glabrous to pilose, usually one-third
the length of the culms; sheaths cinnamon to dark brown, fimbriate at the apex; inflorescence
in the typical plant congested and not radiate, but more frequently (var. ampliceps) an
umbel with rays 0.5-2 cm. long, bearing single spikelets; spikelets lance-ovate, 3-6 mm.
long, subacute; scales brown with a paler midrib, obtuse to acute, frequently glutinous,
glabrous to hirtellous; achenes trigonous, broadly obovate, 0.8-1.2 mm. long, with a truncate
apex, dark gray when mature, with minute, blunt surface projections in transverse wavy
lines; tubercle sessile, rounded-conic, dark brown; style short, 0.5-0.75 mm. long below the
branches; stamens 3, the anthers 1.0 mm. long.
Type LocaLity: Montevideo, Uruguay.
DisTRIBUTION: Chisos Mts. Texas (Ferris & Duncan 2956); Chiricahua and Huachuca Mts.,
Arizona, south through the uplands of Mexico; Guatemala (Tiirckheim 1293); Santo Domingo
(Jiménez 81, 83); Bolivia to Uruguay and Argentina, especially in the lower Andes.
InLustRaATIoNS: pl. 1, f. 9; Anal. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo II. 3: pl. 34, 35; Descole,
Gen. & Sp. Plant. Argent. 4: pl. 111B, C, 113; Anal. Mus. Argent. Ci. Nat. 41: 344.
Note: The only typical North American collection seen is Purpus 4234 from Puebla, Mexico,
the specimens otherwise belonging to var. ampliceps.
7. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl, Enum. 2: 285. 1805.
Annual or perennial, with culms leafy below. Spikelets umbellate or capitate, terete,
several to many-flowered, subtended by a more or less leafy involucre; scales concave,
spirally imbricated, gradually deciduous, all fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style
2-3-cleft, frequently compressed, pubescent or glabrous, usually having an enlarged base
deciduous with the style. Achene lenticular or 3-angled, reticulate with quadrangular to
horizontally (never vertically) elongate cells. A genus chiefly of widespread tropical species.
Type species, Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl.
Sect. 1: Dichelostylis Benth. in Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. 3: 1049. 1883. Style-
branches 2; achenes lenticular; style commonly fringed below the branches.
Part 9, 1957] CYPERACEAE 551
Spikelets mostly on elongate rays.
Scales mucronate with long recurving tips; style with pendent basal
hairs, nearly as long as the achene. 5. F. squarrosa.
Scales not mucronate with long recurving tips; style not long-fringed
at the base.
Culms with many spikelets; spikelet, if solitary, with prominent bracts.
Achenes not longitudinally ribbed.
Mature achenes gray to black, deeply reticulate with usually
horizontally elongated cells; scales brown to black, smooth,
or puberulent from the base upward. 1. F. spadicea.
Mature achenes dull yellow, obscurely striolate-reticulate with
ee isodiametric cells; scales brown, appressed-pubescent
above.
Achenes longitudinally ribbed.
Culms with 1-3 spikelets, usually bractless.
Spikelets glomerulate.
Bracts slender, much exceeding the inflorescence; achenes transversely
. ferruginea.
. dichotoma.
. schoenoides.
AS
ay
reticulate. 6. F. Vahlii.
Bracts not exceeding the inflorescence; achenes nearly black, with super-
ficial isodiametric reticulation. 7. F. spathacea.
1. Fimbristylis spadicea (L.) Vahl, Enum. 2: 294. 1805.
Scirpus spadiceus L. Sp. Pl. 51. 1753.
Scirpus carolinianus Lam. Tab. Encyc. 1: 142. 1791. (Carolina.)
Scirpus castaneus Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. 1: 31. 1803. (Florida.)
Scirpus puberulus Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. 1: 31. 1803. (Carolina.)
Scirpus fimbriatus Poir. in Lam. Encye. 6: 778. 1804.
Fimbristylis puberulum Vahl, Enum. 2: 289. 1805.
Fimbristylis castaneum Vahl, Enum. 2: 292. 1805.
Fimbristylis cylindricum Vahl, Enum. 2: 293. 1805. (North America.)
