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NORTH   a 


UNIVERSITY  OF  N  C.  AT  CHAPEL  HILL 


00017483037 


iiOLINA 


Form  No.  A-369 


THE  LIBRARY  OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF 

NORTH  CAROLINA 

AT  CHAPEL  HILL 


THE  COLLECTION  OF 
NORTH  CAROLINLANA 

C917.05 

N87m 

1989-90 

C.5 


North  Carolina 
Manual 

1989-1990 


North  Carolina 
Manual 


1989-1990 


Issued  by 

Rufus  L.  Edmisten 

Secretary  of  State 


Edited  by 

John  L.  Cheney,  Jr. 

Editor 


Raleigh 


STATEMENT  OF  PUBLICATION  COST 

Five  thousand  (5,000)  copies  of  the  1989-90  North  Carolina  Manual  were  printed  at  a  cost 
to  the  State  of  $58,241.00  (estimated),  or  $11.65  per  volume. 


C,5 


TO  THE 

MEMBERS  OF  THE  1989  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY 
OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


TO  THE 

OFFICIALS  OF  OUR  STATE,  COUNTIES 
AND  MUNICIPALITIES 


AND  TO  THE 

PEOPLE  OF  THE  OLD  NORTH  STATE 
AT  HOME  AND  ABROAD 


THIS  MANUAL  IS  RESPECTFULLY 
DEDICATED 


^iSLf^  i  iJUijs^ 


Secretary  of  State 


ytt»»» 


Department  of  the  Secretary  of  State 

Raleigh,  North  Carolina 


Dear  Fellow  North  Carolinians: 

It  is  a  special  delight  for  me  to  introduce  to  you  this  25th  edition  of  the  North 
Carolina  Manual  published  by  the  Secretary  of  State's  office.  Since  1941,  this 
Department  has  striven  to  give  the  people  of  North  Carolina  an  accurate, 
thorough  record  of  the  state's  activities.  It  is  a  great  honor  for  me  to  inherit 
this  task  from  my  predecessor,  the  HonorableThad  Eure,  as  part  of  my  new 
responsibilities. 

This  Manual  is  the  most  comprehensive  compilation  of  data,  photographs  and 
tables  about  North  Carolina  that  is  humanly  possible.  It  gives  citizens  infor- 
mation about  everything  from  our  new  official  State  Dog  —  the  Plott  Hound 
—  to  the  membership  of  our  General  Assembly  to  the  judiciary  of  United 
States  courts  in  our  state. 

Our  office  has  worked  hard  throughout  the  past  12  months  to  make  this  an 
even  better  Manual  than  before.  We  have  edited  each  section;  various  portions 
have  been  streamlined  to  make  them  more  accessible  to  researchers;  we  have 
added  a  new  narrative  on  the  Electoral  College.  All  of  this  is  done  with  the 
intent  of  giving  you  the  best  Manual  ever. 

It  is  my  pleasure  to  introduce  to  you  this  valuable  resource:  the 
North  Carolina  Manual  for  1989-1990. 


Rufus  L.  Edmisten 
Secretary  of  State 


Table  of  Contents 

Dedication iii 

Foreword,  Rufus  L.  Edmisten,  Secretary  of  State v 


Parti 
North  Carolina:  Then  and  Now 

CHAPTER  ONE 

The  North  Carolina  Electoral  College 

Development  of  the  Electoral  College 3 

The  Electoral  College  Today 14 

CHAPTER  TWO 
Historical  Miscellanea 

An  Early  History  of  North  Carolina 23 

The  State  Capitol  Building 33 

The  Capitol  (composed  by  Edwin  Gill)  40 

The  Executive  Residences  of  North  Carolina 41 

The  Mecklenburg  Declaration  48 

CHAPTER  THREE 
Our  State  Symbols 

The  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina 49 

The  State  Flag 57 

The  State  Bird,  Flower,  and  Insect  63 

The  State  Tree  and  Mammal  65 

The  State  Shell  and  Salt  Water  Fish  67 

The  State  Toast  67 

The  State  Precious  Stone  68 

The  State  Reptile 69 

The  State  Rock  70 

The  State  Beverage 71 

The  State  Historic  Boat  72 

The  State  Dog 73 

Name  of  State  and  Nickname 74 

The  State  Motto  and  Colors  74 

The  State  Song 75 

CHAPTER  FOUR 

Census  and  Population  Statistics 

Introduction  77 

State  Population  Statistics 79 

County  Population  Statistics  ^0 


Population  of  Incorporated  Places  of  10,000  or  more  82 

Population  of  Incorporated  Places  of  2,500-9,999 83 

Population  of  Incorporated  Places  of  1,000-2,499 85 

Population  of  Incorporated  Places  of  less  than  1,000 89 


Part  II 
Constitutional  Development  of  North  Carolina 

CHAPTER  ONP] 

The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina 

Our  Constitutions:  An  Historical  Perspective  95 

Constitution  of  North  Carolina  Ill 

Constitutional  Issues  submitted  to  the  people  since  1970 143 

Constitutional  Propositions  Voted  on  by  the  People  since  1868 150 

CHAPTER  TWO 

One  Hundred  and  First  Congress  of  the  United  States 

The  Senate  189 

Officers  189 

Committees  189 

Jesse  Helms  190 

Terry  Sanford  191 

The  House  of  Representatives 193 

Officers  193 

Committees  193 

Walter  B.  Jones  194 

I.T.  Valentine,  Jr 195 

H.  Martin  Lancaster 196 

David  E.  Price 197 

Stephen  L.  Neal 198 

John  H.  Coble  199 

Charles  G.  Rose,  III  200 

W.G.  (Bill)  Hefner 201 

Alex  McMillan 202 

Thomas  C.  Ballanger 203 

James  McClure  Clarke  204 

CHAPTER  THREE 

The  United  States  Judiciary 

The  Supreme  Court 205 

Fourth  Circuit  Court  of  Appeals 205 

United  States  District  Court  in  North  Carolina 207 

Fourth  Circuit  Court  of  Appeals  Judges  (biographical  sketches) 208 

United  States  District  Court  Judges  (biographical  sketches)  211 


Part  IV 
North  Carolina  State  Government 

CHAPTER  ONE 

The  Legislative  Branch 

An  Historical  Overview  227 

George  R.  Hall,  Legislative  Administrative  Officer  232 

The  1989  General  Assembly 233 

The  1989  North  Carolina  Senate 

Officers  235 

Senators 235 

Speakers  of  the  Senate  (list)  237 

President  Pro  Tempore  of  the  Senate  (list) 238 

Henson  P.  Barnes,  President  Pro  Tempore  241 

Kenneth  C.  Royall,  Jr.,  Deputy  President  Pro  Tempore 242 

Ian  Theodore  Kaplan,  Majority  Leader 244 

Laurence  A.  Cobb,  Minority  Leader 245 

Alexander  P.  Sands  III,  Majority  Whip 247 

Paul  S.  Smith,  Minority  Whip 248 

Robert  G.  Shaw,  Joint  Caucus  Leader 250 

Senators  (biographical  sketches)  251 

Sylvia  M.  Fink,  Principal  Clerk 298 

Senate  Committee  Assignments 299 

The  1989  North  Carolina  House  of  Representatives 

Officers  303 

Representatives  303 

Speakers  of  the  House  of  Representatives  (list) 306 

Josephus  L.  Mavretic,  Speaker  311 

R.D.  Beard,  Speaker  Pro  Tempore 312 

Dennis  A.  Wicker,  Majority  Leader 313 

Johnathan  L.  Rhyne,  Jr.,  Minority  Leader 314 

Milton  F.  Fitch,  Jr.,  Majority  Whip 315 

Charles  L.  Cromer,  Minority  Whip 316 

Representatives  (biographical  sketches)  317 

Grace  A.  Collins,  Principal  Clerk  445 

House  of  Representatives  Committee  Assignments  446 

How  a  Bill  Becomes  a  Law 451 

CHAPTER  TWO 

The  Executive  Branch 

Organizational  Chart  of  State  Government 452 

Introduction 453 

The  Council  of  State  457 

The  Office  of  the  Governor  461 

James  G.  Martin,  Governor 467 

Governors  (list) 468 

The  Office  of  the  Lieutenant  Governor 479 

James  C.  Gardner,  Lieutenant  Governor  481 

Lieutenant  Governors  (list)  '^"" 


XI 


The  Department  of  the  Secretary  of  State 483 

Rufus  L.  Edmisten,  Secretary  of  State 489 

Secretaries  of  State  (hst)  490 

The  Department  of  the  State  Auditor  490 

Edward  Renfrow,  State  Auditor  497 

State  Auditors  (Hst) 499 

The  Department  of  the  State  Treasurer 500 

Harlan  E.  Boyles,  State  Treasurer  507 

Treasurers  (Hst)  508 

The  Department  of  Pubhc  Instruction 512 

Bob  R.  Etheridge,  Superintendent  of  PubHc  Instruction  515 

Superintendents  of  PubHc  Instruction  (Hst)  516 

The  Department  of  Justice  517 

Lacy  H.  Thornburg,  Attorney  General  525 

Attorney  Generals  (Hst) 526 

The  Department  of  Agriculture  531 

James  A.  Graham,  Commissioner 543 

Commissioners  of  Agriculture  (list)  545 

The  Department  of  Labor 546 

John  C.  Brooks,  Commissioner 553 

Commissioners  of  Labor  (list)  555 

The  Department  of  Insurance 556 

James  E.  Long,  Commissioner  561 

Commissioners  of  Insurance  (list) 562 

The  Department  of  Administration  563 

James  S.  Lofton,  Secretary 568 

Secretaries,  Administration  (list)  569 

The  Department  of  Correction  570 

Aaron  J.  Johnson,  Secretary 576 

Secretaries,  Correction  (list)  577 

The  Department  of  Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety  578 

Joseph  W.  Dean,  Secretary  587 

Secretaries,  Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety  (list)  588 

The  Deparment  of  Cultural  Resources 589 

Patric  G.  Dorsey,  Secretary  597 

Secretaries,  Cultural  Resources  (historical  list) 598 

The  Department  of  Economic  and  Community  Development  599 

James  T.  Broyhill,  Secretary 606 

Secretaries,  Economic  and  Community  Development  (list)  607 

The  Department  of  Environment,  Health,  and  Natural  Resources  608 

William  W.  Cobey,  Jr.,  Secretary  617 

Secretaries,  Environment,  Health  and  Natural  Resources  (list) 618 

The  Department  of  Human  Resources 619 

David  T.  Flaherty,  Secretary 630 

Secretaries,  Human  Resources  (Hst)  632 

The  Department  of  Revenue 633 

Helen  A.  Powers,  Secretary  641 

Secretaries,  Revenue  (list) 642 

The  Department  of  Transportation 643 

James  E.  Harrington,  Secretary  650 

Secretaries,  Transportation  (Hst) 651 

xii 


Office  of  State  Controller 653 

Fred  W.  Talton,  State  Controller  """"'"'^  654 

State  Board  of  Elections  355 

Alex  K.  Brock,  Executive  Secretary-Director  657 

CHAPTER  THREE 
The  Judicial  Branch 

The  Court  System  in  North  Carolina  659 

Administrative  Office  of  the  Courts 643 

Franklin  E.  Freeman,  Administrative  Officer  of  the  Courts 666 

Office  of  Administrative  Hearings 667 

The  Supreme  Court 

James  G.  Exum,  Jr.,  Chief  Justice  671 

Associate  Justices  (biographical  sketches)  672 

The  Court  ofAppeals 

Robert  A.  Hedrick,  Chief  Judge  678 

Associate  Judges  (biographical  sketches)  679 

The  Superior  Court  Judges  (list) 690 

The  District  Court  Judges  (list)  692 

District  Attorneys  (list)  695 

PartV 
Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 

CHAPTER  ONE 

The  University  of  North  Carolina 

The  University  of  North  Carolina  System 699 

CD.  Spangler,  Jr.,  President 703 

Appalachian  State  University 704 

East  Carolina  University  708 

Elizabeth  City  State  University  711 

Fayetteville  State  University 714 

North  Carolina  A  &  T  State  University  718 

North  Carolina  Central  University  722 

North  Carolina  School  of  the  Arts  727 

North  Carolina  State  University 730 

Pembroke  State  University  735 

University  of  North  Carolina  -  Asheville 738 

University  of  North  Carolina  -  Chapel  Hill  742 

University  of  North  Carolina  -  Charlotte 747 

University  of  North  Carolina  -  Greensboro  750 

University  of  North  Carolina  -  Wilmington  754 

Western  Carolina  University  758 

Winston-Salem  State  University  761 

CHAPTER  TWO 

The  Community  Colleges 

The  Community  College  System  ^^y 

The  Department  of  Community  Colleges 766 

Robert  W.  Scott,  State  President 769 

xiii 


State  Presidents,  Community  College  System  (list)  770 

Presidents,  Community  and  Technical  Colleges  (list) 770 

The  Community  Colleges 

Anson  Technical  College  772 

Asheville-Buncombo  Technical  ('ollege 772 

Beaufort  County  Community  College 773 

Bladen  Technical  College 774 

Blue  Ridge  Technical  College 775 

Brunswick  Technical  College 775 

Caldwell  Community  College 775 

Cape  Fear  Technical  College 776 

Carteret  Technical  College  776 

Catawba  Valley  Technical  College  777 

Central  Carolina  Technical  College 777 

Central  Piedmont  Community  College 778 

Cleveland  Technical  College  778 

Coastal  Carolina  Community  College  779 

College  of  the  Albemarle 779 

Craven  Community  College  780 

Davidson  County  Community  College  780 

Durham  Technical  Institute 781 

Edgecombe  Technical  College 781 

Fayetteville  Technical  Institute 782 

Forsyth  Technical  College 782 

Gaston  College  783 

Guilford  Technical  College  783 

Halifax  Community  College 784 

Haywood  Technical  College  784 

Isothermal  Community  College 785 

James  Sprunt  Technical  College  785 

Johnston  Technical  College  786 

Lenoir  Community  College 786 

Martin  Community  College 787 

Mayland  Technical  College 787 

McDowell  Technical  College  788 

Mitchell  Community  College 788 

Montgomery  Technical  College  789 

Nash  Technical  College  789 

Pamlico  Technical  College  790 

Piedmont  Technical  College 790 

Pitt  Community  College 791 

Randolph  Technical  College  791 

Richmond  Technical  College 792 

Roanoke-Chowan  Technical  College 792 

Robeson  Technical  College 793 

Rockingham  Community  College 793 

Rowan  Technical  College  794 

Sampson  Technical  College  794 

Sandhills  Community  College  794 

Southeastern  Community  College 795 


XIV 


Southwestern  Community  College  795 

Stanly  Technical  College  796 

Surry  Community  College  796 

Technical  College  of  Alamance  797 

Tri-County  Community  College 797 

Vance-Granville  Community  College  797 

Wake  Technical  College  798 

Wayne  Community  College  798 

Western  Piedmont  Community  College 799 

Wilkes  Community  College  800 

Wilson  County  Technical  Institute  800 

CHAPTER  THREE 

Private  Colleges  and  Universities 

Private  Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 801 

Presidents,  Private  Colleges  and  Universities  804 


Part  VI 
Political  Parties 

CHAPTER  ONE 

The  Democratic  Party 

Plan  of  Organization 807 

The  Executive  Council  (Primary  Officers)  841 

County  Chairmen  842 

CHAPTER  TWO 

The  Republican  Party 

Plan  of  Organization 845 

Republican  Executive  Committee  (Primary  Officers)  866 

Congressional  District  Committees  866 

County  Chairmen  868 


Part  VII 
Voters,  Voting,  and  Election  Returns 

CHAPTER  ONE 

Voting  in  North  Carolina 

Voter  Registration  ^'<^ 

Registration  Statistics 

Primary  Election  May  3,  1988 876 

General  Election,  November  8,  1988 878 

Primary  Election,  May  6,  1986  880 

General  Election,  November  4,  1986 882 

Primary  Election,  May  8,  1984  884 

General  Election,  November  6,  1984 886 


XV 


Election  Districts 

Congressional  Districts 888 

Senatorial  Districts 889 

Representative  Districts 890 

CHAPTER  TWO 

Abstracts  of  Votes  and  Election  Results 

President  of  the  United  States  893 

Democratic  Preference  Primary  Election,  March  8,  1988  894 

Republican  Preference  Primary  Election,  March  8,  1988 896 

General  Election,  November  8,  1988  898 

Democratic  Preference  Primary  Election,  May  8,  1984  900 

General  Election,  November  6,  1984  902 

United  States  Congress  902 

United  States  Senator 

Democratic  Primary  Election,  May  6,  1986 906 

Republican  Primary  Election,  May  6,  1986  908 

General  Election,  November  4,  1986 910 

Primary  Elections,  May  8,  1984  912 

General  Election,  November  6,  1984 914 

United  States  House  of  Representatives 

Primary  Elections,  May  3,  1988  916 

General  Elections,  1984-1988  917 

General  Elections,  1982  921 

North  Carolina  State  Government 925 

Governor 

Democratic  Primary  Election,  May  3,  1988 926 

General  Election,  November  8,  1988 928 

Democratic  Primary  Election,  May  8,  1984 929 

Republican  Primary  Election,  May  8,  1984  931 

Democratic  Second  Primary  Election,  June  5,  1984 932 

General  Election,  November  6,  1984 933 

Lieutenant  Governor 

Primary  Elections,  May  3,  1988  935 

General  Election,  November  8,  1988 937 

Council  of  State 

Primary  Elections,  May  3,  1988  938 

General  Elections,  November  8,  1988 945 

Tabulation  of  Votes,  Primary  Elections  Since  1964  949 

Tabulation  of  Votes,  General  Elections  Since  1964  957 


Part  VIII 
Our  Counties 

CHAPTER  ONE 
County  Government 

Historical  Perspective  967 


xvi 


CHAPTER  TWO 

The  Counties  of  North  Carolina 

North  Carolina  Counties  (map)  978 

Alamance 979 

Alexander 979 

Alleghany  980 

Anson  980 

Ashe  981 

Avery  981 

Beaufort 981 

Bertie  982 

Bladen  982 

Brunswick  982 

Buncombe  983 

Burke  983 

Cabarrus  984 

Caldwell  984 

Camden  984 

Carteret  985 

Caswell  985 

Catawba  986 

Chatham  : 986 

Cherokee 987 

Chowan  987 

Clay 987 

Cleveland  988 

Columbus  988 

Craven  988 

Cumberland  989 

Currituck  989 

Dare  990 

Davidson  990 

Davie 990 

Duplin 991 

Durham  991 

Edgecombe 992 

Forsyth  992 

Franklin  992 

Gaston  993 

Gates 993 

Graham  994 

Granville  994 

Greene 994 

Guilford  995 

Halifax  995 

Harnett  ^^^ 

Haywood  996 

Henderson 997 


xvii 


Hertford  997 

Hoke 998 

Hyde 998 

Iredell 999 

Jackson  999 

Johnston  1000 

Jones 1000 

Lee 1000 

Lenoir  1001 

Lincoln  1001 

Macon  1001 

Madison 1002 

Martin 1002 

McDowell  1003 

Mecklenburg  1003 

Mitchell  1003 

Montgomery  1004 

Moore  1005 

Nash  1005 

New  Hanover 1006 

Northampton  1006 

Onslow 1007 

Orange 1007 

Pamlico 1008 

Pasquotank 1008 

Pender 1009 

Perquimans 1009 

Person  1010 

Pitt  1010 

Polk  1011 

Randolph 1011 

Richmond 1012 

Robeson  1012 

Rockingham  1013 

Rowan 1013 

Rutherford 1014 

Sampson 1014 

Scotland  1015 

Stanly  1015 

Stokes  1015 

Surry  1016 

Swain  1017 

Transylvania 1017 

Tyrrell  1018 

Union  1018 

Vance 1019 

Wake  1019 

Warren  1019 

Washington  1020 


XVUl 


Watauga  1020 

Wayne 1021 

Wilkes  1021 

Wilson  1022 

Yadkin  1023 

Yancey 1023 


XIX 


PARTI 


North  Carolina: 
Then  and  Now 


CHAPTER  ONE 
The  North  Carolina  Electoral  College^ 

DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  ELECTORAL  COLLEGE 

The  Electoral  College  originated  with  the  Constitutional  Convention  held 
in  Philadelphia  during  the  summer  of  1787.  One  of  the  most  difficult  tasks 
facing  the  delegates  to  the  convention  was  the  question  of  an  executive 
department.  The  colonial  experience  of  a  single  powerful  executive  had 
hardened  many  against  allowing  one  man  to  head  the  country.  Delegates 
deliberated  for  a  long  time  before  agreeing  on  a  singular  head  of  the 
executive.  Their  next  problem  was  to  decide  how  the  president  would  be 
selected.  They  had  to  consider  checks  and  balances  on  the  three  branches  of 
government,  the  balance  of  power  between  the  large  and  small  states  and 
the  role  of  the  citizens  in  the  democracy  they  were  establishing. 

Five  basic  plans  were  suggested  and  debated.  One  by  one  they  fell  as  the 
delegates  debated  the  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  each.  A  plan  recom- 
mending that  the  governors  of  each  state  choose  the  president  was  rejected 
because  the  large  states  felt  it  gave  the  small  states  a  disproportionate  share 
of  the  vote  in  the  selection  process.  Another  idea  called  for  Congress  to  select 
the  president.  This  plan  was  rejected  because  the  delicate  system  of  checks 
and  balances  might  be  destroyed  through  corruption.  A  proposal  to  allow 
the  state  legislatures  to  select  the  president  was  thrown  out  with  little 
debate.  A  fourth  proposal  providing  for  the  direct  election  of  the  president 
met  with  resistance  from  the  delegates.  These  men  viewed  the  average  voter 
as  uneducated  and  uninformed;  therefore,  the  voters  could  not  be  trusted  to 
make  an  informed  decision.  The  people  would  be  easily  deceived  by  the 
candidates  or  might  just  vote  for  the  candidate  from  their  state.  It  seemed 
that  no  solution  would  be  found. 

Finally,  James  Wilson  proposed  a  plan  whereby  the  citizens  in  each  state 
would  select  a  special  group  of  people  called  electors  who  would  then  vote  for 
president.  If  the  uninformed  citizens  selected  the  wrong  person,  the  electors, 
in  their  wisdom,  could  correct  the  mistake.  Although  the  electoral  college 
system  was  a  bit  confusing,  the  founding  fathers  were  confident  that  (hey 
were  leaving  the  final  selection  of  the  president  to  some  of  the  most  educated 
and  knowledgeable  leaders  of  their  country  -  the  electors. 

The  operation  of  the  electoral  college  is  found  in  Article  II  of  the  Constitu 
tion  of  the  United  States.  Each  state  was  given  a  number  of  electors  equal  to 


'Written  by  Linda  H.  Gunter,  U.S.  Government  teacher  at  Gary  HiRli  Schodl  (Gary. 
N.C.)  and  Seth  B.  Hinshaw,  1988  Republican  Presidential  Elector  ior  the  Sixth 
Congressional  District. 


4  North  Carolina  Manual 

the  number  of  senators  and  representatives  in  the  United  States  Congress. 
Tlie  state  legislatures  in  each  state  were  given  the  power  to  determine  how 
its  electors  would  be  chosen.  Senators,  representatives,  or  other  "Persons 
holding  an  office  of  trust  or  prol'it  under  the  United  States"  could  not  be 
electors.  Electors  were  to  convene  in  their  state  to  vote  for  two  people.  The 
candidate  receiving  the  most  votes  would  become  president,  while  the  candi- 
date with  the  second  highest  number  of  votes  would  become  vice-president. 
The  electors  were  allowed  to  vote  for  only  one  candidate  from  their  own 
state.  Each  state  sent  their  electoral  votes  to  the  President  of  the  Senate. 
These  votes  were  totaled  with  those  of  the  other  states  to  determine  the 
winners. 

Elections  of  1789  and  1792 

The  electoral  college  as  outlined  in  the  United  States  Constitution  worked 
well  in  the  first  elections.  In  February  of  1789,  George  Washington  was 
elected  President  of  the  United  States  by  a  unanimous  vote  of  the  69  electors. 
John  Adams  received  the  second  highest  number  of  votes,  34,  and  was 
elected  vice-president.  The  remaining  35  votes  were  divided  among  ten  men. 

New  York  could  not  decide  how  to  select  its  electors,  and  Rhode  Island  and 
North  Carolina  had  not  yet  ratified  the  new  Constitution;  therefor,  these 
states  did  not  participate. 

Delegates  to  the  Constitutional  Convention  meeting  in  Hillsborough  to 
discuss  the  new  document  decided  in  August  of  1788  not  to  ratify  the 
Constitution  until  the  adoption  of  a  bill  of  rights.  Finally,  on  November  21, 
1789,  delegates  to  a  second  Constitutional  Convention  in  Fayetteville  ratified 
the  amended  version  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  State  which  included 
the  Bill  of  Rights. 

One  of  the  first  items  of  business  for  the  (North  Carolina)  General 
Assembly  when  it  met  in  1792  was  to  determine  a  method  for  selection  of 
presidential  electors  for  the  1792  elections.  A  district  plan  dividing  the  state 
into  four  electoral  districts  was  adopted.  The  state  legislators  from  each 
district  would  meet  and  select  three  people  to  serve  as  electors  for  the 
district.  The  electors  from  all  four  districts  would  meet  and  cast  their  votes 
for  president  and  vice  president.  A  $300  fine  was  threatened  by  the  legislature 
against  any  elector  who  failed  to  attend  the  meeting  of  the  electoral  college. 

In  December  the  twelve  electors  met  in  New  Bern  -  the  only  time  the  North 
Carolina  Electoral  College  did  not  meet  in  Raleigh.  President  Washington 
was  a  man  characterized  as  one  who  "united  the  wishes  of  confidence  of  the 
people"";  therefore,  there  was  no  question  who  would  receive  the  votes  for 
president.  There  was,  however,  a  concern  over  the  choice  for  vice  president. 
After  much  discussion  about  the  two  main  candidates,  Vice-President  John 
Adams  and  Governor  George  Clinton  of  New  York,  each  elector  gave  his 
second  vote  to  Governor  Clinton.  After  the  votes  from  all  the  states  had  been 
counted,  George  Washington  had  been  re-elected  to  a  second  term  as  presi- 
dent. John  Adams  again  received  the  second  highest  number  of  electoral 
votes  and  was  re-elected  vice-president. 

The  initial  district  plan  adopted  by  the  North  Carolina  General  Assembly 
was  intended  to  be  a  temporary  solution.  Later  that  year,  the  assembly  voted 


The  North  Carolina  Electoral  College  5 

to  divide  the  state  into  twelve  electoral  districts  with  the  citizens  electing  on 
person  from  each  district  to  serve  in  the  electoral  college.  This  plan  resulted 
in  a  split  vote  in  the  North  Carolina  Electoral  College  in  three  of  the  next 
four  elections. 

Elections  of  1796  and  1800 

The  advent  of  political  parties  created  problems  in  the  Election  of  1796. 
Opponents  to  the  direct  election  of  the  president  had  expressed  concern  that 
political  factions  might  develop  and  split  the  country;  however,  they  could 
not  have  foreseen  the  origin  of  political  parties  or  the  effect  they  would  have 
on  the  selection  process.  George  Washington  had  warned  about  the  possibility 
of  political  parties  in  his  Farewell  Address,  but  few  paid  any  attention. 

In  1796,  the  Federalists  ran  John  Adams  for  president  and  Thomas 
Pinckney  for  vice-president.  The  Anti-Federalists  ran  Thomas  Jefferson  and 
Aaron  Burr.  Even  though  the  parties  had  stipulated  which  office  each  man 
was  seeking,  the  Constitution  did  not  provide  for  separate  ballots  for  these 
offices.  When  all  the  electoral  votes  were  counted,  Adams  had  71  votes  and 
Jefferson  68,  thus  electing  a  president  and  vice-president  with  drastically 
different  political  views. 

The  problem  intensified  in  1800.  Thomas  Jefferson  and  Aaron  Burr  were 
again  the  Democratic-Republican  nominees.  The  Federalists  put  forth  Presi- 
dent John  Adams  with  Charles  C.  Pinckney  as  his  running  mate.  The  Alien 
and  the  Sedition  Acts,  passed  under  the  Adams  administration,  and  opposed 
by  Jefferson,  became  the  primary  issue.  The  Federalists  appeared  to  be  on 
their  way  to  victory  until  the  legislatures  of  New  York  and  Virginia  locked 
Adams  out  of  their  electoral  colleges.  When  the  final  votes  were  counted, 
Jefferson  and  Burr  both  had  73,  Adams  65  and  Pinckney  64.  Article  II  of  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States,  provides  that  in  the  case  of  a  tie,  the 
United  States  House  of  Representatives  was  to  select  the  president.  The 
Federalist-controlled  House  tried  to  keep  Jefferson  from  being  elected;  how- 
ever, they  failed.  On  February  17,  1801,  after  36  ballots,  Thomas  Jefferson 
was  elected  President  of  the  United  States  -  only  15  days  before  the  new 
president  was  to  be  sworn  in. 

Twelfth  Amendment 

The  Elections  of  1796  and  1800  revealed  certain  flaws  in  the  electoral 
process.  When  Congress  assembled  in  1803,  the  state  legislatures  of  North 
Carolina  and  four  other  states  asked  that  action  be  taken  to  correct  these 
problems.  Legislation  for  an  amendment  to  the  Constitution  was  proposed 
on  December  12,  1803.  The  bill  called  for  separating  the  presidential  and 
vice-presidential  balloting  at  the  electoral  college  meeting.  The  amendment 
bill  was  one  vote  short  of  the  required  two-thirds  vote  in  the  House  of 
Representatives  when  Speaker  Nathaniel  Macon  of  Warren  County.  North 
Carolina,  cast  his  vote  for  the  bill.  The  amendment  was  declared  ratified  on 
September  25,  1804,  in  time  for  the  presidential  election  later  that  year. 

The  Twelfth  Amendment  directed  electors  to  vote  separately  for  president 
and  vice-president.  The  people  and  electors  would  vote  for  two  candidates  of 
the  same  party,  eliminating  a  repeat  of  the  problems  arising  in  1796  and 


6  North  Carolina  Manual 

1800.  Candidates  no  longer  competed  for  the  position  of  president,  as  some 
sought  the  vice-presidency. 

This  amendment  also  changed  the  procedure  for  selecting  the  president  if 
no  one  received  a  majority.  The  United  States  House  of  Representatives  was 
given  the  power  to  select  the  president  from  the  three  candidates  receiving 
the  most  votes.  The  representatives  in  Congress  from  each  state  would  vote 
in  caucus.  The  candidate  receiving  the  majority  of  votes  in  each  caucus 
would  receive  the  one  vote  of  that  State.  If  there  was  a  tie  vote  in  the  state 
caucus,  then  the  state  forfeited  its  vote.  One  vote  more  than  half  would  be 
needed  to  be  elected  as  president.  The  vice-president  was  to  be  selected  by 
the  United  States  Senate  from  the  top  two  candidates.  Again,  one  vote  more 
than  half  was  necessary  to  win  election.  If  the  12th  Amendment  were  used 
today,  the  people  of  the  District  of  Columbia  would  have  no  voice  because 
they  do  not  have  voting  representation  in  Congress. 

Early  Selection  of  Electors 

The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  allowed  each  state  legislature  to 
develop  its  own  selection  process  for  electors.  In  early  elections,  some  state 
legislatures  reserved  that  power  for  themselves,  thereby  entrusting  the  office 
of  elector  to  the  people  whom  they  knew  and  trusted.  However,  as  the  people 
began  to  demand  more  of  a  voice  in  selecting  their  electors,  the  states 
gradually  began  to  give  up  that  power.  The  number  of  electors  selected  by 
popular  vote  went  from  53  of  138  (38%)  in  1800  to  190  of  261  (73%)  in  1824. 
Political  reforms  during  the  administration  of  President  Andrew  Jackson 
further  encouraged  this  concept.  By  1836,  electors  from  South  Carolina  were 
the  only  ones  still  chosen  by  their  state  legislature. 

North  Carolina  legislatures  selected  the  electors  only  in  1792  and  1812;  the 
people  chose  their  electors  from  1796  to  1808  and  then  after  1816.  The  1815 
Legislature,  under  the  control  of  the  Democratic-Republicans,  chose  to  move 
North  Carolina  to  an  "at-large"  system.  Debates  in  the  general  assembly 
centered  on  the  problem  that  the  Federalists  carried  several  districts  in  the 
years  of  the  district  system,  even  though  they  did  not  carry  the  whole  state. 
Under  the  new  system  each  of  the  fifteen  electoral  districts  nominated  their 
electors.  On  election  day  in  November  the  people  would  elect  a  slate  through 
the  statewide  vote.  The  presidential  candidate  who  carried  the  State  would 
receive  all  of  North  Carolina's  fifteen  electoral  votes. 

Elections  of  1824  and  1828 

The  Election  of  1924  provided  the  next  test  of  the  electoral  process.  After 
the  caucus,  the  United  States  Congress  nominated  William  H.  Crawford  of 
Georgia  for  president.  The  state  legislatures  then  nominated  three  other 
men:  Henry  Clay  of  Kentucky,  John  Quincy  Adams  of  Massachusetts,  and 
Andrew  Jackson  of  Tennessee.  When  the  votes  were  cast,  no  one  had  a 
majority  of  the  electoral  votes;  however,  Jackson  had  received  43%  of  the 
popular  vote  while  Adams  received  the  second  largest  number  of  votes. 
Crawford  and  Clay  were  in  a  close  race  for  third.  The  election  of  the 
president  went  to  the  United  States  House  of  Representatives  under  the 
provisions  of  the  12th  Amendment. 


The  North  Carolina  Electoral  College  7 

The  12th  Amendment  called  for  the  House  to  choose  someone  from  among 
the  top  three  candidates.  Clay  was  ehminated  from  consideration  since  he 
had  the  fourth  largest  number  of  electoral  votes.  However,  he  used  his 
influence  as  the  Speaker  of  the  House  to  convince  his  western  friends  to 
support  Adams.  When  the  vote  was  taken,  Adams  had  the  support  of  twelve 
states,  one  short  of  a  majority  with  New  York  as  the  swing  state.  Adams 
had  the  support  of  17  of  the  34  New  York  Representatives,  one  short  of  a 
majority.  It  is  said  that  the  presidency  hinged  on  the  vote  of  New  York 
Representative  Stephen  Van  Rensselaer  and  that  as  he  bowed  his  head  in 
prayer  for  guidance  from  above,  he  saw  a  piece  of  paper  on  the  floor  with  the 
word  "Adams"  written  on  it.  Interpreting  this  to  be  a  sign,  he  picked  up  the 
piece  of  paper,  put  it  in  the  ballot  box,  and  John  Quincy  Adams  was  elected 
the  sixth  President  of  the  United  States. 

Andrew  Jackson,  claiming  he  had  been  cheated,  advocated  the  abolition 
of  the  electoral  college.  He  resigned  his  seat  in  the  United  States  Senate  and 
began  his  campaign  for  the  1828  Presidential  Election.  Jackson  supporters 
felt  the  same  way  and  rallied  behind  their  candidate.  Jackson  won  the  1828 
election. 

The  People's  Ticket  in  North  Carolina  was  a  deviation  from  the  political 
norm  and  its  success  in  1824  resulted  in  half  of  the  electors  from  1824  being 
reflected  in  1828.  Several  important  men  were  included  among  its  members. 
In  fact,  the  Electoral  Colleges  of  1824  and  1828  read  Hke  a  "who's  who  in 
past,  present,  future  politics  in  North  Carolina." 

Robert  Love  of  Haywood  County,  who  made  a  record  six  electoral  college 
appearances,  served  in  every  meeting  of  the  College  between  1808  and  1832, 
except  1812  when  the  legislature  did  not  select  him.  Although  he  was  elected 
in  1836  as  well,  he  was  unable  to  serve  due  to  injuries  sustained  from  a 
kicking  horse.  His  son,  James  R.  Love,  replaced  him.  Peter  Forney  of 
Lincoln  County  served  a  total  of  five  terms  from  1804  to  1828.  Other  People's 
Ticket  electors  were  former  United  States  Senator  Montfort  Stokes;  former 
United  States  representatives  John  Giles  and  Josiah  Crudup;  and  future 
governors  Edward  B.  Dudley  and  John  M.  Morehead.  Among  the  1828 
electors  were  future  United  States  Senator  Willie  P.  Mangum,  future  governor 
Richard  Dobbs  Spaight,  Jr.,  and  well-known  judge  John  Hall. 

The  Return  of  the  Tw^o  Party  State 

The  election  of  1832  brought  forth  the  beginnings  of  a  new  political  party 
in  North  Carolina.  State  Democrats  backed  Andrew  Jackson  as  their  presi- 
dential nominee,  but  were  uncertain  about  the  nomination  of  Martin  Van 
Buren  as  vice-president.  This  concern  resulted  in  the  nomination  of  an 
opposition  slate  known  as  the  "Whig  Democratic  Ticket."  The  ticket  had 
Andrew  Jackson  as  the  presidential  nominee  with  Philip  P.  Barbour  of 
Virginia  as  the  vice-presidential  nominee.  This  ticket  was  a  disaster,  receiv- 
ing a  very  small  portion  of  the  vote. 

Opposition  to  President  Jackson  grew  after  the  election  of  1832.  Ant^ 
Jackson  sentiment  brought  about  the  emergence  of  the  Whig  Party  m  1835. 
The  new  party  won  several  victories  in  the  congressional  races  m  North 
Carolina.  The  Whigs  were  well  organized  and  became  strong  enough  to  force 


8  North  Carolina  Manual 

the  legislature  to  call  a  State  Constitutional  Convention  in  1835.  Several 
major  changes  resulted  from  the  convention  including  the  popular  election 
of  the  governor.  In  the  gubernatorial  race  of  1836,  Whig  Party  nominee 
Edward  B.  Dudley  defeated  the  incumbent  Democrat,  Richard  Dobbs 
Spaight,  Jr. 

When  the  Whig  Party  began  running  candidates,  there  were  some  races  in 
which  there  was  no  acknowledged  leader.  In  these  cases  the  Whigs  called 
conventions  to  nominate  a  candidate.  Included  in  the  offices  nominated  by 
these  conventions  were  presidential  electors.  The  party  called  Electoral 
District  Conventions  for  the  selection  of  both  electors  and  national  conven- 
tion delegates,  giving  the  people  the  largest  voice  ever  in  North  Carolina 
politics.  Soon  thereafter,  the  Democratic  Party  adopted  the  Whig  system  of 
nominating  the  electoral  slate.  The  Whigs  lost  the  presidential  election  of 
1836  in  North  Carolina,  but  won  in  1840,  1844,  and  1848.  Two  party  politics 
had  returned  to  North  Carolina. 

The  Election  of  1860  and  The  Formation  of  the  Confederacy 

In  1860,  Abraham  Lincoln  won  a  majority  in  the  Electoral  College  with 
180  votes  but  only  received  39%  of  the  popular  vote.  He  won  in  every 
northern  state  except  New  Jersey,  southern  states  were  upset  that  Lincoln 
had  won  the  national  election  even  though  he  had  not  been  on  many 
southern  ballots.  Lincoln's  three  opponents  -  Stephen  Douglas  of  Illinois, 
John  C.  Breckinridge  of  Kentucky,  and  John  Bell  of  Tennessee  carried  only 
the  Southern  and  border  states.  While  these  nominees  together  received 
60.5%  of  the  popular  vote,  they  received  only  125  electoral  votes.  These  states 
represented  only  one-third  of  the  total  white  male  population.  Even  if  these 
opponents  had  run  on  one  slate,  Lincoln  would  have  carried  the  election. 

Disturbed  by  the  results  of  the  election,  the  slavery  expansion  issue,  and 
the  feeling  that  the  federal  government  was  infringing  into  the  areas  of 
"state's  rights,"  most  of  the  southern  states  seceded  from  the  Union  early  in 
1861.  North  Carolina  and  several  other  southern  states  did  not  secede  until 
President  Lincoln  called  for  troops  to  help  put  down  the  rebellion. 

The  Confederate  States  of  America,  as  those  states  that  seceded  were 
called,  wrote  their  own  constitution.  They  chose  to  follow  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States  in  electing  their  president  and  formed  their  own  electoral 
college.  Jefferson  Davis  was  elected  President  of  the  Confederate  States, 
receiving  all  of  the  138  electoral  votes. 

The  Election  of  1876 

The  Election  of  1876  once  again  brought  attention  to  the  electoral  college. 
Corruption  during  the  administration  of  President  Ulysses  S.  Grant  brought 
forth  calls  for  reform.  In  response,  both  political  parties  ran  "reformer" 
candidates.  The  Democratic  nominee  was  Governor  Samuel  J.  Tilden  of  New 
York  and  former  Governor  Rutherford  B.  Hayes  was  the  Republican. 

Massive  voter  fraud  prevailed  on  election  day  with  both  parties  blaming 
each  other.  Reconstruction  was  still  in  effect  in  three  Southern  states  which 
meant  that  the  Republicans  controlled  the  government  and  the  election 


The  North  Carolina  Electoral  College  9 

machinery.  Republicans  were  counting  on  large  turnout  of  black  voters  to 
win  the  election.  When  turnouts  proved  smaller  than  expected,  the  Democrats 
were  accused  of  preventing  blacks  from  voting  by  threatening  black  voters 
and  placing  cannons  at  polling  places  to  intimidate  them.  Democrats  charged 
that  Republicans  were  allowing  nonresidents  and  unregistered  citizens  to 
vote. 

As  the  candidates  were  going  to  bed  that  night,  news  reports  indicated 
that  Tilden  had  won  with  203  electoral  votes  to  166  for  Hayes.  Hayes  even 
wrote  in  his  diary  that  he  had  been  defeated.  However,  the  next  morning  the 
Hayes  campaign  realized  just  how  close  the  election  really  was  and  believed 
they  still  had  a  chance  to  win.  Tilden  won  the  popular  vote  with  51%  of  the 
votes,  but  the  electoral  vote  was  a  different  matter.  Results  showed  that 
Tilden  had  184  and  Hayes  164  with  21  undecided  votes  from  Florida, 
Louisiana,  South  Carolina,  and  Oregon.  Republicans  Knew  that  these  21 
votes  could  give  Hayes  the  victory  so  they  took  action  to  save  the  election. 

Florida,  Louisiana,  and  South  Carolina  were  still  under  reconstruction 
governments,  giving  the  Republicans  a  slight  edge.  They  sent  telegrams  to 
their  leaders  in  those  states  telling  them  to  ignore  incomplete  returns.  A 
million  dollar  bribe  was  extended  by  the  Democrats  for  the  certification  of 
one  elector  from  Louisiana,  since  Tilden  needed  only  one  vote  to  win  in  the 
Electoral  College.  These  fraudulent  activities  resulted  in  two  sets  of  returns 
being  sent  to  Washington  from  these  three  states  -  one  indicating  a  Demo- 
cratic victory,  the  other  a  Republican  victory.  The  problem  had  to  be  dealt 
with  because  the  election  hung  in  the  balance.  Congress  could  not  just 
ignore  the  disputed  states  as  it  had  in  1872  with  Arkansas. 

Another  problem  was  Oregon.  One  of  the  three  electors  was  a  postmaster 
and  under  Article  H  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  was  ineligible 
to  serve.  Democratic  Governor  L.  F.  Glover  considered  that  Republican 
elector  ineligible  and  certified  the  highest  Democratic  elector.  Meanwhile  the 
Republican  elector  in  question  resigned  as  postmaster.  The  Democrat  and 
the  two  Republicans  certified  by  the  governor  refused  to  meet  together,  and 
each  party  chose  additional  electors  (2  Democrats  and  1  Republican)  to  fill 
the  vacancies.  Each  party  claimed  Oregon's  3  votes. 

Congress  was  concerned  about  settling  the  dispute  in  a  fair  manner. 
However,  Senator  George  F.  Edmunds  of  Vermont  feared  that  if  the  election 
went  to  Congress  the  House  of  Representatives  would  select  Tilden  and  the 
Senate  would  select  Hayes.  As  Democrats  called  for  "Tilden  or  blood," 
Congress  assembled  in  December  of  1876  and  found  a  special  compromise  to 
solve  this  constitutional  crisis. 

A  special  Electoral  Commission  of  fifteen  members  was  established.  There 
would  be  five  United  States  Senators  (two  Democrats  and  three  Republi- 
cans), five  United  States  Representatives  (three  Democrats  and  two  Republi- 
cans), and  five  Supreme  Court  Justices  (two  Democrats,  two  Republicans 
and  one  Independent).  The  makeup  of  the  commission  (seven  Democrats, 
seven  Republicans  and  one  Independent)  appeared  to  assure  impartiality.  In 
the  event  of  a  tie,  the  independent,  Justice  David  Davis  of  Illinois,  could 
serve  as  the  deciding  vote.  An  oath  was  even  taken  to  study  the  returns  and 
make  a  fair  and  impartial  decision.  Just  before  the  commission  began  its 


10  North  Carolina  Manual 

investigation,  Davis  was  appointed  to  the  Senate  and  resigned  from  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court.  All  of  the  remaining  justices  on  the  Supreme 
Court  were  Republicans,  so  an  Independent  Republican,  Justice  Joseph 
Bradley,  was  chosen.  The  Republicans  now  held  an  8  to  7  advantage. 

The  commission  gave  all  of  the  disputed  electoral  votes  to  Hayes.  The  one 
vote  of  Justice  Bradley  decided  an  election  in  which  over  eight  million 
people  voted.  The  result  was  announced  only  two  days  before  the  Inauguration. 
Hayes  then  tried  to  appease  the  dissatisfied  Democrats  by  making  conces- 
sions to  them.  He  agreed  to  remove  the  Republican  governments  in  South 
Carolina  and  Louisiana  and  to  appoint  a  Southerner  to  his  Cabinet.  He 
provided  federal  aid  for  new  railroads  and  to  help  control  the  floods  of  the 
Mississippi.  These  efforts  had  very  little  impact  on  many  newspapers  of  the 
day  as  they  still  did  not  recognize  him  as  the  President. 

Later,  an  investigative  body  called  the  Potter  Committee  was  appointed 
by  the  Democratically  controlled  United  States  House  to  thoroughly  investi- 
gate the  election.  The  Potter  Committee  found  that  the  Republicans  had 
indeed  won  the  election.  The  more  they  searched  for  irregularities,  the  more 
they  found  fraud  in  their  own  Democratic  camp.  The  investigation  took  the 
most  embarrassing  turn  when  coded  telegrams  from  Tilden  Headquarters 
revealed  key  campaigners  had  discussed  bribe  money  with  southern  canvass- 
ing boards. 

The  election  of  1876  showed  that  the  Constitution  failed  to  indicate  who 
was  to  count  the  electoral  vote  and  how  disputes  could  be  resolved.  The 
American  people  for  the  first  time  were  able  to  see  that  it  was  possible  to  win 
a  majority  of  the  popular  votes  yet  lose  the  electoral  vote.  In  the  1970's, 
Tilden's  descendants  sued  the  federal  government  for  allowing  the  election 
to  be  stolen  from  the  "forgotten  president." 

Election  of  1888 

The  year  1888  provided  more  ammunition  for  opponents  of  the  electoral 
college.  Benjamin  Harrison,  the  Republican  nominee,  was  the  grandson  of 
former  President  William  Henry  Harrison;  the  Democratic  nominee  was  the 
incumbent,  Grover  Cleveland.  When  the  votes  were  counted,  Harrison 
received  48%  of  the  popular  vote  and  233  electoral  votes,  winning  the 
election.  Cleveland  received  95,096  more  popular  votes  than  Harrison,  but 
received  only  168  electoral  votes.  Cleveland  ran  again  in  1892  and  won, 
becoming  the  only  president  to  serve  two  terms  not  in  succession. 

Election  of  1896 

In  1896  the  nation  was  split  over  the  question  of  gold  and  silver  coinage. 
The  Republican  Party  nominated  William  McKinley  of  Ohio,  who  favored 
gold  coinage  over  silver.  The  Democrats  nominated  William  Jennings  Bryan 
of  Nebraska,  who  favored  silver  coinage.  Bryan  was  such  a  forceful  pro- 
ponent of  silver  that  several  other  parties  nominated  him  as  well,  including 
the  Populists  and  the  Silver  Republicans.  Unfortunately,  there  were  two 
nominees  for  vice-president  running  with  Bryan.  The  Democratic  and  Silver 
Republican  nominee  was  Arthur  Sewall  of  Maine,  while  the  Populist  nominee 


The  North  Carolina  Electoral  College 


11 


was  Thomas  E.  Watson  of  Georgia.  When  the  electoral  college  met,  the 
Bryan  electors  split  over  the  vice-presidential  candidate.  Sewall  received  149 
of  the  176  electors  and  Watson  received  27.  That  was  the  last  time  the 
electoral  votes  for  vice-presidential  candidates  were  divided  between  two 
different  people. 


The  Electoral  College  of  North  Carolina,  1901 


Defecting  Electors,  1948  to  1984 

Since  World  War  II  there  has  been  a  tendency  for  one  elector  in  each 
election  to  cast  his  vote  for  someone  who  did  not  carry  his  state.  This 
phenomenon  of  defecting  electors  has  occurred  in  seven  of  the  last  ten 
elections. 

In  1948  Preston  Parks  of  Tennessee  was  elected  on  both  the  Democratic 
and  States  Rights  tickets.  He  chose  to  vote  for  the  States  Rights  nominees 
instead  of  the  Democrats,  who  had  carried  Tennessee.  Eight  years  later,  W. 
F.  Turner  of  Alabama  chose  not  to  vote  for  the  national  Democratic  nominee, 
Adlai  E.  Stevenson,  voting  instead  for  Walter  B.  Jones,  a  local  judge. 

In  1960  Henry  D.  Irwin  of  Oklahoma  tried  to  use  the  electoral  college  to 
stop  the  national  winner  of  the  election  from  taking  office.  He  was  elected  as 
a  Republican  elector  and  wanted  to  stop  John  F.  Kennedy  from  being 
inaugurated.  On  November  20,  1960,  Irwin  telegraphed  all  of  the  Republican 
electors  nationwide: 


12  North  Carolina  Manual 

I  am  Oklahoma  Republican  Elector.  The  Republican  electors 
cannot  deny  the  election  of  Kennedy.  Sufficient  conservative 
Democratic  electors  available  to  deny  labor  socialist  nominee. 
Would  you  consider  [Harry  F.]  Byrd  President,  [Barry  M.]  Gold- 
water  Vice  President,  or  wire  any  acceptable  substitute.  All  replies 
strict  confidence. 

When  about  40  responses  to  Irwin's  telegram  returned  with  the  refusal  to 
support  his  plan  because  they  were  morally  bound  to  vote  for  Nixon,  Irwin 
asked  the  National  Committee  to  release  the  Nixon  Electors.  But  only  Irwin 
bolted  the  Nixon  ticket. 

Nixon  had  two  other  electors  to  bolt  his  ticket  -  Lloyd  W.  Bailey  of  North 
Carolina,  in  1968  and  Roger  MacBride  of  Virginia  in  1972. 

Bailey,  an  ophthalmologist  from  Rocky  Mount,  was  selected  at  the  Second 
District  Republican  Convention.  "I  did  not  seek  this  position,  but  I  did  not 
decline  it.  No  one  else  was  proposed  for  Presidential  Elector,  so  I  was 
nominated,"  he  later  stated.  Bailey  even  forgot  that  he  was  a  nominee  for 
the  electoral  college.  He  was  selected  before  Nixon  was  nominated  and  did 
not  think  that  Nixon  had  a  chance  of  carrying  the  State. 

As  a  member  of  the  John  Birch  Society,  Bailey  supported  American  Party 
nominee  George  C.  Wallace  because  he  did  not  like  the  Republican  nominee. 
After  the  election  Bailey  became  alarmed  about  the  people  Nixon  was  going 
to  appoint  to  office.  He  had  supported  and  voted  for  Wallace,  even  though  he 
was  a  Republican  elector.  He  realized  he  could  not  vote  for  Nixon.  This  left 
him  in  an  awkward  position.  Bailey  would  have  resigned,  but  he  felt  that  an 
obligation  to  "make  a  decision  based  upon  loyalty  to  my  country  rather  than 
to  my  political  party."  Bailey  consulted  with  friends  and  family,  including  I. 
Beverly  Lake  Sr.  from  whom  Bailey  asked  for  an  opinion  about  the  law  and 
the  voting  of  electors.  There  was  no  penalty  in  North  Carolina  if  someone 
voted  his  own  convictions.  Dr.  Bailey  had  a  strong  belief  that  the  electoral 
college  envisioned  by  the  writers  of  the  constitution  was  one  of  the  last 
vestiges  of  state  power  still  left.  He  believed  it  was  up  to  the  electors  to  cast 
their  votes  for  the  person  they  thought  best  represented  the  wishes  of  the 
people.  With  his  convictions  firmly  in  place,  Bailey  decided  to  cast  his  vote 
for  Wallace. 

Word  leaked  out  that  Bailey  was  going  to  vote  for  Wallace,  and  a  week 
before  the  electors  met  the  Rocky  Mount  Evening  and  Sunday  Telegram  ran 
a  story  about  it.  News  media  from  across  the  nation  were  soon  clamoring  for 
a  story.  The  New  York  Times  ran  a  story  entitled  "The  Defector  Elector." 
Bailey's  telephone  rang  off  the  hook  as  local  Republicans  called  to  persuade 
him  to  reconsider.  The  Rocky  Mount  police  watched  his  office,  which  was 
next  to  the  police  station.  He  was  shocked  by  the  interest  in  his  vote,  and  the 
threats  on  his  life.  He  did  not  waver  under  the  pressure  to  change  his  vote; 
however,  he  did  carry  a  pistol  with  him  to  Raleigh. 

Upon  his  arrival  in  Raleigh,  Bailey  became  the  focal  point  for  the  national 
news  media.  In  an  interview,  he  said  he  was  "a  proud  member  of  the  John 
Birch  Society,  the  Boy  Scouts,  the  Rotary  Club  and  the  Medical  Society." 
Another  elector  characterized  Bailey  as  an  "all  wet,  publicity-hungry, 
radical."  Pressure  from  the  other  electors  to  change  his  vote  did  not  phase 


The  North  Carolina  Electoral  College  13 

him.  The  meeting  was  delayed  an  hour  and  fifteen  minutes  while  a  judge 
was  sought  to  swear  in  the  electors.  When  the  nominations  were  made,  the 
electors  did  not  try  to  stop  Bailey's  nomination  by  requiring  a  second. 
Following  the  meeting,  Bailey  was  interviewed  by  a  New  York  radio  station 
and  for  a  short  time  received  calls  and  letters  from  all  over  the  nation. 

The  end  was  not  over  for  Bailey.  In  January  of  1969,  the  United  States 
Senate  Judiciary  Committee  held  hearings  on  the  electoral  college,  and  he 
was  called  to  testify.  Bailey  was  questioned  by  such  leading  United  States 
Senators  as  Samuel  J.  Ervin,  Jr.,  J.  Strom  Thurmond,  and  Birch  Bayh. 
Bailey  read  a  six  page  statement  to  the  committee  and  answered  questions. 
Many  expressed  concern  that  Bailey's  action  cancelled  part  of  North  Caro- 
lina's voting  power  in  the  electoral  college  and  that  it  set  a  poor  precedent 
for  future  electors.  Senator  Muskie  of  Maine,  the  Democratic  nominee  for 
vice-president  raised  an  objection  to  the  counting  of  his  vote  on  January  6, 
1969.  But  a  resolution  to  take  away  Bailey's  vote  lost  in  both  houses  of 
Congress,  33  to  58  against  in  the  Senate  and  170  to  228  against  in  the  House 
of  Representatives.  The  vote  against  the  resolution  was  made  because 
Bailey's  vote  had  been  properly  certified  by  the  State  Board  of  Elections, 
and  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  has  no  stipulation  requiring 
electors  to  vote  in  any  particular  way.  The  only  way  to  guard  against  a 
repeat  in  the  future  was  through  legislative  action  at  the  state  level  or 
through  a  constitutional  amendment. 

The  North  Carolina  General  Assembly  took  the  necessary  action  by 
enacting  a  state  law  requiring  electors  to  vote  for  the  candidates  who  carried 
the  state  in  the  national  election  or  to  resign.  An  Elector  who  does  not  vote 
accordingly  is,  after  being  removed  from  office  and  replaced,  fined  $500  and 
charged  with  a  felony  in  Wake  County  Superior  Court.  Twenty-one  states 
and  the  District  of  Columbia  now  have  similar  laws;  however,  no  constitu- 
tional amendment  has  been  passed  to  deal  with  this  issue. 

In  1976,  Mike  Pullen  of  Washington  State  chose  to  vote  for  Ronald  Reagan 
instead  of  Gerald  R.  Ford.  The  election  of  1984  produced  an  Illinois  elector 
who  attempted  to  vote  for  Reagan  for  president  and  Geraldine  Ferraro,  the 
Democratic  nominee  for  vice-president.  The  electors  took  another  ballot  and 
the  elector  voted  for  George  Bush,  the  party  nominee. 


14  North  Carolina  Manual 


THE  ELECTORAL  COLLEGE  TODAY 

Organization 

Each  state  is  assigned  a  number  of  electors  equal  to  the  total  number  of 
senators  and  representatives  each  has  in  the  United  States  Congress.  There 
are  538  electors  representing  the  100  senators  and  the  435  representatives, 
plus  three  for  the  District  of  Columbia.  A  total  of  270  electoral  votes  is 
needed  to  win  the  election.  If  no  candidate  receives  a  majority,  the  United 
States  House  of  Representatives  selects  the  president  and  the  United  States 
Senate  selects  the  vice-president. 

Selection  of  Electors 

Today,  each  state  selects  its  electors  on  a  statewide  basis  except  for  Maine, 
which  uses  a  district  plan.  In  35  states,  including  North  Carolina,  electors 
are  nominated  by  party  conventions.  The  state  political  committees  choose 
them  in  five  states,  and  Arizona  has  a  primary  for  presidential  elector. 
Pennsylvania  calls  for  the  national  candidates  to  select  25  people  to  serve  in 
the  college,  and  the  other  eight  states  use  a  combination  of  these  methods. 

In  North  Carolina,  each  party  selects  its  thirteen  electors  in  conventions. 
Eleven  electors,  one  chosen  at  each  of  the  respective  Congressional  District 
Conventions,  are  called  district  electors.  Two  others,  representing  the  United 
States  Senators,  are  selected  statewide  at  the  State  Conventions  of  each 
political  party  and  are  called  the  at-large  electors.  Each  political  party 
appearing  on  the  ballot  has  a  slate  of  thirteen  electors. 

Ballots 

Voting  methods  have  undergone  many  changes  in  North  Carolina.  In 
1796  a  voter  went  to  the  courthouse  of  any  county  in  which  he  held  land  and 
voted.  From  1796  to  1808  either  voice  voting  or  signing  by  the  voter  beneath 
the  name  of  the  nominee  was  used.  The  sheriff  in  each  county  was  respon- 
sible for  conducting  the  election.  Since  there  were  usually  only  two  candi- 
dates, there  were  usually  no  problems  unless  a  sheriff  held  the  election  on 
the  wrong  day,  as  happened  in  Montgomery  County  in  1804  and  in  Chatham 
County  in  1808.  In  each  of  these  cases,  the  winning  candidate  lost  the 
district  election  when  that  county's  returns  were  thrown  out. 

After  the  legislature  returned  the  election  of  the  electors  to  the  people  in 
1816,  the  ballot  was  much  more  complex.  Each  ballot  consisted  of  the  fifteen 
statewide  candidates  for  elector  of  one  party.  To  cast  a  vote  for  a  candidate 
for  president,  a  voter  had  to  vote  for  all  fifteen  candidates  for  the  electoral 
college  of  their  party. 

Because  newspapers  had  the  only  printing  presses  around,  they  printed 
the  paper  ballots.  Ballots  were  sold  by  the  papers  to  the  political  leaders  of 
the  counties,  who  in  turn  dispersed  them  to  the  voters  they  thought  they 


The  North  Carolina  Electoral  College  15 

could  trust  to  vote  for  that  slate.  Eventually,  the  newspapers  printed  ballots 
in  their  editorial  columns. 

When  the  Republicans  gained  control  of  the  state  in  1868,  they  recognized 
the  need  for  a  better  system  of  voting.  Most  whites  and  practically  all  of  the 
newly  freed  blacks  could  not  read  and  had  trouble  with  whites  who  tricked 
them  into  voting  for  the  state  Conservative  ticket  in  the  state  elections  of 
April  1868.  As  a  result,  the  legislature  had  the  parties  to  print  colored 
ballots.  All  the  voters  had  to  know  was  that  the  Republican  ticket  was  green. 

A  major  problem  was  that  the  presidential  candidates  of  the  parties  did 
not  appear  on  the  ballots.  In  1920,  the  Democrats  were  worried  so  much 
about  women  voting  for  their  candidate,  James  M.  Cox,  that  they  nominated 
Albert  L.  Cox  for  elector. 

The  General  Assembly  of  1929  passed  the  Australian  ballot.  This  ballot  is 
still  in  use  today  and  lists  the  nominees  of  each  party.  Before  this  time 
ballots  had  only  the  names  of  the  candidates  of  the  party  which  printed 
them.  A  result  of  this  ballot  was  the  disappearance  of  the  Socialist  and 
Prohibition  Parties,  which  could  not  retain  "ballot  status."  An  additional 
change  occurred  in  North  Carolina  in  1936  when  the  names  of  the  electors 
were  removed  from  the  ballots.  In  their  place  was  the  statement  "Electors 
pledged  to"  the  national  ticket.  Today,  these  words  have  also  been  removed 
and  only  the  names  of  each  presidential  nominee  appear. 

In  some  states  the  names  of  the  electors  do  appear  on  the  ballot.  This 
practice  makes  the  voter  more  aware  that  he  is  voting  for  electors  who  will 
in  turn  vote  for  president,  as  specified  in  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States.  Ballots  in  Arizona,  Idaho,  Kansas,  Louisiana,  Mississippi,  New 
York,  North  Dakota,  Oklahoma,  Rhode  Island,  South  Dakota,  Tennessee, 
and  Virginia  list  the  electors. 

The  Dual  Office  Holding  Law 

Article  Six,  Section  9  of  the  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  bars  a  person 
from  holding  two  offices  in  the  state  at  one  time.  This  includes  both  elected 
and  appointed  offices  in  federal,  state,  or  local  government.  There  have  been 
four  instances  when  an  elector  did  not  serve  because  of  this  dual  office- 
holding  prohibition. 

Because  of  a  prohibition  in  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  John  M. 
Morehead  had  to  resign  his  position  of  postmaster  before  he  could  cast  his 
electoral  vote  for  Andrew  Jackson  in  the  Election  of  1824.  This  event 
occurred  prior  to  the  adoption  of  the  1868  Constitution  of  North  Carolina 
which  contained  a  dual  office-holding  provision. 

The  first  case  resulting  from  the  North  Carolina  law  occurred  in  1872 
when  Samuel  F.  Phillips,  a  member  of  the  North  Carolina  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, could  not  serve  as  an  elector  because  he  had  just  been  appointed 
Solicitor  General  of  the  United  States  Treasury.  He  was  replaced  with  State 
Representative  James  H.  Harris.  Other  similar  situations  have  occurred. 

In  1940,  V.  Buren  Jurney  would  not  have  been  allowed  to  serve  as  an 
elector  because  he  was  a  member  of  the  State  Industrial  Commission  with  a 


16  North  Carolina  Manual 

salary  of  $r),r)()0  a  year.  However,  he  was  sick  when  the  college  convened  and 
was  replaced  anyway. 

In  I9(i<S,  R.  (Curtis  Ratcliff  could  not  vote  because  he  was  the  Clerk  of 
Sujx'rior  Court  in  Buncombe  County.  His  wife,  Juanita,  replaced  him. 

And  in  1980  ,].  Reid  Foovey  was  barred  because  of  his  service  in  the  State 
House.  On  the  day  of  the  meeting,  the  remaining  electors  voted  to  replace 
him  with  the  vote  ending  in  a  tie.  State  Republican  Chair  Jackson  Lee 
withdrew,  allowing  Catawba  County  Chair  Tom  Dlugos  to  serve. 

There  were  two  years  in  which  electors  were  allowed  to  serve  in  violation 
of  the  office  holding  law,  1868  and  1976.  Abraham  H.  Galloway,  the  first 
black  to  serve  in  the  electoral  college  in  North  Carolina,  was  a  State  Senator 
when  he  served  in  1868.  State  Representative  O.  Richard  Wright  and  District 
Attorney  H.  W.  Zimmerman  were  both  seated  although  both  already  held 
government  offices  and  were  not  eligible  under  state  law. 

Counting  the  Vote 

Office  of  the  Federal  Register,  Washington  D.  C. 

Long  before  the  November  election,  the  Office  of  the  Federal  Register 
makes  preparations  for  the  handling  of  the  electoral  votes  from  all  50  states 
and  the  District  of  Columbia.  The  first  step  is  to  update  the  book  "The 
Provisions  of  the  Constitution  and  the  United  States  Code  Relating  to 
Presidential  Elections."  The  book  is  used  as  a  guide  by  all  the  executives  in 
handling  the  Electoral  Vote.  This  is  mailed  out  in  October  to  each  State  and 
the  District  of  Columbia  so  they  will  know  what  their  responsibilities  are  in 
relation  to  the  law. 

After  the  November  election,  the  Office  of  the  Federal  Register  holds  a 
meeting  with  the  Director  of  the  Office  of  the  Federal  Register,  the 
Parliamentarian  of  the  Senate,  the  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Senate, 
Assistant  Clerk  of  the  House,  and  the  Assistant  for  Congressional  Relations 
in  the  Vice  President's  Office.  Here  the  plans  are  laid  and  responsibilities 
defined  for  these  officials  to  assist  with  the  counting  of  the  electoral  votes. 

In  the  November  general  election,  the  people  go  to  the  polls  and  cast  a  vote 
for  the  candidate  of  their  choice.  This  election  is  the  first  Tuesday  after  the 
first  Monday  in  November.  The  Presidential  nominee  with  the  most  popular 
votes  in  each  state  will  receive  all  of  the  electoral  votes  of  that  state. 

Certificate  of  Ascertainment 

After  the  November  election,  the  governor  of  each  state  and  the  mayor  of 
Washington  D.  C.  must  prepare  a  "Certificate  of  Ascertainment"  for  his 
state  or  city.  Each  one  lists  the  vote  of  the  winning  candidate  in  that  state 
along  with  the  list  of  electors  who  will  cast  the  electoral  votes  of  that  State. 
All  of  the  other  candidates  for  electors  and  their  vote  totals  are  listed.  The 
governor  or  mayor  signs  this  document  and  fixes  his  seal.  Each  state  has  a 
different  form  which  it  has  designed;  some  are  formal  with  ribbons,  others 
simple.  An  original  copy  of  the  Certificate  of  Ascertainment  is  delivered  to 
each  Elector. 


The  North  Carolina  Electoral  College  17 

Voting  Procedure 

In  each  state,  the  party  which  wins  the  most  popular  votes  for  president 
and  vice-president  in  the  November  general  election  receives  all  of  the 
electoral  votes  of  that  state.  The  winning  party  then  sends  their  set  of 
electors  to  the  state  capitol  to  cast  their  votes.  For  example,  in  1988,  George 
Bush  carried  North  Carolina,  so  the  thirteen  Republican  electors  met  in  the 
state  capitol  in  Raleigh.  Electors  in  North  Carolina  are  paid  $44  a  day  and 
$.17  a  mile  to  travel  to  Raleigh  to  perform  their  duty. 

According  to  N.C.G.S.  163-210,  the  electors  are  to  meet  at  the  "Old  Hall  of 
the  House  of  Representatives  in  the  State  Capitol  in  the  city  of  Raleigh  at 
noon  on  the  first  Monday  after  the  second  Wednesday  in  December  after 
their  election."  Each  state  is  free  to  select  its  own  meeting  place  but  no  one 
can  legally  deviate  from  this  date.  The  North  Carolina  Electoral  College 
used  to  meet  in  the  Old  Senate  Chamber  until  1976  except  when  the  Capitol 
burned  in  1831,  requiring  different  meeting  places  for  the  1832  and  1836 
meetings. 

In  North  Carolina  electors  are  bound  to  vote  for  the  candidates  of  their 
party.  Failure  to  attend  and  vote  properly  would  bring  a  felony  charge  in 
Wake  County  Superior  Court  and  a  mandatory  fine  of  $500  along  with 
removal  from  office.  The  remaining  electors  would  fill  all  vacancies  with 
individuals  who  would  vote  properly. 

Certificate  of  Vote 

When  the  electors  meet  in  December,  they  must  first  select  a  President  and 
Secretary  of  the  Electoral  College.  The  names  of  the  substitute  electors  are 
sent  in  with  the  Certificate  of  Vote  to  Washington.  Nominations  and  second- 
ing speeches  are  made  for  President  of  the  United  States.  After  the  voting 
for  President,  additional  nominations  and  seconding  speeches  are  made  for 
Vice  President.  In  modern  times,  few  major  speeches  have  been  given  in 
contrast  with  earlier  meetings  like  those  in  the  late  1800s.  After  the  Electors 
vote  separately  for  President  and  Vice  President,  six  copies  of  the  Certificate 
of  Vote  must  be  signed  by  each  Elector.  Minutes  of  the  meeting  are  compiled 
and  signed  by  the  President  and  Secretary  of  the  College.  The  votes  are  then 
sealed  and  immediately  dispatched  by  a  waiting  postman  to  the  President  of 
the  Senate  in  Washington,  D.  C.  Other  copies  are  mailed  to  the  District 
Court  Judge  (1),  the  National  Archives  (2),  and  the  North  Carolina  Secretary 
of  State  (2).  This  is  a  check  in  case  the  ballots  are  lost  or  delayed  on  their 
way  to  Washington. 

The  office  of  the  Federal  Register  keeps  one  copy  designated  for  the 
National  Archives  in  Washington,  D.  C.  This  is  used  by  the  government  to 
count  the  number  of  states  sending  their  electoral  votes  in  on  time  and  for 
the  press  to  survey  the  official  vote.  The  National  Archives  keeps  one  official 
copy  on  file  in  its  vault  for  historical  and  research  purposes. 

The  Mahogany  Boxes 

On  January  6,  the  envelopes  are  removed  and  placed  in  two  special 
mahogany  boxes.  These  boxes  are  each  required  to  be  18"  long,  10"  wide, 


18  North  Carolina  Manual 

and  8  Vv!'  in  height.  Each  box 
is  etched  in  gold  on  the  top 
and  on  four  sides  and  has  a 
Hght  brown  leather  strap.  The 
envelopes  with  the  electoral 
votes  from  Alabama  through 
Mississippi  go  in  one  box;  the 
returns  from  Missouri  through 
Wyoming  go  in  the  second 
box.  The  law  formerly  called 
for  new  boxes  to  be  made  every 
four  years  by  the  Senate  car- 
penter.   However,    the   same 

boxes  that  were  used  in  1980  and  1984  were  used  in  1988.  No  longer  will  new 

boxes  be  required  to  be  made  for  future  elections. 

Announcing  the  Results 

At  a  special  joint  session  of  Congress  on  January  6,  the  mahogany  boxes 
with  the  envelopes  containing  the  electoral  votes  of  each  state  are  opened 
and  the  results  are  announced.  The  President  of  the  Senate,  the  Vice 
President,  is  in  charge  and  is  assisted  by  four  tellers,  two  from  the  House 
and  two  from  the  Senate.  The  votes  are  tabulated  and  the  winner  is 
announced. 

Inauguration 

The  new  President  and  Vice  President  take  the  oath  of  office  on  January 
20  according  to  the  20th  Amendment.  The  Chief  Justice  swears  in  the 
President  and  an  Associate  Justice  swears  in  the  Vice  President. 

What  Happens  When  there  is  No  Winner? 

The  Twelfth  Amendment  defines  the  steps  to  be  followed  if  no  candidate 
receives  the  required  270  votes.  While  it  is  possible  to  have  a  tie  vote,  269  to 
269,  a  strong  third  party  candidate  could  result  in  no  clear  winner  in  the 
November  election. 

When  no  one  receives  a  majority  of  the  electoral  votes,  the  president  and 
the  vice  president  are  selected  by  the  United  States  House  of  Representatives 
and  United  States  Senate.  The  House  chooses  the  president  from  the  top  3 
candidates.  Each  member  of  a  state's  delegation  votes  to  determine  who  the 
state  will  support  for  President  of  the  United  States.  The  candidate  who 
receives  the  majority  of  the  votes  of  the  delegation  gets  the  vote  of  that  state. 
If  there  is  a  tie,  the  state  loses  its  vote.  To  win,  a  candidate  must  obtain  a 
majority  of  the  50  states,  or  26  votes.  Under  this  system  the  District  of 
Columbia  would  have  no  vote  because  they  have  no  voting  representation  in 
Congress.  There  is  no  limit  to  the  number  of  ballots  that  could  be  taken  by 
the  House.  However,  if  they  were  unable  to  decide  by  the  inauguration,  the 
20th  Amendment  provides  for  the  vice  president-elect  to  act  as  president 
until  a  President  has  been  selected.  If  no  vice  president-elect  had  been 


The  North  Carolina  Electoral  College  19 

chosen  then  the  Speaker  of  the  United  States  House  of  Representatives 
would  act  until  either  the  president-elect  or  vice  president-elect  is  qualified. 

The  vice  president  would  be  selected  by  the  United  States  Senate  in  a 
similar  manner.  Each  senator  would  select  from  the  top  two  vice  presidential 
candidates.  A  majority  vote,  or  51  of  the  100  senators  would  be  necessary  to 
win.  The  District  of  Columbia  would  not  have  a  vote  again  because  of  its 
lack  of  representation  in  the  United  States  Senate.  If  no  winner  is  determined 
by  time  of  the  inauguration,  the  Succession  Act  provides  for  the  Speaker  of 
the  House  to  serve  until  a  decision  is  made.  The  Speaker  of  the  House 
selected  on  January  3  would  serve. 

Weaknesses  in  the  Electoral  College  System 

Throughout  the  years,  history  has  pointed  out  many  weaknesses  in  the 
electoral  college  system.  In  the  past  200  years  over  500  proposals  (one  as 
early  as  1797)  have  been  made  to  improve  it  but  only  one,  the  12th  Amend- 
ment has  passed. 

Many  people  call  the  electoral  college  system  undemocratic  because  it 
violates  the  principle  of  one-man-one-vote.  The  small  states  have  a  larger 
voice  than  their  population  dictates  giving  the  weight  of  a  electoral  vote  in 
Alaska  more  than  in  California;  moreover,  if  the  election  is  thrown  into  the 
Congress,  each  state  has  an  equal  vote,  regardless  of  population. 

The  "winner-take-all"  theory  is  another  area  of  concern.  If  a  candidate 
carries  the  state  by  one  vote  or  one  million,  he  gets  all  the  electoral  votes  of 
that  state.  This,  in  effect,  does  not  even  count  or  reflect  the  votes  cast  for  the 
minority  candidate.  The  electoral  vote  does  not  reflect  the  popular  vote  as 
exhibited  by  the  past  two  elections.  In  1984,  President  Reagan  received  98% 
of  the  electoral  votes  while  obtaining  only  58%  of  the  popular  votes  in  the 
race  against  Walter  Mondale,  the  Democratic  candidate.  In  1988,  Vice 
President  George  Bush  won  79%  of  the  electoral  votes  but  got  only  54%  of  the 
popular  votes. 

A  third  area  of  concern  rests  with  the  electors  themselves.  In  a  majority  of 
the  states,  they  are  not  bound  to  vote  for  the  candidate  that  carries  their 
state.  As  a  result,  since  1848,  there  have  been  six  faithless  electors  who  did 
not  vote  for  their  party's  nominee.  Twenty-one  states  and  the  District  of 
Columbia  have  taken  action  to  make  sure  this  will  not  happen  in  their 
states.  Fifteen  states  including  Alaska,  Colorado,  Connecticut,  Hawaii, 
Maine,  Maryland,  Nevada,  New  Mexico,  North  Carolina,  Ohio,  Oklahoma. 
Vermont,  Virginia,  Washington,  Wyoming  and  the  District  of  Columbia 
require  their  electors  to  vote  according  to  the  popular  vote  in  their  state. 
Failure  to  do  so  results  in  fines  in  some  states  such  as  in  North  Carolina. 
Three  other  states,  California,  Tennessee,  and  Wisconsin  require  the  electors 
to  vote  for  the  winner  in  their  state  if  he  is  living.  Massachusetts  and 
Oregon  take  it  seriously  enough  to  require  their  electors  to  make  a  pledge  ot 
support  for  the  candidate  they  represent.  South  Carolina  provides  for  the 
unbinding  of  its  electors  if  it  deems  it  necessary.  Needless  to  say,  electors 
who  are  not  bound  by  law  would  be  subject  to  bribes  and  corruption  if  no 
candidate  received  a  majority  of  the  electoral  votes.  The  thought  tbat  an 


20  North  Carolina  Manual 

elector  could  overturn  the  expressed  wishes  of  the  voting  citizens  of  their 
state  is  a  possibility.  The  selection  of  the  President  would  hinge  on  this  if  the 
vote  was  close. 

Finally,  there  is  the  problem  of  a  nominee  being  able  to  win  a  majority  of 
the  electoral  votes  but  not  get  a  majority  of  the  popular  votes.  P^'act  became 
reality  for  Grover  Cleveland  in  1888  when  he  lost  the  presidency  because  of 
this.  Cleveland  received  48.7%  of  the  popular  votes  to  47.9%  for  Harrison,  but 
lost  in  the  electoral  college  by  a  vote  of  233  to  168.  Other  minority-vote 
presidents  include  John  (Juincy  Adams  and  Benjamin  Harrison.  John  Quincy 
Adams  was  selected  by  vote  in  the  United  States  House  in  1824  over  Andrew 
Jackson.  Rutherford  B.  Hayes  won  in  1876  after  a  special  electoral  commis- 
sion decided  the  election  in  his  favor  over  Samuel  Tilden  who  had  received 
51%  of  the  popular  vote. 

While  the  small  states  have  a  disproportionate  share  of  the  vote,  a  few 
large  states  can  also  control  the  election  of  the  President.  If  a  Presidential 
candidate  wins  in  the  11  most  populated  states  he  would  have  267  electoral 
votes.  Therefore,  it  is  possible  for  a  candidate  to  win  in  only  12  states  and 
become  President  while  being  rejected  by  the  voters  of  the  other  38  states 
and  the  District  of  Columbia.  In  fact  he  would  not  even  have  to  be  on  the 
ballot  in  the  other  states. 

Death  of  the  Presidential  Candidate 

The  death  of  the  president-elect  after  the  general  election  in  November,  but 
before  the  meeting  of  the  electors  in  December  is  not  provided  for  in  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States.  The  writer  of  our  constitution  did  not 
anticipate  the  president  and  vice  president  being  elected  until  December 
when  the  electors  voted. 

The  political  parties  fill  this  gap  by  setting  guidelines  in  their  party  rules 
for  the  filling  of  this  vacancy  by  their  national  committees.  Under  these 
guidelines,  political  parties  have  the  power  to  choose  a  new  presidential 
candidate.  The  electors  since  they  are  selected  by  their  own  political  parties 
would  most  likely  vote  for  the  person  nominated. 

Death  of  a  President-Elect  and  Vice  President-Elect 

After  the  electors  cast  their  votes  at  the  electoral  college  meeting  in 
December  and  their  sealed  ballots  are  sent  to  the  President  of  the  Senate,  the 
vote  is  final.  If  the  president-elect  and  the  vice  president-elect  receive  the  270 
electoral  votes  necessary  to  win  the  election,  they  can  only  be  replaced  in 
accordance  with  provisions  outlined  in  the  20th  Amendment  if  death  should 
occur. 

If  the  president-elect  dies  between  the  meeting  of  the  electoral  college  in 
December  and  the  Inauguration  on  January  20,  the  vice  president-elect 
becomes  the  president-elect.  After  the  Inauguration,  the  new  president 
(formerly  the  vice  president-elect)  would  then  fill  the  office  of  Vice  president 
according  to  provisions  found  in  the  25th  Amendment.  These  provisions 
allow  the  president  to  nominate  a  vice  president  who  can  take  office  after 
being  confirmed  by  a  majority  of  the  members  of  the  United  States  Senate. 


The  North  Carolina  Electoral  College  21 

Proposed  Changes  to  the  Electoral  College  System 

Any  change  in  the  electoral  college  system  would  require  an  amendment 
to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States.  Any  proposed  amendment  must 
pass  by  a  two  thirds  vote  of  each  house  of  the  United  States  Congress.  Once 
the  amendment  passes  Congress,  it  must  then  receive  approval  by  three 
fourths  of  the  states.  Proposals  for  change  seem  to  concentrate  on  four 
plans:  direct  election,  automatic  crediting,  proportional  crediting,  and  district 
crediting. 

Under  the  direct  election  plan,  the  president  and  vice  president  would  be 
elected  by  popular  vote.  The  plan  would  totally  abolish  the  electoral  college. 
The  popular  vote  received  would  be  totaled  up  just  as  it  is  done  in  every 
other  elective  office  in  the  United  States.  This  plan  would  correct  the 
criticism  of  one-man-one-vote  and  the  inequality  in  the  number  of  votes  per 
state.  The  chance  of  a  nominee  winning  the  popular  vote,  but  losing  the 
electoral  voted  would  be  eliminated. 

The  automatic  plan  would  automatically  give  the  electoral  votes  of  each 
states  to  the  nominee  who  carries  that  state.  The  position  of  elector  would  be 
abolished  and  with  it  the  possibility  of  the  faithless  elector. 

A  proportional  plan  would  also  abolish  the  office  of  elector  by  automati- 
cally dividing  the  electoral  vote  for  each  state  according  to  the  percentage  of 
the  popular  vote  received  by  each  presidential  nominee.  This  would  eliminate 
the  winner-take-all  principle. 

Finally,  under  a  district  plan,  each  nominee  who  carried  a  congressional 
district  within  a  state  would  receive  the  electoral  vote  for  district.  In  addition, 
the  nominee  who  won  the  popular  vote  in  a  state  would  received  the 
additional  two  votes  allocated  each  state  for  their  United  States  Senators. 
This  plan  would  insure  widespread  support  for  the  nominee  in  all  areas  of 
the  state  and  nation;  however,  the  tabulation  of  the  results  would  certainly 
be  more  involved  on  election  night.  This  plan  would  also  help  to  correct  the 
winner-take-all  principle. 

The  electoral  college  has  been  a  part  of  American  politics  for  more  than 
two  hundred  years.  Hundreds  of  changes  as  to  how  it  operates  have  been 
proposed,  but  few  have  become  reality.  Opponents  criticize  and  will  continue 
to  criticize  its  existence  while  proponents  steadfastly  defend  the  process.  The 
electoral  college  will  be  around  for  a  while  longer.  How  long  depends  entirely 
on  the  politicians  and  the  people. 


St 

o 


CHAPTER  TWO 


Historical  Miscellanea 


AN  EARLY  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

The  first  known  European  exploration  of  North  CaroHna  occurred  during 
the  summer  of  1524.  A  Florentine  navigator  named  Giovanni  da  Verrazano, 
in  the  service  of  France,  explored  the  coastal  area  of  North  Carolina  between 
the  Cape  Fear  River  area  and  Kitty  Hawk.  A  report  of  his  findings  was  sent 
to  Francis  I,  and  published  in  Richard  Hakluyt's  Divers  Voyages  touching 
the  Discoverie  of  America.  No  attempt  was  made  to  colonize  the  area. 

Between  1540  and  1570  several  Spanish  explorers  from  the  Florida  Gulf 
region  explored  portions  of  North  Carolina,  but  again  no  permanent  settle- 
ments were  established. 

Coastal  North  Carolina  was  the  scene  of  the  first  attempt  to  colonize 
America  by  English-speaking  people.  Two  colonies  were  begun  in  the  1580's 
under  a  charter  granted  by  Queen  Elizabeth  to  Sir  Walter  Raleigh.  The  first 
colony,  established  in  1585  under  the  leadership  of  Ralph  Lane,  ended  in 
failure. 

A  second  expedition  under  the  leadership  of  John  White  began  in  the 
spring  of  1587  when   110  settlers,  including  seventeen  women  and  nine 

children,  set  sail  for  the  new 
world.  The  White  Colony 
arrived  near  Hatteras  in 
June,  1587,  and  went  on  to 
Roanoke  Island,  where  they 
found  the  houses  built  by 
Ralph  Lane's  expedition 
still  standing.  Two  signifi- 
H  cant  events  occurred  shortly 
;||  after  the  colonist's  arrival- 
two  "friendly"  Indians  were 
baptized  and  a  child  was 
born.  Virginia  Dare,  as  the 
baby  was  named,  became 
the  first  child  born  to 
English-speaking  parents  in 
the  new  world.  The  colonists  faced  many  problems.  As  supplies  ran  short 
White  was  pressured  to  return  to  England  for  provisions.  Once  in  England, 
White  was  unable  to  immediately  return  to  Roanoke  because  of  an  impending 
attack  by  the  Spanish  Armada.  When  he  was  finally  able  to  return  in  1590, 


24  North  Carolina  Manual 

he  t'ouncl  only  tlu'  remnants  of  what  was  once  a  settlement.  There  were  no 
signs  of  life,  only  the  word  "CROATAN"  carved  on  a  nearby  tree.  Much 
speculation  has  been  made  about  the  fate  of  the  "Lost  Colony,"  but  no  one 
has  successfully  explained  the  disappearance  of  the  colony  and  its  settlers. 

The  first  permanent  English  settlers  in  North  Carolina  were  immigrants 
from  the  tidewater  area  of  southeastern  Virginia.  These  first  of  these  "over- 
tlow"  settlers  moved  into  the  Albemarle  area  of  northeast  North  Carolina 
around  1650. 

In  1663,  Charles  II  granted  a  charter  to  eight  English  gentlemen  who  had 
helped  him  regain  the  throne  of  England.  The  charter  document  contains 
the  following  description  of  the  territory  which  the  eight  Lords  Proprietors 
were  granted  title  to: 

All  that  Territory  or  tract  of  ground,  situate,  lying,  and  being 
within  our  Dominions  in  America,  extending  from  the  North  end 
of  the  Island  called  Luck  Island,  which  lies  in  the  Southern 
Virginia  Seas  and  within  six  and  Thirty  degrees  of  the  Northern 
Latitude,  and  to  the  West  as  far  as  the  South  Seas;  and  so 
Southerly  as  far  as  the  River  Saint  Mathias,  which  borders  upon 
the  Coast  of  F'lorida,  and  within  one  and  Thirty  degrees  of 
Northern  Latitude,  and  West  in  a  direct  Line  as  far  as  the  South 
Seas  aforesaid;  Together  with  all  and  singular  Ports,  Harbours, 
Bays,  Rivers,  Isles,  and  Islets  belonging  unto  the  Country  afore- 
said; And  also,  all  the  Soil,  Lands,  Fields,  Woods,  Mountains, 
Farms,  Lakes,  Rivers,  Bays,  and  Islets  situate  or  being  within  the 
Bounds  or  Limits  aforesaid;  with  the  Fishing  of  all  sorts  of  Fish, 
Whales,  Sturgeons,  and  all  other  Royal  Fishes  in  the  Sea,  Bays, 
Islets,  and  Rivers  within  the  premises,  and  the  Fish  therein 
taken; 

And  moreover,  all  Veins,  Mines,  and  Quarries,  as  well  discovered 
as  not  discovered,  of  Gold,  Silver,  Gems,  and  precious  Stones,  and 
all  other,  whatsoever  be  it,  of  Stones,  Metals,  or  any  other  thing 
whatsoever  found  or  to  be  found  within  the  Country,  Isles,  and 
Limits  .  .  .  ." 

The  territory  was  to  be  called  Carolina  in  honor  of  Charles  the  First.  In 
1665,  a  second  charter  was  granted  in  order  to  clarify  territorial  questions 
not  answered  in  the  first  charter.  This  charter  extended  the  boundry  lines  of 
Carolina  to  include: 

All  that  Province,  Territory,  or  Tract  of  ground,  situate,  lying, 
and  being  within  our  Dominions  of  America  aforesaid,  extending 
North  and  Eastward  as  far  as  the  North  end  of  Carahtuke  River 
or  Gullet;  upon  a  straight  Westerly  line  to  Wyonoake  Creek, 
which  lies  within  or  about  the  degrees  of  thirty  six  and  thirty 
Minutes,  Northern  latitude,  and  so  West  in  a  direct  line  as  far  as 
the  South  Seas;  and  South  and  Westward  as  far  as  the  degrees  of 
twenty  nine,  inclusive,  northern  latitude;  and  so  West  in  a  direct 
line  as  far  as  the  South  Seas. 


Historical  Miscellanea 


25 


26  North  Carolina  Manual 

Between  166;5  and  1729,  North  Carolina  was  under  the  control  of  the  Lords 
Proprietors  and  their  descendents  who  commissioned  colonial  officials  and 
authorized  the  governor  and  his  council  to  grant  lands  in  the  name  of  the 
Lords  Proprietors.  In  1669,  John  Locke  wrote  the  Fundamental  Constitutions 
as  a  model  for  the  government  of  Carolina.  Albemarle  County  was  divided 
into  local  governmental  units  called  precincts.  Initially  there  were  three 
precincts— Berkley,  Carteret,  and  Shaftesbury— but  as  the  colony  expanded 
to  the  south  and  west  new  precincts  were  created.  By  1729,  there  were  a  total 
of  eleven  precincts— six  in  Albemarle  County  and  five  in  Bath  County  which 
had  been  created  in  1696.  Although  the  Albemarle  Region  was  the  first 
permanent  settlement  in  the  Carolina  Area,  another  region  was  developed 
around  present-day  Charleston,  South  Carolina.  Because  of  the  natural 
harbor  and  easier  access  to  trade  with  the  West  Indies,  more  attention  was 
given  to  developing  the  Charleston  area  than  her  nothern  counterparts.  For 
a  twenty-year  period,  1692-1712,  the  colonies  of  North  and  South  Carolina 
existed  as  one  unit  of  government.  Although  North  Carolina  still  had  her 
own  assembly  and  council,  the  governor  of  Carolina  resided  in  Charleston 
and  a  deputy  governor  was  appointed  for  North  Carolina. 

In  1729,  seven  of  the  Lords  Proprietors  sold  their  interest  in  North  Carolina 
to  the  Crown  and  North  Carolina  became  a  royal  colony.  The  eighth 
proprietor.  Lord  Granville,  retained  economic  interest  and  continued  granting 
land  in  the  northern  half  of  North  Carolina.  All  political  functions  were 
under  the  supervision  of  the  crown  until  1775. 

Colonial  government  in  North  Carolina  was  essentially  the  same  during 
both  the  proprietory  and  royal  periods,  the  only  major  difference  being  who 
appointed  colonial  officials.  There  were  two  primary  units  of  government: 
the  governor  and  his  council,  and  the  colonial  assembly  made  up  of  persons 
elected  by  the  qualified  voters  of  the  county.  There  were  also  colonial  courts; 
however,  unlike  today's  courts,  they  were  rarely  involved  in  the  formulating 
policy.  All  colonial  officials  were  appointed  by  either  the  Lords  Proprietors 
prior  to  1729,  or  by  the  crown  afterwards.  Members  of  the  colonial  assembly 
were  elected  from  the  various  precincts  (counties)  and  from  certain  towns 
which  had  been  granted  representation.  The  term  "precinct"  as  a  geographi- 
cal unit  ceased  to  exist  after  1735.  These  areas  became  known  as  "counties" 
and  about  the  same  time  "Albemarle  County"  and  "Bath  County"  ceased  to 
exist  as  governmental  units. 

The  governor  was  an  appointed  official,  as  were  the  colonial  secretary, 
attorney  general,  surveyor  general,  and  the  receiver  general.  All  officials 
served  at  the  pleasure  of  the  Lords  Proprietors  or  the  crown.  During  the 
proprietory  period,  the  council  was  comprised  of  appointed  persons  who  were 
to  look  after  the  proprietors'  interests  in  the  new  world.  The  council  served 
as  an  advisory  group  to  the  governor  during  the  proprietary  and  royal 
periods,  as  well  as  serving  as  the  upper  house  of  the  legislature  when  the 
assembly  was  in  session.  When  vacancies  occurred  in  colonial  offices  or  on 
the  council,  the  governor  was  authorized  to  carry  out  all  mandates  of  the 
proprietors,  and  could  make  a  temporary  appointment  until  the  vacancy  was 
filled  by  proprietory  or  royal  commission.  One  member  of  the  council  was 


Historical  Miscellanea  27 

chosen  as  president  of  the  group,  and  many  council  members  were  also 
colonial  officials.  If  a  governor  or  deputy  governor  was  unable  to  carry  on  as 
chief  executive  because  of  illness,  death,  resignation,  or  absence  from  the 
colony,  the  president  of  the  council  became  the  chief  executive  and  exercised 
all  powers  of  the  governor  until  the  governor  returned  or  a  new  governor 
was  commmissioned. 

The  colonial  assembly  was  made  up  of  men  elected  from  each  precinct  and 
town  where  representation  had  been  granted.  Not  all  counties  were  entitled 
to  the  same  number  of  representatives.  Many  of  the  older  counties  had  five 
representatives  each  while  those  newer  ones  formed  after  1696  were  each 
allowed  only  two.  Each  town  granted  representation  was  allowed  one  repre- 
sentative. The  presiding  officer  of  the  colonial  assembly  was  called  the 
speaker  and  was  elected  from  the  entire  membership  of  the  house.  When  a 
vacancy  occurred,  a  new  election  was  ordered  by  the  speaker  to  fill  it.  On  the 
final  day  of  each  session,  the  bills  passed  by  the  legislature  were  signed  by 
both  the  speaker  and  the  president  of  the  council. 

The  colonial  assembly  could  not  meet  arbitrarily,  but  rather  convened 
only  when  called  into  session  by  the  governor.  Being  the  only  body 
authorized  to  grant  a  salary  to  the  governor  or  to  be  responsible  for  spending 
tax  monies,  the  legislature  met  on  a  regular  basis  until  just  before  the 
Revolutionary  War.  However,  there  was  a  constant  battle  for  authority 
between  the  governor  and  his  council  on  the  one  hand  and  the  general 
assembly  on  the  other.  Two  of  the  most  explosive  issues  were  the  power  of 
the  purse  and  the  electing  of  the  treasurer,  both  privileges  of  the  assembly. 
Another  issue  which  raised  itself  was  who  had  the  authority  to  create  new 
counties.  On  more  than  one  occasion  elected  representatives  from  counties 
created  by  the  governor  and  council,  without  consultation  and  proper  legisla- 
tive action  by  the  lower  house,  were  refused  seats  until  the  matter  was 
resolved.  These  conflicts  between  the  executive  and  legislative  bodies  were  to 
have  a  profound  effect  on  the  organization  of  state  government  after 
Independence. 

North  CaroHna,  on  April  12,  1776,  authorized  her  delegates  to  the  Con- 
tinental Congress  to  vote  for  independence.  This  was  the  first  official  action 
by  a  Colony  calUng  for  independence.  The  83  delegates  present  in  Halifax  at 
the  Fourth  Provincial  Congress  unanimously  adopted  the  Halifax  Resolves, 
which  read  as  follows: 

The  Select  Committee  taking  into  Consideration  the  usurpations 
and  violences  attempted  and  committed  by  the  King  and  Parlia- 
ment of  Britain  against  America,  and  the  further  Measures  to  be 
taken  for  frustrating  the  same,  and  for  the  better  defence  of  this 
province  reported  as  follows,  to  wit, 

"It  appears  to  your  Committee  that  pursuant  to  the  Plan  con- 
certed by  the  British  Ministry  for  subjugating  America,  the  King 
and  Parliament  of  Great  Britain  have  usurped  a  Power  over  the 
Persons  and  Properties  of  the  People  unlimited  and  uncontrouled 
and  disregarding  their  humble  Petitions  for  Peace,  Liberty  and 


28 


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,."> 

m 

^^^^^BIBS^B^&Sb^^^^^'^^^^^^' *  - 

- "     ------ 

Joseph  Hewes 


North  Carolina 

Signers 

of  the 

Declaration 

of 

Independence 


William  Hooper 


John  Penn 


Historical  Miscellanea  29 

safety,  have  made  divers  Legislative  Acts,  denouncing  War 
Famine  and  every  Species  of  Calamity  daily  employed  in  destroy- 
ing the  People  and  committing  the  most  horrid  devastations  on 
the  Country.  That  Governors  in  different  Colonies  have  declared 
Protection  to  Slaves  who  should  imbrue  their  Hands  in  the  Blood 
of  their  Masters.  That  the  Ships  belonging  to  America  are  declared 
prizes  of  War  and  many  of  them  have  been  violently  seized  and 
confiscated  in  consequence  of  which  multitudes  of  the  people 
have  been  destrlyed  or  from  easy  Circumstances  reduced  to  the 
most  Lamentable  distress. 

And  whereas  the  moderation  hitherto  manifested  by  the  United 
Colonies  and  their  sincere  desire  to  be  reconciled  to  the  mother 
Country  on  Constitutional  Principles,  have  procured  no  mitigation 
of  the  aforesaid  Wrongs  and  usurpations  and  no  hopes  remain  of 
obtaining  redress  by  those  Means  alone  which  have  been  hitherto 
tried,  Your  Committee  are  of  Opinion  that  the  house  should  enter 
into  the  following  Resolve,  to  wit 

Resolved  that  the  delegates  for  this  Colony  in  the  Continental 
Congress  be  impowered  to  concur  with  the  other  delegates  of  the 
other  Colonies  in  declaring  Independency,  and  forming  foreign 
Alliances,  resolving  to  this  Colony  the  Sole,  and  Exclusive  right 
of  forming  a  Constitution  and  Laws  for  this  Colony,  and  of 
appointing  delegates  from  time  to  time  (under  the  direction  of  a 
general  Representation  thereof)  to  meet  the  delegates  of  the  other 
Colonies  for  such  purposes  as  shall  be  herefater  pointed  out. 

The  Halifax  Resolves  were  not  only  important  because  they  were  the  first 
official  action  calling  for  independence,  but  also  because  they  were  not  a 
unilateral  recommendation.  They  were  instead  recommendations  directed  to 
all  the  colonies  and  their  delegates  assembled  at  the  Continental  Congress 
in  Philidelphia.  Virginia  followed  with  her  own  recommendations  soon  after 
the  adoption  of  the  Halifax  Resolution  and  eventually  in  July  4,  the  final 
draft  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  was  signed.  William  Hooper, 
Joseph  Hewes,  and  John  Penn  were  the  delegates  from  North  Carolina  who 
signed  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

In  early  December,  1776,  delegates  to  the  Fifth  Provincial  Congress  adopted 
the  first  constitution  for  North  Carolina.  On  December  21,  1776,  Richard 
Caswell  became  the  first  governor  of  North  Carolina  under  the  new  constitu- 
tion. On  November  21,  1789,  the  state  adopted  the  United  States  Constitu- 
tion, becoming  the  twelfth  state  to  enter  the  Federal  Union.  In  1788,  North 
Carolina  had  rejected  the  Constitution  because  of  the  lack  of  necessary 
amendments  to  ensure  freedom  of  the  people. 

A  Constitutional  convention  was  held  in  1835  and  among  several  changes 
made  in  the  Constitution  was  the  method  of  electing  the  governor.  After  this 
change  the  governor  was  elected  by  the  people  for  a  term  of  two  years 
instead  of  being  elected  by  the  legislature  for  one  year.  Edward  Bishop 
Dudley  was  the  first  governor  elected  by  the  people. 

In  1868,  a  second  constitution  which  drastically  altered  North  Carolina 
Government  was  adopted.  For  the  first  time,  all  major  state  officers  were 


30 


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Led  by  Mrs.  Penelope  Barker,  wife  of  Thomas  Barker  who  served  as  agent  for  North 
Carolina  in  London,  51  ladies  of  Edenton  gathered  on  October  25,  1774,  to  show  their 
support  for  the  colony's  opposition  to  the  tea  tax.  These  couragous  women  wore  no 
disguises  as  had  the  participants  in  the  Boston  Tea  Party  some  ten  months  earlier,  but 
rather  openly  declared  their  patriotism  by  signing  an  agreement  to  support  whatever  the 
men  of  the  colony  were  doing  for  the  peace  and  happiness  of  their  country.  This  action  was 
one  of  the  earliest  known  political  efforts  by  women  in  America.  The  above  caricature  was 
published  in  the  London  newspapers  along  with  an  account  of  the  event. 


Historical  Miscellanea  31 

elected  by  the  people.  The  governor  and  other  exeutive  officers  were  elected 
to  four-year  terms;  while  the  justices  of  the  supreme  court  and  judges  of  the 
superior  court  were  elected  to  eight-year  terms.  The  members  of  the  general 
assembly  continued  to  be  elected  for  two-year  terms.  Between  1868  and  1970 
numerous  amendments  were  incorporated  into  the  1868  constitution,  so  that 
in  1970,  the  people  voted  to  adopt  a  completely  new  constitution.  Since  then 
several  amendments  have  be  ratified  but  one  in  particular  is  a  break  from 
the  past.  In  1977,  the  people  voted  to  allow  the  governor  and  lieutenant 
governor  to  run  for  reelection  successively  for  an  additional  term. 

North  Carolina  has  had  two  permanent  capitals.  New  Bern  and  Raleigh, 
and  there  have  been  three  capitol  buildings.  Tryon's  Palace  in  New  Bern 
was  constructed  in  the  period,  1767-1770,  and  the  main  building  was 
destroyed  by  fire  February  27,  1798.  The  first  capitol  in  Raleigh  was  com- 
pleted in  1794  and  was  destroyed  by  fire  on  June  21,  1831.  The  present 
capitol  building  was  completed  in  1840. 

In  1790,  North  Carolina  ceded  her  western  lands  which  included  Washing- 
ton, Davidson,  Hawkins,  Greene,  Sullivan,  Sumner,  and  Tennessee  counties, 
to  the  Federal  government.  Between  1790  and  1796  the  territory  was  known 
as  Tennessee  Territory,  but  in  1796  it  became  simply  Tennessee,  the  fifteenth 
state  in  the  Union. 


32 


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Historical  Miscellanea  33 

THE  STATE  CAPITOL  BUILDING 

The  North  Carohna  State  Capitol  is  one  of  the  finest  and  best  preserved 
examples  of  a  major  civic  building  in  the  Greek  Revival  style  of  architecture. 

Prior  to  1792,  North  Carolina  legislators  met  in  various  towns  throughout 
the  state,  gathering  most  frequently  in  Halifax,  Hillsborough,  and  New 
Bern.  Meetings  were  held  wherever  there  was  a  large  empty  space,  such  as 
local  plantation  houses,  court  houses,  and  even  churches.  However,  when 
the  City  of  Raleigh  was  established  as  the  permanent  seat  of  the  Government 
of  North  Carolina  in  1792,  a  simple,  two-story  brick  State  House  was  built  on 
Union  Square.  The  State  House  was  completed  in  1796. 

The  State  House  was  enlarged  between  1820  and  1984  by  architect  William 
Nichols  who  added  a  third  floor,  eastern  and  western  wings,  and  a  domed 
rotunda  at  the  building's  center.  The  rotunda  housed  a  statue  of  President 
George  Washington  by  sculptor  Antonio  Canova's,  acquired  by  the  state  in 
1821.  When  the  State  House  burned  down  on  June  21,  1831,  the  statue  was 
damaged  beyond  repair. 

The  General  Assembly  of  1832-33  ordered  that  a  new  Capitol  be  built  as  an 
enlarged  version  of  the  old  State  Capital.  The  new  Capitol  would  be  a  cross- 
shaped  building  with  a  central,  domed  rotunda.  The  sum  of  $50,000  was 
appropriated,  and  a  building  commission  appointed  to  initiate  the  plan.  The 
Commissioners  for  Rebuilding  the  Capitol  first  employed  William  Nichols, 
Jr.  to  help  them  prepare  plans  for  the  building.  In  August  of  1833,  Nichols 
was  replaced  by  distinguished  New  York  architects  Ithiel  Town  and 
Alexander  Jackson  Davis.  Town  and  Davis  greatly  improved  upon  the 
earlier  design,  and  developed  a  plan  which  gave  the  Capitol  an  appearance 
that  has  essentially  remained  the  same  to  the  present. 

David  Paton  (1802-1882),  an  architect  born  in  Edinburgh,  Scotland  and 
who  had  worked  for  noted  English  architect  John  Seoane,  was  hired  in 
September,  1834,  to  superintend  the  construction  of  the  Capitol.  Paton 
replaced  Town  and  Davis  as  the  Commissioners'  architect  in  early  1835.  The 
Capitol  was  built  under  Paton's  supervision  except  for  the  exterior  stone 
walls  which  were  largely  in  place  when  he  arrived  in  Raleigh. 

Paton  made  several  modifications  to  the  Town  and  Davis  plans  for  the 
interior.  Among  the  changes  were  the  overhanging  gallery  at  the  second 
floor  level  of  the  rotunda,  the  groined  masonry  vaulting  of  the  first  floor 
offices  and  corridor  ceilings,  and  the  interior  arrangement  of  the  east  and 
west  wings. 

After  clearing  away  the  rubbish  of  the  old  State  House,  excavations  were 
made  and  a  new  foundation  was  laid.  The  cornerstone  was  set  in  place  on 
July  4,  1833.  After  the  initial  foundation  was  laid,  work  progressed  slowly 
and  the  original  appropriations  were  soon  exhausted.  At  the  next  session  of 
the  Legislature,  an  additional  appropriation  of  $75,000  was  made  in  order  to 
begin  on  the  stone  and  finer  work.  Many  skilled  artisans  were  brought  over 
from  Scotland  and  other  countries  to  carry  out  this  phase  of  construction. 

Most  of  the  architectural  details,  including  the  columns,  mouldings, 
ornamental  plasterwork,  and  ornamental  honeysuckle  atop  the  dome,  were 


34  North  Carolina  Manual 

carefully  patterned  after  features  of  particular  Greek  temples:  the  exterior 
columns  are  Doric  in  style  and  are  modeled  after  those  of  the  Parthenon;  the 
chamher  of  the  House  of  Representatives  follows  the  semi-circular  plan  of  a 
Greek  theater  and  its  architectural  ornamentation  is  in  the  Corinthian  style 
ot  the  Tower  of  the  Winds;  and  the  Senate  Chamber  is  decorated  in  the  Ionic 
style  of  the  Erechtheum.  The  only  non-classical  parts  of  the  building  are  two 
large  rooms  on  the  third  floor  which  were  finished  in  the  Gothic  style  which 
was  just  beginning  to  rise  in  popularity  in  American  architectural  circles. 

The  ornamental  ironwork,  chandeliers,  hardware,  and  marble  mantels  of 
the  Capitol  came  from  Philidelphia,  as  did  the  man  who  executed  all  of  the 
ornamental  plasterwork.  The  desks  and  chairs  in  the  House  and  Senate 
Chambers  were  made  by  a  Raleigh  cabinetmaker,  William  Thompson. 

The  Capitol  was  completed  in  1840  at  a  total  cost  (including  furnishings) 
of  $532,682.34,  or  more  than  three  times  the  yearly  general  income  of  the 
State  at  that  time. 

Architect  David  Paton  gave  the  following  description  of  the  new  edifice: 

The  State  Capitol  is  160  feet  in  length  from  north  to  south  by 
140  feet  from  east  to  west.  The  whole  height  is  97Vl>  feet  in  the 
center.  The  apex  of  pediment  is  64  feet  in  height.  The  stylobate  is 
18  feet  in  height.  The  columns  of  the  east  and  west  porticoes  are  5 
feet  2'/^  inches  in  diameter.  An  entablature,  including  blocking 
course,  is  continued  around  the  building  12  feet  high. 

The  columns  and  entablature  are  Grecian  Doric,  and  copied 
from  the  Temple  of  Minerva,  commonly  called  the  Parthenon, 
which  was  erected  in  Athens  about  500  years  before  Christ.  An 
octagon  tower  surrounds  the  rotunda,  which  is  ornamented  with 
Grecian  cornices,  etc.,  and  its  dome  is  decorated  at  top  with  a 
similar  ornament  to  that  of  the  Choragic  Monument  of  Lysicrates, 
commonly  called  the  Lanthorn  of  Demostheses. 

The  interior  of  the  Capitol  is  divided  into  three  stories:  First, 
the  lower  story,  consisting  often  rooms,  eight  of  which  are  appro- 
priated as  offices  to  the  Governor,  Secretary,  Treasurer,  and 
Comptroller,  each  having  two  rooms  of  the  same  size — the  one 
containing  an  area  of  649  square  feet  and  four  closets,  the  other 
528  square  feet — two  committee  rooms,  each  containing  200  square 
feet  and  four  closets:  also  the  rotunda,  corridors,  vestibules,  and 
piazzas,  contain  an  area  of  4,370  square  feet.  The  vestibules  are 
decorated  with  columns  and  antae,  similar  to  those  of  the  Ionic 
Temple  on  the  Ilissus,  near  the  Acropolis  of  Athens.  The  re- 
mainder is  groined  with  stone  and  brick,  springing  from  columns 
and  pilasters  of  the  Roman  Doric. 

The  second  story  consists  of  Senatorial  and  Representatives' 
chambers,  the  former  containing  an  area  of  2,545  and  the  latter 
2,849  square  feet.  Four  apartments  enter  from  the  Senate 
Chamber,  two  of  which  contain  each  an  area  of  169  square  feet, 
and  the  other  two  contain  each  an  area  of  154  square  feet;  also, 
two  rooms  enter  from  Representatives'  chamber,  each  containing 
an  area  of  170  square  feet;  of  two  committee  rooms,  each  contain- 


Historical  Miscellanea  35 

ing  an  area  of  231  square  feet;  of  four  presses  and  the  passages, 
stairs,  lobbies,  and  colonnades,  containing  an  area  of  3,204  square 
feet. 

The  lobbies  and  Hall  of  Representatives  have  their  columns 
and  antae  of  the  Octagon  Tower  of  Andronicus  Cyrrhestes  and 
the  plan  of  the  hall  is  of  the  formation  of  the  Greek  theatre  and 
the  columns  and  antae  in  the  Senatorial  chamber  and  rotunda 
are  of  the  Temple  of  Erectheus,  Minerva,  Polias,  and  Pandrosus, 
in  the  Acropolis  of  Athens,  near  the  above  named  Parthenon. 

The  third,  or  attic  story,  consists  of  rooms  appropriated  to  the 
Supreme  Court  and  Library,  each  containing  an  area  of  693 
square  feet.  Galleries  of  both  houses  have  an  area  of  1,300  square 
feet;  also  two  apartments  entering  from  Senate  gallery,  each  169 
square  feet;  of  four  presses  and  the  lobbies'  stairs,  988  square  feet. 
These  lobbies  as  well  as  rotunda,  are  lit  with  cupolas,  and  it  is 
proposed  to  finish  the  court  and  library  in  the  florid  Gothic  style. 

In  1970  the  State  acquired  a  duplicate  of  the  original  statue  of  Washington 
by  Canova  which  can  be  found  in  the  rotunda  of  the  Capitol.  In  niches 
around  the  rotunda  are  busts  of  three  North  Carolina  governors  -  John  M. 
Morehead,  William  A.  Graham,  and  Samuel  Johnson  -  and  United  States 
Senator  Matthew  W.  Ransom. 

Stairways  in  the  east  and  west  wings  give  access  to  the  second  floor, 
where  the  Senate  and  House  Chambers  and  related  offices  are  located. 
Rooms  in  the  east  and  west  wings,  built  as  legislative  committee  rooms, 
have  been  converted  to  other  uses.  On  the  third  floor  are  the  galleries  of  the 
Senate  and  House  Chambers,  and  in  the  east  and  west  wings  are  the 
original  State  Supreme  Court  Chamber  and  State  Library  Room,  both 
decorated  in  the  Gothic  Style.  The  domed,  top-lit  vestibules  of  those  two 
rooms  are  especially  noteworthy. 

The  Capitol  housed  all  branches  of  state  government  until  the  lates  1880's. 
Today  the  only  official  occupants  of  the  Capitol  are  the  Governor  and  the 
Lieutenant  Governor.  The  Supreme  Court  moved  to  its  own  building  in  1888 
and  in  1963,  the  General  Assembly  moved  into  the  newly  constructed 
Legislative  Building.  This  was  the  first  building  erected  by  the  State  exclu- 
sively for  use  by  the  general  assembly. 

The  Legislative  Building 

In  1959,the  General  Assembly  appropriated  funds  for  the  construction  of  a 
new  legislative  building.  The  new  facility  was  needed  to  accommodate  a 
growing  Legislative  Branch  and  to  provide  larger  quarters  for  legislators 
and  staff.  The  act  creating  the  building  commission  was  passed  on  June  12, 
1959.  The  Commission  was  made  up  of  seven  people  -  two  who  had  served  in 
the  State  Senate  to  be  appointed  by  the  President  of  the  Senate,  two  who  had 
served  in  the  State  House  of  Representatives  to  be  appointed  by  the  Speaker 
of  the  House,  and  three  appointed  by  the  Governor.  Lieutenant  Governor 
Luther  E.  Earnhardt,  President  of  the  Senate,  appointed  Archie  K.  Davis 
and  Robert  F.  Morgan.  Speaker  of  the  House  Addison  Hewlett  appointed  B.I. 


36 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Historical  Miscellanea  37 

Satterfield  and  Thomas  J.  White.  Governor  Luther  Hodges  appointed  A.E. 
Finley,  Edwin  Gill,  and  Oliver  Rowe.  White  was  elected  to  serve  as  Chairman 
of  the  Commission  and  Morgan  was  elected  Vice-Chairman.  In  addition  to 
the  appointed  members,  Paul  A.  Johnston,  Director  of  the  Department  of 
Administration,  was  elected  to  serve  as  Executive  Secretary.  When  Mr. 
Johnston  resigned,  State  Property  Officer  Frank  B.  Turner  was  selected  to 
replacement  him. 

Edward  Durell  Stone  of  New  York  and  John  S.  Holloway  and  Ralph  B, 
Reeves  Jr.  of  Raleigh  were  selected  by  the  Commission  to  serve  as  archi- 
tectural consultants. 

After  a  thorough  study  by  the  Commission,  the  site  selected  for  construction 
was  a  Sy^-acre  area  one  block  north  of  the  Capitol.  This  site,  encompassing 
two  blocks,  is  bounded  by  Jones,  Salisbury,  Lane  and  Wilmington  Streets.  A 
section  of  Halifax  Street  between  Jones  and  Lane  was  closed  and  made  a 
part  of  the  new  site.  Bids  on  the  new  building  were  received  in  December, 
1960,  and  construction  in  early  196L 

The  1961  General  Assembly  appropriated  an  additional  one  million  dollars 
for  furnishings  and  equipment  bringing  the  total  appropriation  to  $5.5 
million,  or  $1.24  for  each  citizen  of  North  Carolina  based  on  1960  census 
figures 

The  consulting  architects  wrote  the  following  description  of  the  new 
building: 

The  State  Legislative  Building,  though  not  an  imitation  of 
historic  classical  styles,  is  classical  in  character.  Rising  from  a 
340-foot  wide  podium  of  North  Carolina  granite,  the  building 
proper  is  242  feet  square.  The  walls  and  the  comlumns  are  of 
Vermont  marble,  the  latter  forming  a  colonnade  emcompassing 
the  building  and  reaching  24  feet  from  the  podium  to  the  roof  of 
the  second  floor. 

Inset  in  the  south  podium  floor,  at  the  main  entrance,  is  a  28- 
foot  diameter  terrazo  mosaic  of  the  Great  Seal  of  the  State.  From 
the  first  floor  main  entrance  (at  Jones  Street)  the  carpeted  22-foot 
wide  main  stair  extends  directly  to  the  third  floor  and  the  public 
galleries  of  the  Senate  and  House,  the  auditorium,  the  display 
area,  and  the  roof  gardens. 

The  four  garden  courts  are  located  at  the  corners  of  the  building. 
These  courts  contain  tropical  plants,  and  three  have  pools, 
fountains,  and  hanging  planters.  The  main  floor  areas  of  the 
courts  are  located  on  the  first  floor,  and  mezzanines  overlook  the 
courts  from  the  second  floor.  The  skylights  which  provide  natural 
lighting  are  located  within  the  roof  gardens  overhead.  The  courts 
provide  access  to  committee  rooms  in  the  first  floor,  the  legislative 
chambers  in  the  second  floor,  and  to  members'  offices  in  both 
floors. 

The  Senate  and  House  chambers,  each  5,180  square  feet  in 
area,  occupy  the  east  and  west  wings  of  the  second  floor.  Following 
the  traditional  relationship  of  the  two  chambers  in  the  Capitol, 
the  two  spaces  are  divided  by  the  rotunda;  and  when  the  main 


38  North  Carolina  Manual 

brass  doors  are  open,  the  two  presiding  offiders  face  one  another. 
Each  pair  of  brass  doors  weigh  1,500  pounds. 

The  five  pyramidal  roofs  covering  the  Senate  and  House 
chambers,  the  auditorium,  the  main  stair,  and  the  rotunda  are 
sheathed  with  copper,  as  is  the  Capitol.  The  pyramidal  shape  of 
the  rooves  is  visible  in  the  pointed  ceilings  inside.  The  stuctura 
ribs  form  a  coffered  ceiling;  and  inside  the  coffered  patterns, 
concentric  patterns  are  outlined  in  gold.  In  each  chamber,  the 
distance  from  the  floor  to  the  peak  of  the  ceiling  is  45  feet. 

Chandeliers  in  the  chambers  and  main  stair  are  8  feet  in 
diameter  and  weigh  625  pounds  each.  The  12  foot  diameter 
chandelier  of  the  rotunda,  like  the  others,  is  of  brass,  but  its 
weight  is  750  pounds. 

Because  of  the  interior  environment,  the  garden  courts  and 
rotunda  have  tropical  plants  and  trees.  Outside,  however,  the 
shrubs  and  trees  are  of  an  indigenous  type.  Amoung  the  trees  on 
the  grounds  and  on  the  roof  areas  are  sugar  maples,  dogwoods, 
crabapples,  magnolias,  crepe  myrtles,  and  pines. 

Throughout  the  building,  the  same  color  scheme  is  maintained: 
Walnut,  white,  gold  and  red,  with  green  foliage.  In  general,  all 
wood  is  American  walnut,  metal  is  brass  or  other  gold  colored 
material,  carpets  are  red,  and  upholstery  is  gold  or  black. 

The  enclosed  area  consists  of  206,000  square  feet  of  floor  area 
with  a  volume  of  3,210,000  cubic  feet.  Heating  equipment  provides 
over  7,000,000  B.T.U.  per  hour;  and  the  cooling  equipment  has  a 
capacity  of  620  tones.  For  lighting,  motors,  and  other  electrical 
equipment,  the  building  has  a  connected  service  load  of  over 
2,000,000  watts. 

In  the  past  decade  additional  renovations  have  been  completed  to  create 
more  office  space  and  improve  on  meeting  room  facilities  needed  for  the 
various  committees  of  the  general  assembly.  In  1982  the  Legislative  Office 
Building  opened  and  while  the  first  occupants  were  the  Department  of  the 
Secretary  of  State  on  the  third  floor  and  the  State  Auditor  on  the  second,  the 
majority  of  the  space  is  used  by  the  legislature.  Nearly  half  of  the  members 
of  each  house  moved  to  new  offices  in  the  building  as  well  as  several  of 
support  divisions  of  Legislative  Services. 


The  Capitol  Today 

The  Capitol  Building  has  changed  less  in  appearance  than  any  major 
American  civic  building  of  its  era.  The  stonework,  the  ornamental  plaster 
and  ironwork,  the  furniture  of  the  legislative  chambers,  and  all  but  one  of 
the  marble  mantels  that  visitor  sees  today  are  original,  not  restorations  or 
reprodutions.  Yet  continuous  and  heavy  use  since  1840  has  left  its  marks  on 
the  building,  and  to  cope  with  this  wear  and  tear,  the  Capitol  periodically 
undergoes  careful  rehabiltation  through  renovation.  Work  began  in  1971 
with  the  intention  of  preserving  and  enhancing  the  architectural  spendor 


Historical  Miscellanea  39 

and  decorative  beauty  of  the  Capitol  for  future  generations.  Work  done  to 
date  includes  replacing  the  leaky  copper  roof,  cleaning  and  sealing  the 
exterior  stone,  and  repainting  the  rotunda  in  colors  similar  to  those  originally 
used.  More  recently  completed  phases  include  repairing  plaster-work 
damaged  by  roof-leaks,  replacing  obsolete  wiring  and  plumbing,  reworking 
the  heating  and  cooling  systems  in  the  upper  floors  to  make  them  less 
conspicious,  replacing  worn  carpets  and  draperies,  and  repainting  the  rest  of 
the  interior  according  to  the  original  color  scheme. 

As  our  Nation  celebrated  its  first  200  years  in  1976,  our  State  Capitol 
building  was  enjoying  a  celebration  of  its  own.  Several  years  of  renovation 
work  to  the  old  senate  and  house  chambers  and  the  executive  offices  on  the 
first  floor  were  completed  and  the  Capitol  was  ready  to  once  again  received 
occupants.  Governor  James  B.  Hunt  and  some  parts  of  the  his  office  moved 
back  in,  as  did  long-time  resident  Secretary  of  State  Thad  Eure.  Having  first 
served  as  a  member  of  the  State  House  of  Representatives  in  1929,  then  as 
House  Principal  Clerk  for  the  1931,  1933,  and  1935  sessions  of  the  General 
Assembly  and  finally  as  Secretary  of  State  beginning  in  1936,  Mr.  Eure  had 
served  in  the  Capitol  longer  than  anyone  in  its  history  -  60  years  as  of  his 
retirement  in  early  1989.  The  only  executive  heads  of  departments  occupying 
the  Capitol  at  the  present  are  Governor  James  G.  Martin  and  Lieutenant 
Governor  James  C.  Gardner,  although  Secretary  of  State  Rufus  L.  Edmisten 
does  have  a  ceremonial  office  on  the  second  floor. 

During  late  1988  and  early  1989  extensive  landscape  and  grounds  renovat- 
ions were  done  to  enhance  the  beauty  of  the  Capitol  and  to  improve  its 
visibility.  In  an  effort  to  make  the  nearly  renovated  Capitol  more  accessible 
to  the  people  of  North  Carolina,  the  building  has  been  opened  to  the  public 
on  weekends  with  guided  tours  available  for  all  visitors. 


40  North  Carolina  Manual 

THE  CAPITOL' 

I  am  the  Capitol;  upon  my  copper  dome,  I  wear  a  crown.  It  if  were  gilded,  it 
would  flash  a  signal  to  the  sun.  This  crown  is  more  than  decoration.  It  is  a 
symbol  of  sovereignty. 

When  the  sun  is  bright  and  the  arch  of  heaven  is  clear,  the  greenish-blue 
of  my  dome  is  bold  against  the  sky.  But  sometimes,  when  the  sun  is  veiled, 
the  grey  of  my  dome  appears  to  blend  with  infinity. 

Between  1833  and  1840,  I  was  constructed  of  stone  quarried  nearby,  which 
time  has  mellowed.  These  stones  were  precision  cut  and,  nicely  balanced. 
The  traffic  of  human  feet  has  worn  some  stones,  and,  occasionally,  I  have 
been  roughly  used.  The  edges  of  steps  have  been  broken.  But  I  am  hale  and 
hearty  and  will,  of  course,  endure. 

The  Court,  the  Legislature  and  the  Auditor  have  left  me  for  more  modern 
homes.  It  is  rumored  that  others  may  go.  However,  I  am  assured  I  shall 
become  a  shrine.  Now  what  is  a  shrine?  No  one  seems  to  know,  except  they 
say  it  has  something  to  do  with  memory  and  Glory. 

I  am  complimented  that  many  people  are  concerned  about  my  condition. 
Questions  have  been  raised.  Let  me  assure  one  and  all  that  I  am  solid  and 
sound  of  body.  My  problems  are  mostly  superficial. 

My  roof  has  leaked  a  bit,  and  inquiries  should  be  made  into  the  soundness 
of  the  timbers  that  undergird  it.  Also,  at  appropriate  intervals,  my  electrical 
wiring  should  be  carefully  examined. 

In  fairness  to  the  past,  a  sprinkler  system  was  installed  beneath  my  roof 
in  1939,  and  my  exterior  was  cleaned  effectively  in  1952. 

But  it  is  well  to  have  the  Governor,  the  Council  of  State  and  others 
concerned  about  my  future.  It  is  good  to  know  there  are  those  who  care — to 
have  a  flutter  of  interest  in  my  behalf.  Even  the  pigeons  and  squirrels  are 
concerned! 

Some  time  before  the  year  is  out,  I  am  informed,  we  will  dedicate,  in  an 
appropriate  ceremony,  the  receipt  from  Italy  of  the  figure  of  Washington 
carved  in  marble.  It  is  meet  and  proper  in  anticipation  of  this  event  that  I  be 
cleaned,  refurnished  and  made  in  every  way  presentable.  Incidentally,  my 
architect  told  me  that  in  the  original  plans  I  was  to  have  this  statue.  So,  in  a 
sense,  I  am  unfinished  until  it  is  in  place. 

There  are  those  who  think  I  should  be  restored  to  my  former  splendor.  The 
doctors  of  history  suggest  I  should  be  arrayed  in  the  mode  of  1840.  This,  I 
suppose  has  something  to  do  with  my  ultimate  status  as  a  shrine. 

I  favor  this  restoration.  But  I  doubt  that  such  a  project  can  be  completely 
achieved.  After  all,  in  recent  times,  I  have  become  a  creature  of  modern 
conveniences,  such  as  central  heating,  inside  plumbing  and  electricity— all 
unavailable  in  1840.  Whatever  is  done,  my  comfort  should  be  considered. 
Especially,  I  would  like  to  have  hot,  as  well  as  cold  running  water! 

In  my  bosom  laws  were  made.  Through  the  decades,  I  have  heard  the 
thunders  of  eloquence.  I  have  been  amused  at  the  wit  and  tall  tales  of 
statesmen. 

Today  my  halls  are  silent.  People  come  and  go  and  look  at  me,  and  marvel 
at  the  stories  of  the  past.  They  say  I  am  a  symbol  of  all  that  has  been 
achieved  within  the  borders  of  our  State.  So  be  it.  I  am  a  symbol. 


^Composed  by  Edwin  Gill,  State  Treasure  of  North  Carolina,  1959-1977. 


Historical  Miscellanea  41 


THE  EXECUTIVE  RESIDENCES  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

North  Carolina  has  not  always  provided  an  official  home  for  the  governor 
and  his  family.  In  1770  the  magnificent  Governor's  Palace  in  New  Bern 
which  came  to  be  known  as  "Tryon's  Palace"  was  occupied  by  Royal 
Governor  William  Tryon.  Prior  to  this  the  chief  executive  lived  wherever  he 
chose  at  his  own  expense.  Tryon  Palace  was  destined  to  serve  as  the  formal 
residence  of  governors  for  only  a  short  time.  Exposure  to  the  threats  of 
enemy  forces  during  the  American  Revolution  resulted  in  its  virtual  abandon- 
ment and  in  1798  a  fire  destroyed  all  but  the  west  wing. 

The  transient  nature  of  North  Carolina's  first  legislators  and  the  lack  of 
no  ''fixed"  seat  of  government  did  not  lend  to  the  establishing  of  an 
executive  residence.  In  1792,  a  capital  "city"  was  planned  and  laid  out  in  the 
"hills  of  Wake"  on  Joel  Lane's  plantation.  Raleigh,  named  in  honor  of  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh,  became  the  permanent  seat  of  government.  Shortly  there- 
after an  act  was  passed  by  the  legislature  requiring  the  governor  to  reside  at 
the  permanent  seat  of  government.  Samuel  Ashe  of  New  Hanover  County, 
the  first  governor  to  be  affected  by  this  edict,  expressed  his  emphatic 
opposition  when  he  wrote  ".  .  .  it  was  never  supposed  that  a  Man  annually 
elected  to  the  Chief  Magistracy  would  commit  such  folly  as  to  attempt  the 
building  of  a  House  at  the  seat  of  Government  in  which  he  might  for  a  time 
reside."  The  committee  of  the  general  assembly  to  whom  Ashe's  letter  was 
referred  hastened  to  inform  him  that  the  law  was  enacted  before  his  election 
as  governor  and  could  be  considered  "as  a  condition  under  the  encumbrance 
of  which  he  accepted  the  appointment." 

Shortly  thereafter,  the  general  assembly  took  steps  to  provide  a  dwelling 
for  the  chief  executive.  The  State  Treasurer  was  instructed  to  purchase  or 
lease  a  suitable  house.  In  1797  the  governor  was  provided  with  a  plain,  two- 
story,  white  frame  building  and  an  office  on  lot  131,  the  southwest  corner  of 
Fayetteville  and  Hargett  streets. 

This  first  official  residence  of  the  governor  proved  helplessly  inadequate, 
most  probably  because  of  its  size.  The  General  Assembly  of  1813  appointed  a 
committee  to  remedy  the  situation.  Plans  were  made  for  the  erection  of  a 
more  suitable  dwelling  and  a  site  was  selected  at  the  foot  of  Fayetteville 
Street  facing  the  capitol.  In  1816,  the  elaborate  brick  structure  with  white 
columned  porticoes  was  completed  and  Governor  William  Miller  became  the 
first  occupant  of  the  new  "Governor's  Palace." 

In  traditional  ante-bellum  fashion,  the  twenty  succeeding  governors  resided 
in  the  Palace,  as  it  was  officially  known,  and  much  of  the  history  of  the  state 
centered  there.  General  Lafayette  was  a  visitor  in  1825.  Some  sessions  of  the 
general  assembly  were  held  in  the  Palace  following  the  burning  of  the 
Capitol  in  1831.  The  last  governor  to  occupy  the  Palace  was  Zebulon  Baird 
Vance,  North  Carolina's  governor  during  the  Civil  War.  Union  leaders  such 
as  General  Sherman  and  other  federal  troops  later  occupied  the  dwelling, 
but  only  injured  the  pride  of  the  local  citizens,  not  to  the  building  itself. 
However,  years  of  neglect  and  the  structural  inadequacy  of  the  house  from 
the  very  beginning  made  it  unattractive  to  those  governors  coming  into 
office  after  the  war.  During  Reconstruction  and  until  the  present  mansion 


42 


North  Carolina  Manual 


/'V«p(f^: 


Historical  Miscellanea  43 

was  built,  the  chief  executives  resided  in  Raleigh  in  rented  houses,  hotels,  or 
in  their  own  homes.  From  1871  until  1891  the  Yarborough  House,  a  noted 
Raleigh  hotel,  served  as  the  unofficial  residence  for  several  North  Carolina 
governors. 

Governor  Vance,  the  last  occupant  of  the  Palace,  became  governor  in  1879. 
In  that  year  he  presented  the  report  of  a  commission  appointed  two  years 
earlier  by  the  legislature  to  investigate  the  possibilities  of  providing  a 
suitable  residence  for  the  governor.  The  commission  had  also  been  charged 
with  the  task  of  selling  unused  State  land  in  and  adjacent  to  the  city  of 
Raleigh  with  proceeds  from  the  sales  earmarked  for  the  construction  of  a 
house  and  outbuildings  appropriate  for  the  governor. 

Meanwhile  the  matter  of  hiring  an  architect  was  investigated  and  David 
Paton,  designer  of  the  Capitol,  naturally  came  to  mind.  He  was  an  associate 
of  Ithiel  Town  of  New  York,  the  architect  originally  consulted  in  rebuilding 
the  Capitol.  By  the  1880's,  however,  Paton  was  in  his  middle  seventies  and 
age  and  poor  health  made  it  necessary  for  him  to  decline  the  invitation  to 
visit  Raleigh  to  help  select  a  location  and  plan  the  house. 

The  decision  to  build  the  present  governor's  mansion  was  made  by  the 
general  assembly  at  the  perseverance  of  Governor  Thomas  Jarvis.  Under 
the  governor's  prompting  the  legislature  approached  the  problem  of  providing 
adequate  housing  for  the  chief  executive.  A  bill  ratified  in  February  1883, 
authorized  construction  of  a  house  on  Burke  Square,  provided  for  major 
furnishings,  and  required  the  governor  occupy  it  upon  its  completion.  The 
governor  and  Council  of  State  were  directed  to  use  convict  labor  and  such 
materials  as  were  "manufactured  or  prepared,  either  in  whole  or  in  part"  at 
the  penitentiary,  when  such  a  procedure  seemed  feasible.  To  finance  the 
project,  the  governor  was  authorized  to  use  money  realized  from  the  sale  of 
state  lands  (1877)  and  was  instructed  to  sell  the  old  Palace  and  grounds. 
Expenditures  were  not  to  exceed  the  sum  realized  and  an  accurate  accounting 
was  demanded.  A  record  of  the  money  spent  by  the  governor  and  council 
was  to  be  entered  in  a  journal  and  the  auditor  was  instructed  to  check  and 
file  itemized  accounts  before  issuing  warrants  for  payment. 

Two  months  after  passage  of  the  bill,  the  Council  of  State  met  with 
Governor  Jarvis  and  instructed  him  to  advertise  the  Palace  and  grounds  for 
immediate  sale  and  to  employ  an  architect  to  make  sketches  and  specifi- 
cations for  the  consideration  by  the  Council.  Governor  Jarvis  accordingly 
wrote  W.J.  Hicks,  architect  and  warden  of  the  prison,  suggesting  a  plan 
which  called  for  construction  of  the  house  under  exclusive  direction  of  the 
penitentiary  authorities  and  payment  of  a  definite  sum  to  that  institution. 
The  law  provided  that  the  council  and  the  governor  might  call  upon  the 
penitentiary  for  all  the  labor  and  materials  it  could  furnish  "in  whole  or  in 
part."  Jarvis  felt  there  might  be  some  differences  of  opinion  as  to  the 
meaning  of  the  statement.  He  reasoned  that  with  construction  work  then 
being  done  at  the  penitentiary,  by  using  the  same  material  and  labor  in 
building  the  mansion,  a  savings  would  be  realized  in  buying  in  larger 
quantities.  From  a  practical  standpoint  Jarvis  thought  the  State  would 
profit  by  having  both  projects  under  the  same  management,  and  exporioncod 
businessmen  advised  such  a  plan  might  save  the  State  as  much  as  twenty 
thousand  dollars. 


44  North  Carolina  Manual 

Samuel  Sloan  of  Philadelphia  and  his  assistant,  Gustavus  Adolphus 
Bauer,  were  chosen  as  architects.  Sloan  arrived  in  Raleigh  on  April  28,  1883, 
with  his  designs  for  the  residence.  These  were  declared  "very  artistic, 
representing  an  ornate  building,  in  modern  style,  three  stories  in  height, 
with  the  ample  porches,  hallways,  and  windows  which  every  house  built  in 
this  climate  should  have."  On  May  7  came  the  news  that  the  designs 
submitted  by  Sloan  had  been  accepted,  with  some  modifications  suggested 
by  "able  builders"  of  the  city. 

Officers  at  the  penitentiary  board  making  a  report  in  1882-1884  declared 
the  building  handsome  in  design,  constructed  of  the  best  materials  by  the 
best  workers,  using  pressed  brick  made  at  the  prison  and  trimmed  with 
North  Carolina  sandstone  which  gave  "a  very  happy  relief  to  the  external 
appearance."  They  also  expressed  satisfaction  with  the  artistry  and  con- 
venience of  the  house's  interior  and  wished  to  enhance  it  further  by  using  an 
"elaborate  North  Carolina  hard-wood  finish." 

In  another  progress  report  a  year  later,  Jarvis  stated  that  the  stone  was 
quarried  in  Anson  County  and  most  of  the  finishing  had  been  done  by 
convicts.  He  also  favored  an  interior  of  North  Carolina  hardwood,  including 
the  ceiling,  wainscotting,  and  woodwork  of  the  halls  and  rooms  of  the  first 
floor. 

Dreams  of  a  beautiful  mansion  for  the  governor  were  in  danger  of  being 
lost  as  1889  dawned.  Money  for  its  construction  had  run  out.  The  Council  of 
State  and  the  governor  met  to  discuss  the  question  of  beginning  work  on  the 
house  again  and  pushing  it  to  completion.  The  decision  was  made  to  give  the 
governor  the  authority  to  sell  the  property  in  Raleigh  belonging  to  the  fund 
as  provided  for  by  recent  legislation.  The  proceeds  would  go  to  the  work  of 
completing  the  mansion." 

By  the  end  of  December,  1890,  the  house  was  nearly  finished  but  Governor 
Daniel  Fowle  did  not  move  in  until  after  the  new  year.  He  was  particularly 
anxious  to  occupy  the  house  in  view  of  the  earlier  attempts  to  abandon  it  as 
a  residence  for  the  governor. 

Following  completion  of  the  dwelling,  the  Council  of  State  announced  that 
the  Board  of  Public  Buildings  and  Grounds  would  have  charge  of  its 
supervision  beginning  in  December.  However,  repair  and  preservation  work 
had  already  begun  the  previous  month  with  "certain  exterior  and  interior 
painting"  of  the  woodwork.  Most  of  the  accounts  emphasize  the  deplorable 
condition  of  the  "completed  house."  The  plumbing  was  cheap  and  dirt  was 
laid  between  the  floors  to  deaden  sound.  The  third  floor  and  basement  were 
left  unfinished.  On  the  lot  were  stables  for  "horses  driven  to  the  governor's 
Carraige"  and  other  outhouses.  A  pump  provided  drinking  water  for  the 
mansion  and  a  little  gas  engine  pumped  water  from  the  cisterns  in  the 
basement  to  a  tank  on  the  top  floor. 

The  earliest  laws  providing  for  the  construction  of  a  governor's  residence, 
as  well  as  most  of  the  later  planning,  called  for  the  purchase  of  furnishings. 
As  the  cost  of  construction  mounted,  only  a  small  portion  of  money  remained 
for  furniture;  however,  some  purchases  were  made  before  the  house  was 
furnished.  An  appropriation  of  $1500  in  1891  made  additional  purchases 
possible.  Other  furnishings  were  bought  by  the  individual  occupants  during 
their  stay  in  the  mansion. 


Historical  Miscellanea  45 

When  Governor  Fowle  moved  into  the  mansion,  he  brought  his  own 
furniture  to  supplement  what  was  already  in  the  mansion.  This  precedent 
was  followed  for  many  years  before  the  house  was  adequately  furnished. 
Governor  Fowle  filed  a  list  of  furnishings  in  the  treasurer's  office  to  avoid 
any  confusion  in  the  future  as  to  who  owned  what. 

Elias  Carr  was  the  first  governor  to  live  at  the  mansion  for  a  full  term  of 
four  years  (1893-1897).  Like  his  predecessors  he  soon  found  the  house  in  need 
of  furnishings  and  repairs.  Funds  were  allocated  by  the  legislature  in 
February  for  necessary  furniture  and  for  "completion  and  repairing  the 
mansion."  Two  years  later  another  appropriation  was  made  for  work  on  the 
grounds. 

As  frequently  seemed  the  case  with  new  governors,  Governor  Bickett's 
residency  began  with  as  inspection  of  the  mansion  and  recommendations  in 
keeping  with  the  needs  found  there.  Some  time  previously  the  attorney 
general  had  ruled  that  the  mansion  and  grounds,  as  public  property,  were 
under  the  care  of  the  Board  of  Public  Buildings  and  Grounds  and  directly 
under  the  supervision  of  the  keeper  of  the  capitol.  The  superintendent  of 
buildings  and  grounds  made  a  detailed  report  in  addition  to  the  recommenda- 
tions for  improving  the  interior  made  by  Mrs.  Bickett  and  architect  James 
A.  Salter.  The  repairs  and  improvements  recommended  for  the  exterior  and 
surrounding  grounds  were  extensive,  amounting  to  nearly  ten  thousand 
dollars. 

Mrs.  Bickett  wrote  a  letter  to  the  joirjt  committee  on  public  buildings  and 
grounds  of  the  legislature  and  attached  estimates  given  by  Salter.  Her  plea 
received  sufficient  attention  to  merit  the  introduction  of  a  bill  for  the 
requested  repairs  and  renovations  with  the  provision  that  these  be  made  up 
to  an  expenditure  of  $65,000  out  of  any  funds  in  the  hands  of  the  State 
Treasurer  not  otherwise  appropriated."  This  optimistic  bill,  however,  failed 
to  pass  and  a  substitute  law  was  enacted  in  March,  1917,  allowing  $4,000  "to 
renovate,  equip,  and  properly  furnish  the  Governor's  Mansion  and  improve 
the  surrounding  grounds."  The  succeeding  legislature  passed  another  act, 
allowing  an  expenditure  of  $2,000  annually  for  the  years  1919  and  1920. 

As  preparations  were  made  for  Governor  Angus  W.  McLean's  occupation 
of  the  mansion,  previous  renovations  were  considered  inadequate  by  the 
incoming  governor  and  citizens  alike.  Sentiment  for  abandoning  the  house 
was  aroused  once  more.  The  mansion  was  so  obsolete  and  so  uncomfortable, 
public  opinion  in  Raleigh  favored  scrapping  the  building  and  providing  the 
governor  with  a  new  house  in  one  of  the  city's  residential  sections.  Burke 
Square  could  then  be  used  as  a  public  park. 

Secretary  of  State  W.N.  Everett  halted  the  movement.  Rather  than  do 
away  with  the  mansion,  he  thought  it  should  be  repaired  and  furnished  in 
such  a  way  as  to  provide  a  comfortable  dwelling.  With  the  support  of 
Governor  McLean,  Everett  prevailed  and  is  credited  with  not  only  saving 
the  mansion,  but  also  making  it  a  house  in  keeping  with  the  dignity  of  the 
governor  and  his  office. 

McLean's  plans  for  renovating  and  refurbishing  were  based  on  information 
beyond  that  gained  through  casual  observation  and  the  complaints  of  his 
predecessors.  Sometime  earlier  the  legislature  had  passed  a  law  requiring 
the  State  Board  of  Health  to  inspect  all  state  institutions  for  sanitation.  The 


46  North  Carolina  Manual 

mansion  which  came  under  this  category,  was  inspected  in  February,  1925, 
shortly  after  McLean's  inauguration. 

The  report  from  the  Board  of  Health  was  startling.  The  mansion  had  been 
inspected  and  rated  in  the  same  manner  that  hotels  were  appraised.  It 
received  "the  very  low  rating  of  71."  The  report  added  that  the  management 
of  a  hotel  receiving  such  a  rating  would  be  subject  to  indictment,  and  further 
added  that  the  principal  deductions  in  scoring  were  for  uncleanliness. 

Dr.  W.S.  Rankin,  State  Health  Officer,  after  accompanying  the  sanitary 
engineer  on  his  tour  of  inspection  of  the  mansion,  was  so  impressed  with  the 
necessity  of  making  these  improvements,  he  felt  it  his  duty  to  bring  the 
matter  before  the  general  assembly. 

Secretary  of  State  Everett  had  made  his  own  examination  and  reported 
major  repairs  were  needed  for  the  sake  of  preservation.  He  suggested  a  sum 
not  exceeding  $50,000  for  these  repairs  and  new  furnishings.  Although  this 
action  was  taken  without  McLean's  knowledge,  upon  learning  of  it,  he  soon 
became  active  in  seeking  authority  to  begin  the  much-needed  repairs. 

When  money  became  available,  the  architectural  firm  of  Atwood  and 
Nash  were  employed  to  carry  out  the  renovations.  H.  Pier-Giavina,  a 
"decorative  artist"  from  Wilmington  helped  in  the  interior  decorating.  Renova- 
tions included  painting  throughout  the  mansion  and  modernizing  the  plumb- 
ing and  electrical  facilities. 

In  working  out  a  scheme  of  decoration  and  deciding  on  furniture,  the 
services  of  Elizabeth  Thompson,  a  local  interior  decorator,  and  the  experience 
of  Mrs.  Mclean  were  employed.  The  first  lady,  whose  efforts  were  bent 
toward  the  simple  and  substantial,  was  eminently  fitted  for  the  task  by  her 
own  "excellent  taste  and  wide  observation."  Cloak  rooms  and  servants 
quarters  were  added  to  the  basement  and  the  previously  unfinished  third 
floor. 

It  was  not  until  McLean's  administration,  in  1925,  that  the  legislature 
made  a  specific  appropriation  for  maintaining  the  governor's  mansion. 
Previously,  expenditures  were  made  as  needed  out  the  general  fund. 

The  renovation  undertaken  by  Governor  McLean  was  not  actually  com- 
pleted while  he  was  in  residence.  This  was  particularly  true  of  the  furnish- 
ings. Governor-elect  Gardner  felt  the  home  of  the  governor  should  preserve  a 
uniform  appearance  regardless  of  the  temporary  occupant.  He  asked  the 
Board  of  Public  Buildings  and  Grounds  to  confer  with  the  McLeans  to 
determine  what  was  needed  and  to  make  provisions  for  these  needs  before  he 
came  into  office.  McLean  brought  the  matter  to  the  attention  of  the  board 
and  a  "Special  Furniture  and  Equipment  Account  Available  for  Incoming 
Governor"  was  set  up  for  this  purpose. 

The  Gardners  had  not  been  in  the  mansion  long  before  the  legislature 
passed  an  act  authorizing  the  State  Highway  Commission  to  build  and 
maintain  walkways  and  drives  "within  the  Mansion  Square.  .  .  ."  Included 
in  this  project  was  a  plan  for  a  general  landscaping  of  the  mansion  grounds. 

For  advice  in  landscaping,  Thomas  W.  Sears,  a  landscape  architect  from 
Philadelphia,  was  contacted.  Blueprints  were  drawn  and  plans  submitted. 
Mrs.  Gardner's  concern  for  landscaping  the  grounds  led  to  further  interest  in 


Historical  Miscellanea  47 

the  exterior  appearance  of  the  house  and  at  their  suggestion  the  outside 
woodwork  was  painted  brown  to  blend  with  the  sandstone  and  brick. 

The  master  plan  drawn  by  Elizabeth  Thompson  in  1925,  at  Governor 
McLean's  request,  provided  a  guide  for  succeeding  residents  and  allowed 
some  consistency  in  furnishings  and  decoration.  Governors  of  the  past  few 
decades  have  witnessed  further  changes  and  improvements. 

The  question  of  continuing  to  use  the  Mansion  as  both  an  official  residence 
and  as  the  domicile  of  the  governor  and  his  family  during  his  term  of  office 
has  been  raised  more  than  once.  The  massive  structure  for  all  its  beauty  and 
heritage  has  been  questioned  from  a  practical  aspect.  The  1971  General 
Assembly  created  "The  Executive  Residence  Building  Commission"  to  study 
the  current  needs  of  the  Executive  family  and  to  make  recommendations 
regarding  the  future  use  of  the  Mansion.  The  commission  was  made  up  of 
seven  members,  two  appointed  by  Lieutenant  Governor  Patrick  Taylor  from 
the  membership  of  the  Senate  (John  Church  and  J.J.  Harrington),  two 
appointed  by  Speaker  of  the  House  Phil  Godwin  from  the  membership  of  the 
House  (Kenneth  Royall  and  Dwight  Quinn),  and  three  appointed  by  Governor 
Bob  Scott  (Wayne  Corpening,  Gladys  Bullard,  and  Charles  Bradshaw).  An 
advisory  committee  was  also  authorized  to  aid  the  Residence  Commission  on 
technical  aspects. 

The  work  of  the  Commission  covered  nearly  two  years  of  study,  including 
periodic  meetings  and  visits  to  other  states  to  view  Mansions  and  residences 
"which  they  deemed  most  appropriate  in  design  and  suited  to  the  needs  of 
the  Governor  of  North  Carolina."  Following  these  visits,  and  after  hearing 
presentations  from  six  architectural  firms,  recommendations  were  made  to 
the  Capitol  Building  Authority,  and  the  firm  of  Dodge  and  Beckwith  was 
commissioned  to  draw  up  the  plans  and  to  make  cost  estimates  for  a  new 
Executive  Residence.  The  plans  were  accepted  on  October  5,  1972,  and  the 
cost  estimate  given  to  the  governor  and  Advisory  Budget  Commission  on 
October  30,  for  inclusion  in  the  1973-1975  budget  proposals  to  the  general 
assembly. 

Included  in  the  report  made  to  the  1973  General  Assembly  was  an 
addendum  containing  suggestions,  made  at  the  request  of  the  commission, 
from  Mr.  Carroll  Mann,  then  State  Property  Officer,  regarding  the  renovation 
of  the  Mansion  and  the  cost  of  such  an  undertaking.  Also  included  in  the 
addendum  were  suggestions  by  the  commission  members  for  "modernizing 
and  restoring  the  Executive  Mansion"  if  it  was  kept  as  the  Executive 
Residence.  As  a  result  of  the  Study  Commission's  report,  the  1973  General 
Assembly  appropriated  $575,000  for  renovation  and  alterations  of  the  Execu- 
tive Mansion.  Work  began  during  the  summer,  1973,  and  was  completed  in 
late  1974.  The  plans  for  the  constructing  of  a  new  executive  mansion  were 
dropped. 

Since  these  initial  renovations  in  1973  and  1974,  additional  renovation 
and  modernization  work  has  been  done  to  the  Mansion  to  improve  its  energy 
efficiency  and  liveability. 


48  North  Carolina  Manual 

THE  MECKLENBURG  DECLARATION  OF  20TH  MAY,  1775* 

officp:rs 

Abraham  Alexander,  Chairman 
John  McKnitt  Alexander 

DELEGATES 

Col.  Thomas  Polk  F^zra  Alexander  Waightsill  Avery 

Ephriam  Brevard  William  Graham  Benjamin  Patton 

Hezekiah  J.  Balch  John  Quary  Mathew  McClure 

John  Phifer  Abraham  Alexander  Neil  Morrison 

James  Harris  John  McKnitt  Alexander  Robert  Irwin 

William  Kennon  Hezekiah  Alexander  John  Henniken 

John  Ford  Adam  Alexander  David  Reese 

Richard  Barry  Charles  Alexander  Richard  Harris,  Sen. 

Henry  Downs  Zacheus  Wilson,  Sen. 

The  following  resolutions  were  presented: 

1.  Resolved.  That  whosoever  directly  or  indirectly  abetted  or  in  any  way 
form  or  manner  contenanced  the  unchartered  and  dangerous  invasion  of  our 
rights  as  claimed  by  Great  Britain  is  an  enemy  to  this  country,  to  America, 
and  to  the  inherent  and  inalienable  rights  of  man. 

2.  Resolved.  That  we  the  citizens  of  Mecklenburg  County,  do  hereby 
dissolve  the  political  bonds  which  have  connected  us  to  the  nother  country 
and  herevy  absolve  ourselves  from  all  allegiance  to  the  British  Crown  and 
abjure  all  political  connections  contract  or  association  with  that  nation  who 
have  wantonly  trampled  on  our  rights  and  liberties  and  inhumanly  shed  the 
blood  of  American  patriots  at  Lexington. 

3.  Resolved.  That  we  do  hereby  declare  ourselves  a  free  and  independent 
people,  are,  and  of  right  ought  to  be  a  sovereign  and  self-governing  associa- 
tion under  the  control  of  no  power  other  than  that  of  our  God  and  the 
General  Government  of  the  Congress  to  the  maintenance  of  which  in- 
dependence we  solemnly  pledge  to  each  other  our  mutual  cooperation,  our 
lives,  our  fortunes,  and  our  most  sacred  honor. 

4.  Resolved.  That  as  we  now  acknowledge  the  existence  and  control  of  no 
law  or  legal  officer,  civil  or  military  within  this  County,  we  do  hereby  ordain 
and  adopt  as  a  rule  of  life  all,  each  and  every  of  our  former  laws — wherein 
nevertheless  the  Crown  of  Great  Britain  never  can  be  considered  as  holding 
rights,  privileges,  immunities,  or  authority  therein. 

5.  Resolved.  That  it  is  further  decreed  that  all,  each  and  every  Military 
Officer  in  this  County  is  hereby  reinstated  in  his  former  command  and 
authority,  he  acting  comformably  to  these  regulations.  And  that  every 
member  present  of  this  delegation  shall  henceforth  be  a  civil  officer,  viz.,  a 
justice  of  the  peace,  in  the  character  of  a  "committee  man"  to  issue  process, 
hear  and  determine  all  matters  of  controversy  according  to  said  adopted 
laws  and  to  preserve  peace,  union  and  harmony  in  said  county,  and  to  use 
every  exertion  to  spread  the  love  of  Country  and  fire  of  freedom  throughout 
America,  until  a  more  general  and  organized  government  be  established  in 
this  Province. 


*This  document  is  found  in  Vol.  IX,  pages  1263-65  of  the  Colonial  Records  of  North 
Carolina;  however,  the  authenticity  of  the  declaration  has  become  a  source  of  con- 
troversy among  historians.  The  controversy  arises  because  the  text  of  the  Resolves 
was  recalled  from  memory  by  the  clerk  some  twenty  years  after  the  Mecklenburg 
meeting.  The  original  notes  had  been  lost  in  a  fire. 


CHAPTER  THREE 
Our  State  Symbols 

THE  GREAT  SEAL  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

A  seal  for  important  documents  was  used  before  the  government  was  ever 
implemented  in  North  Carolina.  During  the  colonial  period  North  Carolina 
used  successively  four  different  seals.  Since  independence  six  seals  have 
been  used. 

Shortly  after  King  Charles  II  issued  the  Charter  of  1663  to  the  Lords 
Proprietors,  a  seal  was  adopted  to  use  in  conjunction  with  their  newly 
acquired  domains  in  America.  No  official  description  has  been  found  of  the 
seal  but  it  can  be  seen  in  the  British  Public  Record  Office  in  London.  The 
seal  had  two  sides  and  was  three  and  three-eights  inches  in  diameter.  The 
impression  was  made  by  bonding  two  wax  cakes  together  with  tape  before 
being  impressed.  The  finished  impression  was  about  one-fourth  inch  thick. 
This  seal  was  used  on  all  official  papers  of  the  Lords  Proprietors  of  Carolina, 
embracing  both  North  Carolina  and  South  Carolina. 


Seal  of  the  Lords  Proprietors  of  Carolina 


When  the  Government  of  Albemarle  was  organized  in  1665,  it  adopted  for 
a  seal  the  reverse  side  of  the  seal  of  the  Lords  Proprietors.  Between  the  coats- 
of-arms  the  word  A-L-BE-M-A-R-L-E  was  fixed  in  capitols,  beginning  with 
the  letter  "A"  between  the  Craven  arms  and  those  of  Lord  John  Berekeley. 

The  Albemarle  seal  was  small,  only  one  and  seven-sixteenths  inches  in 
diameter  and  had  only  one  face.  The  seal  was  usually  impressed  on  red  wax, 
but  was  occasionally  seen  imprinted  on  a  wafer  stuck  to  the  instrument  with 
soft  wax.  The  government  for  Albemarle  County  was  the  first  to  use  the  seal; 


50 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Seal  of  the  Government  of  Albemarle  and  Province 
of  North  Carolina,  1665-1730 


however,  as  the  colony  grew  it  became  the  seal  of  the  entire  Province  of 
North  Carolina.  It  continued  in  use  until  just  after  the  purchase  of  North 
Carolina  by  the  crown.  During  the  troublesome  times  of  the  Cary  Rebellion, 
the  Albemarle  seal  was  not  used.  Instead,  Cary  used  his  family  arms  as  a 
seal  for  official  papers.  William  Glover  used  his  private  seal  during  his' 
presidency  as  well. 

When  North  Carolina  became  a  Royal  Colony  in  1729,  the  old  "Albemarle" 
seal  was  no  longer  applicable.  On  February  3,  1729/30,  the  Board  of  Trade 
recommended  that  the  king  order  a  public  seal  for  the  Province  of  North 
Carolina.  Later  that  same  month,  the  king  approved  the  recommendations 
and  ordered  that  a  new  seal  be  prepared  for  the  Governor  of  the  of  North 
Carolina.  On  March  25,  the  Board  of  Trade  presented  the  king  with  a  draft 
of  the  proposed  seal  for  his  consideration.  The  king  approved  proposed  new 
seal  on  April  10  with  one  minor  change  -  "Georgius  Secundus"  was  to  be 
substituted  for  the  original  "Geo. II."  The  chief  engraver  of  seals,  Rollos,  was 
ordered  to  "engrave  a  silver  Seal  according  to  said  draught .  .  .  ." 


Seal  of  the  Province  of  North  Carolina,  1 730- 1 767 


Our  State  Symbols 


51 


The  arrival  of  the  new  seal  in  North  Carohna  was  delayed,  so  when  the 
council  met  in  Edenton  on  March  30,  1731,  the  old  seal  of  the  Colony  was 
ordered  to  be  used  till  the  new  seal  arrived."  The  new  seal  arrived  in  late 
April  and  the  messenger  fetching  the  seal  from  Cape  Fear  was  paid  ten 
pounds  for  his  journey.  The  impression  of  the  new  seal  was  made  by  placing 
two  cakes  or  layers  of  wax  together,  and  then  interlacing  ribbon  or  tape  with 
the  attached  seal  between  the  wax  cakes.  It  was  customary  to  put  a  piece  of 
paper  on  the  outside  of  three  cakes  before  they  were  impressed.  The  complete 
seal  was  four  and  three-eighths  inches  in  diameter  and  from  one-half  to  five- 
eighths  inches  thick  and  weighed  about  five  and  one-half  ounces. 


Seal  of  the  Province  of  North  Carolina,  1767-1776 


At  a  meeting  of  the  council  held  in  New  Bern  on  December  14,  1767, 
Governor  Tryon  produced  a  new  Great  Seal  of  the  province  with  his  Majesty's 
Royal  Warrant  bearing  date  at  the  Court  of  St.  James  the  9th  day  of  July, 
1767.  The  old  seal  was  returned  to  his  Majesty's  Council  office  at  Whitehall 
in  England.  Accompanying  the  warrant  was  a  description  of  the  new  seal 
with  instruction  that  the  seal  was  to  be  used  in  sealing  all  patents  and 
grants  of  lands  and  all  public  instruments  passed  in  the  king's  name  for 
service  within  the  province.  It  was  four  inches  in  diameter,  one-half  to  five- 
eighths  thick,  and  weighed  four  and  one-half  ounces. 

Sometimes  a  smaller  seal  than  the  Great  Seal  was  used  on  commissions 
and  grants,  such  as  a  small  heart-shaped  seal,  or  a  seal  in  the  shape  of  an 
ellipse.  These  impressions  were  evidently  made  by  putting  the  wax  far 
enough  under  the  edge  of  the  Great  Seal  to  take  the  impression  of  the  crown. 
The  royal  governors  also  used  their  private  seals  on  commissions  and 
grants. 

Lord  Granville,  who  after  the  sale  of  the  colony  by  the  Lords  Proprietors, 
had  retained  the  right  to  issue  land  grants.  He  used  his  private  seal  on  the 
grants  he  issued.  The  last  reference  found  to  the  colonial  seal  is  in  a  letter 
from  Governor  Martin  to  the  Earl  of  Hillsborough  in  November,  1771.  in 
which  he  recounts  the  broken  condition  of  the  seal.  He  states  the  seal  had 


52 


North  Carolina  Manual 


been  repaired  and  though  "awkwardly  mended  ...  [it  was]  in  such  manner 
as  to  answer  all  purposes." 

Following  independence  Section  XVII  of  the  new  constitution  adopted  at 
Halifax  on  December  18,  1776,  provided  "That  there  shall  be  a  Seal  of  this 
State,  which  shall  be  kept  by  the  Governor,  and  used  by  him  as  occasion 
may  require;  and  shall  be  called  the  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of  North 
Carolina,  and  be  affixed  to  all  grants  and  commissions."  When  a  new 
constitution  was  adopted  in  1868,  Article  III,  Section  16  provided  for  "...  a 
seal  of  the  State,  which  shall  be  kept  by  the  Governor,  and  used  by  him,  as 
occasion  may  require,  and  shall  be  called  The  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of 
North  Carolina.'  It  also  provided  for  the  secretary  of  state  to  countersign 
with  the  governor.  When  the  people  of  North  Carolina  ratified  the  current 
constitution  in  1970,  Article  III,  Section  10  contained  provisions  for  "The 
Great  Seal  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina."  However,  the  wording  which 
authorized  the  secretary  of  state  to  countersign  documents  was  removed. 

On  December  22,  1776,  the  Provincial  Congress  at  Halifax  appointed 
William  Hooper,  Joseph  Hewes  and  Thomas  Burke  as  commissioners  to 
procure  a  seal  for  the  State;  however,  there  is  no  record  that  a  report  was 
ever  made  by  this  commission.  The  Congress  provided  for  the  governor  to 
use  his  "private  seal  at  arms"  until  the  Great  Seal  for  the  state  was 
procured.  A  bill  calling  for  the  procurement  of  a  Great  Seal  was  introduced 
in  the  lower  house  of  the  general  assembly  on  April  28,  1778.  The  bill  became 
law  on  May  2.  The  legislation  provided  that  William  Tisdale,  Esq.,  be 
appointed  to  cut  and  engrave  a  seal  for  the  STate.  On  Sunday,  November  7, 
1779,  the  senate  granted  Tisdale  150  pounds  to  make  the  seal.  The  seal 
procured  under  this  act  was  used  until  1794.  The  actual  size  of  the  seal  was 
three  inches  in  diameter  and  one-fourth  inch  thick.  It  was  made  by  putting 
two  cakes  of  wax  together  with  paper  wafers  on  the  outside  and  pressing 
them  between  the  dies,  thus  forming  the  obverse  and  reverse  sides  of  the 
seal. 


The  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  1779-1794 


Our  State  Symbols 


53 


An  official  description  of  this  seal  cannot  be  found,  but  many  of  the  seals 
are  still  in  existence  in  an  almost  perfect  state  of  preservation. 

In  January,  1792,  the  general  assembly  authorized  a  new  State  seal, 
requiring  that  it  be  prepared  with  only  one  side.  Colonel  Abisha  Thomas,  an 
agent  of  North  Carolina  commissioned  by  Governor  Martin,  was  in 
Philadelphia  to  settle  the  State's  Revolutionary  claims  against  the  Federal 
Government.  Martin  sent  a  design  to  Colonel  Thomas  for  a  new  seal  for  the 
State;  however,  after  suggestions  by  Dr.  Hugh  Williamson  and  Senator 
Samuel  Johnston,  this  sketch  was  disregarded  and  a  new  one  submitted. 
This  new  sketch,  with  some  modification,  was  finally  accepted  by  Governor 
Spaight,  and  Colonel  Thomas  had  the  seal  made  accordingly. 

The  seal  press  for  the  old  seal  must  have  been  very  large  and  unwieldy 
probably  due  to  the  two-sided  nature  and  large  diameter  of  the  seal.  Governor 
Richard  Dobbs  Spaight  in  a  letter  to  Colonel  Abisha  Thomas  in  February, 
1793,  wrote:  "Let  the  screws  by  which  the  impression  is  to  be  made  be  as 
portable  as  possible  so  as  it  may  be  adapted  to  our  present  itinerant 
government.  The  one  now  in  use  by  which  the  Great  Seal  is  a  present  made 
is  so  large  and  unwieldy  as  to  be  carried  only  in  a  cart  or  wagon  and  of 
course  has  become  stationary  at  the  Secretary's  office  which  makes  it  very 
convenient."  The  seal  was  cut  some  time  during  the  summer  of  1793,  and 
Colonel  Thomas  brought  it  home  with  him  in  time  for  the  meeting  of  the 
legislature  in  November,  1793,  at  which  session  it  was  "approbated."  The 
screw  to  the  seal  was  two  and  one  half  inches  in  diameter  and  was  used 
until  around  1835. 

In  the  winter  of  1834-35  the  legislature  enacted  legislation  authorizing  the 
governor  to  procure  a  new  seal.  The  preamble  to  the  act  stated  that  the  old 
seal  had  been  used  since  the  first  day  of  March,  1793.  A  new  seal  which  was 


The  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  1794-1836 


54 


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very  similar  to  its  predecessor  was  adopted  in  1835  and  continued  in  use 
until  1893.  In  1868  the  legislature  authorized  the  governor  to  procure  a  new 
replacement  Seal  and  required  him  to  do  so  whenever  the  old  one  was  lost  or 
so  worn  or  defaced  that  it  was  unfit  for  use. 


The  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  1836-1893 


In  1883,  Colonel  S.  MCD.  Tate  introduced  a  bill  that  did  not  provide  that  a 
new  seal  be  procured  but  described  in  more  detail  what  the  seal  should  be 
like.  In  1893,  Jacob  Battle  introduced  a  bill  that  made  no  change  in  the  seal 
except  to  add  at  the  foot  of  the  coat-of-arms  of  the  state  as  part  thereof  the 
motto  Esse  Quam  Videri  and  to  provide  that  the  words  "May  20,  1775,"  be 
inscribed  at  the  top  of  the  coat-of-arms. 


The  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  1893-1971 


Our  State  Symbols 


55 


By  the  late  19th  and  early  20th  century,  the  ship  that  appeared  in  the 
background  of  the  early  seals  had  disappeared.  The  North  Carolina  Moun- 
tains were  the  only  backdrop  on  the  seal,  while  formerly  both  the  mountains 
and  the  ship  had  been  depicted. 

This  brief  history  of  the  seals  of  our  State  illustrates  the  great  variety  and 
the  liberty  that  was  taken  in  the  design  of  the  official  State  seal.  The  1971 
General  Assembly,  in  an  effort  to  "provide  a  standard  for  the  Great  Seal  of 
the  State  of  North  Carolina,"  passed  the  following  Act  amending  the  General 
Statutes  provision  relative  to  the  State  Seal: 

The  Governor  shall  procure  of  the  State  a  Seal,  which  shall  be 
called  the  great  seal  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  and  shall  be 
two  and  one-quarter  inches  in  diameter,  and  its  design  shall  be  a 
representation  of  the  figures  of  Liberty  and  Plenty,  looking  toward 
each  other,  but  not  more  than  half-fronting  each  other  and  other- 
wise disposed  as  follows:  Liberty,  the  first  figure,  standing,  her 
pole  with  cap  on  it  in  her  left  hand  and  a  scroll  with  the  word 
"Constitution"  inscribed  thereon  in  her  right  hand.  Plenty,  the 
second  figure,  sitting  down,  her  right  arm  half  extended  toward 
Liberty,  three  heads  of  grain  in  her  right  hand,  and  in  her  left, 
the  small  end  of  her  horn,  the  mouth  of  which  is  resting  at  her 
feet,  and  the  contents  of  the  horn  rolling  out. 

The  background  on  the  seal  shall  contain  a  depiction  of 
mountains  running  from  left  to  right  to  the  middle  of  the  seal.  A 
side  view  of  a  three-masted  ship  shall  be  located  on  the  ocean  and 
to  the  right  of  Plenty.  The  date  "May  20,  1775"  shall  appear 
within  the  seal  and  across  the  top  of  the  seal  and  the  works  "esse 
quam  videri"  shall  appear  at  the  bottom  around  the  perimeter.  No 
other  words,  figures  or  other  embellishments  shall  appear  on  the 
seal. 


The  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  1971-1984 


56 


North  Carolina  Manual 


It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Governor  to  file  in  the  office  of  the 
Secretary  of  State  an  impression  of  the  great  seal,  certified  to 
under  his  hand  and  attested  to  by  the  Secretary  of  State,  which 
impression  so  certified  the  Secretary  of  State  shall  carefully 
preserve  among  the  records  of  this  Office. 

The  late  Jullian  R.  Allsbrook,  who  served  in  the  North  Carolina  Senate  for 
many  years,  felt  that  the  adoption  date  of  the  Halifax  Resolves  ought  to  be 
commemorated  on  the  State  seal  as  it  was  already  on  the  State  flag.  This 
was  to  "serve  as  a  constant  reminder  of  the  people  of  this  state's  commitment 
to  liberty."  Legislation  adding  the  date  "April  12,  1776"  to  the  Great  Seal  of 
the  State  of  North  Carolina  was  ratified  May  2,  1983,  with  an  effective  date 
of  January  1,  1984.  Chapter  257  of  the  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina 
included  provisions  that  would  not  invalidate  any  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of 
North  Carolina  in  use  or  on  display.  Instead  replacement  could  occur  as  the 
need  arose. 


The  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  1984- 


Our  State  Symbols  57 


THE  STATE  FLAG 

The  flag  is  an  emblem  of  antiquity  and  has  commanded  respect  and 
reverence  from  practically  all  nations  from  the  earliest  times.  History  traces 
it  to  divine  origin,  the  early  peoples  of  the  earth  attributing  to  it  strange, 
mysterious,  and  supernatural  powers.  Indeed,  our  first  recorded  references  to 
the  standard  and  the  banner,  of  which  our  present  flag  is  but  a  modified 
form,  are  from  sacred  rather  than  from  secular  sources.  We  are  told  that  it 
was  around  the  banner  that  the  prophets  of  old  rallied  their  armies  and 
under  which  the  hosts  of  Israel  were  led  to  was,  believing,  as  they  did,  that 
the  flag  carried  with  it  divine  favor  and  protection. 

Since  that  time  all  nations  and  all  peoples  have  had  their  flags  and 
emblems,  though  the  ancient  superstition  regarding  their  divine  merits  and 
supernatural  powers  has  disappeared  from  among  civilizjcd  peoples.  The  flag 
now,  the  world  over,  possesses  the  same  meaning  and  has  a  uniform 
significance  to  all  nations  wherever  found.  It  stands  as  the  symbol  of 
strength  and  unity,  representing  the  national  spirit  and  patriotism  of  the 
people  over  whom  it  floats.  In  both  lord  and  subject,  the  ruler  and  the  ruled, 
it  commands  respect,  inspires  patriotism,  and  instills  loyalty  both  in  peace 
and  war.  In  this  country  we  have  a  national  flag  which  stands  as  the 
emblem  of  our  strength  and  unity  as  a  nation,  a  living  representation  of  our 
national  spirit  and  honor.  In  addition  to  our  national  flag,  each  of  the  states 
in  the  Union  has  a  "state  flag"  which  is  symbolic  of  its  own  individuality 
and  domestic  ideals.  The  state  also  expresses  some  particular  trait,  or 
commemorates  some  historical  event  of  the  people  over  whom  it  floats.  The 
flags  of  most  of  the  states,  however,  consist  of  the  coat  of  arms  of  that  state 
upon  a  suitably  colored  field.  It  is  said  that  the  first  state  flag  of  North 
Carolina  was  built  on  this  model  but  legislative  records  show  that  a  "state 
flag"  was  not  established  or  recognized  until  1861.  The  constitutional  conven- 
tion of  1861,  which  passed  the  ordinance  of  secession,  adopted  a  state  flag. 
On  May  20,  1861,  the  day  the  secession  resolution  was  adopted.  Col.  John  0. 
Whitford,  a  member  of  the  convention  from  Craven  County,  introduced  an 
ordinance,  which  was  referred  to  a  select  committee  of  seven.  The  ordinance 
stated,  that  the  flag  of  this  State  shall  be  blue  field  with  a  white  V  thereon, 
and  a  star,  encircling  which  shall  be  the  words,  Sirgit  astrum,  May  20, 
1775." 

Colonel  Whitford  was  made  chairman  of  the  committee  to  which  this 
ordinance  was  referred.  The  committee  secured  the  aid  and  advice  of  William 
Jarl  Browne,  an  artist  of  Raleigh.  Browne  prepared  and  submitted  a  model 
to  this  committee  and  this  model  was  adopted  by  the  convention  of  June  22, 
1861.  The  Browne  model,  was  vastly  different  from  the  original  design 
proposed  by  Colonel  Whitford.  The  law  as  it  appears  in  the  ordinance  and 
resolutions  passed  by  the  convention  is  as  follows: 

AN  ORDINANCE  IN  RELATION  TO  A  STATE  FLAG 

Be  it  ordained  by  this  Convention,  and  it  is  hereby  ordained  by 
the  authority  of  the  same.  That  the  Flag  of  North  Carolina  shall 


58 


North  Carolina  Manual 


consist  of  a  red  field  with  a  white  star  in  the  centre,  and  with  the 
inscription,  above  the  star,  in  a  semi-circuhir  form,  of  "May  20th, 
1775,"  and  below  the  star,  in  a  semi-circular  form,  of  "May  20th, 
1861."  That  there  shall  be  two  bars  of  equal  width,  and  the  length 
of  the  field  shall  be  equal  to  the  bar,  the  width  of  the  field  being 
equal  to  both  bars:  the  first  bar  shall  be  blue,  and  second  shall  be 
white:  and  the  length  of  the  flag  shall  be  one-third  more  than  its 
width.  [Ratified  the  22nd  day  of  June,  1861.] 

This  state  flag,  adopted  in  1861,  is  said  to  have  been  issued  to  North 
Carolina  regiments  of  state  troops  during  the  summer  of  1861  and  borne  by 
them  throughout  the  war.  It  was  the  only  flag,  except  the  national  and 
Confederate  colors,  used  by  North  Carolina  troops  during  the  Civil  War. 
This  Hag  existed  until  1885,  when  the  Legislature  adopted  a  new  model. 


"The  North  Carolina  State  Flag  adopted  in  1885" 


Our  State  Symbols  59 

As  stated  above  the  Legislature  of  1885  adopted  a  new  state  flag.  The  bill, 
which  was  introduced  by  General  Johnstone  Jones  on  February  5,  1885, 
passed  its  final  reading  one  month  later  after  little  debate.  This  act  reads  as 
follows: 

AN  ACT  TO  ESTABLISH  A  STATE  FLAG 

The  General  Assembly  of  North  Carolina  do  enact: 

SECTION  1.  That  the  flag  of  North  Carolina  shall  consist  of  a 
blue  union,  containing  in  the  centre  thereof  a  white  star  with  the 
letter  N  in  gilt  on  the  left  and  the  letter  C  in  the  gilt  on  the  right 
of  said  star,  the  circle  containing  the  same  to  be  one-third  the 
width  of  the  union. 

SEC.  2.  That  the  fly  of  the  flag  shall  consist  of  two  equally 
proportioned  bars;  the  upper  bar  to  be  red,  the  lower  bar  to  be 
white;  that  the  length  of  the  bars  horizontally  shall  be  equal  to 
the  perpendicular  length  of  the  union,  and  the  total  length  of  the 
flag  shall  be  one-third  more  than  its  width. 

SEC.  3.  That  above  the  star  in  the  centre  of  the  union  there 
shall  be  a  gilt  scroll  in  semi-circular  form,  containing  in  black 
letters  this  inscription  "May  20th,  1775,"  and  that  below  the  star 
there  shall  be  similar  scroll  containing  in  black  letters  the 
inscription:  "April  12th,  1776." 

SEC.  4.  That  this  act  shall  take  effect  from  and  after  its 
ratification.  In  the  General  Assembly  read  three  times  and  ratified 
this  9th  day  of  March,  A.D.  1885. 

It  is  interesting  to  examine  the  significance  of  the  dates  found  on  the  flag. 
The  first  date,  "May  20,  1775,"  refers  to  the  Mecklenburg  Declaration  of 
Independence,  although  many  speculate  the  authenticity  of  this  particular 
document.  The  second  date  appearing  on  the  state  flag  of  1861  is  that  of 
"May  20th,  1861."  This  date  commemorated  the  secession  of  the  State  from 
the  Union,  but  as  the  cause  for  secession  was  defeated  this  date  longer  repre- 
sented anything  after  the  Civil  War.  So  when  a  new  flag  was  adopted  in 
1885,  this  date  was  replaced  with  "April  12th,  1776."  This  date  com- 
memorates the  Halifax  Resolves,  a  document  that  places  the  Old  North 
State  in  the  very  front  rank,  both  in  point  of  time  and  in  spirit,  among  those 
that  demanded  unconditional  freedom  and  absolute  independence  from  any 
foreign  power.  This  document  stands  out  as  one  of  the  great  landmarks  in 
the  annals  of  North  Carolina  history. 

Since  1885  there  has  been  no  change  in  our  state  flag.  For  the  most  part,  it 
has  remained  unknown  and  a  stranger  to  the  good  people  of  our  State. 
However,  as  we  became  more  intelligent,  and  therefore,  more  patriotic  and 
public  spirited,  the  emblem  of  the  Old  North  State  assumed  a  station  of 
greater  prominence  among  our  people.  One  hopeful  sign  of  this  increased 
interest  was  the  act  passed  by  the  Legislature  of  1907,  requiring  the  state 
flag  to  be  floated  from  all  state  institutions,  public  buildings,  and  court- 
houses. In  addition  to  this,  many  public  and  private  schools,  fraternal 
orders,  and  other  organizations  now  float  the  state  flag.  The  people  of  the 


60  North  Carolina  Manual 

State  should  become  acquainted  with  the  emblem  of  that  government  to 
which  they  owe  allegiance  and  from  which  they  secure  protection,  and  to 
ensure  that  they  would,  the  legislature  enacted  the  following: 

AN  ACT  TO  PROMOTE  LOYALTY  AND  GREATER  FOR 
THE  SOVEREIGNTY  OF  THE  STATE 

The  General  Assembly  of  North  Carolina  do  enact: 

SECTION  1.  That  for  the  purpose  of  promoting  greater  loyalty 
and  respect  to  the  state  and  inasmuch  as  a  special  act  of  the 
Legislature  has  adopted  an  emblem  of  our  government  known  as 
the  North  Carolina  State  flag,  that  it  is  meet  and  proper  that  it 
shall  be  given  greater  prominence. 

SEC.  2.  That  the  board  of  trustees  or  managers  of  the  several 
state  institutions  and  public  buildings  shall  provide  a  North 
Carolina  flag,  of  such  dimensions  and  materials  as  they  deem 
best,  and  the  same  shall  be  displayed  from  a  staff  upon  the  top  of 
each  and  every  such  building  at  all  times  except  during  inclement 
weather,  and  upon  the  death  of  any  state  officer  or  any  prominent 
citizen  the  flag  shall  be  put  at  half-mast  until  the  burial  of  such 
person  shall  have  taken  place. 

SEC. 3.  That  the  Board  of  County  Commissioners  of  the  several 
counties  in  this  state  shall  likewise  authorize  the  procuring  of  a 
North  Carolina  flag,  to  be  displayed  either  on  a  staff  upon  the 
top,  or  draped  behind  the  judge's  stand,  in  each  and  every  term  of 
court  held,  and  on  such  other  public  occasions  as  the  Commis- 
sioners may  deem  proper. 

SEC.  4.  That  no  state  flag  shall  be  allowed  in  or  over  any 
building  here  mentioned  that  does  not  conform  to  section  five 
thousand  three  hundred  and  twenty-one  of  the  Revisal  of  one 
thousand  nine  hundred  and  five. 

SEC.  S.That  this  act  shall  be  in  force  from  and  after  its 
ratification. 

In  the  General  Assembly  read  three  times,  and  ratified  this  9th  day  of 
March,  A.D.  1907. 

Many  North  Carolinians  have  questioned  the  legitmacy  of  having  the 
date  of  the  Mecklenburg  Declaration,  May  20th,  1776,  on  the  flag.  Historians 
have  debated  its  authenticity  because  the  lack  of  any  original  documenta- 
tion. The  only  evidence  of  the  Declaration  is  a  reproduction  from  memory 
many  years  later  by  one  of  the  delegates  attending  the  convention. 
Historians'  main  argument,  other  than  the  non-existence  of  the  original 
document,  is  that  the  Mecklenburg  Resolves,  adopted  just  eleven  days  after 
the  Mecklenburg  Declaration,  are  comparatively  weak  in  tone,  almost  to  the 
point  of  being  completely  opposite.  Many  historians  find  it  difficult  to 
believe  that  the  irreconcilable  tone  of  the  Declaration  could  have  been  the 
work  of  the  same  people  who  produced  the  Resolves.  Efforts  have  been  made 
to  have  the  date  taken  off  the  flag  and  the  seal,  but  so  far  these  efforts  have 


Our  State  Symbols  61 

proved  fruitless.  Removal  from  the  seal  would  be  simple  enough,  for  the  date 
of  the  Halifax  Resolves  could  easily  be  substituted  without  changing  the 
basic  intention  of  the  date.  The  flag  would  prove  to  be  more  difficult,  for 
there  is  no  other  date  of  significance  which  could  be  easily  substituted. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


:*>•« 


Our  State  Symbols  63 

THE  STATE  BIRD 

The  Cardinal  was  selected  by  popular  choice  as  our  State  Bird  on  March  4, 
1943.  (Session  Laws,  1943  c.  595;  G.S.  145-2). 

The  Cardinal  is  sometimes  called  the  Winter  Redbird  because  it  is  most 
noticeable  during  the  winter  when  it  is  the  only  "redbird"  present.  A  year- 
round  resident  of  North  Carolina,  the  Cardinal  is  one  of  the  most  common 
birds  in  our  gardens,  meadows  and  woodlands.  The  male  Cardinal  is  red  all 
over,  except  for  the  area  of  its  throat  and  the  region  around  its  bill  which  is 
black;  it  is  about  the  size  of  a  Catbird  only  with  a  longer  tail.  The  head  is 
conspicuously  crested  and  the  large  stout  bill  is  red.  The  female  is  much 
duller  in  color  with  the  red  confined  mostly  to  the  crest,  wings,  and  tail.  This 
difference  in  coloring  is  common  among  many  birds.  Since  it  is  the  female 
that  sits  on  the  nest,  her  coloring  must  blend  more  with  her  natural 
surrounding  to  protect  her  eggs  and  young  from  preditors.  There  are  no 
seasonal  changes  in  her  plumage. 

The  Cardinal  is  a  fine  singer,  and  what  is  unusual  is  that  the  female  sings 
as  beautifully  as  the  male.  The  male  generally  monopolizes  the  art  of  song 
in  the  bird  world. 

The  nest  of  the  Cardinal  is  rather  an  untidy  affair  built  of  weed  stems, 
grass  and  similar  materials  in  low  shrubs,  small  trees  or  bunch  of  briars, 
generally  not  over  four  feet  above  the  ground.  The  usual  number  of  eggs  set 
is  three  in  this  State  and  four  further  North.  Possibly  the  Cardinal  raises  an 
extra  brood  down  here  to  make  up  the  difference,  or  possibly  the  population 
is  more  easily  maintained  here  by  the  more  moderate  winters  compared  to 
the  colder  North. 

The  Cardinal  is  by  nature  a  seed  eater,  but  he  does  not  dislike  small  fruits 
and  insects. 


THE  STATE  FLOWER 

The  General  Assembly  of  1941  designated  the  dogwood  as  the  State 
Flower.  (Public  Laws,  1941,  c.  289;  G.S.  145-1) 

The  Dogwood  is  one  of  the  most  prevalent  trees  in  our  State  and  can  be 
found  in  all  parts  of  the  State  from  the  mountains  to  the  coast.  Its  blossoms, 
which  appear  in  early  spring  and  continue  on  into  summer,  are  most  often 
found  in  white,  although  shades  of  pink  (red)  are  not  uncommon. 

THE  STATE  INSECT 

The  General  Assembly  of  1973  designated  the  Honey  Bee  as  the  official 
State  Insect.  (Session  Laws,  1973,  c.  55) 

This  industrious  creature  is  responsible  for  the  annual  production  of  more 
than  $2  million  worth  of  honey  in  the  state.  However,  the  greatest  value  of 
Honey  Bees  is  its  role  in  the  growing  cycle  as  a  major  contributor  to  the 
pollination  of  North  Carolina  crops. 


64 


North  Carolina  Manual 


i«^< 


v    \ 


Our  State  Symbols  65 

THE  STATE  TREE 

The  long  leaf  pine  was  officially  designated  as  the  State  tree  by  the 
General  Assembly  of  1963.  {Session  Laws,  1963,  c.41) 

The  pine  is  the  most  common  of  the  trees  found  in  North  Carolina,  as  well 
as  the  most  important  one  in  the  history  of  our  State.  During  the  Colonial 
and  early  Statehood  periods,  the  pine  was  a  vital  part  of  the  ecomony  of 
North  Carolina.  From  it  came  many  of  the  "naval  stores"  -  resin,  turpentine, 
and  timber  -  needed  by  merchants  and  the  navy  for  their  ships.  The  pine  has 
continued  to  supply  North  Carolina  with  many  important  wood  products 
particularly  in  the  building  industry. 

THE  STATE  MAMMAL 

The  General  Assembly  of  1969  designated  the  Gray  Squirrel  as  the  official 
State  Mammal.  (Session  Laws,  1969.  c.1207;  G.S.  145-5). 

The  gray  squirrel  is  a  common  inhabitant  of  most  areas  of  North  Carolina 
from  "the  swamps  of  eastern  North  Carolina  to  the  upland  hardwood  forests 
of  the  piedmont  and  western  counties."  He  feels  more  at  home  in  an 
"untouched  wilderness"  environment,  although  many  squirrels  inhabit  our 
city  parks  and  suburbs.  During  the  fall  and  winter  months  the  gray  squirrel 
survives  on  a  diet  of  hardwoods,  with  acrons  providing  carbohydrates  and 
other  nuts  protein.  In  the  spring  and  summer  their  diet  consists  of  "new 
growth  and  fruits"  supplemented  by  early  corn,  peanuts,  and  insects. 


66 


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Our  State  Symbols  67 

THE  STATE  SHELL 

The  General  Assembly  of  1965  designated  the  Scotch  Bonnet  (pronounced 
bonay)  as  the  State  Shell.  {Session  Laws,  1965,  c.  681). 

A  colorful  and  beautifully  shaped  shell,  the  Scotch  Bonnet  is  abundant  in 
North  Carolina  coastal  waters  at  depths  between  500  and  200  feet.  The  best 
source  of  live  specimens  is  from  offshore  commercial  fishermen. 

THE  STATE  SALT  WATER  FISH 

The  General  Assembly  of  1971  designated  the  Channel  Bass  (Red  Drum) 
as  the  official  State  Salt  Water  Fish.  (  Session  Laws,  1971,  c.274;  G.S.  145-6) 
Channel  Bass  usually  occur  in  great  supply  along  the  Tar  Heel  coastal 
waters  and  have  been  found  to  weigh  up  to  75  pounds  although  most  large 
ones  average  betwen  30  and  40  pounds. 

THE  STATE  TOAST 

The  following  toast  was  officially  adopted  as  the  State  Toast  of  North 
Carolina  by  the  General  Assembly  of  1957  (Session  Laws,  1957,  c.777). 

Here's  to  the  land  of  the  long  leaf  pine. 

The  summer  land  where  the  sun  doth  shine. 

Where  the  weak  grow  strong  and  the  strong  grow  great, 

Here's  to  "Down  Home,"  the  Old  North  State! 

Here's  to  the  land  of  the  cotton  bloom  white, 
Where  the  scuppernong  perfumes  the  breeze  at  night, 
Where  the  soft  southern  moss  and  jessamine  mate,' 
Neath  the  murmuring  pines  of  the  Old  North  State! 

Here's  to  the  land  where  the  galax  grows. 
Where  the  rhododendron's  rosette  glows. 
Where  soars  Mount  Mitchell's  summit  great. 
In  the  "Land  of  the  Sky,"  in  the  Old  North  State! 

Here's  to  the  land  where  maidens  are  fair. 
Where  friends  are  true  and  cold  hearts  rare. 
The  near  land,  the  dear  land,  whatever  fate. 
The  blest  land,  the  best  land,  the  Old  North  State! 

*Composed  in  1904  by  Leonora  Martin  and  Mary  Burke  Kerr. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


THE  STATE  PRECIOUS  STONE 

The  General  Assembly  of  1973  designated  the  emerald  as  the  official  State 
Precious  Stone.  {Session  Laws,  1973,  c.  136). 

A  greater  variety  of  minerals,  more  than  300,  have  been  found  in  North 
Carolina  than  in  any  other  state. 

These  minerals  include  some  of  the  most  valuable  and  unique  gems  in  the 
world.  The  largest  Emerald  ever  found  in  North  Carolina  was  1,438  carats 
and  was  found  at  Hiddenite,  near  Statesville.  The  "Carolina  Emerald,"  now 
owned  by  Tiffany  &  Company  of  New  York  was  also  found  at  Hiddenite  in 
1970.  When  cut  to  13.14  carats,  the  stone  was  valued  at  the  time  at  $100,000 
and  became  the  largest  and  finest  cut  emerald  on  this  continent. 


Our  State  Symbols 


69 


THE  STATE  REPTILE 

The  General  Assembly  of  1979  designated  the  Eastern  Box  Turtle  as  the 
official  State  Reptile  for  North  Carolina.  {Session  Laws,  1979,  c.  154) 

The  turtle  is  one  of  nature's  most  useful  creatures.  Through  its  dietary 
habits  it  serves  to  assist  in  the  control  of  harmful  and  pestiferous  insects 
and  as  a  clean-up  crew,  helping  to  preserve  the  purity  and  beauty  of  our 
waters.  At  a  superficial  glance,  the  turtle  appears  to  be  a  mundane  and 
uninteresting  creature;  however,  closer  examination  reveals  it  to  be  most 
fascinating,  ranging  from  species  well-adapted  to  modern  conditions  to 
species  which  have  existed  virtually  unchanged  since  prehistoric  times. 
Derided  by  many,  the  turtle  is  really  a  cullinary  delight,  providing  the 
gourmet  food  enthusiast  with  numerous  tasty  dishes  from  soups  to  entrees. 

The  turtle  watches  undisturbed  as  countless  generations  of  faster  "hares" 
run  by  to  quick  oblivion,  and  is  thus  a  model  of  patience  for  mankind,  and  a 
symbol  of  our  State's  unrelenting  pursuit  of  great  and  lofty  goals. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


THE  STATE  ROCK 

The  General  Assembly  of  1979  designated  Granite  as  the  official  Rock  for 
the  State  of  North  Carolina.  {Session  Laws,  1979,  c.906). 

The  State  of  North  Carolina  has  been  blessed  with  an  abundant  source  of 
"the  noble  rock,"  granite.  Just  outside  Mount  Airy  in  Surry  County  is  the 
largest  open  face  granite  quarry  in  the  world  measuring  one  mile  long  and 
1,800  feet  in  width.  The  granite  from  this  quarry  is  unblemished,  gleaming 
and  without  interfering  seams  to  mar  its  splendor.  The  high  quality  of  this 
granite  allows  its  widespread  use  as  a  building  material,  in  both  industrial 
and  laboratory  applications  where  super  smooth  surfaces  are  necessary. 

North  Carolina  granite  has  been  used  for  many  magnificent  edifices  of 
government  throughout  the  United  States  such  as  the  Wright  Brothers 
Memorial  at  Kitty  Hawk,  the  gold  depository  at  Fort  Knox,  the  Arlington 
Memorial  Bridge  and  numerous  courthouses  throughout  the  land.  Granite  is 
a  symbol  of  strength  and  stedfastness,  qualities  characteristic  of  North 
Carolinians.  It  is  fitting  and  just  that  the  State  recognize  the  contribution  of 
granite  in  providing  employment  to  its  citizens  and  enhancing  the  beauty  of 
its  public  buildings. 


Our  State  Symbols 


71 


THE  STATE  BEVERAGE 

The  General  Assembly  of  1987  adopted  milk  as  the  official  State  Beverage. 
{Session  Laws,  1987,  c.  347) 

In  making  milk  the  official  state  beverage,  North  Carolina  followed  many 
other  states  including  our  northern  neighbor,  Virginia,  and  Wisconsin,  the 
nation's  number  one  dairy  state. 

North  Carolina  ranks  20th  among  dairy  producing  states  in  the  nation 
with  nearly  1,000  dairy  farmers  producing  179  million  gallons  of  milk  per 
year.  The  annual  income  from  amounts  to  around  $228  million.  North 
Carolinians  consume  over  143  million  gallons  of  milk  every  year. 


72 


North  Carolina  Manual 


THE  STATE  HISTORIC  BOAT 

The  General  Assembly  of  1987  adopted  the  shad  boat  the  official  State 
Historical  Boat.  {Session  Laws,  1987,  c.  366). 

The  Shad  Boat  was  developed  on  Roanoke  Island  and  is  known  for  its 
unique  crafting  and  manueverability.  The  name  is  derived  from  that  of  the 
fish  it  was  used  to  catch  -  the  shad. 

Traditional  small  sailing  craft  were  generally  ill-suited  to  the  water  ways 
and  weather  conditions  along  the  coast.  The  shallow  draft  of  the  Shad  Boat 
plus  its  speed  and  easy  handling  made  the  boat  ideal  for  the  upper  sounds 
where  the  water  was  shallow  and  the  weather  changed  rapidly.  The  boats 
were  built  using  native  trees  such  as  cypress,  juniper,  and  white  cedar,  and 
varied  in  length  between  twenty-two  and  thirty-three  feet.  Construction  was 
so  expensive  that  production  of  the  shad  boat  ended  in  the  1930's,  although 
they  were  widely  used  into  the  1950's.  The  boats  were  so  well  constructed 
that  some,  nearly  100  years  old,  are  still  seen  around  Manteo  and  Hatteras. 


Our  State  Symbols 


73 


THE  STATE  DOG 

The  Plott  Hound  was  officially  adopted  as  our  State  Dog  on  August  12, 
1989.  {Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1989  c.  773;  G.S.  145-13). 

The  Plott  Hound  breed  originated  in  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina 
around  1750  and  is  the  only  breed  known  to  have  originated  in  this  State. 
Named  for  Jonathan  Plott  who  developed  the  breed  as  a  wild  boar  hound, 
the  Plott  hound  is  a  legendary  hunting  dog  known  as  a  courageous  fighter 
and  tenacious  tracker.  He  is  also  a  gentle  and  extremely  loyal  companion  to 
hunters  of  North  Carolina.  The  Plott  Hound  is  very  quick  of  foot  with 
superior  treeing  instincts  and  has  always  been  a  favorite  of  big-game 
hunters. 

The  Plott  Hound  has  a  beautiful  brindle-colored  coat  and  a  spine-tingling, 
bugle-like  call.  It  is  also  only  one  of  four  breeds  known  to  be  of  American 
origin. 


74  North  Carolina  Manual 

NAME  OF  STATE  AND  NICKNAMES 

In  1629,  King  Charles  I  of  England  "erected  into  a  province,"  all  the  land 
from  Albemarle  Sound  on  the  north  to  the  St.  John's  River  on  the  south, 
which  he  directed  should  be  called  Carolina.  The  word  Carolina  is  from  the 
word  Carolus,  the  Latin  form  of  Charles. 

When  Carolina  was  divided  in  1710,  the  southern  part  was  called  South 
Carolina  and  the  northern,  or  older  settlement.  North  Carolina.  From  this 
came  the  nickname  the  "Old  North  State."  Historians  have  recorded  that 
the  principal  products  during  the  early  history  of  North  Carolina  were  "tar, 
pitch,  and  turpentine."  It  was  during  one  of  the  fiercest  battles  of  the  War 
Between  the  States,  so  the  story  goes,  that  the  column  supporting  the  North 
Carolina  troops  was  driven  from  the  field.  After  the  battle  the  North 
Carolinians,  who  had  successfully  fought  it  out  alone,  were  greeted  from  the 
passing  derelict  regiment  with  the  question:  "Any  more  tar  down  in  the  Old 
North  State,  boys?"  Quick  as  a  flash  came  the  answer:  "No,  not  a  bit,  old 
Jeffs  bought  it  all  up."  "Is  that  so;  what  is  he  going  to  do  with  it?"  was 
asked.  "He  is  going  to  put  it  on  you-uns  heels  to  make  you  stick  better  in  the 
next  fight."  Creecy  relates  that  General  Lee,  upon  hearing  of  the  incident, 
said:  "God  bless  the  Tar  Heel  boys,"  and  from  that  they  took  the  name. 
( — Adapted  from  Grandfather  Tales  of  North  Carolina  by  R.B.  Creecy  and 
Histories  of  North  Carolina  Regiments,  Vol.  Ill,  by  Walter  Clark). 


THE  STATE  MOTTO 

The  General  Assembly  of  1893  (chapter  145)  adopted  the  words  "Esse 
Quam  Videri"  as  the  State's  motto  and  directed  that  these  words  with  the 
date  "20  May,  1775,"  be  placed  with  our  Coat  of  Arms  upon  the  Great  Seal  of 
the  State. 

The  words  "Esse  Quam  Videri"  mean  "to  be  rather  than  to  seem."  Nearly 
every  State  has  adopted  a  motto,  generally  in  Latin.  The  reason  for  mottoes 
being  in  Latin  is  that  the  Latin  language  is  far  more  condensed  and  terse 
than  the  English.  The  three  words,  "Esse  Quam  Videri,"  require  at  least  six 
English  words  to  express  the  same  idea. 

Curiosity  has  been  aroused  to  learn  the  origin  of  our  State  motto.  It  is 
found  in  Cicero's  essay  on  Friendship  (Cicero  de  Amnicitia,  Chapter  26). 

It  is  a  little  singular  that  until  the  act  of  1893  the  sovreign  State  of  North 
Carolina  had  no  motto  since  its  declaration  of  independence.  It  was  one  of 
the  few  states  which  did  not  have  a  motto  and  the  only  one  of  the  original 
thirteen  without  one. 


THE  STATE  COLORS 

The  General  Assembly  of  1945  declared  Red  and  Blue  of  shades  appearing 
in  the  North  Carolina  State  Flag  and  the  American  Flag  as  the  official  State 
Colors.  {Session  Laws,  1945,  c.878). 


Our  State  Symbols 


75 


THE  STATE  SONG 

The  song  known  as  "The  Old  North  State"  was  adopted  as  the  official 
song  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina  by  the  General  Assembly  of  1927 
(Public  Laws,  1927,  c.26;  G.S.  149-1). 


THE  OLD  NORTH  STATE 


(Traditional  air   as  tung  in  1026) 


WiLLUM     GlSTOa 

With  spirit 


COLLKCTED  AVS  1XB4H0B 

BT  Hu.  E.  E.  Rakdolts 


i     '4       I         ml — r*  *^ 


^^ 


5^ 


4: 


^?3r2 


i 


1.  Car  -  0    -     li    -  na!    Car    -    o 

2.  Tho'  she     en  -  vies    not 

3.  Then  let     al!    those    wlio 


li   -    nal     heav-en's  ble$s-in{«   at  -  fend    her, 
oth  -  ers,      their         mer  •    it  -  ed     glo  -  ry, 
love     us.     love   the  land   that   we    live      in, 


)4     ^f   r- 


'^i-fc 


4y^V   T- 


±^r-fc 


S:::::^: 


-r — :.. 


i 


^^s 


While  we    live     we      will  cher  -  ish,     pro 

Say  whose  name  stands  the   tore  ■  most,   in 

As  hap  ■  py       a       re  ■  gion       as 


feet     and     de -fend  her.  Tho' the 
lib    -    er    -  ty's  sto  ■  ry,  Tho   too 
on    this     side       of  heaven.  Where 


tr^rst 


^ 


^MBt 


m 


-' — S — .'^JC 


scorn  •  er    Tiay      sneer    at      and    wit  -  lings  de  -  fame  her,  SiiM  our   hearts  swell  with 
true        to      her    -    self    e  er      lo  crouch  to    op  ■  pres-sion,  Who  can    yield   to   just 
plen  -   ty      and    peace,  love  and     joy    smile   be  -  fore   us,  Raise  a-loud,  rais;     to- 


■^ • ^ » ,-— * _   -» r-0- 


:fc: 


^d?: 


ztz 


1F=^ 


:f=±g 


Chorus 


T 


mi 


^ 


i^ 


glad 
rule 
geth 


ness     when     ev    •    er      we    name  her. 

•         more     loy    -  al       sub  ■  mis-sion. 

•  er         the      heart   thnll  -  ing    chorus. 


Hur  •  rah  I 


Hur  -  rahl 


the 


'^•^ 


B^ 


:3r: 


3fS 


t — ^ 


m 


^ 


3f^S^^-. 


'm 


nt 


* » *-*— "-r r— 


:rtr: 


Old  North  Slate  for -ev 
» « •     .O- 


fr, 


Hur 


rahl 
■^i — 


Hur  -  rahl    the  good  Old  NorlhSta'e 


^- 


76 


North  Carolina  Manual 


THE  SPIRIT  OF  KITTY  HAWK 


CHAPTER  FOUR 
Census  and  Population  Statistics 

The  first  census  of  North  CaroHna  was  taken  in  1790,  returning  a  popula- 
tion of  393,751.  Since  then  the  population  has  shown  an  increase  in  every 
census.  The  population  passed  1,000,000  between  1860  and  1870;  2,000,000 
between  1900  and  1910;  3,000,000  between  1920  and  1930;  4,000,000  between 
1940  and  1950;  and  5,000,000  between  1960  and  1970.  Based  on  analysis  of 
births,  deaths  and  other  factors,  North  Carolina  passed  6,000,000  sometime 
in  the  mid-1980's. 

The  1980  census,  the  Twentieth  Census  of  the  United  States,  was  one  of 
the  most  accurate  ever  taken.  While  there  have  been  many  challenges  to  the 
figures  released  by  the  Bureau  of  the  Census,  most  were  due  to  growth  rates 
being  lower  than  anticipated  by  local  governmental  officials.  This  can  be 
explained  in  part  by  the  fact  the  figures  released  for  the  1970  census  proved 
higher  than  they  actually  were.  This  situation  created  a  faulty  base  on 
which  to  make  initial  projections  during  the  decade  of  the  seventies. 

The  final  1980  census  figures  showed  North  Carolina  with  a  population  of 
5,880,415.  This  represented  a  growth  rate  of  15.7  percent,  or  nearly  800,000 
people  during  the  last  decade,  as  opposed  to  a  rate  of  approximately  12 
percent,  or  half  a  million  people,  during  the  previous  decade  of  the  sixties. 
Almost  half  (47.7  %)  of  the  1970-1980  change  in  population  was  due  to  net 
migration.  This  is  in  contrast  to  the  previous  decade  where  all  the  growth 
was  due  to  natural  increase  (more  births  than  deaths).  In  fact,  natural 
increase  during  the  1960's  was  greater  than  total  growth,  due  to  a  net  out- 
migration  of  70,319  persons  during  the  decade.  If  the  same  high  rate  of 
natural  increase  in  the  1960's  had  continued  during  the  1970's  the  state 
would  have  had  more  than  one  quarter  of  a  million  more  people  than  was 
reflected  in  the  1980  census.  As  it  was,  a  tremendous  increase  in  net 
migration  more  than  offset  the  decrease  in  birth  rates.  The  net  migration 
increase  exhibited  during  the  decade  of  the  seventies  has  continued  into  the 
1980's  and  is  due  in  large  part  to  the  rapid  commercial  and  industrial 
growth  of  North  Carolina. 

In  North  Carolina  there  were  42  incorporated  places  with  a  population  of 
10,000  or  more  in  1980.  Four  of  these  reached  this  plateau  for  the  first  time  - 
Boone  in  Watuaga  County,  Cary  in  Wake,  Havelock  in  Craven,  and 
Laurinburg  in  Scotland.  Of  the  incorporated  places  over  10,000,  Charlotte 
was  the  largest  with  314,447  people,  followed  by  Greensboro  at  155,642  and 
Raleigh  with  150,255.  Projected  figures  for  July,  1987,  indicated  that  Raleigh 
with  an  estimated  population  of  213,879  had  passed  Greensboro  with  with 
an  estimate  of  only  184,098  for  the  number  two  spot.  Much  of  the  large 


78  North  Carolina  Manual 

growth  in  population  can  be  attributed  to  annexations.  During  the  1970's 
several  of  the  incorporated  urban  areas  annexed  military  bases  which  were 
adjacent  to  them.  This  in  part  accounts  for  the  dramatic  increases  in  the 
population  of  several  incorporated  places.  Havelock  is  a  good  example.  In 
1970  the  census  figures  showed  Havelock  with  a  population  of  3,012;  the 
1980  figure,  which  included  the  Cherry  Point  Marine  Station,  increased  to 
17,718,  a  488%  increase. 

According  to  the  1980  census,  97  of  the  100  counties  in  North  Carolina  had 
gained  in  population.  This  is  quite  a  change  from  the  previous  census  which 
showed  only  62  counties  with  gains  while  38  had  declines.  Currituck  County 
showed  the  greatest  percentage  gain  with  an  increase  of  91.2%.  Dare  County 
was  a  distant  second  with  59%  and  Brunswick  was  third  with  47.7%). 

North  Carolina  has  a  total  area  of  52,712  square  miles  of  which  48,798  is 
land  area  and  3,914  is  water.  The  density  of  North  Carolina  increased  by  15 
persons  per  square  mile  from  1970  to  1980,  up  from  96.4  to  111.4  inhabitants 
per  square  mile.  Based  on  projected  figures,  the  1990  census  will  show 
another  substantial  increase.  It  is  estimated  that  the  population  in  1990  will 
be  around  6,613,400,  an  increase  of  12.5%  over  1980. 


Census  and  Population  Statistics 


79 


TABLE  1.  STATE  POPULATION  STATISTICS 


1-A.  Components  of  Population  Change. 

Percent  Percent 

1960-1970  Change  1970-1980  Change 

Growth  528,256  12.0  790,018  15.5 

Births 1,011,061  22.0  861,157  17.0 

Deaths  412,486  9.0  464,508  9.0 

Natural  Increase 598,575  13.0  396,649  8.0 

Net  Migration -70,319  -2.0  393,369  7.0 

1-B.  Regional  Components  of  Growth. 

Percent  Percent 

1960-1970  Change  1970-1980  Change 

Growth: 

Coastal  Plain  72,788  4.47  230,888  13.58 

Piedmont  366,352  17.05  410,636  16.33 

Mountains  89,116  11.43  148,494  17.10 

Births: 

Coastal  Plain  379,266  23.30  328,207  19.30 

Piedmont  471,843  21.96  397,598  15.81 

Mountains  159,964  20.52  135,368  15.58 

Deaths: 

Coastal  Plain  146,280  8.99  157,489  9.26 

Piedmont  192,378  8.95  222,830  8.86 

Mountains  73,838  9.47  84,197  9.69 

Natural  Increase: 

Coastal  Plain  232,986  14.31  170,718  10.04 

Piedmont  279,465  13.01  174,768  6.95 

Mountains  86,126  11.05  51,171  5.89 

Net  Migration: 

Coastal  Plain  -160,198  -9.84  60,170  3.50 

Piedmont  86,887  4.04  235,868  9.38 

Mountains  2,990  0.38  97,323  11.20 


1-C.  Statewide  Census  Figures. 


Date  of  Data 

April  1,  1960 
April  1,  1970 
April  1,  1980 
April  1,  1990* 


Population 

4,556,155 
5,084,411 
5,880,415 
6,613,391 


Change  from 
Last  Census 

494,226 
528,256 
796,004 
732,976 


Change 
in  Rates 

3.5 
-5.0 

0.0 
-5.0 

9.0 


Change 
in  Kates 

9.11 

-0.72 

5.67 


-4.00 
-6.15 
-4.94 


0.27 

-0.09 

0.22 


-4.27 
-6.06 
-5.16 


13.38 

5.34 

10.82 


Percent 
Change 

12.2 
11.6 
15.7 
12.5 


*  Projected  Data 


80 


North  Carolina  Manual 


TABLE  2.  COUNTY  POPULATION  STATISTICS 


Land  Area 
in  Square 

County  Miles 

Alamance 428 

Alexander  259 

Alleghany  225 

Anson  533 

Ashe 426 

Avery  245 

Beaufort  826 

Bertie  698 

Bladen  883 

Brunswick  856 

Buncombe  657 

Burke  511 

Cabarrus  363 

Caldwell  469 

Camden  239 

Carteret  536 

Caswell 428 

Catawba 394 

Chatham  709 

Cherokee  452 

Chowan  173 

Clay  209 

Cleveland  468 

Columbus 945 

Craven 699 

Cumberland 654 

Currituck 246 

Dare  391 

Davidson 549 

Davie  .>. 265 

Duplin  815 

Durham  295 

Edgecombe  510 

Forsyth 419 

Franklin  491 

Gaston  356 

Gates  337 

Graham  292 

Granville 537 

Greene  267 

Guilford  655 

Halifax  734 

Harnett 603 

Haywood  551 

Henderson   378 

Hertford  353 

Hoke  389 

Hyde  613 

Iredell  572 

Jackson  491 


1970  Census 
Total 
Population 


Density 


1980  Census 
Total 
Population 


Density 


Percent 

Change 

1970-1980 


Projected 
1990 


96,502 

225.1 

99,319 

232.1 

2.9 

107,061 

19,466 

75.2 

24,999 

96.5 

28.4 

27,897 

98,134 

36.2 

9,587 

42.6 

17.9 

9,787 

23,488 

44.1 

25,649 

48.1 

8.9 

26,424 

19,571 

45.9 

22,325 

52.4 

14.1 

23,737 

1 2,655 

51.7 

14,409 

58.8 

13.9 

15,436 

35,980 

43.6 

40,355 

48.9 

12.2 

43,666 

20,528 

29.4 

1,024 

30.1 

2.4 

21,171 

26,477 

30.0 

30,491 

34.5 

15.1 

30,894 

24,223 

28.3 

35,777 

41.8 

47.7 

54,884 

145,056 

220.8 

160,934 

245.0 

10.9 

175,493 

60,364 

118.1 

72,504 

141.9 

20.1 

77,638 

74,629 

205.6 

85,895 

326.6 

15.1 

96,679 

56,699 

120.9 

67,746 

144.4 

19.5 

71,642 

5,453 

22.8 

5,829 

24.4 

6.9 

6,040 

31,603 

59.0 

41,092 

76.7 

30.0 

54,043 

19,055 

44.5 

20,705 

48.4 

8.7 

23,116 

90,873 

230.6 

105,208 

267.0 

15.8 

119,832 

29,554 

41.7 

33,415 

47.1 

13.1 

37,438 

16,330 

36.1 

18,933 

40.4 

15.9 

21,633 

10,764 

62.2 

12,558 

72.6 

16.7 

13,906 

5,180 

24.8 

6,619 

31.7 

27.8 

7,415 

72,556 

155.0 

83,435 

177.6 

15.0 

87,373 

46,937 

49.7 

51,037 

54.0 

8.7 

53,546 

62,554 

89.5 

71,043 

101.6 

13.6 

83,771 

212,042 

324.2 

247,160 

377.9 

16.6 

261,839 

6,976 

28.4 

11,089 

45.1 

59.0 

14,671 

6,995 

17.9 

13,377 

34.2 

91.2 

22,501 

95,627 

174.2 

113,162 

206.1 

18.3 

127,264 

18,855 

71.2 

24,599 

92.8 

30.5 

28,473 

38,015 

46.6 

40,952 

50.2 

7.7 

41,905 

132,681 

449.8 

152,785 

517.9 

15.2 

175,678 

52,341 

102.6 

55,988 

109.8 

7.0 

60,317 

215,118 

513.4 

243,704 

581.6 

13.3 

272,780 

26,820 

54.6 

30,055 

61.2 

12.1 

37,158 

148,415 

416.9 

162,568 

456.7 

9.5 

176,505 

8,524 

25.3 

8,875 

26.3 

4.1 

9,996 

6,562 

22.5 

7,217 

24.7 

10.0 

7,088 

32,762 

61.0 

34,043 

63.4 

3.9 

39,796 

14,967 

56.1 

16,117 

60.4 

7.7 

16,603 

288,645 

440.6 

317,154 

484.2 

9.9 

339,946 

53,884 

73.4 

55,076 

75.0 

2.3 

57,162 

49,667 

82.4 

59,570 

98.8 

19.9 

67,014 

41,710 

75.7 

46,495 

84.4 

11.5 

48,597 

42,804 

113.2 

58,580 

155.0 

36.9 

71,532 

24,439 

66.7 

23,368 

66.2 

-4.4 

24,051 

16,436 

42.3 

20,383 

52.6 

24.0 

25,309 

5,571 

9.1 

5,873 

9.6 

5.4 

5,771 

72,197 

126.2 

82,538 

144.3 

14.3 

92,667 

21,593 

44.0 

25,811 

52.6 

19.5 

27,227 

Census  and  Population  Statistics 


81 


TABLE  2.  COUNTY  POPULATION  STATISTICS  (Continued) 


Percent 

Change 

1970-1980 


Land  Area  1970  Census  1980  Census 

in  Square  Total  Total 

County  Miles  Population  Density  Population  Density 

Johnston  797  61,737  77!5  70,599  88^6  iTT 

Jones  467  9,779  20.9  9,705  20  8  -0  8 

Lee  256  30,467  119.0  36,718  143.4  20  5 

Lenoir 400  55,204  138.0  59,819  149.5  8  4 

Lincoln  297  32,682  110.0  42,372  142.7  29.6 

McDowell  436  30,648  70.3  35,135  80.6  14  6 

Macon 513  15,788  30.8  20,178  39.3  27  8 

Madison  450  16,003  35.6  16,827  37.4  5.1 

Martin  455  24,730  54.4  25,948  120.7  4.9 

Mecklenburg 530  354,656  669.2  404,270  762.8  14.0 

Mitchell  215  13,447  62.5  14,428  67.1  7.3 

Montgomery  488  19,267  39.5  22,469  46.0  16.6 

Moore 704  39,048  55.5  50,505  71.7  29.3 

Nash  544  59,122  108.7  67,153  123.4  13.6 

New  Hanover  185  82,996  448.6  103,471  559.3  24.7 

Northampton  536  23,099  43.1  22,195  42.1  -2.2 

Onslow  765  103,126  134.8  112,784  147.4  9.4 

Orange  400  57,567  143.9  77,055  192.6  33.9 

Pamlico  338  9,467  28.0  10,398  30.8  9.8 

Pasquotank  228  26,824  117.6  28,462  124.8  6.1 

Pender  871  18,149  20.8  22,262  25.5  22.5 

Perquimans  246  8,351  33.9  9,486  38.6  13.6 

Person  401  25,914  64.6  29,164  72.7  12.5 

Pitt  655  73,900  112.8  90,146  137.6  22.0 

Polk 239  11,735  49.1  12,984  54.3  10.6 

Randolph  798  76,358  95.7  91,728  114.9  20.1 

Richmond  475  39,889  84.0  45,481  95.7  14.0 

Robeson 949  84,842  89.4  101,610  107.0  19.8 

Rockingham  569  72,402  127.2  83,426  146.6  15.2 

Rowan  523  90,035  172.2  99,186  189.6  10.2 

Rutherford  563  47,337  84.1  53,787  95.5  13.6 

Sampson  945  44,954  47.6  49,687  52.6  10.5 

Scotland  319  26,929  84.4  32,273  101.2  19.8 

Stanly  398  42,822  107.6  48,517  121.9  13.3 

Stokes  457  23,782  52.0  33,086  72.4  39.1 

Surry 536  51,415  95.9  59,449  110.9  15.6 

Swain  524  8,835  16.9  10,283  19.6  16.4 

Transylvania  382  19,713  51.6  23,417  61.3  18.8 

Tyrrell  390  3,806  9.8  3,975  10.2  4.4 

Union  639  54,714  85.6  70,436  110.1  28.6 

Vance  249  32,691  131.3  36,748  147.6  12.4 

Wake 858  229,006  266.9  301,429  351.3  31.6 

Warren  424  15,810  37.3  16,232  38.3  2.7 

Washington  343  14,038  40.9  14,801  43.2  5.4 

Watauga 317  23,404  73.8  31,666  99.8  35.3 

Wayne  557  85,408  153.3  97,054  174.2  13.6 

Wilkes 757  49,524  65.4  58,657  77.5  18.4 

Wilson  375  57,486  153.3  63,132  168.4  9.8 

Yadkin 336  24,599  73.2  28,439  84.6  15.6 

Yancey  312  12,629  40.5  14,934  47.9  18.3 


Projected 
1990 


82,509 
10,234 
43,166 
60,535 
49,353 

36,805 
24,283 
17,586 
27,144 
489,877 

14,636 
24,919 
60,197 
74,316 
121,218 

22,265 
130,520 
89,722 
10,990 
31,226 

27,803 
11,198 
31,678 
103,190 
15,097 

103.977 
46,106 

109,332 
86,825 

106,850 

58,396 
51,030 
35,150 
51,263 
37,370 

63.072 
10,808 
26.908 
4.208 
86,169 

40,027 
402,330 
16.683 
ll.HOl 
35,706 

98,568 
62,202 
66.128 

;io.52fi 

16.311 


82 


North  Carolina  Manual 


TABLE  3. 


POPULATION  OF  INCORPORATED  PLACES 
OF  10,000  OR  MORE 


City  or  Town 

Albemarle 

Asheboro 

Asheville  

Roone  

Burlington 

Carrboro 

Gary  

Chapel  Hill 

Charlotte  

Concord  

Durham  

Eden 

Elizabeth  City  .. 

Fayetteville 

Garner  

Gastonia 

Goldsboro 

Graham  

Greensboro 

Greenville 

Havelock  

Henderson 

Hickory 

High  Point  

Jacksonville 

Kannapolis  

Kinston 

Laurinburg 

Lenoir  

Lexington 

Lumberton  

Mint  Hill 

Monroe 

Morganton  

New  Bern  

Raleigh  

Reidsville 

Roanoke  Rapids 
Rocky  Mount  .... 
Salisbury 

Sanford 

Shelby 

Southern  Pines  . 

Statesville  

Tarboro 

Thomasville 

Wilmington  

Wilson 

Winston-Salem  , 


April  1 
1970 

County  Census 

Stanly  11,126 

Randolph 10,797 

Buncombe  57,820 

Watauga  8,754 

Alamance 35,930 

Orange 5,058 

Wake 7,640 

Durham,  Orange 26,199 

Mecklenburg 241,420 

Cabarrus  18,464 

Durham  95,438 

Rockingham  15,871 

Pasquotank,  Camden  ...  14,381 

Cumberland  53,510 

Wake  4,923 

Gaston  47,322 

Wayne 26,960 

Alamance 8,172 

Guilford  144,076 

Pitt  29,063 

Craven 3,012 

Vance 13,896 

Burke,  Catawba  20,569 

Randolph,  Guilford 63,229 

Onslow 16,289 

Cabarrss,  Rowan  — 

Lenoir  23,020 

Scotland  8,859 

Caldwell  14,705 

Davidson 17,205 

Robeson  16,961 

Mecklenburg 2,262 

Union 11,282 

Burke  13,625 

Craven 14,660 

Wake 122,830 

Rockingham  13,636 

Halifax  13,508 

Edgecombe,  Nash 34,284 

Rowan 22,515 

Lee 11,716 

Cleveland  16,328 

Moore 5,937 

Iredell 20,007 

Edgecombe 9,425 

Davidson 15,230 

New  Hanover 46,169 

Wilson 29,347 

Forsyth 133,683 


April  1 

1980 

Census 


Percent 
Change 


July 
1987 


15,110 

35.8 

15,193 

15,252 

41.3 

16,272 

54,022 

-7.3 

60,429 

10,191 

16.4 

11,418 

37,266 

3.7 

38,798 

7,336 

48.6 

11,375 

21,763 

184.9 

39,094 

32,421 

23.7 

37,688 

314,447 

30.23 

388,995 

16,942 

-8.2 

28,408 

101,149 

6.0 

121,111 

15,672 

-1.3 

15,649 

14,004 

-2.6 

14,529 

59,507 

11.2 

73,043 

10,073 

94.1 

13,538 

47,333 

0.0 

54,606 

31,871 

18.2 

34,722 

8,674 

6.1 

10,055 

155,642 

8.0 

184,098 

35,740 

23.0 

43,130 

17,718 

488.2 

23,417 

13,522 

-2.7 

16,300 

20,757 

0.9 

27,840 

63,479 

0.2 

67,060 

18,237 

8.0 

29,547 

30,303 



32,431 

25,234 

9.6 

27,400 

11,480 

29.6 

12,256 

13,748 

-6.5 

14,621 

15,711 

-8.7 

16,269 

18,340 

8.1 

20,087 

7,915 

— 

12,882 

14,555 

25.0 

16,371 

13,763 

1.0 

14,579 

14,557 

-0.7 

18,871 

150,255 

22.3 

213,879 

12,492 

-8.4 

12,389 

14,702 

8.8 

15,747 

41,526 

20.4 

49,191 

22,677 

0.7 

23,966 

14,773 

26.1 

17,032 

15,310 

-6.2 

15,415 

8,620 

45.2 

10,155 

18,622 

-6.9 

19,755 

8,741 

-8.4 

11,042 

14,144 

-7.1 

17,256 

44,000 

-4.7 

55,458 

34,424 

17.3 

37,750 

131,885 

-1.3 

150,246 

Census  and  Population  Statistics 


83 


TABLE  4.  POPULATION  OF  INCORPORATED  PLACES  OF 

2,500-9,999  INHABITANTS 


City  or  Town 


County 


1970 

Census 


Ahoskie Hertford 

Apex Wake  

Archdale Randolph,  Guilford 

Beaufort Carteret  

Belmont  Gaston  


Benson Johnston  

Bessemer  City Gaston  

Black  Mountain  Buncombe  

Brevard Transylvania 

Canton Haywood  


Cherryville  Gaston  ... 

Clayton Johnston 

Clinton Sampson 

Conover  Catawba 

Dallas  Gaston  ... 


Davidson  Mecklenburg,  Iredell 

Dunn  Harnett  

Edenton  Chowan  

Elizabethtown  Bladen  

Elkin  Surry,  Wilkes  


Elon  College  Town Alamance 

Enfield  Halifax  .... 

Erwin  Harnett  .... 

Fairmont  Robeson  ... 

Farmville Pitt  


Forest  City  Rutherford 

Franklin  Macon  

Fuquay-Varina Wake  

Gamewell  Caldwell  

Gibsonville Guilford,  Alamance 

Granite  Falls  Caldwell  

Hamlet Richmond 

Hendersonville  Henderson 

Hillsborough Orange 

Hope  Mills Cumberland  


Hudson  Caldwell  

Kernersville  Forsyth  

Kings  Mountain  Cleveland,  Gaston 

Kings  Stokes  

La  Grange  Lenoir  


Lincolnton Lincoln  

Longview Burke,  Catawba 

Louisburg  Franklin  

Lowell  Gaston  

Madison Rockingham  


Maiden Catawba,  Lincoln  . 

Marion  McDowell  

Maxton  Robeson,  Scotland 

Mayodan  Rockingham  

Mebane  Alamance,  Orange 


5,105 
2,234 
4,874 
3,368 
5,054 

2,267 
4,991 
3,204 
5,412 
5,158 

5,258 
3,103 
7,157 
3,355 
4,059 

2,931 
8,302 
4,956 
1,418 
2,899 

2,150 
3,272 
2,852 
2,827 
4,424 

7,179 
2,336 
3,576 

2,019 

2,388 
4,627 
6,443 
1,444 
1,866 

2,820 
4,815 
8,465 

2,679 

5,293 
3,360 
2,941 
3,307 
2,018 

2,416 
3,335 
1,885 
2,875 
2,573 


1980 

Percent 

Census 

Change 

4,887 

-4.3 

2,847 

27.4 

5,326 

17.9 

3,826 

13.6 

4,607 

-8.8 

2,792 

23.2 

4,787 

-4.1 

4,083 

27.4 

5,323 

1.5 

4,631 

-10.2 

4,844 

-7.9 

4,091 

31.8 

7,552 

5.5 

4,245 

26.5 

3,340 

-17.7 

3,241 

10.6 

8,962 

7.9 

5,264 

6.2 

3,551 

150.4 

2,858 

-1.4 

2,873 

33.6 

2,995 

-8.5 

2,828 

-0.8 

2,658 

-6.0 

4,707 

6.4 

7,688 

7.1 

2,640 

13.0 

3,110 

-13.0 

2,910 

— 

2,865 

41.9 

2,580 

8.0 

4,720 

2.0 

6,862 

6.5 

3,019 

109.1 

5,412 

190.0 

2,888 

2.4 

6,802 

41.3 

9,080 

7.3 

3,811 

— 

3,147 

17.5 

4,879 

-7.8 

3,587 

6.8 

3,238 

10.1 

2,917 

-11.8 

2,806 

39.0 

2,574 

6.5 

3,684 

10.5 

2,711 

43.8 

2,627 

-8.6 

2,782 

8.1 

84 


North  Carolina  Manual 


TABLE  4.  POPULATION  OF  INCORPORATED  PLACES  OF 
2,500-9,999  INHABITANTS  (Continued) 


Cilv  or  Town 


County 


1970 

Census 


1980 
Census 


Percent 
Change 


Mocksville  Davie 

Mooresville Irezdell  .. 

Morehcad  City  Carteret 

Mount  Airy  Surry  

Mount  Holly Gaston  .. 


Mount  Olive  Duplin,  Wayne 

Murfreesboro  Hertford  

Nashville Nash  

Newton  Catawba  

North  Wilkesboro Wilkes  


Oxford Granville  

Pembroke  Robeson  

Plymouth Washington 

Raeford  Hoke 

Red  Springs  Robeson  


Rockingham  Richmond  . 

Roxboro  Person  

Rutherfordton Rutherford 

Scotland  Neck  Halifax  

Selma  Johnston  .. 


Siler  City  Chatham  .. 

Smithfield  Johnston  .. 

Southport  Brunswick 

Spencer  Rowan 

Spindale  Rutherford 


Spring  Lake  Cumberland 

Tabor  City Columbus  .... 

Troy Montgomery 

Valdese  Burke  

Wadesboro Anson  


Wake  Forest Wake  

Wallace  Duplin,  Pender 

Warsaw Duplin 

Washington  Beaufort 

Waynesville  Haywood  


Whiteville  Columbus  

Williamston  Martin 

Wingate  Union  

Woodfin  Buncombe  

Wrightsville  Beach  New  Hanover 


2,529 

2,637 

4.3 

8,808 

8,575 

-2.6 

5,233 

4,359 

-16.7 

7,325 

6,862 

-6.3 

5,107 

4,530 

-11.3 

4,914 

4,876 

-0.8 

4,418 

3,007 

-31.0 

1,670 

3,033 

80.0 

7,857 

7,624 

-3.0 

3,357 

3,260 

-2.9 

7,178 

7,603 

5.7 

1,982 

2,698 

36.1 

4,774 

4,571 

-4.3 

3,180 

3,630 

14.2 

3,383 

3,607 

6.6 

5,852 

8,300 

41.8 

5,370 

7,532 

40.3 

3,245 

3,434 

5.8 

2,869 

2,834 

-1.2 

4,356 

4,762 

9.3 

4,689 

4,446 

-5.2 

6,677 

7,288 

9.2 

2,220 

2,824 

27.2 

3,075 

2,938 

-4.5 

3,848 

4,246 

10.3 

3,968 

6,273 

58.1 

2,400 

2,710 

12.9 

2,429 

2,702 

11.2 

3,182 

3,364 

5.7 

3,977 

4,119 

3.6 

3,148 

3,780 

20.1 

2,905 

2,903 

-0.1 

2,701 

2,910 

7.7 

8,961 

8,418 

-6.1 

6,488 

6,765 

4.3 

4,195 

5,565 

32.7 

6,570 

6,159 

-6.3 

2,569 

2,615 
3,260 

1.8 

1,701 

2,910 

71.3 

Census  and  Population  Statistics  85 

TABLE  5.  POPULATION  OF  INCORPORATED  PLACES 

OF  1,000-2,499 


Belhaven Beaufort  ... 

Bethel  Pitt  

Beaulaville Duplin  

Biltmore  Forest  Buncombe 


Bladenboro  Bladen  

Blowing  Rock  Caldwell,  Watauga 

Boiling  Springs Cleveland 

Boonville Yadkin 

Bryson  City  Swain  


Burgaw Pender  

Burnsville  Yancey  

Cajah  Mountain  Caldwell  

Carolina  Beach  New  Hanover 

Chadbourn Rowan  


China  Grove  Rowan  

Coats  Harnett 

Cornelius Mecklenburg 

Clyde  Haywood 

Cramerton  Gaston 


Creedmore , Granville  ., 

Dobbins  Heights Richmond 

Dobson  Surry 

Drexel  Burke  , 

East  Spencer  Rowan  


Ellerbe  Richmond 

Elm  City Wilson  

Fair  Bluff Columbus 

Four  Oaks  Johnston  ., 

Franklinton  Franklin  ... 


Fremont  Wayne  

Garysburg Northampton 

Granite  Quarry  Northampton 

Grifton Lenoir,  Pitt  ... 

Harrisburg Cabarrus  


Haw  River Alamance 

Hazelwood  Haywood 

Hertford  Perquimans  . 

Huntersville Mecklenburg 

Jamestown  Guilford  


Jefferson  Ashe 

Jonesville Yadkin 

Kenly  Johnston,  Wilson 

Kill  Devil  Hills  Dare  

Lake  Waccamaw Columbus 


1970  1980 

City  or  Town County Census  Census 

Aberdeen  Moore 

Andrews  Cherokee  

Angier  Harnett 

Aulander Bertie  

Banner  Elk  Avery 


1,592 

1,945 

1,383 

1,621 

1,431 

1,709 

947 

1,214 

754 

1,087 

2,259 

2,430 

1,514 

1,825 

1,156 

1,060 

1,298 

1.499 

783 

1,385 

801 

1,337 

2,284 

2,381 

687 

1,028 

1,290 

1,556 

1,744 

1,738 

1,348 

1,452 

— 

1,884 

1,663 

2,000 

2,213 

1,195 

1,788 

2,081 

1,051 

1,385 

1,296 

1,460 

814 

1,008 

2,142 

1,869 

1,405 

1,641 

— 

1,237 

933 

1,222 

1,431 

1,392 

2,217 

2,150 

913 

1,415 

1,201 

1,561 

1,039 

1,095 

1,057 

1,049 

1,459 

1,394 

1,596 

1,736 

231 

1.434 

1,344 

1,294 

1,860 

2,179 

— 

1,433 



2,117 

2,057 

1,811 

2,023 

1 ,94 1 

1,538 

1,294 

1,297 

2,148 

943 

1,086 

1,659 

1,752 

1,370 

1,433 

357 

1,671 

924 

1.133 

86 


North  Carolina  Manual 


TABLE  5. 


POPULATION  OF  INCORPORATED  PLACES 
OF  1,000-2,499  (Continued) 


City  or  Town 


County 


1970 
Census 


1980 
Census 


Landis  Rowan  

Liberty Randolph  . 

I.illington  Harnett 

Locust  Stanly  

Long  F^each   Brunswick 


Lucama  Wilson  

Mars  Hill Madison  

Marshville  Union  

Matthews  Mecklenburg 

Mount  Gilead  Montgomery 

Mount  Pleasant  Cabarrus  

Murphy  Cherokee  

Nags  Head  Dare  

Newport  Carteret  

Norwood Stanly  


Pilot  Mountain  Surry 

Pinetops  Edgecombe  .. 

Pineville  Mecklenburg 

Pittsboro  Chatham  

Princeton  Johnston  


Princeville Edgecombe  ... 

Ramseur Randolph  

Randleman  Randolph  

Ranlo  Gaston  

Rich  Square  Northampton 

Robbins  Moore 

Robbinsville  Graham  

Robersonville  Martin  

Rockwell Rowan  

Roseboro  Sampson  


Rose  Hill  Duplin  

Rowland  robeson  

Rural  Hall  Forsyth  

Rutherford  College  Burke  

St.  Pauls Robeson  .... 

Snow  Hill  Greene  

Sparta Alleghany 

Spring  Hope  Nash  

Spruce  Pine Mitchell  .... 

Stallings Union  


Stanley  Gaston  

Stoneville  Rockingham 

Swansboro  Onslow  

Sylva  Jackson  

Taylorsville  Alexander  .... 


2,297 

2,092 

2,167 

1,997 

1,L5.5 

1,948 

— 

1,590 

493 

1,834 

610 

1,070 

1,623 

2,126 

1,405 

2,011 

783 

1,648 

1,286 

1,423 

1,174 

1,210 

2,082 

2,070 

414 

1,020 

1,735 

1,883 

1,896 

1,818 

1,309 

1,090 

1,379 

1,465 

1,948 

1,525 

1,447 

1,332 

1,044 

1.034 

654 

1,508 

1,328 

1,162 

2,312 

2,156 

2,092 

1,774 

1,254 

1,057 

1,059 

1,256 

777 

1,370 

1,910 

1,981 

999 

1,339 

1,235 

1,227 

1,448 

1,508 

1,358 

1,841 

— 

1,336 

— 

1,108 

2,011 

1,639 

1,359 

1,374 

1,304 

1,687 

1,334 

1,254 

2,333 

2,282 

— 

1,826 

2,336 

2,341 

1,030 

1,054 

1,207 

976 

1,561 

1,699 

1,231 

1,103 

Census  and  Population  Statistics  87 

TABLE  5.  POPULATION  OF  INCORPORATED  PLACES 

OF  1,000-2,499  (Continued) 

1970  1980 

City  or  Town  County  Census  Census 

Trentwoods Craven 

Troutman  Iredell  

Tryon  Polk 

Walkertown  Forsyth 

Walnut  Cove Stokes  


Waxhaw  Union  

Weaverville Buncombe 

Weldon  Halifax  

Wendell  Wake 

Whispering  Pines  Moore 


Wilkesboro  Wilkes  . 

Windsor Bertie  .. 

Winterville  Pitt  

Yadkinville  Yadkin 

Zebulon  Wake  ... 


719 

1.177 

797 

1,360 

1,951 

1,796 

— 

1,321 

1,213 

1,147 

1,248 

1,208 

1,280 

1,495 

2,304 

1,844 

1,929 

2,222 

362 

1,160 

2,038 

2,335 

2,199 

2,126 

1,437 

2,052 

2,232 

2,216 

1,839 

2,055 

88  North  Carolina  Manual 

TABLE  6.  POPULATION  OF  INCORPORATED  PLACES 

OF  LESS  THAN  1,000 

1970  1980 

City  or  Town  County  Census  Census 

Alexander  Mills  Rutherford  

Alamance Alamance 

Alliance Pamlico  

Anson ville  Anson  

Arapahoe  Pamlico  


Arlington  Yadkin 

Ashwville Bertie  

Atkinson  Pender  

Aurora  Beaufort  

Autryville Sampson  

Ayden  Pitt  

Bailey  Nash  

Bakersville Mitchell  

Bath  Beaufort  

Battleboro  Edgecombe,  Nash 

Hayboro  Pamlico  

Beargrass Martin  

Beech  Mountain Avery,  Watauga  ... 

Beville  Brunswick 

Belwood Cleveland 


Black  Creek  Wilson  

Boiling  Spring  Lakes  Brunswick  , 

Bolvia  Brunswick  , 

Bolton  Columbus  ., 

Bostic Rutherford 

Bridgeton  Craven 

Broadway  Lee  

Brookford  Catawba  .... 

Brunswick Columbus  .. 

Bunn  Franklin  .... 


Calabash Brunswick  .... 

Calypso  Duplin  

Cameron  Moore 

Candor  Montgomery 

Cape  Carteret  Carteret  


Carthage  Moore 

Casar  Cleveland  . 

Cashiers  Jackson  .... 

Castalia Nash  

Caswell  Beach Brunswick 

Catawba Catawba  ... 

Centerville  Franklin  ... 

Cerro  Gordo  Columbus  . 

Chadwick  Acres Onslow  

Chocowinity  Beaufort  ... 


Claremont Catawba 

Clarkton  Bladen  ... 

Cleveland  Rowan  ... 

Cofield  Hertford 

Colerain  Bertie  


988 

643 

— 

320 

577 

616 

694 

794 

474 

467 

711 

872 

247 

227 

325 

298 

620 

698 

213 

228 

3,450 

184 

724 

685 

409 

373 

231 

207 

562 

632 

821 

759 

99 

82 

— 

190 

59 

102 

— 

613 

449 

523 

245 

998 

185 

252 

534 

563 

289 

476 

520 

461 

694 

908 

590 

467 

206 

223 

284 

505 

128 



462 

639 

204 

225 

561 

868 

616 

944 

1,034 

925 

339 

346 

230 

553 

265 

358 

— 

110 

565 

509 

123 

135 

322 

295 

12 

15 

566 

644 

788 

880 

662 

664 

614 

595 

318 

465 

373 

284 

Census  and  Population  Statistics 


89 


TABLE  6.  POPULATION  OF  INCORPORATED  PLACES 
OF  LESS  THAN  1,000  (Continued) 


City  or  Town 


County 


Columbia  Tyrrell  

Columbus  Polk 

Como  Hertford  

Conetoe  Edgecombe  ... 

Conway  Northampton 


Cover  City Craven  

Creswell  Washington 

Crossnore Avery  

Danbury Stokes  

Dellview  Gaston  


Denton Davidson 

Dillsboro  Jackson  .. 

Dover  Craven  .... 

Dortches Nash  

Dublin  Bladen  .... 


East  Arcadia  Bladen  

Earl  Cleveland 

East  Bend  Yadkin 

East  Laurinburg  Scotland  .. 

Elk  Park Avery 


Ellenboro  Rutherford 

Emerald  Isle  Carteret  

Eureka  Wayne  

Everetts martin  

Faison  Rowan  


Faith Cleveland 

Fallstone  Cleveland  

Falcon  Cumberland,  Sampson 

Falkland  Pitt 

Fountain  Pitt 


Foxfire Moore 

Franklinville  Randolph  

Garland Sampson  

Gaston Northampton 

Gatesville Gates  


Gibson  Scotland  

Glen  Alpine  Burke  

Godwin  Cumberland 

Goldston Chatham  

Greenevers Duplin  


Grimesland  Pitt 

Grover  Cleveland 

Halifax  Halifax  .... 

Hamilton Martin  

Harmony Iredell  


Harrells  Duplin,  Sampson 

Harrellsville  Hertford  

Hassell  Martin  

Hayesville Clay  

High  Shoals Gaston,  Lincoln  .. 


1970 
Census 


902 
731 
211 
160 
694 

485 
633 
264 
152 


1,017 
215 
585 

283 


485 
487 
503 

465 
122 
263 
198 
598 

506 
301 
357 
130 
434 


794 

656 

1,105 

338 

502 
797 
129 
364 
424 

394 
555 
335 
579 

377 

249 
165 
160 
428 


1980 
Census 


758 
727 
89 
215 
678 

500 
426 
297 
140 

7 

949 
179 
600 
885 
477 

461 
206 
602 
536 
535 

560 
865 
303 
213 
636 

552 
614 
339 
118 
424 

153 
607 
885 
883 
363 

533 
645 
340 
353 
477 

453 
597 
253 
638 
470 

255 
151 
109 
376 
586 


90 


North  Carolina  Manual 


TABLE  6.  POPULATION  OF  INCORPORATED  PLACES 
OF  LESS  THAN  1,000  (Continued) 


CilvorTown 


County 


1970 
Census 


1980 
Census 


Highl:m(U         Macon 

Hildt'hran  Burke  

Hi)l)g()()(l  Halifax  

Hoffman  Richmond 

Hoidcn  F}(>acli  F^run.swick 

Holly  Ridge Onslow  

Holly  Springs  Wake 

Hollyville  Pamlico  .... 

Hookerton  Greene  

Hot  Springs  Madison  ... 


Indian  Beach  Carteret  

Indian  Trail  Union   

Jackson  Northampton 

Jamesville Martin  

Kellford  Bertie  


Kenan.sville  Duplin   

Kittrell  Vance  

Knightdale Wake 

Kure  Beach  New  Hanover 

Lake  Lure Rutherford  


Lansing Ashe 

Lasker  Northampton 

Lattimore  Cleveland  

Laurel  Park  Henderson  .... 

Lawndale  Cleveland  


Leggett  Edgecombe  . 

Lewiston  Bertie  

Lilesville  Anson  

Linden  Cumberland 

LinviJle Averv  


Littleton  Halifax  

Love  Valley  Iredell  

Lumber  Bridge  Robeson 

Macclesfield  Edgecombe 

McAdenville  Gaston  


McDonald  Robeson  .. 

McFarland  Anson  

Macon Warren  ... 

Maggie  Valley  Haywood 

Magnolia Duplin   .... 


Manteo  Dare  

Marshall  Madison  . 

Mayesville  Jones  

Mesic  Pamlico  .. 

Micro  Johnston 


Middleburg  Vance  

Middlesex Nash  

Milton  Caswell 

Minesott  Beach  Pamlico 

Montreat  Buncombe 


583 

653 

481 

628 

530 

483 

434 

389 

136 

232 

415 

465 

697 

688 

— 

100 

441 

460 

653 

678 



54 

405 

811 

762 

720 

533 

604 

295 

254 

762 

931 

427 

225 

815 

985 

394 

611 

456 

488 

283 

194 

114 

96 

257 

237 

581 

764 

544 

469 

120 

99 

327 

459 

641 

588 

205 

365 

— 

244 

903 

820 

40 

55 

117 

171 

536 

504 

950 

947 

80 

117 

140 

133 

179 

153 

— 

202 

614 

592 

547 

902 

982 

809 

912 

877 

— 

390 

300 

438 

149 

185 

729 

837 

235 

235 

— 

171 

581 

741 

Census  and  Population  Statistics 


91 


TABLE  6.  POPULATION  OF  INCORPORATED  PLACES 
OF  LESS  THAN  1,000  (Continued) 


City  or  Town 


County 


Morrisville  Wake 

Moreven  Anson  

Mooresville  Cleveland  . 

Navassa  Brunswick 

Newland Avery 


New  London  Stanly 

Newton  Grove  Sampson  . 

Norlina  Warren  .... 

Norman  Richmond 

Oakboro  Stanly 


Oak  City Martin  

Ocean  Isle  Beach  Brunswick 

Old  Fort McDowell  . 

Oriental Pamlico  .... 

Orrum Robeson 


Pantego  Beaufort  .. 

Parkton  Robeson  ... 

Parmele  Martin  

Patterson  Springs Cleveland 

Peachland  Anson  


Pikesville  Wayne  .... 

Pinebluff Moore 

Pine  Level  Johnston 

Pink  Hill  Lenoir  

Pine  Knoll  Shores Carteret  .. 


Polkton  Anson  

Polkville  Cleveland 

Pollocksville  Jones  

Powellsville  Bertie  

Proctorville  Robeson  ... 


Raynham  Robeson 

Red  Oak  Nash  

Rennert  Robeson 

Rhodhiss  Burke,  Caldwell 

Richfield Stanly 


Richlands Onslow  

Robbinsville  Graham 

Rolesville  Wake 

Ronda  Wilkes 

Roper  Washington 


Rosman  Transylvania 

Roxobel  Bertie  

Ruth  Rutherford  

Salemburg  Sampson  

Saluda  Polk 


Saratoga  Wilson  

Seaboard  Northampton  .... 

Seagrove  Randolph  

Seven  Devils Watauga,  Avery 

Seven  Springs  Wayne  


1970 

1980 

Census 

Census 

209 

251 

562 

765 

— 

405 

— 

439 

524 

722 

285 

454 

546 

564 

696 

901 

157 

252 

568 

587 

559 

475 

78 

143 

676 

752 

445 

536 

162 

167 

218 

185 

550 

564 

373 

484 

— 

731 

556 

506 

260 

662 

570 

935 

983 

953 

522 

e%\ 

— 

646 

845 

762 

494 

528 

456 

318 

247 

320 

157 

205 



83 

359 

314 

— 

178 

784 

727 

306 

373 

935 

825 

— 

814 

533 

381 

465 

457 

649 

795 

407 

512 

347 

278 

360 

381 

669 

742 

546 

607 

391 

381 

611 

687 

354 

294 

— 

21 

188 

166 

92 


North  Carolina  Manual 


TABLE  6.  POPULATION  OF  INCORPORATED  PLACES 
OF  LESS  THAN  1,000  (Continued) 


City  or  Town 

Severn  

Shady  Forest  

Shallotte 

Sharpsliurg  

Simpson  

Sims  

Southern  Shores  . 

Speed  

Spencer  Mountain 
Staiey  

Stanfield  

Stantonhurg  

Star  

Stedman  

Stem 

Stonewall  

Stovall  

Sunset  Beach 

SurfCity  

Swansboro  

Tarheel  

Teachey  

Topsail  Beach  

Trenton  

Turkey  

Vanceboro 

Vandermere 

Vass  

Waco  

Wade  

Wagram  

Watstonburg 

Warrenton  

Washington  Park 
Watha  

Webster  

Weddington  

West  Jefferson  

Whitakers  

White  Lake  

Williamsboro  

Winfall  

Winton 

Woodland  

Woodville  

Yaupon  Beach  

Youngsville 


1970  1980 

County  Census  Census 

Northampton  356  309 

Brunswick —  43 

Brunswick  597  680 

Kdgecomhe,  Nash,  Wilson 789  997 

Kitt —  407 

Wilson  205  192 

Dare  —  520 

Edgecombe  142  95 

Gaston  300  169 

Randolph  239  204 

Stanly  458  463 

Wilson  869  920 

Montgomery  892  816 

Cumberland 505  723 

Granville  242  222 

Pamlico  335  360 

Granville 405  417 

Brunswick 108  304 

Pender  166  421 

Onslow  1,207  976 

Bladen  87  118 

Duplin  219  373 

Pender  108  264 

Jones  539  407 

Sampson  329  417 

Craven 758  833 

Pamlico  379  335 

Moore 885  828 

Cleveland  245  322 

Cumberland 315  474 

Scotland  718  617 

Greene  176  181 

Warren  1,035  908 

Beaufort  517  514 

Pender  181  196 

Jackson  189  200 

Union  -  848 

Ashe 889  822 

Edgecombe/Nash  926  924 

Vance  —  968 

Vance  —  59 

Perquimans  581  634 

Hertford  917  825 

Northampton  744  861 

Bertie  253  212 

Brunswick 334  569 

Frankhn  555  486 


PART  II 


Constitutional  Development 
of  North  Carolina 


CHAPTER  ONE 
The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina 

OUR  CONSTITUTIONS:  A  HISTORICAL  PERSPECTIVE' 

North  Carolina  has  had  three  constitutions  in  her  history  as  a  State;  the 
Constitution  of  1776,  the  Constitution  of  1868,  and  the  Constitution  of  1971. 

Constitution  of  1776 

Drafted  and  promulgated  by  the  Fifth  Provincial  Congress  in  December, 
1776,  without  submission  to  the  people,  the  Constitution  of  1776  and  its 
separate  but  accompanying  Declaration  of  Rights  sketched  the  main  outlines 
of  the  new  state  government  and  secured  the  rights  of  the  citizen  from 
governmental  interference.  While  the  principle  of  separation  of  powers  was 
explicitly  affirmed  and  the  familiar  three  branches  of  government  were 
provided  for,  the  true  center  of  power  lay  in  the  General  Assembly.  That 
body  not  only  exercised  full  legislative  power;  it  also  chose  all  the  state 
executive  and  judicial  officers,  the  former  for  short  terms  and  the  judges  for 
life. 

Profound  distrust  of  the  executive  power  is  evident  throughout  the  docu- 
ment. The  Governor  was  chosen  by  the  legislature  for  a  one-year  term  and 
was  eligible  for  only  three  terms  in  six  years.  The  little  power  granted  him 
was  hedged  about  in  many  instances  by  requiring  for  its  exercise  the 
concurrence  of  a  seven-member  Council  of  State  chosen  by  the  legislature. 

Judicial  offices  were  established,  but  the  court  system  itself  was  left  to 
legislative  design.  No  system  of  local  government  was  prescribed  by  the 
Constitution,  although  the  offices  of  justice  of  the  peace,  sheriff,  coroner, 
and  constable  were  created. 

The  system  of  legislative  representation  was  based  on  units  of  local 
government.  The  voters  of  each  county  elected  one  Senator  and  two  members 
of  the  House  of  Commons,  while  six  (later  seven)  towns  each  elected  one 
member  of  the  House.  It  was  distinctly  a  property  owner's  government,  for 
only  landowners  could  vote  for  Senators  until  1857,  and  progressive  property 
qualifications  were  required  of  members  of  the  House,  Senators,  and  the 
Governor  until  1868.  Legislators  were  the  only  state  officers  who  were 
elected  by  the  people  until  1836. 


'Written  by  John  L.  Sanders,  Director  of  the  Institute  of  Government,  University  of 
North  Carolina  at  Chapel  Hill. 


96  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  Convention  of  1835 

Dissatisfaction  with  tlie  legislative  representation  system,  which  gave  no 
direct  recognition  to  population,  resulted  in  the  Convention  of  1835.  Exten- 
sive constitutional  amendments  adopted  by  that  Convention  were  ratified 
by  vote  of  the  people,  26,771  to  21,606  on  November  9,  1835.  The  Amendments 
of  1835  fixed  the  membership  of  the  Senate  and  House  at  their  present 
levels,  50  and  120.  The  House  apportionment  formula  then  devised  gave  one 
seat  to  each  county  and  distributed  the  remainder  of  the  seats — nearly  half 
of  them  at  that  time — according  to  a  mathematical  formula  favoring  the 
more  populous  counties.  From  1836  until  1868,  Senators  were  elected  from 
districts  laid  out  according  to  the  amount  of  taxes  paid  to  the  State  from  the 
respective  counties,  thus  effecting  senatorial  representation  in  proportion  to 
property  values. 

The  Amendments  of  1835  also  made  the  Governor  popularly  elective  for  a 
two-year  term,  greatly  strengthening  that  office;  relaxed  the  religious 
qualifications  for  office  holding;  abolished  free  Negro  suffrage;  equalized  the 
capitation  tax  on  slaves  and  free  white  males;  prohibited  the  General 
Assembly  from  granting  divorces,  legitimating  persons,  or  changing  per- 
sonal names  by  private  act;  specified  procedures  for  the  impeachment  of 
state  officers  and  the  removal  of  judges  for  disability;  made  legislative 
sessions  biennial  instead  of  annual;  and  provided  methods  of  amending  the 
Constitution.  Following  the  precedent  established  in  amending  the  United 
States  Constitution,  the  1835  amendments  were  appended  to  the  Constitution 
of  1776,  not  incorporated  in  it  as  is  the  modern  practice. 

The  Convention  of  1861-62 

The  Convention  of  1861-62,  called  by  act  of  the  General  Assembly,  took  the 
State  out  of  The  Union  and  into  the  Confederacy  and  adopted  a  dozen 
constitutional  amendments.  These  were  promulgated  bj'^  the  Convention 
without  the  necessity  of  voter  approval,  a  procedure  that  was  permitted  by 
the  Constitution  until  1971. 

The  Convention  of  1865-66 

The  Convention  of  1865-66,  called  by  the  Provisional  Governor  on  orders 
of  the  President,  nullified  secession  and  abolished  slavery,  with  voter 
approval,  in  1865.  It  also  drafted  a  revised  Constitution  in  1866.  That 
document  was  largely  a  restatement  of  the  Constitution  of  1776  and  the  1835 
amendments,  plus  several  new  features.  It  was  rejected  by  a  vote  of  21,770  to 
19,880  on  August  2,  1866. 

Constitution  of  1868 

The  Convention  of  1868 

The  Convention  of  1868,  called  upon  the  initiative  of  Congress  but  with  a 
popular  vote  of  approval,  wrote  a  new  Constitution  which  the  people  ratified 
in  April  of  1868  by  a  vote  of  93,086  to  74,016.  Drafted  and  put  through  the 
Convention  by  a  combination  of  native  Republicans  and  a  few  Carpet- 
baggers, the  Constitution  was  highly  unpopular  with  the  more  conservative 
elements  of  the  State.  For  its  time  it  was  a  progressive  and  democratic 


The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  97 

instrument  of  government.  In  this  respect  it  differed  markedly  from  the 
proposed  Constitution  of  1866.  The  Constitution  of  1868  was  an  amalgam  of 
provisions  copied  or  adapted  from  the  Declaration  of  Rights  of  1776,  the 
Constitution  of  1776  and  its  amendments,  the  proposed  Constitution  of  1866, 
and  the  constitutions  of  other  states,  together  with  some  new  and  original 
provisions.  Although  often  amended,  a  majority  of  the  provisions  of  that 
document  remained  intact  until  1971,  and  the  Constitution  of  1971  brought 
forward  much  of  the  1868  language  with  little  or  no  change. 

The  Constitution  of  1868  incorporated  the  1776  Declaration  of  Rights  into 
the  Constitution  as  Article  I  and  added  several  important  guarantees.  To  the 
people  was  given  the  power  to  elect  all  significant  state  executive  officers,  all 
judges,  and  all  county  officials,  as  well  as  legislators.  All  property  qualifica- 
tions for  voting  and  office  holding  were  abolished.  The  plan  of  representation 
in  the  Senate  was  changed  from  a  property  to  a  popular  basis,  and  the  1835 
House  apportionment  plan  was  retained.  Annual  legislative  sessions  were 
restored. 

The  executive  branch  of  government  was  strengthened  by  popular  election 
for  four-year  terms  of  office  and  the  Governor's  powers  were  increased 
significantly. 

A  simple  and  uniform  court  system  was  established  with  the  jurisdiction 
of  each  court  fixed  in  the  Constitution.  The  distinctions  between  actions  at 
law  and  suits  in  equity  were  abolished. 

For  the  first  time,  detailed  constitutional  provision  was  made  for  a  system 
of  taxation,  and  the  powers  of  the  General  Assembly  to  levy  taxes  and  to 
borrow  money  were  limited.  Homestead  and  personal  property  exemptions 
were  granted.  Free  public  schools  were  called  for  and  the  maintenance  of 
penal  and  charitable  institutions  by  the  State  was  commanded.  A  uniform 
scheme  of  county  and  township  government  was  prescribed. 

The  declared  objective  of  the  Conservative  Party  (under  whose  banner  the 
older  native  political  leaders  grouped  themselves)  was  to  repeal  the  Constitu- 
tion of  1868  at  the  earliest  opportunity.  When  the  Conservative  Party  gained 
control  of  the  General  Assembly  in  1870,  a  proposal  to  call  a  convention  of 
the  people  to  revise  the  constitution  was  submitted  by  the  General  Assembly 
to  the  voters  and  rejected  in  1871  by  a  vote  of  95,252  to  86,007. 

The  General  Assembly  thereupon  resorted  to  the  legislative  initiative  for 
amending  the  Constitution.  That  procedure  then  called  for  legislative  ap- 
proval of  each  proposed  amendment  at  two  successive  sessions,  followed  by 
a  vote  of  the  people  on  the  amendment.  The  1871-72  legislative  session 
adopted  an  act  calling  for  about  three  dozen  amendments  to  the  Constitution 
which  had  the  general  purpose  of  restoring  to  the  General  Assembly  the 
bulk  of  the  power  over  local  government,  the  courts,  and  the  pul)lic'  schools 
and  the  University  that  had  been  taken  from  it  by  the  Constitution  of  1868. 
The  1872-73  session  of  the  General  Assembly  approved  for  the  second  time 
and  submitted  to  the  people  only  eight  of  those  amendments,  all  of  which 
were  approved  by  the  voters  in  1873  by  wide  margins.  These  amendments 
restored  biennial  sessions  of  the  General  Assembly,  transferred  control  of 
the  University  of  North  Carolina  from  the  State  Board  of  Education  to  the 
General  Assembly,  abolished  various  new  state  offices,  altered  the  doutilc 


98  North  Carolina  Manual 

otiict'-lioldiiig  prohibition,  and  rcpualt'd  the  prohibition  against  repudiation 
of  the  state  debt. 


The  Convention  of  1875 

In  1875,  the  Cieneral  Asseml)ly  called  a  convention  of  the  people  to 
consider  constitutional  revision.  No  confirmation  of  that  action  by  popular 
referendum  was  had,  and  none  was  then  constitutionally  required.  The 
Convention  of  1875  (the  most  recent  in  the  State's  history)  sat  for  five  weeks 
in  the  fall  of  that  year.  It  was  a  limited  convention,  certain  actions — for 
example,  the  reinstatement  of  property  qualifications  for  office-holding  or 
voting — being  forbidden  to  it. 

The  Convention  of  1875  adopted  and  the  voters  on  November  7,  1876, 
approved  by  a  vote  of  120,159  to  106,554  a  set  of  30  amendments  affecting  36 
sections  of  the  Constitution.  These  amendments  (which  took  effect  on 
January  1,  1877)  prohibited  secret  political  societies,  moved  the  legislative 
convening  date  from  November  of  even  numbered  years  to  January  of  odd- 
numbered  years,  fixed  in  the  Constitution  for  the  first  time  the  rate  of 
legislative  compensation,  called  for  legislation  establishing  a  State  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  abandoned  the  simplicity  and  uniformity  of  the  1868 
court  system  by  giving  the  General  Assembly  power  to  determine  the 
jurisdiction  of  all  courts  below  the  Supreme  Court  and  to  establish  such 
courts  inferior  to  the  Supreme  Court  as  it  might  see  fit,  reduced  the  Supreme 
Court  from  five  to  three  members,  required  Superior  Court  judges  to  rotate 
among  all  judicial  districts  of  the  State,  disqualified  for  voting  persons 
guilty  of  certain  crimes,  established  a  one-year  residency  requirement  for 
voting,  required  non-discriminatory  racial  segregation  in  the  public  schools, 
gave  the  General  Assembly  full  power  to  revise  or  abolish  the  form  and 
powers  of  county  and  township  governments,  and  simplified  the  procedure 
for  constitutional  amendment  by  providing  that  the  General  Assembly 
might  by  act  adopted  by  three-fifths  of  each  house  at  one  legislative  session 
submit  an  amendment  to  the  voters  of  the  State  (thus  eliminating  the  former 
requirement  of  enactment  by  two  successive  sessions  of  the  General  As- 
sembly). The  principal  effect  of  the  amendments  of  1873  and  1875  was  to 
restore  in  considerable  measure  the  former  power  of  the  General  Assembly, 
particularly  as  to  the  courts  and  local  government. 

The  amendments  framed  by  the  Convention  of  1875  seem  to  have  satisfied 
most  of  the  need  for  constitutional  change  for  a  generation,  for  only  four 
amendments  were  submitted  by  the  General  Assembly  to  the  voters  through- 
out the  remainder  of  the  nineteenth  century.  Three  of  them  were  ratified;  one 
failed. 

In  1900  the  suffrage  article  was  revised  to  add  the  literacy  test  and  poll  tax 
requirement  for  voting  (the  latter  provision  was  repealed  in  1920).  A  slate  of 
ten  amendments  prepared  by  a  constitutional  commission  and  proposed  by 
the  General  Assembly  in  1913  was  rejected  by  the  voters  in  1914.  With  the 
passage  of  time  and  amendments,  the  attitude  towards  the  Constitution  of 
1868  had  changed  from  resentment  to  a  reverence  so  great  that  until  the 
second  third  of  the  twentieth  century,  amendments  were  very  difficult  to 
obtain.   Between    1900  and    1933,   the  voters   ratified   15   and  rejected  20 


The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  99 

amendments.  During  the  first  third  of  this  century,  nevertheless,  amend- 
ments were  adopted  lengthening  the  school  term  from  four  to  six  months, 
prohibiting  legislative  charters  to  private  corporations,  authorizing  special 
Superior  Court  judges,  further  limiting  the  General  Assembly's  powers  to 
levy  taxes  and  incur  debt,  and  abolishing  the  poll  tax  requirement  for  voting 
and  reducing  the  residence  qualification  for  voters.  Amendments  designed  to 
restrict  the  legislature's  power  to  enact  local,  private  and  special  legislation 
were  made  partly  ineffective  by  judicial  interpretation. 

The  Proposed  Constitution  of  1933 

A  significant  effort  at  general  revision  of  the  Constitution  was  made  in 
1931-33.  A  Constitutional  Commission  created  by  the  General  Assembly  of 
1931  drafted  and  the  General  Assembly  of  1933  approved  a  revised  Constitu- 
tion. Blocked  by  a  technicality  raised  in  an  advisory  opinion  of  the  State 
Supreme  Court,  the  proposed  Constitution  of  1933  never  reached  the  voters 
for  approval.  It  would  have  granted  the  Governor  the  veto  power;  given  to  a 
Judicial  Council  composed  of  all  the  judges  of  the  Supreme  and  Superior 
Courts  power  to  make  all  rules  of  practice  and  procedure  in  the  courts 
inferior  to  the  Supreme  Court;  required  that  the  creation  of  inferior  courts  by 
general  laws  only;  removed  most  of  the  limitations  on  the  taxing  powers  of 
the  General  Assembly;  required  the  General  Assembly  to  provide  for  the 
organization  and  powers  of  local  governments  by  general  law  only; 
established  an  appointive  State  Board  of  Education  with  general  supervision 
over  the  public  school  system;  and  set  forth  an  enlightened  policy  of  state 
responsibility  for  the  maintenance  of  educational,  charitable,  and  refor- 
matory institutions  and  programs. 

Several  provisions  of  the  proposed  Constitution  of  1933  were  later  incor- 
porated into  the  Constitution  by  individual  amendments,  and  to  a  limited 
extent  it  served  as  a  model  for  the  work  of  the  1957-59  Constitutional 
Commission. 

Between  the  mid-1930's  and  the  late  1950's,  greater  receptiveness  to  constitu- 
tional change  resulted  in  amendments  authorizing  the  classification  of 
property  for  taxation;  strengthening  the  limitations  upon  public  debt; 
authorizing  the  General  Assembly  to  enlarge  the  Supreme  Court,  divide  the 
State  into  judicial  divisions,  increase  the  number  of  Superior  Court  judges, 
and  create  a  Department  of  Justice  under  the  Attorney  General;  enlarging 
the  Council  of  State  by  three  members;  creating  a  new,  appointive  State 
Board  of  Education  with  general  supervision  of  the  schools;  permitting 
women  to  serve  as  jurors;  transferring  the  Governor's  power  to  assign  judges 
to  the  Chief  Justice  and  his  parole  power  to  a  Board  of  Paroles;  permitting 
the  waiver  of  indictment  in  non-capital  cases;  raising  the  compensation  of 
the  General  Assembly  and  authorizing  legislative  expense  allowances;  iii 
creasing  the  general  purpose  property  tax  levy  limitation  and  the  maximum 
income  tax  rate;  and  authorizing  the  closing  of  public  schools  on  a  local 
option  basis  and  the  payment  of  educational  expense  grants  in  certain 
cases. 

The  increased  legislative  and  public  willingness  to  accept  constitutional 
change  between  1934  and  1960  resulted  in  32  constitutional  amendments 
being  ratified  by  the  voters  while  only  six  were  rejected. 


100  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  Constitutional  Commission  of  1957-58 

At  th(>  rctiufst  of  Governor  Luther  H.  Hodges,  the  General  Assembly  of 
1957  authorized  the  Governor  to  appoint  a  fifteen-member  Constitutional 
Commission  to  study  the  need  for  changes  in  the  Constitution  and  to  make 
recommendations  to  the  Governor  and  the  1959  General  Assembly. 

That  Commission  recommended  rewriting  the  whole  Constitution  and 
submitting  it  to  the  voters  for  approval  or  disapproval  as  a  unit,  the  changes 
suggested  being  too  numerous  to  be  effected  by  individual  amendments.  The 
proposed  Constitution  drafted  by  the  Commission  represented  in  large  part 
a  careful  job  of  editorial  pruning,  rearrangement,  clarification,  and  moderni- 
zation, but  it  also  included  several  significant  substantive  changes.  The 
Senate  would  have  been  increased  from  50  to  60  members  and  the  initiative 
(but  not  the  sole  authority)  for  decennial  redistricting  of  the  Senate  would 
have  been  shifted  from  the  General  Assembly  to  an  ex-officio  committee  of 
three  legislative  officers.  Decennial  reapportionment  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  would  have  been  made  a  duty  of  the  Speaker  of  the  House, 
rather  than  of  the  General  Assembly  as  a  whole.  Problems  of  succession  to 
constitutional  State  executive  offices  and  of  determination  of  issues  of 
officers'  disability  would  have  been  either  resolved  in  the  Constitution  or 
their  resolution  assigned  to  the  General  Assembly.  The  authority  to  classify 
property  for  taxation  and  to  exempt  property  from  taxation  would  have  been 
required  to  be  exercised  only  by  the  General  Assembly  and  only  on  a 
uniform,  statewide  basis.  The  requirement  that  the  public  schools  constitute 
a  "general  and  uniform  system"  would  have  been  eliminated,  and  the 
constitutional  authority  of  the  State  Board  of  Education  reduced.  Fairly 
extensive  changes  were  recommended  in  the  judicial  article  of  the  Constitu- 
tion, including  the  establishment  of  a  General  Court  of  Justice  with  an 
Appellate  Division,  a  Superior  Court  Division,  and  a  Local  Trial  Court 
Division.  A  uniform  system  of  District  Courts  and  Trial  Commissioners 
would  have  replaced  the  existing  multitude  of  inferior  courts  and  justices  of 
the  peace,  the  creation  of  an  intermediate  Court  of  Appeals  would  have  been 
provided  for,  and  uniformity  of  jurisdiction  of  the  courts  within  each  division 
would  have  been  required.  Otherwise,  the  General  Assembly  would  have 
retained  essentially  its  then-existing  power  over  the  courts,  their  jurisdiction, 
and  their  procedures. 

The  General  Assembly  of  1959  also  had  before  it  a  recommendation  for  a 
constitutional  amendment  with  respect  to  the  court  system  that  had 
originated  with  a  Court  Study  Committee  of  the  North  Carolina  Bar 
Association.  In  general,  the  recommendations  of  that  Committee  called  for 
more  fundamental  changes  in  the  courts  than  those  of  the  Constitutional 
Commission.  The  principal  difference  between  the  two  sets  of  recommenda- 
tions lay  in  the  extent  of  the  proposed  authority  of  the  General  Assembly 
over  the  courts.  The  Constitutional  Commission  generally  favored  legisla- 
tive authority  over  the  courts  and  proposed  only  moderate  curtailment  of  it; 
the  Court  Study  Committee  accepted  more  literally  the  concept  of  an  in- 
dependent judiciary  and  its  proposals  would  have  minimized  the  authority 
of  the  General  Assembly  over  the  courts  of  the  State,  though  structurally,  its 
system  would  have  been  much  like  that  of  the  Constitutional  Commission. 


The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  101 

The  proposed  Constitution  received  extended  attention  from  the  General 
Assembly  of  1959.  The  Senate  modified  and  passed  the  bill  to  submit  the 
proposed  Constitution  to  the  voters,  but  it  failed  to  pass  the  House,  due 
chiefly  to  the  inability  of  the  supporters  of  the  two  divergent  approaches  to 
court  revision  to  reach  agreement. 

As  had  bee  ,  true  of  the  proposed  Constitution  of  1933,  the  proposed 
Constitution  of  1959,  though  not  adopted  as  a  whole,  subsequently  provided 
the  material  for  several  amendment  proposals  that  were  submitted  in- 
dividually to  the  voters  and  approved  by  them  during  the  next  decade. 

In  the  General  Assembly  of  1961,  the  proponents  of  court  reform  were 
successful  in  obtaining  enactment  of  a  constitutional  amendment,  approved 
by  the  voters  in  1962,  creating  a  unified  and  uniform  General  Court  of 
Justice  for  the  State.  Other  amendments  submitted  by  the  same  session  and 
approved  by  the  voters  provided  for  the  automatic  decennial  reapportionment 
of  the  State  House  of  Representatives,  clarified  the  provisions  for  succession 
to  elective  State  executive  offices  and  disability  determination,  authorized  a 
reduction  in  the  residence  period  for  voters  for  President,  allowed  increases 
in  the  compensation  of  elected  state  executive  officers  during  their  terms, 
and  required  that  the  power  of  the  General  Assembly  to  classify  and  exempt 
property  for  taxation  be  exercised  by  it  alone  and  only  on  uniform,  statewide 
basis. 

The  session  of  1963  submitted  two  amendments:  One  to  enlarge  the  rights 
of  married  women  to  deal  with  their  own  property  was  approved  by  the 
voters;  one  to  enlarge  the  Senate  from  fifty  to  seventy  members  and  allocate 
one  Representative  to  each  county  was  rejected  by  the  voters.  The  General 
Assembly  of  1965  submitted  and  the  voters  approved  an  amendment 
authorizing  the  legislative  creation  of  a  Court  of  Appeals. 

The  1967  General  Assembly  proposed  and  the  voters  approved  amendments 
authorizing  the  General  Assembly  to  fix  its  own  compensation  and  revising 
the  legislative  apportionment  scheme  to  conform  to  the  judicially-established 
requirement  of  representation  in  proportion  to  population  in  both  houses. 

Constitution  of  1971 

From  1869  through  1968,  there  were  submitted  to  the  voters  of  North 
Carolina  a  total  of  97  propositions  for  amending  the  Constitution  of  the 
State.  All  but  one  of  these  proposals  originated  in  the  General  Assembly.  Of 
those  97  amendment  proposals,  69  were  ratified  by  the  voters  and  28  were 
rejected  by  them.  The  changing  attitude  of  the  voters  toward  constitutional 
amendments  is  well  illustrated  by  the  fact  that  from  1869  to  1933,  21  of  the 
48  amendment  propositions  were  rejected  by  the  voters,  a  failure  rate  of 
three  out  of  seven.  Between  1933  and  1968,  only  seven  of  49  proposed 
amendments  were  rejected  by  the  voters,  a  failure  rate  of  one  out  of  seven. 

After  the  amendments  of  the  early  1960's,  the  pressure  for  constitutional 
change  seemed  at  the  time  to  have  abated.  Yet  while  an  increasingly 
frequently  used  amendment  process  had  relieved  many  of  the  pressures  that 
otherwise  would  have  strengthened  the  case  for  constitutional  reform,  it  had 
not  kept  the  Constitution  current  in  all  respects.  Constitutional  amendments 


102  North  Carolina  Manual 

usually  were  drafted  in  response  to  particular  problems  experienced  or 
anticipated  and  generally  they  were  limited  in  scope  so  as  to  achieve  the 
essential  goal,  while  arousing  minimum  unnecessary  opposition.  Thus 
amendments  sometimes  were  not  as  comprehensive  as  they  should  have 
been  to  avoid  inconsistency  in  result.  Obsolete  and  invalid  provisions  had 
been  allowed  to  remain  in  the  Constitution  to  mislead  the  unwary  reader. 
Moreover,  in  the  absence  of  a  comprehensive  reappraisal,  there  had  been  no 
recent  occasion  to  reconsider  constitutional  provisions  that  might  be 
obsolescent  but  might  not  have  proved  so  frustrating  or  unpopular  in  their 
effect  as  to  provoke  curative  amendments. 

The  Constitutional  Study  Commission  of  1967 

It  was  perhaps  for  these  reasons  that  when  Governor  Dan  K.  Moore 
recommended  to  the  North  Carolina  State  Bar  in  the  fall  of  1967  that  it  take 
the  lead  in  making  a  study  of  the  need  for  revision  of  the  State  Constitution, 
the  response  was  prompt  and  affirmative.  The  North  Carolina  State  Bar  and 
the  North  Carolina  Bar  Association  joined  to  create  the  North  Carolina 
State  Constitution  Study  Commission  as  a  joint  agency  of  the  two  organiza- 
tions. The  25  members  of  that  commission  (fifteen  attorneys  and  ten  laymen) 
were  chosen  by  a  steering  committee  representative  of  the  sponsoring 
organizations.  The  Chairman  of  the  Commission  was  former  state  Chief 
Justice  Emery  B.  Denny. 

The  State  Constitution  Study  Commission  worked  throughout  most  of 
1968.  It  became  clear  early  in  the  course  of  its  proceedings  that  the  amend- 
ments the  Commission  wished  to  propose  were  too  numerous  to  be  submitted 
to  the  voters  as  independent  propositions.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Commission 
did  not  wish  to  embody  all  of  its  proposed  changes  in  a  single  document,  to 
be  approved  or  disapproved  by  the  voters  on  a  single  vote.  The  compromise 
procedure  developed  by  the  Commission  and  approved  by  the  General 
Assembly  was  a  blend  of  the  two  approaches.  The  Commission  combined  in 
a  revised  text  of  the  Constitution  all  of  the  extensive  editorial  changes  that 
it  thought  should  be  made  in  the  Constitution,  together  with  such  sub- 
stantive changes  as  the  Commission  deemed  not  to  be  controversial  or 
fundamental  in  nature.  These  were  embodied  in  the  document  that  came  to 
be  known  as  the  Constitution  of  1971.  Those  proposals  for  change  that  were 
deemed  to  be  sufficiently  fundamental  or  potentially  controversial  in 
character  as  to  justify  it,  the  Commission  set  out  as  independent  amendment 
propositions,  to  be  considered  by  the  General  Assembly  and  by  the  voters  of 
the  State  on  their  independent  merits.  Thus  the  opposition  to  the  latter 
proposals  would  not  be  cumulated.  The  separate  proposals  framed  by  the 
Commission  were  ten  in  number,  including  one  extensive  revision  of  the 
finance  article  of  the  Constitution  which  was  largely  the  work  of  the  Local 
Government  Study  Commission,  a  legislatively-established  group  then  at 
work  on  the  revision  of  constitutional  and  statutory  provisions  with  respect 
to  local  government.  The  amendments  were  so  drafted  that  any  number  or 
combination  of  them  might  be  ratified  by  the  voters  and  yet  produce  a 
consistent  result. 

The  General  Assembly  of  1969,  to  which  the  recommendations  of  the  State 
Constitution  Study  Commission  were  submitted,  received  a  total  of  28  pro- 


The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  103 

posals  for  constitutional  amendments.  Constitutional  revision  was  an  active 
subject  of  interest  throughout  the  session.  The  proposed  Constitution  of 
1971,  in  the  course  of  seven  roll-call  votes  (four  in  the  House  and  three  in  the 
Senate),  received  only  one  negative  vote.  The  independent  amendments 
fared  variously;  ultimately  six  were  approved  by  the  General  Assembly  and 
submitted  to  the  voters.  These  were  the  executive  reorganization  amendment, 
the  finance  amendment,  an  amendment  to  the  income  tax  provision  of  the 
Constitution,  a  reassignment  of  the  benefits  of  the  escheats,  authorization 
for  calling  extra  legislative  sessions  on  the  petition  of  members  of  the 
General  Assembly,  and  abolition  of  the  literacy  test  for  voting.  All  but  the 
last  two  of  these  amendments  had  been  recommended  by  the  State  Constitu- 
tion Study  Commission.  At  the  election  held  on  November  3,  1970,  the 
proposed  Constitution  of  1971  was  approved  by  a  vote  of  393,759  to  251,132. 
Five  of  the  six  separate  amendments  were  approved  by  the  voters;  the 
literacy  test  repeal  was  rejected. 

The  Constitution  of  1971  took  effect  under  its  own  terms  on  July  1,  1971 
(hence  its  designation  as  the  "Constitution  of  1971").  So  did  the  executive 
reorganization  amendment,  the  income  tax  amendment,  the  escheats  amend- 
ment, and  the  amendment  with  respect  to  extra  legislative  sessions,  all  of 
which  amended  the  Constitution  of  1971  at  the  instant  it  took  effect.  The 
finance  amendment,  which  made  extensive  revisions  in  the  Constitution  of 
1971  with  respect  to  debt  and  local  taxation,  took  effect  on  July  1,  1973.  The 
two-year  delay  in  its  effective  date  was  occasioned  by  the  necessity  to 
conform  state  statutes  with  respect  to  local  government  finance  to  the  terms 
of  the  amendment. 

The  Constitution  of  1971,  the  State  Constitution  Study  Commission  stated 
in  its  report  recommending  its  adoption, 

effects  a  general  editorial  revision  of  the  constitution  ....  The 
deletions,  reorganizations,  and  improvements  in  the  clarity  and 
consistency  of  language  will  be  found  in  the  proposed  constitu- 
tion. Some  of  the  changes  are  substantive,  but  none  is  calculated 
to  impair  any  present  right  of  the  individual  citizen  or  to  bring 
about  any  fundamental  change  in  the  power  of  state  and  local 
government  or  the  distribution  of  that  power. 

In  the  new  Constitution,  the  old  fourteen-article  organization  of  the  Con- 
stitution was  retained,  but  the  contents  of  several  articles — notably  Articles 
I,  II,  III,  V,  IX,  and  X — were  rearranged  in  more  logical  sequence.  Sections 
were  shifted  from  one  article  to  another  to  make  a  more  logical  subjec-t- 
matter  arrangement.  Clearly  obsolete  and  constitutionally  invalid  matter 
was  omitted,  as  were  provisions  essentially  legislative  in  character.  Uni- 
formity of  expression  was  sought  where  uniformity  of  meaning  was  im- 
portant. Directness  and  currency  of  language  were  also  sought,  togetbcM- 
with  standardization  in  spelling,  punctuation,  capitalization,  and  other 
essentially  editorial  matters.  Greater  brevity  of  the  Constitution  as  a  whole 
was  a  by-product  of  the  revision,  though  not  itself  a  primary  objective. 

The  Declaration  of  Rights  (Article  I),  which  dates  from  177(i  with  some 
1868  additions,  was  retained  with  a  few  additions.  The  organization  of  the 


104  North  Carolina  Manual 

article  was  improved  and  the  frequently  used  subjunctive  mood  was  replaced 
by  the  imperative  in  order  to  make  clear  that  the  provisions  of  that  article 
are  commands  and  not  mere  admonitions.  (For  example,  "All  elections 
ought  to  be  free"  became  "All  elections  shall  be  free.")  To  the  article  were 
added  a  guarantee  of  freedom  of  speech,  a  guarantee  of  equal  protection  of 
the  laws,  and  a  prohibition  against  exclusion  from  jury  service  or  other 
discrimination  by  the  State  on  the  basis  of  race  or  religion.  Since  all  of  the 
rights  newly  expressed  in  the  Constitution  of  1971  were  already  guaranteed 
by  the  United  States  Constitution,  their  inclusion  simply  constituted  an 
explicit  recognition  by  the  State  of  their  importance. 

In  the  course  of  reorganizing  and  abbreviating  Article  III  (the  Executive), 
the  Governor's  role  as  chief  executive  was  brought  into  clear  focus.  The 
scattered  statements  of  the  Governor's  duties  were  collected  in  one  section, 
to  which  was  added  a  brief  statement  of  his  budget  powers,  formerly  merely 
statutory  in  origin.  No  change  was  made  in  the  Governor's  eligiblity  or  term, 
or  in  the  list  of  state  executives  previously  elected  by  the  people.  To  the 
Council  of  State  (formerly  seven  elected  executives  with  the  Governor  as 
presiding  officer)  were  added  the  Governor,  Lieutenant  Governor,  and 
Attorney  General  as  ex-officio  members. 

Having  been  entirely  rewritten  in  1962,  the  judicial  article  (Article  IV)  was 
the  subject  of  little  editorial  alteration  and  of  no  substantive  change. 

The  editorial  amendments  to  Article  V,  dealing  with  finance  and  taxation, 
were  extensive.  Provisions  concerning  finance  were  transferred  to  it  from 
four  other  articles.  The  former  finance  provisions  were  expanded  in  some 
instances  to  make  clearer  the  meaning  of  excessively  condensed  provisions. 
The  only  substantive  change  of  note  gave  a  wife  who  is  the  primary  wage- 
earner  in  the  family  the  same  constitutionally  guaranteed  income  tax 
exemption  now  granted  a  husband  who  is  the  chief  wage-earner;  she  already 
had  that  benefit  under  statute. 

The  revision  of  Article  VI  (voting  and  elections)  added  out-of-state  and 
federal  felonies  to  felonies  committed  against  the  State  of  North  Carolina  as 
grounds  for  denial  of  voting  and  office-holding  rights  in  this  State.  The 
General  Assembly  was  directed  to  enact  general  laws  governing  voter 
registration. 

The  provision  that  has  been  interpreted  to  mean  that  only  voters  can  hold 
office  was  modified  to  limit  its  application  to  popularly  elective  offices  only; 
thus  it  is  left  to  the  legislature  to  determine  whether  one  must  be  a  voter  in 
order  to  hold  an  appointive  office. 

The  Constitution  of  1971  prohibits  the  concurrent  holding  of  two  or  more 
elective  state  offices  or  of  a  federal  office  and  an  elective  state  office.  It 
expressly  prohibits  the  concurrent  holding  of  any  two  or  more  appointive 
offices  or  places  of  trust  or  profit,  or  of  any  combination  of  elective  and 
appointive  offices  or  places  of  trust  or  profit,  except  as  the  General  Assembly 
may  allow  by  general  law. 

The  power  to  provide  for  local  government  remains  in  the  legislature, 
confining  the  constitutional  provisions  on  the  subject  to  a  general  description 


The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  105 

of  the  General  Assembly's  plenary  authority  over  local  government,  a 
declaration  that  any  unit  formed  by  the  merger  of  a  city  and  a  county  should 
be  deemed  both  a  city  and  a  county  for  constitutional  purposes,  and  a 
section  retaining  the  sheriff  as  an  elective  county  officer. 

The  education  article  (Article  IX)  was  rearranged  to  improve  upon  the 
former  hodge-podge  treatment  of  public  schools  and  higher  education, 
obsolete  provisions  (especially  those  pertaining  to  racial  matters)  were  elimi- 
nated, and  other  changes  were  made  to  reflect  current  practice  in  the 
administration  and  financing  of  schools. 

The  constitutionally-mandated  school  term  was  extended  from  six  months 
(set  in  1918)  to  a  minimum  of  nine  months  (where  it  was  fixed  by  statute 
many  years  earlier).  The  possibly  restrictive  age  limits  on  tuition-free  public 
schooling  were  removed.  Units  of  local  government  to  which  the  General 
Assembly  assigns  a  share  of  responsibility  for  financing  public  education 
were  authorized  to  finance  from  local  revenues  education  programs,  including 
both  public  schools  and  technical  institutes  and  community  colleges,  without 
a  popular  vote  of  approval.  It  was  made  mandatory  (it  was  formerly  permis- 
sive) that  the  General  Assembly  require  school  attendance. 

The  Superintendent  of  Public  instruction  was  eliminated  as  a  voting 
member  of  the  State  Board  of  Education  but  retained  as  the  Board's 
secretary.  He  was  replaced  with  an  additional  at-large  appointee.  A  potential 
conflict  of  authority  between  the  Superintendent  and  the  Board  (both  of 
which  previously  had  constitutional  authority  to  administer  the  public 
schools)  was  eliminated  by  making  the  Superintendent  the  chief  administra- 
tive officer  of  the  Board,  which  is  to  supervise  and  administer  the  schools. 

The  provisions  with  respect  to  the  state  and  county  school  funds  were 
retained  with  only  minor  editorial  modifications.  Fines,  penalties,  and  for- 
feitures continue  to  be  earmarked  for  the  county  school  fund. 

The  former  provisions  dealing  with  The  University  of  North  Carolina 
were  broadened  into  a  statement  of  the  General  Assembly's  duty  to  maintain 
a  system  of  higher  education. 

The  General  Assembly  was  authorized  by  the  changes  made  in  Article  X 
(Homesteads  and  Exemptions)  to  set  the  amounts  of  the  personal  property 
exemption  and  the  homestead  exemption  (constitutionally  fixed  at  $500  and 
$1,000  respectively  since  1868)  at  what  it  considers  to  be  reasonable  levels, 
with  the  constitutional  figures  being  treated  as  minimums.  The  provision 
protecting  the  rights  of  married  women  to  deal  with  their  own  property  was 
left  untouched.  The  protection  given  life  insurance  taken  out  for  the  benefit 
of  the  wife  and  children  of  the  insured  was  broadened. 

The  provisions  prescribing  the  permissible  punishments  for  crime  and 
limiting  the  crimes  punishable  by  death  (Article  XI)  were  left  essentially 
intact. 

The  procedures  for  constitutional  revision  (Article  XIII)  were  made  more 
explicit. 

The  five  constitutional  amendments  ratified  at  the  same  time  as  the 
Constitution  of  1971  deserve  particular  mention. 


lOfi  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  Constitutional  Amendments  of  1970-71 

Wy  the  end  of  the  HXiO's,  North  Carohna  state  government  consisted  of 
over  200  state  administrative  agencies.  The  State  Constitution  Study  Commis- 
sion concluded  on  the  advice  of  witnesses  who  had  tried  it  that  no  governor 
could  effectively  oversee  an  administrative  apparatus  of  such  disjointed 
complexity.  The  Commission's  solution  was  an  amendment,  patterned  after 
the  Model  State  Constitution  and  the  constitutions  of  a  few  other  states, 
requiring  the  General  Assembly  to  reduce  the  number  of  administrative 
departments  to  not  more  than  25  by  1975,  and  to  give  the  Governor  authority 
to  effect  agency  reorganizations  and  consolidations,  subject  to  disapproval 
by  action  of  either  house  of  the  legislature  if  the  changes  affected  existing 
statutes. 

The  second  separate  constitutional  amendment  ratified  in  1970  supple- 
mented the  existing  authority  of  the  Governor  to  call  extra  sessions  of  the 
General  Assembly  with  the  advice  of  the  Council  of  State.  The  amendment 
provides  that  on  written  request  of  three-fifths  of  all  the  members  of  each 
house,  the  President  of  the  Senate  and  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives shall  convene  an  extra  session  of  the  General  Assembly.  Thus  the 
legislative  branch  is  now  able  to  convene  itself,  notwithstanding  the  contrary 
wishes  of  the  Governor. 

The  most  significant  of  the  separate  amendments  and  in  some  ways  the 
most  important  of  the  constitutional  changes  ratified  in  1970  was  the 
finance  amendment.  The  changes  it  effected  are  especially  important  in  the 
financing  of  local  government.  The  amendment  became  effective  on  July  1, 
1973.  Its  principal  provisions  are  as  follows: 

(1)  All  forms  of  capitation  or  poll  tax  were  prohibited. 

(2)  The  General  Assembly  was  authorized  to  enact  laws  empowering 
counties,  cities,  and  towns  to  establish  special  taxing  districts 
less  extensive  in  area  than  the  entire  county  or  city  in  order  to 
finance  the  provision  within  those  special  districts  of  a  higher 
level  of  govermental  service  than  is  available  in  the  unit  at  large, 
either  by  supplementing  existing  services  or  providing  services 
not  otherwise  available.  That  provision  eliminated  the  previous 
necessity  of  creating  a  new,  independent  governmental  unit  to 
accomplish  the  same  result. 

(3)  For  a  century,  the  Constitution  required  that  the  levying  of  taxes 
and  the  borrowing  of  money  by  local  government  be  approved  by 
a  vote  of  the  people  of  the  unit,  unless  the  money  were  to  be  used 
for  a  "necessary  expense."  The  court,  not  the  General  Assembly, 
was  the  final  arbiter  of  what  was  a  "necessary  expense,"  and  the 
State  Supreme  Court  took  a  rather  restrictive  view  of  the  embrace 
of  that  concept.  The  determination  of  what  types  of  public 
expenditures  should  require  voter  approval  and  what  types  should 
be  made  by  a  governing  board  on  its  own  authority  was  found  by 
the  General  Assembly  to  be  a  legislative  and  not  a  judicial 
matter.  In  that  conviction,  the  finance  amendment  provided  that 
the  General  Assembly,  acting  on  a  uniform,  statewide  basis, 
should  make  the  final  determination  of  whether  voter  approval 


The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  107 

must  be  had  for  the  levy  of  property  taxes  or  the  borrowing  of 
money  to  finance  particular  activities  of  local  government. 

(4)  To  facilitate  governmental  and  private  cooperative  endeavors, 
the  state  and  local  governmental  units  were  authorized  by  the 
amendment  to  enter  into  contracts  with  and  appropriate  money 
to  private  entities  "for  the  accomplishment  of  public  purposes 
only." 

(5)  The  various  forms  of  public  financial  obligations  were  more 
precisely  defined  than  in  the  previous  constitution,  with  the 
general  effect  of  requiring  voter  approval  only  for  the  issuance  of 
general  obligation  bonds  and  notes  or  for  governmental 
guarantees  of  the  debts  of  private  persons  or  organizations.  The 
General  Assembly  was  directed  to  regulate  by  general  law  (per- 
mitting classified  but  not  local  acts)  the  contracting  of  debt  by 
local  governments. 

(6)  The  amendments  retained  the  existing  limitation  that  the  state 
and  local  governments  may  not,  without  voter  approval,  borrow 
more  than  the  equivalent  of  two-thirds  of  the  amount  by  which 
the  unit's  indebtedness  was  reduced  during  the  last  fiscal  period, 
except  for  purposes  listed  in  the  Constitution.  This  list  was 
lengthened  to  include  "emergencies  immediately  threatening 
public  health  or  safety." 

(7)  No  change  was  made  in  the  provisions  with  respect  to  the  classifi- 
cation and  exemption  of  property  for  purposes  of  property  taxation. 
The  limitation  of  20<P  on  the  $100  valuation  previously  imposed 
on  the  general  county  property  tax  was  omitted. 

The  fourth  independent  amendment  also  dealt  with  taxation.  It  struck  out 
a  schedule  of  specified  minimum  exemptions  from  the  constitutional  provi- 
sion on  the  state  income  tax,  leaving  those  exemptions  to  be  fixed  by  the 
General  Assembly.  This  change  enabled  the  legislature  to  provide  for  the 
filing  of  joint  tax  returns  by  husbands  and  wives  and  to  adopt  a  "piggy- 
back" state  income  tax  to  be  computed  on  the  same  basis  as  the  federal 
income  tax,  thus  relieving  the  taxpayer  of  two  sets  of  computations.  The 
amendment  retains  the  maximum  tax  rate  at  ten  per  cent. 

The  final  amendment  ratified  in  1970  assigned  the  benefits  of  property 
escheating  to  the  State  for  want  of  an  heir  or  other  lawful  claimant  to  a 
special  fund,  to  be  available  to  help  needy  North  Carolina  students  attend! iij,^ 
public  institutions  of  higher  education  in  the  State.  Property  escheating 
prior  to  July  1,  1971,  continues  to  be  held  by  The  University  of  North 
Carolina. 

The  one  amendment  defeated  by  the  voters  in  1970  would  have  repealed 
the  state  constitutional  requirement  that  in  order  to  register  as  a  voter,  one 
must  be  able  to  read  and  write  the  English  language.  That  requirement  was 
already  ineffective  by  virtue  of  federal  legislation  and  therefore  the  failure  of 
repeal  had  no  practical  effect. 

The  General  Assembly  of  1971  submitted  to  the  voters  five  state  constitu- 
tional amendments,  all  of  which  were  ratified  by  the  voters  on  November  7, 
1972.  Those  amendments  set  the  constitutionally-specified  voting  age  at  18 


108  North  Carolina  Manual 

years,  required  the  General  Assembly  to  set  maximum  age  limits  for  service 
as  justices  and  judges  of  the  state  courts,  authorized  the  General  Assembly 
to  prescribe  procedures  for  the  censure  and  removal  of  state  judges  and 
justices,  added  to  the  Constitution  a  statement  of  policy  with  regard  to  the 
conservation  and  the  protection  of  natural  resources,  and  limited  the 
authority  of  the  General  Assembly  to  incorporate  cities  and  towns  within 
close  proximity  to  existing  municipalities. 

The  General  Assembly  at  its  1973  session  submitted  and  the  voters  in  1974 
approved  an  amendment  changing  the  title  of  the  Solicitor  to  that  of  District 
Attorney.  The  1974  legislative  session  submitted  an  amendment  authorizing 
the  issuance  by  state  or  county  governments  of  revenue  bonds  to  finance 
industrial  facilities,  which  the  voters  rejected. 

In  1975,  the  General  Assembly  submitted  two  amendments  authorizing 
legislation  to  permit  the  issuance  of  revenue  bonds  (1)  by  state  and  local 
governments  to  finance  health  care  facilities  and  (2)  by  counties  to  finance 
industrial  facilities.  Both  received  voter  approval  on  March  23,  1976. 

The  constitutional  amendments  of  1835  had  permitted  the  voters  to  elect  a 
Governor  for  two  successive  two-year  terms.  The  Constitution  of  1868 
extended  the  Governor's  term  to  four  years  but  prohibited  the  Governor  and 
Lieutenant  Governor  from  serving  successive  four-year  terms  of  the  same 
office.  The  1971  Constitution  retained  this  limitation.  An  amendment  to 
empower  the  voters  to  elect  both  the  Governor  and  Lieutenant  Governor  to 
two  successive  terms  of  the  same  office  was  submitted  by  the  1977  General 
Assembly  and  ratified  by  the  voters  on  November  8,  1977.  Four  other 
amendments  were  approved  by  the  voters  at  the  same  time.  They  required 
that  the  State  operate  on  a  balanced  budget  at  all  times,  extended  to 
widowers  (as  well  as  to  widows)  the  benefit  of  the  homestead  exemption, 
allowed  a  woman  (as  well  as  a  man)  to  insure  her  life  for  the  benefit  of  her 
spouse  or  children  free  from  all  claims  of  the  insured's  creditors  or  of  her  (or 
his)  estate,  and  authorized  municipalities  owning  or  operating  electric  power 
facilities  to  do  so  jointly  with  other  public  or  private  power  organizations 
and  to  issue  electric  system  revenue  bonds  to  finance  such  facilities. 

Only  one  amendment  was  proposed  by  the  General  Assembly  of  1979. 
Approved  by  the  voters  in  1980,  it  required  that  all  justices  and  judges  of  the 
State  courts  be  licensed  lawyers  as  a  condition  of  election  or  appointment  to 
the  bench. 

The  1981  session  of  the  General  Assembly  sent  five  amendments  to  the 
voters  for  decision  on  June  29,  1982.  The  two  ratified  amendments  ratified 
by  the  voters  authorized  the  General  Assembly  (1)  to  provide  for  the  recall  of 
retired  State  Supreme  Court  Justices  and  Court  of  Appeals  Judges  to 
temporary  duty  on  either  court  and  (2)  to  empower  the  Supreme  Court  to 
review  direct  appeals  from  the  Utilities  Commission.  The  voters  rejected 
amendments  (1)  extending  the  terms  of  all  members  of  the  General  Assembly 
from  two  to  four  years;  (2)  authorizing  the  General  Assembly  to  empower 
public  agencies  to  develop  new  and  existing  seaports  and  airports,  and  to 
finance  and  refinance  seaport,  airport,  and  related  commercial  and  industrial 
facilities  for  public  and  private  parties;  and  (3)  authorizing  the  General 
Assembly  to  empower  a  State  agency  to  issue  bonds  to  finance  facilities  for 
private  institutions  of  higher  education. 


The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  109 

At  its  1982  session,  the  General  Assembly  submitted  two  amendments.  On 
November  2,  1982,  the  electorate  ratified  an  amendment  shifting  the  begin- 
ning of  legislative  terms  from  the  date  of  election  to  January  1  next  after  the 
election,  and  rejected  an  amendment  permitting  the  issuance  of  tax-incre- 
ment bonds  without  voter  approval. 

On  May  8,  1984,  the  voters  ratified  an  amendment  submitted  by  the 
General  Assembly  of  1983  to  authorize  the  General  Assembly  to  create  an 
agency  to  issue  revenue  bonds  to  finance  agricultural  facilities.  And  on 
November  6,  1984,  the  voters  approved  an  amendment  requiring  that  the 
Attorney  General  and  all  District  Attorneys  be  licensed  lawyers  as  a  condi- 
tion of  election  or  appointment. 

An  amendment  to  shift  the  elections  for  state  legislative,  executive,  and 
judicial  officers  and  for  county  officers  from  even-numbered  to  odd-numbered 
years  (beginning  in  1989  for  legislators  and  1993  for  Governors  and  other 
state  executives)  was  submitted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  1985  to  the 
voters,  who  rejected  it  on  May  6,  1986.  An  amendment  to  revert  to  the  pre- 
1977  constitutional  policy  that  barred  the  Governor  and  Lieutenant  Governor 
from  election  to  two  successive  terms  of  the  same  office  was  proposed  by  the 
1985  legislative  session  for  a  popular  vote  on  November  4,  1986,  but  in  the 
meantime  the  1986  adjourned  session  repealed  the  act  proposing  the  amend- 
ment. 

In  mid-1986,  the  General  Assembly  at  its  adjourned  session  voted  to  send 
to  the  voters  three  constitutional  amendments,  all  three  of  which  were 
approved  on  November  4,  1986.  They  (1)  authorized  legislation  enabling 
state  and  local  governments  to  develop  seaports  and  airports  and  to  partici- 
pate jointly  with  other  public  agencies  and  with  private  parties  and  issue 
revenue  bonds  for  that  purpose;  (2)  authorized  the  State  to  issue  tax-exempt 
revenue  bonds  to  finance  or  refinance  private  college  facilities;  and  (3) 
provided  that  when  a  vacancy  occurs  among  the  eight  elected  state  executive 
officers  (not  including  the  Governor  and  Lieutenant  Governor)  or  the  elected 
judges  and  justices  more  than  60  days  (was  30  days)  before  a  general 
election,  the  vacancy  must  be  filled  at  that  election. 

Neither  the  General  Assembly  of  1987-88  nor  the  General  Assembly  of 
1989  submitted  a  constitutional  amendment  to  the  voters. 

Conclusion 

The  people  of  North  Carolina  have  treated  their  constitution  with  con- 
servatism and  respect.  The  fact  that  we  have  adopted  only  three  constitutions 
in  two  centuries  of  existence  as  a  state  is  the  chief  evidence  of  that  attitude. 
(Some  states  have  adopted  as  many  as  five  or  ten  constitutions  in  a  like 
period.)  The  relative  fewness  of  amendments,  even  in  recent  years,  is  another 
point  of  contrast  to  many  states.  It  reflects  the  fact  that  North  CaroHna  has 
been  less  disposed  than  have  many  states  to  write  into  its  state  constitution 
detailed  provisions  with  respect  to  transitory  matters  better  left  to  legis- 
lation. The  Constitution  has  allowed  the  General  Assembly  wide  latitude  for 
decision  on  public  affairs,  and  legislators  have  been  wilhng  to  accept 
responsibility  for  and  act  on  matters  within  their  authority  instead  of 
passing  the  responsibility  for  difficult  decisions  on  to  the  voters  in  the  form 
of  constitutional  amendments. 


110  North  Carolina  Manual 

Constitutional  draftsmen  have  not  been  so  convinced  of  their  own  exclusive 
iioUi  on  wisdom  or  so  doubtful  of  the  reliability  of  later  generations  of 
legislators  that  they  found  it  necessary  to  write  into  the  Constitution  the 
large  amount  of  regulatory  detail  often  found  in  state  constitutions.  Delegates 
to  constitutional  conventions  and  members  of  the  General  Assembly  have 
acted  consistently  with  the  advice  of  the  late  John  J.  Parker,  Chief  Judge  of 
the  United  States  Court  of  Appeals  for  the  P'ourth  Circuit  (1925-58),  who 
observed: 

The  purpose  of  a  state  constitution  is  two-fold:  (1)  to  protect  the 
rights  of  the  individual  from  encroachment  by  the  State;  and  (2) 
to  provide  a  framework  of  government  for  the  State  and  its 
subdivisions.  It  is  not  the  function  of  a  constitution  to  deal  with 
temporary  conditions,  but  to  lay  down  general  principles  of  govern- 
ment which  must  be  observed  amid  changing  conditions.  It 
follows,  then,  that  a  constitution  should  not  contain  elaborate 
legislative  provisions,  but  should  lay  down  briefly  and  clearly 
fundamental  principles  upon  which  government  shall  proceed, 
leaving  it  to  the  people's  representatives  to  apply  these  principles 
through  legislation  to  conditions  as  they  arise. 


The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  m 


CONSTITUTION  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

PREAMBLE 

We,  the  people  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  grateful  to  Almighty  God, 
the  Sovereign  Ruler  of  Nations,  for  the  preservation  of  the  American  Union 
and  the  existence  of  our  civil,  political  and  religious  liberties,  and  acknowledg- 
ing our  dependence  upon  Him  for  the  continuance  of  those  blessings  to  us 
and  our  posterity,  do,  for  the  more  certain  security  thereof  and  for  the  better 
government  of  this  State,  ordain  and  establish  this  Constitution. 

ARTICLE  1 

DECLARATION  OF  RIGHTS 

That  the  great,  general,  and  essential  principles  of  liberty  and  free  govern- 
ment may  be  recognized  and  established,  and  that  the  relations  of  this  State 
to  the  Union  and  government  of  the  United  States  and  those  of  the  people  of 
this  State  to  the  rest  of  the  American  people  may  be  defined  and  affirmed, 
we  do  declare  that: 

Section  1.  The  equality  and  rights  of  persons.  We  hold  it  to  be  self-evident 
that  all  persons  are  created  equal;  that  they  are  endowed  by  their  Creator 
with  certain  inalienable  rights;  that  among  these  are  life,  liberty,  the  enjoy- 
ment of  the  fruits  of  their  own  labor,  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness. 

Sec.  2.  Sovereignty  of  the  people.  All  political  power  is  vested  in  and 
derived  from  the  people;  all  government  of  right  originates  from  the  people, 
is  founded  upon  their  will  only,  and  is  instituted  solely  for  the  good  of  the 
whole. 

Sec.  3.  Internal  government  of  the  State.  The  people  of  this  State  have  the 
inherent,  sole,  and  exclusive  right  of  regulating  the  internal  government  and 
police  thereof,  and  of  altering  or  abolishing  their  Constitution  and  form  of 
government  whenever  it  may  be  necessary  to  their  safety  and  happiness;  but 
every  such  right  shall  be  exercised  in  pursuance  of  law  and  consistently 
with  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

Sec.  4.  Secession  prohibited.  This  State  shall  ever  remain  a  member  of  the 
American  Union;  the  people  thereof  are  part  of  the  American  nation;  there  is 
no  right  on  the  part  of  this  State  to  secede;  and  all  attempts,  from  wbatev(>r 
source  or  upon  whatever  pretext,  to  dissolve  this  Union  or  to  sever  tbis 
Nation,  shall  be  resisted  with  the  whole  power  of  the  State. 

Sec.  5.  Allegiance  to  the  United  States.  Every  citizen  of  this  State  owes 
paramount  allegiance  to  the  Constitution  and  government  of  the  United 
States,  and  no  law  or  ordinance  of  the  State  in  contravention  or  subversion 
thereof  can  have  any  binding  force. 

Sec.  6.  Separation  of  powers.  The  legislative,  executive,  and  supreme 
judicial  powers  of  the  State  government  shall  be  forever  separate  and 
distinct  from  each  other. 


112  North  Carolina  Manual 

Sec.  7.  Suspending  laws.  All  power  of  suspending  laws  or  the  execution  of 
laws  by  any  authority,  without  the  consent  of  the  representatives  of  the 
people,  is  injurious  to  their  rights  and  shall  not  be  exercised. 

Sec.  8.  Representation  and  taxation.  The  people  of  this  State  shall  not  be 
taxed  or  made  subject  to  the  payment  of  any  impost  or  duty  without  the 
consent  of  themselves  or  their  representatives  in  the  General  Assembly, 
freely  given. 

Sec.  9.  Frequent  elections.  For  redress  or  grievances  and  for  amending  and 
strengthening  the  laws,  elections  shall  be  often  held. 

Sec.  10.  Free  elections.  All  elections  shall  be  free. 

Sec.  11.  Property  qualifications.  As  political  rights  and  privileges  are  not 
dependent  upon  or  modified  by  property,  no  property  qualification  shall 
affect  the  right  to  vote  or  hold  office. 

Sec.  12.  Right  of  assembly  and  petition.  The  people  have  a  right  to 
assemble  together  to  consult  for  their  common  good,  to  instruct  their 
representatives,  and  to  apply  to  the  General  Assembly  for  redress  of 
grievances;  but  secret  politial  societies  are  dangerous  to  the  liberties  of  a  free 
people  and  shall  not  be  tolerated. 

Sec.  13.  Religious  liberty.  All  persons  have  a  natural  and  inalienable  right 
to  worship  Almighty  God  according  to  the  dictates  of  their  own  consciences, 
and  no  human  authority  shall,  in  any  case  whatever,  control  or  interfere 
with  the  rights  of  conscience. 

Sec.  14.  Freedom  of  speech  and  press.  Freedom  of  speech  and  of  the  press 
are  two  of  the  great  bulwarks  of  liberty  and  therefore  shall  never  be 
restrained,  but  every  person  shall  be  held  responsible  for  their  abuse. 

Sec.  15.  Education.  The  people  have  a  right  to  the  privilege  of  education, 
and  it  is  the  duty  of  the  State  to  guard  and  maintain  that  right. 

Sec.  16.  Ex  post  facto  laws.  Retrospective  laws,  punishing  acts  committed 
before  the  existence  of  such  laws  and  by  them  only  declared  criminal,  are 
oppressive,  unjust,  and  incompatible  with  liberty,  and  therefore  no  ex  post 
facto  law  shall  be  enacted.  No  law  taxing  retrospectively  sales,  purchases,  or 
other  acts  previously  done  shall  be  enacted. 

Sec.  17.  Slavery  and  involuntary  servitude.  Slavery  is  forever  prohibited. 
Involuntary  servitude,  except  as  a  punishment  for  crime  whereof  the  parties 
have  been  adjudged  guilty,  is  forever  prohibited. 

Sec.  18.  Courts  shall  be  open.  All  courts  shall  be  open;  every  person  for  an 
injury  done  him  in  his  lands,  goods,  person,  or  reputation  shall  have  remedy 
by  due  course  of  law;  and  right  and  justice  shall  be  administered  without 
favor,  denial,  or  delay. 

Sec.  19.  Law  of  the  land;  equal  protection  of  the  laws.  No  person  shall  be 
taken,  imprisoned,  or  disseized  of  his  freehold,  liberties,  or  privileges,  or 
outlawed,  or  exiled,  or  in  any  manner  deprived  of  his  life,  liberty,  or 
property,  but  by  the  law  of  the  land.  No  person  shall  be  denied  the  equal 
protection  of  the  laws;  nor  shall  any  person  be  subjected  to  discrimination 
by  the  State  because  of  race,  color,  religion,  or  national  origin. 


The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  1 13 

Sec.  20.  General  warrants.  General  warrants,  whereby  an  officer  or  other 
person  may  be  commanded  to  search  suspected  places  without  evidence  of 
the  act  committed,  or  to  seize  any  person  or  persons  not  named,  whose 
offense  is  not  particularly  described  and  supported  by  evidence,  are 
dangerous  to  liberty  and  shall  not  be  granted. 

Sec.  21.  Inquiry  into  restraints  on  liberty.  Every  person  restrained  of  his 
liberty  is  entitled  to  a  remedy  to  inquire  into  the  lawfulness  thereof,  and  to 
remove  the  restraint  if  unlawful,  and  that  remedy  shall  not  be  denied  or 
delayed.  The  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  suspended. 

Sec.  22.  Modes  of  prosecution.  Except  in  misdemeanor  cases  initiated  in 
the  District  Court  Division,  no  person  shall  be  put  to  answer  any  criminal 
charge  but  by  indictment,  presentment,  or  impeachment.  But  any  person, 
when  represented  by  counsel,  may,  under  such  regulations  as  the  General 
Assembly  shall  prescribe,  waive  indictment  in  non-capital  cases. 

Sec.  23.  Rights  of  accused.  In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  every  person 
charged  with  crime  has  the  right  to  be  informed  of  the  accusation  and  to 
confront  the  accusers  and  witnesses  with  other  testimony,  and  to  have 
counsel  for  defense,  and  not  be  compelled  to  give  self-incriminating  evidence, 
or  to  pay  costs,  jail  fees,  or  necessary  witness  fees  of  the  defense,  unless 
found  guilty. 

Sec.  24.  Right  of  jury  trial  in  criminal  cases.  No  person  shall  be  convicted 
of  any  crime  but  by  the  unanimous  verdict  of  a  jury  in  open  court.  The 
General  Assembly  may,  however,  provide  for  other  means  of  trial  for 
misdemeanors,  with  the  right  of  appeal  for  trial  de  novo. 

Sec.  25.  Right  of  jury  trial  in  civil  cases.  In  all  controversies  at  law 
respecting  property,  the  ancient  mode  of  trial  by  jury  is  one  of  the  best 
securities  of  the  rights  of  the  people,  and  shall  remain  sacred  and  inviolable. 

Sec.  26.  Jury  service.  No  person  shall  be  excluded  from  jury  service  on 
account  of  sex,  race,  color,  religion,  or  national  origin. 

Sec.  27.  Bail,  fines,  and  punishments.  Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required, 
nor  excessive  fines  imposed,  nor  cruel  or  unusual  punishments  inflicted. 

Sec.  28.  Imprisonment  for  debt.  There  shall  be  no  imprisonment  for  debt  in 
this  State,  except  in  cases  of  fraud. 

Sec.  29.  Treason  against  the  State.  Treason  against  the  State  shall  consist 
only  of  levying  war  against  it  or  adhering  to  its  enemies  by  giving  them  aid 
and  comfort.  No  person  shall  be  convicted  of  treason  unless  on  the  testimony 
of  two  witnesses  to  the  same  overt  act,  or  on  confession  in  open  court.  No 
conviction  of  treason  or  attainder  shall  work  corruption  of  blood  or 
forfeiture. 

Sec.  30.  Militia  and  the  right  to  bear  arms.  A  well  regulated  militia  bcinfx 
necessary  to  the  security  of  a  free  State,  the  right  of  the  people  to  keep  and 
bear  arms  shall  not  be  infringed;  and,  as  standing  armies  in  time  of  peace 
are  dangerous  to  liberty,  they  shall  not  be  maintained,  and  the  military 
shall  be  kept  under  strict  subordination  to,  and  governed  by.  the  civil  power. 
Nothing  herein  shall  justify  the  practice  of  carrying  concealed  weapons,  or 
prevent  the  General  Assembly  from  enacting  penal  statutes  against  that 
practice. 


1 14  North  Carolina  Manual 

Sec.  31.  Quartering  of  soldiers.  No  soldier  shall  in  time  of  peace  be 
quartered  in  any  house  without  the  consent  of  the  owner,  nor  in  time  of  war 
hut  in  a  manner  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  82.  Exclusive  emoluments.  No  person  or  set  of  persons  is  entitled  to 
exclusive  or  separate  emoluments  or  privileges  from  the  community  but  in 
consideration  of  public  services. 

Sec.  33.  Hereditary  emoluments  and  honors.  No  hereditary  emoluments, 
privileges,  or  honors  shall  be  granted  or  conferred  in  this  State. 

Sec.  34.  Perpetuities  and  monopolies.  Perpetuities  and  monopolies  are 
contrary  to  the  genius  of  a  free  state  and  shall  not  be  allowed. 

Sec.  35.  Recurrence  to  fundamental  principals.  A  frequent  recurrence  to 
fundamental  principles  is  absolutely  necessary  to  preserve  the  blessings  of 
liberty. 

Sec.  36.  Other  rights  of  the  people.  The  enumeration  of  rights  in  this 
Article  shall  not  be  construed  to  impair  or  deny  others  retained  by  the 
people. 

ARTICLE  II 

LEGISLATIVE 

Section  1.  Legislative  power.  The  legislative  power  of  the  State  shall  be 
vested  in  the  General  Assembly,  which  shall  consist  of  a  Senate  and  a 
House  of  Representatives. 

Sec.  2.  Number  of  Senators.  The  Senate  shall  be  composed  of  50  Senators, 
biennially  chosen  by  ballot. 

Sec.  3.  Senate  districts:  apportionment  of  Senators.  The  Senators  shall  be 
elected  from  districts.  The  General  Assembly,  at  the  first  regular  session 
convening  after  the  return  of  every  decennial  census  of  population  taken  by 
order  of  Congress,  shall  revise  the  senate  districts  and  the  apportionment  of 
Senators  among  those  districts,  subject  to  the  following  requirements: 

(1)  Each  Senator  shall  represent,  as  nearly  as  may  be,  an  equal  number  of 
inhabitants,  the  number  of  inhabitants  that  each  Senator  represents  being 
determined  for  this  purpose  by  dividing  the  population  of  the  district  that  he 
represents  by  the  number  of  Senators  apportioned  to  that  district; 

(2)  Each  senate  district  shall  at  all  times  consist  of  contiguous  territory; 

(3)  No  county  shall  be  divided  in  the  formation  of  a  senate  district; 

(4)  When  established,  the  senate  districts  and  the  apportionment  of 
Senators  shall  remain  unaltered  until  the  return  of  another  decennial  census 
of  population  taken  by  order  of  Congress. 

Sec.  4.  Number  of  Representatives.  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  be 
composed  of  120  Representatives,  biennially  chosen  by  ballot. 

Sec.  5.  Representative  districts;  apportionment  of  Representatives.  The 
Representatives  shall  be  elected  from  districts.  The  General  Assembly,  at  the 
first  regular  session  convening  after  the  return  of  ever  decennial  census  of 


The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  115 

population  taken  by  order  of  Congress,  shall  revise  the  representative 
districts  and  the  apportionment  of  Representatives  among  those  districts, 
subject  to  the  following  requirements: 

(1)  Each  Representative  shall  represent,  as  nearly  as  may  be,  an  equal 
number  of  inhabitants,  the  number  of  inhabitants  that  each  Representative 
represents  being  determined  for  this  purpose  by  dividing  the  population  of 
the  district  that  he  represents  by  the  number  of  Representatives  apportioned 
to  that  district; 

(2)  Each  representative  district  shall  at  all  times  consist  of  contiguous 
territory; 

(3)  No  county  shall  be  divided  in  the  formation  of  a  representative  district; 

(4)  When  established,  the  representative  districts  and  the  apportionment 
of  Representatives  shall  remain  unaltered  until  the  return  of  another 
decennial  census  of  population  taken  by  order  of  Congress. 

Sec.  6.  Qualifications  for  Senator.  Each  Senator,  at  the  time  of  his  election, 
shall  be  not  less  than  25  years  of  age,  shall  be  a  qualified  voter  of  the  State, 
and  shall  have  resided  in  the  State  as  a  citizen  for  two  years  and  in  the 
district  for  which  he  is  chosen  for  one  year  immediately  preceding  his 
election. 

Sec.  7.  Qualifications  for  Representative.  Each  Representative,  at  the  time 
of  his  election,  shall  be  a  qualified  voter  of  the  State,  and  shall  have  resided 
in  the  district  for  which  he  is  chosen  for  one  year  immediately  preceding  his 
election. 

Sec.  8.  Elections.  The  election  for  members  of  the  General  Assembly  shall 
be  held  for  the  respective  districts  in  1972  and  every  two  years  thereafter,  at 
the  places  and  on  the  day  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  9.  Term  of  office.  The  term  of  office  of  Senators  and  Representatives 
shall  commence  on  the  first  day  of  January  next  after  their  election. 

Sec.  10.  Vacancies.  Every  vacancy  occurring  in  the  membership  of  the 
General  Assembly  by  reason  of  death,  resignation,  or  other  cause  shall  be 
filled  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  11.  Sessions. 

(1)  Regular  Sessions.  The  General  Assembly  shall  meet  in  regular  session 
in  1973  and  every  two  years  thereafter  on  the  day  prescribed  by  law.  Neither 
house  shall  proceed  upon  public  business  unless  a  majority  of  all  of  its 
members  are  actually  present. 

(2)  Extra  sessions  on  legislative  call.  The  President  of  the  Senate  and  the 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  convene  the  General  Assembly 
in  extra  session  by  their  joint  proclamation  upon  receipt  by  the  President  of 
the  Senate  of  written  requests  therefor  signed  by  three-fifths  of  all  the 
members  of  the  Senate  and  upon  receipt  by  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  of  written  requests  therefor  signed  by  three-fifths  of  all  the 
members  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 


116  North  Carolina  Manual 

Sec.  12.  Oath  of  members.  Each  member  of  the  General  Assembly,  before 
taking  his  seat,  shall  take  an  oath  or  affirmation  that  he  will  support  the 
Constitution  and  laws  of  the  United  States  and  the  Constitution  of  the  State 
of  North  Carolina,  and  will  faithfully  discharge  his  duty  as  a  member  of  the 
Senate  or  House  of  Representatives. 

Sec.  13.  President  of  the  Senate.  The  Lieutenant  Governor  shall  be  Presi- 
dent of  the  Senate  and  shall  preside  over  the  Senate,  but  shall  have  no  vote 
unless  the  Senate  is  equally  divided. 

Sec.  14.  Other  officers  of  the  Senate. 

(1)  President  Pro  Tempore  -  succession  to  presidency.  The  Senate  shall 
elect  from  its  membership  a  President  Pro  Tempore,  who  shall  become 
President  of  the  Senate  upon  the  failure  of  the  Lieutenant  Governor-elect  to 
qualify,  or  upon  succession  by  the  Lieutenant  Governor  to  the  office  of 
Governor,  or  upon  the  death,  resignation,  or  removal  from  office  of  the 
President  of  the  Senate,  and  who  shall  serve  until  the  expiration  of  this  term 
of  office  as  Senator. 

(2)  President  Pro  Tempore  -  temporary  succession.  During  the  physical  or 
mental  incapacity  of  the  President  of  the  Senate  to  perform  the  duties  of  his 
office,  or  during  the  absence  of  the  President  of  the  Senate,  the  President  Pro 
Tempore  shall  preside  over  the  Senate. 

(3)  Other  Officers.  The  Senate  shall  elect  its  other  officers. 

Sec.  15.  Officers  of  the  House  of  Representatives.  The  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives shall  elect  its  Speaker  and  other  officers. 

Sec.  16.  Compensation  and  allowances.  The  members  and  officers  of  the 
General  Assembly  shall  receive  for  their  services  the  compensation  and 
allowances  prescribed  by  law.  An  increase  in  the  compensation  or  allowances 
of  members  shall  become  effective  at  the  beginning  of  the  next  regular 
session  of  the  General  Assembly  following  the  session  at  which  it  was 
enacted. 

Sec.  17.  Journals.  Each  house  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceedings, 
which  shall  be  printed  and  made  public  immediately  after  the  adjournment 
of  the  General  Assembly. 

Sec.  18.  Protests.  Any  member  of  either  house  may  dissent  from  and 
protest  against  any  act  or  resolve  which  he  may  think  injurious  to  the  public 
or  to  any  individual,  and  have  the  reasons  of  his  dissent  entered  on  the 
journal. 

Sec.  19.  Record  votes.  Upon  motion  made  in  either  house  and  seconded  by 
one  fifth  of  the  members  present,  the  yeas  and  nays  upon  any  question  shall 
be  taken  and  entered  upon  the  journal. 

Sec.  20.  Powers  of  the  General  Assembly.  Each  house  shall  be  judge  of  the 
qualifications  and  elections  of  its  own  members,  shall  sit  upon  its  own 
adjournment  from  day  to  day,  and  shall  prepare  bills  to  be  enacted  into 
laws.  The  two  houses  may  jointly  adjourn  to  any  future  day  or  other  place. 
Either  house  may,  of  its  own  motion,  adjourn  for  a  period  not  in  excess  of 
three  days. 


The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  1 17 

Sec.  21.  Style  of  the  acts.  The  style  of  the  acts  shall  be:  "The  General 
Assembly  of  North  Carolina  enacts:". 

Sec.  22.  Action  on  bills.  All  bills  and  resolutions  of  a  legislative  nature 
shall  be  read  three  times  in  each  house  before  they  become  laws,  and  shall 
be  signed  by  the  presiding  officer  of  both  houses. 

Sec.  23.  Revenue  bills.  No  laws  shall  be  enacted  to  raise  money  on  the 
credit  of  the  State,  or  to  pledge  the  faith  of  the  State  directly  or  indirectly  for 
the  payment  of  any  debt,  or  to  impose  any  tax  upon  the  people  of  the  State, 
or  to  allow  the  counties,  cities,  or  towns  to  do  so,  unless  the  bill  for  the 
purpose  shall  have  been  read  three  several  times  in  each  house  of  the 
General  Assembly  and  passed  three  several  readings,  which  readings  shall 
have  been  on  three  different  days,  and  shall  have  been  agreed  to  by  each 
house  respectively,  and  unless  the  yeas  and  nays  on  the  second  and  third 
readings  of  the  bill  shall  have  been  entered  on  the  journal. 

Sec.  24.  Limitations  on  local,  private,  and  special  legislation. 

(1)  Prohibited  subjects.  The  General  Assembly  shall  not  enact  any  local, 
private,  or  special  act  or  resolution: 

(a)  Relating  to  health,  sanitation,  and  the  abatement  of  nuisances; 

(b)  Changing  the  names  of  cities,  towns,  and  townships; 

(c)  Authorizing  the  laying  out,  opening,  altering,  maintaining,  or  dis- 
continuing of  highways,  streets,  or  alleys; 

(d)  Relating  to  ferries  or  bridges; 

(e)  Relating  to  non-navigable  streams; 

(f)  Relating  to  cemeteries; 

(g)  Relating  to  pay  of  jurors; 

(h)  Erecting  new  townships,  or  changing  township  lines,  or  establishing 

or  changing  the  lines  of  school  districts; 
(i)  Remitting  fines,  penalties,  and  forfeitures,  or  refunding  moneys  legally 

paid  into  the  public  treasury; 
(j)  Regulating  labor,  trade,  mining,  or  manufacturing; 
(k)  Extending  the  time  for  the  levy  or  collection  of  taxes  or  otherwise 

relieving  any  collector  of  taxes  from  the  due  performance  of  his 

official  duties  or  his  sureties  from  liability; 
(1)  Giving  effect  to  informal  wills  and  deeds; 
(m)  Granting  a  divorce  or  securing  alimony  in  any  individual  case; 
(n)  Altering  the  name  of  any  person,  or  legitimating  any  person  not  born 

in  lawful  wedlock,  or  restoring  to  the  rights  of  citizenship  any  person 

convicted  of  a  felony. 

(2)  Repeals.  Nor  shall  the  General  Assembly  enact  any  such  local,  private, 
or  special  act  by  partial  repeal  of  a  general  law;  but  the  General  Assembly 
may  at  any  time  repeal  local,  private,  or  special  laws  enacted  by  it. 

(3)  Prohibited  acts  void.  Any  local,  private,  or  special  act  or  resolution 
enacted  in  violation  of  the  provisions  of  this  Section  shall  be  void. 

(4)  General  laws.  The  General  Assembly  may  enact  general  laws  regulat- 
ing the  matters  set  out  in  this  Section. 


118  North  Carolina  Manual 

ARTICLE  III 

EXECUTIVE 

Section  1.  Executive  power.  The  executive  power  of  the  State  shall  be 
vested  in  the  Governor. 

Sec.  2.  Governor  and  Lieutenant  Governor:  election,  term,  and  qualifi- 
cations. 

(1)  Election  and  term.  The  Governor  and  Lieutenant  Governor  shall  be 
elected  by  the  qualified  voters  of  the  State  in  1972  and  every  four  years 
thereafter,  at  the  same  time  and  places  as  members  of  the  General  Assembly 
are  elected.  Their  term  of  office  shall  be  four  years  and  shall  commence  on 
the  first  day  of  January  next  after  their  election  and  continue  until  their 
successors  are  elected  and  qualified. 

(2)  Qualifications.  No  person  shall  be  eligible  for  election  to  the  office  of 
Governor  or  Lieutenant  Governor  unless,  at  the  time  of  his  election,  he  shall 
have  attained  the  age  of  30  years  and  shall  have  been  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States  for  five  years  and  a  resident  of  this  State  for  two  years  immediately 
preceding  his  election.  No  person  elected  to  the  office  of  Governor  or 
Lieutenant  Governor  shall  be  eligible  for  election  to  more  than  two  consecu- 
tive terms  of  the  same  office. 

Sec.  3.  Succession  to  office  of  Governor. 

(1)  Succession  as  Governor.  The  Lieutenant  Governor-elect  shall  become 
Governor  upon  the  failure  of  the  Governor-elect  to  qualify.  The  Lieutenant 
Governor  shall  become  Governor  upon  the  death,  resignation,  or  removal 
from  office  of  the  Governor.  The  further  order  of  succession  to  the  office  of 
Governor  shall  be  prescribed  by  law.  A  successor  shall  serve  for  the  re- 
mainder of  the  term  of  the  Governor  whom  he  succeeds  and  until  a  new 
Governor  is  elected  and  qualified. 

(2)  Succession  as  Acting  Governor.  During  the  absence  of  the  Governor 
from  the  State,  or  during  the  physical  or  mental  incapacity  of  the  Governor 
to  perform  the  duties  of  his  office,  the  Lieutenant  Govenor  shall  be  Acting 
Governor.  The  further  order  of  succession  as  Acting  Governor  shall  be 
prescribed  by  law. 

(3)  Physical  incapacity.  The  Governor  may,  by  a  written  statement  filed 
with  the  Attorney  General,  declare  that  he  is  physically  incapable  of  perform- 
ing the  duties  of  his  office,  and  may  thereafter  in  the  same  manner  declare 
that  he  is  physically  capable  of  performing  the  duties  of  his  office. 

(4)  Mental  incapacity.  The  mental  incapacity  of  the  Governor  to  perform 
the  duties  of  his  office  shall  be  determined  only  by  joint  resolution  adopted 
by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  all  of  the  members  of  each  house  of  the  General 
Assembly.  Thereafter,  the  mental  capacity  of  the  Governor  to  perform  the 
duties  of  his  office  shall  be  determined  only  by  joint  resolution  adopted  by  a 
vote  of  a  majority  of  all  the  members  of  each  house  of  the  General  Assembly. 
In  all  cases,  the  General  Assembly  shall  give  the  Governor  such  notice  as  it 
may  deem  proper  and  shall  allow  him  an  opportunity  to  be  heard  before  a 
joint  session  of  the  General  Assembly  before  it  takes  final  action.  When  the 


The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  119 

General  Assembly  is  not  in  session,  the  Council  of  State,  a  majority  of  its 
members  concurring,  may  convene  it  in  extra  session  for  the  purpose  of 
proceeding  under  this  paragraph. 

(5)  Impeachment.  Removal  of  the  Governor  from  office  for  any  other  cause 
shall  be  by  impeachment. 

Sec.  4.  Oath  of  of f ice  for  Governor.  The  Governor,  before  entering  upon  the 
duties  of  his  office,  shall,  before  any  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  take  an 
oath  or  affirmation  that  he  will  support  the  Constitution  and  laws  of  the 
United  States  and  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  and  that  he  will  faithfully 
perform  the  duties  pertaining  to  the  office  of  Governor. 

Sec.  5.  Duties  of  Governor. 

(1)  Residence.  The  Governor  shall  reside  at  the  seat  of  government  of  this 
State. 

(2)  Information  to  General  Assembly.  The  Governor  shall  from  time  to 
time  give  the  General  Assembly  information  of  the  affairs  of  the  State  and 
recommend  to  their  consideration  such  measures  as  he  shall  deem  expedient. 

(3)  Budget.  The  Governor  shall  prepare  and  recommend  to  the  General 
Assembly  a  comprehensive  budget  of  the  anticipated  revenue  and  proposed 
expenditures  of  the  State  for  the  ensuring  fiscal  period.  The  budget  as 
enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  shall  be  administered  by  the  Governor. 

The  total  expenditures  of  the  State  for  the  fiscal  period  covered  by  the 
budget  shall  not  exceed  the  total  of  receipts  during  that  fiscal  period  and  the 
surplus  remaining  in  the  State  Treasury  at  the  beginning  of  the  period.  To 
insure  that  the  State  does  not  incur  a  deficit  for  any  fiscal  period,  the 
Governor  shall  continually  survey  the  collection  of  the  revenue  and  shall 
effect  the  necessary  economies  in  State  expenditures,  after  first  making 
adequate  provision  for  the  prompt  payment  of  the  principal  of  and  interest 
on  bonds  and  notes  of  the  State  according  to  their  terms,  whenever  he 
determines  that  receipts  during  the  fiscal  period,  when  added  to  any  surplus 
remaining  in  the  State  Treasury  at  the  beginning  of  the  period,  will  not  be 
sufficient  to  meet  budgeted  expenditures.  This  section  shall  not  be  construed 
to  impair  the  power  of  the  State  to  issue  its  bonds  and  notes  within  the 
limitations  imposed  in  Article  V  of  this  Constitution,  nor  to  impair  the 
obligation  of  bonds  and  notes  of  the  State  now  outstanding  or  issued 
hereafter. 

(4)  Execution  of  laws.  The  Governor  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be 
faithfully  executed. 

(5)  Commander  in  Chief.  The  Governor  shall  be  Commander  in  Chief  of 
the  military  forces  of  the  State  except  when  they  shall  be  called  into  the 
service  of  the  United  States. 

(6)  Clemency.  The  Governor  may  grant  reprieves,  commutations,  and 
pardons,  after  conviction,  for  all  offenses  (except  in  cases  of  inipeachmcnt), 
upon  such  conditons  as  he  may  think  proper,  subject  to  regulations  prescrilx'd 
by  law  relative  to  the  manner  of  applying  for  pardons.  The  terms  reprieves, 
commutations,  and  pardons  shall  not  include  paroles. 


120  North  Carolina  Manual 

(7)  Extra  sessions.  The  Governor  may,  on  extraordinary  occasions,  by 
and  with  the  advice  of  the  Council  of  State,  convene  the  General  Assembly 
in  extra  session  by  its  proclamation,  stating  therein  the  purpose  or  purposes 
for  which  they  are  thus  convened. 

(8)  Appointments.  The  Governor  shall  nominate  and  by  and  with  the 
advice  and  consent  of  a  majority  of  the  Senators  appoint  all  officers  whose 
appointments  are  not  otherwise  provided  for. 

(9)  Information.  The  Governor  may  at  any  time  require  information  in 
writing  from  the  head  of  any  administrative  department  or  agency  upon  any 
subject  relating  to  the  duties  of  his  office. 

(10)  Administrative  reorganization.  The  General  Assembly  shall  prescribe 
the  functions,  powers,  and  duties  of  the  administrative  departments  and 
agencies  of  the  State  and  may  alter  them  from  time  to  time,  but  the 
Governor  may  make  such  changes  in  the  allocation  of  offices  and  agencies 
and  in  the  allocation  of  those  functions,  powers,  and  duties  as  he  considers 
necessary  for  efficient  administration.  If  those  changes  affect  existing  law, 
they  shall  be  set  forth  in  executive  orders,  which  shall  be  submitted  to  the 
General  Assembly  not  later  than  the  sixtieth  calendar  day  of  its  session,  and 
shall  become  effective  and  shall  have  the  force  of  law  upon  adjournment 
sine  die  of  the  session,  unless  specifically  disapproved  by  resolution  of  either 
house  of  the  General  Assembly  or  specifically  modified  by  joint  resolution  of 
both  houses  of  the  General  Assembly. 

Sec.  6.  Duties  of  the  Lieutenant  Governor.  The  Lieutenant  Governor  shall 
be  President  of  the  Senate,  but  shall  have  no  vote  unless  the  Senate  is 
equally  divided.  He  shall  perform  such  additional  duties  as  the  General 
Assembly  or  the  Governor  may  assign  to  him.  He  shall  receive  the  compensa- 
tion and  allowances  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  7.  Other  elective  officers. 

(1)  Officers.  A  Secretary  of  State,  an  Auditor,  a  Treasurer,  a  Superintendent 
of  Public  Instruction,  an  Attorney  General,  a  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  a 
Commissioner  of  Labor,  and  a  Commissioner  of  Insurance  shall  be  elected 
by  the  qualified  voters  of  the  State  in  1972  and  every  four  years  thereafter, 
at  the  same  time  and  places  as  members  of  the  General  Assembly  are 
elected.  Their  term  of  office  shall  be  four  years  and  shall  commence  on  the 
first  day  of  January  next  after  their  election  and  continue  until  their 
successors  are  elected  and  qualified. 

(2)  Duties.  Their  respective  duties  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

(3)  Vacancies.  If  the  office  of  any  of  these  officers  is  vacated  by  death, 
resignation,  or  otherwise,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Governor  to  appoint 
another  to  serve  until  his  successor  is  elected  and  qualified.  Every  such 
vacancy  shall  be  filled  by  election  at  the  first  election  for  members  of  the 
General  Assembly  that  occurs  more  than  60  days  after  the  vacancy  has 
taken  place,  and  the  person  chosen  shall  hold  the  office  for  the  remainder  of 
the  unexpired  term  fixed  in  this  Section.  When  a  vacancy  occurs  in  the  office 


The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  121 

of  any  of  the  officers  named  in  this  Section  and  the  term  expires  on  the  first 
day  of  Janaury  succeeding  the  next  election  for  members  of  the  General 
Assembly,  the  Governor  shall  appoint  to  fill  the  vacancy  for  the  unexpired 
term  of  the  office. 

(4)  Interim  officers.  Upon  the  occurrence  of  a  vacancy  in  the  office  of  any 
one  of  these  officers  for  any  of  the  causes  stated  in  the  preceding  paragraph, 
the  Governor  may  appoint  an  interim  officer  to  perform  the  duties  of  that 
office  until  a  person  is  appointed  or  elected  pursuant  to  this  Section  to  fill 
the  vacancy  and  is  qualified. 

(5)  Acting  officers.  During  the  physical  or  mental  incapacity  of  any  one  of 
these  officers  to  perform  the  duties  of  his  office,  as  determined  pursuant  to 
this  Section,  the  duties  of  his  office  shall  be  performed  by  an  acting  officer 
who  shall  be  appointed  by  the  Governor. 

(6)  Determination  of  incapacity.  The  General  Assembly  shall  by  law 
prescribe  with  respect  to  those  officers,  other  than  the  Governor,  whose 
offices  are  created  by  this  Article,  procedures  for  determining  the  physical  or 
mental  incapacity  of  any  officer  to  perform  the  duties  of  his  office,  and  for 
determining  whether  an  officer  who  has  been  temporarily  incapacitated  has 
sufficiently  recovered  his  physical  or  mental  capacity  to  perform  the  duties 
of  his  office.  Removal  of  those  officers  from  office  for  any  other  cause  shall 
be  by  impeachment. 

(7)  Special  Qualifications  for  Attorney  General.  Only  persons  duly 
authorized  to  practice  law  in  the  courts  of  this  State  shall  be  eligible  for 
appointment  or  election  as  Attorney  General. 

Sec.  8.  Council  of  State.  The  Council  of  State  shall  consist  of  the  officers 
whose  offices  are  established  by  this  Article. 

Sec.  9.  Compensation  and  allowances.  The  officers  whose  offices  are 
established  by  this  Article  shall  at  stated  periods  receive  the  compensation 
and  allowances  prescribed  by  law,  which  shall  not  be  diminished  during  the 
time  for  which  they  have  been  chosen. 

Sec.  10.  Seal  of  State.  There  shall  be  a  seal  of  the  State,  which  shall  be 
kept  by  the  Governor  and  used  by  him  as  occasion  may  require,  and  shall  he 
called  "The  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina."  All  grants  and 
commissions  shall  be  issued  in  the  name  and  by  the  authority  of  the  State  of 
North  Carolina,  sealed  with  "The  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina." 
and  signed  by  the  Governor. 

Sec.  11.  Administrative  departments.  Not  later  than  July  1,  HlTf),  all 
administrative  departments,  agencies,  and  offices  of  the  State  and  their 
respective  functions,  powers,  and  duties  shall  be  allocated  by  law  among 
and  within  not  more  than  25  principal  administrative  departments  so  as  to 
group  them  as  far  as  practicable  according  to  major  purposes.  Regulatory, 
quasi-judicial,  and  temporary  agencies  may,  but  need  not,  he  allocated 
within  a  principal  department. 


122  North  Carolina  Manual 

ARTICLE  IV 

JUDICIAL 

Section  I.  Judicial  power.  The  judicial  power  of  the  State  shall,  except  as 
provided  in  Section  3  of  this  Article,  be  vested  in  a  Court  for  the  Trial  of 
Impeachments  and  in  a  General  Court  of  Justice.  The  General  Assembly 
shall  have  no  power  to  deprive  the  judicial  department  of  any  power  or 
jurisdiction  that  rightfully  pertains  to  it  as  a  coordinate  department  of  the 
government,  nor  shall  it  establish  or  authorize  any  courts  other  than  as 
permitted  by  this  Article. 

Sec.  2.  General  Court  of  Justice.  The  General  Court  of  Justice  shall 
constitute  a  unified  judicial  system  for  purposes  of  jurisdiction,  operation, 
and  administration,  and  shall  consist  of  an  Appellate  Division,  a  Superior 
Court  Division,  and  a  District  Court  Division. 

Sec.  3.  Judicial  powers  of  administrative  agencies.  The  General  Assembly 
may  vest  in  administrative  agencies  established  pursuant  to  law  such 
judicial  powers  as  may  be  reasonably  necessary  as  an  incident  to  the 
accomplishment  of  the  purposes  for  which  the  agencies  were  created.  Appeals 
from  administrative  agencies  shall  be  to  the  General  Court  of  Justice. 

Sec.  4.  Court  for  the  Trial  of  Impeachments.  The  House  of  Representatives 
solely  shall  have  the  power  of  impeaching.  The  Court  for  the  Trial  of 
Impeachments  shall  be  the  Senate.  When  the  Governor  or  Lieutenant 
Governor  is  impeached,  the  Chief  Justice  shall  preside  over  the  Court.  A 
majority  of  the  members  shall  be  necessary  to  a  quorum,  and  no  person 
shall  be  convicted  without  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  the  Senators 
present.  Judgment  upon  conviction  shall  not  extend  beyond  removal  from 
and  disqualification  to  hold  office  in  this  State,  but  the  party  shall  be  liable 
to  indictment  and  punishment  according  to  law. 

Sec.  5.  Appellate  division.  The  Appellate  Division  of  the  General  Court  of 
Justice  shall  consist  of  the  Supreme  Court  and  the  Court  of  Appeals. 

Sec.  6.  Supreme  Court. 

(1)  Membership.  The  Supreme  Court  shall  consist  of  a  Chief  Justice  and 
six  Associate  Justices,  but  the  General  Assembly  may  increase  the  number 
of  Associate  Justices  to  not  more  than  eight.  In  the  event  the  Chief  Justice  is 
unable,  on  account  of  absence  or  temporary  incapacity,  to  perform  any  of 
the  duties  placed  upon  him,  the  senior  Associate  Justice  available  may 
discharge  those  duties. 

(2)  Sessions  of  the  Supreme  Court.  The  sessions  of  the  Supreme  Court  shall 
be  held  in  the  City  of  Raleigh  unless  otherwise  provided  by  the  General 
Assembly. 

Sec.  7.  Court  of  Appeals.  The  structure,  organization,  and  composition  of 
the  Court  of  Appeals  shall  be  determined  by  the  General  Assembly.  The 
Court  shall  have  not  less  than  five  members,  and  may  be  authorized  to  sit  in 
divisions,  or  other  than  en  banc.  Sessions  of  the  Court  shall  be  held  at  such 
times  and  places  as  the  General  Assembly  may  prescribe. 


The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  123 

Sec.  8.  Retirement  of  Justices  and  Judges.  The  General  Assembly  shall 
provide  by  general  law  for  the  retirement  of  Justices  and  Judges  of  the 
General  Court  of  Justice,  and  may  provide  for  the  temporary  recall  of  any 
retired  Justice  or  Judge  to  serve  on  the  court  from  which  he  was  retired.  The 
General  Assembly  shall  also  prescribe  maximum  age  limits  for  service  as  a 
Justice  or  Judge. 

Sec.  9.  Superior  Courts. 

(1)  Superior  Court  districts.  The  General  Assembly  shall,  from  time  to 
time,  divide  the  State  into  a  convenient  number  of  Superior  Court  judicial 
districts  and  shall  provide  for  the  election  of  one  or  more  Superior  Court 
Judges  for  each  district.  Each  regular  Superior  Court  Judge  shall  reside  in 
the  district  for  which  he  is  elected.  The  General  Assembly  may  provide  by 
general  law  for  the  selection  or  appointment  of  special  or  emergency  Superior 
Court  Judges  not  selected  for  a  particular  judicial  district. 

(2)  Open  at  all  times;  sessions  for  trial  of  cases.  The  Superior  Court  shall 
be  open  at  all  times  for  the  transaction  of  all  business  except  the  trial  of 
issues  of  fact  requiring  a  jury.  Regular  trial  sessions  of  the  Superior  Court 
shall  be  held  at  times  fixed  pursuant  to  a  calendar  of  courts  promulgated  by 
the  Supreme  Court.  At  least  two  sessions  for  the  trial  of  jury  cases  shall  be 
held  annually  in  each  county. 

(3)  Clerks.  A  Clerk  of  the  Superior  Court  for  each  county  shall  be  elected 
for  a  term  of  four  years  by  the  qualified  voters  thereof,  at  the  same  time  and 
places  as  members  of  the  General  Assembly  are  elected.  If  the  office  of  Clerk 
of  the  Superior  Court  becomes  vacant  otherwise  than  by  the  expiration  of 
the  term,  or  if  the  people  fail  to  elect,  the  senior  regular  resident  Judge  of  the 
Superior  Court  serving  the  county  shall  appoint  to  fill  the  vacancy  until  an 
election  can  be  regularly  held. 

Sec.  10.  District  Courts.  The  General  Assembly  shall,  from  time  to  time, 
divide  the  State  into  a  convenient  number  of  local  court  districts  and  shall 
prescribe  where  the  District  Courts  shall  sit,  but  a  District  Court  must  sit  in 
at  least  one  place  in  each  county.  District  judges  shall  be  elected  for  each 
district  for  a  term  of  four  years,  in  a  manner  prescribed  by  law.  When  more 
than  one  District  Judge  is  authorized  and  elected  for  a  district,  the  Cliief 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  shall  designate  one  of  the  judges  as  Chief 
District  Judge.  Every  District  Judge  shall  reside  in  the  district  for  whicli  he 
is  elected.  For  each  county,  the  senior  regular  resident  Judge  of  the  Superior 
Court  serving  the  county  shall  appoint  for  a  term  of  two  years,  from 
nominations  submitted  by  the  Clerk  of  the  Superior  Court  of  the  county,  one 
or  more  Magistrates  who  shall  be  officers  of  the  District  Court.  'I'he  number 
of  District  Judges  and  Magistrates  shall,  from  time  to  time,  be  determined 
by  the  General  Assembly.  Vacancies  in  the  office  of  District  Judge  shall  l)e 
filled  for  the  unexpired  term  in  a  manner  prescribed  by  law.  Vacancies  in 
the  office  of  Magistrate  shall  be  filled  for  the  unexpired  term  in  the  manner 
provided  for  original  appointment  to  the  office. 


124  North  Carolina  Manual 

Sec.  1 1.  Assignment  of  Judges.  The  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
acting  in  accordance  with  rules  of  the  Supreme  Court,  shall  make  assign- 
ments of  Judges  of  the  Superior  Court  and  may  transfer  District  Judges 
from  one  district  to  another  for  temporary  or  specialized  duty.  The  principle 
of  rotating  Superior  Court  Judges  among  the  various  districts  of  a  division 
is  a  salutary  one  and  shall  be  observed.  For  this  purpose  the  General 
Assembly  may  divide  the  State  into  a  number  of  judicial  divisions.  Subject 
to  the  general  supervision  of  the  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
assignment  of  District  Judges  within  each  local  court  district  shall  be  made 
by  the  Chief  District  Judge. 

Sec.  12.  Jurisdiction  of  the  General  Court  of  Justice. 

(1)  Supreme  Court.  The  Supreme  Court  shall  have  jurisdiction  to  review 
upon  appeal  any  decision  of  the  courts  below,  upon  any  matter  of  law  or 
legal  inference.  The  jurisdiction  of  the  Supreme  Court  over  "issues  of  fact" 
and  "questions  of  fact"  shall  be  the  same  exercised  by  it  prior  to  the 
adoption  of  this  Article,  and  the  Court  may  issue  any  remedial  writs 
necessary  to  give  it  general  supervision  and  control  over  the  proceedings  of 
the  other  courts.  The  Supreme  Court  also  has  jurisdiction  to  review,  when 
authorized  by  law,  direct  appeals  from  a  final  order  or  decision  of  the  North 
Carolina  Utilities  Commission. 

(2)  Court  of  Appeals.  The  Court  of  Appeals  shall  have  such  appellate 
jurisdiction  as  the  General  Assembly  may  prescribe. 

(3)  Superior  Court.  Except  as  otherwise  provided  by  the  General  Assembly, 
the  Superior  Court  shall  have  original  general  jurisdiction  throughout  the 
State.  The  Clerks  of  the  Superior  Court  shall  have  such  jurisdiction  and 
powers  as  the  General  Assembly  shall  prescribe  by  general  law  uniformly 
applicable  in  every  county  of  the  State. 

(4)  District  Courts;  Magistrates.  The  General  Assembly  shall,  by  general 
law  uniformly  applicable  in  every  local  court  district  of  the  State,  prescribe 
the  jurisdiction  and  powers  of  the  District  Courts  and  Magistrates. 

(5)  Waiver.  The  General  Assembly  may  by  general  law  provide  that  the 
jurisdictional  limits  may  be  waived  in  civil  cases. 

(6)  Appeals.  The  General  Assembly  shall  by  general  law  provide  a  proper 
system  of  appeals.  Appeals  from  Magistrates  shall  be  heard  de  novo,  with 
the  right  of  trial  by  jury  as  defined  in  this  Constitution  and  the  laws  of  this 
State. 

Sec.  13.  Forms  of  action;  rules  of  procedure. 

(1)  Forms  of  Action.  There  shall  be  in  this  State  but  one  form  of  action  for 
the  enforcement  or  protection  of  private  rights  or  the  redress  or  private 
wrongs,  which  shall  be  denominated  a  civil  action,  and  in  which  there  shall 
be  a  right  to  have  issues  of  fact  tried  before  a  jury.  Every  action  prosecuted 
by  the  people  of  the  State  as  a  party  against  a  person  charged  with  a  public 
offense,  for  the  punishment  thereof,  shall  be  termed  a  criminal  action. 

(2)  Rules  of  procedure.  The  Supreme  Court  shall  have  exclusive  authority 
to  make  rules  of  procedure  and  practice  for  the  Appellate  Division.  The 


The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  125 

General  Assembly  may  make  rules  of  procedure  and  practice  for  the  Superior 
Court  and  District  Court  Divisions,  and  the  General  Assembly  may  delegate 
this  authority  to  the  Supreme  Court.  No  rule  of  procedure  or  practice  shall 
abridge  substantive  rights  or  abrogate  or  limit  the  right  of  trial  by  jury.  If 
the  General  Assembly  should  delegate  to  the  Supreme  Court  the  rule-making 
power,  the  General  Assembly  may,  nevertheless,  alter,  amend,  or  repeal  any 
rule  of  procedure  or  practice  adopted  by  the  Supreme  Court  for  the  Superior 
Court  or  District  Court  Divisions. 

Sec.  14.  Waiver  of  jury  trial.  In  all  issues  of  fact  joined  in  any  court,  the 
parties  in  any  civil  case  may  waive  the  right  to  have  the  issues  determined 
by  a  jury,  in  which  case  the  finding  of  the  judge  upon  the  facts  shall  have 
the  force  and  effect  of  a  verdict  by  a  jury. 

Sec.  15.  Administration.  The  General  Assembly  shall  provide  for  an 
administrative  office  of  the  courts  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  this  Article. 

Sec.  16.  Terms  of  office  and  election  of  Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
Judges  of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  and  Judges  of  the  Superior  Court.  Justices  of 
the  Supreme  Court,  Judges  of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  and  regular  Judges  of 
the  Superior  Court  shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified  voters  and  shall  hold 
office  for  terms  of  eight  years  and  until  their  successors  are  elected  and 
qualified.  Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court  and  Judges  of  the  Court  of  Appeals 
shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified  voters  of  the  State.  Regular  Judges  of  the 
Superior  Court  may  be  elected  by  the  qualified  voters  of  the  State  or  by  the 
voters  of  their  respective  districts,  as  the  General  Assembly  may  prescribe. 

Sec.  17.  Removal  of  Judges,  Magistrates  and  Clerks. 

(1)  Removal  of  Judges  by  the  General  Assembly.  Any  Justice  or  Judge  of 
the  General  Court  of  Justice  may  be  removed  from  office  for  mental  or 
physical  incapacity  by  joint  resolution  of  two-thirds  of  all  the  members  of 
each  house  of  the  General  Assembly.  Any  Justice  or  Judge  against  whom 
the  General  Assembly  may  be  about  to  proceed  shall  receive  notice  thereof, 
accompanied  by  a  copy  of  the  causes  alleged  for  his  removal,  at  least  20 
days  before  the  day  on  which  either  house  of  the  General  Assembly  shall  act 
thereon.  Removal  from  office  by  the  General  Assembly  for  any  other  cause 
shall  be  by  impeachment. 

(2)  Additional  method  of  removal  of  Judges.  The  General  Assembly  shall 
prescribe  a  procedure,  in  addition  to  impeachment  and  address  set  forth  in 
this  Section,  for  the  removal  of  a  Justice  or  Judge  of  the  General  Court  of 
Justice  for  mental  or  physical  incapacity  interfering  with  the  performance  of 
his  duties  which  is,  or  is  likely  to  become,  permanent,  and  for  the  censure 
and  removal  of  a  Justice  or  Judge  of  the  General  Court  of  Justice  for  willful 
misconduct  in  office,  willful  and  persistent  failure  to  perform  his  duties, 
habitual  intemperance,  conviction  of  a  crime  involving  moral  turpitude,  or 
conduct  prejudicial  to  the  administration  of  justice  that  brings  the  judicial 
office  into  disrepute. 

(3)  Removal  of  Magistrates.  The  General  Assembly  shall  provide  by 
general  law  for  the  removal  of  Magistrates  for  misconduct  or  mental  or 
physical  incapacity. 


126  North  Carolina  Manual 

(4)  Removal  of  Clerks.  Any  Clerk  of  the  Superior  Court  may  be  removed 
from  office  for  misconduct  or  mental  or  physical  incapacity  by  the  senior 
regular  resident  Superior  Court  Judge  serving  the  county.  Any  Clerk  against 
whom  proceedings  are  instituted  shall  receive  written  notice  of  the  charges 
against  him  at  least  ten  days  before  the  hearing  upon  the  charges.  Any 
Clerk  so  removed  from  office  shall  be  entitled  to  an  appeal  as  provided  by 
law. 

Sec.  18.  District  Attorney  and  Prosecutorial  Districts. 

(1)  District  Attorneys.  The  General  Assembly  shall,  from  time  to  time, 
divide  the  State  into  a  convenient  number  of  prosecutorial  districts,  for  each 
of  which  a  District  Attorney  shall  be  chosen  for  a  term  of  four  years  by  the 
qualified  voters  thereof,  at  the  same  time  and  places  as  members  of  the 
General  Assembly  are  elected.  Only  persons  duly  to  practice  law  in  the 
courts  of  this  State  shall  be  eligible  for  election  or  appointment  as  a  District 
Attorney.  The  District  Attorney  shall  advise  the  officers  of  justice  in  his 
district,  be  responsible  for  the  prosecution  on  behalf  of  the  State  of  all 
criminal  actions  in  the  Superior  Courts  of  his  district,  perform  such  duties 
related  to  appeals  therefrom  as  the  Attorney  General  may  require,  and 
perform  such  other  duties  as  the  General  Assembly  may  prescribe. 

(2)  Prosecution  in  District  Court  Division.  Criminal  actions  in  the  District 
Court  Division  shall  be  prosecuted  in  such  manner  as  the  General  Assembly 
may  prescribe  by  general  law  uniformly  applicable  in  every  local  court 
district  of  the  State. 

Sec.  19.  Vacancies.  Unless  otherwise  provided  in  this  Article,  all  vacancies 
occurring  in  the  offices  provided  for  by  this  Article  shall  be  filled  by 
appointment  of  the  Governor,  and  the  appointees  shall  hold  their  places 
until  the  next  election  for  members  of  the  General  Assembly  that  is  held 
more  than  60  days  after  the  vacancy  occurs,  when  elections  shall  be  held  to 
fill  the  offices.  When  the  unexpired  term  of  any  of  the  offices  named  in  this 
Article  of  the  Constitution  in  which  a  vacancy  has  occurred,  and  in  which  it 
is  herein  provided  that  the  Governor  shall  fill  the  vacancy,  expires  on  the 
first  day  of  January  succeeding  the  next  election  for  members  of  the  General 
Assembly,  the  Governor  shall  appoint  to  fill  that  vacancy  for  the  unexpired 
term  of  the  office.  If  any  person  elected  or  appointed  to  any  of  these  offices 
shall  fail  to  qualify,  the  office  shall  be  appointed  to,  held,  and  filled  as 
provided  in  case  of  vacancies  occurring  therein.  All  incumbents  of  these 
offices  shall  hold  until  their  successors  are  qualified. 

Sec.  20.  Revenues  and  expenses  of  the  judicial  department.  The  General 
Assembly  shall  provide  for  the  establishment  of  a  schedule  of  court  fees  and 
costs  which  shall  be  uniform  throughout  the  State  within  each  division  of 
the  General  Court  of  Justice.  The  operating  expenses  of  the  judicial  depart- 
ment, other  than  compensation  to  process  servers  and  other  locally  paid 
non-judicial  officers,  shall  be  paid  from  State  funds. 

Sec.  21.  Fees,  salaries,  and  emoluments.  The  General  Assembly  shall 
prescribe  and  regulate  the  fees,  salaries,  and  emoluments  of  all  officers 
provided  for  in  this  Article,  but  the  salaries  of  Judges  shall  not  be  diminished 


The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  127 

during  their  continuance  in  office.  In  no  case  shall  the  compensation  of  any 
Judge  or  Magistrate  be  dependent  upon  his  decision  or  upon  the  collection  of 
costs. 

Sec.  22.  Qualification  of  Justices  and  Judges.  Only  persons  duly  authorized 
to  practice  law  in  the  courts  of  this  State  shall  be  eligible  for  election  or 
appointment  as  a  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Judge  of  the  Court  of 
Appeals,  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court,  or  Judge  of  District  Court.  This 
section  shall  not  apply  to  persons  elected  to  or  serving  in  such  capacities  on 
or  before  January  1,  1981. 

ARTICLE  V 

FINANCE 

Section  1.  No  capitation  tax  to  be  levied.  No  poll  or  capitation  tax  shall  be 
levied  by  the  General  Assembly  or  by  any  county,  city  or  town,  or  other 
taxing  unit. 

Sec.  2.  State  and  local  taxation. 

(1)  Power  of  taxation.  The  power  of  taxation  shall  be  exercised  in  a  just 
and  equitable  manner,  for  public  purposes  only,  and  shall  never  be  sur- 
rendered, suspended,  or  contracted  away. 

(2)  Classification.  Only  the  General  Assembly  shall  have  the  power  to 
classify  property  for  taxation,  which  power  shall  be  exercised  only  on  a 
State-wide  basis  and  shall  not  be  delegated.  No  class  of  property  shall  be 
taxed  except  by  uniform  rule,  and  every  classification  shall  be  made  by 
general  law  uniformly  applicable  in  every  county,  city  and  town,  and  other 
unit  of  local  government. 

(3)  Exemptions.  Property  belonging  to  the  State,  counties,  and  municipal 
corporations  shall  be  exempt  from  taxation.  The  General  Assembly  may 
exempt  cemeteries  and  property  held  for  educational,  scientific,  literary, 
cultural,  charitable,  or  religious  purposes,  and,  to  a  value  not  exceeding 
$300,  any  personal  property.  The  General  Assembly  may  exempt  from 
taxation  not  exceeding  $1,000  in  value  of  property  held  and  used  as  the  place 
of  residence  of  the  owner.  Every  exemption  shall  be  on  a  State-wide  basis 
and  shall  be  made  by  general  law  uniformly  applicable  in  every  county,  city 
and  town,  and  other  unit  of  local  government.  No  taxing  authority  other 
than  the  General  Assembly  may  grant  exemptions,  and  the  Gonoral 
Assembly  shall  not  delegate  the  powers  accorded  to  it  by  this  subsection. 

(4)  Special  tax  areas.  Subject  to  the  limitations  imposed  by  Section  -4.  the 
General  Assembly  may  enact  general  laws  authorizing  the  governing  body 
of  any  county,  city  or  town  to  define  territorial  areas  and  to  levy  taxes 
within  those  areas,  in  addition  to  those  levied  throughout  the  county,  city,  or 
town,  in  order  to  finance,  provide,  or  maintain  services,  facilities,  and 
functions  in  addition  to  or  to  a  greater  extent  than  those  financed,  provided, 
or  maintained  for  the  entire  county,  city,  or  town. 

(5)  Purposes  of  property  tax.  The  General  Assembly  shall  not  authorize 
any  county,  city  or  town,  special  district,  or  other  unit  of  local  government  to 


128  North  Carolina  Manual 

levy  taxes  or  property,  except  for  purposes  authorized  by  general  law  uni- 
formly applicable  throughout  the  State,  unless  the  tax  is  approved  by  a 
majority  of  the  qualified  voters  of  the  unit  who  vote  thereon. 

(6)  Income  tax.  The  rate  of  tax  on  incomes  shall  not  in  any  case  exceed  ten 
per  cent,  and  there  shall  be  allowed  personal  exemptions  and  deductions  so 
that  only  net  incomes  are  taxed. 

(7)  Contracts.  The  General  Assembly  may  enact  laws  whereby  the  State, 
any  county,  city  or  town,  and  any  other  public  corporation  may  contract 
with  and  appropriate  money  to  any  person,  association,  or  corporation  for 
the  accomplishment  of  public  purposes  only. 

Sec.  3.  Limitations  upon  the  increase  of  State  debt. 

(1)  Authorized  purposes;  two-thirds  limitation.  The  General  Assembly 
shall  have  no  power  to  contract  debts  secured  by  a  pledge  of  the  faith  and 
credit  of  the  State,  unless  approved  by  a  majority  of  the  qualified  voters  of 
the  State  who  vote  thereon,  except  for  the  following  purposes: 

(a)  To  fund  or  refund  a  valid  existing  debt; 

(b)  to  supply  an  unforeseen  deficiency  in  the  revenue; 

(c)  to  borrow  in  anticipation  of  the  collection  of  taxes  due  and  payable 
within  the  current  fiscal  year  to  an  amount  not  exceeding  50  per  cent 
of  such  taxes; 

(d)  to  suppress  riots  or  insurrections,  or  to  repel  invasions; 

(e)  to  meet  emergencies  immediately  threatening  the  public  health  or 
safety,  as  conclusively  determined  in  writing  by  the  Governor; 

(f)  for  any  other  lawful  purpose,  to  the  extent  of  two-thirds  of  the  amount 
by  which  the  State's  outstanding  indebtedness  shall  have  been  reduced 
during  the  next  preceding  biennium. 

(2)  Gift  or  loan  of  credit  regulated.  The  General  Assembly  shall  have  no 
power  to  give  or  lend  the  credit  of  the  State  in  aid  of  any  person,  association, 
or  corporation,  except  a  corporation  in  which  the  State  has  a  controlling 
interest,  unless  the  subject  is  submitted  to  a  direct  vote  of  the  people  of  the 
State,  and  is  approved  by  a  majority  of  the  qualified  voters  who  vote 
thereon. 

(3)  Definitions.  A  debt  is  incurred  within  the  meaning  of  this  Section  when 
the  State  borrows  money.  A  pledge  of  the  faith  and  credit  within  the 
meaning  of  this  Section  is  a  pledge  of  the  taxing  power.  A  loan  of  credit 
within  the  meaning  of  this  Section  occurs  when  the  State  exchanges  its 
obligations  with  or  in  any  way  guarantees  the  debts  of  an  individual, 
association  or  private  corporation. 

(4)  Certain  debts  barred.  The  General  Assembly  shall  never  assume  or  pay 
any  debt  or  obligation,  express  or  implied,  incurred  in  aid  of  insurrection  or 
rebellion  against  the  United  States.  Neither  shall  the  General  Assembly 
assume  or  pay  any  debt  or  bond  incurred  or  issued  by  authority  of  the 
Convention  of  1868,  the  special  session  of  the  General  Assembly  of  1868,  or 


The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  129 

the  General  Assemblies  of  1868-69  and  1869-70,  unless  the  subject  is  sub- 
mitted to  the  people  of  the  State  and  is  approved  by  a  majority  of  all  the 
qualified  voters  at  a  referendum  held  for  that  sole  purpose. 

(5)  Outstanding  debt.  Except  as  provided  in  subsection  (4),  nothing  in  this 
Section  shall  be  construed  to  invalidate  or  impair  the  obligation  of  any 
bond,  note,  or  other  evidence  of  indebtedness  outstanding  or  authorized  for 
issue  as  of  July  1,  1973. 

Sec.  4.  Limitations  upon  the  increase  of  local  government  debt. 

(1)  Regulation  of  borrowing  and  debt.  The  General  Assembly  shall  enact 
general  laws  relating  to  the  borrowing  of  money  secured  by  a  pledge  of  the 
faith  and  credit  and  the  contracting  of  other  debts  by  counties,  cities  and 
towns,  special  districts,  and  other  units,  authorities,  and  agencies  of  local 
government. 

(2)  Authorized  purposes;  two-thirds  limitation.  The  General  Assembly 
shall  have  no  power  to  authorize  any  county,  city  or  town,  special  district,  or 
other  unit  of  local  government  to  contract  debts  secured  by  a  pledge  of  its 
faith  and  credit  unless  approved  by  a  majority  of  the  qualified  voters  of  the 
unit  who  vote  thereon,  except  for  the  following  purposes: 

(a)  to  fund  or  refund  a  valid  existing  debt; 

(b)  to  supply  an  unforseen  deficiency  in  the  revenue; 

(c)  to  borrow  in  anticipation  of  the  collection  of  taxes  due  and  payable 
within  the  current  fiscal  year  to  an  amount  not  exceeding  50  per  cent 
of  such  taxes; 

(d)  to  suppress  riots  or  insurrections; 

(e)  to  meet  emergencies  immediately  threatening  the  public  health  or 
safety,  as  conclusively  determined  in  writing  by  the  Governor; 

(f)  for  purposes  authorized  by  general  laws  uniformly  applicable  through- 
out the  State,  to  the  extent  of  two-thirds  of  the  amount  by  which  the 
unit's  outstanding  indebtedness  shall  have  been  reduced  during  the 
next  preceding  fiscal  year. 

(3)  Gift  or  loan  of  credit  regulated.  No  county,  city  or  town,  special  district, 
or  other  unit  of  local  government  shall  give  or  lend  its  credit  in  aid  of  any 
person,  association,  or  corporation,  except  for  public  purposes  as  authorized 
by  general  law,  and  unless  approved  by  a  majority  of  the  qualified  voters  of 
the  unit  who  vote  threon. 

(4)  Certain  debts  barred.  No  county,  city  or  town,  or  other  unit  of  local 
government  shall  assume  or  pay  any  debt  or  the  interest  thereon  contracted 
directly  or  indirectly  in  aid  or  support  of  rebellion  or  insurrection  afrainst  the 
United  States. 

(5)  Definitions.  A  debt  is  incurred  within  the  meaning  of  this  Section  whin 
a  county,  city  or  town,  special  district,  or  other  unit,  authority,  or  agency  of 
local  government  borrows  money.  A  pledge  of  faith  and  credit  withni  the 
meaning  of  this  Section  is  a  pledge  of  the  taxing  power.  A  loan  of  crciht 


130  North  Carolina  Manual 

within  the  meaning  of  this  Section  occurs  when  a  county,  city  or  town, 
special  district,  or  other  unit,  authority,  or  agency  of  local  government 
exchanges  its  obligations  with  or  in  any  way  guarantees  the  debts  of  an 
individual,  association,  or  private  corporation. 

(6)  Outstanding  debt.  Except  as  provided  in  subsection  (4),  nothing  in  this 
Section  shall  be  construed  to  invalidate  or  impair  the  obligation  of  any 
bond,  note,  or  other  evidence  of  indebtedness  outstanding  or  authorized  for 
issue  as  of  July  1,  1973. 

Sec.  5.  Acts  levying  taxes  to  state  objects.  Every  act  of  the  General 
Assembly  levying  a  tax  shall  state  the  special  object  to  which  it  is  to  be 
applied,  and  it  shall  be  applied  to  no  other  purpose. 

Sec.  6.  Inviolability  of  sinking  funds  and  retirement  funds. 

(1)  Sinking  funds.  The  General  Assembly  shall  not  use  or  authorize  to  be 
used  any  part  of  the  amount  of  any  sinking  fund  for  any  purpose  other  than 
the  retirement  of  the  bonds  for  which  the  sinking  fund  has  been  created, 
except  that  these  funds  may  be  invested  as  authorized  by  law. 

(2)  Retirement  funds.  Neither  the  General  Assembly  nor  any  public  officer, 
employee,  or  agency  shall  use  or  authorize  to  be  used  any  part  of  the  funds 
of  the  Teachers'  and  State  Employees'  Retirement  System  or  the  Local 
Governmental  Employees'  Retirement  System  for  any  purpose  other  than 
retirement  system  benefits  and  purposes,  administrative  expenses,  and 
refunds;  except  that  retirement  system  funds  may  be  invested  as  authorized 
by  law,  subject  to  the  investment  limitation  that  the  funds  of  the  Teachers' 
and  State  Employees'  Retirement  System  and  the  Local  Governmental 
Employees'  Retirement  System  shall  not  be  applied,  diverted,  loaned  to,  or 
used  by  the  State,  any  State  agency.  State  officer,  public  officer,  or  public 
employee. 

Sec.  7.  Drawing  public  money. 

(1)  State  treasury.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  State  Treasury  but 
in  consequence  of  appropriations  made  by  law,  and  an  accurate  account  of 
the  receipts  and  expenditures  of  State  funds  shall  be  published  annually. 

(2)  Local  treasury.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury  of  any 
county,  city  or  town,  or  other  unit  of  local  government  except  by  authority  of 
law. 

Sec.  8.  Health  care  facilities.  Notwithstanding  any  other  provisions  of  this 
Constitution,  the  General  Assembly  may  enact  general  laws  to  authorize  the 
State,  counties,  cities  or  towns,  and  other  State  and  local  governmental 
entities  to  issue  revenue  bonds  to  finance  or  refinance  for  any  such  govern- 
mental entity  or  any  nonprofit  private  corporation,  regardless  of  any  church 
or  religious  relationship,  the  cost  of  acquiring,  constructing,  and  financing 
health  care  facility  projects  to  be  operated  to  serve  and  benefit  the  public; 
provided,  no  cost  incurred  earlier  than  two  years  prior  to  the  effective  date  of 
this  section  shall  be  refinanced.  Such  bonds  shall  be  payable  from  the 
revenues,  gross  or  net,  of  any  such  projects  and  any  other  health  care 
facilities  of  any  such  governmental  entity  or  nonprofit  private  corporation 


The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  131 

pledged  therefore;  shall  not  be  secured  by  a  pledge  of  the  full  faith  and 
credit,  or  deemed  to  create  an  indebtedness  requiring  voter  approval  of  any 
governmental  entity;  and  may  be  secured  by  an  agreement  which  may 
provide  for  the  conveyance  of  title  of,  with  or  without  consideration,  any 
such  project  or  facilities  to  the  governmental  entity  or  nonprofit  private 
corporation.  The  power  of  eminent  domain  shall  not  be  used  pursuant  hereto 
for  nonprofit  private  corporations. 

Sec.  9.  Capital  projects  for  industry.  Notwithstanding  any  other  provision 
of  this  Constitution,  the  General  Assembly  may  enact  general  laws  to 
authorize  counties  to  create  authorities  to  issue  revenue  bonds  to  finance, 
but  not  refinance,  the  cost  of  capital  projects  consisting  of  industrial,  manu- 
facturing and  pollution  control  facilities  for  industry  and  pollution  control 
facilities  for  public  utilties,  and  to  refund  such  bonds. 

In  no  event  shall  such  revenue  bonds  be  secured  by  or  payable  from  any 
public  moneys  whatsoever,  but  such  revenue  bonds  shall  be  secured  by  and 
payable  only  from  revenues  or  property  derived  from  private  parties.  All 
such  capital  projects  and  all  transactions  therefor  shall  be  subject  to  taxation 
to  the  extent  such  projects  and  transactions  would  be  subject  to  taxation  if 
no  public  body  were  involved  therewith;  provided,  however,  that  the  General 
Assembly  may  provide  that  the  interest  on  such  revenue  bonds  shall  be 
exempt  from  income  taxes  within  the  State. 

The  power  of  eminent  domain  shall  not  be  exercised  to  provide  any 
property  for  any  such  capital  project. 