Scirpus domingensis Pers. Syn. Pl. 1: 67. 1805. (Santo Domingo.)
Scirpus pubescens Pers. Syn. Pl. 1: 68. 1805.
Fimbristylis speciosa Rohde ; Spreng. Bruges 5. 913: (a8 Domingo.)
Isolepis Drummondti Torr. & Hook.; Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 350. 1836. (Texas.)
Fimbristylis Riehleana Steud. Syn. Cyp. 114. 1855, fide Bick (North America.)
Fimbristylis pentastachya Bock. Flora 40: 36. 1857. (Vera Cruz, Mexico.)
Fimbristylis Drummondii Bock. Flora 41: 603. 1858. (New Orleans, Drummond 416.)
Fimbristylis anomala Bock. Flora 43: 242. 1860. (Texas, Drummond 445.)
Fimbristylis multistriata Bock. Flora 43: 243. 1860. (Rio Brazos, Texas, Drummond.)
Fimbristylis spadicea var. puberula Chapm. Fl. S. U. S. 522. 1860.
Fimbristylis spadicea var. castanea A. Gray, Man. ed. 5. 566. 1867.
Fimbristylis thermalis S. Wats. Bot. King’s Expl. 360. 1871. (Nevada.)
Fimbristylis interior Britton in Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 320. 1913. (Colorado.)
Fimbristylis inaguensis Britton, Torreya 13: 216. 1913. (Bahama Islands.)
Fimbristylis spadicea £. domingensis Kiikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 196. 1926.
Fimbristylis Harperi Britton; Small, Fl. Miami 29. 1913. (Tybee Island, Georgia.)
Fimbristylis puberula £. pycnostachya Fernald, Rhodora 37: 396. 1933. (Virginia.)
Fimbristylis puberula £. eucycla Fernald, Rhodora 37: 396. 1933. (Virginia.)
Perennial, often with elongated stolons; culms 0.3-1 m. high, often wiry, with pale
brown to black sheaths; leaves usually elongate, half as long as the culm or longer, involute
to flattened, filiform to 3 mm. wide; rays of the umbel unequal, simple or forked, 1-12 cm.
long; spikelets ovoid to long-cylindric, 5-15 mm. long; scales ovate, apiculate, brown to
nearly black, most frequently dark lucid brown with paler veins imbedded in the tissue,
glabrous to puberulent; achenes pale gray to black, obovate to pyriform, 1.5-1.8 mm. long,
plano-convex to lenticular, slightly apiculate at the apex, often narrowed at the base to a
minute purplish annulus, the surface marked by horizontal deeply-pitted quadrangular cells;
style bifid, flat, densely fimbriate above, the branches long (1.5-2 mm.); stamens 2 or 3,
the anthers dark brown, subulate, 1.5-2 mm. long.
Type LocaLity: “Jn Jamaicae fluviis.”
DisTRIBUTION : Salt marshes along the coast: New York to Florida and Texas; in the inte-
rior northward to Ontario, Michigan, Illinois, Nebraska, and the hot springs of California and
Nevada; tropical America. ;
ILLUSTRATIONS : PIR Uefa Bloane; Hist. Jam. pl. 76 (“‘Gramen cyperoides majus .. .”) ;
Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 320. f. 784, 785; A. Gray, Man. ed. 7. 186. f. 269, 270; Clarke,
ot ants pl. 49, f. 7, 8; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. 1: 268. f. 641; Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 2: 115;
Rep N. Je Mus. 1910: pl. Lig Britton: Fl. Bermuda 49. f. 73; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl.
Cait. aA: i 141 ; Rhodora 37: pl. 388; Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 34: 436.
Note: The spikelets were described by Linnaeus as “oblongis” and by Sloane as “oblongo-
rotundis spadiceis” (i.e. clear brown). There are some who will see many species in the variants
cited above in synonymy, but in all the achenes appear to be identical. Such variants, based upon
vegetative characteristics, are as follows:
552 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoL_umE 18,
Scales shiny Scales dull Scales pubescent
Spikelets elongate
Scirpus spadiceus F. multistriata Scirpus carolinianus
F. cylindrica F. interior F. puberula
ee domingensis F. anomala
speciosa
Spikelets short
F. castanea F. puberula £. eucycla
Leaves broad and flat
F. inaguensis F. Harperi
2. Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) Vahl, Enum. 2: 291. 1805.
Scirpus ferrugineus L. Sp. Pl. 50. 1753.
Scirpus te Lam. Tab. Encye. 1: 141. 1791, fide Vahl, Enum. 2: 292 (1805). Not S. debilis
Pursh, 1814.
Scirpus bonariensis Poir. in Lam. Encyc. 6: 763. 1804. (Argentina.)
Scirpus ferrugineus B Poir. in Lam. Encye. 6: 780. 1804. (Jamaica.)
Isolepis ferruginea Schlecht. & Cham. Linnaea 6: 27. 1831.
Fimbristylis sublateralis Steud. Syn. Cyp. 114. 1855. (Guatemala.)
Fimbristylis ferruginea var. compacta Kiikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 196. 1926. (Cuba.)
Perennial; culms clustered, filiform to 2 mm. wide with thickened bases; leaves much
shorter than the culm, frequently lacking, the sheaths pale brown to ferrugineous; rays of the
umbel usually short (0.5-2 cm. long), forming a compact cluster; spikelets commonly 5-10,
rarely solitary, ovoid-oblong, 8-20 mm. long; scales ovate, acute or slightly mucronulate,
chestnut-brown, dull, puberulent toward the apex; achenes obovate, lenticular, 1.5 mm. long,
slightly apiculate, dull yellow, opaque, narrowed at the base, the surface lightly reticulate
with minute isodiametric cells, the base with a brown stipe jointed above the insertion of
the filaments; style bifid, flattened and prominently fimbriate, scarcely enlarged at the base,
the branches very short; stamens 3, the anthers 1.0-1.5 mm. long.
TyPE LocaLity: “In Jamaicae paludibus maritimis.”
DisTRIBUTION: Cuba, Bahama Islands, and southward in the West Indies; Yucatan; tropical
South America; tropics of the Old World.
ILLUSTRATIONS : 7) foe lea ia er Hist. Jam. pl. 77, f. 2; Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 2: 115;
3: 80; Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 42, f.9
Note: For Old World re fase see Index londinensis.
3. Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl, Enum. 2: 287. 1805.
Scirpus dichotomus L. Sp. Pl. 50. 1753.
Scirpus annuus All. Fl. Ped. 2: 277. 1785. (Italy.)
Scirpus diphyllus Retz. Obs. 5: 15. 1789 (India.)
Fimbristylis serratulum Vahl, Enum. 2: 285. 1805. (South America.)
Fimbristylis hirtellum Vahl, Enum. 2: 286. 1805. (South America.)
Fimbristylis glaucum Vahl, "Enum. 2: 288. 1805. (India.)
Fimbristylis tomentosum Vahl, Enum. 2: 290. 1805. (India.)
Fimbristylis laxum Vahl, Enum. 2: 292. 1805. (South America.)
Scirpus sulcatus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 86. 1816. [Savannah, Georgia (Baldwin).] Not S.
sulcatus Petit-Thouars, 1811.
Fimbristylis annua R. & S. Syst. 2: 95. 1817.
Scirpus pubescens Link, Jahrb. Gewiachsk. 18: 80. 1820. (Willdenow 1269; lapsus calami for
Scirpus pallescens. y,
Scirpus nitidulus Link, Jahrb. Gewachsk. 1%: 81. 1820. [Wéilldenow 1273, South America
(Humboldt) .]
Scirpus fuscescens Link, Jahrb. Gewachsk. 1°: 81. 1820. [Wéilldenow 1270 from the Orinoco
(Humboldt) .J
Scirpus Balduinianus Schultes in R. & S. Syst. Veg. Mant. 2: 85. 1824.
Scirpus Elliottii Spreng. Syst. 4°: 28. 1827.
Fimbristylis Humboldtii Presl, Rel. He 1: 190. 1828.
Fimbristylis verrucosa Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 190. 1828.
Fimbristylis Baldwiniana Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.3: 344. 1836.
Scirpus depauperatus Muhl.; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 233, as syn. 1837. (Willdenow 1222 from
Pennsylvania.)
Fimbristylis brizoides Nees & Meyen; Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2': 74. 1842.