Sec.  10.  Joint  ownership  of  generation  and  transmission  facilities.  In 
addition  to  other  powers  conferred  upon  them  by  law,  municipalities  owning 
or  operating  facilities  for  the  generation,  transmission  or  distribution  of 
electric  power  and  energy  and  joint  agencies  formed  by  such  municipalities 
for  the  purpose  of  owning  or  operating  facilities  for  the  generation  and 
transmission  of  electric  power  and  energy  (each,  respectively,  "a  unit  of 
municipal  government")  may  jointly  or  severally  own,  operate  and  maintain 
works,  plants  and  facilities,  within  or  without  the  State,  for  the  generation 
and  transmission  of  electric  power  and  energy,  or  both,  with  any  person, 
firm,  association  or  corporation,  public  or  private,  engaged  in  the  generation, 
transmission  or  distribution  of  electric  power  and  energy  for  resale  (each, 
respectively,  "a  co-owner")  within  this  State  or  any  state  contiguous  to  this 
State,  and  may  enter  into  and  carry  out  agreements  with  respect  to  such 
jointly  owned  facilities.  For  the  purpose  of  financing  its  share  of  the  cost  of 
any  such  jointly  owned  electric  generation  or  transmission  facilities,  a  unit 
of  municipal  government  may  issue  its  revenue  bonds  in  the  manner  pre- 
scribed by  the  General  Assembly,  payable  as  to  both  principal  and  interest 
solely  from  and  secured  by  a  lien  and  charge  on  all  or  any  part  of  the 
revenue  derived,  or  to  be  derived,  by  such  unit  of  municipal  government 
from  the  ownership  and  operation  of  its  electric  facilities;  provided,  however, 
that  no  unit  of  municipal  government  shall  be  liable,  either  jointly  or 
severally,  for  any  acts,  omissions  or  obligations  of  any  co-owner,  nor  shall 
any  money  or  property  of  any  unit  of  municipal  government  be  credited  or 
otherwise  applied  to  the  account  of  any  co-owner  or  be  charged  with  any 
debt,  lien  or  mortgage  as  a  result  of  any  debt  or  obligation  of  any  co-owner. 


132  North  Carolina  Manual 

Sec.  1 1.  Capital  projects  fur  agriculture.  Notwithstanding  any  other  provi- 
sion of  the  Constitution  of  the  General  Assembly  may  enact  general  laws  to 
authorize  the  creation  of  an  agency  to  issue  revenue  bonds  to  finance  the 
cost  of  capital  projects  consisting  of  agricultural  facilities,  and  to  refund 
such  bonds. 

In  no  event  shall  such  revenue  bonds  be  secured  by  or  payable  from  any 
public  moneys  whatsoever,  but  such  revenue  bonds  shall  be  secured  by  and 
payable  only  from  revenues  or  property  derived  from  private  parties.  All 
such  capital  projects  and  all  transactions  therefor  shall  be  subject  to  taxation 
if  no  public  body  were  involved  therewith;  provided,  however,  that  the 
General  Assembly  may  provide  that  the  interest  on  such  revenue  bonds 
shall  be  exempt  from  income  taxes  within  the  State. 

The  power  of  eminent  domain  shall  not  be  exercised  to  provide  any 
property  for  any  such  capital  project. 

Sec.  12.  Higher  Education  Facilities.  Notwithstanding  any  other  provisions 
of  this  Constitution,  the  General  Assembly  may  enact  general  laws  to 
authorize  the  State  or  any  State  entity  to  issue  revenue  bonds  to  finance  and 
refinance  the  cost  of  acquiring,  constructing,  and  financing  higher  education 
facilities  to  be  operated  to  serve  and  benefit  the  public  for  any  nonprofit 
private  corporation,  regardless  of  any  church  or  religious  relationship  pro- 
vided no  cost  incurred  earlier  than  five  years  prior  to  the  effective  date  of 
this  section  shall  be  refinanced.  Such  bonds  shall  be  payable  from  any 
revenues  or  assets  of  any  such  nonprofit  private  corporation  pledged  there- 
for, shall  not  be  secured  by  a  pledge  of  the  full  faith  and  credit  of  the  State  or 
such  State  entity  or  deemed  to  create  an  indebtedness  requiring  voter 
approval  of  the  State  or  such  entity,  and,  where  the  title  to  such  facilities  is 
vested  in  the  State  or  any  State  entity,  may  be  secured  by  an  agreement 
which  may  provide  for  the  conveyance  of  title  to,  with  or  without  considera- 
tion, such  facilities  to  the  nonprofit  private  corporation.  The  power  of 
eminent  domain  shall  not  be  used  pursuant  hereto. 

Section  13.  Seaport  and  airport  facilities.  (1).  Notwithstanding  any  other 
provision  of  this  Constitution,  the  General  Assembly  may  enact  general 
laws  to  grant  to  the  State,  counties,  municipalities,  and  other  State  and  local 
governmental  entities  all  powers  useful  in  connection  with  the  development 
of  new  and  existing  seaports  and  airports,  and  to  authorize  such  public 
bodies. 

(a)  to  acquire,  construct,  own,  own  jointly  with  public  and  private  parties, 
lease  as  lessee,  mortgage,  sell,  lease  as  lessor  or  otherwise  dispose  of 
lands  and  facilities  and  improvements,  including  undivided  interests 
therein; 

(b)  to  finance  and  refinance  for  public  and  private  parties  seaport  and 
airport  facilities  and  improvements  which  relate  to,  develop  or  further 
waterborne  or  airborne  commerce  and  cargo  and  passenger  traffic, 
including  commercial,  industrial,  manufacturing,  processing,  mining, 
transportation,  distribution,  storage,  marine,  aviation  and  environ- 
mental facilities  and  improvements;  and 


The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  133 

(c)  to  secure  any  such  financing  or  refinancing  by  all  or  any  portion  of 
their  revenues,  income  or  assets  or  other  available  monies  associated 
with  any  of  their  seaport  or  airport  facilities  and  with  the  facilities 
and  improvements  to  be  financed  or  refinanced,  and  by  foreclosable 
liens  on  all  or  any  part  of  their  properties  associated  with  any  of  their 
seaport  or  airport  facilities  and  with  the  facilities  and  improvements 
to  be  financed  or  refinanced,  but  in  no  event  to  create  a  debt  secured 
by  a  pledge  of  the  faith  and  credit  of  the  State  or  any  other  public 
body  in  the  State." 

ARTICLE  VI 

SUFFRAGE  AND  ELIGIBILITY  TO  OFFICE 

Section  1.  Who  may  vote.  Every  person  born  in  the  United  States  and 
every  person  who  has  been  naturalized,  18  years  of  age,  and  possessing  the 
qualifications  set  out  in  this  Article,  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  at  any  election 
by  the  people  of  the  State,  except  as  herein  otherwise  provided. 

Sec.  2.  Qualifications  of  voter. 

(1)  Residence  period  for  State  elections.  Any  person  who  has  resided  in  the 
State  of  North  Carolina  for  one  year  and  in  the  precinct,  ward,  or  other 
election  district  for  30  days  next  preceding  an  election,  and  possesses  the 
other  qualifications  set  out  in  this  Article,  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  at  any 
election  held  in  this  State.  Removal  from  one  precinct,  ward,  or  other 
election  district  to  another  in  this  State  shall  not  operate  to  deprive  any 
person  of  the  right  to  vote  in  the  precinct,  ward,  or  other  election  district 
from  which  that  person  has  removed  until  30  days  after  the  removal. 

(2)  Residence  period  for  presidential  elections.  The  General  Assembly  may 
reduce  the  time  of  residence  for  persons  voting  in  presidential  elections.  A 
person  made  eligible  by  reason  of  a  reduction  in  time  of  residence  shall 
possess  the  other  qualifications  set  out  in  this  Article,  shall  only  be  entitled 
to  vote  for  President  and  Vice  President  of  the  United  States  or  for  electors 
for  President  and  Vice  President,  and  shall  not  thereby  become  eligible  to 
hold  office  in  this  State. 

(3)  Disqualification  of  felon.  No  person  adjudged  guilty  of  a  felony  against 
this  State  or  the  United  States,  or  adjudged  guilty  of  a  felony  in  another 
state  that  also  would  be  a  felony  if  it  had  been  committed  in  this  State,  shall 
be  permitted  to  vote  unless  that  person  shall  be  first  restored  to  the  rijxhts  of 
citizenship  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  3.  Registration.  Every  person  offering  to  vote  shall  be  at  the  time 
legally  registered  as  a  voter  as  herein  prescribed  and  in  the  manner  provided 
by  law.  The  General  Assembly  shall  enact  general  laws  governing  the 
registration  of  voters. 

Sec.  4.  Qualifiation  for  registration.  Every  person  presenting  himself  for 
registration  shall  be  able  to  read  and  write  any  section  of  the  Constitution  in 
the  English  language. 


134  North  Carolina  Manual 

Sec.  5.  Elections  by  people  and  General  Assembly.  All  elections  by  the 
people  shall  be  by  ballot,  and  all  elections  by  the  General  Assembly  shall  be 
viva  voce.  A  contested  election  for  any  office  established  by  Article  III  of 
this  Constitution  shall  be  determined  by  joint  ballot  of  both  houses  of  the 
General  Assembly  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  6.  Eligibility  to  elective  office.  Every  qualified  voter  in  North  Carolina 
who  is  21  years  of  age,  except  as  in  this  Constitution  disqualified,  shall  be 
eligible  for  election  by  the  people  to  office. 

Sec.  7.  Oath.  Before  entering  upon  the  duties  of  an  office,  a  person  elected 
or  appointed  to  the  office  shall  take  and  subscribe  the  following  oath: 

"I, ,  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I  will  support  and 

maintain  the  Constitution  and  laws  of  the  United  States,  and  the  Constitu- 
tion and  laws  of  North  Carolina  not  inconsistent  therewith,  and  that  I  will 

faithfully  discharge  the  duties  of  my  office  as ,  so  help  me 

God." 

Sec.  8.  Disqualifications  of  office.  The  following  persons  shall  be  dis- 
qualified for  office: 

First,  any  person  who  shall  deny  the  being  of  Almighty  God. 

Second,  with  respect  to  any  office  that  is  filled  by  election  by  the  people, 
any  person  who  is  not  qualified  to  vote  in  an  election  for  that  office. 

Third,  any  person  who  has  been  adjuged  guilty  of  treason  or  any  other 
felony  against  this  State  or  the  United  States,  or  any  person  who  had  been 
adjudged  guilty  of  a  felony  in  another  state  that  also  would  be  a  felony  if  it 
had  been  committed  in  this  State,  or  any  person  who  has  been  adjuged 
guilty  of  corruption  or  malpractice  in  any  office,  or  any  person  who  has  been 
removed  by  impeachment  from  any  office,  and  who  has  not  been  restored  to 
the  rights  of  citizenship  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  9.  Dual  office  holding. 

(1)  Prohibitions.  It  is  salutary  that  the  responsibilities  of  self-government 
be  widely  shared  among  the  citizens  of  the  State  and  that  the  potential 
abuse  of  authority  inherent  in  the  holding  of  multiple  offices  by  an  in- 
dividual be  avoided.  Therefore,  no  person  who  holds  any  office  or  place  of 
trust  or  profit  under  the  United  States  or  any  department  thereof,  or  under 
any  other  state  or  government,  shall  be  eligible  to  hold  any  office  in  this 
State  that  is  filled  by  election  by  the  people.  No  person  shall  hold  concur- 
rently any  two  offices  in  this  State  that  are  filled  by  election  of  the  people. 
No  person  shall  hold  concurrently  any  two  or  more  appointive  offices  or 
places  of  trust  or  profit,  or  any  combination  of  elective  and  appointive 
offices  or  places  of  trust  or  profit,  except  as  the  General  Assembly  shall 
provide  by  general  law. 

(2)  Exceptions.  The  provisions  of  this  Section  shall  not  prohibit  any  officer 
of  the  military  forces  of  the  State  or  of  the  United  States  not  on  active  duty 
for  an  extensive  period  of  time,  any  notary  public,  or  any  delegate  to  a 
Convention  of  the  People  from  holding  concurrently  another  office  or  place 


The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  135 

of  trust  or  profit  under  this  State  or  the  United  States  or  any  department 
thereof. 

Sec.  10.  Continuation  in  office.  In  the  absence  of  any  contrary  provision, 
all  officers  in  this  State,  whether  appointed  or  elected,  shall  hold  their 
positions  until  other  appointments  are  made  or,  if  the  offices  are  elective, 
until  their  successors  are  chosen  and  qualified. 

ARTICLE  VII 

LOCAL  GOVERNMENT 

Section  1 .  General  Assembly  to  provide  for  local  government.  The  General 
Assembly  shall  provide  for  the  organization  and  government  and  the  fixing 
of  boundaries  of  counties,  cities  and  towns,  and  other  governmental  sub- 
divisions, and,  except  as  otherwise  prohibited  by  this  Constitution,  may  give 
such  powers  and  duties  to  counties,  cities  and  towns,  and  other  governmental 
subdivisions  as  it  may  deem  advisable. 

The  General  Assembly  shall  not  incorporate  as  a  city  or  town,  nor  shall  it 
authorize  to  be  incorporated  as  a  city  or  town,  any  territory  lying  within  one 
mile  of  the  corporate  limits  of  any  other  city  or  town  having  a  population  of 
5,000  or  more  according  to  the  most  recent  decennial  census  of  population 
taken  by  order  of  Congress,  or  lying  within  three  miles  of  the  corporate 
limits  of  any  other  city  or  town  having  a  population  of  10,000  or  more 
according  to  the  most  recent  decennial  census  of  population  taken  by  order 
of  Congress,  or  lying  within  four  miles  of  the  corporate  limits  of  any  other 
city  or  town  having  a  population  of  25,000  or  more  according  to  the  most 
recent  decennial  census  of  population  taken  by  order  of  Congress,  or  lying 
within  five  miles  of  the  corporate  limits  of  any  other  city  or  town  having  a 
population  of  50,000  or  more  according  to  the  most  recent  decennial  census 
of  population  taken  by  order  of  Congress.  Notwithstanding  the  foregoing 
limitations,  the  General  Assembly  may  incorporate  a  city  or  town  by  an  act 
adopted  by  vote  of  three-fifths  of  all  the  members  of  each  house. 

Sec.  2.  Sheriffs.  In  each  county  a  Sheriff  shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified 
voters  thereof  at  the  same  time  and  places  as  members  of  the  General 
Assembly  are  elected  and  shall  hold  his  office  for  a  period  of  four  years, 
subject  to  removal  for  cause  as  provided  by  law. 

Sec.  3.  Merged  or  consolidated  counties.  Any  unit  of  local  government 
formed  by  the  merger  or  consolidation  of  a  county  or  counties  and  the  cities 
and  towns  therein  shall  be  deemed  both  a  county  and  a  city  for  the  purposes 
of  this  Constitution,  and  may  exercise  any  authority  conferred  by  law  on 
counties,  or  on  cities  and  towns,  or  both,  as  the  General  Assembly  may 
provide. 

ARTICLE  VIII 
CORPORATIONS 

Section  1.  Corporate  charters.  No  corporation  shall  be  created,  nor  shall 
its  charter  be  extended,  altered,  or  amended  by  special  act,  except  corpora- 
tions for  charitable,  educational,  penal,  or  reformatory  purposes  that  are  to 


136  North  Carolina  Manual 

be  and  remain  under  the  patronage  and  control  of  the  State;  but  the  General 
Assembly  shall  provide  by  general  laws  for  the  chartering,  organization, 
and  powers  of  all  corporations,  and  for  the  amending,  extending,  and 
forfeiture  of  all  charters,  except  those  above  permitted  by  special  act.  All 
such  general  acts  may  be  altered  from  time  to  time  or  repealed.  The  General 
Assembly  may  at  any  time  by  special  act  repeal  the  charter  of  any 
corporation. 

Sec.  2.  Corporations  defined.  The  term  "corporation"  as  used  in  this 
Section  shall  be  construed  to  include  all  associations  and  joint-stock  com- 
panies having  any  of  the  powers  and  privileges  of  corporations  not  possessed 
by  individuals  or  partnerships.  All  corporations  shall  have  the  right  to  sue 
and  shall  be  subject  to  be  sued  in  all  courts,  in  like  cases  as  natural  persons. 

ARTICLE  IX 

EDUCATION 

Section  1.  Education  encouraged.  Religion,  morality,  and  knowledge  being 
necessary  to  good  government  and  the  happiness  of  mankind,  schools, 
libraries,  and  the  means  of  education  shall  forever  be  encouraged. 

Sec.  2.  Uniform  system  of  schools. 

(1)  General  and  uniform  system;  term.  The  General  Assembly  shall  provide 
by  taxation  and  otherwise  for  a  general  and  uniform  system  of  free  public 
schools,  which  shall  be  maintained  at  least  nine  months  in  every  year,  and 
wherein  equal  opportunities  shall  be  provided  for  all  students. 

(2)  Local  responsibility.  The  General  Assembly  may  assign  to  units  of 
local  government  such  responsibility  for  the  financial  support  of  the  free 
public  schools  as  it  may  deem  appropriate.  The  governing  boards  of  units  of 
local  government  with  financial  responsibility  for  public  education  may  use 
local  revenues  to  add  to  or  supplement  any  public  school  or  post-secondary 
school  program. 

Sec.  3.  School  attendance.  The  General  Assembly  shall  provide  that  every 
child  of  appropriate  age  and  of  sufficient  mental  and  physical  ability  shall 
attend  the  public  schools,  unless  educated  by  other  means. 

Sec.  4.  State  Board  of  Education. 

(1)  Board.  The  State  Board  of  Education  shall  consist  of  the  Lieutenant 
Governor,  the  Treasurer,  and  eleven  members  appointed  by  the  Governor, 
subject  to  confirmation  by  the  General  Assembly  in  joint  session.  The 
General  Assembly  shall  divide  the  State  into  eight  educational  districts.  Of 
the  appointive  members  of  the  Board,  one  shall  be  appointed  from  each  of 
the  eight  educational  districts  and  three  shall  be  appointed  from  the  State  at 
large.  Appointments  shall  be  for  overlapping  terms  of  eight  years.  Appoint- 
ments to  fill  vacancies  shall  be  made  by  the  Governor  for  the  unexpired 
terms  and  shall  not  be  subject  to  confirmation. 

(2)  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction.  The  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction  shall  be  the  secretary  and  chief  administrative  officer  of  the 
State  Board  of  Education. 


The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  137 

Sec.  5.  Powers  and  duties  of  Board.  The  State  Board  of  Education  shall 
supervise  and  administer  the  free  pubHc  school  system  and  the  educational 
funds  provided  for  its  support,  except  the  funds  mentioned  in  Section  7  of 
this  Article,  and  shall  make  all  needed  rules  and  regulations  in  relation 
thereto,  subject  to  laws  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly. 

Sec.  6.  State  school  fund.  The  proceeds  of  all  lands  that  have  been  or 
hereafter  may  be  granted  by  the  United  States  to  this  State,  and  not 
otherwise  appropriated  by  this  State  or  the  United  States;  all  moneys, 
stocks,  bonds,  and  other  property  belonging  to  the  State  for  purposes  of 
public  education;  the  net  proceeds  of  all  sales  of  the  swamp  lands  belonging 
to  the  State;  and  all  other  grants,  gifts,  and  devises  that  have  been  or 
hereafter  may  be  made  to  the  State;  and  not  otherwise  appropriated  by  the 
State  or  by  the  terms  of  the  grant,  gift,  or  devise,  shall  be  paid  into  the  State 
Treasury  and,  together  with  so  much  of  the  revenue  of  the  State  as  may  be 
set  apart  for  that  purpose,  shall  be  faithfully  appropriated  and  used  ex- 
clusively for  establishing  and  maintaining  a  uniform  system  of  free  public 
schools. 

Sec.  7.  County  school  fund.  All  moneys,  stocks,  bonds,  and  other  property 
belonging  to  a  county  school  fund,  and  the  clear  proceeds  of  all  penalties 
and  forfeitures  and  of  all  fines  collected  in  the  several  counties  for  any 
breach  of  the  penal  laws  of  the  State,  shall  belong  to  and  remain  in  the 
several  counties,  and  shall  be  faithfully  appropriated  and  used  exclusively 
for  maintaining  free  public  schools. 

Sec.  8.  Higher  education.  The  General  Assembly  shall  maintain  a  public 
system  of  higher  education,  comprising  The  University  of  North  Carolina 
and  such  other  institutions  of  higher  education  as  the  General  Assembly 
may  deem  wise.  The  General  Assembly  shall  provide  for  the  selection  of 
trustees  of  The  University  of  North  Carolina  and  of  the  other  institutions  of 
higher  education,  in  whom  shall  be  vested  all  the  privileges,  rights, 
franchises,  and  endowments  heretofore  granted  to  or  conferred  upon  the 
trustees  of  these  institutions.  The  General  Assembly  may  enact  laws 
necessary  and  expedient  for  the  maintenance  and  management  of  The 
University  of  North  Carolina  and  the  other  public  institutions  of  higher 
education. 

Sec.  9.  Benefits  of  public  institutions  of  higher  education.  The  Genornl 
Assembly  shall  provide  that  the  benefits  of  The  University  of  North  Carolina 
and  other  public  institutions  of  higher  education,  as  far  as  practicable,  be 
extended  to  the  people  of  the  State  free  of  expense. 

Sec.  10.  Escheats. 

(1)  Escheats  prior  to  July  1,  1971.  All  property  that  prior  to  .July  I.  \SM\. 
accrued  to  the  State  from  escheats,  unclaimed  dividends,  or  distributive 
shares  of  the  estates  of  deceased  persons  shall  be  appropriated  to  (he  use  of 
The  University  of  North  Carolina. 

(2)  Escheats  after  June  30,  1971.  All  property  that,  after  June  .U),  \\)1\, 
shall  accrue  to  the  State  from  escheats,  unclaimed  dividends  or  distributive 
shares  of  the  estates  of  deceased  persons  shall  be  used  to  aid  worthy  and 


138  North  Carolina  Manual 

needy  students  who  are  residents  of  this  State  and  are  enrolled  in  public 
institutions  of  higher  education  in  this  State.  The  method,  amount,  and  type 
of  distribution  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

ARTICLE  X 

homp:steads  and  exemptions 

Section  1.  Personal  property  exemptions.  The  personal  property  of  any 
resident  of  this  State,  to  a  value  fixed  by  the  General  Assembly  but  not  less 
than  $500,  to  be  selected  by  the  resident,  is  exempted  from  sale  under 
execution  or  other  final  process  of  any  court,  issued  for  the  collection  of  any 
debt. 

Sec.  2.  Homestead  exemptions. 

(1)  Exemption  from  sale;  exceptions.  Every  homestead  and  the  dwellings 
and  buildings  used  therewith,  to  a  value  fixed  by  the  General  Assembly  but 
not  less  than  $1,000,  to  be  selected  by  the  owner  thereof,  or  in  lieu  thereof,  at 
the  option  of  the  owner,  any  lot  in  a  city  or  town  with  the  dwellings  and 
buildings  used  thereon,  and  to  the  same  value,  owned  and  occupied  by  a 
resident  of  the  State,  shall  be  exempt  from  sale  under  execution  or  other 
final  process  obtained  on  any  debt.  But  no  property  shall  be  exempt  from 
sale  for  taxes,  or  for  payment  of  obligations  contracted  for  its  purchase. 

(2)  Exemption  for  benefit  of  children.  The  homestead,  after  the  death  of 
the  owner  thereof,  shall  be  exempt  from  the  payment  of  any  debt  during  the 
minority  of  the  owner's  children,  or  any  of  them. 

(3)  Exemption  for  benefit  of  surviving  spouse.  If  the  owner  of  a  homestead 
dies,  leaving  a  surviving  spouse  but  no  minor  children,  the  homestead  shall 
be  exempt  from  the  debts  of  the  owner,  and  the  rents  and  profits  thereof 
shall  insure  to  the  benefit  of  the  surviving  spouse  until  he  or  she  remarries, 
unless  the  surviving  spouse  is  the  owner  of  a  separate  homestead. 

(4)  Conveyance  of  homestead.  Nothing  contained  in  this  Article  shall 
operate  to  prevent  the  owner  of  a  homestead  from  disposing  of  it  by  deed, 
but  no  deed  made  by  a  married  owner  of  a  homestead  shall  be  valid  without 
the  signature  and  acknowledgement  of  his  or  her  spouse. 

Sec.  3.  Mechanics'  and  laborers'  liens.  The  General  Assembly  shall  provide 
by  proper  legislation  for  giving  to  mechanics  and  laborers  an  adequate  lien 
on  the  subject-matter  of  their  labor.  The  provisions  of  Sections  1  and  2  of 
this  Article  shall  not  be  so  construed  as  to  prevent  a  laborer's  lien  for  work 
done  and  performed  for  the  person  claiming  the  exemption  of  a  mechanic's 
lien  for  work  done  on  the  premises. 

Sec.  4.  Property  of  married  women  secured  to  them.  The  real  and  personal 
property  of  any  female  in  this  State  acquired  before  marriage,  and  all 
property,  real  and  personal,  to  which  she  may,  after  marriage,  become  in 
any  manner  entitled,  shall  be  and  remain  the  sole  and  separate  estate  and 
property  of  such  female,  and  shall  not  be  liable  for  any  debts,  obligations,  or 
engagements  of  her  husband,  and  may  be  devised  and  bequeathed  and 


The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  139 

conveyed  by  her,  subject  to  such  regulations  and  hmitations  as  the  General 
Assembly  may  prescribe.  Every  married  woman  may  exercise  powers  of 
attorney  conferred  upon  by  her  husband,  including  the  power  to  execute  and 
acknowledge  deeds  to  property  owned  by  herself  and  her  husband  or  by  her 
husband. 

Sec.  5.  Insurance.  A  person  may  insure  his  or  her  own  life  for  the  sole  use 
and  benefit  of  his  or  her  spouse  or  children  or  both,  and  upon  his  or  her 
death  the  proceeds  from  the  insurance  shall  be  paid  to  or  for  the  benefit  of 
the  spouse  or  children  or  both,  or  to  a  guardian,  free  from  all  claims  of  the 
representatives  or  creditors  of  the  insured  or  his  or  her  estate.  Any  insurance 
policy  which  insures  the  life  of  a  person  for  the  sole  use  and  benefit  of  that 
person's  spouse  or  children  or  both  shall  not  be  subject  to  the  claims  of 
creditors  of  the  insured  during  his  or  her  lifetime,  whether  or  not  the  policy 
reserves  to  the  insured  during  his  or  her  lifetime  any  or  all  rights  provided 
for  by  the  policy  and  whether  or  not  the  policy  proceeds  are  payable  to  the 
estate  of  the  insured  in  the  event  the  beneficiary  or  beneficiaries  predecease 
the  insured. 

ARTICLE  XI 
PUNISHMENTS,  CORRECTIONS,  AND  CHARITIES 

Section  1.  Punishments.  The  following  punishments  only  shall  be  known 
to  the  laws  of  this  State:  death,  imprisonment,  fines,  removal  from  office, 
and  disqualification  to  hold  and  enjoy  any  office  of  honor,  trust,  or  profit 
under  this  State. 

Sec.  2.  Death  punishment.  The  object  of  punishments  being  not  only  to 
satisfy  justice,  but  also  to  reform  the  offender  and  thus  prevent  crime, 
murder,  arson,  burglary,  and  rape,  and  these  only,  may  be  punishable  with 
death,  if  the  General  Assembly  shall  so  enact. 

Sec.  3.  Charitable  and  correctional  institutions  and  agencies.  Such  charit- 
able, benevolent,  penal,  and  correctional  institutions  and  agencies  as  the 
needs  for  humanity  and  the  public  good  may  require  shall  be  established 
and  operated  by  the  State  under  such  organization  and  in  such  manner  as 
the  General  Assembly  may  prescribe. 

Sec.  4.  Welfare  policy;  board  of  public  welfare.  Beneficient  provision  tor 
the  poor,  the  unfortunate,  and  the  orphan  is  one  of  the  first  duties  of  a 
civilized  and  a  Christian  state.  Therefore  the  General  Assembly  shall  provide 
for  and  define  the  duties  of  a  board  of  public  welfare. 

ARTICLE  XII 

MILITARY  FORCES 

Section   1.   Governor  is   Commander  in  Chief  The  (^.ovornor  shall   he 

Commander  in  Chief  of  the  military  forces  of  the  State  and  may  call  out 

those  forces  to  execute  the  law,  suppress  riots  and  insurrections,  and  rrpd 

invasion. 


140  North  Carolina  Manual 

ARTICLE  XIII 

CONVENTIONS;  CONSTITUTIONAL  AMENDMENT  AND  REVISION 

Section  I.  Convention  of  the  People.  No  Convention  of  the  People  of  this 
State  shall  ever  be  called  unless  by  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  all  the 
members  of  each  house  of  the  General  Assembly,  and  unless  the  proposition 
"Convention  or  No  Convention"  is  first  submitted  to  the  qualified  voters  of 
the  State  at  the  time  and  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  the  General  Assembly. 
If  a  majority  of  the  votes  cast  upon  the  proposition  are  in  favor  of  a 
Convention,  it  shall  assemble  on  the  day  prescribed  by  the  General  As- 
sembly. The  General  Assembly  shall,  in  the  act  of  submitting  the  convention 
proposition,  propose  limitations  upon  the  authority  of  the  Convention;  and  if 
a  majority  of  the  votes  cast  upon  the  proposition  are  in  favor  of  a  Conven- 
tion, those  limitations  shall  become  binding  upon  the  Convention.  Delegates 
to  the  Convention  shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified  voters  at  the  time  and  in 
the  manner  prescribed  in  the  act  of  submission.  The  Convention  shall 
consist  of  a  number  of  delegates  equal  to  the  membership  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  of  the  General  Assembly  that  submits  the  convention  pro- 
position and  the  delegates  shall  be  apportioned  as  is  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives. A  Convention  shall  adopt  no  ordinance  not  necessary  to  the  purpose 
for  which  the  Convention  has  been  called. 

Sec.  2.  Power  to  revise  or  amend  Constitution  reserved  to  people.  The 
people  of  this  State  reserve  the  power  to  amend  this  Constitution  and  to 
adopt  a  new  or  revised  Constitution.  This  power  may  be  exercised  by  either 
of  the  methods  set  out  hereinafter  in  this  Article,  but  in  no  other  way. 

Sec.  3.  Revision  or  amendment  by  Convention  of  the  People.  A  Convention 
of  the  People  of  this  State  may  be  called  pursuant  to  Section  1  of  this  Article 
to  propose  a  new  or  revised  Constitution  or  to  propose  amendments  to  this 
Constitution.  Every  new  or  revised  Constitution  and  every  constitutional 
amendment  adopted  by  a  Convention  shall  be  submitted  to  the  qualified 
voters  of  the  State  at  the  time  and  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  the  Conven- 
tion. If  a  majority  of  the  votes  cast  thereon  are  in  favor  of  ratification  of  the 
new  or  revised  Constitution  or  the  constitutional  amendment  or  amendments, 
it  or  they  shall  become  effective  January  first  next  after  ratification  by  the 
qualified  voters  unless  a  different  effective  date  is  prescribed  by  the 
Convention. 

Sec.  4.  Revision  or  amendment  by  legislative  initiation.  A  proposal  of  a 
new  or  revised  Constitution  or  an  amendment  or  amendments  to  this 
Constitution  may  be  initiated  by  the  General  Assembly,  but  only  if  three- 
fifths  of  all  the  members  of  each  house  shall  adopt  an  act  submitting  the 
proposal  to  the  qualified  voters  of  the  State  for  their  ratification  or  rejection. 
The  proposal  shall  be  submitted  at  the  time  and  in  the  manner  prescribed  by 
the  General  Assembly.  If  a  majority  of  the  votes  cast  thereon  are  in  favor  of 
the  proposed  new  or  revised  Constitution  or  constitutional  amendment  or 
amendments,  it  or  they  shall  become  effective  January  first  next  after 
ratification  by  the  voters  unless  a  different  effective  date  is  prescribed  in  the 
act  submitting  the  proposal  or  proposals  to  the  qualified  voters. 


The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  1 4  ] 

ARTICLE  XIV 

MISCELLANEOUS 

Section  1.  Seat  of  government.  The  permanent  seat  of  government  of  this 
State  shall  be  at  the  City  of  Raleigh. 

Sec.  2.  State  boundaries.  The  hmits  and  boundaries  of  the  State  shall  be 
and  remain  as  they  now  are. 

Sec.  3.  General  laws  defined.  Whenever  the  General  Assembly  is  directed 
or  authorized  by  this  Constitution  to  enact  general  laws,  or  general  laws 
uniformly  applicable  throughout  the  State,  or  general  laws  uniformly  applic- 
able in  every  county,  city  and  town,  and  other  unit  of  local  government,  or  in 
every  local  court  district,  no  special  or  local  act  shall  be  enacted  concerning 
the  subject  matter  directed  or  authorized  to  be  accomplished  by  general  or 
uniformly  applicable  laws,  and  every  amendment  or  repeal  of  any  law 
relating  to  such  subject  matter  shall  also  be  general  and  uniform  in  its  effect 
throughout  the  State.  General  laws  may  be  enacted  for  classes  defined  by 
population  or  other  criteria.  General  laws  uniformly  applicable  throughout 
the  State  shall  be  made  applicable  without  classification  or  exception  in 
every  unit  of  local  government  of  like  kind,  such  as  every  county,  or  every 
city  and  town,  but  need  not  be  made  applicable  in  every  unit  of  local 
government  in  the  State.  General  laws  uniformly  applicable  in  every  county, 
city  and  town,  and  other  unit  of  local  government,  or  in  every  local  court 
district,  shall  be  made  applicable  without  classification  or  exception  in  every 
unit  of  local  government,  or  in  every  local  court  district,  as  the  case  may  be. 
The  General  Assembly  may  at  any  time  repeal  any  special,  local,  or  private 
act. 

Sec.  4.  Continuity  of  laws;  protection  of  office  holders.  The  laws  of  North 
Carolina  not  in  conflict  with  this  Constitution  shall  continue  in  force  until 
lawfully  altered.  Except  as  otherwise  specifically  provided,  the  adoption  of 
this  Constitution  shall  not  have  the  effect  of  vacating  any  office  or  term  of 
office  now  filled  or  held  by  virtue  of  any  election  or  appointment  made  under 
the  prior  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  and  the  laws  of  the  State  enacted 
pursuant  thereto." 

Sec.  5.  Conservation  of  natural  resources.  It  shall  be  the  policy  of  this 
State  to  conserve  and  protect  its  lands  and  waters  for  the  benefit  of  all  its 
citizenry,  and  to  this  end  it  shall  be  a  proper  function  of  the  State  of  North 
Carolina  and  its  political  subdivisions  to  acquire  and  preserve  park,  re- 
creational, and  scenic  areas,  to  control  and  limit  the  pollution  of  our  air  and 
water,  to  control  excessive  noise,  and  in  every  other  appropriate  way  to 
preserve  as  a  part  of  the  common  heritage  of  this  State  its  forests,  wetlands, 
estuaries,  beaches,  historical  sites,  openlands,  and  places  of  beauty. 

To  accomplish  the  aforementioned  public  purposes,  the  State  and  it.s 
counties,  cities  and  towns,  and  other  units  of  local  government  may  acquire 
by  purchase  or  gift  properties  or  interests  in  properties  which  shall,  upon 
their  special  dedication  to  and  acceptance  by  resolution  adopted  by  a  vote  of 
three-fifths  of  the  members  of  each  house  of  the  General  Assembly  for  tbose 


142  North  Carolina  Manual 

public  purposes,  constitute  part  of  the  "State  Nature  and  Historic  Preserve," 
and  which  shall  not  be  used  for  other  purposes  except  as  authorized  by  law 
enacted  by  a  vote  of  three-fifths  of  the  members  of  each  house  of  the  General 
Assembly.  The  General  Assembly  shall  prescribe  by  general  law  the  condi- 
tions and  procedures  under  which  such  properties  or  interests  therein  shall 
be  dedicated  for  the  aforementioned  public  purposes. 


The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  143 


CONSTITUTIONAL  ISSUES  SUBMITTED  TO 
THE  PEOPLE  SINCE  1970 


CONSTITUTIONAL  ISSUES  VOTED  ON  IN  THE  GENERAL 
ELECTION  HELD  NOVEMBER  3,  1970 

Ballot  Tabulations  of  Volt* 

Number  Description  of  ConstitutionallssuelCitationI  For  Afiitut 

1  Constitutional   amendment  for  the  revision   and 

amendment  of  the  Constitution  of  North  Carolina.  393,759     251.132 

(Chapter  1258,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1969) 

2  Constitutional  amendment  to  require  the  General 
Assembly  to  reduce  number  of  state  administrative 
departments  to  25  and  to  authorize  the  Governor  to 
reorganize  administrative  departments,  subject  to  legis- 
lative approval.  400,892  248,759 
(Chapter  932,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1969) 

3  Constitutional  amendment  permitting  3/5  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  General  Assembly  to  convene  extra  sessions 

ofthe  General  Assembly.  332,981     285,587 

(Chapter  1270,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1969) 

4  Constitutional  amendment  revising  those  portions  of 
the  present  or  proposed  state  constitution  concerning 

state  and  local  finance.  323,131      281,087 

(Chapter  1200,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1969) 

5  Constitutional  amendment  authorizing  General  Assem- 
bly to  fix  personal  exemptions  for  income  tax  purposes.   336,660     282,697 
(Chapter  872,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1969) 

6  Constitutional  amendment  providing  that  after  June 
30,  1971,  the  escheats  shall  be  used  to  aid  North  Caro- 
lina residents  enrolled  in  any  public  institution  of 

higher  education  in  this  state.  362,097     248,451 

(Chapter  827,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1969) 

7  Constitutional  amendment  abolishing  literacy  require- 
ment for  voting.  279,132     355.34/ 
(Chapter  1004,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina.  1969) 


144  North  Carolina  Manual 

CONSTITUTIONAL  ISSUES  VOTED  ON  IN  THE  GENERAL 
ELECTION  HELD  NOVEMBER  7,  1972 

Ballot  Tabulations  of  Votes 

Number  Description  ofConstitutional  Issue  (Citation)  For  Against 

1  Constitutional  amendment  reducing  the  voting  age 
to  18  years  and  providing  that  only  persons  21  years  of 

age  or  older  shall  be  eligible  for  elective  office.  762,651      425,708 

(Chapter  201,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1971) 

2  Constitutional  amendment  to  require  the  General 
Assembly  to  prescribe  maximum  age  limits  for  service 

as  a  Justice  or  a  Judge.  81 1,440     304,489 

(Chapter  451,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1971) 

3  Constitutional  amendment  authorizing  the  General 
Assembly  to  prescribe  procedures  for  the  censure  and 
removal  of  Justices  and  Judges  of  the  General  Court  of 

Justice.  807,960     272,470 

(Chapter  560,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1971) 

4  Constitutional  amendment  to  conserve  and  protect 

North  Carolina's  natural  resources.  976,581      146,895 

(Chapter  630,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1971) 

5  Constitutional  amendment  limiting  incorporation  of 

cities  and  towns.  694,921      374,184 

(Chapter  857,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1971) 


CONSTITUTIONAL  ISSUES  VOTED  ON  IN  THE  GENERAL 
ELECTION  HELD  NOVEMBER  5,  1974 

Ballot  Tabulations  of  Votes 

Number  Description  ofConstitutional  Issue  (Citation)  For  Against 

1  Constitutional  amendment  changing  the  title  of  the 
constitutional  office  of  "solicitor"  to  "District  Attor- 
ney". 474,199      249,452 
(Chapter  394,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1973) 

2  Constitutional  amendment  to  create  jobs  and  employ- 
ment opportunities  and  to  protect  the  environment  by 
authorizing  the  issuance  of  revenue  bonds  to  finance 
industrial  and  pollution  control  facilities  among  others 
for  industry  and  the  ratification,  validation,  confirma- 
tion, and  approval  of  Chapter  633  of  the  1971  Session 
Laws  as  amended  by  Chapter  476  of  the  1973  Session 

Laws  of  the  General  Assembly.  317,285      376,269 

(Chapter  1222,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1973) 
Regular  Session,  1974) 


The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  145 

CONSTITUTIONAL  ISSUES  VOTED  ON  IN  THE  PRIMARY 
ELECTION  HELD  MARCH  23,  1976 

Ballot  TabulalloniiofVotc* 

Number  Description  ofConstitutional  Issue  (Citation)  For  AgiinK 

1  Constitutional  amendment  to  permit  the  General 
Assembly  to  enact  general  laws  to  authorize  the  state, 
counties,  cities  or  towns,  and  other  state  and  local 
governmental  entities  to  issue  revenue  bonds  to  finance 

or  refinance  health  care  facihties.  382,093     3 1 1 ,300 

(Chapter  641,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1975) 

2  Constitutional  amendment  to  permit  the  General 
Assembly  to  enact  general  laws  to  authorize  counties 
to  create  authorities  to  issue  revenue  bonds  to  finance, 
but  not  to  refinance,  the  cost  of  capital  projects  consist- 
ing of  industrial,  manufacturing  and  pollution  control 
facilities  for  industry  and  pollution  control  facilities 

for  public  utilities.  373,033     304,938 

(Chapter  826,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1975) 


146  North  Carolina  Manual 

CONSTITUTIONAL  ISSUES  VOTED  ON  IN  THE  GENERAL 
ELECTION  HELD  NOVEMBER  8,  1977 

Ballot  Tabulations  of  Votes 

Number  Description  of  Constitutional  Issue  (Citation)  For  Against 

1  Constitutional  amendment  extending  to  a  married 
man  (as  a  married  woman  now  has)  the  right  to  receive 
the  homestead  exemption,  so  that  the  homestead  ex- 
emption is  available  to  the  surviving  spouse  of  the 
owner  of  a  homestead,  if  the  owner  dies  leaving  no 
minor  children  and  the  surviving  spouse  does  not  own 

a  separate  homestead.  517,366      59,714 

(Chapter  80,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1977) 

2  Constitutional  amendment  allowing  every  person  the 
right  to  insure  his  or  her  life  for  the  benefit  of  his  or 
her  spouse  or  children  or  both,  free  from  all  claims  of 
the  representatives  or  creditors  of  the  insured  or  his  or 

her  estate.  513,526      57,835 

(Chapter  115,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1977) 

3  Constitutional  amendment  empowering  the  qualified 
voters  of  the  State  to  elect  the  Governor  and  Lieutenant 
Governor  to  a  second  successive  term  of  the  same 

office.  307,754     278,013 

(Chapter  363,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1977) 

4  Constitutional  amendment  to  permit  municipalities 
owning  or  operating  electric  generation,  transmission 
or  distribution  facilities  and  joint  agencies  composed 
of  such  municipalities  to  own,  operate  and  maintain 
generation  and  transmission  facilities  with  any  person, 
firm,  association  or  corporation,  public  or  private, 
engaged  in  the  generation,  transmission  or  distribution 
of  electric  power  and  energy  for  resale  (each,  respective- 
ly, "a  co-owner")  within  this  State  or  any  state  con- 
tiguous to  this  State,  and  to  issue  electric  revenue 
bonds  to  finance  the  cost  of  the  ownership  share  of 
such  municipalities  or  joint  agencies,  such  bonds  to  be 
secured  by  and  payable  only  from  the  electric  revenues 
of  such  municipalities  or  joint  agencies  and  providing 
that  no  money  or  property  of  such  municipalities  or 
joint  agencies  shall  be  credited  or  applied  to  the  account 

of  any  such  co-owner.  349,935      180,624 

(Chapter  528,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1977) 

5  Constitutional  amendment  requiring  that  the  total 
expenditures  of  the  State  for  the  fiscal  period  covered 
by  the  State  budget  shall  not  exceed  the  total  of 
revenues  raised  during  that  fiscal  period  and  any  sur- 
plus remaining  the  State  Treasury  at  the  beginning  of 
the  period,  and  requiring  the  Governor  to  effect  the 
necessary  economies  in  State  expenditures  whenever 

he  determines  that  a  deficit  is  threatened.  443,453      104,935 

(Chapter  690  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1977) 


The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  147 

CONSTITUTIONAL  ISSUE  VOTED  ON  IN  THE  GENERAL 
ELECTION  HELD  NOVEMBER  4,  1980 


Ballot 
Number Description  of  Constitutional  Issue  (Citation) 


Tabulations  of  Vot«a 
For  Against 


Constitutional  amendment  requiring  Justices  and 
Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Court  of  Appeals, 
Superior  Court  and  District  Court  to  be  duly  authorized 
to  practice  law  prior  to  election  or  appointment.  888,634     352,7 1 4 

(Chapter  638,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1979) 


CONSTITUTIONAL  ISSUES  VOTED  ON  IN  THE  PRIMARY 
ELECTION  HELD  JUNE  29,  1982 


.P^""'  Tabulations  of  Vote* 

Number Description  of  Constitutional  Issue  (Citation) For  Againit 

1  Constitutional  amendment  making  the  term  of  mem- 
bers of  the  General  Assembly  four  years,  beginning 
with  members  elected  in  1982;  and  conforming  amend- 
ments concerning  the  election  of  other  officers  and  the 

filling  of  vacancies.  163,058     522,181 

(Chapter  504,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1981) 

2  Constitutional  amendment  authorizing  General  Assem- 
bly to  provide  for  temporary  recall  of  retired  Supreme 
Court  Justices  or  Court  of  Appeals  Judges  to  serve 

temporarily  on  either  appellate  court.  356,895     295,638 

(Chapter  513,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1981) 

3  Constitutional  amendment  giving  the  Supreme  Court 
authority  to  review,  when  authorized  by  law,  direct 

appeals  from  the  N.C.  Utihties  Commission.  392,886     253,629 

(Chapter  803,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1981) 

4  Constitutional  amendment  to  permit  the  General 
Assembly  to  grant  to  appropriate  public  bodies  addi- 
tional powers  to  develop  new  and  existing  seaports 
and  airports,  including  powers  to  finance  and  refinance 
for  public  and  private  parties  seaport  and  airport  and 
related  commercial,  industrial,  manufacturing,  process- 
ing, mining,  transportation,  distribution,  storage, 
marine,  aviation  and  environmental  facilities  and  im- 
provements. 292,031  342,567 
(Chapter  808,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1981) 

5  Constitutional  amendment  to  permit  the  General 
Assembly  to  enact  general  laws  to  authorize  the  State, 
or  any  state  entity  to  issue  revenue  bonds  to  finance  or 
refinance  the  cost  of  acquiring,  constructing  and  financ- 
ing higher  education  facilities  for  any  nonprofit  private 
corporation,  regardless  of  any  church  or  religious  re- 
lationship, such  bonds  to  be  payable  from  any  revenues 
or  assets  of  any  such  nonprofit  private  corporation 

pledged  therefor.  303,292     338.650 

(Chapter  887,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1981) 


148  North  Carolina  Manual 

CONSTITUTIONAL  ISSUES  VOTED  ON  IN  THE  GENERAL 
ELECTION  HELD  NOVEMBER  2,  1982 

Ballol  Tabulations  of  Votes 

Numbfr  Description  of  Constitutional  Issue  iCitationI  For  Against 

1  Constitutional  amendment  to  provide  that  terms  of 
legislators  begin  on  January  1st  following  their  elec- 
tion. 690,218     276,432 
(Chapter  1241,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1981, 

1982  Session) 

2  Constitutional  amendment  to  permit  the  issuance  of 

tax  increment  bonds  without  voter  approval.  182,147     810,565 

(Chapter  1247,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1981, 
1982  Session) 


CONSTITUTIONAL  ISSUE  VOTED  ON  IN  THE  PRIMARY 
ELECTION  HELD  MAY  8,  1984 

Ballot  Tabulations  of  Votes 

Number  Description  of  Constitutionallssue  (Citation)  For  Against 

1  Constitutional  amendment  to  permit  the  General 
Assembly  to  enact  general  laws  to  authorize  the  crea- 
tion of  an  agency  to  issue  revenue  bonds  to  finance  the 
cost  of  capital  projects  consisting  of  agricultural  facili- 
ties, and  to  refund  such  bonds,  such  bonds  to  be  secured 
by  and  payable  only  from  revenues  or  property  derived 
from  private  parties  and  in  no  event  to  be  secured  by  or 
payable  from  any  public  moneys  whatsoever.  420,405     360,009 

(Chapter  765,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1983) 


CONSTITUTIONAL  ISSUE  VOTED  ON  IN  THE  GENERAL 
ELECTION  HELD  NOVEMBER  6,  1984 

Ballot  Tabulations  of  Votes 

Number  Description  of  Constitutional  Issue  (Citation)  For  Against 

1  Constitutional  amendment  requiring  Attorney 
General  and  District  Attorneys  to  be  duly  authorized  to 
practice  law  prior  to  election  or  appointment.  1,159,460    357,791 

(Chapter  298,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1983) 


The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  149 

CONSTITUTIONAL  ISSUE  VOTED  ON  IN 
THE  PRIMARY  ELECTION  HELD  MAY  6,  1986 


BaUot  Tabulations  of  Volt. 

Number  Description  of  Constitutional  Issue  (Citalion)  For  Afainit 

1        Constitutional  amendment  providing  for  election  of 

state  and  county  officers  in  odd-numbered  years.  230,159     547,076 

(Chapter  768,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1985) 


CONSTITUTIONAL  ISSUES  VOTED  ON  IN 
THE  GENERAL  ELECTION  HELD  NOVEMBER  4,  1986 

Ballot  Tabulations  of  Votfi 

Number  Description  of  Constitutional  Issue  (Citation)  For  Againit 

1  Constitutional  Amendment  to  permit  the  General 
Assembly  to  enact  general  laws  to  authorize  the  State, 
or  any  State  entity  to  issue  revenue  bonds  to  finance  or 
refinance  the  cost  of  acquiring,  constructing  and  financ- 
ing higher  education  facilities  for  any  nonprofit  private 
corporation,  regardless  of  any  church  or  religious  rela- 
tionship, such  bonds  to  be  payable  from  any  revenues 
or  assets  of  any  such  nonprofit  private  corporation 

pledged  therefor.  675,587     448,845 

(Chapter  814,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1986) 

2  Constitutional  Amendment  providing  that  an  election 
shall  be  held  to  fill  the  remainder  of  the  unexpired 
term  if  the  vacancy  occurs  more  than  60  days  before 
the  next  election,  rather  than  30  days  as  is  presently 

provided.  740,241     365,959 

(Chapter  920,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1986) 

3  Constitutional  Amendment  to  assist  in  the  develop- 
ment of  new  and  existing  seaports  and  airports  without 
creating  a  debt  secured  by  the  faith  and  credit  of  the 
State  or  any  other  public  body  by  permitting  the 
General  Assembly  to  grant  to  the  State  and  other 
public  bodies  additional  powers  to  develop  new  and 
existing  seaports  and  airports,  including  powers  to 
finance  and  refinance  for  public  and  private  parties 
seaport  and  airport  related  commercial,  industrial, 
manufacturing,  processing,  mining,  transportation,  dis- 
tribution, storage,  marine,  aviation  and  environmental 

facilities  and  improvements.  688,911      391,908 

(Chapter  933,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1986) 


150  North  Carolina  Manual 

CONSTITUTIONAL  PROPOSITIONS 
VOTED  ON  BY  THE  PEOPLE  SINCE  1868 


Year 

of  Vote 

Ratified 

Rejected 

1868 

1 

0 

1873 

8 

0 

1876 

1 

0 

1880 

2 

0 

1888 

1 

0 

1892 

0 

1 

1900 

1 

0 

1914 

0 

10 

1916 

4 

0 

1918 

2 

0 

1920 

2 

0 

1922 

0 

1 

1924 

3 

1 

1926 

1 

0 

1928 

1 

2 

1930 

0 

3 

1932 

1 

3 

1936 

5 

0 

1938 

2 

0 

1942 

2 

0 

1944 

5 

0 

1946 

1 

1 

1948 

1 

3 

1950 

5 

0 

1952 

3 

0 

1954 

4 

1 

1956 

4 

0 

1958 

0 

1 

1962 

6 

0 

1964 

1 

1 

1966 

1 

0 

1968 

2 

0 

1970 

6 

1 

1972 

5 

0 

1974 

1 

1 

1976 

2 

0 

1977 

5 

0 

1980 

1 

0 

1982 

3 

4 

1984 

2 

0 

1986 

3 

1 

Totals  — 

98 

35 

In  the  above  table,  each  issue  on  which  the  people  have  voted  is  as  one  whether  it  involves  only 
a  single  section  (as  was  often  the  case),  a  whole  article  (as  in  the  case  of  the  1900  suffrage 
amendment  and  the  1962  court  amendment,  or  a  revision  of  the  entire  Constitution  (as  in  1868  and 
1970). 


CHAPTER  TWO 
The  Constitution  of  the  United  States 


THE  RATIFICATION  OF  THE 
CONSTITUTION  IN  NORTH  CAROLINA 

On  April  24,  1778,  the  North  Carohna  General  Assembly  ratified  the 
Articles  of  Confederation,  the  first  "constitution"  of  the  new  United  States. 
It  proved  weak  and  ineffective  in  holding  the  nation  together.  A  decade  later 
North  Carolina  was  caught  up  in  a  bitterly  divisive  contest  over  a  second 
federal  constitution.  While  the  Articles  of  Confederation  had  been  approved 
in  North  Carolina  with  little  debate,  the  Constitution  engendered  a  two-year 
war  of  words  before  its  ratification  at  a  convention  in  Fayetteville  on 
November  21,  1789. 

In  1777,  debate  over  the  nature  of  the  Articles  of  Confederation  in  tlu- 
Continental  Congress  had  been  lackluster  until  the  arrival  of  Thomas 
Burke,  a  delegate  from  North  Carolina.  Burke  was  outraged  at  what  he 
found  contained  in  the  draft  of  the  Articles— too  much  authority  to  a 
national  government  and  too  little  reserved  to  the  states. 

He  wrote  back  to  Governor  Richard  Caswell  "[t]hat  the  more  experience  I 
acquire,  the  stronger  is  my  conviction  that  unlimited  power  cannot  be  safely 
trusted  to  any  man,  or  set  of  men,  on  earth."  He  feared  seeing  power  coalesce 
around  a  small  number  of  men  removed  from  the  close  supervision  of  their 
electorate.  Burke,  then,  argued  convincingly  for  a  "constitution"  that  secured 
the  states'  powers  against  national  encroachment  and  that  created  among 
the  states  "a  firm  league  of  friendship." 

Not  quite  a  decade  later,  it  was  apparent  to  many  that  the  combination  of 
the  states  in  the  Continental  Congress  was  not  "firm"  and  was  decidedly 
lacking  in  "friendship."  During  the  summer  of  1787,  delegates  from  twelve 
states  including  five  gentlemen  from  North  Carolina  assembled  in 
Philadelphia  to  write  a  new  constitution  for  the  nation. 

George  Washington  wrote  a  friend  that  it  was  his  "wish  .  .  .  that  (he 
convention  may  adopt  no  temporizing  expedients,  but  probe  the  defects  of 
the  constitution  to  the  bottom,  and  provide  a  radical  cure,  whether  they  are 
agreed  to  or  not."  Others  among  the  leaders  in  the  states  and  anions'  those 
attending  the  Philadelphia  convention  concurred  with  Washington.  ,\ll  were 
concerned  that  the  nation's  republican  experiment  would  collapse  before 


Rob  Sikorski  formerly  with   the  North   CaroHna   Bicentennial   Conimis.^ioii   for  the 
United  States  Constitution  prepared  the  basic  text  for  this  article. 


152  North  Carolina  Manual 

having  a  chance  to  succeed.  WiUiam  Richardson  Davie  of  North  CaroHna 
noted  the  "repeated  and  decisive  proofs  of  the  total  inefficiency  of  our 
general  government." 

Among  those  assembled  in  Philadelphia,  most  agreed  with  General 
Washington  on  the  nation's  need  for  a  "radical  cure."  From  May  25  to 
September  17,  1787,  delegates  debated  the  requirements  of  a  "more  perfect 
union,"  always  fearful  that  the  nation  was  teetering  on  the  brink  of  anarchy 
and  that  their  efforts  would  be  too  little,  too  late. 

The  document  that  emerged  from  the  Philadelphia  convention  provided 
for  more  latitude  for  national  intervention  into  the  affairs  of  the  individual, 
set  limits  on  what  states  might  do,  and  expanded  the  ability  of  the  general 
government  to  set  and  act  upon  a  national  agenda  for  the  economy. 

The  history  behind  the  choices  made  during  those  four  months  in 
Philadelphia  reflect  the  quick  pace  of  development  in  the  new  nation  in  its 
first  decade  from  the  Declaration  of  Independence  on  July  4,  1776,  to  the 
summer  of  1787.  It  also  presented  the  United  States  with  the  first  opportunity 
in  history  for  a  people  to  take  the  future  in  their  own  hands  and  mold  it  to 
their  own  ideas  of  liberty  and  freedom. 

North  Carolina— Creating  a  First  Government 

For  the  people  of  North  Carolina,  the  experiment  in  republican  government 
began  with  the  creation  of  their  state  constitution  in  1776.  As  all  people  then 
realized,  it  was  one  thing  to  declare  oneself  independent  and  quite  another  to 
determine  how  one  would  employ  that  independence. 

In  November  1776,  the  citizens  of  Mecklenburg  County  issued  a  series  of 
instructions  to  their  delegates  to  the  North  Carolina  Provincial  Congress 
that  would  meet  in  Halifax  to  draft  the  state's  first  constitution.  They 
required  that  their  representatives  endeavor  "to  establish  a  free  government 
under  the  authority  of  the  people  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina  and  that  the 
government  be  a  simple  democracy  or  as  near  it  as  possible"  and  that  the 
document  contain  a  bill  of  rights,  a  separation  of  powers  provision,  and  a 
supremacy  clause.  Most  important,  the  constitution  should  recognize  that 
"[t]he  principal  supreme  power  is  possessed  by  the  people  at  large." 

Although  the  North  Carolina  constitution  as  ratified  on  December  17-18, 
1776  did  not  fully  accord  with  the  instructions  to  the  Mecklenburg  delega- 
tion, it  did  recognize  that  political  sovereignty  rested  ultimately  in  the 
people  and  was  prefaced  with  a  declaration  of  rights,  securing  to  citizens 
freedom  of  the  press,  assembly  and  religion  among  other  rights. 

The  North  Carolina  constitution  contrasted  sharply  with  the  Articles  of 
Confederation.  The  latter  had  no  bill  of  rights,  rested  sovereignty  in  the 
states,  and  failed  to  establish  the  apparatus  of  a  government.  It  lacked  both 
an  executive  and  a  judiciary  (except  in  the  limited  area  of  admiralty  law). 

While  the  state  government  was  often  times  ineffective  and  low  to  respond 
to  the  needs  of  the  Revolution,  with  the  coming  of  peace  it  did  provide  an 
adequate  framework  for  governance.  Some  might  complain — as  many  did — 
that  the  General  Assembly  was  too  quick  to  issue  paper  money  or  place  a 
moratorium  on  suits  for  debt,  it  was  able,  though,  to  provide  leadership  and 
direction  for  reconstructing  the  state's  economy  following  the  end  of  the 
Revolution. 


The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  153 

The  Continental  Congress,  in  contrast,  was  hamstrung.  It  was  unable  to 
collect  funds  other  than  through  loans  or  voluntary  payment  of  requisitions 
from  the  states;  moreover,  it  was  unable  to  effectively  enforce  the  peace  or  to 
make  the  states  abide  by  the  terms  of  the  peace  treaty  with  Great  Britain. 

Crisis  of  National  Leadership— 1784-1787 

While  the  Continental  Congress  brought  the  war  to  a  successful  end,  it  could 
not  manage  the  peace.  Contrary  to  the  Treaty  of  Paris  signed  between  the 
United  States  and  Great  Britain  in  1783,  states  still  refused  to, honor  debts 
outstanding  to  English  merchants  and  to  return  land  or  pay  compensation 
to  loyalists  whose  properties  were  confiscated  during  the  Revolution. 

These  failures  led  to  the  British  maintaining  troops  on  American  territory 
and  preventing  U.S.  ships  from  carrying  British  products.  Such  international 
problems  were  compounded  by  the  inablity  of  the  Continental  Congress  to 
help  resolve  disputes  among  the  states.  During  the  Revolution,  Vermont  had 
seceded  from  New  Hampshire  and  New  York  without  approval  from  either 
state.  Congress  was  unable  to  resolve  the  conflict  successfully  despite 
repeated  pleas  from  Governor  Clinton  of  New  York  for  help.  Conflicts  over 
boundaries  also  developed  between  Delaware  and  Pennsylvania,  Maryland 
and  Virginia,  and  North  Carolina  and  Virginia.  With  the  partial  exception 
of  the  dispute  between  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware,  Congress  failed  to 
mediate  the  conflicts. 

Among  the  states  there  was  also  a  growing  concern  over  competition  for 
international  trade,  import  duties  that  adversely  affected  states  like  North 
Carolina  that  did  not  have  adequate  harbors,  and  the  use  of  interstate 
waterways.  These  issues  were  further  compounded  by  problems  faced  by 
states  to  their  west,  who  were  confronted  by  hostile  English,  Spaniards,  and 
Native  Americans  as  well  as  settlers  anxious  to  expand  beyond  the 
recognized  limits  of  the  nation. 

For  example,  in  1785  the  Continental  Congress  negotiated  the  Treaty  of 
Hopewell  with  the  Cherokees.  North  Carolina,  on  behalf  of  its  western 
interests,  issued  an  official  protest  of  the  treaty  "as  containing  several 
stipulations  which  infringe  and  violate  the  legislative  rights  of  the  State." 
Such  dual  interpretation  reinforced  the  confusion  of  settlers  as  to  who  held 
political  authority  in  the  western  region. 

Earlier,  a  group  of  western  North  Carolina  citizens  in  what  today  is 
Tennessee  had  assembled  to  address  their  relationship  to  the  state  and  the 
Continental  Congress.  In  1784,  the  North  Carolina  General  Assembly  had 
ceded,  but  later  revoked  the  its  actions,  the  western  territories  of  the  state  to 
the  national  government.  In  anticipation  of  becoming  a  state,  these  citizens 
had,  on  December  17,  1784,  signed  and  ratified  a  constitution  for  the  new 
State  of  Franklin.  Although  they  did  so  under  the  impression  that  they  were 
soon  to  be  separated  from  North  Carolina,  they  continued  to  assert  their 
autonomy  even  after  the  state  had  revoked  its  secession.  The  creation  of  the 
State  of  Franklin  under  the  leadership  of  John  Sevier,  a  Revolutionary  war 
hero,  represented  widespread  dissatisfaction  in  the  west  with  the  treatment 
accorded  them  by  the  eastern  dominate  General  Assembly.  They  felt 
themselves  ignored,  excluded  from  the  benefits  of  state  government,  yet 
liable  for  taxes. 


154  North  Carolina  Manual 

Although  dissatisfaction  was  widespread  in  North  CaroHna  and  in  the 
other  states,  not  everyone  felt  the  need  for  major  revisions  of  the  Articles  of 
Confederation.  Many  state  leaders  were  witnessing  their  states'  emergence 
from  a  post-war  economic  slump.  Harbors  were  filling  and  farm  goods  were 
reaching  new  price  levels.  By  the  eve  of  the  Philadelphia  convention,  many 
thought  that  the  states  were  well  on  the  road  to  political  stability  and 
economic  prosperity. 

Yet  many  were  concerned  that  the  states  exerted  too  much  influence  over 
the  national  economy.  A  group  of  strong  nationalists,  including  James 
Madison  of  Virginia,  Alexander  Hamilton  of  New  York,  and  James  Wilson 
and  Gouverneur  Morris  of  Pennsylvania,  feared  that  the  parochial  economic 
concerns  of  the  states  would  always  be  permitted  to  outweigh  the  general 
economic  welfare  of  the  nation.  They  felt  greater  direction  must  come  from  a 
unified  and  powerful  national  government. 

The  first  attempt  to  remedy  some  of  the  ills  brought  on  by  too  much  state 
influence  on  the  national  economy  was  the  Mount  Vernon  Conference  in 
March  of  1785.  Meeting  at  the  home  of  George  Washington,  delegates  from 
Virginia  and  Maryland  sat  together  to  discuss  their  mutual  problems  concern- 
ing harbor  facilities  and  interstate  waterways.  These  representatives  resolved 
to  work  together  to  overcome  conflicts  on  fishing  rights,  navigational  safety, 
piracy,  and  interstate  currency  rates.  Most  important  the  delegates  identified 
the  need  for  more  states  to  participate  in  future  discussions. 

The  Virginia  House  of  Delegates,  when  it  ratified  the  Mount  Vernon 
Accord  in  1786,  also  called  for  a  second  meeting  to  be  held  in  Annapolis  to 
discuss  "such  commercial  regulations  [as]  may  be  necessary  to  their  common 
interest  and  their  permanent  harmony."  The  call  went  out  to  all  the  states  to 
send  delegates  to  attend  this  second  meeting. 

In  the  end,  representatives  from  only  five  states  were  in  attendance  at 
Annapolis  when  the  meeting  convened  in  September,  1786.  Some  states  like 
North  Carolina  had  appointed  delegates.  Hugh  Williamson  of  North  Carolina 
apparently  arrived  in  town  the  day  the  convention  adjourned. 

The  lack  of  a  quorum  at  the  Annapolis  convention  resulted  in  no  major 
headway  being  made  to  resolve  the  commercial  problems  plaguing  the  new 
nation.  There  was  one  significant  proposal  from  the  meeting — the  delegates 
agreed  to  Alexander  Hamilton's  proposal  to  call  for  yet  another  meeting, 
this  time  in  Philadelphia.  The  convention  of  state  representatives  was  to 
meet  in  May,  1787  "to  take  into  consideration  the  situation  of  the  United 
States,  to  devise  such  further  provisions  as  shall  appear  to  them  necessary 
to  render  the  constitution  of  the  Federal  Government  adequate  to  the 
existence  of  the  Union.  .  .  ." 

The  Confederation  Congress  agreed  to  issue  a  call  for  a  convention  in 
Philadelphia  and  all  the  states  but  Rhode  Island  appointed  delegations  to 
attend. 

North  Carolina  and  The  Constitution 

Although  the  meeting  was  scheduled  to  begin  on  May  14,  1787,  a  quorum  of 
seven  states  was  not  reached  until  May  25. 


The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  155 

James  Iredell,  one  of  North  Carolina's  leading  lawyers,  was  concerned  for 
the  health  of  the  nation  and  was  very  much  aware  of  how  things  had 
changed  locally.  He  felt  that  if  the  nationalists  were  to  succeed  in  strengthen- 
ing the  union  they  needed  to  move  promptly;  however,  on  May  25  he  was  in 
New  Bern,  not  Philadelphia.  Why  this  was  the  case  is  unclear;  nonetheless, 
in  less  than  four  months  Iredell  was  to  take  a  commanding  role  in  defending 
the  new  Constitution  before  the  people  of  North  Carolina.  Iredell  was  ready 
with  a  quick  pen  and  clear  thinking  to  promote  the  need  for  a  strenghtcned 
union. 

Four  years  earlier,  Iredell  had  been  the  anonymous  author  of  a  set  of 
instructions  to  the  Chowan  County  representatives  in  which  he  outlined  the 
requirements  for  a  more  effective  state  government  within  the  context  of  a 
national  union.  He  had  then  called  for  payment  of  North  Carolina's  requisi- 
tion to  the  Continental  Congress;  stringent  controls  over  the  printing  and 
redemption  of  the  state's  paper  money;  prohibition  of  legislative  intrusion 
into  civil  suits;  better  organization  of  the  administration  of  the  state;  an 
independent  judiciary;  and,  support  of  trade,  commerce,  and  manufacturing. 
Many  of  these  same  issues  faced  the  delegates  from  the  states  as  they  met  in 
Philadelphia  to  begin  their  deliberations.  Among  those  delegates  were 
eventually  five  from  North  Carolina. 

Back  in  November  1786,  responding  to  the  report  from  Annapolis,  the 
North  Carolina  General  Assembly  had  selected  five  state  leaders  to  partici- 
pate in  Philadelphia:  Governor  Richard  Caswell,  William  Richardson  Davie, 
Willie  Jones,  Alexander  Martin,  and  Richard  Dobbs  Spaight.  Jones  declined 
to  attend,  some  said  because  it  would  then  free  him  to  oppose  any  changes 
emanating  from  Philadelphia.  Governor  Caswell  also  declined  for  reasons  of 
health.  He  then  appointed  William  Blount  and  Hugh  Williamson  to  complete 
the  North  Carorlina  delegation. 

The  first  of  North  Carolina's  delegation  to  reach  Philadelphia  was  Richard 
Dobbs  Spaight  on  May  15.  Spaight  was  also  among  the  youngest  and  least 
experienced  of  the  delegates.  He  spoke  little  in  the  Convention  but  returned 
home  an  ardent  Federalist  and  supporter  of  the  Constitution.  He  was  among 
the  three  North  Carolina  delegates  who  were  able  to  remain  at  the  convention 
long  enough  to  sign  the  Constitution  on  September  17. 

William  Richardson  Davie  was  the  second  delegate  to  arrive  in 
Philadelphia.  With  Hugh  Williamson,  Davie  was  the  leading  spokesman  for 
the  state  at  the  convention.  He  was  an  early  advocate  of  both  state  and 
popular  representation  in  the  national  legislature.  He  sat  on  the  committee 
that  formulated  the  compromise  between  the  Virginia  plan  that  would  have 
conditioned  national  representation  on  population  and  the  New  Jersey  plan 
that  would  have  relied  upon  the  old  Confederation  formula  of  one  state,  one 
vote.  This  first  great  compromise  of  the  convention  was  worked  out  by  the 
committee  over  the  Fourth  of  July  recess.  The  committee  reported  out  the 
idea  of  Roger  Sherman  of  Connecticut  that  representation  in  the  House  he 
based  on  population,  while  that  of  the  Senate  reflected  equal  represrntati..n 
among  the  states. 

Davie  was  forced  to  leave  the  convention  early  to  return  to  his  law 
practice.  Throughout  the  next  two  years  of  debate  in  North  ("arohna  over 


156  North  Carolina  Manual 

the  Constitution,  Davie's  voice  stood  out  as  one  of  the  principal  advocates 
for  the  Constitution.  Only  he  and  Spaight  of  the  five  at  Philadelphia, 
participated  in  the  first  ratification  convention  in  North  Carolina. 

When  the  convention  opened  on  May  25,  two  more  North  Carolina 
delegates  were  in  attendance:  Hugh  Williamson  and  Alexander  Martin.  Both 
settled  into  the  Indian  Queen  Inn,  where  James  Madison,  George  Mason, 
Alexander  Hamilton  and  other  leading  delegates  were  lodged. 

William  Pierce  of  Georgia,  who  wrote  brief  character  sketches  of  the 
delegates,  characterized  Williamson  as  "a  worthy  man,  of  some  abilities, 
and  fortune"  and  not  to  be  recognized  for  a  stylish  way  of  speaking. 
Although  not  among  the  greats  of  the  convention,  Williamson  contributed 
his  share  to  the  debates.  He  participated  in  the  committee  of  the  states  that 
recommended  the  initial  number  of  representatives  in  the  House  for  each 
state  and  it  was  he  who  proposed  a  decennial  census  to  determine  changes 
in  representation.  Williamson  was  also  greatly  concerned  over  the  powers 
and  limitations  of  the  executive  branch;  he  feared  a  single  executive  and 
thought  that  the  executive  should  be  ineligible  for  a  second  term.  On  the 
veto  power  of  the  executive,  Williamson  spoke  in  favor  of  a  limited  negative. 
Both  Williamson  and  Davie  expressed  strong  approval  of  an  impeachment 
process,  Williamson  believing  that  impeachment  was  "an  essential  security 
for  the  good  behavior  of  the  Executive." 

Near  the  close  of  the  convention,  a  series  of  essays  authored  by  Williamson 
under  the  pseudonym  "Sylvius"  was  published.  Although  authored  before 
the  convention,  their  contents  spoke  directly  to  some  of  the  major  concerns 
about  a  strong  national  government.  He  examined  in  them  the  need  for  a 
strong  national  government  to  take  command  of  the  economy  and  foreign 
affairs  as  well  as  expounded  upon  the  ills  created  by  a  paper  money 
economy. 

Williamson  was  the  second  of  North  Carolina's  delegates  to  sign  the 
Constitution. 

Williamson  did  not  attend  the  first  ratification  convention  in  Hillsborough 
in  July  1788,  but  rather  stayed  north  to  attend  the  Continental  Congress 
and  protect  the  interests  of  the  state.  He  remained  there  even  after  the  new 
government  was  formed  in  the  Spring  of  1789,  without  North  Carolina's 
official  participation,  returning  only  to  take  part  in  the  Fayetteville  Conven- 
tion in  November,  1789. 

Alexander  Martin,  the  fourth  of  the  state's  delegates,  was  a  former 
governor  of  North  Carolina  and  a  general  during  the  American  Revolution. 
Judged  a  moderate  and  pratical  politician,  Martin  stood  midstream  between 
the  federalists  and  antifederalist  camps  in  North  Carolina. 

A  fellow  delegate  of  Martin's  rather  unkindly  described  his  contribution  to 
the  convention:  "The  great  exertions  of  political  wisdom  in  our  late 
Governor,  while  he  sat  at  the  helm  of  our  State,  have  so  exhausted  his  fund, 
that  time  must  be  required  to  enable  him  again  to  exert  his  abilities  to  the 
advantage  of  the  nation."  Needless  to  say,  Martin  contributed  little  to  the 
discussions.  Like  Davie,  he  was  unable  to  stay  to  the  close  of  the  convention. 

The  last  of  North  Carolina's  delegation  to  arrive  in  Philadelphia  was 
William  Blount,  who  reached  the  convention  on  June  20.  He  had  been 


The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  157 

involved  in  representing  North  Carolina's  interests  in  the  Continental 
Congress  meeting  in  New  York.  Although  he  took  no  part  in  the  debates  at 
Philadelphia,  he  was  there  to  sign  the  document— the  third  of  the  state's 
signers. 

Blount  was  not  elected  to  the  convention  at  Hillsborough  but  was  involved 
in  the  ratification  convention  at  Fayetteville,  where  he  may  have  played  a 
key  role  in  securing  the  necessary  votes  for  the  Constitution  in  1789. 

The  work  of  North  Carolina's  delegates  and  those  from  the  other  states 
received  a  chilly  response  at  home.  A  long  battle  began  with  leading 
federaHsts  like  James  Iredell  of  Edenton,  and  Archibald  Maclaine  of 
Wilmington  preparing  lengthy  defenses  of  the  Constitution. 

In  a  series  of  essays  pubHshed  in  January  1788  under  the  name  "Marcus," 
James  Iredell  sought  to  refute  the  criticisms  of  George  Mason.  Mason's 
attack  on  the  Constitution  was  especially  threatening  since  he  had  been  at 
the  convention  (although  he  refused  to  sign)  and  was  widely  respected  for 
his  disinterested  attachment  to  the  new  nation.  Mason  opposed  the  Constitu- 
tion on  numerous  grounds,  but  principally  for  its  lack  of  a  bill  of  rights. 

Iredell  responded  to  each  point  of  Mason's  attack,  examining  why  the 
Constitution  did  not  need  a  bill  of  rights;  why  it  was  representative  of  the 
people;  why  the  Senate  could  amend  money  bills;  why  the  country  needed  a 
national  judiciary;  and,  why  the  Constitution  proposed  a  single  executive 
without  a  constitutional  council. 

His  refutation  of  Mason  was  reasoned  and  measured;  not  as  much  can  be 
said  concerning  some  other  defenses  of  the  Constitution.  Archibald  Maclaine 
was  particularly  vitriolic.  He  referred  to  those  who  would  oppose  the  Constitu- 
tion as  "petty  tyrants." 

The  principal  confrontation  of  ideas  and  interests  came  naturally,  during 
the  convention  that  met  in  Hillsborough  from  July  21  to  August  4,  1788.  The 
convention  came  after  ten  states  had  ratified  the  Constitution  and  assured 
the  formation  of  a  new  national  government  under  its  auspices.  Even  this 
imminent  inauguration  of  a  new  government  was  not  persuasive  enough  to 
convince  a  majority  of  the  Hillsborough  convention  to  approve,  and  the 
Constitution  was  rejected  by  a  184  to  83  vote. 

Two  issues  stood  out  above  all  others  in  the  attack  on  the  Constitution:  the 
lack  of  a  bill  of  rights  and  the  placing  of  too  much  authority  to  a  distant 
government.  The  ideas  of  Thomas  Burke  remained  alive  in  the  state. 

At  the  convention,  Willie  Jones  of  Halifax,  Samuel  Spencer  of  Anson, 
Thomas  Person  of  Granville,  David  Caldwell  of  Guilford,  and  William 
Lenoir  of  Wilkes  helped  lead  the  opposition  to  the  Constitution.  It  would  be  a 
mistake,  however,  to  assume  unity  among  this  opposition.  Some  like  Samuel 
Spencer  were  most  concerned  about  the  loss  of  authority  for  the  states.  As 
one  of  the  three  highest  judges  in  the  state,  he  appeared  especially  concerned 
with  having  his  authority  overshadowed  by  that  of  the  federal  courts. 

David  Caldwell  provides  a  notable  contrast  to  Spencer.  A  Presbyterian 
minister  and  renowned   for  the  school  he  operated   in   Guilford   county. 
Caldwell   was   principally   concerned   about   the   lack   of  a    fundamental 
philosophical  framework  against  which  to  judge  and  operate  the  Constitu 
tion. 


158  North  Carolina  Manual 

And  again,  Willie  Jones  of  Halifax  seemed  concerned,  along  with  many 
others,  about  the  danger  of  removing  power  so  far  away  from  the  people 
without,  in  turn,  safeguarding  their  interests  with  a  bill  of  rights. 

With  such  diversity  of  opposition,  it  is  no  wonder  that  those  federalists 
favoring  the  Constitution  appear  to  have  the  better  of  the  arguments,  if  not 
the  vote.  The  federalists  appear  to  have  given  more  advanced  consideration 
to  their  oposition  in  the  convention  with  James  Iredell  taking  on  the  role  of 
theorist,  Governor  Samuel  Johnston  acting  as  a  mediator  and  accom- 
modator,  while  Archibald  Maclaine  and  William  R.  Davie  functioned  as  the 
proverbial  "loose  canons"  at  the  convention.  But  despite  all  these  gentlemen 
could  say,  in  and  out  of  convention,  the  Constitution  was  doomed  to  defeat 
from  the  outset. 

Ratification  waited  another  fifteen  months,  coming  only  in  November 
1789  at  Fayetteville  on  a  vote  of  194  to  77. 

Historians  know  quite  a  lot  about  the  Hillsborough  convention  because 
James  Iredell  and  Samuel  Johnston  hired  a  secretary  to  record  the  debates. 
Nothing  like  that  was  done  for  Fayetteville;  explanations  for  acceptance  are, 
in  consequence,  far  more  conjectural  than  explanations  for  rejection  at 
Hillsborough.  Congress's  sending  of  a  bill  of  rights  to  the  states  is  one  clear 
candidate  while  fear  of  being  outside  the  union  is  another.  Also  the  concern 
about  a  central  government  was  apparently  diminished  with  Washington 
elected  president.  Whatever  the  reason,  the  convention  took  only  seven  days 
to  ratify  and  report  out  their  vote.  Then,  one  month  later,  the  North  Carolina 
General  Assembly  became  the  second  state  to  ratify  the  Bill  of  Rights. 

The  legacy  of  the  debates  in  North  Carolina  has  been  a  widespread 
appreciation  of  the  role  of  popular  discussion  of  critical  issues  and  how  these 
may  balance  among  a  nation,  the  states,  and  the  people. 


The  Constitution  of  the  United  States 


159 


NORTH  CAROLINA  SIGNERS  OF  THE  CONSTITUTION 

OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

WILLIAM  BLOUNT 


William  Blount  was  born  on  March  26,  1749, 
in  Bertie  County.  With  his  brother,  John  Grey 
Blount,  he  became  a  leading  businessman  after 
Independence.  His  heavy  speculation  and 
activities  in  western  territories  created 
enormous  problems  for  him  later  in  life. 

Blount  was  first  elected  to  the  General 
Assembly  in  1780  as  a  Town  Representative 
from  New  Bern.  He  was  elected  to  the  Con- 
tinental Congress  meeting  in  Philadelphia  in 

1782,  1783,  and  1784.  He  returned  to  the  legis- 
lature  representing   Craven   County   and    in 

1783,  1784,  and   1784-85;     during  the  latter 
session  was  elected  Speaker. 

On  March  14,  1787,  Blount  was  elected  one  of  the  delegates  to  go  to 
Philadelphia  for  the  Constitutional  Convention.  In  1789  he  went  to  the  state 
convention  in  Fayetteville  and  voted  for  ratification  of  the  newly-written 
Constitution.  Blount  returned  to  the  state  legislature,  serving  in  the  Senate 
in  1788  and  1789. 

On  August  17,  1790,  Blount  was  appointed  Governor  of  the  Territories 
South  of  the  Ohio  River.  He  had  autocratic  authority  in  the  territories.  In 
1791  Blount  helped  arrange  the  Treaty  of  Holston  which  resulted  in  the 
Cherokee  Indians  ceding  to  the  United  States  a  large  portion  of  land,  much 
of  which  was  already  occupied  by  whites.  In  1794  when  the  territories  were 
large  enough  to  call  a  territorial  assembly,  a  bill  was  passed  establishing 
Blount  College  (a  forerunner  of  the  University  of  Tennessee). 

On  July  8,  1797,  while  serving  as  one  of  Tennessee's  first  two  United 
States  Senators,  Blount  was  expelled  from  the  Senate  for  what  was  known 
as  Blount's  Conspiracy.  There  was  a  rumor  that  Spain  was  going  to  cede 
New  Orleans  and  Louisiana  to  France.  This  would  deny  America's  right  to 
the  Mississippi  River.  Blount  took  charge  of  a  plan  that  was  underway  to 
recruit  frontiersmen  and  Indians  into  fighting  with  Great  Britain  to  take 
those  areas  in  war.  (Great  Britain  was  bound  by  the  treaty  of  peace  of  1 783 
to  permit  free  navigation  of  the  Mississippi  River  to  America  and  France.) 
President  John  Adams  had  a  letter  fall  into  his  hands  that  was  written  by 
Blount  concerning  this.  In  July,  1797  President  Adams  turned  the  letter  over 
to  Congress;  Blount's  expulsion  followed.  On  December  17.  the  House  of 
Representatives  opened  Blount's  impeachment  trial.  This  was  the  first  such 
trial  in  United  States  history.  In  1799  the  proceedings  were  dismissed  for 
lack  of  jurisdiction. 

The  people  still  had  faith  in  Blount,  electing  him  to  the  Tennessee  State 
Senate  in  1798;  he  was  elected  Speaker.  He  died  in  Tennessee  in  1800. 


160 


North  Carolina  Manual 


RICHARD  DOBBS  SPAIGHT,  SR. 


Richard  Dobbs  Spaight,  Sr.,  the  first  native- 
born  governor  of  North  Carohna,  was  born  in 
New  Bern  on  March  25,  1758,  to  Richard  and 
Elizabeth  Wilson  Spaight. 

He  studied  abroad,  finishing  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Glasgow  in  Scotland.  After  returning  to 
America,  Spaight  served  briefly  as  the  military 
aide  de  camp  to  General  Richard  Caswell. 

Spaight  served  in  the  House  of  Commons  as 
a  Town  Representative  from  New  Bern  in  the 
Assemblies  of  1779,  1781,1782,  and  1783.  In 
1783  his  seat  was  declared  vacant  following 
his  election  to  the  Confederation  Congress. 
On  December  13,  1783,  Spaight  took  his  seat  at  the  Congress  in  Annapolis. 
He  also  served  as  a  delegate  to  the  1784  Congress  in  New  York  City. 

In  1785  Spaight  returned  to  the  General  Assembly  representing  Craven 
County  in  the  House  of  Commons,  where  he  was  elected  Speaker.  He 
continued  his  legislative  service  in  the  assemblies  of  1786-87  and  1787.  He 
was  elected  as  one  of  North  Carolina's  representatives  to  the  Federal  Conven- 
tion in  Philadelphia,  arriving  there  on  May  15,  1787.  He  was  the  first  of  the 
North  Carolina  delegates  to  arrive  and  stayed  long  enough  to  be  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  constitution.  After  the  Philadelphia  meeting  he  returned  to 
North  Carolina  and  attended  the  state  convention  in  Hillsborough. 

Spaight  served  in  the  General  Assembly  of  1792  as  the  Town  Representa- 
tive from  New  Bern,  but  resigned  following  his  election  as  governor  on 
December  11,  1792.  He  was  elected  to  serve  as  governor  for  two  more  terms. 
He  served  one  more  term  in  the  General  Assembly  as  a  state  senator  in  1801. 
In  1798  Spaight  was  elected  to  the  Fifth  United  States  Congress  as  a 
member  of  the  House  of  Representatives  following  the  death  of  Congressman 
Nathan  Bryan  on  June  4.  He  was  elected  to  the  6th  Congress  but  was 
defeated  for  reelection  to  a  third  term  by  John  Stanly. 

The  political  differences  between  Spaight  and  Stanly  caused  bitter  and 
personal  discussions.  One  of  these  resulted  in  Stanly  challenging  Spaight  to 
a  duel.  On  September  5,  1802,  Stanly's  fourth  discharge  mortally  wounded 
Spaight,  who  died  the  next  day.  Criminal  proceedings  against  Stanly  began, 
but  he  applied  to  the  governor  and  was  granted  pardon.  This  prompted  the 
law  making  any  participant  in  a  duel  ineligible  for  any  office  of  "trust, 
honor,  or  profit." 


The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  1  f,  \ 

HUGH  WILLIAMSON 

Hugh  Williamson  was  born  in  Chester 
County,  Pennsylvania,  on  December  5,  1735. 
A  doctor,  natural  scientist,  preacher,  merchant, 
and  politician,  Williamson  was  frc(iuently 
called  the  "Ben  Franklin  of  North  Carolina." 

Graduating  in  the  first  class  from  the  College 
of  Philadelphia  (later  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania),  Williamson  went  to  Connecti- 
cut to  study  theology.  After  two  years  he  left 
the  ministry  to  be  a  math  professor.  While 
teaching,  he  became  interested  in  medicine, 
which  led  him  to  the  University  of  Edinburgh 
and  studies  in  London  and  Utrect.  His  poor 
physical  condition  made  him  subject  to  contracting  a  fever  from  his  patient 
which  led  him  to  forego  medicine. 

His  scientific  interests  and  reputation,  resulted  in  his  appointment  as  a 
commissioner  to  study  the  transit  of  Venus  (June  3,  1769),  and  Mercury 
(November  9,  1769).  Afterwards,  he  published  'An  Essay  on  Comets",  for 
which  the  University  of  Leyden  awarded  him  an  LL.D.  degree. 

Williamson  was  an  eyewitness  to  the  Boston  Tea  Party  and  was  the  first 
to  carry  the  news  to  England.  He  predicted  the  colonies'  revolt  and  heard  of 
the  Declaration  of  Independence  while  he  was  in  Holland. 

Upon  returning  to  America,  he  offered  his  medical  services  to  Governor 
Caswell  and  was  sent  to  New  Bern  to  vaccinate  troops  against  smallpox.  He 
crossed  British  lines  to  treat  American  prisoners  of  war  and  as  well  as  the 
British.  He  was  a  pioneer  advocate  in  innoculation  against  diseases. 

Williamson  was  a  Town  Representative  for  Edenton  in  the  General 
Assembly  of  1782.  On  May  3,  his  seat  was  declared  vacant  following  his 
election  to  the  Continental  Congress  in  Philadelphia.  Williamson  took  his 
seat  on  July  19,  1782.  Along  with  Thomas  Jefferson  he  was  one  of  only  two 
southern  delegates  who  voted  in  favor  of  excluding  slavery  from  the  Western 
Lands  Ordinance  of  1784. 

Williamson  returned  to  the  House  of  Commons  in  1785  representing 
Chowan  County.  In  1787  he  was  appointed  by  Governor  Caswell  to  rei)hu(' 
Willie  Jones  at  the  Federal  Convention  in  Philadelphia.  Williamson  arrived 
in  time  for  its  start  and  attended  the  entire  convention.  He  also  attended  the 
State  Convention  in  Fayetteville  where  the  Consitution  was  eventually 
ratified  by  North  Carolina. 

The  final  years  of  Williamson's  political  career  were  spent  in  Congns,--.  lie 
served  in  the  United  States  House  of  Representatives  as  a  representative 
from  the  Edenton  and  New  Bern  district  from  1789-1793. 

Williamson  retired  to  New  York  City.  He  wrote  one  of  the  nation's  first 
ecological  histories  in  his  two-volume  study  of  North  ('arolina's  early 
history,  published  in  1812.  He  died  in  1819. 


162  North  Carolina  Manual 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


Preamble 

We,  the  people  of  the  United  States,  in  order  to  form  a  more  perfect  Union, 
establish  justice,  insure  domestic  tranquility,  provide  for  the  common 
defense,  promote  the  general  welfare,  and  secure  the  blessings  of  liberty  to 
ourselves  and  our  posterity,  do  ordain  and  establish  this  Constitution  for  the 
United  States  of  America. 

ARTICLE  I 

Section  1 — All  legislative  powers  herein  granted  shall  be  vested  in  a 
Congress  of  the  United  States,  which  shall  consist  of  a  Senate  and  a  House 
of  Representatives. 

Sect.  2-1.  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  be  composed  of  members 
chosen  every  second  year  by  the  people  of  the  several  States,  and  the  electors 
in  each  State  shall  have  the  qualifications  requisite  for  electors  of  the  most 
numerous  branch  of  the  State  Legislature. 

2.  No  person  shall  be  a  Representative  who  shall  not  have  attained  to  the 
age  of  twenty-five  years,  and  been  seven  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States, 
and  who  shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  State  in  which  he 
shall  be  chosen. 

3.  Representatives  and  direct  taxes  shall  be  apportioned  among  the  several 
States  which  may  be  included  within  this  Union,  according  to  their  respective 
numbers,  which  shall  be  determined  by  adding  to  the  whole  number  of  free 
persons,  including  those  bound  to  service  for  a  term  of  years  and  excluding 
Indians  not  taxed,  three-fifths  of  all  other  persons.  The  actual  enumeration 
shall  be  made  within  three  years  after  the  first  meeting  of  the  Congress  of 
the  United  States,  and  within  every  subsequent  term  of  ten  years,  in  such 
manner  as  they  shall  by  law  direct.  The  number  of  Representatives  shall  not 
exceed  one  for  every  thirty  thousand,  but  each  State  shall  have  at  least  one 
Representative;  and  until  such  enumeration  shall  be  made,  the  State  of  New 
Hampshire  shall  be  entitled  to  choose  3;  Massachusetts,  8;  Rhode  Island  and 
Providence  Plantations,  1;  Connecticut,  5;  New  York,  6;  New  Jersey,  4; 
Pennsylvania,  8;  Delaware,  1;  Maryland,  6;  Virginia,  10;  North  Carolina,  5; 
South  Carolina,  5;  and  Georgia,  3.* 

4.  When  vacancies  happen  in  the  representation  from  any  State  the 
Executive  Authority  thereof  shall  issue  writs  of  election  to  fill  such 
vacancies. 

5.  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  choose  their  Speaker  and  other 
officers,  and  shall  have  the  sole  power  of  impeachment. 


*See  Article  XIV,  Amendments. 


The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  163 

Sec.  3-1.  The  Senate  of  the  United  States  shall  be  composed  of  two 
Senators  from  each  State,  chosen  by  the  Legislature  thereof  for  six  years; 
and  each  Senator  shall  have  one  vote.i 

2.  Immediately  after  they  shall  be  assembled  in  consequence  of  the  first 
election,  they  shall  be  divided  as  equally  as  may  be  into  three  classes.  The 
seats  of  the  Senators  of  the  first  class  shall  be  vacated  at  the  expiration  of 
the  second  year;  of  the  second  class  at  the  expiration  of  the  fourth  year;  and 
of  the  third  class  at  the  expiration  of  the  sixth  year,  so  that  one-third  may  be 
chosen  every  second  year,  and  if  vacancies  happen  by  resignation,  or 
otherwise,  during  the  recess  of  the  Legislature  of  any  State,  the  Executive 
thereof  may  make  temporary  appointments  until  the  next  meeting  of  the 
Legislature,  which  shall  then  fill  such  vacancies.* 

3.  No  person  shall  be  a  Senator  who  shall  have  not  attained  to  the  age  of 
thirty  years,  and  been  nine  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who 
shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that  State  for  which  he  shall  be 
chosen. 

4.  The  Vice  President  of  the  United  States  shall  be  President  of  the 
Senate,  but  shall  have  no  vote,  unless  they  be  equally  divided. 

5.  The  Senate  shall  choose  their  other  officers,  and  also  a  President  pro 
tempore,  in  the  absence  of  the  Vice  President,  or  when  he  shall  exercise  the 
office  of  the  President  of  the  United  States. 

6.  The  Senate  shall  have  the  sole  power  to  try  all  impeachments.  When 
sitting  for  that  purpose,  they  shall  be  on  oath  or  affirmation.  When  the 
President  of  the  United  States  is  tried,  the  Chief  Justice  shall  preside;  and 
no  person  shall  be  convicted  without  the  occurrence  of  two-thirds  of  the 
members  present. 

7.  Judgment  in  cases  of  impeachment  shall  not  extend  further  than  to 
removal  from  office,  and  disqualification  to  hold  and  enjoy  any  office  of 
honor,  trust,  or  profit  under  the  United  States;  but  the  party  convicted  shall 
nevertheless  be  liable  and  subject  to  indictment,  trial,  judgment,  and  punish- 
ment, according  to  law. 

Sec.  4-L  The  times,  places  and  manner  of  holding  elections  for  Senators 
and  Representatives  shall  be  prescribed  in  each  State  by  the  IvCgislature 
thereof,  but  the  Congress  may  at  any  time  by  law  make  or  alter  such 
regulations,  except  as  to  the  places  of  choosing  Senators. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in  every  year,  and  such 
meeting  shall  be  on  the  first  Monday  in  December,  unless  they  shall  by  law 
appoint  a  different  day. 

Sec.  5-L  Each  House  shall  be  the  judge  of  the  elections,  returns,  and 
qualifications  of  its  own  members,  and  a  majority  of  each  shall  constitute  a 
quorum  to  do  business;  but  a  smaller  number  may  adjourn  from  day  to  day. 
and  may  be  authorized  to  compel  the  attendance  of  absent  members,  in  such 
manner  and  under  such  penalties  as  each  House  may  provide. 

2.  Each  House  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  proceedings,  punish  its 
members  for  disorderly  behavior,  and,  with  the  concurrence  of  (wo  thirds. 
expel  a  member. 


"See  Article  XVII,  Amendments. 


164  North  Carolina  Manual 

3.  Each  House  shall  keep)  a  journal  of  its  proceedings,  and  from  time  to 
time  punish  the  same,  excepting  such  parts  as  may  in  their  judgment  require 
secrecy;  and  the  yeas  and  nays  of  the  members  of  either  House  on  any 
question  shall,  at  the  desire  of  one-fifth  of  those  present,  be  entered  on  the 
journal. 

4.  Neither  House,  during  the  session  of  Congress,  shall,  without  the 
consent  of  the  other,  adjourn  for  more  than  three  days,  nor  to  any  other 
place  than  that  in  which  the  two  Houses  shall  be  sitting. 

Sec.  6-1.  The  Senators  and  Representatives  shall  receive  a  compensation 
for  their  services,  to  be  ascertained  by  law,  and  paid  out  of  the  Treasury  of 
the  United  States.  They  shall  in  all  cases,  except  treason,  felony,  and  breach 
of  the  peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest  during  their  attendance  at  the  session 
of  their  respective  Houses,  and  in  going  to  and  and  returning  from  the  same; 
and  for  any  speech  or  debate  in  either  house  they  shall  not  be  questioned  in 
any  other  place. 

2.  No  Senator  or  Representative  shall,  during  the  time  for  which  he  was 
elected,  be  appointed  to  any  civil  office  under  the  authority  of  the  United 
States  which  shall  have  been  created,  or  the  emoluents  whereof  shall  have 
been  increased  during  such  time;  and  no  persons  holding  any  office  under 
the  United  States  shall  be  a  member  of  either  House  during  his  continuance 
in  office. 

Sec.  7-1.  All  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall  originate  in  the  House  of 
Representatives;  but  the  Senate  may  propose  or  concur  with  amendments,  as 
on  other  bills. 

2.  Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  the  House  of  Representatives  and 
the  Senate  shall,  before  it  becomes  a  law,  be  presented  to  the  President  of  the 
United  States;  if  he  approves,  he  shall  sign  it,  but  if  not,  he  shall  return  it, 
with  his  objections,  to  that  House  in  which  it  shall  have  originated,  who 
shall  enter  the  objections  at  large  on  their  journal,  and  proceed  to  reconsider 
it.  If  after  such  reconsideration  two-thirds  of  that  House  shall  agree  to  pass 
the  bill,  it  shall  be  sent  together  with  the  objectives,  to  the  other  House,  by 
which  it  shall  likewise  be  reconsidered,  and  if  approved  by  two-thirds  of  that 
House,  it  shall  become  a  law.  But  in  all  such  cases  the  votes  of  both  Houses 
shall  be  determined  by  yeas  and  nays,  and  the  names  of  the  persons  voting 
for  and  against  the  bill  shall  be  entered  on  the  journal  of  each  House 
respectively.  If  any  bill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the  President  within  ten 
days  (Sundays  excepted)  after  it  shall  have  been  presented  to  him,  the  same 
shall  be  a  law,  in  like  manner  as  if  he  had  signed  it,  unless  the  Congress  by 
their  adjournment  prevent  its  return,  in  which  case  it  shall  not  be  a  law. 

3.  Every  order,  resolution,  or  vote  to  which  the  concurrence  of  the  Senate 
and  House  of  Representatives  may  be  necessary  (except  on  a  question  of 
adjournment)  shall  be  presented  to  the  President  of  the  United  States;  and 
before  the  same  shall  take  effect,  shall  be  approved  by  him,  or  being 
disapproved  by  him,  shall  be  repassed  by  two-thirds  of  the  Senate  and 
House  of  Representatives,  according  to  the  rules  and  limitations  prescribed 
in  the  case  of  a  bill. 

Sec.  8.  The  Congress  shall  have  the  power: 

1.  To  lay  and  collect  taxes,  duties,  imposts  and  excises,  to  pay  the  debts 
and  provide  for  the  common  defense  and  general  welfare  of  the  United 


The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  165 

States;  but  all  duties,  imposts  and  excises  shall  be  uniform  throuKhuut  the 
United  States. 

2.  To  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United  States; 

3.  To  regulate  commerce  with  foreign  nations,  and  among  the  several 
States,  and  with  the  Indian  tribes; 

4.  To  establish  a  uniform  rule  of  naturalization,  and  uniform  laws  on  ihi- 
subject  of  bankruptcies  throughout  the  United  States; 

5.  To  coin  money,  regulate  the  value  thereof,  and  of  foreign  coin,  and  fix 
the  standards  of  weights  and  measures; 

6.  To  provide  for  the  punishment  of  counterfeiting  the  securities  and 
current  coin  of  the  United  States; 

7.  To  establish  post  offices  and  postroads; 

8.  To  promote  the  progress  of  science  and  useful  arts,  by  securing,  for 
limited  times,  to  authors  and  inventors,  the  exclusive  right  to  their  respective 
writings  and  discoveries; 

9.  To  constitute  tribunals  inferior  to  the  Supreme  Court; 

10.  To  define  and  punish  piracies  and  felonies  committed  on  the  high 
seas,  and  offenses  against  the  law  of  nations; 

11.  To  declare  war,  grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal,  and  make  rules 
concerning  captures  on  land  and  water; 

12.  To  raise  and  support  armies,  but  no  appropriation  of  money  to  that  use 
shall  be  for  a  longer  term  than  two  years; 

13.  To  provide  and  maintain  a  navy; 

14.  To  make  rules  for  the  government  and  regulation  of  the  land  and 
naval  forces; 

15.  To  provide  for  calling  forth  the  militia  to  execute  the  laws  of  the 
Union,  suppress  insurrections,  and  repel  invasions; 

16.  To  provide  for  organizing,  arming,  and  disciplining  the  militia,  and 
for  governing  such  part  of  them  as  may  be  employed  in  the  service  of  the 
United  States,  reserving  to  the  State  respectively  the  appointment  of  the 
officers  and  the  authority  of  training  the  militia  according  to  the  discipline 
prescribed  by  Congress; 

17.  To  exercise  exclusive  legislation  in  all  cases  whatsoever  over  such 
district  (not  exceeding  ten  miles  square)  as  may  be  cession  of  particular 
States  and  the  acceptance  of  Congress,  become  the  seat  of  Government  ol" 
the  United  States,  and  to  exercise  like  authority  over  all  places  purchased  by 
the  consent  of  the  Legislature  of  the  State,  in  which  the  same  shall  be,  for 
the  erection  of  forts,  magazines,  arsenals,  dock-yards,  and  other  needful 
buildings;— and 

18.  To  make  all  laws  which  shall  be  necessary  and  proper  for  carrying' 
into  execution  the  foregoing  powers,  and  all  other  powers  vested  by  this 
Constitution  in  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  or  any  department  or 
officer  thereof. 

Sec.  9-1.  The  migration  or  importation  of  such  persons  as  any  ol  the 
States  now  existing  shall  think  proper  to  admit,  shall  not  he  proliihifcd  hy 
the  Congress  prior  to  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eiglit,  but  a 
tax  or  duty  may  be  imposed  on  such  importation,  not  exceeding  ten  dollars 
for  each  person. 


166  North  Carolina  Manual 

2.  The  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  suspended, 
unless  when  in  cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion  the  public  safety  may  require 
it. 

3.  No  bill  of  attainer  or  ex  post  facto  law  shall  be  passed. 

4.  No  capitation  or  other  direct  tax  shall  be  laid,  unless  in  proportion  to 
the  census  or  enumeration  hereinbefore  directed  to  be  taken.* 

5.  No  tax  or  duty  shall  be  laid  on  articles  exported  from  any  State. 

6.  No  preference  shall  be  given  by  any  regulation  of  commerce  or  revenue 
to  the  ports  of  one  State  over  those  of  another;  nor  shall  vessels  bound  to,  or 
from,  one  State  be  obliged  to  enter,  clear,  or  pay  duties  in  another. 

7.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  Treasury  but  in  consequence  of 
appropriations  made  by  law;  and  a  regular  statement  and  account  of  the 
receipts  and  expenditures  of  all  public  money  shall  be  published  from  time  to 
time. 

8.  No  title  of  nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the  United  States;  and  no  person 
holding  any  office  or  profit  or  trust  under  them,  shall,  without  the  consent  of 
the  Congress,  accept  of  any  present,  emolument,  office,  or  title,  of  any  kind 
whatever,  from  any  king,  prince,  or  foreign  state. 

Sec.  10-1.  No  State  shall  enter  into  any  treaty,  alliance,  or  confederation; 
grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal;  coin  money;  emit  bills  of  credit;  make 
anything  but  gold  and  silver  coin  a  tender  in  payment  of  debts;  pass  any  bill 
of  attainer;  ex  post  facto  law,  or  law  impairing  the  obligation  of  contracts, 
or  grant  any  title  of  nobility. 

2.  No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  Congress,  lay  any  imposts  or 
duties  on  imports  or  exports  except  what  may  be  absolutely  necessary  for 
executing  its  inspection  laws;  and  the  net  produce  of  all  duties  and  imports, 
laid  by  any  State  on  imports  or  exports,  shall  be  for  the  use  of  the  Treasury 
of  the  United  States;  and  all  such  laws  shall  be  subject  to  the  revision  and 
control  of  the  Congress. 

3.  No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  Congress,  lay  any  duty  of 
tonnage,  keep  troops,  or  ships  of  war  in  time  of  peace,  enter  into  any 
agreement  or  compact  with  another  State,  or  with  a  foreign  power,  or  engage 
in  war,  unless  actually  invaded,  or  in  such  imminent  danger  as  will  not 
admit  delay. 

ARTICLE  II 

Section  1-1.  The  executive  power  shall  be  vested  in  a  President  of  the 
United  States  of  America.  He  shall  hold  his  office  during  the  term  of  four 
years,  and,  together  with  the  Vice  President,  chosen  for  the  same  term,  be 
elected  as  follows: 

2.  Each  State  shall  appoint,  in  such  manner  as  the  legislature  thereof  may 
direct,  a  number  of  electors,  equal  to  the  whole  number  of  Senators  and 
Representatives  to  which  the  State  may  be  entitled  in  the  Congress;  but  no 
Senator  or  Representative  or  person  holding  an  office  of  trust  or  profit  under 
the  United  States  shall  be  appointed  an  elector. 


*See  Article  XVI,  Amendments. 


The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  167 

3.  The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  States,  and  vote  by  ballot  for 
two  persons,  of  whom  one  at  least  shall  not  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  same 
state  with  themselves.  And  they  shall  make  a  list  of  all  the  persons  voted 
for,  and  of  the  number  of  votes  for  each;  which  list  they  shall  sign  and 
certify,  and  transmit,  sealed,  to  the  seat  of  the  Government  of  the  United 
States,  directed  to  the  President  of  the  Senate.  The  President  of  the  Senate 
shall,  in  the  presence  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  open  all 
the  certificates,  and  the  votes  shall  then  be  counted.  The  person  having  the 
greatest  number  of  votes  shall  be  the  President,  if  such  number  be  a 
majority  of  the  whole  number  of  electors  appointed;  and  if  there  be  mcjre 
than  one  who  have  such  majority;  and  have  an  equal  number  of  votes,  then 
the  House  of  Representatives  shall  immediately  choose  by  ballot  one  of  them 
for  President;  and  if  no  person  have  a  majority,  then  from  the  five  highest 
on  the  Hst  the  said  House  shall  in  like  manner  choose  the  President.  But  in 
choosing  the  President,  the  votes  shall  be  taken  by  States,  the  representation 
from  each  State  having  one  vote;  a  quorum,  for  this  purpose,  shall  consist  of 
a  member  or  members  from  two-thirds  of  the  States,  and  a  majority  of  all  the 
States  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  In  every  case,  after  the  choice  of  the 
President,  the  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  of  the  electors 
shall  be  the  Vice-President.  But  if  there  shall  remain  two  or  more  who  have 
equal  votes,  the  Senate  shall  choose  from  them  by  ballot  the  Vice  President.* 

4.  The  Congress  may  determine  the  time  of  choosing  the  electors  and  the 
day  on  which  they  shall  give  their  votes,  which  day  shall  be  the  same 
throughout  the  United  States. 

5.  No  person  except  a  natural  born  citizen,  or  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States,  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  this  Constitution,  shall  be  eligible  to 
the  office  of  President,  neither  shall  any  person  be  eligible  to  that  office  who 
shall  not  have  attained  to  the  age  of  thirty-five  years,  and  been  fourteen 
years  a  resident  within  the  United  States. 

6.  In  case  of  the  removal  of  the  President  from  office,  or  of  his  death, 
resignation  or  inability  to  discharge  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  said  office, 
the  same  shall  devolve  on  the  Vice  President,  and  the  Congress  may  by  law 
provide  for  the  case  of  removal,  death,  resignation,  or  inability,  both  of  the 
President  and  Vice  President,  declaring  what  officer  shall  then  act  as 
President,  and  such  officer  shall  act  accordingly  until  the  disability  be 
removed,  or  a  President  shall  be  elected. 

7.  The  President  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  his  services  a  compensa- 
tion which  shall  neither  be  increased  nor  diminished  during  the  period  for 
which  he  shall  have  been  elected,  and  he  shall  not  receive  within  that  period 
any  other  emolument  from  the  United  States,  or  any  of  them. 

8.  Before  he  enters  on  the  execution  of  his  office,  he  shall  take  the 
following  oath  or  affirmation: 

"I  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I  will  faithfully  execute  (be  office 
President  of  the  United  States,  and  will,  to  the  best  of  my  ability,  preserve, 
protect,  and  defend  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States." 


*This  clause  is  superseded  by  Article  XII,  Amendments. 


168  North  Carolina  Manual 

Sec.  2-1.  The  President  shall  be  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Army  and 
Navy  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  militia  of  the  several  States,  when 
called  into  the  actual  service  of  the  United  States;  he  may  require  the 
opinion,  in  writing,  of  the  principal  officer  in  each  of  the  executive  depart- 
ments, upon  any  subject  relating  to  the  duties  of  their  respective  offices;  and 
he  shall  have  the  power  to  grant  reprieves,  and  pardons  for  offenses  against 
the  United  States,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment. 

2.  He  shall  have  power,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate, 
to  make  treaties,  provided  two-thirds  of  the  Senators  present  concur;  and  he 
shall  nominate  and,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  shall 
appoint  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers  and  consuls,  judges  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  and  all  other  officers  of  the  United  States,  whose  appoint- 
ments are  not  herein  otherwise  provided  for,  and  which  shall  be  established 
by  law;  but  the  Congress  may  by  law  vest  the  appointment  of  such  inferior 
officers  as  they  think  proper  in  the  President  alone,  in  the  courts  of  law,  or 
in  the  heads  of  departments. 

3.  The  President  shall  have  power  to  fill  up  all  vacancies  that  may  happen 
during  the  recess  of  the  Senate,  by  granting  commissions  which  shall  expire 
at  the  end  of  their  next  session. 

Section  3 — He  shall  from  time  to  time  give  to  the  Congress  information  of 
the  State  of  the  Union,  and  recommend  to  their  consideration  such  measures 
as  he  shall  judge  necessary  and  expedient;  he  may,  on  extraordinary 
occasions,  convene  both  Houses,  or  either  of  them,  and  in  case  of  disagree- 
ment between  them  with  respect  to  the  time  of  adjournment,  he  may  adjourn 
them  to  such  time  as  he  shall  think  proper;  he  shall  receive  ambassadors 
and  other  public  ministers;  he  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be  faithfully 
executed,  and  shall  commission  all  the  officers  of  the  United  States. 

Sec.  4 — The  President,  Vice  President,  and  all  civil  officers  of  the  United 
States,  shall  be  removed  from  office  on  impeachment  for,  and  conviction  of, 
treason,  bribery,  or  other  high  crimes  and  misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE  III 

Section  1 — The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  be  vested  in  one 
Supreme  Court,  and  in  such  inferior  courts  as  the  Congress  may  from  time 
to  time  ordain  and  establish.  The  judges,  both  of  the  Supreme  and  inferior 
courts,  shall  hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior,  and  shall,  at  stated 
times,  receive  for  their  services  a  compensation  which  shall  not  be  diminished 
during  their  continuance  in  office. 

Sec.  2-1.  The  judicial  power  shall  extend  to  all  cases,  in  law  and  equity, 
arising  under  this  Constitution,  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  and  treaties 
made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under  their  authority; — to  all  cases  affecting 
ambassadors,  other  public  ministers  and  consuls;  to  all  cases  of  admirality 
and  maritime  jurisdiction; — to  controversies  to  which  the  United  States 
shall  be  a  party; — to  controversies  between  two  or  more  States; — between 
citizens  of  the  same  State,  claiming  lands  under  grants  of  different  States, 
and  between  a  State,  or  the  citizens  thereof,  and  foreign  States,  citizens,  or 
subjects. 


The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  169 

2.  In  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers  and  consuls, 
and  those  in  which  a  State  shall  be  a  party,  the  Supreme  Court  shall  have 
original  jurisdiction.  In  all  the  other  cases  before  mentioned  the  Supreme 
Court  shall  have  appellate  jurisdiction,  both  as  to  law  and  fact,  with  such 
exceptions  and  under  such  regulations  as  the  Congress  shall  make. 

3.  The  trial  of  all  crimes,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment,  shall  be  by  jury, 
and  such  trial  shall  be  held  in  the  State  where  the  said  crimes  shall  have 
been  committed;  but  when  not  committed  within  any  State  the  trial  shall  be 
at  such  place  or  places  as  the  Congress  may  by  law  have  directed. 

Sec.  3-1.  Treason  against  the  United  States  shall  consist  only  in  levying 
war  against  them,  or  in  adhering  to  their  enemies,  giving  them  aid  and 
comfort.  No  person  shall  be  convicted  of  treason  unless  on  the  testimony  of 
two  witnesses  to  the  same  overt  act,  or  on  confession  in  open  court. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  declare  the  punishment  of  treason; 
but  no  attainder  of  treason  shall  work  corruption  of  blood,  or  forfeiture 
except  during  the  life  of  the  person  attained. 

ARTICLE  IV 

Section  1 — Full  faith  and  credit  shall  be  given  in  each  State  to  the  public 
acts,  records,  and  judicial  proceedings  of  every  other  State.  And  the  Congress 
may  by  general  laws  prescribe  the  manner  in  which  such  acts,  records  and 
proceedings  shall  be  proved,  and  the  effect  thereof. 

Sec.  2-1.  The  citizens  of  each  State  shall  be  entitled  to  all  privileges  and 
immunities  of  citizens  in  the  several  States. 

2.  A  person  charged  in  any  State  with  treason,  felony,  or  other  crime,  who 
shall  flee  from  justice  and  be  found  in  another  State,  shall,  on  demand  of  the 
Executive  authority  of  the  State  from  which  he  fled,  be  delivered  up,  to  be 
removed  to  the  State  having  jurisdiction  of  the  crime. 

3.  No  person  held  to  service  or  labor  in  one  State,  under  the  laws  thereof, 
escaping  into  another,  shall,  in  consequence  of  any  law  or  regulation  therein, 
be  discharged  from  such  service  or  labor,  but  shall  be  delivered  upon  claim 
of  the  party  to  whom  such  service  or  labor  may  be  due. 

Sec.  3-1.  New  States  may  be  admitted  by  the  Congress  into  this  Union;  but 
no  new  State  shall  be  formed  or  erected  within  the  jurisdication  of  any  other 
State;  nor  any  State  be  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  or  more  States,  on 
parts  of  States,  without  the  consent  of  the  Legislatures  of  the  State  con 
cerned,  as  well  as  of  the  Congress. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  dispose  of  and  make  all  needful  rules 
and  regulations  respecting  the  territory  or  other  property  belonging  to  the 
United  States;  and  nothing  in  this  Constitution  shall  be  so  construed  as  to 
prejudice  any  claims  of  the  United  States  or  of  any  particular  State. 

Sec.4— The  United  States  shall  guarantee  to  every  State  in  this  Union  a 
republican  form  of  government,  and  shall  protect  each  of  them  against 
invasion,  and,  on  application  of  the  Legislature,  or  of  the  Executive  (when 
the  Legislature  cannot  be  convened),  against  domestic  violence. 


170  North  Carolina  Manual 

ARTICLE  V 

The  Congress,  whenever  two-thirds  of  both  Houses  shall  deem  it  necessary, 
shall  propose  amendments  to  this  Constitution,  or,  on  the  application  of  the 
Legislatures  of  two-thirds  of  the  several  States,  shall  call  a  convention  for 
proposing  amendments,  which,  in  either  case,  shall  be  valid  to  all  intents 
and  purposes,  as  part  of  this  Constitution,  when  ratified  by  the  Legislatures 
of  three-fourths  of  the  several  States,  or  by  conventions  in  three-fourths 
thereof,  as  the  one  or  the  other  mode  of  ratification  may  be  proposed  by  the 
Congress;  provided  that  no  amendment  which  may  be  made  prior  to  the  year 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight  shall  in  any  manner  affect  the  first 
and  fourth  clauses  in  the  Ninth  Section  of  the  First  Article;  and  that  no 
State,  without  its  consent,  shall  be  deprived  of  its  equal  suffrage  in  the 
Senate. 

ARTICLE  VI 

L  All  debts  contracted  and  engagements  entered  into  before  the  adoption 
of  this  Constitution,  shall  be  as  valid  against  the  United  States  under  this 
Constitution,  as  under  the  Confederation. 

2.  This  Constitution  and  the  laws  of  the  United  States  which  shall  be 
made  in  pursuance  thereof;  and  all  treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made, 
under  the  authority  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  the  supreme  law  of  the 
land;  and  the  judges  in  every  State  shall  be  bound  thereby,  anything  in  the 
Constitution  or  laws  of  any  State  the  contrary  notwithstanding. 

3.  The  Senators  and  Representatives  before  mentioned,  and  the  members 
of  the  several  State  Legislatures,  and  all  executive  and  judicial  officers,  both 
of  the  United  States  and  of  the  several  States,  shall  be  bound  by  oath  or 
affirmation  to  support  this  Constitution;  but  no  religious  test  shall  ever  be 
required  as  a  qualification  to  any  office  or  public  trust  under  the  United 
States. 

ARTICLE  VII 

The  ratification  of  the  Convention  of  nine  States  shall  be  sufficient  for  the 
establishment  of  this  Constitution  between  the  States  so  ratifying  the  same. 

Done  in  Convention  by  the  Unanimous  Consent  of  the  States  present  the 
Seventeenth  Day  of  September,  in  the  Year  of  Our  Lord  one  thousand  seven 
hundred  and  eighty-seven,  and  of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  of 
America  the  Twelfth.  In  witness  whereof  we  have  hereunto  subscribed  our 
names.* 


*The  Constitution  was  declared  in  effect  on  the  first  Wednesday  in  March,  1789. 


The  Constitution  of  the  United  States 


171 


GEO[RGE]  WASHINGTON, 
President  and  deputy  from  Virginia 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE 
John  Langdon 
Nicholas  Gilman 

MASSACHUSETTS 
Nathaniel  Gorham 
Rufus  King, 

CONNECTICUT 
W[illiai]m  Sam[ue]l  Johnson 
Roger  Sherman 
Geo[rge]  Clymer 
Jared  Ingersoll 
Gouv.  Morris 

DELAWARE 
Geo[rge]  Read 
John  Dickinson 
Jaco[b]  Broom 
Gunning  Bedford,  Jr. 
Richard  Bassett 

MARYLAND 
James  McHenry 
Dan[iel]  Carroll 
Dan[iel]  of  St.  Thos.  Jenifer 


VIRGINIA 
John  Blair 


NEW  YORK 
Alexander  Hamilton 

NEW  JERSEY 
Wilfliam]  Livingston 
David  Brearley 
W[illialm  Patterson 
Jona[than]  Dayton 

PENNSYLVANIA 
B[enjamin]  Franklin 
Rob[erJt  Morris 
Tho[ma]s  Fitzsimmons 
James  Wilson 
Thomas  Mifflin 
Ja[me]s  Madison,  Jr. 

NORTH  CAROLINA 
W[illia]m  Blount 
Hu[gh]  Williamson 
Rich[ar]d  Dobbs  Spaight 

SOUTH  CAROLINA 
J[ames]  Rutledge 
Charles  Pinckney 
Charles  Cotesworth  Pinckney 
Pierce  Butler 


William 


GEORGIA 
William  Few 
Abr[aham]  Baldwin 

ATTEST: 
Jackson,  Secretary 


172  North  Carolina  Manual 


amp:ndments  to  the  constitution 
of  the  united  states 

the  ten  original  amendments* 

The  following  amendments  to  the  Constitution,  Article  I  to  X,  inclusive, 
were  proposed  at  the  First  Session  of  the  First  Congress,  begun  and  held  at 
the  City  of  New  York,  on  Wednesday,  March  4,  1789,  and  were  adopted  by 
the  necessary  number  of  States.  The  original  proposal  of  the  ten  amendments 
was  preceded  by  this  preamble  and  resolution: 

"The  conventions  of  a  number  of  the  States  having,  at  the  time 
of  their  adopting  the  Constitution,  expressed  a  desire,  in  order  to 
prevent  misconstruction  or  abuse  of  its  powers,  that  further 
declaratory  and  restrictive  clauses  should  be  added,  and  as  extend- 
ing the  ground  of  public  confidence  in  the  Government  will  best 
insure  the  beneficient  ends  of  its  institution: 

"RESOLVED,  By  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of 
the  United  States  of  America,  in  Congress  assembled,  two-thirds 
of  both  Houses  concurring  that  the  following  articles  be  proposed 
to  the  Legislatures  of  the  several  States,  as  amendments  to  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States;  all  or  any  of  which  articles, 
when  ratified  by  three-fourths  of  the  said  Legislatures,  to  be  valid 
to  all  intents  and  purposes,  as  part  of  the  said  Constitution, 
namely"; 

ARTICLE  I 

Congress  shall  make  no  law  respecting  an  establishment  of  religion,  or 
prohibiting  the  free  exercise  thereof;  or  abridging  the  freedom  of  speech  or  of 
the  press;  or  the  right  of  the  people  peaceably  to  assemble,  and  to  petition 
the  Government  for  a  redress  of  grievances. 

ARTICLE  II 

A  well-regulated  militia  being  necessary  to  the  security  of  a  free  State,  the 
right  of  the  people  to  keep  and  bear  arms  shall  not  be  infringed. 

ARTICLE  III 

No  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quartered  in  any  house  without  the 
consent  of  the  owner,  nor  in  time  of  war  but  in  a  manner  to  be  prescribed  by 

law. 


*These  amendments  known  as  The  Bill  of  Rights,  were  declared  in  force  December 
15,  1791.  North  Carolina  ratified  those  ten  amendments  on  December  22,  1789  (Ch.  19, 
Laws  of  1789). 


The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  173 

ARTICLE  IV 

The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their  persons,  houses,  papers,  and 
effects  against  unreasonable  searches  and  seizures,  shall  not  be  violated, 
and  no  warrants  shall  issue,  but  upon  probable  cause,  supported  by  oath  or 
affirmation,  and  particularly  describing  the  place  to  be  searched,  and  the 
persons  or  things  to  be  seized. 

ARTICLE  V 

No  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a  capital  or  otherwise  infamous 
crime,  unless  on  a  presentment  or  indictment  of  a  grand  jury,  except  in  cases 
arising  in  the  land  or  naval  forces,  or  in  the  militia,  when  in  actual  service 
in  time  of  war  or  public  danger;  nor  shall  any  person  be  subject  for  the  same 
offense  to  be  twice  put  in  jeopardy  of  life  or  limb;  nor  shall  be  compelled  in 
any  criminal  case  to  be  a  witness  against  him,  nor  be  deprived  of  life, 
liberty,  or  property,  without  due  process  of  law;  nor  shall  private  property  be 
taken  for  public  use,  without  just  compensation. 

ARTICLE  VI 

In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  shall  enjoy  the  right  to  a  speedy, 
and  public  trial,  by  an  impartial  jury  of  the  State  and  district  wherein  the 
crime  shall  have  been  committed,  which  district  shall  have  been  previously 
ascertained  by  law,  and  be  informed  of  the  nature  and  cause  of  the  accusa- 
tion; to  be  confronted  with  the  witnesses  against  him;  to  have  compulsory 
process  for  obtaining  witnesses  in  his  favor,  and  to  have  the  assistance  of 
counsel  for  his  defense. 

ARTICLE  VII 

In  suits  at  common  law,  where  the  value  in  controversy  shall  exceed 
twenty  dollars,  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  shall  be  preserved  and  no  fact  tried 
by  a  jury  shall  be  otherwise  re-examined  in  any  court  of  the  United  States 
than  according  to  the  rules  of  the  common  law. 

ARTICLE  VIII 

Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  excessive  fines  imposed,  nor  cruel 
and  unusual  punishments  inflicted. 

ARTICLE  IX 

The  enumeration  in  the  Constitution  of  certain  rights  shall  not  be  construed 
to  deny  or  disparge  others  retained  by  the  people. 

ARTICLE  X 

The  powers  not  delegated  to  the  United  States  by  the  Constitution,  nor 
prohibited  by  it  to  the  States,  are  reserved  to  the  States  respectively,  or  to  the 
people. 


174  North  Carolina  Manual 

SUBSEQUENT  AMENDMENTS 

ARTICLE  XI 

The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  not  be  construed  to  extend  to 
any  suit  in  law  or  equity,  commenced  or  prosecuted  against  one  of  the 
United  States,  by  citizens  of  another  State,  or  by  citizens  or  subjects  of  any 
foreign  State. 

(Proposed  to  the  Legislatures  of  the  several  States  by  the  Third  Congress  on  the  5th 
of  March,  1794,  and  declared  to  have  been  ratified  by  Executive  Proclamation, 
January  8,  1798.  It  was  ratified  by  North  Carolina  on  F'ebruary  7,  1795. 

ARTICLE  XII 

The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  States,  and  vote  by  ballot  for 
President  and  Vice  President,  one  of  whom  at  least  shall  not  be  an 
inhabitant  of  the  same  State  with  themselves;  they  shall  name  in  their 
ballots  the  person  voted  for  as  President,  and  in  distinct  ballots  the  persons 
voted  for  as  Vice  President;  and  they  shall  make  distinct  lists  of  all  persons 
voted  for  as  President,  and  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  Vice  President,  and  of 
the  number  of  votes  for  each,  which  lists  they  shall  sign  and  certify,  and 
transmit,  sealed,  to  the  seat  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  directed 
to  the  President  of  the  Senate;  the  President  of  the  Senate  shall,  in  the 
presence  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  open  all  the  certifi- 
cates, and  the  votes  shall  then  be  counted;  the  person  having  the  greatest 
number  of  votes  for  President  shall  be  the  President,  if  such  number  be  a 
majority  of  the  whole  number  of  electors  appointed;  if  no  person  have  such 
majority,  then  from  the  persons  having  the  highest  numbers,  not  exceeding 
three  on  the  list  of  those  voted  for  as  President,  the  House  of  Representatives 
shall  choose  immediately,  by  ballot,  the  President.  But  in  choosing  the 
President,  the  votes  shall  be  taken  by  States,  the  representation  from  each 
State  having  one  vote;  a  quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a  member 
or  members  from  two-thirds  of  the  States,  and  a  majority  of  all  the  States 
shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  And  if  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  not 
choose  a  President,  whenever  the  right  of  choice  shall  devolve  upon  them, 
before  the  fourth  day  of  March  next  following,  then  the  Vice  President  shall 
act  as  President,  as  in  the  case  of  the  death  or  any  constitutional  if  such 
number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of  electors  appointed,  and  if  no 
person  have  a  majority,  from  the  two  highest  numbers  on  the  list,  the  Senate 
shall  choose  the  Vice  President;  a  quorum  for  the  purpose  shall  consist  of 
two-thirds  of  the  whole  number  of  Senators,  and  a  majority  of  the  whole 
number  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  But  no  person  constitutionally 
ineligibility  to  the  office  of  President  shall  be  eligible  to  that  of  Vice 
President  of  the  United  States. 

[Proposed  by  the  Eighth  Congress  on  the  12  of  December,  1803,  declared  ratified  by 
the  Secretary  of  State,  September  25,  1804.  It  was  ratified  by  North  Carolina  on 
December  21,  1803.  It  was  ratified  by  all  the  States  except  Connecticut,  Delaware, 
Massachusetts,  and  New  Hampshire.] 


The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  175 

ARTICLE  XIII 

1.  Neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude,  except  as  a  punishment  for 
crime  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly  convicted,  shall  exist  within 
the  United  States,  or  any  place  subject  to  their  jurisdiction. 

2.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  appropriate  legis- 
lation. 

[Proposed  by  the  Thirty-eighth  Congress  on  the  1st  of  February,  1865,  declared 
ratified  by  the  Secretary  of  State,  December  18,  1865.  It  was  ratified  by  North 
Carolina  on  December  4,  1865  (Resolution,  Public  Laws  of  1865.  It  was  rejected  by 
Delaware  and  Kentucky;  was  conditionally  ratified  by  Alabama  and  Mississippi;  and 
Texas  took  no  action.] 

ARTICLE  XIV 

1.  All  persons  born  or  naturalized  in  the  United  States,  and  subject  to  the 
jurisdiction  thereof,  are  citizens  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  State 
wherein  they  reside.  No  State  shall  make  or  enforce  any  law  which  shall 
abridge  the  privileges  of  immunities  or  citizens  of  the  United  States;  nor 
shall  any  State  deprive  any  person  of  life,  liberty,  or  property,  without  due 
process  of  law;  nor  deny  to  any  person  within  its  jurisdiction  the  equal 
protection  of  the  laws. 

2.  Representatives  shall  be  apportioned  among  the  several  States  according 
to  their  respective  numbers,  counting  the  whole  number  of  persons  in  each 
State,  excluding  Indians  not  taxed.  But  when  the  right  to  vote  at  any 
election  for  the  choice  of  electors  for  President  and  Vice  President  of  the 
United  States,  Representatives  in  Congress,  the  executive  and  judicial  of- 
ficers of  a  State,  or  the  members  of  the  Legislature  thereof,  is  denied  to  any 
of  the  male  inhabitants  of  such  State,  being  twenty-one  years  of  age,  and 
citizens  of  the  United  States,  or  in  any  way  abridged,  except  for  participation 
in  rebellion  or  other  crime,  the  basis  of  representation  therein  shall  be 
reduced  in  the  proportion  which  the  number  of  such  male  citizens  shall  bear 
to  the  whole  number  of  male  citizens  twenty-one  years  of  age  in  such  State. 

3.  No  person  shall  be  a  Senator  or  Representative  in  Congress,  or  elector 
of  President  and  Vice  President,  or  hold  any  office,  civil  or  military,  under 
the  United  States,  or  under  any  State,  who,  having  previously  taken  an 
oath,  as  a  member  of  Congress,  or  as  an  officer  of  the  United  States,  or  as  a 
member  of  any  State  Legislature,  or  as  an  executive  or  judicial  officer  of  any 
State,  to  support  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  shall  have  engaged 
in  insurrection  or  rebellion  against  the  same,  or  given  aid  or  comfort  to  the 
enemies  thereof.  But  Congress  may,  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  each  house, 
remove  such  disability. 

4.  The  vaHdity  of  the  public  debt  of  the  United  States,  authorized  by  law 
including  debts  incurred  for  payment  of  pensions  and  bounties  for  services 
in  suppressing  insurrection  or  rebellion,  shall  not  be  questioned.  Rut  neith(M- 
the  United  States  nor  any  State  shall  assume  or  pay  any  debt<)r  obligation 
incurred  in  aid  of  insurrection  or  rebellion  against  the  United  States,  or  any 
claim  for  the  loss  of  emancipation  of  any  slave;  but  all  such  debts,  obliga- 
tions, and  claims  shall  be  held  illegal  and  void. 


176  North  Carolina  Manual 

5.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  by  appropriate  legislation  the 
provisions  of  this  article. 

I'llu'  Reconstruction  Amendment,  by  the  Thirty-ninth  Congress  on  the  16th  day  of 
June,  lS(i6,  was  dechired  ratified  by  the  Secretary  of  State,  July  28,  1868.  The 
amendment  got  the  support  of  23  Northern  States;  it  was  rejected  by  Delaware, 
Kentucky,  Maryland,  and  10  Southern  States.  California  took  no  action.  Later  it  was 
ratified  by  the  10  Southern  States.  North  Carolina  ratified  it  on  July  4,  1868  (Resolution 
2,  Public  Laws  of  1868).] 

ARTICLE  XV 

1.  The  right  of  the  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  vote  shall  not  be  denied 
or  abridged  by  the  United  States  or  by  any  State  on  account  of  race,  color,  or 
previous  condition  of  servitude. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  appropriate 
legislation. 

(Proposed  by  the  Fortieth  Congress  the  27th  of  February,  1869,  and  was  declared 
ratified  by  the  Secretary  of  State,  March  30,  1870.  It  was  not  acted  on  by  Tennessee;  it 
was  rejected  by  California,  Delaware,  Kentucky,  Maryland  and  Oregon;  ratified  by 
the  remaining  30  States.  North  Carolina  ratified  it  on  March  5,  1869  (Public  Laws  of 
1868-69).  New  York  rescinded  its  ratification  January  5,  1870.  New  Jersey  rejected  it  in 
1870,  but  ratified  it  in  1871.)] 

ARTICLE  XVI 

The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  lay  and  collect  taxes  on  incomes,  from 
whatever  source  derived,  without  apportionment  among  the  several  States, 
and  without  regard  to  any  census  or  enumeration. 

[Proposed  by  the  Sixty-first  Congress,  July  12,  1909,  and  declared  ratified  February 
25,  1913.  The  income  tax  amendment  was  ratified  by  all  the  States,  except  Connecticut, 
Florida,  Pennsylvania,  Rhode  Island,  Utah,  and  Virginia.  North  Carolina  ratified  it 
on  February  11,  1911  (Resolution  11,  Public  Laws  of  1911.)] 

ARTICLE  XVII 

1.  The  Senate  of  the  United  States  shall  be  composed  of  two  Senators  from 
each  State,  elected  by  the  people  thereof,  for  six  years;  and  each  Senator 
shall  have  one  vote.  The  electors  in  each  State  shall  have  the  qualifications 
requisite  for  electors  of  the  most  numerous  branch  of  the  State  Legislatures. 

2.  When  vacancies  happen  in  the  presentation  of  any  State  in  the  Senate, 
the  executive  authority  of  such  State  shall  issue  writs  of  election  to  fill  such 
vacancies;  Provided,  That  the  Legislature  of  any  State  may  empower  the 
Executive  thereof  to  make  temporary  appointments  until  the  people  fill  the 
vacancies  by  election  as  the  Legislature  may  direct. 

3.  This  amendment  shall  not  be  so  construed  as  to  affect  the  election  or 
term  of  any  Senator  chosen  before  it  become  valid  as  part  of  the  Constitu- 
tion. 

[Proposed  by  the  Sixty-second  Congress  on  the  16th  day  of  May,  1912,  and  declared 
ratified  May  31,  1913.  Adopted  by  all  the  States  except  Alabama,  Delaware,  Florida, 
Georgia,  Kentucky,  Louisiana,  Maryland,  Mississippi,  Rhode  Island,  South  Carolina, 
Utah  and  Virginia.  North  Carolina  ratified  it  on  January  25,  1913  (Resolution  10, 
Public  Laws  of  1913).] 


The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  177 

ARTICLE  XVIII 

1.  After  one  year  from  the  ratification  of  this  article  the  manufacture,  sale, 
or  transportation  of  intoxicating  liquors  within,  the  importation  thereof  into^ 
or  the  exportation  thereof  from  the  United  States  and  all  territory  subject  to 
the  jurisdiction  thereof  for  beverage  purposes  is  hereby  prohibited. 

2.  The  Congress  and  the  several  States  shall  have  concurrent  power  to 
enforce  this  article  by  appropriate  legislation. 

3.  This  article  shall  be  inoperative  unless  it  shall  have  been  ratified  as  an 
amendment  to  the  Constitution  by  the  Legislatures  of  the  several  States  as 
provided  in  the  Constitution,  within  seven  years  from  the  date  of  the 
submission  hereof  to  the  States  by  the  Congress. 

[Proposed  by  the  Sixty-fifth  Congress,  December  18,  1917,  and  ratified  by  36  States; 
was  declared  in  effect  on  January  16,  1920.  It  was  ratified  by  North  Carolina  on 
January  16,  1919  (Resolution  8,  Public  Laws  of  1919).] 

ARTICLE  XIX 

1.  The  rights  of  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  vote  shall  not  be  denied  or 
abridged  by  the  United  States  or  by  any  State  on  account  of  sex. 

2.  Congress  shall  have  power,  by  appropriate  legislation,  to  enforce  the 
provisions  of  this  article. 

[Proposed  by  the  Sixty-fifth  Congress.  On  August  26,  1920,  it  was  proclaimed  in 
effect,  having  been  ratified  by  three-quarters  of  the  States.  It  was  ratified  by  North 
CaroHna  on  May  6,  1971  (Ch.  327,  Session  Las  of  1971).  The  Tennessee  House,"  August 
31st,  rescinded  its  ratification,  47  to  24.] 

ARTICLE  XX 

1.  The  terms  of  the  President  and  Vice  President  shall  end  at  noon  on  the 
20th  day  of  January,  and  the  terms  of  Senators  and  Representatives  at  noon 
on  the  3rd  day  of  January  of  the  years  in  which  such  terms  would  have 
ended  if  this  article  had  not  been  ratified;  and  the  terms  of  their  successors 
shall  then  begin. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in  every  year,  and  such 
meeting  shall  begin  at  noon  on  the  3rd  day  of  January,  unless  they  shall  by 
law  appoint  a  different  day. 

3.  If,  at  the  time  fixed  for  the  beginning  of  the  term  of  the  President,  the 
President  elect  shall  have  died,  the  Vice  President  elect  shall  become  Presi 
dent.  If  a  President  shall  not  have  been  chosen  before  the  time  fixed  for  the 
beginning  of  his  term,  or  if  the  President  elect  shall  have  failed  to  qualify, 
then  the  Vice  President  elect  shall  act  as  President  until  a  President  shall 
have  been  qualified;  and  the  Congress  may  by  law  provide  for  the  case 
wherein  neither  President  elect  nor  a  Vice  President  elect  shall  have  quali- 
fied, declaring  who  shall  then  act  as  President,  or  the  manner  in  which  one 
who  is  to  act  shall  be  selected,  and  such  person  shall  act  accordingly,  until  a 
President  or  Vice  President  shall  have  qualified. 

4.  The  Congress  may  by  law  provide  for  the  case  of  the  death  of  any  of  the 
persons  from  whom  the  House  of  Representatives  may  choose  a  President 
whenever  the  right  of  choice  shall  have  devolved  upon  them,  and  tor  the 


178  North  Carolina  Manual 

case  of  the  death  of  any  of  the  persons  for  whom  the  Senate  may  choose  a 
Vice  President  when  the  right  of  choice  shall  have  devolved  upon  them. 

5.  Section  1  and  2  shall  take  effect  on  the  15th  day  of  October  following 
the  ratification  of  this  article. 

6.  This  article  shall  be  inoperative  unless  it  shall  have  been  ratified  as  an 
amendment  to  the  Constitution  by  the  legislatures  of  three-fourths  of  the 
several  States  within  seven  years  from  the  date  of  its  submission. 

[Proposed  by  the  72nd  Congress,  F'irst  Session.  On  F'ebruary  6,  1933,  it  was  pro- 
claimed in  effect,  having  been  ratified  by  thirty-nine  states.  It  was  ratified  by  North 
Carolina  on  January  5,  1933  (Resolution  4,  Public  Laws  of  1933).] 

ARTICLE  XXI 

1.  The  eighteenth  article  of  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States  is  hereby  repealed. 

2.  The  transportation  or  importation  into  any  State,  Territory,  or  posses- 
sion of  the  United  States  for  delivery  or  use  therein  of  intoxicating  liquors, 
in  violation  of  the  laws  thereof,  is  hereby  prohibited. 

3.  This  article  shall  be  inoperate  unless  it  shall  have  been  ratified  as  an 
amendment  to  the  Constitution  by  convention  in  the  several  States,  as 
provided  in  the  Constitution,  within  seven  years  from  the  date  of  the 
submission  hereof  to  the  States  by  the  Congress. 

[Proposed  by  the  72nd  Congress,  Second  Session.  Proclaimed  in  effect  on  December 
5,  1933,  having  been  ratified  by  thirty-six  States.  North  Carolina  did  not  ratify  this 
Amendment.  By  proclamation  of  the  same  date,  the  President  proclaimed  that  the 
eighteenth  amendment  to  the  Constitution  was  repealed  on  December  5,  1933.) 

ARTICLE  XXII 

1.  No  person  shall  be  elected  to  the  office  of  the  President  more  than  twice, 
and  no  person  who  has  held  the  office  of  President,  or  acted  as  President,  for 
more  than  two  years  of  a  term  to  which  some  other  person  was  elected 
President  shall  be  elected  to  the  office  of  the  President  more  than  once.  But 
this  article  shall  not  apply  to  any  person  holding  the  office  of  President 
when  this  article  was  proposed  by  the  Congress,  and  shall  not  prevent  any 
person  who  may  be  holding  the  office  of  President,  or  acting  as  President 
during  the  term  within  which  this  article  becomes  operative  from  holding 
the  office  of  President  or  acting  as  President  during  the  remainder  of  such 
term. 

2.  This  article  shall  be  inoperative  unless  it  shall  have  been  ratified  as  an 
amendment  to  the  constitution  by  the  legislatures  of  three-fourths  of  the 
several  States  within  seven  years  from  the  date  of  its  submission  to  the 
States  by  the  congress. 

[Proposed  by  the  80th  Congress  in  1947  and  became  effective  on  Feb.  26,  1951, 
having  been  ratified  by  thirty-six  states.  It  was  ratified  by  North  Carolina  on  January 
28,  1951  (Ch.  136,  Session  Laws  of  1951).] 


The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  179 

ARTICLE  XXIII 

1.  The  District  constituting  the  seat  of  Government  of  the  United  States 
shall  appoint  in  such  manner  as  the  Congress  may  direct: 

A  number  of  electors  of  President  and  Vice  President  equal  to  the  whole 
number  of  Senators  and  Representatives  in  Congress  to  which  the  District 
would  be  entitled  if  it  were  a  State,  but  in  no  event  more  than  the  least 
populous  State;  they  shall  be  in  addition  to  those  appointed  by  the  States, 
but  they  shall  be  considered,  for  the  purpose  of  the  election  of  President  and 
Vice  President,  to  be  electors  appointed  by  a  State;  and  they  shall  meet  in 
the  District  and  perform  such  duties  as  provided  by  the  twelfth  article  of 
amendment. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  appropriate 
legislation. 

[Proposed  by  the  86th  Congress  in  June  of  1960  and  ratified  by  tht-  .J.Mh  .Slate. 
March  29,  1961  and  proclaimed  a  part  of  the  Constitution,  April  3,  1961.  North 
Carolina  did  not  ratify  it.] 

ARTICLE  XXIV 

1.  The  right  of  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  vote  in  any  primary  or 
other  election  for  President  or  Vice  President,  for  electors  for  President  or 
Vice  President,  or  for  Senator  or  Representative  in  Congress,  shall  md  be 
denied  or  abridged  by  the  United  States  or  any  State  by  reason  of  failure  to 
pay  any  poll  tax  or  other  tax. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  appropriate 
legislation. 

[Proposed  by  the  87th  Congress,  August  27,  1962  and  ratified  by  the  .'iSth  State. 
January  23,  1964.  It  was  not  ratified  by  North  Carolina.] 

ARTICLE  XXV 

1.  In  case  of  the  removal  of  the  President  from  office  or  of  his  deatli  ur 
resignation,  the  Vice  President  shall  become  President. 

2.  Whenever  there  is  a  vacancy  in  the  office  of  the  Vice  President,  ihr 
President  shall  nominate  a  Vice  President  who  shall  take  office  upon 
confirmation  by  a  majority  vote  of  both  Houses  of  Congress. 

3.  Whenever  the  President  transmits  to  the  President  pro  tempore  of  the 
Senate  and  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  his  written  declara- 
tion that  he  is  unable  to  discharge  the  powers  and  duties  of  his  office,  and 
until  he  transmits  to  them  a  written  declaration  to  the  contrary,  such  powers 
and  duties  shall  be  discharged  by  the  Vice  President  as  Acting  President. 

4.  Whenever  the  Vice  President  and  a  majority  of  either  the  principal 
officers  of  the  executive  departments  or  of  such  other  body  as  (  "oo^mcs.s  may 
by  law  provide,  transmit  to  the  President  pro  tempore  of  the  .Senate  and  tlic 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  their  written  declaration  that  the 
President  is  unable  to  discharge  the  powers  and  duties  of  his  office,  the  Vice 
President  shall  immediately  assume  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  office  as 
Acting  President. 


180  North  Carolina  Manual 

Thereafter,  when  the  President  transmits  to  the  President  pro  tempore  of 
the  Senate  and  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  his  written 
declaration  that  no  inabiHty  exists,  he  shall  resume  the  powers  and  duties  of 
his  office  unless  the  Vice  President  and  a  majority  of  either  the  principal 
officers  of  the  executive  departments  or  of  such  other  body  as  Congress  may 
by  law  provide,  transmit  within  four  days  to  the  President  pro  tempore  of 
the  Senate  and  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  their  written 
declaration  that  the  President  is  unable  to  discharge  the  powers  and  duties 
of  his  office.  Thereupon  Congress  shall  decide  the  issue,  assembling  within 
forty-eight  hours  for  that  purpose  if  not  in  session.  If  the  Congress,  within 
twenty-one  days  after  receipt  of  the  latter  written  declaration,  or,  if  Congress 
is  not  in  session,  within  twenty-one  days  after  Congress  is  required  to 
assemble,  determines  by  two-thirds  vote  of  both  Houses  that  the  President  is 
unable  to  discharge  the  powers  and  duties  of  his  office,  the  Vice  President 
shall  continue  to  discharge  the  same  as  Acting  President;  otherwise,  the 
President  shall  resume  the  powers  and  duties  of  his  office. 

[Submitted  to  the  Legislatures  of  the  fifty  States  July  6,  1965.  Ratified  by  the  38th 
State  (Nevada)  February  10,  1967.  It  was  ratified  by  North  Carolina  on  March  22, 
1967  (Ch.  77,  Session  Laws  of  1967).] 

ARTICLE  XXVI 

1.  The  right  of  citizens  of  the  United  States,  who  are  eighteen  years  of  age 
or  older,  to  vote  shall  not  be  denied  or  abridged  by  the  United  States  or  any 
State  on  account  of  age. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  have  the  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  appro- 
priate legislation. 

[Proposed  to  the  States  by  Congress  on  March  23,  1971  and  ratification  completed 
June  30,  1971.  It  was  ratified  by  North  Carolina  on  July  1,  1971  (Ch.  725,  Session 
Laws  of  1971).] 


PART  III 


Our  National  Government 


CHAPTER  ONE 

The  United  States  Executive  Branch 

George  Herbert  Walker  Bush 

PRESIDENT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
(Republican) 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Milton,  Massachusetts,  on  June  12,  1924.  His 
father  was  the  late  Prescott  Bush,  a  former  United  States  Senator  from  Con- 
necticutt  (1952-1962). 

Education:  Phillips  Academy  (Andover,  Mass.),  1942;  Yale  University, 
B.A.  (Economics;  Phi  Beta  Kappa),  1948. 

Professional  Background:  Co-founder,  Zapata  Petroleum  Company 
(President,  1954),  1953;  Co-founder,  Zapata  Offshore  Company  (1954)  -  a 
pioneer  in  experimental  offshore  drilling  equipment  (Today  much  of  the 
energy  drilled  for  around  the  world  is  produced  from  rigs  pioneered  by  this 
company). 

Political  Activities:  President  of  the  United  States,  1989-  (Elected 
November,  1988);  Vice  President  of  the  United  States,  1981-1989;  Director, 
Central  Intelligence  Agency,  1976;  Chief  of  the  U.S.  Liaison  Office,  People's 
Republic  of  China,  1974-1975;  Chairman,  Republican  National  Committee, 
1973-1974;  U.S.  Ambassador  to  the  United  Nations,  1971-1973;  U.S.  House  of 
Representatives  (7th  District,  Texas),  1967-1971. 

Military  Service:  U.S.  Navy  (naval  aviation  cadet  and  carrier  pilot), 
1942-1945  (awarded  3  air  medals  and  the  Distinguished  Flying  Cross). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  St.  Martins  Episcopal  Church  (Houston, 
Texas);  former  vestryman;  Serves  on  board  of  the  Episcopal  Church 
Foundation. 

Family:  Married  Barbara  Pierce  of  Rye,  New  York.  Children:  George,  Jeb, 
Neil,  Marvin  and  Dorothy. 


184 


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'f>' 


»•"•.« 


The  United  States  Executive  Branch  185 

PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

No.  Name  Native  State  Born  Inau. 

1.  George  Washington  (F)  Va 1732  1789 

2.  John  Adams  (F) Mass 1735  1797 

3.  Thomas  Jefferson  (D-R)  Va 1743  1801 

4.  James  Madison  (D-R)  Va 1751  1809 

5.  James  Monroe  (D-R)  Va 1758  1817 

6.  John  Quincy  Adams  (N-R) Mass 1767  1825 

7.  Andrew  Jackson  (D)  N.  C 1767  1829 

8.  Martin  Van  Buren  (WHIG)  N.  Y 1782  1837 

9.  Wilham  H.  Harrisonp  (A) Va 1773  1841 

10.  John  Tyler  (W)  Va 1790  1841 

11.  James  Knox  Polk  (D)  N.  C 1795  1845 

12.  Zachary  TaylorQ  (WHIG) Va 1784  1849 

13.  Millard  Fillmore  (WHIG)  N.  Y 1800  1850 

14.  Franklin  Pierce  (D)  N.  H 1804  1853 

15.  James  Buchanan  (D)  Pa 1791  1857 

16.  Abraham  LincolnR  (R)  Ky 1809  1861 

17.  Andrew  Johnsons  (-)  N.  C 1808  1865 

18.  Ulysses  S.  Grant  (R)  Ohio  1822  1869 

19.  Rutherford  B.  Hayes  (R) Ohio  1822  1877 

20.  James  A.  GarfieldT  (R)  Ohio  1831  1881 

21.  Chester  A.  Arthur  (R)  Vt 1830  1881 

22.  Grover  Clevelandu  (D)  N.J 1837  1885 

23.  Benjamin  Harrison  (R) Ohio  1833  1889 

24.  Grover  Clevelandv  (D) N.  J 1837  1893 

25.  William  McKinleyw  (R)  Ohio  1843  1897 

26.  Theodore  Roosevelt  (R) N.  Y 1858  1901 

27.  William  H.  Taft  (R)  Ohio  1857  1909 

28.  Woodrow  Wilson  (D)  Va 1856  1913 

29.  Warren  G.  Hardingx  (R) Ohio  1865  1921 

30.  Calvin  Coolidge  (R) Vt 1872  1923 

31.  Herbert  C.  Hoover  (R)  Iowa  1874  1929 

32.  Franklin  D.  RooseveltPY  (D) N.  Y 1882  1933 


'Harrison  died  on  April  4,  1841. 

^Taylor  died  on  July  9,  1850. 

''Lincoln  was  shot  April  14,  1865,  and  died  the  following  day. 

■•Andrew  Johnson— a  Democrat,  nominated  vice  president  by  Republicans  and  elected  with 
Lincoln  on  National  Union  ticket. 

''Garfield  was  shot  July  2,  1881,  and  died  September  19. 

"According  to  a  ruling  of  the  State  Dept.,  Grover  Cleveland  is  counted  twice,  as  the  22nd  and  the 
24th  President,  because  his  two  terms  were  not  consecutive.  Only  39  individuals  have  been 
President. 

"See  footnote  6. 

"McKinley  was  shot  September  6,  1901,  and  died  September  14. 

•'Harding  died  on  August  2,  1923. 

'"Roosevelt  died  on  April  12,  1945. 


186  North  Carolina  Manual 

No.  Name  Native  State  Born  Inau. 

33.  Harry  S.  Truman  (D)  Missouri 1884  1945 

34.  Dwightl).  P]isenhower(R)  Texas  1890  1953 

35.  John  F.  Kennedypp  (D)  Massachusetts  ...  1917  1961 

36.  Lyndon  R.  Johnson  (I))  Texas  1908  1963 

37.  Richard  M.  Nixoni'Q  (R)  Cahfornia 1913  1969 

38.  Gerald  R.  Ford  (R)  Michigan  1913  1974 

39.  James  Earl  Carter  (D)  Georgia  1924  1977 

40.  Ronald  Wilson  Reagan  (R) Illinois  1911  1981 

41.  George  H.W.  Bush  (R)  Texas  1924  1989 


"Kennedy  was  assassinated  on  November  22,  1963. 

'-Nixon  resifjned  August  9,   1974  following  several  months  of  pressure  over  the  "Watergate" 
coverup  and  related  issue.s. 

PRESIDENTIAL  CABINET 

Vice  President  J.  Danforth  Quayle 

Secretary  of  Agriculture  Clayton  K.  Yeutter 

Secretary  of  Commerce  Robert  A.  Mosbacher 

Secretary  of  Defense Richard  B.  Cheney 

Secretary  of  Education  Lauros  F.  Cavazos 

Secretary  of  Energy Adm.  James  Watkins 

Secretary  of  Health  and  Human  Services Louis  Sullivan 

Secretary  of  Housing  and  Urban  Development  Jack  F.  Kemp 

Secretary  of  the  Interior  Manual  Lujan,  Jr. 

Secretary  of  Labor*  Elizabeth  H.  Dole 

Secretary  of  State  James  A.  Baker,  III 

Secretary  of  Transportation Samuel  K.  Skinner 

Secretary  of  the  Treasury  Nicholas  Brady 

Attorney  General  Richard  L.  Thornburg 

Ambassador  to  the  United  Nations  Thomas  Rickering 

MAJOR  APPOINTMENTS 

White  House  Chief  of  Staff John  H.  Sununu 

White  House  Counsel  C  Boyden  Gray 

National  Security  Adviser Frank  Carlucci 

Press  Secretary  M.  Marlin  Fitzwater 

Director,  Central  Intelligence  Agency  William  H.  Webster 

Director,  Office  of  National  Drug  Control  Policy  William  J.  Bennett 

Chairman,  Council  on  Wage  and  Price  Stability Alfred  E.  Kahn 

Chairman,  Federal  Reserve  Board Paul  A.  Volcker 

Chairman,  Securities  and  Exchange  Co.  Commission  ....  Richard  C.  Breeden 

Director,  Office  of  Management  and  Budget Richard  G.  Darman 

Postmaster  General  Preston  Pisch 


*Native  of  North  Carolina 


The  United  States  Executive  Branch 


187 


Elizabeth  Hanford  Dole 

SECRETARY 
DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Salisbury, 
Rowan  County,  North  Carolina,  on 
July  29,  1937,  to  John  Van  and  Mary 
(Cathey)  Hanford. 

Education:  Duke  University,  B.A. 
(Political  Science);  Harvard  Univer- 
sity, M.S.  (Education  and  Govern- 
ment); Harvard  University  School  of 
Law,  J.D. 

Professional  Background:  Secre- 
tary,   Department   of  Labor,    1989-; 
Secretary,  Department  of  Transporta- 
tion, 1983-1989;  Assistant  to  the  Presi- 
dent for  Public  Liaison,   1981-1983; 
Federal   Trade   Commission,    1973- 
1979;  Deputy  Director,  Office  of  Consumer  Affairs,  1971-1973;  Executive 
Director,  Presidents  Committee  on   Consumer  Interests,   1969-1971;  Staff 
Assistant  to  the  Assistant  Secretary  of  Health,  Education,  and  Welfare. 

Boards:  Duke  University  (Board  of  Trustees);  Duke  University  Business 
School  (Board  of  Advisors);  John  F.  Kennedy  School  of  Government,  Harvard 
University  (Overseers  Committee);  National  Council  of  the  Aging  (former 
Director);  Wolf  Trap  Foundation  for  the  Performing  Arts  (Director);  Washing- 
ton Opera  Board  (Director);  American  Council  on  Young  Political  Leaders 
(Board  of  Directors). 

Political  Activities:  Republican,  Member  of  President's  Cabinet  (Secre- 
tary of  Labor,  1989-;  Secretary  of  Transportation,  1983-1989);  Chairman, 
Voters  for  Reagan-Bush,  1980;  National  Advisory  Council  of  the  National 
Federation  of  Republican  Women. 

Honors:  "Faces  of  the  Future,"  TIME  MAGAZINE,  1974;  Arthur  S. 
Fleming  Award  for  Outstanding  Government  Service,  1972;  Phi  Beta  Kappa 
and  President  of  the  Student  Body,  Duke  University. 

Family:  Married  Robert  J.  Dole  of  Kansas,  December  6,  1975. 


CHAPTER  TWO 

One  Hundred  and  First  Congress  of 
The  United  States 


THE  SENATE 

President  of  the  Senate 

J.  Danforth  Quayle  (Indiana) 

President  Pro-Tempore  of  the  Senate 

Robert  C.  Byrd  (West  Virginia) 

Secretary  of  the  Senate 

Jo  Ann  Coe 

Majority  Leader  Minority  Leader 

George  Mitchell  (Maine)  Robert  Dole  (Kansas) 

Majority  Whip  Minority  Whip 

Alan  Cranston  (California)  Alan  K.  Simpson  (Wyoming) 

SENATORS  FROM  NORTH  CAROLINA 

Jesse  Helms  Terry  Sanford 

STANDING  COMMITTEES 

Agriculture,  Nutrition  &  Forestry  Finance 

Appropriations  Foreign  Relations 

Armed  Services  Government  Affairs 

Banking,  Housing  and  Urban  Affairs  Judiciary 

Budget  Labor  and  Human  Resources 

Commerce,  Science  &  Transportation  Rules  and  Administration 

Energy  and  Natural  Resources  Small  Business 

Environment  &  Public  Works  Veteran's  Affairs 

SELECT  COMMITTEES 

Aging  Ethics  Indian  Affairs  Intelligence 

JOINT  COMMITTEES 

Economy  Library  Printing  Taxation 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


JESSE  HELMS 

UNITED  STATES  SENATOR 

p]arly  Years:  Born  in  Monroe, 
Union  County,  October  18,  1921,  to 
Jesse  A.  and  Ethel  Mae  Helms. 

Education:  Monroe  High  School; 
Wingate  College;  Wake  Forest  Uni- 
versity. 

Professional  Background:  For- 
mer Executive  Vice  President,  Vice- 
Chairman  of  the  Board,  and  As- 
sistant Chief  Executive  Officer,  Capi- 
tol Broadcasting  Company. 

Organizations:  Raleigh  Rotary 
Club  (former  President  and  Vice  Pre- 
sident); Raleigh  Exchange  Club  (for- 
mer   President);    United    Fund    of 

Raleigh  (former  Director);  Raleigh  Chamber  of  Commerce  (former  Director); 

Young  Americans  for  Freedom  (State  Advisor);  Mason,  Raleigh  Lodge  No. 

500;  Grand  Lodge  of  NC  (Grand  Orator,  196(o). 

Boards:  Former  Trustee:  Campbell  LIniversity,  Wingate  College,  Meredith 
College,  John  F.  Kennedy  College,  Douglas  MacArthur  Freedom  Academy, 
Deleware  Law  School,  and  Camp  Willow  Run;  NC  Tobacco  Council. 

Political  Activities:  U.S.  Senator,  1973-  (elected  1972;  reelected  1978  and 
1984);  Raleigh  City  Council,  1957-1961;  Administrative  Assistant  to  United 
States  Senators  Willis  Smith  and  Alton  Lennon;  Director  of  radio-television 
campaign  for  Richard  B.  Russell  of  Georgia  (Democratic  candidate  for 
President,  1952). 

Honors:  Honorary  degrees.  Grove  City  College  and  Bob  Jones  University; 
Honorary  Director,  NC  Cerebral  Palsy  Hospital;  Freedom  Foundation  Award 
(best  television  editorial);  Taxpayer's  Best  Friend  Award,  National  Tax- 
payer's Union,  1981,  1982,  1983,  1984;  Watchdog  of  the  Treasury  Award, 
Christian  Action  Council,  1983;  Most  Admired  Conservative  in  Congress, 
Conservative  Digest,  1980,  1981;  NC  Public  Service  Award,  1980;  National 
Man  of  the  Year  in  Politics,  Christian  Voice,  1980;  Legislator  of  the  Year, 
Christians  for  a  Better  American. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Hayes  Barton  Baptist  Church,  Raleigh. 

Family:  Married  Dorothy  Jane  Coble,  October  31,  1942.  Children:  Jane 
Helms  Knox,  Nancy  Helms  Stuart,  and  Charles  Helms. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Committee  on  Agriculture,  Nutrition  and  Forestry 

Committee  on  Foreign  Affiars  (Minority  Leader) 

Committee  on  Rules  and  Administration 

Select  Committee  on  Ethics 


The  United  States  Congress 


191 


TERRY  SANFORD 

UNITED  STATES  SENATOR 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Laurinburg, 
Scotland  County,  August  20,  1917,  to 
Cecil  and  Elizabeth  (Martin)  San- 
ford. 

Education:  Presbyterian  Junior 
College;  UNC-CH,  A.B.,  1939;  School 
of  Law,  UNC-CH,  J.D.,  1946. 

Professional  Background:  Pres- 
ident Emeritus,  Duke  University, 
1985;  President,  Duke  University 
1969-85;  Attorney,  1965-86;  Special 
Agent,  Federal  Bureau  of  Investiga- 
tion, 1941-42. 

Organizations:  The  Conference 
Board,  1983;  Board  of  N.C.  Outward 
Bound,  1981;  Center  for  National  Policy  (Chairman,  1981-82);  American 
Council  of  Young  Political  Leaders,  1976-1986  (former  Chairman);  Council 
on  Foreign  Relations;  Board  of  National  Municipal  League;  Southern 
Regional  Education  Board,  1961-1965;  Southern  Growth  Policies  Board 
(Founder,  1971);  Appalachian  Community  Service  Network,  1980-1986  (for- 
mer Chairman);  Americans  for  Clean  Air  and  Water,  1983-1986;  National 
Urban  League  (Director),  1972-1975. 

Boards:  Public  Governor,  American  Stock  Exchange,  1977-1983;  Director, 
Cadmus  Communications  Corporation,  1979-1986;  Fuqua  Industries,  1982- 
1986;  ITT  Corporation,  1976-1986;  Prudential-Bache  Mutual  Funds,  1983- 
1986;  Golden  Corral  Corporation  1984-1986;  Trustee,  Methodist  College;  Board 
of  Advisors,  School  of  Public  Health,  UNC-CH;  Board  of  National 
Humanities  Center;  Carnegie  Commission  on  Educational  Television,  1965- 
1967;  Trustee,  National  Council  on  Crime  and  Delinquency,  1969-1986. 

Political  Activities:  U.S  Senator,  1986-  (elected  to  fill  the  unexpired  term 
of  Senator  John  East  on  November  4,  1986;  elected  to  a  full  term  on  same 
date);  Governor  of  N.C,  1961-1965;  N.C.  State  Senator,  1953-1955;  Chairman, 
Democratic  Charter  Commission,  1972-1974;  President,  N.C.  Young  Demo- 
cratic Clubs,  1949-50. 

Political  Achievements:  While  governor  created  the  Community  College 
and  Technical  Institute  System,  Governor's  School,  Learning  Institute  of 
N.C,  N.C.  School  of  the  Arts,  "The  North  Carolina  Fund",  N.C  Good 
Neighbor  Council,  Atomic  Energy  Safety  Commission;  and  established  the 
first  State  Arts  Council  and  Commission  on  the  Status  of  Women. 

Military  Service:  U.S.  Army,  First  Lieutenant,  Parachute  Infantry, 
1942-1946  (awarded:  F^ive  Battle  Stars;  The  Bronze  Star;  The  Purple  Heart; 
The  Combat  Infantryman  Badge;  The  Presidential  Unit  Citation);  N.C. 
National  Guard,  1948-60. 


192  North  Carolina  Manual 

Honors:  Distinguished  Elagle  Scout;  Boy  Scouts  Silver  Beaver  Award; 
Golden  Key  Award,  1967;  Torch  of  Liherty  Award,  1967;  N.C.  Award,  1970; 
The  Brotherhood  Award  1972;  National  Education  Association  Friend  of 
Education  Award,  1975;  Elected  to  National  Academy  of  Public  Administra- 
tion, 1986. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Trinity  Avenue  United  Methodist  Church. 

Familiy:  Married  Margaret  Rose  Knight  of  Hopkinsville,  July,  1942. 
Children:  Terry  Jr.  and  Betsee. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS: 

Committee  on  Banking,  Housing,  and  Urban  Affairs 

(Subcommittee  on  International  Finance  and  Monetary  Policy) 

(Subcommittee  on  Securities) 

Committee  on  Budget 

Committee  on  Foreign  Affairs 

(Subcommittee  on  International  Economic  Policy  on  Trade,  Oceans, 

and  Environment) 

(Subcommittee  on  Terrorism,  Narcotics,  and  International  Operations) 

(Subcommittee  on  Western  Hemisphere  Affairs) 

Select  Committee  on  Ethics 


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193 


THE  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES 

Speaker  of  the  House 

Thomas  S.  Foley  (Washington) 

Clerk  of  the  House 

Donn  Anderson 


Majority  Leader 

Richard  Gephardt  (Missouri) 

Majority  Whip 

William  H.  Gray,  III  (Pennsylvania) 


Minority  Leader 

Robert  H.  Michel  (Illinois) 

Minority  Whip 

Newt  Gingirch  (Georgia) 


REPRESENTATIVES  FROM  NORTH  CAROLINA 

Walter  B.  Jones  (First  District) 

I.  T.  Valentine,  Jr.  (Second  District) 

H.  Martin  Lancaster  (Third  District) 

David  E.  Price  (Fourth  District) 

Stephen  L.  Neal  (Fifth  District) 

J.  Howard  Coble  (Sixth  District) 

Charles  G.  Rose  (Seventh  District) 

W.  G.  Hefner  (Eighth  District) 

J.  Alex  McMillan  (Nineth  District) 

T.  Cass  Ballenger  (Tenth  District) 

James  M.  Clarke  (Eleventh  District) 

STANDING  COMMITTEES 


Agriculture 

Appropriations 

Armed  Services 

Banking,  Finance,  and  Urban  Affairs 

Budget 

District  of  Columbia 

Education  and  Labor 

Energy  and  Commerce 

Foreign  Affairs 

Government  Operations 

House  Administration 


Interior  and  Insular  Affairs 

Judiciary 

Merchant  Marine  and  Fisheries 

Post  Office  and  Civil  Service  — 

Franking  Commission 
Public  Works  and  Transportation 
Rules 

Science  Space's  Technology 
Small  Business 
Standards  of  Official  Conduct 
Veterans'  Affairs 
Ways  and  Means 


SELECT  COMMITTEES 


Ethics 
Hunger 


Economic 


Intelligence 
Aging 


Narcotics  Abuse  and  Control 
Children,  Youth  &  Families 


JOINT  COMMITTEES 

Library  Printing 


Taxation 


194 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Walter  Beaman  Jones 

(Democrat  -  First  Congressional 
District) 

(Counties:  Beaufort,  Bertie,  Camden, 
Carteret,  Chowan,  Currituck,  Dare, 
Gates,  Greene,  Hertford,  Hyde,  Lenoir, 
Martin,  Northampton,  PamUco, 
Pasquotank,  Perquimans,  Pitt,  Tyrrell, 
and  Washington.) 

Early  Years:  Bom  in  Fayetteville, 
Cumberland  County,  August  19,  1913, 
to  Walter  G.  and  Fannie  M.  (Ander- 
son) Jones. 

Education:  Elise  Academy,  1926- 
1930;  N.C.  State  College,  B.S.  (Educa- 
tion), 1934. 

Professional    Background:  Of 

fice  equipment  dealer. 

Organizations:  Masonic  Lodge;  Scottish  Rite;  Rotary  Club  (President, 
1949);  Loyal  Order  of  the  Moose;  Junior  Order,  Elks  Lodge. 
Boards:  Director,  Farmville  Savings  &  Loan  Association. 

Political  Activities:  U.S.  House  of  Representatives,  1966-  (elected  in  a 
special  election  in  1966  to  fill  the  unexpired  term  of  Herbert  C.  Bonner  who 
had  died;  elected  to  a  full  term  in  November,  1966;  reelected  in  subsequent 
elections;  N.C.  Senate,  1965-66;  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1955-1959; 
Mayor,  Town  of  Farmville,  1949-1953;  Judge,  Farmville  Recorders  Court, 
1949-1953;  Town  Commissioner,  1947-1949  (Mayor  Pro  Tem). 

Religious  Activities:  Baptist  Church  (Deacon  since  1945). 
Family:  Married  Elizabeth  Fischer,  November  7,  1984.  Children:  Dot  Dee 
Jones  Moye  and  Walter  B.  Jones,  Jr. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman,  Committee  on  Merchant  Marine  and  Fisheries 

Committee  on  Agriculture 
(Ranking  Member,  Subcommittee  on  Peanuts  and  Tobacco) 


The  United  States  Congress 


195 


Itimous  T.  Valentine,  Jr. 

(Democrat  -  Second  Congressional 
District) 

(Counties:  Durham,  p]dgecombe, 
Granville,  Halifax,  Johnston  (part), 
Nash,  Person,  Vance,  Warren,  and 
Wilson.) 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Nashville, 
Nash  County,  March  15,  1926,  to 
Itimous  T.  and  Hazel  Valentine. 

Education:  The  Citadel,  A.B.  (Poli- 
tical Science),  1948;  School  of  Law, 
UNC-CH,  J.D.,  1967. 

Professional  Background:  Attor- 
ney (Senior  member,  Valentine, 
Adams  &  Lamar). 

Organizations:  Nash-Edgecombe 
(former  President),  Seventh  Judicial,  NC  and  American  Bar  Associations; 
NC  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  Morning  Star  Lodge  No.  85  A.F.  &  A.M. 
(former  Master);  Nashville  Lions  Club  (former  President);  Nashville  Jaycees 
(former  President);  Nashville  Chamber  of  Commerce  (former  President). 

Boards:  NC  Courts  Commission;  former  Trustee,  Nash  General  Hospital. 

Political  Activities:  U.S.  House  of  Representatives,  1983-  (elected 
November,  1982;  reelected  in  subsequent  elections;  N.C.  House  of  Representa- 
tives, 1955-1960;  Chairman,  N.C.  Democratic  Executive  Committee,  1966- 
1968;  Legislative  Counsel  to  Governor  Dan  K.  Moore,  1967;  Legal  Advison  to 
Governor  Dan  K.  Moore,  1965. 

Military  Service:  Served,  U.S.  Army  Air  Corps,  1944-1946. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Nashville  Baptist  Church;  former  Chair- 
man, Board  of  Deacons. 

Family:  Married  Elizabeth  Salyer  Carr  of  Rocky  Mount.  Children:  Stephen 
M.,  Mark  L.,  Philip  C.  and  Anna  E.  Valentine. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Committee  on  Public  Works  and  Transportation 

(Subcommittee  on  Aviation  and  Surface  Transportation) 

(Subcommittee  on  Water  Resources) 

Committee  on  Science  and  Technology 

(Subcommittee  on  Natural  Resources,  Agricultural  Research  and  Environment) 

(Subcommittee  on  Transporation,  Aviation,  and  Materials,  Chairman) 


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H.  Martin  Lancaster 


(Democrat 
District) 


Third  Congressional 


IC'ounties:  Bladen,  Duplin,  Harnett, 
Johnston  (part),  Jones,  Lee,  Moore  (part), 
Onslow,  Pender,  Sampson,  and  Wayne.] 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Patetown, 
Wayne  County,  March  24,  1943,  to 
Harold  W.  and  Eva  Madena  (Pate) 
Lancaster. 

Education:  Pikeville  High  School, 
1958-1961;  UNC-CH,  A.B.,  1965; 
School  of  Law,  UNC-CH,  J.D.,  1967. 

Professional  Background:  Attor- 
ney 

L'W/fk  I^K  9         Organizations:  Wayne   County, 

''m.  ^m  m     gth  judicial  District,  NC  Bar  Associa- 

tion (Board  of  Governors,  1984),  and  American  Bar  Associations;  Mason; 
Shriner;  Elk;  Goldsboro  Kiwania;  NC  Society  for  Historic  Preservation. 

Boards:  Advisory  Board,  Z.  Smith  Reynolds  Foundation,  1984;  Chair- 
man, NC  Arts  Council,  1977-1981;  Chairman,  Wayne  County  Public  Library, 
1979-80;  Chairman,  Wayne  County  Chapter,  American  Red  Cross,  1978-79; 
Chairman,  Goldsboro-Wayne  County  Bicentennial  Commission,  1975-76; 
President,  Goldsboro  Community  Arts  Council,  1973-74;  President,  Wayne 
Community  Concert  Association,  1972-73. 

Political  Activities:  U.S.  House  of  Representatives,  1987-  (elected 
November  4,  1986;  reelected  1988);  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1979-1986. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Navy,  1967-1970  (Lieutenant);  Air  Force 
Reserves,  1971-1982  (Major);  Naval  Reserves,  1982-(Commander). 

Honors:  Valand  Award,  NC  Mental  Health  Association,  1985;  NC  Crime 
and  Justice  Award,  Governor's  Crime  Commission,  1984;  Outstanding  Legis- 
lator Award,  NC  Association  of  School  Counselors,  1983;  Outstanding  Legis- 
lator Award,  NC  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers,  1981;  Distinguished  Service 
Award,  Goldsboro  Jaycees,  1977. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Presbyterian  Church;  Elder,  1980-; 
Deacon,  1972-1975. 

Family:  Married  Alice  Matheny,  May  31,  1975.  Children:  Ashley 
Elizabeth  and  Mary  Martin. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Committee  on  Agriculture 

(Subcommittee  on  Tobacco  and  Peanuts) 

Committee  on  Armed  Services 

(Subcommittee  on  Military  Personnel) 

Committee  on  Small  Business 

(Subcommittee  on  Procurement,  Tourism  and  Rural  Development) 


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197 


David  Eugene  Price 

(Democrat  -  Fourth  Congressional 
District) 

(Counties:  Chatham,  Franklin,  Orange, 
Randolph  and  Wake) 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Johnson 
City,  Washington  County,  on  August 
17,  1940,  to  Albert  and  Elna  (Harrell) 
Price. 

Educational  Background:  Uni- 
coi County  High  School  (Erwin, 
Tennessee);  Mars  Hill  College;  UNC- 
CH,  BA,  1961;  Yale  University,  B.D., 
1964,  Ph.D.,  1969. 

Professional  Background:  Pro- 
fessor of  Political  Science  and  Public 
Policy,  Duke  University,  1973-1986; 
Assistant    Professor    of   Political 
Science  and  American  Studies,  Yale  University,  1969-1973;  American  Politi- 
cal Science  Association;  Society  for  Values  in  Higher  Education. 

Organizations:  Chapel  Hill  Kiwanis  Club. 

Political  Activities:  U.S.  House  of  Representatives,  1987-  (elected 
November  4,  1986;  reelected  1988);  Chairman,  N.C.  Democratic  Party,  1983- 
84;  Executive  Director,  N.C.  Democratic  Party,  1979-80;  Commission  on 
Presidential  Nomination,  Democratic  National  Committee;  Staff  Director, 
1981-82;  Legislative  Aide  to  Senator  E.  L.  Bartlett  (D-Alaska),  1963-1967; 
Member,  Democratic  National  Committee,  1983-1986. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Binkley  Memorial  Baptist  Church 
(Moderator;  Sunday  School  Teacher). 

Family:  Married  Lisa  Beth  Kan  wit  of  Fairfax,  Virginia,  July  27,  1968. 
Children:  Karen  and  Michael. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Committee  on  Banking,  Finance  and  Urban  Affairs 
(Subcommittee  on  Financial  Institutions  Supervision,  Regulation, 

and  Insurance) 

(Subcommittee  on  Housing  and  Community  Development) 

(Subcommittee  on  Consumer  Affairs  and  Coinage) 

Committee  on  Science,  Space  and  Technicology 

(Subcommittee  on  Natural  Resources, 

Agriculture  Research  and  Environment) 

(Subcommittee  on  Science  Research  and  Technology) 


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Stephen  Lybrook  Neal 

(Democrat  -  Fifth  Congressional 
District) 

(Counties:  Alexander,  Alleghany,  Ashe, 
Forsyth,  Rockingham,  Stokes,  Surry,  and 
Wilkes.) 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Winston- 
Salem,  Forsyth  County,  November  7, 
1934,  to  Charles  Herbert  and  Mary 
Martha  (Lybrook)  Neal. 

Education:  University  of  Cali- 
fornia at  Santa  Barbara;  University 
of  Hawaii,  A.B.  (Psychology),  1959. 

Professional  Background:  For- 
mer mortgage  banker  and  newspaper 
publisher  (President  and  publisher, 
Community  Press,  Inc). 

Boards:  Trustee,  Z.  Smith  Reynolds  Foundation;  Board  of  Advisors, 
Babcock  Graduate  School  of  Management;  President,  Sunbelt  Research 
Coalition;  National  Board  of  Advisors,  Straight,  Inc.;  Washington  Policy 
Council,  International  Management  Development  Institute. 

Political  Activities:  U.S.  House  of  Representatives,  1975-  (elected 
November,  1974;  reelected  in  subsequent  elections);  Chairman,  Congressional 
Sunbelt  Council;  Congressional  Rural  Caucus;  Congressional  Textile  Caucus; 
Export  Task  Force;  Agriculture  Exports  Task  Force;  Democratic  Trade  Task 
Force;  Conservative  Democratic  Forum;  Travel  and  Tourism  Caucus;  Con- 
gressional Advisory  Committee  of  the  Tax  Limitation  Committee;  Military 
Reform  Caucus;  Congress  for  Peace  through  Law;  United  Democrats  of 
Congress;  Congressional  Alcohol  Fuels  Caucus;  Congressional  Clearinghouse 
on  the  Future;  Democratic  Study  Group. 

Religious  Activities:  Presbyterian  Church. 

Family:  Married  Rachel  Landis  Miller,  June  6,  1963.  Children:  Mary 
Piper  and  Stephen  L.  Neal,  Jr. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Committee  on  Banking,  Finance  and  Urban  Affairs 

(Subcommittee  on  Domestic  Monetary  Policy,  Chairman) 

(Subcommittee  on  Housing  and  Community  Development) 

(Subcommittee  on  Financial  Institution  Supervision,  Regulation, 

and  Insurance) 

Committee  on  Government  Operations 

(Subcommittee  on  Legislation  and  National  Security) 


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199 


John  Howard  Coble 

(Republican  -  Sixth  Congressional 
District) 

(Counties:  Alamance,  Davidson,  and 
Guilford.) 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Greensboro, 
Guilford  County,  March  18,  1931,  to 
Joe  Howard  and  Johnnie  E.  (Holt) 
Coble. 

Education:  Alamance  High  School, 
1949;  Appalachian  State  University, 
A.B.  (History),  1958;  School  of  Law, 
UNC-CH,J.D.,  1962. 

Professional  Background:  Attor 
ney  (Firm  of  Turner,  Enochs  &  Spar- 
row, 1979-1983). 

Organizations:  Greensboro,  N.C., 
N.C.  State  Bar  Associations;  American  Legion;  Lions  Club;  Veterans  of 
Foreign  Wars  of  the  U.S. 

Political  Activities:  U.S.  House  of  Representatives,  1985-  (Elected 
November,  1984;  reelected  in  1986  and  1988);  Secretary,  N.C.  Department  of 
Revenue,  1973-1979;  Assistant  U.S.  Attorney,  U.S.  Middle  District,  1969-1973. 

Military  Service:  Served,  U.S.  Coast  Guard  and  U.S.  Coast  Guard 
Reserves,  1952-  (Commanding  Officer,  Wilmington  Unit). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Alamance  Presbyterian  Church. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Committee  on  the  Judiciary 

(Subcommittee  on  the  Courts,  Civil  Liberities,  Property, 

and  Administration  of  Justice) 

(Subcommittee  on  Criminal  Justice) 

Committee  on  Merchant  Marine  and  Fisheries 

(Subcommittee  on  the  Coast  Guard) 

(Subcommittee  on  Fisheries  and  Wildlife) 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Charles  G.  Rose  III 

(Democrat  -  Seventh  Congressional 
District) 

(Counties:  Brunswick,  ('olumbus,  New 
Hanover,  and  Robeson). 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Fayetteville, 
Cumberland  County,  August  10,  1939, 
to  Charles  G.  and  P>ances  (Duck- 
worth) Rose. 

Education:  Fayetteville  High 
School,  1957;  Davidson  College,  B.A., 
1969;  School  of  Law,  UNC-CH,  LL.B., 
1964. 

Professional  Background:  Attor- 
ney. 

Organizations:  Cumberland  Coun- 
ty and  N.C.  State  Bar  Associations. 

Political  Activities:  U.S.  House  of  Representatives,  1973-  (Elected  in 
November,  1972;  reelected  in  subsequent  elections);  Chief  District  Court 
Prosecutor,  12th  Judicial  District,  1967-1970. 

Literary  Works:  Editor,  Davidson  College  Yearbook. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Fayetteville 
(former  Sunday  School  Teacher). 

Family:  Married  Joan  Teague,  September  25,  1982.  Children:  Charles  G. 
Rose,  IV  and  Sara  Louse  Rose. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Committee  on  Agriculture 

(Subcommittee  on  Tobacco  and  Peanuts,  Chairman) 

(Subcommittee  on  Livestock,  Dairy  and  Poultry) 

(Subcommittee  on  Cotton,  Rice  and  Sugar) 

(Subcommittee  on  Department  Operations,  Research,  and  Foreigh  Agriculture) 

Committee  on  House  Administration 

(Subcommittee  on  Elections) 

(Subcommittee  on  Office  Systems,  Chairman) 

Speaker's  Advisory  Committee  on  Broadcasting,  Chairman 


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201 


W.  G.  (Bill)  Hefner 

(Democrat  -  Eighth  Congressional 
District) 

[Counties:  Anson,  Cabarrus,  Davie, 
Hoke,  Montgomery,  Moore  (part), 
Richmond,  Rowan,  Scotland,  Stanly, 
Union,  and  Yadkin  (part)] 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Elora, 
Tennessee,  April  1,  1930. 

Professional  Background:  Presi- 
dent, WRKB  Radio  (Kannapolis); 
Harvesters  Quartet;  Television  Per- 
former. 

Political  Activities:  U.S.  House 
of  Representatives,  1975-(Elected 
November,  1974;  reelected  in  sub- 
sequent elections);  Congressional  Tex- 
tile Caucus;  Conservative  Demo- 
cratic Forum;  Deputy  Majority  Whip;  Sunbelt  Caucus;  Democratic  Study 
Group;  Congressional  Maritime  Caucus;  Clearinghouse  of  the  Future. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  North  Kannapolis  Baptist  Church. 

Family:  Married  Nancy  Hill  of  Gadsden,  Alabama.  Children:  Stacy  and 
Shelly  Hefner. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Committee  on  Appropriations 

(Subcommittee  on  Defense) 

(Subcommittee  on  Military  Construction,  Chairman) 


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Alex  McMillan 

(Republican  -  Ninth  Congressional 
District) 

[Counties:  Iredell,  Lincoln,  Mecklenburg, 
and  Yadkin  (part).] 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Charlotte, 
Mecklenburg  County,  May  9,  1932, 
to  J.  Alex  E.  and  Mildred  Elizabeth 
(Shepherd)  McMillan. 

Education:  Woodberry  Forest 
School,  1950;  UNC-CH,  B.A.  (His- 
tory), 1954;  University  of  Virginia, 
M.B.A.,  1958. 

Professional  Background:  Presi- 
dent and  Chief  Executive  Officer, 
Ruddick  Corporation  (Vice  President 
for  Finance  and  Treasurer,  1968- 
1983);  Officer  and  Liaison,  Harris-Teeter  Super  Markets,  Inc.;  R.S.  Dickson 
&  Company  (Secretary  and  Vice  President,  1963-1970);  Sales  and  control, 
Carolina  Paper  Board  Corporation,  1958-1960. 

Organizations:  Charlotte  City  Club  (Director),  1981-1984;  Greater  Char- 
lotte Chamber  of  Commerce  (Director),  1980-1982. 

Boards:  Union  Theological  Seminary  (Trustee),  1978-1986;  UNC  Center 
for  Public  Broadcasting,  1986-  ;  Woodberry  Forest  School  (Trustee),  1978- 
1985;  Darden  School  of  Business,  University  of  Virginia  (President,  Alumni 
Board,  1979-1981;  Trustee,  1977  -);  Board  of  Visitors,  Davidson  College,  1983- 
84;  Spirit  Square  Board,  1975-1984  (First  President);  United  Community 
Services  Board,  1973-1984;  Inroads,  Inc.  (Director),  1982-83;  WTVI  Public 
Television,  1978-1983  (First  Chairman);  Charlotte-Mecklenburg  Board  of 
Education  (Committee  Vice  Chairman),  1978-79;  Charlotte-Mecklenburg  Arts 
and  Science  Council  (Director),  1974-1979;  Mecklenburg  County  Board  of 
Social  Services  (Director;  Chairman,  1975-1977),  1974-1977;  Charlotte  Speech 
and  Hearing  Center  (Director),  1974-1977. 

Political  Activities:  U.S.  House  of  Representatives,  1985-  (Elected 
November,  1984;  reelected  1986  and  1988);  Board  of  County  Commissioners, 
Mecklenburg  County,  1972-1974. 

Military  Service:  Served  U.S.  Army,  1954-1956  (Counter-intelligence). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Myers  Park  Presbyterian  Church,  Char- 
lotte (Elder);  Mecklenburg  Presbyterian  Task  Force  on  Hunger,  1975-76. 

Family:  Married  Caroline  Houston  of  Greenville,  SC,  November  21,  1959. 
Children  Elizabeth  H.  and  John  A.  McMillan  IV. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Committee  on  Energy  and  Commerce 

(Subcommittee  on  Transportation  and  Hazzardous  Materials) 

(Subcommittee  on  Oversight  and  Investigations) 


The  United  States  Congress 


203 


Thomas  Cass  Ballenger 

(Republican  -  Tenth  Congressional 
District) 

[Counties:  Avery  (part),  Burke,  Caldwell, 
Catawba,  Cleveland,  Gaston,  and 
Watauga.] 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Hickory, 
Catawba  County,  December  6,  1926, 
to  Richard  E.  and  Dorothy  (Collins) 
Ballenger. 

Education:  Episcopal  High  School, 
1944;  UNC-CH,  1944-45;  Amherst 
College,  B.A.,  1948. 

Professional  Background:  Foun- 
der and  Chairman  of  the  Board, 
Plastic  Packaging,  Inc. 

Organizations:  Community 
Ridge  Day  Care  Center  (Co-founder);  N.C.  School  of  the  Arts  (Sustaining 
Member);  N.C.  Symphony;  N.C.  Arts  Society;  Hickory  Rotary  Club  (Past 
President);  Greater  Hickory  United  Fund  (Past  Chairman). 

Boards:  Lenoir  Rhyne  College  Board  of  Development;  Salvation  Army; 
Florence  Critton  Home;  Greater  Hickory  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Political  Activities:  U.S.  House  of  Representatives,  1987-  (Elected 
November,  1986;  reelected  in  1988);  N.C.  State  Senate,  1977-1986  (Former 
Minority  Leader);  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1975-76;  Catawba  County 
Board  of  Commissioners,  1966-1974  (Chairman,  1970-1974);  Catawba  County 
Republican  Party  (Past  Chairman);  Jim  Martin  for  Governor  Steering  Com- 
mittee; N.C.  Reagan-Bush  Campaign  (Western  Co-Chairman,  1984);  N.C. 
Legislative  Forum  (Co-Founder  and  Former  Chairman). 

Military  Service:  Airman  Cadet,  U.S.  Navy  Air  Corps,  1944-45. 

Honors:  N.C.  County  Commissioner  of  the  Year,  1973;  Most  Effective 
Republican  Legislator,  1981;  100  %  Rating  by  N.C.  Conservative  Union. 

Religious  Activities:  Episcopal  Church  of  the  Ascension  (Past  Senior 
Warden;  Lay  Reader). 

Family:  Married  Donna  Davis,  June  14,  1952.  Children:  Cindy,  Missy, 
and  Dorothy  Ballenger. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Committee  on  Education  and  Labor 

(Subcommittee  on  Labor-Management  Relations) 

(Subcommittee  on  Health  and  Safety) 

(Subcommittee  on  Select  Education) 

Committee  on  Public  Works  and  Transportation 

(Subcommittee  on  Aviation) 

(Subcommittee  on  Economic  Development) 

(Subcommittee  on  Water  Resources) 


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James  McClure  Clarke 

(Democrat  -  Eleventh  Congressional 
District) 

(Counties:  Avery  (part),  Buncombe, 
Cherokee,  Clay,  Graham,  Haywood, 
Henderson,  Jackson,  McDowell,  Macon, 
Madison,  Mitchell,  Polk,  Rutherford, 
Swain,  Transylvania,  and  Yancey.] 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Manchester, 
Vermont,  June  12,  1917,  to  Dumont 
and  Annie  Dixon  (McClure)  Clarke. 

Education:  Biltmore  High  School, 
1931;  Asheville  School,  1932-35; 
Princeton  University,  AB,  1939. 

Professional  Background:  Farm 
ers  Federation  Cooperative,  1939-42, 
1945-59;  Asheville  Citizen  Times, 
1961-69;    Warren    Wilson    College, 

1971-82;  James  G.  K.  McClure  Educational  and  Development  Fund,  Trustee 

and  Secretary,  1956-present. 

Organizations:  Asheville  Civitan  Club  (former  president);  Warren  Wilson 
College  (Trustee);  Memorial  Mission  Hospital  (Trustee);  Thoms  Rehabilitation 
Hospital  (Trustee);  Fairview  Volunteer  Fire  Dept.  (Trustee). 

Boards:  Southeastern  Council  of  Foundations  (Former  Member);  N.C.  His- 
toric Sites  Advisory  Commission  (Former  Member  and  Former  Chairman); 
Governor's  Crime  Commission,  1978-1980. 

Political  Activities:  U.S.  House  of  Representatives,  1983-85,  1987-  (Elected 
in  November,  1982;  reelected  in  1986  and  1988);  N.C.  Senate,  1981-82;  N.C.  House 
of  Representatives,  1977-1980. 

Military:  Served,  U.S.  Navy  (Lt.  SG),  1942-1945  (Awarded  the  Pacific  Ribbon). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Warren  Wilson  Presbyterian  Church  (For- 
mer Elder). 

Family:  Married  Elspeth  McClure  of  Fairview,  February  17,  1945.  Children: 
Susie,  James,  Annie,  Dumont,  Mark,  Ambrose  (deceased),  William  and  Douglas. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Committee  on  Interior  and  Insular  Affairs 
(Subcommittee  on  National  Parks  and  Public  Land) 

(Subcommitte  on  Energy  and  the  Environment) 

(Subcommittee  on  Insular  and  International  Affairs) 

Committee  on  Foreign  Affairs  Committee 

(Subcommittee  on  Arms  Control) 

(Subcommittee  on  Asian  and  Pacific  Affairs) 

Select  Committee  on  Aging 

(Subcommittee  on  Human  Services) 

(Task  Force  on  Rural  Elderly) 


CHAPTER  THREE 
The  United  States  Judiciary 

THE  SUPREME  COURT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

Chief  Justice    William  H.  Rehnquist   Arizona 

Associate  Justice   William  J.  Brennan,  Jr New  Jersey 

Associate  Justice   Bryon  R.  White    Colorado 

Associate  Justice   Thurgood  Marshall    New  York 

Associate  Justice   Harry  A.  Blackmun   Minnesota 

Associate  Justice   John  P.  Stevens,  III   New  Jersey 

Associate  Justice   Sandra  Day  O'Connor Arizona 

Associate  Justice   Antonio  Scalia District  of  Columbia 

Associate  Justice   Anthony  M.  Kennedy    California 


FOURTH  JUDICIAL  CIRCUIT, 
UNITED  STATES  COURT  OF  APPEALS 

(The  Fourth  Circuit  is  composed  of  Maryland,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina, 
Virginia  and  West  Virginia.  Court  sits  at  Richmond,  Virginia  the  first  full  week 
of  each  month,  October  through  June.) 

Circuit  Justice William  H.  Rehnquist   Arizona 

Chief  Judge    Harrison  L.  Winter  Maryland 

Circuit  Judge Donald  S.  Russell    South  Carolina 

Circuit  Judge H.  Emory  Widener,  Jr Virginia 

Circuit  Judge Kenneth  K.  Hall    Virginia 

Circuit  Judge James  Dickson  Phillips,  Jr North  Carolina 

Circuit  Judge Francis  D.  Murnaghan,  Jr Maryland 

Circuit  Judge James  M.  Sprouse West  Virginia 

Circuit  Judge Sam  J.  Ervin,  HI North  Carolina 

Circuit  Judge Robert  F.  Chapman   South  Carolina 

Circuit  Judge J.  Harvie  Wilkinson  Virginia 

Circuit  Judge William  W.  Wilkins,  Jr South  Carolina 


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The  United  States  Judiciary  207 

UNITED  STATES  DISTRICT  COURT  IN  NORTH  CAROLINA 

Eastern  District 

(Federal  Building,  Raleigh) 

Chief  Judge W.  Earl  Britt Fayetteville 

Senior  Judge  Franklin  T.  Dupree,  Jr Raleigh 

Senior  Judge  John  D.  Larkins,  Jr Trenton 

Judge  Terrence  W.  Boyle Elizabeth  City 

Judge  James  C.  Fox Wilmington 

Judge  Malcolm  J.  Howard  Greenville 

Clerk  J.  Rich  Leonard Raleigh 

U.S.  Attorney Margaret  Person  Currin  Raleigh 


Middle  District 

(U.S.  Post  Office  and  Courthouse,  Greensboro) 

Chief  Judge Hiram  H.  Ward  Winston-Salem 

Senior  Judge  Eugene  A.  Gordon  Greensboro 

Judge  Richard  C.  Erwin Winston-Salem 

Judge  Frank  W.  Bullock,  Jr Greensboro 

Judge  Carlton  Tilley,  Jr Durham 

Clerk  Joseph  P.  Creekmore Greensboro 

U.S.  Attorney Robert  H.  Edmunds,  Jr Greensboro 


Western  District 

(Charles  R.  Jonas  Federal  Building,  Charlotte) 

Chief  Judge Robert  D.  Potter  Charlotte 

Senior  Judge  Woodrow  W.  Jones Asheville 

Judge  James  B.  McMillan  Charlotte 

Judge  Richard  L  Voorhees Asheville 

Clerk  Thomas  J.  McGraw  Charlotte 

U.S.  Attorney Thomas  J.  Ashcraft Charlotte 


208 


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UNITED  STATES  FOURTH  CRICUIT 
COURT  OF  APPEALS 


James  Dickson  Phillips,  Jr. 

JUDGE 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Scotland  County, 
September  23,  1922,  to  James  Dickson 
(deceased)  and  Helen  (Shepherd)  Phillips. 

Education:  Davidson  College,  1943, 
B.S.,  cum  laude;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  School 
of  Law,  1945-48,  J.D.  with  honors. 

Professional  Background:  Judge, 
U.S.  Court  of  Appeals,  4th  Circuit. 

Organizations:  NC  Bar  Association; 
Director,  NC  Nature  Conservancy;  Kappa 
Sigma. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  Demo- 
cratic Party. 

Military  Services:  Served,  US  Army,  1944-46  (1st  Lieutenant);  parachute 
infantry. 

Honors:  John  J.  Parker  Memorial  Award;  Thomas  Jefferson  Award;  Dis- 
tinguished Alumni  Professor  Award. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Presbyterian  Church;  former  Elder  and 
Deacon.  Member,  University  Presbyterian  Church,  Chapel  Hill,  1970-76 
(Chairman,  1971-74).  Permanent  Judicial  Commission,  Presbyterian 
Churches  in  the  US. 

Family:  Married,  Jean  Duff  Nanalee,  July  16,  1960.  Children:  Evelyn 
(Phillips)  Perry,  James  Dickson,  HI,  Elizabeth  Duff  and  Ida  Willis. 


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209 


Samuel  James  Ervin,  III 

JUDGE 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Morganton, 
Burke  County,  March  2,  1926,  to  Samuel 
James  and  Margaret  Bruce  (Bell)  Ervin, 
Jr. 

Education:  Morganton  Public  Schools; 
Morganton  High  School,  1943;  Davidson 
College,  1948,  B.S.;  Harvard  Law  School, 
1951,  LL.B. 

Professional  Background:  Judge, 
U.S.  Court  of  Appeals,  4th  Circuit;  Judge, 
N.C.  Superior  Court,  25th  District,  1967- 
80;  legal  practice,  1952-67;  Solicitor, 
Burke  County  Criminal  Court,  1954-56. 

Organizations:  Burke  County  Bar  Association;  N.C.  Bar  Association; 
Mason. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1965-67. 

Military  Service:  Served,  U.S.  Army,  1944-46,  1951-52  (Colonel);  infantry; 
Judge  Advocate  General's  Corps.  Served,  NC  Army  National  Guard,  1955-59. 

Honors:   Young  Man  of  the  Year  and  Distinguished  Service  Award, 
Morganton  Chamber  of  Commerce,  1954. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Presbyterian  Church;  Elder;  Deacon; 
Sunday  School  teacher;  advisor,  Senior  High  Youth. 

Family:  Married,  Elizabeth  Crawford,  October  25,  1952.  Children:  Samuel 
James,  IV,  Elizabeth  Fore,  Robert  Crawford  and  Margaret  Bell. 


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THE  UNITED  STATES  DISTRICT  COURTS 
North  Carolina,  Eastern  District 

W.  Earl  Britt 

CHIEF  JUDGE 

Early  Years:  Born  in  McDonald, 
Robeson  County,  December  7,  1932,  to 
Dudley  H.  and  Martha  Mae  (Hall)  Britt. 

Education:  Rowland  High  School, 
1950;  Campbell  College,  1950-52;  Wake 
Forest  University,  1956,  B.S.;  Wake 
Forest  University,  School  of  Law,  1958, 
LL.B. 

Organizations:  N.C.  Bar  Association; 
American  Bar  Associations. 

Professional  Background:  Judge, 
U.S.  District  Court,  Eastern  District. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  Democratic  Party. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army,  1953-55  (Corporal). 

Honors:  "Tar  Heel  of  the  Week,"  The  News  and  Observer,  1981. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  McDonald  Baptist  Church. 

Family:  Married,  Judith  Moore,  April  17,  1976.  Children:  Clifford  Paul, 
Mark  Earl  and  Elizabeth  Carol. 


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James  Carroll  Fox 

JUDGK 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Atchinson, 
Kansas,  November  6,  1928,  to  Jared  Cope- 
land  and  Ethel  (Carroll)  Fox. 

Education:  Woodberry  Forest  School, 
1946;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1950,  B.S.  (Busi- 
ness Administration);  UNC-Chapel  Hill, 
School  of  Law,  1957,  LL.B.  with  honors. 

Professional  Background:  Judge, 
U.S.  District  Court,  Eastern  District, 
1982-;  New  Hanover  County  Attorney, 
1967-81;  attorney  [partner,  firm  of  Murchi- 
son.  Fox  &  Newton,  1960-  (associate, 
1958-59)]. 

Organizations:  N.C.,  Bar  Association;  American  Bar  Association;  N.C. 
Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  N.C.  State  Bar;  Wilmington  Civitan;  legal 
advisor,  NC  Jazz  Fetival,  Inc.;  Director,  New  Hanover  Workshop;  Director, 
First  Union  Bank,  1974-  (Chairman,  1982-83). 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army  Reserves,  1951-59  (corporal);  honor- 
able discharge. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  St.  James  Episcopal  Church,  Wilmington; 
Senior  Warden,  1979-82;  Vestryman,  1974-75. 

Family:  Married,  Katharine  deRosset  Rhett  of  Wilmington,  December  30, 
1950.  Children:  James  C,  Jr.,  Jane  Haskell  (Fox)  Brown  and  Ruth  Rhett 
(F'ox)  Jordan. 


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213 


Malcolm  Jones  Howard 

JUDGE 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Kinston,  Lenoir 
County,  June,  24,  1939,  to  Clayton  and 
Thelma  Lee  (Jones)  Howard. 

Education:  Deep  Run  School;  The 
Citadel  (Charleston,  S.C);  U.S.  Military 
Academy  (West  Point,  N.Y.),  B.S.,  1962; 
School  of  Law,  Wake  Forest  University, 
J.D.,  1970. 

Professional  Background:  Judge, 
U.S.  District  Court  (Eastern  District, 
North  Carolina),  1988- ;  Attorney  (Senior 
Partner,  Howard,  Browning,  Sams,  and 
Poole,  1975-1988);  Counsel,  Executive  Office  of  the  President  (White  House, 
Washington,  D.C.),  1974;  Assistant  U.S.  Attorney  (Raleigh,  N.  C),  1973-74.. 

Organizations:  Rotary  Club  of  Greenville;  East  Carolina  Vocational 
Center  (Director). 

Boards:  Board  of  Visitors,  Wake  Forest  Univiersity  School  of  Law,  1988- . 

Political  Activities:  Judge,  U.S.  District  Court,  Eastern  District  of  North 
Carolina  (appointed  by  President  Reagan  in  1988);  Member,  Republican 
Party;  Chairman,  1st  District  Republican  Party  (3  terms),  1974-1980; 
Delegate,  Republican  National  Convention,  1976  &  1980;  Candidate,  U.S. 
Congress,  1st  District,  1972. 

Military  Service:  Served  in  U.S.  Army  (Lt.  Col),  1962-1972;  Reserves, 
1972-1982;  Silver  Star,  Bronze  Star  of  Valor  (2),  Meretorious  Service  Medal, 
Purple  Heart,  Air  Medal  (2),  Combat  Infantryman's  Badge,  Parachute 
Badge. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Memorial  Baptist  Church,  Greenville; 
Sunday  School  Teacher,  Deacon;  Director,  N.C.  Baptist  Foundation. 

Family:  Married  Eloise  K.  McGinty  of  Marshallton,  Iowa,  November  24, 
1964.  Children:  Shannon  Lea  and  Joshua  Brian. 


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John  Davis  Larkins,  Jr. 

SENIOR  JUDGE 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Morristown, 
Tennessee,  June  8,  1909,  to  Charles  H. 
and  Mamie  (Dorset!)  Larkins;  foster  son 
of  John  Davis  and  Emma  Cooper 
Larkins. 

Education:  Wake  Forest  University, 
1929,  B.A.;  Wake  Forest  University, 
School  of  Law,  1929-30. 

Professional  Background:  Senior 
U.S.  District  Judge,  Eastern  District. 

Organizations:  N.C.,  American  Bar 
Association;  Federal  Bar  Association. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C,  Senate,  1936-1944,  1949-1954;  Chair- 
man and  Secretary,  State  Democratic  Executive  Committee,  1952,  1954, 
1956,  1958;  National  Committeeman,  1958,  1960. 

Military  Service:  Served,  U.S.  Army,  1945  (Private). 

Honors:  Distinguished  Service  Award,  American  Cancer  Society;  Dis- 
tinguished Alumni  Award,  Wake  Forest  University. 

Religious  Activities:  Baptist;  former  Chairman,  Board  of  Deacons. 

Family:  Married,  Pauline  A.  Murrell,  March  13,  1930.  Children:  Emma 
Sue  (Larkins)  Loften  and  Paulene  (Larkins)  Bearden. 


The  United  States  Judiciary 


215 


Franklin  T.  Dupree,  Jr. 

SENIOR  JUDGE 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Angier,  Harnett 
County,  October  18,  1913,  to  Franklin  T. 
and  Elizabeth  Mason  (Wells)  Dupree. 

Education:  Angier  High  School,  1925- 
28;  Campbell  College  High  School,  1928- 
29;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1933,  A.B.;  UNC- 
Chapel  Hill,  School  of  Law,  1936,  LL.B. 

Professional  Background:  Judge, 
U.S.  District  Court,  1970-. 

Organizations:   Wake   County,    Bar 
Association;   N.C.    and   American    Bar 
Association;    American    Judicature 
Society;  Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  Republican  Party. 

Military  Service:  Served,  U.S.  Navy,  1943-46  (Lieutenant). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Hayes  Barton  Baptist  Church. 

Family:  Married,  Rosalyn  Dupree,  December  30,  1939.  Children:  Elizabeth 
(Dupree)  Dement  and  Nancy  (Dupree)  Miller. 


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217 


North  Carolina,  Middle  District 


Hiram  Hamilton  Ward 

CHIEF  JUDGE 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Thomasville, 
Davidson  County,  April  29,  1923,  to  O.  L. 
Ward  and  Margaret  A.  (Lowdermilk) 
Ward. 

Education:  Denton  High  School;  Wake 
Forest  University;  Wake  Forest  Univer- 
sity, School  of  Law,  1950,  J.D. 

Professional  Background:  Judge, 
U.S.  District  Court,  Middle  District, 
1972-. 

Organizations:  American  Bar  Associa- 
tion;  N.C.   Bar  Association;   American 
Judicature  Society;  Mason;  Phi  Alpha  Delta;  Trustee,  Wingate  College. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  Democratic  Party;  N.C.  State  Board  of 
Elections,  1964-72;  Chairman,  Federal  Land  Condemnation  Commission, 
1964-65. 

Military  Service:  Served,  U.S.  Air  Force,  1940-45  (Lieutenant  Colonel); 
pilot;  Civil  Air  Patrol. 

Religious  Activities:  Member  Baptist  Church;  Deacon,  Sunday  School 
teacher.  Liberty  Baptist  Association. 

Family:  Married,  Evelyn  McDaniel,  June  1,  1947.  Children:  William  M. 
and  James  Randolph. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Richard  Cannon  Er^vin 

JUDGE 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Marion,  August 
23,  1923,  to  John  Adams  and  Flora  (Can- 
non) Ervvin. 

Education:  McDowell  County  Public 
Schools;  Johnson  C.  Smith  University, 
1947,  B.A.;  Howard  University,  School  of 
Law,  1951,  LL.B. 

Professional  Background:  Judge, 
U.S.  District  Court,  Middle  District; 
Attorney  (firm  of  Erwin  and  Beatty). 

Organizations:  Forsyth  County  (for- 
mer President);  N.C.  State  Bar  Associa- 
tion; Bar  of  the  U.S.  Supreme  Court;  Kappa  Alpha  Psi. 

Political  Activities:  Judge,  N.C.  Court  of  Appeals,  1977-80;  member, 
N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1975-77. 

Military  Service:  Served,  U.S.  Army,  1945-46  (1st  Sergeant). 

Honors:  Silver  Cup,  Citizens  Coalition  of  Forsyth  County,  1974. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  St.  Paul's  United  Methodist  Church; 
National  Methodist  Layman. 

Family:  Married,  Demerice  Whitley,  August  25,  1946.  Children:  Arelia 
Whitley  and  Richard  Cannon,  Jr. 


The  United  States  Judiciary  219 

Frank  William  Bullock,  Jr. 

JUDGE 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Oxford,  Gran- 
ville County,  November  3,  1938,  to  Frank 
William  and  Wilma  (Long)  Bullock. 

Education:  Oxford  High  School,  1957; 
Duke  University;  Univeristy  of  North 
Carolina  -  Chapel  Hill,  BS  (Business 
Administration),  1961;  School  of  Law, 
UNC-CH,  LL.B.,  1963. 

Professional  Background:  Judge, 
U.S.  District  Court  (Middle  District, 
North  Carolina),  1982- ;  Attorney  (Private 
practice,  1973-1982;  1964-1968;)  Assistant 

Director,  N.  C.  Administrative  Office  of  the  Courts,  1968-1973;  Law  clerk  to 

Federal  judge,  1963-64. 

Organizations:  Greensboro   Bar   Association;   N.C.    Bar   Association; 
American  Bar  Association;  N.C.  State  Bar. 

Political  Activities:  Judge,  U.S.  District  Court,  Middle  District  of  North 
Carolina  (appointed  by  President  Reagan  in  1982). 

Literary  Works:  Numerous  articles  in  law  reviews  and  legal  publications. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Presbyterian  Church. 

Family:  Married  Frances  D.  Haywood  of  Raleigh,  May  5,  1984.  Children: 
Frank  William,  III. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Eugene  Andrew  Gordon 

SENIOR  JUDGE 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Brown  Sum- 
mitt,  July  10,  1917,  to  Charles  Robert 
and  Carrie  (Scott)  Gordon. 

Education:  Elon  College,  1939,  A.B.; 
Duke  University,  School  of  Law,  1941, 
LL.B. 

Professional  Background:  Chief 
Judge,  U.S.  District  Court,  Middle  Dis- 
trict, 1964-. 

Organizations:  N.C.  Bar  Association; 
American  Bar  Association;  Federal  Bar 
A.ssociation;  American  Judicature 
Society;  Phi  Delta  Phi. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  Democratic  Party. 

Military  Service:  Served,  U.S.  Army,  1942-46  (Captain);  field  artillery. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Starmount  Presbyterian  Church. 

Family:  Married,  Virginia  Stoner,  January  1,   1943.  Children:  Eugene 
Andrew  and  Rosemary  Ann. 


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221 


North  Carolina,  Western  District 


Robert  D.  Potter 

CHIEF  JUDGE 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Wilmington, 
April  4,  1924. 

Education:  New  Hanover  High  School, 
1938-40;  Duke  University,  1940-43,  1947, 
A.B.  (Chemistry);  Duke  University,  1947- 
50,  LL.B. 

Professional  Background:  Chief 
Judge,  U.S.  District  Court,  Western  Dis- 
trict, 1984-;  Judge,  U.S.  District  Court, 
Western  District,  1981-84;  Privatelegal 
practice,  1951-81. 
Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army, 
1945-46  (2nd  Lieutenant);  infantry. 

Family:  Married,  Kathleen  Neilson,  February  13,  1954.  Children:  Robert 
D.,  Jr.,  Mary  Louise  and  Catherine  Ann. 


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James  Bryan  McMillan 

JUDGE 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Goldsboro, 
December  19,  1916,  to  Robert  Hunter  and 
Sarah  (Outlaw)  McMillan. 

Education:  Lumberton  Public  Schools; 
Presbyterian  Junior  College  (now  St. 
Andrews),  1932-34,  A.A.;  UNC-Chapel 
Hill,  1937,  M.A.;  Harvard  Law  School, 
1940,  J.D. 

Professional  Background:  Judge, 
U.S.  District  Court,  Western  District. 

Organizations:  Mecklenburg  County 
Bar  Association;  (President,  1957-58), 
N.C.,  American  Bar  Association;  N.C.  State  Bar;  American  Judicature 
Society;  Omicron  Delta  Kappa;  Order  of  the  Golden  Fleece. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Navy,  1942-45. 

Literary  Works:  Author  of  numerous  case  opinions  and  orders. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Presbyterian  Church;  Ruling  Elder, 
1963-71,  1975-;  former  Treasurer  and  Deacon. 

Family:   Married,   Margaret  Blair  Miles,   February  27,   1944.   Children: 
James  Bryan,  Jr.  and  Marjorie  Miles  (McMillan)  Rodell. 


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223 


Richard  Lesley  Voorhees 

JUDGE 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Syracuse, 
Onandoga  County,  New  York,  June  5, 
1941,  to  Henry  Austin  and  Catherine 
Adeline  (Fait)  Voorhees. 

Education:  R.J.  Reynolds  High  School 
(Winston-Salem),  1959;  Davidson  College, 
A.B.  (French),  1963;  School  of  Law,  UNC- 
Chapel  Hill,  J.D.,  1968. 

Professional  Background:  Judge, 
U.S.  District  Court  (Western  District, 
North  Carolina),  1988-  ;  Attorney  [Sole 
practitioner,  1980-1988;  Firm  of  Garland 
and  Alala,  1968-1979  (Partner,  1972-1979)]. 

Organizations:  Gaston  County  Bar  Association  (President,  1984-86), 
1968-1988;  N.C.  State  Bar;  N.C.  Bar  Association;  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial 
Lawyers;  American  Bar  Association;  Gaston  County  Chamber  of  Commerce 
(Board  of  Directors,  1985-1988);  Gaston  County  Homebuilders  Assn.  (Board 
of  Directors,  1984-1988);  Gaston  Skills,  Inc.  (Director  and  General  Counsel, 
1980-1988). 

Boards:  Gaston  County  Board  of  Elections  (Member,  1972-1974;  Chair- 
man, 1985-86). 

Political  Activities:  Member,  Republican  Party;  Chairman,  Gaston 
County  Republican  Party  and  Member,  N.C.  State  Republican  Executive 
Committee,  1979-1983;  Alternate  Delegate,  Republican  National  Convention, 
1976;  Candidate,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  44th  District,  1986  (withdrew 
following  nomination  for  U.S.  judgeship). 

Military  Service:  Served  in  U.S.  Army  (1st  Lieutenant),  1963-1965; 
Reserves  (Captain),  1965-1969. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Gastonia 
(Deacon,  1972-1975;  Elder,  1983-1986);  Sunday  School  Teacher. 

Family:  Married  Barbara  Holway  Humphries,  of  Hollan  Patent,  N.Y., 
1968.  Children:  Martha  Northrop  and  Steven  Coerte. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Woodro^v  Wilson  Jones 

SENIOR  JUDGE 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Rutherford 
County,  January  26,  1914,  to  Bernard  B. 
and  Karl  Jane  (Nanney)  Jones. 

Education:  Rutherford  County  PubHc 
Schools,  1920-32;  Mars  Hill  College,  1934, 
A.S.;  Wake  Forest  University,  School  of 
Law,  1937,  LL.B. 

Professional  Background:  Judge, 
U.S.  District  Court,  Western  District, 
1967-. 

Organizations:  Rutherford  County 
(President,  1946),  N.C.  Bar  Association; 
American  Bar  Association;  Trustee,  Gardner-Webb  College;  Rutherfordton 
Chamber  of  Commerce  (former  Director);  former  President,  Rutherfordton 
Kiwanis  Club. 

Political  Activities:  N.C.  Democratic  Executive  Committee,  1938-60;  mem- 
ber, N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1947-49;  Solicitor,  Recorder's  Court, 
Rutherford  County,  1941-43. 

Honors:  Outstanding  Service  Citation,  Gardner-Webb  College,  1965;  Out- 
standing Service  Award,  Rutherfordton  Lions  Club,  1950. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Baptist  Church,  Rutherfordton; 
teacher;  Deacon. 

Family:  Married,  Rachel  Phelps,  November  22,  1936.  Children:  W.  Wilson, 
Jr.  and  Michael  A. 


PART  IV 


North  Carolina 
State  Government 


CHAPTER  ONE 
The  Legislative  Branch 

AN  HISTORICAL  OVERVIEW 
The  Colonial  Experience 

The  General  Assembly  is  the  oldest  governmental  body  in  North  Carolina. 
According  to  tradition,  a  "legislative  assembly  of  free  holders"met  for  the 
first  time  around  1666;  however,  there  is  no  proof  that  this  assembly 
actually  met.  Provisions  for  a  representative  assembly  in  Proprietary  North 
Carolina  can  be  traced  to  the  Concessions  and  Agreements  adopted  in  1665 
and  did  not  exist  prior  to  this  document.  The  Concessions  and  Agreement 
called  for  an  unicameral  body  composed  of  the  governor,  his  council,  and 
"twelve  men  .  .  .  chosen  annually"  to  sit  as  a  legislature.  This  system  of 
representation  prevailed  until  1670  when  Albemarle  County  was  divided 
into  three  smaller  units  called  "precincts."  Berkeley  Precinct,  Carteret 
Precinct  and  Shaftsbury  Precinct  were  apparently  each  allowed  five  repre- 
sentatives. Around  1682,  four  new  precincts  were  created  from  the  original 
three  as  the  population  grew  and  moved  westward.  The  number  of  repre- 
sentatives for  new  precincts  was  usually  two,  although  some  were  granted 
more.  Beginning  with  the  Assembly  of  1723,  several  of  the  larger,  more 
important  towns  were  allowed  to  elect  their  own  representatives.  Edenton 
was  the  first  town  granted  this  privilege,  followed  by  Bath,  New  Bern, 
Wilmington,  Brunswick,  Halifax,  Campbellton  (now  Fayetteville),  Salisbury, 
Hillsborough,  and  Tarborough.  Around  1735  Albemarle  and  Bath  Counties 
ceased  to  exist  and  the  geographical  units  known  as  "precincts"  became 
counties. 

The  unicameral  form  of  the  legislature  continued  until  around  1697  when 
a  bicameral  form  was  adopted.  The  "upper  house"  was  composed  of  the 
governor,  or  chief  executive  at  the  time,  and  his  council.  The  "lower  house," 
or  House  of  Burgesses,  was  made  up  of  representatives  elected  from  the 
various  precincts.  The  lower  house  could  adopt  its  own  rules  of  procedure 
and  elect  its  own  speaker  and  other  officers;  however,  it  could  meet  only 
when  called  into  session  by  the  governor  and  only  at  a  location  designated 
by  him.  Because  the  lower  house  held  "the  power  of  the  purse"  and  was 
responsible  for  paying  the  salary  of  the  governor,  regular  meetings  of  the 
legislature  were  held  at  least  once  during  a  biennium,  and  usually  more 
often.  Throughout  the  colonial  period,  this  control  over  the  finances  was  a 
source  of  controversy  between  the  governor  and  the  lower  house.  The  House 
of  Burgesses  used  this  power  effectively  to  increase  its  influence  and  prestige. 


228  North  Carolina  Manual 

Early  Statehood 

When  our  first  state  constitution  was  adopted  in  1776,  the  power  struggle 
between  the  governor  and  his  council  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  Colonial 
Assembly  on  the  other,  had  a  profound  effect  on  the  structure  of  the  new 
government.  The  legislature  became  the  primary  organ  of  government  with 
control  over  all  other  areas  of  government.  Its  most  important  power  was  its 
authority  to  elect  all  officials  in  the  executive  and  judicial  branches.  A  joint 
ballot  of  the  members  of  the  state  Senate  and  the  state  House  of  Commons 
was  held  to  elect  the  various  officials.  On  many  occasions  substantial 
amounts  of  time  were  used  for  these  elections  when  a  majority  of  votes  was 
not  received  by  one  candidate.  The  first  break  from  this  procedure  came  in 
1835  when  a  constitutional  amendment  changed  the  method  for  electing  the 
governor.  Instead  of  being  elected  by  the  legislature  for  a  one-year  term,  the 
governor  was  to  be  elected  by  the  people  for  a  two-year  term.  It  would, 
however,  be  another  thirty-three  years  before  the  remaining  executive  and 
judicial  officials  would  be  elected  by  the  people.  Provisions  for  this  were 
incorporated  into  the  Constitution  of  1868. 

The  Constitution  of  1776  provided  for  a  bicameral  legislature  with  mem- 
bers of  both  houses  elected  by  the  people.  The  Senate  had  one  representative 
from  each  county,  while  the  House  of  Commons  had  two  representatives 
from  each  county  and  one  from  each  of  the  towns  given  representative 
status  in  the  constitution.  This  format  continued  until  1835  when  several 
changes  to  the  legislative  branch  were  approved  by  the  people.  Membership 
in  the  Senate  was  set  at  50  with  senators  elected  from  districts.  The  state 
was  divided  into  districts  with  the  number  of  senators  based  on  the  popula- 
tion of  the  individual  districts.  Membership  of  the  House  of  Commons  was 
set  at  120  with  representation  based  on  the  population  of  the  county.  The 
more  populous  counties  had  more  representatives;  however,  each  county  was 
entitled  to  at  least  one  representative.  Provisions  were  made  to  adjust 
representation  in  both  houses.  These  adjustments  would  be  based  on  the 
federal  census  taken  every  ten  years.  The  responsibility  for  adjusting  districts 
and  representation  was  given  to  the  General  Assembly. 

In  1868,  a  new  constitution  was  adopted  and  several  changes  were  made 
regarding  the  legislative  branch.  The  bicameral  structure  was  retained,  but 
the  name  of  the  lower  house  was  changed  from  the  "House  of  Commons"  to 
the  "House  of  Representatives."  Also  the  unfair  "property  qualification" 
provision  for  holding  office  was  eliminated.  For  the  first  time  since  the 
Colonial  Period,  the  office  of  lieutenant  governor  appeared.  The  lieutenant 
governor,  elected  by  the  people,  would  serve  as  president  of  the  Senate,  as 
well  as  being  the  next  in  line  should  something  happen  to  the  governor. 
Provisions  were  also  made  for  the  electing  of  a  president  pro  tempore.  The 
president  pro  tern,  elected  from  among  the  members  of  the  Senate  by  his 
peers,  would  take  over  in  the  absence  of  the  president  of  the  Senate. 

In  1966,  the  House  of  Representatives  adopted  a  district  representation 
similar  to  that  of  the  Senate.  Although  the  number  of  representatives  stayed 
at  120,  every  county  was  no  longer  guaranteed  a  representative.  Instead,  the 
requirement  to  maintain  a  balance  among  districts  in  the  constituent- 
representative  ratio,  resulted  in  counties  with  lower  populations  losing  their 


The  Legislative  Branch  229 

resident  representative.  The  district  format  has  left  nearly  one-third  of  the 
counties  with  no  resident  legislator. 

Meeting  Places  of  the  Legislature 

Prior  to  the  establishment  of  Raleigh  in  1792  as  the  permanent  capital  of 
North  Carolina,  the  seat  of  government  was  moved  from  town  to  town  with 
each  new  General  Assembly.  This  was  also  true  during  the  colonial  period. 
Halifax,  Hillsborough,  Fayetteville,  New  Bern,  Smithfield,  and  Tarborough 
all  shared  the  distinction  of  serving  as  the  seat  of  government  between  1776 
and  1794.  The  Assembly  of  1794-95  was  the  first  legislature  to  meet  in 
Raleigh. 

The  buildings  used  as  meeting  places  for  the  colonial  and  general 
assemblies  varied  as  much  as  the  location.  If  the  structure  was  big  enough 
to  hold  the  legislators,  it  could  be  used.  Courthouses,  schools,  and  even  local 
residences  served  as  "legislative  buildings."  Tryon  Palace  in  New  Bern,  was 
the  State's  first  capitol  building.  It  was  completed  in  1771,  but  was  aban- 
doned during  the  Revolutionary  War  because  of  its  exposure  to  enemy 
attack.  When  Raleigh  was  established  as  the  capital,  provisions  were  made 
for  the  construction  of  a  simple,  two-story  brick  state  house.  This  structure 
was  completed  in  1796  and  served  as  the  home  for  the  General  Assembly 
until  it  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1831.  A  new  capitol  building  was  authorized 
to  be  built  and  was  completed  in  1840.  The  first  session  to  convene  in  the 
Capitol  was  on  November  16,  1840.  Construction  began  on  the  current 
legislative  building  in  early  1961  and  on  February  6,  1963,  the  first  session 
was  convened. 

The  Legislative  Branch  Today 

The  organizational  structure  established  in  the  Constitution  of  1868 
remained  basically  unchanged  with  the  adoption  of  the  state's  third  constitu- 
tion in  1971.  As  one  of  the  three  branches  of  government  found  in  the 
constitution,  the  legislative  branch  is  equal  with,  but  independent  of,  the 
executive  and  judicial  branches.  It  is  composed  of  the  General  Assembly  and 
its  administrative  support  units. 

The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  gives  the  General  Assembly  the 
legislative,  or  lawmaking,  power  for  the  state.  According  to  the  state's 
Supreme  Court,  this  means  that  the  legislature  has  ".  .  .  the  authority  to 
make  or  enact  laws;  to  establish  rules  and  regulations  governing  the  conduct 
of  the  people,  their  rights,  duties  and  procedures;  and  to  prescribe  the 
consequences  of  certain  activities."  These  mandates  give  the  General 
Assembly  the  power  to  make  new  laws  and  amend  or  repeal  existing  laws  on 
a  broad  range  of  issues  that  have  statewide  as  well  as  local  impact.  The 
legislature  also  defines  criminal  law,  which  declares  certain  acts  illegal. 

Election  of  Legislators 

Legislators  in  both  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  are  elected 
every  two  years  in  the  even  numbered  years  from  districts  established  by 
law.  Qualifications  for  election  differ  slightly  for  each  house.  For  election  to 
either  house,  a  person  must  reside  in  the  district  he  wants  to  represent  for  at 


230  North  Carolina  Manual 

least  one  year  prior  to  the  election  and  be  a  registered  voter  of  the  state.  To 
qualify  for  the  Senate,  a  person  must  also  be  at  least  25  years  old  on  the  date 
of  the  election  and  a  resident  of  the  state  for  two  years  immediately  preceding 
the  election.  To  qualify  for  election  to  the  House  of  Representatives,  a  person 
must  be  at  least  21  years  old  on  the  date  of  the  election  in  addition  to  the 
previously  stated  qualifications. 

A  constitutional  amendment  approved  by  the  voters  in  1982  set  January  1, 
following  the  November  general  elections  as  the  date  legislators  officially 
take  office.  Prior  to  this  amendment,  legislators  took  office  immediately 
following  their  election  in  November. 

Legislative  Sessions 

Under  the  Constitution  of  North  Carolina,  the  General  Assembly  is  re- 
quired to  meet  in  regular  session  in  every  odd  year.  It  normally  convenes  on 
the  first  Wednesday  after  the  second  Monday  in  January;  however,  this  date 
may  be  changed  by  joint  resolution  of  the  two  houses.  Prior  to  1973  the 
General  Assembly  met  only  once  during  a  biennium.  The  legislature  may 
also  meet  at  other  times  when  called  into  session  by  the  presiding  officers  of 
each  house  if  three-fifths  of  the  membership  of  each  house  request  a  special 
session.  In  emergency,  or  extraordinary  situations,  the  governor,  with  the 
advice  and  consent  of  the  Council  of  State,  may  call  extra  legislative 
sessions. 

Since  the  economic  crisis  of  1973-74,  the  General  Assembly  has  met  in 
both  odd  and  even  years.  The  first  session  is  open  to  all  legislative  business. 
The  second  is  usually  limited  to  budgetary  matters  and  provides  an  op- 
portunity to  review  the  adopted  budget  in  light  of  economic  changes,  the 
needs  of  the  state,  and  other  factors.  Any  other  legislative  action  is  limited 
to  items  agreed  upon  by  the  two  houses  in  the  previous  session. 

The  Organization  of  the  General  Assembly 

Two  equal  houses,  the  Senate  with  its  50  members  and  the  House  of 
Representatives  with  its  120  members,  make  up  the  General  Assembly  of 
North  Carolina.  Each  house  elects  a  principal  clerk,  a  reading  clerk  and  a 
sergeant-at-arms  as  well  as  its  own  officers.  The  President  of  the  Senate 
(lieutenant  governor)  presides  over  the  Senate.  A  president  pro  tempore  is 
elected  by  the  senators  from  among  their  membership.  In  the  House  of 
Representatives,  the  speaker  is  elected  by  the  representatives  from  among 
their  membership.  Other  officers  in  each  respective  house  are  elected  either 
by  the  membership  as  a  whole  or  by  the  members  from  each  party. 

Much  of  the  legislative  work  of  the  General  Assembly  is  accomplished 
through  standing  committees.  Shortly  after  the  start  of  the  legislative 
session,  standing  committees  are  formed  and  members  of  each  house  ap- 
pointed to  those  in  their  respective  houses.  Beginning  with  the  1989  session, 
the  president  pro  tem  will  appoint  senate  committees,  a  duty  traditionally 
given  the  President  of  the  Senate.  The  speaker  appoints  House  committees. 
These  officers  attempt  to  make  committee  assignments  which  match  the 
interest  and  expertise  of  legislators.  There  are  34  standing  committees  in  the 
Senate  and  13  in  the  House  for  the  current  session.  The  House  also  has  50 
subcommittees. 


The  Legislative  Branch  231 

Administrative  authority  for  the  General  Assembly  is  vested  in  the  Legisla- 
tive Services  Commission.  The  president  pro  tempore  of  the  Senate  and  the 
speaker  of  the  House  are  ex  officio  chairmen  of  the  Legislative  Services 
Commission  and  each  appoints  six  members  from  his  respective  house  to 
serve  on  the  Commission.  The  Commission  employs  a  Legislative  Administra- 
tive Officer  who  serves  as  chief  staff  officer  for  the  Commission.  In  addition 
to  an  Administrative  Division,  there  are  four  other  support  divisions,  each 
under  a  director  appointed  by  the  Legislative  Services  Commission.  These 
are  the  Legislative  Automated  Systems  Division,  the  Legislative  Bill  Drafting 
Division,  the  Fiscal  Research  Division  and  the  General  Research  Division. 

The  Administrative  Division  is  headed  by  the  Legislative  Administrative 
Officer.  Its  primary  role  is  to  provide  logistical  support  to  the  General 
Assembly  in  a  variety  of  areas  including  budget  preparation  and  administra- 
tion, building  maintenance,  equipment  and  supplies,  mailing  operations, 
printing  (including  printed  bills),  and  a  host  of  other  services. 

The  Automated  Systems  Division  is  responsible  for  designing,  developing, 
and  maintaining  a  number  of  computer  applications  for  use  by  the  staff  of 
the  General  Assembly.  Bill  typing,  legal  document  retrieval,  bill  status 
reporting,  fiscal  information  systems,  office  automation  and  electronic  pub- 
lishing are  all  functions  of  the  division.  Policies  governing  the  operation  of 
the  Division  and  access  to  the  Legislative  Computer  Center  are  set  by  a 
Legislative  Services  Commission's  subcommittee. 

The  Bill  Drafting  Division  is  responsible  for  assisting  legislators  in  the 
preparation  of  bills  for  introduction.  Staff  attorneys  draft  the  bills  and  make 
sure  they  are  entered  into  the  computer,  printed,  and  that  the  proper  number 
of  copies  are  delivered  to  the  introducing  legislator.  There  are  numerous 
guidelines  which  must  be  followed  to  insure  confidentiality. 

The  Fiscal  Research  Division  serves  as  the  research  and  watchdog  arm  for 
the  General  Assembly  on  fiscal  and  compliance  matters  regarding  state 
government.  The  statutory  duties  include  various  responsibilities  in  the 
areas  of  fiscal  analysis,  operational  reviews  and  reporting. 

The  General  Research  Division  has  as  its  primary  function  the  respon- 
sibility of  obtaining  information  and  making  legal  and  nonfiscal  analyses 
of  subjects  affecting  and  affected  by  state  law  and  government  when 
requested  to  do  so  by  a  legislator  or  standing  committee  of  the  General 
Assembly.  To  a  lesser  extent,  they  also  answer  questions  from  other  North 
Carolina  and  sister  state  agencies  and  private  citizens. 


232 


North  Carolina  Manual 


George  Rubin  Hall,  Jr. 

Legislative  Services  Officer 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Raleigh,  NC 
April  14,  1939,  to  George  Rubin,  Sr.  (de- 
ceased) and  Ludie  Jane  (Conner)  Hall. 

Education:  Hugh  Morson  High  School 
1953-55;  Needham  Broughton  High 
School,  1955-57;  Campbell  College,  1964, 
B.S.;  Post-graduate  work  NC  State  Uni- 
versity in  Public  Personnel  Administra- 
tion; Government  Executives  Institute, 
UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1982. 

Professional  Background:  Legisla- 
tive Services  Officer,  1979-;  14  years,  NC 
Division  of  Vocational  Rehabilitation;  former  Administrative  Officer  with 
NC  General  Assembly;  Licensed  Building  Contractor;  Licensed  Real  Estate 
Broker. 

Organizations:  National  Rehabilitation  Association;  NC  Rehabilitation 
Association. 

Boards:  Fiscal  Affairs  and  Government  Operations,  Southern  Legislative 
Conference;  Legislative  Organization  and  Management  Committee,  National 
Conference  of  State  Legislators;  former  member.  Wake  County  School  Board 
Advisory  Council;  Manpower  Area  Planning  Council,  Region  J,  1972-73. 

Military  Service:  Served,  NC  Army  National  Guard,  Staff  Sgt.,  1959-60, 
(active),  1960-65,  (reserves). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Longview  Baptist  Church,  Raleigh,  NC. 

Family:  Married,  Carolyn  Marie  Young  of  Raleigh,  June  26,  1960. 
Children:  George  Rubin,  HI,  W.  Gregory,  and  Carolyn  Elizabeth. 


The  Legislative  Branch  233 


THE  1989  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY 

Convening  of  the  Session 

The  1989  General  Assembly,  the  State's  138th,  was  convened  in  the 
respective  chambers  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  in  the 
Legislative  Building  in  Raleigh  at  Noon  on  January  11,  by  Lieutenant 
Governor  James  C.  Gardner,  in  the  Senate  and  Principal  Clerk  of  the  House, 
Grace  Collins.  Lt.  Governor  Gardner,  a  Republican,  is  the  first  member  of 
his  party  to  be  elected  in  this  century.  The  convening  of  the  House  by  the 
principal  clerk  marked  the  first  time  since  1941  that  the  Secretary  of  State 
was  not  afforded  that  role. 

Prior  to  1957,  the  General  Assembly  convened  in  January  at  a  time  fixed 
by  the  Constitution  of  North  Carolina.  From  1957  through  1967,  sessions 
convened  in  February  at  a  time  fixed  by  the  Constitution.  The  1969  General 
Assembly  was  the  first  to  convene  on  a  date  fixed  by  law  after  elimination  of 
the  constitutionally  fixed  date  (Chapter  1181,  Session  Laws  of  North  Caro- 
lina, 1967  Session).  This  act  set  the  "First  Wednesday  after  the  second 
Monday  in  January  after  the  election"  as  the  convening  date.  The  1989 
General  Assembly  convened  on  Wednesday,  January  11,  1989,  as  directed  by 
law  and  did  not  adjourn  until  Saturday,  August  12,  1989,  215  days  later. 
This  was  the  longest  session  ever  held,  exceedng  the  previous  record  of  191 
days  set  by  the  1971  General  Assembly. 

Women  in  the  General  Assembly 

The  first  woman  to  serve  in  the  General  Assembly  was  Lillian  Exum 
Clement  of  Buncombe  County  who  serve  in  the  1921  House  of  Representa- 
tives. Including  this  session,  a  total  of  seventy-five  different  women  have 
served  in  the  General  Assembly  since  that  time.  There  are  twenty-five 
women  in  the  1989  General  Assembly — four  in  the  Senate  and  twenty-one  in 
the  House  of  Representatives.  This  is  a  new  record,  breaking  the  old  record 
of  24  shared  by  several  sessions. 

Senator  Lura  S.  Tally,  a  Democrat  from  Cumberland  County,  and  Repre- 
sentative Jo  Graham  Foster,  a  Democrat  from  Mecklenburg  County,  are  in 
their  ninth  terms,  breaking  the  record  for  service  previously  held  by  former 
Representative  Nancy  W.  Chase  of  Wayne  County  who  served  eight  terms  - 
all  in  the  House.  Senator  Tally  has  served  five  terms  in  the  House  and  four 
in  the  Senate;  Representative  Foster  has  served  all  of  her  terms  in  the 
House. 

Minorities  in  the  General  Assembly 

During  Reconstruction  after  the  Civil  War,  and  particularly  after  the 
adoption  of  the  Constitution  of  1868,  minorities  were  elected  to  the  General 
Assembly.  Fifteen  blacks  were  elected  to  the  House  of  Representatives  and 
two  to  the  Senate  in  1868.  Under  the  leadership  of  Representative  Parker  D. 
Robbins  of  Hertford  County  and  Senators  A.  H.  Galloway  of  New  Hanover 
County  and  John  A.  Hyman  of  Warren  County,  the  1868  General  Assembly 


234  North  Carolina  Manual 

approved  the  Fourteenth  Amendment  to  the  United  States  Constitution 
which  guaranteed  citizenship  for  hlacks.  As  conservative  democrats  regained 
power  following  reconstruction,  black  representation  in  the  General  Assembly 
disappeared. 

The  first  black  to  serve  in  the  General  Assembly  during  this  century  was 
Henry  E.  Frye  from  Guilford  County  who  served  in  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives in  1969.  Seventeen  blacks  have  been  elected  to  serve  in  the  1989 
legislature  -  four  in  the  Senate  and  thirteen  in  the  House  of  Representatives. 
This  is  a  new  record  breaking  the  old  record  of  sixteen  for  the  1987-88 
Session.  Mr.  Frye  also  holds  the  record  for  most  terms  served  with  seven  - 
six  in  the  House  of  Representatives  and  one  in  the  Senate. 

Miscellaneous  Facts  and  Figures 

The  oldest  member  of  the  1989  Senate  is  R.  L.  Martin  (11/8/18),  a  Democrat 
from  Pitt  County.  The  youngest  member  of  the  1989  Senate  is  Richard  E. 
Chalk,  Jr.  (7/3/52),  a  Republican  from  Guilford  County. 

The  oldest  member  of  the  1989  House  of  Representatives  is  Gordon  H. 
Greenwood  (6/3/09),  a  Democrat  from  Buncombe  County.  The  youngest 
member  of  the  1989  House  of  Representatives  is  David  G.  Balmer  (4/11/62), 
a  Republican  from  Mecklenburg  County. 

The  Senator  with  the  longest  tenure  is  James  D.  Speed,  a  Democrat  from 
Franklin  County,  serving  his  thirteenth  term  -  six  in  the  House  and  seven  in 
the  Senate.  The  Representative  with  the  longest  tenure  is  Liston  B.  Ramsey, 
a  Democrat  from  Madison  County,  serving  his  fourteenth  term  -  all  in  the 
House.  The  all-time  record  for  service  is  held  by  former  state  Representative 
Dwight  Quinn,  a  Democrat  from  Cabarrus  County,  who  served  all  of  his 
eighteen  terms  in  the  House. 

Thirty  of  the  100  counties  in  North  Carolina  have  no  resident  member  in 
the  General  Assembly.  Thirty-two  counties  have  representation  in  the  House 
of  Representatives  only;  five  counties,  in  the  Senate  only.  Thirty-three 
counties  have  representation  in  both  the  House  and  the  Senate.  Mecklenburg 
has  the  largest  representation  with  eleven  — eight  in  the  House  and  three  in 
the  Senate. 

Salaries  of  Legislators 

The  base  salary  of  a  member  of  the  1989  General  Assembly  is  $11,124.00 
per  year  with  a  monthly  expense  allowance  of  $465.00.  Officers  of  the 
respective  houses  get  higher  base  salaries  and  expense  allowances.  The 
Speaker  of  the  House  has  a  base  salary  of  $31,224.00  per  year  and  a  monthly 
expense  allowance  of  $1,175.  The  President  Pro  Tempore  of  the  Senate 
receives  $19,104.00  and  $833.00  respectively;  the  Speaker  Pro  Tempore  of  the 
House  receives  $17,592.00  and  $694.00  respectively;  and  the  Majority  and 
Minority  Leaders  of  each  house  receive  $16,080.00  and  $554  respectively. 
During  the  legislative  session  and  when  they  are  carrying  out  the  state's 
business,  all  legislators  receive  a  subsistence  allowance  of  $81.00  a  day  and 
a  travel  allowance  of  $.25  per  mile. 


The  Legislative  Branch  235 


1989  NORTH  CAROLINA  SENATE 

Officers 

President  (Lieutenant  Governor) James  C.  Gardner 

President  Pro  Tempore Henson  P.  Barnes 

Deputy  President  Pro  Tempore Kenneth  C.  Royall,  Jr. 

Majority  Leader Ted  Kaplan 

Minority  Leader Laurence  A.  Cobb 

Majority  Whip A.P.  Sands,  III 

Minority  Whip Paul  S.  Smith 

Joint  Caucus  Leader Robert  G.  Shaw 

Principal  Clerk Sylvia  M.  Fink 

Reading  Clerk LeRoy  Clark,  Jr. 

Sergeant-at-Arms Gerda  Pleasants 

Senators 

Name  District         County  Address 

Allran,  Austin  M.  (R) 26th Catawba Hickory 

Ballance,  Frank  W.,  Jr 2nd Warren Warrenton 

Barker,  Bill 3rd PamHco Oriental 

Barnes,  Henson  P 8th Wayne Goldsboro 

Basnight,  Marc 1st Dare Manteo 

Block,  Frank 7th New  Hanover Wilmington 

Bryan,  Howard  (R) 26th Iredell Statesville 

Carpenter,  Robert  (R) 29th Macon Franklin 

Chalk,  Richard  (R) 32nd Guilford High  Point 

Cobb,  Laurence  A.'  (R) 35th Mecklenburg Charlotte 

Cochrane,  Betsy  L.  (R) 23rd Davie Advance 

Conder,  J.  Richard 17th Richmond Rockingham 

Daniel,  George  B 21st Caswell Semora 

Daughtry,  N.  Leo  (R) 15th Johnston Smithfield 

Ezzell,  James  E.,  Jr 10th Nash Rocky  Mount 

Goldston,  W.D.,  Jr 24th Rockingham Eden 

Guy,  A.D 4th Onslow Jacksonville 

Hardin,  C.W.  (R) 29th Haywood Canton 

Harris,  J.  Ollie 25th Cleveland Kings  Mountain 

Hunt,  Ralph  A 13th Durham Durham 

Hunt,  Wanda  H 16th Moore Pinehurst 

Johnson,  James  C,  Jr 22nd Cabarrus Concord 

Johnson,  Joseph  E 14th Wake Raleigh 

Kaplan,  Ted 20th Forsyth Lewisville 

Kincaid,  Donald  R.  (R) 27th Caldwell Lenoir 

Martin,  R.L 6th Pitt Bethel 

Martin,  WilHam,  N 31st Guilford Greensboro 

Marvin,  Helen  Rhyne 25th Gaston Gastonia 

Murphy,  Wendell  H 5th Duplin Rose  Hill 

Odom,  T.L 34th Mecklenburg Charlotte 

Parnell,  David 30th Robeson Parkton 

Plyler,  Aaron  W 17th Union Monroe 

Rauch,  Marshall  A 25th Gaston Gastonia 

Raynor,  Joe  B 12th Cumberland Fayetteville 

Richardson,  James  F 33rd Mecklenburg Charlotte 

Royall,  Kenneth  C,  Jr 13th Durham Durham 

Sands,  A.P.,  III 24th Rockingham Reidsville 


236  North  Carolina  Manual 

Name  District         County  Address 

Shaw,  Robert  G.  (R) 19th Guilford Greensboro 

Sherron,  J.K 14th Wake Raleigh 

Simpson,  Daniel  R.  (R) 27th Burke Morganton 

Smith,  Paul  S.  (R) 23rd Rowan Salisbury 

Soles,  R.C.,  Jr 18th Columbus Tabor  City 

Speed,  James  D 11th Franklin Louisburg 

Staton,  William  W 14th Lee Sanford 

Swain,  Robert  S 28th Buncombe Asheville 

Taft,  Thomas  F 9th Pitt Greenville 

Tally,  Lura  S 12th Cumberland Fayetteville 

Walker,  Russell  G 16th Randolph Asheboro 

Ward,  Marvin  M 20th Forsyth Winston-Salem 

Wilson,  Constance  K.-' 35th Mecklenburg Charlotte 

Winner,  Dennis  J 28th Buncombe Asheville 


'Cobb  resigned   effective  August   14,    1989,   to  assume  a  position   on  the  Utilities 

Commission. 

-Wilson  was  appointed  by  Governor  James  G.  Martin  on  September  1,  1989,  to  replace 

Cobb. 


The  Legislative  Branch  237 

Speakers  of  the  Senate 

Assembly  Senator  County 

1777 Samuel  Ashe New  Hanover 

1778 WhitmelHill Martin 

Allen  Jones Northampton 

1779 Allen  Jones Northampton 

Abner  Nash Jones 

1780 Abner  Nash Jones 

Alexander  Martin Guilford 

1781 Alexander  Martin Guilford 

1782 Alexander  Martin Guilford 

Richard  Caswell Dobbs 

1783 Richard  Caswell Dobbs 

1784  (April) Richard  Caswell Dobbs 

1784  (October) Richard  Caswell Dobbs 

1785 Alexander  Martin Guilford 

1786-87 James  Coor Craven 

1787 Alexander  Martin Guilford 

1788 Alexander  Martin Guilford 

1789 Richard  Caswell Dobbs 

Charles  Johnston Chowan 

1790 William  Lenoir Wilkes 

1791-92 William  Lenoir Wilkes 

1792-93 Wilham  Lenoir Wilkes 

1793-94 Wilham  Lenoir Wilkes 

1794-95 William  Lenoir Wilkes 

1795 Benjamin  Smith Brunswick 

1796 Benjamin  Smith Brunswick 

1797 Benjamin  Smith Brunswick 

1798 Benjamin  Smith Brunswick 

1799 Benjamin  Smith Brunswick 

1800 Joseph  Riddick Gates 

1801 Joseph  Riddick Gates 

1802 Joseph  Riddick Gates 

1803 Joseph  Riddick Gates 

1804 Joseph  Riddick Gates 

1805 Alexander  Martin Guilford 

1806 Joseph  Riddick Gates 

1807 Joseph  Riddick Gates 

1808 Joseph  Riddick Gates 

1809 Joseph  Riddick Gates 

1810 Joseph  Riddick Gates 

1811 Joseph  Riddick Gates 

1812 George  Outlaw Bertie 

1813 George  Outlaw Bertie 

1814 George  Outlaw Bertie 

1815 John  Branch Halifax 

1816 John  Branch Halifax 

1817 John  Branch Halifax 

Bartlett  Yancey Caswell 

1818 Bartlett  Yancey Caswell 

1819 Bartlett  Yancey Caswell 

1820 Bartlett  Yancey Caswell 

1821 Bartlett  Yancey Caswell 

1822 Bartlett  Yancey Caswell 


238  North  Carolina  Manual 

Assembly  Senator  County 

1823-24 Bartlett  Yancey Caswell 

1824-25 Bartlett  Yancey Caswell 

1825-26 Bartlett  Yancey Caswell 

1826-27 Bartlett  Yancey Caswell 

1827-28 Bartlett  Yancey Caswell 

1828-29 Jesse  Speight Greene 

1829-30 Bedford  Brown Caswell 

David  F.  Caldwell Rowan 

1830-31 David  F.  Caldwell Rowan 

1831-32 David  F.  Caldwell Rowan 

1832-33 William  D.  Mosely Lenoir 

1833-34 William  D.  Mosely Lenoir 

1834-35 William  D.  Mosely Lenoir 

1835 William  D.  Mosely Lenoir 

1836-37 Hugh  Waddell Orange 

1838-39 Andrew  Joyner Halifax 

1840-41 Andrew  Joyner Halifax 

1842-43 Lewis  D.  Wilson Edgecombe 

1844-45 Burgess  S.  Gaither Burke 

1846-47 Andrew  Joyner Halifax 

1848-49 Calvin  Graves Caswell 

1850-51 Weldon  N.  Edwards Warren 

1852 Weldon  N.  Edwards Warren 

1854-55 Warren  Winslow Cumberland 

1856-57 WilUam  W.  Avery Burke 

1858-59 Henry  T.  Clark Edgecombe 

1860-61 Henry  T.  Clark Edgecombe 

1862-64 Giles  Mebane Alamance 

1864-65 Giles  Mebane Alamance 

1865-66 Thomas  Settle Rockingham 

1866-67 Matthias  E.  Manly Craven 

Joseph  H.  Wilson Mecklenburg 


Presidents  Pro  Tempore  of  the  Senate* 

Assembly  Senator  County 

1870-72 Edward  J.  Warren Beaufort 

1872-74 James  T.  Morehead Guilford 

1874-75 

1876-77 .....James  L.  Robinson Macon 

1879-80 Wilham  A.  Graham Lincoln 

1881 William  T.  Dorch Buncombe 

1883 

1885 E.  T.  Boykin Sampson 

1887 


*With  the  adoption  of  a  new  constitution  in  1868,  the  office  of  "Speai<er  of  the  Senate"  ceased  to  exist.  A  provision 
in  the  constitution  created  the  office  of  "lieutenant  governor"  whose  duties  and  functions  were  similar  to  those 
previously  carried  out  by  the  speaker.  The  lieutenant  governor  presides  over  the  senate  and  is  called  "The 
President  of  the  Senate"  when  serving  in  this  capacity.  The  senators  also  elected  one  of  their  own  to  serve  as 
"President  Pro  Tempore"  during  periods  when  the  lieutenant  can  not  preside. 


The  Legislative  Branch  239 

Assembly  Senator  County 

1889 [Edwin  W.  Kerr] Sampson 

1891 William  D.  Turner Iredell 

1893 John  L.King Guilford 

1895 E.  L.  Franck,  Jr Onslow 

1897 

1899-1900 R.L.  Smith Stanly 

F.  A.  Whitaker Wake 

1901 Henry  A.  London Chatham 

1903 Henry  A.  London Chatham 

1905 Charles  A.  Webb Buncombe 

1907-1908 Charles  A.  Webb Buncombe 

1909 Whitehead  Klutz Rowan 

1911 Henry  N.  Pharr Mecklenburg 

1913 Henry  N.  Pharr Mecklenburg 

1915 Oliver  Max  Gardner Cleveland 

1917 Fordyce  C.  Harding Pitt 

1919-20 Lindsey  C.  Warren Washington 

1921 Wilham  L.Long Halifax 

1923-24 Wilham  L.Long Halifax 

1925 William  S.  H.  Burgwyn Northampton 

1927 William  L.  Long Halifax 

1929 Thomas  L.  Johnson Robeson 

1931 Rivers  D.  Johnson Duplin 

1933 William  G.  Clark Edgecombe 

1935 Paul  D.  Grady Johnston 

1937-38 Andrew  H.  Johnston Buncombe 

James  A.  Bell Mecklenburg 

1939 Whitman  E.  Smith Stanly 

1941 John  D.  Larkins,  Jr Jones 

1943 John  H.  Price Rockingham 

1945 Archie  C.  Gay Northampton 

1947 Joseph  L.  Blythe Mecklenburg 

1949 James  C.  Pittman Lee 

1951 Rufus  G.  Rankin Gaston 

1953 Edwin  Pate Scotland 

1955-56 Paul  E.Jones Pitt 

1957 Claude  Currie Durham 

1959 Robert  F.  Morgan Cleveland 

1961 William  L.  Crew Halifax 

1963 Ralph  H.  Scott Alamance 

1965-66 Robert  B.  Morgan Harnett 

1967 Herman  A.  Moore Mecklenburg 

1969 Neill  H.  McGeachy Cumberland 

1971 Frank  N.  Patterson,  Jr Stanly 

Gordon  P.  Allen Person 

1973-74 Gordon  P.  Allen Person 

1975-76 John  T.Henley Cumberland 

1977-78 John  T.Henley Cumberland 

1979-80 W.  Craig  La  wing Mecklenburg 

1981-82 W.  Craig  Lawing Mecklenburg 

1983-84 ...W.  Craig  Lawing Mecklenburg 

1985-86 J.J.Harrington Bertie 

1987-88 J.  J.  Harrington Bertie 

1989-90 Hanson  P.  Barnes Wayne 


240 


North  Carolina  Manual 


^-^W' 


The  Legislative  Branch  241 


Henson  P.  Barnes 

PRESIDENT  PRO  TEMPORE 

(Democrat  -  Wayne  County) 
Eighth  Senatorial  District  -  Greene  and  Wayne  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Bladen  County,  November  18,  1934,  to  Reverend 
Lalon  L.  and  Mable  (Cumbee)  Barnes. 

Education:  Garland  High  School,  1953;  Wilmington  College,  1958,  A.A.; 
UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1959,  A.B.;  UNC-Chapel  Hill  School  of  Law,  1961,  J.D. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney;  Farm  owner. 

Organizations:  Wayne  County,  N.C.,  and  American  Bar  Associations; 
American  Trial  Lawyers  Association;  Masonic  Order;  Shrine;  Elks;  American 
Legion;  Moose  Lodge;  Civitan  Club;  National  Trustee,  Woodmen  of  the 
World. 

Boards:  Energy  Policy  Council;  Courts  Commission;  Board  of  Governors, 
N.C.  Bar  Association;  Board  of  Directors,  N.C.  Blueberry  Association;  Board 
of  Directors,  N.C.  Grape  Growers  Association. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  Senate,  since  1977-;  N.C.  House  of 
Representatives,  1975-76;  Chairman,  Wayne  County  Democratic  Party; 
former  President,  Wayne  County  Young  Democrats. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army,  1953-56;  Paratrooper. 

Honors:  US  Great  American  Family  of  the  Year  Award,  presented  by 
Nancy  Reagan  at  the  White  House,  1985;  National  Environmental  Award, 
"Take  Pride  in  America,"  presented  by  President  Reagan  at  the  White 
House,  1987;  Outstanding  Legislator  Award  for  Contribution  to  Trails,  NC 
Trails  Association,  1987;  Outstanding  Legislator,  NC  Handicapped  Associa- 
tion, 1985-86;  Outstanding  Legislator,  NC  Parks  Association,  1985-86;  Out- 
standing Legislator,  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers,  1981-82;  Legislative  Award 
of  Excellence,  Crime  Commission,  1983-84;  Woodmen  of  the  World,  Man  of 
the  Year,  1985;  Honorary  Doctor  of  Humane  Letters,  William  Carter  College, 
1979;  Robert  H.  Futrell  Good  Environment  Award,  1975;  Outstanding  Jaycee 
President  (Southeast  Region),  1964;  Outstanding  Young  Man,  Goldsboro, 
1963. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Baptist  Church,  Goldsboro;  Deacon; 
Sunday  School  Teacher;  Budget  and  Finance  Board. 

Family:  Married,  Kitty  Allen  Barnes,  August  17,  1961.  Children:  Mrs. 
David  C.  (Rebecca)  Richards  and  Ms.  Amy  Barnes. 


242 


North  Carolina  Manual 


^e^^^f^'- 


Kenneth  C.  Royall,  Jr. 

DEPUTY  PRESIDENT 
PRO  TEMPORE 

(Democrat  -  Durham  County) 

Thirteenth  Senatorial  District  -  Durham, 
Granville,  Orange  (part)  and  Person 
Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Warsaw, 
Duplin  County,  September  2,  1918,  to 
Kenneth  Claiborne  and  Margaret 
Pierce  (Best)  Royall,  Sr. 

Education:  Goldsboro  High 
School,  1932-34;  Episcopal  High 
School,  1936;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1940, 
A.B.;  UVA,  School  of  Law,  1940-41; 
Wake  Forest  University  School  of 
Law,  1941-42. 

Professional  Background:  Furniture  retailer  (owner,  Style  Craft  In- 
teriors) 

Organizations:  Director,  American  Red  Cross;  Director,  YMCA;  Director, 
NC  Merchant's  Association,  1975-76;  Rotary  Club;  Elks  Club;  Delta  Kappa 
Epsilon;  Director,  Training  for  Hearing  Impaired  Children,  1971-76;  Vice- 
President,  NC  Committee  for  Prevention  of  Blindness,  1973-76;  Durham 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  1962-72  (Director  and  Vice  President,  1972); 

Boards:  Board  of  Directors,  Keep  North  Carolina  Beautiful,  1985-90; 
Chairman,  Council  of  state  Governments,  1981-82;  Chairman,  Southern 
Leadership  Conference,  1977-83;  Legislative  Building  Commission,  1971-72; 
Board  of  Higher  Education,  1971-72;  Executive  Residence  Building  Commis- 
sion, 1972;  Chairman,  Mental  Health  Study  Commission,  1972-83;  Govern- 
mental Operations  System,  1974-90;  Director,  Eckerd  Wilderness  Educational 
System  of  NC,  1978-81;  Durham  Advisory  Board,  Duke  Hospital,  1975-89; 
director,  Triangle  Service  Center,  Inc.,  1974-89;  Executive  Committee,  NCSL, 
1976-78,  1980-81,  1984-;  NCSL  Legislative  Leaders,  1985-86. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  Senate,  1973-present,  (9  terms);  Senate 
Majority  Leader,  1973-74,  1977-86;  Legislative  Services  Commission,  1973-; 
NC  House  of  Representatives,  1967,  1969,  1971;  Chairman,  Advisory  Budget 
Commission,  1981-. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Marine  Corps,  1942-45  (Major);  Platoon 
Leader,  South  Pacific,  World  War  II;  Bronze  Star  with  Combat  V. 

Honors:  Certificate  of  Appreciation  and  Recognition,  NC  Psychology 
Association,  1983;  Honorary  L.L.D,  NCCU,  1982;  Honorary  L.L.D.,  Duke 
University,  1985;  Legislator  of  the  Year,  NCSEA,  1980;  Outstanding  State 
Legislator,  NCSGEA,  1980,  and  Assembly  of  Government  Employees,  1980; 


The  Legislative  Branch  243 

Most  Influential  Member  of  NC  Senate,  1979-88;  Distinguished  Service 
Award  for  Outstanding  Legislative  Service,  NC  Mental  Health  Center 
Association,  1978;  Civic  Honor  Award,  Durham  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
1977;  Valand  Award  (outstanding  service  to  mental  health),  1976;  Dis- 
tinguished Service  Award,  NC  Public  Health  Association,  1975;  Certificate 
of  Commendation,  National  Association  of  Mental  Health,  1974;  Dis- 
tinguished Service  Medal,  UNC  Alumni,  1985;  NC  Citizens  for  Industry, 
Distinguished  Service  Award,  1989;  Distinguished  Legislator  Award,  DSLLA, 
1988. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  St.  Philhp's  Episcopal  Church,  Durham; 
Senior  Warden,  1964;  Junior  Warden,  1959;  Vestry,  three  terms. 

Family:  Married,  Julia  Bryan  Zollicoffer,  February  10,  1945.  Children: 
Kenneth  C,  III,  Jere  Zollicoffer  and  Julia  Bryan. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGMNENTS: 

Chairman:  Appropriations 

Vice  Chairman:  Higher  Education 

Member:  Finance;  Human  Resources;  Pensions  and  Retirement;  Public 
Utilities;  Rules  and  Operation  of  the  Senate;  State  Government;  Ways  and 
Means. 


244 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Ian  Theodore  Kaplan 

MAJORITY  LEADER 

(Democrat  -  F'orsyth  County) 

Twentieth  Senatorial  District  -  P'orsyth 
County  (Part). 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Greensboro, 
Guilford  County,  December  26,  1946, 
to  Leon  and  Renee  (Myers)  Kaplan. 

Education:  Riverside  Military 
Academy,  1962-64;  R.J.  Reynolds 
High  School,  1965;  Guilford  College. 

Professional  Background:  Presi- 
dent, Kaplan  Press. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC 

Senate,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-  ;  NC 
House  of  Representatives,  1977-78, 
1979-80,  1981-82. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Navy,  1969-71;  Reserves,  1968-69  (E-3). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Temple  Emanuel,  Winston-Salem. 

Family:  Married,  Vivian  Deanna  Frazier,  February  20,  1988.  Children: 
Sarah  Elizabeth. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chairman:  Rules  and  Operations  of  the  Senate 

Member:  Appropriations;  Appropriations  on  General  Government;  Banks 
and  Thrift  Institutions;  Base  Budget;  Constitution;  Election  Laws;  Finance; 
Transportation;  Ways  and  Means. 


The  Legislative  Branch 


245 


Laurence  Arthur  Cobb 

MINORITY  LEADER 

(Republican  -  Mecklenburg  County) 

Thirty-fifth  Senatorial  District  - 
Mecklenburg  County. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Teaneck, 
New  Jersey,  May  20,  1933,  to 
Gardiner  and  Georgette  (Robedee) 
Cobb. 

Education:  Freeport  High  School, 
1951;  Rutgers  University,  1951-52; 
UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1955  (Business 
Administration,  Banking);  Washburn 
University,  School  of  Law,  1955-57; 
UNC-Chapel  Hill,  School  of  Law, 
1958,  J.D.  with  honors. 

Professional  Background:  Attor- 
ney (partner  in  firm  of  Waggoner,  Hamrick,  Hasty,  Monteith,  Kratt,  Cobb 
and  McDonnell). 

Organizations:  Mecklenburg  County,  N.C.  State,  N.C.  and  American  Bar 
Associations  (Former  Chairman,  Public  Relations  Committee,  N.C.  Bar); 
Commercial  Law  League  of  America  (member  ,  fellow)  N.C.  Association  of 
Trial  Lawyers;  Former  President  and  Director,  Lawyers  of  N.C,  Inc;  Di- 
rector, Alpha  Sigma  of  Chi  Psi,  Inc.;  Charlotte  Chamber  of  Commerce;  N.C. 
Citizens  for  Business  and  Industry;  Former  Director,  N.C.  Chapter  American 
Cancer  Society;  Mecklenburg  Chapter,  American  Cancer  Society,  Former 
Vice  President,  Director,  Executive  Board,  Former  Crusade  Chairman; 
Kidney  Foundation  of  Mecklenburg  County  (first  President,  former  Director); 
N.C.  Epilepsy  Association,  Former  Director;  UNC  Law  School  Association, 
Former  Director. 

Boards:  Board  of  Governors,  University  of  N.C,  1977-85;  Auditorium- 
Coliseum-Civic  Center  Authority,  City  of  Charlotte,  1983-88;  Former  Member, 
Charlotte  Review  Commission;  Committee  of  100,  Charlotte;  UNC-Charlotte 
Athletic  Foundation,  Former  President  and  Director;  Former  Chairman, 
Governors's  Highway  Safety  Commission;  Chairman,  Governor's  Crime 
Commission;  Citizens  Criminal  Justice  Commission;  Advisory  Budget 
Commission. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  Senate  1985-present,  Senate  Minority 
Leader;  N.C  House  of  Representatives,  1971-72,  1973-74,  1975-76,  former 
House  Minority  Leader;  NC  Chairman,  Bush  for  President,  1980  and  1988; 
Chairman,  Republican  Victory  '88,  1988; . 

Military  Service:  Served,  U.S.  Air  Force,  1959-62;  Reserves,  1962-present, 
(Colonel),  Judge  Advocate  General  Corps. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Christ  Episcopal  Church. 


246  North  Carolina  Manual 

Family:    Married,    Edna    Faye    Pugh    of  Asheboro,   January   30,    1960. 
Children:  Laura  and  Glenn. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Ranking   Minority    Member:   Appropriations   on   Justice   and   Public 
Safety;  Higher  Education;  Judiciary  II;  Rules  and  Operation  of  the  Senate. 

Vice  Chairman:  Higher  Education 

Member:  Appropriations;  Base  Budget;  Public  Utilities;  State  Govern- 
ment, Ways  and  Means. 


The  Legislative  Branch 


247 


Alexander  P.  Sands,  III 

MAJORITY  WHIP 

(Democrat-Rockingham  County) 

Twenty-Fourth  Senatorial  District- 
Alleghany,  Ashe,  Rockingham,  Stokes, 
Surry,  and  Watauga. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Reidsville, 
Rockingham  County,  October  26, 
1945,  to  A.  Paul  and  Kathryn 
(Jenkins)  Sands,  Jr. 

Education:  Reidsville  Senior  High 
School,  1963;  Duke  University,  AB, 
Political  Science,  1967;  University  of 
North  Carolina  School  of  Law,  JD 
(with  honors)  1971. 

Professional  Background:  Attor- 
ney, Partner,  Bethea  and  Sands;  NC  Bar  Association;  NC  Academy  of  Trial 
Lawyers,  Rockingham  County  Bar  Association,  (president,  1984-85);  Associa- 
tion of  Trial  Lawyers  of  America. 

Organizations:  Reidsville  Rotary  Club,  President,  1983;  Rockingham 
County  Farm  Bureau;  Reidsville  Jaycees,  President,  1974-75. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  Senate,  1987-88,  1989-,  Majority  Whip 
1989-,  Chairman,  Senate  Democratic  Legislative  Campaign  Committee  1989-. 

Military:  Served,  NC  National  Guard,  (sp.5),  1968-74. 

Religious  Activities:  Member  Woodmont  United  Methodist  Church; 
Administrative  Board;  Sunday  School  Teacher. 

Family:  Married,  Virginia  Lee  Coffield,  of  High  Point,  August  15,  1970. 
Children:  Andy  and  Anna. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Local  Government  and  Regional  Affairs 

Vice  Chairman:  Children  and  Youth,  Judiciary  II 

Member:  Appropriations;  Appropriations-Justice  and  Public  Safety;  Base 
Budget;  Manufacturing  and  Labor;  Marine  Resources  and  Wildlife;  Small 
Business;  State  Personnel 


248 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Paul  Sanders  Smith 

MINORITY  WHIP 

(Republican-Rowan  County) 

Twenty-Third  Senatorial  District- 
Davidson,  Davie  and  Rowan  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Salisbury, 
Rowan  County,  March  16,  1927,  to 
Karl  F.  and  Mary  (Sanders)  Smith. 

Education:  Boyden  High  School, 
1948;  Catawba  College,  1948-49; 
Management  Institute,  UNC-Chapel 
Hill,  1966-70. 

Professional  Background:  Exe 

cutive  Vice  President,  Marketing  and 
Operations,  Holding  Brothers,  Inc. 

>'^i^saii^i^^^«  Organizations:  Salisbury  Sales 
and  Marketing  Executives  (President,  1975-76);  Salisbury-Rowan  Merchants 
Association  (President,  1975);  Lexington  Retail  Merchants  Association; 
Rowan  Oil  Dealers  Association  (President,  1966-67);  NC  Merchants  Associa- 
tion, Advisory  Board,  1982-present;  Boy  Scouts  of  America  (Scoutmaster; 
Advisory  Board,  Central  N.C.  Council,  1983-present);  Coach  (Little  League 
Baseball  and  YMCA  Basketball);  Salisbury  Chamber  of  Commerce  (Presi- 
dent, 1976);  Lexington  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Salisbury  Rotary  (Director, 
1970-71;);  Salvation  Army  Advisory  Board,  1979-present;  Davidson  County 
Art  Guild;  Catawba  College  Alumni  Association;  Friends  of  the  Library 
Association  for  Retarded  Citizens;  North  State  Football  Officials  Associa- 
tion; Tri-County  Mental  Health  Board;  LInited  Way  (Budget  Chairman, 
1976). 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1981-82,  1985-86,  1987-88; 
1989-90;  Senate  Minority  Whip,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-;  Southern  Regional 
Education  Board  1986-;  Rowan  County  Republican  Party,  Chairman,  1983- 
84;  GOP  Presidential  Elector,  8th  District,  1984;  Chairman,  Rules  and 
Resolutions,  GOP  8th  District,  1984;  State  Executive  Committee  1981-84; 
Chairman,  Rowan  County  Board  of  Commissioners,  1978-79;  Advisory 
Budget  Commission;  Emergency  Medical  Services  Advisory  Council;  Energy 
Comittee  of  Southern  Legislative  Conference;  Utilities  Review  Board  Joint 
Select  Committee  on  Low-Level  Radioactive  Waste. 

Military:  Served,  U.S.  Navy,  1943-45  (Seaman  1st  Class). 

Honors:  Friend  of  the  Library,  1983;  Oil  Industry  Award,  N.C.  Oil 
Jobbers;  Order  of  the  Arrow;  Scouter's  Key;  Man  of  the  Year,  1976;  Citizen  of 
the  Year,  1975;  Boss  of  the  Year,  1971;  PYiend  of  the  Boy,  1965. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  St.  John's  Lutheran  Church,  Salisbury; 
Church  Council;  Pulpit  Committee;  Men  of  the  Church;  Vice  President,  J.  L. 
Fisher  Bible  Class;  Chairman,  Education  Committee. 


The  Legislative  Branch  249 

Family:  Married,  Alda  Olivia  Clark  of  Salisbury,  September  4,  1950. 
Children:  Paula,  Charles,  and  Amy. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chairman:  Finance  (Ranking  Minority  Member);  Human  Resources. 

Member:  Public  Utilities  (Ranking  Minority  Member);  Transportation 
(Ranking  Minority  Member);  Higher  Education  (Ranking  Minority  Member); 
Insurance,  Manufacturing  and  Labor 


250 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Robert  G.  Shaw^ 

JOINT  CAUCUS  LEADER 

(Republican  -  Guilford  County) 

Nineteenth  Senatorial  District  -  Forsyth 
(part)  and  Guilford  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Erwin, 
Harnett  County,  November  22,  1924, 
to  R.G.B.  and  Annie  (Byrd)  Shaw. 

Education:  Campbell  College; 
UNC-Chapel  Hill. 

Professional    Background: 

Restauranteur. 

Boards:  Chairman,  NC  Council  on 
Community  and  Economic  Develop- 
ment, 1975-77;  Member,  Natural  and 
Economic  Resources  Board,  1975-77; 
Member,  NC  Advisory  Budget  Com- 
mittee; Member,  Joint  Legislative  Committee  on  Governmental  Operations. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  Senate,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-  ;  NC 
Republican  Party  Chairman,  1975-77;  Republican  National  Committee,  1975- 
77;  County  Commissioner,  Guilford  County,  1968-76,  (former  Chairman). 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army  Air  Corps,  1943-46. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Presbyterian  Church,  Greensboro. 

Family:  Married,  Linda  Owens  of  High  Point,  1981.  Children:  Ann  (Shaw) 
Hewett  and  Barbara  (Shaw)  Twining.  Grandsons:  Robert  C.  Hewett;  John 
Christopher  Hewett,  James  V.  Twining,  Jr.,  John  Robert  Twining. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Ranking  Minority  Member:  Local  Government  and  Regional  Affairs 
(Vice  Chairman);  Environment  and  Natural  Resources;  Small  Business; 
Ways  and  Means. 

Member:  Banks  and  Thrift  Institutions;  Finance;  Marine  Resources  and 
Wildlife;  Transportation. 


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251 


Austin  Murphy  Allran 

(Republican  -  Catawba  County) 

Twenty-sixth  Senatorial  District  -Alexander, 
Catawba,  Iredell  and  Yadkin  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Hickory, 
Catawba  County,  December  13,  1951,  to 
Albert  M.  and  Mary  Ethel  (Houser) 
Allran. 

Education:  Hickory  High  School, 
1970;  Duke  University,  1974,  B.A.;  South- 
ern Methodist  University,  School  of  Law, 
1978,  J.D. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney. 

Organizations:  N.C.  State  Bar; 
Catawba  County  Bar  Association;  Catawba  County  Chamber  of  Commerce; 
Hickory  Museum  of  Art;  Catawba  County  Historical  Association;  Duke 
University  Alumni  Association;  Hickory  Landmarks  Society. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  Senate  1987-88,  1989-  ;  Member,  N.C. 
Representatives,  1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86;  Legislative  Assistant,  Governor 
James  Holshouser,  1974;  Congressional  Intern  on  the  Washington  staff  of 
Congressman  James  T.  Broyhill,  1973;  Member,  Catawba  County  Young 
Republican  Club;  Catawba  County  Republican  Men's  Forum. 

Religious  Activities:  Life  long  member,  Corinth  Reformed  United  Church 
of  Christ,  Hickory. 

Family:  Married,  Judy  Mosbach,  September  27,  1980.  Children:  Elizabeth 
Austin  Allran  and  Catherine  Houser  Allran. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Agriculture;  Children  and  Youth;  Finance;  Judiciary  III;  Local 
Government  and  Regional  Affairs;  Manufacturing  and  Labor;  State  Per- 
sonnel; Small  Business;  Joint  Senate  and  House  Committee  on  Legislative 
Ethics. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Frank  W.  Ballance,  Jr. 

(Democrat  -  Warren  County) 

Second  Senatorial  District  -  Warren  (Part), 
Bertie  (Part),  Edgecombe  (Part),  Gates  (Part), 
Halifax  (Part),  Hertford,  Martin  (Part),  and 
Northhampton  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Windsor,  Bertie 
County,  February  15,  1942,  to  Frank 
Winston  and  Alice  (Eason)  Ballance. 

Education:  W.S.  Etheridge  High 
School,  1959;  North  Carolina  Central  Uni- 
versity, 1963;  North  Carolina  Central 
Law  School,  1965. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney 
(Ballance  and  Reaves,  1985-;  Frank  W.  Ballance,  Jr.,  1979-1984;  Clayton  and 
Ballance,  1966-1979);  Librarian  and  Professor,  South  Carolina  State  College 
School  of  Law,  1965-66. 

Organizations:  Chairman,  Warren  County  Chapter  NAACP  1988;  N.C. 
State  Bar,  1965-;  N.C.  Association  of  Trial  Lawyers;  N.C.  Association  of 
Black  Lawyers. 

Boards:  Board  of  Trustees,  Elizabeth  City  State  University;  Board  of 
Trustees,  North  Carolina  Central  University. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.  C.  Senate,  1989-  ;  Member,  N.  C.  House 
of  Representatives  1983-84,  1985-86;  Vice-Chairman,  Warren  County  Political 
Action  Council;  Chairman,  2nd  Congressional  District  Black  Caucus. 

Military  Service:  North  Carolina  National  Guard,  1968;  Reserves, 
1968-71. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Greenwood  Baptist  Church,  Warrenton; 
Board  of  Deacons. 

Family:  Married,  Bernadine  Smallwood,  1969.  Children:  Garey  Malcolm, 
Angela  Denise,  and  Valerie  Michelle. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Alcoholic  Beverage  Control 

Vice-chairman:  Election  Laws 

Member:  Agriculture,  Appropriations,  Appropriations  of  Justice  and 
Public  Safety,  Base  Budget,  Constitution,  Judiciary  I,  Manufacturing  and 
Labor. 


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253 


William  H.  Barker 

(Democrat-Pamlico  County) 

Third  Senatorial  District-Carteret,  Craven, 
and  Pamlico  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Oriental, 
Pamlico  County,  April  6,  1944,  to  Gradon 
L.  and  Evelyn  Neal  (Beacham)  Barker, 
Sr. 

Education:  Pamlico  County  High 
School,  1958-62;  UNC  Chapel  Hill,  1968, 
BA;  UNC  Chapel  Hill  Law  School,  1969, 
JD. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney; 
Farmer;  Self-Employed;  Craven  County 
Bar  Association. 

Organizations:  Oriental  Rotary  Club;  Masonic  Order;  Scottish  Rite;  NC 
Wildlife  Foundation;  NRA,  life  member;  Craven  County  Commission  of  100. 

Boards:  Trustee,  Craven  County  College,  1982  to  present. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  Senate  1987-88,  1989-;  Pamlico  Demo- 
crat Party,  Chairman,  1985-86;  Delagate  to  National  Convention,  1982. 

Military  Service:  Served,  Navy,  SN-2;  Reserves,  1962-68. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Methodist  Church,  Oriental. 

Family:  Married,  Jorja  L.  Davenport,  of  Oriental,  September  1,  1964. 
Children:  Mary,  Jorja  and  Virginia. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Marine  Resources  &  Wildlife 

Vice-Chairman:  Appropriations  on  Natural  &  Economic  Resources 

Member:  Judiciary  III,  Appropriations;  Base  Budget;  Constitution;  En- 
vironment &  Natural-Resources;  Finance;  Human  Resources;  Local  Govern- 
ment and  Regional  Affairs;  Public  Utilities 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Marc  Basnight 

(Democrat  -  Dare  County) 

First  Senatorial  District  -  Beaufort  (part) 
Bertie  (part)  Camden,  Chowan,  Currituck, 
Dare,  Gates  (part),  Hyde,  Pasquotank, 
Perquimans,  Tyrrell,  and  Washington 
Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Manteo,  Dare 
County,  May  13,  1947,  to  St.  Clair  and 
Cora  Mae  (Daniels)  Basnight. 

Education:  Manteo  High  School,  1966 

Professional  Background:  Con- 
struction 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.  C. 
Senate,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Methodist  Church. 

Family:    Married   Sandy   Tillett,   March   23,    1968.   Children:   Vick   and 
CaroHne. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Base  Budget 

Vice  Chairman:  Transportation 

Member:  Agriculture,  Appropriations;  Education;  Environment  and 
Natural  Resources;  Finance;  Local  government  and  Regional  Affairs;  Marine 
Resources  and  Wildlife;  Pensions  and  Retirement;  Ways  and  Means. 


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255 


Franklin  Lee  Block 

(Democrat-New  Hanover  County) 

Seventh  Senatorial  District-New  Hanover  and 
Pender  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Bom  in  Wilmington,  New 
Hanover  County,  November  24,  1936,  to 
Charles  M.  and  Hannah  (Soloman) 
Block. 

Education:  Admiral  Farragut 
Academy,  1954;  The  Citadel,  BS  1959; 
Wake  Forest  University,  JD,  1976. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney; 
US  Magistrate  (part-time),  1977-86;  Ameri- 
can Bar  Association;  NC  Bar  Associa- 
tion; NC  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers. 

Organizations:  Cape  Fear  Area  United  Way  (Vice-President  of  Planning), 
1982;  Campaign  Chairman,  1983;  President,  1985. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  Senate,  1987-88,  1989-. 

Military  Service:  Served,  Army,  (Captain,  1959-61);  Reserves,  1966. 

Religious  Activities:  B'nai  Israel  Synagogue  Church;  President,  1977-78. 

Family:  Married,  Wendy  H.  Barshay,  of  Summerville,  June  14,  1959. 
Children:  Steven,  Amy  and  Ellen. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Pensions  and  Retirement. 

Vice  Chairman:  Manufacturing  and  Labor. 

Member:  Appropriations;  Appropriations-General  Government;  Educa- 
tion; Judiciary  III;  Marine  Resources  and  Wildlife;  Veterans  Affairs,  Law 
Enforcement,  and  Senior  Citizens. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Howard  Franklin  Bryan 

(Republican-Iredell  County) 

Twenty-sixth  Senatorial  District:  Alexander, 
Catawba,  Iredell,  and  Yadkin  Counties 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Bladenboro, 
Bladen  County,  December  13,  1942,  to 
Allen  B.  and  Anna  Belle  (Hester)  Bryan. 

Education:  Pantego  High  School,  1961 
(Valedictorian,  Senior  Class  President); 
Mount  Olive  College,  1963,  A.A.;  David- 
son College,  1966,  B.A.;  Lee  Institute  of 
Real  Estate,  1972. 

Professional  Background:  Presi- 
dent, Piedmont  Realty  of  Statesville; 
Bryan  Construction  Company. 

Organizations:  Greater  Statesville  Chamber  of  Commerce,  1980;  National 
Federation  of  Independent  Businessmen,  1982;  Heart  Fund  City  Chairman, 
1969;  Statesville  Rotary  Club,  1970-72;  Iredell  County  Civic  Center  Authority 
Chairman,  1974-75;  Former  Jaycee,  1966-71. 

Boards:  President,  Mount  Olive  College  Alumni  Association,  1968-69; 
North  Carolina  Manpower  Services  Council,  1974-75. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1987-88,  1989-  (appointed 
March  11,  1987,  by  Gov.  James  G.  Martin  to  replace  William  Redman); 
Statesville  City  Council,  1985-87  (Mayor  Pro  Tern,  1985-87);  Iredell  County 
Republican  Party  (Chairman,  1973-75;  Vice  Chairman,  1975-77;  Executive 
Committee,  1977-87;)  Ninth  District  Republican  Party  Chairman,  1985-87; 
Republican  Party  State  Committee,  1985-87;  Iredell  County  Campaign 
Manager  for  Ninth  District  Congressman  J.  Alex  McMillan,  1984-86. 

Military  Service:  U.S.  Army  Reserves,  1969-1973  (2nd  Lieutenant);  N.C. 
National  Guard,  1966-1969  (2nd  Lieutenant). 

Honors:  Named  in  Outstanding  Young  Men  of  America  and  Personalities 
of  the  South. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Baptist  Church,  Statesville;  Deacon, 
1985;  Building  Feasibility  Study  Committee,  1985;  Building  Committee 
Chairman,  1985;  Business  Management  Committee,  1985-86;  LIsher,  1980; 
Sunday  School  Teacher,  1974, 

Family:  Married,  Mary  Wooten  of  Statonsburg,  April  19,  1969.  Children: 
Cindy,  Kathy,  and  Andy. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Agriculture;  Finance;  Pensions  and  Retirement;  Election  Laws; 
Local  Government  II;  Transportation;  Human  Resources;  Appropriations. 


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257 


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Robert  C.  Carpenter 

(Republican  -  Macon  County) 

29th  Senatorial  District  -  Cherokee,  Clay, 
Graham,  Haywood,  Henderson,  Jackson, 
Macon,  Polk,  Swain,  and  Transylvania 
Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Franklin,  Macon 
County,  June  18,  1924,  to  Edgar  J.  (de- 
ceased) and  Eula  D.  (deceased)  Car- 
penter. 

Education:  Franklin  High  School, 
1942;  Western  Carolina  University;  UNC- 
Chapel  Hill  Pre-flight  School;  Purdue  Uni- 
versity, LUTC;  University  of  Virginia 
School  of  Consumer  Banking. 

Professional  Background:  Retired,  Vice  President  and  City  Executive, 
First  Union  National  Bank,  Franklin. 

Organizations:  Director,  Franklin  Rotary  Club  (President,  1959);  Ameri- 
can Legion  Post  108;  Franklin  AARP;  Franklin  Investment  Club;  St-Micheals 
Council  of  Knights  of  Columbus;  Former  member:  Asheville  Optimist  Club, 
(1962-71;  President,  1965);  Optimist  International  (Zone  Governor,  1966; 
President);  Rotary  District  767,  (District  Secretary /Treasurer,  1975);  Franklin 
Jaycees  (President,  1960-61);  Angel  Community  Hospital  (Vice  Chairman); 
Operation  Heartbeat,  (Chairman);  Group  10,  NC  Bankers  Association  (Chair- 
man, 1965);  Group  6,  N.C.  Bankers  Association,  (Chairman,  1974);  NABAC, 
(President,  1967). 

Boards:  Member:  Macon  County  Economic  Development  Commission; 
Board  of  Trustees,  Southwestern  Community  College;  Chairman,  Franklin 
First  Union  Board  of  Directors.  Former  member:  Macon  County  Board  of 
County  Commissioners,  (1978-82);  N.C.  Association  of  Community  College 
Trustees  (Past  President);  Developmental  Disabilities  Board;  Governor 
Martin's  Literacy  Commission,  (1987-88). 

Military  Activities:  Served,  U.S.  Navy,  Aviation  Cadet,  1943-45. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Saint  Francis  Catholic  Church,  Franklin; 
Eucharist  Minister;  Parish  Council,  1982-86. 

Family:  Married,  T.  Helen  Edwards,  January  18,  1986.  Children:  Elizabeth, 
Jane,  Christine,  Robert  D.  Dale,  Thomas,  and  Edgar. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Alcoholic  Beverage  Control;  Appropriations;  Appropriations  on 
Human  Resources;  Banks  and  Thrift  Institutions;  Base  Budget;  Finance; 
Pensions  and  Retirement;  Transportation;  Veteran  Affairs,  Law  Enforce- 
ment, and  Senior  Citizens. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Richard  Eugene  Chalk,  Jr. 

(Republican-Guilford  County) 

Thirty-second  Senatorial  District-Guilford 
(part)  County. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Columbia,  South 
Carolina,  July  3,  1952,  to  Richard  E.  and 
Louise  (Craps)  Chalk,  Sr. 

Education:  Airport  High  School,  1970, 
The  Citadel,  1974,  B.A.  (Political  Science); 
New  Orleans  Baptist  Theological  Semi- 
nary, 1979,  M.C.M.  (Church  Music). 

Professional  Background:  Owner, 
Specialty  Wood  Products. 

Organizations:  Boy  Scouts  of  America;  High  Point  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce; Kiwanis  Club  of  High  Point. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1989-;  N.C.  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, 1985-86,  1987-88. 

Honors:  Eagle  Scout;  Outstanding  Young  Men  of  America;  Vigil  member. 
Order  of  the  Arrow. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Community  Bible  Church,  High  Point. 

Family:  Married,  Maelda  Miranda  of  New  Orleans,  Louisiana,  December 
22,  1979.  Children:  Cristina,  Richard  and  Mollie. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Ranking   Minority    Member:    Appropriations/Education;    Education; 
Insurance; 

Member:    Appropriations;   Constitition;   Election   Laws;   Judiciary   III; 
Pensions  &  Retirement;  Ways  &  Means 


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259 


Betsy  Lane  Cochrane 

(Republican  -  Davie  County) 

Twenty-Third  Senatorial  District  -Davidson, 
Davie  and  Rowan  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Asheboro, 
Randolph  County,  to  William  Jennings 
and  Brodus  Inez  (Campell)  Lane. 

Education:  Asheboro  Grammar 
Schools  and  High  School;  Meredith 
College,  B.A.  with  honors  (Elementary 
Education). 

Professional  Background:  Teacher 
and  housewife. 

Organizations:  Kappa  Nu  Sigma; 
Vice  President,  Mocksville  Women's  Club;  Director,  Neighborhood  Property 
Owners  Association;  N.  C.  Symphony;  N.  C.  Museum  Association;  N.  C. 
Museum  of  Art;  ALEC;  NCSL;  Federation  of  Republican  Women. 

Boards:  Piedmont  Health  Systems  Agency;  N.  C.  Advisory  Council  on 
Teacher  Education;  Republican  Education  Commission  for  the  80's;  Retail 
Merchants  Advisory  Board;  Public  School  Forum  of  N.  C;  N.  C.  Parks  and 
Recreation  Commission;  Governor's  Programs  of  Excellence  in  Education; 
Commission  on  the  Future  of  the  South;  Yadkin-PeeDee  River  Basin  Com- 
mittee, 1981-present;  Davie  County  Hospital  Trustee;  Southern  Regional 
Education  Board;  Legislative  Services  Commission. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.  C.  Senate  1989-;  House  of  Representa- 
tives, 1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88;  Vice  Chariman,  Davie  County  Re- 
publican Party;  Executive  Committee,  N.  C.  Republican  Republican  Party; 
N.  C.  delegate,  National  Convention,  1976;  House  Minority  Leader,  1985-89; 
N.  C.  Delegate,  GOP  National  Convention  1976,  1988;  GOP  National  Platform 
Committee  1988;  N.  C.  Republican  Credentials  Committee,  1979;  N.  C. 
Republican  Rules  and  Resolutions,  1981. 

Honors:  N.  C.  Jaycees,  Women's  Outstanding  Woman  in  Government, 
1985;  Outstanding  Freshman  Representative  (GOP),  1981;  "Who's  Who  for 
American  Women";  "Who's  Who  in  American  Colleges  and  Universities"; 
yearbook  editor,  college  and  high  school;  One  of  ten  Outstanding  Legislators 
in  Nation,  1987;  Distinguished  Women  in  North  Carolina  Nominee,  1987, 
1989;  Meredith  College  Founder's  Day  Speaker,  1987. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Knollwood  Baptist  Church;  President, 
Women's  WMU;  Nominating  Committee;  Sunday  School  Teacher,  1960-77. 

Family:  Married,  Joe  Kenneth  Cochrane.  Children:  Lisa  and  Craig. 

Committee  Assignments 

Ranking  Minority  Member:  Appropriations  on  Human  Resources; 
Constitution. 

Member:  Appropriations;  Base  Budget;  Children  and  Youth;  Environment 
and  Natural  Resources;  Higher  Education;  Human  Resources;  Public 
Utilities;  Rules  and  Operation  of  Senate;  Ways  and  Means. 


260 


North  Carolina  Manual 


James  Richard  Conder 

(Democrat  —  Richmond  County) 

Seventeenth  Senatorial  District  —  Anson, 
Montgomery,  Richmond,  Scotland,  Stanly 
and  Union  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Hamlet,  Rich- 
mond County,  July  20,  1930,  to  Parks 
Holms  and  Ona  Lee  (Crow)  Conder. 

Education:  Hamlet  High  School,  1949; 
ECU,  1958,  B.S.  (Business);  LSU, 
Graduate  School  of  Banking,  1968;  UNC- 
Chapel  Hill,  NC  Bankers  Association 
School. 

Professional  Background:  Vice 
President,  First  Union  National  Bank. 

Organizations:  Hamlet  Rotary  Club  (President,  1963);  Rockingham 
Rotary  Club  (President,  1970). 

Boards:  Former  chairman,  Richmond  County  Industrial  Development 
Commission,  1970-82. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  Senate,  1985-;  Commissioner,  Richmond 
County,  1962-84  (Chairman,  1964-1984);  President,  National  Association  of 
Counties,  1981-82;  President,  NC  Association  of  County  Commissioners, 
1972-1973. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Air  Force,  1951-55;  Reserves,  1955-59. 

Honors:  Outstanding  Alumnus,  ECU,  1982;  "Tar  Heel  of  the  Week,"  The 
News  and  Observer,  1982;  NC  Distinguished  Citizens  Award,  1982;  President 
Reagan's  Private  Sector  Initiative,  1981-82. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Rockingham; 
Elder,  1965-1974,  1983-. 

Family:  Married,  Barbara  Ann  Speight,  June  16,  1956.  Children:  Rebecca 
Anne,  Mary  Elizabeth  and  James  Richard,  Jr. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairnian:Education 

Vice  Chairman:  Appropriations  on  Education 

Member:  Appropriations;  Appropriations  —  Education;  Base  Budget; 
Children  and  Youth;  Higher  Education;  Local  Government;  Pensions  and 
Retirement. 


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261 


George  Berkley  Daniel 

(Democrat  -  Caswell  County) 

Twenty-First  Senatorial  District  -Alamance 
and  Caswell  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Raleigh,  Wake 
County,  April  1,  1951,  to  George  C.  and 
Florence  Anne  (Taylor)  Daniel. 

Education:  Bartlett  Yancey  High 
School,  1969;  North  Carolina  State  Uni- 
versity, B.S.,  1973;  Wake  Forest  Univer- 
sity (School  of  Law),  J.D.,  1976. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney 

Organizations:  N.C.  State  Bar; 
Caswell  County  Bar  Association;  17-A 
Judicial  District  Bar  Association;  N.C. 
Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  N.C.  Bar  Association;  American  Bar  Association; 
American  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  Charter  Board  Member  of  Big 
Brothers/Big  Sisters  (Chairman,  1983);  Caswell  County  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce; Dan  River  Rugby  Club;  Caswell  County  Lions  Club  (President,  1980). 

Boards:  Caswell  County  Lions  Club,  President,  1980;  Caswell  County 
Industrial  Facilities  and  Pollution  Control  Financing  Authority,  (Chairman, 
1977-present);  Caswell  County  Industrial  Development  Team. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1987-88,  1989- ;  Member  Demo- 
cratic party  of  Caswell  County;  Henry  B.  Toll  Fellow,  class  of  1987;  and 
Fellow  of  the  NC  Institute  of  Politics,  class  of  1989. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  New  Hope  Methodist  Church;  Member  of 
the  Board  of  Trustees. 


Family:  Married,  Cynthia  Gail  Long,  of  Prospect  Hill,  June  27, 
Children:  Jacob  and  Taylor. 


1981. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Manufacturing  and  Labor. 

Vice  Chairman:  Appropriations;  Base  Budget;  Judiciary  I. 

Member:  Alcoholic  Beverage  Control  Committee;  Appropriations  on 
Education;  Constitution;  Finance;  Insurance;  Rules  and  Operation  of  the 
Senate  and  Small  Business. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Naition  Leo  Daughtry 

Republican  -  Johnston  County 

15th  Senatorial  District-  Johnston  and 
Sampson  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Newton  Grove, 
Sampson  County,  December  3,  1940,  to 
Namon  Lutrell  and  Annie  Catholeen 
(Thornton)  Daughtry. 

Education:  Hobbton  High  School, 
1958;  Wake  Forest  University,  B.A.,  1962; 
Wake  Forest  University  School  of  Law, 
L.L.B.,  1965. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney, 
(Daughtry,  Woodard,  and  Lawrence); 
Partner,  (Johnston  County  Hams);  Owner/Operator,  (Farmers  Tobacco  Ware- 
house, Smithfield). 

Organizations:  Johnston  County  Bar  Association;  Past  President,  11th 
Judicial  Bar  Association;  N.C.  State  Bar;  N.C.  Bar  Association;  N.C. 
Acadamy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  President,  Eastern  Belt  Warehouse  Association. 

Boards:  Board  of  Directors,  Florence  Crittenton;  Smithfield-Selma 
Chamber  of  Commerce;  Board  of  Directors,  Johnston  County  Social  Services; 
Board  of  Directors,  Bright  Belt  Warehouse  Association;  Board  of  Directors, 
Triangle  Bank  and  Trust  Company,  Government  Agricultural  Advisory 
Committee;  Federal  Flue-Cured  Tobacco  Advisory  Committee;  N.C.  Re- 
assurance Facility. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.  C.  Senate,  1989-  ;  Past  President, 
Johnston  County  Republican  Party;  Board  of  Directors,  3rd  Congressional 
District. 

Military  Activities:  Captain,  U.S.  Air  Force,  1966-70. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  St.  Paul's  Episcopal  Church,  Smithfield; 
Vestry,  1985-88. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Ranking  Minority  Leader:  Alcoholic  Beverage  Control 

Member:  Agriculture;  Appropriations;  Appropriations  on  Natural  and 
Economic  Resources;  Base  Budget;  Education;  Environment  and  Natural 
Resources;  Finance;  Judiciary  II;  State  Government. 


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263 


James  Earl  Ezzell,  Jr. 

(Democrat  —  Nash  County) 

Tenth  Senatorial  District  —  Edgecombe 
(part),  Halifax  (part),  Nash,  Warren  (part) 
and  Wilson  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Rocky  Mount, 
Edgecombe  County,  September  6,  1936, 
to  James  Earl  and  Edith  (Batchelor) 
Ezzell,  Sr. 

Education:  Rocky  Mount  Senior  High 
School,  1956;  Wake  Forest  University, 
1960,  B.A.:  Wake  Forest  University, 
School  of  Law,  1963,  LL.D. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney. 

Organizations:  NC  Bar  Association;  Masonic  Order;  Shrine. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  Senate,  1985-;  NC  House  of  Representa- 
tives, 1977-78,  1979-80;  District  Court  Judge,  1980-83;  SoHcitor,  Recorders 
Court,  1964-68. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Englewood  Baptist  Church. 

Family:  Married,  Patsy  Wall,  February  5,  1966.  Children:  Mark,  James  E., 
Ill  and  Stanton. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Constitution 

Vice  Chairman:  Human  Resources 

Member:  Appropriations;  Appropriations  -  Human  Resources,  Banks  and 
Thrift  Institutions;  Base  Budget,  Insurance;  Judiciary  I,  Rules  and  Opera- 
tions of  the  Senate 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


William  D.  Goldston,  Jr. 

(Democrat  —  Rockingham  County) 

Twenty-fourth  Senatorial  District  — 
Alleghany,  Ashe,  Rockingham,  Stokes,  Surry 
and  Watauga  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Charlotte, 
Mecklenburg  County,  December  26,  1925, 
to  William  D.  and  Rose  (Hinson) 
Goldston. 

Education:  Leaksville  Public  Schools; 
Oak  Ridge  Military  Institute,  1942-44; 
UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1945;  High  Point 
College,  1947,  B.S.;  (Business);  UNC- 
Chapel  Hill,  1966-67  (Executive  Pro- 
gram). 

Profession:  Retired  business  executive,  1984;  President,  Goldston,  Inc., 
1952-83;  Marshall  Field  &  Co.,  1948-52;  Goldston  Transfer,  1947-48);  Vice 
President,  Standard  Holding  Co.  (Director). 

Organizations:  American  Trucking  Association  (Former  Director);  NC 
Motor  Carriers  Association  (President,  1972-73);  Eden  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce; Masonic  Order;  Shrine;  UNC  Chancellor's  Club.  Former  member: 
Jaycees;  Rotary  (President);  Tri  City  Chamber  of  Commerce  (Chairman, 
New  Industry  Committee). 

Boards:  Rockingham  Community  College  Foundation;  UNC  Educational 
Foundation;  Local  Board,  NCNB;  former  Chairman,  Leaksville  School 
Board,  1961-1969  (Chairman,  1967). 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  Senate,  1985-86;  1987-88,  1989-. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Air  Force,  1944-45;  pilot  training.  Served, 
NC  National  Guard,  1947-50;  (2nd  Lieutenant). 

Honors:  Citizen  of  the  Year,  1984  (Eden  Chamber  of  Commerce),  NC  Boss 
of  the  Year,  1971;  Boss  of  the  Year,  Eden  Jaycees,  1970;  Eden  Man  of  the 
Year,  1967. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Leaksville  Methodist  Church,  Eden; 
Administrative  Board;  Chairman,  Foundation  Committee. 

Family:  Married,  Beverly  M.  Burton,  August  25,  1946.  Children:  William 
D.,  III. 

SENATE  COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Alcohol  Beverage  Control;  Appropriations;  Appropriations  on 
Natural  and  Economic  Resources;  Base  Budget;  Higher  Education;  Manu- 
facturing and  Labor;  Ways  and  Means;  Base  Budget;  Commerce;  Higher 
Education;  Judiciary  IV;  Transportation. 


The  Legislative  Branch 


265 


Alexander  Duke  Guy 

(Democrat-Onslow  County) 

Fourth  Senatorial  District-Onslow  County 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Calypso,  Duplin 
County,  November  20,  1918,  to  Alexander 
Buck  and  Elizabeth  (Faust)  Guy. 

Education:  Graduated,  Calypso  High 
School,  1935;  N.C.  State  College,  NYA 
Program  1936;  Institute  of  Government, 
University  of  NC-Chapel  Hill,  1958-59. 

Professional  Background:  Insur- 
ance; Real  Estate  Investments. 

Organizations:  Member,  Independent 

Insurance  Agents  of  N.C,  Inc.;  N.C. 
Association  of  Realtors;  Professional  Producers  Council;  Member,  Loyal 
Order  of  the  Moose;  Jacksonville  Toast  Masters  (Charter  Member,  1955); 
Founder,  Jacksonville  Municipal  Court,  1958;  Founder,  First  Biracial  Com- 
mittee, City  of  Jacksonville,  1963;  Past  President,  Jacksonville  Rotary  Club, 
1962-63;  Charter  President,  Onslow  County  Chapter  American  Cancer 
Society,  1958;  Past  Campaign  Chairman,  American  Red  Cross  Society,  1956. 

Boards:  National  Association  for  Real  Estate  Boards;  Jacksonville  Board 
of  Realtors;  Onslow  Memorial  Hospital  Authority,  1977-79;  Board  of  Di- 
rectors, N.C.  League  of  Municipalities,  1962-65;  Board  of  Directors,  Home 
Federal  Savings  &  Loan  Association;  Governor's,  Mayor's  Co-Operating 
Committee,  1964;  Atlantic  States  Marine  Fisheries  Commissions;  Committee 
on  Commerce,  Labor,  Regulation  of  National  Conference  of  State  Legisla- 
tures State-Federal  Assembly;  Member,  Board  of  Directors,  NC  Retail 
Merchants  Association. 

Political  Activities:  Served  in  the  N.C.  Senate,  1983-84,  1985-86;  1987-88; 
in  the  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1979-80  and  1981-82;  Jacksonville  City 
Council,  six  years  (Mayor,  two  years;  Mayor  Pro  Tern,  two  years);  Onslow 
County  Board  of  County  Commissioners,  1969-70. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Trinity  United  Methodist  Church;  Board 
of  Trustees,  1976-81;  Administrative  Board,  1968-78;  Chairman,  Fund  Raising 
Campaign-Christian  Higher  Education,  1959;  Staff  Parish  Relations  Com- 
mittee, currently  serving. 

Family:  Married,  Margaret  Holmes,  January  31,  1975;  Children: 
Alexander  Duke  Guy,  II;  Bundage  Humphrey  Guy  and  Douglas  Bryan  Guy. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Public  Utilities 

Vice-Chairman:  Appropriations  on  General  Government 

Member:  Appropriations;  Banks  and  Thrift  Institutions;  Base  Budget; 
Human  Resources;  Joint  Legislative  Utility  Review;  Manufacturing  and 
Labor;  Transportation;  Veterans  Affairs,  Law  Enforcement,  and  Senior 
Citizens. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Charles  W.  Hardin 

(Republican  -  Haywood  County) 

Twenty-ninth  Senatorial  District  -  Cherokee, 
Clay,  Graham,  Haywood,  Henderson, 
Jackson,  Macon,  Polk,  Swain  and 
Transylvania  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Canton,  Hay- 
wood County,  June  25,  1926  to  Charles 
and  Mable  (Myers)  Hardin. 

Education:  Canton  High  School,  1947; 
attended  Western  Carolina  University. 

Professional  Background:  Retired 
(formerly  with  Champion  International  - 
Communications). 

Organizations:  Canton  Civitan  Club  (Vice  President);  former  member, 
Varner  Rhinehart  American  Legion  Post  61  (Commander). 

Boards:  Board  of  Trustees,  Haywood  Community  College,  1986-  ;  N.C. 
League  of  Municipalities  Risk  Management,  1986- ;  Board  of  Directors,  N.C. 
League  of  Municipalities,  1983-1985. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  Senate,  1989-;  District  Representative 
for  Congressman  Bill  Hendon,  1985-1986;  Mayor,  Town  of  Canton;  Alder- 
man, Town  of  Canton. 

Military  Service:  Served,  U.S.  Navy  (Seaman  1st  Class  on  U.S.S. 
Houston),  1943-1946;  Presidential  Citation. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Central  United  Methodist  Church, 
Canton;  Lay  Leader  and  Sunday  School  teacher;  member,  Gideons  Inter- 
national. 

Family:  Married  Mary  Frances  Howell  of  Canton,  May  17,  1952.  Chil- 
dren: Charles  and  Rebecca. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Agriculture;  Appropriations;  Appropriations  on  General  Govern- 
ment; Base  Budget;  Constitution;  Education;  Marine  Resources  and  Wildlife; 
Pensions  and  Retirement;  State  Personnel. 


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267 


J.  Ollie  Harris 

(Democrat-Cleveland  County) 

Twenty-fifth  Senatorial  District-Cleveland, 
Gaston,  Lincoln,  and  Rutherford  Counties. 


Early  Years:  Born  in  Anderson,  South 
Carolina,  September  2,  1913,  to  J.  Frank 
and  Jessie  (Hambright)  Harris. 

Education:  Shelby  High  School,  1931, 
Gupton-Jones  College  of  Embalming, 
1935. 

Professional  Background:  Funeral 
Director  and  embalmer  (President  and 
Treasurer,  Harris  Funeral  Home,  Inc.). 

Organizations:  NC  Funeral  Directors  Association  (former  President); 
National  Funeral  Directors  Association;  National  Selected  Morticians;  for- 
mer President,  NC  Coroners  Association;  Mason;  Shriner. 

Boards:  N.C.  Funeral  Directors  and  Embalming  Board,  (former  presi- 
dent); Legislative  Service  Commission,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-90;  Legislative 
Research  Commission,  1985-86;  former  Trustee,  Gardner-Webb  College;  NC 
Mental  Health  Study  Commission,  1977-1990. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  Senate,  1971-72,  1975-76,  1977-78,  1979- 
80,  1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-;  Coroner,  Cleveland  County  , 
1946-70. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army,  1943-46,  65th  Field  Hospital; 
European  theatre;  Bronze  Star. 

Honors:  Award  of  Appreciation  and  Recognition,  NC  Psychological 
Association,  1985;  Better  Life  Award,  NC  Health  Care  Facilities,  1979; 
Valand  Award,  NC  Mental  Health  Association,  1979;  Legislator  of  the  Year, 
NC  Health  Department  Association,  1979. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Baptist  Church. 

Family:  Married,  Abbie  Jane  Wall,  May  4,  1934.  Children:  John  Jr.  and 
Becky  (Harris)  Hambright. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Human  Resources 

Vice  Chairman:  Manufacturing  and  Labor 

Member:  Appropriations;  Appropriations  on  Human  Resources;  Banking; 
Base  Budget;  Finance;  Judiciary  I;  Rules  and  Operations  of  the  Senate; 
State  Government;  Ways  and  Means 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Ralph  Alexander  Hunt 

(Democrat  -  Durham  County) 

Thirteenth  Senatorial  District  -  Durham, 
Granville,  Orange  (part),  and  Person 
Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Oxford,  Gran- 
ville County,  to  Johnnie  and  Amanda 
(Harris)  Hunt. 

Education:  Mary  Potter  High  School, 
1950;  Orange  Street  Elementary  School, 
1945;  Johnson  C.  Smith  University,  1956, 
B.A.;  NCCU,  1964,  M.A. 

Professional  Background:  Inde- 
pendent retail  merchant  (convenience 
stores) 

Organizations:  Kappa  Alpha  Psi  Fraternity. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  Senate,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989- ;  Mayor 
Pro  Tern,  City  of  Durham,  1981-1984;  Durham  City  Council,  1973-1984. 

Military  Service:  Served,  U.S.  Army,  1953-55  (Corporal) 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  White  Rock  Baptist  Church;  Trustee. 

Family:  Married,  Elvira  Rebecca  Cooke,  June  17,  1961.  Children:  Ralph 
A.,  Jr.,  Reginald  C,  and  Regina  C. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Small  Business 

Vice  Chairman:  Local  Government  and  Regional  Affairs 

Member:  Appropriations;  Appropriations  on  Human  Resources;  Base 
Budget;  Education;  Election  Laws;  Pensions  and  Retirement;  Rules  and 
Operations  of  the  Senate;  State  Government;  State  Personnel. 


The  Legislative  Branch 


269 


Wanda  H.  Hunt 

(Democrat  —  Moore  County) 

Sixteenth  Senatorial  District  —  Chatham, 

f.  ^^^^B  Moore,  Orange  (part),  and  Randolph  Counties. 

*^    l^'^W^^F  Early   Years:    Born   in   Bakersville, 

mm  Mitchell   County,   March   22,    1944,   to 

Farrall  and  Jane  (Ledford)  Holder. 

Education:   Southwest   High   School; 
Appalachian  State  University. 

^  \  ^^^^^^^         Professional   Background:   Legis- 

^^^^B    V  ^^^^^^H     lator;  Former  account  executive.  Resorts 

^^^^^  ^^^^^^^1     of  Pinehurst,  Inc.;  former  state  govern- 

^^L^  ""  ^^^^^^^^^k     ment  and  public  school  employee;  former 

— „_i.-i„     .^h^^^^^^^H     corporate   secretary,   private   industry 

(small  computer  business). 

Organizations:  SGEA;  NC  School  Board  Association;  NC  Social  Services 
Board  Association  (former  chairman);  Women  in  State  Government;  NC 
Status  of  Women;  NC  Heart  Fund  Association;  certified  judge,  "Junior 
Miss"  and  "Miss"  Pageants;  former  President,  Cystic  Fibrosis;  former  Vice 
President,  Southern  Pines  Jaycettes;  former  Chairman,  Moore  County  Bi- 
centennial Ball;  former  Education  Chairman,  Southern  Pines  Junior 
Women's  Club;  former  Chairman,  Moore  County  Heart  Fund  Ball. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  Senate,  1983-84,  1985-86;  1987-88,  1989-; 
Legislative  Organization  &  Management  Committee,  National  Conference 
of  State  Legislatives,  1989;  Pensions  Committee,  National  Conference  of 
State  Legislators,  1985;  NC  General  Assembly  Women's  Caucus;  Legislative 
Committee,  Travel  Council  of  NC,  Inc.;  Southern  Legislative  Conference; 
State  Legislators'  Network,  Women's  Network;  Precinct  Chairman,  Moore 
County  Democratic  Women;  Moore  County  Democratic  Executive  Committee; 
YDC,  Appalachian  State  University;  NC  Assembly  on  Women  and  the 
Economy;  American  Council  of  Young  Political  Leaders  (former  delegate) 
delegate,  Miami  Conference  on  the  Carribean;  Moore  County  Board  of 
Education,  1976-1983. 

Honors:  Volunteer  Service  Award,  National  Cystic  Fibrosis;  Certificate  of 
Appreciation  and  Founders  Award,  Heart  Fund;  Golden  Mountaineer  Award, 
Appalachian  State  University;  Distinguished  Service  Award,  Moore  County 
Board  of  Education;  Social  Services  Award,  1978-81. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Pinehurst  Community  Church;  Youth 
Coordinator. 

Family:  Children:  Donna  Lynn. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  State  Personnel 

Vice  Chairman:  Veterans  Affairs;  Law  Enforcement  and  Senior  Citizens. 
Member:  Education;  Finance;  Judiciary  III;  Appropriations-Natural  and 
Economic  Resources;  Ways  and  Means,  Local  Government,  Base  Budget. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


James  Calvin  Johnson,  Jr. 

(Republican  —  Cabarrus  County) 

Twenty-second  Senatorial  District  — Cabarrus 
and  Mecl<lenburg  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Greensboro, 
Guilford  County,  June  5,  1935,  to  James 
Calvin  and  Juanita  (Hill)  Johnson,  Sr. 

Education:  Spartanburg  High  School, 
1954;  Spartanburg  Junior  College,  1956; 
East  Tennessee  State  University,  1958, 
B.S.;  Wake  Forest  University,  School  of 
Law,  1962;  LL.B. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney; 
owner,  Fort  Johnson  Military  Museum, 
Inc. 

Organizations:  Cabarrus  County  and  NC  State  Bar  Associations;  NC 
Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  American  Judicature  Society;  NC  Juvenile  Court 
Judges  Association  (former  President);  Concord  Jaycees  (former  NC  Vice 
President  and  National  Regional  Director);  Phi  Delta  Phi.  Chairman  of 
Cabarrus  Citizens  for  Philip  Morris. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  Senate,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-90;  NC 
House  of  Representatives,  1967,  1969,  1971;  Attorney,  Cabarrus  County, 
1966-70;  Judge;  Domestic  Relations  and  Juvenile  Court,  1963-66;  Attorney, 
US  District  Court,  NC,  1962-63. 

Military  Service:  Active  Reserves.  U.S.  National  Guard,  51st  Division, 
South  Carolina,  1953-56;  30th  Armor  Division,  Tennessee,  1956-58;  30th 
Infantry  Division,  North  Carolina,  1956-62. 

Honors:  Who^s  Who  in  American  Politics,  1967-68;  Outstanding  Per- 
sonalities of  the  South,  1967;  Outstanding  Young  Men  of  America,  1967;  one 
of  three  Outstanding  Young  Men  of  NC,  1966. 

Literary  Works:  Editor,  The  Guardian,  1964-65  (selected  as  the  most 
outstanding  publication  of  its  kind  in  the  US  by  the  National  Council  of 
Juvenile  Court  Judges). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Central  Methodist  Church;  Sunday  School 
Teacher. 

Family:  Children:  James  Calvin,  III,  Kay  Lynn  and  Jen  Cherise. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Appropriations-General  Government;  Banks  and  Thrift  Institu- 
tions; Base  Budget;  Children  and  Youth;  Constitution;  Environment;  Judi- 
ciary I;  Rules;  Veterans  Affairs,  Law. 


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271 


Joseph  Edward  Johnson 

(Democrat  —  Wake  County) 

Fourteenth  Senatorial  District  —  Harnett, 
Lee,  and  Wake  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Raleigh,  Wake 
County,  October  17,  1941,  to  Ira  Edward 
and  Grace  (Ivey)  Johnson. 

Education:  Raleigh  Public  Schools, 
1946-59;  NCSU,  1959-61;  Wake  Forest 
University,  1964,  B.A.;  Wake  Forest  Uni- 
versity, School  of  Law,  1966,  J.D. 

Professional  Background:  attorney 
(LeBoeuf,  Lamb,  Leiby  &  MacRae). 

Organizations:  Wake  County,  NC  and 
American  Bar  Associations;  Alpha  Kappa  Psi;  Phi  Delta  Phi. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  Senate,  1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987- 
88,  1989-90;  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1975-76,  1977-78,  1979-80. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army,  1967-69  (1st  Lt.);  Military  Police 
Corps;  Army  Commendation  Medal. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Edenton  Street  United  Methodist  Church, 
Raleigh. 

Family:  Married,  Jane  Francum,  January  31,  1964.  Children:  Jane 
Elizabeth,  Kathryn  Ivey  and  Susan  Briles. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Judiciary  III. 

Vice  Chairman:  Insurance. 

Member:  Appropriations;  Appropriations  on  Natural  and  Economic 
Resources;  Banks  and  Thrift  Institutions;  Base  Budget;  Manufacturing  and 
Labor;  Public  Utilities;  Rules  and  Operations  of  the  Senate;  State  Govern- 
ment; State  Personnel 


272 


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Donald  R.  Kincaid 

(Republican  —  Caldwell  County) 

Twenty-seventh  Senatorial  District  —  Avery, 
Burke,  Caldwell,  Mitchell,  and  Wilkes 
Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Caldwell  Coun- 
ty, June  2,  1936,  to  Hugh  T.  and  Myrtle 
(McCall)  Kincaid. 

Education:  Gamewell  High  School, 
1954;  Appalachian  State  Teachers  College, 
1959,  B.S. 

Professional  Background:  School 
teacher;  owner,  Kincaid  Insurance 
Agency. 

Organizations:  Lenoir  Lions  Club  (Lion  Tamer,  former  Secretary);  Lenoir 
Rotary  Club;  NC  Cattlemen's  Association;  Carolina  Association  of  Mutual 
Insurance  Agents;  Caldwell  County  Chamber  of  Commerce.  Former  member: 
NCAE,  Gamewell  Ruritan  Club. 

Boards:  Legislative  Advisory  Board,  CAPIA;  Board  of  Trustees,  Gardner- 
Webb  College;  Director,  Carolina  Association  of  Professional  Insurance 
Agents.  Former  member:  NC  Board  of  Agriculture. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  Senate,  1973-74,  1975-76,  1977-78,  1979- 
80,  1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-;  Senate  Minority  Leader,  1977-78, 
1979-80,  1981-82,  1983-84;  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1967,  1969,  1971. 

Military  Service:  Served,  NC  National  Guard,  nine  years  (5-E). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Lower  Creek  Baptist  Church,  Lenoir. 

Family:  Married,  Syretha  Weatherford,  June  30,  1956;  four  children. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chairman:  Appropriations;  Base  Budget.. 

Member:  Appropriations;  Appropriations — Natural  and  Economic  Re- 
sources; Base  Budget;  Human  Resources;  Insurance;  Manufacturing  and 
Labor;  Rules  and  Operation  of  the  Senate;  Banks  and  Thrift  Institutions; 
Marine  Resources  and  Wildlife;  Ways  and  Means;  Advisory  Budget  Com- 
mission. 


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273 


Robert  Lafayette  Martin 

(Democrat  —  Pitt  County) 

Sixth  Senatorial  District  —  Edgecombe  (part), 
Martin  (part),  Pitt  (part),  and  Wilson  (part) 
Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Bethel,  Pitt 
County,  November  8,  1918,  to  John 
Wesley  and  Lena  (Sessums)  Martin. 

Education:  Oxford  Orphanage  High 
School;  School  of  Electricity,  Oxford 
Orphanage. 

Professional  Background:  President, 
Farmers  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Associa- 
tion; farmer. 

Organizations:  Shriner;  32nd  Degree  Mason. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  Senate,  1985-86,  1987-88,  89-90;  Com- 
missioner, Pitt  County,  1956-1984;  Mayor,  Town  of  Bethel,  1951-1956;  Com- 
missioner, Town  of  Bethel,  1941. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Bethel  Missionary  Baptist  Church;  Chair- 
man, Board  of  Deacons;  Superintendent,  Sunday  School;  Sunday  School 
teacher. 

Family:  Married,  Sue  Cooper,  June  29,  1940.  Children:  Lynda  and  Bobbe 
Sue. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Appropriations  on  Natural  &  Economic  Resources. 

Vice  Chairman:  Banks  &  Thrift  Institutions. 

Member:  Agriculture;  Appropriations;  Base  Budget;  Environment  & 
Natural  Resources;  Marine  Resources  &  Wildlife;  Public  Utilities;  State 
Government;  Ways  &  Means. 


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William  Nelson  Martin 

(Democrat — Guilford  County) 

Thirty-first  Senatorial  District — Guilford 
County  (part). 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Eden,  Rock- 
ingham County,  May  25,  1945,  to  Thomas 
William  and  Carolyn  (Henderson) 
Martin. 

Education:  Douglas  High  School 
(Eden),  1962;  N.C.  A  &  T  State  Univer- 
sity, 1966,  B.S.  (Economics);  George 
Washington  University,  School  of  Law, 
1973,  J.D. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney. 

Organizations:  One  Step  Further,  Inc.,  1982-  (Co-founder  and  first 
President;  Board  of  Directors);  National  Black  Child  Development  Institute, 
1979-1981;  Phi  Beta  Sigma,  1965-  (former  President  and  Vice  President  of 
graduate  chapter  based  in  Greensboro);  Congress  of  Racial  Equality,  1967- 
1973  (Chairman,  Bridgeport,  CT  Chapter,  1968-69;  Special  Assistant  to 
Northeastern  Regional  Director,  1969-1973);  Charlotte  Hawkins  Brown 
Historical  Foundation,  1983-  (Co-founder;  Board  of  Directors);  N.C.  Public 
School  Policy  Forum,  1986-  (Board  of  Directors;  Chairman,  Subcommittee  on 
Early  Childhood  Education,  1987-88). 

Boards:  N.C.  At-Risk  Children  and  Youth  Task  Force  (Chairman,  1988- 
89);  Interstate  Migrant  Education  Council  (represented  N.C),  1989;  UNC 
Center  for  Public  Television  Program  Advisory  Committee,  1988-  ;  N.C. 
Historic  Sites  Advisory  Committee,  1985-86;  City  of  Greensboro  Housing 
Commission,  1979-1982;  Social  Concerns  Committee  of  the  Council  of 
Churches  of  Greater  Bridgeport,  Connecticutt  (former  Co-Chairman;  active 
member,  1967-1969). 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88, 
1989-  ;  National  Conference  of  State  Legislatures,  N.C.  representative  to  the 
Education  Committee,  1989-90;  Southern  Legislative  Conference,  N.C. 
representative  to  the  Education  Committee;  Chairman,  North  Carolina 
Democratic  Party  Platform  Committee,  1986. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Providence  Baptist  Church,  Greensboro. 

Family:  Married,  Patricia  Yancey;  Children:  Thomas  William  and  William 
Nelson,  Jr. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Appropriations  -  General  Government. 

Vice-Chairman:  Ways  and  Means. 

Member:  Appropriations;  Base  Budget;  Children  and  Youth;  Constitution; 
Education;  Higher  Education;  Human  Resources;  Judiciary  II;  Manufactur- 
ing and  Labor;  Special  Committe  on  Prisons. 


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275 


Helen  Rhyne  Marvin 

(Democrat  -  Gaston  County) 

Twenty-fifth  Senatorial  District  -Cleveland, 
Gaston,  Lincoln,  and  Rutherford  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  Gastonia,  Gaston 
County,  November  30,  1917,  to  Dane  S. 
and  Tessie  (Hastings)  Rhyne. 

Education:  Gastonia  High  School, 
1934;  Furman  University,  1938,  B.A. 
Magna  Cum  Laude  (History,  Political 
Science);  LSI),  1939,  M.A.  (Government); 
Post  Graduate  Studies,  Winthrop  College; 
UNC-Chapel  Hill;  UNC-Charlotte;  Univer- 
sity of  Colorado;  University  of  Vermont; 
University  of  Oslo. 

Professional  Background:  Realtor  (President,  Marvin  Rhyne  Realty 
Company);  Former  College  Instructor,  Gaston  College. 

Organizations:  Southern  and  N.C.  Political  Science  Association,  Former 
President;  Rho  Chapter  Delta  Kappa  Gamma;  Altrusa  Club  of  Gastonia; 
N.C.  Retired  School  Personnel  Associations. 

Boards:  Director,  Gaston  County  Mental  Health  Association;  Gaston 
County  Family  Service;  Gaston  County  Children's  Council;  Gaston  County 
Council  for  Exceptional  Children;  N.C.  Equity ,Trustee,  INC.;Flatrock  Play- 
house, Vagabond  Players;  Trustee,  N.C.  Child  Support  Council;  Trustee,  NC 
Child  Advocacy  Institute. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1977-78,  1979-80,  1981-82, 
1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-  ;  NCSL  Committee  on  Children,  Youth  and 
Families;Gaston  County  Democratic  Women  (Former  President);  N.C.  Unity 
Party  Committee,  1980;  Vice  Chairman,  N.C.  Democratic  Party  Platform 
Committee,  1984;  Delegate  National  Democratic  Convention,  1972,  1984; 
Democratic  Legislative  Policy  Committee. 

Honors:  Valedictorian,  College  Graduating  Class,  Outstanding  Educator, 
Gaston  College,  1975;  Woman  of  the  Year,  Gastonia  Evening  Civitan  Club, 
1978;  Valand  Award  (outstanding  legislator  in  mental  health),  1980;  N.C. 
Council  Community,  MH/MR/SA  Program  Award  1985;  Ham  Stevens  Award 
for  services  to  Public  Health  in  NC,  1987;  Ellen  Winston  Award  for  Social 
Services  Legislation,  1988;  NC  Distinguished  Women  Award,  1988;  NCAE 
Friend  of  Education  Award. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Gastonia; 
Former  Sunday  School  Teacher;  Deacon;  Elder. 

Family:  Married,  Ned  I.  Marvin,  November  21,  1941.  Children:  Kathryn, 
Richard  and  David. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Chairman:  Appropriations-Justice  and  Public  Safety  Committee. 


276  North  Carolina  Manual 

Vice  Chairman:  Pensioiis  and  Retirement  Committee;  Commission  on 
Exceptional  Children. 

Member:  Appropriations;  Base  Budget;  Children  and  Youth;  Education; 
Human  Resources;  Judiciary  III;  Agriculture;  Constitution;  Special  Com- 
mittee on  Prisons;  MIH  Study  Commission;  CR  and  Youth  Study  Commis- 
sion; . 


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277 


Wendell  Holmes  Murphy 

(Democrat  -  Duplin  County) 

Fifth  Senatorial  District  -  Duplin,  Jones, 
Lenoir,  and  Pender  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Rose  Hill, 
September  23,  1938,  to  Holmes  and  Lois 
(King)  Murphy. 

Education:  Rose  Hill  High  School, 
1956;  NC  State  University,  B.S.  (Agri- 
cultural Education),  1960. 

Professional  Background:  Farming 
and  agri-business  interests  (President 
and  CEO,  Murphy  Farms,  Inc.);  Former 
teacher. 

Organizations:  Former  Vice-President  and  Director,  NC  Pork  Producers 
Association. 

Boards:  NC  General  Assembly  Advisory  Budget  Commission;  NCSU 
Alumni  Association;  NCSU  Student  Aid  Association;  Research  Triangle 
World  Trade  Association;  NC  Retail  Merchants  Association;  NC  Veterinary 
Medical  Foundation,  Inc.;  NC  Community  Colleges  Foundation;  New  East 
Bancorp. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  Senate,  1989-  ;  Member,  NC  House  of 
Representatives,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88. 

Honors:  Order  of  Long  Leaf  Pine,  1988;  Tar  Heel  of  the  Week,  News  and 
Observer,  1987;  NC  Outstanding  Pork  Producer,  1980;  Pork  Ail-American, 
1975. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Rose  Hill  Baptist  Church. 

Family:  Married,  Linda  Godwin,  June,  1979.  Two  children:  Wendell  H., 
Jr.,  Wendy  Deanne.  Two  step-children:  Cindy  Hairr  and  Wesley  Hairr. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Higher  Education. 

Vice  Chairman:  Agriculture,  Appropriations,  and  Base  Budget. 

Member:  Appropriations  on  Education;  Banks  and  Thrift  Institutions; 
Election  Laws;  Environment  and  Natural  Resources;  Public  Utilities; 
Transportation. 


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Thomas  LaFontine  Odom 

(Democrat  -  Mecklenburg  County) 

Thirty-fourth  Senatorial  District  - 
Mecltlenburg  County  (part). 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Rocky  Mount, 
Nash  County,  April  18,  1938. 

Education:  West  Mecklenburg  High 
School,  1956;  attended  Charlotte  College, 
1957;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  B.A.,  1960; 
School  of  Law,  UNC-CH,  LL.D.,  1962. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney 
(Senior  Partner  in  law  firm  of  Weinstein 
&  Sturges,  P. A.;  member  of  firm  since 
1964);  Assistant  City  Attorney,  Charlotte, 
1963-64);  Research  Assistant,  N.C.  Supreme  Court,  1962-63). 

Organizations:  American  and  North  Carolina  Associations;  N.C.  State 
Bar;  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  Steele  Creek  Masonic  Lodge  (past 
Secretary);  Red  Fez  Shrine  Club  (past  member.  Board  of  Directors);  West 
Charlotte  Rotary  Club;  Greater  Charlotte  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Former 
Scout  Leader;  Little  League  Baseball  Coach. 

Boards:  Board  of  Commissioners,  Charlotte  Memorial  Hospital  and 
Medical  Center,  1987- ;  Board  of  Directors,  Salvation  Army  Adult  Rehabilita- 
tion Center,  1984-  ;  Board  of  Visitors,  UNC-Charlotte;  Former  member, 
Mecklenburg  County  Parks  and  Recreation  Commission,  1975-1980  (Past 
Chairman). 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1989- ;  Mecklenburg  Board  of 
County  Commissioners,  1980-1986  (Chairman,  1982-84;  Vice-Chairman, 
1980-82). 

Honors:  American  Red  Cross  Certificate  of  Merit;  Presidential  Citation; 
National  Association  of  County  Commissioners  National  Award  of  Merit, 
1986;  Mecklenburg  County  Environmental  Award,  1980;  West  Mecklenburg 
High  School  Hall  of  Fame. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Pleasant  Hill  Presbyterian  Church  (former 
Elder  and  Deacon);  Sunday  School  Teacher;  Past  President,  Synod  of  North 
Carolina;  Past  President,  Mecklenburg,  Presbytery  Men;  Commissioner  to 
Presbyterian  Church  General  Assembly,  1975  and  1988. 

Family:  Married  Jane  Lowe  of  Charlotte;  Children:  Tommy,  David,  Amy, 
Matt. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chairman:  Local  Government  and  Regional  Affairs;  Transporta- 
tion. 

Member:  Alcoholic  Beverage  Control;  Appropriations;  Appropriations  on 
Justice  and  Public  Safety;  Base  Budget;  Education;  Environment  and 
Natural  Resources;  Judiciary  I;  Marine  Resources  and  Wildlife;  State 
Personnel. 


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279 


David  Russell  Parnell 

(Democrat-Robeson  County) 

Thirtieth  Senatorial  District-Hoke  and 
Robeson  Counties 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Parkton, 
Robeson  Couty,  November  16,  1925,  to 
John  Quincy  and  Clelia  (Britt)  Parnell. 

Education:  Parkton  Public  Schools, 
1931-41;  Oak  Ridge  Military  Institute, 
1941-44;  Wake  Forest  University,  1949, 
B.S. 

Professional  Background:  Mer- 
chant; Farmer. 

Organizations:  N.C.  Merchants  Association,  Director;  N.C.  Oil  Jobbers 
Association;  Director,  N.C.  Plant  Food  Association;  N.C.  State  Humanities 
Foundation  1975-1981. 

Boards:  Robeson  County  Industrial  Development  Commission,  1963-1985; 
Trustee,  Meredith  College,  1977-;  N.C.  State  Highway  Commission,  1969-72; 
Board  of  Directors,  First  Union  National  Bank,  1957-present. 

Political  Activies:  Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-; 
N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1975-76,  1977-78;  1979-80,  1981-82;  Mayor, 
Town  of  Parkton,  1964-69. 

Military:  Served,  U.S.  Army,  1945-46  (Corporal) 

Religious  Activies:  Member,  Parkton  Baptist  Church;  Sunday  School 
Teacher,  1950-;  Board  of  Deacons,  1952-present;  Treasurer,  1959-72. 

Family:  Married,  Barbara  Johnson,  June  11,  1948.  Children:  David,  Anne 
and  Timothy. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Insurance. 

Vice  Chairman:  Appropriations  Base  Budget;  Appropriations-Justice  & 
Public  Safety. 

Member:  Manufacturing  and  Labor;  Agriculture,  Judiciary  I,  Finance, 
Public  Utilities,  Transportation,  Veteran  Affairs,  Law  Enforcement  &  Senior 
Citizens. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Aaron  W.  Plyler 

(Democrat-Union  County) 

Seventeenth  Senatorial  District-Anson, 
Montgomery,  Richmond,  Scotland,  Stanly, 
and  Union  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Union  County, 
October  1,  1926,  to  Isom  F.  and  Ida 
(Foard)  Plyler. 

Education:  Attended  Benton  Heights 
School;  Florida  Military  Academy. 

Professional  Background:  Independ- 
ent Businessman  (President — Owner 
Plyler  Grading  and  Paving,  Inc.;  Presi- 
dent, Hill  Top  Enterprises);  Farming  and 
real  estate  interests. 

Organizations:  Member/Past  President,  Wingate  College  Patron  Club; 
Member/Past  President  Monroe-Union  County  Chamber  of  Commerce; 
Member,  North  Carolina  Restaurant  Association;  North  Carolina  Citizens 
Association;  Associated  General  Contractors  of  America;  National  Federation 
Independent  Business;  Rolling  Hills  Country  Club. 

Boards:  Member,  General  Board  of  Directors,  United  Carolina  Bank; 
Board  of  Directors,  North  Carolina  Restaurant  Association;  Hill  Top  Enter- 
prises; Yadkin-Pee  Dee  River  Basin;  Mecklenburg-Union  County  United 
Way;  Board  of  Advisors,  University  of  North  Carolina-Charlotte. 

Political  Activities:  Served  in  N.C.  Senate,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88, 
1989-;  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1975-76,  1977-78,  1979-80,  1981-82;  Pre- 
cinct Chairman  10  years;  Past  Chairman,  Union  County  Democratic  Party. 

Honors:  1970,  Monroe-Union  County  Leadership  Award;  1971,  Union 
County  "Man  of  the  Year"  Award;  1971,  Wingate  College  Patron  Club 
Award;  1973,  Union  County  Leadership  Award;  1980  Andrew  Jackson 
Award. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Benton  Heights  Presbyterian  Church 
(Ruling  Elder);  Past  Chairman,  board  of  Deacons. 

Family:  Married,  Dorothy  Moser  Plyler,  May  22,  1948;  Children:  Barbara 
Plyler  Faulk;  Dianne  Plyler  Hough;  Aaron  W.  Plyler,  Jr.;  Alan  Plyler;  and 
Alton  Plyler. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Ways  &  Means. 

Vice  Chairman:  Appropriations;  Base  Budget;  ABC. 

Member:  Agriculture;  Finance;  Pensions  &  Retirement;  Rules  and  Opera- 
tions of  Senate;  Small  Business;  Transportation;  Government  Operations. 


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281 


Joseph  Bryant  Raynor,  Jr. 

(Democrat-Cumberland  County) 

Twelth  Senatorial  District:  Cumberland  (part) 
County 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Fayetteville, 
Cumberland  County,  January  26,  1923, 
to  Joseph  Bryant  and  Beatrice  (Owen) 
Raynor,  Sr. 

Education:  HGraduated,  Seventy-First 
High  School,  1940;  Electronic  and 
Engineering  School,  1944;  Certified 
Hypnosis  Investigator;  Law  Enforcement 
Institute  of  Hypnosis. 

Professional  Background:  Owner, 
Raynor  Supply  Company. 

Organizations:  Member,  Seventy-First  Ruritan  Club;  Member,  Cumber- 
land County  Young  Democrats  Club;  Member,  Cumberland  County  Mental 
Health  Association;  Member  and  Past  t*resident,  Carousel  Club;  Member, 
Cumberland  County  Wildlife  Association;  Member,  Knights  of  Pythias; 
Member,  Loyal  Order  of  the  Moose,  Member,  Legion  of  the  Moose;  Member, 
Ancient  Mystic  Order  of  Bagment  of  Bagdad;  Vice  President,  TIHE  (The 
Study  of  Human  Ecology);  Member,  United  Brotherhood  of  Magicians; 
Member,  Society  of  Investigative  and  Forensic  Hypnosis;  Former  Member, 
Fayetteville  Exchange  Club;  Fayetteville  Optimist  Club;  Grand  Counselor, 
United  Commercial  Travelers  of  America;  Former  President,  Cumberland 
County  Chapter  of  the  N.C.  Society  for  Crippled  Children  and  Adults. 

Boards:  Board  of  Directors,  Cumberland  County  Cancer  Society;  Chair- 
man, Governor's  Advisory  Commission  of  Military  Affairs;  Former  Member, 
Legislative  Ethics  Committee;  Criminal  Standards  and  Judicial  Committee; 
Mental  Retardation  Study  Commission;  Mental  Health  Study  commission; 
Board  of  Directors,  Miss  United  Teenager;  Legislative  Serices  Commission 
and  Commission  on  Exceptional  Children;  Study  Commission  on 
Alcoholism;  Commission  on  Migrant  Workers. 

Political  Activities:  N.C.  Senate,  1972,  1977-78,  1979-80,  1981-82,  1989-; 
N.C.  House  Representative,  1965-66,  1967,  1969,  1971,  1987-88. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Methodist  Church 

Family:  Married  Mildred  Home,  January  15,  1944. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Veterans  Affairs,  Law  Enforcement  and  Senior  Citizens. 

Vice  Chairman:  Human  Resources. 

Member:  Agriculture,  Finance,  Insurance,  Judiciary  II,  Rules  and  Opera- 
tions of  the  Senate,  Transportation. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Marshall  Arthur  Rauch 

(Democrat  —  Gaston  County) 

Twenty-fifth  Senatorial  District  — Cleveland, 
Gaston,  Lincoln,  and  Rutherford  Counties  — 
Three  Senators. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  New  York,  New 
York,  February  2,  1923,  to  Nathan  A. 
and  Tillie  P.  (Wohl)  Rauch. 

Education:  Woodmere  High  School, 
1950;  Duke  University. 

Profession:  Corporate  executive 
(Chairman  and  President,  Rauch  In- 
dustries, Inc.;  Director  and  Treasurer, 
E.P.   Press,  Inc.;   Director,  Magic,   Ltd.; 

Director  and  President,  P.D.R.  Trucking,  Inc.;  Director  and  Pres.  S.L.  Rauch, 

Inc. 

Organizations:  Director,  Holy  Angels  Nursery,  1960-73;  Director, 
Gastonia  YMCA,  1959-62,  1967-72  (Vice  President,  1970;  President,  1971); 
Salvation  Army  Boys  Club,  1963-71;  Gastonia  Boys  Club,  1947-71  (Senior 
Advisor,  1943-63;  Director,  1964-71);  Gastonia  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Boards:  Former  Commission  member:  Wildlife  Tax  Study  (Chairman, 
1979-80);  Legislative  Services,  1977-1980;  Governmental  Evaluation  (Vice 
Chairman,  1977-80);  Legislative  Tax  Study  (Chairman,  1977-1980);  Sports 
Facility,  1977-80;  Governmental  Incentive  (Vice  Chairman,  1977-79);  In- 
tangibles Tax  Study,  1978.  Trustee,  NC  Land  Conservance,  1978-80;  Board 
of  Advisors,  Gardner-Webb  College,  1969-77;  Trustee,  UNC-Chapel  Hill, 
1969-73;  NC  Citizens  for  Dental  Health,  1968-73;  Advisory  Committee,  NC 
Vocational  Textile  School,  1970-71. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  Senate,  1967-Present  (11  terms); 
Advisory  Budget  Commission,  1973-74,  1977-80;  Gastonia  City  Council,  1953- 
54,  1961-65  (Mayor  Pro  Tem,  1952-1954,  1961-1963). 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army,  World  War  II,  Combat  Infantry 
Award. 

Honors:    Who's    Who   in    World  Jewry;    Who's    Who   in    the  South    and 
Southwest;  Who's  Who  in  Israel;  Who's  Who  in  American  Politics;  Leading 
Men  in  the  United  States;  The  National  Register  of  Prominent  Americans 
Human  Services  Award,  NC  Association  of  Jewish  Men  and  State  of  NC 
Man  of  the  Year,  (Gastonia  Red  Shield  Club,  1970;  NC  Health  Department 
Gaston  County  Omega  Psi  Phi,  1966;  Gastonia  Junior  Women's  Club,  1964 
Gastonia   Junior   Chamber   of  Commerce,    1957);    National    Council    of 
Christians  and  Jews  Award,  1969;  National  Recreation  Association  Citation, 
1965;  1986  Award,  Multiple  Sclerosis  Hope  Award. 

Religious  Activities:  President,  Temple  Emanuel,  Gastonia  (Former 
President  and  Sunday  School  Teacher)  and  Temple  Israel,  Charlotte.  Chair- 


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man,  Gaston  Jewish  Welfare  Fund;  Vice  President,  NC  Association  of 
Jewish  Men;  President,  Frank  Goldberg  Lodge,  B'Nai  B'Rith;  Governor,  NC 
Jewish  Home  Board;  Cabinet  member,  NC  United  Jewish  Appeal,  Chairman 
Lubavitch  of  N.C. 

Family:  Married,  Jeanne  Girard,  May  18,  1946.  Children:  John,  Ingrid, 
Marc,  Peter  and  Stephanie. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Finance. 

Vice  Chairman:  Ways  and  Means. 

Member:  Banks  and  Thrift  Institutions;  Constitution;  Higher  Education; 
Manufacturing  and  Labor;  Pensions  and  Retirement;  Public  Utilities;  Rules 
and  Operations  of  the  Senate. 


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James  Franklin  Richardson 

(Democrat-Mecklenburg  County) 

Thirty-third  Senatorial  District-Mecklenburg 
(part)  County. 


Early  Years:  Born  in  Charlotte, 
Mecklenburg  County,  May  20,  1926,  to 
Sam  and  Addie  (Pickens)  Richardson. 

Education;  Second  Ward  High  School, 
1943;  Johnson  C.  Smith  University,  1949, 
B.S. 

Professional  Background:  Retired 
(former  postmaster). 

Organizations:  Masons;  NAACP; 
Omega  Psi  Phi  Sigma  Pi  Phi. 

Boards:  Director,  WTVI  Public  Television;  Director,  Charlotte  Mint 
Museum;  former  Director,  Charlotte  Housing  Authority;  former  Chairman, 
NC  Social  Services  Commission  and  Mecklenburg  Social  Services  Depart- 
ment. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1987-88,  1989-90;  N.C.  House 
of  Representatives,  1985-86. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Navy,  1944-46  (Aviation  Metal  Smith  1st 
Class). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Memorial  Presbyterian  church,  Charlotte; 
Elder,  Social  Action  Committee. 

Family:  Married,,  Mary  E.  Nixon  of  Columbia,  South  Caorlina,  April  16, 
1964.  Children:  Gregory  and  James  Franklin,  Jr. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Children  &  Youth. 

Vice  Chairman:  Base  Budget. 

Member:  Appropriations;  Appropriations  on  Human  Resources;  Children 
and  Youth;  Education;  Human  Resources;  Local  Government  H;  Manufactur- 
ing and  Labor;  Insurance,  State  Government  (Veteran  Affairs,  Law  Enforce- 
ment, and  Senior  Citizens);  Governmental  Operations. 


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285 


Jim  Kemp  Sherron,  Jr. 

(Democrat-Wake  County) 

Fourteenth  Senatorial  District-Harnett,  Lee, 
and  Wake  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Fuquay  Varina, 
Wake  County,  September  26,  1931,  to  Jim 
K.  and  Maggie  (Grady)  Sherron,  Sr. 

Education:  Fuquay  Springs  High 
School,  graduated,  1950;  North  Carolina 
State  University,  BS,  1959. 

Professional  Background:  Com- 
mercial Investment  Real  Estate,  Owner/ 
Partner;  Capital  Equity  Corporation, 
President,  1985-present;  Registered 
Broker-Dealer,  NASD. 

Organizations:  Mason,  Millbrook  Lodge,  NO.  97;  Shriner,  Amran 
Temple;  Exchange  Club,  life  member;  Exchange  Club,  New  Hope/Wilders 
Grove,  President,  1977-78;  Wilders  Grove  Youth  Center,  1976;  Little  League 
Football  Coach,  1965-75;  Raleigh  Board  of  Realtors;  NC  Association  of 
Realtors;  National  Association  of  Security  Dealers;  Real  Estate  Securities 
and  Syndication  Institute. 

Boards:  Board  of  Directors  of  Learning  Together,  1984-present;  NC  State 
Humanities  Foundation,  1986;  Raleigh  Planning  Commission,  1977-81; 
Fayetteville  Street  Mall  Authority,  1979;  Capital  Planning  Commission, 
1989. 

Politicial  Activities:  Member,  NC  Senate  1987-88,  1989-;  Capital  Plan- 
ning Commission,  1989-;  Young  Democrats  of  NC,  1955-1971,  Wake  County 
Young  Democrats,  (President,  1962-club  was  voted  outstanding  Young  Demo- 
cratic Club  of  America);  Precinct  Chairman,  (sixteen  years),  County  and 
District  Executive  Committee;  Deputy  Secretary  of  Administration,  1981-84; 
Director  of  Purchasing  and  Contract,  1981;  Director  of  State  Property, 
1977-81. 

Military:  Served  US  Navy,  AM-3,  1951-55;  Korean  Service  Ribbon;  Good 
Conduct  Ribbon. 

Honors:  Gertrude  Carrawan  Award  for  Historical  Preservation,  1982; 
Wake  County  Democrat  of  the  Year,  1982;  Outstanding  Young  Democrat  of 
N.C.,  1962; 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Millbrook  Baptist  Church. 

Family:  Married,  Carolyn  Honeycutt,  of  Salemburg,  January  19,  1958. 
Children:  Jim  and  Annie. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Chairman:  State  Government. 


286  North  Carolina  Manual 

Vice  Chairman:  Public  Utilities. 

Member:  Agriculture,  Banks  and  Thrift  Institutions,  Environment  and 
Natural  Resources,  Finance,  Judiciary  III,  Local  Government  and  Regional 
Affairs,  Marine  Resources  and  Wildlife,  Pensions  and  Retirement,  State 
Personnel. 


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287 


Daniel  Reid  Simpson 

(Republican  —  Burke  County) 

Twenty-seventh  Senatorial  District  —  Avery, 
Burke,  Caldwell,  Mitchell,  and  Wilkes 
Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Morganton, 
Burke  County,  February  20,  1927,  to 
James  Reid  and  Ethel  Margaret  (Newton) 
Simpson. 

Education:  Glen  Alpine  Public  Schools, 
1932-43;  University  of  Mississippi; 
Auburn  University;  Lenoir  Rhyne  Col- 
lege; Wake  Forest  University,  1949,  B.S.; 
Wake  Forest  University,  School  of  Law, 
1951,  LL.B. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney  (President  and  senior  member  in 
firm  of  Simpson,  Aycock,  Beyer,  and  Simpson,  P. A.);  former  Attorney:  Town 
of  Glen  Alpine,  Burke  County  and  Burke  County  Schools;  Former  Criminal 
Court  Judge. 

Organizations:  Burke  County,  NC,  NC  State,  and  American  Bar  Associa- 
tions; Catawba  Valley  Lodge  No.  217  (former  Grand  Master)  Free  and 
Accepted  Masons.  Former  member:  Lions  Club;  Junior  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce; Sigma  Chi;  Phi  Delta  Phi. 

Boards:  Director:  Western  Steer  —  Mom  'n'  Pops,  Inc.;  SouthEastern 
Forest  Fire  Protection  Compact  Committee.  N.C.  Courts  Commission; 
Environmental  Oversight  Commission. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  Senate,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-90;  NC 
House  of  Representatives,  1957,  1961,  1963;  Chairman,  Joint  Caucus;  former 
Chairman,  Burke  County  Republican  Executive  Committee;  former  President 
and  Vice  President,  Burke  County  Young  Republicans  Club;  former  Mayor 
and  Councilman,  Town  of  Glen  Alpine;  former  Vice-Chairman,  NC  Young 
Republicans. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army,  1945-46  (T/5);  South  Pacific  theater. 

Honors:  Who's  Who  in  American  Law. 

Religious  Activities;  First  Baptist  Church,  Morganton. 

Family:  Married,  Mary  Alice  Leonard  of  Glen  Alpine,  September  16,  1951. 
Children:  Mary  Alma  (Simpson)  Beyer,  James  Reid,  II  and  Ethel  Barie 
(Simpson)  Todd. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Appropriations;  Appropriations-Education;  Base  Budget;  (Rank- 
ing Minority  Member);  Education;  Judiciary  I;  Manufacturing  &  Labor; 
Rules  and  Operation  of  the  Senate;  State  Government,  (Ranking  Minority 
Member);  State  Personnel,  (Ranking  Minority  Member);  Finance. 


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Robert  Charles  Soles,  Jr. 

(Democrat  —  Columbus  County) 

Eighteenth  Senatorial  District  —  Bladen, 
Brunswick,  Columbus,  and  Cumberland  (part) 
Counties  —  One  Senator. 


Early  Years:  Born  in  Tabor  City, 
December  17,  1934,  to  Robert  C.  and 
Myrtle  (Norris)  Soles. 

Education:  Tabor  City  High  School; 
Wake  Forest  University,  1956,  B.S.;  UNC- 
Chapel  Hill,  School  of  Law,  1959,  J.D. 

Profession:  Attorney. 

Organizations:  American  and  NC  Bar 
Associations;  American  Trial  Lawyers 
Association;  NC  Association  of  County  Attorneys;  Phi  Alpha  Delta;  Rotary 
Club  (former  President). 

Boards:  President,  Southeastern  Community  College  Foundation; 
Southern  Growth  Policies  Board;  Trustee,  UNC-Wilmington;  former  Trustee, 
UNC-Chapel  Hill. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  Senate,  1977-Present  (7  terms);  NC 
House  of  Representatives,  1969,  1971,  1973-74,  1975-76. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army,  1957-67  (Captain). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Tabor  City  Baptist  Church. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Judiciary  II. 

Vice  Chairman:  Constitution. 

Member:  Agriculture;  Banks  and  Thrift  Institutions;  Finance;  Insurance; 
Public  Utilities;  Rules  and  Operations  of  the  Senate;  Ways  and  Means. 


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289 


James  Davis  Speed 

(Democrat-Franklin  County) 

Eleventh  Senatorial  District-Franklin,  Vance 
and  Wake  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Bom  in  Louisburg,  Frank- 
lin County,  January  30,  1915,  to  Henry 
Plummer  and  Addie  (Jeffreys)  Speed. 

Education:  Gold  Sand  High  School; 

NCSU. 

Professional  Background:  Farmer; 
Tobacco  Warehouseman. 

Organizations:  Farm  Bureau  (Past 
President);  Agri-Business  Council;  Mason 
(Past  Master)  Shriner. 

Boards:  N.C.  Tobacco  Foundation  Board  of  Directors;  N.C.  State  Univer- 
sity Veterinary  School  Foundation  Board;  N.C.  Local  Government  Advocacy 
Council;  Former  Member,  N.C.  Board  of  Agriculture;  Franklin  Memorial 
Hospital,  Board  of  Directors,  former  Chairman;  former  member,  N.C.  State 
Farm  Bureau  Board;  former  Chairman,  Franklin  County  Democratic  Party; 
Franklin  County  Board  of  Health,  former  member. 

Honors:  Outstanding  Service  Award  by  N.C.  Association  of  Rescue 
Squads,  1971;  District  Tree  Farmer  of  the  Year,  1974;  Conservation  Farmer 
of  the  Year,  1975;  Cited  by  N.C.  State  University  for  Outstanding  Service  to 
the  Tobacco  Industry,  1982;  Louisburg-Franklin  County  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce Achievement  Award,  1980;  Louisburg  College  Medallion  Award,  1983. 

Political  Activities:  N.C.  Senate,  1977-Present  (7  terms).  Member,  N.C. 
House  of  Representatives,  1961,  1963,  1965,  1967,  1969,  1971  Sessions; 
Member. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Baptist  Church. 

Family:  Married,  Martha  Matthews,  November  29,  1947.  Children: 
Claudia,  Tommy  and  James. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Agriculture 

Vice  Chairman:  Insurance 

Member:  Appropriations  on  General  Government;  Base  Budget;  Finance; 
Children  and  Youth;  Human  Resources;  Pensions  and  Retirement;  Small 
Business;  Transportation. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


William  Wayne  Staton 

(Democrat  —  Lee  County) 

Fourteenth  Senatorial  District  —  Harnett, 
Lee,  and  Wake  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Olive  Branch, 
Union  County,  October  11,  1917,  to  Oscar 
M.  and  Mae  (Young)  Staton. 

Education:  Mt.  Ulla  High  School; 
Wake  Forest  University,  1938,  B.S.; 
WFU,  School  of  Law,  1941,  LL.B.  and 
J.D. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney 
(senior  member  in  firm  of  Staton,  Perkin- 
son.    West   Doster   and    Dost);    Former 

Attorney:   Sanford  Board  of  Education,   1956-72;  Central  Carolina  Tech. 

College,  1960-72;  Town  of  Carrboro,  1971-72. 

Organizations:  Eleventh  Judicial  District  Bar  Association  (President); 
American  Bar  Association;  BPO  Elks;  Royal  Order  of  Moose;  Veterans  of 
Foreign  Wars;  American  Legion;  Disabled  American  Veterans;  Woodmen  of 
the  World.  Former  member:  Sanford  Chamber  of  Commerce  (President); 
United  Fund  of  Lee  County  (President);  Sanford  Cotillion  Club  (President); 
Lee  District  Boy  Scouts  (Chairman);  Occoneechee  Council,  BSA  (Vice  Presi- 
dent); Cape  Fear  Basin  Development  Association  (President,  1948-1950); 
Sanford  Executive  Club  (President). 

Boards:  Director,  Mid-South  Bank  &  Trust  Company,  1974-;  Golden  Corral 
Corporation,  1974-;  Investors  Management  Corporation,  1974-85.  Former 
member,  NC  Commission  for  Improved  Courts. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  Senate,  1969,  1971,  1973-74,  1975-76, 
1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-;  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1967;  Demo- 
cratic National  Committee,  1960-1964;  NC  Democratic  Executive  Committee, 
1951-1952,  1960-1964;  President,  Young  Democrats  of  NC,  1951-1952;  Lee 
County  Democratic  Executive  Committee,  1948-1949. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army,  1942-1946;  Reserves,  1948-68 
(Colonel);  Judge  Advocate  Corps;  Battle  Stars  (3)  European  Theatre;  Purple 
Heart,  Battle  of  the  Bulge;  Bronze  Star  Ordennes  Campaign  of  1945. 

Honors:  NC  Legion  of  Merit;  Sanford  Community  Service  Award,  1982. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Baptist  Church,  Sanford  Board  of 
Deacons;  Chairman,  Board  of  Trustees;  teacher.  Men's  Bible  Class,  27  years. 

Family:  Married,  Ellen  Boone  of  Jackson,  June  28,  1947.  Children:  William 
Wayne,  Jr.  and  Allyn  Moore. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Banks  and  Thrift  Institutions. 

Vice  Chairman:  Finance. 

Member:  Higher  Education;  Judiciary  II;  Rules  and  Operations  of  the 
Senate;  State  Personnel;  Transportation. 


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291 


Robert  Stringfield  Swain 

(Democrat  —  Buncombe  County) 

Twenty-eighth  Senatorial  District  — 
Buncombe,  McDowell,  Madison,  and  Yancey 
Counties  —  Two  Senators. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Asheville,  July 
25,  1921,  to  John  Edward  and  Mozelle 
Brewster  (Stringfield)  Swain. 

Education:  Lee  H.  Edwards  High 
School,  1939;  Mars  Hill  College  (Wake 
Forest-Meredith  summer  school),  1939; 
UNC-Chapel  Hill  1939-40;  Biltmore  Col- 
lege, 1940;  University  of  New  Mexico, 
1941-42;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  School  of 
Law,  1946-49,  LL.B. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney. 

Organizations:  Buncombe  County  and  NC  Bar  Associations;  NC  Trial 
Lawyers  Association;  Moose  International;  Phi  Alpha  Delta;  York  Rite 
Mason;  Shrine. 

Boards:  Chairman,  Criminal  Justice  Commission  of  SLC;  Governor's 
Crime  Commission. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  Senate,  1977-Present  (7  terms);  Solici- 
tor, 19th  District,  Buncombe  and  Madison  Counties,  1955-67. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army  Air  Corps,  1943-1946  (1st  Lieutenant). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Methodist  Church;  Board  of  Stewards; 
Sunday  School  Teacher. 

Family:  Children:  Jennifer  Ellen,  Barbara  Giffen,  Patricia  Ann,  Robert 
Edward  and  Katherine  Anne. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Judiciary  I. 

Vice  Chairman:  State  Government. 

Member:  Appropriations;  Appropriations  on  Education;  Base  Budget; 
Election  Laws;  Local  Government  and  Regional  Affairs;  Small  Business; 
Veterans  Affiars,  Law  Enforcement,  and  Senior  Citizens. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Thomas  Fleming  Taft 

(Democrat  -  Pitt  County) 

Ninth  Senatorial  District  —  Beaufort  (part), 
Martin  (part),  and  Pitt  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Greenville,  Pitt 
County,  December  29,  1945,  to  Edmund 
Hoover  and  Helen  Irene  (Fleming)  Taft, 
Jr. 

Education:  J.  H.  Rose  High  School, 
1964;  Duke  University,  1968,  A.B.;  Unl- 
dersidadibero-Americana,  Mexico  City, 
summer,  1965;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  School 
of  Law,  J.D.;  Hague  Academy  of  Inter- 
national Law,  1970;  City  of  London,  1970, 
Certificate  of  International  Law. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney  (managing  partner,  firm  of  Taft, 
Taft,  and  Haigler);  President,  Eastern  Millwork  and  Supply  Company; 
President,  Hardware  Suppliers  of  America,  Inc.;  President,  Mercer  Glass 
Company;  Inc.;  President,  Lake  Placid  Development  Company,  Inc.;  Presi- 
dent, University  Medical  Park,  Inc. 

Organizations:  Pitt  County,  NC  and  American  Bar  Associations;  NC 
Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  American  Trial  Lawyers  Association;  NC  Home 
Builders  Association;  Ptt-Greenville  Chamber  of  Commerce;  NC  Citizens  for 
Business  and  Industry;  University  City  Kiwanis  Club;  Master  Mason;  Pitt 
County  Farm  Bureau. 

Boards:  ECU  Medical  Foundation;  NC  State  Ports  Authority  (Chairman, 
1977-85);  Southern  Growth  Policies  Board,  1978-79. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  Senate,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989;  Legal 
Counsel  to  James  B.  Hunt,  Lt.  Governor,  1972-1974. 

Honors:  Jaycee  Distinguished  Service  Award;  President's  Cup,  Pitt  County 
United  Way;  Outstanding  Young  Men  of  America;  Eagle  Scout. 

Military  Service:  Served,  LIS  Army  Reserves,  1968-74  (Specialist  4th 
Class),  Field  Artillery  and  Forward  Area  Air  Defense. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Jarvis  Memorial  United  Methodist  Church; 
Official  Board  1980-83  (Co-Chairman,  1981),  Finance  Committee  1989-1990. 

Family:  Married,  Kathy  Arnold,  January  30,  1982.  Children:  Jessica, 
Paige,  Thomas  and  Jonathan. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Election  Laws. 

Vice  Chairman:  Agriculture;  State  Personnel. 

Member:  Appropriations,  Appropriations  on  Education,  Base  Budget,  Edu- 
cation, Environmental  and  Natural  Resources,  Finance,  Higher  Education, 
Insurance,  Judiciary,  III. 


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293 


Lura  Self  Tally 

(Democrat  —  Cumberland  County) 

Twelfth  Senatorial  District  —  Cumberland 
(part)  County. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Statesville, 
December  9,  1921,  to  R.O.  and  Sara 
Sherrill  (Cowles)  Self. 

Education:  Raleigh  Public  Schools  and 
Needham  Broughton  High  School,  1938; 
Peace  College;  Duke  University,  A.B., 
1942;  NCSU  School  of  Education,  1970 
M.A. 

Professional  Background:  Teacher 
and  guidance  counselor,  Fayetteville  City 
Schools;  teacher.  Adult  Education,  Fayetteville  Technical  Institute. 

Organizations:  NEA;  NC  Association  of  Educators;  NC  Personnel  and 
Guidance  Association;  American  Association  of  University  Women;  Business 
and  Professional  Women's  Club;  NC  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs;  NC 
Society  for  Preservation  of  Antiquities  (former  President);  Fayetteville 
Women's  Club  (former  President);  President,  Cumberland  County  Mental 
Health  Association;  Coordinator  of  Volunteers,  Cumberland  County  Mental 
Health  Center;  Kappa  Delta. 

Boards:  Fayetteville  Recreation  Commission;  NCSU  Foundation  Board; 
Fayetteville  Technical  Community  College  Board,  1983;  Juvenile  Code 
Revision  Commission,  1977-79;  Mental  Health  Study  Commission,  1986-87. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  Senate,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88;  1989-; 
NC  House  of  Representatives,  1973-74,  1975-76,  1977-78,  1979-80,  1981-82. 

Honors:  Business  and  Professional  Woman  of  the  Year,  Fayetteville, 
1978,  Distinguished  Alumni  N.C.  State,  1988.  Doctor  of  Humanities, 
Methodist  College,  Fayetteville  1989. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Hay  Street  Methodist  Church,  Fayette- 
ville. 

Family:  Children:  Robert  Taylor  and  John  Cowles. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Environment  and  Natural  Resources. 

Vice  Chairman:  Marine  Resources  and  Wildlife. 

Member:  Appropriations;  Appropriations  on  Natural  and  Economic  Re- 
sources; Base  Budget;  Children  and  Youth;  Education;  Higher  Education; 
Judiciary  II. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Russell  Grady  Walker 

(Democrat  -  Randolph  County) 

Sixteenth  Senatorial  District  -  Chatham, 
Moore,  Orange,  and  Randolph  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Conetoe,  August 
26,  1918,  to  Ashley  and  Alleen  (Bryant) 
Walker. 

Education:  High  Point  High  School; 
US  Army  Air  Corps  Pilot  Training 
School. 

Professional  Background:  Retired 
Chain  Super  Market  Operator;  Former 
President,  Food  Line  Super  Markets,  Inc. 

Organizations:  Member,  Masonic 
Order,  Balfour  Lodge  (Asheboro);  Asheboro  Kiwanis  Club  (Past  President, 
Asheboro  Club;  Past  Lt.  Gov.  Carolinas  District);  North  Carolina  Food 
Dealers  Association  (Past  President). 

Boards:  Commission  on  Children  with  Special  Needs;  Mental  Health 
Study  Commission;  Commission  on  Environmental  Agency  Consolidation 
(Co-Chairman);  Social  Services  Study  Commission  (Co-Chairman);  Asheboro 
Airport  Authority  (Chairman);  Human  Resources  Appropriations  Committee 
(Chairman). 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1975-76,  1977-78,  1979-80, 
1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-;  Chairman,  NC  Democratic  Party, 
1979-1983;  Asheboro  City  Council,  1961-1965  (2  terms). 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army  Air  Corps,  1941-46  (Pilot);  US  Air 
Force  Reserve,  1947-55  (Captain). 

Honors:  Air  Medal,  1945. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Asheboro. 

Family:  Married,  Ruth  Brunt  Walker,  July  13,  1941;  Children:  Russell  G., 
Jr.,  Mrs.  Susan  Walker  Smith,  and  Stephen  Allen. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Appropriations  on  Human  Resources. 

Vice  Chairman:  Human  Resources. 

Member:  Appropriations;  Banks  and  Thrift  Institutions;  Base  Budget; 
Election  Laws;  Environment  and  Natural  Resources;  Finance;  Higher 
Education;  Ways  and  Means. 


The  Legislative  Branch 


295 


Marvin  Martin  Ward 

(Democrat  -  Forsyth  County) 

Twentieth  Senatorial  District  -  Forsyth 
County  (part). 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Morrison, 
Virginia,  Febuary  10,  1914,  to  Charles 
Tilden  and  Nora  Belle  (Martin)  Ward. 

Education:  East  Bend  High  School, 
1930;  Appalachian  State  University, 
1934,  B.A.;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1940,  M.A. 

Professional  Background:  Retired 
educator  (former  Superintendent  of  Win- 
ston-Salem/Forsyth County  Schools). 

Organizations:  American  Association 
of  School  Administrators;  NC  Division  of  Superintendents;  Mid-Urban 
Superintendents  (former  President  and  Director);  life  member,  PTA;  life 
member,  National  Education  Association;  Lions  Club;  Ardmore  Community 
Club  (former  President);  Winston-Salem  Automobile  Club  (Director);  Win- 
ston-Salem Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Boards:  Government  Operations  Committee;  Mental  Health  Study  Com- 
mission; Public  School  Forum  of  North  Carolina;  Education  Commission  of 
the  States-Steering  Committee;  National  Conference  of  State  Legislators 
(Vice  Chairman,  Education  Committee);  Redistricting  Task  Force);  Southern 
Legislative  Conference  (Education  Committee) 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  Senate,  1979-80,  1981-82,  1983-84,  1985- 
86,  1987-88,  1989-. 

Honors:  Distinguished  Service  Award,  Winston-Salem  Lions  Club,  1976; 
Valand  Award,  1982  (for  outstanding  service  in  the  field  of  mental  health); 
Outstanding  Support  of  Public  Education  Award,  North  Carolina  Association 
of  Educators,  1985;  Legislative  Award,  North  Carolina  School  Psychology 
Association,  1985;  Outstanding  Service  Award,  North  Carolina  Mental 
Health  Association,  1986;  Distinguished  Alumni  Award,  Appalachain  State 
University,  1986;  Bell  Award,  Forsyth  County  Mental  Health  Association, 
1987;  For  Outstanding  Leadership  and  Contributions  to  Education  Award, 
Southeastern  Council  of  Elementary  School  Principals,  1988-89;  Leadership 
Award — Outstanding  Senator  for  Mental  Health  Services  in  North  Carolina, 
North  Carolina  Council  of  Mental  Health,  Mental  Retardation,  and  Sub- 
stance Abuse  Programs,  1989;  "The  Educator"  Award,  Winston-Salem 
Chapter  of  A.  Philip  Randolph  Institute,  1989;  Outstanding  Legislator 
Award,  North  Carohna  Alliance  for  the  Mentally  111,  1989. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Methodist  Cetenary  Church,  Winston- 
Salem;  Administrative  Board;  Budget  and  Finance  Committee;  Sunday 
School  teacher;  Chairman,  Staff  Parish  Committee,  1974-77;  Sunday  School 
Superintendant,  1958-61. 


296  North  Carolina  Manual 

Family:  Married,  Mary  June  Darden,  August  23,  1941.  Children:  Elizabeth 
(Ward)  Cone  and  Marvin  Thomas. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Appropriations  on  Education. 

Vice-Chairman:  Education. 

Member:  Appropriations;  Base  Budget;  Children  and  Youth;  Finance; 
Human  Resources;  Rules  and  Operation  of  the  Senate;  Transportation;  Ways 
and  Means. 


The  Legislative  Branch 


297 


Dennis  Jay  Winner 

(Democrat  —  Buncombe  County) 

Twenty-eighth  Senatorial  District  — 
Buncombe,  McDowell,  Madison,  and  Yancey 
Counties  —  Two  Senators. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Canton,  Bun- 
combe County,  March  29,  1942,  to  Harry 
and  Julienne  (Marder)  Winner. 

Education:  Lee  H.  Edwards  High 
School,  1960;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1963, 
A.B.;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  School  of  Law, 
1966,  J.D.  with  honors. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney 
(firm  of  Erwin  and  Winner,  P.A.). 

Boards:  Board  of  Directors:  Asheville  Chamber  Music  Association;  UNC 
Law  Alumni  Association,  1982-;  UNC  Board  of  Visitors,  1976-;  Asheville  Art 
Museum.  Former  member:  NC  Judicial  Council,  1973-74;  NC  Courts  Commis- 
sion, President,  Buncombe  County  Bar  Association,  1982. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  Senate,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-; 
Superior  Court  Judge,  1972-1975;  District  Court  Judge,  1970-1972;  President, 
Buncombe  County  Young  Democrats  Club,  1968. 

Military  Service:  Served,  NC  Air  National  Guard,  1966-1972  (Sergeant). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Congregation  Beth  Ha  Tephila,  Asheville. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Rules  and  Operation  of  the  Senate. 

Vice  Chairman:  Environment  and  Natural  Resources. 

Member:  Constitution;  Education;  Finance;  Judiciary  II;  Marine  Resources 
and  Wildlife;  Ways  and  Means. 


298 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Sylvia  Morris  Fink 

PRINCIPAL  CLERK 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Charlotte,  August  8, 
1936,  to  Warren  Reid  (deceased)  and  Effie 
(Howard)  Morris. 

Education:  Mount  Holly  High  School,  1954; 
Pfeiffer  College,  1955-56. 

Profession:  Principal  Clerk,  NC  Senate,  1976- 
(first  woman);  Senate  staff,  1967,  1973-76;  Deputy 
Clerk,  NC  Court  of  Appeals,   1967-68;  formerly 
employed  by  Duke  Power  Company,  Cannon  Mills 
Company  and  Charlotte  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Organizations:  American  Society  of  Legislative  Clerks  and  Secretaries 
Executive  Committee,  Wake  Democratic  Women. 

Political  Activities:  Elected  Principal  Clerk,  NC  Senate,  1976  to  present, 
Journal  Clerk,  NC  Senate,  1975-76;  Assistant  Journal  Clerk,  NC  Senate, 
1973-74;  Committee  Clerk,  NC  Senate,  1967. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Benson  Memorial  United  Methodist 
Church;  life  member,  Women's  Society  of  Christian  Service  (former  President 
and  Vice  President).  Former  MYF  counselor,  Sunday  School  teacher,  organist, 
choir  member. 

Family:  Children:  Paige  Elizabeth. 


The  Legislative  Branch  299 


Senate  Committee  Assignments 

AGRICULTURE  COMMITTEE 

Speed  (Chairman);  Murphy  and  Taft  (Vice  Chairmen):  Bryan  (Ranking 
Minority  Member);  Allran,  Ballance,  Basnight,  Daughtry,  Hardin,  Martin  of 
Pitt,  Marvin,  Parnell,  Plyler,  Raynor,  Sherron,  and  Soles. 

ALCOHOLIC  BEVERAGE  CONTROL  COMMITTEE 

Ballance  (Chairman);  Plyler  (Vice  Chairman);  Daughtry  (Ranking  Minority 
Member);  Carpenter,  Daniel,  Goldston,  and  Odom. 

APPROPRIATIONS  COMMITTEE 

Royall  (Chairman);  Daniel,  Murphy,  Parnell,  Plyer  (Vice  Chairmen);  Kincaid 
(Vice  Chairman,  and  Ranking  Minority  Member);  Ballance,  Barker, 
Bansight,  Block,  Bryan,  Carpenter,  Chalk,  Cobb,  Cochrance,  Conder, 
Daughtry,  Ezzell,  Goldston,  Guy,  Hardin,  Harris,  Hunt  of  Durham,  Hunt  of 
Moore,  Johnson  of  Cabarrus,  Johnson  of  Wake,  Kaplan,  Martin  of  Pitt, 
Martin  of  Guilford,  Marvin,  Odom,  Richardson,  Sands,  Simpson,  Speed, 
Swain,  Taft,  Tally,  Walker,  and  Ward. 

APPROPRIATIONS-EDUCATION  COMMITTEE 

Ward  (Chairman);  Conder  (Vice  Chairman);  Chalk  (Ranking  Minority 
Member);  Daniel,  Murphy,  Simpson,  Swain,  and  Taft. 

APPROPRIATIONS-GENERAL  GOVERNMENT  COMMITTEE 

Martin  of  Guilford  (Chairman);  Guy  (Vice  Chairman);  Johnson  of  Cabarrus 
(Ranking  Minority  Member);  Block,  Hardin,  Kaplan,  and  Speed. 

APPROPRIATIONS-HUMAN  RESOURCES  COMMITTEE 

Walker  (Chairman);  Richardson  (Vice  Chairman);  Cochrane  (Ranking 
Minority  Member);  Carpenter,  Ezzell,  Harris,  and  Hunt  of  Durham. 

APPROPRIATIONS-JUSTICE  AND  PUBLIC  SAFETY  COMMITTEE 

Marvin  (Chairman);  Parnell  (Vice  Chairman);  Cobb  (Ranking  Minority 
Member);  Ballance,  Bryan,  Odom,  and  Sands. 

APPROPRIATIONS-NATURAL  AND 
ECONOMIC  RESOURCES  COMMITTEE 

Martin  of  Pitt  (Chairman);  Barker  (Vice  Chairman);  Kincaid  (Ranking 
Minority  Member);  Daughtry,  Goldston,  Hunt  of  Moore,  Johnson  of  Wake, 
and  Tally. 


300  North  Carolina  Manual 

BANKS  AND  THRIFT  INSTITUTIONS  COMMITTEE 

Staton  (Chairman);  Martin  of  Pitt  (Vice  Chairman);  Kincaid  (Ranking 
Minority  Member);  Carpenter,  Ezzell,  Guy,  Harris,  Johnson  of  Cabarrus, 
Johnson  of  Wake,  Kaplan,  Murphy,  Rauch,  Shaw,  Sherron,  Soles,  and 
Walker. 