? Fimbristylis sublateralis Steud. Syn. Cyp. 114. 1855, e descr. (Guatemala.)
Fimbristylis polymorpha Bock. Linnaea 37: 14. 1871.
Fimbristylis diphylla var. pluristriata Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 637. 1893. (India.)
Fimbristylis alamosana Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 36: 491. 1901. (Mexico.)
Fimbristylis Holwayana Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 36: 492. 1901. (Mexico.)
Fimbristylis ophiticola Britton, Mem. Torrey Club 16: 60. 1920. (Camaguay, Cuba.)
Part 9, 1957] CYPERACEAE 553
Fimbristylis annua var. diphylla Kikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 196. 1926.
Fimbristylis annua f. brizoides Kiikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 196. 1926.
Fimbristylis annua f£. tomentosa Kiikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 196. 1926.
Fimbristylis annua f£. oblonga Kiikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 196. 1926. (Cuba.)
Fimbristylis darlingtoniana Pennell, Bartonia 15: 30. 1933. (Pennsylvania.)
Fimbristylis dichotoma f. annua Ohwi, Jour. Jap. Bot. 14: 577. 1938.
Fimbristylis dichotoma £. tomentosa Ohwi, Jour. Jap. Bot. 14: 578. 1938.
Fimbristylis diphylla var. tomentosa Barros, Anal. Mus. Argent. Ci. Nat. 41: 328. 1945.
Annual or perennial; culms glabrous to pubescent, slender, 0.5-7 dm. high; leaves linear,
flat, 1-3 mm. wide, frequently denticulate at the apex, often glaucous or pubescent, shorter
than the culms, the involucral leaves 2-4, not elongate; umbel simple or compound, loose,
with slender rays; spikelets oblong to ovoid, acute, 5-10 mm. long; scales ovate, acute;
achene obovate, lenticular, 1.0 mm. long, white to pale buff (rarely brown), with about ten
rows of horizontally elongated cells on each face and about ten longitudinal ribs formed by
the cell margins, the surface also frequently verrucose; style prominently flattened with
slightly enlarged base, bifid, fimbriate below the bifurcation and sometimes to the base;
stamens 2, or frequently 1.
TYPE LocaLity: India.
DistrisuTIoNn : Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas; north in the flat country to Illinois and
Missouri; tropical and warm regions of the Old and New Worlds.
InLtusTRATIONS: pl. 1, f. 1; All. Fl. Ped. pl. 88, f. 5; Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 3: 81 (as F.
laxa) ; Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 42, f. 1—4; Britt. & Brown, . Bi.veds 2" 12.32% ff. f8is A. Gray,
pe ea. 7. 187. frets: Rhodora 37: ‘pl. 389 (as F. Baldwiniana) ; Anal. Mus. Argent. Ci. Nat.
Note: This is one of the most widely distributed plants in the world; Clarke estimates at
least 400 synonyms. The synonymy given above relates eee to New World plants; for those
of the Old World, see Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 636 (1893). For further varieties see
Cherm. Arch. Bot. [Caen] 47: 31 (1931). The species e frequently perennial in the tropics.
4. Fimbristylis schoenoides Vahl, Enum. 2: 286. 1805.
Scirpus schoenoides Retz. Obs. 5: 14. 1789.
Fimbristylis inconstans Steud. Syn. Cyp. 107. 1855, fide Clarke. (America.)
Perennial; culms glabrous, to 4 dm. high; leaf-blades involute, attenuate from the
slightly dilated bases; bracts of the involucre inconspicuous; spikelets solitary and sessile,
or with 1 or 2 additional peduncled spikelets, ovoid, 5-12 mm. long; scales broadly ovate-
orbicular, 3 mm. long, stramineous to dark brown, mucronate, many-nerved, glabrous;
achenes obovate, lenticular, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, stramineous to brown, punctulate-
reticulate with small isodiametric cells, prominently stipitate at the base; style moderately
bulbiform at the base, flattened, fimbriate at and below the 2 style-branches; stamens 3.
TyPeE Locauity: India.
DISTRIBUTION : ee oe Asia; Australia.
ILLUSTRATIONS: pl. 1, fi7 ; Small, Man, SE. Fl. 156.