BASE  BUDGET  COMMITTEE: 

Basnight  (Chairman);  Daniel,  Kincaid,  Murphy,  Parnell,  Plyler  (Vice  Chair- 
men); Simpson  (Ranking  Minority  Member);  Ballance,  Barker,  Block,  Bryan, 
Carpenter,  Chalk,  Cobb,  Cochrane,  Conder,  Daughtry,  Ezzell,  Goldston, 
Guy,  Hardin,  Harris,  Hunt  of  Durham,  Hunt  of  Moore,  Johnson  of  Cabarrus, 
Johnson  of  Wake,  Kaplan,  Martin  of  Pitt,  Martin  of  Guilford,  Marvin, 
Odom,  Richardson,  Sands,  Speed,  Swain,  Taft,  Tally,  Walker,  and  Ward. 

CHILDREN  AND  YOUTH  COMMITTEE 

Richardson  (Chairman);  Sands  (Vice  Chairman);  Allran  (Ranking  Minority 
Member);  Cochrane,  Conder,  Johnson  of  Cabarrus,  Martin  of  Guilford, 
Marvin,  Speed,  Tally,  and  Ward. 

CONSTITUTION  COMMITTEE 

Ezzell  (Chairman);  Soles  (Vice  Chairman);  Cochrane  (Ranking  Minority 
Member);  Ballance,  Barker,  Chalk,  Daniel,  Hardin,  Johnson  of  Cabarrus, 
Kaplan,  Martin  of  Guilford,  Marvin,  Rauch,  and  Winner. 

EDUCATION  COMMITTEE 

Conder  (Chairman);  Ward  (Vice  Chairman);  Chalk  (Ranking  Minority 
Member);  Basnight,  Block,  Daughtry,  Hardin,  Hunt  of  Durham,  Hunt  of 
Moore,  Martin  of  Guilford,  Marvin,  Odom,  Richardson,  Simpson,  Taft,  Tally, 
and  Winner. 

ELECTION  LAWS  COMMITTEE 

Taft  (Chairman);  Ballance  (Vice  Chairman);  Bryan  (Ranking  Minority 
Member);  Chalk,  Hunt  of  Durham,  Kaplan,  Murphy,  Swain,  and  Walker. 

ENVIRONMENT  AND  NATURAL  RESOURCES  COMMITTEE 

Tally  (Chairman);  Winner  (Vice  Chairman);  Shaw  (Ranking  Minority 
Member);  Barker,  Basnight,  Cochrane,  Daughtry,  Hunt  of  Moore,  Johnson 
of  Cabarrus,  Martin  of  Pitt,  Murphy,  Odom,  Sherron,  Taft,  and  Walker. 

FINANCE  COMMITTEE 

Rauch  (Chairman);  Goldston,  Staton  (Vice  Chairman);  Smith  (Vice  Chairman 
and  Ranking  Minority  Member);  Allran,  Barker,  Basight,  Bryan,  Carpenter, 
Daniel,  Daughtry,  Harris,  Hunt  of  Moore,  Kaplan,  Parnell,  Plyler,  Raynor, 
Royall,  Shaw,  Sherron,  Simpson,  Soles,  Speed,  Taft,  Walker,  Ward,  and 
Winner. 


The  Legislative  Branch  301 

HIGH  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE 

Murphy  (Chairman);  Royall  (Vice  Chairman);  Cobb  (Vice  Chairman  and 
Ranking  Minority  Member);  Cochrane,  Conder,  Goldston,  Martin  of  Guilford, 
Rauch,  Smith,  Staton,  Taft,  Tally,  and  Walker. 

HUMAN  RESOURCES  COMMITTEE 

Harris  (Chairman);  Ezzell,  Raynor,  Walker  (Vice  Chairmen);  Smith  (Ranking 
Minority  Member);  Barker,  Bryan,  Cochrane,  Guy,  Kincaid,  Martin  of 
Guilford,  Marvin,  Richardson,  Royall,  Speed,  and  Ward. 

INSURANCE  COMMITTEE 

Parnell  (Chairman);  Johnson  of  Wake,  Speed  (Vice  Chairmen);  Chalk  (Rank- 
ing Minority  Member)  Daniel,  Ezzell,  Kincaid,  Raynor,  Richardson,  Smith, 
Soles,  and  Taft. 

JUDICIARY  I  COMMITTEE 

Swain  (Chairman);  Daniel  (Vice  Chairman);  Johnson  of  Cabarrus  (Ranking 
Minority  Member);  Ballance,  Ezzell,  Harris,  Odom,  Parnell,  and  Simpson. 

JUDICIARY  II  COMMITTEE 

Soles  (Chairman);  Sands  (Vice  Chairman);  Cobb  (Ranking  Minority 
Member);  Daughtry,  Martin  of  Guilford,  Raynor,  Staton,  Tally,  and  Winner. 

JUDICIARY  III  COMMITTEE 

Johnson  of  Wake  (Chairman);  Barker  (Vice  Chairman);  Allran  (Ranking 
Minority  Member);  Block,  Chalk,  Hunt  of  Moore,  Marvin,  Sherron,  and  Taft. 

LOCAL  GOVERNMENT  AND  REGIONAL  AFFAIRS  COMMITTEE 

Sands  (Chairman);  Hunt  of  Durham,  Odom  (Vice  Chairmen);  Shaw  (Vice 
Chairman  and  Ranking  Minority  Member);  Allran,  Barker,  Basnight,  Bryan, 
Conder,  Hunt  of  Moore,  Sherron,  and  Swain. 

MANUFACTURING  AND  LABOR  COMMITTEE 

Daniel  (Chairman);  Block,  Harris  (Vice  Chairmen);  Allran  (Ranking  Minority 
Member);  Ballance,  Goldston,  Guy,  Johnson  of  Wake,  Kincaid,  Martin  of 
Guilford,  Parnell,  Rauch,  Richardson,  Sands,  Simpson,  and  Smith. 

MARINE  RESOURCES  AND  WILDLIFE  COMMITTEE 

Barker  (Chairman);  Tally  (Vice  Chairman);  Kincaid  (Ranking  Minority 
Member);  Basnight,  Block,  Hardin,  Martin  of  Pit,  Odom,  Sands,  Shaw, 
Sharron,  and  Winner. 

PENSIONS  AND  RETIREMENT  COMMITTEE 

Block  (Chairman);  Marvin  (Vice  Chairman);  Bryan  (Ranking  Minority 
Member);  Barnes,  Basnight,  Carpenter,  Chalk,  Conder,  Hardin,  Hunt  of 
Durham,  Plyler,  Rauch,  Royall,  Sherron,  and  Speed. 


302  North  Carolina  Manual 

PUBLIC  UTILITIES  COMMITTEE 

Guy  (Chairman);  Sherron  (Vice  Chairman);  Smith  (Ranking  Minority 
Member);  Barker,  Cobb,  Cochrane,  Johnson  of  Wake,  Martin  of  Pitt,  Murphy, 
Parnell,  Rauch,  Raoyall,  and  Soles. 

RULES  AND  OPERATION  OF  THE  SENATE  COMMITTEE 

Winner  (Chairman);  Kaphin  (Vice  Chairman);  Cobb  (Ranking  Minority 
Member),  Cochrane,  Daniel,  Ezzell,  Harris,  Hunt  of  Durham,  Johnson  of 
Cabarrus,  Johnson  of  Wake,  Kincaid,  Marvin,  Plyler,  Rauch,  Raynor,  Royall, 
Simpson,  Soles,  Staton,  and  Ward. 

SMALL  BUSINESS  COMMITTEE 

Hunt  of  Durham  (Chairman);  Goldson  (Vice  Chairman);  Shaw  (Ranking 
Minority  Member);  Allran,  Daniel,  Plyler,  Sands,  Speed,  and  Swain. 

STATE  GOVERNMENT  COMMITTEE 

Sherron  (Chairman);  Swain  (Vice  Chairman);  Simpson  (Ranking  Minority 
Member),  Cobb,  Daughtry,  Harris,  Hunt  of  Durham,  Johnson  of  Wake, 
Martin  of  Pitt,  Richardson,  and  Royall. 

STATE  PERSONNEL  COMMITTEE 

Hunt  of  Moore  (Chairman);  Taft  (Vice  Chairman);  Simpson  (Ranking 
Minority  Member);  Allran,  Hardin,  Hunt  of  Durham,  Johnson  of  Wake, 
Odom,  Sands,  Sherron,  and  Staton. 

TRANSPORTATION  COMMITTEE 

Goldston  (Chairman),  Basnight,  Odom  (Vice  Chairmen);  Smith  (Ranking 
Minority  Member);  Bryan,  Carpenter,  Guy,  Kaplan,  Murphy,  Parnell,  Plyler, 
Raynor,  Shaw,  Speed,  Staton,  and  Ward. 

VETERAN  AFFAIRS,  LAW  ENFORCEMENT, 
AND  SENIOR  CIZITENS  COMMITTEE 

Raynor  (Chairman);  Hunt  of  Moore  (Vice  Chairman);  Johnson  of  Cabarrus 
(Ranking  Minority  Member);  Block,  Carpenter,  Guy,  Parnell,  Richardson, 
and  Swain. 

WAYS  AND  MEANS  COMMITTEE 

Plyler  (Chairman);  Martin  of  Guilford,  Rauch  (Vice  Chairmen);  Shaw  (Rank- 
ing Minority  Member);  Basnight,  Clark,  Cobb,  Cochrane,  Goldston,  Harris, 
Hunt  of  Moore.  Kaplan,  Kincaid,  Martin  of  Pitt,  Marvin,  Royall,  Sols, 
Walker  Ward,  and  Winner. 


The  Legislative  Branch  303 


1989  NORTH  CAROLINA  HOUSE 
OF  REPRESENTATIVES 

Officers 

Speaker Josephus  L.  Mavretic 

Speaker  Pro  Tempore R.D.  Beard 

Majority  Leader Dennis  A.  Wicker 

Minority  Leader Johnathan  L.  Rhyne,  Jr. 

Majority  Whip Milton  F.  Fitch,  Jr. 

Minority  Whip Charles  L.  Cromer 

Principal  Clerk Grace  A.  Collins 

Reading  Clerk Sam  J.  Burrow,  Jr. 

Sergeant-at-Arms Larry  P.  Eagles 

Representatives 

Name  Dist.  County  Address 

Abernethy,  J.  Vernon,  Jr.  (R) 44th Gaston Belmont 

Albertson,  Charles  W 10th Duphn Beulaville 

Anderson,  Gerald  L 3rd Craven New  Bern 

Arnold,  Steve  (R) 28th Guilford High  Point 

Balmer,  David  G.  (R) 55th Mecklenburg Charlotte 

Barbee,  Bobby  H.,  Sr.,  (R) 34th Stanly Locust 

Barnes,  Anne  C 24th Orange Chapel  Hill 

Barnhill,  Howard  C 60th Mecklenburg Charlotte 

Beall,  Charles  M 52nd Haywood Clyde 

Beard,  R.D 18th Cumberland Fayetteville 

Blue,  Daniel  T.,  Jr 21st Wake Raleigh 

Bowen,  Edward  C 12th Sampson Harrells 

Bowie,  Joanne  W.  (R) 27th Guilford Greensboro 

Bowman,  J.  Fred 25th Alamance Burlington 

Brawley,  C.  Robert,  Jr.  (R) 43rd Iredell Mooresville 

Brown,  John  Walter  (R) 41st Wilkes Elkin 

Brubaker,  Harold  J.  (R) 38th Randolph Asheboro 

Buchanan,  Charles  F.  (R) 46th Mitchell Green  Mountain 

Burke,  Logan 67th Forsyth Winston-Salem 

Chapin,  Howard  B 2nd Beaufort Washington 

Church,  John  T 22nd Vance Henderson 

Colton,  Marie  W 51st Buncombe Asheville 

Cooper,  Roy  A.,  HI 72nd Nash Rocky  Mount 

Craven,  James  M.  (R) 31st Moore Pinebluff 

Crawford,  James  W.,  Jr 22nd Granville Oxford 

Crawford,  Narvel  J.,  Jr 51st Buncombe Asheville 

Creech,  Billy  J.  (R) 20th Johnston Wilson's  Mills 

Cromer,  Charles  L.  (R) 37th Davidson Thomasville 

Gulp,  Arlie  F.,  Jr.  (R) 30th Randolph Ramseur 

Cunningham,  W.  Pete 59th Mecklenburg Charlotte 

Dawkins,  Donald  M 32nd Richmond Rockingham 

Decker,  Michael  P.  (R) 29th Forsyth Walkertown 

DeVane,  Daniel  H 16th Hoke Raeford 

Diamont,  David  H 40th Surry Pilot  Mountain 

Dickson,  W.W.i(R) 44th Gaston Gastonia 

Diggs,  Lawrence  E.  (R) 36th Mecklenburg Charlotte 


304  North  Carolina  Manual 

Name  Dist.  County  Address 

Duncan,  Ann  Q.  (R) 39th Forsyth Pfafftown 

Easterling,  Ruth  M 58th Mecklenburg Charlotte 

Edwards,  C.R 17th Cumberland Fayetteville 

Esposito,  Theresa  H.  (R) 39th Forsyth Winston-Salem 

Etheridge,  Larry  E.  (R) 71st Wilson Wilson 

Ethridge,  Bruce 4th Carteret Beaufort 

Fitch,  Milton  F.,  Jr 70th Wilson Wilson 

Flaherty,  David  T.,  Jr.  (R) 46th Caldwell Lenoir 

Fletcher,  Ray  C 47th Burke Valdese 

Foster,  Jo  Graham 56th Mecklenburg Charlotte 

Fussell,  Aaron  E 65th Wake Raleigh 

Gardner,  Charlotte  A.  (R) 35th Rowan Salisbury 

Gibson,  Pryor  A.,  Ill 33rd Anson Wadesboro 

Gist,  Herman  C 26th Guilford Greensboro 

Grady,  Robert  (R) 4th Onslow Jacksonville 

Greenwood,  Gordon  H 51st Buncombe Black  Mountain 

Grimmer,  Harry  C.  (R) 57th Mecklenburg Matthews 

Hackney,  Joe 24th Orange Chapel  Hill 

Hall,  Alex  M 13th New  Hanover Wilmington 

Hardaway,  Thomas  C 7th Halifax Enfield 

Hasty,  John  C 16th Robeson Maxton 

Hege,  Joe  H.,  Jr.  (R) 37th Davidson Lexington 

Holmes,  George  M.  (R) 41st Yadkin Hamptonville 

Holt,  Bertha  M 25th Alamance Burlington 

Howard,  JuHa  C.  (R) 37th Davie Mocksville 

Huffman,  Doris  R.  (R) 45th Catawba Newton 

Hunt,  John  J 48th Cleveland Lattimore 

Hunt,  Judy  F 40th Watauga Blowing  Rock 

Hunt,  R.  Samuel,  HI 25th Alamance Burlington 

Hunter,  Howard  J.,  Jr 5th Hertford Murfreesboro 

Hunter,  Robert  C 49th McDowell Marion 

Hurley,  John  W 18th Cumberland Fayetteville 

Isenhower,  W.  Stine  (R) 45th Catawba Conover 

James,  Vernon  G 1st Pasquotank Elizabeth  City 

Jeralds,  Luther  R 17th Cumberland Fayetteville 

Jones,  Walter  B.,  Jr 9th Pitt Farmville 

Justus,  Larry  T.  (R) 50th Henderson Hendersonville 

Kennedy,  Annie  B 66th Forsyth Winston-Salem 

Kerr,  John  H.,  HI 11th Wayne Goldsboro 

Kimsey,  Marty  E.  (R) 53rd Macon Franklin 

Lail,  Doris  L.  (R) 44th Lincoln Lincolnton 

Ligon,  Bradford  V.  (R) 35th Rowan Salisbury 

Lilley,  Daniel  T 3rd Lenoir Kinston 

Lineberry,  Albert  Sr., 27th Guilford Greensboro 

Locks,  Sidney  A 16th Robeson Lumberton 

Loflin,  H.  Clayton  (R) 34th Union Monroe 

Lutz,  Edith  L 48th Cleveland Lawndale 

Mavretic,  Josephus  L 8th Edgecombe Crisp 

McLaughlin,  John  B 54th Mecklenburg Newell 

Mercer,  Leo 15th Columbus Chadbourn 

Michaux,  Henry  M.,  Jr 23rd Durham Durham 

Miller,  George  W.,  Jr 23rd Durham Durham 

Mills,  W.D 4th Onslow Maysville 

Nesbitt,  Martin  L 51st Buncombe Asheville 

Nye,  Edd 12th Bladen Elizabethtown 


The  Legislative  Branch  305 

Name  Dist.  County  Address 

Payne,  Harry  E.,  Jr 13th New  Hanover Wilmington 

Perdue,  Beverly  M 3rd Craven New  Bern 

Pope,  James  A.  (R) 61st Wake Raleigh 

Privette,  Coy  C.  (R) 34th Cabarrus Kannapolis 

Ramsey,  Liston  B 52nd Madison Marshall 

Red  wine,  E.  David 14th Brunswick Shallotte 

Rhodes,  Frank  E.  (R) 39th Forsyth Winston-Salem 

Rhyne,  Johnathan  L.,  Jr.  (R) 44th Lincoln Lincolnton 

Robinson,  George  S.  (R) 46th Caldwell Lenoir 

Rogers,  Richard  E 6th Martin Williamston 

Sizemore,  Frank  J.,  HI  (R) 27th Guilford Greensboro 

Stam,  Paul  B.,  Jr.  (R) 62nd Wake Apex 

Stamey,  Peggy 63rd Wake Raleigh 

Stewart,  Clarence  P 19th Harnett Lillington 

Tallent,  Timothy  N.  (R) 34th Cabarrus Concord 

Tart,  John  L 11th Wayne Goldsboro 

Thompson,  Raymond  M 1st Chowan Edenton 

Thompson,  Sharon  A 23rd Durham Durham 

Walker,  Lois  S.  (R) 42nd Iredell Statesville 

Warner,  Alex 18th Cumberland Hope  Mills 

Warren,  Edward  N 9th Pitt Greenville 

Watkins,  Wilham  T.2 22nd Granville Oxford 

Weatherly,  John  H.  (R) 48th Cleveland Kings  Mountain 

Wicker,  Dennis  A 19th Lee Sanford 

Wilson,  Peggy  Ann  (R) 25th Rockingham Madison 

Wilson,  William  E.  (R) 40th Watauga Boone 

Windley,  Walter  H.,  nP(R) 44th Gaston Gastonia 

Wiser,  Betty  H 64th Wake Raleigh 

Wood,  Steve  W.  (R) 28th Guilford High  Point 

Woodard,  Barney  Paul 20th Johnston Princeton 


'Dickson  was  appointed  by  Governor  Martin  on  January  6,  1989,  to  replace  Walter  H.  Windley. 
'^Watkins  died  August  26,  1989. 

'Windley  was  sworn  in  as  a  member  of  the  1989  General  Assembly  on  January  2,   1989.  He 
resigned  later  that  same  day. 


806  North  Carolina  Manual 

Speakers  of  the  House  of  Representatives 
Lower  House  of  the  Colonial  Assembly 

Assembly  Representative  County 

1666 George  Catchmaid Albemarle 

1672 Valentine  Bird [Pasquotank] 

1673 [Valentine  Bird] [Pasquotank] 

1675 Thomas  Eastchurch 

1677 Thomas  Cullen [Chowan] 

1679 George  Durant [Currituck] 

1689 John  Nixon [Chowan] 

1697/98 John  Porter [Bath] 

[1703] William  Wilkison [Chowan] 

1707 Thomas  Boyd 

1708 Edward  Mosely [Chowan] 

1709 Richard  Sanderson [Currituck] 

1711 William  Swann [Currituck] 

1711/12 Thomas  Snoden [Perquimans] 

1715/16 Edward  Moseley [Chowan] 

1720 [Edward  Moseley] [Chowan] 

1722 Edward  Moseley [Chowan] 

1723 Edward  Moseley [Chowan] 

1725-26 Maurice  Moore [Perquimans] 

John  Baptista  Ashe Beaufort 

1727 [John  Baptista  Ashe] [Beaufort] 

1729 Thomas  Swann [Pasquotank] 

1731 Edward  Moseley Chowan 

1733 Edward  Moseley Chowan 

1734 Edward  Moseley Chowan 

1735 William  Downing Tyrrell 

1736-37 William  Downing Tyrrell 

1738-39 William  Downing Tyrrell 

1739/40-1740 John  Hodgson Chowan 

1741 John  Hodgson Chowan 

1742/43-1744 Samuel  Swann Onslow 

1744-45 Samuel  Swann Onslow 

1746 Samuel  Swann Onslow 

1746/47-1752 Samuel  Swann Onslow 

1753-54 Samuel  Swann Onslow 

1754-60 John  Campbell Bertie 

Samuel  Swann Onslow 

1760 Samuel  Swann Onslow 

1761 Samuel  Swann Onslow 

1762 Samuel  Swann Onslow 

John  Ashe New  Hanover 

1764-65 John  Ashe New  Hanover 

1766-68 John  Harvey Perquimans 

1769 John  Harvey Perquimans 

1770-71 Richard  Caswell Craven 

1773 John  Harvey Perquimans 

1773-74 John  Harvey Perquimans 

1775 John  Harvey Perquimans 


The  Legislative  Branch  307 

House  of  Commons 

Assembly  Representative  County 

1777 Abner  Nash Craven 

1778 John  Williams Granville 

Thomas  Benbury Chowan 

1779 Thomas  Benbury Chowan 

1780 Thomas  Benbury Chowan 

1781 Thomas  Benbury Chowan 

1782 Thomas  Benbury Chowan 

1783 Edward  Starkey Onslow 

1784  (April) Thomas  Benbury Chowan 

1784  (October) William  Blount Craven 

1785 Richard  Dobbs  Spaight Craven 

1786-87 John  B.Ashe Halifax 

1787 John  Sitgreaves Craven 

1788 John  Sitgreaves Craven 

1789 Stephen  Cabarrus Chowan 

1790 Stephen  Cabarrus Chowan 

1791-92 Stephen  Cabarrus Chowan 

1792-93 Stephen  Cabarrus Chowan 

1793-94 John  Leigh Edgecombe 

1794-95 Timothy  Bloodworth New  Hanover 

1795 John  Leigh Edgecombe 

1796 John  Leigh Edgecombe 

1797 Musendine  Matthews Iredell 

1798 Musendine  Matthews Iredell 

1799 Musendine  Matthews Iredell 

1800 Stephen  Cabarrus Chowan 

1801 Stephen  Cabarrus Chowan 

1802 Stephen  Cabarrus Chowan 

1803 Stephen  Cabarrus Chowan 

1804 Stephen  Cabarrus Chowan 

1805 Stephen  Cabarrus Chowan 

1806 John  Moore Lincoln 

1807 Joshua  Grainger  Wright New  Hanover 

1808 Joshua  Grainger  Wright New  Hanover 

William  Gaston Craven 

1809 Thomas  Davis Cumberland 

1810 William  Hawkins Granville 

1811 William  Hawkins Granville 

1812 WilHam  Miller Warren 

1813 William  Miller Warren 

1814 William  Miller Warren 

1815 John  Craig Orange 

1816 Thomas  Ruffins Orange 

James  Iredell Chowan 

1817 James  Iredell,  Jr Chowan 

1818 James  Iredell,  Jr Chowan 

1819 Romulus  M.  Saunders Caswell 

1820 Romulus  M.  Saunders Caswell 

1821 James  Mebane Orange 

1822 John  D.  Jones New  Hanover 

1823-24 Alfred  Moore Brunswick 

1824-25 Alfred  Moore Brunswick 

1825-26 John  Stanly Craven 

1826-27 John  Stanly Craven 

1827-28 James  Iredell,  Jr Chowan 


308  North  Carolina  Manual 

Assembly  Representative  County 

1828-29 Thomas  Settle Rockingham 

1829-30 WiUiam  J.  Alexander Mecklenburg 

1830-31 Charles  Fisher Rowan 

1831-32 Charles  Fisher Rowan 

1832-33 Louis  D.  Henry Cumberland 

1833-34 William  J.  Alexander Mecklenburg 

1834-35 William  J.  Alexander Mecklenburg 

1835 William  D.  Haywood,  Jr Wake 

1836-37 William  H.  Haywood,  Jr Wake 

1838-39 William  A.  Graham Orange 

1840-41 William  A.  Graham Orange 

Robert  B.  Gilliam Granville 

1842-43 Clavin  Graves Caswell 

1844-45 Edward  Stanly Beauford 

1846-47 Edward  Stanly Beauford 

Robert  B.  Gilliam Granville 

1848-49 Robert  B.  Gilliam Granville 

1850-51 James  C.  Dobbs Cumberland 

1852 John  Baxter Henderson 

1854-55 Samuel  P.  Hill Caswell 

1856-57 Jesse  G.  Shepherd Cumberland 

1858-59 Thomas  Settle,  Jr Rockingham 

1860-61 William  T.  Dortch Wayne 

Nathan  N.  Fleming Rowan 

1862-64 Robert  B.  GilUam Granville 

Richard  S.  Donnell Beaufort 

Marmaduke  S.  Robbins Randolph 

1864-65 Richard  S.  Donnel Beaufort 

1865-66 Samuel  F.  Phillips Orange 

1866-67 Rufus  Y.  McAden Alamance 


House  of  Representatives* 

Assembly  Representative  County 

1868 Joseph  W.  Holden Wake 

1869-70 Joseph  W.  Holden Wake 

1870 Thomas  J.  Jarvis Tyrrell 

1872 James  L.  Robinson Macon 

1874-75 James  L.  Robinson Macon 

1876-77 Charles  Price Davie 

1879 John  M.  Moring Chatham 

1881 Charles  M.  Cooke Franklin 

1883 George  M.  Rose Cumberland 

1885 Thomas  M.  Holt Alamance 

1887 John  R.  Webster Rockingham 

1889 Augustus  Leazar Iredell 

1891 Rufus  A.  Doughton Alleghany 

1893 Lee  S.  Overman Rowan 

1895 ZebV.  Walser Davidson 

1897 A.F.  Hileman Cabarrus 

1899-1900 Henry  G.  Connor Wilson 

1901 Walter  E.  Moore Jackson 

1903 S.  M.  Gattis Orange 


The  Legislative  Branch  309 

Assembly  Representative  County 

1905 OwenH.  Guion Craven 

1907  E.  J.  Justice Guilford 

1909 A.W.Graham Granville 

1911 W.  C.  Dowd Mecklenburg 

1913 George  Connor Wilson 

1915 Emmett  R.  Wooten Lenoir 

1917 Walter  Murphy Rowan 

1919 Dennis  G.  Brummitt Granville 

1921 Harry  P.  Grier Iredell 

1923-24 John  G.  Dawson Lenoir 

1925 Edgar  W.  Pharr Mecklenburg 

1927 Richard  T.  Fountain Edgecombe 

1929 A.  H.  Graham Orange 

1931 Willis  Smith Wake 

1933 R.  L.  Harris Person 

1935-36 Robert  Johnson Pender 

1937 R.  Gregg  Cherry Gaston 

1939 D.L.Ward Craven 

1941 0.  M.  Mull Cleveland 

1943 John  Kerr,  Jr Warren 

1945 Oscar  L.  Richardson Union 

1947 Thomas  J.  Pearsall Nash 

1949 Kerr  Craig  Ramsay Rowan 

1951 W.  Frank  Taylor Wayne 

1953 Eugene  T.  Bost,  Jr Cabarrus 

1955-56 Larry  L  Moore,  Jr Wilson 

1957 James  K.  Doughton Alleghany 

1959 Addison  Hewlett New  Hanover 

1961 Joseph  M.  Hunt,  Jr Guilford 

1963 H.  Clifton  Blue Moore 

1965-66 H.  Patrick  Taylor,  Jr Anson 

1967 David  M.Britt Robeson 

1969 Earl  W.  Vaughn Rockingham 

1971 Philip  P.  Godwin Gates 

1973-74 James  E.  Ramsey Person 

1975-76 James  C.Green Bladen 

1977-78 Carl  J.  Stewart,  Jr Gaston 

1979-80 Carl  J.  Stewart,  Jr Gaston 

1981-82 Liston  B.  Ramsey Madison 

1983-84 Liston  B.  Ramsey Madison 

1985-86 Liston  B.  Ramsey Madison 

1987-88 Liston  B.  Ramsey Madison 

1989-90 Josephus  L.  Mavretic Edgecombe 


310 


North  Carolina  Manual 


% 


The  Legislative  Branch  311 


Josephus  Lyman  Mavretic 

SPEAKER 
(Democrat  -  Edgecombe  County) 

Eighth  Representative  District  -  Edgecombe  (part)  and  Nash  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Powells  Point,  Currituck  County,  July  29,  1934,  to 
Joseph  M.  (deceased)  and  Virginia  (Bateman)  Mavretic. 

Education:  New  Bern  High  School;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1956,  A.B. 
(English);  George  Washington  University,  1972,  M.S.  (Political  Science, 
International  Affairs);  Naval  War  College,  distinguished  graduate,  1972. 

Professional  Background:  Retired  military  officer. 

Organizations:  Rotary  Club  of  Tarboro;  Retired  Officers  Association; 
American  Legion  Post  58;  Marine  Corps  Aviation  Association;  Director, 
Edgecombe  County  chapter,  American  Red  Cross;  Phi  Gamma  Delta;  Loyal 
Order  of  the  Moose;  Scouting  Coordinator,  Cub  Scout  Pack  96;  Director, 
American  Cancer  Society  (NC  division);  Director,  Edgecombe  County 
Historic  Preservation  Fund;  Director,  NC  Museum  of  History  Associates. 

Boards:  Director,  NC  Council  on  Alcoholism;  Steering  Committee,  NC 
Educational  Policy  Seminars;  former  Chairman,  Laurel  Bay  School  Board; 
former  Director,  First  Carolina  Bank. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1980  (ap- 
pointed to  fill  vacancy  created  by  resignation  of  James  Ezzell),  1981-82, 
1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989  (elected  Speaker  January  11,  1989.) 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Marine  Corps,  1956-77  (Lieutenant  Colonel); 
300  combat  missions  in  Vietnam;  3000  flight  hours  in  fighter  aircraft; 
Bronze  Star  with  Combat  "V". 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  St.  James  United  Methodist  Church; 
(President,  Methodist  Men's  Club,  1981;  Administrative  Board,  1981;  Finance 
Committee,  1980.) 

Family:  Married,  Laura  Kranifeld,  of  Greenville,  Tennessee,  June,  1988. 
Child:  Michael. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Rayford  Donald  Beard 

SPEAKER  PRO  TEMPORE 
(Democrat  -  Cumberland  County) 

Eighteenth  Representative  District  - 
Cumberland  (part)  County. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Beard,  Cum- 
berland County,  March  24,  1923,  to 
William  A.  and  Lola  (Maxwell) 
Beard. 

Education:  Central  High  School, 
1942;  Advanced  Business  and  In- 
surance Studies. 

Professional  Background:  In- 
surance (Retired). 

Organizations:  Lions  Club; 
Masonic  Order;  Shriner;  Scottish 
Rite;     Past  member  and  officer  of 

Insurance  Professional  Associations;  Past  President  of  National  Conference 

of  Insurance  Legislators. 

Boards:  Governmental  Operations  Commission. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1975-Present 
(8  Terms);  Speaker  Pro  Tem,  1989-90. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Snyder  Memorial  Baptist  Church;  Sunday 
School  Teacher;  Deacon  1950-;  former  Chairman,  Deacon,  Church  Moderator, 
1960. 

Family:  Married,  Katherine  Smith,  July  30,  1944.  Children:  Linda  B.  Kay, 
Kathy  B.  Allen  and  Don,  Jr.  Grandchildren:  Dave  Kay,  Jennifer  Kay, 
Brooke  Allen,  Lynn  Allen. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Ethics. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  Budget  and  Expansion 
Budget  on  Capital  Outlay  and  Special  Programs);  Commerce  (Subcommittee 
on  Insurance). 


The  Legislative  Branch 


313 


Dennis  Alvin  Wicker 

MAJORITY  LEADER 
(Democrat  -  Lee  County) 

Nineteenth  Representative  District  - 
Harnett  and  Lee  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Sanford,  Lee 
County,  June  14,  1952,  to  J.  Shelton 
and  Clarice  (Burns)  Wicker. 

Education:  UNC-Chapel  Hill, 
1974,  B.A.;  Wake  Forest  University, 
1978,  J.D. 

Profession:  Attorney  (firm  of  Love 
and  Wicker,  P.A.). 

Organizations:  NC,  NC  State  and 
American  Bar  Associations;  Academy 
of  Trial  Lawyers;  Rotary  Club. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC 
House  of  Representatives,  1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88;  1989  (Majority 
Leader). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  St.  Luke  Methodist  Church,  Sanford; 
Administrative  Board. 

Family:  Married  Alisa  O'Quinn  of  Mamers,  North  Carolina  on  November, 
1982.  Children:  Quinn  Edward  and  Jackson  Dennis  (Twins). 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Infrastructure  Subcommittee  on  Solid  Waste. 

Vice  Chairman:  Infrastructure. 

Member:  Ethics;  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  Way  and  Means);  Judiciary 
(Subcommittee  on  Law  and  Public  Safety). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Johnathan  L.  Rhyne,  Jr. 

MINORITY  LEADER 
(Republican  -  Lincoln  County) 

Forty-fourth  Representative  District  - 
Gaston  and  Lincoln  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Charlotte, 
Mecklenburg  County,  June  6,  1955, 
to  Johnathan  L.  and  Marian  Lavinia 
(Stowe)  Rhyne,  Sr. 

Education:  Lincolnton  High 
School,  1973;  Davidson  College,  1977, 
B.A.  (Sociology);  Campbell  University 
SchoolofLaw,  1981,  J.D. 

Professional  Background:  Attor- 
ney (partner,  firm  of  Jonas,  Jonas 
and  Rhyne). 

Organizations:  Lincoln  County, 
NC,  NC  State  and  American  Bar  Associations;  Secretary-Treasurer,  Judicial 
District  27B,  1984. 

Boards:  N.C.  Courts  Commission  1985-,  (Chairman,  1986-);  Joint  Legisla- 
tive Commission  on  Governmental  Operations. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86, 
1987-88,  1989-;  Minority  Leader  1989;  Lincoln  County  Republican  Party 
(Secretary,  1984). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Lincolnton; 
Board  of  Deacons,  1971-73,  1982-84  (Chairman,  1984).  Elder  (1985-) 

Family:  Married,  Martha  Jayne  Cameron  of  Dunn,  August  2,  1980. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice-Chairman:  Rules,  Appointments,  and  the  Calendar.. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Natural  and  Economic  Resources);  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  Revenue 

Laws.) 


The  Legislative  Branch 


315 


Milton  F.  Fitch,  Jr. 

MAJORITY  WHIP 
(Democrat-Wilson  County) 

Seventieth  Representative  District- 
Edgecombe  (part),  Nash  (part),  and 
Wilson  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Wilson, 
Wilson  County,  October  20,  1946,  to 
Milton  Frederick  and  Cora  (Whitted) 
Fitch. 

Education:  C.H.  Darden  High 
School,  1964;  NC  Central  University, 
1968,  B.S.;  NC  Central  University, 
SchoolofLaw,  1972,  J.D. 

Professional  Background:  Attor- 
ney. 
Political  Activities:  Member,  NC 
House  of  Representatives,  1985-86,  1987-88  and  1989-. 
Religious  Activities:  Member,  Jackson  Chapel  Baptist  Church,  Wilson. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Public  Employees. 

Member:  Ethics;  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  Ways  &  Means);  Human  Re- 
sources, (Subcommittee  on  Housing  &  Social  Services);  Pensions  &  Retire- 
ment; Rules,  Appointments  and  the  Calendar. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


^^^ 


Charles  Lemuel  Cromer 

MINORITY  WHIP 
(Republican  -  Davidson  County) 

Thirty-seventh  District  -  Davidson,  Davie 
and  Iredell  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  High  Point, 
Guilford  County,  January  27,  1939, 
to  Charles  Norman  and  Wilma 
(Duggins)  Cromer. 

Education:  High  Point  High 
School,  1957;  Sandhills  Community 
College,  1972,  A. A.  with  honors; 
UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1972,  B.A.  with 
honors;  Wake  Forest  University, 
School  of  Law,  1975,  J.D.,  cum 
laude. 

Professional  Background:  Attor- 
ney, 1977-;  law  teacher,  Davidson  Com- 
munity College,  1975-82;  associate,  firm  of  Morgan,  Post  Herring  &  Morgan, 
1975-77;  insurance  adjustor,  1967-71. 

Organizations:  NC  and  22nd  Judicial  Bar  Associations;  Director  and 
charter  member.  Parent  to  Parent;  Director,  Association  for  Retarded  Citizens; 
Director,  High  Point  Rescue  Squad;  Director,  High  Point  Kindergarten  for 
the  Handicapped;  Thomasville  Rotary;  Legislative  Study  Commissions: 
Medical  Malpractice  and  Liability;  Adolescent  Pregnancy  and  Prematurity 
Prevention;  Children  With  Special  Needs.  Statewide  Family  Planning  Coun- 
cil; Adolescent  Pregnancy  and  Prematurity  Prevention  Advisory  Board; 
State  Task  Force  on  Services. 

Political  Acitivities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86, 
1987-88,  1989-.  (Republican  Whip);  RepubHcan  National  Convention,  1988. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army,  1962-65  (Sp-4). 

Honors:  American  Jurisprudence  awards  and  Law  Review  invitation, 
School  of  Law  ,  Wake  Forest  University;  1985  Legislator  of  the  Year  (High 
Point,  Assoc,  for  Retarded  Citizens). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  United  Methodist  Church,  High 
Point;  Chairman,  Estate  Committee;  Finance  Committee;  class  president, 
1980. 

Family:  Married,  Sheila  Sue  Whitlow  of  High  Point.  Children:  Tonja 
Dawn  and  Ashley  Nicole. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Judiciary  Subcommittee  on  Courts  &  Administrative  Hearings 

Vice-Chairman:  Judiciary 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Human  Resources);  Finance 
(Subcommittee  on  State  Revenue);  Human  Resources  (Subcommitte  on  Health 
&  Disease  Prevention);  Rules,  Appointments  and  the  Calendar. 


The  Legislative  Branch 


317 


Jack  Vernon  Abernethy 

(Republican  -  Gaston  County) 

Forty-fourth  Representative  District  -Gaston 
and  Lincoln  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Charlotte, 
Mecklenburg  County,  February  25,  1945, 
to  Jack  V.  and  Vilanta  (Jackson) 
Abernethy. 

Education:  Graduated  Belmont  High 
School,  1963;  Western  Carolina  Univer- 
sity, B.S.,  1974  (Business  Administration, 
Accounting  Concentration);  Certified 
Public  Accountant,  1984. 

Professional  Background:  Certified 
Public  Accountant 

Organizations:  NC  Association  of  CPA'S,  1984-;  National  Association  of 
Accounting,  1974-  (Administrative  VP,  Gaston  Chapter,  1984-85). 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1987-88, 
1989-. 

Military:  Served,  U.S.  Navy,  E-4,  1968-71;  Reserves,  1971-73;  Honorable 
Discharge. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Presbyterian  Church. 

Family:  Married,  Marcia  Tarpley,  of  Mount  Holly,  June  23,  1973. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Infrastructure  (Subcommittee  on  Railways,  Airports  &  Water- 
ways). 

Vice  Chairman:  Infrastructure. 

Member:  Basic  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Water,  Air  and  Soil);  Com- 
merce (Subcommittee  on  Business,  Labor  &  Employment);  Finance  (Subcom- 
mittee on  Revenue  Laws). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Charles  W.  Albertson 

(Democrat  -  Duplin  County) 

Tenth  Representative  District  -  Duplin  and 
Jones  Counties 

Early    Years:    Born    in    Beulaville, 
Duplin  County,  January  4,  1932,  to  James 
Edward   and   Mary   Elizabeth   (Norris) 
^^^^^^        Albertson. 

f  ^^\  ^I^^^^H  Education:  Beulaville  Elementary  and 
^H  ^^^^^^^^  High  School,  1938-1950;  attended  James 
^H     fl^^^^^^l     Sprunt  Community  College. 

^H  ^fe^^^^^H  Professional  Background:  Farmer; 
^m  ^K^^^m  Retired  PPQ  officer  of  USDA;  Profes- 
^^"    ^^^^^^^^*     sional    musician;    Songwriter    and 

publisher. 

Organizations:  Beulaville  Investors  Club;  North  Carolina  Farm  Bureau; 
Co-coordinator  Yokefellow  Prison  Ministry,  1978-80;  Chairman,  Duplin 
County  Red  Cross  Fund  Drive,  1980;  Duplin  Rural  Development  Panel  (Food 
and  Agriculture  Council),  1980-87;  Duplin  County  Fair  Committee,  1982. 

Boards:  James  Sprunt  Community  College,  Board  of  Trustees,  1977-, 
Chairman  of  Board  1986-;  James  Sprunt  Community  College  Foundation, 
Board  of  Directors,  1980-;  Duplin  County  Agriculture-Business  Council,  1980- 
(President,  1981);  Duplin  County  Arts  Council  Board  of  Directors,  1977-79; 
Chairman,  James  Sprunt  Community  College  Foundation;  1983-86. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1989-. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Air  Force,  1951-52. 

Honors:  Two  Certificates  of  Esteem  from  US  Defense  Department  for 
entertaining  troops  in  26  countries;  Duplin  County  Board  of  Commissioners 
proclaimed  Charlie  Albertson  Day,  May  25,  1975;  Long  Leaf  Pine  Award; 
Award  for  writing  song  for  USDA  APHIS. 

Literary  Works/Publications:  Has  written  and  published  several 
songs;  Wrote  promotional  song  for  NCDA,  "Goodness  Grows  in  North 
Carolina." 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Beulaville  Presbyterian  Church;  Deacon, 
1972-77;  Elder,  1978-83,  1984-86,  1988-;  Sunday  school  teacher;  Choir  member; 
Former  President,  Wilmington  Presbyterian  Men's  Council;  Former  Vice- 
President,  NC  Synod  Men's  Council. 

Family:  Married,  Elma,  "Grace"  Sholar,  February  15,  1953.  Children: 
Randy  Lee  and  Pamela  (Albertson)  Darnell. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Basic  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Agriculture,  Forestry  and 
Horticulture);  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  State  Revenue);  Human  Resources 
(Subcommittee  on  Aging,  Medicaid  &  Facility  Services). 


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319 


Gerald  L.  Anderson 

(Democrat  -  Craven  County) 

Third  Representative  District  -  Craven, 
Lenoir,  and  Pamlico  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Craven  County, 
June  29,  1939,  to  Noah  L.  and  Hazel 
(Rowe)  Anderson. 

Education:  New  Bern  High  School, 
1958;  Deaver  Realty  Institute,  1974; 
Realtors  Institute,  Chapel  Hill. 

Profession:  Businessman  (Forestry, 
logging  and  real  estate  interests). 

Boards:  Director,  Craven  County  Com- 
mittee of  100;  New  Bern-Craven  County 
Chamber  of  Commerce;  New  Bern  Board  of  Realtors;  North  Carolina 
National  Bank  Board;  Board  of  Trustees,  Mount  Olive  College. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1980-Present 
(6  Terms);  Commissioner,  Craven  County,  1978-80. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Tabernacle  Baptist  Church. 

Family:  Married,  Marie  Stilley,  January  25,  1959.  Children:  Teresa,  Tina, 
Jerry,  Lisa  and  Josh. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Justice  and  Public  Safety); 
Basic  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Marine  Fisheries);  Government  (Subcom- 
mittee on  Local  Government  I).. 


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Stephen  George  Arnold 

Republican  -  Guilford  County 

Twenty-Eighth  Representative  District  - 
Guilford  County 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Chicago,  Illinois, 
July  12,  1961,  to  Dr.  Gordon  and  Rosalie 
(Fowler)  Arnold. 

Education:  Andrews  High  School, 
1979;  Capernwray  Bible  School,  1980 
(England);  UNC-Greensboro,  1984,  B.  A. 

Professional  Background:  Land- 
scape contractor;  Land  Developer;  Owner, 
Arnold  Landscaping. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.  C. 
House  of  Representatives,  1989-;  City  of  High  Point  City  Council  1985-1988. 

Honors:  Eagle  Scout. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Westover  Presbyterian  Church,  Greens- 
boro. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chairnian:Public  Employees  Subcommittee  on  Benefits. 

Member:Education  (Subcommittee  on  Educational  Activities  of  State 
Agencies);  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  Local  Revenues);  Government  (Sub- 
committee on  Local  Government  H). 


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321 


David  Gregory  Balmer 

(Republican  -  Mecklenbury  County) 

Fifty-F'ifth  Representative  District  - 
Mecklenburg  County. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Charlotte, 
Mecklenburg  County,  April  U,  1962,  to 
John  Morrison  and  Diane  (Foster) 
Balmer. 

Education:  The  Hill  School,  1981 
(Pottstown,  PA);  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1984, 
BA;  Wake  Forest  Law  School,  1988,  JD. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney 

Organizations:    Member,   American 
Cancer  Society;  Former  member.  Delta 
Upsilon  Fraternity,  (Vice  President,  1982-83). 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives  1989-  ;  NC 
Federation  of  College  Republications,  (State  Vice  Chairman,  1984);  Students 
for  Jim  Martin  for  Congress,  (Statewide  Director,  9th  District,  1982);  Students 
for  Jim  Martin  for  Governor,  (Statewide  Chairman,  1984);  Assistant  Press 
Secretary,  Governor  Jim  Martin,  1985. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Calvary  Church,  Charlotte. 

Family:  Married,  Mary  Kay  Smith,  July  30,  1988. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chairman:  Judiciary  Subcommittee  on  Law  Enforcement  &  Public 
Safety. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Highway  Fund);  Infrastructure  (Subcommittee  on  Utilities). 


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Bobby  Harold  Barbee,  Sr. 

(Republican  -  Stanly  County) 

Thirty-F'ourth  Representative  District  - 
Cabarrus,  Stanly,  and  Union  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Locust,  Stanly 
County,  November  24,  1927,  to  Relus  W. 
and  Joy  (Hartsell)  Barbee. 

Education:  Locust  Elementary;  Stan- 
field  High  School,  Graduated  1945. 

Professional  Background:  Barbee 
Insurance  and  Associates,  Owner. 

Organizations:  West  Stanly  Colt 
Club,  President,  1982-1985;  West  Stanly 
High  School  Advisory  Board  Member, 
1986-87;  Stanly  County  Community  Schools  Advisory  Board  Member,  1986- 
87;  Former  Member,  Locust  Elementary  P.T.A.,  President,  1964-66,  1984-85. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1987-88, 
1989-;  Stanly  County  Republican  Men's  Club. 

Military:  Served,  Army  Air  Force,  1945-47;  Basic  Training,  Sharp  Shooter. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Carolina  Presbyterian  Church;  Deacon, 
1985-present;  Music  Director  for  Congregation;  Missionary  Trips  (Africa, 
Indonesia  and  Martinique). 

Family:  Married,  Jacqueline  Pethel,  of  Kannapolis,  August  12,  1962. 
Children:  Tammy,  Michelle,  Crystal,  Julie  and  Bobby,  Jr.. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chairman:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion 
Budget  on  Highway  Fund);  Government  (Subcommittee  on  State  Govern- 
ment &  Properties). 

Member:  Public  Employees  (Subcommittee  on  Benefits);  Rules,  Appoint- 
ments and  the  Calendar. 


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323 


Anne  Craig  Barnes 

(Democrat  -  Orange  County) 

(Twenty-fourth  Representative  District  - 
Chatham  (part)  and  Orange  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Gaston  County, 
March  29,  1932,  to  George  Hoyle  Craig 
and  Jessie  Tarlton. 

Education:  Mount  Holly  High  School, 
1950. 

Professional  Background:  Legis- 
lator, homemaker,  former  ballet  in- 
structor. 

Organizations:    NC    Merchants 
Association    (Board    of    Directors); 
Women's  Forum  of  NC;  NC  Equity  Inc. 

Boards:  Chairman,  Special  Committee  on  Prisons;  Juvenile  Law  Study 
Commission;  NC  Child  Support  Enforcement  Council;  Orange  County  Board 
of  Social  Services,  1978-81;  National  Association  of  Counties,  1978-81;  Orange 
County  Council  on  Aging,  1978-80;  Chapel  Hill  Charter  Commission,  1973- 
74;  Chapel  Hill  Recreation  and  Parks  Commission,  1969-72  (Chairman,  1970- 
82);  Southern  Legislative  Conference  Committee  member  since  1983. 

Political  Activites:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1981 -present 
(Five  terms);  Orange  County  Democratic  Party  (Executive  Committee,  1969- 
76;  Chairman  1974-76;  Vice  Chairman,  1972-74);  delegate  to  county,  district 
and  state  conventions,  1969-82;  Commissioner,  Orange  County  1978-81; 
Carter-Mondale  campaign  staff,  1980;  Executive  Committee,  NC  Democratic 
Party,  1974-78;  delegate,  National  Convention,  1974. 

Honors:  Orange  County  "Distinguished  Democrat",  1976;  1989  President's 
Award,  NC  Child  Support  Council,  1989;  Leadership  Award,  NC  Alternative 
Sentencing  Award. 

Religious  Activities:  Deacon,  1977-80. 

Family:  Married,  Billy  Ebert  Barnes,  July  19,  1952.  Children:  Billy,  Jr. 
and  Betsy. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice-Chairman:  Judiciary  Subcommittee  on  Corrections. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Justice  and  Public  Safety);  Education  (Subcommittee  on  The  University 
of  North  Carolina);  Human  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Mental  Health, 
Exceptional  and  Gifted  People). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Howard  Clinton  Barnhill 

(Democrat  -  Mecklenburg  County) 

Sixtieth  Representative  District  - 
Mecklenburg  (part)  County. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Greenville,  Pitt 
County,  February  7,  1916,  to  Lonnie  C. 
and  Josephine  (Staton)  Barnhill. 

Education:  Epps  High  School,  1934; 
NC  A&T  State  University,  1938,  B.S.; 
NC  Central  University,  1948,  M.S  (Public 
Health);  UNC-  Chapel  Hill,  School  of 
Public  Health,  graduate  studies. 

Professional  Background:  Retired 
educator  (former  Clinical  Professor, 
School  of  Public  Health,  UNC-Chapel  Hill);  public  health  educator, 
Mecklenburg  County  Health  Department;  Director,  Health  Education  Centers 
Program,  School  of  Public  Health,  UNC-Chapel  Hill. 

Organizations:  Charlotte-Mecklenburg  Community  Relations  Committee, 
1983-;  Charlotte  Club,  1983-;  Marketing  Task  Force,  Charlotte  Drug  Education 
Center,  1984-;  Charlotte  Medical  Society,  1957-;  Dimensions  for  Charlotte- 
Mecklenburg  Committee,  1973-74;  Citizens  Advisory  Committee  on  Urban 
Renewal  and  Community  Improvement,  Charlotte,  1965-72. 

Boards:  Member,  Charlotte  Area  Fund,  Inc.,  1984-;  Charlotte-Mecklenburg 
School  Health  Advisory  Council,  1984-;  Mecklenburg  County  Health  and 
Hospital  Council  Board,  1973-76;  Board  of  Governors,  UNC  System  of 
Higher  Education,  1972-73;  Trustee,  NC  A&T  State  University,  1969-72; 
Trustee,  Florence  Crittenton  Services,  1965-71. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86, 
1987-88,  1989-;  Governor's  Task  Force  on  Organization  for  the  Delivery  of 
Primary  Health  Services,  1969-70. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Air  Force,  1942-46  (Staff  Sergeant); 
American  Theatre  Service  Medal;  Pacific  Service  Medal;  Good  Conduct 
Medal;  World  War  II  Victory  Medal. 

Honors:  Laurel  Wreath,  Kappa  Alpha  Psi;  Distinguished  Service  to 
Higher  Education,  NC  A&T  State  University,  1980;  Merit  Award,  1976  and 
Twenty  -five  Years  Service  Award,  1977,  NC  Public  Health  Association; 
Excellence  Award,  1973  and  Twelve  Years  Service  Award,  1965,  NC  A&T 
State  University  Alumni  Association;  Religious  and  Civic  Service  Award, 
St.  Paul's  Baptist  Church,  1965;  Outstanding  Service  in  the  Field  of  Health 
Education,  Scorpian  Club,  1965;  Meritorious  Community  Service  Award, 
Opportunity  Foundation,  Inc.,  1965. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Baptist-West  Church,  Charlotte; 
Sunday  School  Teacher,  1972-;  Board  of  Directors,  1967-76. 


The  Legislative  Branch  325 

Family:  Married,  Lois  Clay  of  Roxboro,  March  27,  1948.  Children:  Howard 
C,  Jr.  and  Angela  C. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Public  Employees  Subcommittee  on  Benefits. 

Vice-Chairman:  Public  Employees. 

Member:  Appropriations,  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  General  Government);  Education  (Subcommittee  on  Elementary  and 
Secondary);  Human  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Housing  and  Social 
Services);  New  Licensing  Board. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Charles  Millwee  Beall 

(Democrat  -  Haywood  County) 

Fifty-second  Representative  District  -Graham 
(part),  Haywood,  Jackson,  Madison  and 
Swain  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Asheville, 
Buncombe  County,  October  20,  1920,  to 
Charles  M.  and  Nina  P.  (Morgan)  Beall. 

Education:  Bethel  High  School,  1936; 
Brevard  College,  1937-38;  Haywood  Com- 
munity College. 

Professional  Background:  Inven- 
tory controller.  Champion  Paper. 

Organizations:  Pigeon  River  Lodge 
No.  386,  Mason  (Past  Master);  Asheville  Consistory  Scottish  Rite,  32nd 
Degree;  Vaner-Rhinehart  Post,  American  Legion;  Canton  Chapter,  York  Rite 
Masons  (past  High  Priest). 

Boards:  Commission  on  the  Future  of  N.C.,  1982;  Commission  on  Manu- 
factured Housing,  1982;  Revenue  Laws  Committee,  1981;  Judicial  Nominating 
Committee,  1981;  Committee  for  a  Comprehensive  Study  of  the  Property  Tax 
System  in  N.C.,  1983-85;  Member  of  the  Legislative  Research  Commission's 
Study  Committee  on  the  Insurance  Laws  and  Regulation  of  Insurance 
Industry,  1983;  Local  Government  Advocacy  Council  1983-86;  Emergency 
Medical  Services  Advisory  Council,  1985-88;  Liaison  from  11th  Congressional 
District  to  Southern  Legislative  Conference  of  the  Council  of  State  Govern- 
ments 1985;  House  Co-Chairman  of  the  Legislative  Research  Commission's 
study  on  Itinerant  Merchants  1985;  House  Co-Chairman  of  the  Legislative 
Research  Commission's  study  on  Outdoor  Advertising,  1985;  Special  Com- 
mittee to  Study  the  Department  of  Transportation  1985-87;  House  Co-chair- 
man of  the  Legislative  Research  Commission's  study  on  Uniform  System  of 
Voting  Machines,  1986;  Cafeteria-Style  Benefits  Study  Commission,  1985; 
Member  of  the  Legislative  Research  Commission's  study  on  Veterans 
Cemeteries,  1986;  North  Carolina  Farmworker  Council  1986-87;  Subcom- 
mittee of  the  House  of  Representatives  to  determine  agricultural  needs  of  the 
farmers  of  NC  1986;  House  Subcommittee  to  study  Utilities  Commission 
Staff,  1986;  Committee  on  Employee  Hospital  and  Medical  Benefits,  1987; 
Alternate  Representative  of  the  North  Carolina  House  of  Representatives  to 
the  State-Federal  Assembly  Committee  on  Commerce,  Labor  &  Regulation  of 
the  National  Conference  of  State  Legislatures,  1987;  Rural  Economic  Develop- 
ment Center,  Inc.'s  Board  of  Directors,  1987;  Joint  Select  Committee  on 
Economic  Growth,  1987;  Chairman,  Haywood  County  Board  of  Elections, 
eight  years;  Co  Chairman,  Property  Tax  Appraisal  Study  Commission,  1987; 
NC  Advisory  Council,  Eastern  Band  of  the  Cherokee,  1988. 


The  Legislative  Branch  327 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1981-present 
(five  terms);  Chairman,  Haywood  County  Democratic  Executive  Committee, 
six  years;  delegate.  National  Democratic  Convention,  1980;  Chairman, 
Vance-Aycock  Banquet,  1980;  Board  of  Alderman,  Town  of  Canton,  two 
terms. 

Military  Service:  Served,  USAAF  (Corporal);  Air  Transport  Command; 
World  War  II;  Good  Conduct  Medal;  American  Theater  Operations  Medal. 

Honors:  NC  State  AFL-CIO  "A  Friend  of  the  Working  People"  Award, 
1989. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Central  United  Methodist  Church;  Sunday 
School  Teacher;  Chairman,  Administrative  Board,  1978-88;  former  Finance 
Chairman;  former  Lay  Leader  and  Treasurer,  1988-. 

Family:  Married,  Margaret  Jewell  Rhinehart,  January  19,  1954.  Children: 
Anna  K.,  Cynthia  H.  (Beall)  Hyatt  and  Margaret  F.  (Beall)  Pollock. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  General  Government);  Basic  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Water,  Air  and 
Soil);  Government  (Subcommittee  on  Local  Government  II). 


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Daniel  Terry  Blue,  Jr. 

(Democrat  -  Wake  County 

Twenty-First  Representative  District  -Wake 
County. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Lumberton, 
Robeson  County,  April  18,  1949,  to  Daniel 
Terry  and  Allene  (Morris)  Blue,  Sr. 

Education:  Oak  Ridge  High  School, 
1966;  NCCU,  1970,  B.S.  (Mathematics); 
Duke  University,  School  of  Law,  1973, 
J.D.;  certificate.  National  Institute  for 
Trial  Advocacy,  1977. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney 
(managing  partner,  firm  of  Thigpen, 
Blue,  Stephens  &  Fellers,  1976-;  associate,  firm  of  Sanford,  Adams, 
McCullough  &  Beard,  1973-76);  faculty.  National  Institute  for  Trial  Advocacy, 
1983. 

Organizations:  American,  NC  and  Wake  County  (former  member.  Execu- 
tive Committee)  Bar  Associations;  American  Associations  of  Trial  Lawyers; 
Board  of  Governors,  NC  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  NC  Association  of 
Black  Lawyers;  Duke  Law  Alumni  Council;  Raleigh-Wake  Citizens  Associa- 
tion; Kiwanis;  Alpha  Phi  Alpha;  former  President,  Triangle  Chapter,  Ameri- 
can Red  Cross. 

Boards:  East  Raleigh  Citizens  Advisory  Council;  Director,  East  Central 
Community  Legal  Services, (past  President);  Wake  County  Council  on  Aging; 
Director,  NC  Center  for  Public  Policy  Research;  NC  Courts  Commission;  NC 
Criminal  Code  Commission;  Board  of  Visitors,  Duke  University  Law  School; 
Director,  NCNB  Community  Development  Corporation;  Z  Smith  Reynolds 
Foundation  (Advisory  Board). 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1981-82, 
1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-;  Wake  YDC;  NC  Democratic  Black  Leader- 
ship Caucus;  Chairman,  NC  Legislative  Black  Caucus,  1984-;  former  mem- 
ber, State  Democratic  Executive  Committee;  former  Committeeman,  Raleigh 
Precinct  39;  former  Chairman,  Raleigh  Precinct  28;  permanent  Chairman, 
Wake  County  Democratic  Convention,  1979;  Chairman,  Wake  County  Demo- 
cratic Campaign,  1978;  active  in  Democratic  politics  on  all  levels;  NC 
campaign  coordinator  for  Mondale-Farrero,  1984;  Chairman,  NC  Jackson 
campaign,  1988;  NC  Co-Chairman,  Dukakis-Bensen,  1988. 

Honors:  Humanitarian  Award,  Sigma  Gamma  Rho  Sorority,  1977;  Man 
of  the  Year  Award,  Boyer  Consistory,  Prince  Hall  Masons,  1980;  distinguish- 
ed Public  Service  Award,  Shaw  University,  1981;  Man  of  the  Year  Award, 
Omega  Psi  Phi  Fraternity,  1981;  Citizen  of  the  Year  Award,  Kappa  Alpha 
Psi  Fraternity,  1981;  Third  Annual  Heritage  Award,  Shaw  University,  1981; 
Outstanding   Legislator   Award,    North    Carolina   Association   of  Trial 


The  Legislative  Branch  329 

Lawyers,  1985;  Outstanding  Legislator  Award,  Lawyers;  Outstanding  Com- 
munity Service  Award,  1985,  North  Carolina  Black  Lawyers  Association; 
Outstanding  State  Representative  Community  Mental  Health,  Mental  Re- 
tardation and  Substance  Abuse  Programs,  1985;  Distinguished  Service 
Award,  Phi  Beta  Sigma  Fraternity,  1985;  Marjorie  Lee  Brown  Distinguished 
Alumni  Lecturer,  North  Carolina  Central  University  Department  of  Mathe- 
matics, 1986;  Special  Recognition  Award,  North  Carolina  Association  for 
Home  Care,  1986;  Outstanding  Service  Award,  North  Carolina  Society  for 
Autistic  Adults  &  Children,  1986;  Kelly  Alexander,  Sr.,  Humanitarian 
Award,  NC  Conference  of  Branches  of  NAACP,  1986;  Appreciation  Award, 
NC  Alliance  for  the  Mentally  111,  1986;  Outstanding  Public  Service  Award, 
Vance  County  Black  Caucus,  1987;  Outstanding  Service  Award,  Garner 
Road  YMCA,  1987;  Annual  Achievement  Award,  North  CaroHna  A.  Philip 
Randolph  Institute,  1987;  Recognition  Award,  Martin  Street  Baptist  Church, 
1987;  Recognition  Award,  Martin  Luther  King  Celebration  Committee,  1987; 
Man  of  the  Year  Award,  Mid  Atlantic  Region  Alpha  Kappa  Alpha  Sorority, 
1987. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Davie  St.  Presbyterian  Church,  Elder. 

Family:  Married,  Edna  Earle  Smith,  January  26,  1972.  Children:Daniel 
Terry,  III,  Kanika  and  Dhamian. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Judiciary  Subcommittee  on  Law  Enforcement  &  Public  Safety. 

Vice  Chairman:  Judiciary. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Education);  Infrastructure  (Subcommittee  on  Highways);  Rules,  Appoint- 
ments and  the  Calendar. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Edward  C.  Bowmen 

Democrat-Sampson  County) 

Twelfth  Representative  District-Bladen, 
Sampson  and  Pender  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Sampson  Coun- 
ty, June  15,  1923,  to  Allie  Deen  Bowen 
and  Sadie  Florence  Peterson. 

Education:  Graduated  Franklin  High 
School,  1940. 

Professional  Background:  Legis- 
lator. 

Boards:  Sampson  County  Planning 
Development  Board,  1978-80;  Franklin 
High  School  Board,  fl950-54;  Union  High 
School  Board,  1968-72. 

Political  Activities:  Served,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1982  (ap- 
pointed September  22,  1982  to  replace  Ron  Taylor),  1983-84,  1987-88,  1989-. 

Military  Service:  Served  in  Merchant  Marines,  1944-46. 

Family:  Married,  Lola  M.  Owen,  November  25,  1948;  Children:  Kathryn 
Bowen  Thutt;  John  Graham  Bowen;  Lola  Elizabeth  Bowen;  and  William 
Lloyd  Bowen. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Basic  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Wildlife,  Natural  and  Scenic 
Areas);  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  Revenue  Laws);  Government  (Subcom- 
mittee on  Local  Government  I);  Public  Employees  (Subcommittee  on  Per- 
sonnel Polices). 


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331 


Joanne  Walker  Bowie 

(Republican  -  Guilford  County) 

Twenty-Seventh  Representative  District  - 
Guilford  County 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Terre  Haute, 
Indiana,  June  18,  to  Phillip  and  lona 
(Brown)  Walker. 

Education:  West  Virginia  University, 
B.A.  (Journalism  &  English);  West 
Virginia  University.  M.S.  (Communica- 
tion-Visual Aides). 

Professional   Background:   Public 

Relations  Specialist;  Extension  News 
Editor,  West  Virginia  University;  Com- 
munications Specialist,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture;  Former  School 
Teacher. 

Organizations:  Former  member,  Guilford  County  Medical  Auxiliary, 
(President,  1982);  Greensboro  Chamber  of  Commerce  (Board  of  Directors, 
1986);  Mother's  March,  March  of  Dimes  (Chairman  of  Local  March,  1974-75). 

Boards:  Former  member.  State  Board  of  Community  Colleges,  1985; 
Former  member.  National  League  of  Municipalities  Administration  Commis- 
sion; Former  member,  Guilford  County  Convention  and  Visitors  Board; 
Former  Trustee,  Guilford  Technical  and  Community  College,  1978-1985. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives  1989-;  Former 
member,  Greensboro  City  Council,  1977-1988;  Member,  Guilford  County 
Republican  Women's  Club. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Saint  Paul  the  Apostle  Catholic  Church, 
Greensboro. 

Family:  Children:  Michelle  Elizabeth  (Bowie)  Gray  and  Amy  Jo. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chairman:  Government  Subcommittee  on  Local  Government  II. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Highway  Fund);  Basic  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Cultural  Resources 
and  Parks);  Commerce  (Subcommittee  on  Tourism). 


332 


North  Carolina  Manual 


James  Fred  Bo\vman 

(Democrat  -  Alamance  County) 

Twenty-fifth  Representative  District  - 
Alamance,  Rockingham,  and  Stokes  (part) 
Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Kimesville,  N.C. 
February  13,  1927,  to  William  Daniel  and 
Nannie  (Neese)  Bowman. 

Education:  Nathaniel  Green  High 
School,  1944;  Elon  College,  1951,  A.B. 
(Business,  Math,  Physics);  Duke  Univer- 
sity, M.S.E.E.  (Engineering);  UNC-Greens- 
boro,  1975,  M.S.  (Business  Management). 

Professional  Background:  N.C.  li- 
censed professional  engineer  and  land  surveyor;  engineer,  AT&T  Tech- 
nologies (formerly  Western  Electric  Company),  1946;  retired  farm  manager, 
1944-46. 

Organizations:  Burlington-Graham  Engineers  Club  (President,  1981;  Vice 
President,  1981-82);  Alamance  Executive  Club  (President  and  Vice  President, 
1981-82);  N.C.  Educational  Foundation  for  Commerce  and  Industry  (Presi- 
dent, 1974-76);  Alamance  Art  Council;  Private  College  Committee;  Director, 
Burlington  Civitan  Club,  1979,  1983,  1989;  President  and  Vice  President, 
Burlington  City  Schools  PTA,  1975-76;  Director,  N.C.  Society  of  Engineers, 
1970-74. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86, 
1987-88,  1989-90;  Democratic  State  Executive  Committee,  1972-1984; 
Alamance  County  Democratic  Party  (Chairman,  1978-82,  Treasurer,  1975- 
77);  Supervisor,  Alamance  Conservation  Soil  and  Water,  1982-84;  County 
Chairman,  Candidates  Campaigns  for  President,  Governor  and  Attorney. 

Honors:  Valedictorian,  Nathaniel  Green  High  School,  1944;  Statue  of 
Liberty  Award  from  Constituents  Alamance,  Rockingham,  and  Stokes,  1985. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Beverly  Hills  United  Church  of  Christ, 
Burlington;  Deacon  Board  of  Christian  Education;  Finance  Chairman,  Build- 
ing Committee,  1966-85;  Adult  Sunday  School  Teacher,  1955-present;  Sunday 
School  Superintendent. 

Family:  Married,  Dr.  Betty  Lynch  of  Elon  College,  June  30,  1946. 
Children:  J.  Thomas,  Zebulon,  Nan,  and  Freda. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Education  Subcommittee  on  Community  Colleges. 

Vice  Chairman:  Education. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Justice  and  Public  Safety);  Commerce  (Subcommittee  on  Business,  Labor 
&  Employment);  Ethics;  Human  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Aging,  Medi- 
caid and  Facility  Services). 


The  Legislative  Branch 


333 


Clyde  Robert  Brawley,  Jr. 

(Republican  -  Iredell  County) 

Forty-third  Representative  District  - 
Alexander  (part),  Catawba  (part),  and  Iredell 
(part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Mooresville, 
Iredell  County,  April  10,  1944,  to  Clyde 
R.  and  Sarah  (Goodnight)  Brawley. 

Education:  Mooresville  Senior  High, 
1959-62;  NC  State  University,  1968,  B.S. 
(Engineering  Operations). 

Professional  Background:  Insurance 
agent. 

Organizations:  National  Association 
of  Life  Underwriters;  Rotary  Club. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1981-82, 
1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army  National  Guard,  1967-(Major). 

Religious  Activities:   Member,  Triplett  Methodist  Church;  President, 
Men's  Club;  Sunday  School  Teacher. 

Family:  Married,  Mary  Kipka,  March  31,  1972.  Children:  Woody,  Shelly, 
Edward,  Sarah  and  Susan. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Finance  Subcommittee  on  Revenue  Laws. 

Vice-Chairman:  Finance;  Commerce  Subcommittee  on  Insurance. 

Member:  Human  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Families,  Children  and 
Youth). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


John  Walter  Brown 

(Republican  -  Wilkes  County) 

Forty-first  Representative  District  -  Alexander 
(part),  Wilkes,  and  Yadkin  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Traphill,  Wilkes 
County,  September  12,  1918,  to  James 
Walter  and  Nora  Blackburn  Brown. 

Education:  Virginia  Trade  School, 
1940;  Appalachian  State  University, 
1937. 

Professional  Background:  Farmer 
(beefcattle,  poultry  and  tobacco). 

Organizations:  NC  Cattlemen's  As- 
sociation; Woodmen  of  the  World;  Farm 
Bureau. 

Political  Activites:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1971,  1973- 
74,  1979-80,  1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86;  1987-88,  1989-. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army,  1944-46  (Private);  Engineer  Corps; 
World  War  II. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Charity  United  Methodist  Church;  Chair- 
man, Official  Board;  Trustee;  Church  School  Superintendent;  Teacher,  Young 
Adult  Class;  Church  Lay  Speaker. 

Family:  Married,  Ruth  Hanks,  September  14,  1941.  Children:  Betty  Ruth 
Brown  and  Johnsie  Charles  (Brown)  Brown. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Basic  Resources  Subcommittee  on  Agriculture,  Forestry  and 
Horticulture. 

Vice-Chairman:  Basic  Resources. 

Member:  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  Revenue  Laws);  Infrastructure  (Sub- 
committee on  Highways). 


The  Legislative  Branch 


335 


Harold  James  Brubaker 

(Republican  -  Randolph  County) 

Thirty-eighth  Representative  District  - 
Randolph  (part)  County. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Mount  Joy, 
Pennsylvania,  November  11,  1946,  to 
Paul  N.  and  Verna  Mae  (Miller)  Bru- 
baker. 

Education:  Pennsylvania  State  Uni- 
versity, 1969,  B.S.  (Agricultural  Eco- 
nomics); NC  State  University,  1971, 
Masters  (Economics). 

Professional  Background:  President, 
Brubaker  &  Associates,  Inc.  (real  estate 
appraisals,  and  consultant). 

Organizations:  Randolph  County  Farm  Bureau;  Grange;  NC  Holstein 
Association;  4-H  Club  leader  (former  President,  NC  Development  Fund);  Di- 
rector, Salvation  Army;  former  Director:  Westside  Volunteer  Fire  Depart- 
ment, Randolph  Technical  College  Foundation,  National  Conference  on 
Citizenship;  former  Vice  President,  National  FFA. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1977-78, 
1979-80,  1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86;  1987-88,  1989-;  House  Minority  Leader, 
1981-82,  1983-84;  Joint  Caucus  Leader,  Republican  Members  of  the  NC 
General  Assembly,  1979-80;  Executive  and  Central  Committees,  NC  Republi- 
can Party  (former  Assistant  Secretary);  Executive  Committee,  Randolph 
County  Republican  Party;  Executive  Committee,  National  Association  for 
Republican  Legislators;  former  Executive  Committee  member,  4th  District 
Republican  Party;  Co-Chairman,  NC  Reagan-Bush  Committee,  1980;  delegate 
at  large.  National  Republican  Convention,  1980;  Chairman,  Randolph  Coun- 
ty Young  Republicans,  1971;  State  Chairman,  American  Legislative  Ex- 
change Council,  1982-1989.  Member  of  National  Board  of  Directors  of  the 
American  Legislative  Exchange  Council,  1988-Present. 

Honors:  Outstanding  Young  Men  in  NC,  1981;  Outstanding  4-H  Alumni 
of  NC,  1981;  Distinguished  Service  Award,  1981. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  St.  John's  Lutheran  Church;  Congregation 
Chairman;  Past  Vice  Chairman,  Deacon  Board. 

Family:  Married,  Geraldine  Baldwin,  November,  1972.  Children:  Jonathon 
Nissley  and  Justin  Andrew. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Commerce  Subcommittee  on  Banks  and  Thrift  Instititions. 

Vice  Chairman:  Commerce. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Justice  and  Public  Safety)  Education,  (Subcommittee  on  Community 
Colleges);  Human  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Health  and  Disease 
Prevention). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Charles  Franklin  Buchanan 

(Republican  -  Mitchell  County) 

Forty-sixth  Representative  District  - 
Alexander  (part),  Avery,  Burke  (part), 
Caldwell,  Mitchell  and  Watauga  (part) 
Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Poplar,  Mitchell 
County,  October  5,  1936,  to  Robert  and 
Hattie  Mae  (Garland)  Buchanan. 

Education:  Poplar  School,  1942-49; 
North  Side  School,  1949-51;  GED  -  High 
School  US  Air  Force. 

Organizations:  Bakersville  Lions  Club 
(President,  1983);  Spruce  Pine  Mountaineer 
Shrine  Club;  Scottish  Rite  and  York  Rite,  Asheville;  OASIS  Temple,  Char- 
lotte; Master  of  Bakersville  Masonic  Lodge  n357. 

Boards:  Former  Director:  Northwestern  Housing  Authority;  Mitchell 
County  Finance  Committee;  Region  D  Council  of  Governments;  WAMY 
Community  Action;  Mitchell  County  EDC;  Region  D  SBA;  NC  Labor  Train- 
ing Action;  Mitchell  County  Social  Services;  NC  Council  on  Aging;  Personnel 
Committee,  Mitchell  County;  Mitchell  County  Transportation  Authority 
(former  Chairman);  Association  of  Social  Services;  Tennessee  Valley 
Authority,  1978-82;  NC  Association  of  County  Commissioners,  1978-82. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86; 
1987-88,  1989-;  former  Commissioner,  Mitchell  County  (Chairman,  two 
years);  White  House  Conference  on  Aging,  1981. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Air  Force,  1958-62;  Reserves,  1962-64 
(A/lc). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Poplar  Free  Will  Baptsit  Church. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chairman:  Pensions  and  Retirement 

Member:  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  Highways);  Government  (Subcom- 
mittee on  Local  Government  I);  Public  Employees  (Subcommittee  on  Bene- 
fits). 


The  Legislative  Branch  337 

Logan  Burke 

(Democrat  -  Forsyth  County) 

Sixty-Seventh  Representative  District  - 
Forsyth  (part) 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Winton,  Hert- 
ford, October  26,  1933,  to  Selma  and 
Lillian  E.  (Weaver)  Burke. 

Education:  C.  S.  Brown  High  School, 
1953;  Winston  Salem  State  University, 
1960,  B.S;  N.C.  A&T  State  University, 
1964,  M.S;  Elizabeth  City  State  Univer- 
sity, 1953-54. 

Professional  Background:  Teacher, 
Principal,  Winston  Salem,  Forsyth 
Schools;  Division  of  Youth  Services;  Special  Assistant  for  Institutional  Ser- 
vices; Present  Instructor,  Recourse  Specialist,  Winston  Salem  State  Univer- 
sity; Local,  State  and  National  Educational  Association;  N.C.  Juvenile 
Association;  Secretary  of  N.C.  Correctional  Association,  1982. 

Organizations:  Member,  NAACP;  Omega  Psi  Phi  Fraternity;  Former, 
State  Democratic  Executive  Committee;  Precinct  Committee. 

Boards:  Board  of  Directors  of  Experiment  in  Self-Reliance;  Former 
Member,  President,  Board  of  Directors  of  Experiment  in  Self  Reliance; 
Winston  Salem  Human  Relations  Council;  Region  IV  Citizens  Council;  N.C. 
Juvenile  Association. 

Political  Activities:  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1987-88,  1989;  Con- 
ducted Three  Winning  Elections  as  Campaign  Manager  for  Vivian  H.  Burke 

(wife). 

Military:  Served,  U.S.  Army,  Sp-4,  1954-57. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Grace  Presbyterian  Church. 

Family:  Married,  Vivian  M.  Harris,  of  Charlotte,  August  29,  1954. 
Children:  Logan. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Education  (Subcommittee  on  Educational  Activities  of  State 
Agencies). 

Vice  Chairman:  Education. 

Member:  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  Local  Revenues);  Human  Resources 
(Subcommittee  on  Families,  Children  &  Youth). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Howard  B.  Chapin 

(Democrat  -  Beaufort  County) 

Second  Representative  District  -  Beaufort, 
Hyde  and  Washington  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Ahoskie,  Hert- 
ford County,  December  9,  1921,  to  Henry 
B.  and  Lavenia  (Howard)  Chapin  (both 
deceased). 

Education:  PubHc  Schools  of  Weldon 
and  Aurora;  Kinston  High  School; 
Atlantic  Christian  College,  1947,  A.B.; 
Civic  Institute  of  Government,  UNC- 
Chapel  Hill;  ECU,  additional  studies  in 
political  science. 

Profession:  Retired  educator. 

Organizations:  Member,  Belhaven  Lions  Club  (past  president);  Washing- 
ton Kiwanis  Club  (past  president)  VFW;  Belhaven  Chamber-Washington 
Chamber. 

Boards:  Former  member,  Washington  Planning  Board. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1975-76, 
1977-78,  1979-80,  1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-90. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army  Air  Force,  1943-45  (Sergeant);  8th  Air 
Force. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Christian  Church,  Washington. 

Family:  Married,  Mary  Alice  Beasley,  January  29,  1948.  Children:  J. 
Michael  and  Kenneth  E.  Grandchildren  —  Tonia  and  Mikki. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Public  Employees  Subcommittee  on  Salaries. 

Vice  Chairman:  Base  Resources  Subcommittee  on  Marine  Fisheries; 
Public  Employees. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Education). 


The  Legislative  Branch 


339 


John  Trammell  Church 

(Democrat  -  Vance  County) 

Twenty-second  Representative  District  - 
Caswell,  Granville,  Halifax  (part),  Person, 
Vance  and  Warren. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Raleigh,  Wake 
County,  September  22,  1917,  to  Charles 
R.  and  Lela  (Johnson)  Church. 

Education:  Boyden  High  School,  1935; 
Catawba  College,  1936-37;  UNC-Chapel; 
Hill,  1942,  B.S.  (Pharmacy). 

Professional  Background:  Chairman 
Emeritus  of  the  Board,  Roses  Stores,  Inc. 

Organizations:  Executive  Committee, 
Director  and  past  President;  N.C.  Merchants  Association;  Director,  N.C. 
Citizens  Association;  N.C.  Agri-Business  Council;  Director,  National  Retail 
Merchants  Association;  UNC-Chapel  Hill  Business  Foundation;  Association 
of  General  Merchandise  Concerns  (Secretary,  Past  President);  Henderson- 
Vance  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Henderson-Vance  United  Fund  (former 
Trustee  and  Executive  Committee,  Carolina's  United),  Past  President; 
Rotary,  Past  President;  Henderson  Country  Club,  Past  President;  Mason; 
Shriner;  Elk;  American  Legion;  Newcomers  Society  of  N.C;  Vanwarco  and 
North  District  Occoneechee  Council,  BSA;  Kappa  Alpha;  Chi  Beta  Phi; 
Tarheel  Lung  Association;  National  Society  to  Prevent  Blindness,  President. 

Boards:  Former  Director,  People's  Bank  (former  Chairman,  Advisory 
Board);  Advisory  Boards,  SE  Regional  Council,  BSA  and  Salvation  Army, 
Trustee;  Louisburg  College  (Vice  Chairman)  and  Vance-Granville  Community 
College  (Secretary,  Vice  President);  Board  of  Visitors,  UNC-Chapel  Hill; 
Former  Secretary,  N.C.  Ports  Authority  and  N.C.  Railroads;  Committees, 
State  Revenue  Sharing,  Morehead  Scholarship  Selection,  NC-VA  Water 
Management,  Chairman,  Commissions;  Kerr  Lake,  UNC  Utilities  Study 
(Chairman),  Executive  Residence  Building,  N.C.  Tax  Study,  N.C.  Legislative 
Services,  N.C.  Research,  State  Art  Museum  Building,  N.C.  Agency  for 
Telecommunications. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1967-69, 
1977-78.  1979-80,  1981-82,  1983-84;  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-;  N.C.  Senate,  1971; 
delegate.  National  Democratic  Convention,  1972,  Democratic  National  Com- 
mittee, 1972;  Chairman,  N.C.  Democratic  Executive  Committee,  1972;  Chair- 
man, Democratic  Executive  Committee,  Vance  County,  1966,  1976.  Henderson 
City  Council,  1966-67. 

Military  Service:  Served,  U.S.  Marine  Corp  Reserves,  1942-45  (Captain); 
naval  aviator,  combat  veteran.  Awarded  3  Distinguished,  Flying  Crosses,  10 
Air  Medals;  Asiatic-Pacific  Theater,  2  Bronze  Stars;  Phillipine  Liberation,  1 
Bronze  Star. 


340  North  Carolina  Manual 

Honors:  Man  of  the  Year,  Henderson-Vance  Chamber  of  Commerce; 
Businessman  in  the  News,  N.C.  Citizens  Association;  "Tar  Heel  of  the 
Week,"  The  News  and  Observer;  Silver  Beaver  and  Distinguished  Citizen 
Awards,  BSA;  Distinguished  Alumnus,  Catawba  County,  1973. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  United  Methodist  Church,  Hender- 
son; Chairman  of  the  Board  (former  President);  Trustee;  former  Chairman, 
Finance  Committee. 

Family:  Married,  Emma  Thomas  Rose  of  Henderson,  December  31,  1943. 
Children:  John  and  Elizabeth. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Infrastructure  Subcommittee  on  Highways. 

Vice  Chairman:  Commerce  Subcommittee  on  Business,  Labor  &  Employ- 
ment; Infrastructure. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Highway  Fund). 


The  Legislative  Branch 


341 


Marie  Waiters  Colton 

(Democrat  -  Buncombe  County) 

Fifty-first  Representative  District  -Buncombe, 
Henderson  (part)  and  Transylvania  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Charlotte, 
Mecklenburg  County,  October  20,  1922, 
to  John  Piper  and  Sarah  Thomas 
Watters. 

Education:  Chapel  High  School,  1939; 
St.  Mary's  Junior  College;  UNC-Chapel 
Hill,  1943,  B.A.  (Spanish);  Mars  Hill 
College  and  UNC-Asheville,  post 
graduate  studies. 

Professional  Background:  Legis- 
lator. 

Organizations:  Business  and  Professional  Women;  League  of  Women 
Voters;  American  Association  of  University  Women;  Sir  Walter  Cabinet; 
Children's  Welfare  League. 

Boards:  Director,  Vagabond  School  of  Drama;  Board  of  Directors,  Brevard 
Music  Center;  Board  of  Advisors,  NC  Historic  Preservation  Foundation;  The 
NC  Institute  of  Medicine;  Director,  General  Alumni  Association  UNC-Chapel 
Hill. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1979-80, 
1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86;  1987-88,  1989-. 

Religious  Activities:  Trinity  Episcopal  Church;  Former  Vestry  Woman. 

Family:  Married,  Henry  E.  Colton.  Children:  Elizabeth,  Marie  (Colton) 
Pelzer;  Sarah  (Colton)  Villeminot;  Walter  Colton;  7  grandchildren. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Pensions  and  Retirement. 

Vice  Chairman:  Human  Resources  Subcommittee  on  Health  and  Disease 
Prevention. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Natural  and  Economic  Resources);  Basic  Resources  (Subcommittee  on 
Wildlife,  Natural  and  Scenic  Areas);  Commerce  (Subcommittee  on  Tourism). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Roy  Asberry  Cooper,  III 

(Democrat  -  Nash  County) 

Seventy-Second  Representative  District  - 
Edgecombe  (part)  and  Nash  (part). 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Nashville,  Nash 
County,  June  13,  1957,  to  Roy  A.  and 
Beverly  Cooper,  Jr. 

Education:  Northern  Nash  Sr.  High 
School,  1973-75;  UNC  Chapel  Hill,  1979 
(Batchelor  of  Arts);  UNC  Chapel  Hill, 
1982  (Juris  Doctor). 

Professional  Background:  Attorney; 
N.C.  Bar  Association;  N.C.  Academy  of 
Trial  Lawyers. 

Organizations:  Rocky  Mount  Jaycees;  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Tar  River 
Chorus  and  Orchestra  Society,  Board  of  Directors;  United  Way,  Board  of 
Directors;  American  Heart  Association,  Board  of  Directors;  Red  Cross. 

Boards:  Former,  State  Goals  and  Policy  Board,  1979-84;  State  Interim 
Balanced  Growth  Board,  1979-84;  Commission  on  the  Future  of  N.C.  (N.C. 
2000),  1981-84;  N.  C.  Courts  Commission,  1988-present. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1987-88, 
1989-;  N.C.  College  Democrats  (President-UNC  Chapel  Hill  Club),  1978;  N.C. 
Young  Democrats  (2nd  District  Chairman),  1980;  Democratic  Party  (Precinct 
Officer,  Delegate  to  County,  District  and  State  Conventions). 

Honors:  Morehead  Scholar;  UNC  Order  of  Golden  Fleece,  Grail,  and  Old 
Well;  Order  of  the  Long  Leaf  Pine  State  Honor  Society;  Freedom  Guard 
Award  (N.C.  Jaycees);  Distinguished  Service  Award  (Rocky  Mount  Jaycees). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Presbyterian  Church;  Deacon,  1983- 
86;  Youth  Group  Advisor,  Various  Committees. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Judiciary 

Member:  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  Highways);  Rules,  Appointments 
and  the  Calendar. 


The  Legislative  Branch 


343 


James  M.  Craven 

(Republican  -  Moore  County) 

Thirty-first  Representative  District  -  Moore 
County. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Pine  Bluff, 
Moore  County,  July  17,  1930. 

Education:  Ellerbe  High  School,  1948. 

Professional  Background:  Chairman 
of  the  Board,  New  South  Industries,  (a 
division  of  Erico  Corporation). 

Organizations:  Roman  Eagle  Lodge 
No.  550;  Aberdeen  A&A;  Scottish  Rite; 
Moore  County  Shrine  Club. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C. 
House  of  Representatives,  1981-82,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-;  Commissioner, 
Moore  County,  1980-82;  former  Chairman,  Moore  County  Republican  Party. 

Military   Service:   Served,   U.S.  Army,   1948-69  (M/Sergeant);  Airborn 
Infantry. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Pine  Bluff  Methodist  Church;  Administra- 
tive Board. 

Family:  Married,  Kathleen  Freeman  of  Eagle  Springs,  September  8,  1950. 
Children:  Richard,  Donna,  Steve  and  Jennifer. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Education  (Subcommittee  on  Private  Schools);  Finance  (Subcom- 
mittee on  State  Revenue);  Infrastructure  (Subcommittee  on  Solid  Waste); 
Judiciary  (Subcommittee  on  Corrections). 


344 


North  Carolina  Manual 


James  W.  Craw^ford,  Jr. 

(Democrat  -  Granville  County) 

Twenty-second  Representative  District  - 
Caswell,  Granville,  Halifax  (part),  Person, 
Vance  and  Warren  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Bom  in  Durham,  Durham 
County,  October  4,  1937,  to  James  Walker 
and  Julia  Brent  (Hicks)  Crawford. 

Education:  Public  Schools  of  Oxford, 
Oxford  High  School,  1956;  UNC-Chapel 
Hill,  1960,  B.S.  (Industrial  Relations). 

Professional  Background:  Retail 
Merchant;  Developer;  Cost  Accountant 
Harriet  Henderson  Cotton  Mills;  John- 
son's; Guys  and  Dolls;  The  Fabric  Shop;  Crawford  Properties;  A  &  P  True 
Value,  Inc.;  Coble  Blvd.  Investments. 

Boards:  Roanoke  Island  Historical  Association;  Granville  Medical  Center 
Foundation;  Vance-Granville  Community  College  Foundation;  UNC  Board 
of  Visitors;  Saint  Andrews  Presbyterian  College  Trustees.  Oxford  Zoning 
Board  of  Adjustment. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1983-84, 
1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-;  Oxford  City  Council,  1964-68. 

Military  Service:  Served,  U.S.  Navy,  1960-62  (Lieutenant  j.g.). 

Honors:  Distinguished  Service  Award,  Jaycees;  Carroll  V.  Singleton 
Award;  Valand  Award;  NC  Psychological  Association's  Appreciation  and 
Recognition  Award. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Oxford  Methodist  Church;  Chairman, 
Board  of  Trustees,  1980;  Sunday  School  Teacher;  Pastoral  Parish  Relations 
Committee. 

Family:  Married,  Harriet  C.  Cannon,  February  11,  1961.  Children:  James, 
Julia,  and  Harriet. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Co  Chairman:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion 
Budget  on  Education. 

Member:  Education  (Subcommittee  on  Private  Schools);  Human  Resources 
(Subcommittee  on  Mental  Health,  Exceptional  &  Gifted  People);  Rules, 
Appointments  and  the  Calendar. 


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345 


Narvel  J.  Crawford,  Jr. 

(Democrat  -  Buncombe  County) 

Fifty-First  Representative  District  -Buncombe 
County. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Asheville,  Bun- 
combe County,  November  9,  1929,  to 
Narvel  J.  and  Tymah  (Phillips) 
Crawford. 

Education:  Lee  Edwards  High  School, 
1946-48;  Duke  University,  A.  B.,  1952; 
UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1959-60,  graduate 
studies  in  history. 

Professional  Background:  Property 
Management. 

Organizations:  V.F.W.  Post  789;  Asheville  Civitan  Club;  Legislative 
Task  Force,  Industrial  Relations  and  Economic  Development  Committees, 
Asheville  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Director,  American  Lung  Association  of 
NC  (western  region);  Director,  NC  Hemophilia  Foundation;  Director,  Epilepsy 
Association  of  NC;  Director,  American  Foundation  for  the  Deaf;  Director, 
Meals  on  Wheels. 

Boards:  Director,  NC  State  Theater  at  Flat  Rock;  Director,  Thomas 
Rehabilitation  Hospital;  Director,  Buncombe  County  Social  Services,  State 
Parks  Study  Commission  (co-chairman). 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1981-82, 
1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-;  Democratic  State  Executive  Committee, 
third  term;  Secretary,  Buncombe  County  Executive  Committee,  1978-79; 
Chairman,  Asheville  Precinct  No.  3,  1972-78;  President,  Democratic  Forum 
of  Buncombe  County,  1972-78;  campaign  manager,  Asheville  City  Council, 
1977;  representative.  Eleventh  Congressional  District,  State  Democratic  Plat- 
form Committee,  1976. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army,  1954-1956,  (Counter  Intelligence 
Corps). 

Honors:  Phi  Beta  Kappa;  Distinguished  Service  Award,  Western  North 
Carolina  Alzheimer  Organization. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  All  Souls  Episcopal  Church,  Asheville; 
Chalice  Administrator;  Director,  National  Council,  American  Church  Union. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Basic  Resources  Subcommittee  on  Cultural  Resources  and 
Parks. 

Vice  Chairman:  Basic  Resources. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  General  Government);  Judiciary  (Subcommittee  on  Election  Laws  & 
Constitutional  Amendments). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Billy  James  Creech 

(Republican  -  Johnston  County) 

Twentieth  Representative  District  -Johnston 
County 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Smithfield, 
Johnston  County,  March  25,  1943,  to 
Worley  Nevelle  and  Geraldine  (Godwin) 
Creech. 

Education:  Wilson's  Mills  High 
School,  1962;  Mount  Olive  College. 

Professional  Background:  Owner  - 
operator.  Specialty  Lumber  Company. 

Organizations:  Southeastern  Lumber- 
man's Manufacturing  Association;  Mem- 
ber, Ducks  Umlimited;  Member,  Keep  Johnston  County  Beautiful,  Inc. 

Boards:  Community  Resource  Council,  Johnston  County  Prison  Unit; 
Farmers  Home  Administration  (Chairman,  1985-86). 

Political   Activities:    Member,   NC    House   of  Representatives    1989-   ; 
Member,  Johnston  County  GOP;  Former  precinct  registrar. 

Military  Service:  US  Army  Reserve 

Religious  Activities:  Christian  Church  (Disciples  of  Christ),  Wilson's 
Mills. 

Family:  Married,  Donna  Arrants  of  New  Ellenton,  SC,  1977. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chairman:  Infrastructure  Subcommittee  on  Highways. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Highway  Fund);  Basic  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Marine  Fisheries); 
Judiciary  (Subcommittee  on  Courts  and  Administrative  Hearings). 


The  Legislative  Branch 


347 


r  ^     f 


Arlie  Franklin  Gulp,  Jr. 

(Republican  -  Randolph  County) 
Thirtieth  Representative  District  -Randolph 
W*1^!V  -^^  _/"  County 

|^^_^/T        jUf  W^M         Early  Years:  Born  in  Badin,  Stanley 
^ — ^      ^^™     County,  April  9,  1926,  to  Arlie  Franklin 
and  Mary  Eula  (Smith)  Culp,  Sr. 

Education:  Badin  Public  Schools, 
1932-42;  Catawba  College,  1950,  AB; 
A&T  State  University,  1976,  BS. 

Professional  Background:  District 
Conservationist,  Soil  Conservation  Ser- 
vice USDA,  1961-1986;  Public  Health 
Sanitarian,  Randolph  County,  1951-61; 
teacher,  1950-51. 

Organizations:  Member,  Soil  and  Water  Conservation  Society;  Randle- 
man  Rotary  Club  (President,  1964-65);  Life  member,  Asheboro  Jaycees  (VP, 
1954);  Member,  Randolph  Livestock  Improvement  Association;  Member, 
Randolph  County  Forest  Resources  Association. 

Boards:  Board  of  Supervisors,  Randolph  County  Soil  &  Water  Conserva- 
tion District  1987-,  Secretary  -  Treasurer);  Chairman,  North  Central  Pied- 
mont Resource  Conservation  &  Development  Council,  1987-;  Member, 
Randolph  County  Planning  Board. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives  1989-  ; 
Member,  Randolph  County  Republican  Party,  L951-. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Navy,  1944-46,  Seaman  First  Class;  Good 
Conduct  Medal. 

Honors:  Distinguished  Service  Award,  Asheboro  Jaycees,  1959. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Jordan  Memorial  United  Methodist 
Church;  Chief  Usher,  1987-;  Member,  Men's  Sunday  School  Class;  Member, 
Administrative  Board. 

Family:  Married,  Daisy  Mae  Farlow,  June  22,  1950. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chairman:  Basic  Resources  Subcommittee  on  Water,  Air  and  Soil. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  General  Government);  Infrastructure  (Subcommittee  on  Water  &  Waste- 
water); Public  Employees  (Subcommittee  on  Salaries). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


William  Cunningham 

(Democrat  -  Mecklenburg  County) 

Fifty-Ninth  Representative  District  - 
Mecklenburg  (part)  County. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Monroe,  Union 
County,  November  11,  1929,  to  John 
Wallace  and  Johnnie  Mae  (Patterson) 
Cunningham. 

Education:  Winchester  Avenue  High 
School;  Coyne  Electronic  Institute,  1950, 
A.E.  Certificate;  Johnson  C.  Smith  Uni- 
versity, 1950-52;  Business  Law  Florida 
Extension,  Charleston  A.F.B. 

Professional  Background:  President 
and  Co-Owner,  Hatchett  and  Cunningham  Associates,  1973-84;  Professional 
and  Technical  Recruiting  Firm;  Owner,  Affordable  Used  Cars,  1984-present, 
1984-87,  1987-present;  HKL  Inc.  CEO. 

Organizations:  Life  Member,  NAACP  (NAACP  Legal  Defense  Fund) 
Charlotte  Business  League  (Board  of  Directors),  Former  President,  1979 
Member,  VFW;  American  Legion  Post  212;  United  Negro  College  Fund 
Compassion  International;  Johnson  C.  Smith  Alumni  (100  Club),  1979-85. 

Boards:  Charlotte  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Board  of  Directors,  1980-82. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1987-88, 
1989-;  Member,  State  Black  Leadership  Caucus;  Member,  Charlotte,  Mecklen- 
burg Black  Caucus. 

Military:  Served,  U.S.  Navy,  Radioman,  1st  Class,  Retired,  1972;  Good 
Conduct  Medal,  ETO  (American  Defense),  Outstanding  Sailor  of  the  Month, 
Leadership  Certificates. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Parkwood  CME  Church;  Present  Chair- 
man, Trustee  Board,  1973-present;  Vice  Chairman,  Development  Fund  Board 
Christian  Education,  1980-present. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chairman:  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  Revenue  Laws). 

Member:  Commerce  (Subcommittee  on  Authorities,  Boards  &  Commis- 
sions); Government  (Subcommittee  on  Military,  Veterans  &  Indian  Affairs). 


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349 


Donald  Martin  Dawkins 

(Democrat  -  Richmond  County) 

Thirty-second  Representative  District  - 
Richmond  and  Scotland  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Rockingham, 
Richmond  County,  June  28,  1938,  to 
Eugene  Dennis  and  Myrtle  Eunice 
(Blake)  Dawkins. 

Education:  Rockingham  High  School, 
1956;  NCSU,  1960,  B.S.  (Mechanical  and 
Aeronautical  Engineering);  University  of 
Southern  California,  1970,  Masters  (Man- 
agement); St.  Mary's  University,  School 
of  Law,  1973,  J.D. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney;  lay  pastor. 

Organizations:  Richmond  County,  NC,  NC  State,  American,  Texas  and 
Florida  Bar  Associations;  American  Trial  Lawyers  Association;  NC  Academy 
of  Trial  Lawyers. 

Political  Activites:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86, 
1987-88,  1989-. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army,  1960-71  (Major);  helicopter  pilot; 
Signal  Corps;  Distinguished  Flying  Crosses  (2);  Meritorious  Service  Medal; 
Bronze  Star  for  Achievement;  Bronze  Star  for  Valour;  Army  Commendation 
Medal;  Air  Medals  (17);  Air  Medal  with  "V";  various  campaign  medals. 

Religious  Acitivities:  Member,  Tabernacle  United  Methodist  Church, 
Hamlet;  lay  pastor,  1978-;  Sunday  School  Teacher. 

Family:  Married,  Patricia  Ellen  Settle  of  Rockingham,  September  11, 
1960. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Government. 

Member:  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  Ways  &  Means);  Judiciary,  (Subcom- 
mittee on  Courts  and  Administrative  Hearings);  Rules,  Appointments  and 
the  Calendar. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Michael  Decker 

;  (Republican  -  Forsyth  County) 

i  Twenty-ninth  Representative  District  - 

i  Forsyth  (part)  and  Guilford  (part)  Counties. 

Early    Years:    Born    in    Red    Bud, 

Illinois,  December  18,   1944,  to  Harvey 
and  Margaret  (Parvin)  Decker. 

Education:  Piedmont  Bible  College, 
1969-74;  Winston-Salem  State  University, 
1976,  B.S.  (Education).  Attended  NCSU. 

Professional  Background:  Teacher 

(Gospel   Light   Christian   School,    1976- 

;      1986).  Guilford  Co.  PubUc  School  (1987-Present). 

Organizations:   Little  League  Base- 
ball (Board  of  Director,  1981-84,  Secretary,  1982-83,  coach,  1979-81). 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86; 
1987-88,  1989-;  Forsyth  County  Republican  Party  (Vice  Chairman,  1981-83); 
Chairman,  Belews  Creek  Precinct,  1979-84. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Navy,  1962-68  (E-5);  submarine  services; 
National  Defense,  Good  Conduct  Medals. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Gospel  Light  Baptist  Church,  Walker- 
town;  Sunday  School  Teacher. 

Family:  Married,  Marlene  Allen  of  Creston,  June  4,  1966.  Children: 
Michael,  Jr.,  Mark,and  Michelle. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Education  Subcommitte  on  Private  Schools. 

Vice-Chairman:  Education;  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Base  and 
Expansion  Budget  on  General  Government. 

Member:  Government  (Subcommittee  on  ABC);  Judiciary  (Subcommittee 
on  Law  enforcement  and  Public  Safety). 


The  Legislative  Branch 


351 


Daniel  Howard  DeVane 

(Democrat  -  Hoke  County) 

Sixteenth  Representative  District  -  Hoke, 
Robeson  and  Scotland  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Elizabethtown, 
Bladen  County,  June  4,  1945,  to  Junie 
Franklin  and  Duel  (Strickland)  DeVane. 

Education:  White  Oak  High  School, 
1964;  Missouri  Auction  School,  1975. 

Professional  Background:  Real 
estate  executive  and  auctioneer  (owner, 
DeVane  Realty  &  Auction);  owner, 
DeVane's  Men's  Clothing,  1972-82; 
Raeford  Department  Store,  1969-72; 
Fayetteville  Police  Department,  1966-69. 

Organizations:  Former  member:  Raeford  Kiwanis  Club;  Hoke  County 
Rescue  Squad  (Commander,  1972-75);  Hillcrest  Volunteer  Fire  Department; 
Jaycees;  member,  Raeford  Fire  Department. 

Boards:  Trustee,  Flora  Macdonald  Academy  (Chairman,  1981-82). 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1983-84, 
1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-90;  Council  of  Government,  Region  N,  1976-82  (Chair- 
man, 1980);  Hoke  County  Commissioner,  1976-82. 

Military  Service:  Served,  NC  National  Guard,  1965  (6  months);  Reserves, 
5  1/2  years. 
Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Baptist  Church;  Deacon. 
Family:  Married,  Alice  Smith,  July  6,  1968.  Children:  Daniel  Howard,  II. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Chairman:  Basic  Resources. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budgets 
on  Natural  and  Economic  Resources);  Infrastructure  (Subcommittee  on  Solid 
Waste). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


David  Hunter  Diamont 

(Democrat  -  Surry  County) 

Fortieth  Representative  District  -Alleghany, 
Ashe,  Stokes  (part),  Surry  and  Watauga  (part) 
Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Greensboro, 
Guilford  County,  February  9,  1946,  to 
David  Elijah  and  Hyacinth  Cleo  (Hunter) 
Diamont  (both  deceased). 

Education:  East  Surry  High  School, 
1961-63;  Frank  L.  Ashley  High  School, 
1963-64;  Wake  Forest  University,  1968, 
B.A.;  Appalachian  State  University, 
1972,  M.A. 

Professional  Background:  History  teacher  and  head  varsity  football 
coach.  East  Surry  High  School,  1977-  (varsity  coaching  record:  77  wins  and 
51  losses;  state  play  offs,  1979-81,  1982-83,  1985-86,  1988-);  history  teacher 
and  assistant  football  coach.  Mount  Airy  Senior  High  School,  1968-1977. 

Organizations:  N.C.  Coaches  Association;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha;  Sierra 
Club;  Surry  County  Historical  Society;  Deacon  Club,  Wake  Forest  Univer- 
sity; former  member.  Pilot  Mountain  Jaycees. 

Boards:  Governor's  Council  on  Physical  Fitness  and  Health,  1979-80; 
Director,  Pilot  Mountain  Foundation,  Inc.;  N.C.  High  Coaches  Association. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1975-pre- 
sent  (8  terms). 

Honors:  Assistant  coach,  East-West  All  Star  Football  Game,  1985;  Coach 
of  the  Year,  Northwest  3- A  Conference,  1979,  1983. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  United  Methodist  Church,  Pilot 
Mountain;  Lay  Leader. 

Family:  Married,  Debby  Severs  of  Greensboro.  Children:  Ashley. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Appropriations. 

Member:  Education  (Subcommittee  on  Elementary  &  Secondary  Educa- 
tion). 


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353 


Walter  W.  Dickson 

(Republican  -  Gaston  County) 

Forty-Fourth  Representative  District  -  Gaston 
County 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Rock  Hill,  S.C., 
July  11,  1927,  to  Brice  T.  and  Louise 
(Flowers)  Dickson. 

Education:  Gastonia  Public  School;  1 
and  V'l  years  Erskine  College;  UNC- 
Chapel  Hill;  Bachelor  of  Science  in 
Animal  Industry  from  NC  State  Univer- 
sity; Doctor  of  Veterinary  Medicine  from 
U  of  Georgia. 
Professional  Background:  Practiced 
Veterinary  Medicine  in  Gastonia,  1954  until  retiring  in  1988. 

Organizations:  Past  President,  Piedmont  Veterinary  Medical  Associa- 
tion; Past  President,  Greater  Charlotte  Veterinary  Medical  Association;  Past 
President,  North  Carolina  Veterinary  Medical  Association;  Member,  The  NC 
State  College  of  Veterinary  Medicine  Foundation;  member.  The  American 
Veterinary  Medical  Association  (PAC);  Past  President,  Gaston  Country 
Club;  Past  Member,  Gastonia  Kiwanis  Club,  Board  of  Directors;  Vice  Chair- 
man, Lena  and  Carie  Glenn  Foundation;  Former  Member,  Junior  Chamber 
of  Commerce;  Member,  Gaston  County  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Boards:  Member,  Board  of  Trustees  of  NC  State  University,  1972-1976; 
Member,  NC  Health  Services  Commission;  Member,  NC  Board  of  Veterinary 
Examiners;  Chairman,  Board  of  Directors  of  First  American  Savings  Bank, 
Greensboro;  Former  Member,  Salvation  Army  Boys  Club  Advisory  Board; 
Co  Founder,  Covenant  Village  Retirement  Community;  Vice  Co  Chairman, 
Gastonia  Citizens  Transportation  Advisory  Committee;  Former  Member, 
Board  of  Directors  of  the  Schiele  Museum. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1989-;  Past 
Chairman,  Tenth  District  of  NC  Republican  Party;  Past  Chairman,  Gaston 
County  for  Senator  Broyhill;  Past  Co  Chairman,  Gaston  County  for  Congress- 
man Ballenger. 

Military  Service:  US  Navy,  1944-1946;  Tours  of  Duty,  Bainbridge,  MD; 
Great  Lakes  Naval  Training  Station;  Radio  Technician  School  of  Herzl  Jr. 
College,  Chicago;  Fort  Pierce  Florida  in  Naval  Scouts  and  Raiders  Training; 
Nine  Months  as  Electrician  Aboard  the  USS  ATA  188  in  the  Pacific. 

Family:  Married  Ruth  (Michael)  of  Gastonia,  August  19,  1950.  Children: 
Ruth  (Dickson)  Dalton,  Walter  Michael,  Amy  (Dickson)  House,  David  Watt 
and  Lillian  Louise. 


354  North  Carolina  Manual 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chairman:  Education  (Subcommittee  on  The  University  of  North 
Carolina). 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Capital  Outlay  and  Special  Programs);  Infrastructure  (Subcommittee  on 
Highways;  Public  Employees  (Subcommittee  on  Salaries). 


The  Legislative  Branch 


355 


Lawrence  Edward  Diggs 

(Republican  -  Mecklenburg  County) 

Thirty-Six  Representative  District  - 
Mecklenburg  County 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Midland, 
Cabarrus  County,  November  26,  1947,  to 
Millard  Thomas  and  Evelyn  Clara 
(Morgan)  Diggs. 

Education:  Harding  High  School, 
1965;  Central  Piedmont  Community 
College. 

Professional  Background:  Part 
Owner,  Innovative  Printing  and  Design, 
Inc. 

Organizations:  Former  member,  Boy  Scouts  SME  Program;  Former 
director,  Minthill  Matthews  Rotary  Club;  Vice  President,  Matthews  Chamber 
of  Commerce 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives  1989- . 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Airforce,  E-4,  1965-68;  Vietnam  Veteran. 

Literary  Works/Publications:  Editor,  Matthews  Chamber  of  Commerce 
Bi-Annual  Publication;  Editor,  Matthews  Chamber  Newsletter. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Minthill  Baptist  Church;  Usher. 

Family:  Married,  Carol  Moreland  Miller,  August  31,  1973.  Children: 
Allison  Lynn,  Jeffrey  Todd  and  Bradley  Christopher. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chairman:  Education  Subcommittee  on  Educational  Activities  of 
State  Agencies. 

Member:  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  Local  Revenues);  Infrastructure  (Sub- 
committee on  Railways,  Airports  &  Waterways);  Judiciary  (Subcommittee 
on  Law  Enforcement  &  Public  Safety). 


356 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Ann  Quarterman  Duncan 

(Republican  -  Forsyth  County) 

Thirty-Ninth  Representative  District  -Forsyth 
His  ^^^^B  (part)  County 

fM  \,       ^^  ^  Early    Years:    Born    in    Waycross, 

/%     .-^'       aMm  Georgia,  April  15,  1938,  to  John  H.  (de- 

ceased)   and   Jessie   Elizabeth   (Smith) 
Quarterman. 

Education:  Waycross  High  School, 
1956;  University  of  Georgia,  1956-59; 
Jacksonville  University,  B.S.  (education); 
UNC-Greensboro,  MPA  (Masters  Degree 
in  Public  Administration  and  Public 
Affairs). 

Professional  Background:  Former,  School  Teacher;  Social  Worker. 

Organizations:  Forsyth  County  Social  Services  Board;  Winston-Salem 
Arts  Council  Advisory  Committee  on  Public  Affairs;  Family  Violence 
Advisory  Committee;  Small  Business  &  Technology  Advisory  Board;  N.C. 
Agricultural  Advisory  Committee;  Experiment  in  Self-Reliance;  Yadkin  Pee- 
Dee  River  Basin  Advisory  Committee;  Cricket's  Nest  Advisory  Committee; 
N.C.  Coalition  on  Adolescent  Pregnancy. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1985-88, 
1989-;  Forsyth  County  Republican  Women's  Club;  National  Federation  of 
Republican  Women. 

Honors:  Educator  of  the  Year;  Elks  Leadership  Award;  Senior  Superla- 
tive; 1989  Planned  Parenthood  Perry  Clark  Award. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Centenary  Methodist  Church;  Circle; 
Active  Youth  Fellowship. 

Family:  Children:  Stephanie. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Co-Chairman:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion 
Budget  on  Human  Resources. 

Member:  Commerce  (Subcommittee  on  Insurance);  Infrastructure  (Subcom- 
mittee on  Water  and  Wastewater). 


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357 


Ruth  M.  Easterling 

(Democrat  -  Mecklenburg  County) 

Fifty-eighth  Representative  District  - 
Mecklenburg  (part)  County. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Gaffney,  South 
Carolina,  December  26,  1910,  to  Benjamin 
Harrison  and  Lillie  Mae  (Crawley)  Moss. 

Education:  Centralized  High  School, 
1929;  Limestone  College,  1932  (EngUsh, 
Math,  History);  Queens  College,  post 
graduate  studies  in  Business  Law,  Per- 
sonnel and  Business  Administration. 

Professional  Background:  Executive 
Assistant  to  the  President,  Radiator 
Specialty  Co.,  1947-85. 

Organizations:  Legislative  Committee,  International  Business  and  Profes- 
sional Women,  1981-;  Women's  Equity  Action  League;  Women  Executives  of 
Charlotte;  Women's  Forum  of  NC;  Professional  Secretaries  International 
(Chairman,  PubHc  and  World  Affairs,  1975-76);  Business  and  Professional 
Women's  Club  (national  President,  1970-71);  League  of  Women  Voters; 
American  Association  of  University  Women;  Trustee,  Wildacres  Retreat. 

Boards:  Governors  Advocacy  Council  for  Persons  with  Disability; 
Advisory  Council  on  OSHA;  Legislative  Study  Committee  on  Physicians' 
Assistants;  Research  and  Education  Committee,  National  Business  and 
Professional  Women's  Foundation,  1978-1981.  Legislative  Services  Commis- 
sion, 1987-88. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1977-78, 
1979-80,  1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86;  1987-88,  1989-;  NC  Women's  Political 
Caucus  (NC  President,  1974);  Charlotte  City  Council,  1972-73;  Governor's 
Commission  on  the  Status  of  Women,  1964.  Chairman,  Women's  Legislative 
Caucus,  1989-. 

Honors:  Personalities  of  the  South;  Certificate  of  Achievement,  NC  As- 
sociation of  Women  Attorneys,  1982;  Outstanding  Career  Woman,  NC 
Federation  of  Business  and  Professional  Women,  1980;  Charlotte's  Outstand- 
ing Career  Woman,  1971;  Woman  of  the  Year,  WBT  Radio,  1964. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Baptist  Church,  Charlotte;  Associate 
Superintendent:  Training;  Sunday  School  Intermediate  Department;  Library, 
Financial  Planning  and  Personnel  Committees.  President,  Baptist  Business 
Women,  First  Baptist  Church  and  Mecklenburg  Baptist  Associations. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Co-Chairman:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion 
Budget  on  General  Government. 

Member:  Commerce  (Subcomittee  on  Business,  Labor  &  Employment); 
Human  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Families,  Children  &  Youth). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Chancy  Rudolph  Edwards 

(Democrat  -  Cumberland  County) 

Seventeenth  Representative  District- 
Cumberland  (part)  County. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Nash  County, 
February  28,  1925,  to  B.H.  and  Lucy 
(Kearney)  Edwards  (both  deceased). 

Education:  Nash  County  Training 
Schools;  Shaw  University,  1946,  B.A.; 
Shaw  University  Divinity  School,  1949, 
M.Div.;  Union  Theological  Seminary  and 
Southeastern  Theological  Seminary,  addi- 
tional studies. 

Professional   Background:   Pastor 
(First  Baptist  Church,  Fayetteville,  1953-; 
Spring  Garden  Baptist  Church,  Washington,  1948-53). 

Organizations:  Chairman,  Cumberland  County  Community  Action 
Program;  Chairman,  QIC  Organization. 

Boards:  State  Board  of  Education;  Trustee,  Shaw  University;  Chairman, 
Fayetteville  City  Board  of  Education;  National  Sunday  School  Board; 
Mayor's  Council  for  Human  Relations. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1983-84, 
1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-;  Precinct  Chairman;  delegate,  National  Democratic 
Convention. 

Honors:  Distinguished  Public  Service  Award,  Shaw  University,  1982; 
Distinguished  Citizens  Award,  Occoneechee  Council,  BSA,  1980;  Human 
Relations  Award,  Cumberland  County,  1971;  Award  of  Honor,  City  of 
Fayetteville,  1967. 

Religious  Activities:  Pastor,  First  Baptist  Church,  Fayetteville,  1953-. 
President,  General  Baptist  State  Convention  of  NC,  Inc.;  President,  Lott 
Carey  Baptist  Foreign  Mission  Convention;  Executive  Committee,  Baptist 
World  Alliance;  National  Sunday  School  Board. 

Family:  Married,  Luella  Dickens,  August  30,  1947.  Child:  Jewyl  Anita 
(Edwards)  Dunn. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Education. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budgets 
on  Capital  Outlay  and  Special  Programs). 


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359 


Theresa  Harlow  Esposito 

(Republican  -  Forsyth  County) 

Thirty-ninth  Representative  District  -Forsyth 
(part)  County. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Washington, 
DC,  November  17,  1930,  to  H.  Richard 
and  Marie  Theresa  (Burke)  Harlow  (both 
deceased). 

Education:  Saint  Cecelia's  Academy, 
1948;  National  Institute  of  Practical  Nurs- 
ing, 1957,  G.P.N.;  Prince  George  Com- 
munity College  and  Salem  College,  addi- 
tional studies. 

Professional  Background:  Retired 
federal  government  employee;  Corporate  Executive  (Secretary,  American 
Council,  Inc.);  former.  Federal  Government  Employee. 

Organizations:  Officers'  Wives  Club;  Winston-Salem  Tennis,  Inc.;  N.C. 
Tennis  Association;  N.C.  Museum  Association;  Winston-Salem  Symphony; 
N.C.  School  of  the  Arts  Associates;  Sir  Walter  Cabinet. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86, 
1987-88,  1989-;  Delegate,  RepubHcan  National  Convention,  1988;  Delegate  at 
Large,  Republican  National  Convention,  1984;  National  Federation  of 
Republican  Women;  N.C.  Federation  of  Republican  Women;  Forsyth  County 
Republican  Women's  Club  (President,  1982-83);  Marion  Martin  Republican 
Women's  Club  (D.C.);  American  Legislative  Exchange  Council  (V-C/N.C); 
National  Order  of  Women  Legislators;  National  Conferation  of  State  Legis- 
lators; Southern  Republican  Exchange;  National  Republican  Legislators 
Association. 

Boards:  State  Health  Coordinating  Commission;  Small  Business  Tech- 
nology Centers;  National  Commission  on  Children;  Council  on  Status  of 
Women  (Domestic  Violence/Sexual  Assault). 

Honors:  Various  outstanding  performance  awards  as  a  Federal  Govern- 
ment Employee. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  St.  Leo's  Catholic  Church,  Winston  Salem; 
Member,  Parish  Council. 

Family:  Married,  Brigadier  General  Alfred  L.  Esposito,  November  18, 
1972.  Children:  Sharon,  Carolyn,  and  Carol  Ann. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Human  Resources  Subcommittee  on  Health  &  Disease  Preven- 
tion. 

Vice  Chairman:  Human  Resources. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Natural  and  Economic  Resources);  Government  Operations;  Judiciary 
(Subcommittee  on  Civil  &  Criminal  Justice);  Rules,  Appointments  and  the 
Calendar. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Larry  Eugene  Etheridge 

(Republican  -  Wilson  County) 

Seventy-First  Representative  District  -Nash 
(part)  and  Wilson  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Wilson,  Wilson 
County,  May  9,  1959,  to  Andrew  J.  and 
Evelyn  (Bunch)  Etheridge,  Jr. 

Education:  Ralph  L.  Fike  High 
School,  1977;  Wilson  County  Technical 
Institute,  1980. 

Professional  Background:  Partner, 
C&E  Enterprises;  Owner,  Branigan's  Re- 
staurants; President,  Vebco  Builders,  Inc. 

Organizations:  Wilson  Jaycees; 
Moose  Lodge;  CFRG  (Citizens  for  Responsible  Government);  NRA  (National 
Rifle  Association;  ARC  (Association  for  Retarded  Citizens;  HBA  (Home 
Builders  Association). 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86, 
1987-88,  1989-. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Five  Points  Missionary  Baptist  Church, 
Wilson;  Deacon. 

Family:  Married,  Beverly  Vick  of  Wilson,  June  29,  1985.  Children:Hillary 
Lynn. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Co-Chairman:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion 
Budget  on  Human  Resources. 

Member:  Basic  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Marine  Fisheries);  Commerce 
(Subcommittee  on  Authorities,  Boards  &  Commissions);  Human  Resources 
(Subcommittee  on  Aging,  Medicaid  &  Facility  Services). 


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361 


Wilbur  Bruce  Ethridge 

(Democrat  -  Carteret  County) 

Fourth  Representative  District  -  Carteret  and 
Onslow  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Rocky  Mount, 
Nash  County,  April  17,  1938,  to  Wilbur 
Henry  and  Virginia  (Sellers)  Ethridge. 

Education:  Rocky  Mount  High  School, 
1956;  NCSU;  Fayetteville  Technical 
Institute. 

Professional  Background:  Owner/ 
Operator,  Beaufort  Inn;  Engineer,  Caro- 
lina Telephone  &  Telegraph  Company. 

Organizations:  NCSU  Alumni; 
Jacksonville  Rotary  Club;  NC  Society  of  Engineers. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1978-Present 
(7  Terms). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Baptist  Church;  former  Deacon; 
Sunday  School  Teacher;  staff  committee. 

Family:  Married,  Katie  Tyner,  August  9,  1958.  Children:  Kitty  Dare  and 
Mark  Bruce. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Co-Chairman:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion 
Budget  on  Natural  and  Economic  Resources. 

Member:  Basic  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Water,  Air  and  Soil);  Com- 
merce (Subcommittee  on  Tourism);  Infrastructure  (Subcommittee  on  Water 
and  Wastewater). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


David  T.  Flaherty,  Jr. 

(Republican  -  Caldwell  County) 

Forty-Sixth  Representative  District  -Caldwell 
County 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Boston,  Mas- 
sachusetts, June  17,  1953,  to  David 
Thomas  and  Nancy  Ann  (Hamill) 
Flaherty. 

Education:  Culver  Military  Academy, 
1967-71;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1974,  BS;  UNC- 
Chapel  Hill,  School  of  Law,  1978,  JD. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney 

Organizations:  Member,  American 
Bar  Association;  Member,  Association  of 
Trial  Lawyers  of  America;  Member,  NC  Bar  Association;  Member,  Caldwell 
County  Bar  Association;  Member,  25th  Judicial  District  Bar  (Executive 
Committee,  1988);  Former  member,  Jaycees,  Jaybird,  1979. 

Boards:  Former  member,  Caldwell  County  Council  on  Alcoholism,  1980. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives  1989-  ; 
Republican  Nominee  for  25th  Judicial  District  Court  Judge  (1982);  Member, 
Caldwell  County  Republican  Party  (Executive  Committee,  1986,  1988); 
Member,  Young  Republicans;  Member,  NCGOP. 

Honors:  Who's  Who  in  American  Law;  Who's  Who  in  South  and  South- 
west; Outstanding  Young  Men  in  American. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  United  Methodist  Church,  Lenoir. 

Family:  Married  Lynn  (Hoyle),  October  2,  1986.  Children:  Alexandra 
Lynn. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chairman:  Human  Resources  Subcommittee  on  Aging,  Medicaid 
and  Facility  Services. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  Expansion  Budget  on 
Capital  Outlay  and  Special  Programs);  Basic  Resources  (Subcommittee  on 
Water  Air  and  Soil);  Human  Resources;  Judiciary  (Subcommittee  on  Courts 
&  Administrative  Hearings). 


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363 


Ray  Charles  Fletcher 

(Democrat  -  Burke  County) 

Forty-Seventh  Representative  District  -Burke 
(part)  County. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Forest  City, 
Rutherford  County,  May  4,  1931,  to  Troy 
L.  and  Geneva  (Beddingfield)  Fletcher, 
Sr. 

Education:  Drexel  High  School;  UNC- 
Chapel  Hill. 

Professional  Background:  Secre- 
tary-Treasurer, Fletcher  Pontiac,  Inc. 

Organizations:  President,  Rotary 
Club;  Burke  County  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce; former  President,  Valdese  Merchants  Association;  former  President, 
Lovelady  United  Fund;  former  President,  Valdese  Jaycees;  former  Chairman, 
Valdese  Parks  and  Recreation. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1983-84, 
1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-;  Mayor,  Town  of  Valdese;  Burke  County  Democratic 
Party;  Former  President  and  Chairman,  Burke  County  Young  Democrats 
Club. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Navy,  1951-54. 

Honors:  Rotarian  of  the  Year,  1965;  Young  Man  of  the  Year,  Valdese 
Jaycees,  1961. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Walkensian  Presbyterian  Church,  former 
Deacon. 

Family:  Married,  Mary  Beth  Goodman,  November  29,  1980.  Children: 
Raye  Lynn,  Randy,  Ruthie  and  Christie  (Fletcher)  Traylor. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Basic  Resources  Subcommittee  on  Water,  Air  &  Soil. 

Vice  Chairman:  Basic  Resources. 

Member:  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  Revenue  Laws);  Government  (Sub- 
committee on  Local  Government  I);  Public  Employees  (Subcommittee  on 
Benefits). 


364 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Jo  Graham  Foster 

(Democrat  -  Mecklenburg  County) 

Fifty-Sixth  Representative  District  - 
Mecklenburg  (part)  County. 


Early  Years:  Born  May  22,  1915,  to 
Reverend  Joseph  Alexander  and  Queen 
(McDonald)  Graham. 

Education:  McBee  High  School,  1927- 
28;  Spring  Hill  Central  High  School, 
1928-31;  Columbia  College,  1935. 

Professional  Background:  Retired 
(former  Administrative  Assistant  to  the 
Superintendent,  Charlotte-Mecklenburg 
Schools). 

Organizations:  National  Education  Association;  NC  Association  of 
Educators  (former  President);  PACE:  PENC;  Charlotte-Mecklenburg  Educa- 
tors; National  Association,  Secondary  School  Principals;  Delta  Kappa 
Gamma;  Gamma  Sigma;  Sigma  Tau  Delta;  International  Platform  Associa- 
tion. 

Boards:  Education  Commission  of  the  States;  Board  of  Visitors,  Johnson 
C.  Smith  University;  Board  of  Visitors,  Boys  Town;  Board  of  Relatives, 
Mental  Health  Board  and  Total  Care  Board,  E.C.O.  Board;  National  Com- 
mittee for  Citizenship  and  Social  Studies,  State-Federal  Assembly. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1973-74, 
1975-76,  1977-78,  1979-80,  1981-82,  1983-1984,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-;  Prescient 
Committee. 

Honors:  Who's  Who  of  American  Platform;  Legislator  Psychologist 
Award;  Outstanding  Educator,  Elementary  School  Principals;  World  Gideon 
Bible,  1979;  National  Legislator  of  the  Year,  American  School  Counselors, 
1979;  nominee.  Salute  to  Working  Women,  1968;  Psychiatric  Award,  1986; 
School  Social  Worker  Award,  1986,  B.P.N.;  Woman  of  the  Year,  1986;  School 
Social  Worker,  1988-;  State  Career  Woman  of  the  Year  (B.P.W.);  Certificate  of 
Appreciation  for  Meritorious  Service  to  Public  Schools  in  N.C.  in  1986,  April 
16,  1987;  Columbia  College  Alumnae  Association  Career  Achievement 
Award,  June  8,  1985;  First  Honorary  Member,  Charlotte  Women's  Traffic 
Club,  May  10,  1984;  Outstanding  Contribution  to  Drivers  Traffic  Safety  in 
N.C.  (1984);  The  Council  for  Exceptional  Children  1985-1986;  Recognition  of 
Your  Continuing  Support  to  Arthritis  Patient  Services,  January  10,  1988; 
Services  rendered  to  Charlotte-Mecklenburg  School  System  1946-1980; 
Recognition  and  Sincere  appreciation  for  your  Effort,  Care  &  Consideration 
to  all  N.C,  Teaching  Assistants,  Charlotte-Mecklenburg  Teacher  Assistants 
Association,  August  29,  1985;  Outstanding  Contribution  to  Education,  State 
of  N.C,  1983;  Classroom  Teachers  Association  Certficate  of  Appreciation- 
for  Consistent  and  Devoted  service  to  the  Youth  of  Charlotte  Mecklenburg; 


The  Legislative  Branch  365 

Interest  in  the  Welfare  of  the  Teaching  Profession  and  Loyalty  to  the 
Classroom  Teachers  Association,  September  19,  1980. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Dilworth  Methodist  Church,  Charlotte; 
Board  of  Stewards;  Adult  Sunday  School  Teacher;  Lay  Speaker. 

Family:  Married,  James  Benjamin  Foster,  June  4,  1937.  Children:  Mary 
Jo  (Foster)  McClure. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Government  Subcommittee  on  State  Government  and  Pro- 
perties. 

Vice  Chairman:  Government. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Highway  Fund);  Basic  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Cultural  Resources 
and  Parks);  Ethics;  Rules,  Appointments  and  the  Calendar. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Aaron  Eleazar  Fussell 

(Democrat  -  Wake  County) 

Sixty-fifth  Representative  District  -  Wake 
(part)  County. 

Early  Years:  Bom  in  Rose  Hill,  Duplin 
County,  July  5,  1923,  to  C.T.  and  Myra 
Blake  (Cavenaugh)  Fussell. 

Education:  Rose  Hill  High  School 
1940;  Atlantic  Christian  College,  1946, 
A.B.,  cum  laude;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1952, 
M.Ed.;  Duke  University  and  NCSU,  post 
graduate  studies. 

Professional  Background:  Retired 
educator  (Superintendent,  Wake  County 
Public  Schools,  35  years). 

Organizations:  Educational  Chamber;  Educational  Fraternity;  Mason; 
Scottish  Rite;  North  Raleigh  Lions  Club,  30  years  (former  President);  various 
civil  and  political  organizations. 

Boards:  Chairman,  Capital  Area  Visitor  Services  Committee;  Local 
Government  Advocacy  Council. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1979-80, 
1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86;  1987-88,  1989-. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army,  1943-45,  5  major  campaign  decora- 
tions. 

Honors:  Author,  "Teacher  Evaluation  Legal  Residence." 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Millbrook  United  Methodist  Church;  Past 
Chairman  of  the  Board;  Past  President,  Men's  Club;  Lay  Leader;  teacher; 
Trustee. 

Family:  Married,  Polly  Batts,  August  14,  1949;  four  children. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chairman:  Education  Subcommittee  on  Elementary  and  Secondary 
Education;  Government  Subcommittee  on  Local  Government  I. 

Member:  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  State  Revenue.) 


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367 


Charlotte  A.  Gardner 

(Republican  -  Rowan  County) 

(Thirty-fifth  Representative  District  -Rowan 
County) 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Baltimore,  Mary- 
land, November  14,  1931,  to  Marcel  and 
Charlotte  (Knapp)  Ancher. 

Education:  St.  Anne's,  1943;  St. 
Anthony's,  1945;  Rockwell  High  School, 
1949;  Catawba  College,  1952,  A.B.,  Cum 
Laude. 

Professional  Background:  Former 
high  school  teacher. 

Organizations:  Leader,  Boy  Scouts 
and  Girl  Scouts  of  America;  NC  Right  to  Life;  Rowan  County  Humane 
Society;  MADD  (Director,  1984-85;  Vice  President,  1982-84);  Trustee,  Vice- 
president,  Rowan  Advocates  for  Mentally  111;  Board  of  Directors,  Pregnancy 
Counseling  Center;  Chairman,  Salisbury-Rowan  Mayors'  Council  for  Persons 
with  Disabilities;  Board  of  Directors,  Families  in  Action  for  Drug  Free 
Youth;  Choral  Society,  1974. 

Boards:  Director,  Community  Life  Council,  1980-81;  Community  Resource 
Council  for  Piedmont  Correctional  Center. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86, 
1987-88,  1989-;  NC  Republican  Women  (District  Representative,  1983-84); 
Salisbury-Rowan  Republican  Women  (Vice-president,  1982-84);  Central  Com- 
mittee, Rowan  Republican  Party  (Vice  Chairman,  1981-83);  Women's  Task 
Force,  8th  District,  1983-84. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Sacred  Heart  Catholic  Church,  Salisbury; 
Church  choir;  President,  Sacred  Heart  PTA;  Treasurer,  Church  Women 
United,  1982-84;  Grand  Regnant  Catholic  Daughter,  1975. 

Family:  Married,  Lester  Gardner  of  Bellwood,  Pennsylvania  June  7,  1952. 
Children:  Jeanne  Dianne,  Terrence  Lee,  Leslie  Eugenia,  Timothy  Andrew, 
Thomas  Alan  and  Ted  Alexander. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Public  Employees  Subcommittee  on  Personnel  Policies. 

Vice  Chairman:  Education  Subcommittee  on  Community  Colleges;  Public 
Employees. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Natural  and  Economic  Resources);Human  Resources  (Subcommittee  on 
Mental  Health,  Exceptional  &  Gifted  People). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Pryor  Allan  Gibson,  III 

(Democrat  -  Anson  County) 

Thirty-Third  Representative  District  -Anson 
County 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Winston-Salem, 
Forsyth  County,  October  12,  1957,  to 
Pryor  A.  (deceased)  and  Mary  Janette 
(Pharr)  Gibson,  II. 

Education:  Anson  County  Public 
Schools,  1975;  UNC-Wilmington,  1978, 
BA;  UNC-Charlotte;  University  of  Okla- 
homa-Norman. 

Professional  Background:  Presi- 
dent, Pee-Dee  Company,  General  Con- 
tractors; Director,  Wadesboro  Main  Street,  Downtown  Development  Pro- 
gram; President,  5-Star  Limited;  Project  Manager/Personnel  Director,  Myrick 
Construction. 

Organizations:  NC  General  Contractor;  Member,  Southern  Industrial 
Development  Council;  President,  Friend  of  Town  Creek;  Ansonville  Lions 
Club  (Former  President,  secretary,  treasurer,  vice  chairman,  Deputy  District 
Governor);  Committee  Chair,  Wadesboro  Rotary  Club. 

Boards:  Board  of  Directors,  Cape  Fear  Museum;  Former  Vice  Chairman, 
Anson  County  Planning  Board. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives  1989- ;  Eighth 
District  treasurer;  Ansonville  precinct  chair  (6  years);  Anson  County  Party 
Chairman. 

Honors:  Outstanding  Young  Man  of  America 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Commerce  Subcommittee  on  Tourism. 

Vice  Chairman:  Commerce. 

Member:  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  Highways);  Infrastructure  (Subcom- 
mittee on  Utilities);  Rules,  Appointments  and  the  Calender. 


The  Legislative  Branch 


369 


Herman  Colridge  Gist 

(Democrat  -  Guilford  County) 

Twenty-sixth  Representative  District  - 
Guilford  (part)  and  Randolph  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Spartanburg, 
South  Carolina,  December  12,  1923,  to 
Arthur  and  Louie  (Casey)  Gist. 

Education:  Highland  Grade  School, 
1929-36;  Carver  High  School,  1936-40;  NC 
A&T  State  University,  1964,  B.S. 
(Biology). 

Professional  Background:  Coffee, 
herbs  and  tea  distributor. 

Organizations:    Chairman,   Political 
Awareness;  Greensboro  Citizens  Forum,  1979-;  Omega  Psi  Phi,  1942-. 

Boards:  Alcoholic  Beverage  Control  Board,  1980-;  Co-Chairman.  Guilford 
Delegation,  1987-88. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1983-84, 
1985-6;  88,  1989-. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army  (Corporal);  Quartermaster  Corps; 
Good  Conduct  Medal. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  St.  Matthews  Church. 

Family:  Married,  Grace  Grant,  November,  1968;  three  children. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommitte  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Capital  Outlay  and  Special  Programs);  Infrastructure  (Subcommittee  on 
Railroads,  Airports  And  Waterways);  Public  Employees  (Subcommittee  on 
Benefits). 


370 


North  Carolina  Manual 


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Robert  Grady 

(Republican  -  Onslow  County) 

F'ourth  Representative  District  -  Carteret  and 
Onslow  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Jacksonville, 
Onslow  County,  April  30,  1950,  to  William 
R.  and  Minnie  (Hurst)  Grady. 

Education:  Jacksonville  Senior  High, 
1968;  University  of  North  Carolina, 
Chapel  Hill,  1972. 

Professional  Background:  Business- 
man. 

Boards:  North  Carolina  Zoological 
Park,  Board  of  Directors,  1984-86;  Onslow 
County  Arts  Council  Board  of  Directors,  1983-86;  Onslow  County  Council  on 
Aging,  Board  of  Directors,  1984-86. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1987-88, 
1989-;  Jacksonville  City  Council,  1981-87;  Mayor  Pro-tern,  City  of  Jack- 
sonville, 1983-86. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Southern  Baptist  Church. 
Family:  Married,  Neta  Lucas  of  Benson,  November  27,  1973. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Basic  Resources  Subcommittee  on  Marine  Fisheries 

Vice  Chairman:  Basic  Resources 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Justice  &  Public  Safety);  Commerce  (Subcommittee  on  Tourism);  Infra- 
structure (Subcommittee  on  Solid  Waste). 


The  Legislative  Branch 


371 


Gordon  Hicks  Green^vood 

(Democrat  -  Buncombe  County) 

Fifty-first  Representative  District  -Buncombe, 
Henderson  (part)  and  Transylvania  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Black  Mountain, 
Buncombe  County,  July  3,  1909,  to  James 
Hicks  and  Louella  (Ray)  Greenwood. 

Education:  University  of  Illinois, 
1941,  B.S.  (Journalism);  University  of 
London,  1945. 

Professional  Background:  College 
administrator  and  former  professor 
(Assistant  to  the  President,  Montreat- 
Anderson  College;  Director  of  Admis- 
sions, Montreat-Anderson  College,  1973-76;  Assistant  Professor  of  Jour- 
nalism, Boston  University,  1951-52;  manager.  New  England  Press  Associa- 
tion). 

Organizations:  Black  Mountain  Lodge  No.  663,  A.F.&A.M.,  Asheville 
Chapter  No.  25;  Black  Mountain  Lions  Club;  Chamber  of  Commerce;  V.F.W.; 
American  Legion;  D.A.V.;  Sons  of  the  American  Revolution;  Sons  of  Con- 
federate Veterans;  Western  NC  Development  Association  (original 
organizer). 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1959,  1961, 
1963,  1965-66,  1967,  1977-78,  1979-80,  1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-; 
Town  Board,  Black  Mountain,  1973-76;  Commissioner,  Buncombe  County, 
1968-72. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army,  1943-45;  (European  Theater  of 
Operations). 

Honors:  Outstanding  Alumnus,  UNC-Asheville,  1981;  NC  Commissioner 
of  the  Year,  1971. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Black  Mountain  United  Methodist 
Church;  Official  Board. 

Family:  Married,  Garnet  EHzabeth  Carder,  March  8,  1941,  Children:  G. 
Gordon  and  Ricky  Eugene. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Viee-Chairman:  Education  Subcommittee  on  Private  Schools. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Highway  Fund);  Government  (Subcommittee  on  Local  Government  II). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Harry  Clinton  Grimmer 

(Republican  -  Mecklenburg  County) 

Fifty  Si'vonth  Representative  District  - 
Mecklenburg  (part)  County. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Pitt  County, 
December  6,1935,  to  Harry  Albert  (de- 
ceased) and  Bercha  (Gilbert)  Grimmer. 

Education:  Penderlea  School,  1945-54; 
N.C.  State  University,  1960,  BSIE,  with 
Honors  (voted  one  of  the  top  ten  outstand- 
ing engineering  students);  six  months 
post-graduate  technical  school;  heating 
and  air  conditioning,  The  Trane  Com- 
pany. 

Professional  Background:  Meteorologist;  Plant  Industrial  Engineer; 
Manufacturer's  Representative,  Sales  Manager  and  Executive  Vice  Presi- 
dent and  Owner,  Harry  Grimmer  and  Company,  INC.;  President,  Home 
Builders  Association  of  Charlotte,  1983;  Board  of  Directors,  F^xecutive  Com- 
mittee N.C.  Home  Builders  Association,  1982-84;  Vice  President,  Region  VI, 
N.C.  Home  Builders  Association,  1982;  Co-Chairman  NCHBA,  Legislative 
Committee,  1985-86;  Vice  President  Home  Owner's  Warranty  Program,  1983. 

Organizations:  South  Mecklenburg  Interim  District  Plan  Committee, 
1986;  United  Way  Strategic  Planning  Committee,  1986;  F'ive  Years  Leader- 
ship, YMCA  Indian  Guides;  Boy  Scout  Counselor,  1981-82;  Coach,  Little 
League  Basketball;  Housing  Cost  Task  Force,  Mecklenburg  County  and 
State  Level;  Mayoral  Appointments;  Capital  Improvement  Program,  1982; 
Citizens  Advisory  Committee-Country,  1983;  "F]veryone  Step  Forward"  Bond 
Referendum  Committee;  Char/Mecklenburg  Residential  Ordinance,  Re-zon- 
ing Review  Committee;  United  Way;  Community  Resource  Board,  1985-86. 

Boards:  United  Carolina  Bank  Advisory  Board,  1982-89;  Board  of  Di- 
rectors, Greater  Providence  Area  Home  Owners  Association,  1983-84,  Vice 
President,  1985-86;  Chairman,  United  Way,  Christmas  Bureau,  1985;  Alloca- 
tion and  Review  Board,  1984;  Chairman,  Mecklenburg  County  Zoning  Board 
of  Adjustment,  1980-82;  President  of  Lansdowne  P.T.A.,  1974. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1987-88, 
1989-. 

Military  Service:  Served,  U.S.  Navy,  Meteorologist,  1954-56. 

Honors:  Phi  Kappa  Phi,  Honorary  Fraternity,  1959;  Broyhill  Fund 
Scholarship,  1959;  Charlotte  Home  Builder  of  the  Year,  1981;  N.C.  "Home 
Builder  of  the  Year",  1983;  Life  time  Director,  National  Association  Home 
Builders,  1989. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Calvary  ('hurch,  Building  Program  Fund 
Raising  Committee;  Calvary  Church,  51  Committee. 


The  Legislative  Branch  373 

Family:  Married,  Elise  Rackley,  of  Willard,  September  7,  1957.  Children: 
Janet  and  Craig. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice   Chairman:   Finance  Subcommittee  on   Highways;  Infrastructure 
Subcommittee  on  Solid  Waste 

Member:  Commerce  (Subcommittee  on  Business,  Labor  &  Employment); 
Education  (Subcommittee  on  The  University  of  North  Carolina);  Ethics. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Joe  Hackney 

(Democrat  -  Orange  County) 

Twenty-fourth  Representative  District - 
Chatham  (part)  and  Orange  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Siler  City, 
Chatham  County,  September  23,  1945,  to 
Herbert  Harold  and  Ida  LilHan  (Dorsett) 
Hackney. 

Education:  Silk  Hope  High  School, 
1963;  N.C.  State  University,  1963-64; 
UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1964-67,  A.B.  with 
Honors  (Political  Science);  UNC-Chapel 
Hill,  School  of  Law,  1970,  J.D. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney 
(partner,  firm  of  Epting  &  Hackney);  Assistant  District  Attorney,  15th 
District,  1971-74;  research  assistant,  J.  Frank  Huskins,  Associate  Justice, 
N.C.  Supreme  Court,  1970-71. 

Organizations:  Orange  County  (former  President),  N.C.  and  American 
Bar  Associations;  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  Committee  on  Legis- 
lation and  Law  Reform,  N.C.  Bar;  former  President,  15th  District  Bar; 
former  President,  Orange-Chatham  Legal  Services;  Conservation  Council  of 
N.C;  Sierra  Club;  N.C.  Nature  Conservancy;  Appalachian  Trail  Conference; 
N.C.  Cattlemen's  Association. 

Boards:  Joint  Orange-Chatham  Community  Action,  Inc.,  former  member; 
Conservation  Foundation  of  N.C;  Served,  Citizens  Commission  on  Alterna- 
tives to  Incarceration;  Governor's  Crime  Commission,  former  member; 
Southern  Legislative  Conference,  Environmental  Quality  Committee,  Chair- 
man; Southern  Legislative  Conference  Ad  Hoc  Committee  on  Hazardous 
Wastes,  Chairman;  Natural  Resources  Committee;  Southern  States  Energy 
Board. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1981-pre- 
sent  (4  terms). 

Honors:  American  Planning  Association,  NC  Chapter,  Legislative 
Award,  1989;  Sierra  Club,  NC  Chapter,  Outstanding  Service  Award,  1988; 
NC  Consumers  Council,  Consumer  Advocate  of  the  Year,  1987;  Governor's 
Conservation  Award  as  Legislator  of  the  Year,  N.C.  Wildlife  F'ederation, 
1985;  Triangle  J.  Council  of  Governments  Award  of  Excellence  for  Service  to 
the  Environment,  1985;  N.C.  Bar  Association,  Family  Law  Section,  Apprecia- 
tion Plaque,  1981. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Hickory  Mountain  Baptist  Church. 

Family:  Married,  Betsy  Strandberg,  September  15,  1979.  Children:  Daniel 
and  Will. 


The  Legislative  Branch  375 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Judiciary  Subcommittee  on  Civil  &  Criminal  Justice. 

Vice  Chairman:  Judiciary. 

Member:  Basic  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Water,  Air  and  Soil);  Finance 
(Subcommittee  on  State  Revenue);  Infrastructure  (Subcommittee  on  Solid 
Waste). 


376 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Alexander  Morton  Hall 

(Democrat-New  Hanover  County) 

Thirteenth  Representative  District-New 
Hanover  (part)  County. 


Early  Years:  Born  in  Wilmington,  New 
'  Hanover  County,  July  20,  1948,  to  James 

M.  and  Edith  (Morton)  Hall,  Jr. 

^  Education:  New  Hanover  High  School, 

W  1967;    UNC-Chapel    Hill,    1971,    B.A. 

.                     •            J  (Zoology);  South  Texas  College  of  Law, 

M     ^^        i«-»BH^  19^'^'  ^•^-  ^^^^  honors. 

^^^^^M     |Hr      JHHH  Professional  Background:  Attorney. 

^^^^^H      ^^       ^^^^1         Organizations:  NC  State  Bar,  N.C. 

Bar  Association,  NC  Academy  of  Trial 
Lawyers;  President,  5th  District  Judicial  Bar;  Transportation  Committee, 
Wilmington  Chamber  of  Commerce,  1981-;  Wilmington  Industrial  Develop- 
ment, Inc.;  Trustee,  Wilmington  Kiwanis  Club,  1978-82;  NC  Jaycees,  1969-73. 

Boards:  Mayor's  Transportation  Task  Force;  Trustee,  Brigade  Boys  Club. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86, 
1987-88,  1989-;  Precinct  Chairman,  New  Hanover  County  Democratic  Party, 
(1980). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  St.  Andrews  Covenant  Presbyterian 
Church,  Wilmington;  Deacon,  1980-. 

Family:  Married,  Maria  Clontz  of  Wilmington,  August  15,  1971.  Children: 
Sarah  Elizabeth. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Finance. 

Member:  Judiciary  (Subcommittee  on  Law  Enforcement  &  Public  Safety). 


The  Legislative  Branch 


377 


Thomas  C.  Hardaway 

(Democrat  -  Halifax  County) 

Seventh  Representative  District  -  Halifax 
(part),  Martin  (part),  Warren  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Bom  in  Durham,  Durham 
County,  March  12,  1957,  to  Dr.  Ernie  and 
Attorney  Claudette  (Cofield)  Hardaway, 
II. 

Education:  Hillside  High  School, 
1975;  Howard  University,  1979  (Bachelor 
Business  Administration);  N.C.  Central 
University,  School  of  Law,  1982,  J.D. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney 
(partner,  Hardaway  and  Hardaway);  Co- 
field  Funeral  Home,  Inc.  Director;  Cofield  Mutual  Burial  Association, 
President;  Cofield  Realty  and  Company,  Director;  N.C.  Bar;  N.C.  Bar  Associa- 
tion; Halifax  County  Bar;  Sixth  Judicial  Bar;  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers; 
Association  of  Trial  Lawyers  of  America;  N.C.  Association  of  Black  Lawyers 
(is  admitted  to  practice  before  the  Eastern  District  of  the  U.S.  District 
Court). 

Organizations:  N.A.A.C.P.;  Second  Congressional  District  Black  Leader- 
ship Caucus. 

Boards:  Director,  Halifax  County  Economic  Development  Commission; 
Member,  Enfield  Medical  Advisory  Board;  Member,  Halifax  Community 
College,  Small  Business  Advisory  Board. 

Political  Activities:  N.C.  House  Representatives,  1987-88,  1989-;  Former, 
Vice  Chairman,  Halifax  County  Democrat  Party;  Former,  Precinct  Chairman 
Enfield,  No.  2. 

Honors:  Outstanding  Young  Man  of  America,  1984, 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  New  Bethel  Baptist  Church. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Finance  Subcommittee  on  Highways. 

Vice  Chairman:  Finance. 

Member:  Education  (Subcommittee  on  Community  Colleges);  Government 
(Subcommittee  on  ABC);  Judiciary  (Subcommittee  on  Law  Enforcement  & 
Public  Safety). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


John  Calvin  Hasty 

(Democrat  -  Robeson  County) 

Sixteenth  Representative  District  -  Hoke, 
Robeson  and  Scotland  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Maxton,  Robe- 
son County,  March  9,  1930,  to  William 
Howard  and  Flora  (Belle)  Currie  Hasty. 

Education:  Maxton  Public  Schools; 
Maxton  High  School,  1948;  Presbyterian 
Junior  College,  1950,  A.S.;  UNC-Chapel 
Hill,  1953,  B.S. 

Professional  Background:  Insurance 
and  real  estate  agent  (President,  Pace- 
Henderson  Finance  Co.,  Inc.;  President, 
Future  Agency  of  Laurinburg,  Inc.;  Hasty  Realty  Inc.  Vice-Pres.). 

Organizations:  Independent  Insurance  Agents  Association;  NC  Associa- 
tion of  Premium  Finance  Companies  (Secretary,  1981-82;  Director,  1978-82); 
Mormax  Club  (President,  1971);  Director,  Cape  Fear  Area  Council,  Boy 
Scouts  of  America,  1967-(President,  1973-75);  Laurinburg-Scotland  Area 
Chamber  of  Commerce  (Director,  1976);  former  President,  Maxton  Historical 
Society;  former  President,  Maxton  Junior  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Boards:  Laurinburg-Maxton  Airport  Commission  (Chairman,  1980-82); 
Trustee  and  Executive  Committee,  Scotland  Memorial  Hospital;  local  Di- 
rector, Southern  National  Bank;  Maxton  Planning  Commission;  Maxton 
Zoning  Board. 

Political  Activites:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1983-84, 
1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-;  Mayor  and  City  Council,  Town  of  Maxton. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army,  1953-55  (Sergeant);  101st  Airborne 
Division. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  St.  Paul's  United  Methodist  Church; 
Chairman,  Administrative  Board,  1976-77;  Chairman,  Building  Committee, 
1972;  Chairman,  Finance;  national  conference  delegate. 

Family:  Married,  Betty  Anne  Upchurch,  October  22,  1955.  Children:  John 
Calvin,  Jr.,  Flora  Anne  (Hasty)  McCook  and  Elizabeth  Upchurch. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Commerce. 

Member:  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  State  Revenue);  Infrastructure  (Sub- 
committee on  Public  Utilities). 


The  Legislative  Branch 


379 


Joe  H.  Hege,  Jr. 

(Republican  -  Davidson  County) 

Thirty-seventh  Representative  District  - 
Davidson,  Davie  and  Iredell  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Lexington, 
Davidson  County,  January  28,  1926,  to 
Joe  H.  and  Ellen  J.  (Hilliard)  Hege,  Sr. 

Education:  Pilot  High  School,  1943; 
Institute  of  Government,  UNC-Chapel 
Hill,  1969,  Certificate  of  Police  Admini- 
stration; Oklahoma  University,  1975. 

Professional  Background:  Realtor- 
Broker,  National  Realty,  Inc.;  Assistant 
Director,  Services  for  the  Blind,  State  of 
N.C.,  1973-77;  Vice-President,  Siceloff  Mfg.  Co.,  Inc.,  1953-68;  Veterans  Serv- 
ice Officer,  Davidson  County,  1948-50. 

Organizations:  Lexington  Board  of  Realtors;  Amvets;  Veterans  of  Foreign 
Wars;  Aircraft  Owners  and  Pilots  Association;  Kiwanis;  Lions  International; 
American  Legion. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1967,  1969, 
1971,  1973-74,  1981-82,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-;  Minority  Whip,  1969,  1971; 
Secretary,  Joint  House-Senate  GOP  Caucus,  1973;  State  Republican  Execu- 
tive Committee;  Treasurer,  5th  District  Republican  Executive  Committee, 
1979-80;  Sheriff,  Davidson  County,  1969-70. 

Military  Service:  Served,  U.S.  Army,  1944-46  (Sergeant);  European 
theater;  European-African-Middle  East  ServiceMedal  with  Two  Bronze  Stars; 
Good  Conduct  Medal;  World  War  II  Victory  Medal;  Army  Occupation  Medal. 

Honors:  Republican  of  the  Year,  Davidson  County,  1984. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Pilgrim  Reformed  United  Church  of 
Christ,  Lexington;  Audit  Committee  (former  President,  Treasurer,  Chair- 
man); Elder;  Deacon  of  Consistory;  Chairman,  Cemetery  Committee;  Sunday 
Teacher. 

Family:  Married,  Jane  Owen  of  Davidson  County,  November  27,  1948. 
Children:  Joe,  Karen  and  Edwin. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Government  Subcommittee  on  Local  Government  I. 

Vice  Chairman:  Government. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Education);  Commerce  (Subcommittee  on  Banks  &  Thrift);  Education 
(Subcommittee  on  Elementary  &  Secondary  Education). 


380 


North  Carolina  Manual 


George  Milton  Holmes 

(Republican  -  Yadkin  County) 

Forty-First  Representative  District  - 
Alexander  (part),  Wilkes  and  Yadkin 
Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Mount  Airy, 
Surry  County,  June  20  1929,  to  John 
William  and  Thelma  Elizabeth  (Dobie) 
Holmes. 

Education:  Mount  Airy  High  School, 
1944;  Western  High  School,  1945-48; 
Appalachian  State  University,  1954; 
Travelers  Multiple  Line  Insurance 
School,  1959. 

Professional  Background:  Real  Estate  Broker. 

Organizations:  Yadkin  Lodge  162,  F'.  &  A.  M.;  Winston-Salem  Con- 
sistory, Scottish  Rite  of  Free  Masonru'  Shriner;  Oasis  Temple. 

Boards:  Governor's  Crime  Study  Commission,  1976;  Fire  and  Casualty 
Rate  Study  Commission,  1976;  Board  of  Directors,  First  Union  National 
Bank,  Yadkinville. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1975-76, 
1979-80,1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-;  Minority  Whip,  1981-82; 
Advisory  Budget  Commission;  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-;  Minority  Party  Joint 
Caucus  Leader,  1983-84;  Yadkin  County  Republican  Executive  Committee; 
Eighth  District  Republican  Executive  Committee;  State  Republican  Executive 
Committee,  1975-76,  1979-80,  1981-82,  1983-84;  State  Republican  Central 
Committee,  1983-84;  Joint  Legislative  Commission  on  Governmental  Opera- 
tions, 1989-. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Flat  Rock  Baptist  Church;  Deacon,  1956- 
70;  Trustee,  1970-;  Superintendent,  1968-72;  F'ormer  Secretary  and  Sunday 
School  Teacher. 

Family:  Married,  Barbara  Ann  Ireland,  June  30,  1956.  Children: Jennifer 
(Holmes)  Crawley. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Co-Chairman:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion 
Budget  on  Capital  Outlay  and  Special  Programs. 

Vice  Chairman:  Infrastructure  Subcommittee  on  Utilities. 

Member:  C'ommerce  (Subcommittee  on  Banks  &  Thrifts);  Rules,  Appoint- 
ments and  the  Calendar. 


The  Legislative  Branch  381 

Bertha  Merrill  Holt 

(Democrat  -  Alamance  County) 

Twenty-fifth  Representative  District  - 
Alamance,  Rockingham  and  Stokes  (part) 
Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Eufaula, 
Alabama,  August  16,  1916,  to  William  H. 
and  Bertha  H.  (Moore)  Merrill. 

Education:  Eufaula  High  School; 
Agnes  Scott  College,  1938,  B.A.;  UNC- 
Chapel  Hill,  School  of  Law,  1939-40;  Uni- 
versity of  Alabama,  School  of  Law,  1941, 
LL.B;  George  Washington  University, 
1942,  graduate  studies. 

Professional  Background:  Legislator  and  attorney;  former  attorney, 
U.S.  Treasury  and  Dep^irtment  of  the  Interior. 

Organizations:  N.C.  Bar  Association;  Pi  Beta  Phi;  English  Speaking 
Union;  Les  Amis  du  Vin;  N.C.  Historical  Society;  N.C.  Women's  Forum. 

Boards:  Former,  Board  of  Directors  of  Hospice;  Joint  Commission  on 
Governmental  Operations;  Advisory  Committee,  Archaeology,  1979-84;  Board 
of  Directors,  Alunmi  Association,  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  School  of  Law  1978-80; 
Board  of  Directors,  State  Council  on  Social  Legislation,  1978-86,  Alamance 
County;  Social  Services  Board,  Chairman;  Joint  Commission  School  Salary 
Schedules. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1975-pre- 
sent  (8  terms);  former  President,  Alamance  County  Democratic  Women 
(Chairman,  Headquarters  Committee,  1962,64;  Democratic  Executive  commit- 
tee, 1964-75;  Vice  Chairman,  Alamance  County  Democratic  Executive  Com- 
mittee, 1964-66;  Century  Book  Club;  AAUW  Women's  Political  Caucus. 

Honors:  Outstanding  Alumna  (1978)  and  Community  Service  Award, 
Agnes  Scott  College;  "Who's  Who  of  American  Women";  Legislative  Award- 
Nurses  Association,  1979;  Legislative  Award;  Family  Care  N.C.  Facilities 
Association,  1982;  Hospice  of  North  Carolina,  1984;  Legislative  Award,  N.C. 
Alliance  for  Health,  Physical  Education,  Recreation  and  Dance,  1984;  Legisla- 
tive Award,  N.C.  Association  of  Non-Profit  Homes  for  Aging,  1985;  F'aith 
Active  in  Public  Life  Award,  N.C.  Council  of  Churches,  1987. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Episcopal  Church  of  Holy  Comforter, 
Burlington;  teacher.  High  School  Sunday  School  Class;  Diocesan  Council, 
1971-73,  1984-86;  Chairman,  Diocese  Grant  Committee,  1974-80,  Member, 
1974-79;  Standing  Committee  of  Diocese,  1974-77;  Senior  Warden,  Vestry, 
1974;  Chairman,  Finance  Committee,  Diocese  of  N.C.  1973-;  former  President, 
Episcopal  Church  Women;  Elected  1st  alternate,  General  Convention-Epis- 
copal Church,  1987-. 


382  North  Carolina  Manual 

Family:  Married,  Winfield  Clary  Holt,  March  14,  1942.  Children:  Harriet, 
William  and  Winfield. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Justice  and  Public  Safety);  Government  (Subcommittee  on  ABC);  Public 
Employees  (Subcommittee  on  Personnel  Policies). 


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383 


Julia  Craven  Howard 

(Republican  -  Davie  County) 

Thirty-Seventh  Representative  District  -Davie 
County 

Early  Years:  Born  Salisbury,  Rowan 
County,  August  20,  1944,  to  Allan  Leary 
and  Ruth  Elizabeth  (Snider)  Craven. 

Education:  Davie  High  School,  1962; 
American  Institute  of  Real  Estate  Ap- 
praisors,  RM;  NC  Association  of  Realtors, 
GRI. 

Professional  Background:  Realtor/ 
Appraiser;  President,  Howard  Realty  & 
Insurance  Agency,  Inc.;  Vice  President, 
Davie  Builders,  Inc. 

Organizations:  Sertoma  Club;  Realtors  Association;  Davie  County  Board 
(President,  1972,  State  Director,  1973-85);  AIREA-Southeastern  Regional/ 
Review  Appraiser. 

Boards:  Davie  County  Hospital  Board  of  Trustees,  (Former  chairman, 

1978-85). 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives  1989-  ;  Com- 
missioner, Town  of  Mocksville,  1981-88. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  United  Methodist  Church,  Mocks- 
ville; council  of  Ministries  (Chairman,  1979-81);  Youth  Council,  1974-84; 
Sunday  School  Teacher. 

Family:  Married,  Abe  Nail  Howard,  Jr.,  August  26,  1962.  Children:  Amedia 
Paige  and  Abe  Nail,  III. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chairman:  Human  Resources  Subcommittee  on  Housing  Social 
Services. 

Member:  Basic  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Wildlife,  Natural  and  Scenic 
Areas);  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  Ways  and  Means);  Public  Employees 
(Subcommittee  on  Personnel  Policies). 


384 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Doris  Rogers  Huffman 

(Republican  -  Catawba  County) 

Forty-fifth  Representative  District  -Burke 
(part)  and  Catawba  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Burke  County, 
August  3,  to  Bradus  K.  and  Myrtle  (Deal) 
Rogers. 

Education:  Hickory  City  Schools, 
1953;  Catawba  Valley  Technical  College, 
1973  (Accounting  and  Tax). 

Professional    Background:    Home 

maker. 

Organizations:  Hickory-Catawba 
Valley  Home  Builders  Association; 
charter  member,  HBA  Auxiliary  (membership  award,  1979);  Red  Cross 
Blood  Mobile;  Salvation  Army;  Board,  Project  "Happen"-Western  Carolina 
Center. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86, 
1987-88,  1989-;  Catawba  County  Republican  Women's  Club;  Executive  Com- 
mittee, N.C.  GOP;  Catawba  County  Republican  Party  (Secretary,  1980,  Vice 
Chairman,  1981,  Chairman  1982);  N.C.  Delegate-Southern  Republican  Ex- 
change, 1986-87. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Baptist  Church,  Newton;  Leader, 
Bible  Drill  Team;  Church  Constitution  Commission. 

Family:  Married,  L.  Wiburn  Huffman  of  Hickory,  Children:  Sandra. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Co-Chairman:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion 
Budget  on  Justice  and  Public  Safety. 

Member:  Government  (Subcommittee  on  Military,  Veterans  &  Indian 
Affairs);  Judiciary  (Subcommittee  on  Corrections;  Rules,  Appointments  and 
the  Calendar). 


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385 


John  Jackson  Hunt 

(Democratic  -  Cleveland  County) 

Forty-eighth  Representative  District  - 
Cleveland,  Polk  and  Rutherford  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Lattimore, 
Cleveland  County,  November  27,  1922,  to 
Robert  Lee  and  Alma  (Harrill)  Hunt. 

Education:  Wake  Forest  University, 
1943,  B.S.;  Emory  Universtiy,  1946, 
D.D.S. 

Professional  Background:  Dentist, 
merchant  and  farmer. 

Organization:  ADA;  NCDS;  Isother- 
mal Dental  Society;  Mason;  Shriner. 

Boards:  Legislative  Research  Committee;  National  Conference  of  State 
Legislative;  Governmental  Operations;  Legislative  Services  Commission. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1973-74, 
1975-76,  1979-80,  1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-;  Speaker  Pro  Tem, 
1985-86  and  1987-88,  Alderman,  City  of  Lattimore,  1958-64. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army,  1943-48,  1950-52  (Major). 

Honors:  Honorary  member,  NC  National  Guard;  USS  NC  Battleship 
Award,  AMVETS. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Baptist  Church. 

Family:  Married,  Ruby  Cowder,  June  22,  1946.  Children:  Judy  Hunt, 
Penny  (Hunt)  Corn,  Libby  (Hunt)  Sarazen,  Sally  Hunt  and  Cindy  (Hunt) 
Martin. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chairman:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion 
Budget  on  Justice  and  Public  Safety. 

Member:  Commerce  (Subcommittee  on  Tourism);  Human  Resurces  (Subcom- 
mittee on  Families,  Children  &  Youth). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Judy  Frances  Hunt 

(Democrat  -  Watauga  County) 

Fortieth  Representative  District  -Alleghany, 
Ashe,  Stokes  (part),  Surry,  and  Watauga 
(part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Shelby,  Cleve- 
land County,  May  16,  1949,  to  John  Jack- 
son and  Ruby  (Crowder)  Hunt. 

Education:  Shelby  High  School,  1964- 
67;  Meredith  College,  1971,  B.A.; 
Appalachian  State  University,  1976, 
M.A. 

Professional  Background:  Real 
Estate  Broker. 

Organizations:  Past  Member,  Blowing  Rock  Planning  Board,  1980-86. 
Political  Activities:  N.C.  House  Representatives,  1987-88,  1989-;  Watauga 
County  Commissioner. 
Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Baptist  Church. 

Family:  Married,  William  Hansel  Kohler,  of  Blowing  Rock,  July  10,  1978. 
Children:  Jackie. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Commerce  Subcommitte  on  Authorities,  Boards  and  Commis- 
sions. 

Vice  Chairman:  Commerce;  Human  Resources  Subcommittee  on  Mental 
Health,  Exceptional  &  Gifted  People. 

Member:  Basic  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Cultural  Resources  and 
Parks);  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  Ways  and  Means). 


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387 


Rector  Samuel  Hunt,  III 

(Democrat  -  Alamance  County) 

Twenty-Fifth  Representative  District  - 
Alamance,  Rockingham,  and  Stokes  (part) 
Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Burlington, 
Alamance  County,  September  1,  1941,  to 
Rector  S.  and  Mildred  Rachel  (Wester) 
Hunt,  Jr. 

Education:  Williams  High  School, 
1955-59;  East  Carolina  University, 
Graduated  1965,  A.B. 

Professional  Background:  Presi- 
dent, Hunt  Electric  Supply  Company; 
Member,  National  Association  of  Electrical  Distributors;  National  Executive 
Committee  of  Affiliated  Independent  Distributors. 

Organizations:  Past  Director,  Alamance  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Political  Activities:  N.C.  House  of  Representatives  1985-86  (appointed 
November  7,  1985,  to  replace  Tim  McDowell),  1987-88,  1989- . 

Military:  Served,  U.S.  Army,  First  Lieutenant,  1966-69;  Served,  Reserves, 
1970. 
Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Christian  United  Church  of  Christ. 
Family:  Married,  Vicky  Silek,  of  Front  Royal.  Children;  Sam. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Chairman:  Infrastructure. 
Member:  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  Highways). 


388 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Howard  J.  Hunter,  Jr. 

(Democrat  -  Hertford  County) 

Fifth  Representative  District  -  Hertford 
County 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Washington,  DC 
on  December  16,  1946,  to  Howard  and 
Madge  (Watford)  Hunter,  Sr. 

Education:  C.  S.  Brown  High  School, 
1964;  North  Carohna  Central  University, 

1971,  MS. 

Professional  Background:  Vice  Pre- 
sident, Hunters  Funeral  Home,  Inc. 

Organizations:  Life  member,  Aholkie 
Alumni  Chapter,  Kappa  Alpha  Psi; 
Former  Scoutmaster. 

Boards:  Hertford  County  Commissioner,  1978-1988. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives  1989-  ;  Hert- 
ford County  Commissioner. 

Awards  &  Honors:  Outstanding  Young  Men  of  America;  Personalities  of 
the  South;  Order  of  the  Long  Leaf  Pine;  Distinguished  Service,  Murfreesboro 
Jaycees;  Outstanding  Citizen  in  NC  in  Human  Relations. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Baptist  Church,  Murfreesboro; 
Trustee. 

Family:  Married,  Vivian  Flythe,  December  31,  1986.  ChildreniHoward,  HI 
and  Chyla  Toye. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Justice  and  Public  Safety);  Education  (Subcommittee  on  Educational 
Activities  of  State  Agencies);  Human  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Housing 
&  Social  Services);  Pensions  and  Retirement;  Public  Employees  (Subcommit- 
tee on  Salaries). 


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389 


Robert  Carl  Hunter 

(Democrat  -  McDowell  County) 

Forty-Ninth  Representative  District  - 
McDowell  and  Yancy  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  McDowell 
County,  January  14,  1944,  to  L.  Penn 
and  Lucy  (Turner)  Hunter. 

Education:  Glenwood  School;  Marion 
City  Schools;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1966, 
B.A.;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  School  of  Law, 
1969,  J.D. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney; 
former  Assistant  District  Attorney,  29th 
Judicial  District. 

Organizations:  Member,  McDowell  County  Bar  Association,  past  Presi- 
dent; N.  C.  Bar  Association;  American  Bar  Association;  29th  Judicial  District 
Bar,  past  President;  N.  C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  Marion  Rotary  Club, 
past  President;  Marion  Jaycees,  past  Secretary;  Alumnus  of  Sigma  Phi 
Epsilon  Social  Fraternity;  Alumnus  of  Delta  Theta  Phi  Legal  Fraternity; 
Member,  University  of  North  Carolina  Board  of  Visitors;  former  Assistant 
District  Attorney;  former  Director,  McDowell  County  United  Fund;  former 
Director,  McDowell  County  Chamber  of  Commerce;  past  President,  N.  C. 
County  Attorney's  Association;  Director,  UNC  Law  Alumni  Association. 

Boards:  Member,  Board  of  Directors,  McDowell  Committee  of  100;  Board 
of  Directors,  McDowell  Arts  &  Crafts  Association;  McDowell  County  Citizen 
of  the  Year  -  1984;  Chairman-Elect,  Southern  Legislative  Conference; 
Southern  Legislative  Conference  Executive  Committee;  Chairman,  Organiza- 
tional Planning  and  Coordinating  Committee  of  the  Council  of  State  Govern- 
ments; former  Member,  North  Carolina  Advisory  Council  on  the  Eastern 
Band  of  the  Cherokee;  Former  Member,  North  Carolina  Judicial  Council; 
Former  Member,  North  Carolina  Courts  Commission;  Co-Chairman,  Legisla- 
tive Highway  Study  Commission. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1981-82, 
1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-;  N.  C.  State  Democrat  Executive  Committee. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Baptist  Church,  Marion;  Trustee. 

Family:  Married,  Nancy  Hinson,  August  22,  1970.  Children. Megan,  Allen 
and  Claire  Alise. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Commerce  (Subcommittee  on  Banks  &  Thrift);  Finance  (Subcom- 
mittee on  Highways);  Infrastructure  (Subcommittee  on  Railways,  Airports  & 
Waterways). 


390 


North  Carolina  Manual 


John  William  Hurley 

(Democrat  -  Cumberland  County) 

Eighteenth  Representative  District  - 
Cumberland  County 

Early  Years:  Bom  in  Murfreesboro, 

Hertford  County,  June  22,  1933,  to  John 

Bascom  and  Daisy  (Fuqua)  Hurley. 

^^^^^■jjjpr-  Education:   Littleton   High   School, 

^^^^  K  1951;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1951-52;  Louis- 

^^Hf  W  y  burg  College,  1952-53;  UNC-Chapel  Hill, 

^Km}  m  I  1953-55;  American  College,   1976  (CLU 

^^HV    MR  I  Designation). 

^^^^B  ^Kt        -.^mm^  I  Professional   Background:   Owner, 

^^K^m  ^^         ^^^K  /  Olde  Fayetteville  Financial  Service. 

Organizations:  Fayetteville  Association  of  Life  Underwriters  (President, 
1963);  MDRT;  CLU  Society;  Kiwanis  Club;  Life  member,  Jaycees. 

Boards:  Board  of  Directors,  International  Association  of  Financial  Plan- 
ners (Fayetteville  Chapter);  Board  of  Trustees,  Highsmith-Rainey  Memorial 
Hospital,  1988;  Co-chairman,  Fayetteville  Bicentennial  Celebration,  1989. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1989-  ; 
Mayor,  City  of  Fayetteville,  1981-1987;  Member,  Fayetteville  City  Council, 
1977-1981;  Member,  State  Study  Commission  on  the  Cape  Fear  River  Basin; 
Member,  North  Carolina  League  of  Municipalities;  Chairman,  Community 
and  Economic  Development  Committee,  1984-86. 

Honors:  Realtors  Cup  Award,  1985;  E.  J.  Wells  Cup,  1978;  Life  member, 
Jaycees,  1970-. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Haymount  United  Methodist  Church; 
Trustee,  1979-80;  Chairman,  Council  of  Ministries,  1977-80;  Lay  Leader, 
Fayetteville  District  of  the  United  Methodist  Church,  1976-77;  Member 
Pastor-Parish  Relations  Committee. 

Family:  Married  Sandra  Gail  Huggins,  May  15,  1970.  Children:Charles 
Mark,  John  Bradley  and  Todd  H. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Government  Subcommittee  on  Military,  Veterans  &  Indian 
Affairs. 

Vice  Chairman:  Government. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  General  Government);  Judiciary  (Subcommittee  on  Corrections);  Pensions 
&  Retirement. 


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391 


Walter  Stine  Isenhower 

(Republican  -  Catawba  County) 

Forty-Fifth  Representative  District  -  Burke 
(part)  and  Catawba  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Conover, 
Catawba  County,  April  10,  1927,  to  John 
Abel  and  Susie  (Jordan)  Isenhower. 

Education:  Newton-Conover  High 
School,  1941-44;  Fishburne  Military 
School,  1944-46;  Lenoir  Rhyne  College, 
1950,  B.S. 

Professional  Background:  Presi- 
dent, Owen  United  Insurance  Agency, 
INC.  (until  merger  with  Cline  Southern 
Ins.  Agency  in  1985);  Sales  Executive,  Owen-United;  President,  Carolina's 
Association  of  Professional  Insurance  Agents;  Member,  Board  of  Directors 
of  Professional  Insurance  Agents  of  America;  Member,  Catawba  Valley 
Insurance  Agency  Association. 

Organizations:  Conover  Lions  Club,  Past  President;  Catawba  County 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  Past  President,  1984;  Former  Member,  Conover 
Volunteer  Fire  Department;  Catawba  Science  Center;  Eastern  Catawba 
County  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Y.M.C.A.  Board  of  Directors;  Troop  Commit- 
tee Boy  Scouts;  American  Red  Cross  Local  Board. 

Boards:  Catawba  County  Industrial  Development  Board;  Western  Pied- 
mont Council  of  Government  Regional  Board;  Old  Stone  Savings  and  Loan, 
Local  Board;  First  Citizens  Bank,  Local  Board;  Former  Member,  First 
Federal  Savings  and  Loan,  now  Old  Stone;  Northwestern  Bank,  now  First 
Citizens. 

Political  Activities:  N.C.  House  Representative,  1986  (Appointed  De- 
cember 26,  1986,  by  Governor  Martin  to  replace  Allran),  1987-88,  1989-; 
Chairman,  Catawba  County  Board  of  Commissioners,  1966-70;  Former,  N.C. 
Highway  Commissioner,  1972;  N.C.  Insurance  Advisory  Board;  President, 
Young  Republicans  of  Catawba  County,  1953. 

Military  Service:  Served,  U.S.  Army,  Corporal,  1950-52. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Concordia  Lutheran  Church;  Secretary  of 
Congregation;  Chairman,  Board  of  Elders,  1981;  Stewardship  Board;  Mem- 
ber, Lutheran  Television  Board;  Member,  Board  of  Laymen's  League;  Former 
Chairman,  International  Lutheran  Hour  Committee. 

Family:  Married,  Carolyn  Vaughn,  of  Murray,  June  23,  1951.  Children: 
Charles  and  Ann. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Human  Resources  Subcommittee  on  Mental  Health,  Ex- 
ceptional &  Gifted  People. 

Vice  Chairman:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion 
Budget  on  Natural  and  Economic  Resources;  Human  Resources. 

Member:  Commerce  (Subcommittee  on  Insurance). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Vernon  Grant  James 

(Democrat  -  Pasquotank  County) 

First  Representative  District  -  Camden, 
Chowan,  Currituck,  Dare,  Gates  (part), 
Pasquotank,  Perquimans,  Tyrrell  and 
Washington  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Pasquotank 
County,  July  11,  1910,  to  John  Calvin 
and  Fannie  (Coppersmith)  James  (both 
deceased). 

Education:  Graduated,  Weeksville 
High  School,  1930;  North  Carolina  State 
University,  1930-31. 

Professional  Background:  (Retired) 
Farmer  and  Produce  Supply  Business  (President  and  Manager  James 
Brothers,  Inc.). 

Organizations:  Member,  N.C.  and  National  Fresh  Fruits  and  Vegetable 
Growers  Association;  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  State  4-H  Club  Council  1930, 
Delegate,  International  Member,  State  4-H  Honor  Club,  1931;  President 
National  Potato  Council,  1966;  Member,  National  Potato  Steering  Committee 
since  1966;  Potato  Advisory  Committee  (appointed  by  U.S.  Secretary  of 
Agriculture,  Orville  Freeman,  1961-68,  re-appointed  by  Earl  Butz  1968-71); 
Chairman  National  Potato  Board  1977-78;  Served,  Board  of  Directors, 
Elizabeth  City  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Member,  Masonic  Lodge  317  and 
Sudan  Temple  Shriners. 

Boards:  Chairman,  Board  of  Education  for  Weeksville  High  School,  1943- 
44;  Member,  Board  of  Trustees,  Greater  University  of  N.C,  1947-55;  Member, 
Ehzabeth  City  Airport  Commission,  1963;  Founder  and  Co-Chairman,  Study 
Commission  for  Promotion  of  Agriculture,  Seafood  and  Forestry,  1983-84, 
1985-86;  Member,  COA  Board  of  Trustees  since  1960;  Chairman,  Southern 
States  Legislative  Division  of  Agriculture  and  Rural  Development  1983-1984; 
Member,  Study  Commission  on  Local  Government  Financing;  Member, 
North  Carolina  Commission  on  the  Bicentennial  of  the  U.S.  Constitution; 
Member,  Thirteen  Member  House  Special  Fact-Finding  Committee  on 
Agriculture. 

Political  Activities:  Served,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1945-1947, 
1973-present  (11  terms). 

Honors:  "Tarheel  of  the  Week",  December,  1965;  Recipient  of  Commission 
of  Agriculture's  Award  for  Promotion  of  Fresh  Fruits  and  Vegetables,  1971; 
Governors  Award  from  N.C.  Wildlife  Federation  for  air  conservation,  1981; 
Recipient  of  Award  for  Outstanding  Contributions  to  the  N.C. Soybean 
Association,  1983;  Recipient  of  N.C.  Farm  Bureau  Federation  Award  for 
Distinguished  Service  to  Agriculture,  1983;  Award  from  N.C.  Association  of 
County  Commissioners  for  Distinguished  Service  to  County  Government 


The  Legislative  Branch  393 

and  North  Carolina  Citizens,  1984;  Southern  Legislative  Conference  Award 
for  Service  to  Agriculture  and  Rural  Development  to  North  Carolina  and 
throughout  the  South,  1984;  Award  from  N.C.  School  Boards  Association  for 
Service  to  Public  Education  in  N.C,  1984;  Governor's  Award  from  N.C.  Agri- 
business Council  for  Distinguished  Service  to  Agri-business  1985;  4-H  Club 
Outstanding  Alumni  Award,  1985;  N.C.  Association  of  County  Agricultural 
Agents  Award  1985;  "State  Friend  of  Extension"  Award  from  the  National 
Honorary  Extension  Fraternity,  Epsilon  Sigma  Phi,  1985;  Recipient  of  Col- 
lege of  the  Albemarle  25th  Anniversary  Award,  1985;  N.C.  School  Boards 
Association  "True  Friend  of  Public  Education"  Award,  1986;  N.C.  Association 
of  County  Commissioners  Distinguished  Service  Award,  1987. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Salem  Baptist  Church;  Former,  Sunday 
School  Teacher. 

Family:  Married  Thelma  L.  James,  April  1,  1978.  Children:  John  (de- 
ceased) and  Vernon  (deceased) 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chairman:  Basic  Resources  Subcommittee  on  Agriculture,  Forestry 
and  Horticulture. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Natural  and  Economic  Resources);  Human  Resources  (Subcommittee  on 
Mental  Health,  Exceptional  &  Gifted  People). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Luther  Reginald  Jeralds 

(Democrat  -  Cumberland  County) 

Seventeenth  Representative  District 
-Cumberland  (part)  County. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Orrum,  Robeson 
County,  August  20,  1938,  to  Winnie  B. 
and  Amy  Lee  (McMillan)  Jeralds. 

Education:  Newbold  Elementary 
School,  1943-51;  St.  Emma  Military 
Academy,  1952-54;  E.E.  Smith  Senior 
High  School,  1955-56;  NC  State  College, 
1961,  B.S.  (Accounting). 

Professional  Background:  Realtor 
and  small  businessman. 

Organizations:  Fayetteville  Business  and  Professional  League;  NC 
Association  of  Minority  Businesses;  Knights  of  Columbus. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1983-84, 
1985-86,  1987-88;  1989-;  Advisory  Budget  Commission. 

Religious  Activities::  Member,  St.  Ann's  Catholic  Church. 

Family:  Married,  Jo  Ann  Fuller,  May  7,  1958.  Children:  Adonis,  Dominic 
and  Minikki. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Human  Resources  Subcommittee  on  Families. 

Vice-Chairman:  Human  Resources;  Public  Employees  Subcommittee  on 
Personnel  Policies. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Human  Resources);  Education  (Subcommittee  on  Elementary  and 
Secondary  Education). 


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395 


Walter  B.  Jones,  Jr. 

(Democrat  -  Pitt  County) 

Ninth  Representative  District  -  Greene  and 
Pitt  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Farmville,  Pitt 
County,  February  10,  1943,  to  Walter  B. 
and  Doris  (Long)  Jones. 

Education:  Farmville  Public  Schools; 
Hargrave  Military  Academy;  NCSU; 
Atlantic  Christian  College,  1967,  A.B. 
(History). 

Professional  Background:  Business 
Consultant. 

Boards:  Mid-East  Commission;  Farm- 
ville Housing  Authority;  Advisory  Council,  Rural  Education  Institute,  ECU; 
Director,  Pitt  County  Mental  Health  Association;  Foundation  Board,  Eastern 
Carolina  Vocational  Center;  Eastern  Carolina  Health  Education  Center 
Development  Corporation  (Edcuation-for-Health  Center);  Director,  Pitt  Coun- 
ty Family  Violence  Program  (member,  Task  Force  on  Family  Violence). 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1983-84, 
1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-. 
Family:  Married,  Joe  Anne  Whitehurst,  June  26,  1966.  Child:  Ashley. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Judiciary  Subcommittee  on  Election  Laws  and  Constitutional 
Amendments. 

Vice  Chairman:  Judiciary. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Capital  Outlay  and  Special  Projects);  Rules,  Appointments  and  the 
Calendar. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Larry  T.  Justus 

(Republican  -  Henderson  County) 

Fiftieth  Representative  District  -Henderson 
(part)  County. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Hendersonville, 
Henderson  County,  April  30,  1932,  to 
Brownlow  and  Helen  (Stepp)  Justus  (de- 
ceased). 

Education:  Dana  High  School,  1950; 
UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1954;  U.S.  Air  Force, 
(Navigation  Might  School,  Squadron  Of- 
ficers School,  Defense  Preparedness  Staff 
College,  Nuclear  and  Chemical  Warfare 
School,  Hazardous  Waste  and  Spill 
School). 

Professional  Background:  Retired  Businessman;  Real  Estate  Broker; 
retired  Lieutenant  Colonel,  U.S.  A.P'.R.;  Formerly,  owner  and  operator, 
Justus  Sand  and  Stone  (1957-78);  apple  orchardist;  U.S.  Census  technical 
officer. 

Organizations:  American  Legion;  VFW;  AARP;  WNC  Retired  Officers 
Association;  Henderson  County  String  Parents;  NRA;  Former  Director,  N.C. 
Apple  Festival  Beauty  Pageant;  President,  WNC  Waste  Water  Treatment 
Association,  Cub  Scouts. 

Boards:  Chairman,  Council  on  Developmental  Disabilities,  Vagabond 
School  of  Drama  Board  of  Directors;  National  Board  Member,  ALLiance  for 
the  Handicapped;  Henderson  County  Emergency  Preparedness  Board;  Felony 
Alternative  Sentencing  Program  29th  Judicial  District;  Former,  Henderson 
County  Board  of  Elections;  Henderson  County  Energy  Council;  Governor's 
Committee  on  Better  Roads;  National  Task  Force  for  Youth  at  Risk. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86, 
1987-88,  1989-;  Delegate,  Republican  National  Convention,  1980;  Chairman, 
Henderson  County  Republican  Party,  (three  terms);  Chairman,  Eleventh 
Congressional  District;  State  Executive  Committee;  Former,  State  Central 
Committee;  Chairman,  North  Blue  Ridge  Precinct;  P'ormer,  Finance  Officer 
nth  Congressional  District;  Former,  Campaign  Manager  for  County  Congres- 
sional Campaign,  City  Campaign,  GOP  Gubernatorial  Campaign;  Member, 
Henderson  County  Board  of  Elections,  3  terms. 

Military  Service:  U.S.  Air  Force  1954-1982  (Lieutenant  Colonel);  Navi- 
gator; Squadron  Commander;  Executive  Officer;  Disaster  Preparedness  Of- 
ficer; Information  Officer;  Protocol  Officer;  Awards  and  Decorations;  (Com- 
mendation Medal  with  Oak  Leaf  Cluster,  Presidential  Unit  Citation,  Combat 
Readiness  Ribbon,  National  Defense,  Vietnam  Service  Ribbon,  Reserve,  and 
Expert  Marksman  Medals). 


The  Legislative  Branch  397 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Refuge  Baptist  Church. 
Family:  Married,  Carolyn  King  of  Brevard.  Children:  Scott,  Chris,  Ron 
and  Seth. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Co-Chairman:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion 
Budget  on  Justice  and  Public  Safety. 

Member:  Government  (Subcommittee  on  Military,  Veterans  &  Indian 
Affairs);  Judiciary  (Subcommittee  on  Election  Laws  &  Constitutional  Amend- 
ments). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Annie  Brown  Kennedy 

(Democrat  -  Forsyth  County) 

Sixty-sixth  Representative  District  -  Forsyth 
(part)  County. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Atlanta, 
Georgia,  October  13,  1924,  to  Mancy 
(deceased)  and  Mary  Louise  (Sheats) 
Brown. 

Education:  David  T.  Howard  Ele- 
mentary and  Junior  High  Schools,  1930- 
38;  Booker  T.  Washington  High  School, 
1983-41;  Spelman  College,  1945,  A.B. 
(Economics);  Howard  University  School 
of  Law,  1951,  J.D. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney  (firm  of  Kennedy,  Kennedy, 
Kennedy  &  Kennedy). 

Organizations:  Forsyth  County  (former  President),  NC  and  National 
Bar  Associations;  Forsyth  County  Association  of  Women  Attorneys;  NC 
Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  NC  Association  of  Black  Attorneys;  Altrusa 
Club  of  Winston-Salem  (President,  1979-80);  YWCA  (former  Director); 
NAACP;  Women's  Forum  of  NC;  former  member.  League  of  Women  Voters; 
United  Way  of  Forsyth  County,  1972-77,  1979-83. 

Boards:  County  Morehead  Scholarship  Selection  Committee;  Clinical 
Research  Practices  Committee,  Bowman  Gray  School  of  Medicine;  National 
Council  of  Negro  Women;  Director,  Winston-Salem  State  University  Founda- 
tion, Inc.;  Board  of  Visitors,  UNC-Chapel  Hill;  local  Director,  Southern 
National  Bank;  Advisory  Board,  Amercian  Federal  Savings  &  Loan  Associa- 
tion of  Greensboro;  NC  Criminal  Code  Commission;  Former  member,  Winston- 
Salem  Bicentennial  Commission;  former  Director;  Winston-Salem  Housing 
Foundation,  Legal  Aid  Society  of  Forsyth  County  and  Forsyth  Tuberculosis 
Association;  Member,  NC  General  Statues  Commissions;  NC  Human  Relea- 
tions  Council;  County  and  District  Morehead  Scholarship  Selection 
Committee. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1979-80, 
1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-;  Joint  Legislative  Ethics  Committee;  Demo- 
cratic Women  of  Forsyth  County,  1964-(President,  1970-71);  NC  Executive 
Committee;  delegate.  Democratic  National  Convention,  1984  &  1988  (alter- 
nate delegate,  1972);  Presidential  and  Vice  Presidential  Democratic  Elector, 
1976;  NC  Commission  on  the  Status  of  Women,  1964. 

Honors:  Distinguished  Alumni  Leadership,  National  Association  for 
Equal  Opportunity  in  Higher  Education,  1984;  Outstanding  Business  Woman 
of  the  Year,  Iota  Phi  Phi,  1981;  Citizen  of  the  Year,  Omega  Psi  Phi,  1979. 
Distinguished  Citizen  Award,  Sophisticated  Gents;  Pioneer  Black  Legislative 
Award,  Coalition  for  Progressive  Legislation,  1985;  The  Larry  Shaw  Award 


The  Legislative  Branch  399 

for  Outstanding  Service,  N.C.  Association  of  Minority  Business,  1985;  The 
Kelly  M.  Alexander  Award  for  Outstanding,  Loyal  and  Dedicated  Service, 
National  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Colored  People,  1986;  Outstand- 
ing Achievement  Award,  N.C.  Asosciation  of  Women  Attorneys. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Baptist  Church;  Board  of  Trustees, 
1974-. 

Family:  Married,  Harold  L.  Kennedy,  Jr.,  December  23,  1950.  Children: 
Harold  L.,  Ill,  Harvey  L.  and  Michael  D. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chairman:  Judiciary  (Subcommittee  on  Courts  and  Administrative 
Hearings). 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  Budget  and  Expansion 
Budget  on  Human  Resources);  Education  (Subcommittee  on  The  University 
of  North  Carolina);  Government  (Subcommittee  on  State  Government  and 
Properties). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


John  Hosea  Kerr,  III 

(Democrat  -  Wayne  County) 

Eleventh  Representative  District  -  Wayne 
County 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Richmond, 
Virginia,  February  28,  1936,  to  John  H. 
and  Mary  Hinton  (Duke)  Kerr,  Jr. 

Education:  John  Graham  High  School, 
1954;  University  of  North  Carohna,  A.B., 
1958;  University  of  North  Carolina,  J.D. 
with  Honors,  1961. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney, 
Partner  in  Warren,  Kerr,  Walston  and 
Hollowell;   N.C.    Bar   Association;   N.C. 

State  Bar;  Wayne  County  Bar  Association;  Eighth  Judicial  Bar  Association, 

Past  President;  Lawyers  of  N.C,  Inc.,  Past  President. 

Organizations:  Goldsboro  Rotary  Club;  Wayne  County  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce; Goldsboro  Jaycees,  1962-71,  Vice  President;  Wayne  County  Public 
Library  Trustees,  1966-78,  Chairman;  Wayne  County  Chapter  American  Red 
Cross,  Chairman. 

Boards:  Southern  National  Bank  of  N.C;  Goldsboro  Advisory  Board, 
Chairman,  1979-80;  Wayne  County  Boys  Club;  Morehead  Foundation, 
District  II  Committee;  Wayne  County  Community  Building  Trustees,  Past 
Chairman;  N.C  National  Bank;  Goldsboro  Advisory  Board,  Past  Chairman. 

Political  Activities:  N.C.  House  Representative;  Wayne  County  Demo- 
cratic Executive  Committee,  Chairman,  1980-85,  Precinct  Chairman;  Wayne 
County  Young  Democrats,  Past  President. 

Military:  Served,  N.C.  National  Guard,  Sergeant,  1954-62. 

Honors:  Goldsboro  Charter  Chapter  American  Business  Women;  Boss  of 
the  Year,  1978;  Jaycee  Key  Man  Award;  Phi  Beta  Kappa;  Order  of  Coif; 
Recipient  of  Bob  Futrelle  Good  Government  Award,  Wayne  County. 1989. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Madison  Avenue  Baptist  Church;  Past 
Member,  Board  of  Deacons. 

Family:  Married,  Sandra  Edgerton  Kerr  of  Goldsboro,  December  21,  1960. 
Children:  John  and  James. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Infrastructure  Subcommittee  on  Utilities. 

Vice  Chairman:  Finance  Subcommittee  on  Local  Revenues;  Infrastruc- 
ture. 

Member:  Judiciary  (Subcommittee  on  Election  Laws  &  Constitutional 
Amendments). 


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401 


Marty  E.  Kimsey 

(Republican  -  Macon  County) 

Fifty-Third  Representative  District  -  Macon 
County) 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Franklin,  Macon 
County,  September  9,  1958,  to  Harold 
Martin  and  Caroline  (Reece)  Kimsey. 

Education:  Franklin  High  School, 
1976;  Hiawassee  Junior  college;  South 
Western  Technical  College;  Western  Caro- 
lina University. 

Professional  Background:  Real 
Estate  Owner  -  Kimsey  &  Company 
Realtors. 

Organizations:  Member,  Franklin  Board  of  Realtors  (Vice  President, 
1984,  President,  1985);  Member,  Franklin  Chamber  of  Commerce,  (Director, 
1985);  Member,  NC  Association  of  Realtors,  (State  Director,  1985-1986); 
Member,  Franklin  Jaycees  (Director,  Secretary,  1984-85);  Franklin  Optimists 
Club. 

Boards:  Member,  Macon  County  Economic  Development  Commission, 
1986-1989;  Former  member,  Macon  County  Board  of  Elections,  1985-86. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives  1989-  ; 
Former  member,  Macon  County  Republican  Mens  Club,  1984-. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Baptist  Church,  Franklin. 

Family:  Married,  Jane  Cansler,  May  22,  1982.  Children:  Sarah,  and 
Reece. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chairman:  Commerce  Subcommittee  on  Tourism 

Member:  Basic  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Cultural  Resources  and 
Parks);  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  Ways  and  Means);  Human  Resources 
(Subcommittee  on  Housing  and  Social  Services). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Doris  Leonhardt  Lail 

(Republican  -  Lincoln  County) 

Forty-F'ourth  Representative  District  -Lincoln 
County 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Lincoln  County, 
May  7,  1937,  to  Mr.  Stowe  and  Annie 
(Taylor)  Leonhardt. 

Education:  North  Brook  High  School, 
1955;  Howard  Business  School. 

rM^_«^K>  Professional  Background:  Secretary/ 

CB^f^jE'''  Treasurer,  Jim  Lail  and  Associates,  Inc.; 

Jm^^  ^^'^^Ser,  Cato  Stores. 

^■Br  Organizations:    Member,   Work   and 

Garden  Club,  1985-88;  Member,  Home 
Makers  Extension  (President  of  Local  Club,  1981-83);  County  Council  Home- 
makers  Ext.  Club,  (Vice  President,  1988);  Former  member,  Lincoln  County 
Agriculture  Extension  Service  Advisory  Board,  1985-88;  NC  Museum  of 
History,  1988;  Former  member,  Pilot-Club,  1986-87;  Former  area  chairman. 
Community  Concerts,  1985-87;  Member,  Work  &  Gras  Garden  Club. 

Boards:  Lincoln  County  Domestic  and  Nursing  Home  Advisory  Board, 
1987-88;  Member,  State  Board  Tarheel  Prison  ministries,  1988. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives  1989- ;  Lincoln 
County  Republican  Women's  Club,  (President,  1985-87). 

Honors:  Outstanding  Homemaker,  Lincoln  County,  1986. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  United  Methodist  Church,  Lincoln- 
ton. 

Family:  Married,  Jim  Lail,  1956.  Children:Robin  (Lail)  Goins  and  Kristen. 


Vice  Chairman: 

and  Parks. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Basic  Resources  Subcommittee  on  Cultural  Resources 


Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  General  Government);  Human  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Aging,  Medi- 
caid &  Facility  Services);  Rules,  Appointments  and  the  Calendar. 


The  Legislative  Branch 


403 


f-^" 


Bradford  Verdize  Ligon 

(Republican  -  Rowan  County) 

Rowan 


Thirty-fifth  Representative  District 
County. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Buffalo,  South 
Carolina,  January  17,  1922,  to  William 
H.  Ligon  and  Lola  (Collins)  Ligon. 

Education:  Union  High  School,  1940; 
Medical  University  of  South  Carolina, 
College  of  Pharmacy,  1950,  B.S.  (Phar- 
macy). 

Professional  Background:  Pharma- 
cist, (Retired). 

Organizations:  NC  Pharmacy  Associa- 
tion; Piedmont  Pharmacy  Association;  Andrew  Jackson  Masonic  Lodge; 
American  Legion,  Harold  B.  Jarrett  Post;  Veterans  of  Foreign  Wars. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1981-82, 
1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-;  Rowan  County  Commissioner,  1979-80. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Marine  Corp,  1942-45  (Corporal). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  New  Hope  Baptist  Church;  Sunday  School 
Teacher,  Adult  Class;  former  Deacon. 

Family:  Married,  Jemelle  Huckabee,  January  20,  1945.  Children:  Bradford 
Gene  and  Michael  Dennis. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Infrastructure  Subcommittee  on  Water  and  Wastewater. 

Vice  Chairman:  Infrastructure;  Finance  Subcommittee  on  State  Revenues; 
Basic  Resources  Subcommittee  on  Wildlife,  Natural  and  Scenic  Areas. 

Member:  Commerce  (Subcommittee  on  Authorities,  Board  and  Commis- 
sions); Pensions  and  Retirement. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Daniel  T.  Lilley 

(Democrat  -  Lenoir  County) 

Third  Representative  District  -  Craven,  Lenoir 
and  Pamlico  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Martin  Coun- 
ty, August  15,  1920,  to  Alfred  Tom  and 
Ethel  Grace  (Gurkin)  Lilley  (both 
deceased). 

Education:  Farm  Life  High 
School;  Spartan  School  of  Aero- 
nautics; School  of  Flight  (airline  main- 
tenance course);  College  of  Life  Under- 
writers, 1967,  C.L.U. 

Professional    Background:    Life 
insurance  salesman  (Penn  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company). 

Organizations:  Lenoir  County  Life  Underwriters  Association;  Kinston 
Rotary  Club;  Paul  Harris  Fellow;  Former  President,  Kinston  Junior  Chamber 
of  Commerce;  Member,  Lenoir  County  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Boards:  Greene  Lamp,  Inc.;  Fiscal  Affairs  and  Oversight  standing  com- 
mittee of  the  Assembly  on  the  Legislature.  Member,  State  Aeronautics 
Council. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1969-  (11 
terms);  Commissioner,  Lenoir  County,  1964-68. 

Military  Service:  Served,  U.S.  Air  Force,  6  years  (Colonel);  World  War  II; 
LI.S.  Air  Force  Reserve;  Meritorious  Service  Award,  1980. 

Honors:  National  Quality  Award,  National  Association  of  Life  Under- 
writers, 1985;  Governor's  Award  (Conservation  Legislator  of  the  Year),  N.C. 
Wildlife  Federation,  1975;  Citizen  of  the  Year,  Kinston  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce; 1963;  Distinguished  Service  Award,  Kinston  Junior  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  1954. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Northwest  Christian  Church,  Kinston; 
Elder. 

Family:  Married,  Jean  Hites  of  McPherson,  Kansas,  July  7,  1944.  Chil- 
dren: Eileen  and  Dan,  Jr. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Finance  Subcommittee  on  State  Revenues. 

Vice   Chairman:   Finance;   Infrastructure  Subcommittee  on   Railways, 
Airports  &  Waterways. 

Memiber:  Basic  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Marine  Fisheries);  Rules, 
Appointments  and  the  Calendar. 


The  Legislative  Branch 


405 


Albert  S.  Lineberry,  Sr. 

(Democrat  -  Guilford  County) 

Twenty-seventh  Representative  District  - 
Guilford  (part)  County 

Early    Years:    Born    in    Memphis, 
Tennessee,  April  13,  1918. 

Education:  Cumberland  University 
Army  Air  School;  Gupton-Jones  College 
of  Mortuary  Law  and  Science;  National 
Foundation  School  of  Management, 
Evanston,  Illinois;  Associate  member, 
Thanatology  Department,  Columbia  Uni- 
versity; Certified  Member  of  the  College 
of  Funeral  Service  Practice;  Member, 
Board  of  Center  Association,  Center  for  Creative  Leadership. 

Professional  Background:  Chairman  of  the  Board,  Hanes-Lineberry 
Funeral  Service;  President,  Westminster  Gardens;  President,  Gaines  Corpora- 
tion; Member  of  the  Board,  First  Home  Federal  Bank  of  North  Carolina; 
Partner,  J.A.S.E.  Properties;  Board  Member,  Boren  Clay  Products  Company 
(served  for  a  number  of  years);  Board  Member,  First  Union  National  Bank, 
Greensboro  (served  for  a  number  of  years);  Board  Member,  United  Family 
Life  Insurance  Company,  Atlanta  (served  for  a  number  of  years). 

Organizations:  Wake  Forest  Deacon's  Club;  Greensboro  Sport  Council; 
A.M.F.M.  PP  Turner  Lodge  746;  Eastern  Star;  White  Shrine;  Shrine  Oasis 
Temple;  Scottish  Rite  Bodies  (32nd,  KCCH  Degrees);  Greensboro  Country 
Club;  Roaring  Gap  Country  Club;  Director,  Greensboro  City  Club;  Member, 
Rhododendron  Royal  Brigade  of  Guards  (Asheville);  Life  Member,  YMCA; 
President,  Greensboro  Symphony  Orchestra;  North  Carolina  Congress  of 
Parents  and  Teachers;  Chamber  of  Commerce  (Past  President);  Boy  Scouts 
of  America  National  Advisory  Board;  Executive  Committee  of  General 
Greene  Council  (past  President);  International  of  NSM;  National  Chairman, 
Association  of  Baptist  for  Scouting,  (6  years);  Member,  Rules  and  Regulations 
on  Liquor  By  the  Drink  in  North  Carolina,  Governor's  Commission;  Member 
1986,  Seniors  Challenge  Masters  Cup,  National  Golf  Tournament;  Executive 
Committee,  Southern  Legislative  Conference  Committee  of  Economic  Develop- 
ment, Trade,  and  Commerce;  Chairman,  U.S.  Naturalization  Committee; 
Greensboro. Board  of  Directors,  American  Cancer  Society;  Member,  Board  of 
Directors,  Blandwood  Historical  Association;  President,  Greensboro  Kiwanis 
Club;  Lieutenant  Governor,  Kiwanis  International;  Local  Chapter,  served  as 
President,  National  Conference  of  Christians  and  Jews;  President,  National 
Selected  Morticians  International;  Chairman,  N.C.  for  Guilford  County, 
Operation  2000,  Government  Committee;  Member,  N.C.  Economic  Develop- 
ment Board;  Member,  Board  of  Directors,  United  Community  Service  of 
Greensboro;  United  Way  of  Greater  Greensboro. 


406  North  Carolina  Manual 

Boards:  Board  of  Visitors  of  Wake  Forest  University;  Board  of  Visitors  of 
Guilford  College;  Trustee,  Greensboro  College;  Director,  Greater  Greensboro 
Foundation;  Past  Chairman,  Greensboro  City  School  Systems;  Trustee, 
Wingate  College;  Past  Chairman,  Greensboro  War  Memorial  Foundation; 
President,  C.I.B.  Consumer  Information  Bureau,  Evanston,  IL.;  Member, 
Economic  Development  Commission  of  the  Dept.  of  Commerce;  Member, 
Board  of  NC  Rural  Economics  Development  Corp.  Center  Inc. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86, 
1987-88,  1989-. 
Military  Service:  Served,  U.S.  Army  Air  Corps  World  War  II,  Air  Pilot. 

Honors:  Greensboro  Business  Leader  Hall  of  Fame,  1984;  Lineberry- 
Adams  Award  Southeast  Seminary,  1982;  Uncle  Joe  Cannon  Award  & 
Distinguished  Citizens  Award,  Greensboro  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Silver 
Beaver  and  Silver  Antelope  Awards,  Boy  Scouts  of  America;  Outstanding 
Citizen  Award  from  Greensboro  Inter  Club  Council;  Boss  of  the  Year,  Dolly 
Madison  Chapter,  American  Business  Women,  1974;  Outstanding  Citizen, 
National  Conference  of  Christians  and  Jews,  1972;  Book  of  Golden  Deed 
Award,  Exchange  Club,  1969;  Man  of  the  Year,  Asheville,  1949;  Honorary 
Degree,  Guilford  Technical  Community  College. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Baptist  Church;  Chairman  of  the 
Board  of  Deacons;  Departmental  Superintendent,  Finance  Committee;  Chair- 
man and  Charter  Member,  Developmental  Council,  Southeastern  Seminary; 
President's  Cabinet,  Pan-American  Union  of  Baptist  Men;  Vice  President, 
Southern  Baptist  North  Carolina  Convention;  Director,  Bill  Glass 
Evangelistic  Association. 

Family:  Married  Helen  Howerton.  Five  Children. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Commerce  (Subcommittee  on  Business,  Labor  &  Employment); 
Finance  (Subcommittee  on  Local  Revenues);  Infrastructure  (Subcommittee 
on  Water  &  Wastewater). 


The  Legislative  Branch 


407 


Sidney  Alvin  Locks 

(Democrat  -  Robeson  County) 

Sixteenth  Representative  District  -  Hoke, 
Robeson  and  Scotland  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Lafayette, 
Louisiana,  February  5,  1949,  to  Sidney 
A.  and  Gloria  Jean  (Harris)  Locks. 

Education:  J.C.  Clark  High  School 
(Opelousas,  Louisiana);  Wiley  College, 
1972,  B.A.;  Morehouse  School  of  Religion, 
1975,  Master  of  Divinity. 

Professional  Background:  Minister; 
day  care  administrator. 

Organizations:  Operation  Sickle  Cell, 
Robeson  Democratic  Party;  Alpha  Phi  Alpha;  Golden  Leaf  Lodge  #124;  Car- 
penters Consistory  164;  NAACP  of  Robeson  County;  former  Chairman, 
Alpha  Phi  Omega;  Robeson  County  Church  and  Community  Center;  Ouda 
Temple  #147. 

Boards:  Mental  Health  Study  Commission.  NC  Energy  Policy  Council; 
former  Chairman,  Lumberton  Human  Relations  Commission. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1983-84, 
1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-;  Lumberton  Board  of  Education. 

Honors:  Outstanding  Young  Men  of  America,  1981.  Mental  Health  Assn. 
Valand  Award  1988. 

Religious  Activities:  Minister,  Sandy  Grove  Baptist  Church;  Progressive 
National  Baptist  Convention,  Inc. 

Family:  Married,  Carol  Ann  Freeman,  June  2,  1973.  Children:  Sidney 
Alvin  Edward,  Frederick  Douglas  Maynard;  Odetta  Tandawi  Carol;  James 
Weldon  Attucks. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Human  Resources  Subcommittee  on  Aging,  Medicaid  and 
Facility  Services. 

Vice  Chairman:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion 
Budget  on  Human  Resources. 

Member:  Public  Employees  Subcommittee  on  Benefits. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


'fr'^^V 


H.  Clayton  Loflin 

(Republican  -  Union  County) 

Thirty-Fourth  Representative  District  -Union, 
Stanly  and  Cabarrus  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Thomasville, 
Davidson  County,  September  23,  1943,  to 
John  Ray  and  Gertrude  (Carr)  Loflin. 

Education:  Thomasville  High  School, 
1962;  Attended  High  Point  and  Guilford 
Colleges,  1962-64;  School  of  Mortgage 
Banking,  Northwestern  University,  1964- 
1967. 

Professional  Background:  Owner 
and  Manager,  Feed  Ingredient  Broker- 
age. 

Organizations:  Monroe/Union  County  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Duck  Un- 
limited; Former  member.  Rotary  Club,  Jaycees  and  United  Way;  Former 
coach,  T-Ball,  Little  League  Baseball,  Football,  Babe  Ruth  Baseball  and 
Senior  High  Church  Basketball;  Carolina's  Feed  Industry  Association, 
(President,  1974-1986);  Former  member,  NC  Home  Builders  Association. 
Wildlife  Federation.  A.L.E.C. 

Boards:  Advisory  Council,  NC  State  University  Agricultural  Institute; 
Board  of  Directors,  NC  Poultry  Federation.  Yadkin-Pee  Dee  River  Basin 
Commission. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives  1989- ;  Chair- 
man, Union  County  Jim  Martin  Committee,  1984-;  Chairman,  Union  County 
Republican  Party  (2  terms). 

Awards  &  Honors:  Spoke  Award,  1965  (US  Junior  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Monroe; 
Former  Sunday  school  teacher  and  activities  coach. 

Family:  Married,  Peggy  McNeal,  April  6,  1963.  Children:Mark  Clayton 
and  Bradley  Carr. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Basic  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Agriculture,  Forestry  and 
Horticulture);  Commerce  (Subcommittee  on  Banks  &  Thrift);  Finance  (Sub- 
committee on  Local  Revenues);  Government  (Subcommittee  on  Local  Govern- 
ment I). 


The  Legislative  Branch 


409 


Edith  Ledford  Lutz 

(Democrat  -  Cleveland  County) 

Forty-eighth  Representative  District  - 
Cleveland,  Polk,  and  Rutherford  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Lawndale, 
Cleveland  County,  October  20,  1914,  to 
Thomas  Curtis  and  Annie  (Hoyle)  Led- 
ford. 

Education:  Belwood  High  School. 

Professional  Background:  Farmer 
and  fruit  grower. 

Organizations:  Director,  Cleveland 
County  Farm  Bureau;  Director,  Upper 
Cleveland  County  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce; NC  Apple  Growers'  Association;  Sheltered  Workshops  of  Rutherford 
County;  American  Association  of  Business  Women. 

Boards:  Southern  Legislative  Conference;  Mental  Health  Study  Commis- 
sion; Agriculture,  Forestry  and  Seafood  Awareness  Study  Commission;  Fact 
Finding  Agriculture  Study  Commission;  Adoption  Study  Commission; 
Property  Tax  Study  Commission. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1976,  1977- 
78, 1979-80,  1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-. 

Honors:  Who's  Who  of  American  Women;  "Farm  Woman  of  the  Year," 
Southwestern  District. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Kadish  Methodist  Church;  Sunday  School 
Teacher;  Treasurer,  Women's  Organization;  counselor.  Youth  Fellowship. 

Family:  Married,  M.  Everett  Lutz,  October  25,  1933.  Children:  E.Jacob. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Government  Subcommittee  on  Local  Government  11. 

Vice  Chairman:  Government. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Human  Resources);  Commerce  (Subcommittee  on  Insurance);  Basic  Re- 
sources (Subcommittee  on  Agriculture,  Forestry  and  Horticulture). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


John  Bell  McLaughlin 

(Democrat  -  Mecklenburg  County) 

Fifty-fourth  Representative  District  - 
Mecklenburg  (part)  County. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Mecklenburg 
County,  September  1,  1925,  to  John  and 
Maude  (Utley)  McLaughlin. 

Education:  Newell  Public  Schools. 

Professional  Background:  Retired 
(former  postmaster,  farmer,  merchant  and 
businessman). 

Organizations:  American  Legion  Post 
287;  Newell  -  UNC-Charlotte  Lions  Club. 

Boards:  Former  member,  Charlotte-Mecklenburg  Board  of  Education,  (10 
years). 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86, 
1987-88,  1989-. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army,  1950-52  (Corporal). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Back  Creek  Associate  Reformed  Presby- 
terian Church;  Elder. 

Family:  Married,  Margaret  Alexander  of  Mecklenburg  County,  June  20, 
1954.  Three  children. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Co-Chairman:  Appropriations  Base  and  Expansion  Budget  Subcommittee 
on  Highway  Fund. 

Member:  Infrastructure  (Subcommittee  on  Highways);  Education,  (Sub- 
committee on  Private  Schools). 


The  Legislative  Branch 


411 


Leo  Mercer 

(Democrat  -  Columbus  County) 

Fifteenth  Representative  District  -Columbus 
County 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Chadbourn, 
Columbus  County,  March  20,  1926,  to 
Bailey  and  Lottie  (Hinson)  Mercer. 

Education:  Chadbourn  High  School, 
1943 

Professional  Background:  Retired 
Postmaster;  Mercer  -  Worthington 
Funeral  Home;  President,  Mercer  -  Worth- 
ington Mutual  Burial  Association; 
Farmer. 

Organizations:  Member,  Columbus  County  Committee  of  100;  NC 
Chapter  of  National  Association  of  Postmasters  in  the  US  (President,  1975); 
Former  Master,  Chadbourn  Masonic  Lodge  607;  32  Degree  Scotish  Rite 
Mason;  PTA  (Former  President);  Chadbourn  Civitan  Club,  (Former  President 
and  Secretary);  Chadbourn  Merchants  Association  (Former  President). 

Boards:  Member,  Southeastern  Economic  Development  Commission; 
Former  member,  Chadbourn  School  Board;  Former  member,  Westside  School 
Board;  Columbus  County  Board  of  Education  (Chairman,  1986-87;  2  terms). 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives  1989-  ; 
Mayor,  Chadbourn,  (5  terms);  Columbus  County  School  Board. 

Honors:  NC  Postmaster  of  the  year,  1978. 

Military  Service:  Served,  Navy,  1943. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Chadbourn  Baptist  Church;  Former 
superintendent,  Sunday  School;  served.  Board  of  Deacons. 

Family:  Married,  Helen  Irene  Bullard,  April  25,  1943.  Children:Kenneth 
Leo,  Kipling  Sherrill,  and  Gwendolyn  (Mercer)  Houser. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Capital  Outlay  and  Special  Programs);  Basic  Resources  (Subcommittee 
on  Agriculture,  Forestry  and  Horticulture);  Commerce  (Subcommittee  on 
Insurance);  Infrastructure  (Subcommittee  on  Railways,  Airports  &  Water- 
ways). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Henry  M.  Michaux,  Jr. 

(Democrat  -  Durham  County) 

Twenty-third  Representative  District  - 
Durham  (part)  County. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Durham,  Durham 
County,  September  4,  1930,  to  Henry 
McKinley  and  Isadore  (Coates)  Michaux, 
Sr. 

Education:  Palmer  Memorial  Insti- 
tute, 1948;  NC  Central  University,  1952, 
B.S.;  NC  Central  University,  School  of 
Law,  1964,  J.D.;  Rutgers  University  and 
NC  Central  University,  graduate 
studies. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney  and  business  executive  (Executive 
Vice  President  and  Director:  Union  Insurance  and  Realty  Company;  Glenview 
Memorial  Park,  Inc.;  Washington  Terrace  Apartments,  Inc.;  Terrace 
Insurance  and  Realty  Company). 

Organizations:  NC,  NC  State  and  National  Bar  Associations;  NC  As- 
sociation of  Black  Lawyers;  George  H.  White  Bar  Association;  National 
Association  of  Real  Estate  Brokers  (General  Counsel,  1966-77). 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1973-74, 
1975-76,  1977,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-.  Speaker,  Democratic  Convention,  1984; 
United  States  Attorney,  Middle  District  of  N.C.,  1977-1981,  Delegate,  Demo- 
cratic Convention,  1976;  District  Solicitor,  1969. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army,  1952-54;  Reserves,  1954-60  (Ser- 
geant). 

Honors:  Honorary  Doctor  of  Law,  NC  Central  University  and  Durham 
College. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  St.  Joseph's  AME  Church,  Durham; 
Steward  Board. 

Family:  Children:  Jocelyn  (Winston)  Simeon. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Co-Chairman:  Appropriation  Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion 
Budgets  on  General  Government. 

Vice-Chairman:  Government  Subcommittee  on  Alcoholic  Beverage 
Control. 

Member:  Judiciary  Subcommittee  on  Courts  and  Administrative  Hearings. 


The  Legislative  Branch 


413 


George  W.  Miller,  Jr. 

(Democrat  -  Durham  County) 

Sixty-ninth  Representative  District  -  Durham 
(part)  County. 

Early  Years:  Bom  in  Spencer,  Rowan 
County,  May  14,  1930,  to  George  W.  and 
Blanche  M.  (Iddings)  Miller. 

Education:  Spencer  Elementary  and 
High  School,  1936-48;  UNC-Chapel  Hill, 
B.S.  (Business  Administration);  UNC- 
Chapel  Hill,  School  of  Law,  1954-57, 
LL.B. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney 
(firm  of  Haywood,  Denny  &  Miller). 

Organizations:  Durham  County,  NC  and  American  Bar  Associations; 
International  Association  of  Insurance  Counsels;  Phi  Alpha  Delta;  Sertoma 
Club. 

Boards:  Board  of  Visitors,  NC  Central  University  School  of  Law;  Utility 
Review  Commission. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1971,  1973- 
74,  1975-76,  1977-78,  1979-80,  1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88;  1989-;  NC 
Young  Democrats  Club  (President,  1964-65). 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Marine  Corps,  1951-53  (Sergeant). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Duke  Memorial  Methodist  Church, 
Durham;  former  Chairman,  Duke  Memorial  Week  Day  School  Committee; 
former  member.  Official  Board. 

Family:  Married,  Eula  Hux,  June  21,  1958.  Children:  EHzabeth  Ann, 
Blanche  Rose  and  George,  III. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Finance  Subcommittee  on  Ways  &  Means. 

Vice  Chairman:  Finance  Committee. 

Member:  Education  (Subcommittee  on  Educational  Activities  of  State 
Agencies);  Infrastructure  (Subcommittee  on  Highways);  Judiciary  (Sub- 
comittee  on  Courts  &  Administrative  Hearings). 


414 


North  Carolina  Manual 


William  Donald  Mills 

(Democrat  -  Onslow  County) 

Fourth  Representative  District  -  Onslow 
County 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Maysville,  Jones 
County,  on  October  8,  1932,  to  Leo  & 
Mildred  (Jones)  Mills. 

Education:  White  Oak  High  School; 
attended  East  Carolina  University. 

Professional  Background:  President, 
Seashore  Investments;  store  owner. 

Organizations:  Jacksonville  Break- 
fast Rotary  (President);  Carolina's 
Association  of  Professional  Insurance 
Agents  (President,  1985-86;  Board  of  Directors,  1977-86);  Jacksonville  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce  (President,  1970);  NC  Merchants  Association;  Seaside 
Lodge  n429;  Sudan  Temple;  Loyal  Order  of  Moose;  Jacksonville  Board  of 
Realtors;  Eastern  Star;  White  Oak  PTA  (past  President);  White  Oak  Com- 
munity Service  Association  (past  President). 

Boards:  NC  Ports  Authority,  1981-82;  NC  University  Board  of  Governors, 
1977-78;  NC  Advisory  Budget  Commission,  1975-76;  Coastal  Carolina  Com- 
munity College,  (Trustee,  1964-77;  State  President,  1975-76). 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1965-66, 
1967,  1989-;  NC  Senate,  1971,  1973-74,  1975-76,  1979-80,  1981-82;  Onslow 
County  Commissioner,  1959-1964. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army  (Corporal,  1951-52);  Reserves,  1953. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Belgrade  United  Methodist  Church, 
Belgrade;  President,  Methodist  Men;  Superintendent,  Sunday  School;  Mem- 
ber, Board  of  Trustees;  Chairman,  Pastoral  Committee. 

Family:  Married,  Donniere  Morton  of  Jacksonville,  January  25,  1951. 
Children:  William  D.,  Jr.,  Robert  and  Kathy  (Mills)  Daugherty. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Commerce  Subcommittee  on  Insurance. 

Vice  Chairman:  Commerce;  Infrastructure  Subcommittee  on  Water  and 
Wastewater. 

Member:  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  Highways). 


The  Legislative  Branch 


415 


Martin  L.  Nesbitt,  Jr. 

(Democrat  -  Buncombe  County) 

Fifty-First  Representative  District  - 
Buncombe,  Henderson  (part)  and 
Transylvania  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Asheville,  Bun- 
combe County,  September  25,  1946,  to 
Marion  L.  and  Mary  (Cordell)  Nesbitt, 
Sr. 

Education:  Reynolds  High  School, 
1964;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1970,  B.A.;  UNC- 
Chapel  Hill,  School  of  Law,  1973,  J.D. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney. 

Organizations:  Buncombe  County 
Bar  Association;  NC  State  Bar  Associations;  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial 
Lawyers. 

Boards:  House  Small  Business  Committee,  Chairman,  1983-84;  House 
Insurance  Committee,  Chairman,  1985-86;  House  Appropriations  Subcom- 
mittee on  Education  Chairman,  1987-88;  American  Cancer  Society,  Bun- 
combe County  Unit,  Director,  1983;  Buncombe  Alternatives,  Director,  1984- 
86;  Mediation  Center,  Director,  1985-86;  Buncombe  County  Board  of  Educa- 
tion, Attorney,  1977-79;  N.  C.  2,000  Commissions,  Member,  1981;  Alternatives 
for  Asheville  Commissions,  Member,  1985-86. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1979-80, 
(appointed  to  fill  unexpired  term  created  by  the  death  of  Mary  C.  Nesbitt), 
1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-;  Member  Southern  Legislative  Con- 
ference 1987-88;  National  Legislative  Conference,  Member,  1987-88;  Director, 
Buncombe  County  Democratic  Men's  Club,  1983-;  Democratic  Legislative 
Campaign  Committee,  Chairman,  1989-90. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  St.  Luke's  Episcopal  Church. 

Family:  Married,  Deanne  Seller,  September  28,  1979.  Children:  William 
Martin  and  Chad  Sellers. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Education);  Human  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Health  &  Disease  Pre- 
vention); Judiciary  (Subcommittee  on  Civil  &  Criminal  Justice);  Rules, 
Appointments  and  the  Calendar. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Edd  Nye 

(Democrat  -  Bladen  County) 

Twelfth  Representative  District  -  Bladen, 
Pender  (part)  and  Sampson  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Gulf,  Chatham 
County,  to  Joseph  Burke  and  Vera  (John- 
son) Nye. 

Education:  Clarkton  High  School; 
Southeastern    Community    College; 

NCSU. 

Profession:  Insurance  executive. 

Organizations:  Elizabethtown 
Chamber  of  Commerce;  Bladen  Masonic 
Lodge;  former  member,  Jaycees  and 
Lions  Club. 

Boards:  Former  Trustee,  Bladen  Technical  College. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1977-78, 
1979-80,  1981-82,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-;  NC  Senate,  1975-76. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Air  Force,  1952-56. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Elizabethtown  Baptist  Church;  Board  of 
Deacons.  Former  member:  Bladen  Baptist  Association  (Moderator)  and  NC 
Baptist  State  Convention. 

Family:  Married,  Peggy  McKee  of  Clarkton.  Children:  Shannon,  Edward 
and  Allison. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budgets 
on  Human  Resoures);  Government  (Subcommittee  on  State  Government  and 
Properties);  Public  Employees  (Subcommittee  on  Salaries);  Education  (Sub- 
committee on  Private  Schools). 


The  Legislative  Branch  417 

Harry  Eugene  Payne,  Jr. 

(Democrat  -  New  Hanover  County) 

Thirteenth  Representative  District  -  New 
Hanover  (part)  County. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Wilmington,  New 
Hanover  County,  September  11,  1952,  to 
Harry  Eugene  and  Margaret  (Tucker) 
Payne. 

Education:  New  Hanover  High  School, 
1967-70;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1970-74,  A.B. 
(Political  Science,  Psychology);  Wake 
Forest  University,  School  of  Law,  1974- 
77,  J.D. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney 
(private  practice). 

Organizations:  New  Hanover  County,  NC,  NC  State  and  American  Bar 
Associations;  NC  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1981-82, 
1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Grace  United  Methodist  Church. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Rules,  Appointments  and  the  Calendar. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budgets 
on  Natural  and  Economic  Resources);  Judiciary  (Subcommittee  on  Civil  and 
Criminal  Justice). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Beverly  Moore  Perdue 

(Democrat  -  Craven  County) 

Third  Representative  District  -  Craven, 
Lenoir,  and  Pamilico  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Grundy, 
Virginia,  January  14,  1947,  to  Alfred  P. 
and  Irene  E.  (Morefield)  Moore. 

Education:  Grundy  High  School,  1965, 
University  of  Kentucky,  1969,  (B.S.  in 
History);  University  of  Florida,  M.Ed. 
Community  College  Administration, 
1974;  University  of  Florida,  1976  (PhD  in 
Administration);  Fellow:  University  of 
Florida  Center  of  Gerontology  Geriatrics 
Specialist. 

Professional  Background:  Former  Director,  Geriatric  Services,  Craven 
County  Hospital;  Consultant,  Robert  W.  Johnson  Foundation;  Neuse  River 
Council  of  Governments;  Director  of  Human  Services;  Gerontology  Society; 
National  Council  on  Aging;  American  Hospital  Association. 

Organizations:  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Committee  of  100;  Historical 
Society;  Arts  Council;  A. B.C.  Board,  Chairman,  1983-86;  Chairman,  United 
Way,  1985. 

Boards:  Member,  N.C.N.B.  Board;  Member,  United  Way  Board;  Craven 
County  Home  Health  Hospice  Board;  Council  on  Women;  Social  Services 
Board,  Chairman,  1979-85. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1987-88, 
1989-;  Craven  County  Democratic  Party,  Precinct  Chairman,  Treasurer, 
First  Vice-President;  N.C.  Democratic  Party,  Executive  Committee  &  Execu- 
tive Council. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Christ  Episcopal  Church;  Bible  School, 
Co  Principal,  1981;  Sunday  School,  Teacher;  Bible  School,  Teacher. 

Family:  Married,  Gary  R.  Perdue,  Sr.  of  Louisville,  KY,  1970.  Children: 
Garrett  and  Emmett. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Highway  Fund);  Human  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Aging,  Medicaid  & 
Facility  Services);  Judiciary  (Subcommittee  on  Election  Laws  &  Constitu- 
tional Amendments). 


The  Legislative  Branch 


419 


James  Arthur  Pope 

(Republican  -  Wake  County) 

Sixty-First  Representative  District  -Wake 
County 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Fayetteville, 
Cumberland  County,  May  5,  1956,  to  John 
W.  and  Joyce  (Wilkins)  Pope. 

Education:  Asheville  School,  1974; 
UNC-Chapel  Hill,  BA  "with  honors", 
1978;  Duke  University  School  of  Law, 
JD,  1981. 

Professional  Background:  Retailer, 
Senior  VP,  Variety  Wholesalers,  Inc.; 
Attorney. 

Organizations:  Member,  NC  State  Bar;  Member,  NC  Bar  Association; 
Member,  Wake  County  Bar  Association;  Member,  American  Bar  Association. 

Boards:  Member,  State  Goals  and  Policy  Board,  1985-1989;  Member, 
Board  of  Directors,  Institute  of  Humane  Studies  at  George  Mason  University, 
1987-;  Member,  Educational  Foundation,  UNC-Chapel  Hill;  Member,  The 
Chancellor's  Club,  UNC-Chapel  Hill;  Former  Special  Counsel  to  the 
Governor,  State  Boards,  Commissions  and  Agencies,  1985. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives  1989-  ; 
General  Counsel  to  NC  Republican  Party,  1987;  Republican  Chairman,  NC 
House  District  61,  1986-89;  Wake  County  Republican  Executive  Committee, 
1985-89;  State  Co  Chairman,  Jack  Kemp  for  President,  1988;  Steering  Com- 
mittee, Rhoda  Billings  for  NC  Supreme  Court,  1986;  State  Director  of  Organi- 
zation for  Jim  Martin  for  Governor,  1984. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  White  Memorial  Presbyterian  Church, 
Raleigh. 

Family:  Married  Alexandra  M.  Hightower,  September  29,  1984.  Children: 
Joyce  Laurene  and  Earle  James  Arthur. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chairman:  Judiciary  Subcommittee  on  Election  Laws  &  Constitu- 
tional Amendments. 

Member:  Education  (Subcommittee  on  Elementary  &  Secondary  Educa- 
tion); Finance  (Subcommittee  on  Highways);  Government  (Subcommittee  on 
State  Government  and  Properties). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


»*c-„^H 


Coy  Clarence  Privette 

(Republican  -  Cabarrus  County) 

Thirty-fourth  Representative  District  - 
Cabarrus,  Stanly  and  Union  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Statesville, 
Iredell  County,  January  31,  1933,  to 
Clarence  and  Carrie  (Harmon)  Privette. 

Education:  Wake  Forest  University, 
1955,  B.A.;  Southeastern  Baptist 
Theological  Seminary,  1958,  M.Div.; 
School  of  Pastoral  Care,  Bowman  Gray 
School  of  Medicine;  Walter  Reed  Army 
Medical  Center,  clinical  pastoral  studies; 
US  Army  Command  and  Staff  College. 

Professional  Background:  Executive  Director,  Christian  Action  League 
ofNC,  Inc. 

Associations:  Kannapolis  Chamber  of  Commerce.  Stanly  Co.  CC;  Union- 
Monroe  C.C.  Concord-Cabarrus  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Boards:  American  Council  on  Alcoholic  Problems,  Inc.;  Board  of 
Ministers,  Gardner-Webb  College;  Committee  of  Ministers,  Campbell  Univer- 
sity; National  Leadership  Team,  National  Consultation  on  Pornography; 
Trustee,  Wingate  College,  1963-66,  1973-76,  1977-81. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86, 
1987-88,  1989-. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army  Reserves,  1953-.  (Colonel). 

Honors:  Alumnus  of  the  Year,  Men's  Residence  Council,  Wake  Forest 
University,  1977;  Man  of  the  Year,  NC  Baptist  Men,  1974;  Kannapohs 
Young  Man  of  the  Year,  1966;  Student  Body  President,  Wake  Forest  Univer- 
sity, 1954-55;  Omnicron  Delta  Kappa. 

Literary  Works:  Editor,  Tomorrow,  a  monthly  journal  concerning  moral 
and  ethical  issues. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  North  Kannapolis  Baptist  Church, 
Kannapolis,  pastor,  1962-76.  Christian  Life  Commission,  Southern  Baptist 
Convention;  Baptist  State  Convention  (President,  1975-77;  First  Vice  Presi- 
dent, 1973-75);  Moderator,  Cabarrus  Baptist  Association,  1968;  President, 
Kannapolis  Ministerial  Association,  1965. 

Family:  Married,  Betty  Frances  Shoaf  of  Kannapolis,  June  21,  1958. 
Children:  Denise  Elaine,  Lori  Elizabeth,  Amy  Lynn  and  Melanie  Ann. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Government  Subcommittee  on  ABC. 

Vice  Chairman:  Government. 

Member:  Basic  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Wildlife,  Natural  and  Scenic 
Areas);  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  Highways);  Judiciary  (Subcommittee  on 
Civil  and  Criminal  Justice). 


The  Legislative  Branch 


Listen  Bryan  Ramsey 

(Democrat  -  Madison  County) 

Fifty-second  Representative  District  -  Graham 
(part),  Haywood,  Jackson,  Madison  and 
Swain  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Marshall, 
Madison  County,  February  26,  1919,  to 
John  Morgan  and  Delia  Lee  (Bryan) 
Ramsey. 

Education:  Mars  Hill  College,  1938. 

Professional  Background:  Retired 
merchant. 

Organizations:  Elk;  Mason;  American 
Legion  (former  Commander);  Veterans  of 
Foreign  Wars. 

Boards:  Co-Chairman,  Governmental  Operations  Commission,  1981-1988, 
member  1973-1976;  Co-Chairman,  Joint  Committee  on  Separation  of  Powers, 
1982;  Advisory  Budget  Commission,  1973-1980;  Blue  Ribbon  Study  Commis- 
sion on  Transportation,  1979-80.  Co-Chairman  Legislative  Services  Commis- 
sion 1981-1988,  Member  1971-76;  Co-Chairman  Legislative  Research  Commis- 
sion 1981-88,  Member  1975-76. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1961,  1963, 
1967-Present  (14  Terms);  Speaker  of  the  House,  1981-1988  (4  Terms);  1987-88; 
Executive  Committee,  Southern  Legislative  Conference,  1981-1988,  Chair- 
man, 11th  Congressional  District  Democratic  Executive  Committee,  1972, 
1974,  1976,  1980;  delegate.  Democratic  National  Convention,  1968;  County 
Chairman,  Democratic  Executive  Committee,  1958-60,  1962;  Board  of  Alder- 
man, Town  of  Marshall,  1949-61.  Executive  Committee,  NCSL  1981-1988; 
NCSL  Legislative  Leaders  1981-88. 

Military  Service:  Served,  Army  Air  Corps,  World  War  II. 

Honors:  NC  Pubhc  Service  Award,  1985;  Friend  of  Education,  NCAE, 
1985;  honorary  member,  NC  AFL-CIO,  1985;  first  annual  Roy  A.  Taylor 
Service  Award,  1978.  Distinguished  Service  Award  for  Outstanding  Alumni 
-Mars  Hill  College  1979;  Received  Honorary  Doctors  Degrees  Mars  Hill 
College  May  1988;  Liston  B.  Ramsey  Regional  Activity  Center,  Western 
Carolina  University,  April  1987; 

Religious  Activities:  Baptist. 

Family:  Married,  Florence  McDevitt.  Children:  Martha  (Ramsey)  Geouge. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNEMTNS 

Vice-Chairman:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion 
Budgets  on  Capital  Outlay  and  Special  Programs. 

Member:  Commerce  (Subcommittee  on  Authorities,  Boards  and  Commis- 
sions); Government  (Subcommittee  on  ABC);  Pensions  and  Retirement. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Edward  David  Redwine 

(Democrat  -  Brunswick  County) 

F'ourteenth  Representative  District  - 
Brunswick,  New  Hanover  (part)  and  Pender 
(part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Bom  in  Wilmington,  New 
Hanover  County,  September  12,  1947,  to 
Edward  Henry  and  Doris  (F'rink)  Red- 
wine. 

Education:  Shallottee  High  School, 
1965;  ECU,  1972,  A.B.  (Political  Science, 
History). 

Professional  Background:  Vice  Presi- 
dent and  partner,  Coastal  Insurance  and 
Realty,  Inc. 

Organizations:  Independent  Insurance  Agents  of  NC;  Carolina  Associa- 
tion of  Professional  Insurance  Agents;  South  Brunswick  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce (President  and  Director,  1976-82);  Shallotte  Lions  Club;  Board  of 
Advisors,  Cape  Fear  Council,  BSA;  Mason,  1976;  Shrine  Sudane  Temple, 
1976. 

Boards:  NC  Student  Legislative  Advisory  Council;  Board  of  Advisors, 
Cape  Fear  Substance  Abuse;  Vice  Chairman,  Brunswick  County  Parks  and 
Recreation;  NC  Battleship  Memorial  Commission,  1982-83;  Trustee, 
Brunswick  Technical  College,  1982. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86, 
1987-88,  1989-;  Executive  Board,  7th  Congressional  District;  Brunswick 
County  Democratic  Party  (Chairman,  1979-82;  Treasurer,  1976;  Young  Demo- 
crats of  Brunswick  County  (President,  1978). 

Honors:  Young  Agent  of  the  Year,  1984;  Mr.  Chairman  Award,  IIANC, 
1982;  Who's  Who  in  American  Politics,  1982;  Outstanding  Young  Man  of  the 
Year,  1982. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Shallotte  Presbyterian  Church. 

Family:  Married,  Margaret  Penelope  Taylor  of  Monroe,  September  23, 
1972.  Children:  Erin  Elizabeth  and  Amanda  Fletcher,  David  Austin. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Co-Chairman:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion 
Budgets  on  Natural  &  Economic  Resources;  Pensions  and  Retirement. 

Member:  Basic  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Marine  F'isheries);  Infrastruc- 
ture (Subcommittee  on  Waster  and  Wastewater);  Judiciary  (Subcommittee  on 
Corrections). 


The  Legislative  Branch 


423 


Frank  Edwin  Rhodes 

(Republican  -  P\)rsyth  County) 

Thirty-ninth  Representative  District - 
Forsyth,  (part)  County. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Worcester, 
Massachusetts,  August  2,  1914,  to  Frank 
and  Alberta  (Stoddard)  Rbodes. 

Education:  Columbia  University  (Ad- 
vertising and  Management);  Rutgers  Uni- 
versity (Sales  Management). 

Professional  Background:  Retired 
real  estate  executive  (former  President, 
Frank  E.  Rhodes,  Inc.). 

Organizations:  Winston-Salem  Board 
of  Realtors;  NC  Association  of  Realtors;  National  Association  of  Realtors; 
Winston-Salem  Kiwanis  Club;  Salem  Masonic  Lodge  289;  Oasis  Shrine 
Temple;  Winston-Salem  Shrine. 

Boards:    Forsyth    Zoning    Board    of  Adjustment,    1969-75   (Chairman, 
1972-75). 

Political  Activities:   Member,   NC   House  of  Representatives,    1981-82, 
1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-. 

Military   Service:   Served,   US   Army,    1944-45;   OCS;   Infantry;   Expert 
Infantryman;  F]xpert  Sharpshooter;  Good  Conduct  Medal. 

Honors:  Realtor  of  the  Year,  1968. 

Religious   Activities:   Member,   Centenary    United   Methodist  Church, 
Winston-Salem;  Administrative  Board. 

F'amily:  Married,  Fernande  Gagne  of  Quebec  City,  Canada,  'July  I,  1960. 
Children:  Ruthann,  Frank,  III,  I'ina  and  Nelson. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Finance  Subcommittee  on  Local  Government  Revenues. 

Vice-Chairman:  Finance 

Member:  Government  (Subcommittee  on  Local  Government  11);  Educa- 
tion (Subcommittee  on  Educational  Activities  of  State  Agencies). 


424 


North  Carolina  Manual 


George  S.  Robinson 

(Kopuhlican  -  (yuldwell  County) 

Forty  Sixth  Kepn'scntativc  District - 
Alexander  (part)  Avery,  Burke  (part) 
(Caldwell,  Mitchell  and  Watauj^^a  (part) 
('ounties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Lenoir,  Cald- 
well County,  November  15,  1945,  to 
Charles  M.  and  Lorraine  M.  Robinson. 

Education:  Oak  Ridge  Military  In- 
stitute, 196.'5-64;  University  of  Tennessee, 

1964-HH,  1972-7;5. 

Professional   Background:   Lumber 
Executive  (President:  Robinson  Lumber 
Company,    Inc.;    Southeastern    Lumber 
Company;  Robinson  Frugie  Lumber  Company). 

Organizations:  Lenoir  Rotary  Club;  Alpha  Tau  Omega;  President,  Lenoir 
Little  League;  District  Commissioner,  BSA. 

Boards:  Lenoir  Housing  Authority. 

Political   Activities:   Member,   NC'   House  of  Representatives,   1981-82, 
198:5-84,  1985-86,  1989-. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Air  P'orce,  1968-72  (Sergeant). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Lenoir. 

Family:  Married,  Ann  P.  Robinson,  April  14,  1974.  Child:Ricky. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Commerce  Subcommittee  on  Business,  Labor  and  Employ- 
ment. 

Vice  Chairman:  Commerce. 

Member:  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  Ways  and  Means);  Infrastructure 
(Subcommittee  on  Utilities,  Pensions  and  Retirement);  Rules,  Appointments 
and  the  Calendar. 


The  Legislative  Branch 


425 


Richard  Eugene  Rogers 

(Democrat  -  Martin  County) 

Sixth  Representative  District  -  Bertie  (part), 
Hertford  (part),  Martin  (part),  and  Pitt  (part) 
Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Williamston, 
Martin  County,  December  12,  1929,  to 
Javan  and  Effie  (Green)  Rogers  (both 
deceased). 

Education:  Bear  Grass  High  School, 
1943-45;  WilHamston  High  School,  1945- 
46;  Oak  Ridge  Military  Institution,  1946- 
47;  UNC,  Chapel  Hill,  1955,  B.S.,  Masters 
Education,  1957. 

Professional  Background:  Superintendent,  Martin,  County  Schools, 
1965-85  (retired);  Farming;  Insurance;  Real  Estate;  N.C.  Association  of 
School  Administrations;  Martin  County  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Organizations:  President,  Williamston  Kiwanis  Club,  1982;  Local  District 
Committee,  BSA,  1965-85;  St.  Pauls  Jaycees,  1959-63  (President,  1962). 

Boards:  District  Committee,  Boy  Scouts  of  America,  1986;  Board  of 
Directors,  EastCarolina  Vocational  Center,  1980-85;  Board  of  Directors,  N.C. 
High  School  Athletic  Association,  1981-84;  Board  of  Health,  Martin  Wash- 
ington, Tyrrell  District,  1965-84;  Board  of  Directors,  N.C.  Superintendents 
Division,  NCAE,  1975-78;  NC  State  Capital  Planning  Commission. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives. 

Military  Service:  Served,  U.S.  Coast  Guard,  1950-53;  Honorable  Dis- 
charge. 

Honors:  Distinguished  Service  Award;  Boss  of  the  Year  Award;  Super- 
intendent Contributing  Most  to  Athletics,  Region  1. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Memorial  Baptist  Church;  Board  of 
Deacons,  1966-70,  1972-76,  1978-82. 

Family:  Married,  Jean  Carole  Griffin,  of  Williamston,  August  18,  1956. 
Children:  Jeanette,  Laura  and  Richard. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chairman:  Commerce  Subcommittee  on  Banks  &  Thrift. 

Member:  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  Ways  and  Means);  Government  (Sub- 
committee on  State  Government  &  Properties). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Frank  J.  Sizemore,  III 

(Republican  -  Guilford  County) 

Twenty-Seventh  Representative  District 
Guilford  (part)  County. 


Early  Years:  Born  in  High  Point, 
Guilford  County,  July  25,  1946,  to  Frank 
Julian  and  Jane  (Cameron)  Sizemore,  Jr. 

Education:  Ferndale  Junior  High 
School,  1958-61;  Central  High  School, 
1964;  Duke  University,  1968,  B.A.;  Duke 
University,  1971,  J.D.;  Managing  Editor, 
Duke  Law  Journal. 

Professional  Background:  Counsel. 

Organizations:  Greensboro,  NC,  DC 
and  American  Bar  Associations;  Christian  Legal  Society. 

Boards:  Governor's  Commission  on  the  Family;  Special  Committee  on 
Prisons;  National  Commission  on  the  Future  of  High  Point  College. 

Political  Activities:  Member  of  the  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1985- 
86,  1987-88,  1989-;  Chairman,  Guilford  County  Legislative  Delegation. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Presbyterian,  Greensboro. 

Family:  Married,  Laura  C.  Frazier  of  Greensboro,  May  26,  1979.  Children: 
Sara  Frazier,  Anna  Laura,  Frank  Julian  IV  and  Jane  Cameron. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Judiciary  Subcommittee  on  Corrections. 

Vice  Chairman:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion 
Budget  on  Education;  Judiciary. 

Member:  Ethics;  Infrastructure  (Subcommittee  on  Railways,  Airports  & 
Waterways). 


The  Legislative  Branch 


427 


Paul  Bowman  Stam,  Jr. 

(Republican  -  Wake  County) 

Sixty-Second  Representative  District  -Wake 
County 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Princeton,  New 
Jersey,  September  5,  1950,  to  Paul  Bow- 
man and  Jane  Duncan  (Levring)  Stam. 

Education:  Eastern  Christian  High 
School,  1968;  Michigan  State  University, 
1972,  BS;  UNC-Chapel  Hill  School  of 
Law,  1975,  JD. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney; 
Holleman,  Stam  &  Reed. 

Organizations:  Member,  NC  Bar 
Association;  Member,  Wake  County  Bar  Association;  Member,  NC  State 
Bar;  Member,  NC  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  Member,  Christian  Legal 
Society  of  North  Carolina  (Executive  Committee,  1987-89);  Member,  Wake 
County  Right  to  Life  (Chairman,  1980-83;  Vice  Chairman,  1983-88);  Member, 
Christian  Action  League  of  North  Carolina,  (Trustee,  1982-89). 

Boards:  Member,  Board  of  Trustees,  Southern  Baptist  Theological 
Seminary;  Former  messenger,  Raleigh  Baptist  Association,  Chairman  of 
Constitution  Committee,  1982-84. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives  1989-  ;  Co 
Chairman,  Cobey  for  Congress,  1984  and  1986. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Marine  Corp,  corporal,  1968-70;  Reserves, 
1970-74. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Apex  Baptist  Church,  Apex;  Chairman  of 
Deacons,  1981-82,  1987-88;  Sunday  School  Teacher. 

Family:  Married,  Dorothy  Electa  (Mills),  May  19,  1973.  Children: 
Nathaniel  Edward  and  Jana  Ariel. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Co-Chair:  House  Select  Committee  on  Reproductive  Issues 

Vice  Chairman:  Judiciary  Subcommittee  on  Civil  &  Criminal  Justice. 
Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 

on  Human  Resources);  Education  (Subcommittee  on  Private  Schools);  Human 

Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Housing  &  Social  Services). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Margaret  Ann  Stamey 

(Democrat  -  Wake  County) 

Sixty-Third  Representative  District  -Wake 
County 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Asheville,  Bun- 
combe County,  March  17,  1932,  to  Chester 
Frankhn  and  Sudie  (Aiken)  Mcintosh. 

Education:  Plonk  School  of  Creative 
Arts,  1948-51;  Brevard  College,  1951; 
Fridan  School  of  Data  Systems,  1959-60; 
University  of  Maryland,  1958. 

Professional  Background:  Legis- 
lator. 

Organizations:  National  Association 
of  Women  Business  Owners;  Cary  Women's  Club;  NC  Kidney  Foundation; 
Cary  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Women's  Forum  of  NC;  National  Order  of 
Women  Legislators. 

Boards:  Member,  South  Atlantic  Fishery  Council,  Chairman,  1980; 
Member,  Atlantic  States  Marine  Fisheries  Commission;  Charter  member, 
NC  Child  Advocacy  Council;  NC  Capitol  Planning  Commission,  Governors 
Council  on  Physical  Fitness;  Governmental  Operations  Committee  of  the 
NC  General  Assembly;  NC  Human  Relations  Council. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1983-84, 
1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-;  National  Association  of  Women  Legislators;  Charter 
member,  Democratic  Women  of  Wake  County,  YDC,  1977-79;  Wake  County 
Democratic  Party  (Chairman,  1977;  Vice  Chairman,  1972-76);  National  Com- 
mitteewomen,  YDC,  1968;  former  Committeewoman,  National  Democratic 
Committee. 

Honors:  Citation,  Wake  County  SPCA,  1984;  Thad  Eure  Award,  1978;  NC 
Democratic  Party  Appreciation  Award,  1977;  Citation,  Kidney  Foundation, 
1977;  Jim  Hunt  Campaign  Award,  1976;  Outstanding  Young  Democrat;  NC 
Young  Democrats  Club,  1968. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  White  Plains  Methodist  Church. 

Family:  Married,  James  H.  Stamey,  January  3,  1953.  Children:  Dianna 
Dee  Stamey-Fulmer,  James  Franklin  Stamey,  Susan  Alice  Stamey-Steinhoff 
and  Melissa  Jane  Stamey-Lennon. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Basic  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Cultural  Resources  and 
Parks);  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  Revenue  Laws);  Government  (Subcommit- 
tee on  Local  Government  II);  Public  Employees  (Subcommittee  on  Salaries). 


The  Legislative  Branch 


429 


Clarence  Poe  Stewart 

(Democrat  -  Harnett  County) 

Nineteenth  Representative  District  -  Harnett 
County 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Broadway, 
Harnett  County,  May  4,  1922,  to  William 
M.  &  Lizzie  Jane  (Wicker)  Stewart. 

Education:  Boone  Trail  High  School, 
1940;  NC  State  University,  1955,  BS. 

Professional  Background:  Farmer; 
Teacher,  1955-61;  County  Executive  Di- 
rector, Harnett  County  ASCS,  1961-77; 
State  Director,  ASCS,  1977-81;  Public 
Information  Officer,  Harnett  County 
Schools,  1981-1987. 

Organizations:  Ruritan,  1947-,  (Served  Charter  Vice  President,  President 
and  District  Governor);  Mason  (Shriner);  VFW  American  Legion. 

Boards:  Charter  Chairman,  Golden  Leaf  Boy  Scout  District;  Charter 
Chairman,  Harnett  County  Crime  Stoppers,  1986,  member  Board  of  Di- 
rectors, Harnett  County  Crime  Stoppers;  Director,  Harnett  County  Industrial 
Facility  and  Pollution  Control  Financial  Authority;  Member,  Harnett  County 
Planning  Board,  1961-68. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives  1989-  ; 
Former  director,  NCASCS. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army,  1941-43  (Sergeant,  tank  commander); 
Silver  Star  Medal. 

Honors:  Recognized  for  outstanding  administration  of  farm  programs  by 
US  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  Freeman;  Merit  Award  from  Governor  Hunt  for 
outstanding  leadership  in  education. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Spring  Hill  Methodist  Church;  Chairman, 
Administrative  Board;  Sunday  School  teacher;  served.  Parsonage  and  church 
building  committees;  chairman,  finance  committee. 

Family:  Married,  Elsie  Stewart,  December  4,  1946.  Children:  Randall  and 
David. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Basic  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Wildlife,  Natural  and  Scenic 
Areas);  Commerce  (Subcommittee  on  Authorities,  Boards  &  Commissions); 
Finance  (Subcommittee  on  Local  Revenues);  Government  (Subcommittee  on 
Military,  Veterans  &  Indian  Affairs). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Timothy  Norton  Tallent 

(Republican  -  Cabarrus  County) 

Thirty-fourth  Representative  District  - 
Cabarrus,  Stanly  and  Union  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Concord,  Cabar- 
rus County,  November  9,  1949,  to  Johnny 
and  Margaret  (Weaver)  Tallent. 

Education:  Concord  High  School;  Uni- 
versity of  South  Carolina. 

Profession:  Owner,  Tallent  Properties 
&  Investments.  Owner,  Zion  Music  Ser- 
vices, Inc. 

Organizations:    Fellowship    of 
Christian    Athletes;    Gideons    (former 
President);  President,  Christian  Businessmen. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,   1985-86, 
1987-88,  1989-. 

Honors:  Outstanding  Lay  Person  of  Cabarrus  County. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Concord  Bible  Church,  Concord. 

Family:   Married,   Dianne  Cox  of  Concord,  August  3,   1974.   Children: 
Angela,  Andrew. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice   Chairman:    Commerce   Subcommittee   on   Authorities,   Board   & 
Commissions;  Ethics. 

Member:  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  State  Revenue);  Human  Resources 
(Subcommittee  on  Families,  Children  &  Youth). 


The  Legislative  Branch 


John  L.  Tart 

(Democrat  -  Wayne  County) 

Eleventh  Representative  District  -  Wayne 
County 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Grantham, 
Wayne  County,  October  30,  1927,  to 
Lisker  and  Minnie  Mae  (Denning)  Tart. 

Education:  Grantham  High  School, 
1944;  N.C.  State,  1950,  B.S.,  Agriculture 
Education;  N.C.  State,  1956,  M.S.,  Agri- 
culture Education;  N.C.  State,  1969, 
Ed.D. 

Professional  Background:  Teacher, 
Wayne  County  Schools;  Teacher,  Mount 
Olive  College;  President,  Johnson  Community  College;  Farmer. 

Organizations:  Mill  Creek  Masonic  Lodge;  Farm  Bureau;  Grange;  Wayne 
County  Industrial  Commission;  Former  President,  Wayne  County  Unit, 
American  Cancer  Society;  Former,  Master  Masonic  Lodge;  Former  President, 
N.C.  Pork  Producer  Association;  Former,  Secretary-Treasurer  N.C.  Hamp- 
shire Breeders  Association. 

Boards:  Former,  N.C.  State  Board  of  Education;  Former,  Local  Govern- 
ment Commission;  Director,  First  Citizens  Bank. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  Representative  1987-88,  1989- ; 
Wayne  County  President,  Y.D.C. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Selah  Christian  Church;  Elder;  Sunday 
School  Teacher;  Lay  Speaker. 

Family:  Married,  Marjorie  Stevens,  from  Grantham,  December  18,  1948. 
Children:  John,  Denny,  and  Dianne. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Co-Chairman:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion 
Budget  on  Education. 

Member:  Education  (Subcommittee  on  Community  Colleges);  Government 
(Subcommittee  on  Military,  Veterans  &  Indian  Affairs). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Raymond  M.  Thompson,  Sr. 

(Democrat  -  Chowan  County) 

First  Representative  District  -  Camden, 
Chowan,  Currituck,  Dare,  Gates  (part), 
Pasquotank,  Perquimans,  Tyrrell,  and 
Washington  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Weeksville, 
Pasquotank  County,  September  17,  1925, 
to  Wallace  L.  and  Minnie  (Markham) 
Thompson,  Sr. 

Education:  Elizabeth  City  High 
School,  1939-43;  North  Carolina  State  Uni- 
versity, 1950  (B.S.  in  Agricultural 
Education). 

Professional  Background:  Taught  Vocational  Agriculture,  1950-51;  As- 
sistant County  Agent,  1951-54;  County  Agent,  1954-70;  County  Extension 
Chairman,  1970-81;  Consultant  with  Peoples  Bank,  1981-83;  Manager,  Chowan 
Storage,  1983. 

Organizations:  County  Agents  Association;  Epsilon  Sigma  Phi;  Hertford 
Lions  Club;  Edenton  Lions  Club;  American  Legion  Post  (40);  V.F.W.;  Un- 
animity Lodge  No.  7  (Masonic  Order);  Ruritan,  1954-70. 

Boards:  Peoples  Bank  Board,  1975;  Chowan  Hospital  Board,  1977-82; 
Chowan  Planning  Board,  1970-81;  Chairman,  Finance  Committee,  1980-82. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1987-88, 
1989-. 

Military:  Served,  United  States  Coast  Guard,  Signalman,  third  class, 
1943-46. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Edenton  United  Methodist  Church;  Sunday 
School  Teacher,  1972-83. 

Family:  Married,  Carolyn  Pemberton  Thompson  of  Raleigh,  June  9,  1949. 
Children:  Raymond,  Gayle,  and  Sharon. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Basic  Resources  Subcommittee  on  Wildlife,  Natural  and  Scenic 
Areas. 

Vice  Chairman:  Basic  Resources. 

Member:  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  Local  Revenues);  Human  Resources 
(Subcommittee  on  Health  &  Disease  Prevention);  Public  Employees  (Subcom- 
mittee on  Personnel  Policies). 


The  Legislative  Branch 


433 


Sharon  A.  Thompson 

(Democrat  -  Durham  County) 

Twenty-Third  Representative  District  - 
Durham  (part)  County. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  New  Bedford, 
Massachusetts,  on  May  31,  1948,  to 
Russell  E.  and  Elma  (Andreasen) 
Thompson. 

Education:  Michigan  State  University, 
1970,  B.S.  (in  retailing);  Antioch  School 
ofLaw,  1976,  J.D. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney; 
N.C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  Board 
of  Governors;  N.C.  Association  of  Women 
Attorneys,  Governing  Board  and  President-Elect;  N.C.  Bar  Association  Mem- 
ber, Family  Law  and  Real  Property  Sections. 

Organizations:  Former  member,  Hayti  Development  Corporation,  Board 
of  Directors,  Former  Member,  Durham  Dispute  Settlement  Center  Board  of 
Directors;  Women's  Forum  of  N.C,  1987  to  date. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1987-88, 
1989-;  Democratic  State  Executive  Committee,  1985-1989. 

Honors:  Recipient  of  M.S.  Foundation  Grant,  1979;  Who's  Who  in  Ameri- 
can Law,  4th  Ed.;  Citation  for  Architectural  Conservation  of  Office  Building 
from  Historic  Preservation  Society  of  Durham,  1983;  Annual  Award  from 
N.C.  Association  of  Women  Attorneys,  1987. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Human  Resources  Subcommittee  on  Housing  &  Social  Ser- 
vices. 

Vice  Chairman:  Human  Resources;  Rules,  Appointments  and  the 
Calendar. 

Member:  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  State  Revenue);  Judiciary  (Subcom- 
mittee on  Civil  &  Criminal  Justice). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Lois  Simmons  Walker 

(Republican  -  Iredell  County) 

F'orty-second  Representative  District  -  Iredell 
(part)  County. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Mount  Airy, 
Surry  County,  August  8,  1930,  to  John 
Alexander  (deceased)  and  Flossie  (Burge) 
Simmons. 

Education:  Pilot  Mountain  High 
School,  1947;  Appalachian  State  Univer- 
sity, 1951,  B.S.;  Duke  University, 
graduate  studies,  1956;  Appalachian 
State  Univeristy,  1978,  M.A. 

Professional  Background:  Teacher, 
athletic  director  and  counselor,  Statesville  Senior  High  School. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86, 
1987-88,  1989-. 

Organizations:  NCAE;  NAE;  American  Association  of  Physical  Educa- 
tion, Health  and  Recreation;  NC  Personnel  and  Guidance  Association;  NC 
School  Counselors  Association;  Statesville  Tennis  Team,  1978-84;  Sir  Walnut 
Cabinet;  Statesville  Woman's  Club. 

Boards:  President  and  Life  Member,  Junior  Service  League;  former 
Secretary  and  Vice  President,  Statesville  Recreation  Commission,  1958-72, 
Board  Member  Iredell  Sports  and  Fitness  Center. 

Religious   Activities:    Member,   First   Associate   Reformed   Presbyterian 
Church,  Statesville;  President,  Sunday  School;  Vice  President,  choir. 

Family:  Married,  William  L.  Walker,  PhD.  of  Statesville,  June  28,  1951. 
Children:  Bo  and  Enid;  Grandchildren:  Alex  and  Tracy. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Education  Subcommittee  on  Elementary  and  Secondary 
Education. 

Vice  Chairman:  Education 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
for  Education);  Government:  (Subcommittee  on  Alcoholic  Beverage  Control). 


The  Legislative  Branch 


435 


Ed>vard  A.  Warner,  Jr. 

(Democrat  -  Cumberland  County) 

Eighteenth  Representative  District  - 
Cumberland  (part)  County. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Fayetteville, 
Cumberland  County,  November  11,  1942, 
to  Edward  A.  and  Mae  Pearl  (Green) 
Warner,  Sr. 

Education:  Campbell  College,  1965, 
A.B.  English;  East  Carolina  University, 
1973,  M.A.ed. 

Professional  Background:  Country- 
side Furniture  Company,  Inc.  Board  of 
Directors,  President. 

Organizations:  Lebanon  Lodge,  No.  391,  A.F.  and  AM;  Phi  Delta  Kappa; 
Hope  Mills  Optimist  Club. 

Boards:  Cumberland  County  Board  of  Education. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives  1987-88, 
1989- ;  Cumberland  County  Board  of  Education. 

Honors:  Jaycees  Man  of  the  Year,  1987;  Fayetteville  State  University 
School  of  Education  Award;  Assistant  Principal  of  the  Year,  1977;  North 
Carolina  Congress  of  Parents  and  Teachers,  Honorary  Life  Membership 
Award. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Faymont  Baptist  Church;  Usher. 

Family:  Married,  Jacquelyn  Fredda  Smith,  of  Anderson,  S.C.  on  October 
13,  1979.  Children:  Blekley,  Teddy  and  Molly. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Education  Subcommittee  on  The  University  of  North  Caro- 
lina. 

Vice  Chairman:  Education. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Education);  Infrastructure  (Subcommittee  on  Solid  Waste);  Rules,  Appoint- 
ments and  the  Calendar. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Ed  Nelson  Warren 

(Democrat  -  Pitt  County) 

Ninth  Representative  District  -  Greene  and 
Pitt  (part)  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Stokes,  Pitt 
County,  November  29,  1926,  to  Elmer 
Edward  and  Daisy  (Cox)  Warren. 

Education:  Campbell  University, 
A. A.;  Atlantic  Christian  College,  A.B.; 
East  Carolina  University,  M.A.;  Duke 
University,  doctoral  program. 

Professional  Background:  Investor, 
Farmer,  Real  Estate. 

Organizations:  Greenville  Rotary 
Club  (Paul  Harris  Fellow),  Trustee  Salvation  Army,  Pitt  County  Heart 
Association  (Former  Chairman),  Board  of  Directors  Greenville  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  United  Fund  Board,  Greenville  Golf  and  Country  Club.  (Former 
President). 

Boards:  Former  Chairman  Board  of  Trustees,  Pitt  County  Memorial 
Hospital,  Former  Chairman,  Pitt  County  Health  Board;  Pitt  County  Airport 
Authority;  Board  of  Directors,  BB&T  Bank. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1981- 
present  (5  terms);  Former  Chairman,  Pitt  County  Board  of  County  Commis- 
sioners. 

Military  Service:  United  States  Air  Force. 

Honors:  Pitt  County  Citizen  of  the  Year  Award,  1987. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Christian  Church;  Former  Deacon; 
Finance  Committee. 

Family:  Married,  Joan  Braswell. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Commerce  (Subcommittee  on  Banks  &  Thrift);  Education  (Subcom- 
mittee on  The  University  of  North  Carolina);  Finance  (Subcommittee  on 
Local  Revenues);  Infrastructure  (Subcommittee  on  Utilities). 


The  Legislative  Branch 


437 


William  Thomas  Watkins 

(Democrat  -  Granville  County) 

Twenty-second  Representative  District  - 
Caswell,  Granville,  Halifax  (part),  Person, 
Vance  and  Warren  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Granville  Coun- 
ty, July  1,  1921,  to  John  Stradley  and 
Belle  (Norwood)  Watkins. 

Education:  Oak  Hill  High  School, 
1927-39;  Mars  Hill  Junior  College,  1942; 
Wake  Forest  College,  1939-41,  1946-48, 
1949,  B.S.;  Wake  Forest  Law  School, 
1949-52,  LL.B. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney. 
(Attorney,  Granville  County,  1955-1968). 

Organizations:  :  Granville  County,  9th  Judicial  District  and  NC  Bar 
Associations;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1969,  1971, 
1973-74,  1975-76, 1977-78,  1979-80,  1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army,  1942-46  (Staff  Sergeant). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Oxford  Baptist  Church,  Oxford;  former 
Sunday  School  teacher. 

Family:  Married,  Louie  Marie  Best,  November  18,  1944.  Children:  Alma 
Marie  (Watkins)  Brown  and  Annabell  (Watkins)  Barker. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Education  (Educational  Activities  of  State  Agencies);  Judiciary 
(Subcommittee  on  Corrections);  Finance  (Subcommittee  on  Revenue  Laws). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


John  Hugh  Weatherly 

(Republican  -  Cleveland  County) 

Forty-Eighth  Representative  District  - 
Cleveland,  Rutherford,  and  Polk  Counties. 


Early  Years:  Born  in  McColl  South 
Carolina,  April  5,  1924,  to  Rufus  &  Rosa 
(Riley)  Weatherly. 

Education:  McColl  High  School,  1942; 
University  of  Georgia,  1950,  BS. 

Professional  Background:  Indus- 
trial Forestry,  35  yrs. 

Organizations:  N.C.  Forestry  As- 
sociation (President,  1969);  Society  of 
American  Foresters,  1950-  (Chairman,  NC 
Division,  1975);  Former  Member,  Rotary  Club,  1958-1983;  Former  member, 
Newton  -  Conover  Club  (President,  1973);  Former  member.  United  Fund 
(President  Newton  Conover,  1968);  Former  member,  YMCA  -  Catawba  County 
(Secretary,  Board  of  Directors,  1970);  Former  adult  leader.  Boy  Scouts  (Silver 
Beaver,  Woodbadge). 

Boards:  Vice  Chairman,  NC  Board  of  Registration  for  Foresters,  1987-; 
Former  trustee,  Catawba  County  Community  College,  1970-71;  Former 
member.  Forestry  Council,  NC  Department  of  Natural  and  Economic  Re- 
sources, 1974-76. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives  1989-  ; 
Former  member,  Catawba  County  Board  of  Commissioners,  1970-74  (Vice 
Chairman,  1974);  Member,  County  Executive  Committee,  Republican  Party, 
1958-:  Former  member.  District  &  State  Executive  Committees,  1977-88. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Marines;  Major;  Fighter  Pilot;  1942-1945; 
1951-53. 

Honors:  Distinguished  flying  cross  with  gold  star;  air  medal  with  eight 
gold  stars. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Shelby  Presbyterian  Church,  Elder 
(ordained  for  life);  church  school  teacher. 

Family:  Married,  Georgia  Willette  Hipp,  of  Richburg,  South  Carolina, 
April  27,  1946.  Children:Keith,  Karl  and  Kim. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chairman:  Public  Employees  Subcommittee  on  Salaries. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  General  Government);  Basic  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Agriculture, 
Forestry  and  Horticulture);  Government  (Subcommittee  on  State  Government 
&  Properties). 


The  Legislative  Branch 


439 


Peggy  Ann  Wilson 

(Republican  -  Rockingham  County) 

Twenty-Fifth  Representative  District  - 
Rockingham  County 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Anamosa,  Iowa, 
September  9,  1945,  to  Marvin  L.  and  Buirl 
(Gill)  Thomsen. 

Education:  Kirkwood  Community  Col- 
lege (Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa),  associate  de- 
grees in  science  &  nursing. 

Professional  Background:  Owner/ 
Manager,  SASCO  Body  Toning  and  Prod- 
uct Center,  1982-;  School  Nurse,  1984-; 
Operating/Surgical    Nurse,    1978-82; 
Regional  Manager  Insurance  Company,  1975-78. 

Organizations:  President,  Pilot  International,  1982-83;  Member,  NC 
Nurses  Association;  1985-;  Member,  American  Nurses  Association,  1985-; 
Member,  Rotary  International,  1987-;  Member,  NC  Rockingham  County 
Community  Task  Force  on  Substance  Abuse  Prevention;  Member,  NC 
Chapter  of  the  National  Committee  for  the  Prevention  of  Child  Abuse;  4-H 
Club. 

Boards:  Member,  Board  of  Rockingham  County  Social  Services,  1986-. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives  1989- ;  Presi- 
dent, Rockingham  County  Republican  Women,  1986-87;  Member,  Rockingham 
County  Republican  Executive  Committee. 

Honors:  Woman  of  the  Year,  1986  (Rockingham  County  Republican 
Women);  "Tribute  to  Women". 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  United  Methodist  Church,  Madison; 
Vice  Chairman,  United  Methodist  Women,  1986-87;  Church  administrative 
officer,  1982-87;  Choir,  I976-;  Sunday  school  teacher,  1977. 

Family:  Married,  Larry  "Woody"  Wilson,  July  14,  1973.  Children:Thomas 
Tad,  Gina  (Wilson)  Beckley,  Christine  Renee'. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chairman:  Human  Resources  Subcommittee  on  Families,  Children 
&  Youth. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Expansion  Budget  on  Educa- 
tion); F]ducation  (Subcommittee  on  The  University  of  North  Carolina); 
Human  Resources;  Public  Employees  (Subcommittee  on  Personnel  Policies). 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


William  Eugene  Wilson 

(Republican  -  Watauga  County) 

Fortieth  Representative  District  -Watauga 
County 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Banner  Elk, 
Avery  County  to  Calvin  Ray  and  Myrtle 
Ray  (Barlow)  Wilson. 

Professional  Background:  Restaurant 
Entrepreneur;  President,  Daniel  Boone 
Restaurant;  President,  Watauga  Food  Ser- 
vices; President,  W.K.P.,  Inc.,  Food  Ser- 
vices; Vice  President,  Lenoir  Food  Sys- 
tems; Vice  President,  Quenset  Food 
Services. 

Organizations:  Boone  Rotary  Club,  1974-;  Optimist  Club;  P.T.A.,  (past 
President);  Boy  Scouts  and  Cub  Scouts  Leader;  Social  Services. 

Boards:  NC  Restaurant  Association  Board;  Watauga  County  Board  of 
Commissioners,  Chairman;  Chairman,  New  River  Mental  Health  and  Sub- 
stance Abuse;  Former  member,  Boone  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Former  NC 
Board  member  of  Association  of  County  Commissioners;  Former  member. 
Local  Prison  Board;  Former  member.  Board  of  Directors,  Local  Health 
Department;  Caldwell  Community  College  Board  of  Directors. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives  1986,  1989-  ; 
Member,  National  Republican  Party. 

Honors:  Boss  of  the  Year;  "Lifetime  Career  Achievement  Award",  NC 
Council  of  Mental  Health. 

Religious  Activities:  Greenway  Baptist  Church,  Boone;  Deacon; 
Teacher. 

Family:  Married,  Gretta  Little,  August  13,  1950.  Children:  Tim,  Keva, 
Travis,  and  Odenia. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Co-Chairman:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion 
Budget  on  Capital  Outlay  and  Special  Programs. 

Vice  Chairman:  Appropriations. 

Member:  Human  Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Mental  Health,  Exceptional 
and  Gifted  People);  Pensions  and  Retirement. 


The  Legislative  Branch 


441 


Walter  H.  Windley,  III 

(Republican  -  Gaston  Conty) 

Forty-fourth  Representative  District  -Gaston 
and  Lincoln  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Columbia,  South 
Carolina,  December  15,  1955,  to  Walter 
Harold  and  Betty  Lou  (Elmore)  Windley, 
Jr. 

Education:  Ashbrook  High  School, 
1974;  Appalachian  State  University, 
1978,  B.S.  (Business  Administration, 
Economics);  Appalachian  State  Univer- 
sity, 1979,  M.B.A. 

Professional    Background:    Vice 
President,  W.J.  Barlowe  Tank  Services,  Inc. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86, 
1987-88,  1989  (Resigned  on  January  2,  1989). 

Family:   Married,   Debra   Lynn   Ramsey   of  Morganton,  June  2,    1979. 
Children:  Walter  Harold,  IV;  Amanda  Michelle,  and  William  Davenport. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Retirement  Planning  Associates, 
Council   on   Aging,   Inc.,    1975-81; 


Betty  Hutchinson  Wiser 

(Democrat  -  Wake  County) 

^^^^^  -m^^^^^^^^^^      Sixty-fourth  Representative  District  -Wake 

^^^^Khl4v  j^K-     ^P^^H^^^^H      (part)  County. 

^^^H^^\i|^,  j^^Mj^^^^B  Early  Years:  Born  in  Shelby,  Ohio, 
^^^^^^.  -jLr  ^Bp^^^l  May  12,  1931,  to  Roscoe  David  and  Mary 
^^^B^^^  I  ik  Jfw^  mm  Louise  (Stine)  Hutchinson. 
^^V^        i    V  ^(iirJk         Education:  College  of  Wooster,  1949- 

l"*"!  /  \U^^     ^^'   ^^^°   ^^^^®   University,    1954,   B.S., 

1958,  M.S.  (Home  Economics)  NCSU, 
1961,  M.S.  (Sociology);  Andrus  Gerontology 
Center,  University  of  Southern  California; 
NCSU,  1982,  Ed.D.  (Adult  Education). 

Professional  Background:  President, 
Inc.;  Executive  Director,  Wake  County 
Director  and  founder.  Retired  Senior 
Volunteer  Program  of  Raleigh-Wake  County,  1973-74;  Director,  Volunteer 
Training  and  Volunteer  Services  projects,  1970-75,  N.C.  State  University, 
1961-69;  former  high  school  and  nursery  school  teacher;  home  economist. 
International  Voluntary  Services,  Iraq,  1955-57. 

Organizations:  League  of  Women  Voters  of  N.C,  former  State  President; 
National  Association  of  Women  Business  Owners;  American  Business 
Women  Association;  American  Association  of  University  Women;  Older 
Women's  League;  N.C.  Adult  Education  Association;  N.C.  Association  of 
Aging;  Zonta  Club  of  Raleigh  (former  President);  Delta  Kappa  Gamma 
International  (former  President);  Phi  Kappa  Phi;  NC  Senior  Citizens  Associa- 
tion (2nd  Vice  President). 

Boards:  Director,  N.C.  Center  for  Public  Policy  Research;  N.C.  Council  on 
the  Status  of  Women,  1977-81;  N.C.  Conference  for  Social  Services,  Director, 
1980-83;  N.C.  Council  of  Women's  Organizations,  President,  1977-79;  Con- 
venor, Women's  Forum  of  N.C;  North  Carolina  Family  Life  Council,  1986; 
Capitol  Planning  Commission. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86; 
1987-88,  1989-;  Democratic  Women  of  Wake  County;  Wake  County  Unity 
Campaign  Committee,  1982;  Chairman,  Wake  County  Precinct  n2,  1982-84. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Unitarian  Church,  Raleigh;  former 
Secretary  and  Program  Chairman  on  Board. 

Family:  Married,  Edward  H.  Wiser  of  Raleigh,  December  21,  1957. 
Children:  Carla  and  Conrad. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chairman:  Human  Resources. 

Member:  Appropriations  (Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion  Budget 
on  Human  Resources);  Pensions  &  Retirement;  Rules,  Appointments  and  the 
Calendar;  Joint  Legislature  Commision  on  Governmental  Operations. 


The  Legislative  Branch 


443 


Stephen  Wray  Wood 

(Republican  -  Guilford  County) 

Twenty-eighth  Representative  District  - 
Guilford  (part)  County. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Winston-Salem, 
Forsyth  County,  October  6,  1948,  to  Dock 
Wesley  Richard  Thomas  Edmund  and 
Annie  (Harris)  Wood. 

Education:  North  Forsyth  High 
School,  1966;  John  Wesley  College,  Th.B., 
1970;  Asbury  College,  B.A.,  1973;  UNC- 
Greensboro,  M.A.,  1980;  Luther  Rice 
Seminary,  D.Min.,  1982;  Princeton  Semi- 
nary, UNC-Greensboro  and  Earlham 
School  of  Religion,  Appalachian  State  University,  additional  studies. 

Professional  Background:  Pastor;  Gospel  Singer,  songwriter  and  record- 
ing artist;  President,  Remnant  Associates,  Real  Estate  Consultants  and 
Management,  1977-  ;  former  Professor  and  Assistant  Academic  Dean,  John 
Wesley  College;  Veterans  Services  Officer,  N.C.  Division  of  Veterans  Affairs, 
1987-1989. 

Organizations:  American  Historical  Association;  Society  of  American 
Church  History;  Southern  Historical  Assocaition;  High  Point  Jaycees 
(Chaplain,  1982);  American  Legislative  Exchange  Council,  American  Legion. 

Boards:  Steering  Committee,  Friends  Center,  Guilford  College;  Trustee, 
John  Wesley  College;  Director  and  President,  Triad  Christian  Counseling 
Center. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86, 
1989-;  Vice  Chairman,  Guilford  County  Republican  Party,  1983-1985. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army  (E-3). 

Literary  Works:  Composer  and  recording  artist:  Albums  include  "Love 
and  Devotion,  Travelin  Troubadour,  Titus  Overture";  Contributor  to  the 
Dictionary  of  North  Carolina  Biography. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  NC  Friends;  Pastor,  Friends  Union-Pilot 
Mountain  P>iends,  1984-;  Associate  Pastor,  Glenwood  Friends,  1979-1981; 
Battle  Forest  Friends,  Greensboro,  1986-  ;Pastor,  Deep  River  Friends,  1981- 
1984;  Pastor,  NC  Yearly  Meeting  of  Friends,  1980. 

Family:  Married,  Starr  Smith,  June  18,  1978.  Children:  Allyson  Wray  and 
Joshua  Fleming  Harris. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chairman:Finance  Subcommittee  on  Ways  and  Means;  Government 
Subcommittee  on  Military,  Veterans  and  Indian  Affairs. 

Member:Education  (Subcommittee  on  Community  Colleges);  Judiciary 
(Subcommittee  in  Election  Laws  and  Constitutional  Amendments);  Govern- 
ment; Finance. 


444 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Barney  Paul  Woodard 

(Democrat  -  Johnston  County) 

Twentieth  Representative  District  -  Franklin 
and  Johnston  Counties. 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Princeton, 
November  23,  1914,  to  John  Richard  and 
EHzabeth  (Wall)  Woodard. 

Education:  Princeton  High  School; 
UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1938,  Pharmacy 
degree. 

Professional  Background:  Phar- 
macist; (owner,  Woodard  Pharmacy). 

Organizations:  National  Association 
of  Retail  Druggists;  Princeton  Lions  Club 
(former  President);  Johnston  County  Shrine  Club;  Johnston  County  Mental 
Health  Association;  Johnston  County  Drug  Club;  Keep  Johnston  County 
Beautiful;  NC  Pharmaceutical  Association,  1978;  Fund  Chairman,  Mental 
Helath  Association,  1971-72;  Chairman,  Princeton  School  Advisory  Com- 
mittee, 1969-71. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1967,  1973- 
74,  1975-76,  1977-78,  1979-80,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-. 

Honors:  Bowl  of  Hygea  Award  for  outstanding  Community  Service  in 
Pharmacy,  1978.  1988  Pharmacist  of  the  year  of  the  North  Carolina  Phar- 
maceutical Association. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  United  Methodist  Church;  Trustee, 
Administrative  Board;  teacher,  1969-71. 

Family:  Married,  Annie  Louise  Sugg,  September  6,  1941.  Children:  Barney 
Paul,  Jr.,  Dianne  Louise  (Woodard)  Taylor,  Michael/Sugg,  and  Joy  (Woodard) 
McLeod. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Co-Chairman:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Base  and  Expansion 
Budgets  on  Highway  Funds. 

Member:  Education  (Subcommittee  on  Community  Colleges);  Human 
Resources  (Subcommittee  on  Health  and  Disease  Prevention). 


The  Legislative  Branch 


445 


Grace  Averette  Collins 

PRINCIPAL  CLERK 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Fuquay-Varina,  Wake 
-J  County,   to   Alonzo   Beams    and    Minnie   Lee 

-j2L  (Helms)  Averette. 

^^^  Education:  Fuquay-Varina  High  School,  1949; 

^H  Kings  Business  College,  1951;  additional  studies, 

^    ^K  Raleigh  School  of  Commerce  and  Hardbarger 

^k    l^k  Business  College. 

^^  ^i  Profession:   Principal   Clerk,   NC   House  of 

Representatives,  1974-;  General  Assembly  staff, 
1969-73. 

Organizations:  Executive  Committee,  National  Conference  of  State 
Legislators;  Executive  Nominating  Committte,  NCSL;  Legislative  Manage- 
ment Committee,  NCSL  Assembly  on  the  Legislature;  Chairman,  all  standing 
committees,  American  Society  of  Legislative  Clerks  and  Secretaries  (Presi- 
dent, 1981-82;  Vice  President,  1980-81;  Secretary-Treasurer,  1979-80). 

Political  Activities:  Principal  Clerk,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1974, 
1975-76,  1977-78,  1979-80,  1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88;  1989-;  Chairman, 
Middle  Creek-Fuquay  Precinct,  1971-73;  First  Vice  Chairman,  Middle  Creek- 
Fuquay  Precinct,  1969-71. 

Honors:  Who's  Who  in  State  Government,  1976;  Outstanding  Leadership 
Award,  American  Society  of  Legislative  Clerks  and  Secretaries,  1975  and 
1976. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Fuquay-Varina  Methodist  Church;  Board 
of  Mission;  Chancel  Choir;  former  Sunday  School  teacher. 

Family:  Married,  John  Nolan  Collins,  October  4,  1952.  Children:  John  N., 
Jr.,  Joseph  A.,  James  D.  and  Laurie  E. 


446  North  Carolina  Manual 


House  of  Representatives  Committee  Assignments 

APPROPRIATIONS 

Diamont,  Chairman 

Base  and  Expansion  Budget  on  Capital  Outlay  and  Special  Programs 
Subcommittee 

Holmes   and    W.    Wilson,   Co-Chairmen;    Ramsey,    Vice   Chairman;    Beard 
Dickson,  Edwards,  Flaherty,  Gist,  Jones,  and  Mercer. 

Base  and  Expansion  Budget  on  Education  Subcommittee 

J.  W.  Crawford  and  Tart,  Co-Chairmen;  Sizemore,  Vice-Chairman;  Blue, 
Chapin,  Hege,  Nesbitt,  Walker,  Warner,  and  P.  Wilson 

Base  and  Expansion  Budget  on  General  Government  Subcommittee 

Easterling  and  Michaux,  Co-Chairmen;  Decker,  Vice-Chairman;  Barnhill, 
Beall,  N.J.  Crawford,  Culp,  Hurley,  Lail,  and  Weatherly. 

Base  and  Expansion  Budget  on  Highway  Fund  Subcommittee 

McLaughlin  and  Woodard,  Co-Chairmen;  Barbee,  Vice-Chairman;  Balmer, 
Bowie,  Church,  Creech,  Foster,  Greenwood,  and  Perdue. 

Base  and  Expansion  Budget  on  Human  Resources  Subcommittee 

L.  p]theridge  and  Redwine,  Co-Chairmen;  Isenhower,  Vice-Chairman;  Colton, 
DeVane,  Esposito,  Gardner,  James,  Payne,  and  Rhyne. 

BASIC  RESOURCES 

DeVane,  Chairman; 

Fletcher,  Brown,  Grady,  R.  Thompson, 

and  N.J.  Crawford,  Vice-Chairmen. 

Water,  Air  and  Soil  Subcommittee 

Fletcher,  Chairman;  Culp,  Vice-Chairman;  Abernethy,  Beall,  B.  Ethridge, 
Flaherty,  and  Hackney. 

Agriculture,  Forestry  and  Horticulture  Subcommittee 

Brown,  Chairman;  James,  Vice-Chairman;  Albertson,  Loflin,  Lutz,  Mercer, 
and  Weatherly. 

Marine  Fisheries  Subcommittee 

Grady,  Chairman;  Chapin,  Vice-Chairman;  Anderson,  Creech,  L.  Etheridge, 
Lilley,  and  Redwine. 

Wildlife,  Natural  and  Scenic  Areas  Subcommittee 

R.  Thompson,  Chairman;  Ligon,  Vice-Chairman;  Bowen,  Colton,  Privette, 
Howard,  and  Steward. 

Cultural  Resources  and  Parks  Subcommittee 

N.J.  Crawford,  Chairman;  Lail,  Vice-Chairman;  Bowie,  Foster,  Judy  Hunt, 
Kimsey,  and  Stamey. 


The  Legislative  Branch  447 

COMMERCE 

Hasty,  Chairman 

Robinson,  Brubaker,  Mills,  Gibson, 

and  Judy  Hunt,  Vice-Chairman 

Business,  Labor  and  Employment  Subcommittee 

Robinson,  Chairman;  Church,  Vice-Chairman,  Abernethy,  Bowman,  Easter- 
ling,  Grimmer,  and  Lineberry. 

Banks  and  Thrift  Subcommittee 

Brubaker,  Chairman;  Rogers,  Vice-Chairman;  Hege,   Holmes,  R.   Hunter, 
Loflin,  and  Warren. 

Insurance  Subcommittee 

Mills,  Chairman;  Brawley,  Vice-Chairman;  Beard,  Duncan,  Isenhower,  Lutz, 
and  Mercer. 

Tourism  Subcommittee 

Gibson,  Chairman;  Kimsey,  Vice-Chairman;  Bowie,  Colton,  B.  Ethridge, 
Grady,  and  Jack  Hunt. 

Authorities,  Board  and  Commissions  Subcommittee 

Judy  Hunt,  Chairman;  Tallent,  Vice-Chairman;  Cunningham,  L.  Etheridge, 
Ligon,  Ramsey,  and  Stewart. 

EDUCATION 

Edwards,  Chairman; 
Walker,  Bowman,  Warner,  Decker,  and  Burke,  Vice-Chairmen 

Elementary  and  Secondary  Education  Subcommittee 

Walker,  Chairman;  Fussell,  Vice-Chairman;  Barnhill,  Diamont,  Hege,  Jeralds, 
and  Pope. 

Community  Colleges  Subcommittee 

Bowman,  Chairman;  Gardner,  Vice-Chairman;  Brubaker,  Hardaway,  Tart, 
Wood,  and  Woodard. 

The  University  of  North  Carolina  Subcommittee 

Warner,  Chairman;  Dickson,  Vice-Chairman;  Barnes,  Kennedy,  Grimmer, 
Warren,  and  P.  Wilson 

Private  Schools  Subcommittee 

Decker,   Chairman;   Greenwood,   Vice-Chairman;   Craven,  J.W.   Crawford, 
McLaughlin,  Nye,  and  Stam. 

Educational  Activities  of  State  Agencies  Subcommittee 

Burke,  Chairman;  Diggs,  Vice-Chairman;  Arnold,  H.  Hunter,  Miller,  Rhodes, 
and  Watkins. 

ETHICS 

Beard,  Chairman; 

Tallent,  Vice-Chairman; 

Bowman,  Grimmer,  Fitch,  Foster,  Sizemore,  and  Wicker. 


448  North  Carolina  Manual 

FINANCE: 

Hall,  Chairman; 
Brawley,  Miller,  Hardaway,  Lilley,  and  Rhodes,  Vice-Chairmen. 

Ways  and  Means  Subcommittee 

Miller,    Chairman;   Wood,   Vice-Chairman;   Dawkins,   Fitch,   Judy   Hunt, 
Howard,  Kimsey,  Robinson,  Rogers,  and  Wicker. 

Highways  Subcommittee 

Hardaway,    Chairman;    Grimmer,    Vice-Chairman;    Buchanan,    Cooper, 
Gibson,  R.  Hunter,  S.  Hunt,  Mills,  Pope,  and  Privette. 

State  Revenue  Subcommittee 

Lilley,    Chairman;    Ligon,    Vice-Chairman;   Albertson,    Craven,   Cromer, 
Fussell,  Hackney,  Hasty,  Tallent,  and  S.  Thompson. 

Local  Revenues  Subcommittee 

Rhodes,  Chairman;  Kerr,  Vice-Chairman;  Arnold,  Burke,  Diggs,  Lineberry, 
Loflin,  Stewart,  R.  Thompson,  and  Warren. 

Revenue  Laws  Subcommittee 

Brawley,   Chairman;   Cunningham,   Vice-Chairman;   Abernethy,    Bowen, 
Brown,  Fletcher,  Rhyne,  Stamey,  and  Watkins. 

GOVERNMENT 

Dawkins,  Chairman; 
Hege,  Lutz,  Foster,  Privette  and  Hurley,  Vice-Chairmen 

Local  Government  I  Subcommittee 

Hege,   Chairman;   Fussell,  Vice-Chairman;   Anderson,  Bowen,   Buchanan, 
Fletcher,  and  Loflin. 

Local  Government  II  Subcommittee 

Lutz,  Chairman;  Bowie,  Vice-Chairman;  Arnold,  Beall,  Greenwood,  Rhodes, 
and  Stamey. 

State  Government  and  Properties  Subcommittee 

Foster,  Chairman;  Barbee,  Vice-Chairman;  Kennedy,  Nye,  Pope,  Rogers, 
and  Weatherly. 

ABC  Subcommittee 

Privette,   Chairman;   Michaux,   Vice-Chairman;   Hardaway,   Decker,   Holt, 
Ramsey,  and  Walker. 

Military,  Veterans  and  Indian  Affairs  Subcommittee 

Hurley,  Chairman;  Wood,  Vice-Chairman;  Cunningham,  Huffman,  Justus, 
Stewart,  and  Tart. 


The  Legislative  Branch  449 

HUMAN  RESOURCES 

Wiser,  Chairman; 

Esposito,  S.  Thompson,  Jeralds,  Locks, 

and  Isenhower,  Vice-Chairmen. 

Health  and  Disease  Prevention  Subcommittee 

Esposito,  Chairman;  Colton,  Vice-Chairman;  Brubaker,  Cromer,  Nesbitt,  R. 
Thompson,  and  Woodard. 

Housing  and  Social  Services  Subcommittee 

S.   Thompson,   Chairman;   Howard,   Vice-Chairman;   Barnhill,   Fitch,   H. 
Hunter,  Kimsey,  and  Stam. 

Families,  Children  and  Youth  Subcommittee 

Jeralds,  Chairman;  P.  Wilson,  Vice-Chairman;  Brawley,  Burke,  Easterling, 
Jack  Hunt,  and  Tallen. 

Aging,  Medicaid  and  Facility  Services  Subcommittee 

Locks,    Chairman;    Flaherty,    Vice-Chairman;    Albertson,    Bowman,    L. 
Etheridge,  Lail,  and  Perdue. 

Mental  Health,  Exceptional  and  Gifted  People  Subcommittee 

Isenhower,  Chairman;  Judy  Hunt,  Vice-Chairman;  Barnes,  J.W.  Crawford, 
Gardner,  James,  and  W.  Wilson. 

INFRASTRUCTURE 

S.  Hunt,  Chairman; 
Church,  Ligon,  Abernethy,  Kerr  and  Wicker,  Vice-Chairmen. 

Highw^ays  Subcommittee 

Church,  Chairman;,  Creech,  Vice-Chairman;  Blue,  Brown,   Dickson,   Mc- 
Laughlin, and  Miller. 

Rail>vays,  Airports  and  Waterways  Subcommittee 

Abernethy,   Chairman;   Lilley,   Vice-Chairman;   Diggs,   Gist,    R.    Hunter, 
Mercer,  and  Sizemore. 

Utilities  Subcommittee 

Kerr,  Chairman;  Holmes,  Vice-Chairman;  Balmer,  Gibson,  Hasty,  Robinson, 
and  Warren. 

Solid  Waste  Subcommittee 

Wicker,  Chairman;  Grimmer,  Vice-Chairman;  Craven,  DeVane,  Grady,  Hack- 
ney, and  Warner. 

Water  and  Wastewater  Subcommittee 

Ligon,  Chairman;  Mills,  Vice-Chairman;  Culp,  Duncan,  B.  Ethridge,  Line- 
berry,  and  Redwine. 


450  North  Carolina  Manual 

JUDICIARY 

Cooper,  Chairman; 
Blue,  Cromer,  Hackney,  Jones,  and  Sizemore,  Vice-Chairmen. 

Civil  and  Criminal  Justice  Subcommittee 

Hackney,  Chairman;  Stam,  Vice-Chairman;  S.  Thompson,  Payne,  Nesbit 
Privette,  and  Esposito. 

Election  Laws  and  Constitutional  Amendments  Subcommittee 

Jones,  Chairman;  Pope,  Vice-Chairman,  Decker,  Diggs,  Hall,  Hardaway, 
and  Wicker. 

Courts  and  Administrative  Hearings  Subcommittee 

Cromer,  Chairman;  Kennedy,  Vice-Chairman;  Creech,  Dawkins,  Flaherty, 
Michaux,  and  Miller. 

Corrections  Subcommittee 

Sizemore,  Chairman;  Barnes,  Vice-Chairman;  Craven,  Huffman,  Hurley, 
Redwine,  and  Watkins. 

PENSIONS  AND  RETIREMENT 

Colton,  Chairman; 

Buchanan,  Vice-Chairman; 

Redwine,  Fitch,  H.  Hunter,  Hurley,  Ligon, 

Robinson,  W.  Wilson,  Wiser,  and  Ramsey. 

PUBLIC  EMPLOYEES 

Fitch,  Chairman;  Gardner,  Chapin,  and  Barnhill,  Vice-Chairmen. 

Personnel  Policies  Subcommittee 

Gardner,   Chairman;   Jeralds,   Vice-Chairman;   Bowen,   Holt,   Howard,   R. 
Thompson,  and  P.  Wilson. 

Salaries  Subcommittee 

Chapin,  Chairman;  Weatherly,  Vice-Chairman;  Gulp,  Dickson,  H.  Hunter, 
Nye,  and  Stamey. 

Benefits  Subcommittee 

Barnhill,  Chairman;  Arnold,  Vice-Chairman;  Barbee,  Buchanan,  Fletcher, 
Gist,  and  Locks. 

RULES,  APPOINTMENTS  AND  THE  CALENDAR 

Payne,  Chairman; 

Rhyne,  and  S.  Thompson,  Vice-Chairmen; 

Barbee,  Blue,  Cooper,  J.W.  Crawford,  Cromer,  Dawkins, 

Esposito,  Fitch,  Foster,  Gibson,  Holmes,  Huffman,  Jones, 

Lail,  Lilley,  Nesbitt,  Robinson,  Warner,  and  Wiser. 


The  Legislative  Branch 


451 


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CHAPTER  TWO 
The  Executive  Branch 

INTRODUCTION 

Under  provisions  in  the  Constitution  of  North  CaroHna,  the  three  major 
branches  of  state  government— legislative,  executive  and  judicial— are  "dis- 
tinct and  separate  from  each  other"  (Article  I,  Section  6).  This  separation  of 
powers  has  been  a  primary  principal  of  government  since  our  independence. 
In  the  nearly  two  hundred  years  since  the  forming  of  the  State  of  North 
Carolina,  many  changes  have  occurred  in  her  governmental  organization. 
North  Carolina's  state  and  local  governments  have  grown  from  a  small,  ill- 
funded  endeavor  of  a  few  hundred  "employees"  in  1776,  to  a  multi-billion 
dollar  enterprise  of  thousands  of  public  servants  and  programs.  Along  with 
this  growth  has  come  problems.  In  1970  there  were  over  200  independent 
state  agencies  making  up  the  executive  branch.  Recognizing  this  problem, 
the  General  Assembly  took  steps  toward  reorganizing  state  government, 
particularly  by  beginning  to  define  the  executive  branch. 

State  Government  Reorganization 

In  his  October  27,  1967  speech,  Governor  Dan  K.  Moore  urged  the  North 
Carolina  State  Bar  to  take  the  lead  in  sponsoring  a  study  to  determine  the 
need  for  revising  or  rewriting  the  Constitution  of  North  Carolina.  The 
Council  of  the  North  Carolina  State  Bar  and  the  North  Carolina  Bar 
Association  joined  in  appointing  a  steering  committee  which  selected  twenty- 
five  persons  to  constitute  the  North  Carolina  State  Constitution  Study 
Commission.  The  report  of  the  commission,  submitted  on  December  16,  1968, 
contained  a  proposed  amendment  which  would  require  the  General  Assembly 
to  reduce  the  administrative  departments  of  state  government  to  25  and 
authorize  the  Governor  to  reorganize  the  administrative  departments  subject 
to  legislative  approval. 

The  1969  General  Assembly  submitted  the  proposed  constitutional  amend- 
ment to  a  vote  of  the  people  and  also  authorized  the  Governor  to  begin  a 
study  of  consolidation  of  state  agencies  and  to  prepare  recommendations  for 
the  General  Assembly.  Governor  Robert  W.  Scott  established  the  State 
Government  Reorganization  Study  Commission  in  October  of  1969.  Later,  in 
May  1970,  a  fifty-member  citizen's  Committee  on  State  Government  Re- 
organization was  appointed  by  the  Governor  to  review  the  study  and  make 
specific  recommendations. 

The  constitutional  proposal  requiring  the  reduction  of  the  number  of  state 
administrative  departments  to  not  more  than  25  by  1975  was  adopted  in  the 


454  North  Carolina  Manual 

general  election  on  November  3,  1970,  and  the  Committee  on  State  Govern- 
ment Reorganization  submitted  its  recommendations  to  the  Governor  on 
February  4,  1971. 

The  committee  recommended  implementation  of  the  amendment  in  two 
phases.  Phase  I  would  be  the  grouping  of  agencies  together  in  a  limited 
number  of  functional  departments.  This  was  accomplished  in  1971  through 
legislative  action.  Phase  II  began  in  1971  and  continued  into  1973  as 
agencies  began  to  work  together.  Evaluations  of  agency  and  department 
organizations  were  done  and  bills  prepared  that  would  revise  existing 
statutes  on  the  basis  of  these  evaluations  and  experience.  Drafted  proposals 
were  presented  to  the  1973  General  Assembly  and  legislative  implementation 
began. 

With  strong  support  from  Governor  Scott,  the  Executive  Organization  Act 
of  1971  was  ratified  July  14,  1971.  It  created  19  principal  offices  and 
departments  consisting  of  ten  offices  and  departments  headed  by  elected 
officials  and  nine  other  departments  formed  by  the  grouping  of  agencies 
along  functional  lines.  The  act  provided  for  two  types  of  transfers  to  ac- 
complish the  first  phase  of  reorganization.  Under  the  act,  a  Type  I  transfer 
meant  the  transferring  of  all  or  part  of  an  agency,  including  its  statutory 
authority,  powers  and  duties,  to  a  principal  department.  A  Type  II  transfer 
meant  the  transferring  intact  of  an  existing  agency  to  a  principal  department 
with  the  transferring  agency  retaining  its  statutory  authority  and  functions, 
which  would  be  performed  under  the  direction  and  supervision  of  the  head  of 
the  principal  department. 

All  offices  and  departments  called  for  by  the  Executive  Organization  Act 
of  1971  were  created  by  executive  order  of  Governor  Scott  prior  to  the  July  1, 
1972,  deadline  set  by  the  Act.  The  principal  offices  and  departments  created 
were  the  following:  Office  of  the  Governor,  Office  of  the  Lieutenant  Governor, 
Department  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  Department  of  the  State  Auditor, 
Department  of  State  Treasurer,  Department  of  Public  Education  (now  the 
Department  of  Public  Instruction),  Department  of  Justice,  Department  of 
Agriculture,  Department  of  Labor,  Department  of  Insurance,  Department  of 
Administration,  Department  of  Transportation  and  Highway  Safety  (now 
the  Department  of  Transportation),  Department  of  Natural  and  Economic 
Resources  (now  the  Department  of  Environment,  Health,  and  Natural 
Resources),  Department  of  Human  Resources,  Department  of  Social  Re- 
habilitation and  Control  (now  the  Department  of  Correction),  Department  of 
Commerce  (now  the  Department  of  Economic  and  Community  Development), 
Department  of  Revenue,  Department  of  Art,  Culture  and  History  (now 
Department  of  Cultural  Resources),  and  Department  of  Military  and  Veterans' 
Affairs  (which  no  longer  exists).  By  executive  order  issued  June  26,  1972,  an 
Executive  Cabinet  was  formed  consisting  of  the  heads  of  these  departments. 
Meetings  of  the  Cabinet  were  very  important  in  solving  the  Phase  II 
problems  of  reorganization. 

Between  1972  and  1977,  some  additional  alterations  were  made  which 
further  implemented  reorganization  of  state  government  in  North  Carolina. 
In  1973,  the  Legislature  passed  the  Executive  Organizations  Act  of  1973 
which  affected  four  of  the  newly  created  departments — Cultural  Resources, 
Human  Resources,  Military  and  Veterans  Affairs  and  Revenue.  Broadly 


The  Executive  Branch         '  455 

speaking,  the  1973  law  vested  final  administrative  and  managerial  powers 
for  the  Executive  Branch  in  the  hands  of  the  Governor  and  gave  him  powers 
to  appoint  a  secretary  for  each  of  the  departments  named.  The  law  also  set 
forth  the  powers  of  the  secretaries,  but  left  intact  specifically  designed  areas 
and  decisions  already  vested  in  various  commissions — these  cannot  be 
countermanded  by  either  the  governor  or  departmental  secretary. 

Specifically,  the  1973  act  changed  the  name  of  the  Department  of  Art, 
Culture  and  History  to  the  Department  of  Cultural  Resources.  Various 
Boards,  Commissions,  Councils,  and  Societies  which  relate  to  a  cultural 
orientation  were  brought  under  the  umbrella  of  the  Department  of  Cultural 
Resources. 

Two  previously  created  Departments,  Human  Resources  and  Revenue, 
were  recreated  making  some  technical  changes  not  found  in  the  original 
law.  Specifically,  in  the  Department  of  Human  Resources,  a  Board  of  Human 
Resources  was  created  to  serve  as  an  Advisory  Board  to  the  Secretary  on 
any  matter  which  might  be  referred  to  it  by  the  Secretary. 

In  the  1973  Act,  the  Department  of  Military  and  Veterans  was  specifically 
charged  with  providing  National  Guard  troops  trained  to  Federal  Standards; 
being  responsible  for  military  and  civil  preparedness;  and  assisting  veterans 
and  their  families  and  dependents.  A  new  Veterans'  Affairs  Commission 
was  created  to  assist  the  Secretary  with  veterans  services  programs. 

Reorganization  was  to  have  been  completed  by  the  end  of  1975.  Most  of 
the  aims  were  achieved;  however,  several  additional  legislative  reorganiza- 
tional  changes  were  sought  by  the  Governor.  Most  of  the  proposals  affected 
four  departments— Commerce,  Military  and  Veterans  Affairs,  Natural  and 
Economic  Resources,  and  Transportation.  The  1977  General  Assembly 
enacted  several  laws  implementing  the  new  proposals.  The  old  Department 
of  Military  and  Veteran's  Affairs  has  been  replaced  by  a  new  Department  of 
Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety.  The  Veterans  Affairs  Commission  formerly 
in  MVA  is  now  under  the  Department  of  Administration.  All  the  State 
Highway  Patrol,  formerly  in  the  Division  of  Motor  Vehicles,  Department  of 
Transportation,  has  been  transferred  by  a  Type  I  transfer  to  the  new 
department.  A  newly  created  Governor's  Crime  Commission  is  also  part  of 
the  new  department. 

In  reorganizing  the  old  Department  of  Military  and  Veterans  Affairs,  the 
Energy  Division  and  the  Energy  Policy  Council  were  transferred  to  the 
Department  of  Commerce.  Also  transferred  to  the  Department  of  Commerce 
were  three  agencies  previously  under  the  Department  of  Transportation— 
the  State  Ports  Authority,  and  two  commissions  on  Navigation  and  Pilotage. 
Other  legislative  changes  were  enacted  to  further  reorganize  the  Department 
of  Commerce  by  transferring  to  it  the  Economic  Development  Division  of  the 
Department  of  Natural  and  Economic  Development  and  to  create  a  new 
council— the  Labor  Force  Development  Council— to  coordinate  the  needs  of 
Industry  with  the  programs  offered  in  our  educational  institutions.  There 
was  some  opposition  to  moving  Economic  Development  from  Natural  and 
Economic  Resources  because  the  setup  at  that  time  allowed  new  prospective 
industry  to  deal  with  only  one  department  in  finding  economic  opportunities 
within  the  state  and  what  environmental  requirements  and  restrictions 
there  might  be. 


456  North  Carolina  Manual 

Reorganization  is  an  ongoing  happening  in  state  government  as  efforts 
are  made  to  reduce  the  bureaucracy  and  avoid  confusion  and  duphcation. 
Since  that  first  effort  in  the  early  1970's,  department  names  have  been 
changed,  a  new  department  created — the  Department  of  Community 
Colleges — and  some  agencies  given  autonomous  status,  as  in  the  case  of  the 
Office  of  the  State  Controller. 

The  most  recent  reorganization  occurred  in  1989  with  major  changes 
among  and  within  the  Departments  of  Commerce,  Human  Resources,  and 
Natural  Resources  and  Community  Development.  The  results  were  the  renam- 
ing of  two  departments  and  the  restructuring  of  all  three.  The  Department  of 
Natural  Resources  and  Economic  Development  became  the  Department  of 
Environment,  Health,  and  Natural  Resources  with  primary  responsibilities 
in  the  areas  of  environmental  and  natural  resources  management  and 
public  health  protection.  The  Department  of  Commerce  was  renamed  the 
Department  of  Economic  and  Community  Development.  This  department 
acquired  the  community  development  activities  of  old  NRCD  and  added 
them  to  the  commercial  and  industrial  activity  of  the  old  Department  of 
Commerce.  The  Department  of  Human  Resources  lost  its  Division  of  Health 
Services  and  several  sections  from  other  divisions  relating  to  environmental 
and  health  management. 


The  Executive  Branch  457 


THE  COUNCIL  OF  STATE 

Origin  and  Composition 

The  Council  of  State  is  composed  of  the  elected  officials  enumerated  in 
Article  III  of  the  Constitution  of  North  Carolina.  Each  of  these  officials  are 
executive  heads  of  departments  of  state  government.  When  acting  as  one 
body,  they  advise  the  Governor  on  certain  important  administrative  matters 
of  state.  This  body  is  also  charged  by  statute  with  other  specific  duties  and 
responsibilities. 

The  Council  of  State  had  its  origin  in  the  Constitution  of  1776.  Drafted 
and  promulgated  by  the  Fifth  Provincial  Congress  in  December,  1776,  this 
document  was  created  without  submission  to  the  people.  Its  separate,  but 
accompanying  declaration  of  rights,  sketched  the  main  outlines  of  the  new 
state  government  and  secured  the  rights  of  the  citizen  from  governmental 
influence.  While  the  principle  of  separation  of  powers  was  explicitly  affirmed 
and  the  three  familiar  branches  of  government  provided  for,  the  true  center 
of  power  lay  in  the  General  Assembly. 

Profound  distrust  of  the  executive  power  is  evident  throughout  the  Con- 
stitution of  1776  as  evidences  by  allowing  the  Governor  only  a  one  year  term 
with  a  limit  of  only  three  terms  in  any  six  years.  The  little  power  granted  to 
the  Governor  was  further  limited  by  requiring,  in  many  instances,  the 
concurrence  of  the  Council  of  State  before  power  could  be  exercised  by  the 
Governor. 

Having  just  declared  their  independence  from  the  bonds  of  an  English 
king  who  exercised  dictatorial  executive  authority,  the  patriots  of  North 
Carolina  were  understandably  reluctant  to  establish  a  strong  central  execu- 
tive. So,  the  Council  of  State  was  created  as  one  of  the  checks  and  balances 
to  prevent  the  Governor  from  having  too  much  power.  The  Council  of  State 
consisted  of  seven  men  elected  by  joint  vote  of  the  two  houses  of  the  General 
Assembly.  They  were  elected  for  a  one  year  term  and  could  not  be  members 
of  either  the  state  Senate  or  the  state  House  of  Commons.  If  a  vacancy 
occurred,  it  was  filled  at  the  next  session  of  the  General  Assembly.  The 
Council  was  created  to  "advise  the  governor  in  the  execution  of  his  office," 
but  was  independent  of  the  Governor. 

The  role  of  our  Council  of  State  today  is  similar  to  what  is  was  two 
centuries  ago.  While  no  longer  a  separate  and  distinct  body  elected  by  the 
General  Assembly,  the  functions  of  advising  the  Governor  and  making 
decisions  which  are  important  to  the  operation  of  government  and  our  state 
have  survived.  The  importance  of  this  body  is  evident  by  its  inclusion  in  the 
Constitution  of  1868  and  in  our  current  constitution  adopted  in  1970. 

Constitutional  Basis 

Article  III,  Section  7,  of  the  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  provides  for 
the  election  of  the  following  state  officers  other  than  the  Governor  and 


458  North  Carolina  Manual 

Lieutenant  Governor:  the  Secretary  of  State,  State  Auditor,  State  Treasurer, 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  Attorney  General,  Commissioner  of 
Labor,  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  and  the  Commissioner  of  Insurance. 
All  of  these  officers,  including  the  Governor  and  Lieutenant  Governor,  are 
elected  by  the  citizens  of  North  Carolina  at  the  same  time  that  votes  are  cast 
for  president  and  vice  president — November  of  every  other  even  numbered 
year.  They  are  elected  to  four-year  terms,  and  except  for  the  Governor  and 
Lieutenant  Governor  who  can  be  elected  to  only  one  additional  consecutive 
term,  there  is  no  limit  on  the  number  of  times  each  may  be  elected.  In  the 
event  of  vacancy  due  to  death,  resignation  or  otherwise,  the  Governor  has 
the  authority  to  appoint  someone  to  serve  until  a  successor  is  elected  at  the 
next  general  election  for  members  of  the  General  Assembly.  Section  8, 
Article  III  of  the  constitution  provides  that  these  elected  officials  shall 
constitute  the  Council  of  State. 

Duties  and  Responsibilities 

The  duties  and  responsibilities  of  the  Council  of  State,  as  prescribed  in  the 
General  Statutes  of  North  Carolina  are  to: 

L  advise  the  Governor  on  calling  a  special  session  of  the  legislature; 

2.  advise  the  Governor  and  State  Treasurer  on  investment  of 
assurance  fund; 

3.  approve  transfers  from  state  property  fire  insurance  fund  to 
agencies  suffering  losses; 

4.  approve  the  purchase  of  insurance  for  reinsurance; 

5.  control  internal  improvements  and  require  the  chief  executive  of 
public  works  to  report  on  improvements  to  the  council  and  the  General 
Assembly; 

6.  approve  the  sale,  lease,  and  mortgage  of  corporate  property  in 
which  the  state  has  an  interest; 

7.  investigate  public  works  companies; 

8.  approve  the  Governor's  determination  of  competitive  positions; 

9.  allot  contingency  &  emergency  funds  for  many  purposes; 

10.  approve  survey  of  state  boundaries; 

11.  sign  bonds  in  lieu  of  treasurer; 

12.  authorize  the  treasurer  on  replacing  bonds  and  notes; 

13.  authorize  the  Treasurer  to  borrow  in  emergency  and  report  such 
to  the  state  legislature; 

14.  approve  the  issuance  of  bonds,  set  interest  rate  and  approve  the 
manner  of  sale; 

15.  request  cancellation  of  highway  bonds  in  sinking  fund  if 
necessary; 

16.  approve  borrowing  in  anticipation  of  collection  of  taxes; 

17.  approve  the  issuance  of  bonds; 

18.  approve  parking  lot  rules; 

19.  participate  in  lease,  rental,  purchase  and  sale  of  real  property; 

20.  approve  motor  pool  rules; 

21.  approve  general  service  rules  and  regulations; 


The  Executive  Branch  459 

22.  approve  property  and  space  allocations; 

23.  approve  war  and  civil  defense  plans; 

24.  approve  banks  and  securities  for  state  funds;  and 

25.  approve  all  state  lands  transaction. 

Meetings 

The  Council  of  State  meets  monthly,  at  a  time  agreed  upon  by  the 
members.  Currently  they  meet  the  first  Tuesday  of  each  month.  At  these 
meetings,  debate  with  the  Governor  and  each  other  is  conducted  on  the 
many  important  issues  faced  by  state  government.  Prior  to  1985,  Council  of 
State  meetings  were  exempted  from  the  State  Open  Meetings  Law  by  act  of 
the  General  Assembly;  however,  there  was  so  much  uproar  over  this  practice 
that  since  1985  the  meetings  have  been  open. 

The  Council  of  State  is  a  vital  part  of  the  operations  of  state  government 
today  as  it  continues  a  tradition  established  over  two  hundred  years  ago. 


The  Executive  Branch  461 


THE  OFFICE  OF  THE  GOVERNOR 

The  office  of  Governor  is  the  oldest  governmental  office  in  North  Carolina. 
The  first  Governor  was  Ralph  Lane,  who  served  as  Governor  of  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh's  first  colony  on  Roanoke  Island  (1585).  The  first  permanent  Governor 
was  William  Drummond,  appointed  by  William  Berkeley,  Governor  of  Virginia 
and  one  of  the  Lords  Proprietors,  at  the  request  of  his  colleagues.  During  the 
colonial  period  Governors  were  appointed  by  the  Lords  Proprietors  prior  to 
1729,  and  the  crown  after  1730.  These  people  served  at  the  pleasure  of  their 
appointors,  usually  until  a  Governor  died  or  resigned,  although  there  were 
several  instances  where  other  factors  were  involved.  When  a  regularly 
appointed  Governor,  for  whatever  reason,  could  no  longer  perform  his 
functions  as  chief  executive,  either  the  president  of  the  council,  or  the  deputy,  or 
Lieutenant  Governor,  took  over  until  a  new  Governor  was  appointed  and 
qualified.  Following  our  independence  in  1776,  and  the  adoption  of  our  first 
state  constitution,  the  Governor  was  elected  by  the  two  houses  of  the  General 
Assembly.  He  was  elected  to  serve  a  one-year  term  and  could  serve  no  more 
than  three  years  in  any  six. 

In  1835  with  clamors  for  a  more  democratic  form  of  government  being  felt  in 
Raleigh,  a  constitutional  convention  was  called  to  amend  certain  sections  of 
the  constitution.  One  of  the  amendments  provided  for  the  popular  election  of 
the  Governor  every  two  years;  however,  little  was  done  to  increase  his 
authority  in  areas  other  than  that  of  appointments.  In  1868  North  Carolinians 
adopt  their  second  constitution.  The  Constitution  of  1868  contained  many  of 
the  amendments  that  had  been  added  to  the  originally  1776  Constitution,  but 
also  included  changes  resulting  from  the  Civil  War  and  new  attitudes  towards 
government.  Provisions  in  this  new  constitution  increased  the  Governor's  term 
of  office  from  two  to  four  years  and  some  of  his  duties  and  powers. 

Today  North  Carolina  is  governed  by  her  third  constitution;  however,  few 
changes  dealing  with  the  executive  branch,  and  the  Governor  in  particular, 
were  changed  when  ratified  by  the  people  in  1970.  Two  omissions  from  the 
Constitution  of  1971  which  were  found  in  most  other  state  constitutions  were 
the  right  of  a  Governor  to  succeed  himself  and  the  power  of  gubernatorial  veto 
over  legislation  passed  by  the  General  Assembly.  The  citizens  of  North 
Carolina  addressed  the  issue  of  gubernatorial  succession  in  1977  and  voted  to 
allow  the  Governor  and  lieutenant  Governor  to  run  for  a  second  consecutive 
term.  Following  his  reelection  in  1980,  Governor  James  B.  Hunt  became  the 
first  North  Carolina  Governor  since  1866  to  be  elected  to  two  consecutive  terms 
and  the  first  elected  to  two  consecutive  four-year  terms. 

In  recent  years  there  has  been  a  growing  concern  over  gubernatorial  veto. 
North  Carolina  is  the  only  state  that  does  not  allow  its  Governor  veto  power 
over  legislation  passed  by  the  General  Assembly.  During  the  1989  session  of 
the  General  Assembly,  several  bills  providing  for  veto  power  for  the  Governor 
were  introduced.  Although  a  bill  to  submit  the  proposal  to  a  vote  of  the  people 
was  not  enacted  during  the  1989  session,  the  issue  is  still  alive  and  can  be 
considered  in  the  short  session  in  1990. 


462  North  Carolina  Manual 

In  1972,  the  Office  of  the  Governor  was  created  as  one  of  the  19  departments 
in  the  Executive  Branch  of  state  government.  Under  his  immediate  jurisdiction 
are  such  assistants  and  personnel  as  he  may  need  to  carry  out  the  functions  as 
chief  executive  of  the  State.  The  Governor  of  North  CaroHna  is  not  only  the 
state's  chief  executive,  but  also  the  director  of  the  budget,  with  responsibilities 
for  all  phases  of  budgeting  from  the  initial  preparation  to  final  execution;  he  is 
commander-in-chief  of  the  state  military;  and  he  is  chairman  of  the  Council  of 
State  which  meets  regularly  and  which  he  may  convene  at  any  time  for 
emergencies.  He  also  has  the  authority  to  convene  the  general  assembly  into 
extra  session  should  affairs  of  the  State  dictate  such  a  move.  The  Governor  is 
directed  by  the  North  Carolina  Constitution  to  "take  care"  that  all  state  laws 
are  faithfully  executed.  He  has  the  power  to  grant  pardons  and  to  commute 
sentences;  to  issue  extradition  warrants  and  requests;  to  join  interstate 
compacts;  and  to  reorganize  and  consolidate  state  agencies.  The  Governor  has 
final  authority  over  expenditures  of  the  state,  and  he  is  also  responsible  for  the 
administration  of  all  funds  and  loans  from  the  federal  government.  At  the  start 
of  each  regular  session  of  the  General  Assembly,  the  Governor  delivers 
legislative  and  budgetary  messages  to  the  legislators.  To  help  him  carry  out  his 
administrative  duties  and  run  his  office  the  Governor  has  several  assistants. 

The  Chief  of  Staff 

The  chief  of  staff  for  the  Governor  oversees  and  manages  the  various 
divisions  within  the  Office  of  the  Governor.  He  monitors  policy  development 
and  duties  of  the  cabinet  agencies  and  serves  as  the  Governor's  link  to  cabinet 
members.  He  advises  the  Governor  on  legislative  matters.  The  chief  of  staff 
also  represents  the  Governor  in  matters  of  state,  sometimes  serving  as 
representative  for  the  Governor  at  events  the  Governor  cannot  attend. 

The  Legal  Counsel 

The  legal  counsel  is  appointed  by  the  Governor  and  monitors  all  legal 
issues  relating  to  the  Governor  and  his  cabinet.  He  advises  the  Governor 
when  policy  developments  involve  legal  issues  and  investigates  the  merits  of 
pardon  requests,  commutations,  reprieves,  extraditions,  rewards  and  pay- 
ments of  legal  fees  charged  the  State. 

The  Office  of  Budget  and  Management 

The  Governor  is  responsible  for  the  State  Budget.  He  appoints  a  State 
Budget  Office  to  assist  him  in  carrying  out  his  fiscal  responsibilities.  This 
individual  directs  preparation  of  the  state  budget  and  advises  the  Governor 
on  policy  decisions  related  to  the  biennial  budget.  In  addition,  he  advises  the 
Governor  on  legislative  issues  and  the  management  of  state  government.  He 
also  serves  as  the  Governor's  liaison  to  the  business  efforts  in  North 
Carolina  and  reports  to  the  Governor  on  concerns  of  the  business  com- 
munity. 

The  Appointments  Office 

The  Appointments  Office  is  responsible  for  reviewing  applications  and 
submitting  recommendations   to   the   more   than   400   statutory   and   non- 


The  Executive  Branch  463 

statutory  bodies  to  which  the  Governor  makes  appointments.  The  Appoint- 
ments Office  also  advises  the  Governor  on  development  of  policy  by  the 
boards  and  commissions.  In  addition,  the  Appointments  Office  researches 
qualifications  and  requirements,  maintains  records  and  provides  liaison 
with  associations,  agencies  and  interested  individuals  and  groups. 

The  Communications  Office 

The  director  of  communications  serves  as  the  head  of  the  Governor's 
information  center — the  Communications  Office — as  well  as  being  the  pri- 
mary spokesman  for  the  Governor  concerning  statements  on  policy  and 
procedure.  The  director  serves  as  a  liaison  between  the  Governor  and  his 
staff,  the  working  press,  and  the  public,  keeping  them  informed  on  matters 
of  interest  and  importance  which  affect  the  state.  The  Communications 
Office  is  also  responsible  for  preparing  any  speeches,  proclamations,  letters 
of  greeting,  and  public  service  announcements  issued  by  the  Governor. 


The  Office  of  Citizen  Affairs 

The  Office  of  Citizen  Affairs  is  responsible  for  promoting  greater  citizen 
awareness  of  and  participation  in  state  and  local  government  programs, 
services,  and  activities.  The  Citizen  Help  Section  handles  citizen  inquiries 
and  casework  while  the  Correspondence  Unit  routes  mail  to  appropriate 
departments  throughout  state  government.  The  office  also  promotes 
volunteerism  through  citizen  referral,  recognition  ceremonies,  and  a  quarterly 
newsletter. 

Legislative  Affairs  Counsel 

The  legislative  affairs  counsel  is  responsible  for  establishing  and  maintain- 
ing a  working  relationship  with  members  of  the  General  Assembly  on  all 
legislative  matters  but  particularly  those  which  are  important  to  the 
Governor.  He  is  also  responsible  for  tracking  and  reporting  to  the  Governor 
the  status  of  legislation  as  it  moves  through  the  General  Assembly. 

The  Eastern  Office  of  the  Governor 

The  Eastern  Office  of  the  Governor  is  primarily  responsible  for  fostering 
congenial  governmental-private  sector-civic  partnership.  Representing  the 
Governor  in  these  capacities,  the  Eastern  Office  serves  as  a  conduit  between 
the  people  of  Eastern  North  Carolina  and  the  Governor's  main  office  in 
Raleigh.  The  Eastern  Office  also  represents  the  Governor  at  civic,  business, 
and  social  events.  They  also  investigate  inquiries  received  from  citizens  of 
the  area,  staying  abreast  of  the  concerns  of  eastern  North  Carolinians  and 
generally  serving  as  the  Governor's  liaison  in  the  eastern  area. 

The  Western  Office  of  the  Governor 

The  Western  Office  of  the  Governor  has  operated  for  more  than  thirteen 
years.  Its  primary  function  is  to  foster  a  governmental-private  sector-civic 
partnership  in  Western   North  Carolina.  The  Western  Office  serves  as  a 


4(S4  North  Carolina  Manual 

coiuluit  hctwccii  the  pt'opic  ol'  Western  North  Carolina  in  twenty-eight 
counties  and  the  (lovernor's  main  ofTiee  in  Raleigh.  The  Western  Oft'iee  also 
schedules  use  of  the  Covernor's  western  residence  and  assists  in  coordinating 
the  (iovernors  schedule  during  visits  to  Western  North  Carolina.  The  office 
represents  the  Covernor  at  civic,  husiness,  and  social  events  and  investigates 
iiuiuiries  received  from  citizens  ol'  the  area,  l^y  staying  ahreast  of  the 
concerns  of  western  North  C'arolinians,  the  office  serves  as  the  "eyes  and 
ears'  for  the  Covernor  in  the  western  area. 

Tho  North  Carolina  Washington  Office 

The  North  Carolina  Washington  Office  was  established  in  1975  by 
Governor  James  E.  Holshouser,  Jr.  This  office  serves  as  a  liaison  between 
the  federal  and  state  government.  The  office  is  responsible  for  researching, 
analyzing,  and  monitoring  vital  issues  of  concern  to  North  Carolina.  The 
North  Carolina  Washington  Office  accomplishes  these  goals  by  attending 
congressional  hearings  and  briefings  with  federal  agencies  and  alerting  the 
appropriate  staff  contact  on  the  need  for,  or  effect  of,  various  regulations 
and  legislative  proposals.  The  location  of  the  office  makes  it  possible  to 
immediately  obtain  any  necessary  documents  or  information  for  state 
officials.  In  addition  to  these  services,  the  office  responds  directly  to  con- 
stituent requests  for  information  and  is  proud  to  serve  as  a  home  base  for 
the  state. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Governors   Advisory   Council   on   Agriculture,   F'orestry,   and   the  Seafood 

Industry  (Executive  Order  5  (March  29,  1977)) 

Governor's  Task  Force  on  Domestic  Violence  (Executive  Order  .55) 

North  Carolina  F^arm worker  Council  (G.S.  148B-426.30) 

State  Goals  and  Policy  Board  (G.S.  148B-371) 

Governor's  Advisory  Commission  on  Military  Affairs  (Executive  Order  1 1) 

Interstate  Cooperation  Council  (G.S.  14HB-379) 

Local  Government  Advocacy  Council  (G.S.  143-506.14) 

Council  on  the  Status  of  Women  (G.S.  143B-393) 


466 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  Executive  Branch  467 


James  Grubbs  Martin 

Governor 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Savannah,  Georgia,  December  11,  1935,  to  the 
Reverend  Arthur  M.  and  Mary  (Grubbs)  Martin. 

Education:  Mt.  Zion  Institute  (Public  School),  Winnsboro,  S.C.,  1953; 
Davidson  College,  1957,  B.S.  (Chemistry);  Princeton  University,  1960,  Ph.D. 
(Chemistry). 

Professional  Background:  Governor  of  North  CaroHna,  1985-present 
(elected,  1984— the  second  RepubHcan  Governor  elected  in  this  century); 
former  associate  professor  of  chemistry,  Davidson  College,  1960-72;  U.S. 
Congress,  1973-84. 

Organizations:  Member,  Beta  Theta  Pi,  National  President,  1975-78; 
Mason,  Shriner;  Charlotte  Symphony  (tuba),  1957  and  1962-66. 

Boards:  President  of  NC  Association  of  County  Commissioners,  1970-71; 
Founder  and  First  Chairman,  Centralina  Council  of  Governments  (COG), 
1968-71;  Vice  President,  National  Association  of  Regional  Councils,  1969-71. 

Political  Activities:  Governor  of  North  Carolina,  1985-;  Member,  US 
House  of  Representatives,  1973-84  (six  terms);  member.  Board  of  County 
Commissioners,  Mecklenburg  County,  1966-72  (Chairman,  1966-68  and  1971); 
Delegate  to  the  National  Republican  Convention,  1968;  member.  House 
Interior  and  Insular  Affairs  Committee,  1973-74;  member.  House  Ways  and 
Means  Committee,  1975-84;  member,  House  Budget  Committee,  1980-82; 
Chairman,  House  Republican  Search  Committee,  1982-83;  Chairman,  Re- 
publican Task  Force  on  Health  Policy,  1975-82;  Republican  Party. 

Honors:  American  Chemical  Society's  Charles  Lathrop  Parsons  Award 
(first  to  a  public  official);  Omicron  Delta  Kappa. 

Literary  Works:  "Stereochemistry  of  the  Diels-Alder  Reaction,"  Chemi- 
cal Reviews,  1961. 
Religious  Activities:  Presbyterian  (Deacon,  1969-71);  Choir. 

Family:  Married,  Dorothy  Ann  McAulay  of  Charlotte,  June  1,  1957. 
Children:  James,  Jr.,  Emily,  and  Benson. 


468  North  Carolina  Manual 

GOVERNORS  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

GOVERNORS  OF  "VIRGINIA" 

Name  Qualified  Term 

Ralph  Lane'  [April  9],  1585  1585-1586 

John  White-^ [April  26],  1587  1587 

PROPRIETARY  CHIEF  EXECUTIVES* 

Name  Qualified  Term 

(Samuel  Stephens)^  [1622-1664] 

William  Drummond^  February  23,  1665  1665-[1667] 

Samuel  Stephens^ ,  1667 [1667-1670] 

Peter  Carteret^  March  10,  1670  1670-1671 

Peter  Carteret"  ,  1671  1671-1672 

John  Jenkins*^ [May  _],  1672  1672-1675 

Thomas  Eastchurch9  October  _,  1675  1675-1676 

[Speaker-Assembly]io [Spring,  1676]  1676 

John  Jenkins'i  March  _  ,  1676 1676-1677 

Thomas  Eastchurch'^  

Thomas  Miller^^  July  _  ,  1677  1677 

[Rebel  Council]!^ December  _  ,  1677 1677-1679 

Seth  Sothel's 

John  Harvey'^  July  _  ,  1679  1679 

John  Jenkins'^ December  _  ,  1679 1679-1681 

Henry  Wilkinson'*^ 

Seth  Sothel'9 ,  [1682]  [1682]-1689 

John  Archdale-o December  _  ,  1683 1683-1686 

John  Gibbs^i  November  _  ,  1689  1689-1690 

Phillip  LudwelP^ May  _  ,  1690  1690-1691 

Thomas  Jarvis'^^ July  _  ,  1690  1690-1694 

Phillip  Ludwell24 November  _,  1693  1693-1695 

Thomas  Harvey25 July  _  ,  1694  1694-1699 

John  Archdale^e j^^e  _  ,  1695 1695 

John  Archdale" January  _  ,  1697  1697 

Henderson  Walker^s July  _  ,  1699  1699-1703 

Robert  Danieps July  _  ,  1703  1703-1705 

Thomas  Cary^^o  March  21,  1705  1705-1706 

William  Glover'i July  13,  1706  1706-1707 

Thomas  Cary32 August  _  ,  1707  1707 

William  Glover^^ October  28,  1707  1707-1708 

Thomas  Cary^4  July  24,  1708  1708-1711 

[William  Glover]35  [1709-1710] 

Edward  Hyde36  January  22,  1711  1711-1712 

Edward  Hyde"  May  9,  1712 1712 

Thomas  Pollock^s  September  12,  1712  1712-1714 


*The  names  indented  first  are  those  who  served  as  chief  executive,  but  were 
appointed  either  deputy  or  lieutenant  governor.  Those  indented  second  served  while 
president  of  the  council. 


The  Executive  Branch  469 

Name  Qualified  Term 

Charles  Eden^^ May  28,  1714 1714-1722 

Thomas  Pollock^o  March  30,  1722  1722 

WilHamReed^i  September  7,  1722  1722-1724 

George  Burrington^s January  15,  1724 1724-1725 

Edward  Moseley^^  October  31,  1724  1724 

Sir  Richard  Everard^"  July  17,  1725  1725-1731 


ROYAL  CHIEF  EXECUTIVES^s 

Name  Qualified  Term 

George  Burrington^^ February  25,  1731  1731-1734 

Nathaniel  Rice^^  April  17,  1734 1734 

Gabriel  Johnston^s November  2,  1734 1734-1752 

Nathaniel  Rice^s  July  17,  1752  1752-1753 

Matthew  Rowan^o  February  1,  1753  1753-1754 

Arthur  Dobbs^i  November  1,  1754 1754-1765 

James  Haselpa October  15,  1763  1763 

William  Tryon53  April  3,  1765 1765 

William  Tryon54  December  20,  1765  1765-1771 

James  Haselps July  1,  1771  1771 

Josiah  Martinis August  12,  1771  1771-1775 

James  Hasell" Octobers,  1774  1774 


ELECTED  BY  THE  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY^s 

Name  Residence  Qualified  Term 

Richard  Caswell^^ Dobbs  December  21,  1776  1776-1777 

Richard  Caswell Dobbs  April  18,  1777  1777-1778 

Richard  Caswell Dobbs  April  20,  1778  1778-1779 

Richard  Caswell Dobbs  May  4,  1779 1779-1780 

Abner  Nash^o  Craven April  21,  1780  1780-1781 

Thomas  Burke^i  Orange  June  26,  1781  1781-1782 

Alexander  Martin62  Guilford October  5,  1781  1781-1782 

Alexander  Martin  Guilford April  22,  1782  1782-1783 

Alexander  Martin  Guilford April  30,  1783  1783-1784 

Alexander  Martin  Guilford May  3,  1784 1784-1785 

Richard  Caswell Dobbs  December  12,  1785  1785-1786 

Richard  Caswell Dobbs  December  23,  1786  1786-1787 

Samuel  Johnston  Chowan December  20,  1787  1787-1788 

Samuel  Johnston  Chowan November  18,  1788  1788-1789 

Samuel  Johnston^a  Chowan November  18,  1789  1789 

Alexander  MartinS"  Guilford December  17,  1789  1789-1790 

Alexander  Martin  Guilford December  9,  1790  1790-1792 

Alexander  Martin  Guilford January  2,  1792 1792 

Richard  Dobbs  Spaight  ....  Craven December  14,  1792  1792-1793 

Richard  Dobbs  Spaight  ....  Craven December  26,  1793  1793-1795 

Richard  Dobbs  Spaight  ....  Craven January  6,  1795 1795 

Samuel  Ashe New  Hanover November  19,  1795  ...  1795-1796 

Samuel  Ashe New  Hanover December  19,  1796  ....  1796-1797 

Samuel  Ashe New  Hanover December  5,  1797 1797-1798 

William  R.  Daviess Halifax  December  7,  1798 1798-1799 


470 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Name  Residence  Qualifled  Term 

Benjamin  Williams Moore November  23,  1799  ...  1799-1800 

Benjamin  Williams Moore November  29,  1800  ...  1800-1801 

Benjamin  Williams Moore  November  28,  1801  ...  1801-1802 

John  Baptiste  Ashe'^^  Halifax 


James  Turner*^ '  Warren Decembers,  1802 1802-1803 

James  Turner  Warren Decembers,  1803 1803-1804 

James  Turner^"  Warren November  29,  1804  ...  1804-1805 

Nathaniel  Alexander  Mecklenburg  December  10,  1805  ....  1805-1806 

Nathaniel  Alexander  Mecklenburg  December  1,  1806 1806-1807 

Benjamin  Williams Moore  December  1,  1807 1807-1808 

David  Stone  Bertie  December  12,  1808  ....  1808-1809 

David  Stone  Bertie  December  13,  1809  ....  1809-1810 

Benjamin  Smith Brunswick  December  5,  1810 1810-1811 

William  Hawkins Warren December  9,  1811  1811-1812 

WilHam  Hawkins Warren December  8,  1812 1812-1813 

WilHam  Hawkins Warren December  7,  1813 1813-1814 

William  Miller  Warren December  7,  1814 1814-1815 

William  Miller  Warren December  7,  1815 1815-1816 

WilHam  Miller  Warren December  7,  1816 1816-1817 

John  Branch Halifax  December  6,  1817 1817-1818 

John  Branch Halifax  December  5,  1818 1818-1819 

John  Branch Halifax  December  7,  1819 1819-1820 

Jesse  Franklin Surry  December  7,  1820 1820-1821 

Gabriel  Holmes  Sampson December  7,  1821  1821-1822 

Gabriel  Holmes  Sampson December  7,  1822 1822-1823 

Gabriel  Holmes  Sampson December  6,  1823 1823-1824 

Hutchings  G.  Burton  Halifax  December  7,  1824 1824-1825 

Hutchings  G.  Burton  Halifax  December  6,  1825 1825-1826 

Hutchings  G.  Burton  Halifax  December  29,  1826  ....  1826-1827 

James  Iredell,  Jr.*^9  Chowan  December  8,  1827 1827-1828 

John  Owen Bladen  December  12,  1828  ....  1828-1829 

John  Owen Bladen  December  10,  1829  ....  1829-1830 

Montford  Stokes^" Wilkes  December  18,  1830  ....  1830-1831 

Montford  Stokes Wilkes  December  13,  1831  ....  1831-1832 

David  L.  Swain  Buncombe  December  6,  1832 1832-1833 

David  L.  Swain  Buncombe  December  9,  1833 1833-1834 

David  L.  Swain  Buncombe  December  10,  1834  ....  1834-1835 

Richard  Dobbs  Spaight,  Jr.  ...  Craven  December  10,  1835  ....  1835-1836 


ELECTED  BY  THE  PEOPLE^i  -  TWO-YEAR  TERM 


Name 

Residence 

Qualified 

Term 

Edward  B.  Dudley  

New  Hanover  .. 

...  December  31,  1836 

...  1836-1838 

Edward  B.  Dudley  

New  Hanover  .. 

...  December  29,  1838 

...  1838-1841 

John  M.  Morehead 

Guilford  

...  January  1,  1841  .... 

...  1841-1842 

John  M.  Morehead 

Guilford  

...  December  31,  1842 

...  1842-1845 

William  A.  Graham  

Orange 

...  January  1,  1845  .... 

...  1845-1847 

William  A.  Graham  

Orange 

...January  1,  1847  .... 

...  1847-1849 

Charles  Manly  

Wake  

...January  1,  1849  .... 

...  1849-1851 

David  S.  Reid'^ 

Rockingham  ... 

...  January  1,  1851  .... 

...  1851-1852 

David  S.  Reid' ' 

Rockingham  ... 

...  December  22,  1852 

...  1852-1854 

Warren  Winslow"^ 

Cumberland  .... 

...  December  6,  1854  .. 

...  1854-1855 

The  Executive  Branch  471 

Name  Residence  Qualified  Term 

Thomas  Bragg  Northampton January  1,  1855  1855-1857 

Thomas  Bragg  Northampton January  1,  1857  1857-1859 

John  W.  ElHs  Rowan January  1,  1859  1859-1861 

John  W.  ElHs^s  Rowan January  1,  1861  1861 

Henry  T.  Clark^^  Edgecombe July  7,  1861  1861-1862 

Zebulon  B.  Vance Buncombe  September  8,  1862  ....  1862-1864 

Zebulon  B.  Vance Buncombe  December  22,  1864  ....  1864-1865 

WilHam  W.  Holden" Wake  May  29,  1865  1865 

Jonathan  Worth Randolph December  15,  1865  ....  1865-1866 

Jonathan  Worth Randolph December  22,  1866  ....  1866-1868 


ELECTED  BY  THE  PEOPLE  -  FOUR- YEAR  TERM^^ 

Name  Residence  Qualified  Term 

William  W.  Holden^^ Wake  July  1,  1868  1868-1870 

Tod  R.  Caldweliso Burke  December  15,  1870  ....  1870-1873 

Tod  R.  Caldwelpi  Burke  January  1,  1873  1873-1874 

Curtis  H.  Brogden Wayne July  14,  1874  1874-1877 

Zebulon  B.  Vance^^ Buncombe  January  1,  1877  1877-1879 

Thomas  J.  JarvisS^  Pitt  February  5,  1879 1879-1881 

Thomas  J.  Jarvis  Pitt  January  18,  1881  1881-1885 

James  L.  Robinson^^  Macon  September  1,  1883  1883 

Alfred  M.  Scales Rockingham  January  21,  1885  1885-1889 

Daniel  G.  Fowle^^ Wake  January  17,  1889  1889-1891 

Thomas  M.  Holt Alamance April  8,  1891  1891-1893 

Elias  Carr  Edgecombe January  18,  1893  1893-1897 

Daniel  L.  Russell Brunswick  January  12,  1897  1897-1901 

Charles  B.  Aycock  Wayne January  15,  1901  1901-1905 

Robert  B.  Glenn  Forsyth  January  11,  1905  1905-1909 

William  W.  Kitchin  Person January  12,  1909  1909-1913 

Locke  Craig  Buncombe  January  15,  1913  1913-1917 

Thomas  W.  Bickett  Franklin  January  11,  1917  1917-1921 

Cameron  Morrison  Mecklenburg January  12,  1921  1921-1925 

Angus  W.  McLean  Robeson  January  14,  1925  1925-1929 

Oliver  Max  Gardner Cleveland  January  11,  1929  1929-1933 

John  C.  B.  Ehringhaus  Pasquotank January  5,  1933  1933-1937 

Clyde  R.  Hoey Cleveland  January  7,  1937  1937-1941 

John  Melville  Broughton  ...Wake  January  9,  1941  1941-1945 

Robert  Gregg  Cherry Gaston  January  4,  1945  1945-1949 

William  Kerr  Scott Alamance January  6,  1949  1949-1953 

William  B.  Umstead^e  Durham  January  8,  1953  1953-1954 

Luther  H.  Hodges  Rockingham  November  7,  1954  1954-1957 

Luther  H.  Hodges  Rockingham  February  7,  1957 1957-1961 

Terry  Sanford Cumberland  January  5,  1961  1961-1965 

Daniel  K.  Moore  Jackson  January  8,  1965  1965-1969 

Robert  W.  Scott  Alamance January  3,  1969  1969-1973 

James  E.  Holshouser,  Jr.^^  ....  Watauga January  5,  1973  1973-1977 

James  B.  Hunt,  Jr Wilson January  8,  1977  1977-1981 

James  B.  Hunt,  Jr.^s Wilson January  10,  1981  1981-1985 

James  G.  Martin  Iredell January  5,  1985  1985-1989 

James  G.  Martin  Iredell January  7,  1989  1989 


472  North  Carolina  Manual 


Governors  of  "Virginia" 

'Lane  was  appointed  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  and  left  Plymouth,  England  on  April  9, 
1585.  His  expedition  reached  the  New  World  in  July;  however  a  colony  was  not 
established  until  August. 

-White  was  appointed  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  and  departed  from  Portsmouth,  England 
on  April  26,  1587;  however,  the  expedition  made  stops  at  Isle  of  Wight  and  Plymouth 
before  setting  sail  for  "Virginia"  on  May  5.  They  reached  the  area  to  be  settled  on  July  22, 
but  Governor  White  wanted  to  make  some  preliminary  explorations  before  allowing  the 
remainder  of  his  party  to  go  ashore.  Three  days  later  the  colonists  left  the  ships.  Food 
shortages  and  the  absence  of  other  needed  supplies  forced  White  to  leave  for  England  on 
August  27,  1587.  Delayed  in  England  because  of  war  with  Spain,  White  did  not  return  to 
North  Carolina  until  1590.  Leaving  England  on  March  20,  he  arrived  in  August,  but 
found  no  evidence  of  life.  On  a  nearby  tree  he  found  the  letters  C.R.O.  and  on  another 
CROATAN.  White  never  did  find  his  missing  colony  and  the  mystery  of  the  "Lost 
Colony"  is  still  unsolved. 

Proprietory  Chief  Executives 

""Stephens  was  appointed  "commander  of  the  southern  plantations"  by  the  council  in 
Virginia.  The  geographical  location  of  the  "southern  plantations"  is  that  area  in 
northeastern  North  Carolina  where  "overflow"  settlers  from  Virginia  lived.  William  S. 
Powell  suggests  that  his  "presence  in  Carolina  removed  any  urgency  for  a  prompt 
appointment"  of  a  Governor  for  Carolina  when  Berkeley  was  instructed  to  do  so  by  the 
Lords  Proprietors  and  explains  why  Drummond  was  not  appointed  until  1664. 

■•Drummond  was  appointed  by  William  Berkeley,  Governor  of  Virginia  and  one  of  the 
Lords  Proprietors,  at  the  request  of  the  Lords  Proprietors  in  England.  He  began  serving 
prior  to  the  delivery  of  his  commission  by  Peter  Carteret  in  February,  1665.  Since  other 
commissions  issued  to  Carteret  bear  the  date  December,  3,  1664,  it  is  possible  that 
Drummond's  commission  was  also  issued  on  that  date.  Records  show  that  he  was  still 
Governor  in  December,  1666,  and  that  a  successor  was  not  appointed  until  October,  1667. 
He  supposedly  moved  to  Virginia  sometime  during  1667. 

'Stephens  was  appointed  by  the  Lords  Proprietors  to  replace  Drummond  and  began 
servingpriorto  the  delivery  of  his  commission  in  April,  1668.  He  died  while  still  in  office 
sometime  before  March  7,  1670. 

"Carteret  had  been  commissioned  Lieutenant  Governor  by  the  Lords  Proprietors  on 
December  3,  1664  and  was  chosen  President  by  the  North  Carolina  Council  upon  the 
death  of  Stephens.  He  was  later  appointed  Governor  by  the  Lords  Proprietors.  He  left  the 
colony  for  England  sometime  after  May  10,  1672. 

"See  footnote  6. 

"Jenkins  was  commissioned  by  Carteret  to  act  as  deputy  governor  when  he  left  the 
colony.  The  authority  of  Carteret  to  make  this  appointment  rested  in  commissions  issued 
by  the  Lords  Proprietors  in  October,  1670,  but  which  expired  "at  the  end  of  four  years" 
according  to  provisions  in  the  Fundamental  Constitutions,  Carteret  had  not  returned  to 
the  colony  when  his  commission  to  Jenkins  officially  expired;  however,  Jenkins 
continued  to  serve.  When  the  general  assembly  met,  following  elections  in  September, 
1675,  opposition  had  formed  against  Jenkins  and  he  was  imprisoned  on  charges  of 
"several  misdemeanors". 

''Eastchurch  was  elected  speaker  of  the  assembly  and  assumed  the  role  of  governor 
following  the  imprisonment  of  Jenkins.  He  seems  to  have  remained  in  this  position  until 
the  spring  of  1676  when  the  departed  the  colony  for  England. 

'"Eastchurch  "apparently  left  someone  else  as  speaker,  for  the  assembly  remained  in 
session".  However,  Jenkins  was  forceably  released  from  prison  by  friends  "at  some  date 
before  late  March,  1676."  He  exercised  enough  control  to  hold  a  court  and  for  a  period 
prior  to  the  departure  of  Eastchurch  for  England,  both  he  and  Jenkins  exercised  control 
over  the  province.  In  October,  1976,  Jenkins,  backed  by  an  armed  force,  dissolved  the 
assembly  and  resumed  the  role  of  governor. 

"See  footnote  10. 


The  Executive  Branch  473 

^  ^Eastchurch  was  commissioned  governor  by  the  Lords  Proprietors.  Upon  his  return  to 
the  colony  he  stopped  at  Nevis  in  the  West  Indies  and  sought  the  attention  of  a  wealthy 
lady.  Deciding  to  remain  in  Nevis  for  a  while,  he  appointed  Thomas  Miller  deputy 
governor  until  his  return.  (Eastchurch  never  returned  to  North  Carolina  — he  died  in 
Virginia  while  on  his  way  back  to  the  colony).  Because  he  had  not  offically  qualified  as 
governor  in  Albemarle,  Eastchurch  had  no  legal  authority  to  appoint  Miller;  however, 
when  Miller  reached  Albemarle  he  was  able  to  secure  his  position  with  little  initial 
trouble.  The  policies  used  by  Miller  to  quiet  opposition  and  his  general  handling  of  the 
government  soon  put  him  in  conflict  with  the  populace.  This  conflict  erupted  into  ]a 
political  upheaval  which  became  known  as  "Culpeper's  Rebellion." 

i^See  footnote  12. 

1  ^Tradition  is  that  John  Culpepper  was  elected  governor  by  the  Assembly  when  they 
rebelled  against  Miller;  however,  there  is  no  documentary  evidence  to  substantiate  the 
claim  that  he  held  any  post  other  than  that  of  customs  collector.  Dr.  Lindley  Butler 
suggests  that  it  is  possible  that  John  Jenkins,  the  last  de  jure  executive  of  the  colony, 
acted  as  de  facto  government  and  evidence  exists  that  a  "rebel"  council  meeting  was  held 
in  early  1678  at  his  home. 

i^Sothel  was  appointed  governor  in  1678,  but  was  captured  "by  the  Turkes  and  carried 
into  Argier ..."  and  did  not  take  office.  "Afidavitt  of  John  Taylor"  and  Lords  Proprietors 
to  the  "Governor  and  Councell  of  the  County  of  Albemarle  in  the  Province  of  Carolina". 

"'Harvey's  commission  instructed  him  to  act  as  "President  of  the  Council  and  execute 
the  authority  of  the  government  until  the  arrival  of  Mr.  Sothell".  Other  details  are  not 
known.  He  died  whie  still  in  office. 

'Jenkins  was  elected  president  of  the  council  following  the  death  of  Harvey  and  died 
on  December  17,  1681  while  still  in  office. 

'^Wilkinson  was  appointed  by  the  Lords  Proprietors  but  never  left  England  —  "he  was 
arrested  and  imprisoned  in  London  while  preparing  to  sail". 

^^Sothel,  following  his  purchase  of  the  "Earl  of  Clarendon's  share  of  Carolina", 
became  governor  under  a  provision  of  the  Fundamental  Constitution  which  "provided 
that  the  eldest  proprietor  that  shall  be  in  Carolina  shall  be  Governor  .  .  .  ."  The  date  of 
Sothel's  assumption  of  Governorship  is  not  known.  Extant  records  tell  nothing  about  the 
government  of  Albemarle  in  the  year  following  Jenkins'  death.  It  is  possible  that  Sothel 
reached  the  colony  and  took  office  before  Jenkins  died  or  soon  afterwards;  it  is  possible 
that  for  a  time  there  was  an  acting  governor,  chosen  by  the  council;  or  there  may  have 
been  a  period  of  chaos.  Nothing  is  known  except  that  Sothel  arrived  in  Albemarle  at  some 
time  prior  to  March  10,  1682,  when  he  held  court  at  Edward  Smithwick's  house  in 
Chowan  Precinct.  Sothel  actions  and  policies  soon  became  intolerable  to  the  people  of 
Albemarle  and  at  the  meeting  of  the  assembly  in  1689,  thirteen  charges  of  misconduct 
and  irregularties  were  brought  against  him.  He  was  banished  from  the  colony  for  12 
months  and  was  prohibited  from  ever  again  holding  public  office  in  Albemarle.  On 
December  5,  1689,  the  Lords  Proprietors  offically  suspended  Sothel  as  governor  because 
he  abused  the  authority  granted  him  as  a  proprietor. 

2°Archdale  was  in  the  colony  by  December,  1683,  to  collect  quitrents  and  remained  in 
Albemarle  until  1686.  While  Governor  Sothel  was  absent  from  the  county,  Archdale 
served  on  many  occasions  as  acting  governor. 

^'The  Fundamental  Constitutions  provided  that  the  eldest  proprietor  living  in  the 
colony  would  be  governor  and  that  if  there  were  none,  then  the  eldest  cacique  was  to  act. 
"Gibbs,  a  relative  of  the  Duke  of  Albemarle,  had  been  made  a  cacique  of  Carolina  in 
October,  1682,  and  had  been  granted  a  manor  in  the  southern  Carolina  colony  a  few 
months  later.  Gibbs  came  to  Albemarle  at  some  date  before  November,  1689,  by  which 
time  he  was  known  as  'governor'.  His  claim  to  the  governorship  seems  to  have  been 
recognized  in  the  colony  for  a  time;  an  assembly  appears  to  have  been  held  while  he  was 
governor'.  It  is  probable  that  Albemarle  inhabitants  recognized  his  claim  until  word 
arrived  of  Ludwell's  appointment,  which  was  made  in  December,  1689."  Even  after 
Ludwell  arrived  in  Albemarle  Gibbs  continued  to  claim  his  right  to  the  office.  In  July, 
1690  both  were  advised  by  the  Virginia  governor  to  carry  their  dispute  to  the  proprietors 
in  England,  which  was  apparently  done.  On  November  8,  1691  a  proclamation  was 
issued  by  the  proprietors  to  the  inhalDitants  of  Albemarle  reaffirming  Sothel's  suspension 
and  repudiating  the  claim  of  Gibbs.  They  also  suspended  the  Fundamental  Constitutions 


474  North  Carolina  Manual 

which  stripped  Gibbs  of  any  further  legal  basis  for  his  actions.  (The  actions  of  the 
Proprietors  on  November  8,  1691  did  in  fact  suspend  the  Fundamental  Constitutions 
even  though  formal  announcement  of  their  suspension  was  not  made  until  May  11, 1693.) 

--^Ludwell  was  originally  commissioned  governor  by  the  Lords  Proprietors  on  December 
5, 1689  following  the  suspension  of  Sothel,  but  his  dispute  with  Gibbs  led  to  the  issuance 
of  a  second  commission  on  November  8,  1691.  He  served  as  governor  until  his 
appointment  as  governor  of  all  Carolina. 

^^Jarvis  acted  as  deputy  governor  while  Ludwell  was  in  Virginia  and  England.  He  was 
officially  appointed  deputy  governor  upon  Ludwell's  acceptance  of  the  governorship  of 
Carolina  and  served  until  his  death  in  1694. 

^^Ludwell  served  as  acting  governor,  possibly  by  appointment  of  Thomas  Smith 
governor  of  Carolina;  however,  the  authority  under  which  he  acted  is  not  known.  In 
October,  1694  it  is  apparent  that  the  Proprietors  did  not  know  of  his  position  as  the 
proprietors  refer  to  him  as  "our  late  Governor  of  North  Carolina."  He  issued  a 
proclamation  on  November  28,  1693  and  land  grant  records  indicate  that  he  acted  as 
chief  executive  intermittantly  throughout  1694  and  as  late  as  May  of  1695.  Records  show 
that  he  was  residing  in  Virginia  by  April  and  had  been  elected  to  represent  James  City 
County  in  the  Virginia  Assembly. 

'^Harvey  became  president  of  the  council  upon  the  death  of  Jarvis  in  1694.  He  was 
presiding  over  the  council  on  July  12, 1694  and  signed  several  survey  warrants  the  same 
day.  He  continued  serving  until  his  death  on  July  3,  1699. 

'-'•^Archdale  stopped  in  North  Carolina  a  few  weeks  and  acted  as  chief  executive  on  his 
way  to  Charleston  to  assume  office  as  Governor  of  Carolina.  He  was  in  Virginia  enroute 
to  Charleston  on  June  11, 12,  and  13, 1695and  was  in  Charleston  by  August  17, 1695,  the 
date  on  which  he  took  the  oath  of  office  at  Charleston. 

^■'Archdale's  authority  to  act  as  governor  rested  with  his  previous  commission  which 
was  still  valid.  The  problem  of  gubenatorial  succession  at  this  time  is  due  to  the  death  of 
Lord  Craven  and  the  confusion  over  the  tenure  of  Lord  Bath.  Since  no  one  other  than  the 
Lord  Palatine  could  commission  a  new  governor,  there  had  been  no  "regular"  governor 
appointed  for  Carolina. 

-'^Walker,  as  president  of  the  council,  assumed  the  role  of  chief  executive  shortly  after 
the  death  of  Harvey  and  relinquished  it  upon  the  arrival  of  Robert  Daniel  (sometime 
between  June  20,  1703  and  July  29,  1703). 

^^Daniel  was  appointed  deputy  governor  of  Carolina  by  Sir  Nathaniel  Johnson, 
Governor  of  Carolina,  and  was  acting  in  this  capacity  by  July  29,  1703.  Conflicts  with 
minority  religious  groups,  primarily  the  Quakers,  led  to  his  supension  in  March  1705. 

'"Cary  was  appointed  by  Sir  Nathaniel  Johnson,  Governor  of  Carolina,  to  replace 
Daniel,  and  arrived  in  North  Carolina  on  March  21,  1705.  Dissenters  were  pleased 
initially  with  the  appointment,  because  Cary  was  related  by  marriage  to  John  Archdale, 
the  Quaker  proprietor;  however,  this  initial  feeling  soon  changed.  When  he  arrived  in 
North  Carolina,  Cary  found  Anglicans  in  most  places  of  power  and  therefore,  cast  his  lot 
with  them.  Although  the  law  requiring  oaths  of  allegiance  was  still  on  the  statutes  books, 
dissenters  had  assumed  that  Cary  would  not  enforce  it.  However,  when  the  General 
Court  met  on  March  27,  the  oath  act  was  read  and  put  into  execution.  At  the  General 
Assembly  meeting  in  November,  1705,  Quaker  members  were  again  required  to  take 
oaths;  they  refused  and  were  excluded.  Then  Cary  and  his  allies  passed  a  law  which 
voided  the  election  of  anyone  found  guilty  of  promoting  his  own  candidacy.  This  loosely 
defined  bill  gave  the  majority  faction  in  the  lower  house  the  power  to  exclude  any 
undesirable  member  and  was  designed  to  be  used  against  troublesome  non-Quakers  (who 
had  no  convictions  against  oath  swearing). 

The  dissenters  and  some  disgruntled  Anglicans  now  decided  to  send  an  agent  to 
England  to  plead  for  relief.  In  October,  1706,  their  chosen  representative,  John  Porter, 
left  Albemarle  for  London  —  it  is  almost  certain  that  Porter  was  not  a  Quaker  and,  in  fact, 
may  have  been  an  Anglican.  Although  he  did  not  take  the  oaths  of  office  with  his  fellow 
justices  at  the  October-November  1 705  session  of  the  General  Court,  he  had  taken  them  in 
March,  1705.  In  England,  Porter  received  the  support  of  John  Archdale,  who  persuaded 
the  Lords  Proprietors  to  issue  orders  to  Porter,  suspending  Sir  Nathaniel  Johnson's 
authority  over  North  Carolina,  removing  Cary  as  deputy  governor,  naming  five  new 
councillors,  and  authorizing  the  council  to  elect  a  chief  executive. 


The  Executive  Branch  475 

Returning  to  Albemarle  in  October,  1 707,  Porter  found  William  Glover  and  the  council 
presiding  over  the  government  because  Gary  had  left  for  a  visit  to  South  Garolina.  This 
arrangement  appeared  satisfactory  to  Porter,  who  called  the  new  lords  deputies  together 
and  nominated  Glover  as  president  of  the  council.  Glover  was  elected,  but  the  vote  was 
illegal  since  Porter's  instructions  required  that  Gary  and  the  former  councillors  be 
present  for  the  voting.  Porter  knew  exactly  what  he  was  doing,  however,  and  later  used 
the  illegality  of  the  election  to  force  Glover  out  of  office. 

On  November  3,  1707,  Glover  convened  the  general  assembly  at  John  Hecklfield's 
house  at  Little  River.  Joining  him  in  the  upper  house  as  lords  deputies  were  Porter, 
Foster,  Newby,  Hawkins,  and  Thomas  Gary,  recently  returned  from  South  Garolina. 
After  requesting  that  the  lower  house  send  its  list  of  members  to  him,  the  president 
proposed  dissolution  of  the  assembly  without  further  business.  Gary  objected,  but  the 
following  day  Glover  and  the  rest  of  the  council  dissolved  the  General  Assembly. 
Although  he  had  been  required  to  convene  the  assembly  in  compliance  with  the  biennial 
act  which  specified  that  a  legislative  session  be  held  every  two  years,  Glover  apparently 
did  not  want  Gary  to  use  the  gathering  a  a  forum. 

At  some  point  between  the  close  of  the  assembly  in  November,  1707,  and  the  summer  of 
1708,  Glover  turned  on  the  dissenters.  Apparently,  he  decided  to  revive  the  oath  of  office 
and  force  the  Quaker  councillors  to  take  it.  Seeing  the  turn  of  events,  Gary  moved  to  join 
Porter  and  the  dissenters  in  the  hope  of  regaining  the  chief  executive's  office.  After 
receiving  assurances  of  toleration  from  Gary,  Porter  moved  decisively.  Late  in  the 
summer  of  1708,  he  called  together  both  Gary's  old  councillors  and  the  new  ones,  as  he 
was  originally  supposed  to  have  done  in  October,  1707,  and  announced  that  Glover's 
election  as  president  had  been  illegal.  Glover,  joined  by  Thomas  Pollock,  protested 
vigorously  and  armed  violence  broke  out  between  the  two  factions.  Soon  though,  both 
sides  agreed  to  let  the  General  Assembly  determine  the  validity  of  their  rival  claims. 
Gary  and  Glover  each  issued  separate  writs  of  election  to  every  precinct  which  then 
proceeded  to  elect  two  sets  of  burgesses  —  one  pledged  to  Gary  and  one  to  Glover.  Gary 
men  predominated  in  Bath  Gounty  and  Pasquotank  and  Perquimans  precincts;  Glover 
men  controlled  Gurrituck  precinct,  and  Ghowan  was  almost  evenly  divided.  In  the 
critical  maneuvering  for  control  of  the  assembly  which  met  October  11,1 708,  Gary  forces 
scored  an  early,  ultimately  decisive  victory.  Edward  Moseley,  an  Anglican  vestryman, 
was  chosen  speaker  of  the  house.  Despite  his  religious  affiliation,  he  was  a  Gary 
supporter.  Through  Moseley's  careful  management,  Gary  delegates  were  seated  from 
every  precinct  except  Gurrituck.  When  news  of  the  Gary  victory  in  the  lower  house 
reached  Glover,  he  departed  for  Virginia.  (There  is  evidence  that  Glover  continued  to  act 
in  the  capacity  of  president  of  a  council  during  1709  and  1710  —  land  grant  records 
indicate  several  grants  throughout  each  year  bear  his  name  and  the  names  of  his 
councillors.  The  general  assembly  nullified  the  test  oaths,  and  the  council  officially 
elected  Gary  presdient. 

The  Lords  Proprietors  were  slow  to  intervene  in  the  situation  in  North  Garolina.  In 
December,  1 708,  they  appointed  Edward  Tynte  to  be  governor  of  Garolina  and  instructed 
him  to  make  Edward  Hyde  deputy  governor  of  North  Carolina.  Arriving  in  the  colony 
early  in  1711,  Hyde  had  no  legal  claim  on  the  deputy  governorship  because  Tynte  had 
died  before  commissioning  him.  However,  he  was  warmly  received  in  Albemarle,  and  his 
position  as  a  distant  kinsman  of  the  queen  was  so  impressive  that  the  council  elected 
Hyde  to  the  presidency.  He  called  a  general  assembly  for  March,  1711,  where  he 
recommended  harsh  legislation  against  dissenters  and  the  arrest  of  Gary  and  Porter. 
From  his  home  in  Bath,  Gary  rallied  his  supporters  to  resist,  and  the  armed  conflict 
known  as  the  Gary  Rebellion  began. 

■^^See  footnote  30. 

^^See  footnote  30. 

33See  footnote  30. 

s-iSee  footnote  30. 

^^See  footnote  30. 

^^Edward  Hyde  served  first  as  president  of  the  council  and  later  as  governor  by 
commission  from  the  Lords  Proprietors.  When  Gary  challenged  his  authority,  armed 
conflict  erupted  between  the  two.  The  event,  known  as  Gary's  Rebellion,  ended  with  the 
arrest  of  Gary  —  he  was  later  released  for  lack  of  evidence.  Hyde  continued  as  governor 
until  his  death  on  September  8,  1712. 


476  North  Carolina  Manual 

^"See  fotnote  36. 

''^Pollock,  as  president  of  the  council,  became  governor  following  the  death  of  Hyde  and 
served  in  that  capacity  until  the  arrival  of  Charles  Eden. 

'^^Eden  was  commissioned  by  the  Lords  Proprietors  and  served  until  his  death  on 
March  22,  1722. 

^"Pollock,  as  presdient  of  the  council,  became  chief  executive  after  Eden's  death,  and 
served  until  his  own  derath  in  Septebmer,  1722. 

^'Reed  ws  elected  president  of  the  council,  to  replace  Pollock  and  as  such  served  until 
the  arrival  of  George  Burrington. 

^-Burrington  was  commissioned  governor  of  North  Carolina  by  the  Lords  Proprietors 
and  served  until  he  was  removed  from  office.  Why  he  was  removed  is  not  officially 
known. 

^■'Moseley,  as  president  of  the  council,  was  sworn  in  as  acting  governor  when 
Burrington  left  the  colony  to  travel  to  South  Carolina.  By  November  7,  1724  Burrington 
had  returned  to  North  Carolina. 

"•^Everard  was  commissioned  by  the  Lords  Proprietors  following  the  removal  of 
Burrinton,  who  continued  to  create  problems  for  Everard  after  he  had  taken  office. 
Everard  remained  governor  during  the  period  of  transition  when  North  Carolina  became 
a  royal  colony. 

Royal  Chief  Executives 

■^^In  1 729,  the  Lords  Proprietors  gave  up  ownership  of  North  Carolina  and  with  it  the 
right  to  appoint  governors  and  other  officials. 

^''Burrington  was  the  first  governor  commissioned  by  the  crown,  and  the  only  man  to 
be  appointed  by  both  the  Lords  Proprietors  and  the  crown.  He  qualified  before  the  council 
in  1731.  His  political  enemies  succeeded  in  securing  his  removal  from  office  in  1734. 

^''Rice  served  as  chief  executive  while  Burrington  was  out  of  the  colony. 

■•^Johnston  was  commissioned  by  the  crown  and  served  as  governor  until  his  death  on 
July  17,  1752. 

^^Rice,  as  presdient  of  the  council,  became  Chief  executive  following  the  death  of 
Johnston;  however,  he  too  was  advanced  in  age  and  soon  died. 

^''Rowan  was  elected  president  following  the  death  of  Rice  and  served  as  chief 
executive  until  the  arrival  of  Dobbs. 

5'Dobbs  was  commissioned  by  the  crown  and  arrived  in  North  Carolina  in  late 
October,  1754.  He  qualified  before  the  chief  justice  and  three  members  of  the  council  who 
had  met  him  in  Bath.  He  continued  serving  until  his  death  in  March,  1765. 

^-Hassel  served  as  chief  executive  during  the  absence  of  Dobbs  from  the  colony.  Dobbs 
had  returned  by  December  19,  1763. 

^■^Tryon,  who  had  been  commissioned  lieutenant  governor  under  Dobbs,  served  as 
chief  exectutive,  first  under  his  commission  as  lieutenant  governor,  and  then  under  a 
new  commission  as  governor.  He  served  in  this  capacity  until  1711  when  he  was 
appointed  governor  to  New  York. 

^^See  footnote  53. 

55  James  Hasell,  as  president  of  the  council,  acted  as  interim  governor  until  the  arrival 
of  Josiah  Martin. 

56Josiah  Martin  was  appointed  by  the  crown  and  served  as  the  last  royal  governor  of 
North  Carolina.  The  date  of  his  actual  relinguishing  of  authority  has  been  one  of 
controversy  among  historian.  Some  cite  the  day  he  left  North  Carolina  soil  in  July,  1775 
as  the  termination  date,  others  accept  July  4,  1776.  Martin  considered  himself  to  be 
governor  throughout  the  Revolution  since  his  commission  had  not  been  rescinded. 

^''Hasell,  as  president  of  the  council,  acted  as  temporary  governor  during  the  absence  of 
Martin  who  had  left  the  colony  for  New  York  for  reasons  of  health. 

Governors  Elected  by  the  General  Assembly 

58The  Constitution  of  1776  provided  that  the  general  assembly  "elect  a  governor  for  one 
year,  who  shall  not  be  eligible  to  that  office  longer  than  three  years,  in  six  successive 
years." 

^^Caswell  was  appointed  by  the  Provincial  Congress  to  act  "until  [the]  next  General 
Assembly."  He  was  later  elected  by  the  general  assembly  to  regular  term  and  to  two 
additional  terms. 


The  Executive  Branch  477 

^°The  House  and  Senate  Journals  for  1780  are  missing;  however,  loose  papers  found  in 
the  North  Carolina  Archives  provided  the  necessary  information.  Nash  requested  that 
his  name  be  withdrawn  from  nomiation  in  1781. 

•''On  September  12,  1781,  Burke  and  several  other  state  officials  and  continental 
officers  were  captured  by  the  British.  Burke  was  sent  to  Sullivan's  Island  near 
Charleston,  South  Carolina  and  later  transferred  to  James  Island.  After  several 
attempts,  he  was  able  to  obtain  a  parole  to  return  to  North  Carolina  in  late  January,  1782. 
General  Alexander  Leslie  who  issued  the  parole,  later  changed  his  mind  and  wrote 
General  Nathaniel  Greene  requesting  the  immediate  return  of  Burke.  Feeling  that  it  was 
more  important  for  him  to  remain  in  North  Carolina,  Burke  refused  to  comply  with  the 
request  despite  urgings  from  several  men  of  importance  who  questioned  the  legality,  as 
well  as  the  prudency  of  his  actions.  The  adversity  which  developed,  prompted  Burke  to 
have  his  name  withdrawn  from  the  list  of  nominees  for  governor  in  1 782.  He  retired  from 
public  life  to  his  home  near  Hillsborough  where  he  died  the  following  year. 

•'^Martin,  as  speaker  of  the  senate,  was  qualified  as  acting  governor  upon  receiving 
news  of  Burke's  capture.  He  served  in  this  capacity  until  Burke  returned  to  North 
Carolina  in  late  January,  1782. 

''''On  November  26, 1789  Johnston  was  elected  as  United  States  Senator  after  having 
already  qualified  as  governor.  A  new  election  was  held  on  December  5,  and  Alexander 
Martin  was  elected  to  replace  him. 

''^See  footnote  63. 

''SDavie  served  only  one  term  as  governor  due  to  his  appointment  in  1799  by  President 
Adams  to  a  special  diplomatic  mission  to  France.  Crabtree,  North  Carolina  Governors, 
57. 

^^Ashe  died  before  he  could  qualify,  and  Turner  was  elected  to  replace  him. 

^"See  footnote  66. 

^^Turner  was  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate  on  November  21, 1805  to  fill  a  vacancy 
created  by  the  resignation  of  Montford  Stokes. 

^^Iredell  resigned  on  December  1,  1828  following  his  election  to  the  United  States 
Senate  to  fill  the  seat  vacated  by  the  resignation  of  Nathaniel  Macon. 

"°Stokes  was  appointed  by  President  Jackson  in  1832  as  "chairman  of  the  Federal 
Indian  Comission  to  supervise  the  settlement  of  southern  Indians  west  of  the 
Mississippi." 

Governors  Elected  by  the  People  —  Two- Year  Term 

"'The  Constitutional  Convention  of  1835  approved  an  amendment  to  the  constitution 
which  provided  for  the  popular  election  of  governor.  The  Terms  of  office  for  governor  was 
lengthen  to  two  years;  however,  he  could  only  serve  two  terms  in  a  six  year  period. 

''■^Manly  was  defeated  for  re-election  by  Reid  in  1850. 

''''On  November  24,  1854,  Reid  was  elected  by  the  general  assembly  to  complete  the 
unexpired  term  of  Willie  P.  Mangum  in  the  United  States  Senate.  He  resigned  as 
governor  following  the  resignation  of  Reid. 

"^Winslow,  as  speaker  of  the  house,  qualified  as  governor  following  the  resignation  of 
Reid. 

'•'Ellis  died  on  July  7,  1861. 

''^Clark,  as  speaker  of  the  senate,  became  governor  following  the  death  of  Ellis. 

"'Holden  was  appointed  provisional  governor  on  May  9,  1865  by  the  occupation 
commander.  He  was  defeated  by  Worth  in  the  popular  election  of  1865. 

"•^The  North  Carolina  Constitution  of  1868  was  extended  the  term  of  office  for  governor 
from  two  years  to  four  years,  but  prohibited  him  from  seeking  re-election  for  the  following 
term. 

Governors  Elected  by  the  People  —  Four- Year  Term 

''^The  efforts  of  the  conservatives  in  keeping  blacks  away  from  the  polls  during  the 
election  of  1870  resulted  in  a  substantial  majority  of  the  seats  in  the  general  assembly 
being  won  by  conservative  candidates.  On  December  9, 1870,  a  resolution  of  impeachment 
against  Holden  was  introduced  in  the  House  of  Representatives  by  Frederick  N. 
Strudwick  of  Orange.  In  all,  eight  charges  were  brought  against  Governor  Holden.  The 
trial  lasted  from  February  2, 1871  to  March  23, 1871,  and  Holden  was  found  guilty  on  six 
of  the  eight  charges.  He  was  immediately  removed  from  office. 


478  North  Carolina  Manual 

^^''Caldwell  became  governor  following  the  removal  of  Holden  from  office  and  was 
elected  governor  in  the  general  elections  of  1872.  He  died  in  office  July  11,  1874. 

«iSee  footnote  80. 

"^^Vance  was  elected  governor  in  1876.  On  January  21, 1879  he  was  elected  to  the  United 
States  Senate  by  the  general  assembly  and  resigned  as  governor  effective  February  5, 
1879. 

**'Jarvis  became  governor  following  the  resignation  of  Vance,  and  was  elected 
governor  in  the  general  elections  of  1880. 

**^Robinson  was  sworn  in  as  governor  on  September  1 ,  1883  to  act  while  Jarvis  was  out 
of  the  state.  He  served  from  September  1  through  September  28. 

sspowle  died  April  7,  1891. 