Note: An Old World species sparingly introduced in America. For synonymy see Clarke in
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 634 (1893).
5. Fimbristylis squarrosa Vahl, Enum. 2: 289. 1805.
Isolepis hirta H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 224. 1816. (Aragua, Venezuela.)
Fimbristylis hirta R. & S. Syst. Veg. 0: oh? ae et
Pogonostylis squarrosus Bertol. Fl. Ital. 1: 313. 1834.
Fimbristylis comata Nees in Wight, Contr. Bot. India 102. 1834.
Annual; culms striate, 2-4 dm. high, pubescent or glabrous; leaves basal, very narrow,
flat, usually pubescent, shorter than the culms; bracts of the inflorescence shorter than or
equaling the rays; inflorescence umbellate, with 1-6 unequal, slender rays 2-3 cm. long
spikelets oblong, many-flowered, usually solitary on the divaricate rays, the central spikelet
sessile; scales ovate, brown, strongly mucronate with recurved tips, hispid, especially on the
greenish midrib; achene lenticular, glistening brown when mature, obovate, 0.7 mm. long,
0.5 mm. wide, often with coarse horizontal reticulation; style somewhat flattened, 0.7 mm.
long, fimbriate at the junction of the 2 short style-branches, the bulbous base fringed by long,
recurved hairs nearly the length of the achene; stamen 1, the anther 0.3 mm. long.
TYPE LocALIty: South America (?), “e collect. Amer. Loefling ded. Dr. Ortega.”
DistriBuTIon: Cuba (C. Wright s. n.); South America; India.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 41, ft. 8-10; Anal. Mus. Argent. Ci. Nat. 41: 325.
554 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLumME 18,
6. Fimbristylis Vahlii (Lam.) Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 287. 1827.
Scirpus Vahlit (‘“Vhalii”) Lam. Tab. Encye. 1: 139. 1791.
Isolepis Vahlii H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 221. 1816.
Fimbristylis congesta Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 345. 1836. (New Orleans, Drummond.)
Fimbristylis Vincentii Steud. Syn. Cyp. 109. 1855. (Texas.)
Scirpus apus A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10: 78. 1874. (California, Bolander.)
Fimbristylis apus S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 224. 1880.
Fimbristylis perpusilla Harper; Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 188. 1903. (Georgia.)
Cespitose annual with capillary culms 1-15 cm. high, or with spikelets frequently sessile
at the base; leaves filiform, rough, channeled or somewhat flattened, nearly equaling the
culms; involucral bracts filiform, much exceeding the capitate clusters of 3-8 spikelets;
spikelets oblong-cylindric, obtuse, 4-8 mm. long, many-flowered; scales oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, green to dull brown, with prominent midrib; achene obovate, 0.4 mm. long,
stramineous, translucent, prominently reticulate with horizontally elongated cells; style very
slender, 0.8 mm. long, not fimbriate below the short bifurcation, bulbous at the base; stamen
1, the anther 0.2 mm. long.
TyPE LocaLity: “Habitat in America meridionali, nec in Hispania” (Vahl, Enum. 2: 263).
DistrIBUTION: In moist soil, chiefly river banks: North Carolina to Florida, west to Texas
and Missouri; California ; Nicaragua (C. Wright) ; South America.
ILLUSTRATIONS: pl. he f. 6; Britt. & Brown, tll. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 321. f. 788 ; Clarke, Ill. Cyp.
pl. 42, f. 11-13 ; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. ae 1: 267. f. 640; Jepson, Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. 150. fe
140; Anal. Mus. Argent. Ci. Nat. 41: 33
"Note: F. perpusilla was based on ae dwarf, immature material, with aberrantly elongate
ee close to those of Harper 118 from Eutaw, Alabama. I believe these specimens to be
ahhii.
7. Fimbristylis spathacea Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. 24. 1821.
Scirpus glomeratus Retz. Obs. 4: 11. 1786. (India.) Not S. glomeratus L. 1753.
? Scirpus obtusifoliuns Lam. Tab. Encyc. 1: 141. 1791. (India.)
Scirpus obtusifolius Vahl, Enum. 2: 275. 1805.
? Isolepis obtusifolia Beauv. Fl. Oware 2: 38. 1812.