^^Umstead  died  on  November  7,  1854. 

^"Holshouser  was  the  first  Republican,  elected  Governor  since  1896  when  Daniel 
Russell  was  elected. 

'''^Hunt  became  the  first  governor  elected  to  a  four  year  term  to  be  elected  to  another 
term.  A  constitutional  amendment  adopted  in  1977  permitted  the  governor  &  lieutenant 
governor  to  run  for  re-election. 

''^Martin  was  elected  in  1984  becoming  only  the  second  Republican  elected  in  this 
century.  He  was  relected  in  1988. 


The  Executive  Branch  479 


THE  OFFICE  OF  THE  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR 

The  origin  of  the  office  goes  back  to  16th  century  England,  when  the 
Enghsh  Crown  estabhshed  the  office  of  the  Lord  Lieutenant,  a  county 
official  who  represented  the  king  in  the  management  of  local  affairs. 

Although  several  early  American  colonial  charters  referred  to  a  "deputy 
governor,"  the  phrase  "Lieutenant  Governor"  was  used  for  the  first  time  in 
the  Massachusetts  Charter  of  169L  That  charter  also  made  it  clear  that  the 
Lieutenant  Governor  would  become  governor  in  the  event  of  a  vacancy.  The 
office  of  the  Lieutenant  Governor  in  colonial  times  seems  to  have  been 
established  expressly  to  cope  with  the  problem  of  gubernatorial  absence. 

The  concept  of  the  Lieutenant  Governor  presiding  over  the  upper  house  of 
the  state  legislature  may  have  had  its  roots  in  the  colonial  practice  of 
making  the  Lieutenant  Governor  the  chief  member  of  the  Governor's 
council. 

The  North  Carolina  Constitution  of  1776  made  no  provision  for  a 
Lieutenant  Governor.  However,  the  constitutional  convention  of  1868, 
brought  together  to  frame  a  new  constitution  provided  for  an  elective  office 
of  the  Lieutenant  Governor. 

Between  1868  and  1970,  the  Lieutenant  Governor  was  a  parttime  official 
with  very  limited  authority.  He  served  only  when  the  General  Assembly  was 
in  session  or  in  the  absence  of  the  Governor.  His  primary  responsibility  was 
that  of  presiding  officer  of  the  Senate,  and  in  that  capacity,  he  appointed 
senators  to  committees,  and  oversaw  legislation  as  it  passed  through  the 
Senate.  Today,  the  office  of  Lieutenant  Governor  is  a  full  time  position  and 
is  no  longer  limited  to  one  four-year  term — he  may  be  elected  to  one  addi- 
tional, consecutive  four-year  term. 

In  1989,  the  Senate  Rules  Committee  stripped  the  Lieutenant  Governor  of 
his  powers  to  make  appointments  to  standing  committees  and  to  assign  bills 
to  committees.  He  retained  the  authority  to  make  appointments  to  more  than 
40  boards  and  commissions  within  the  executive  branch.  He  also  serves  on 
many  boards  and  commissions  including  the  State  Board  of  Education,  the 
North  Carolina  Internship  Council,  the  Board  of  Economic  Development, 
the  State  Board  of  Community  Colleges  and  the  North  Carolina  Capital 
Planning  Commission.  The  Lieutenant  Governor  is  a  member  of  the  Council 
of  State  and  serves  as  chairman  of  the  Governmental  Operations  Committee, 
which  has  the  authority  to  scrutinize  the  expenditure  of  tax  dollars  by  State 
government  agencies. 

Unlike  any  other  state  official,  the  Lieutenant  Governor  straddles  the 
executive  and  legislative  branches,  vested  with  constitutional  and  statutory 
powers  in  both  branches.  Under  the  constitution  he  is  first  in  line  to  succeed 
to  the  governorship  should  that  office  become  vacant. 

The  Lieutenant  Governor  has  a  staff  to  help  him  carry  out  his  duties. 
Much  of  the  work  of  this  staff  involves  responding  to  citizen  inquiries  and 
problems,  developing  policy  initiatives,  and  working  with  other  state 
agencies.  While  the  legislature  is  in  session  the  Lieutenant  Governor  is 
served  by  a  legislative  counsel  who  acts  as  liaison  to  members  of  the 
General  Assembly. 


480 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  Executive  Branch  481 


James  Carson  Gardner 

Lieutenant  Governor 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Rocky  Mount,  Nash  County,  April  8,  1933,  to 
James  Cuthrell  Gardner  (deceased)  and  Sue  Trenholm. 

Education:  Rocky  Mount  City  Schools;  North  Carolina  State  University. 

Professional  Background:  Executive  Vice  President  and  Co-Founder, 
Hardee's  Food  Systems,  Inc.;  President,  Gardner  Foods,  Inc. 

Organizations:  Former  member,  Junior  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Boards:  NC  Board  of  Education;  NC  Board  of  Community  Colleges; 
Chairman,  Bi-Centennial  Commission;  member.  Economic  Development 
Board;  Chairman,  NC  Teaching  Fellows  Commission;  member,  Capitol 
Planning  Commission;  Chairman,  NC  Drug  Cabinet. 

Political  Activities:  Lieutenant  Governor  of  North  Carolina,  1989-; 
Member,  US  Congress,  1966;  Chairman,  NC  Republican  Party,  1965;  Republi- 
can Party. 

Military  Service:  United  States  Army,  Private  First  Class,  1953-55. 

Literary  Works:  "A  Time  to  Speak." 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  St.  Andrew's  Episcopal  Church,  Rocky 
Mount. 

Family:  Married,  Mary  Elizabeth  Tyler,  October  5,  1957.  Children:  Beth 
(Gardner)  Strandberg,  Terry  (Gardner)  Noble,  and  Christopher. 


482  North  Carolina  Manual 

LIEUTENANT  GOVERNORS  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA^ 

Name  Residence  Term 

Tod  R.  Caldwell'^ Burke  1868-1870 

Curtis  H.  Brogden' Wayne 1873-1874 

Thomas  J.  Jarvis^  Pitt  1877-1879 

James  L.  Robinson^  Macon  1881-1885 

Charles  M.  Stedman  New  Hanover 1885-1889 

Thomas  M.  Holt«  Alamance  1889-1891 

Rufus  A.  Doughton  Alleghany  1893-1897 

Charles  A.  Reynolds  Forsyth  1897-1901 

Wilfred  D.  Turner  Iredell 1901-1905 

Francis  D.  Winston  Bertie  1905-1909 

Wilham  C.  Newland Caldwell  1909-1913 

Elijah  L.  Daughtridge  Edgecombe 1913-1917 

Oliver  Max  Gardner Cleveland  1917-1921 

William  B.  Cooper  New  Hanover 1921-1925 

Jacob  E.  Long  Durham  1925-1929 

Richard  T.  Fountain  Edgecombe 1929-1933 

Alexander  H.  Graham  Orange 1933-1937 

Wilkins  P.  Horton Chatham  1937-1941 

Reginald  L.  Harris  Person  1941-1945 

Lynton  Y.  Ballentine  Wake  1945-1949 

Hoyt  Patrick  Taylor Anson  1949-1953 

Luther  H.  Hodges" Rockingham  1953-1954 

Luther  E.  Barnhardt Cabarrus  1957-1961 

Harvey  Clovd  Philpott^  Davidson  1961 

Robert  W.  Scott  Alamance  1965-1969 

Hoyt  Patrick  Taylor,  Jr Anson  1969-1973 

James  B.  Hunt,  Jr Pitt  1973-1977 

James  C.  Green^  Bladen  1977-1985 

Robert  B.  Jordan,  HI  Montgomery  1985-1989 

James  C.  Gardner^" Nash  1989- 


'The  office  of  lieutenant  governor  was  created  by  the  North  Carolina  Constitution  of 
1868. 

^Caldwell  became  governor  following  the  removal  of  Holden  from  office  in  1870. 

^Brogden  became  governor  following  the  death  of  Caldwell. 

••Jarvis  became  governor  following  the  resignation  of  Vance. 

^Robinson  resigned  from  office  on  October  13,  1884. 

''Holt  became  governor  following  the  death  of  Fowle. 

^Hodges  became  governor  following  the  death  of  Umstead. 

sPhilpott  died  on  August  18,  1961. 

^Green  was  the  first  lieutenant  governor  elected  to  a  second  term. 

'"Gardner  was  elected  in  1988,  becoming  the  first  Republican  elected  lieutenant 
governor  this  century. 


The  Executive  Branch  483 


THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OF  STATE 

The  office  of  secretary  is  the  second  oldest  governmental  office  in  North 
Carolina.  Shortly  after  the  Lords  Proprietors  were  granted  their  charter  in 
1663,  the  first  secretary  was  appointed  to  maintain  the  records  of  the  colony. 
The  office  continued  after  the  purchase  of  North  Carolina  from  the  Lords 
Proprietors  by  the  crown  in  1728.  After  independence  the  office  of  Secretary 
of  State  was  included  in  the  Constitution  of  1776. 

Prior  to  1868,  the  Secretary  of  State  was  elected  by  the  General  Assembly 
in  joint  session  for  a  term  of  one  year  prior  to  1835  and  two  years  following 
constitutional  amendments  that  changed  the  meetings  of  the  General 
Assembly  from  annually  to  biennially.  Individuals  elected  to  the  office  were 
usually  reelected  on  a  regular  basis.  Only  seven  men  held  the  office  during 
its  first  92  years  and  only  21  individuals  have  held  the  office  since  its 
creation  in  1776.  William  Hill  who  was  Secretary  of  State  from  1811  until  his 
death  in  1857,  served  a  total  of  46  years.  This  record  of  service  seemed  an 
unbreakable  mark  until  the  election  of  1936  when  a  young  politician  from 
Hertford  County  was  elected  Secretary  of  State.  On  December  22,  1982,  Thad 
Eure  broke  the  record.  In  1989,  the  "oldest  'rat  in  the  democratic  barn" 
retired  from  office  after  more  than  52  years  as  North  Carolina's  "Mr. 
Secretary." 

The  Secretary  of  State  is  a  constitutional  officer  elected  to  a  four-year  term 
by  the  citizens  of  North  Carolina  at  the  same  time  as  other  elected  executive 
officials.  He  heads  the  Department  of  the  Secretary  of  State  which  was 
created  by  the  Executive  Organization  Act  of  1971.  The  Secretary  of  State  is 
a  member  of  the  Council  of  State  and  is  an  ex-officio  member  of  the  Local 
Government  Commission  and  Capital  Planning  Commission.  He  also  serves 
on  the  Information  Technology  Commission  (formerly  the  Computer  Com- 
mission) and  is  chairman  of  the  Constitutional  Amendments  Publications 
Committee. 

By  statute  he  receives  all  ratified  bills  of  the  General  Assembly  as  well  as 
the  original  journals  of  the  state  Senate  and  state  House  of  Representatives. 

The  Secretary  of  State  is  empowered  by  law  to  administer  oaths  to  any 
public  official  of  whom  an  oath  is  required.  He  is  frequently  called  upon  to 
administer  oaths  to  officers  of  the  Highway  Patrol,  judges  and  other  elected 
officials. 

The  Secretary  of  State  is  required  to  faithfully  perform  the  duties  assigned 
him  by  the  Constitution  and  laws  of  North  Carolina.  The  Department  of  the 
Secretary  of  State,  under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  is  charged 
with  maintaining  certain  records  pertaining  to  state  and  local  government 
actions  and  the  commercial  activities  of  private  business.  This  duty  is 
imposed  by  many  widely  distributed  sections  of  the  General  Statutes  of 
North  Carolina  and  involves  varying  degrees  of  responsibility  from  reviewing 
of  documents  for  conformity  to  statutory  requirements  prior  to  filing  to 
enforcement  authority.  The  Department  has  responsibility  under  approxi- 
mately fifty  separate  statutes  which  may  be  divided  into  categories  dealing 


484  North  Carolina  Manual 

with  custodianship  of  the  Constitution  and  laws  of  the  State,  administrative 
comniercial  hiw,  the  elective  process,  the  General  Assembly  and  public 
information. 

General  Administration  Division 

The  General  Administration  Division,  under  the  supervision  of  the 
Secretary  of  State  and  his  chief  deputy,  is  responsible  for  all  administrative 
and  management  functions  including  budget,  personnel,  planning  and  co- 
ordination. In  addition,  the  Division  handles  miscellaneous  statutory  duties 
and  responsibilities  not  assigned  to  one  of  the  other  departmental  divisions. 
Included  among  these  are  the  registration  of  lobbyists,  the  registration  of 
trademarks,  and  the  recording  of  municipal  annexation  ordinances. 

Corporations  Division 

The  Corporations  Division  is  responsible  for  filing  corporation  and  limited 
partnership  documents  as  required  by  the  laws  of  North  Carolina.  The 
various  corporation  and  limited  partnership  laws  are  enabling  statutes 
under  which  these  organizations  are  created.  The  responsibility  of  the 
Secretary  of  State  is  to  ensure  uniform  compliance  with  such  statutes,  record 
information  required  as  a  public  record,  prevent  duplication  of  corporate 
names  and  furnish  information  to  the  public.  In  1989  a  complete  rewrite  of 
the  Corporation  Laws  of  North  Carolina  was  enacted  by  the  General 
Assembly. 

The  division  is  responsible  for  maintaining  records  on  approximately 
150, ()()()  current  corporations  and  limited  partnerships.  The  Information 
Services  Group  handles  more  that  700  inquiries  daily  regarding  the  records 
and  the  unit  processes  more  that  50,000  documents  each  year. 

Notary  Public  Division 

The  function  of  issuing  commissions  to  notaries  public  was  transferred  to 
the  Department  of  the  Secretary  of  State  from  the  Office  of  the  Governor 
under  the  Executive  Organization  Act  of  1971.  The  primary  purpose  of  the 
Notary  Public  Division  is  to  provide  a  means  for  establishing  the  authenticity 
of  signatures.  This  is  accomplished  through  the  issuing  of  commissions  to 
notaries  public  in  all  of  the  counties  in  North  Carolina. 

In  1983,  the  Department  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  in  cooperation  with  the 
Department  of  Community  Colleges,  developed  and  implemented  a  Notary 
Public  Education  Program.  The  purpose  of  this  program  is  to  educate 
notaries  about  the  legal,  ethical  and  technical  requirements  of  performing  a 
notarial  act.  North  Carolina  is  recognized  as  first  in  the  nation  for  this 
program. 

In  order  to  be  a  notary  in  North  Carolina,  an  individual  must  meet  certain 
eligibility  requirements  as  prescribed  in  G.S.  10.  These  include: 

(1)  satisfactory  completion  of  a  course  of  study  approved  by  the 
Secretary  of  State  consisting  of  not  less  than  three  hours  nor  more 

than  six  hours  of  classroom  instruction  (practicing  attorneys  at  law 
are  exempt); 


The  Executive  Branch  485 

(2)  applying  for  appointment  on  a  form  provided  by  the  Secretary  of 
State  and  made  available  by  the  instructor  upon  the  satisfactory 
completion  of  the  required  course  work; 

(3)  being  at  least  18  years  of  age; 

(4)  purchasing  a  manual  approved  by  the  Secretary  of  State  that 
describes  the  duties,  authority  and  ethical  responsibilities  of  notaries 
public; 

(5)  possessing  a  high  school  diploma  or  its  equivalent;  and 

(6)  obtaining  a  recommendation  as  to  character  and  fitness  from  one 
publicly  elected  official  in  North  Carolina. 

The  office  of  notary  public  is  one  of  the  oldest  in  history,  having  existed  as 
far  back  as  the  days  of  the  Greek  and  Roman  Empires.  There  are  notaries  in 
every  one  of  the  50  United  States  and  in  most  of  the  countries  around  the 
world. 

Publications  Division 

The  Publications  Division  is  primarily  responsible  for  the  compiling  and 
publishing  of  information  which  will  be  useful  to  the  General  Assembly,  to 
state  agencies,  and  to  the  people  of  North  Carolina.  In  addition,  it  is  also 
responsible  for  maintaining  for  public  inspection,  certain  records  for  which 
the  Secretary  of  State  is  custodian.  The  division  publishes  such  useful  items 
as  the  Directory  of  State  and  County  Officials  of  North  Carolina,  the  North 
Carolina  Manual,  and  other  smaller  publications. 

Questions  concerning  the  duties  and  responsibilities  of  state  agencies,  the 
organizational  structure  of  government,  and  the  general  inquiries  about 
North  Carolina  have  increased,  particularly  from  our  school-age  citizens. 
Because  of  this  a  major  emphasis  is  placed  on  providing  our  school  children 
with  educational  materials  necessary  to  help  them  become  more  informed 
citizens.  Many  informational  pamphlets  and  publications  are  available 
upon  request  and  "school  information  packets"  for  both  the  elementary  and 
secondary  grade  levels  are  prepared  and  distributed. 

Within  the  Publications  Division  is  the  Land  Grants  Section  where  the 
historical  land  grants  for  North  Carolina  dating  from  the  1660's  are  found. 
Also  in  this  section  are  the  original  ratified  acts  of  the  General  Assemblies 
of  North  Carolina,  as  well  as  primary  and  general  election  voting  results  for 
recent  elections.  Over  1,000  people  visit  the  Land  Grants  Section  each  year 
in  search  of  some  clue  to  a  family  tie  or  to  use  election  returns  and  other 
records.  In  an  effort  to  preserve  and  protect  these  valuable  records,  the 
Publications  Division  is  working  with  the  state  Archives  to  microfilm  the 
land  grant  records  and  transfer  them  to  the  state  Archives  for  permanent 
keeping. 

The  Securities  Division 

The  Securities  Division  is  responsible  for  administering  the  state's 
securities  laws.  These  "blue  sky"  laws,  as  they  are  known,  are  provided  for 
in  Chapters  78A,  78B,  78C,  and  78D  of  the  General  Statutes.  The  intent  of 
these  laws  is  to  protect  the  investing  public  by  requiring  a  satisfactory 


486  North  Carolina  Manual 

investigation  of  both  the  people  who  offer  securities  and  of  the  securities 
themselves.  The  laws  provide  for  significant  investigatory  powers  and  for 
due  process  in  any  administrative,  civil  or  criminal  action.  The  Securities 
Division  is  the  appropriate  state  agency  for  addressing  investor  complaints 
concerning  securities  brokers,  stockbrokers,  investment  advisors,  or  com- 
modity dealers,  and  for  inquiring  about  offerings  of  particular  securities  or 
commodities.  Although  the  division  cannot  represent  an  investor  in  a  claim 
for  monetary  damages,  the  staff  can  investigate  alleged  violations  and 
suspend  or  revoke  a  license,  issue  stop  orders  against  securities  offerings, 
issue  cease  and  desist  orders,  seek  court  ordered  injunctions,  or  refer  the 
matter  to  the  appropriate  district  attorney  for  criminal  prosecution.  Con- 
viction of  willfully  violating  the  "blue  sky"  laws  carries  a  penalty  of  a  Class 
I  felony. 

The  Secretary  of  State,  as  the  state's  securities  administrator,  is  a  member 
of  the  North  American  Securities  Administrators  Association  (NASAA). 
Through  this  organization  the  division's  staff  assists  in  the  adoption  of 
nationwide,  uniform  policies  on  securities.  The  Division  works  with  other 
state  securities  agencies,  various  federal  agencies  (including  the  Securities 
and  Exchange  Commission),  and  with  various  industry  groups  such  as  the 
National  Association  of  Securities  Dealers. 

Uniform  Commercial  Code  Division 

The  Uniform  Commercial  Code  Division  is  required  under  Article  9  of  the 
Code  to  provide  a  method  of  giving  notice  of  security  interests  in  personal 
property  to  interested  third  parties.  The  method  adopted  is  a  "notice"  filing 
system.  Recorded  information  in  the  UCC  Division  is  public  record. 

The  Secretary  of  State,  as  central  filing  officer,  receives  and  files  financing 
statements  and  related  "notice"  statements  and  furnishes  information  to  the 
public  regarding  such  statements. 

It  is  the  responsibility  of  the  secured  party  to  file  a  statement  showing  the 
name  and  address  of  the  debtor,  the  name  and  address  of  the  secured  party 
and  a  brief  description  of  the  collateral.  These  documents  are  indexed  by  the 
debtor's  name.  A  search  of  the  records  on  a  particular  debtor  will  produce  a 
list  of  all  active  creditors  who  have  filed  statements  with  this  office. 
Interested  parties  are  given  information  sufficient  to  contact  the  creditors 
for  further  information  regarding  the  lien. 

Financing  statements  are  generally  effective  for  a  five  year  period.  Within 
six  months  prior  to  their  expiration  date,  the  statements  may  be  continued 
for  an  additional  five  years. 

The  Secretary  of  State  is  also  central  filing  officer  for  federal  tax  liens 
which  are  handled  in  the  same  manner  as  UCC  filings. 

Large  financial  transactions  are  affected  daily  through  information 
received  from  the  UCC  Division. 

The  Business  License  Information  Office 

The  newest  addition  to  the  Department  of  the  Secretary  of  State  is  the 
Business   License   Information   Office.    Created   in    1987   by   the   General 


The  Executive  Branch  487 

Assembly,  this  office  grew  out  of  the  recognition  of  the  business  community's 
need  for  reHef  from  an  often  confusing  Hcensing  system,  and  the  recognition 
that  the  time  and  energy  of  prospective  business  owners  could  be  better 
spent  in  other  areas.  There  are  hundreds  of  business  related  licenses  and 
permits  issued  by  the  State  of  North  Carolina  with  hundreds  of  applications 
and  related  forms  to  be  completed  to  obtain  them.  This  experience  can  be 
very  frustrating. 
The  purpose  of  the  Business  License  Information  Office  is: 

(1)  to  offer  new  and  existing  businesses  an  accessible  central  informa- 
tion source; 

(2)  to  assist  potential  business  owners  to  secure  the  necessary  state 
issued  licenses,  permits,  and/or  other  authorizations  in  order  to  operate 
a  business  in  North  Carolina; 

(3)  to  monitor  the  license  application  review  process;  and 

(4)  to  act  as  an  advocate  for  regulatory  reform. 

Assistance  is  available  to  all  businesses  regardless  of  size,  type  or  location. 
There  are  no  fees  for  the  services  provided  and  assistance  is  available  by 
telephoning  or  by  visiting  the  office.  A  toll  free  telephone  number  has  been 
established  for  the  convenience  of  the  users.  The  number  is  1-800-228-8443. 

A  directory,  the  North  Carolina  State  Directory  of  Business  Licenses  and 
Permits  has  been  published  by  the  office.  This  publication  contains  up-to- 
date  information  on  over  600  state  required  licenses  and  permits. 


488 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  Executive  Branch  489 


Rufus  L.  Edmisten 

Secretary  of  State 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Boone,  Watauga  County,  July  12,  1941,  to  Walter 
F.  and  Nell  (Hollar)  Edmisten. 

Education:  Appalachian  High  School,  1959;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1963,  B.A. 
with  Honors;  George  Washington  University,  1967,  J.D.  with  Honors;  Law 
Review,  1966. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney;  (Senior  Partner,  Edmisten  and 
Weaver,  1985-89);  Attorney  General  of  North  Carolina,  1974-84;  Aide  to  US 
Senator  Sam  J.  Ervin  (served  as  Counsel,  Senate  Subcommittee  on  Constitu- 
tional Rights;  Chief  Counsel  and  Staff  Director,  Senate  Subcommittee  on 
Separation  of  Powers;  Deputy  Chief  Counsel,  Senate  Select  Committee  on 
Presidential  Campaign  Activities — Watergate  Committee),  1963-74. 

Organizations:  NC  Bar  Association;  NC  State  Bar;  District  of  Columbia 
Bar  Association;  American  Bar  Association;  Phi  Delta  Phi  Legal  Fraternity; 
Estey  Hall  Foundation;  Southern  Appalachian  Historical  Association  (Presi- 
dent); Established  Attorney  General's  Committee  on  Local  and  Historic 
Preservation  Law,  1978;  Scottish  Rite  Bodies  and  York  Rite  Masonic  Bodies 
of  Raleigh;  Amran  Temple,  Shriners;  Wake  County  SPCA;  Co-Chairman, 
South  Square  Motors  Golf  Tournament  to  benefit  Duke  University  Medical 
Center.. 

Boards:  Council  of  State;  NC  Capitol  Planning  Commission;  Constitution 
Publications  Committee  (Chairman);  Information  Technology  Commission 
Local  Government  Commission;  Board  of  Trustees,  Flat  Rock  Playhouse,  the 
State  Theatre  of  North  Carolina;  Lees-McRae  College  Board  of  Advisors; 
National  Association  of  Secretaries  of  State  (Washington  Oversight  Com- 
mittee; Business,  Government  and  Licensing);  Honorary  Committee  Chair- 
man, Arthritis  Foundation  Annual  Gala. 

Political  Activities:  Secretary  of  State  of  North  Carolina,  1989-;  Attorney 
General,  1974-1984;  General  Advisor,  Charter  Commission  of  Democratic 
National  Committee;  Deputy  Chief  of  Security,  Democratic  National  Conven- 
tion, 1980  and  1988;  Democratic  Party. 

Honors:  Visiting  lecturer  in  Political  Science  (Constitutional  Law),  Greens- 
boro College,  1985;  Guest  Lecturer,  North  Carolina  State  University,  1986. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Three  Forks  Baptist  Church,  Boone,  N.C. 

Family:  Married,  Linda  Harris,  December,  1983.  Children:  Martha  Moretz 
Edmisten  of  Washington  D.C. 


490  North  Carolina  Manual 

SECRETARIES  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 
COLONIAL  SECRETARIES 

Name  Term 

Richard  Cobthrop^ 


Peter  Carteret2  1665-[1672] 

Robert  Holden' 1675-1677 

[Thomas  Miller]^ 1677-[1679] 

Robert  Holdens 1679-[1683] 

Woodrowe^  [1683-1685] 

Francis  Hartley^ [1685-1692] 

Daniel  Akerhurst«  [1692-1700] 

Samuel  Swanns [1700]-1704 

Tobias  Knight^o  1704-1708 

George  Lumley^i  1704 

George  Lumley 1708 

Nevil  Lowi2 

Tobias  Knighti3  1712-1719 

JohnLovicki^ 1719-1722 

JohnLovickis 1722-1731 

Joseph  Anderson!^  1731 

Nathaniel  Ricei^  1731-1753 

James  Murray  18 1753-1755 

Henry  McCullochi9 1755 

Richard  Spaight^o 1755-1762 

Thomas  Faulkner^^  

Richard  Spaight22 1762 

Benjamin  Heron23  1762-1769 

JohnLondon^^  1769-1770 

Robert  Palmer25  1770-1771 

Samuel  Strudwick26 1772-[1775] 

SECRETARIES  OF  STATE^? 

Name  Residence  Term 

James  Glasgow28  1777-1798 

WilHam  White29  1798-1811 

William  Hilpo 1811-1857 

Rufus  H.  Page^i  1857-1862 

John  P.  H.  Russ^2  1862-1864 

Charles  R.  Thomas^^ 1864-1865 

Robert  W.  Best^^ 1865-1868 

Henry  J.  MenningerS^  Wake  1868-1873 

William  H.  Howerton  Rowan  1873-1877 

Joseph  A.  Engelhard^e New  Hanover  1877-1879 

William  L.  Saunders^^ Wake  1879-1891 

Octavius  Coke38  Wake  1891-1895 

Charles  M.  Cooke^^ Franklin  1895-1897 

Cyrus  Thompson  Onslow  1897-1901 

John  Bryan  Grimes^o Pitt  1901-1923 

William  N.  Everett^i Richmond 1923-1928 

James  A.  Hartness^^  Richmond 1928-1933 

Stacey  W.  Wade^^ Carteret  1933-1936 

Charles  G.  Powell^^  Granville  1936 

Thad  A.  Eure^^  Hertford 1936-1989 

Rufus  L.  Edmisten Watauga 1989- 


The  Executive  Branch  491 


Colonial  Secretaries 

'Cobthrop  was  apparently  chosen  by  the  Lords  Proprietors,  but  never  sailed  to 
Albemarle. 

-Carteret  was  commissioned  by  the  Lords  Proprietors  and  arrived  in  Albemarle  on 
February  23,  1665.  He  was  presumably  qualified  shortly  after  his  arrival.  Following  the 
death  of  Governor  Stephens  in  early  1670,  Carteret  was  chosen  his  successor,  but 
apparently  continued  serving  as  secretary.  It  is  possible  that  he  acted  in  both  capactities 
until  his  departure  for  England  in  1672. 

'Little  is  known  concerning  Holden's  appointment  of  dates  of  service.  He  was  serving 
as  secretary  on  July  26,  1675,  where  he  verified  a  sworn  statement  and  seems  to  have 
continued  until  the  arrival  of  Miller  in  July,  1677.  It  is  possible  that  he  was  appointed 
secretary  prior  to  this  date  since  he  had  been  in  the  colony  since  1671. 

^When  Eastchurch  appointed  Miller  to  act  in  his  stead  until  he  returned  to  North 
Carolina,  he  apparently  appointed  him  secretary  as  well  as  deputy  governor.  On  October 
9, 1677,  he  attested  to  the  granting  of  a  power  of  attorney,  however  this  could  have  been  in 
the  capacity  of  acting  governor  rather  than  as  secretary. 

''Holden  was  appointed  by  the  Lords  Proprietors  and  apparently  arrived  in  Albemarle 
in  July,  1679.  A  warrant  appointing  him  Receiver  General  of  North  Carolina  was  issued 
by  the  Lords  Proprietors  in  February,  1679,  and  it  is  possible  that  a  similar  warrant  was 
issued  about  the  same  time  for  secretary.  Records  indicate  that  he  was  acting  as 
secretary  on  November  6,  1679.  Sometime  between  March,  1681  and  July  1682,  Holden 
was  imprisoned  on  charges  of  "gross  irregularities  in  the  collection  of  Customs"  — 
another  office  which  he  held.  Extant  records  do  not  indicate  what  became  of  him.  His 
name  does  not  appear  in  council  records  after  1681  and  in  1682,  John  Archdale  was 
issued  a  blank  commission  to  appoint  a  new  receiver-general.  It  is  possible  that  he  was 
released  from  prison  or  acquited  of  the  charges,  and  continued  serving  as  secretary. 
Some  sources  indicate  he  served  until  1684;  however  other  references  indicate  that 
someone  else  was  acting  as  secretary  in  1684  or  earlier. 

^Little  is  known  about  Woodrowe.  The  only  mention  of  him  in  extant  records  is  in  a 
letter  written  by  the  Lords  Proprietors  in  February,  1684,  which  leaves  the  impression 
that  he  had  been  serving  for  some  time.  It  is  possible  he  was  appointed  as  early  as  1682. 

^Hartley  was  commissioned  by  the  Lords  Proprietors,  but  no  date  of  when  he  qualified 
could  be  found.  According  to  one  source  he  died  in  January,  1691/92,  probably  while  still 
secretary. 

'^When  Akehurst  took  office  is  not  known;  he  was  apparently  acting  by  June  26,  1693 
when  he  acknowledged  a  land  grant.  It  is  possible  that  he  was  appointed  as  early  as  1692 
and  presumably  served  until  his  death  sometime  in  late  1699  or  early  1700.  (His  will  was 
proved  in  Virginia  in  1700). 

■'Swann  may  have  been  appointed  to  replace  Akehurst;  however,  when  he  took  office  is 
not  known.  He  was  serving  by  September,  1700  and  probably  served  until  Knight  took 
over  1704. 

'  "Knight  was  apparently  appointed  to  replace  Swann  and  according  to  one  source  was 
in  the  office  in  1704.  The  earliest  documentary  evidence  of  Knight  acting  in  his  certifying 
to  a  court  proceeding  on  February  20,  1705.  There  is  no  evidence  that  he  served  during 
this  span  after  1708;  however  he  was  again  serving  in  1712. 

"Lumley  was  appointed  by  Knight  to  act  as  Secretary  on  two  occasions,  once  in 
October,  1704  and  again  in  1708  during  Knight's  absence  due  to  an  illness.  It  is  not 
known  who  served  between  1708  and  1712  because  of  the  chaotic  conditions  in 
government. 

'•^Two  commissions  were  issued  to  Low  by  the  Lords  Proprietors,  the  first  on  January 
31,  1711  and  a  second  on  June  13,  1711;  however,  there  is  no  record  of  him  serving. 

'■'Knight  was  commissioned  by  the  Lords  Proprietors,  and  qualified  before  the 
governor  and  council.  In  1719  he  was  called  before  the  council  to  answer  charges  of 
conspiracy  with  pirates  but  was  acquitted.  He  apparently  died  in  late  June,  1719  since  a 
successor  was  appointed  on  June  30,  and  his  will  probated  on  July  7,  1719. 

'^Lovick  was  appointed  by  the  governor  and  council  following  Knight's  death. 

^^Lovick  was  commissioned  by  the  Lords  Proprietors  and  qualified  before  the 
Governor  and  Council.  He  served  until  1731. 

'"Anderson  was  appointed  by  Governor  Burrington  as  "acting"  secretary  until  Rice 
arrived. 


492  North  Carolina  Manual 

' 'Rice  was  commissioned  by  the  crown  and  qualified  before  the  governor  and  council. 
He  served  until  his  death  on  January  28,  1753. 

'^Murray  was  appointed  by  the  Council  upon  the  death  of  Rice  and  served  until  the 
arrival  of  McC'ulloch  in  175.'").  Land  grant  records  indicate  that  he  was  acting  as  late  as 
March  ;U,  1755. 

'  "A  warrant  was  issued  on  June  21,1 754  for  McCulloch's  appointment  as  secretary  and 
his  commission  was  certified  by  Dobbs  on  July  1,  while  both  were  still  in  England.  He 
qualified  as  a  council  member  on  March  25,  1755  but  does  not  appear  to  have  acted  as 
secretary  until  April.  He  continued  serving  until  his  death  in  1755. 

^"A  letter  was  sent  from  Governor  Dobbs  to  Spaight  on  October  2, 1 755  appointing  him 
"Secretary  of  the  Crown."  (A  commission  in  the  Secretary  of  State's  records,  however, 
bears  the  date,  October  27,  1755.)  He  qualified  before  Dobbs  on  October  30. 

-'F'aulkner's  name  was  proposed  to  King  on  March  17  by  the  Board  of  Trade  and  on 
April  1  a  commission  was  ordered  prepared.  He  rented  his  commission  to  Samuel 
Strudwick. 

--Spaight  was  reappointed  by  Dobbs  and  served  until  his  death  sometime  during  July 
or  early  August,  1672. 

- 'Heron  was  appointed  by  Dobbs  to  replace  Spaight.  On  March  6,  1769,  Heron  was 
granted  a  leave  of  absence  to  return  to  England  where  he  apparently  died. 

^^London  was  already  a  deputy  secretary  under  Heron  and  acted  in  this  capacity  until 
news  of  Heron's  death  was  received.  London  was  appointed  by  Tryon  upon  the  death  of 
Heron  and  served  until  he  "declined  acting  any  longer.  .  .  ." 

'-''Palmer  was  appointed  by  Tryon  to  replace  London.  On  July  8, 1771  he  was  granted  a 
leave  of  absence  to  return  to  England  for  reasons  of  health. 

-''Strudwick  was  appointed  by  Martin  after  Strudwick  had  produced  "sufficient 
evidence  that  he  had  rented  the  Secretary's  Office  in  this  Province  of  Mr.  Faulkner. . ."  He 
apparently  continued  serving  until  the  Revolution. 

Secretaries  of  State 

-'The  Secretary  of  State  was  elected  by  the  General  Assembly  at  its  annual  (biennial, 
after  1835)  meeting  for  a  term  of  one  year.  The  Constitutional  Convention  of  1835 
extended  the  term  but  the  power  of  election  remained  in  the  hands  of  the  General 
Assembly  until  1868  when  a  new  constitution  was  adopted.  Since  1868,  the  Secretary  of 
State  has  been  elected  by  the  people  and  serves  for  a  four  year  term.  He  can  run  for 
re-election. 

-^Glasgow  was  appointed  by  the  provincial  congress  to  serve  until  the  next  meeting  of 
the  general  assembly.  He  was  later  elected  by  the  General  Assembly  to  a  regular  term 
and  continued  serving  until  1798  when  he  resigned  because  of  his  involvement  in  a  land 
scandel.  His  resignation  was  received  by  the  General  Assembly  on  November  20. 

-■'White  was  elected  to  replace  Glasgow  and  served  until  his  death  sometime  in  late 
September,  or  early  November,  1811. 

"'Hill  died  on  October  29,  1857. 

"Page  was  appointed  by  the  governor  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  council.  He 
was  later  elected  by  the  general  assembly  to  a  regular  term,  but  he  was  defeated  for 
re-election  in  1862  by  Russ. 

'-Russ  requested  that  his  name  be  withdrawn  at  the  end  of  the  first  round  of  balloting 
in  1864. 

"Thomas,  who  was  first  elected  by  the  general  assembly,  took  office  on  January  3, 
1865  and  served  until  the  end  of  the  Civil  War.  He  was  then  appointed  secretary  in  the 
provisional  government  headed  by  William  W.  Holden,  but  resigned  on  August  12,  1865. 

"Best  may  have  been  appointed  earlier  by  Holden  following  the  resignation  of 
Thomas  since  his  name  appears  beneath  that  of  Thomas  in  the  Record  Book;  however, 
only  the  date  1865  is  given.  He  was  later  elected  by  the  general  assembly  and  served  until 
the  new  consitution  was  put  into  effect  in  1868. 

' 'Menninger  was  elected  in  the  general  election  in  April,  1868  but  declined  to  run  for 
re-election  in  1982. 

"•Engelhard  died  February  15,  1879. 


The  Executive  Branch  493 

^^Saunders  was  appointed  by  Governor  Jarvis  on  February  18,  1879  to  replace 
Engelhard.  He  was  elected  to  a  full  term  in  the  general  elections  in  1880  and  served 
following  subsequent  re-elections  until  his  death  on  April  2,  1891. 

^^Coke  was  appointed  by  Governor  Fowle  on  April  4, 1891  to  replace  Saunders.  He  was 
elected  to  a  full  term  in  the  general  elections  in  1892  and  served  until  his  death  on  August 
30,  1895. 

''^Cooke  was  appointed  by  Governor  Carr  on  September  3, 1895  to  replace  Coke.  He  was 
defeated  in  the  general  elections  in  1896  by  Thomas. 

^"Grimes  died  January  16,  1923. 

^ '  Everett  was  appointed  by  Governor  Morrison  on  January  16, 1923  to  replace  Grimes. 
He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1924  and  served  until  his  death  February  7, 
1928. 

^■^Hartness  was  appointed  by  Governor  McLean  on  February  13,  1928  to  replace 
Everett.  He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1928,  but  declined  to  run  in  1932. 

"•^Wade  resigned  in  November,  1936. 

^^Powell  was  appointed  by  Governor  Ehringhaus  on  November  17,  1936  to  replace 
Wade  and  resigned  in  December. 

^^Eure  had  been  elected  in  the  general  elections  of  1936  and  was  appointed  by  Governor 
Ehringhaus  on  December  21,  1936,  to  replace  Powell.  On  January  7,  1937,  he  took  office 
for  his  regular  term  and  subsequent  re-elections.  He  served  longer  than  any  other  state 
official.  Served  following  subsequent  re-elections  until  his  retirement  effective  January 
7,  1989. 

^^Edmisten  was  elected  in  November,  1988,  when  Eure  declined  to  run  for  reelection. 


494  North  Carolina  Manual 


DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  STATE  AUDITOR 

The  Office  of  State  Auditor  was  created  by  the  Constitution  of  1868, 
although  an  "auditor  of  pubHc  accounts"  had  existed  since  1862. 

Today,  the  State  Auditor  is  a  constitutional  officer  elected  by  the  people 
every  four  years.  It  is  the  duty  of  this  office  to  conduct  audits  of  the  financial 
affairs  of  all  state  agencies  and  he  may  conduct  such  other  special  audits  as 
may  be  requested  by  the  governor,  legislature,  or  when  he  feels  an  audit  is 
warranted.  The  State  Auditor  is  responsible  for  annually  auditing  the  Com- 
prehensive Annual  Financial  Report  and  rendering  an  opinion  on  such.  He 
also  conducts  operational  audits  of  state  agencies  and  programs  to  determine 
their  economy,  efficiency  and  effectiveness.  Also  under  his  jurisdiction  is  the 
administration  of  the  Firemen's  and  Rescue  Squad  Workers'  Pension  Fund. 

In  addition  to  being  the  financial  watchdog  for  the  state,  the  State  Auditor 
has  several  other  duties  assigned  to  him  by  virtue  of  his  office.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Council  of  State,  the  Capitol  Planning  Commission,  the  Local 
Government  Commission,  and  is  vice  chairman  of  the  Information  Tech- 
nology Commission  (formerly  the  Computer  Commission).  He  also  serves  as 
chairman  of  the  Firemen's  and  Rescue  Squad  Workers'  Pension  Fund. 

The  Department  of  State  Auditor  is  divided  into  several  divisions:  the 
General  Administration  Division,  the  Auditing  Division,  and  the  Firemen's 
and  Rescue  Squad  Worker's  Pension  Fund  Division.  The  State  Auditor  is 
responsible  to  the  Joint  Legislative  Commission  on  Governmental  Opera- 
tions, the  General  Assembly  and  the  people  of  North  Carolina  for  the 
efficient  and  faithful  exercise  of  his  responsibilities. 

The  General  Administration  Division 

This  division,  under  the  direct  supervision  of  the  State  Auditor,  his  chief 
deputy  and  special  assistant,  handles  all  administrative  matters  including 
personnel,  budget,  overall  planning,  and  the  coordination  of  activities  for  all 
functions  assigned  to  the  State  Auditor  by  statute  or  under  any  reorganiza- 
tion of  state  government. 

The  Auditing  Division 

The  Auditing  Division  conducts  financial  audits  of  each  state  agency  to 
determine  compliance  with  good  accounting  principles,  strengths  and  weak- 
nesses of  internal  control,  accuracy  in  financial  reports  and  compliance  by 
agencies  with  state  laws,  regulations  and  policies.  In  addition  to  the  annual 
audit,  the  employees  of  this  division  conduct  operational  audits  of  selected 
programs  administered  by  state  agencies  as  directed  by  the  State  Auditor. 
The  purpose  of  these  operational  audits  is  to  determine  that  programs  are 
being  administered  as  intended  and  that  they  are  accomplishing  the  desired 
results  in  an  effective  manner.  The  Auditor  may  also  conduct  special  in- 
vestigations upon  written  requests  from  the  Governor,  the  General  Assembly, 
or  whenever  he  deems  such  an  examination  is  necessary.  These  special 


The  Executive  Branch  495 

investigations  are  normally  related  to  embezzlements  or  misuse  of  state 
property.  In  addition,  the  State  Auditor's  Office  has  established  a  "Hot 
Line"  telephone  number  enabling  state  employees  to  register  complaints 
concerning  the  fraud,  waste,  and  abuse  of  state  resources.  The  federal 
government  now  requires  that  audits  of  agencies  receiving  federal  funds  be 
reviewed  under  the  "single  audit"  concept.  Accordingly,  the  Auditor  must 
coordinate  the  financial  and  compliance  examination  of  federal  contracts 
and  grants  received  by  state  agencies.  Upon  the  completion  of  each  audit  or 
investigation,  the  auditor  reports  his  findings  and  recommendations  to  the 
General  Assembly,  the  Governor,  and  the  department  head.  The  managerial 
structure  of  the  audit  division  includes  a  deputy,  director  of  audits  and  five 
audit  managers  who  report  to  the  director.  These  managers  are  charged  with 
auditing  the  major  functions  in  state  government.  Audits  are  directly  super- 
vised by  audit  supervisors  based  in  Raleigh  and  in  branch  offices.  These 
supervisors  report  to  different  audit  managers  depending  on  which  area  of 
government  is  being  audited.  Branch  offices  are  located  in  Asheville, 
Morganton,  Charlotte,  Greensboro,  Winston-Salem,  Fayetteville  and 
Greenville. 

Firemen's  and  Rescue  Squad  Workers'  Pension  Fund  Division 

The  Firemen's  and  Rescue  Squad  Workers'  Pension  Fund  operates  under 
the  provisions  of  G.S.  118-33-49.  The  fund  has  a  board  of  trustees  which  is 
responsible  for  formulating  rules  and  regulations  within  the  framework  of 
the  statutes,  for  the  efficient  and  effective  operation  of  the  fund.  The  State 
Auditor  is  responsible  for  day  to  day  operation  of  the  fund. 

The  fund  was  created  to  provide  firemen  and  rescue  squad  workers  with  a 
small  monthly  pension.  Membership  is  open  to  all  firemen  and  rescue  squad 
workers,  both  paid  and  volunteer,  of  a  certified  fire  department  or  rescue 
squad.  Each  member  pays  into  the  fund  $5.00  per  month  to  help  finance  the 
pension  program.  In  addition  to  the  member's  contribution,  the  state  appro- 
priates approximately  over  $4,000,000  annually.  This,  plus  the  interest  the 
fund  receives  from  its  investments,  finances  the  program. 

At  age  55  with  20  years  service  a  fireman  or  rescue  squad  worker  may 
retire  and  receive  a  monthly  pension  of  $100.00. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Firemen's  and  Rescue  Squad  Workers'  Pension  Fund  (G.S.  118-34) 


496 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  Executive  Branch  497 


Edward  Renfrew^ 

State  Auditor 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Johnston  County,  September  17,  1940,  to  Donnie  T. 
and  Illamae  (Lewis)  Renfrow. 

Education:  Graduated  Clayton  High  School,  1958;  Hardbargers  Junior 
College  of  Business,  Associate  degree  in  Business  Administration  with 
Accounting  Major;  continued  education  through  courses  at  Atlantic  Christian 
College,  Duke  University  and  East  Carolina  University  through  Johnston 
Technical  College. 

Professional  Background:  State  Auditor;  State  Senator  (1974-1980); 
Accountant,  Edward  Renfrow  &  Co.  1962-1980. 

Organizations:  State  Employees  Association  of  North  Carolina,  advisor. 
National  State  Auditors  Association  (Past  President,  1985-1986);  National 
Association  of  State  Auditors,  Comptrollers  and  Treasurers  (1st  Vice 
President  1989-90);  Governmental  Finance  Officers  Association;  National 
Intergovernmental  Audit  Forum;  Southeastern  Intergovernmental  Audit 
Forum  (Past  Chairman  1987-88);  NC  Society  of  Accountants  (President, 
1972-73;  First  President,  Scholarship  Fund,  1973-74);  National  Society  of 
Public  Accountants  (seminar  speaker);  Phi  Theta  Phi  Fraternity.  Member: 
Raleigh  Hosts  Lions  Club;  American  Legion  Post  n71;  Former  Member 
Smithfield-Selma  Chamber  of  Commerce  (First  Vice  President,  1974);  Life- 
time Honorary  Member  NC  Retired  Peace  Officers  Association. 

Boards:  NC  Council  of  State;  Capitol  Planning  Commission;  Local  Govern- 
ment Commission;Vice  Chairman,  State  Computer  Commission;  Past 
Member  Board  of  Directors,  NC  Wildlife  Federation;  Member  Governmental 
Accounting  Standards  Board  (GASB)  Task  Force  on  Pension  Accounting 
and  Reporting  (1984-  );  Member  US  General  Accounting  Office's  Auditing 
Standards  Advisory  Council  (1985-88);  Chairman  of  Board  of  Trustees,  Fire- 
men's &  Rescue  Squad  Workers'  Pension  Fund;  Past  Member:  Discrimination 
Study  Committee,  1975;  Community  College  Advisory  Council,  1977-78;  Study 
Committee  to  Rewrite  NC  Game  Laws,  1977-1979;  NC  Wildlife  Commission, 
1977-79;  Study  Commission  to  Recodify  Community  College  Laws,  1977-79; 
Commission  on  Public  School  Laws  1977;  Governor's  Commission  on  Public 
School  Finance,  1978;  NC  Criminal  Justice  Education  and  Training 
Standards  Commission,  1978-80. 

Political  Activities:  State  Auditor,  1981-  (elected  1980,  reelected  1984, 
1988);  Served  in  NC  Senate  1975-80;  Treasurer,  NC  Democratic  Executive 
Committee,  1973-1974;  NC  Chairman,  Democratic  National  Telethon,  1972- 
73.  Democratic  Party. 

Military  Service:  Served  NC  National  Guard,  Specialist  4th  Class,  1962- 
66;  Honorary  member  at  present. 

Honors:  Received  Distinguished  Service  Award,  Smithfield  Jaycees,  1974; 
Boss  of  the  Year  Award,  1975;  NC  Wildlife  Federation's  Governor's  Award 


498  North  Carolina  Manual 

for  Conservation  Legislator  of  the  Year,  1977  and  1979;  Community  Leader 
of  America  Award,  1971;  Tar  Heel  of  the  Week,  March  10,  1985. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Smithfield  First  Baptist  Church;  Former 
Member  Sharon  Baptist  Church;  Chairman,  Deacon  Board,  (two  terms); 
Sunday  School  Teacher;  Member,  General  Board  of  Baptist  State  Conven- 
tion, 1970-74;  Past  Treasurer,  Johnston  Baptist  Association. 

Family:  Married  Rebecca  (Becky)  Stephenson,  December  4,  1960;  Chil- 
dren: Candace  Elaine  and  Elizabeth  Paige. 


The  Executive  Branch 


499 


AUDITORS  OF  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTS 


Name  Residence 

Samuel  F.  Phillips^ Orange  ... 

Richard  H.  Battle2 Wake 


Qualified 

1862-1864 
1864-1865 


Name 

Henderson,  Adams^ 


STATE  AUDITORS 


Residence 


John  Reilly  Cumberland 

Samuel  L.  Love  Haywood  

William  P.  Roberts  Gates 

George  W.  Sandlin Lenoir  

Robert  M.  Furman Buncombe  

Hal  W.  Ayer Wake  

Benjamin  F.  Dixon""  Cleveland  

Benjamin  F.  Dixon,  Jr.^ Wake  1910-1911 

William  P.  Wood^ Randolph  1911-1921 

Baxter  Durham Wake  1921-1937 

George  Ross  Pou^ Johnston  1937-1947 

Henry  L.  Bridges^ Guilford  1947-1981 

Edward  Renfrow^  Johnston  1981- 


Term 

1868-1873 
1873-1877 
1877-1881 
1881-1889 
1889-1893 
1893-1897 
1897-1901 
1901-1910 


Auditors  of  Public  Accounts 

^Phillips  resigned  effective  July  10,  1864. 

^Battle  was  appointed  by  the  governor  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  council  to 
replace  Phillips.  He  was  later  elected  by  the  General  Assembly  to  a  regular  term,  and 
served  until  the  oftice  was  abolished  in  1865. 


State  Auditors 

^Adams  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  April,  1868. 

^Dixon  died  September  26,  1910. 

^Benjamin  F.  Dixon,  Jr.  was  appointed  by  Governor  Kitchen  on  September  30, 1910  to 
replace  his  father,  Benjamin  F.  Dixon,  Sr. 

•'Wood  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1910  to  complete  the  senior  Dixon's 
unexpired  term.  He  was  elected  to  a  full  term  in  1912. 

^Pou  died  February  9,  1947. 

^Bridges  was  appointed  by  Governor  Cherry  on  February  15,  1947  to  replace  Pou.  He 
was  elected  in  the  general  election  in  1948  and  served  until  his  retirement  in  1981. 

^Renfrew  was  elected  in  1980  and  is  still  serving  following  subsequent  reelections. 


500  North  Carolina  Manual 


THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  STATE  TREASURER 

Beginning  in  1669,  a  Treasurer's  Court  was  responsible  for  the  public 
money  of  the  colony.  The  office  of  Treasurer  was  formally  created  in  1715 
and  appointments  to  that  office  were  made  by  the  lower  house  of  the 
Colonial  Assembly.  Between  1740  and  1779  there  was  one  Treasurer  each  for 
Northern  and  Southern  North  Carolina.  Four  additional  Treasurers  were 
added  in  1779  for  a  total  of  six,  each  serving  a  defined  geographical  area 
called  a  district.  In  1782  another  district  with  its  own  Treasurer  was  created. 
This  multiple  Treasurer  concept  continued  until  1784  when  the  General 
Assembly  eliminated  multiple  Treasurers  and  assigned  the  duties  of  the 
office  to  a  single  individual  elected  by  joint  vote  of  the  two  houses  of  the 
legislature  for  a  two-year  term.  This  setup  continued  until  1868  when  a  new 
constitution  was  adopted.  The  Constitution  of  1868  provided  for  a  Treasurer 
elected  by  the  people  for  a  four-year  term.  These  provisions  continued  in 
place  following  the  approval  by  the  people  of  a  new  constitution  in  1970. 

Many  of  the  current  duties  and  functions  which  are  charged  to  the  State 
Treasurer  had  their  beginnings  in  the  Constitution  of  1868.  This  constitution 
served  to  formalize  the  more  important  fiscal  and  financial  aspects  of  the 
office.  Before  that  time,  the  functions  varied  widely  from  time  to  time  and 
from  administration  to  administration. 

Since  1868,  only  twelve  men  have  been  elected  and  occupied  the  office  of 
the  State  Treasurer.  The  longest  tenure  by  one  person  from  1901  to  1929  by 
Benjamin  R.  Lacy  of  Wake  County.  The  second  longest  tenure  was  by  the 
late  Edwin  Gill  of  Scotland  County  who  served  from  1953  until  his  retirement 
in  1977. 

The  men  who  have  occupied  the  office  have  earned  and  maintained  a 
nationwide  reputation  for  fiscal  integrity  and  financial  responsibility.  The 
fact  that  the  State  Treasurer  is  able  to  operate  in  an  atmosphere  of  political 
freedom  is  contributory  to  the  influence  of  the  office  throughout  the  state. 

One  interesting  incident  occurred  in  1843,  shortly  after  the  election  of  the 
Treasurer  by  the  General  Assembly.  A  spirited  situation  developed  between 
Governor  Morehead  and  the  Treasurer-elect  John  Hill  Wheeler  over  the 
terms  of  a  fidelity  bond  which  at  that  time  was  required  of  the  Treasurer. 
The  bond  was  ultimately  presented  at  the  Governor's  office;  the  Governor, 
however,  refused  to  accept  the  bond  as  it  was  written.  His  action  was  too 
late,  because  at  that  very  moment,  Wheeler  was  taking  the  oath  of  office  as 
Treasurer  in  another  part  of  the  capitol.  A  strained  relationship  between 
Governor  Morehead  and  Wheeler  was  inevitable.  The  magnitude  became 
clear  some  ten  days  later  when  the  Treasurer  refused  to  pay  the  Governor 
$3.00  per  diem  for  his  services  on  a  board.  Wheeler  denied  the  claim  saying 
that  "this  is  part  of  the  governor's  regular  duties  and  is  included  in  his 
annual  salary  of  $2,000.00."  Wheeler  proved  to  be  a  very  colorful  and 
resourceful  individual  during  his  tenure  of  office. 

During  the  formative  years  of  the  office,  there  were  many  functions  which 
the  Treasurer  regularly  performed.  In  recent  years,  many  of  these  have  been 


The  Executive  Branch  501 

either  discontinued  or  transferred  to  other  State  agencies.  Modern  times 
have  brought  about  substantive  changes  in  the  duties  of  the  Treasurer,  the 
majority  of  which  are  currently  along  conventional  functional  lines. 

The  Treasurer  is  a  constitutional  officer  elected  by  the  people  of  North 
Carolina.  In  addition  to  his  traditional  duties,  he  serves  as  an  ex-officio 
member  of  many  state  boards  and  commissions.  He  is  chairman  of  many  of 
the  commissions  and  boards  which  affect  the  state  fiscal  policy  or  the 
expenditure  of  state  funds.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Council  of  State,  the  Local 
Government  Commission  and  the  Information  Technology  Commission 
(formerly  the  Computer  Commission). 

The  Treasurer  serves  as  advisor  to  monetary  committees  of  the  General 
Assembly.  His  primary  fiscal  duties  are  to  assure  that  all  public  funds  are 
utilized  in  conformity  with  the  mandates  of  the  General  Assembly,  to  invest 
surplus  funds  wisely  and  prudently,  and  to  satisfy  the  bonded  indebtedness 
of  the  State. 

The  Department  of  State  Treasurer  is  organized  along  conventional  lines 
with  three  operating  divisions  and  one  support  division. 

Operations  of  the  Department  of  State  Treasurer 

The  operations  of  the  Department  are  carried  out  by  the  four  divisions 
under  the  supervision  of  the  State  Treasurer. 

The  Retirement  and  Health  Benefits  Division 

A  reorganization  of  State  government  in  1971  established  the  present 
duties  of  the  State  Treasurer.  One  of  the  more  important  changes  was  the 
shifting  of  the  administration  of  the  state  authorized  retirement  systems  to 
the  Department  of  State  Treasurer.  Since  that  time  a  number  of  public 
employee  retirement  systems  have  been  blended  into  the  total  system. 

The  Treasurer  is  chairman  of  the  Board  of  the  Teachers'  and  State 
Employees'  Retirement  System  and  the  several  other  retirement  systems 
which  operate  under  its  jurisdiction.  More  than  400,000  active  and  retired 
public  employees,  their  beneficiaries,  and  dependents  owe  a  large  part  of 
their  security  to  this  well  developed  and  well  run  system. 

The  primary  purpose  of  each  retirement  system  is  to  provide  payments  of 
salary  for  past  services  which  have  been  rendered.  Each  State  employee 
contributes  6%  of  his  salary  during  his  years  of  work  and  the  State  makes  a 
significant  contribution.  Beginning  July  1,  1982,  the  employee's  contributions 
became  tax-sheltered,  meaning  they  were  subtracted  from  an  employees 
gross  pay  prior  to  calculating  the  tax  owed.  The  amount  received  at  retire- 
ment is  based  on  a  formula  which  takes  into  consideration  the  annual 
salary  and  the  years  of  State  service  of  each  employee.  Essentially  the 
program  is  designed  to  guarantee  freedom  from  want  during  old  age  or 
disability.  The  program  is  an  incentive  for  good  employees  to  make  a  career 
of  public  service.  Long  service  is  the  best  means  of  guaranteeing  an  adequate 
retirement  income.  All  systems  have  been  declared  actuarial  sound. 

The  Retirement  Division  oversees  the  collection  of  all  social  security 
payments  for  the  state  and  all  of  its  political  subdivisions.  This  fulfills  an 


502  North  Carolina  Manual 

agreement  between  the  state  and  the  social  security  agency  which  was 
consumated  on  July  16,  1951.  Social  security  payments  are  collected  from 
the  employees  of  over  1200  state  and  local  units  of  government.  The  funds 
are  remitted  to  the  social  security  agency  on  a  monthly  basis. 

Another  important  function  of  the  Retirement  Division  is  the  administra- 
tion of  the  salary  continuation  plan.  This  is  a  program  to  provide  each 
disabled  employee  an  income  of  up  to  60%  of  his  salary  during  the  duration 
of  his  disability.  The  program  was  initiated  in  1972  by  the  General  Assembly 
to  meet  the  special  needs  of  the  State  employees. 

The  Investment  and  Banking  Division 

The  Investment  and  Banking  Division  is  organized  to  carry  out  three  of 
the  State  Treasurer's  primary  functions.  The  first  of  these  is  acting  as  the 
State's  banker  in  receiving  and  disbursing  all  state  monies.  The  second  is 
administering  the  state's  cash  management  program  and  serving  as  the 
custodian  of  and  investment  officer  for  various  state  trust  funds.  The  third  is 
arranging  for  the  prompt  payment  of  the  principal  and  interest  on  the 
state's  general  obligation  debt  as  it  matures.  These  functions  are  both 
constitutional  and  statutory  in  origin. 

Investment  of  Monies.  In  order  to  mobilize  daily  statewide  receipts,  the 
Accounting  Section  of  the  Division  of  Investment  and  Banking  daily  drafts 
into  the  central  clearing  accounts  in  Raleigh  all  monies  deposited  throughout 
the  state.  The  funds  at  each  depository  location  have  little  impact  of  their 
own,  but  all  of  them  added  together  and  invested  form  the  basis  of  an 
important  source  of  non-tax  revenue.  The  total  averages  more  than 
$1,661,000,000  every  working  day.  The  Investment  Management  Section 
computes  daily  this  "idle  cash"  which  is  available  for  investment.  This 
figure  is  determined  by  using  the  ending  balance  on  the  previous  day,  plus 
or  minus  the  net  difference  between  the  certified  deposits  and  the  disbursing 
warrants  for  the  current  day.  The  funds  remaining,  if  any,  are  the  Treasurer's 
cash  balances  and  they  are  invested  in  highly  liquid,  short-term  securities  as 
are  permitted  by  law.  Because  all  funds  are  ultimately  subject  to  disburse- 
ment upon  presentation  of  valid  warrants,  the  primary  consideration  in 
making  such  investments  is  liquidity  and  safety;  the  second  is  income. 
While  there  is  a  constant  flow  of  funds  in  and  out,  there  is  a  core  of  deposits 
that  is  not  subject  to  immediate  withdrawal.  Thus,  a  reasonable  amount  can 
be  placed  in  certificate  of  deposits  and  savings  certificates  issued  by  North 
Carolina  banks  and  savings  and  loan  associations.  While  these  investments 
are  not  highly  liquid,  they  must  by  law  produce  a  rate  of  return  equal  to 
United  States  government  or  agency  securities  of  comparable  maturity.  In 
addition,  this  type  of  investment  keeps  the  funds  working  in  and  for  the 
State  and  its  people. 

The  Trust  Fund  Investment  Program.  All  retirement  systems  are  a 
part  of  the  state  trust  funds.  Among  others  in  the  trust  funds  are  the 
Employee  Disability  Fund,  the  Public  School  Fire  Insurance  Fund,  the 
Escheat  Fund,  and  the  State  Property  Fire  Insurance  Fund.  The  objective  of 
all  trust  funds  is  to  earn  the  highest  yield  consistent  with  safety  of  the 
principal.  These  investments  are  usually  long  term,  but  are  constantly 


The  Executive  Branch  503 

reviewed  so  that  opportunities  to  improve  the  quaHty  of  the  investments  are 
not  ignored  or  passed  up.  There  is  a  special  legal  provision  for  holding 
inviolate  the  funds  of  the  retirement  systems.  It  is  Article  5,  Section  6  of  the 
North  Carolina  Constitution.  It  states  that  such  funds  may  not  be  used  "for 
any  purpose  other  than  retirement  system  benefits  and  purposes,  administra- 
tive expenses  and  refunds".  It  further  states  that  such  funds  "shall  not  be 
applied,  diverted,  loaned  to  or  used  by  the  state,  any  state  agency,  state 
officer,  public  officer  or  public  employee". 

Investment  Pooling  Program..  The  1979  General  Assembly  ratified 
"an  act  to  consolidate  and  recodify  those  portions  of  the  General  Statutes 
concerning  the  State  Treasurer's  investment  programs."  Some  fourteen 
separate  laws  were  combined.  In  addition,  new  United  States  government 
and  agency  obligations  became  eligible,  and  the  pooling  of  funds  under  the 
investment  management  program  was  authorized.  At  the  direction  of  the 
State  Treasurer,  the  Investment  Management  Division  has  established  four 
investment  funds: 

(1)  the  Short-Term  Fixed  Income  Investment  Fund, 

(2)  the  Long-Term  Fixed  Income  Investment  Fund, 

(3)  the  Equity  Investment  Fund,  and 

(4)  the  Liquid  Asset  Fund. 

State  Local  Government  Finance  Division 

The  State  and  Local  Government  Finance  Division  was  organized  to 
provide  the  State  Treasurer  with  staff  assistance  in  such  areas  as  he 
requests  and  to  provide  the  staff  required  by  the  Local  Government  Commis- 
sion to  fulfill  its  statutory  functions.  The  division  is  organized  along 
functional  lines  to  provide  two  major  groups  of  services  to  the  State  and  to 
the  local  units  of  governments:  Debt  Management  and  Fiscal  Management. 
In  addition,  the  deputy  Treasurer-division  director  serves  as  the  secretary  of 
the  Local  Government  Commission. 

The  Local  Government  Commission  approves  the  issuance  of  the  indebted- 
ness of  all  units  of  local  governments  and  assists  these  units  in  the  area  of 
fiscal  management.  The  commission  is  composed  of  nine  members:  the  State 
Treasurer,  the  secretary  of  state,  the  state  auditor,  the  secretary  of  revenue, 
and  five  others  by  appointment  (three  by  the  governor,  one  by  the  lieutenant 
governor,  and  one  by  the  speaker  of  the  state  House  of  Representatives).  The 
State  Treasurer  serves  as  chairman  and  selects  the  secretary  of  the  commis- 
sion, who  heads  the  administrative  staff  serving  the  commission. 

Assistance  to  State  Agencies 

Debt  Management.  The  State  Treasurer  is  responsible  for  the  issuance 
and  servicing  of  all  state  debts  secured  by  a  pledge  of  the  taxing  power  of 
the  state.  After  approval  of  a  bond  issue,  the  division  assists  in  determining 
the  cash  needs  and  most  appropriate  time  for  scheduling  sales  after  consulta- 
tion with  other  state  agencies;  the  planning  for  repayment  of  the  debt 
(maturity  schedules);  preparing,  with  the  advice  and  cooperation  of  bond 
counsel  and  the  assistance  of  other  state  agencies,  the  official  statement 


504  North  Carolina  Manual 

describing  the  bond  issue  and  other  required  disclosures  about  the  state;  and 
in  the  actual  sale  and  delivery  of  the  bonds.  The  staff  of  the  division 
maintains  the  state  bond  records  and  register  of  bonds  and  initiates  the  debt 
service  payments  when  they  become  due.  In  addition,  the  division  is 
responsible  for  she  issuance  of  revenue  bonds  for  the  North  Carolina  Medical 
Care  Commission,  the  North  Carolina  Housing  Finance  Agency,  and  North 
Carolina's  two  power  agencies. 

Fiscal  Management.  The  staff  of  the  division  provides  technical  as- 
sistance in  financial  matters  within  the  Department  of  State  Treasurer  and 
to  other  departments  of  the  state  as  may  be  required.  A  project  may  also 
include  work  on  the  national  level  if  it  concerns  generally  accepted  account- 
ing principles  for  government. 

Assistance  to  Local  Governments 

Assistance  is  rendered  to  local  governments  and  public  authorities  in 
North  Carolina  on  behalf  of  the  Local  Government  Commission. 

Debt  Management.  A  major  function  is  the  approval,  sale  and  delivery 
of  all  North  Carolina  local  government  bonds  and  notes  upon  the  recom- 
mendation of  the  staff  of  the  division.  Before  any  unit  can  incur  debt,  the 
proposed  issue  must  be  approved  by  the  commission.  The  statutes  require 
that,  before  giving  its  approval,  the  commission  must  make  affirmative 
determination  in  the  areas  of  necessity  and  expediency,  size  of  the  issue,  the 
unit's  debt  management  policy,  taxes  needed  to  service  the  debt  and  the 
ability  of  the  unit  to  repay. 

Fiscal  Management  A  second  key  function  is  monitoring  certain  fiscal 
and  accounting  standards  prescribed  for  the  units  by  the  Local  Government 
Budget  and  Fiscal  Control  Act.  In  addition,  the  division  furnishes,  upon 
request,  on-site  assistance  to  local  governments  concerning  existing  financial 
and  accounting  systems  as  well  as  aid  in  establishing  new  systems.  Also, 
the  Division  strives  to  ensure  that  the  local  units  follow  generally  accepted 
accounting  principles,  systems  and  practices.  The  division  staff  counsels  the 
units  in  treasury  and  cash  management,  budget  preparation,  and  investment 
policies  and  procedures.  Educational  programs,  in  the  form  of  seminars  or 
classes,  are  also  provided  by  the  staff.  The  monitoring  of  the  units'  financial 
system  is  accomplished  through  the  examination  and  analysis  of  the  annual 
audited  financial  statements  and  other  required  reports.  The  Local  Govern- 
ment Budget  and  Fiscal  Control  Act  requires  each  unit  of  local  government 
to  have  its  accounts  audited  annually  by  a  certified  public  accountant  or  by 
an  accountant  certified  by  the  commission  as  qualified  to  audit  local  govern- 
ment accounts.  A  written  contract  must  be  submitted  to  the  secretary  of  the 
commission  for  his  approval  prior  to  the  commencement  of  the  audit. 
Continued  assistance  is  also  provided  to  the  independent  auditors  through 
individual  assistance  and  continuing  professional  education. 

The  State  and  Local  Finance  Division  is  continuously  working  in  all  areas 
concerning  improved  fiscal  management  and  clarity  of  reporting  in  order  to 
better  serve  the  State  Treasurer,  the  local  units  of  governments,  public 
authorities,  school  administrative  units  and  their  independent  auditors. 


The  Executive  Branch  505 

Administrative  Services  Division 

The  Administrative  Services  Division  provides  administrative,  technical 
and  speciaHzed  support  to  the  Department  and  to  three  operating  divisions. 
The  functions  which  are  performed  can  better  be  accompHshed  on  a 
centraHzed  basis  rather  than  independently  by  the  various  divisions.  These 
include  various  housekeeping  functions  such  as  supply  and  mail  operations, 
personnel,  forms  management,  printing,  generalized  training  and  budget 
matters.  On  a  selective  basis,  several  of  the  functions  and  sub-functions 
carried  on  within  the  Department  have  been  placed  on  the  internal  computer. 
Of  major  significance  are  those  programs  having  a  bearing  on  the  various 
retirement  systems  and  the  Treasurer's  investment  processes.  Vital  functions 
are  performed  by  the  word  processing  center.  Approximately  95%  of  the 
original  and  repetitive  departmental  correspondence  is  accomplished  by  the 
center.  In  addition,  through  the  utilization  of  a  photocomposer,  camera- 
ready  copies  for  all  departmental  printing  requirements  are  satisfied 
internally.  Significant  cost  savings  have  been  realized  through  the  use  of 
these  closely  coordinated  systems  of  document  production.  The  division 
monitors  the  operation  and  the  progress  of  the  Escheat  Fund  for  the  State 
Treasurer.  All  abandoned  and  unclaimed  properties  whose  owners  cannot  be 
located  become  the  property  of  the  state  and  is  placed  in  the  fund.  Such 
property  may  consist  of  abandoned  banking  accounts,  uncashed  checks,  and 
contents  of  safety  deposit  boxes.  As  a  trust  activity,  escheat  monies  are 
invested  in  high  quality  securities.  The  return  on  the  investments  is  used 
within  the  State  supported  institution  of  higher  learning  to  aid  needy  and 
worthy  students. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Law  Enforcement  Officers  Benefit  and  Retirement  Fund  (G.S.  143-166B) 

Local  Government  Commission  (G.S.  159-3) 

Local  Government  Employees  Retirement  System,  Board  of  Trustees  (G.S. 

128-21  through  128-38) 

Tax  Review  Board  (G.S.  105-269.2) 

Teachers  and  State  Employees  Retirement  System,  Board  of  Trustees 


506 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  Executive  Branch  507 


Harlan  Edward  Boyles 

State  Treasurer 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Vale,  Lincoln  County,  May  6,  1929,  to  Curtis  E. 
and  Kate  Schronce  Boyles. 

Education:  North  Brook  Schools,  Lincoln  County,  1935-45;  Crossnore 
School,  Avery  County  1945-47;  University  of  Georgia,  1947-48;  UNC  at 
Chapel  Hill,  1948-51,  B.S. 

Professional  Background:  Certified  Public  Accountant. 

Organizations:  Municipal  Finance  Officers  Association;  NC  Association 
of  Certified  Public  Accountants  (past  president.  Triangle  Chapter);  National 
Association  of  State  Auditors,  Comptrollers  and  Treasurers  (President, 
Treasurer  and  Executive  Director);  Rotary  Club  of  Raleigh  (Director,  Presi- 
dent); Raleigh  Chamber  of  Commerce  (past  director);  Raleigh  Salvation 
Army  Advisory  Board. 

Boards:  Council  of  State;  State  Board  of  Education;  Capitol  Planning 
Commission;  State  Computer  Commission;  Board  of  Directors,  NC  Art 
Society;  John  Motley  Morehead  Memorial  Commission;  State  Board  of  Com- 
munity Colleges.  Chairman:  Local  Government  Commission;  Tax  Review 
Board;  State  Banking  Commission;  Board  of  Trustees,  Teachers'  and  State 
Employees'  Retirement  Systems.  Member:  Board  of  Trustees,  Local  Govern- 
mental Employees'  Retirement  System;  Board  of  Commissioners,  Law  En- 
forcement Officers'  Benefit  and  Retirement  Fund.  Former  member:  U.S. 
Securities  and  Exchange  Commission's  Municipal  Securities  Rulemaking 
Board. 

Political  Activities:  State  Treasurer,  1977-  (elected  1976;  reelected,  1980, 
1984  and  1988);  Democratic  Party. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Westminister  Presbyterian  Church; 
Deacon;  Elder;  Treasurer  and  Clerk. 

Family:  Married  Frances  (Frankie)  Wilder  of  Johnston  County,  May  17, 
1952.  Children:  Phyllis  Godwin,  Lynn  Boyles  Butler,  and  Harlan  Edward 
Boyles,  Jr. 


508  North  Carolina  Manual 

TREASURERS  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 
COLONIAL  TREASURER! 

Name  Term 

Edward  Moseley-  1715-1735 

William  Smith ' 

William  Downing^  1735-1739 

Edward  Moseley"^  1735-1749 

William  Smith'' 1739-1740 

John  Hodgson'  1740-1748 

Thomas  Barker" 1748-1752 

Eleazer  Allen^* 1749-1750 

John  Starkeyi"  1750-1765 

John  Haywood"  1752-1754 

Thomas  Barker!  2  1754-1764 

Joseph  Montfordi^  1764-1775 

Samuel  Swann'4  1765-1766 

John  Ashe'-'  1766-1773 

Richard  Caswelpe  1773-1775 

Samuel  Johnston^^  1775 

Richard  Caswelp8 I775 

STATE  TREASURER 

Name  Residence  Term 

Samuel  Johnstoni^  Chowan  1775-1777 

Richard  Caswelpo Dobbs 1775-1776 

John  Ashe-'  New  Hanover  1777-1779 

William  Skinner^s Perquimans  1777-1784 

Green  Hill  Franklin  1779-1784 

Richard  Cogdell  Craven  1779-1782 

William  Cathey [Rowan]  1779-1781 

John  Ashe New  Hanover  1779-1781 

Matthew  Jones Chatham  1779-1782 

Timothy  Bloodworth Surry  1780-1784 

Robert  Lanier New  Hanover  1780-1783 

Memucan  Hunt--^  Granville  1782-1784 

John  Brown Wilkes  1782-1784 

Benjamin  Exum Dobbs 1782-1784 

Joseph  Cain [New  Hanover]  1783-1784 

WilHam  Locke  [Rowan]  1784 

Memucan  Hunt Granville  1784-1787 

John  HaywoodQS Edgecombe 1787-1827 

WilHam  Robards Granville  1827-1830 

William  S.  Mhoon Bertie  1831-1835 

Samuel  F.  Patterson25 Wilkes  1835-1837 

Daniel  W.  Courts^e Surry 1837-1839 

Charles  L.  Hinton Wake  1839-1843 

John  H.  Wheeler  Lincoln  1843-1845 

Charles  L  Hinton Wake  1845-1851 

Daniel  W.  Courts  Surry  1851-1862 

Jonathan  Worth" Randolph  1862-1865 


The  Executive  Branch  509 

Name  Residence  Term 

William  Sloan  Anson  1865-1866 

Kemp  P.  Battlers  Wake  1866-1868 

David  A.  Jenkinses Gaston  1868-1876 

John  M.  Worth^o  Randolph  1876-1885 

Donald  W.  Bain^i Wake  1885-1892 

Samuel  McD.  Tate'^'^  Burke  1892-1895 

William  H.  Worth  Guilford  1895-1901 

Benjamin  R.  Lacy^^ Wake  1901-1929 

Nathan  O'BerryS"  Wayne 1929-1932 

John  P.  Stedman35  Wake  1932 

Charles  M.  Johnson36  Pender  1933-1949 

Brandon  P.  Hodges^^  Buncombe  1949-1953 

Edwin  M.  GilP^  Scotland  1953-1977 

Harlan  E.  Boyles^^  Wake  1977- 


Colonial  Treasurer 

^The  right  to  appoint  colonial  treasurers  was  reserved  for  the  lower  house.  This  policy 
along  with  the  extensive  control  exercised  by  the  Assembly  over  other  financial  matters 
was  a  constant  source  of  friction  between  the  governor  and  the  lower  house. 

Treasurers  were  usually  appointed  in  conjunction  with  money  bills  during  the  early 
years  of  the  office,  but  later  were  appointed  on  bills  passed  specifically  for  the  purpose  of 
appointing  treasurers.  Treasurers  were  apparently  first  appointed  by  the  assembly 
during  the  Tuscarora  War  in  1711  when  several  commissioners  were  appointed  to  issue 
paper  currency.  This  practice  continued  until  1731  when  George  Burrington,  the  first 
royal  governor,  questioned  the  right  of  the  Assembly  and  tried  to  appoint  his  own 
treasurer.  The  lower  house  resisted  this  infringement  upon  their  rights,  and  Burrington 
sought  supported  from  royal  authorities  in  England.  Crown  officials  were  not  anxious  to 
upset  the  lower  house  and  hesitated  supporting  Burrington  and  those  who  followed  him. 

In  1 729  the  complexity  of  financial  matters  which  concerned  the  treasurer  was  so  great 
that  the  Assembly  created  the  office  of  precinct  treasurer.  Perhaps  the  most  significant 
practice  regarding  the  appointments  of  these  precinct  treasurers  was  the  practice  of 
submitting  a  list  of  two  or  three  nominees  to  the  governor  for  final  decision.  However,  the 
practice  of  "filling  the  offices  of  precinct  treasurer  seems  to  have  fallen  into  disuse"  by 
1735  when  there  apparently  are  only  two  treasurers  for  the  entire  province  —  one  for  the 
northern  district  and  one  for  the  southern.  This  division  continued  for  the  remainder  of 
the  colonial  period. 

^Moseley  was  appointed  as  one  of  the  commissioners  to  issue  paper  currency  in  1711 
and  was  apparently  appointed  as  public  treasurer  in  1715.  He  seems  to  have  continued 
serving  until  1735  when  the  office  was  divided  into  two  positions  with  a  treasurer 
appointed  for  the  northern  district  and  another  appointed  for  the  southern.  Moseley  was 
appointed  treasurer  of  the  southern  district  and  continued  in  that  capacity  until  his 
death  in  1749. 

^Smith  was  appointed  by  Governor  Burrington  and  the  council,  but  there  is  no 
evidence  that  he  ever  served  — probably  due  to  th  response  of  the  lower  house. 

^Downing  was  appointed  by  the  legislature  as  treasurer  for  the  northern  district  and 
served  until  his  death  in  1739. 

^See  footnote  2. 

''Smith  was  appointed  on  November  21,  1739  by  the  governor  and  council  to  act  as 
temporary  treasurer,  following  the  death  of  Downing. 

^Hodgson  was  apparently  appointed  by  the  assembly  in  August,  1740  to  replace 
Downing  and  served  until  1748. 


510  North  Carolina  Manual 

**Barker  was  appointed  by  the  assembly  in  April,  1848  and  served  until  he  resigned  in 
1752. 

■'Allen  was  appointed  by  the  general  assembly  in  November,  1749  to  replace  Moseley 
and  served  until  his  death  in  1750. 

'"Starkey  was  appointed  in  July,  1750  to  replace  Eleazer  Allen  and  served  until  his 
death  in  1765. 

' '  Haywood  was  appointed  to  replace  Barker  and  served  until  he  apparently  resigned  in 
1754. 

'-Barker  was  appointed  in  1754  to  replace  Haywood  and  served  until  he  apparently 
resigned  in  1764. 

'  'Montford  was  appointed  in  February,  1764  to  replace  Barker  and  served  until  1775. 

'^Swann  was  appointed  by  Governor  Tryon  in  1765  to  act  as  a  temporary  replacement 
for  the  deceased  Starkey. 

'"'Ashe  was  appointed  in  November  1766  to  replace  Starkey  and  served  until  he  was 
replaced  by  Caswell  in  1733. 

'''Caswell  was  appointed  in  1733  to  replace  Ashe  and  served  until  the  "end"  of  royal 
government  in  1775.  "An  Act  for  appointing  Public  Treasurers,  and  directing  their  Duty 
in  office,"  Chapter  V,  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  Clark,  State  Records,  XXHI,  904-906. 

'"Johnston  and  Caswell  were  appointed  treasurers  of  the  northern  and  southern 
districts  respectively  on  September  8,  1775  by  the  provincial  congress.  Caswell  served 
until  his  election  as  governor  in  1776.  Johnston  served  until  1777  when  ill  health  forced 
him  to  decline  his  re-election. 

'*^See  footnote  17. 

State  Treasurer 

'^See  footnote  17. 

2"See  footnote  17. 

2'Ashe  was  elected  to  replace  Caswell. 

'•^-'Skinner  was  appointed  by  the  governor  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  council  to 
replace  Johnston.  He  was  later  elected  by  the  general  assembly  to  a  regular  term  and 
continued  serving  until  the  district  system  was  abandoned  in  1784. 

'-'Hunt  was  the  first  singular  treasurer  elected  by  the  general  assembly.  In  1786 
charges  of  misconduct  were  brought  against  him  by  a  "Secret  Committee  of  the  General 
Assembly."  Statements  concerning  the  matter  were  given  before  a  joint  meeting  of  the 
House  and  Senate  on  December  28,  and  each  member  was  allowed  to  draw  his  own 
conclusions.  Two  days  later  he  was  defeated  for  re-election  by  John  Haywood. 

2^Haywood  died  on  November  18,  1827  while  still  in  office,  having  served  for  thirty 
years  as  State  Treasurer. 

-"■Patterson  was  election  in  1834  to  replace  Mhoon  and  was  re-elected  in  1835,  but  failed 
to  give  bond  within  the  prescribed  fifteen  day  time  period  which  voided  his  election.  He 
was  then  appointed  by  the  governor  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  council.  He 
declined  to  run  for  re-election  in  1836.  Council  Minutes,  January  13,  1836,  Council 
Journal,  1835-1836,  GO  122.1,  North  Carolina  Department  of  Archives  and  History, 
Raleigh,  hereinafter  cited  as  Council  Journal,  1835-1836. 

-''Court's  resignation  was  presented  to  the  council  on  April  15,  1839. 

-''Worth  served  until  the  end  of  the  war.  When  the  provisional  government  took  over,  he 
was  appointed  treasurer  by  Holden.  He  resigned  on  November  15,  1865.  State  Appoint- 
ments, Treasurer,  Record  Book  Relative  to  the  Provisional  Government,  1865,  120. 

-"^Sloan  was  appointed  by  Holden  to  replace  Worth  and  served  until  the  new 
government  took  over.  State  Appointments,  Treasurer,  Record  Book  Relative  to  the 
Provisional  Government,  1865,  120. 

-■'Battle  was  elected  by  the  new  general  assembly  and  began  serving  on  January  1, 
1866.  He  continued  serving  until  the  new  constitution  went  into  effect  in  1868. 

-^Jenkins  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  April,  1868  and  served  following 
re-election  in  1872  until  his  resignation  on  November  6,  1876. 

^"Worth  was  appointed  by  Governor  Brogden  on  November  10,  1876.  He  had  already 
been  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1876. 


The  Executive  Branch  511 

3iBain  died  November  16,  1892. 

^^Tate  was  appointed  by  Governor  Holt  on  November  19, 1892  to  replace  Bain.  He  was 
defeated  by  Worth  in  a  special  election  in  1894. 

3^Lacy  died  February  21,  1929. 

3^0'Berry  was  appointed  by  Governor  Gardner  on  February  23,  1929  to  replace  Lacy 
and  served  until  his  death  on  January  6,  1932. 

^'^Stedman  was  appointed  by  Governor  Gardner  on  January  7, 1932  to  replace  O'Berry 
and  resigned  effective  November  21,  1932. 

^''Johnson  was  appointed  by  Governor  Gardner  on  November  7,  1932  —  to  take  office 
November  21;  however,  he  failed  to  qualify  at  that  time.  He  had  already  been  elected  in 
the  general  elections  in  1932. 

^''Hodges  resigned  in  June,  1953. 

^^Gill  was  appointed  by  Governor  Umstead  on  June  29, 1953  to  replace  Hodges.  He  was 
elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1954  to  complete  Hodges'  unexpired  term.  He  was 
elected  to  a  full  term  in  1956  and  served  until  his  retirement  in  1977. 

^^^Boyles  was  elected  in  November,  1976,  when  Gill  declined  to  run  for  reelection.  He  is 
still  serving  following  subsequent  reelections. 


512  North  Carolina  Manual 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION 

The  Department  of  Public  Instruction  is  headed  by  the  State  Board  of 
Education,  which  is  charged  with  estabHshing  overall  policy  for  North 
Carolina's  system  of  public  schools.  The  State  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction,  a  constitutional  officer,  is  charged  with  organizing  the  depart- 
ment and  administering  the  funds  provided  for  its  support.  Consistent  with 
other  laws  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly,  the  Board  adopts  rules  and 
regulations  for  the  public  school  system.  Board  membership  includes  the 
Lieutenant  Governor,  the  State  Treasurer,  and  eleven  gubernatorial  ap- 
pointees, who  are  subject  to  confirmation  by  the  General  Assembly  in  joint 
session.  The  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  is  secretary  to  the 
Board. 

The  North  Carolina  Department  of  Public  Instruction  was  formed  in 
December,  1852,  although  the  current  title  and  specific  delineation  of  re- 
sponsibilities were  first  set  forth  in  the  Constitution  of  1868.  The  head  of  the 
Department  originally  went  by  the  title  "superintendent  of  common  schools," 
but  that  office  was  abolished  in  1865.  Today  the  superintendent  of  public 
instruction  is  elected  by  the  people  to  a  four-year  term.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Council  of  State. 


State  Department  of  Public  Instruction  Organization 

The  purpose  of  the  Department  of  Public  Instruction  is  many  faceted.  The 
department  allocates  to  local  education  agencies  money  appropriated  by  the 
General  Assembly  or  provided  by  the  Federal  government  for  public  educa- 
tion, monitors  the  expenditure  of  that  money,  promulgates  rules  and  regula- 
tions, collects  statistical  data  of  a  general  and  specific  nature  on  schools, 
expenditures,  and  student  progress,  and  provides  consultant  services  in  both 
fiscal  and  curriculum  areas.  The  State  Board  of  Education  and  the  State 
Department  of  Public  Instruction  are  literally  involved  in  every  area  of 
public  education  in  North  Carolina. 

The  Department  is  organized  under  the  state  superintendent  into  five 
program  areas,  each  headed  by  an  assistant  state  superintendent  and  each 
reporting  directly  to  the  state  deputy  superintendent.  The  five  program  areas 
are  Program  Services,  Research  and  Development  Services,  Personnel  Ser- 
vices, Auxiliary  Services,  and  Financial  Services.  In  addition,  divisions 
representing  communications,  external  relations,  state  Board  relations,  the 
internal  auditor,  and  the  omsbudsman  report  directly  to  the  state 
superintendent. 

The  Program  Services  Area 

The  Program  Services  unit  includes  the  Divisions  of  Curriculum  and 
Instruction  Services,  the  Division  of  Vocational  Education  Services,  the 
Division  of  Media  and  Technology  Services,  the  Division  of  Exceptional 
Children's  Services,  and  the  Division  of  Student  Services. 


I 


I 


The  Executive  Branch  513 

The  Research  and  Development  Area 

The  Research  and  Development  Unit  includes  the  Division  of  Account- 
ability Services  which  is  charged  with  administering  testing  programs, 
assuring  accreditation,  and  with  conducting  research.  Also  in  this  service 
area  is  the  Division  of  Development  Services  which  is  charged  with  develop- 
ment and  demonstration  and  with  grants  and  assistance. 

The  Personnel  Services  Area 

The  Personnel  Services  unit  is  composed  of  the  Division  of  Local  Education 
Agency  Personnel  Services  and  the  Division  of  Teacher  Education  and 
Certification  Services. 

The  Financial  Services  Area 

The  Financial  Services  unit  is  composed  of  the  Divisions  of  School  Busi- 
ness Services,  the  Division  of  State  Accounting  Services,  and  the  Division  of 
Fiscal  Control  Services. 

The  Auxiliary  Services  Area 

The  Auxiliary  Services  unit  is  composed  of  the  Division  of  School  Services 
which  deals  with  transportation,  child  nutrition,  and  student  safety  services, 
and  also  the  Division  of  School  Facility  Services  which  deals  with  plant 
operation,  school  planning  and  insurance. 

The  State  Department  of  Public  Instruction's  primary  purpose — to  assure 
that  a  "general  and  uniform  system  of  free  public  schools  shall  be  provided 
throughout  the  State,  wherein  equal  opportunities  shall  be  provided  for  all 
students  . .  ."  is  always  the  overriding  goal  of  employees  of  the  Department. 

Boards  and  Commissions  within  the  Department 

State  Board  of  Education  (G.S.  155C-12,  115C-10  to  115C-13,    and  115C-408 

to  115C-416;  Article  IX,  Section  4,  North  Carolina  Constitution) 

Annual  Testing  Commission  (G.S.  115C-191  and  115C-192) 

Competency  Testing  Commission  (G.S.  115C-176  and  115C-177) 

Education  Council  (G.S.  115C-105) 

Exceptional  Children's  Educational  Services  (G.S.  115C-121) 

State  School  Health  Advisory  Committee  (G.S.  115C-81(e)  (6)) 

State  Textbook  Commission  (G.S.  115C-87) 


514 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  Executive  Branch  515 


Bob  R.  Etheridge 

Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Sampson  County,  August  7,  1941,  to  John  P.  and 
Beatrice  (Coats)  Etheridge. 

Education:  Cleveland  School,  1947-59;  Campbell  University,  1965,  B.S. 
(Business  Administration). 

Professional  Background:  Owner,  Layton  Supply  Company;  Director, 
North  Carolina  National  Bank,  Lillington;  Licensed  Realtor. 

Organizations:  Member,  Industrial  Management  Club  (past  President); 
Lillington  Lions  Club  (past  President);  American  Legion;  Harnett  Cystic 
Fibrosis  Campaign  (past  Chairman);  Land  Use  Advisory  Council,  1976; 
Harnett  Youth  Advisory  Council  (past  Chairman);  Harnett  Sheltered  Work- 
shop (past  Chairman);  Lillington  Chamber  of  Commerce  (President,  1977); 
Lillington  Rotary  Club;  Lillington  Masonic  Lodge. 

Boards:  Formerly  served  on:  Harnett  Mental  Health  Board,  NC  Law  and 
Order  Commission,  Cape  Fear  District  Occoneechee  Boy  Scout  Council 
(Chairman). 

Political  Activities:  N.C.  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  1989-; 
N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1979-1988  (five  terms);  Harnett  County 
Commissioner,  1973-1976  (Chairman,  1974-76).  Served  on:  Rural  Economic 
Development  Center  Board  of  Directors;  Fiscal  Affairs  and  Oversight  Com- 
mittee of  the  National  Conference  of  State  Legislatures;  Fiscal  Affairs  and 
Government  Operations  Committee  of  the  Southern  Legislative  Conference 
of  the  Council  of  State  Governments;  N.C.  Legislative  Governmental  Opera- 
tions Commission;  Advisory  Budget  Commission;  Democratic  Party. 

Military  Activities:  Served,  U.S.  Army,  December,  1965-67. 

Honors:  Lillington  Jaycees  Distinguished  Service  Award,  1975;  Lillington 
Community  Service  Award,  1976;  Outstanding  Men  of  America;  Honored 
Distinguished  Alumnus  Campbell  University;  Boy  Scout  District  Award  of 
Merit,  1980  and  1984;  Boy  Scout  Silver  Beaver  Award,  1987;  honorary 
member.  Phi  Kappa  Phi. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Leaflet  Presbyterian  Church;  Sunday 
School  Teacher;  Sunday  School  Superintendent;  President,  Fayetteville 
Presbytery  Men,  1975-76;  President,  Presbyterian  Synod  Men  of  N.C,  1977- 
78;  Elder,  Leaflet  Church,  1987. 

Family:  Married,  Faye  Cameron,  November  25,  1965.  Children:  Brian, 
Catherine  and  David. 


516  North  Carolina  Manual 

Superintendent  of  Common  Schools 

Name                                                   Residence                  Elected  Qualified 

Calvin  H.  Wiley'  Guilford December  13,  1852  1852-1865 

Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 

Name  Residence  Term 

Samuel  S.  Ashley^  New  Hanover 1868-1871 

Alexander  Mclver^  Guilford  1871-1875 

Kemp  P.  Battle^  Wake  1873 

Stephen  D.  PooP Craven  1875-1876 

John  PooP  Pasquotank 1876-1877 

John  C.  Scarborough  Johnston  1877-1885 

Sidney  M.  Finger Catawba  1855-1893 

John  C.  Scarborough  Hertford 1893-1897 

Charles  H.  Mebane  Catawba  1897-1901 

Thomas  F.  Toon^  Robeson  1901-1902 

James  Y.  Joyner^ Guilford  1902-1919 

Eugene  C.  Brooks^ Durham  1919-1923 

Arch  T.  Allenio Alexander 1923-1934 

Clyde  A.  Erwin" Rutherford 1934-1952 

Charles  F.  CarrolP^ Duplin  1952-1969 

Andrew  Craig  Phillips'^ Guilford  1969-1989 

Bob  R.  Etheridge"  Sampson 1989- 

'Wiley  served  until  the  office  was  abolished  in  1865. 

-Ashley  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  April,  1868  and  resigned  effective 
October  1,  1871. 

'Mclver  was  appointed  by  Governor  Caldwell  on  September  21,  1871  —  to  take  office 
October  1  —  to  replace  Ashley. 

^Battle,  who  was  appointed  by  Governor  Caldwell  on  January  14, 1873  to  replace  Reid, 
took  the  oaths  of  office  on  January  15;  however,  his  right  to  hold  office  was  challenged  by 
Alexander  Mclver  who  was  still  serving  under  a  previous  appointment.  The  conflict  was 
argued  before  the  North  Carolina  Supreme  Court  in  1873  at  its  January  term  and  was 
decided  in  favor  of  Mclver.  Justice  Reade,  who  gave  the  opinion  of  the  court,  stated  that 
since  Mclver  had  been  duly  appointed  and  qualified,  and  that  since  the  officer-elect  could 
not  qualify,  Mclver  was  entitled  to  remain  in  office  until  the  next  election.  (August,  1874). 

■^Pool  resigned  effective  June  30,  1876. 

•'John  Pool,  who  was  appointed  by  Governor  Brodgen  on  June  30,  1876  to  replace 
Stephen  D.  Pool,  took  office  July  1. 

"Toon  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1900  and  served  until  his  death  on 
February  19,  1902. 

yoyner  was  appointed  by  Governor  Aycock  on  February  24,  1902  to  replace  Toon.  He 
was  elected  in  a  special  election  in  1902  to  complete  Toon's  unexpired  term.  He  was 
elected  to  a  full  term  in  1904  and  served  following  subsequent  re-elections  until  his 
resignation  effective  January  1,  1919. 

''Brooks  was  appointed  by  Governor  Bickett  on  December  21,  1918  —  to  take  office 
January  1,  1919  —  to  replace  Joyner.  He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1920  and 
served  until  bis  resignation  on  June  11,  1923. 

'"Allen  was  appointed  by  Governor  Morrison  on  June  11,  1923  to  replace  Brooks.  He 
was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1 924  and  served  following  subsequent  re-elections 
until  his  death  on  October  20,  1934. 

"Erwin  was  appointed  by  Governor  Ehringhaus  on  October  23, 1934  to  replace  Allen. 
He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1936  and  served  following  subsequent  re- 
elections  until  his  death  on  July  19,  1952. 

'^Carroll  was  appointed  by  Governor  Scott  on  August  20, 1952  to  replace  Erwin.  He  was 
elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1952  and  served  following  subsequent  reelections  until 
1969  when  be  declined  to  run  for  reelection. 

'"'PhiUips  was  elected  in  1968  and  served  following  subsequent  reelections  until  his 
retirement  in  1989. 

^''Etheridge  was  elected  in  November,  1988. 


The  Executive  Branch  517 


THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  JUSTICE 


THE  OFFICE  OF  THE  ATTORNEY  GENERAL 

The  Attorney  General  of  North  CaroHna  heads  both  the  Department  of 
Justice  and  the  Office  of  the  Attorney  General.  The  office  is  one  of  the  oldest 
continuous  office  in  government  having  originated  during  colonial  times. 
When  the  first  North  Carolina  constitution  was  written  in  1776,  the  Attorney 
General  was  made  part  of  its  framework.  When  the  General  Assembly  began 
reorganizing  state  government  in  the  early  1970's  they  created  the  Depart- 
ment of  Justice  as  one  of  the  major  departments  in  the  Executive  Branch. 

The  1971  revision  of  the  state  constitution  deleted  all  reference  to  the 
Department  of  Justice  and  the  State  Bureau  of  Investigation.  Instead,  it 
simply  states  that  there  shall  be  an  Attorney  General  whose  duties  "shall  be 
prescribed  by  law"  [Article  III,  Section  7(2)).  Article  III,  Section  7(1)]  of  the 
Constitution  of  North  Carolina  provides  that  the  Attorney  General,  along 
with  other  elected  department  heads,  "shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified  voters 
of  the  State  in  1972  and  every  four  years  thereafter,  at  the  same  time  and 
places  as  members  of  the  General  Assembly  are  elected.  Their  term  of  office 
shall  be  four  years  and  shall  commence  on  the  first  day  of  January  next 
after  their  election  and  continue  until  their  successors  are  elected  and 
qualified."  Also  this  revision  made  the  Attorney  General  a  full,  voting 
member  of  the  Council  of  State  whereas  before  he  had  served  only  as  legal 
advisor  to  the  Council. 

The  Attorney  General  is  a  constitutional  officer  elected  by  the  people  of 
North  Carolina  to  a  four-year  term.  His  powers  and  duties  are  set  out  in  the 
General  Statutes  of  North  Carolina.  The  variety  of  powers  and  duties  held 
by  the  Attorney  General  may  be  seen  by  examining  the  Constitution  and 
statutory  references,  as  well  as  by  studying  the  many  state  and  federal  court 
cases  in  which  he  is  involved.  The  Office  of  the  Attorney  General  includes 
the  North  Carolina  Department  of  Justice,  the  State  Bureau  of  Investigation, 
the  Justice  Academy,  the  Criminal  Justice  Standards  Division,  and  the 
Sheriffs'  Standards  Division. 

Historical  Development 

As  far  back  as  the  Middle  Ages,  the  English  crown  conducted  its  legal 
business  through  attorneys,  sergeants,  and  solicitors.  One  Lawrence  Del 
Brok  is  known  to  have  pursued  the  King's  legal  business  in  the  courts 
during  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century.  At  that  time,  the  crown  did  not 
act  through  a  single  attorney  at  all.  Instead,  the  King  appointed  numerous 
legal  representatives  and  granted  each  authority  to  appear  only  in  particular 
courts,  on  particular  matters,  or  in  the  courts  of  particular  geographical 
areas.  Gradually,  the  number  of  attorneys  representing  the  crown  decreased 
as  individual  attorneys  were  assigned  broader  duties.  By  the  latter  part  of 
the  fifteenth  century,  the  title  Attorney  General  was  used  to  designate  one 
William  Husee.  It  may  have  been  as  late  as  1530,  however,  before  the  title  of 
Attorney  General  was  held  by  a  single  attorney.  The  Attorney  General  in 
the  sixteenth  century  still  shared  his  role  as  legal  representative  of  the 


518  North  Carolina  Manual 

crown  with  other  types  of  legal  agents.  It  was  not  until  the  seventeenth 
century  that  the  office  assumed  its  modern  form  and  the  Attorney  General 
became,  at  least  in  practice,  the  preeminent  legal  representative  of  the 
Sovereign. 

Although  the  early  attorneys  and  other  legal  representatives  of  the  crown 
occupied  much  the  same  position  as  comparable  legal  representatives  of 
individuals,  their  development  soon  diverged  from  that  of  private  counsel 
because  of  the  peculiar  role  of  the  crown  in  legal  proceedings.  The  king  was 
"praerogative"  and  in  theory  was  always  present  in  his  courts.  As  the  king 
could  not  appear  in  his  own  court  personally,  the  function  of  the  Attorney 
General  and  his  predecessors  was  to  protect  the  king's  interests.  Conse- 
quently, the  king's  counsel  had  superior  status  to  that  of  attorneys  for 
individuals.  Unlike  an  attorney  representing  a  private  party,  the  Attorney 
General  or  king's  attorney  was  not  an  officer  of  the  courts  and  was  therefore 
not  subject  to  the  usual  disciplinary  authority  of  the  courts  over  an  attor- 
ney. As  a  representative  of  the  crown,  the  Attorney  General  was  subject  only 
to  the  control  of  the  crown. 

The  office  of  Attorney  General  was  transported  from  the  parent  country  of 
England  to  the  American  colonies.  There,  the  attorneys  general  of  the 
colonies  in  effect  served  as  delegates  or  representatives  of  the  Attorney 
General  of  England.  Not  surprisingly,  these  colonial  attorneys  general  were 
viewed  as  possessing  the  common  law  powers  or  then  current  powers  of  the 
Attorney  General  in  England.  During  the  early  colonial  period.  North  Caro- 
lina was  joined  with  South  Carolina  to  comprise  a  single  colony  and  shared 
with  South  Carolina  an  Attorney  General.  Certainly,  by  1767,  North  Carolina 
did  have  an  Attorney  General  who  was  selected  from  among  the  lawyers 
practicing  in  North  Carolina  and  possessed  all  the  powers,  authority,  and 
trusts  within  the  colony  that  the  Attorney  General  and  Solicitor  General 
possessed  in  England.  Thus,  when  the  American  Revolution  brought  this 
country  into  being,  the  office  of  Attorney  General  was  firmly  established  in 
the  American  states  as  part  of  the  heritage  brought  over  from  England  and 
continued  in  the  colonial  period. 

After  the  American  Revolution,  the  newly  formed  states  continued  to 
provide  for  Attorney  General  with  virtually  the  same  powers  and  duties  as 
their  English  and  colonial  predecessors,  except  the  people,  and  not  a  king, 
became  sovereign.  The  office  has,  in  one  form  or  another,  been  carried  forth 
into  the  modern  American  states  with  many  of  the  same  duties  and  powers 
as  existed  in  Attorney  General  at  common  law.  Indeed,  most  commentators 
and  most  decisions  dealing  with  the  powers  of  state  Attorney  General  have 
recognized  that  the  majority  of  American  states  continue  to  vest  their 
Attorney  General  with  many,  if  not  all,  of  the  powers  of  the  Attorney 
General  of  England  and  the  American  colonies. 

North  Carolina  is  among  those  states  in  which  the  constitution  provides 
that  the  duties  of  the  Attorney  General  "shall  be  prescribed  by  law."  As  far 
back  as  1715  and  continuing  up  to  the  present  time,  North  Carolina  has 
been  governed  by  the  common  law  "or  so  much  of  the  common  law  as  is  not 
destructive  of,  or  repugnant  to,  or  inconsistent  with,  the  freedom  and 
independence  of  this  State  and  the  form  of  government  therein  established 
and  which  has  not  been  otherwise  provided  for  in  whole  or  in  part,  not 


The  Executive  Branch  519 

abrogated,  repealed,  or  become  obsolete."  The  "common  law"  as  used  in 
North  Carolina  General  Statutes  4-1  refers  to  the  common  law  of  England. 
The  common  law  as  adopted  by  statute  may  also  be  modified  or  repealed  by 
statute  except  where  the  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  has  incorporated 
the  common  law  into  its  provision.  From  these  principles,  it  might  be 
concluded  that  the  Attorney  General  of  North  Carolina  should  be  vested 
with  all  common  law  powers  of  the  Attorney  General  representing  the 
crown  at  the  time  of  the  American  Revolution  except  where  specific  constitu- 
tional or  statutory  provisions  dictate  otherwise.  In  1985,  the  General  As- 
sembly reaffirmed  the  common  law  powers  of  the  Attorney  General. 

The  Department  of  Justice 

The  Attorney  General  is  responsible  for  representing  the  State  of  North 
Carolina  in  all  actions  in  the  Appellate  Court  Division  in  which  the  State  is 
either  interested  or  a  party.  When  requested  by  the  governor  or  either  House 
of  the  General  Assembly,  the  Attorney  General  appears  for  the  state  before 
any  other  court  or  tribunal  in  any  case  or  matter,  civil  or  criminal,  in  which 
the  state  may  be  a  party  or  interested.  Also,  the  Attorney  General,  when 
requested  by  the  governor,  secretary  of  state,  treasurer,  auditor.  Utilities 
Commission,  Banking  Commission,  insurance  commissioner  or  superin- 
tendent of  public  instruction  prosecutes  or  defends  all  suits  related  to  matters 
concerning  their  departments.  The  Attorney  General  represents  all  state 
institutions  whenever  requested  to  do  so  by  the  official  head  of  that 
institution. 

The  Attorney  General  consults  with  and  advises  judges,  district  attorneys, 
magistrates  and  municipal  and  county  attorneys,  magistrates  and  municipal 
and  county  attorneys  whenever  they  request  such  assistance.  Attorney 
General's  opinions  are  rendered,  either  formally  or  informally,  upon  all 
questions  of  law  submitted  by  the  General  Assembly,  the  governor  or  any 
other  state  officer. 

The  Attorney  General,  in  the  public  interest,  may  intervene  in  proceedings 
before  any  courts,  regulatory  officers,  agencies  or  bodies,  either  state  or 
federal,  on  behalf  ofthe  consuming  public  of  the  State.  Also,  the  Attorney 
General  has  the  authority  to  institute  and  originate  proceedings  before  these 
courts,  officers,  agencies  or  bodies  on  behalf  of  the  state,  its  agencies  or  its 
citizens  in  any  and  all  matters  which  are  in  the  public  interest. 

Functions  of  the  Office  of  Attorney  General 

The  Attorney  General's  responsibilities  lie  in  two  main  areas:  The  Legal 
Services  Area  and  The  Law  Enforcement  Area. 

The  Legal  Services  Area  is  organized  into  four  divisions:  Criminal,  Civil, 
Trade  and  Commerce,  and  Administrative.  The  Law  Enforcement  Area 
consists  of  the  State  Bureau  of  Investigation,  which  also  oversees  the 
Division  of  Criminal  Information,  and  the  Training  and  Standards  Division, 
which  oversees  the  North  Carolina  Justice  Academy,  the  Criminal  Justice 
Standards  Commission,  the  Sheriffs  Education  and  Training  Standards 
Commission,  and  the  Law  Enforcement  Liaison  Section. 


520  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  Legal  Services  Area 

Criminal  Division. 

This  Division  includes  all  sections  of  office  dealing  with  criminal  matters. 
Its  staff  advises  and  represents  state  agencies  such  as  Department  of 
Corrections  and  Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety.  The  Division  is  broken 
down  into  several  sections  in  order  to  provide  specialized  support. 

The  Special  Prosecutions  Section  prosecutes  or  assists  in  the  prosecution 
of  criminal  cases  upon  request  of  district  attorneys  and  upon  the  approval  of 
the  Attorney  General.  It  also  serves  as  legal  advisor  to  the  State  Bureau  of 
Investigation. 

The  Corrections  Section  represents  the  Department  of  Corrections  by 
providing  legal  counsel  and  representation  on  matters  involving  prison 
regulations,  personnel  and  statutory  interpretations. 

The  Crime  Control  Section  represents  the  Highway  Patrol  and  the  Depart- 
ment of  Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety,  and  also  serves  as  legal  advisor  to 
victim  and  justice  services. 

The  Federal  Habeas  Sectionrepresents  the  North  Carolina  in  appeals  of 
criminal  convictions  to  the  federal  courts. 

The  Appellate  Section  supervises  and/or  prepares  criminal  briefs  in  all 
appeals  to  which  the  state  is  a  party. 

Civil  Division. 

The  Division  handles  civil  claims  and  litigation  involving  the  state,  its 
officials  and  employees.  It  is  also  divided  into  smaller  services  sections. 

The  Property  Control  Section  represents  the  Department  of  Administra- 
tion, the  State  Auditor,  the  North  Carolina  Ports  Authority,  the  Railway 
Commission,  the  Art  Museum,  the  Building  Commission  and  other  agencies. 
Its  staff  advises  state  agencies  on  real  property,  public  building  construction 
law,  and  public  procurement. 

The  Education  Section  represents  the  University  of  North  Carolina 
system,  the  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  and  Department  of  Com- 
munity Colleges  in  all  areas  of  law  except  tort  claims  and  revenue.  Staff 
members  also  advise  attorneys  and  administrators  in  the  public  schools. 

The  Revenue  Section  provides  legal  counsel  to  the  Department  of  Revenue 
and  representation  in  state  and  federal  litigation,  as  well  as  providing  tax 
counsel  to  other  state  agencies. 

The  Labor  Section  acts  as  legal  advisor  to  the  commissioner  of  labor  and 
handles  cases  arising  from  enforcement  of  labor  laws  and  occupational 
safety  and  health  matters. 

The  Motor  Vehicles  Section  furnishes  legal  assistance  to  the  Division  of 
Motor  Vehicles. 

The  Highway  Section  acts  as  legal  advisor  to  the  secretary  of  transporta- 
tion and  the  State  Board  of  Transportation  and  provides  legal  representation 
to  the  Department  of  Transportation  in  such  matters  as  condemnation 
litigation,  bids  for  highway  construction,  and  contracts. 


The  Executive  Branch  521 

Trade  and  Commerce  Division. 

Represents  the  using  and  consuming  public's  interest  in  maintaining  a 
free,  fair  and  competitive  marketplace,  and  protection  of  the  natural  environ- 
ment. 

The  Anti-Trust  Section  protects  the  public  against  price  fixing,  price 
gouging,  restraint  or  trade  and  other  anti-competitive  practices. 

The  Consumer  Protection  Section  protects  the  public  from  fraud,  deception 
and  other  unfair  deceptive  trade  practices. 

The  Energy  and  Utilities  Section  represents  the  using  and  consuming 
public  in  utility  rate  hearings  where  adversarial  trials  are  a  substitute  for 
competition  as  a  means  to  protect  the  public's  right  to  high  quality  utility 
services  at  fair  and  reasonable  prices. 

The  Environmental  Section  protects  public  interest  in  maintaining  an 
environment  conducive  to  public  health  and  safety. 

The  Insurance  Section  represents  the  using  and  consuming  public  in 
insurance  rate  matters  to  ensure  quality  utility  services  at  fair  costs. 

Special  Litigation  Section  -  Handles  complex  litigation  in  which  the  public 
has  a  vital  stake  in  the  outcome. 

Administrative  Division. 

Furnishes  legal  support  and  services  to  the  departments  of  state  govern- 
ment to  assure  their  fulfilling  of  constitutional  and  statutory  respon- 
sibilities. 

The  State  Agency  Services  Sectionis  the  principal  legal  advisor  to  a  wide 
variety  of  state  departments,  boards  and  commissions,  giving  legal  repre- 
sentation in  state  and  federal  litigation  and  administrative  proceedings. 

The  Collections  Section  primarily  assists  in  the  collection  of  delinquent 
student  loan  accounts  for  state  universities  and  community  colleges. 

The  Elections  Section  is  legal  counsel  to  the  State  Board  of  Elections  on 
all  matters  of  election  law. 

The  Human  Resources  Section  represents  the  Department  of  Human 
Resources  and  its  major  divisions  for  litigation  and  counsel. 

The  Real  Estate  Section  represents  the  Real  Estate  Commission  as  legal 
counsel  and  advises  on  complaints  and  inquiries  from  the  real  estate  industry 
and  consumers. 

The  Tort  Claims  Section  defends  the  state  and  its  agencies  in  worker's 
compensation  cases  involving  personal  injury  and  property  damage. 

The  Law  Enforcement  Area 

State  Bureau  of  Investigation. 

The  State  Bureau  of  Investigation  was  established  to  provide  a  more 
effective  administration  of  the  criminal  laws  of  the  state,  to  prevent  crime, 
and  to  ensure  the  speedy  apprehension  of  criminals.  The  Bureau  assists 
local  law  enforcement  in  the  identification  of  criminals,  the  scientific 
analysis  to  the  evidence  of  crimes,  and  the  investigation  and  preparation  of 
evidence  to  be  used  in  court.  Whenever  requested  by  the  Attorney  General, 


522  North  Carolina  Manual 

the  governor,  sheriffs,  poHce  chiefs,  district  attorneys  or  judges,  the  State 
Bureau  of  Investigation  lends  its  assistance. 

The  State  Bureau  of  Investigation  is  divided  into  three  major  areas  of 
operation:  Field  Investigations,  the  Crime  Laboratory  and  the  Division  of 
Criminal  Information.  The  bureau  has  also  developed  and  maintained  one 
of  the  best  and  most  complete  crime  laboratories  in  the  nation. 

The  Division  of  Criminal  Information  was  established  in  order  to  devise, 
maintain  and  operate  a  system  for  receiving,  correlating,  storing  and  dis- 
seminating, to  participating  law  enforcement  agencies,  information  that  will 
help  them  in  the  performance  of  their  duties  and  in  the  administration  of 
justice  in  North  Carolina.  Examples  of  the  variety  of  information  stored 
include  motor  vehicle  registrations,  driver's  licenses,  wanted  and  missing 
persons,  stolen  property,  warrants,  stolen  vehicles,  firearms  registration, 
drug  trafficking,  and  parole  and  probation  histories.  The  Division  introduced 
the  computer  to  the  state's  law  enforcement  community  and  provides  an  up- 
to-the-minute  computer  filing  system,  information  retrieval,  and  communica- 
tions network  with  qualified  law  enforcement  agencies  throughout  North 
Carolina. 

The  North  Carolina  Justice  Academy. 

The  Justice  Academy  was  created  in  1973  by  an  act  of  the  General 
Assembly.  The  Academy  provides  professional  education  and  training  to 
members  of  the  criminal  justice  system. 

In  1974,  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Southwood  College  and  the  Sampson 
County  Board  of  Commissioners  donated  the  Southwood  Complex  to  the 
state  for  its  use  as  a  site  for  the  Academy.  Salemburg  has  maintained  a 
facility  for  higher  education  and  training  since  1875  when  Salem  Academy, 
a  military  school,  was  established. 

The  purpose  of  the  Justice  Academy  is  to  develop  and  conduct  training 
courses  for  local  criminal  justice  agencies  and  to  provide  the  resources  and 
facilities  for  training  courses  to  various  State  criminal  justice  agencies. 

The  needs  of  the  local  agencies  are  the  first  priority  in  the  Academy's 
efforts.  Emphasis  is  directed  toward  specialized  training  for  the  local  law 
enforcement  officer.  However,  the  Academy  has  a  responsibility  to  embrace 
every  aspect  of  the  criminal  justice  system  by  providing  programs  and 
working  with  other  agencies  in  the  criminal  justice  system  to  upgrade  the  | 
existing  standards  for  law  enforcement  in  the  State. 

The  Sheriffs'  Standards  Division.  ! 

f 
The  Sheriffs'  Standards  Division  administers  the  programs  of  the  North 

Carolina  Sheriffs'  Education  and  Training  Standards  Commission.  It  is  , 

responsible  for  the  establishment  and  enforcement  of  minimum  employment  I 

and  training  standards  for  sheriffs'  deputies  and  jailers  throughout  the 

State.  The  Division  also  establishes  and  implements  procedures  by  which 

officers  are  certified  as  either  deputy  sheriffs  or  jailers.  I 


The  Executive  Branch  523 

Criminal  Justice  Standards  Division. 

The  Criminal  Justice  Standards  Division  administers  the  programs  of  the 
Criminal  Justice  Education  and  Training  Standards  Commission.  The  divi- 
sion administers  seven  criminal  justice  officer  certification  programs  encom- 
passing some  20,000  certified  officers.  Eight  other  specialty  certification 
programs  are  also  administered  by  the  Division,  including  the  Radar  Opera- 
tion Certification  Program.  Also,  the  Division  administers  programs  of  the 
Company  and  Railroad  Police  Commission. 


524 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  Executive  Branch  525 


Lacy  Herman  Thornburg 

Attorney  General 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Charlotte,  Mecklenburg  County,  December  20, 
1929,  to  Jesse  Lafayette  and  Sarah  Ann  (Zigeler)  Thornburg. 

Education:  Huntersville  High  School,  1947;  Mars  Hill  College,  1950, 
AA.;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1951,  BA.;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  School  of  Law,  1954, 
J.D. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney. 

Organizations:  Mason;  Shriner. 

Boards:  Chairman,  4-H  Ambassador  Steering  Committee,  1987-;  Board  of 
Visitors:  Peace  College,  1986-,  North  Carolina  Central  School  of  Law,  David- 
son College.  Roanoke  Island  Historical  Association,  1985-;  Co-Chairman, 
Law  Enforcement  Coordinating  Committee,  1985-;  Governor's  Crime  Commis- 
sion, 1985-;  Capitol  Planning  Commission,  1985-;  Tryon  Palace  Commission, 
1985-;  chairman,  Jackson  County  Board  of  Health,  1968-1984.  Former 
member:  NC  Courts  Commission;  NC  Criminal  Code  Commission;  NC 
Judicial  Council. 

Political  Activities:  Attorney  General,  State  of  North  Carolina,  1985- 
(elected,  1984);  Superior  Court  Judge,  1967-1983;  Member,  NC  House  of 
Representatives,  1961,  1963,  1965-66;  Staff  member.  Congressman  David 
Hall,  1959-60;  NC  Young  Democrats  Club,  1954;  Democratic  Party. 

Military  Service:  Served  in  US  Army  1947-48  (PFC). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Sylva;  Sunday 
School  Teacher,  Superintendent,  Deacon. 

Family:  Married  Dorothy  Frances  Todd,  September  6,  1953.  Children: 
Sara  (Thornburg)  Evans,  Lacy  Eugene,  Jesse  Todd,  Alan  Ziegler. 


526  North  Carolina  Manual 

ATTORNEY  GENERALS  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

Colonial 

Name  Term 

George  Durante  1677-1681 

William  Wilkison^  1694 

John  Porter,  Jr.^ 1694-[1695] 

Henderson  Walker  1695 

Thomas  Abington^  1696 

Richard  Plater^  1696-[1703] 

Christopher  Gale6  1704-1705 

Thomas  Snoden^  1705-1708 

Christopher  Gales  1708-[1710] 

Edward  Bonwicke^  1711-1714 

Daniel  Richardson i'^ 1714-1724 

[JohnWorley]!!  

James  Stanaway^'-^ 

[John  Montgomery ]i^  

William  Littlei^  1724 

Thomas  Boyd^s  1724-1725 

William  Little  1725-1731 

John  Connor^*^  1731 

John  Montgomery^"'  1731-1741 

John  Hodgson'«  1734 

Joseph  Anderson 'f*  1741-1742 

John  Montgomery  1742-1743 

Joseph  Anderson^"  1743-1747 

Thomas  Child^i  1747-1752 

George  Nicholas" 1752-1756 

Charles  Elliot^^  1756 

Robert  Jones,  Jr.^^  1756-1759 

Thomas  Child^s 1759-1761 

Robert  Jones,  Jr.^e  1761-1766 

Marmaduke  Jones^^  1766-1767 

Thomas  McGuire^s  1767-[1776] 


State 

Name  Residence  Term 

Waightstill  Avery^9  Burke  1777-1779 

James  Iredell'"  Chowan  1779-1782 

Alfred  Moore" Brunswick 1782-1791 

John  Haywood,  Jr.32  Halifax  1792-1795 

Blake  Baker^^ Edgecombe 1795-1803 

Henry  SeawelP^  Wake  1803-1808 

Oliver  Fitts'^  Warren 1808-1810 

WilHam  Miller^^  Warren 1810 

Hutching  G.  Burton^^ Warren 1810-1816 

William  P.  Drew'^ Halifax  1816-1824 

James  F.  Taylor^s  Wake  1825-1828 

Robert  H.  Jones'"^ Warren 1828 

Romulus  M.  Saunders^'  Caswell 1828-1834 


The  Executive  Branch 


527 


Name  Residence  Term 

John  R.  J.  Daniel Halifax  1835-1841 

Hugh  McQueen''2  Chatham  1841-1842 


Spier  Whitaker 

Edward  Stanley'*^  

Bartholomew  F.  Moore^^ 

William  Eaton,  Jr.^^  

Matthew  W.  Ransom^'^ 
Joseph  B.  Batchelor''^ 


Halifax  1842-1846 

Beaufort  1846-1848 

Halifax  1848-1851 

Warren 1851-1852 

Northampton 1853-1855 

Warren 1855-1856 


WilHam  H.  Bailey"^  Mecklenburg 

WilUam  A.  Jenkins''^ 

Sion  H.  Rogers^°  

William  M.  Coleman^'  

Lewis  P.  01ds52 

William  M.  Shipp53 

Tazewell  L.  Hargrove 

Thomas  S.  Kenan  

Theodore  F.  Davidson 

Frank  I.  Osborne  

Zebulon  V.  Walser^^  

Robert  D.  Douglas^^  

Robert  D.  Gilmer 

Thomas  W.  Bicket^e 

James  S.  Manning  

Dennis  G.  Brummitt^^ 

Aaron  A.  F.  Seawell^**  

Harry  McMullan^s 

William  B.  Rodman,  Jr.^o 


1857 

Warren 1857-1862 

Wake 1863-1868 

1868-1869 

Wake 1869-1870 

Lincoln  1870-1873 

Granville  1873-1877 

Wilson 1877-1885 

Buncombe  1885-1893 

Mecklenburg 1893-1897 

Davidson 1897-1900 

Guilford  1900-1901 

Haywood  1901-1909 

Franklin  1909-1917 

Wake  1917-1925 

Granville  1925-1935 

Lee 1935-1938 

Beaufort  1938-1955 

Beaufort  1955-1956 

George  B.  Patton^i Macon  1956-1958 


Malcom  B.  SeawelP^ 

Wade  Bruton^^ 

Robert  Morgan^"  

James  H.  Carson,^^  Jr. 
Rufus  L.  Edmisten^^  ... 
Lacy  H.  Thornburg^^ .. 


Robeson 1958-1960 

Montgomery  1960-1969 

Harnett 1969-1974 

Mecklenburg 1974-1975 

Wake  1975-1985 

.Jackson  1985- 


Colonial 

^Durant  was  probably  appointed  by  Jenkins,  possibly  as  early  as  1673  or  1674;  he  was 
serving  by  1676.  When  the  conflict  between  Eastchurch  and  Jenkins  broke  out,  Durant 
went  to  England  to  plead  Jenkin's  case  —  he  was  not  very  successful  since  Eastchurch 
was  commissioned.  Durant  did  not  return  to  the  colony  until  December,  1677,  but 
apparently  once  again  served  as  attorney  general.  He  was  still  serving  in  November, 
1679  and  probably  continued  serving  until  1681  or  later. 

^Little  is  known  of  Wilkinson's  service  as  attorney  general  except  that  he  was 
suspended  from  office  in  1694  by  Governor  Harvey  for  "Misdemeanors." 

■'Porter  was  appointed  by  Harvey  to  replace  Wilkinson  and  qualified  before  the  court. 
He  probably  served  until  Walker  took  office  in  1695. 

^Abington  served  for  two  indictments  during  the  February,  1696  court. 

''Plater  was  appointed  by  Governor  Harvey  and  qualified  before  the  court.  He  was  still 
serving  in  October,  1703. 

'^Wben  Gale  was  appointed  is  not  known.  The  first  record  of  service  is  at  the  General 
Court  for  July,  1704  and  be  was  still  serving  in  October,  1705. 


528  North  Carolina  Manual 

^Snoden  began  serving  during  the  Fall  term  of  the  general  court  for  1705  and  was  still 
serving  in  1708. 

'^Gale  was  again  acting  as  attorney  general  by  October,  1708.  There  are  not  court 
records  available  for  1709  and  1710  and  the  records  for  the  First  Court  in  1711  indicate 
that  Bonwicke  was  attorney  general. 

■'Bonwicke  was  serving  by  March,  1711  and  records  from  the  Receiver  General's  office 
indicate  that  he  was  still  serving  in  June,  1714;  however,  by  October  he  was  no  longer  in 
office. 

'"Richardson  was  apparently  appointed  by  Governor  Eden  sometime  during  the 
summer  of  1714.  He  qualified  before  the  General  Court  on  October  26,  1714  and  served 
until  1724  when  he  was  replaced  by  Little. 

' '  Worley 's  name  appears  in  Hawks'  list  of  attorney  generals  with  the  date,  August  2, 
1716,  following  it.  Since  there  are  no  records  which  indicate  that  he  served,  it  is  assumed 
that  this  is  an  appointment  date.  Hawks,  History  of  North  Carolina,  II,  140. 

'-Instructions  issued  to  Governor  Burrington  by  the  Lords  Proprietors  indicate  that 
James  Stanaway  was  appointed  attorney  general;  however,  there  is  no  evidence  to 
indicate  that  he  served. 

'  'Montgomery  is  reported  to  have  been  appointed  attorney  general  in  1723;  however, 
no  evidence  could  be  found  to  indicate  that  he  served  at  this  time. 

'^Little  was  appointed  by  Governor  Burrington  to  replace  Richardson  and  qualified 
before  the  Council.  His  resignation  was  announced  at  a  council  meeting  on  November  7, 
1724. 

'"■Boyd  was  appointed  by  Governor  Burrington  to  replace  Little  and  qualified  before 
the  council.  He  served  until  Little  took  over  in  1725. 

"^Connor  was  appointed  by  Governor  Burrington  and  qualified  before  the  council.  He 
served  only  until  Montgomery  arrived. 

'^Montgomery  was  appointed  by  the  crown  and  qualified  before  the  council.  He  was 
suspended  by  Burrington  on  September  29,  1734,  but  was  either  restored  to  office  by 
Johnston  or  never  left  as  he  is  considered  the  attorney  general  in  November.  He 
Continued  serving  until  1741  when  he  was  appointed  acting  chief  justice. 

'  ^Hodgson  was  appointed  by  Burrington  following  the  suspension  of  Montgomery  and 
apparently  qualified  before  the  council.  He  served  only  until  Governor  Johnston  took 
office  in  November,  1734. 

'■'Anderson  was  appointed  acting  attorney  general  by  Governor  Johnston  when 
Montgomery  became  chief  justice.  He  served  until  Montgomery  returned  to  service  in 
1742. 

-"Anderson  was  appointed  permanent  attorney  general  by  Governor  Johnston  when 
Montgomery  was  commissioned  chief  justice.  He  qualified  before  the  council  and 
continued  serving  until  Child  took  office  in  1747. 

-'Child  was  appointed  by  the  crown  and  qualified  on  May  16,  1747.  He  served  until  he 
returned  to  England  in  1752. 

--Nicholas  was  apparently  appointed  to  serve  when  Child  left  North  Carolina  to  go  to 
England.  He  was  reported  ill  in  October,  1755;  there  is  no  evidence  that  anyone  else  was 
appointed  until  1756. 

-'Elliot  was  appointed  by  Governor  Dobbs  to  replace  Nicholas,  and  apparently 
qualified  before  Dobbs.  He  only  served  a  few  months  before  he  died. 

-^  Jones  was  appointed  by  Governor  Dobbs  to  replace  Elliott  and  presumably  qualified 
before  him.  He  served  until  Child  took  over  in  1761.  Commission  to  Robert  Jones,  Jr., 
October  4,  1756,  Commissions,  1754-1767,  5,  60. 

-"'Child  was  commissioned  by  the  crown  and  apparently  qualified  before  Governor 
Dobbs.  He  served  until  he  resigned  in  1761. 

-"Jones  was  appointed  by  the  crown  and  apparently  qualified  before  Governor  Dobbs. 
He  served  until  his  death  on  October  2, 1 766.  Warrant  appointing  Robert  Jones  Attorney 
General  of  North  Carolina,  April  14,  1761,  CO  324/40,  English  Records,  ER  15-22;. 
Commission  to  Robert  Jones,  July  25,  1761,  Commission  Book,  1761-1772,  1;  Letter  from 
Governor  Tryon  to  Earl  of  Shelburne,  January  12, 1767,  Saunders,  Co/onm/ .Records,  VII, 
425-426. 

-^Jones  was  appointed  by  Governor  Tryon  to  replace  Jones  and  served  until  McQuire 
took  office  in  1767. 


The  Executive  Branch  529 

28McGuire  was  commissioned  by  the  crown  to  replace  Jones  and  qualified  before  the 
council.  He  presumably  served  until  the  Revolution. 

29Avery  resigned  on  May  8,  1779. 

^^Iredell  was  apppointed  by  the  governor  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  council  to 
replace  Thomas  McQuire  who  had  declined  to  serve.  He  was  later  elected  by  the  general 
assembly. 

""Moore's  resignation  was  presented  to  the  council  on  April  9,  1791,  but  no  one  was 
immediately  appointed  to  fill  the  vacancy. 

'-Haywood  was  elected  to  replace  Moore  and  resigned  following  his  elections  as  judge 
of  the  Superior  Court  of  Law  and  Equity  on  January  28,  1795. 

3'^Baker  was  elected  to  replace  Haywood  and  resigned  on  November  25,  1803. 

^''Seawell  was  elected  to  replace  Baker  and  resigned  on  November  30,  1808. 

35Fitts  was  elected  to  replace  Seawell  and  resigned  on  July  6,  1810. 

^''Miller  was  appointed  by  the  governor  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Council  to 
replace  Fitts. 

3^Burton  resigned  November  21,  1816. 

38Drew  was  elected  to  replace  Burton  and  resigned  in  November,  1824. 

39Taylor  was  elected  to  replace  Drew  and  died  in  late  June,  or  ealy  July,  1828. 

''"Jones  was  appointed  by  governor  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  council  to 
replace  Taylor. 

"Saunders  was  elected  to  replace  Taylor.  On  December  16,  1834  a  resolution  was 
passed  in  the  House  of  Commons  declaring  that  the  office  of  Attorney  General  was 
vacant  because  Saunders  held  a  commission  from  the  federal  government,  which  was 
violation  of  Chapter  6  of  the  Laws  of  1790— the  law  prohibited  dual  office  holding  by  a 
public  official  except  in  special  cases.  Saunders  wrote  to  Alexander  Williams,  the 
Speaker  of  the  House,  the  following  day  requesting  that  he  be  given  "permission  to  be 
heard  at  the  bar  of  the  House  upon  the  subject  of  the  Resolution."  The  request  was 
granted.  Despite  testimony  by  Saunders  on  his  own  behalf,  the  House  voted  68-60  to 
uphold  the  resolution.  On  December  31,  1834,  Saunders  sent  in  his  resignation. 

^^McQueen's  resignation  was  received  by  the  House  of  Commons  on  November  25, 
1942. 

"Stanley  resigned  on  May  8,  1848. 

''''Moore  was  appointed  by  the  governor  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  council  to 
replace  Stanley.  He  was  later  elected  by  the  general  assembly  to  a  regular  term  and 
resigned  in  May,  or  June,  1851. 

^^Eaton  was  appointed  by  the  governor  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  council  to 
replace  Moore. 

'"'Ransom  was  elected  by  the  general  assembly  to  replace  Moore  and  resigned  on  May 
2,  1855. 

^^Batchelor  was  appointed  by  the  governor  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  council 
to  replace  Ransom.  He  resigned  November  26,  1856.  Council  Minutes,  May  25,  1855, 
Council  Journal,  1855-1889;  Batchelor  to  Bragg,  November  26, 1856,  Bragg  Letter  Book, 
1855-1857,  600. 

"Bailey  was  elected  by  the  general  assembly  to  fill  the  unexpired  term  of  Batchelor. 
Commission  dated  January  5,  1857,  Commission  Book,  1841-1877. 

^^Jenkins  was  elected  to  replace  Ransom;  however,  the  office  was  declared  vacant  on 
December  8, 1862  because  Jenkins  had  accepted  a  commission  in  the  Confederate  Army. 

^"Rogers  was  elected  to  replace  Jenkins  and  served  until  the  Constitution  of  1868  went 
into  effect.  Commission  dated  January  6,  1866,  Commission  Book,  1841-1877. 

""Coleman  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  April,  1868  and  served  until  his 
resignation  on  May  29,  1869. 

"■^Olds  was  appointed  by  Governor  Holden  on  June  1, 1869  to  replace  Coleman.  At  the 
State  Republican  Party  Convention  in  1870  he  was  defeated  for  nomination  by  Samuel  F. 
PhiUips. 

'' 'Shipp  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1870  to  complete  Coleman's  unexpired 
term  but  was  defeated  for  re-election  in  1872. 

■'^Walser  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1896.  He  resigned  effective  November 
24  following  his  defeat  for  re-election  by  Gilmer  in  1900. 


530  North  Carolina  Manual 

^^Douglas  was  appointed  by  Governor  Russell  on  November  24,  1900  to  complete 
Walser's  term. 

"^fiBickett  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1 908  and  served  following  re-election  in 
1912  until  1916  when  he  was  elected  governor  of  North  Carolina. 

s^Brummitt  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1924  and  served  following 
subsequent  re-elections  until  his  death  on  February  5,  1935. 

s^Seawell  was  appointed  by  Governor  Ehringhaus  on  January  16,  1935  to  replace 
Brummitt.  He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1936  and  served  until  April,  1938 
when  he  was  appointed  to  the  State  Supreme  Court. 

^^McMullan  was  appointed  by  Governor  Hoey  on  April  30, 1938  to  replace  Seawell.  He 
was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1938  to  complete  Seawell's  unexpired  term.  He  was 
elected  to  a  full  term  in  1940  and  served  following  subsequent  re-elections  until  his  death 
on  June  24,  1955. 

•^"Rodman  was  appointed  by  Governor  Hodges  on  June  1,  1955  to  replace  McMullan 
and  served  until  he  resigned  in  August,  1956  when  he  was  appointed  to  the  Supreme 
Court. 

6'Patton  was  appointed  by  Governor  Hodges  on  August  21, 1956  to  replace  Rodman.  He 
was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1956  and  served  until  his  resignation  effective 
April  15,  1958. 

•^^Seawell  was  appointed  by  Governor  Hodges  on  April  15,  1958  to  replace  Patton.  He 
was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1958  to  complete  Patton's  unexpired  term  and 
served  until  his  resignation  effective  February  29,  1960. 

e^Bruton  was  appointed  by  Governor  Hodges  on  February  27,  1960  —  to  take  office 
March  1  —  to  replace  Seawell.  He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1960. 

<^^Morgan  resigned  August  26,  1974,  to  run  for  United  States  Senator. 

e^Carson  was  appointed  by  Governor  Holshouser  on  August  26  to  replace  Morgan. 

66Edmisten  defeated  Carson  in  a  special  election  to  complete  Morgan's  term  held  in 
1974.  He  was  elected  to  a  full  term  in  1976  and  served  following  subseuqent  reelections 
until  1985. 

•^'Thornburg  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1984. 


The  Executive  Branch  531 


DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE 

The  Civil  War  devastated  the  economy  of  North  Carolina.  Agriculture,  the 
mainstay  of  the  state's  slightly  more  than  one  million  people,  was  severely 
stricken.  The  crops  that  were  produced  were  poor  and  prices  were  low.  After 
the  war  a  system  of  farm  tenancy  developed  leading  to  smaller  farms  and 
decreased  efficiency. 

In  an  effort  to  combat  these  and  other  problems,  farmers  joined  organi- 
zations such  as  the  Patrons  of  Husbandry  (the  Grange)  and  the  Farmers' 
Alliance.  While  these  organizations  did  give  farmers  a  united  voice  for 
sounding  their  grievances,  they  did  not  solve  many  of  the  existing  problems. 
To  the  majority  of  farmers,  the  most  feasible  solution  seemed  to  be  the 
establishment  of  an  agricultural  department  as  part  of  the  state  government. 

As  early  as  1860  Governor  John  E.  Ellis  had  urged  the  General  Assembly 
to  establish  a  Board  of  Agriculture,  but  the  request  was  ignored  by  legislators 
who  were  concerned  primarily  with  the  oncoming  war. 

In  1868  the  foundation  for  the  establishment  of  a  Department  of  Agri- 
culture was  laid  when  North  Carolinians  approved  the  state  constitution. 
The  constitution  provided:  "There  shall  be  established  in  the  office  of  the 
Secretary  of  State  a  Bureau  of  Statistics,  Agriculture,  and  Immigration 
under  such  regulations  as  the  General  Assembly  may  provide."  However 
this  agency  did  not  provide  for  the  real  needs  of  agriculture,  and  thus  failed 
to  receive  the  favor  of  farmers  who  still  wanted  an  independent  department. 
The  cries  of  the  farmers  did  not  fall  on  deaf  ears  and  in  1875  at  a  con- 
stitutional convention  a  provision  was  approved  which  called  upon  the 
General  Assembly  to".  .  .  establish  a  Department  of  Agriculture,  Immigra- 
tion, and  statistics  under  such  regulations  as  may  best  promote  the  agri- 
cultural interests  of  the  state  and  shall  enact  laws  for  the  adequate  protection 
and  encouragement  of  sheep  husbandry." 

In  March  of  1877,  a  bill  establishing  such  a  department  was  introduced  in 
the  General  Assembly  and  passed. 

The  original  law  provided  for  a  seven-member  Board  of  Agriculture  to 
supervise  the  department's  activities.  The  board  was  to  be  composed  of  the 
Governor  as  ex-officio  chairman;  the  State  Geologist;  the  Master  of  the  State 
Grange;  the  president  of  the  State  Agricultural  Society;  the  president  of  the 
state  university  at  Chapel  Hill,  and  two  agriculturists.  One  of  the  board's 
first  tasks  was  to  select  a  Commissioner  to  act  as  administrative  head  of  the 
department. 

Colonel  Leonidas  LaFayette  Polk  of  Anson  County  who  had  been  a 
moving  spirit  in  the  establishment  of  the  new  department  was  chosen  to 
serve  as  its  first  Commissioner.  Polk,  an  outstanding  agricultural  leader  and 
spokesman,  was  an  obvious  choice.  For  a  salary  of  $2,000  a  year,  Polk  was 
charged  to  carry  out  the  following  duties: 

(1)  to  find  a  means  of  improving  sheep  husbandry  and  curb  high 
mortality  rates  caused  by  dogs; 


532  North  Carolina  Manual 

(2)  to   seek   the   causes   of  diseases   among   domestic   animals,   to 
quarantine  sick  stock,  and  to  regulate  transportation  of  all  animals; 

(3)  to  seek  to  check  insect  ravages; 

(4)  to  foster  new  crops  suited  to  various  soils  of  the  state; 

(5)  to  collect  statistics  on  fences  in  North  Carolina,  with  the  object  of 
altering  the  system  in  use; 

(6)  to  work  with  the  United  States  Fish  Commission  in  the  protection 
and  propagation  offish; 

(7)  to  send  a  report  to  the  General  Assembly  each  session; 

(8)  to  seek  cooperation  of  other  states  on  such  matters  as  obstruction 
of  fish  in  interstate  waters;  and 

(9)  to  make  rules  regulating  the  sale  of  feeds  and  fertilizers. 

In  addition,  the  Department  of  Agriculture  was  to  establish  a  chemical 
laboratory  at  the  University  of  North  Carolina  for  testing  fertilizers  and  to 
work  with  the  geological  survey  in  studying  and  analyzing  the  state's 
natural  resources. 

The  young  department  saw  a  number  of  changes  in  staff  organization  and 
Board  of  Agriculture  representation.  One  of  the  most  significant  board 
changes  occurred  in  1883  when  members  were  first  chosen  from  each  con- 
gressional district  to  represent  the  state's  major  agricultural  interests.  The 
last  "non-farmer"  was  removed  from  the  board  in  1889,  when  a  board 
member  and  not  the  Governor,  became  chairman. 

In  1899,  the  legislature  provided  for  election  of  a  Commissioner  by  the 
people  of  the  state,  not  by  the  board.  The  first  commissioner  elected  was 
Samuel  L.  Patterson  of  Caldwell  County.  Patterson  had  served  earlier  by 
board  appointment. 

The  first  official  home  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  was  the  second 
story  of  the  Briggs  Building  on  Fayetteville  Street  in  downtown  Raleigh. 
With  the  office  staff  came  the  entire  State  Museum  and  Geological  Survey. 
Other  department  employees  were  located  at  the  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station  in  Chapel  Hill  and  in  other  office  buildings  in  Raleigh. 

In  1881  the  Board  of  Agriculture  decided  to  bring  all  the  divisions  of  the 
department  together  and  bought  the  National  Hotel  property  for  $13,000. 
The  hotel  was  on  Edenton  Street,  the  present  site  of  the  Agriculture  Biiilding. 
The  building  was  later  enlarged  and  remained  the  home  of  the  department 
until  1923  when  the  Edenton  and  Halifax  streets  part  of  the  building  were 
torn  down  and  the  present  neo-classic  building  erected.  A  five-story  annex 
was  added  to  the  main  building  in  1954  to  provide  new  quarters  for  the 
Natural  History  Museum  and  space  for  laboratories  and  offices. 

Fertilizer  Analysis 

Much  deception  and  fraud  were  being  practiced  in  the  sale  of  fertilizers  at 
the  time  the  department  was  established.  Dr.  Albert  Ledoux,  the  Department 
of  Agriculture's  first  chemist,  said  that  of  the  108  brands  of  fertilizer  sold  in 
North  Carolina  in  1876,  some  were  "miserable  stuff,  others  down-right 
swindles."  He  reported  that  one  brand  had  been  found  to  contain  as  much  as 
60  percent  sand.  It  was  natural  then  that  one  of  the  first  responsibilities  of 


The  Executive  Branch  533 

the  newly  created  Department  of  Agriculture  would  be  fertilizer  inspection 
and  analysis. 

The  original  law  provided  that  there  should  be  an  annual  privilege  tax  of 
$500  for  each  brand  sold.  For  several  years,  this  tax  was  the  sole  source  of 
revenue  for  all  the  programs  of  the  department.  However,  the  privilege  tax 
was  later  contested  and  the  courts  ruled  it  unconstitutional.  In  its  place,  an 
inspection  fee  was  levied  by  the  legislature  of  1891,  with  the  stipulation  that 
the  revenue  could  be  used  only  to  support  the  fertilizer  control  program. 

Experiment  Station 

The  actual  analysis  of  fertilizers  was  to  be  carried  out  by  the  Experiment 
Station  in  Chapel  Hill.  In  addition,  the  Experiment  Station  was  directed  to 
conduct  experiments  on  the  nutrition  and  growth  of  plants,  to  ascertain 
which  fertilizers  were  best  suited  to  the  crops  of  the  state  and  if  other  crops 
would  be  grown  on  its  soils,  and  to  conduct  any  other  investigations  the 
department  might  propose. 

Created  in  1877  by  the  same  act  that  created  the  Department  of  Agriculture, 
the  station  was  the  first  in  the  South  and  the  second  in  the  nation. 

The  initial  movement  to  set  up  field  testing  stations  began  in  1885  when 
the  General  Assembly  directed  the  Board  of  Agriculture  to  secure  prices  on 
lands  and  machinery.  The  board  obtained  35  acres  on  the  north  side  of 
Hillsborough  Street,  Raleigh,  and  the  job  of  clearing  land,  laying  out  test 
plots,  and  constructing  buildings  began. 

The  station  was  transferred  from  the  NCDA  to  the  newly  created  North 
Carolina  College  of  Agricultural  and  Mechanic  Arts  in  1889.  The  Hatch  Act, 
which  had  provided  funds  of  $15,000  to  each  state  for  agricultural  research, 
had  specified  that  the  money  be  directed  to  the  land  grant  college.  In 
establishing  the  A  &  M  College,  the  General  Assembly  had  provided  that  the 
college  would  receive  all  land-grant  benefits. 

While  the  Department  of  Agriculture  maintained  its  association  with  the 
station,  it  shifted  its  efforts  to  establishing  test  farms  in  various  locations 
across  the  state.  The  purpose  was  to  experiment  with  different  crop-fertilizer- 
soil  combinations  to  find  the  most  suitable  for  certain  locations.  The  first 
two  research  stations  were  in  Edgecombe  and  Robeson  counties. 

State  Museum 

As  a  result  of  legislation  of  1851,  a  State  Geologist  was  appointed  by  the 
Governor  to  retain  samples  of  the  minerals  of  the  State.  This  collection, 
known  as  the  Cabinet  of  Minerals,  was  housed  on  the  third  floor  of  the 
capitol  prior  to  the  Civil  War.  It  formed  the  nucleus  of  the  State  Museum. 

After  the  museum  was  transferred  to  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  the 
legislature  expanded  its  responsibilities  to  include  the  illustration  of  North 
Carolina's  agricultural  and  other  resources  and  its  natural  history. 

Much  of  the  department's  time  and  interest  in  the  early  days  was  directed 
toward  immigration.  The  goal  was  to  encourage  the  settling  of  good  citizens 
in  the  rural  sections  of  the  state  and  to  advertise  to  the  world  the  advantages 
of  the  soil,  natural  resources,  and  climate  of  the  state.  The  department  staff 


534  North  Carolina  Manual 

produced  a  number  of  creditable  exhibits  of  resources  and  products  of  the 
state  in  Vienna,  1873;  Atlanta,  1881;  Boston,  1883;  New  Orleans,  1884; 
Raleigh,  1884;  Chicago,  1893;  Paris,  19004907;  Charleston,  1901;  St.  Louis, 
1904;  Boston,  1906;  and  Jamestown,  1907.  Many  of  these  exhibits  eventually 
became  permanent  displays  in  the  State  Museum. 

Entomology 

Among  the  original  duties  given  to  the  department  were  "investigations 
relative  to  the  ravages  of  insects."  However,  until  the  late  1880's,  depart- 
ment reports  declared  a  "remarkable  exemption  of  the  crops  of  the  State" 
from  insect  pests. 

The  situation  changed  considerably  around  1900  when  pests,  such  as  the 
San  Jose  Scale  in  orchards,  began  to  move  in.  The  San  Jose  Scale  was  called 
the  "worst  enemy  of  the  deciduous  fruits." 

The  department  responded  by  hiring  an  entomologist  to  work  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  already  existing  Commission  for  the  Control  of  Crop  Pests.  A 
program  of  inspection  was  begun,  including  inspection  of  the  state's 
nurseries.  Nurseries  found  to  have  no  pest  problems  were  certified  as  pest 
free. 

Another  task  of  the  entomologist's  office  was  the  establishment  of  an 
insect  collection.  The  collection  documented  the  specimens  found  in  the  state 
and  served  as  a  useful  tool  in  identifying  pests  for  the  public. 

The  office  was  often  successful  in  prescribing  remedies  to  combat  pest 
problems  as  illustrated  in  this  letter  from  a  North  Carolina  apple  grower: 

I  had  more  matured  apples  than  I  have  had  in  one  season  for  the  past 

ten  years  ....  All  trees  sprayed  are  as  green,  (or)  nearly  as  green,  now 

(October  14,  1901)  as  they  were  in  summer  ....  I  sprayed  one  side  of  a 

large  fall  apple  tree.  The  side  sprayed  is  green  today,  while  the  other 

side  has  no  leaves.  To  be  brief,  all  trees  sprayed  are  full  of  leaves,  while 

those  not  sprayed  are  destitute  ....  I  am  very  well  pleased  with  my 

spraying,  and  next  year  will  spray  again  more  thoroughly  than  I  did       j 

the  past  spring.  | 

I 
The  honey  and  bee  program   began  in   1916  with   authority  from  the  j 

legislature  to  conduct  investigations  to  promote  the  improvement  of  the  | 

honey  bee  industry  and  especially  investigations  relating  to  diseases  of  bees.  I 

Farmers  Institutes  j 

1 

In  1887,  the  General  Assembly  had  instructed  the  Board  of  Agriculture  to  1 
"cooperate  and  aid  in  the  formation  of  Farmers'  Institutes  in  all  the  counties 
of  the  State."  These  institutes  were  an  early  attempt  at  educating  the  farmer  j 
in  areas  such  as  conserving  the  nutrients  of  the  soil,  diversification  of  crops,  j 
and  modern  methods  of  dairying. 

To  carry  out  the  institutes,  the  board  was  to  send  the  Commissioner  of 
Agriculture  and  other  agricultural  representatives  to  every  county  in  the 
state  at  least  once  every  two  years. 


The  Executive  Branch  535 

In  1906  the  first  institutes  for  women  were  begun,  with  the  purpose  of 
upgrading  farm  conditions  and  farm  Hfe.  North  Carolina  was  the  first 
southern  to  offer  such  a  program  for  women. 

While  the  institutes  that  were  held  proved  to  be  quite  effective,  the  agri- 
cultural leaders  who  were  charged  to  conduct  them  found  if  difficult  to  meet 
the  heavy  travel  schedule.  The  most  successful  organization  therefore 
developed  from  individuals  on  the  local  level  who  banded  together  to  form 
ongoing  educational  programs.  These  institutes  were  the  forerunners  of  the 
Agricultural  Extension  program  in  the  state. 

North  Carolina  College  of  Agricultural  and  Mechanic  Arts 

The  North  Carolina  College  of  Agricultural  and  Mechanic  Arts  was  an 
offspring  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture.  In  1887  the  board  began  seeking 
donations  for  the  establishment  of  an  industrial  college  and  looking  for 
sites.  A  3  y2-acre  in  the  northwest  part  of  Raleigh  was  purchased  for  $2,100. 

Subsequently,  R.  Stanhope  Pullen  donated  a  sixty-acre  site  near  the  park, 
and  the  gift  was  gratefully  accepted.  The  college  opened  in  1889  with  eighty- 
five  students.  All  the  funds  for  building,  equipment,  and  maintenance  were 
furnished  by  the  board.  In  1892,  the  General  Assembly  separated  the  college 
from  the  Department  of  Agriculture  and  made  it  a  distinct  corporation. 

Veterinary 

Even  though  the  original  act  establishing  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
called  for  animal  health  protection,  it  was  1898  before  a  State  Veterinarian 
was  appointed.  Chosen  for  the  position  was  Dr.  Cooper  Curtice  of  Columbia 
Veterinary  College.  Dr.  Curtice  launched  an  investigation  of  the  cattle  tick 
and  was  able  to  show  that  the  tick  was  a  carrier  of  Texas  fever. 

Not  only  was  this  the  first  step  toward  eradication  of  the  fever,  but  it  was 
also  the  first  time  that  anyone  had  proven  that  parasites  are  capable  of 
transmitting  diseases  in  mammals.  Curtice's  work  set  the  pattern  for  similar 
investigations  into  human  diseases. 

Another  threat  to  livestock  at  the  time  the  veterinary  program  was  begun 
when  hog  cholera,  which  had  first  been  reported  in  the  state  in  1859.  By 
1877,  it  was  killing  one  out  of  every  nine  hogs  each  year,  and  many  years 
were  to  pass  before  control  efforts  would  be  successful. 

In  the  early  days,  the  State  Veterinarian  was  not  only  concerned  with 
animal  protection  but  also  with  promotion  of  livestock.  The  idea  was  that 
more  livestock  would  improve  soil  fertility  and  better  livestock  would  increase 
profit.  Eventually  this  responsibility  was  given  to  a  separate  division  in  the 
department. 

In  1925  the  department  was  charged  with  the  supervision  of  slaughtering 
and  meat  packing  estalishments  in  the  state.  This  service  was  not  com- 
pulsory at  that  time,  but  it  did  enable  any  establishment  that  chose  to  use  it, 
to  sell  anywhere  within  the  state  without  further  inspection  by  a  city  or 
town. 


536  North  Carolina  Manual 

Food  Protection 

Under  the  first  elected  Commissioner,  Samuel  L.  Patterson,  the  department 
was  given  more  regulatory  duties.  One  of  these  was  the  administration  of 
the  Pure  Food  Law,  passed  by  the  General  Assembly  in  1899.  The  purpose  of 
this  law  was  to  prevent  the  adulteration  and  misbranding  of  food  and  drink 
for  both  humans  and  animals. 

The  food  program  was  placed  under  the  Chemistry  Division  with  B.  W. 
Kilgore  as  State  Chemist.  In  the  beginning  Dr.  Kilgore  sought  to  study 
existing  conditions  and  to  education  manufacturers  so  they  could  comply 
with  the  law.  In  1900  a  survey  across  the  state  revealed  that  over  50  percent 
of  all  canned  vegetables  were  adulterated  with  harmful  preservatives.  With 
the  enforcement  of  the  Pure  Food,  however,  the  percentage  of  adulteration 
with  harmful  preservatives.  With  the  enforcement  of  the  Pure  Food  Law, 
however,  the  percentage  of  of  adulteration  decreased  to  17  percent  in  four 
years. 

Cattle  and  stock  feeds  were  also  inspected  and  found  to  be  of  a  low  grade. 
A  few  even  contained  poisonous  substances.  The  first  analyses  showed  a 
large  amount  of  worthless  material  used  in  the  stock  feeds  as  a  filler.  In 
reference  to  the  success  of  the  stock  feed  program,  Commissioner  Patterson 
said,  "It  has  already  worked  beneficial  results,  for  shameful  frauds  had  been 
practices  upon  our  brute  friends,  who  had  no  voice  to  protest  against  them." 

Gasoline  and  Oil  Inspection 

The  first  laws  relating  to  petroleum  products  were  passed  in  1903,  at 
which  time  heating  oil,  "kerosene,"  was  being  used  primarily  for  lighting. 
Some  of  this  product  contained  such  large  amounts  of  sulphur  that  it  was 
found  to  be  a  health  hazard  as  well  as  causing  deterioration  of  various 
fabrics  and  other  materials. 

By  1917  the  department  was  also  given  the  responsibility  of  enforcing  the 
Gasoline  Law.  This  law  applied  to  gasoline  and  other  liquids  used  for 
heating  or  power  purposes.  According  to  an  official  of  the  department  at 
that  time,  the  law  was  "enforced  with  considerable  difficulty."  At  the  time 
the  program  began,  many  companies  were  trying  to  sell  low  grades  for  the 
same  price  as  higher  grades. 

Seed  Testing 

The  testing  of  seeds  for  germination  and  purity  actually  began  with  the 
early  work  of  the  Experiment  Station.  However,  it  was  1909  before  a  seed 
law  was  passed  and  a  program  established  for  seed  analysis. 

To  assist  in  the  seed  program,  Miss  O.  L.  Tillman,  a  seed  specialist,  was 
sent  to  Raleigh  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture.  Every  firm 
selling  seeds  in  the  state  was  required  to  pay  a  license  of  $25.00  to  defray  the 
costs  of  inspection.  The  law  specified  which  weed  seeds  could  not  be  sold  in 
seed  mixtures. 

Of  the  first  seed  samples  collected,  70  percent  of  the  dealers  were  found  to 
be  handling  seeds  below  state  standards.  By  1914  the  testing  service  had 
gained  respect  and  farmers  were  voluntarily  sending  in  their  seeds  for  purity 
and  germination  tests. 


The  Executive  Branch  537 

A  guiding  force  in  the  operation  of  the  seed  laboratory  was  Miss  Suzie  D. 
Allen  who  was  laboratory  supervisor  for  forty  years.  During  her  tenure,  the 
seed  testing  program  was  removed  from  the  Division  of  Botany  and  became 
a  separate  division. 

Markets 

The  marketing  service  began  in  1913  as  the  "Division  of  Cooperative 
Marketing."  Its  early  work  involved  compiling  lists  of  dealers  of  farm 
products  and  finding  markets  for  North  Carolina  sweet  potatoes,  butter,  and 
apples.  A  market  news  service  was  begun  for  cotton  and  cottonseed. 

A  few  years  later  the  division  began  putting  much  time  into  helping  local 
farmers  organize  into  cooperative  marketing  organizations. 

A  very  popular  project  of  the  Markets  Division  in  the  early  1900's  was  the 
publication  of  the  Farmer's  Market  Bulletin,  later  called  the  Market  News. 
This  publication  included  articles  on  the  marketing  conditions  of  certain 
crops  as  well  as  agricultural  items  for  sale. 

By  1924  Market  News  reported  that  the  division  had  eight  branches: 
livestock  and  poultry;  fruits  and  vegetables;  farm  crops;  statistical  reports; 
market  news  service;  rural  organization;  farm  financing  through  cooperative 
banks;  and  a  state  warehouse  system. 

Information  Office 

The  need  for  communication  between  the  Department  of  Agriculture  and 
the  agricultural  public  it  served  was  evident  from  the  beginning.  In  1877, 
Commissioner  Polk  started  a  weekly  farm  paper  called  The  Farmer  and 
Mechanic. 

This  paper  eventually  became  independent  and  was  replaced  by  The 
Bulletin  of  the  North  Carolina  Department  of  Agriculture.  The  Biennial 
Report  of  1891  referred  to  the  Bulletin  as  "the  mouthpiece  of  the  Board 
which  goes  to  the  homes  of  the  people".  The  first  purpose  of  the  Bulletin  was 
to  inform  farmers  of  fertilizer  analyses  so  they  could  judge  their  money 
value. 

Soon,  however,  the  Bulletin  expanded  into  all  areas  of  agricultural 
production,  and  it  became  necessary  to  hire  a  bulletin  superintendent.  In 
1914  an  information  office  was  set  up  to  coordinate  a  news  service  for  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  and  the  State  Agricultural  and  Engineering 
College.  This  arrangement  ended  in  1925  when  the  agricultural  extension 
service,  which  had  been  a  joint  program  of  the  department  and  the  college, 
was  moved  entirely  to  the  college. 

In  that  same  year  the  Publications  Division  began  to  publish  the  Agri- 
cultural Review,  a  semi-monthly  paper  which  is  still  serving  farmers  and 
agri-business  interests  today. 

State  Warehouse  System 

At  the  beginning  of  World  War  I,  cotton  was  difficult  to  sell  and  could  not 
be  used  as  collateral  for  borrowing.  There  were  few  warehouses  to  store  it  in 
until  market  prices  improved.  The  limited  number  that  did  exist  were  in 
large  cities   and  inaccessible  to  most  farmers.  To   protect  the  financial 


538  North  Carolina  Manual 

interests  of  cotton  growers,  the  legislature  of  1919  passed  a  law  creating  a 
state  warehouse  system.  The  system  established  a  guarantee  fund  so  that  a 
warehouse  receipt  would  be  universally  accepted  as  collateral.  The  Ware- 
house Act  was  later  amended  to  benefit  other  commodities  including  grain 
and  sweet  potatoes. 

Crop  Statistics 

Even  though  the  original  title  of  the  department  included  "statistics,"  the 
intent  was  mainly  to  collect  statistics  relating  to  farm  fences.  Commissioner 
Polk  did  try  sending  forms  to  farmers,  asking  them  to  list  their  taxable 
assets  and  their  crop  production,  but  most  forms  were  never  returned  and 
the  few  that  came  in  were  incomplete. 

By  1887,  it  was  apparent  to  Commissioner  John  Robinson  that  a  statistical 
service  was  needed.  In  the  Biennial  Report  he  wrote:  "The  means  of  acquiring 
statistical  information  are  very  inadequate.  Such  information  is  one  of  the 
necessities  of  the  times.  There  are  frequent  calls  upon  this  office  for  such 
statistics,  the  applicants  thinking  that  we  had  the  information  for  distribu- 
tion, and  they  were  warranted  in  expecting  to  find  correct  information  in 
regard  to  agricultural  products  in  this  office." 

In  1916,  Frank  Parker,  a  representative  of  the  Federal  Crop  Reporting 
Service  began  statistical  work  in  cooperation  with  the  State  Department  of 
Agriculture.  Three  years  later  he  moved  his  office  to  the  Agriculture  Building 
and  became  the  director  of  the  Agricultural  Statistics  Division. 

The  Farm  Census  was  begun  on  a  voluntary  basis  in  1918  and  became  law 
in  1921. 

Dairy  Products 

Because  the  wholesomeness  of  dairy  products  was  of  vital  importance  to 
each  citizen  of  the  state,  a  law  was  passed  in  1921  giving  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  authority  to  inspect  dairy  products  and  plants.  The  Food  and  Oil 
Division  was  designated  to  carry  out  this  law  by  checking  plants  for 
sanitation  and  products  for  purity.  The  division  was  also  made  responsible 
for  checking  the  butterfat  tests  used  in  the  purchase  of  milk  and  cream  from 
producers  by  creameries  and  factories. 

Between  1928  and  1930,  a  separate  dairy  division  was  created  to  assume 
these  activities.  It  was  1947,  however,  before  the  division  gained  the  real 
authority  it  needed  to  provide  stability  to  the  dairy  industry  and  to  insure  a 
wholesome  milk  supply  for  consumers.  In  that  year,  the  Board  of  Agriculture 
adopted  statewide  standards  for  milk  and  other  dairy  products.  This  was  an 
important  step  in  eliminating  local  trade  barriers  and  making  production 
and  processing  more  uniform. 

Weights  and  Measures  Inspection 

The  department's  involvement  with  the  inspection  of  weighing  and  measur- 
ing devices  began  with  the  enactment  of  the  Uniform  Weights  and  Measures 
Law  in  1927.  It  was  felt  at  that  time  that  the  regulations  of  weights  and 
measures  should  be  directly  under  an  elected  official.  The  1927  law  provided 
that  the  inspection  program  be  funded  by  fees  collected  from  those  inspected, 
but  opposition  led  to  an  amendment  in  1931  that  provided  for  the  inspection 


The  Executive  Branch  539 

work  to  be  supported  by  an  appropriation  from  the  General  Assembly.  The 
change  made  it  possible  to  conduct  inspections  more  than  once  a  year,  in 
order  to  more  efficiently  eliminate  fraudulent  practices. 

Among  the  early  responsibilities  of  this  division  were  the  approval  of  all 
weighing  and  measuring  devices  as  to  type  and  operation  before  they  could 
be  distributed  to  use;  regulation  of  the  sale  of  ice;  regulation  of  the  sale  and 
distribution  of  coal,  coke,  and  charcoal;  insuring  that  all  scales  were  placed 
in  plain  view  of  the  consumer;  and  the  standardizing  of  fruit  and  vegetable 
barrels. 

North  Carolina  State  Fair 

The  first  State  Fair,  held  in  November,  1853,  was  sponsored  by  the  State 
Agricultural  Society.  The  site  was  about  10  blocks  east  of  the  Capitol  in 
Raleigh.  In  1873  the  fair  was  moved  to  a  53-acre  lot  in  Hillsboro  Road,  near 
the  present  Raleigh  Little  Theatre.  The  Society  poured  approximately  $50,000 
into  the  development  of  the  grounds. 

In  all,  the  Agricultural  Society  sponsored  the  State  Fair  for  73  years,  with 
interruptions  during  the  Civil  War  and  Reconstruction  period.  Among  the 
most  famous  guests  of  the  fair  during  the  Society's  sponsorship  were 
Theodore  Roosevelt  in  1905  and  William  Jennings  Bryan  in  1907. 

By  1924,  the  Society  asked  for  aid  from  the  State  and  the  City  of  Raleigh. 
A  State  Fair  Board  was  appointed,  and  in  a  few  years  the  fair  was  moved  to 
its  present  site  on  the  west  side  of  Raleigh. 

In  1930  the  State  Fair  was  first  placed  under  the  Department's  administra- 
tion. For  a  few  years  the  department  leased  out  the  operation  commercially, 
but  in  1937,  Commissioner  Kerr  Scott  decided  that  the  management  should 
be  directly  under  the  department.  Dr.  J.  S.  Dorton  was  chosen  as  manager, 
and  the  fair  first  began  to  show  profits. 

Soil  Testing 

The  Department  of  Agriculture  demonstrated  an  interest  in  soils  from  its 
earliest  years.  Much  of  the  soil  work  was  conducted  by  the  office  of  the  State 
Chemist.  This  office  worked  with  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Soils  in 
surveying  the  soils  of  each  county  and  collecting  samples  for  analysis.  In 
addition  to  chemical  analysis,  the  office  set  up  plot  tests  on  each  important 
soil  type  in  the  state.  These  plots  demonstrated  to  the  people  of  the  state  the 
benefits  of  various  types  of  fertilizers  and  crop  rotation. 

It  was  1938,  however,  before  the  General  Assembly  passed  a  law  establish- 
ing a  Soil  Testing  Division  in  the  department.  This  division  was  set  up  to 
accept  soil  samples  from  growers  and  homeowners  across  the  state  for 
analysis  and  to  furnish  them  with  information  on  their  fertilizer  needs. 
Much  time  had  to  be  spent  in  educating  the  public  on  the  availability  of  the 
service.  In  the  first  year,  70,000  different  tests  were  made  on  approximately 
6,500  soil  samples. 

Food  Distribution 

In  1944,  the  department  began  a  cooperative  effort  with  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture  to  receive  and  distribute  surplus  agricultural 
commodities.  Such  commodities  as  evaporated  milk,  potatoes,  beets,  eggs. 


540  North  Carolina  Manual 

and  grapefruit  juice  were  sent  to  public  schools  for  supplementing  meals. 
Not  only  did  the  schools  benefit  by  being  able  to  serve  low  cost  meals,  but 
the  program  helped  hold  agricultural  prices  at  or  above  levels  acceptable  to 
producers. 

In  a  few  years,  the  distribution  of  the  products  were  expanded  to  other 
recipients  such  as  camps,  child  care  centers,  and  charitable  institutions. 

Pesticides 

In  the  1940's  pesticides  began  to  appear  in  larger  numbers  and  in  broader 
effectiveness.  Added  to  the  agricultural  insecticides  and  fungicides  already 
on  the  market  were  various  weed  and  grass  poisons,  defoliating  chemicals, 
chemicals  to  control  the  premature  falling  of  fruits,  and  new  and  more 
powerful  insect  and  rodent  poisons.  It  was  obvious  that  these  products 
needed  special  attention  to  assure  reasonable  effectiveness,  safety,  and 
fair-dealing. 

The  General  Assembly  responded  to  these  needs  by  passing  the  Insecticide, 
Fungicide,  and  Rodenticide  Act  of  1947.  Under  this  law,  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  was  charged  with  the  registration  of  all  pesticide  brands  to 
prevent  misbranding  and  adulteration.  Examinations  were  made  of  pesticide 
labels  to  insure  that  the  percentage  of  each  active  ingredient  and  total  inert 
matter  were  indicated  and  that  other  label  statements  were  acceptable.  In 
1953  the  department  began  licensing  contractors  and  pilots  for  the  aerial 
application  of  pesticides. 

Structural  Pest  Control 

Public  concern  for  the  unethical  practices  of  some  structural  pest  control 
operators  in  the  state  led  to  the  enactment  of  the  North  Carolina  Structural 
Pest  Control  Law  by  the  1955  General  Assembly.  The  intention  of  the  law 
was  to  protect  consumers  and  the  pest  control  industry  since  the  fraudulent 
practices  of  a  few  operators  could  reflect  harmfully  on  the  many  honest 
operators  in  business. 

The  law  created  a  policy-making  board  called  the  Structural  Pest  Control 
Commission  and  gave  the  Department  of  Agriculture  the  responsibility  for 
the  inspection  of  the  work  of  structural  pest  control  operations. 

In  1967  the  law  was  revised,  abolishing  the  commission  and  creating  a 
Structural  Pest  Control  Division  to  the  department  with  the  responsibility  of 
administering  the  law  under  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture.  A  structural  | 
pest  control  committee  was  set  up  to  make  necessary  rules  and  regulations  ! 
and  to  hold  hearings  relating  to  violators  of  the  law. 

State  Farmers  Market  , 

Prior  to  1955,  fruit  and  vegetable  dealers  were  scattered  all  across  Raleigh. 
To  improve  this  situation,  a  large  market  facility  was  established  in  a  18.5- 
acre  site  near  U.  S.  1  in  Raleigh.  The  market,  which  was  at  that  time 
privately  owned,  provided  room  for  both  individual  farmers  and  wholesalers. 

In  1958,  the  farmers'  portion  of  the  market  was  taken  over  by  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  State  College,  and  the  Department  of  Conservation  and 
Development.  In  1961,  the  NCDA  purchased  the  facility  to  be  run  as  a  state 
market. 


The  Executive  Branch  541 

Within  the  first  year,  the  market  was  operating  entirely  on  its  own  receipts 
and  had  paid  the  first  annual  installment  on  the  purchase  price,  as  well  as 
paying  for  extensive  repairs  and  some  additions. 

The  market,  located  at  a  central  point  between  the  mountains  and  the 
coast,  promised  farmers  a  profitable  outlet  for  their  produce  and  consumers 
fresh  produce  year  around. 

State  Farms 

Until  1974  a  number  of  farms  were  owned  and  operated  by  the  departments 
of  Human  Resources  and  Correction.  The  legislature  then  transferred  the 
farm  lands  to  the  Department  of  Agriculture  for  operation  until  the  best  use 
of  the  land  could  be  ascertained. 

The  purpose  of  the  farms  is  twofold:  to  provide  a  good  supply  of  food, 
economically  produced,  for  residents  of  institutions  and  to  provide  facilities 
and  animals  for  research  conducted  by  North  Carolina  State  University. 

There  are  currently  five  large  farms  and  seven  small  farms.  Most  of  the 
food  produced  goes  to  state  mental  health  centers. 

The  Department  Today 

The  Department  of  Agriculture  has  15  service,  regulatory  and  administra- 
tive divisions  whose  programs  safeguard  the  health,  welfare  and  economic 
interests  of  North  Carolina  citizens.  Departmental  policy  is  made  by  the 
State  Board  of  Agriculture,  which  adopts  regulations  under  powers  conferred 
by  the  General  Assembly.  The  board  has  ten  members,  with  the  Commis- 
sioner of  Agriculture  serving  as  ex-officio  chairman.  New  programs  are 
constantly  being  added,  and  existing  programs  improved  and  expanded,  to 
better  serve  the  farming  community  and  the  citizens  of  our  State. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Board  of  Agriculture  (G.S.  106-2) 

Agricultural  Finance  Authority  (G.S.  122D-4) 

Agricultural  Hall  of  Fame  (G.S.  106-568.4) 

Board  of  Crop  Seed  Improvement  (G.S.  106-269) 

Gasoline  and  Oil  Inspection  Board  (G.S.  119-26) 

Grape  Growers  Council  (G.S.  106-750) 

Museum  of  Natural  Sciences  Advisory  Commission  (G.S.  143-370) 

North  Carolina  Plant  Conservation  Board  (G.S.  106-202.14)17 

North  Carolina  Plant  Conservation  Scientific  Committee  (G.S.  106-202.17) 

Northeastern  North  Carolina  Farmers  Market  Commission  (G.S.  106-719) 

Northeastern  Farmers  Market  Advisory  Board  (G.S.  106-721) 

Pesticide  Board  (G.S.  143-436) 

Pesticide  Advisory  Committee  (G.S.  143-439) 

Public  Livestock  Market  Advisory  Board  (G.S.  106-407.1) 

Rural  Rehabilitation  Corporation,  Board  of  Directors  (G.S.  137-31.3) 

Southeastern  North  Carolina  Farmers  Market  Commission  (G.S.  106-726) 

Southeastern  Farmers  Market  Advisory  Board  (G.S.  106-728) 

State  Farm  Operations  Commission  (G.S.  106-26.13) 

Structural  Pest  Control  Committee  (G.S.  106-65.23) 


542 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  Executive  Branch  543 


James  Allen  Graham 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Cleveland,  Rowan  County,  April  7,  1921,  to  James 
Turner  and  Laura  Blanche  (Allen)  Graham. 

Education:  Cleveland  High  School,  1938;  NC  State  College,  1942,  B.S. 
(Agriculture  Education). 

Professional  Background:  Farmer  (owner  and  operator  of  commercial 
livestock  farm  in  Rowan  County);  former  Manager,  Dixie  Classic  Livestock 
Show  and  Fair;  Head,  Beef  Cattle  and  Sheep  Department,  NC  State  Fair, 
1946-1952;  Teacher,  Vocational  Agriculture,  Iredell  County,  1942-1945; 
Superintendent,  Upper  Mountain  Research  Station,  1946-1952;  Manager, 
Raleigh  Farmers  Market,  1957-1964. 

Organizations:  Member;  Phi  Kappa  Phi  Honorary  Fraternity;  NC 
Grange;  Farm  Bureau,  NC  Farm  Managers  and  Rural  Appraisers;  NC 
Cattlemen's  Association;  National  Association  of  Producer  Market  Managers 
(Board  of  Directors;  Past  President);  NC  Soil  Conservation  Society;  NC 
Branch,  United  Fresh  Fruit  and  Vegetable  Association  (Board  of  Directors, 
secretary,  1959-1964);  NC  Sheep  Breeders  Association  (Board  of  Directors, 
1949-1953);  National  Association  of  State  Departments  of  Agriculture 
(President,  1979;  Board  of  Directors,  1969-70;  1976-1981);  President,  Southern 
Association  of  State  Departments  of  Agriculture,  1969;  32nd  degree  Mason; 
President,  Raleigh  Kiwanis  Club,  1965;  WOW  (Board  of  Directors;  Executive 
Committee);  Raleigh  Chamber  of  Commerce  (Board  of  Directors);  President, 
Northwest  Association,  NC  State  Alumni  Association  (Vice  President,  Wake 
County  Association);  President,  Jefferson  Rotary  Club,  1951-1952;  Executive 
Secretary,  Hereford  Cattle  Breeders  Association,  1948-1956  (first  full-time 
Secretary,  1954-1956). 

Boards:  Council  of  State  Member:  Robert  Lee  Doughton  Memorial  Com- 
mission; Board  of  Trustees,  A  &  T  College  (1956-1960,  1962-1969);  NC  Board 
of  Farm  Organizations  and  Agriculture  Agencies;  Director,  Agricultural 
Foundations  (NCSU);  Zoological  Garden  Study  Commission;  Governor's 
Council  on  Occupational  Health;  Governor's  Council  for  Economic  Develop- 
ment; State  Committee  on  Natural  Resources;  State  Emergency  Resources 
Management  Planning  Committee;  Governor's  State-City  Cooperative  Com- 
mittee; FCX  Advisory  Committee;  Presidential  Board  of  Advisors,  Campbell 
University;  Governor's  Advisory  Committee  on  Forestry,  Seafood  and  Agri- 
culture. 

Political  Activities:  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  1964-  (appointed  Com- 
missioner on  July  29,  1964,  by  Governor  Sanford  to  fill  term  of  the  late  L.  Y. 
Ballentine;  elected,  1964;  reelected  1968,  1972,  1976,  1980,1984  and  1988); 
Democratic  Party. 

Honors:  State  4-H  Alumni  Award,  1965;  National  4-H  Alumni  Award, 
1974;   NC   Yam   Commission   Distinguished  Service  Award;   NC   Citizens 


544  North  Carolina  Manual 

Association  Distinguished  Service  Award;  Man  of  the  Year  in  NC  Agri- 
culture, 1969;  National  Future  Farmers  of  America  Distinguished  Service 
Award,  1972;  NC  Dairy  Products  Association  Distinguished  Service  Award, 
1981.  Honorary  member:  NC  Vocational  Agricultural  Teachers  Association; 
NC  Farm  Writers  Association;  State  Future  Farmers  of  America:  Permanent 
Class  President,  Class  of '42,  NCSU. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Baptist  Church;  Deacon,  1960-1964, 
1969-. 

Family:  Married  Helen  Ida  Kirk,  October  30,  1942;  Children:  Ahce  Kirk 
Graham  Underbill  and  Laura  Constance  Graham  Brooks;  seven  grand- 
children. 


The  Executive  Branch  545 

COMMISSIONERS  OF  AGRICULTURE^ 

Name  Residence  Term 

Leonidas  L.  Polk^  Anson  1877-1880 

Montford  McGhee^  Caswell  1880-1887 

John  Robinson^  Anson  1887-1895 

Samuel  L.  Patterson^  Caldwell  1895-1897 

James  M.  Mewborne^ Lenoir  1897 

John  R.  Smith^ Wayne 1897-1899 

Samuel  L  Patterson^  Caldwell  1899-1908 

William  A.  Graham^  Lincoln  1908-1923 

WilHam  A.  Graham,  Jr.io  Lincoln  1923-1937 

William  Kerr  Scott"  Alamance 1937-1948 

David  S.  Coltrane^^  Wake  1948-1949 

Lynton  Y.  Ballentine^^ Wake  1949-1964 

James  A.  Grahami"* Rowan  1964- 


'The  Department  of  Agriculture  was  created  by  the  General  Assembly  of  1876-77.  In 
the  bill  creating  the  department,  provisions  were  made  for  a  Board  of  Agriculture  whose 
members  were  to  be  appointed  by  the  governor.  The  Board's  membership  was  then  to 
elect  a  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  who  would  serve  as  head  of  the  department.  This 
continued  until  1900  when  the  commissioner  was  elected  by  the  general  assembly.  In  the 
General  Assembly  of  1899,  a  bill  was  passed  which  provided  for  the  electing  of  the 
Commissioner  of  Agriculture  in  the  general  elections. 

2Polk  was  chosen  by  the  Board  of  Agriculture  on  April  2,  1877  and  served  until  his 
apparent  resignation  in  1880. 

^McGehee  was  apparently  chosen  by  the  Board  of  Agriculture  to  replace  Polk  and 
served  until  1887. 

^Robinson  was  elected  by  the  Board  of  Agriculture  on  April  22,  1887  and  served 
following  subsequent  re-elections  by  the  board  until  1895. 

^Patterson  was  elected  by  the  Board  of  Agriculture  on  June  13,  1895. 

•^Mewborne  was  elected  by  the  Board  on  March  23, 1897  —  to  take  office  June  15, 1897  — 
and  served  until  his  resignation  effective  January  1,  1898. 

^Smith  was  elected  by  the  board  on  December  14, 1897  —  to  take  office  January  1, 1899 
—  to  complete  the  term  of  Mewborne. 

^Patterson  was  elected  by  the  general  assembly  on  March  6, 1899.  He  was  elected  in  the 
general  elections  in  1900  and  served  following  re-election  in  1904  until  his  death  on 
September  14,  1908. 

^Graham  was  appointed  by  Governor  Glenn  on  September  16,  1908  to  replace 
Patterson.  He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1908  and  served  following 
subsequent  re-elections  until  his  death  on  December  24,  1923. 

'"William  A.  Graham,  Jr.  was  appointed  by  Governor  Morrison  on  December  26,  1923 
to  replace  his  father.  He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1924. 

"Scott  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1936  and  served  following  subsequent 
re-elections  until  his  resignation  in  February,  1948. 

'•^Coltrane  was  appointed  by  Governor  Cherry  on  February  14,  1948  to  replace  Scott. 
He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1948  to  complete  Scott's  unexpired  term. 

'  *Balletine  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1948  and  served  following  subsequent 
re-elections  until  his  death  on  July  19,  1964. 

'^Graham  was  appointed  by  Governor  Sanford  on  July  30,  1964  to  replace  Ballentine. 
He  was  elected  in  general  elections  in  1964  and  is  still  serving  following  subsequent 
reelections. 


546  North  Carolina  Manual 


THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR 

The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  provides  for  the  election  by  the  people 
every  four  years  of  a  Commissioner  of  Labor,  whose  term  of  office  runs 
concurrently  with  that  of  the  governor.  The  Commissioner  is  the  administra- 
tive head  of  the  Department  of  Labor  and  also  serves  as  a  member  of  the 
Council  of  State. 

The  original  "Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics" — historical  precursor  of  the 
present  Department  of  Labor — was  created  by  the  General  Assembly  of 
1887,  with  provision  for  appointment  by  the  governor  of  a  "Commissioner  of 
Labor  Statistics"  for  a  two-year  term.  In  1899  another  act  was  passed 
providing  that  the  Commissioner,  beginning  with  the  General  Election  of 
1900,  be  elected  by  the  people  for  a  four-year  term.  For  three  decades,  the 
Department  over  which  this  elected  Commissioner  presided  remained  a  very 
small  agency  of  state  government  with  limited  duties  and  personnel.  In 
1925,  the  Department  employed  a  total  of  15  people. 

In  a  general  reorganization  of  the  state's  labor  administration  functions 
in  1931,  the  General  Assembly  laid  the  broad  groundwork  for  the  Department 
of  Labor's  subsequent  gradual  development  into  an  agency  with  laws  and 
programs  affecting  a  majority  of  North  Carolina  citizens. 

Today,  the  North  Carolina  Department  of  Labor  is  charged  by  statute 
with  the  responsibility  of  promoting  the  "health,  safety  and  general  well- 
being"  of  the  state's  more  than  three  million  working  people.  The  many  laws 
and  programs  under  its  jurisdiction  affect  virtually  every  person  in  the  state 
in  one  way  or  another.  The  General  Statutes  provide  the  Commissioner  with 
broad  regulatory  and  enforcement  powers  with  which  to  carry  out  the 
Department's  duties  and  responsibilities  to  the  people. 

The  principal  regulatory,  enforcement  and  promotional  programs  of  the 
Department  are  carried  out  by  11  divisions,  each  headed  by  a  director.  These 
include  the  Apprenticeship  and  Training  Division,  the  Arbitration,  Concilia- 
tion and  Mediation  Division,  the  Boiler  and  Pressure  Vessel  Division,  the 
Elevator  and  Amusement  Device  Division,  the  Mine  and  Quarry  Division, 
the  Occupational  Safety  and  Health  Division,  the  Pre-Apprenticeship  Divi- 
sion, the  Private  Personnel  Service  Division,  the  Research  and  Statistics 
Division,  the  Right-to-Know  Division,  and  the  Wage  and  Hour  Division. 

Support  services  are  handled  by  the  Budget,  Personnel,  Publications,  and 
Communications  Division,  and  the  department  library. 

Five  statutory  boards  and  one  other  advisory  group  assist  the  Commis- 
sioner with  policy  development  and  program  planning.  These  are  the 
Apprenticeship  Council,  the  Board  of  Boiler  and  Pressure  Vessel  Rules,  the 
Mine  Safety  and  Health  Advisory  Council,  the  State  Advisory  Council  on 
Occupational  Safety  and  Health,  the  Private  Personnel  Service  Advisory 
Council  and  the  Industry  Advisory  Board.  The  Occupational  Safety  and 
Health  Review  Board  is  a  separate  unit  independent  from  the  Department  of 
Labor  which  hears  appeals  of  citations  and  penalties  imposed  by  the  OSHA 
Division  and  whose  members  are  appointed  by  the  Governor. 


The  Executive  Branch  547 

Apprenticeship  and  Training 

The  Apprenticeship  and  Training  Division  promotes  and  monitors  a  broad 
range  of  apprenticeship  programs  designed  to  train  journeyman-level  craft- 
workers  to  meet  the  demands  of  industries  for  high-skilled  workers.  In  1989 
about  2,000  citizens  were  enrolled  in  these  private  industry  supported  pro- 
grams, which  are  authorized  under  a  1939  state  law  enacted  "to  related  the 
supply  of  skilled  workers  to  employment  demands."  Apprenticeship  programs 
are  established  with  private  employers  or  under  the  sponsorship  of  joint 
labor-management  committees.  The  division  encourages  high  school 
graduates  to  pursue  apprenticeship  training  as  a  means  to  acquire  steady, 
fulfilling  employment  at  excellent  wages  and  with  career-development 
potential.  Apprentices  begin  at  a  fixed  percentage  of  journeyman  pay  and 
receive  planned  wage  increases  as  they  learn  new  skills.  Apprenticeships 
combine  structured  on-the-job  training  with  related  technical  training 
furnished  by  the  individual  employer  or  at  a  community  college  or  technical 
institute.  The  division  is  the  administrator  in  North  Carolina  of  the  National 
Apprenticeship  Act  of  1937  which  created  the  mechanism  to  establish  uniform 
standards  for  quality  training  under  approved  apprenticeship  agreements. 
The  division  establishes  standards,  approves  apprenticeship  programs  which 
meet  established  criteria,  is  a  records  depository  and  issues  completion 
certificates  to  citizens  who  complete  apprenticeship  training. 