Fimbristylis obtusifolia Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 240. 1837.
Scirpus obtusifolius Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 571. 1864. Probably not S. obtusifolius Lam. 1791.
Fimbristylis Sintenisii Bock. Bot. Jahrb. 7: 276. 1886. (Puerto Rico.)
satay ad glomerata Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 166. 1900. (Brazil.) Not F. glomerata Nees,
Fimbristylis melanospora Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 36: 491. 1901. (Mexico.)
Perennial; culms tufted, stiff, erect, subterete, 1-1.5 mm. wide, 1-4 dm. high; leaves
flat, much shorter than the culm, concave, 1-3 mm. wide, green to dull brown, the apex blunt
to mucronate; involucre usually shorter than the small, dense, compound umbel; spikelets
ellipsoid to short-cylindric, 3-6 mm. long; scales ovate, light to dark brown, 1.5 mm. long,
broadly keeled with a flattened hyaline margin; achenes lenticular, obovate, 0.8 mm. long,
yellow, becoming purplish-black at maturity, the rugose surface minutely reticulate; style
0.5 mm. long below the bifurcation, scarcely flattened and not at all fimbriate; stamens 1 or
2, the anthers 0.6 mm. long.
TYPE LOCALITY: India.
DistrIBUuTION: Moist or wet soil at low elevations: West Indies; Mexico; Central America;
South America; Old World tropics.
ILLUSTRATIONS: pl. 1, f. 5; Beauv. Pl. Oware pl. 81.
ai acai a4 further synonymy of the Old World plants, see Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind.
40 (1893
Sect. 2: Trichelostylis Benth. in Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. 3: 1049. 1883. Style-
branches 3; achenes trigonous; style not fringed below the branches.
Spikelets linear to linear-oblong.
Culms not conspicuously flattened; achenes 0.5 mm. long, translucent. 8. F. autumnalis.
Culms conspicuously flattened ; achenes 0.8-0.9 mm. long, opaque. 9. F. complanata.
Spikelets globose or subglobose. 10. F. miliacea.
8. Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) R. & S. Syst. 2:97. 1817.
Scirpus autumnalis L. Mant. 180. 1771. (Virginia)
Scirpus mucronulatus Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. 1: 31. 1803. (Carolina mountains.) ;
Scirpus Michauxit Pers. Syn. Pl. 1: 68. 1805. (Renaming of Scirpus mucronulatus Michx.)
Part 9, 1957] CYPERACEAE 555
Trichelostylis geminata Nees, Linnaea 9: 290. 1834 (nomen nudum); Lindl. & Nees; Nees in
Mart. FI. Bras. 24: 79. 1842.
Trichelostylis mucronulatus Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 355. 1836.
Fimbristylis Frankii Steud. Syn. Cyp. 111. 1855. (Ohio.)
? Fimbristylis microstachya Steud. Syn. Cyp. 113. 1855. (Brazil, Pohl.)
Fimbristylis autumnalis B gracilis Bock. Linnaea 37: 39. 1871.
Trichelostylis borealis Wood, Bot. & Fl. ed. 1871. 364. 1871. (Illinois, J. Wolf.)
Fimbristylis Frankii var. brachyactis Fernald, Rhodora 11: 180. 1909. (Maine.)
Fimbristylis autumnalis £. brachyactis Blake, Rhodora 20: 25. 1918.
? Fimbristylis autumnalis var. gracilis Kikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 196. 1926. (Wailldenow
1226, from the Orinoco.)
Fimbristylis autumnalis var. mucronulata Fernald, Rhodora 37: 398. 1935.
Cespitose glabrous annual; culms 1-4 dm. high, narrow, 0.5-1.0 mm. wide, diffuse or
erect; leaves flat, 0.5-2.5 mm. wide; the bracts usually shorter than the decompound to
nearly simple umbel; spikelets ovoid to narrowly cylindric, sessile or peduncled; scales ovate-
lanceolate, appressed, dull brown with a greenish keel, mucronate; achenes obovate, 0.5 mm.
long, the angles often costulate, translucent buff, smooth to faintly reticulate with horizontal
cells (frequently verrucose at the base, sometimes throughout) ; style terete, not fimbriate,
bulbous at the base, 1.0 mm. long below the 3 branches; stamens 1 or 2, the anthers 0.3
mm. long.
TYPE LOCALITY: Virginia (Clayton).
DisTRIBUTION: Maine, west to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida, Oklahoma, and
Texas; British eee (Schipp 903, Gentle 1961) ; Cuba.
InLustraTiIons: pl. 1, f. 2; A. Gray, Man. ed. 5. pl. 3, Fimbristylis f. 6-9; ed. 7. 187. f. 273,
274; Britt. & Brown, IIl. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 322. f. 789, 790; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. U fe 2 Anat
Mus. Argent. Ci. Nat. 41: 335. ;
Norte: Vahl, depending on Rottb6ll’s figure (which is Cyperus Haspan), confused the identity
of Scirpus autumnalis, leading to misinterpretation by Torrey and others.
9. Fimbristylis complanata (Retz.) Link, Hort. Berol.
De 2924, VSZ/:
Scirpus complanatus Retz. Obs. 5: 14. 1789.
Cyperus complanatus Willd. Sp. Pl. 1: 270. 1797.
Cyperus amentaceus Rudge, Pl. Guian. 16. 1805, fide Kiikenthal, Pflanzenreich 4%: 629. 1936.
(French Guiana.)
Sowias gncens Willd. Ges. Nat. Freunde Berlin Mag. 2: 288. 1808. (Java.) Not S. anceps
oir. 1804.
Isolepis Willdenowii R. & S. Syst. 2: 120. 1817.
Trichelostylis complanata Nees in Wight, Contr. Bot. India 103. 1834.
Trichelostylis Rudgeana Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 24: 79. 1842.
Fimbristylis obscura Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 36: 492. 1901.
Fimbristylis autumnalis var. complanata Barros, Anal. Mus. Argent. Ci. Nat. 41: 334. 1945.
Glabrous cespitose annual; culms flattened, 1-3 mm. wide, 2-6 dm. high; leaves 2-6 mm.
wide, shorter than the culms, the involucral bracts usually 2 and shorter than the inflores-
cence; umbel compound or decompound, the linear or linear-oblong spikelets 5-10 mm. long,
sessile or on capillary peduncles; scales brown, ovate to lanceolate, with a short mucro;
achenes trigonous, white to buff, opaque, 0.8-0.9 mm. long, usually with horizontally elon-
gated reticulation, frequently verrucose; style terete, not fimbriate, bulbous at the base, 1.0
mm. long below the 3 branches; stamens 2.
TYPE LOCALITY: India. ‘
DistriBuTION : Mexico; British Honduras (Schipp 904); abundant from Cuba southward in
the West Indies; tropical South America; Old World tropics.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Ges. Nat. Ermine. Berlin Mag (2-0 phe Shope on “Rudge, Pl. Guian. pl. 19;
Koorders, Excursionsfl. Java 4: 106. f. 2
Note: For further synonymy and rt of Old World plants see Clarke in Hook. f. FI.
Bett: Ind. 6: 646 (1893). Perhaps best treated as a broad-culmed tropical variant of F. autum-
nalis.
10. Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl, Enum. 2: 287. 1805.
Scirpus miliaceus L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 868. 1759.
Isolepis miliacea Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 188. 1828.
Trichelostylis miliacea Nees in Wight, Contr. Bot. Ind. 104. 1845.
Annual with fibrous roots; culms weak, 2-7 dm. long, angled above; leaves soft, 1-3 mm.
wide, with loose sheaths; involucral bracts filiform, shorter than the decompound umbellate
556 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLumE 18,
inflorescence; spikelets globose or subglobose, 2-4 mm. long, many-flowered; scales brown,
ovate, obtuse, convex, tipped by a short mucro; achenes obscurely trigonous, narrowly obo-
vate, 0.5-0.6 mm. long, pale buff, opaque, often pearly, with about 4 longitudinal rows of
trabeculae on each face, slightly stipitate and frequently verrucose; style bulbous at the base,
fimbriate at the base of the 3 branches but smooth below; stamens 1 or 2, the anthers 0.2-
0.3 mm. long.
TYPE Locatity: India.
DIsTRIBUTION: Pennsylvania (on ballast), Florida, Arkansas, California; Mexico; Central
America; West Indies, from Cuba southward; South America; tropics of the Old World.
ItLustraTions: Rottb. Descr. & Ic. pl. 5, f. 2; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. 1: 268. f. 642.
Note: For further synonymy see Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 644 (1893).
8. ABILDGAARDIA Vahl, Enum. 2: 296. 1805.
Fimbristylis of authors.
Glabrous perennials, with slender culms, narrow setaceous basal leaves, flattened, usually
solitary spikelets, and an involucre of 1 bract. Scales imbricated in two rows, keeled and
deciduous. Bristles none. Stamens 1-3. Style pubescent, deciduous, with a somewhat
swollen base. Achenes trigonous.
About 15 species, chiefly in the Old World tropics. Differs from Bulbostylis in the
glabrous, distichous scales, and the stalked, tuberculate achenes with isodiametric cells.
Type species, Cyperus monostachyos L.
1. Abildaardia monostachya (L.) Vahl, Enum. 2: 296: 1805.
Cyperus monostachyos L. Mant. 180. 1771.
Fimbristylis monostachya Hassk. Pl. Jav. Rar. 61. 1848.
Culms slender, tufted, 2-4 dm. high; leaves setaceous, 0.5 mm. wide, half as high as the
culms; involucral bract shorter than the spikelet; spikelet ovate-lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm. long,
many-flowered, the lower scales readily deciduous; scales greenish-white, strongly keeled;
style with 3 short branches; achenes 2-2.5 mm. long, yellowish-white, verrucose, promi-
nently stalked.
TYPE Locality: India.
DISTRIBUTION: Wet grassy places: Florida and Mexico to Argentina; Old World tropics.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Rottb. Descr. & Ic. pl. 13, f. 3; Anal. Mus. Argent. Ci. Nat. 41: 337; Ann.
Missouri Bot. Gard. 30: 300.
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PLATE 1
Figs. 1-7. Fimbristylis. Figs. 8-21. Bulbostylis.
Fig. 1. Fimbristylis dichotoma; Brition, Britton & Gager 7311, Cuba. Fig. 2. F. autumnalis ;
Morong, Aug. 2, 1873. Fig. 3. F. spadicea; Curtiss 4093, Jacksonville, Florida. Fig. 4. F. ferru-
ginea; Curtiss 322, Isle of Pines. Fig. 5. F. spathacea; Shafer 136, Batabano, Cuba. Fig. 6.
F. Vahlii; Ferris & Duncan 3119, Texas. Fig. 7. F. schoenoides; Curtiss 6912, Florida. Fig. 8.
Bulbostylis hirta; Britton & Wilson 15441, Cuba. Fig. 9. B. guncoides var. ampliceps; Mueller
1966, Orizaba, Mexico. Fig. 10. B. tenuifolia; Britton, Britton, Earl & Gager 6379, Pinar del
Rio, Cuba. Fig. 11. B. stenophylla; R. M. Harper 1489, Charlton County, Georgia. Fig. 12.
B. curassavica; Eyerdam 92, Haiti. Fig. 13. B. setacea; Regnell III, 2822 (coll. Ekman), Cuba.
Fig. 14. B. capillaris; Biltmore herb. 446b, Biltmore, North Carolina. Fig. 15. B. pauciflora;
Raunkiaer, 1906, St. Croix. Fig. 16. B. ciliatifolia; Curtiss 5711, Florida. Fig. 17. B. Schaffneri;
Schaffner 202, Mexico. Fig. 18. B. floccosa; Ekman 4006, Haiti. Fig. 19. B. junciformis ;
Calderon 1053, El Salvador. Fig. 20. B. subaphylla; Ekman 13606, Santo Domingo. Fig. 21.
B. papiliosa; Harris 12423, St. Andrew, Jamaica.
Spikelets X 2.5; achenes and styles X 15 except Fimbristylis spadicea, F. ferruginea, F.
schoenoides, and Bulbostylis hirta, in which, because of their large size, the styles are X 6.
Note: the achene of Fig. 10 is larger than in typical specimens.
NORTH AMERICAN FLORA VOLUME 18, PLATE |
FIMBRISTYLIS AND BULBOSTYLIS
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