Pre- Apprenticeship 

In  addition  to  apprenticeship,  the  Department  of  Labor  promotes  opportu- 
nities for  skills  training  through  on-the-job  training  programs,  skills  upgrad- 
ing training,  classroom  work,  and  special  training  projects.  These  programs 
are  funded  in  various  counties  in  North  Carolina  through  the  Job  Training 
Partnership  Act  (JTPA).  Labor  Department  representatives  meet  with  em- 
ployers to  design  training  programs  tailored  to  their  needs.  Employers 
willing  to  employ  individuals  eligible  under  guidelines  of  JPTA  may  qualify 
for  financial  assistance  as  well  as  for  assistance  with  program  design.  In 
1989,  1,879  participants  were  enrolled  in  JPTA-supported  programs  developed 
by  the  Pre-Apprenticeship  Division. 

Arbitration,  Conciliation,  and  Mediation 

The  Arbitration,  Conciliation  and  Mediation  Division  directs  the  Depart- 
ment's efforts  to  resolve  conflicts  between  employees  and  management  in 
the  workplace.  Created  by  the  General  Assembly  in  1941,  the  division  has 
sought  to  effect  voluntary,  amicable  and  expeditious  settlement  of  disputes 
between  employers  and  employees  which  otherwise  are  likely  to  result  in 
strikes,  work  slowdowns  or  lockouts. 

—  Mediation:  Upon  application  by  both  parties,  the  Commissioner 
of  Labor  will  assign  a  mediator  to  assist  the  parties  in  their  collective 
bargaining  process.  This  effort  is  voluntary  and  does  not  bind  the 
parties  in  any  way. 

—  Conciliation:  when  there  is  an  imminent  or  existing  labor  dis- 
pute, the  Commissioner  may  assign  a  conciliator  to  help  adjust  and 


548  North  Carolina  Manual 

settle  the  differences  between  the  parties.  The  concihation  effort  has  no 
binding  effect  upon  the  parties. 

—  Arbitration:  In  1927,  North  CaroHna  was  one  of  the  first  states 
to  enact  the  Uniform  Arbitration  Act,  which  establishes  a  formal 
procedure  for  voluntary,  binding  arbitration  of  questions  in  controversy 
between  two  or  more  parties.  In  1945,  the  General  Assembly  established 
an  arbitration  service  administered  by  the  Commissioner  of  Labor, 
who  appoints  and  maintains  a  voluntary  arbitration  panel.  The  panel 
is  composed  of  highly  qualified  and  experienced  individuals  who  have 
agreed  to  make  themselves  available  to  arbitrate  controversies  and 
grievances  relating  primarily  to  wages,  hours  and  other  conditions  of 
employment.  Assignment  or  selection  of  an  arbitrator  is  made  pursuant 
to  provisions  of  a  contract  or  voluntary  agreement  between  the  parties. 
In  the  event  the  parties  cannot  agree  on  the  selection  of  an  arbitrator, 
the  N.C.  Administrative  Code  authorizes  the  Commissioner  to  appoint 
an  arbitrator. 

Boilers  and  Pressure  Vessels 

The  Boiler  and  Pressure  Vessel  Division  enforces  the  Uniform  Boiler  and 
Pressure  Vessel  Act  of  North  Carolina.  The  law,  which  became  effective  in 
1976,  expanded  coverage  of  earlier  statutes  that  had  existed  since  1935.  The 
division  regulates  the  construction,  installation,  repair,  alteration,  inspection, 
use  and  operation  of  vessels  subject  to  the  law.  The  division  conducts 
periodic  inspections  of  vessels  under  its  jurisdiction  and  monitors  inspection 
reports  by  certified  insurance  company  inspectors.  The  division  maintains 
records  concerning  the  ownership,  location  and  condition  of  boilers  and 
pressure  vessels  being  operated,  and  issues  operating  certificates  to  boiler 
owners  and  operators  whose  equipment  is  found  to  be  in  compliance  with 
the  act.  More  than  114,000  boilers  and  pressure  vessels  currently  are  on 
record  with  the  division. 

Elevator  and  Amusement  Rides  j 

The  Elevator  and  Amusement  Ride  Division  is  responsible  for  the  proper 
installation  and  safe  operation  of  all  elevators,  escalators,  workman's  hoists,  j 
dumbwaiters,  moving  walks,  aerial  passenger  tramways,  amusement  rides,  i 
incline  railways  and  lifting  devices  for  persons  with  disabilities  that  operate  ' 
in   public  establishment  (except  federal  buildings)  and  private  places  of 
employment.   Nearly   10,000  inspections   are  conducted   annually  by  this  i 
division,  which  first  undertook  its  periodic  safety  code  inspection  program  in 
1938.  It  now  operates  under  a  law  passed  by  the  General  Assembly  in  1986.  | 
Any  company  or  persons  wanting  to  erect  any  equipment  under  this  divi-  | 
sion's  jurisdiction,  except  amusement  rides,  must  submit  prints  and  applica-  ' 
tions  for  approval  before  any  installation  is  begun.  Any  company  or  person 
wanting  to  operate  amusement  devices  is  required  to  submit  a  location 
notice  in  writing  to  the  division's  Raleigh  office  at  least  five  (5)  days  prior  to  j 
the  intended  date  of  operation.  The  division  will  issue  an  installation  permit, 
which  must  be  posted  on  the  job  site.  All  new  installations,  as  well  as  all  j 


The  Executive  Branch  549 

alterations  to  existing  equipment,  are  inspected.  In  addition,  division  per- 
sonnel conduct  regular,  periodic  inspections  of  all  such  operating  equipment 
in  the  state  and  inspect  amusement  rides  before  they  operate  at  each 
location.  Employers,  institutions  such  as  churches,  and  private  individuals 
who  desire  technical  assistance  in  selecting  and  installing  safe  lifting 
devices  for  persons  with  disabilities  may  acquire  help  from  the  division.  The 
division  also  offers  architects  and  builders  a  service  of  reviewing  plans  for 
code  compliance  on  proposed  installations  of  elevators  and  related  equip- 
ment. 

Migrant  Housing 

The  1989  General  Assemby  enacted  into  law  a  new  program  for  the 
registration  and  inspection  of  housing  provided  to  migrant  agricultural 
workers.  Beginning  in  1990,  everyone  who  owns  migrant  housing  must 
notify  the  Department  of  Labor  about  the  housing  45  days  before  migrants 
are  to  arrive,  and  the  Migrant  Housing  Division  of  the  department  will 
conduct  a  pre-occupancy  inspection  of  the  housing.  Migrant  housing  must 
meet  the  OSHA  standards  plus  specific  standards  for  heat,  fire  protection, 
and  kitchen  sanitation.  Owners  of  migrant  housing  which  does  not  meet  the 
standards  are  subject  to  fines. 

Mines  and  Quarries 

The  Mine  and  Quarry  Division  enforces  the  1976  Mine  Safety  and  Health 
Act  of  North  Carolina  and  conducts  a  broad  program  of  inspections,  educa- 
tion and  training,  technical  assistance  and  consultations  to  implement 
provisions  of  the  act.  Previous  North  Carolina  laws  on  the  operations  and 
inspection  of  mines  and  quarries  in  the  state  date  back  to  1897.  In  1977  the 
U.S.  Congress  enacted  the  federal  Mine  Safety  and  Health  Act,  requiring 
mine  and  quarry  operators  to  meet  specific  standards  designed  to  achieve 
safe  and  healthful  working  conditions  for  the  industry's  employees.  The 
Mine  and  Quarry  Division  assists  operators  to  comply  with  the  provisions  of 
the  federal  act  which  require  them  to  train  their  employees  in  safe  working 
procedures.  Some  480  private  sector  mines,  quarries,  and  sand  and  gravel  pit 
operations  employing  more  than  4,500  citizens  are  under  the  division's 
jurisdiction.  There  also  are  approximately  300  public  sector  mines  in  North 
Carolina,  which  are  operated  by  the  N.C.  Department  of  Transportation. 
These  are  not  under  Department  of  Labor  jurisdiction,  but  personnel  from 
public  sector  mines  do  participate  in  training  programs  conducted  by  the 
Mine  and  Quarry  Division. 

Occupational  Safety  and  Health 

The  Occupational  Safety  and  Health  Division  administers  and  enforces 
the  1973  Occupational  Safety  and  Health  Act  of  North  Carolina,  a  broadly 
inclusive  law  which  applies  to  most  private  sector  employment  in  the  state 
and  to  all  agencies  of  state  and  local  government.  North  Carolina  currently 
conducts  one  of  23  state-administered  OSHA  programs  in  the  nation.  The 


550  North  Carolina  Manual 

Occupational  Safety  and  Health  Division  conducts  about  3,000  inspections  a 
year.  The  division  conducts  investigations  of  complaints  made  by  workers, 
investigations  of  work-related  accidents  and  deaths,  general  schedule  in- 
spections of  randomly  picked  firms,  and  follow-up  inspections  of  firms 
previously  cited  for  OSHA  violations.  Worker  complaints  about  unsafe  or 
unhealthy  working  conditions  should  be  made  in  writing  to  the  Occupational 
Safety  and  Health  Division. 

In  addition  to  enforcing  state  OSHA  safety  and  health  standards,  the 
North  Carolina  program  offers  free  consultative  services,  education  and 
training  opportunities,  and  engineering  assistance  to  the  138,000  private 
businesses  and  the  public  employers  which  are  under  its  jurisdiction.  By 
making  full  use  of  these  non-enforcement  services,  employers  may  bring 
their  establishments  into  full  compliance  with  OSHA  standards.  Employers 
may  contact  the  division's  Consultative  Services  Bureau  and  receive  free 
assistance  with  technical  assistance  or  on-site  visits.  The  North  Carolina 
Occupational  Safety  and  Health  standards  parallel  the  federal  OSHA 
standards.  The  North  Carolina  standards  may  be  more  strict  than  the 
federal  standards,  but  they  may  not  be  less  strict.  Serious  violations  of 
OSHA  standards  can  result  in  monetary  fines;  dates  by  which  the  violations 
must  be  abated  accompany  the  citations. 

Private  Personnel  and  Job  Listing  Services 

The  Private  Personnel  Service  Division  licenses  and  regulates  private 
personnel  and  job  listing  service  operating  in  North  Carolina.  This  activity 
was  conducted  pursuant  to  a  1929  statute  until  1979,  when  a  completely  new 
act  was  adopted  by  the  General  Assembly.  With  the  new  law  came  additional 
protections  for  job  applicants  who  use  personnel  and  job  listing  services 
which  charge  fees  to  applicants.  The  law  specifies  certain  contract  require- 
ments between  an  applicant  and  a  service  and  authorizes  the  department  to  i 
inspect  licensed  services  upon  receipt  of  a  formal  consumer  complaint.  All 
services  charging  a  fee  to  applicants  must  be  licensed  by  the  department. 
Currently  187  of  the  393  services  in  the  state  are  under  departmental 
jurisdiction.  Services  which  are  solely  employer-paid  need  not  be  licensed  by 
the  Department. 

Research  and  Statistics 

The  Research  and  Statistics  Division  compiles  and  publishes  compre- 
hensive data  on  occupational  injuries  and  illnesses  in  North  Carolina  for 
use  in  the  department's  state-administered  Occupational  Safety  and  Health 
Program  and  for  use  by  industry  as  a  reference  guide  in  conducting  their 
own  safety  and  health  activities.  These  data  provide  reliable  measures  for 
evaluating  the  incidence,  nature  and  causes  of  injuries  and  illnesses  in  the 
workplace.  They  are  obtained  by  compiling  and  analyzing  the  annual 
reports  provided  by  some  13,000  cooperating  North  Carolina  employers.  The 
division  also  assembles  and  publishes  monthly  data  on  building  activity — 
number  of  units  authorized,  dollar-volume  and  type  of  construction — in 
North  Carolina  by  45  cities  of  more  than  10,000  population  and  by  county. 
The  division  provides  computer  support  services  required  by  other  divisions 


The  Executive  Branch  551 

of  the  department  for  data  processing.  The  division  also  serves  as  the 
department's  research  facihty,  developing  information  upon  a  variety  of 
subjects  as  needed. 

Right-to-Know 

The  Right-to-Know  Division  administers  the  North  Carolina  Right  to 
Know  Act  of  1985.  The  law  requires  all  North  Carolina  employers  who 
manufacture,  process,  use,  store,  or  produce  hazardous  chemicals  in  amounts 
of  at  least  55  gallons  or  500  pounds  to  maintain  a  Hazardous  Substance  List. 
This  list  shall  include:  the  chemical  name,  the  approximate  quantity  of  the 
chemical,  and  the  area  in  which  the  chemical  is  stored.  This  list  shall  be 
provided  to  local  fire  chiefs,  and  also  must  be  provided  to  citizens  when  a 
request  is  made  in  writing.  Provisions  are  included  in  the  law  to  protect 
trade  secrets.  Complaints  about  violations  of  the  law's  requirements  should 
be  filed  in  writing  the  the  North  Carolina  Commissioner  of  Labor. 

Wages  and  Hours 

The  Wage  and  Hour  Division  administers  and  enforces  the  1979  North 
Carolina  Wage  and  Hour  Act,  which  consolidated  four  previously  separate 
state  laws  covering  minimum  wage,  maximum  hours,  wage  payment  and 
child  labor.  Minimum  wage,  overtime  and  youth  employment  provisions 
generally  apply  to  all  North  Carolina  businesses  which  are  not  subject  to  the 
U.S.  Fair  Labor  Standards  Act.  Wage  payment  provisions,  which  include 
the  payment  of  promised  vacation,  sick  pay,  or  other  benefits,  cover  all 
employees  in  North  Carolina  except  those  employed  in  federal,  state,  and 
local  government.  Since  1986,  the  state  minimum  wage  has  been  $3.35  an 
hour.  An  employee  must  work  for  more  than  45  hours  in  any  work  week  to 
qualify  for  overtime  under  state  laws.  Youth  employment  certificates  are 
required  for  workers  aged  14  through  17.  This  age  group  is  prohibited  from 
being  employed  in  certain  hazardous  occupations.  There  are  daily  and 
weekly  hours  restrictions,  break  requirements,  and  additional  work  limita- 
tions for  14-and  15-year-old  workers.  Youth  aged  12  and  13  may  be  employed 
for  newspaper  delivery  only,  for  which  a  youth  employment  certificate  is  not 
required.  Employment  for  youth  under  age  12  is  not  permitted.  Full  and 
partial  exemptions  from  the  youth  employment  requirements  under  the  act 
are  granted  for  certain  occupations,  such  as  those  in  agriculture  and  domestic 
work.  The  division  investigates  worker  complaints  and  collects  back  wages 
due  employees. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Safety  and  Health  Review  Board  (G.S.  95-135) 

Private  Personnel  Service  Advisory  Council  (OS  95-47.7) 

Mine  and  Quarry  Advisory  Council  (GS  74-24.6) 

State  Advisory  Council  on  Occupational  Safety  and  Health  (GS  95-134) 

Apprenticeship  Council  (GS  94-2) 

North  Carolina  Board  of  Boiler  and  Pressure  Vessel  Rules  (GS  95-69.13) 


552 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  Executive  Branch  553 

John  Charles  Brooks 

Commissioner  of  Labor 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Greenville,  Pitt  County,  January  10,  1937,  to 
Frederick  P.  and  Octavia  H.  (Broome)  Brooks. 

Education:  Graduated  Greenville  High  School,  1955;  UNO— Chapel  Hill, 
1959,  A.B.  (Political  Science);  University  of  Chicago  School  of  Law,  1962, 
J.D.;  Fifth  Government  Executives  Institute,  UNC— Chapel  Hill  (Board  of 
Directors,  chairperson),  1980;  Program  for  Senior  Managers  in  Government, 
John  F.  Kennedy  School  of  Government,  Harvard  University,  1984. 

Professional  Background:  Commissioner  of  Labor,  1977-  (Dean  of  U.S. 
Governmental  Labor  Officials,  July  1,  1989);  Attorney;  Law  clerk  to  Chief 
Justice  William  H.  Bobbitt,  N.C.  Supreme  Court,  Raleigh,  N.C.  (September, 
1962— September  1963);  Special  assistant  on  race  relations  to  Governor 
Terry  Sanford  and  administrator  of  the  N.C.  Mayors'  Cooperating  Com- 
mittee, Raleigh,  N.C.  (September,  1963 — February,  1965);  Staff  legal  counsel, 
N.C.  Fund,  a  private,  non-profit,  anti-poverty  program  financed  primarily  by 
The  Ford  Foundation,  Durham,  N.C.  (February,  1965— November,  1965); 
Executive  director,  Maryland  Constitutional  Convention  Commission,  Balti- 
more, Md.  (November,  1965 — September,  1967);  Chief  of  Staff,  Constitutional 
Convention  of  Maryland,  Annapolis,  Md.  (September,  1967— June,  1968); 
Administrative  officer  and  director  of  legislative  research  of  the  1969  Session 
of  the  N.C.  General  Assembly,  Raleigh,  N.C.  Also  served  simultaneously  as 
enrolling  clerk,  editor  of  publications,  and  director  of  computer  services 
(September,  1968 — January,  1970);  Executive  assistant  to  the  president,  the 
Sixth  Illinois  Constitutional  Convention,  Springfield,  111.  (January,  1970 — 
December,  1970). 

Organizations:  Member:  N.C.  State  Bar;  N.C.  Bar  Association;  American 
Bar  Association  (Committees  on  Agency  Rulemaking,  Section  of  Administra- 
tive Law;  Occupational  Safety  and  Health  Law,  Section  of  Labor  and 
Employment  Law;  State  Labor  Law,  Section  of  Labor  and  Employment 
Law,  public  co-chairman,  1985-1989;  Access  to  Civil  Justice,  and  Inter- 
national Human  Rights,  Section  of  Individual  Rights  and  Responsibilities; 
Judicial  Compensation,  Lawyers'  Conference,  Judicial  Administration  Divi- 
sion; International  Institutions, Section  of  International  Law  and  Practice); 
(Section  of  Urban,  State  and  Local  Government  Law);  American  Judicature 
Society;  American  Society  of  International  Law  (life  member);  Phi  Delta  Phi 
Legal  Fraternity.  Member:  American  National  Standards  Institute,  Inc., 
Government  Member  Council;  International  Association  of  Governmental 
Labor  Officials  (Executive  Committee,  1977-1979),  National  Association  of 
Governmental  Labor  Officials  (Host,  1982  National  Convention;  Board  of 
Directors,  1978-1980,  1984-1989;  Vice  President,  1985-1986;  President,  1986- 
1987;  Secretary-Treasurer,  1988- );  National  Apprenticeship  Program  (Board 
of  Directors,  1980-1989;  Vice  President,  1982-1983;  President,  1983-1984; 
Secretary,  1984-1986);  National  Occupational  Safety  and  Health  State  Plan 
Association  (Chairperson,  1980;  Executive  Committee,  1981);  Committee  on 


554  North  Carolina  Manual 

Constitutional  Integrity;  UNC— Chapel  Hill  Alumni  Association  (life 
member);  Wake  County  Chapter  of  N.C.  Symphony  Society;  Wake  County 
Meals  on  Wheels,  Inc.,  1977-1980;  ReEntry  Board  of  Directors,  1979-1986. 

Boards:  Currently  member:  N.C.  Council  of  State;  N.C.  Emergency 
Response  Commission;  N.C.  Farmworker  Council;  N.C.  Fire  Commission; 
N.C.  State  Commission  of  Indian  Affairs;  N.C.  Indian  Cultural  Center,  Inc. 
(Board  of  Directors,  1986-;  Treasurer,  1986-1989);  N.C.  Information  Tech- 
nology Commission;  N.C.  Planning  Commission;  N.C.  Radiation  Protection 
Commission;  Governor's  Advisory  Council  on  Aging;  Governor's  Advocacy 
Council  for  Persons  with  Disabilities;  Governor's  Management  Council; 
Standing  Committee  on  Job  Training  Coordination  and  Economic  Develop- 
ment. Currently  chairman:  N.C.  Apprenticeship  Council;  N.C.  Board  of 
Boiler  and  Pressure  Vessel  Rules;  N.C.  Department  of  Labor  Industry  Ad- 
visory Board;  N.C.  Mine  Safety  and  Health  Advisory  Council.  Previously 
member:  N.C.  State  Government  Computer  Commission,  1983-1989;  N.C. 
Interim  Balanced  Growth  Board,  1977-1978;  N.C.  Corrections  Planning  Com- 
mittee, 1977-1984;  Governor's  Council  on  Employment  of  the  Handicapped, 
1977-1979;  N.C.  Employment  and  Training  Council,  1977-1983;  Committee 
on  Inaugural  Ceremonies,  1980,  1984,  1988;  N.C.  Job  Training  Coordinating  , 
Council,  1983-1985;  State  Manpower  Services  Council,  1977;  N.C.  Governor's  | 
Oversight  Committee  for  Official  Labor  Market  Information,  1982-1983;  City  j 
of  Raleigh  Charter  Revision  Commission,  1975-1977. 

Political  Activities:  Commissioner  of  Labor,  1977-  (Elected  1976;  reelected  1 
1980,    1984,    and    1988);    Delegate,   Mini-Democratic   Convention,    1978  j 
(Memphis,  Tenn.);  Democratic  Statewide  Elected  Officials  Convention,  1982 
(Philadelphia,  Penn.);  N.C.  State  Democratic  Party  Executive  Committee;  i 
Platform  Committee,  1986.  |l 

Honors:  Mangum  Medal,  UNC— Chapel  Hill;  Pi  Sigma  Alpha  (Honorary  j 
Fraternity  in  Political  Science).  I 

Literary   Works:    Co-author,      North   Carolina   and   the  Negro,    1964; 
"Modernizing  Commercial  Law  for  a  Commercially  Growing  State,"  Bar  j 
Notes,  N.C.  Bar  Association,  February,  1965;  Editor,  Report  of  the  Constitu- 
tional  Convention  Commission  on  Constitutional  Convention  Enabling  Act, 
(Maryland),  January,  1967;  Editor,     Interim  Report  of  the  Constitutional  j 
Convention  Commission,  (Maryland),  May.  1967;  Editor,  Report  of  the  Con-  j 
situtional  Convention  Commission,  (Maryland),  August,  1967;  Editor,  Consti- ) 
tutional  Revision  Study  Documents,  June,  1968;  Editor,  Session  Laws  of] 
North   Carolina,   1969;  Author,    The  Authority,   Credibility,  Integrity,  In- 
dependence and  Development  of  Student  Government  at  the  University  of 
N.C.  at  Chapel  Hill,  October,  1971.  ' 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Edenton  Street  United  Methodist  Church; 
Member,  Administrative  Board,  1975-1978,  1985-1989;  Chairperson  for  Health' 
and  Welfare  Workarea,  1985-1987;  Delegate,  N.C.  Annual  Conference,  Fayette- 
ville,  N.C.  1976-1979;  Delegate,  Jurisdictional  Conference,  1976;  Advisor  on. 
international  affairs  to  the  Board  of  Church  and  Society,  N.C.  Conference,' 
1972-1976;  Member,  Task  Force  on  the  Bishops'  Call  for  Peace  and  the  Self-j 
Development  of  Peoples,  N.C.  Conference,  1972-1977;  Member,  CommissisonI 
on  the  Status  and  Role  of  Women,  N.C.  Conference,  1976-1984,  1985-1989.        I 

Family:  Married  Nancy  Jane  Carroll,  October  22,  1977.  Children:  Charlesi 
Philip  and  Lewis  Carroll. 


The  Executive  Branch  555 

COMMISSIONERS  OF  LABORS 

Name  Residence  Term 

Wesley  N.  Jones2  Wake  1887-1889 

John  C.  Scarborough3 Hertford 1889-1892 

William  I.  Harris^  1982-1893 

Benjamin  R.  Lacy^  Wake  1893-1897 

James  Y.  Hamricke  Cleveland  1897-1899 

Benjamin  R.  Lacy^  Wake  1899-1901 

Henry  B.  Varner^ Davidson 1901-1909 

Mitchell  L.  Shipman  Henderson 1909-1925 

Franklin  D.  Grist Caldwell  1925-1933 

Arthur  L.  Fletcher^ Ashe 1933-1938 

Forest  H.  Shufordio  Guilford  1938-1954 

Frank  Craneii  Union 1954-1973 

William  C.  Creeli2 Wake 1973-1975 

Thomas  A.  Nye,  Jr.i^  Rowan  1975-1977 

John  C.  Brooksi^ Wake  1977- 


'The  General  Assembly  of  1887  created  the  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics.  In  the  act 
establishing  this  agency,  provision  was  made  for  the  appointment  of  a  commissioner,  by 
the  governor,  to  a  two  year  term.  In  1899  another  act  was  passed  by  the  general  assembly 
which  provided  that  the  commissioner  would  be  elected  by  the  general  assembly  during 
that  session,  and  that  future  commissioners  would  be  elected  in  the  general  elections 
—beginning  in  1900  —  for  a  four  year  term. 

yones  was  appointed  by  Governor  Scales  on  March  5,  1887  for  a  two  year  term. 

^Scarborough  was  appointed  by  Governor  Fowle  on  February  15,  1889  for  a  two  year 
term.  He  was  apparently  re-appointed  in  1891  and  resigned  in  December,  1892. 

''Harris  was  appointed  by  Governor  Holt  on  December  20, 1892  to  replace  Scarborough. 

^Lacy  was  appointed  by  Governor  Carr  on  March  2, 1893  for  a  two  year  term.  He  was 
re-appointed  on  March  13,  1895. 

^Hamrick  was  appointed  by  Governor  Russell  on  March  8,  1897  for  a  two  year  term. 

^Lacy  was  elected  by  the  general  assembly  on  March  6,  1899. 

^Varner  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1900. 

^Fletcher  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1932.  He  resigned  effective  September 
12, 1938. 

'"Shuford  was  appointed  by  Governor  Hoey  on  September  12, 1938  to  replace  Fletcher. 
He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1938  and  served  following  subsequent  re- 
elections  until  his  death  on  May  19,  1954. 

''Crane  was  appointed  by  Governor  Umstead  on  June  3,  1954  to  replace  Shuford.  He 
was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1954. 

•^Creel  died  August  25,  1975. 

"Nye  was  appointed  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  fill  the  unexpired  term  of  Creel. 

'■•Brooks  was  elected  in  1976  and  is  still  serving  following  subsequent  reelections. 


556  North  Carolina  Manual 


DEPARTMENT  OF  INSURANCE 

Before  March  6,  1899,  the  Hcensing  and  supervision  of  insurance  companies 
doing  business  in  North  CaroHna  was  delegated  to  the  Secretary  of  State. 
The  1899  General  Assembly  established  the  Department  of  Insurance  and 
gave  it  the  responsibility  of  admitting,  licensing,  and  generally  regulating 
insurance  companies. 

The  first  Commissioner  of  Insurance  was  to  be  elected  by  the  General 
Assembly  and  subsequently  appointed  by  the  Governor,  by  and  with  the 
consent  of  the  state  Senate.  This  would  occur  in  January  of  1901,  and  the 
appointed  Commissioner  would  serve  four-year  terms.  In  1907,  however,  the 
General  Assembly  authorized  a  referendum  to  amend  the  constitution  of 
North  Carolina  on  to  provide  that  the  office  of  Commissioner  of  Insurance 
would  be  a  constitutional  office  and  that  the  Commissioner  would  be  elected 
by  the  people  every  four  years. 

The  Commissioner  and  Department  of  Insurance  regulate  the  various 
kinds  of  insurance  sold  in  this  state  and  the  companies  and  agents  that  sell 
it.  All  authority  to  regulate  the  business  of  insurance  is  delegated  to  the 
Commissioner  by  the  General  Assembly. 

Specifically,  the  Commissioner  and  Department  oversee  the  formation  and 
operation  of  insurance  companies;  enforce  the  minimum  financial  standards 
for  licensing  and  continued  operations  of  insurers;  regulate  the  premium 
rates  insurers  charge,  the  language  in  their  insurance  policies,  and  their  risk 
classification  systems;  require  periodic  financial  disclosures  by  insurers  and 
agents;  provide  for  audits  of  insurers  in  order  to  monitor  their  solvency;   ] 
license  and  regulate  agents,  brokers,  and  claims  adjusters;  prescribe  and  ; 
define  what  kind  of  insurance  may  be  sold  in  this  state;  provide  information 
to  insurance  consumers  about  their  rights  and  responsibilities  under  their 
policies;  and  prohibit  unfair  and  deceptive  trade  practices  by  or  among  , 
persons  in  the  business  of  insurance.  J 

The  Commissioner  and  Department  also  license  and  regulate  bail  bonds- 
men, motor  clubs,  premium  finance  companies,  and  collection  agencies. 
Other  responsibilities  include  providing  staff  support  to  the  North  Carolina 
State  Building  Code  Council,  the  Manufactured  Housing  Board,  the  State 
Fire  Commission,  the  Public  Officers'  and  Employees'  Liability  Insurance  I 
Commission,  the  Arson  Awareness  Council,  and  the  (Building)  Code  Officials 
Qualifications  Board.  j 

Other  important  functions  of  the  Commissioner  and  Department  that 
affect  many  citizens  of  the  State  are  the  training  of  firemen  and  rescue 
squad  workers  and  the  certification  of  fire  departments  for  fire  insurance 
rating  purposes.  ' 

The  Department  encompasses  the  following  entities: 

Administration  Division 

This  division  works  hand-in-hand  with  the  Commissioner  in  research,  I 
policy-making  decisions,   and   the  setting  of  goals   and   priorities  for  the  j 


The  Executive  Branch  557 

Department  of  Insurance  as  well  as  administering  budget  and  personnel  for 
the  department. 

Public  Services  Group 

The  Agents  Services  Division  regulates  and  revises  licenses  for  every 
agent,  adjuster,  broker  and  appraiser  doing  business  in  North  Carolina  as 
well  as  nonresident  brokers  and  nonresident  life  agents,  reviews  all  applica- 
tions for  examinations,  oversees  agents'  and  adjusters'  examinations,  and 
maintains  a  file  on  each  licensed  individual  and  each  company's  agents  and 
representatives. 

The  Consumer  Services  Division  was  established  to  help  North  Carolina 
consumers  by  helping  them  get  answers  to  their  insurance  questions  and  by 
working  to  solve  their  insurance  problems.  The  division  strives  to  acquaint 
consumers  with  alternatives  and  courses  of  actions  they  may  pursue  to  solve 
their  particular  insurance  problem. 

Company  Services  Group 

The  responsibilities  of  the  Financial  Evaluation  Division  are  to  monitor 
the  solvency  of  all  insurance  companies  under  the  supervision  of  the  Commis- 
sioner of  Insurance;  to  review  and  recommend  for  admission  out-of-state, 
domestic,  and  surplus  lines  companies  seeking  to  transact  business  in  the 
state;  to  examine  and  audit  domestic  and  foreign  insurance  organizations 
licensed  in  North  Carolina;  and  to  assure  the  financial  solvency  and 
employee  stability  of  serf-insured  workers'  compensation  groups  in  the  state. 

The  Actuarial  Services  Division  assists  in  the  review  of  rate,  form,  and 
statistical  filings.  In  addition,  this  division  provides  actuarial  studies  in 
financial  evaluation  work  and  is  involved  in  special  projects  and  studies. 

The  Information  Systems  Division  has  the  responsibility  for  all  depart- 
mental data  processing,  word  processing,  office  automation,  data  communi- 
cations, and  voice  communications. 

Technical  Services  Group 

The  Fire  and  Casualty  Division  reviews  homeowners,  farmers,  automobile, 
workers'  compensation  and  other  personal,  commercial  property  or  casualty 
insurance  policies,  rates  and  rules. 

The  primary  responsibility  of  the  Life,  Accident  and  Health  Division  is  the 
review  of  rate,  rule  and  policy  form  filings  made  by  life  and  health  insurance 
companies. 

The  Market  Conduct  Section  conducts  field  examinations  of  the  market 
practices  of  domestic  and  foreign  insurers  and  their  representatives. 

Regulatory  Services  Group 

The  Special  Services  Division  is  responsible  for  licensing  and  regulating 
insurance  premium  finance  companies,  professional  bail  bondsmen  and 
runners,  collection  agencies  and  motor  clubs,  and  investigating  all  com- 
plaints involving  these  entities. 


558  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  Investigations  Division  is  responsible  for  investigating  violations  of 
North  Carolina's  insurance  laws.  Requests  for  investigations  come  from 
within  the  department,  from  consumers,  law  enforcement  agencies,  local, 
state  and  federal  agencies,  and  insurance  companies. 

Safety  Services  Group 

The  Engineering  Division  has  primary  responsibility  for  administering 
the  state  building  code.  The  division  also  serves  as  staff  to  the  North 
Carolina  Building  Code  Council  and  the  North  Carolina  Code  Officials 
Qualifications  Board.  The  division  is  divided  into  seven  sections:  code 
consultation,  electrical,  mechanical,  modular,  inspector  certification,  accessi- 
bility and  code  council. 

The  Building  Code  Administration  provides  code  interpretations  to  city 
and  county  inspection  officials,  architects,  engineers,  contractors,  material 
suppliers  and  manufacturers,  other  state  agencies,  attorneys  and  the  general    ; 
public,  administers  certification  of  code  officials,  reviews  building  plans  and    1 
inspects  electrical  systems  in  new  or  renovated  state-owned  buildings. 

The  Manufactured  Housing  Division  works  to  assure  that  construction 
standards  for  manufactured  homes  are  maintained  and  that  warranty  | 
obligations  under  state  law  are  met.  The  division  monitors  handling  of  | 
consumer  complaints  by  manufacturers;  licenses  the  makers  of  manufactured  | 
homes,  dealers,  and  set-up  contractors;  and  acts  as  staff  for  the  Norht  I 
Carolina  Manufactured  Housing  Board.  | 

The  State  Property  Fire  Insurance  Fund  division  is  primarily  responsible  j| 
for  the  operation  and  maintenance  of  the  State  Property  Fire  Insurance 
Fund.  The  division  collects  premiums  from  those  state  agencies  responsible  i 
for  payment,  investigates  claims,  adjusts  losses  and  pays  losses  with  the  | 
approval  of  the  council  of  state.  I 

The  Risk  Management  Division  assists  local  government  with  property  i 
and  casualty  insurance  programs,  provides  staff,  administration,  and  re-  | 
search  services  to  the  Public  Officers  and  Employees'  Liability  Insurance  I 
Commission,  and  is  charged  with  making  available  a  plan  of  professional 
liability  coverages  for  law  enforcement  officers,  public  officials  and  em-  | 
ployees  of  any  political  subdivision  of  the  state.  | 

The  Fire  and  Rescue  Services  Division  administers  the  Firemen's  Relief  I 
Fund,  develops  and  carries  out  training  for  fire  departments  and  rescue 
squads,  and  works  to  improve  fire  and  rescue  protection  in  the  state  in  | 
association  with  the  North  Carolina  Firemen's  Association  and  North  Care-  \ 
lina  Association  of  Rescue  Squads.  I 

i 
Seniors'  Health  Insurance  Information  Program  | 

The  SHIIP  program  is  designed  to  train  older  adult  volunteers  to  counsel  \ 
other  older  adults  in  the  areas  of  Medicare  regulations.  Medicare  supplement 
insurance,  long-term  care  insurance  and  claims  procedures.  The  volunteers 
go  through  an  extensive  training  course  designed  to  teach  them  Medicare  i 
and  private  insurance  benefits  and  options,  as  well  as  claims  procedures  and  ' 
counseling/advocacy  skills.  I 


The  Executive  Branch  559 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Public  Officers'  and  Employees'  Liability  Insurance  Commission  (G.S.  2B-58) 

Self-Insurance  Guaranty  Association 

Code  Officials  Qualifications  Board  (G.S.  143-151.9) 

Building  Code  Council  (G.S.  143-136) 

Manufactured  Housing  Board 

North  Carolina  Health  Insurance  Trust  Commission  (G.S.  759) 

North  Carolina  Medical  Database  Commission  (G.S.  131E-211) 

North  Carolina  Fire  Commission 

North  Carolina  Arson  Awareness  Council 


560 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  Executive  Branch  561 


James  Eugene  Long 

Commissioner  of  Insurance 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Burlington,  Alamance  County,  March  19,  1940,  to 
George  Attmore  and  Helen  (Brooks)  Long. 

Education:  Burlington  City  Schools;  Walter  M.  Williams  High  School, 
1958;  North  Carolina  State  University,  1958-1962;  University  of  North  Caro- 
lina-Chapel Hill,  1963,  A.B.;  University  of  North  Carolina-Chapel  Hill, 
SchoolofLaw,  1966,  J.D. 

Professional  Background:  Attorney;  Counsel  to  Liston  B.  Ramsey, 
Speaker  of  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1980-84;  Partner,  Long  &  Long, 
1976-1984;  Chief  Deputy  Commissioner  of  Insurance,  1975-76;  Partner,  Long, 
Ridge,  &  Long,  1967-1975;  Associate,  Long,  Ridge,  Harris  &  Walker,  1966-67. 

Organizations:  NC  State  Bar,  Inc.,  1966-present;  Secretary  and  Director, 
NC  Special  Olympics,  Inc.,  1967-75;  Burlington-Alamance  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, 1968-74. 

Boards:  Chairman,  NC  Arson  Awareness  Council,  1985-;  Chairman,  NC 
Manufactured  Housing  Board,  1985-;  Member:  Firemen's  Relief  Fund;  Law 
Enforcement  Officers  Retirement  Board;  NC  Fire  Commission;  Capital 
Planning  Commission;  Council  of  State;  Vice  President  and  Chairman, 
Executive  Committee,  National  Association  of  Insurance  Commissioners, 
1989;  Chairman,  NC  Property  Tax  Commission,  1981-84.  State  Fire  Marshal, 
1986-. 

Political  Activities:  Insurance  Commissioner,  1985-  (elected,  1984); 
Member,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1971,  1973,  1975;  Democratic  Party. 


562  North  Carolina  Manual 

COMMISSIONERS  OF  INSURANCE^ 

Name  Residence  Term 

James  R.  Young^  Vance 1899-1921 

Stacey  W.  Wade'  Carteret  1921-1927 

Daniel  C.  Boney^  Surry 1927-1942 

William  P.  Hodges^  Martin  1942-1949 

Waldo  C.  Cheeke  Moore 1949-1953 

Charles  F.  Gold^  Rutherford  1953-1962 

Edwin  S.  Lanier«  Orange 1962-1973 

John  R.  Ingram^  Randolph  1973-1985 

James  E.  Long'" Alamance 1985- 


'The  General  Assembly  of  1899  created  the  Department  of  Insurance  with  provisions 
that  the  first  commissioner  would  be  elected  by  the  current  general  assembly  with  future 
commissioners  appointed  by  the  governor  for  a  four  year  term.  (Public  Laws,  1899, 
Chapter  54.)  Then  in  1907,  the  general  assembly  passed  a  bill  which  provided  for  the  ; 
election  of  the  commissioner  in  the  general  elections,  beginning  in  1908.  (Public  Laws,  j 
Chapter  868). 

•^Young  was  elected  by  the  general  assembly  on  March  6,  1899.  He  was  appointed  by  i 
Governor  Aycock  in  1901  and  served  following  reappointment  in  1905  until  1908  when  he  | 
was  elected  in  the  general  elections. 

'Wade  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1920  and  served  following  re-election  in 
1924  until  his  resignation  on  November  15,  1927. 

^Boney  was  appointed  by  Governor  McLean  on  November  15,  1927,  to  replace  Wade. 
He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1928  and  served  following  subsequent  re- 
elections  until  his  death  on  September  7,  1942. 

^Hodges  was  appointed  by  Governor  Broughton  on  September  10,  1942,  to  replace    | 
Boney.  He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1944  and  served  following  re-election  in 
1948  until  his  resignation  in  June,  1949. 

^Cheek  was  appointed  by  Governor  Scott  on  June  14, 1949,  to  replace  Hodges.  He  was  \ 
elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1950  to  complete  Hodges'  unexpired  term.  He  was  j 
elected  to  a  full  term  in  1952  and  served  until  his  resignation  effective  October  15,  1953.    j 

^Gold  was  appointed  by  Governor  Umstead  on  November  16,  1953,  to  replace  Cheek,    j 
He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1954  to  complete  Cheek's  unexpired  term.  He 
was  elected  to  a  full  term  in  1956  and  served  following  re-election  in  1960  until  his  death 
on  June  28,  1962. 

"Lanier  was  appointed  by  Governor  Sanford  on  July  5,  1962  to  replace  Gold.  Lanier 
was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1962  to  complete  Gold's  unexpired  term.  He  was 
elected  to  a  full  term  in  1964  and  served  until  he  declined  to  run  for  reelection  in  1972. 

^Ingram  was  elected  in  1972  and  served  until  1984  when  he  ran  for  another  office. 

'^'Long  was  elected  in  1984  and  was  reelected  in  1988. 


The  Executive  Branch  563 


DEPARTMENT  OF  ADMINISTRATION 

The  Department  of  Administration  was  created  in  1957  to  serve  as  the  staff 
agency  for  the  Governor  and  to  provide  services  for  other  state  government 
agencies.  Often  referred  to  as  the  "state's  business  manager,"  the  Department 
of  Administration  also  serves  various  segments  of  North  CaroHna's  population 
that  have  traditionally  been  underrepresented. 

The  Department  of  Administration  was  re-created  and  re-established  by  the 
Executive  Organization  Act  of  1971,  which  was  an  attempt  to  bring  more 
efficient  and  effective  management  to  state  government.  Prior  to  its  enactment, 
over  300  agencies  reported  directly  to  the  Governor.  Some  of  this  reorganization 
has  been  reversed  recently  as  several  agencies  lobbied  successfully  to  move  out 
of  the  department  and  to  report,  once  again,  directly  to  the  Governor. 

Because  of  its  unique  role  as  manager  of  the  state's  internal  operations,  the 
Department  of  Administration  works  to  ensure  that  the  taxpayers'  dollars  are 
used  wisely  and  that  good  management  is  pervasive,  making  the  department  a 
model  for  all  of  state  government.  A  number  of  efforts  are  underway  to  improve 
management  and  increase  productivity  in  the  department  and  throughout 
state  government.  Some  efforts  include  the  Government  Executive  Institute  for 
top-level  management,  which  trains  executive-level  managers  in  skills  and 
knowledge  needed  to  perform  their  unique  duties,  and  the  State  Employee 
Suggestion  System,  which  awards  employees  a  percentage  of  money  saved 
through  their  suggestions. 

The  department  also  administers  the  Outer  Continental  Shelf  Program  and 
the  three  North  Carolina  Aquariums  through  its  Office  of  Marine  Affairs  and 
assists  veterans  and  their  dependents  through  its  Division  of  Veterans  Affairs. 

As  the  "state's  business  manager,"  the  department  handles  such  diverse 
areas  as  state  construction,  energy  management,  motor  vehicle  coordination 
and  maintenance,  purchase  of  goods  and  services  used  throughout  state 
government,  the  state  courier  system,  federal  and  state  surplus  property,  state 
printing  office.  State  Capitol  Police,  landscaping  and  maintenance  of  state- 
owned  grounds  in  the  State  Government  Complex,  and  the  acquisition  and 
disposition  of  all  real  state  property. 

There  are  several  programs  that  serve  special  populations  within  the  State  of 
North  Carolina:  the  Governor's  Advocacy  Council  for  Persons  with  Dis- 
abilities, the  N.C.  Human  Relations  Council,  the  N.C.  Commission  of  Indian 
Affairs  and  the  Youth  Advocacy  and  Involvement  Office.  These  programs, 
each  having  a  citizen  council  appointed  by  the  Governor  as  well  as  the  state 
staff,  advocate  for  the  disabled,  blacks,  Indians,  and  children  and  youth  within 
and  outside  of  state  government. 

Office  of  the  Secretary 

The  department  is  headed  by  the  Secretary  of  Administration,  an  appointee 
of  the  Governor. 


564  North  Carolina  Manual 

Office  of  Administrative  Analysis 

The  Office  of  Administrative  Analysis  provides  cost-free  consulting  services 
to  state  agencies  to  help  make  improvements  in  organization,  methods, 
eciuipment  use,  staffing  levels,  cost  reduction  and  procedures.  OAA  also  helps 
agencies  determine  the  needs  for  copiers  and  other  office  automation.  This 
office  administers  the  Employee  Suggestion  System. 

Office  of  Fiscal  Management 

The  Office  of  Fiscal  Management  accounts  for  all  fiscal  activity  of  the 
department  in  conformity  with  requirements  of  the  Office  of  State  Budget  and 
Management,  the  Department  of  State  Auditor  and  federal  funding  agencies. 
It  files  timely  financial  reports,  invoices  user  agencies  for  central  services  and 
recommends  and  administers  fiscal  policy  within  the  department. 

DOA  Personnel 

DOA  Personnel  is  responsible  for  recruitment,  hiring,  grievance  and  appeal 
procedures,  classification  of  positions  to  ensure  equitable  compensation  for  all 
employees,  monitoring  the  departmental  affirmative  action  plan  and  im- 
plementation of  the  State  Personnel  System  within  the  department.  It  also  has 
the  responsibility  for  the  administration  of  the  Employee  Assistance  Program 
and  other  state  and  department  employee  benefits. 

Personnel  is  responsible  for  the  training,  management  and  organizational 
development  of  employees  and  divisions  within  the  department.  It  is  also 
responsible  for  developing  ways  of  improving  productivity  and  the  quality  of 
work  life  of  the  department's  employees.  | 

Public  Information  Office  i 

The  Public  Information  Office  provides  technical,  artistic  and  journalistic  | 

resources  for  the  entire  department  and,  on  occasion,  for  the  Office  of  the  j 

Governor.  The  duties  include  preparation  of  news  releases,  the  editing  of  and  ' 
supervision  overproduction  of  official  publications,  the  design  and  production 

of  visual  aids,  and  the  counsel  and  advice  on  ways  communication  with  the  j 

people  of  this  state  can  be  enhanced.  | 

Division  of  Veterans  Affairs  j 

The  Division  of  Veterans  Affairs  assists  veterans,  their  dependents  and  the    | 
dependents  of  deceased  veterans  in  obtaining  and  maintaining  those  rights 
and  benefits  to  which  they  are  entitled  by  law. 

Government  Operations 

Auxiliary  Services  Division 

Courier  Service.  A  receipt-supported  operation.  Courier  Service  provides 
courier  mail  and  inter-office  mail  to  local  state  government  offices  and  89 
counties  in  North  Carolina. 

Federal  Surplus  Property.  Federal  Surplus  Property  acquires  and  distri- 
butes available  federal  surplus  property  needed  by  the  eligible  recipients  in  the 
state  and  funds  costs  for  operations  through  receipts  from  sales. 


The  Executive  Branch  565 

Motor  Fleet  Management.  Motor  Fleet  Management  is  responsible  for 
approximately  4,000  vehicles  owned  by  state  government.  Aside  from  purchas- 
ing and  maintenance  of  state  vehicles,  this  office  enforces  state  regulations 
relating  to  their  use. 

Physical  Plant.  Physical  Plant  oversees  the  maintenance  of  public  build- 
ings, provides  necessary  and  adequate  cleaning  services,  elevator  operation 
service  and  other  operational  maintenance  services  for  state  buildings.  It  is 
also  responsible  for  landscaping  and  maintenance  of  state-owned  grounds  in 
the  State  Government  Complex  and  in  outlying  areas. 

State  Capitol  Police.  This  law  enforcement  agency,  with  police  powers 
throughout  the  city  of  Raleigh,  provides  security  and  property  protection 
functions  for  state  government  facilities  within  the  Capitol  City.  This  agency 
is  also  responsible  for  enforcement  of  regulations  in  state-operated  parking 
lots. 

State  Government  Printing  Office.  A  receipt-supported  operation,  the 
State  Government  Printing  Office  provides  typesetting  and  printing  services 
throughout  state  government. 

State  Surplus  Property.  State  Surplus  Property  is  responsible  for  the  sale 
of  all  supplies,  materials  and  equipment  owned  by  the  state  and  considered  to 
be  surplus,  obsolete  or  unused. 

State  Construction  Office 

State  Construction  is  responsible  for  the  administration  of  planning,  design 
and  construction  of  all  state  facilities,  including  the  university  and  community 
college  systems.  It  also  provides  the  architectural  and  engineering  services 
necessary  to  carry  out  the  capital  improvement  program  for  all  state  institu- 
tions and  agencies. 

State  Property  Office 

State  Property  is  responsible  for  state  government's  acquisition  and  disposi- 
tion of  all  interest  in  real  property  whether  by  purchase,  sale,  exercise  of  power 
of  eminent  domain,  lease  or  rental.  This  office  also  prepares  and  keeps  current 
a  computerized  inventory  of  all  land  and  buildings  owned  or  leased  by  the  state 
or  any  state  agency. 

Division  of  Purchase  and  Contract 

Purchase  and  Contract  serves  as  the  central  purchasing  activity  for  state 
government  and  certain  other  entities.  Contracts  are  established  for  the 
purchase,  lease  and  lease-purchase  of  the  goods  and  services  required  by  all 
state  agencies,  institutions,  public  school  districts,  community  colleges  and  the 
university  system,  totaling  $750  million  annually.  In  addition,  local  govern- 
ments, nonprofit  corporations  operating  charitable  hospitals,  local  nonprofit 
community  sheltered  workshops,  volunteer  nonprofit  fire  departments  and 
lifesaving  and  rescue  squads  who  elect  to  participate  may  use  the  services  of 
Purchase  and  Contract. 


566  North  Carolina  Manual 

Programs 

Governor's  Advocacy  Council  for  Persons  with  Disabilities 

The  Governor's  Advocacy  Council  for  Persons  with  Disabilities  pursues 
appropriate  remedies,  including  legal  ones,  on  behalf  of  disabled  citizens  who 
feel  they  have  been  discriminated  against.  The  council  also  offers  technical 
assistance  regarding  disability  issues,  promotes  employment  opportunities  for 
disabled  persons,  and  reviews  policies  and  legislation  relating  to  these 
persons.  North  Carolina  Human  Relations  Council.  The  Human  Relations 
Council  provides  services  and  programs  aimed  at  improving  relationships 
among  all  citizens  of  this  state,  while  seeking  to  ensure  equal  opportunities  in 
the  areas  of  employment,  housing  public  accommodation,  recreation,  educa- 
tion, justice  and  governmental  services.  The  council  also  enforces  the  North 
Carolina  Fair  Housing  Law. 

North  Carolina  Commission  of  Indian  Affairs 

The  Commission  of  Indian  Affairs  is  responsible  for  bringing  local,  state  and 
federal  resources  into  focus  for  the  implementation  or  continuation  of  meaning- 
ful programs  for  the  Indian  citizens  of  North  Carolina.  The  commission  is  also 
charged  with  assisting  Indian  communities  in  social  and  economic  develop- 
ment and  the  promotion  of  unity  among  all  Indians  of  this  state. 

Youth  Advocacy  and  Involvment  Office 

The  Youth  Advocacy  and  Involvement  Office  (YAIO)  seeks  to  tap  the 
productivity  of  the  youth  of  North  Carolina  through  their  participation  in 
community  services  and  the  development  of  youth  leadership  capabilities.  The 
office  provides  case  advocacy  to  individuals  in  need  of  services  for  children  and 
youth.  YAIO  also  researches  the  needs  of  children  and  youth  in  this  state  and 
makes  recommendations  to  the  Governor,  the  General  Assembly  and  other 
policy-making  groups. 

504  Steering  Committee 

The  504  Steering  Committee,  appointed  by  the  Governor,  oversees  the  state's 
compliance  with  Section  504  of  the  Federal  Rehabilitation  Act  of  1973.  Federal 
funding  requirements  have  been  established  for  the  accessibility  for  state 
government  facilities  and  programs. 

Office  of  Marine  Affairs 

The  Office  of  Marine  Affairs  advocates  and  promotes  public  awareness, 
appreciation  and  wise  utilization  of  the  natural  and  cultural  resources  of 
coastal  North  Carolina.  The  three  North  Carolina  Aquariums  provide 
educational  opportunities  to  over  one  million  people  annually;  the  Marine 
Science  Council  recommends  state  ocean  policies  and  encourages  marine 
research;  and  the  Outer  Continental  Shelf  Resources  Recovery  Program 
ensures  stewardship  while  providing  state  participation  in  regional  and 
federal  resource  utilization  efforts. 


The  Executive  Branch  567 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Alcoholism  Research  Authority,  N.C.  (G.S.  122-120) 

Capital  Building  Authority  (G.S.  129-40) 

Capital  Planning  Commission  (G.S.  143B-373) 

Children  and  Youth,  Governor's  Advocacy  Council  on  (G.S.  143B-414) 

Contract  Appeals,  Board  of  State  (G.S.  143-135.10) 

Deferred  Compensation  Plan,  N.C.  Public  Employee,  Board  of  Trustees  (G.S. 

143B-426.24) 

Disabilities,  Governor,  Advococy  P.L.  94-103,  Sec.  141;  G.S.  143B-403.1) 

Energy  Development  Authority,  N.C.  (G.S.  159F-4) 

Farmworkers  Council,  N.C. 

Goals  and  Policy  Board,  State 

Human  Relations  Council  (G.S.  143B-391,392) 

Indian  Affairs,  Commission  of  (G.S.  143B-404) 

Indian  Housing  Authority  (G.S.  157-66) 

Internship  Council  (G.S.  143B-417) 

Interstate  Cooperation  Council  (G.S.  143B-379) 

Management  Council,  Governor's  (G.S.  143B-426.22) 

Marine  Science  Council,  N.C.  (G.S.  143B-389) 

Public  Radio  Advisory  Committee  (G.S.  143B-426.12) 

Racial,  Religious  and  Ethnic  Violence  and  Intimidation,  Governor's  Task 

Force  on  (Executive  Order  29,  (October  2,  1986) 

Sciency  and  Technology,  N.C.  Board  of  (G.S.  143B-440) 

Veterans  Affairs  Commission  (G.S.  143B-399) 

Veterans  Affairs  Commission,  Advisory  Committee  (G.S.  143B-399) 

Veterans  Committee,  Governor's  Jobs  for  (G.S.  143B-420) 

Youth  Advisory  Council  (G.S.  143B-385) 

Youth  Council,  State  (G.S.  143B-387) 

Women,  Council  on  the  Status  of 


568 


North  Carolina  Manual 


James  Shepherd  Lofton 

Secretary  of  Administration 


Early  Years:  Born 
Mecklenburg,    March 
Helen    Carter   and 
Lofton. 

Education 


in  Charlotte, 

22,    1943,   to 

Thomas    Stark 


Oak    Hill    Academy, 
1961;  Lees-McRae  College. 

Professional    Background: 

Secretary  of  the  N.C.  Department  of 
Administration  1987-;  Executive  As- 
sistant to  Governor  James  G.  Martin 
1985-1987;  Administrative  Assistant 
to  U.S.  Congressman  James  G. 
Martin  1973-85;  Marketing  Officer, 
First  Union  National  Bank  (1969-73); 
Civic  Affairs  Manager,  Charlotte 
Chamber  of  Commerce  1966-69; 
Buyer,  Belk  Brothers  Company,  Charlotte  1963-66. 

Organizations:  Phalanx  Lodge  No.  31  A.F.  and  A.M.;  Scottish  Rite  of 
Freemasonry  32nd  Degree  KCCH  and  Oasis  Temple,  Charlotte;  Parents 
Council,  Elon  College. 

Boards  and  Commissions:  Chairman,  N.C.  Public  Employees  Deferred 
Compensation  Plan;  Secretary,  Information  Technology  Commission; 
Secretary,  N.C.  Board  of  Science  and  Technology;  Ex  Officio  Member, 
Committee  on  Art  in  State  Buildings;  Ex  Officio  Member,  N.C.  Commission 
on  Indian  Affairs;  Ex  Officio  Member,  Internship  Council;  Ex  Officio 
Member,  Board  of  Public  Telecommunications;  Member,  Governor's  N.C. 
Drug  Cabinet;  Member,  N.C.  Fund  for  Children  and  Families  Commission; 
Member,  Governor's  Working  Group  on  Off-Shore  Drilling;  Member, 
Governor's  Blue  Ribbon  Commission  on  Coastal  Initiatives;  Ex  Officio 
Member,  Western  N.C.  Environmental  Council;  Member,  N.C.  Capital  Plan- 
ning Commission;  Member,  N.C.  Advisory  Council  on  the  Eastern  Band  of 
the  Cherokees. 
Political  Activities:  Member,  Republican  Party. 

Family:  Married,  Sarah  Clarinda  Knight.  Children:  Sarah  Clarinda,  Mary 
Melissa,  James  Shepherd,  Jr. 


The  Executive  Branch  569 

SECRETARIES 
DEPARTMENT  OF  ADMINISTRATION 

Name  Residence  Term 

Paul  A.  Johnston!  Orange  1957-1960 

David  S.  Coltrane^  Wake  1960-1961 

Hugh  Cannon Wake  1961-1965 

Edward  L.  Rankin,  Jr. '  Wake  1965-1967 

Wayne  A.  Corpening^  Forsyth  1967-1969 

William  L.  Turner  Wake  1969-1973 

William  L.  Bondurant^  Forsyth  1973-1974 

Bruce  A.  Lentz« Wake  1974-1977 

Joseph  W.  Grimsley  Wake  1977-1979 

Jane  S.  Patterson  (acting)'  Wake  1979-1980 

Joseph  W.  Grimsleys Wake  1980-1981 

Jane  S.  Patterson^^ Wake  1981-1985 

Grace  J.  Rohrerio Orange  1985-1987 

James  S.  Lofton"  Wake  1987- 


'Johnston  was  appointed  by  Governor  Hodges  and  served  until  his  resignation 
effective  August  31,  1960. 

-'Coltrane  was  appointed  by  Governor  Hodges  to  replace  Johnston.  He  was  reappointed 
by  Governor  Sanford  on  January  6,  1961  and  served  until  November,  1961  when  he  was 
appointed  chairman  of  the  Advisory  Budget  Commission. 

'Rankin  was  appointed  by  Governor  Moore  to  replace  Coltrane  and  served  until  his 
resignation  effective  September  30,  1967. 

^Corpening  was  appointed  by  Governor  Moore  to  replace  Rankin  and  served  until  the 
end  of  the  Moore  Administration.  Press  Release,  September  14,  1967,  Moore  Papers, 
Appointments,  1965-1968. 

^Bondurant  was  appointed  on  January  5,  1973,  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  replace 
Turner  and  resigned  effective  June  21,  1974. 

'•Lentz  was  appointed  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  replace  Bondurant.  Copy  of 
Commission  to  Lentz,  July  1, 1974,  Division  of  Publications,  Department  of  the  Secretary 
of  State,  Raleigh. 

'Patterson  served  as  acting  departmental  secretary  when  Grimsley  took  a  leave  of 
absence  to  serve  as  campaign  manager  of  Governor  Hunt. 

"Grimsley  resigned  effective  August  1, 1981 ,  following  his  appointment  as  secretary  for 
the  Department  of  Natural  Resources  and  Community  Development. 

**Patterson  was  appointed  by  Governor  Hunt  to  replace  Grimsley. 

'oRohrer  was  appointed  by  Governor  Martin. 

"Lofton  was  appointed  by  Governor  Martin. 


570  North  Carolina  Manual 


THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  CORRECTION 

The  Department  of  Correction  is  responsible  for  the  care,  custody,  and 
supervision  of  all  individuals  sentenced  after  the  conviction  of  a  felony  or 
serious  misdemeanor  in  North  Carolina.  Sentences  may  vary  from  proba- 
tionary terms  served  in  the  community  to  active  prison  sentences  served  in  one 
of  the  eighty-plus  prison  facilities.  The  General  Statutes  direct  the  Department 
to  provide  adequate  custodial  care,  educational  opportunities,  and  medical  and 
psychological  treatment  services  to  all  incarcerated  persons  while  at  the  same 
time  providing  community-based  supervision  and  some  needed  social  services 
to  clients  on  probation  or  after  parole. 

The  Department  was  established  in  1972  by  authority  of  the  Executive 
Reorganization  Act  of  1971  as  the  Department  of  Social  Rehabilitation  and 
Control.  The  Act  provided  for  the  Parole  Commission,  the  Advisory  Board  of 
Corrections,  and  the  Department  made  up  of  the  Divisions  of  Prisons,  Adult 
Probation  and  Parole  and  Youth  Development.  The  Secretary  of  the  Depart- 
ment is  appointed  by  the  Governor  and  serves  at  his  pleasure.  The  Secretary  is 
responsible  for  the  supervision  and  administration  of  all  Department  functions 
except  that  the  Parole  Commission  has  the  sole  authority  to  release  incarcerated 
offenders  prior  to  the  expiration  of  their  sentence. 

In  July,  1974,  the  Department  was  renamed  the  Department  of  Correction, 
the  Parole  Commission  was  expanded  from  three  to  five  members,  and  further 
consolidation  of  responsibilities  and  functions  occurred.  In  1975,  the  Division 
of  Youth  Development  was  transferred  administratively  to  the  Department  of 
Human  Resources,  leaving  the  Department  of  Correction  its  current  administra- 
tive configuration. 

The  history  of  corrections  in  North  Carolina  must  reflect  the  continued 
development  and  refining  of  the  prison,  probation  and  parole  segments  of  the 
Department. 

The  Division  of  Prisons  was  organized  in  the  late  1860's-early  1870's  with 
the  opening  of  a  large  prison  farm  in  Wake  County  and  the  construction  of 
Central  Prison  in  Raleigh.  This  reorganization  was  a  result  of  the  "Reconstruc- 
tion" constitution  of  North  Carolina  which  was  accepted  by  the  United  States 
Congress  in  1868.  In  1899,  Caledonia  Prison  Farm  was  purchased  from  Halifax 
County.  This  arrangement  continued  until  1933  when  the  General  Assembly 
transferred  supervision  of  the  three  state  prisons  and  the  various  county 
prisons  to  the  supervision  of  the  State  Highway  and  Public  Works  Commission. 
This  merger  of  the  highway  and  prison  systems  was  motivated  by  the  steadily 
worsening  economic  and  social  conditions  caused  by  the  depression.  Under 
this  arrangement,  prisons  were  supported  by  appropriations  from  the  Highway 
Fund  while  prisoners  were  extensively  employed  on  road  work. 

The  Division  of  Prisons  remained  under  total  administrative  control  of  the 
Highway  and  Public  Works  commission  until  1955  when  the  Director  of 
Prisons  was  granted  the  ability  to  set  divisional  rules,  regulations  and  policies 
to  include  the  hiring,  promotion,  and  dismissal  of  employees.  At  the  same  time, 
the  General  Assembly  formed  the  Prison  Reorganization  Commission  to  study 


The  Executive  Branch  571 

the  relationship  between  prisons  and  the  highway  system.  The  Commission 
recommended  that  a  separate  prison  department  be  formed  and  legislation 
was  enacted  forming  the  Prison  Department  in  1957. 

Also  in  1957,  landmark  legislation  was  enacted  authorizing  a  statewide 
system  of  Work  Release.  North  Carolina  thus  became  the  first  state  prison 
system  to  allow  inmates  to  work  at  private  employment  during  the  day, 
returning  to  confinement  in  the  evening.  Today,  North  Carolina  has  the 
nation's  largest  Work  Release  population  with  approximately  1500  individuals 
employed. 

The  Prison  Department  remained  a  separate  entity  under  the  Prison 
Commission  until  the  Department  of  Social  Rehabilitation  and  Control  was 
formed  in  1972. 

Probation  first  began  in  the  United  States  in  1878  in  Massachusetts.  In  1919 
North  Carolina  enacted  its  first  probation  laws  but  limited  probation  to  first 
offender  female  prostitutes  and  certain  juveniles  under  the  supervision  of 
female  officers.  In  1937,  legislation  was  enacted  forming  the  Probation 
Commission  to  supervise  a  statewide  network  of  male  and  female  offenders 
reporting  to  Probation  Officers.  In  1972,  the  Commission  was  disbanded  when 
the  Division  of  Adult  Probation  and  Parole  was  formed  within  the  newly 
created  Department.  At  first,  Probation  Officers  retained  a  strictly  probation 
supervision  caseload,  but  by  mid-1974,  separate  supervision  of  probation  and 
parole  clients  ended. Currently  each  Probation/Parole  Officer  supervises  both 
categories  of  offenders  on  a  geographic  basis. 

Parole  began  as  a  system  of  pardons  and  commutations  granted  by  the 
Governor  in  the  original  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  in  1776.  This  system 
was  maintained  in  the  Reconstruction  Constitution  of  1868.  In  1919,  the 
General  Assembly  established  an  Advisory  Board  of  Paroles  which  made 
recommendations  to  the  Governor.  This  Board  was  reduced  to  the  Commis- 
sioner of  Pardons  in  1925,  the  Officer  of  Executive  Counsel  in  1929,  and  the 
Commissioner  of  Paroles  in  1935.  It  was  this  1935  legislation  that  created  the 
position  of  Parole  Officers  under  the  supervision  of  the  Commissioner. 

The  1953  session  of  the  General  Assembly  abolished  the  Office  of  Commis- 
sioner and  established  the  Board  of  Paroles  consisting  of  three  members,At  the 
same  time  a  Constitutional  Amendment  granted  the  Board  full  authority  to 
grant,  revoke  or  terminate  paroles.  The  amendment  was  approved  in  the  1954 
general  election. 

The  1974  General  Assembly  enlarged  the  Board  members  to  five  full-time 
members  and  transferred  administration  and  supervision  of  Parole  Officers  to 
the  Division  of  Adult  Probation  and  Parole.  Shortly  thereafter,  the  functioning 
of  the  field  based  Parole  Officers  merged  with  that  of  the  Probation  Officer. 
Currently,  each  officer  supervises  both  parolees  and  probationers. 

Pre-Release  and  Aftercare  Centers  (PRAC)  were  formed  in  1974.  These 
Centers  work  with  those  inmates  who  previously  had  been  denied  regular 
parole  and  who  are  within  one  year  of  release.  The  PRAC  program  allows  these 
individuals  to  attend  highly  structured  Community  Readiness  Training 
sessions,  develop  adequate  job  and  home  plans,  and  participate  in  various 
counseling  sessions.  Ninety  day  re-entry  paroles  are  granted  with  continued 
opportunities  for  counseling  up  to  one  year  following  successful  termination  of 
parole. 


572  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  General  Statutes  establishing  the  Department  of  Correction  direct  the 
Secretary  to  provide  for  the  general  safety  of  North  Carolina's  citizens  by 
operating  and  maintaining  prisons,  supervising  probationers  and  parolees, 
and  providing  certain  rehabilitative  and  educational  programs  to  individuals 
supervised  by  the  Department.  The  Department  is  divided  into  three  major 
administrative  sections:  the  Office  of  the  Secretary,  the  Divisions  of  Prisons, 
and  Adult  Probation  and  Parole  Division. 

Office  of  the  Secretary 

The  Secretary  of  the  Department  of  Correction  is  appointed  by  the  Governor 
and  serves  at  his  pleasure.  The  secretary  and  his  immediate  administrative 
staff  are  responsible  for  the  major  planning,  fiscal,  personnel  and  records 
keeping  functions  of  the  department. 

Planning 

The  planning  functions  include  policy  development,  federal  grant  develop- 
ment and  administration,  liaison  with  the  General  Assembly,  commissions 
and  councils  of  government,  and  other  state  agencies. 

Federal  Grants.  The  Federal  Grants  Section  provides  for  the  budgeting  and 
management  of  the  many  federal  grants  administered  by  the  Department. 
This  section  works  directly  with  grant  staff  to  insure  administration,  evaluation 
and  continuity  for  each  grant,  as  well  as  providing  fiscal  administration  and 
accounting  services. 

Fiscal  Operations 

The  Fiscal  Section  includes  budget  development  and  administration,  regular 
and  grant  accounting,  work  release  and  Inmate  Trust  Fund  accounting,  and 
internal  auditing  procedures. 

Personnel 

The  Personnel  section  is  responsible  for  normal  personnel  functions  including 
payroll,  maintenance  of  employee  records,  and  other  matters  associated  with 
personnel  management.  It  also  includes  the  development  of  staff  positions,  the 
posing  of  position  vacancies,  and  the  actual  hiring  of  new  staff. 

Staff  Development  and  Training.  This  section  administers  and  provides 
basic  training  and  certification  for  all  new  staff,  advanced  training  in 
particular  skill  areas,  and  in-service  training  where  needed  for  re-certification 
or  continuing  education. 

Management  Information  and  Research.  The  orderly  maintenance  of 
inmate  records  including  conviction  data,  sentence  information  and  individual 
inmate/probation/parolee  data  is  the  responsibility  of  the  Management 
Information  and  Research  Section.  The  section  through  its  computerized 
Management  Information  and  Data  Retrieval  System  provides  all  individual 
and  group  statistics  necessary  for  planning  and  for  inmate  record  manage- 
ment. 


The  Executive  Branch  573 

Inmate  Grievance  Commission 

The  Inmate  Grievance  Commission  advises  the  Secretary  concerning  the 
varied  and  many  complaints  and  grievances  filed  by  inmates.  The  finding  of 
the  Commission  may  be  affirmed  in  whole  or  in  part,  modified  or  rejected  by  the 
Secretary  as  necessary. 

Parole  Commission 

Also,  the  secretary  is  an  ex-officio  member  of  the  Parole  Commission.  The 
Commission  is  charged  by  the  State  Constitution  and  General  Statutes  with 
the  responsibility  for  deciding  which  inmates  may  be  released  from  prison  at 
some  date  prior  to  the  expiration  of  their  sentence  to  the  supervision  of  the 
Division  of  Adult  Probation  and  Parole.  The  Commission  also  advises  the 
Governor  concerning  potential  commutations  and/or  pardons. 

Division  of  Prisons 

The  Division  of  Prisons  is  charged  with  the  direct  care  and  supervision  of 
inmates.  Currently,  the  division  operates  more  than  80  prison  institutions  and 
units,  smaller  treatment  facilities  for  women,  and  has  other  institutions  under 
construction. 

The  Division  receives  felons  and  misdemeanants  sentenced  by  the  Court  to  a 
period  of  active  incarceration.  Sentences  range  from  a  minimum  of  six  months 
for  certain  misdemeanor  to  life  for  serious  crimes  such  as  murder  or  arson. 
Classification  within  the  system  depends  upon  the  seriousness  of  the  crime,  the 
willingness  of  the  inmate  to  obey  rules  and  regulations,  and  the  perceived 
potential  for  escape. 

Maximum  custody  male  prisoners  have  demonstrated  through  their 
behavior  that  they  are  a  clear  and  present  danger  to  society  and  other  inmates. 
Privileges  are  limited  and  security  precautions  are  strict  and  very  controlled. 

Close  custody  inmates  need  extra  security  but  do  not  need  the  more 
stringent  security  of  maximum  custody.  Basic  education,  counseling  and  work 
programs  are  available  to  inmates  in  close  custody. 

Medium  custody  units  have  all  programs  and  activities  operating  within 
the  unit  are  under  the  supervision  of  armed  personnel,  except  for  certain  work 
assignments.  Programs  available  to  inmates  include  academic  and  vocational 
education,  drug  and  alcohol  abuse  treatment,  psychological  and  other  counsel- 
ing programs,  and  varied  work  assignments.  Minimum  custody  units 
provide  a  wide  variety  of  programs  for  inmates  ranging  from  on-site  academic 
and  vocational  schools  to  off-site  work  or  study  release.  Minimum  custody 
inmates  are  misdemeanants  and  those  selected  felons  that  have  either  little 
time  remaining  on  their  sentence  or  who  have  been  determined  not  to  present  a 
high  security  or  escape  risk.  These  units  do  not  have  manned  gun  towers  or 
other  security  devices.  Several  of  the  Advancement  Centers  do  not  have  fences. 
Inmates  are  allowed  to  participate  in  the  work  in  the  community  for  the 
prevailing  wage.  They  help  their  families  by  sending  money  home,  pay  taxes 
and  otherwise  lessen  the  financial  burden  of  incarceration. 

Programs  at  Minimum  Custody  Units.  Study  release  inmates  attend 
classes  on  the  campus  of  selected  universities,  colleges,  or  community/ 
technical  colleges.  Minimum  custody  inmates  are  also  allowed  to  participate  in 


574  North  Carolina  Manual 

the  Community  Volunteer  and  Home  Leave  programs.  Screened  and  selected 
volunteers  are  allowed  to  sponsor  inmates  for  3-hour  passes  to  attend  approved 
community  programs  such  as  religious  meetings,  AA  and  drug  treatment 
sessions.  The  Home  Leave  program  allows  specially  screened  and  approved 
inmates  to  visit  their  families  for  periods  of  time  up  to  48  hours.  The  purpose  of 
this  program  is  to  allow  inmates  prior  to  release  to  rebuild  family  ties  and  to 
plan  for  the  future.  Normally  this  program  is  limited  to  Work/Study  Release 
inmates  who  are  within  one  year  of  release  or  parole  eligibility. 

The  Division  of  Prisons  also  operates  several  specialized  programs  within 
the  various  institutions.  An  extension  program  for  mentally  retarded  youth 
between  the  ages  of  18-20  is  operated  at  Cameron  Morrison  Youth  Center. 
Using  funds  from  the  Council  on  Developmental  Disabilities,  this  program 
provides  case  management,  pre-  and  post-  release  services,  and  direct  counsel- 
ing to  this  specialized  population. 

Another  program  offered  at  the  various  youthful  offender  prisons  is  a  wide 
range  of  special  education  services  for  those  youth  defined  as  exceptional. 
Significant  advances  have  been  made  in  the  provision  of  educational  services 
for  emotionally  disturbed,  mentally  retarded,  medically  handicapped,  deaf 
and  those  youthful  inmates  with  specific  learning  disabilities.  This  education 
program  making  use  of  state  and  federal  resources  is  one  of  the  few  prison 
programs  in  the  country  attempting  to  provide  full  and  appropriate  educational 
services  to  incarcerated  youth. 

A  wide  range  of  vocational  education  programs  are  offered  to  the  adult 
prisoners.  Using  a  combination  of  resources,  including  various  CETA 
programs,  the  Department  of  Correction,  in  conjunction  with  the  Department 
of  Community  Colleges,  offers  welding,  carpentry,  brick  masonry,  auto 
mechanics,  and  other  programs  designed  to  permit  incarcerated  individuals  to 
gain  and  hold  steady  employment  after  release. 

Division  of  Adult  Probation  and  Parole 

The  Division  of  Adult  Probation  and  Parole  is  responsible  for  the  community 
supervision  of  over  60,000  parolees  and  probationers.  Most  of  these  individuals 
have  been  sentenced  by  the  court  to  probated  sentences  and  are  supervised  by 
Divisional  Officers  who  offer  counseling  and  job  development  services.  Pre- 
trial and  pre-sentenced  services  are  also  offered  at  the  request  of  the  court  when 
further  information  is  needed  prior  to  sentence  disposition. 

The  Division  is  also  responsible  for  supervising  those  individuals  released 
from  prison  by  the  Parole  Commission.  Divisional  Officers  are  responsible  for 
supplying  information  to  the  Commission  regarding  home  and  job  placements, 
specialized  programing  if  needed,  and  any  other  community  oriented  services 
that  a  potential  parolee  may  need  and  could  benefit  from. 

The  Division  of  Adult  Probation  and  Parole  also  offers  a  range  of  specialized 
programs  to  selected  groups  of  offenders.  The  Pre-Release  and  Aftercare 
Program  offers  intensive  community  orientation  training  to  those  prisoners 
who  are  within  one  year  of  release  and  who,  for  some  reason,  cannot  be  placed 
on  regular  parole.  These  centers  also  provide  long-term  supervision  and 
intensive  counseling  services  to  the  program  graduates  upon  release  under 
specialized  parole  conditions. 


The  Executive  Branch  575 

The  Division  offers  intense  Community  Readiness  Training  (CRT)  services 
to  those  inmates  who  have  graduated  from  speciaHzed  vocational  programs 
offered  at  various  prison  units.  CRT  is  designed  to  prepare  inmates  for  re-entry 
into  society  after  a  period  of  incarceration.  Classes  teach  inmates  how  to 
prepare  for  job  interviews,  how  to  open  savings  and  checking  accounts,  how  to 
budget  their  salaries,  and  how  to  benefit  from  community  resources  such  as  the 
local  community  colleges.  Finally,  a  joint  program  offered  by  the  Division  of 
Prisons,  the  Division  of  Adult  Probation  and  Parole,  and  the  Parole  Commis- 
sion, allows  inmate  participation  in  program  and  release  planning. 

The  Mutual  Agreement  Parole  Program  involves  a  binding  contractual 
agreement  between  the  inmate,  the  two  Divisions  and  the  Parole  Commission. 
The  agreement  oriented  about  a  specified  release  date,  allows  the  inmate  to 
participate  in  long-range  vocational  training  knowing  that  he/she  will  be 
released  on  a  given  date.  The  inmate  agrees  to  participate  in  the  training, 
agrees  to  an  infraction/escape  free  record  and  agrees  to  participate  in  any 
other  Parole  Commission  suggested  rehabilitative  program  such  as  alcohol 
abuse  treatment.  In  return,  the  Division  of  Prisons  agrees  to  offer  the  necessary 
vocational  training  and  specialized  programming  and  the  Parole  Commission 
agrees  to  release  the  inmate  on  the  requested  date.  This  contractual  period, 
often  12  to  18  months,  allows  all  parties  to  make  specific  plans  while  allowing 
the  inmate  to  learn  a  solid,  marketable  vocation  tied  to  a  specific  release  date. 
Release  planning  is  made  more  specific,  allowing  the  Parole  Commission  and 
Division  of  Adult  Probation  and  Parole  to  offer  more  specialized  pre-release 
programming  to  the  selected  MAP  program  participants. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Area  Inmate  Labor  Commissions  (G.S.  148-26.2) 
Corrections,  Board  of  (G.S.  143B-265) 
Inmate  Grievance  Commission  (G.S.  148-101) 
Inmate  Labor  Commission,  State  (G.S.  148-26.3) 
Parole  Commission  (G.S.  143B-267) 


576 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Aaron  Johnson 

Secretary  of  Corrections 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Willard, 
Pender  County,  March  6,  1933. 

Education:  Shaw  University, 
1957,  B.A.  (Social  Studies);  Shaw  Uni- 
versity, School  of  Religion,  1960; 
Southeastern  Theological  Seminary, 
Post  Graduate  Studies. 

Professional  Background:  Pas- 
tor, Mount  Sinai  Baptist  Church,  25 
years. 

Organizations:  President,  Fayet- 
teville  Ministerial  Association;  Presi- 
dent, Fayetteville  Civic  Association. 

Boards  and  Commission:  Presi- 
dent,   Shaw    University    Divinity 
School;  NC  Good  Neighbors  Council,  8  years. 

Political  Activities:  Secretary,  Department  of  Corrections,  1985-;  Presi- 
dent, Minority  Affairs  Committee  for  Jim  Martin;  Fayetteville  City  Council, 
1979-  (Mayor  Pro  Tem,  1983-);  delegate.  Republican  National  Convention, 
1980;  NC  Minority  Committee  to  elect  Ronald  Reagan,  1980. 

Religious  Activities:  Pastor,  Mount  Sinai  Baptist  Church,  25  years. 

Family:  Married,  Mattie  Johnson.  Children:  Dezette  and  Jamale. 


The  Executive  Branch  577 

SECRETARIES 
DEPARTMENT  OF  CORRECTION^ 

Name  Residence  Term 

George  W.  Randall2  Wake  1972 

Ralph  D.  Edwards^  Wake  1972-1973 

David  L.  Jones"  Cumberland  1973-1977 

Amos  E.  Reedss  Wake  1977-1981 

James  C.  Woodard^ Johnston 1981-1985 

Aaron  J.  Johnson''  Cumberland  1985- 


'The  Executive  Organization  Act  of  1971  created  the  "Department  of  Social  Rehabilitation  and 
Control"  with  provision  for  a  "Secretary"  appointed  by  the  governor.  In  1974  the  name  was  changed 
to  the  Department  of  Correction. 

^Randall  was  appointed  by  Governor  Scott  and  served  until  his  death  on  December  4,  1972. 

■''Edwards  was  appointed  by  Governor  Scott  to  replace  Randall. 

"Jones  was  appointed  on  January  5,  1973,  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  replace  Edwards. 

^Reed  was  appointed  on  January  17,  1977,  by  Governor  Hunt  to  replace  Jones. 

^Woodard  was  appointed  January  12,  1981,  to  replace  Reed. 

"^Johnson  was  appointed  on  January  7,  1985  by  Governor  Martin  to  replace  Woodard. 


578  North  Carolina  Manual 


DEPARTMENT  OF  CRIME  CONTROL  AND  PUBLIC  SAFETY 

The  1977  General  Assembly  passed  legislation  to  restructure  and  rename  the 
Department  of  Military  and  Veterans  Affairs  as  the  Department  of  Crime 
Control  and  Public  Safety. 

The  department  was  created  April  1, 1977,  by  transferring  law  enforcement 
and  pubHc  safety  agencies  from  the  Department  of  Military  and  Veterans 
Affairs,  the  Department  of  Transportation,  the  Department  of  Commerce  and 
the  Department  of  Natural  Resources  and  Community  Development. 

The  duties  of  the  department  are  to  provide  law  enforcement  and  emergency 
services  to  protect  against  crime  and  against  natural  and  manmade  disasters, 
to  serve  as  the  state's  chief  coordinating  agency  to  control  crime  and  protect 
the  pubhc,  to  assist  local  law  enforcement  and  public  safety  agencies  and  to 
work  for  a  more  effective  and  efficient  criminal  justice  system.  In  addition,  the 
department  coordinates  state  response  to  any  emergency  when  that  emergency 
requires  the  response  of  more  than  one  sub-unit  of  state  government.  In  1980, 
the  department  was  given  the  authority  to  direct  the  allocation  of  any  or  all 
available  state  resources  from  any  state  agency  to  respond  to  an  emergency. 

The  department  is  made  up  of  the  Office  of  the  Secretary;  two  commissions, 
the  Governor's  Crime  Commission,  the  Governor's  Advisory  Commission  on 
Military  Affairs;  and  nine  divisions:  Alcohol  Law  Enforcement,  Butner  Public  j 
Safety,  Civil  Air  Patrol,  Crime  Prevention,  Emergency  Management,  Cover-  j 
nor's  Crime  Commission,  N.C.  National  Guard,  State  Highway  Patrol  and  ( 
Victim  and  Justice  Services. 

Alcohol  Law  Enforcement  Division  I 

As  a  result  of  legislation  in  1977,  the  Enforcement  Division  of  the  State  | 
Board  of  Alcoholic  Beverage  Control  was  transferred  from  the  Department  of  | 
Commerce  to  the  newly  formed  Department  of  Crime  Control  and  Public  i 
Safety.  The  primary  responsibihty  of  the  Alcohol  Law  Enforcement  Division  is  | 
to  enforce  the  AlcohoHc  Beverage  Control  laws  of  the  state. 

Agents  provide  licensed  outlets  with  the  latest  information  on  ABC  laws  and 
regulations,  inspect  premises  and  examine  books  and  records.  They  prepare 
criminal  and  regulatory  cases,  present  evidence  in  court  and  administrative  I 
hearings,  conduct  permit  applicant  investigations,  execute  ABC  Commission  j 
orders,  and  conduct  undercover  investigations.  Agents  are  sworn  peace  j 
officers  and  have  the  authority  to  arrest  and  take  other  investigatory  and  j 
enforcement  actions  for  any  criminal  offense.  j 

Public  education  is  also  an  important  part  of  the  job  of  an  Alcoholic  Law 
Enforcement  agent.  Agents  routinely  conduct  seminars  regarding  the  irrespon- ! 
sible  service  of  alcohol,  present  classes  to  youth  groups  and  civic  organizations,  ' 
and  teach  ABC  laws  at  local  and  state  law  enforcement  schools. 

New  agents  are  trained  during  a  20-week  ALE  Basic  School  which  was  j 
designed  and  certified  specifically  for  ALE  agents.  This  training  includes  j 
physical  conditioning  and  defensive  tactics,  instruction  in  constitutional  and  j 


The  Executive  Branch  579 

criminal  laws,  court  procedures,  search  and  seizure,  criminal  investigation, 
alcoholic  beverage  control  laws,  firearms  and  vehicle  operations. 

The  division  is  commanded  by  a  director,  headquarters'  staff,  field  super- 
visors and  their  assistants.  For  administrative  purposes,  the  field  organization 
is  divided  into  twelve  districts,  each  with  a  headquarters'  office  readily 
accessible  to  the  public. 

Butner  Public  Safety  Division 

The  Butner  Public  Safety  Division  traces  its  roots  back  to  the  Camp  Butner 
Fire  Department  set  up  in  1942  when  Camp  Butner  was  established  as  a  U.S. 
Army  Training  Camp.  In  1947,  John  Umstead,  brother  of  Governor  William  B. 
Umstead,  led  a  move  in  the  General  Assembly  to  build  a  new  facility  for  the 
mentally  ill,  and  Camp  Butner  was  purchased  from  the  government  for  $1  as 
the  site  for  this  complex. 

The  Camp  Butner  Fire  Department  became  part  of  the  John  Umstead 
Hospital  in  the  Department  of  Human  Resources.  The  staff  consisted  of  18 
men.  As  the  Butner  complex  and  the  community  grew,  the  staff  was  trained  as 
firefighters  and  policemen;  and  the  department  became  known  as  the  Public 
Safety  Department.  The  department  was  transferred  to  the  Department  of 
Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety  in  1981,  and  its  name  was  changed  to  the 
Butner  Public  Safety  Division. 

Butner  Public  Safety  Officers  provide  police  and  fire  protection  for  the  state 
hospitals  at  Butner;  other  state  facilities  there,  including  the  4,600-acre 
National  Guard  Training  Range;  the  Butner  Federal  Correctional  Facility  and 
the  residential,  business  and  industrial  community  of  Butner.  In  keeping  with 
the  growth  and  development  of  the  town  of  Butner,  facilities  for  the  Butner 
Public  Safety  Division  were  expanded.  On  January  29,  1985,  the  new  15.000- 
square-foot  Butner  Public  Safety  Division  was  dedicated  by  Governor  Martin. 

The  division  is  commanded  by  a  public  safety  director,  chief  of  fire  services 
and  chief  of  police  services.  The  four  platoons  are  commanded  by  captains, 
with  master  fire  officers  and  master  police  officers  as  support  staff.  Including 
the  investigative,  support,  communications  and  logistics  sections,  Butner's 
total  force  is  44. 

The  duties  of  these  officers  are  unique.  One  hour,  they  may  be  called  on  to 
fight  a  raging  fire;  and  the  next  hour,  these  same  officers  may  be  called  on  to 
capture  a  bank  robber. 

Civil  Air  Patrol  Division 

The  Civil  Air  Patrol  (CAP)  was  estabHshed  nationally  on  December  1,  1941 
as  an  auxiliary  of  the  United  States  Army  Air  Corps.  It  was  a  part  of  the  Civil 
Defense  structure  and  shortly  thereafter  became  involved  in  the  war  effort.  In 
1948,  Congress  made  the  Civil  Air  Patrol  an  official  auxiliary  of  the  United 
States  Air  Force. 

The  North  Carolina  Wing  of  the  Civil  Patrol  became  a  state  agency  in  1953, 
and  it  was  transferred  to  the  Department  of  Military  and  Veterans  Affairs  in 
1971.  In  1977,  it  was  transferred  from  the  Department  of  Military  and  Veterans 
Affairs  to  the  newly  formed  Department  of  Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety. 


580  North  Carolina  Manual 

There  are  39  squadrons  in  the  North  CaroHna  Wing.  Although  the  Wing  is 
partially  funded  by  the  state,  the  department  has  no  operational  control  over  it. 
Many  members  operate  their  own  airplanes  and  fly  at  their  own  expense; 
however,  membership  dues,  donations,  grants,  estates,  state  funds  and  Air 
Force  reimbursements  account  for  a  large  portion  of  the  Wing's  budget. 

The  Civil  Air  Patrol  fulfills  three  primary  functions:  emergency  services, 
aerospace  education  and  training,  and  a  cadet  training  program. 

Emergency  Services 

Emergency  Services  is  a  function  with  which  the  Civil  Air  Patrol  is  most 
involved.  It  entails  air  search  and  rescue  and  local  disaster  relief.  The  Civil  Air 
Patrol  is  an  integral  part  of  state  disaster  relief.  The  Civil  Air  Patrol  is  an 
integral  part  of  state  disaster  emergency  preparedness  plans,  providing  fixed, 
mobile  or  airborne  communications  during  emergencies. 

Aerospace  Education  and  Training 

Aerospace  Education  and  Training  is  designed  to  inform  the  public  about 
aerospace  activities,  the  CAP  supports  aerospace  education  workshops  for 
teachers  at  colleges  and  universities  throughout  the  United  States.  These 
programs  prepare  teachers  to  teach  aerospace  education  courses  in  their 
schools  or  to  use  the  information  to  enrich  traditional  classroom  subjects. 
Scholarships  are  awarded  to  deserving  cadets  and  senior  members  for  study  in 
engineering,  the  humanities,  education,  science  and  other  fields  related  to 
aerospace. 

Cadet  Training  Program 

The  Cadet  Training  Program  provides  young  people,  ages  13  through  18, 
with  opportunities  for  leadership  and  education.  The  program  teaches  the 
cadets  aviation,  search  and  rescue,  individual  and  group  discipline  and 
personal  development,  giving  them  the  opportunity  to  serve  themselves  and 
their  communities,  state,  nation  and  all  humanity  to  the  fullest  extent  of  their 
capabilities. 

Crime  Prevention  Division 

In  1979,  the  Crime  Prevention  Division  was  created  to  motivate  citizens  in 
every  home  and  community  to  join  actively  in  the  fight  against  crime.  Staff 
and  funding  were  drawn  from  the  Governor's  Crime  Commission  Division  and 
from  other  division  of  the  department.  It  was  an  exciting  attempt  to  deal  with 
one  of  the  oldest  problems  of  society. 

The  Crime  Prevention  Division's  mission  is  to  assist  local  law  enforcement 
agencies  and  other  groups  to  get  citizens  involved  in  crime  prevention 
activities.  These  activities  are  designed  to  reduce  not  only  the  incidence  of 
crime,  but  also  the  fear  of  crime.  Staff  members  keep  track  of  changing  crime 
trends  and  stay  abreast  of  the  latest  state  and  national  crime  prevention 
programs. 

Crime  Prevention  programs  promoted  or  coordinated  by  the  division  include: 
Think  Smart,  Youth  Awards  Programs,  Athletes  Against  Crime,  Public 
Housing,  Community  Watch,  Ham  Watch,  Crime  Stoppers,  Crimes  Against 


The  Executive  Branch  581 

Business,  Crimes  Against  Older  Adults,  Crimes  Against  Women,  Domestic 
Violence,  Crimes  Against  Children  and  Child  Safety.  The  division  provides 
technical  assistance  and  develops  crime  prevention  awareness  materials  free 
of  charge  to  citizens,  local  law  enforcement  agencies  and  other  groups. 

Emergency  Management  Division 

The  evolution  of  emergency  management  in  North  Carolina  began  with  the 
creation  of  the  Emergency  Management  Act  of  1977.  Prior  to  that,  the  division 
went  through  two  transition:  from  Civil  Defense  to  Civil  Preparedness.  Both 
Civil  Defense  and  Civil  Preparedness  focused  primarily  on  war-related 
disasters,  but  also  supported  local  law  enforcement  and  fire  departments  in  the 
event  of  a  major  catastrophe.  With  the  increased  exposure  of  people  and 
property  to  extremely  high-risk  situations  due  to  our  technological  advance- 
ment, the  need  for  a  central  coordinating  agency  to  preserve  and  protect  the 
citizens  of  North  Carolina  from  all  types  of  disasters,  natural  and  manmade, 
soon  became  apparent. 

The  State  Civil  Defense  Agency  was  transferred  to  the  Department  of 
Military  and  Veterans  Affairs  in  1971,  and  transferred  again  in  1977  to  the 
newly  formed  Department  of  Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety  where  it  was 
named  the  Division  of  Emergency  Management.  Under  the  direction  of  the 
Department  of  Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety,  Emergency  Management 
coordinates  response  and  relief  activities  in  the  event  of  a  major  emergency  or 
disaster  using  a  four-phase  approach  to  emergency  situations:  preparedness, 
response,  recovery,  and  mitigation. 

The  division's  major  emergency  response  functions  are  carried  out  by  the 
State  Emergency  Response  Team  (SERT).  The  SERT  is  composed  of  top-level 
management  representatives  from  each  state  agency  involved  in  response 
activities.  During  an  emergency,  the  Secretary  of  Crime  Control  and  Public 
Safety  is  the  Governor's  authorized  representative  to  call  and  direct  any  state 
agency  to  respond  to  the  emergency.  The  SERT  directs  on-site  response 
activities  when  two  or  more  state  agencies  are  involved  and  will,  upon  request, 
direct  the  total  response  including  local,  state,  federal  and  private  resources. 
By  providing  support  to  local  governments  through  response  efforts,  planning 
and  training,  the  Division  of  Emergency  Management  carries  out  its  theme  of 
cooperation,  coordination,  and  unity. 

Governor's  Crime  Commission 

The  Governor's  Crime  Commission  embodies  the  former  Law  and  Order 
Committee  created  in  1968  in  the  Department  of  Natural  and  Economic 
Resources.  The  Law  and  Order  Committee  was  transferred  to  the  newly  formed 
Department  of  Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety  in  1977.  The  Governor's  Crime 
Commission  serves  by  statute  as  the  chief  advisory  board  to  the  Governor  and 
the  Secretary  of  Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety  on  crime  and  justice  issues 
and  policies. 

The  40-member  commission  has  representatives  from  all  parts  of  the 
criminal  justice  system,  local  government,  the  legislature  and  other  citizens. 
The  commission  is  supported  by  a  state  staff  in  the  Governor's  Crime 
Commission  Division.  The  commission  has  been  a  unique  forum  for  criminal 


r)H2  NoR'iii  Okoijna  Manual 

justice  in  North  (Carolina.  Throuf^hout  its  history,  the  Governor's  Crime 
('ommission  has  served  in  a  leadership  roh'  in  eriminal  justice  planning,  issue 
analysis,  {)rogram  (Jevelopment  and  coordination.  The  Crime  Commission  has 
heen  a  force  h(!hind  many  succ;essful  statewide  programs  such  as  driving  while 
impaired  l(;gislation,  c:ommunity  service  restitution,  crime  prevention  and 
community  watch,  rape  victim  assistance,  victim  compensation  and  sentencing 
reform. 

The  commission  currently  oversees  four  federal  grant  programs  for  the  state, 
'i'hese  programs  include  the  Juvenile  Justice  and  Delinquency  Prevention 
Program,  the  Justice  Assistance  Program,  the  Victim  of  Crime  Act  Program 
and  the  Drug  p]nforcement  Program.  The  programs  hring  approximately  $7.5 
million  in  federal  dollars  to  North  Carolina  for  criminal  justice  improvement 
programs. 

Governor's  Crime  Commission  Division 

I'he  Governor's  Crime  Commission  Division  serves  as  staff  to  the  40-memher 
Governor's  Crime  Commission.  The  staff  is  responsible  for  researching  the 
issues  under  review  by  the  commission  and  writing  the  resulting  reports  to  the 
Governor.  The  staff  also  administers  four  federal  grant  programs  for  the  state. 

Highway  Patrol  Division 

In  1929,  theGeneral  Assembly  of  North  Carolina  created  the  State  Highway 
Patrol.  Chapter  218  of  the  Public  Laws  of  1929  provides:  "That  the  State 
Highway  Commission  of  North  Carolina  is  hereby  authorized  and  directed  to 
create  under  its  control  and  supervision  a  division  of  the  State  Highway  Patrol, 
consisting  of  one  Captain  with  headquarters  in  the  State  Highway  Building  at 
Raleigh,  and  one  Lieutenant  and  three  patrolmen  in  each  of  the  nine  State 
Highway  Division  Districts  of  the  State."  The  Highway  Patrol  was  given 
statutory  responsibility  to  patrol  the  highways  of  the  state,  enforce  the  motor 
vehicle  laws  and  assist  the  motoring  public. 

The  commission  appointed  a  captain  as  commanding  officer  of  the  State 
Highway  Patrol  and  nine  lieutenants.  These  ten  men  were  sent  to  Harrisburg, 
Pennsylvania,  to  attend  a  two-week  training  school  for  state  police.  The 
captain  and  the  nine  lieutenants  returned  to  North  Carolina  and  made  plans 
for  recruiting  the  27  patrolmen,  three  for  each  of  the  nine  highway  districts  in 
the  state. 

The  year  1929  was  the  first  time  in  North  Carolina  history  that  all  members 
of  a  law  enforcement  unit  were  required  to  go  through  a  training  school  to  study 
the  laws  they  would  be  called  on  to  enforce.  Of  the  original  400  applicants  who 
applied  for  admission,  only  f)7  were  ordered  to  report  to  Camp  Glenn,  an 
abandoned  army  encampment  near  Morehead  City.  The  school  ran  for  six 
weeks,  and  the  names  of  the  27  men  with  thehighestrecords  were  posted  on  the 
bulletin  board  as  the  first  State  Highway  Patrolmen.  Others  who  had  come 
through  the  training  course  with  credit  were  put  on  a  reserve  list  to  be  called 
into  service  as  openings  occurred.  The  Chairman  of  the  State  Highway 
Commission  came  to  Camp  Glenn,  inspected  the  men  of  the  Patrol,  liked  what 
he  saw,  and  told  them  something  they  never  forgot,  "On  your  shoulders  rests 
the  responsibility  for  the  success  or  failure  of  the  State  Highway  Patrol." 


The  Executive  Branch  583 

On  July  1 ,  1929, 37  members  of  the  Patrol  took  the  oaths  of  office  in  the  hall  of 
the  House  of  Representatives  in  the  Capitol,  and  the  example  of  these  men  is  an 
inspiring  legacy  to  the  men  and  women  of  the  State  Highway  Patrol  today. 
P>om  this  original  authorized  strength  of  37,  the  State  Highway  Patrol's 
membership  has  increased,  reflecting  growth  in  population,  interstate  and 
state  highways,  registered  vehicles  and  licensed  drivers;  however,  there  is  still 
a  shortage  in  what  is  really  needed  to  combat  the  growing  problems  facing  the 
patrol. 

Throughout  its  long  history,  the  State  Highway  Patrol  has  had  many  homes. 
In  1933,  the  State  Highway  Patrol  was  transferred  from  the  State  Highway 
Commission  to  the  State  Revenue  Department.  On  July  1,  1941,  the  General 
Assembly  created  the  Department  of  Motor  Vehicles,  and  the  State  Highway 
Patrol  was  transferred  from  the  State  Revenue  Department  to  the  Department 
of  Motor  Vehicles.  The  Patrol  was  transferred  from  the  Department  of  Motor 
Vehicles  in  1973  to  the  Department  of  Transportation.  Then,  in  1977,  the  Patrol 
was  transferred  from  the  Department  of  Transportation  to  the  newly  formed 
Department  of  Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety. 

As  the  primary  traffic  law  enforcement  agency  in  North  Carolina,  the  chief 
responsibility  of  the  State  Highway  Patrol  is  safeguarding  life  and  property  on 
the  state's  highways.  The  duties  and  responsibilities  of  the  Patrol  are  governed 
by  the  General  Statutes  and  consist  of  regularly  patrolling  the  highways  and 
enforcing  all  laws  and  regulations  pertaining  to  travel  and  use  of  vehicles  upon 
the  highways. 

Additional  duties  may  be  assigned  by  the  Governor  and  the  Secretary  of 
Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety,  such  as  providing  manpower  and  support  for 
civil  disturbances,  nuclear  accidents,  chemical  spills  and  natural  disasters. 
The  Patrol  also  handles  security  for  the  Governor  and  his  family. 

The  year  1977  also  brought  a  change  in  location  and  facilities  for  the  Patrol's 
training  schools.  Camp  Glenn  was  the  site  for  training  the  first  class  of 
Highway  Patrol  recruits,  but  there  was  not  a  permanent  training  site  until 
1946,  when  classes  were  held  to  the  Institute  of  Government  at  the  University 
of  North  Carolina  in  Chapel  Hill.  However,  when  the  Patrol  outgrew  that  site, 
several  locations  throughout  the  state  were  considered  as  possible  training 
sites,  and  the  Governor  Morehead  School  for  the  Blind  located  at  3318  Garner 
road  in  Raleigh  was  selected.  Today,  the  training  center  is  a  modern  facility 
that  provides  the  perfect  atmosphere  for  training.  The  Patrol  is  very  proud  of 
this  facility  and  its  training  program  which  is  essential  to  a  modern  law 
enforcement  agency. 

In  fall  of  1982,  the  Highway  Patrol  State  Auxiliary,  an  organization  of  Patrol 
wives  and  widows,  decided  to  place  a  monument  at  the  training  center  in 
memory  of  the  troopers  killed  in  the  line  of  duty,  and  after  a  fund-raising 
campaign  to  pay  for  its  construction,  on  May  18,  1986,  Governor  James  G. 
Martin  accepted  the  memorial  on  behalf  of  the  state  during  dedication 
ceremonies.  The  moving  inscription  on  the  monument  was  written  by  Latish 
Williams,  an  employee  of  the  Patrol  Headquarters  staff,  and  it  reflects  the 
dedication  and  devotion  to  duty  of  all  the  men  and  women  of  the  State 
Highway  Patrol. 


584  North  Carolina  Manual 

In  memory  of  those  who  lost  their  Hves  in  the  hne  of  duty,  we  hope  you 
see  their  faces  and  hearts  in  this  stone  of  beauty.  In  dedication  and  honor 
to  those  who  die  through  the  years,  we  stand  before  this  memorial  and 
hold  back  the  tears.  Over  the  years,  we  lost  brave  troopers  who  were  our 
comrades  and  friends.  We  dedicate  this  monument  in  their  honor 
knowing  that  when  one  dies,  life  begins. 

Governor's  Advisory  Commission  on  Military  Affairs 

Executive  Order  Number  11  created  the  Governor's  Advisory  Commission 
on  Military  Affairs  on  June  28,  1985.  Members  are  appointed  by  the  Governor 
and  consist  of  commanders  of  the  five  major  military  installations  in  North 
Carolina,  state  and  local  government  officials  and  citizens  who  have  an 
interest  in  or  relationship  to  the  military  community.  The  commission  meets 
regularly  at  the  call  of  the  Chairman  or  the  Secretary  of  the  Department  of 
Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety.  Department  employees  serve  as  staff  to  the 
commission  and  provide  administrative  support,  draft  legislation  and  coordi- 
nate meetings. 

The  commission  provides  a  forum  for  the  discussion  of  issues  concerning 
major  military  installations  in  the  state  and  active  and  retired  military 
personnel  and  their  families.  The  commission  collects  and  studies  information 
related  to  supporting  and  strengthening  the  military  presence  in  the  state. 
Commission  members  recommend  and  review  proposed  military  affairs 
legislation,  and  advise  the  Governor  on  measures  and  activities  that  would 
support  and  enhance  defense  installations  and  military  families  within  the 
state. 

The  commission  promotes  the  involvement  of  the  state's  industries  in  the 
state  military  procurement  system,  and  encourages  potential  employers  to 
recruit  soon-to-retire  soldiers  whose  military  skills  would  be  useful  in  the 
private  sector.  Another  mission  of  the  commission  is  to  enhance  the  state's 
attractiveness  as  a  home  for  retiring  service  personnel  by  proving  an  easy 
channel  of  communication  between  the  military  and  state  government.  The 
commission  has  provided  the  unforeseen  benefit  of  serving  as  the  only  meeting 
ground  for  the  commanders  of  the  major  military  installation  in  the  state  to 
discuss  ideas  and  problems. 

National  Guard  Division  j 

Since  the  Colonial  era  of  this  nation's  history,  there  have  been  citizen- 
soldiers  who  worked  at  their  trades,  jobs,  farms,  professions  and  other 
livelihoods,  who  were  also  members  of  organized  militia  units.  When  needed, 
these  citizen-soldiers  assisted  in  the  defense  of  life,  property  and  their 
community.  The  North  Carolina  National  Guard  has  its  roots  in  this  tradition. 

The  National  Guard  today  is  the  organized  militia  of  the  state,  and  the  i 
Governor  is  the  commander-in-chief.  The  National  Guard  is  also  a  part  of  the 
Armed  Forces'  reserve  force  structure  with  the  President  as  commander-in-  j 
chief,  which  gives  the  Guard  a  federal  as  well  as  a  state  mission.  j 

As  the  State  Militia,  the  Guard  has  a  long  history  of  proud  service  to  the  j 
people  fo  the  state.  On  numerous  occasions,  the  Guard  has  provided  assistance  ' 
to  state  and  local  authorities  when  natural  disasters  such  as  hurricanes,  I 


The  Executive  Branch  585 

floods,  fires  and  tornadoes  occurred  and  for  civil  disturbances  and  other  law 
enforcement  needs  requiring  additional  trained  and  capable  manpower  to 
supplement  state  and  local  resources.  As  a  part  of  the  reserve  forces  of  the 
United  States  Armed  Forces,  the  Guard  has  been  called  or  ordered  to  active 
federal  service  to  defend  the  nation.  Early  militia  or  modern  Guard  units  have 
responded  to  this  need  since  the  Revolutionary  War. 

In  1806,  following  the  War  for  American  Independence,  under  the  authority 
of  the  Militia  Acts  of  1792  and  1795  passed  by  Congress,  the  Legislature  passed 
a  law  establishing  the  Adjutant  General's  Department,  the  militia  then  began 
to  become  better  organized  and  trained. 

For  many  years  the  State  Guard,  as  it  was  then  know,  had  no  federal 
recognition;  and  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish-American  War  in  1898,  it  was 
discovered  that  the  President  of  the  United  States  had  no  authority  to  order  the 
Guard  into  federal  service.  Under  the  Acts  of  Congress  of  June  3,  1916,  a 
definite  place  in  the  National  Defense  was  created  for  the  Guard;  and  the  State 
Guard  became  the  National  Guard. 

Since  this  change  in  the  federal  laws,  the  National  Guard  has  become  an 
integral  part  of  the  country's  first  line  of  defense.  With  the  backing  of  the 
federal  government  and  laws  passed  by  the  respective  states  based  upon  the 
National  Defense  Acts,  the  National  Guard  has  continuously,  through  its 
training,  developed  a  high  standard  of  efficiency.  Today  it  is  recognized  as  an 
important  part  of  the  Army  of  the  United  States. 

In  1947,  the  Army  Air  Corps  was  designated  the  United  States  Air  Force  nd 
became  a  separate  component  of  the  armed  services.  At  the  same  time,t  he 
National  Guard  of  the  United  States  was  divided  into  the  army  National 
Guard  and  the  Air  National  Guard. 

The  Department  of  Defense  continues  to  expand  the  role  of  the  Guard  in  the 
national  defense  plan  and  to  develop  a  "One  Army"  concept  of  active  and 
reserve  forces.  Today  the  North  Carolina  Army  and  Air  Guard  consists  of  more 
than  14,000  soldiers  and  airmen.  It  is  a  modern,  well-trained  force  which 
continues  to  distinguish  itself  in  peacetime  and  to  fulfill  both  its  federal  and 
state  missions. 

Guard  troops  are  equipped  with  some  of  the  most  modern  military  equipment: 
the  Ml  Abrams  Tank,  the  M2  Bradley  Infantry  Fighting  Vehicle,  the  M60-A3 
Main  Battle  Tank,  the  AH  60  Black  Hawk  Helicopter  and  the  AH  64A  Apache 
Attack  Helicopter. 

The  North  Carolina  Army  National  Guard  continues  the  tradition  begun  in 
Colonial  times.  Many  units  today  have  lineages  going  back  100  years  or  more. 
Not  only  is  the  Guard  an  important  source  of  pride  and  community  involve- 
ment, but  it  stands  ready  to  protect  and  serve  its  citizens. 

Victim  and  Justice  Services  Division 

The  Victim  and  Justice  Services  Division  formerly  was  a  section  of  the 
Governor's  Crime  Commission  Division.  The  community  services  alternative 
punishment  programs  for  persons  sentenced  under  the  Safe  Roads  Act  became 
the  responsibility  of  the  Department  of  Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety  in 
1983,  and  the  department  saw  the  need  to  create  a  new  division  to  administer 
these  programs.  This  new  division  was  called  the  Victim  and  Justice  Services 


586  North  Carolina  Manual 

Division.  Staff  and  funding  for  the  division  were  drawn  from  the  Governor's 
Crime  Commission  Division  and  other  divisions  of  the  department. 

Through  field  offices  located  in  each  of  the  state's  34  judicial  districts,  the 
Community  Service  Work  Program  places  and  supervises  convicted  offenders 
who  have  been  ordered  by  the  court  to  make  restitution  in  the  form  of  free  labor 
to  charitable  organizations  and  government  agencies. 

During  its  first  three  years  of  operation,  the  Community  Service  Work 
Program  admitted  91,631  clients  who  gave  the  state  of  North  Carolina 
2,645,745  hours  of  free  labor  with  an  estimated  monetary  value  of  $8,863,245. 
Not  only  does  the  state  benefit  from  this  free  labor  by  offenders,  it  had  collected 
more  than  $4,225,904  in  fees  which  go  to  the  General  Fund  for  schools  and 
other  vital  services.  The  combined  total  of  services  and  money  to  the  state 
exceeds  $15  million. 

In  addition  to  being  an  efficient  and  cost-effective  punishment  alternative, 
other  programs  have  evolved  from  the  Community  Service  Work  Program. 
These  programs  are  administered  in  whole  or  in  part  by  the  division:  Deferred 
Prosecution,  Community  Service  Parole  and  Community  Penalties. 

The  division  also  operates  programs  that  provide  direct  services  to  victims 
and  to  justice  system  agencies,  such  as  the  North  Carolina  Center  for  Missing 
Persons.  The  Center,  formerly  the  North  Carolina  Center  for  Missing  Children 
and  Child  Victimization,  was  established  in  1984  as  the  state  clearinghouse  for 
information  about  missing  persons.  Trained  staff  members  provide  technical 
assistance  and  training  to  citizens,  law  enforcement  officials,  school  personnel 
and  human  services  professionals.  The  Center's  staff  gives  assistance  and 
support  to  both  the  families  of  missing  persons  and  to  the  law  enforcement 
officials  investigating  missing  person  cases.  Staff  members  also  participate  in 
emergency  operations  and  searches  for  persons  who  are  missing  and 
endangered. 

The  Rape  Victim  Assistance  Program  provides  financial  assistance  to 
victims  of  sex  offenses  by  reimbursing  the  cost  of  emergency  medical 
treatment  and  evidence  collection.  This  program  has  served  more  than  3,500 
victims  since  its  inception  in  1981. 

Division  staff  members  also  conduct  workshops  for  law  enforcement  officers 
on  managing  occupational  stress,  using  the  services  of  a  licensed  psychologist 
to  counsel  police  officers. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Governor's  Crime  Commission  (G.S.  143B-478-480) 

Juvenile  Justice  Committee  (G.S.  143B-480) 

Military  Affairs,  Governor's  Advisory  Commission  on 


The  Executive  Branch 


587 


Joseph  Wayne  Dean 

Secretary  of  Crime  Control  and 
Public  Safety 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Nashville, 
Tennessee,  October  19,  1944,  to 
Joseph  Mavon  and  Ann  Bell  (Stin- 
son)  Dean. 

Education:  Hamlet  High  School, 
1962;  The  Citadel,  1966,  B.A.;  School 
of  Law,  Wake  Forest  University, 
1969,  J.D. 

Professional    Background    : 

Attorney  (Firm  of  Dean  and  Dean, 
1977-85);  Assistant  to  U.S.  Attorney, 
1971-77. 

Organizations:  Association  of 
Citadel  Men;  NC  Bar  Association, 
NC  State  Bar;  NC  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  International  Association  of 
Chiefs  of  Police. 

Boards  and  Commissions:  NC  Drug  Cabinet;  Governor's  Crime  Commis- 
sion; Eastern  District  Law  Enforcement  Coordinating  Committee;  Governor's 
Commission  for  the  Family;  the  NC  Fund  for  Children  and  Families  Commis- 
sion; NC  Victims  Compensation  Commission;  the  Governor's  Advisory 
Commission  on  Military  Affairs;  the  State  Emergency  Response  Commis- 
sion. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army,  1969-71;  (Captain);  Bronze  Star  with 
V;  Vietnam  Cross  of  Gallantry;  Combat  Infantry  Badge. 

Political  Activities:  Secretary,  Department  of  Crime  Control  and  Public 
Safety,  1985-;  Legal  Counsel,  Wake  County  Republican  Party. 

Honors:  Assistant  US  Attorney  Award,  1974;  Special  Commendation  for 
US  Attorney  General,  1976;  Who's  Who  in  American  Law  (all  editions); 
Babock  Scholar,  School  of  Law,  Wake  Forest  Univeristy;  Crime  Prevention 
Officers  of  NC  President's  Award;  NC  Criminal  Justice  Association  Outstand- 
ing Criminal  Justice  Professional  Background  Award;  NC  Emergency 
Management  Association's  James  F.  Buffaloe  Award. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Christ  Episcopal  Church,  Raleigh. 

Family:  Married,  Christine  Witcover  of  Fayetteville,  May  22,  1977.  Chil- 
dren: Joseph  Jefferson  and  Katherine  Briggs. 


588  North  Carolina  Manual 

SECRETARIES 

DEPARTMENT  OF  CRIME  CONTROL 

AND  PUBLIC  SAFETY' 

Name  Residence  Term 

J.  Phillip  Carlton '  Wake  1977-1978 

Herbert  L.  Hyde'  Buncombe  1979 

Burley  B.  Mitchell'  Wake  1979-1982 

Heman  R.  Clark-  Cumberland  1982-1985 

Joseph  W.  Dean'^ Wake  1985- 


'The  General  Assembly  i>l  1977  abolished  the  Department  of  Military  and  Veterans'  affairs  and 
created  the  Department  of  ("rime  Control  and  Public  Safety. 

-Carlton  was  appointed  on  April  I,  1977,  by  Governor  Hunt.  He  resigned  effective  January  1,  1979, 
following  his  appointment  to  the  N.C.  Court  of  Appeals. 

'Hyde  was  appointed  on  January  2,  1979,  by  Governor  Hunt  to  replace  Carlton. 

'Mitchell  was  appointed  on  August  21,  1979,  to  replace  Hyde.  He  resigned  in  early  1982  following  his 
appointment  to  the  N.C.  Supreme  C^ourt. 

'CLark  was  appointed  in  February  2,  19H2,  by  Governor  Hunt  to  replace  Mitchell. 

'Dean  was  appointed  January  7,  UtKf)  by  Governor  Martin. 


The  Executive  Branch  589 


DEPARTMENT  OF  CULTURAL  RESOURCES 

The  North  CaroUna  Department  of  Cultural  Resources  was  the  first  cabinet- 
level  cultural  affairs  department  to  be  established  in  any  of  the  United  States. 
The  department  was  created  under  the  State  Government  Reorganization  Act 
of  1971  as  the  Department  of  Art,  Culture  and  History.  The  name  was  changed 
a  few  years  later. 

The  purpose  of  the  department  is  to  enhance  the  cultural  life  of  the  citizens  of 
North  Carolina  and  to  provide  access  to  excellence  in  the  arts,  historical 
resources  and  libraries.  The  department  interprets  "culture"  as  an  inclusive 
term  for  the  many  ways  people  have  of  understanding  their  history,  values  and 
natural  creativity.  The  functions  of  the  Department  of  Cultural  Resources  are 
all  concerned  with  exploration  and  interpretation  of  our  culture  and  ways  in 
which  its  products  can  be  made  increasingly  available  to  the  public.  The 
department  assists  in  the  preservation,  protection  and  continuation  of  our 
heritage  for  future  generations  through  an  emphasize  on  the  richness  of  our 
traditions  and  our  history. 

The  department  has  three  divisions:  Archives  and  History,  the  Arts  Council 
and  the  State  Library.  In  addition,  the  Office  of  the  Secretary  administers  a 
number  of  special  programs.  In  addition,  there  are  numerous  boards  and 
commissions  with  responsibilities  associated  with  the  department.  The  North 
Carolina  Symphony  and  the  North  Carolina  Museum  of  Art  are  semi- 
autonomous  agencies  of  the  department. 

Division  of  Archives  and  History 

The  Department  (now  Division)  of  Archives  and  History  was  created  in  1903 
to  chart  our  state's  history  and  preserve  its  records  and  historic  places  for 
posterity.  From  its  inception  it  has  been  in  the  forefront  of  state  historical 
activity.  Within  the  division  are  many  diverse  sections:  the  Museum  of  History, 
Archives  and  Records,  Historical  Publications,  Historic  Sites,  Archaeology 
and  Historic  Preservation,  and  the  Tryon  Palace. 

Museum  of  History 

While  the  culture  of  North  Carolina  is  found  in  every  community,  the  state 
administers  a  number  of  museums  and  sites  so  that  visitors  might  enjoy  a 
concentration  of  art  or  history  in  one  visit  to  any  of  them.  These  museums  and 
sites  are  not  just  for  those  who  are  knowledgeable  about  history  or  who  have  a 
particular,  or  professional  interest  in  the  many  forms  of  art.  Instead  they  have 
been  designed  to  excite  the  interest  of  any  child  or  adult  and  to  stimulate  the 
historical  and  creative  perspective  in  us  all. 

The  North  Carolina  Museum  of  History,  since  its  founding  in  1902,  has  been 
the  state  agency  most  involved  in  the  collection  and  preservation  of  objects 
significant  to  the  history  of  North  Carolina.  The  museum  collection,  currently 
containing  over  350,000  items  (of  which  only  10%  are  presently  displayed), 
reflects  the  political,  economic,  and  social  history  of  our  state.  The  comprehen- 
sive collection  is  used  by  the  central  museum  and  its  two  branches,  twenty- 
three  State  Historic  Sites,  the  Executive  Mansion,  and  the  Capitol.  The 


590  North  Carolina  Manual 

museum  also  loans  items  from  its  collection  to  other  nonstate  historical 
museums  throughout  the  state  which  meets  standards  of  security  and  interpre- 
tive usage  as  established  by  the  museum. 

The  collection  is  particularly  strong  in  the  areas  of  North  Carolina  currency 
and  gold  coins,  dolls,  Civil  War  uniforms,  flags,  North  Carolina  silver,  and 
North  Carolina  crafts.  The  museum  holds  one  of  the  outstanding  collections  of 
Confederate  uniforms  in  the  nation  in  addition  to  a  collection  of  costumes  (over 
6,000)  ranging  from  1775-1980.  Its  collection  of  historic  flags  (350)  range  from 
the  Revolutionary  War  (the  Guilford  Battle  flag)  to  flags  from  the  Vietnamese 
War.  The  museum  has  the  largest  known  collection  of  Bechtler  gold  coins  (154). 
The  Bechtlers  operated  a  private  mint  in  North  Carolina  from  1831  to  1846 
during  the  North  Carolina  gold  rush.  The  Museum  of  History's  collections  are 
used  in  an  average  of  twelve  special  exhibitions  annually  which  are  visited  by 
over  170,000  school  children  and  adults. 

Despite  its  space  constraints,  the  Museum  of  History  has  mounted  several 
important  and  critically  acclaimed  exhibitions  in  the  past  years.  Enriching 
and  complementing  the  exhibition  program  are  lectures,  movies,  touch  talks, 
demonstrations,  and  a  186-chapter  Tar  Heel  Junior  Historian  Program  in  the 
schools. 

The  North  Carolina  Museum  of  History  has  an  expanded  mission  to  reach 
out  to  citizens  throughout  the  state.  In  the  1940's,  the  museum  began  three 
extension  services  still  active  today:  the  Tar  Heel  Junior  Historian  Association 
which  promotes  the  study  of  state  and  local  history  in  the  public  schools;  the 
Mobile  Museum  of  History,  today  a  tractor-trailer  unit  which  travels  the  state 
with  a  variety  of  exhibitions;  and  an  extensive  series  of  slide  programs  on 
various  aspects  of  North  Carolina  history  which  can  be  borrowed  by  schools 
and  clubs  without  charge. 

In  1982,  the  museum  in  conjunction  with  its  support  group,  the  North 
Carolina  Museum  of  History  Associates,  began  offering  a  variety  of  educa- 
tional programs  in  communities  throughout  the  state.  These  programs, 
together  with  the  interest  generated  all  over  North  Carolina  by  the  Associates, 
have  greatly  enhanced  the  appeal  of  the  museum  thereby  creating  a  greater 
demand  form  North  Carolina  Museum  of  History  services. 

Given  the  very  great  need  for  a  new  museum  facility,  the  Museum  of  History 
engaged  in  a  campaign  to  build  a  new  building  across  from  the  State  Capitol. 
$9.1  million  was  appropriated  by  the  1985  General  Assembly.  Construction  has 
begun  on  a  multi-purpose  museum  building  with  a  completion  date  sometime 
in  the  early  1990's. 

Archives  and  Records 

An  important  form  of  written  history  is  to  be  found  in  public  records  and 
documents.  The  Archives  and  Records  section  of  Cultural   Resources  is   i 
responsible  for  administering  the  North  Carolina  State  Archives  and  for 
conducting  records  management  programs  for  state  and  local  governments. 
As  the  state  archival  agency,  it  arranges,  describes,  preserves  and  makes  j 
available  for  use  the  permanently  valuable  public  records  of  the  state  and  of  i 
counties  and  municipalities.  It  also  preserves  other  records  of  permanent  ' 
historical  interest  including  private  manuscripts,  maps  and  photographs. 


The  Executive  Branch  591 

The  Archives  and  Records  Section  maintains  over  35,000  cubic  feet  of  records 
(more  than  100  milHon  pieces  of  paper),  800,000  photographs,  and  30,000  reels 
of  microfilm.  The  State  Archives  is  nationally  known  and  serves  as  a  model  for 
the  nation  and  other  states.  If  we  know  our  history  by  what  we  leave  behind, 
then  the  state  Archives  is  indispensable  in  this  knowledge.  A  courthouse  may 
be  torn  down,  a  church  may  burn,  and  records  of  great  value  may  perish  with 
them.  Often  those  records  already  have  been  preserved  by  the  Archives. 
Anyone  interested  in  family  genealogy  will  come  to  know  its  programs. 

Historical  Publications 

The  Historical  Publications  Section  is  responsible  for  the  publication  of 
documentary  volumes,  periodicals,  pamphlets,  leaflets,  maps  and  other 
materials  on  North  Carolina  history.  The  section  publishes  a  volume  of 
addresses  and  public  papers  of  each  North  Carolina  governor  at  the  close  of  his 
administration.  Two  major  ongoing  projects  are  the  publication  of  The 
Colonial  Records  of  North  Carolina  (second  series)  and  North  Carolina  Troops, 
1861-1865,  a  comprehensive  Civil  War  roster. 

The  North  Carolina  Historical  Review,  published  quarterly,  is  one  of  the 
most  respected  publications  of  its  kind  in  the  United  States. 

Historic  Sites 

Deeply  involved  with  the  state's  heritage,  the  Division  of  Archeology  and 
Historical  Preservation  seeks  to  preserve  properties,  artifacts  and  archaeologi- 
cal sites  important  to  our  state.  Through  its  archaeological  program  the 
Division  identifies  hundreds  of  historic  and  prehistoric  sites  each  year,  from 
Indian  encampments  to  industrial  sites  and  from  gold  mines  to  sunken  sea 
going  crafts. 

You  can  pan  for  gold,  examine  a  Confederate  ironclad  or  visit  Blackbeard's 
hometown  as  you  relive  three  centuries  of  North  Carolina  and  American 
history  at  the  historic  sites  administered  by  the  Department  of  Cultural 
Resources.  The  Department's  Historic  Sites  section  conducts  its  program  to 
plan,  preserve,  develop,  interpret,  operate  and  maintain  this  statewide  section. 
A  typical  site  contains  one  or  more  restored  or  reconstructed  structures  as  well 
as  a  modern  visitor  center  including  exhibits,  artifacts  and  an  audiovisual 
presentation. 

Beautiful  and  historic  Tryon  Palace,  the  colonial  capitol  of  North  Carolina, 
has  been  reconstructed  after  its  destruction  in  a  1798  fire  to  provide  an 
exceptional  experience  for  the  visitor.  Regular  tours  are  conducted  by  costumed 
hostesses.  An  annual  symposium  on  the  decorative  arts  is  a  nationwide 
attraction  each  spring.  There  is  an  admission  charge. 

The  North  Carolina  State  Capitol  on  Raleigh's  Capitol  Square  is  one  of  the 
nation's  finest  and  best  preserved  civic  buildings  of  the  Greek  Revival  style. 
With  its  original  furnishing,  the  Capitol  is  still  used  for  ceremonies  and 
contains  offices  for  the  Governor,  Lieutenant  Governor  and  an  office  used  by 
the  Secretary  of  State  for  swearing  in  public  officials. 

The  Capitol  Area  Visitor  Center  is  invaluable  to  visitors  looking  for  the 
many  cultural  attractions  and  other  points  of  interest  near  the  Capitol  in 
Raleigh.  The  Center  is  at  301  North  Blount  Street. 


592  North  Carolina  Manual 

Archeology  and  Historical  Preservation 

There  are  a  number  of  efforts  underway  to  examine  different  elements  of  the 
North  CaroHna  heritage.  The  Archaeology  and  Historic  Preservation  section 
of  the  Department  of  Cultural  Resources  conducts  a  continuing  statewide 
survey  of  historic,  architectural  and  archaeological  resources.  Some  of  these 
properties  such  as  certain  homes,  office  buildings  and  neighborhoods,  for 
example,  are  nominated  to  the  National  Register  of  Historic  Places,  where 
there  are  now  more  than  600  North  Carolina  entries. 

A  cooperative  venture  of  the  Department  of  Cultural  Resources  and  the 
Stagville  Center  Corporation,  Stagville  Preservation  Center  is  America's  first 
state-owned  center  for  the  teaching  and  development  of  historic  preservation 
and  its  related  technology.  Located  on  the  historically  rich  Stagville  Plantation 
in  the  northern  part  of  Durham  County,  Stagville  is  a  living  laboratory  for 
research  into  techniques  that  will  aid  efforts  in  historic  preservation. 

Through  its  Historic  Preservation  Program  the  division  surveys  and  tries  to 
protect  these  unique  and  valuable  historic  properties  throughout  the  state  by 
nomination  to  the  National  Register  of  Historic  Places.  Some  properties  are 
selected  for  restoration  by  the  state  and  are  open  to  the  public  as  historical, 
educational  and  recreational  attractions.  They  range  from  the  elaborate  and 
lavish  restoration  of  Tryon  Palace  in  New  Bern  to  the  simplicity  of  the 
mountain-surrounded  birthplace  of  Gov.  Zebulon  Vance  at  Weaverville. 

Division  of  the  State  Library 

The  Division  of  the  State  Library  is  the  official  agency  of  state  government 
charged  by  law  with  providing  the  state's  library  program,  coordinating 
library  planning  for  total  library  services  and  serving  the  information  needs  of 
the  state.  It  is  made  up  of  the  State  Library  Committee,  the  Interstate  Library 
Compact,  the  Public  Librarian  Certification  Commission,  and  the  following 
sections:  Information  Services,  Public  Library  Development,  Special  Services, 
and  Technical  Services. 

From  the  Special  Services  Section  come  services  that  benefit  a  whole 
segment  of  the  population  richly  deserving  of  assistance.  Here  assistance  is 
provided  to  the  visually  and  physically  handicapped  wherein  are  sent,  free  of 
charge,  large-print  books;  talking  books,  including  cassettes  and  records;  and 
braille  books.  Selections  fitting  individual  tastes  are  made  by  carefully 
studying  the  information  and  biographical  sketches  sent  in  by  patrons. 

An  information  "Hotline"  is  just  one  of  many  services  offered  by  the  Library. 
Anyone  can  go  to  his  local  library  and  get  answers  to  almost  any  question. 

If  a  local  library  cannot  answer  the  question  by  using  its  own  materials,  a 
librarian  can  call  the  North  Carolina  information  network  in  In-Wats,  the 
inward  wide  area  telephone  service,  (the  "Hotline")  to  the  State  Library.  There 
a  reference  librarian  will  search  for  the  answer  in  the  State  Library's  extensive 
collections,  and  when  necessary,  call  on  other  libraries  in  the  state  to  help. 
Books  not  in  a  local  library  can  also  be  obtained  on  interlibrary  loan,  through 
this  same  system. 

Any  individual  can  borrow  films  free  through  the  State  Library.  Enrichment 
films  including  comedy,  art,  travel,  features  and  problems  such  as  drug  abuse 
are  available.  Local  libraries  can  provide  details. 


The  Executive  Branch  593 

The  State  Library  has  a  Public  Library  Development  Section  that  provides 
consultant  service  to  librarians,  trustees,  public  officials  and  interested 
citizens  throughout  the  state. 

State  agencies  can  request  assistance  in  setting  up  and  maintaining 
departmental  libraries.  The  State  Library  has  staff  for  these  purposes,  and  the 
State  Library's  broad  collection  of  books,  periodicals,  newspapers,  documents, 
etc.,  provide  reference  services  and  bibliographies  to  all  state  agencies,  as  well 
as  providing  library  service  to  the  State  Legislature  while  it  is  in  session. 

The  Special  Services  Section  offers  free  public  library  service  to  those  unable 
to  hold  or  read  ordinary  printed  library  materials  because  of  physical  or  visual 
impairment.  Special  library  materials  are  provided  through  the  Library  of 
Congress  for  the  Blind  and  the  Physically  Handicapped,  and  the  United  States 
Postal  Service  provides  free  mailing  privileges  for  materials.  The  materials 
include  books  and  magazines  for  all  ages,  and  of  all  kinds,  recorded  on  long 
playing  records,  on  magnetic  or  cassette  tape,  in  large  type  or  braille.  Many 
thousands  of  titles  are  available,  along  with  the  equipment  for  using  them. 

Both  the  State  Library  and  the  Division  of  Archives  and  History  of  the 
Department  of  Cultural  Resources  provide  genealogical  services  that  attract 
hundreds  of  people  from  all  over  the  country.  The  Library  has  secondary 
sources  such  as  books,  family  and  county  histories,  newspapers  and  census 
records.  Archives  and  History  has  primary  sources  -  the  original  documents. 

A  Technical  Services  Section  in  the  Library  is  responsible  for  the  acquisition 
and  preparation  of  books,  documents  and  related  materials  which  comprise  the 
material  resources  of  the  Library.  The  Technical  Services  Section  also  operates 
a  Processing  Center  for  libraries  in  the  state,  making  it  possible  for  local 
libraries  to  get  books  easily  and  at  less  expense,  all  ready  to  go  on  the  shelves 
when  delivered. 


Division  of  the  Arts  Council 

The  purpose  of  the  North  Carolina  Arts  Council  is  to  represent  and  support 
the  highest  quality  in  the  arts,  to  assist  in  the  further  development  of  the 
individual  art  forms,  to  foster  a  broader  understanding  of  the  role  of  the  arts  in 
the  total  society  and  to  provide  opportunities  for  every  North  Carolinian  to 
participate  in  the  creative  process.  The  council  works  primarily  with  the  450 
arts  organizations  in  North  Carolina  through  a  variety  of  programs  and  grant 
categories.  The  council  also  is  involved  with  many  individual  artists  through 
its  fellowship  and  residency  programs. 

The  North  Carolina  Arts  Council  was  established  in  1964  by  executive  order 
and  made  a  statutory  agency  in  1967.  It  is  recognized  nationally  for  its 
aggressive  and  innovative  leadership  in  arts  programming.  The  division  is 
divided  into  several  sections  including  the  Community  Section,  the  Folklife 
Section,  the  Music/Dance  Section,  the  Theatre  Arts  Section,  and  the  Visual/ 
Literary  Arts  Section. 

The  division  encourages,  promotes  and  provides  assistance  for  the  cultural 
enrichment  of  all  North  Carolinians  by  supporting  the  development  of  the  arts 
at  the  community  level  with  cash  grants  and  special  programs  with  money 
from  Legislative  appropriation  and  the  National  Endowment  for  the  Arts. 


594  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  Council  helps  bring  artists  into  schools  and  communities.  Community 
arts  festivals  are  encouraged.  Poets,  artists,  craftsmen  and  dance  and  theatre 
companies  are  brought  to  the  small  towns  and  the  largest  urban  areas  of  the 
state. 

North  Carolina  Theatre  Arts  was  established  by  the  1973  General  Assembly 
to  foster  and  encourage  the  development  of  theatre  in  the  state.  Theatre  Arts 
works  to  upgrade  the  quality  of  professional  theatre  in  the  state  by  strengthen- 
ing existing  and  developing  companies  through  funding  and  consultation  and 
developing  new  statewide  professional  theatre  programs  to  give  more  employ- 
ment to  professional  theatre  artists  from  both  within  and  outside  the  state. 
North  Carolina  was  the  first  state  to  establish  a  separate  agency  to  promote 
and  assist  professional  theatre.  Theatre  Arts  is  now  a  section  of  the  Division  of 
the  Arts  Council. 

Since  the  opening  of  Paul  Green's  outdoor  drama,  The  Lost  Colony,  in 
Manteo  in  1937,  North  Carolina  has  established  an  outstanding  national 
reputation  in  the  creation  and  presentation  of  this  unique  form  of  theatre. 
North  Carolina  is  also  the  home  of  more  than  half  a  dozen  indoor  resident 
professional  companies,  which  present  both  summer  and  winter  seasons. 

The  North  Carolina  Museum  of  Art 

One  of  the  nation's  top-ranked  art  museums,  the  North  Carolina  Museum  of 
Art  boasts  the  finest  collection  in  the  southeast  extending  over  western  and 
ancient  art  and  primitive  cultures.  The  new  Art  Museum  opened  its  doors  in 
Raleigh  in  April,  1983,  and  by  the  end  of  1984  some  350,000  people  had  viewed 
its  collections,  particularly  in  renaissance  and  baroque.  Special  exhibits  and 
showings  add  to  its  prestige. 

Along  with  its  extensive  educational  programs,  a  special  feature  of  the 
Museum  is  the  Mary  Duke  Biddle  Gallery  for  the  Blind,  noted  internationally 
for  its  original  approach  to  the  exploration  of  art  through  "touch". 

The  North  Carolina  Symphony 

When  the  1943  General  Assembly  passed  the  "Horn-Tootin'  Bill,"  North 
Carolina  became  one  of  the  first  states  to  support  its  own  orchestra.  The  North 
Carolina  Symphony  now  stands  as  one  of  only  31  major  orchestras  in  the 
country,  presenting  the  finest  in  classical  and  symphonic  music. 

The  North  Carolina  Symphony  has  long  been  known  through  its  concerts 
before  hundreds  of  thousands  of  school  children  each  year.  In  the  last  ten 
years,  however,  the  orchestra  has  become  one  of  the  best  ensembles  in  the 
nation,  playing  not  only  in  North  Carolina,  but  at  Carnegie  Hall  and  Kennedy 
Center.  Under  its  noted  conductor,  Gerhardt  Zimmerman,  and  now  with  a 
37-week  season,  a  tow-track  series  of  concerts,  and  an  enlarged  operating 
budget,  the  Symphony  compares  favorably  with  the  nation's  other  major 
orchestras. 

Though  its  performances  in  Washington,  Chicago  and  New  York  City  have 
earned  it  unanimous  praise  from  critics  and  audiences,  the  North  Carolina 
Symphony  has  all  the  feel  of  a  community  orchestra,  for  it  is  in  the  state's  cities 
and  towns  that  it  performs,  traveling  about  22,000  miles  and  presenting  some 
375  educational  and  adult  concerts  in  more  than  1 25  communities  each  season. 


The  Executive  Branch  595 

Of  particular  pride  to  the  orchestra  is  its  educational  program,  in  which  more 
than  200,000  schools  children  each  year  enjoy  performances  given  especially 
for  them. 

North  Carolinians  for  years  have  shown  justifiable  pride  in  the  range  and 
depth  of  arts  opportunities  offered  throughout  the  state,  and  they  have 
contributed  generously  with  time,  money  and  other  support.  The  result  is  an 
arts  environment  that  steadily  becomes  more  exciting.  Many  of  the  state's 
cities  have  shown  exceptional  energy  in  this  area,  and  local  symphonies,  art 
galleries,  theatres  and  other  arts  enterprises  are  to  be  found  wherever  you  look. 

Special  Programs 

The  development  of  the  arts  and  humanities  in  North  Carolina  has  brought 
about  new  demands  on  government  and  the  citizen,  on  private  groups,  schools 
and  businesses.  Accordingly,  there  are  a  number  of  special  programs  conducted 
within  the  Department  of  Cultural  Resources  and  other  state  government 
agencies  to  meet  these  changing  requirements. 

The  Cultural  Advisory  Council,  for  example,  is  comprised  of  a  group  of 
citizens  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Department  to  act  as  advisors  in 
policy  matters  pertaining  to  the  arts,  libraries  and  historical  resources  in  the 
state. 

The  Governor's  Business  Council  on  the  Arts  and  Humanities,  seeks  to 
enhance  business  support  of  cultural  affairs.  It  is  the  first  such  state-level  effort 
in  the  nation. 

A  special  emphasis  in  the  Department  of  Cultural  Resources  is  given  to  arts 
in  the  schools.  The  priority  is  addressed  by  the  Office  of  the  Secretary  and  by 
agencies  in  the  Department.  The  Arts  Council's  Artists-in-School  program,  for 
example,  provides  residences  in  public  schools  for  artists  who  have  shown 
excellence  in  their  work  and  the  ability  to  communicate  skills  to  young  people. 
The  Folklife  Office  has  a  similar  program.  Folk  Arts  in  North  Carolina 
Schools.  The  Museum  of  Art  and  Museum  of  History  are  very  much  involved 
with  students  providing  special  tours  and  in-school  programs. 

The  Department  also  conducts  programs  designed  to  provide  cultural 
opportunities  and  outlets  to  specific  population  groups  such  as  minority 
artists,  handicapped  people  and  residents  of  correctional  facilities. 

The  culture  of  North  Carolina  is  an  organic  extension  of  its  people, 
something  shared  by  all  who  live  here.  The  availability  of  richness  in  cultural 
activities  should  not  be  withheld  from  any  citizen  a  fact  basic  to  the  work  of  the 
Department  of  Cultural  Resources. 

Other  Department  activities  included  such  things  as  the  America's  400th 
Anniversary  Committee,  created  to  plan,  conduct,  and  direct  observances  of 
the  commemoration  of  the  landing  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh's  colonists  on 
Roanoke  Island,  and  the  support  of  exciting  ventures  like  "Operation  Raleigh", 
a  program  to  involve  4,000  young  people  from  all  over  the  world  in  service 
projects  around  the  globe. 

The  culture  of  North  Carolina  is  an  organic  extension  of  its  people, 
something  shared  by  all  who  live  here.  The  availability  of  richness  in  cultural 
activities  should  not  be  withheld  from  any  citizen,  a  fact  basic  to  the  work  of  the 
Department  of  Cultural  Resources. 


596  North  Carolina  Manual 

Board  and  Commissions 

Archeological  Advisory  Committee  (G.S.  143B-66) 

Art,  Board  of  Trustees  for  the  N.C.  Museum  of  (G.S.  140-1-6) 

Arts  Council  (G.S.  143B-88) 

Art  Museum  Building  Commission  (G.S.  143B-59) 

Art  Society,  Board  of  Directors  (G.S.  143B-89) 

Awards  Committee  (G.S.  143B-84) 

Historic  Bath  Commission  (G.S.  143B-102) 

Battleship  Commission  (G.S.  143B-74) 

Abandoned  Cemeteries 

Edenton  Historical  Commission  (G.S.  143B-98) 

Executive  Mansion  Fine  Arts  Committee  (G.S.  143-80) 

Historic  Hillsborough  Commission  (G.S.  143B-106) 

Historical  Commission  (G.S.  1443B-63) 

State  Library  Commission  (G.S.  143B-90-91) 

John  Motley  Morehead  Memorial  Commission  (G.S.  143B-115) 

Historic  Murfreesboro  Commission  (G.S.  143B-110) 

Public  Librarian  Certification  Commission  (G.S.  143B-68) 

State  Historical  Record  Advisory  Board 

Roanoke  Island  Association,  Board  of  Directors  (G.S.  143B-92) 

Symphony  Society  (G.S.  143B-94) 

Tryon  Palace  Commission  (G.S.  143B-72) 

U.S.S.  Monitor  Research  Council 

Vagabond  School  of  Drama,  Board  of  Directors 


The  Executive  Branch 


597 


Patric  Griffee  Dorsey 

Secretary  of  Cultural  Resources 

Early  Years:  Bom  in  El  Reno, 
Oklahoma,  August  30,  1924  to 
Charles  Galileo  and  Mary  Sue 
(Sowers)  Griffee  (both  deceased). 

Education:  Penn  Hall  School, 
1937;  Wayne  State  University,  1943- 
46;  University  of  Southern  California, 
1953-55;  University  of  Maryland, 
1960. 

Professional    Background: 

Owner  and  Manager:  Whitford  Gal- 
leries, Mulberry  Boutique,  Mulberry 
Antiques. 

Organizations:  Art  Advisory 
Committee,  Craven  County  Com- 
munity College;  New  Bern  Historic  Preservation  Foundation;  Design  thai 
(IBEC)  Bangkok,  Thailand,  1964-69;  Royal  Thai  Art  Society;  Craven  County 
NC  Symphony  Association  (former  President — two  terms). 

Political  Activities:  Secretary,  Department  of  Cultural  Resources,  1985-; 
Chairman,  1985  Gubernatorial  Inaugural  Committee,  1984-85;  Chairman, 
GOP  1st  Congressional  District,  1983-85  (Vice  Chairman,  1981-83);  Republi- 
can National  Platform  Committee,  1980;  Chairman,  Reagan  for  President 
Committee,  Craven  County,  1976;  Delegate,  Republican  National  Conven- 
tion, 1976-80;  Campaign  Manager,  Craven  County,  Helms  for  Senate,  1978; 
GOP  Candidate,  NC  House  of  Representatives,  1980;  GOP  Candidate,  NC 
Secretary  of  State,  1984. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Church  of  Christ  Scientist,  New 
Bern;  Board  of  Directors,  1976-85;  Literature  Distribution  Chairman;  Lecture 
Chairman. 

Family:  Married,  Commander  P.C.  Dorsey  of  New  Bern,  August  31,  1951. 
Children:  Sam  Brian  Dorsey,  Jonathan  Boyce  Jones,  Robert  Bruce  Jones. 


598  North  Carolina  Manual 

SECRETARIES 
DEPARTMENT  OF  CULTURAL  RESOURCESi 

Name  Residence  Term 

Samuel  T.  Ragan-'  Moore  1972-1973 

Grace  J.  Rohrer^  Forsyth  1973-1977 

SaraW.  Hodgkins''  Moore  1977-1985 

Patric  G.  Dorsey"' Craven  1985- 


'The  Executive  Organization  act,  of  1971  created  the  "Department  of  Art,  Culture  and  History," 
with  provisions  for  a  "Secretary"  appointed  by  the  governor.  The  Organization  Act  of  1973  changed 
the  name  to  the  "Department  of  Cultural  Resources." 

^Ragan  was  appointed  by  Governor  Scott. 

^Rohrer  was  appointed  on  January  5,  1973,  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  replace  Ragan. 

^Hodgkins  was  appointed  on  January  10,  1977,  by  Governor  Hunt  to  replace  Rohrer. 

^Dorsey  was  appointed  January  7,  1985,  by  Governor  Martin  to  replace  Hodgkins. 


The  Executive  Branch  599 


THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  ECONOMIC  AND 
COMMUNITY  DEVELOPMENT 

The  Department  of  Commerce  was  established  as  a  part  of  the  State 
Government  Reorganization  Act  of  1971.  At  that  time,  the  department 
consisted  almost  entirely  of  regulatory  agencies  and  the  Employment  Security 
Commission. 

The  1989  General  Assembly  passed  legislation  (HB  381)  changing  the  name 
of  the  department  from  the  Department  of  Commerce  to  the  Department  of 
Economic  and  Community  Development.  This  legislation  also  created  a  new 
division — the  Division  of  Housing — with  provisions  for  an  Assistant  Secretary 
for  Community  Development  and  Housing.  Another  piece  of  legislation,  HB 
480,  created  two  additional  divisions  by  transferring  the  Division  of  Community 
Assistance  and  the  Division  of  Employment  and  Training,  previously  assigned 
to  the  Department  of  Natural  Resources  and  Community  Development,  to  the 
Department. 

The  Department  of  Economic  and  Community  Development  serves  North 
Carolina  and  its  citizens  by  assisting  in  all  areas  of  our  state's  economic  and 
community  development.  The  scope  includes  industry  recruitment,  business 
retention  and  expansion  of  existing  industries,  foreign  reverse  investment  and 
enhancing  import  and  export  opportunities.  With  the  addition  of  the  two  new 
divisions,  the  department  is  in  a  position  to  serve  the  state  by  adding 
community  development  and  planning,  as  well  as  recruitment  and  training,  to 
the  functions  previously  indicated.  All  of  the  functions  are  carried  out  through 
the  many  divisions  and  agencies  within  the  department  which  can  be  grouped 
under  the  following  categories:  the  Office  of  the  Secretary,  The  Deputy 
Secretary,  the  Assistant  Secretary  for  Economic  Development,  the  Assistant 
Secretary  for  Community  Development  and  Housing,  the  Employment 
Securities  Commission,  and  Regulatory  Agencies. 

Administrative  operations  of  the  department  are  handled  by  the  Deputy 
Secretary  of  Economic  and  Community  Development  and  include  such 
traditional  functions  as  fiscal  and  personnel  management,  information 
services  (publications,  etc.)  and  legislative  liaison  work.  Also  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  deputy  secretary  is  the  Science  and  Technology  Research 
Center.  The  Center  provides  businesses  in  our  state  with  a  broad  array  of 
research  and  information  services  including  computer  aided  literature  searches 
and  document  location  services.  As  one  of  only  seven  research  centers  of  its 
kind  in  the  country,  the  Center  receives  a  portion  of  its  funding  from  the 
National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration. 

The  Department  also  has  several  agencies  that  are  related  through  budget 
pass  through  only.  The  Biotechnology  Center  of  North  Carolina  and  Micro- 
electronics Center  of  North  Carolina  are  two  science  and  research  focused 
agencies  associated  with  the  Department.  In  addition,  the  North  Carolina 
Industrial  Commission  receives  financing  through  the  Department's  budget. 
The  Rural  Economic  Development  Center,  which  focuses  on  the  continued 
economic  development  of  rural  communities,  is  also  funded  through  the 
Department. 


600  North  Carolina  Manual 

Office  of  the  Secretary 

The  Department  of  Economic  and  Community  Development  is  headed  by  a 
Secretary  who  is  appointed  by  the  Governor  and  serves  at  his  pleasure.  Within 
the  Office  of  the  Secretary  is  the  Existing  Industries  Division,  Public  Affairs, 
and  an  Agricultural  Advisor  to  the  Governor  who  specializes  in  Agribusiness. 

Existing  Industries  Division 

One  of  the  primary  concerns  of  the  department  is  the  retention  and 
expansion  of  our  traditional  industries.  The  Existing  Industries  Division  is 
headed  by  an  assistant  secretary.  The  division  works  with  businesses  in  these 
industries  through  existing  industry  visits,  improvements  in  response  services 
to  troubled  companies,  exploration  of  early  warning  forecasting  opportunities 
for  plant  layoffs,  and  continued  assistance  to  companies  on  environmental 
matters. 

Public  Affairs 

Public  Affairs  is  the  communications  arm  of  the  department  and  keeps  the 
media  and  public  informed  about  changes  and  happenings  in  the  many  areas 
of  interest  of  the  department. 

Assistant  Secretary  for  Community  Development  and  Housing 

Division  of  Community  Assistance 

The  Division  of  Community  Assistance  provides  aid  to  North  Carolina's 
counties  and  municipalities  in  the  areas  of  community  development,  land  use, 
public  management  and  economic  development  planning.  The  division  works 
to  accomplish  goals  through  the  administration  of  the  federally  financed 
Community  Development  Block  Grant  program,  the  Main  Street  program  and 
through  direct  technical  assistance  to  local  governments. 

Division  of  Employment  and  Training 

The  Division  of  Employment  and  Training  is  charged  with  the  task  of 
administering  the  Job  Training  Partnership  Act,  a  federally  funded  program. 
The  division  supports  the  Private  Industry  Councils  and  oversees  all  programs 
being  operated  at  the  local  level  by  the  Service  Delivery  Areas.  The  division  is 
the  designated  Dislocated  Worker  Unit  and  administers  the  dislocated  worker 
program  for  the  state. 

Energy  Division 

The  Energy  Division  is  a  national  leader  in  many  areas  of  energy  manage- 
ment and  conservation.  The  division  engages  in  emergency  planning  in  the 
event  of  an  energy  crisis,  administers  a  weatherization  grant  program  which  is 
federally  funded,  and  provides  technical  assistance  for  industrial,  commercial 
and  agriculture  needs.  In  addition,  the  Energy  Division  manages  numerous 
energy  conservation  programs  including  one  for  schools  and  hospitals,  as  well 
as  the  formation  of  energy  policies  for  the  state. 


The  Executive  Branch  601 

Assistant  Secretary  for  Economical  Development 

Business/Industry  Development  Division 

The  Business/Industry  Development  Division  is  North  CaroHna's  lead 
division  for  business  and  industrial  recruitment.  Its  staff  works  closely  with 
other  public  and  private  development  organizations  to  attract  new  industries 
to  the  state.  The  Division  operates  a  statewide  office  in  Raleigh  and  eight 
regional  field  offices.  This  division  also  oversees  the  Business  and  Industry 
Retention  Program  to  encourage  the  growth  and  expansion  of  North  Carolina's 
existing  businesses  and  companies. 

Commerce  Finance  Center 

The  Finance  Center  administers  a  variety  of  economic  development  related 
financing  programs  including  Industrial  Revenue  Bonds,  the  state  Industrial 
Renovation  Fund  and  a  Basic  Building  Fund.  Another  program  is  the  Job 
Creation  Tax  Credit,  designed  to  assist  in  the  creation  of  jobs  in  the  state's 
designated  economically  distressed  counties. 

Film  Division 

The  Film  Office  was  established  in  1980  to  encourage  and  assist  motion 
picture  and  television  production  activity  throughout  the  state.  The  office 
operates  as  a  specialized  unit  of  economic  development  under  the  direction  of 
the  Secretary.  Primary  targets  of  the  office's  recruitment  program  are  major 
Hollywood  studio  productions,  television  commercials,  and  independent 
theatrical  and  television  films. 

International  Trade  Division 

As  its  name  implies,  the  department's  International  Trade  Division  is 
primarily  responsible  for  North  Carolina's  foreign  trade  and  industrial 
recruitment  activities.  With  representatives  in  Tokyo,  Japan  and  Dusseldorf, 
West  Germany,  the  division  helps  foreign  firms  interested  in  establishing  new 
business  operations  in  North  Carolina,  and  assists  Tar  Heel  firms  in  marketing 
products  and  services  overseas. 

Small  Business  Development  Division 

While  the  Business/Industry  Development  Division  works  with  existing 
firms,  the  Small  Business  Development  Division  acts  to  encourage  the  growth 
and  development  of  new  businesses  and  smaller  firms  that  are  already 
operational.  Under  the  direction  of  an  assistant  secretary,  the  division 
operates  a  clearinghouse  for  small  business  information  and  referrals,  and 
serves  as  an  advocate  for  small  business  concerns  in  government  policy 
making.  The  division  has  an  Office  of  Minority  Business  Development  which 
helps  minority-owned  firms  and  certifies  firms  for  the  state's  purchasing 
program  to  assist  minority-,  women-,  and  disabled-owned  enterprises. 

Division  of  Travel  and  Tourism 

The  Division  of  Travel  and  Tourism  operates  as  a  chamber  of  commerce  for 
the  entire  state.  Travel  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  important  industry  in  our 
state.  From  convention  and  visitors  bureaus,  to  welcome  centers,  to  providing 


602  North  Carolina  Manual 

information  about  North  Carolina  to  interested  travelers  all  across  the  nation, 
the  division  promotes  North  Carolina  as  a  vacation  destination.  The  purpose 
of  the  division  is  to  increase  travel  expenditures  in  North  Carolina,  create 
additional  employment  and  personal  income  for  those  employed  by  the  Travel 
Industry,  and  to  strengthen  the  overall  economy  of  the  state.  This  is  achieved 
by  conducting  the  state  travel  advertising  campaign,  servicing  travel  inquiries, 
and  producing  a  public  relations  program  on  behalf  of  the  state. 


State  Ports  Authority 

North  Carolina  operates  state  ports  at  Wilmington  and  Morehead  City  and 
leases  operation  of  a  small  harbor  at  Southport  as  well  as  the  Charlotte 
Intermodal  Terminal  in  Charlotte.  Ships  from  most  of  the  world  bring  or  pick 
up  goods  at  the  Morehead  City  and  Wilmington  Ports.  Under  the  direction  of 
the  Secretary  and  The  State  Ports  Authority  Board,  the  State  Ports  Authority 
promotes  the  use  of  North  Carolina's  ports,  oversees  construction  of  facilities 
at  the  ports,  and  operates  ports  services,  such  as  cranes  to  unload  the  goods  off 
the  ship. 

Technological  Development  Authority 

The  Technological  Development  Authority  provides  direct  seed  capital 
financing  for  North  Carolina  small  businesses  developing  new  or  improved 
products  and  processes.  The  authority  also  provides  direct  grants  to  nonprofit 
community-based  organizations  establishing  small  business  'incubator' 
facilities  designed  to  house  and  support  new  small  businesses  in  their  earliest 
stages  of  development. 

Employment  Security  Commission 

The  Employment  Security  Commission  administers  the  North  Carolina 
Employment  Service,  North  Carolina's  unemployment  insurance  program, 
and  prepares  labor  market  information. 

The  Employment  Service  Division 

Employment  Service  provides  job  placement  services  to  all  members  of  the 
public,  including  interviewing,  counseling,  testing,  job  development,  and 
referral.  Specialized  services  are  available  to  the  handicapped,  the  aged,  youth,  ' 
veterans,  and  to  migrant  and  seasonal  farm  workers.  The  Employment  Service 
is  also  involved  in  the  administration  of  such  federal  programs  as  Work  | 
Incentive  (WIN),  Veterans  Employment  Service  (VES),  and  the  Job  Training  i 
Partnership  Act  (JTPA).  ■ 

The  Unemployment  Insurance  Program  i 

The  Unemployment  Insurance  Program  provides  benefits  to  workers  un- 
employed through  no  fault  of  their  own.  The  ESC  determines  entitlement  to 
benefits  and  makes  payments  to  eligible  claimants.  The  agency  also  ad-  ! 
ministers  federal  unemployment  insurance  programs  such  as  Federal  Supple- 
mental Benefits  (FSB);  Special  Unemployment  Assistance  (SUA);  Unemploy- 1 
ment  Compensation  for  Federal  Employees  (UCFE),  and  others. 


The  Executive  Branch  603 

The  Labor  Market  Information  Division 

The  Labor  Market  Information  Division  of  ESC  compiles  figures  on 
unemployment  and  employment  in  wages,  projected  occupational  needs,  and 
other  data.  This  information  is  used  by  federal  and  state  officials,  planners, 
and  prospective  employers  for  a  variety  of  purposes. 

Regulatory  Agencies 

The  regulatory  agencies  use  their  authority  independently  of  the  Department 
of  Economic  and  Community  Development,  including  holding  hearings  and 
engaging  in  rule  making;  however,  the  Department  does  provide  administrative 
services  for  the  regulatory  agencies. 

Alcoholic  Beverage  Control  Commission 

The  ABC  Commission  is  responsible  for  controlling  all  aspects  of  the  sale 
and  distribution  of  alcoholic  beverages  in  North  Carolina.  The  State's  system 
is  unique  among  the  50  states  because  of  more  than  150  separate  county  and 
municipal  ABC  Boards  which  are  responsible  for  the  sale  of  alcoholic 
beverages  in  the  counties  or  cities  of  the  State.  In  each  case  a  vote  of  the  people 
was  required  to  establish  the  system. 

Banking  Commission 

The  Banking  Commission  regulates  and  supervises  the  activities  of  the 
banks  and  their  branches  chartered  under  the  laws  of  North  Carolina.  The 
Commission  is  responsible  for  the  safe  conduct  of  business;  the  maintenance  of 
public  confidence;  and  the  protection  of  the  banks'  depositors,  debtors, 
creditors,  and  shareholders.  The  staff  of  the  Office  of  Commissioner  of  Banks 
conducts  examinations  of  all  state-chartered  banks  and  consumer  finance 
licensees;  processes  applications  for  new  banks,  applications  for  branches  of 
existing  banks,  and  all  applications  for  licenses.  In  addition,  the  Office  of 
Commissioner  of  Banks  supervises  the  state's  bank  holding  companies,  Sale 
of  Checks  Act  licensees,  and  pre-need  burial  trust  fund  licensees. 

Burial  Commission 

The  Burial  Commission  supervises  and  audits  the  nearly  300  North  Carolina 
mutual  burial  associations,  which  have  approximately  one-half  million 
members.  A  mutual  burial  association  is  a  nonprofit  corporation  that  pays  a 
limited  amount  toward  burial  expenses. 

Cemetery  Commission 

The  Cemetery  Commission  regulates  and  supervises  the  activities  of 
cemeteries,  cemetery  management  organizations,  cemetery  sales  organiza- 
tions, cemetery  brokers,  and  individual  pre-need  cemetery  sales  people  licensed 
under  the  laws  of  North  Carolina.  Its  principal  function  is  to  conduct 
examinations  of  all  licensed  cemeteries.  It  also  authorizes  the  establishment  of 
and  licenses  cemeteries,  cemetery  sales  organizations,  cemetery  management 
organizations,  cemetery  brokers,  and  pre-need  salespeople. 

Credit  Union  Commission 

The  Credit  Union  Commission  supervises  and  regulates  the  operations  of 
over  200  state  chartered  credit  unions,  which  serve  over  nearly  half-a-million 


604  North  Carolina  Manual 

members.  Its  staff  conducts  annual  examinations  of  all  credit  unions  to  insure 
proper  bookkeeping  and  compliance  with  the  law. 

Industrial  Commission 

The  Industrial  Commission  administers  the  Workers'  Compensation  Act; 
the  State  Tort  Claims  Act;  and  the  Law  Enforcement  Officers',  Firemen's  and 
Rescue  Squad  Workers'  Death  Benefit  Act.  Additionally,  the  Commission  has 
been  charged  with  the  responsibility  for  administering  the  Childhood  Vaccine- 
Related  Injury  Compensation  Program,  effective  October  1,  1986. 

Milk  Commission 

The  Milk  Commission  was  formed  in  1953  and  has  the  primary  responsibility 
of  assuring  that  an  adequate  supply  of  wholesome  milk  is  available  to  the 
state's  citizens.  To  accomplish  this,  the  Commission  has  been  given  the 
authority  to  regulate  the  production,  marketing,  and  distribution  of  milk.  The 
Commission  establishes  the  minimum  prices  milk  producers  are  paid  for  raw 
milk. 

Rural  Electrification  Authority 

The  Rural  Electrification  Authority  supervises  the  electric  membership 
corporations  and  telephone  membership  corporations  in  the  state  to  see  that 
they  apply  their  rules  and  regulations  on  a  non-discriminatory  basis  to 
individual  North  Carolinians.  It  also  acts  as  an  ombudsman  for  member 
complaints  and  as  the  liaison  between  the  membership  corporations  and  the 
United  States  Rural  Electrification  Administration  for  federal  loans.  All  loan 
applications  must  first  have  the  approval  of  the  North  Carolina  Rural 
Electrification  Authority  Board  before  they  can  be  considered  by  the  federal 
Rural  Electrification  Administration. 

Savings  and  Loan  Commission 

The  Savings  and  Loan  Commission  regulates  and  supervises  savings  and 
loan  associations  chartered  under  the  laws  of  North  Carolina.  Its  principal 
functions  are  to  supervise  and  to  examine  all  state-chartered  savings  and  loan 
associations  and  to  process  applications  for  new  charters,  branches,  mergers, 
and  acquisitions. 

Utilities  Commission 

The  Utilities  Commission  regulates  rates  of  various  utilities.  It  also  investi- 
gates customer  complaints  regarding  utility  operations  and  services.  The 
seven  member  Commission  has  jurisdiction  over  public  electric,  telephone, 
natural  gas,  water  and  sewer  companies,  passenger  carriers,  freight  carriers, 
and  railroads. 

Utilities  Commission  Public  Staff 

The  Utilities  Commission  Public  Staff  was  created  by  the  1977  General 
Assembly.  The  Public  Staff  represents  customers  in  rate  cases  and  other 
utilities  matters.  This  independent  staff  appears  before  the  Commission  as  an 
advocate  of  the  using  and  consuming  public. 


The  Executive  Branch  605 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Alcoholic  Beverage  Control  Commission  (G.S.  18B-200,  18B-203) 

Banking  Commission,  State  (G.S.  53-92) 

Burial  Association  Commission,  N.C.  Mutual  (G.S.  58-241.8) 

Cape  Fear  River  Navigation  and  Pilotage  Commission  (G.S.  76-1) 

Cemetery  Commission  (G.S.  65-50) 

Community  Development  Council  (G.S.  143B-305,  306) 

Credit  Union  Commission  (G.S.  143B-439) 

Economic  Development  Board  (G.S.  143B-434) 

Employment  Security  Commission  (G.S.  96-3) 

Employment  Security  Commission,  Advisory  Council  [G.S.  96-4(e)] 

Energy  Policy  Council  (G.S.  113B-3) 

Hazardous  Waste  Treatment  Commission  (G.S.  143B-470) 

Industrial  Commission  (G.S.  97-1;  G.S.  143-291;  G.S.  143-166.1) 

Job  Training  Coordinating  Council  (G.S.  143B-344.14) 

Milk  Commission  (G.S.  106-266.7) 

Morehead  City  Navigation  and  Pilotage  Commission  (G.S.  76-1) 

National  Park,  Parkway  and  Forest  Development  Council,  N.C.  (G.S.  143B-447) 

Ports  Authority,  State,  (G.S.  143B-452) 

Ports  Railway  Commission  (G.S.  143B-469) 

Rural  Electrification  Authority  (G.S.  117-1) 

Savings  and  Loan  Commission  (G.S.  54-24-1) 

Seafood  Industrial  Park  Authority  (G.S.  113-315.25) 

Technological  Development  Authority  (G.S.  143B-471) 

Utilities  Commission  (G.S.  62-10) 


606 


North  Carolina  Manual 


James  Thomas  Broyhill 

Secretary  of  Economic  and 
Community  Development 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Lenoir, 
Caldwell  County,  August  19,  1927  to 
J.E.  and  Satie  (Hunt)  Broyhill. 

Education:  Lenoir  High  School, 
1946;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  B.S.,  (Busi- 
ness Administration),  1950. 

Professional    Background    : 

Former  Vice  President,  Broyhill  Fur- 
niture Industries,  Lenoir,  N.C. 

Organizations:  Former  member, 
Lenoir  Chamber  of  Commerce  (Presi- 
dent, 1955-57). 

Boards  and  Commissions:  North 
Carolina  Economic  Development 
Board  (past  Chairman,  1987-89);  Member,  Board  of  Directors,  Carolina 
Freight  Corporation,  1987-. 

Political  Activities:  Secretary,  N.C.  Department  of  Economic  and  Com- 
munity Development;  1989-;  Member,  Executive  Cabinet;  Member,  Executive 
Cabinet  Secretaries,  1989-;  United  States  Senate,  1986-87;  United  States 
House  of  Representatives,  1963-1987;  Member,  Republican  Party. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Baptist  Church,  Lenoir. 

Family:  Married,  Louise  Horton  Robbins  of  Durham,  June  2,  1951.  Chil- 
dren: Marylin  (Broyhill)  Beach,  James  Edgar,  II,  Philip  R. 


The  Executive  Branch  607 

SECRETARIES 

DEPARTMENT  OF  ECONOMIC  AND 

COMMUNITY  DEVELOPMENT^ 

Name  Residence  Term 

George  Irving  Aldridge^ Wake  1972-1973 

Tenney  I.  Deane,  Jr.^  Wake  1973-1974 

Winfield  S.  Harvey^  Wake  1973-1976 

Donald  R.  Reason^ Wake  1976-1977 

Duncan  M.  Fairclothe Wake  1977-1985 

Howard  Haworth^ Guilford  1985-1987 

Claude  E.  Pope^  Wake  1987-1989 

James  T.  BroyhilP  Caldwell 1989- 


'The  Executive  Organization  Act  of  1971  created  the  "Department  of  Commerce,"  with  provisions 
for  a  "Secretary"  appointed  by  the  Governor.  The  Department  of  Commerce  was  reorganized  and 
renamed  by  legislative  action  of  the  1989  General  Assembly. 

^Aldridge  was  appointed  by  Governor  Scott. 

^Deane  was  appointed  on  January  5, 1973,  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  replace  Aldridge.  He  resigned 
in  November,  1973. 

^Harvey  was  appointed  on  December  3,  1973,  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  replace  Deane. 

^Beason  was  appointed  on  July  1,  1976,  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  replace  Harvey. 

^Faircloth  was  appointed  on  January  10,  1977,  to  replace  Reason. 

'Haworth  was  appointed  January  5,  1985,  to  replace  Faircloth. 

•^Pope  was  appointed  by  Governor  Martin  to  replace  Haworth. 

'Broyhill  was  appointed  by  Governor  Martin  to  replace  Pope. 


608  North  Carolina  Manual 


DEPARTMENT  OF  ENVIRONMENT,  HEALTH 
AND  NATURAL  RESOURCES 

The  Department  of  Environment,  Health,  and  Natural  Resources  has  a  long 
and  diverse  history.  When  North  Carolina  began  enforcing  game  laws  in  1738, 
acting  years  before  statehood  became  a  fact,  the  process  began  to  form  what  we 
know  today  as  the  Department  of  Environment,  Health,  and  Natural 
Resources. 

Two  hundred  and  thirty  years  later  when  the  state's  character  was  shifting 
from  rural  to  urban,  community  development  programs  emerged  to  set  the 
stage  for  eventual  inclusion  into  the  department's  field  of  responsibility.  The 
need  for  a  geological  survey  with  public  funds  prompted  the  earliest  state 
governmental  activity  in  the  natural  resources  area.  A  professor  at  the 
University  of  North  Carolina  was  paid  the  handsome  sum  of  $250  per  year  on  a 
four-year  grant  from  the  Legislature  to  survey  the  state's  geology  and  mineral 
resources. 

By  1850  the  state  had  embarked  on  an  ambitious  earth  sciences  program  to 
include  not  only  physical  sciences  but  also  agricultural  and  silvicultural 
functions,  as  well.  In  1891,  the  North  Carolina  Geological  Survey  was  formed, 
later  expanded,  and  in  1905  renamed  the  N.  C.  Geological  and  Economic 
Survey — the  forerunner  organization  to  the  Department  of  Envrironment 
Health,  and  Natural  Resources. 

State  direction  on  environmental  matters  picked  up  speed  as  the  20th 
Century  dawned.  As  early  as  1899,  the  State  Board  of  Health  was  given  some 
statutory  powers  over  water  pollution  affecting  sources  of  domestic  water 
supply.  The  power  to  control  and  the  pollution  of  our  waters  has  remained 
constant  since. 

The  state  employed  its  first  graduate  forester  in  June  of  1909,  leading  to  the 
creation  of  the  North  Carolina  Forest  Service  (known  today  as  the  Division  of 
Forest  Resources)  in  1915  with  a  single  purpose — to  prevent  and  control 
wildfires. 

1915  also  was  the  year  the  system  of  state  parks  was  born,  when  Governor 
Locke  Craig  moved  the  Legislature  to  save  Mount  Mitchell  before  loggers  could 
emasculate  it.  The  legislators  created  Mount  Mitchell  State  Park  in  response. 
That  same  year,  federal  and  state  laws  were  passed  to  protect  watersheds  and 
streams.  And  the  legislature  established  the  North  Carolina  Fisheries  Commis- 
sion Board,  charging  it  the  with  stewardship  and  management  of  the  state's 
fishery  resources.  With  that  creation  came  the  power  to  regulate  fisheries, 
enforce  laws  and  regulations,  operate  hatcheries,  and  carry  out  shellfish 
rehabilitation  activities. 

By  1925  the  North  Carolina  Geological  and  Economic  Survey  moved  another 
step  in  its  eventual  progression  to  the  present-day  organization.  It  became  the 
Department  of  Conservation  and  Development,  consolidating  and  encompass- 
ing many  natural  resource  functions.  The  focus  was  on  geology,  but  many 
other  associated  natural  resource  functions  also  grew.  Although  the  depression 
slowed  business  at  all  levels,  the  public  programs,  such  as  the  Civilian  I 


The  Executive  Branch  609 

Conservation  Corps  (CCC),  were  a  boon  to  the  natural  resource  programs  of  the 
state.  More  than  76,000  CCC  workers  fanned  out  across  the  state,  constructing 
fire  towers,  bridges,  erosion  control  dams,  buildings,  planting  trees  and 
fighting  forest  fires.  Many  of  the  facilities  in  our  state  parks  built  by  the  CCC 
are  still  in  use  today. 

The  Division  of  Forest  Resources  established  its  nursery  seedling  program  in 
1924,  adding  its  management  branch  in  1937  and  creating  a  State  Parks 
Program  as  a  branch  operation  in  1935.  A  full-time  Superintendent  of  State 
Parks  was  hired  and  the  stage  was  set  for  parks  to  develop  into  Division  status 
by  1948. 

All  across  the  spectrum  of  state  government,  growth  was  evident  in  the  first 
three  decades  of  the  1900's.  Interest  declined  in  geology  and  mineral  resources 
which  had  begun  the  organizational  push  in  the  first  place.  Geological  and 
mineralogical  investigations  at  both  federal  and  state  levels  were  poorly 
supported  financially.  From  1926-1940,  the  Division  of  Mineral  Resources  was 
literally  a  one-man  show,  operated  by  the  State  Geologist. 

The  war  years  (1938-1945)  provided  new  impetus  for  that  segment  of  the 
environment.  The  need  for  minerals  to  meet  wartime  shortages  gave  new 
lifeblood  to  geological  and  mineral  resources  in  North  Carolina. 

An  ambitious  cooperative  effort  was  undertaken  by  the  state  and  the  U.S. 
Geological  Survey  in  1941,  beginning  with  a  ground  water  resources  study. 
That  effort  continued  through  1959,  when  the  Department  of  Water  Resources 
was  formed.  1941  had  also  witnessed  a  far-ranging  study  by  the  state  of 
geology  and  mineral  resources  in  the  western  regions  of  North  Carolina  in 
cooperation  with  the  Tennessee  Valley  Authority. 

A  long  legislative  struggle  that  lasted  three  full  sessions  of  the  General 
Assembly  brought  the  state's  first  comprehensive,  modern  water  pollution 
control  law  in  1951.  The  cornerstone  of  North  Carolina's  early  19th  Century 
effort  to  affect  our  environmental  lifestyle — water  and  geology — were  coming 
into  focus  at  the  same  time. 

The  1951  State  Stream  Sanitation  Act  (renamed  in  1967  as  the  Water  and  Air 
Resources  Act)  became  the  bedrock  for  today's  complex  and  inclusive  efforts  to 
affect  our  water  resources  and  an  important  part  of  the  legal  basis  for  today's 
water  pollution  control  program.  It  established  a  pollution  abatement  and 
control  program  based  on  classifications  and  water  quality  standards  applied 
to  the  surface  waters  of  the  state. 

By  1959,  the  General  Assembly  had  created  the  Department  and  Board  of 
Water  Resources,  moving  the  State  Stream  Sanitation  Committee  and  its 
programs  into  the  new  Department.  By  1967,  it  had  become  the  Department  of 
Water  and  Air  Resources,  remaining  active  in  water  pollution  control  and 
adding  a  new  air  pollution  control  program. 

The  Division  of  F'orest  Resources  expanded  its  comprehensive  services 
during  the  1950-1970's,  as  did  many  of  the  state  agencies  concerned  with  the 
growing  complexity  of  environmental  issues.  The  nation's  first  Forest  Insect 
and  Disease  Control  Program  was  set  up  within  the  Division  in  1950,  the  Tree 
Improvement  Program  began  in  1963,  the  Forestation  Program  was  added  in 
1969,  and  the  first  Educational  State  Forest  became  operational  in  1976. 

For  the  first  half  of  this  century,  our  state  parks  grew  simply  by  the 
generosity  of  public  spirited  citizens.  Appropriations  for  operations  were 


610  North  Carolina  Manual 

minimal  until  the  State  Parks  Program  was  established  within  the  N.C.  F'orest 
Service  in  1935.  The  parks  were  busy  sites  for  military  camps  in  the  1940's,  but 
isolated  leisure  spots  for  most  of  the  years. 

The  growth  in  attendance,  and  a  corresponding  need  for  more  appropriations 
to  serve  that  growth,  surfaced  in  the  early  1960's  and  continues  today.  The  1963 
State  Natural  Areas  act  guaranteed  that  future  generations  will  have  pockets 
of  unspoiled  nature  to  enjoy.  The  1965  Federal  Land  and  Water  Conservation 
Fund  required  the  state  to  have  a  viable  plan  for  park  growth. 

The  General  Assembly  pumped  new  financial  life  into  the  state  park  system 
with  major  appropriations  in  the  1970's  for  land  acquisition  and  operations.  By 
the  mid-1980's,  park  visitation  was  surpassing  six  million  a  year,  facilities 
were  being  taxed  to  the  limit,  and  a  new  era  of  parks  expansion  and 
improvements  was  beginning. 

In  the  1960's,  the  need  to  protect  fragile  resources  was  evident  on  several 
fronts.  The  Division  of  Geodetic  Survey  began  in  1959,  the  Dam  Safety  Act  was 
passed  by  the  General  Assembly  in  1967,  and  North  Carolina  became  the  first 
state  to  gain  federal  approval  of  its  Coastal  Management  Program  with  the 
1974  passing  of  the  Coastal  Area  Management  Act.  By  the  early  1970's,  the 
state's  involvement  in  natural  resource  and  community  lifestyle  protection 
bore  little  resemblance  to  the  limited  structure  of  state  organizations  of  the  late 
1800's. 

The  Executive  Organization  Act  of  1971  placed  most  of  the  environmental 
functions  under  the  Department  of  Natural  and  Economic  Resources.  That  Act 
transferred  18  different  agencies,  boards  and  commissions  to  the  department, 
including  the  functions  of  the  old  Department  of  Conservation  and  Develop- 
ment. As  some  of  the  titles  changed  and  some  of  the  duties  of  old  agencies  were 
combined  or  shifted,  the  stage  was  set  for  the  1977  Executive  Order  which 
created  the  Department  of  Natural  Resources  and  Community  Development. 
That  brought  together  not  only  the  growing  community  development  pro- 
grams, but  pulled  the  always  popular  North  Carolina  Zoological  Park  (created 
in  1969  and  expanded  continuously  since)  and  the  Wildlife  Resources  Com- 
mission under  the  Natural  Resources  and  Community  Development  umbrella. 

During  the  mid-1980's  however,  a  growing  need  developed  to  combine  the 
interrelated  natural  resources,  environmental  and  public  health  regulatory 
agencies  into  a  single  department.  With  the  support  of  the  Administration  the 
General  Assembly  passed  legislation  in  1989  to  combine  elements  of  the 
Department  of  Human  Resources  and  the  Department  of  Natural  Resources 
and  Community  Development  into  a  single  Department  of  Environment, 
Health,  and  Natural  Resources. 

Three  of  the  old  NRCD  divisions  (Community  Assistance,  Economic  Op- 
portunity, and  Employment  and  Training)  transferred  to  other  departments. 
The  remaining  divisions  were  combined  with  the  Health  Services  Division 
from  the  Department  of  Human  Resources  to  form  the  new  agency. 

Office  of  the  Secretary 

Perhaps  no  other  state  agency  equals  the  complexity  of  responsibilities  nor 
deals  more  directly  with  the  public  than  does  the  Department  of  Environment, 
Health,  and  Natural  Resources.  Its  day-to-day  operations  touch  the  lives  of 


The  Executive  Branch  611 

North  Carolinians  constantly,  from  the  quality  of  water  coming  out  of  a  faucet 
to  how  many  campsites  are  available  at  a  state  park. 

The  Department's  work  is  carried  out  by  nearly  3,600  employees,  many  of 
whom  work  "in  the  field."  Personnel  from  such  divisions  as  Forest  Resources, 
Wildlife  Resources,  Parks  and  Recreation,  and  Marine  Fisheries,  must  be 
stationed  at  specific  sites  in  order  to  serve  the  public  and  protect  our  State's 
natural  resources. 

Policy  and  administrative  responsibility  for  the  far-flung  operations  of  the 
Department  rests  with  a  Secretary,  appointed  by  the  Governor.  Working  with 
the  Secretary  to  oversee  the  Department's  divisions  and  offices  are  two  deputy 
secretaries — a  Deputy  Secretary  for  Environment  and  Natural  Resources  and 
a  Deputy  Secretary  for  Health  and  Administration — and  four  assistant 
secretaries,  each  one  heading  up  one  of  four  broad  service  areas.  These  service 
areas  are  Environmental  Protection,  Natural  Resources,  Health,  and  Ad- 
ministration. Also  within  the  Office  of  the  Secretary  is  the  Governor's  Waste 
Management  Board  and  the  Personnel  Division. 

Governor's  Waste  Management  Board.  The  Governor's  Waste  Manage- 
ment Board  plans  and  oversees  the  safe  and  effective  management  of 
hazardous  and  low-level  radioactive  wastes  in  North  Carolina. 

Personnel  Division.  The  Personnel  Division  is  responsible  for  all  per- 
sonnel management  functions  within  the  department  includingcompliance 
with  all  state  and  federal  laws  and  regulations  and  promoting  a  quality 
workforce  of  permanent  and  temporary  employees. 

Deputy  Secretary  for  Environment  and  Natural  Resources 

Office  of  Public  Affairs 

Public  Affairs  provides  graphic  art,  publication,  photographic  and  writing/ 
editing  services  for  the  department  and  its  divisions,  and  informs  the  public 
about  the  programs  of  the  department  and  the  services  available. 

Albemarle-Pamlico  Estuarine  Study 

The  Albemarle-Pamlico  Estuarine  Study  was  created  to  evaluate  the  water 
quality  of  the  sounds,  their  living  resources,  and  to  develop  strategies  for 
managing  and  improving  the  environmental  quality  of  the  sounds. 

Pollution  Prevention  Pays  Program 

Pollution  Prevention  Pays  program  promotes  effective  means  of  reducing, 
preventing,  recycling  and  eliminating  wastes  prior  to  their  becoming 
pollutants. 

Regional  Offices 

Seven  strategically  located  regional  offices  serve  as  home  base  for  staff 
members  from  several  other  divisions,  such  as  Environmental  Management, 
Land  Resources,  Water  Resources,  and  Coastal  Management.  The  regional 
office  concept  allows  the  Department  to  deliver  its  program  services  to  citizens 
in  a  comprehensive  and  coordinated  manner  at  the  community  level.  Regional 
offices  are  in  Asheville,  Fayetteville,  Mooresville,  Raleigh,  Washington, 
Wilmington,  and  Winston-Salem. 


612  North  Carolina  Manual 

Deputy  Secretary  for  Health  and  Administration 

Office  of  Chief  Medical  Examiner 

The  Medical  Examiner  System  is  a  statewide  public  service  organization 
providing  health  benefits  to  the  state's  citizens.  The  problems  addressed  by  the 
Medical  Examiner  System  is  death,  whether  by  criminal  act  or  default,  by 
suicide,  while  an  inmate  of  any  penal  institution,  or  under  any  suspicious, 
unusual  or  unnatural  circumstances,  and  without  medical  attendance. 

Office  of  the  Chief  Nurse 

The  Office  of  the  Chief  Nurse  coordinates  public  health  nursing  services  with 
Local  Health  Departments  and  the  statewide  public  health  nursing  programs 
to  ensure  safe,  legal  practices  by  qualified  public  health  nurses. 

Office  of  Health  Education 

Health  Education  provides  department-wide  services  in  developing  health 
education  strategies  for  environmental,  community,  and  personal  health 
programs.  This  unit  has  graphic  art  and  media  specialist  capabilities. 

Office  of  Legislative  Affairs 

Legislative  Affairs  is  the  department's  liaison  with  the  North  Carolina 
General  Assembly.  Part  of  its  role  is  to  monitor  proposed  legislation  and  the 
work  of  the  legislative  study  and  research  committees  and  commissions  to 
ensure  adequate  representation  of  the  department's  interest. 


Assistant  Secretary  for  Environmental  Protection 

Coastal  Management  Division 

Coastal  Management  is  responsible  for  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  the 
N.C.  Coastal  Area  Management  Act.  It  processes  major  development  permits, 
reviews  all  dredge  and  fill  permit  applications,  and  determines  consistency  of 
state  and  federal  grants  and  projects  which  are  part  of  the  N.C.  Coastal 
Management  Program. 

Environmental  Management  Division 

Environmental  Management  is  responsible  for  the  comprehensive  planning 
and  management  of  the  state's  air,  surface  water  and  groundwater  resources. 
The  division  issues  permits  to  control  sources  of  pollution,  monitors  permitted 
facility  compliance,  evaluates  environmental  quality,  and  pursues  enforcement 
actions  for  violations  of  environmental  regulations. 

Land  Resources  Division 

Land  Resources  is  responsible  for  protecting  and  conserving  the  state's  land, 
minerals  and  related  resources.  Its  programs  relate  to  sedimentation  pollution 
control,  mine  land  reclamation,  dam  safety,  land  records  management, 
geodetic  survey,  and  mineral  resources  conservation  and  development. 

Marine  Fisheries  Division 

Marine  Fisheries  establishes  and  enforces  rules  governing  coastal  fisheries. 
It  conducts  scientific  research  as  a  basis  for  regulatory  and  development 


The  Executive  Branch  613 

decisions  and  conducts  programs  to  improve  the  cultivation,  harvesting  and 
marketing  of  shellfish  and  finfish. 

Radiation  Protection  Division 

Radiation  Protection  administers  a  statewide  radiation  surveillance  and 
control  program.  Their  goal  is  to  assess  and  control  radiation  hazards  to  the 
public,  workers,  and  the  environment  through  licensing,  regulating,  registering 
and  monitoring  radiation  facilities. 

Solid  Waste  Management  Division 

Solid  Waste  Management  administers  programs  to  regulate  and  manage 
hazardous  and  solid  waste  disposal  to  protect  the  public  health.  Programs 
consists  of  Hazardous  Waste,  Solid  Waste,  and  the  Superfund. 

Water  Resources  Division 

Water  Resources  conducts  programs  for  river  basin  management,  water 
supply,  water  conservation,  navigation,  stream  clearance,  flood  control,  beach 
protection,  aquatic  weed  control,  hydroelectric  power  and  recreational  uses  of 
water. 

Assistant  Secretary  for  Natural  Resources 

Forest  Resources  Division 

Forest  Resources  is  the  lead  agency  in  managing,  protecting  and  developing 
the  forest  resources  of  the  state.  The  division  carries  out  programs  of  forest 
management,  assistance  to  private  landowners,  reforestation,  forest  fire 
prevention  and  suppression,  and  insect  and  disease  control. 

Parks  and  Recreation  Division 

Parks  and  Recreation  administers  a  statewide  system  of  park  and  recreation 
resources.  It  manages  state  parks,  state  natural  areas,  state  recreation  areas, 
state  trails,  state  lakes,  and  natural  and  scenic  rivers. 

Soil  and  Water  Conservation 

Soil  and  Water  Conservation  administers  a  statewide  program  for  conserva- 
tion of  the  state's  soil  and  water  resources.  It  serves  as  staff  for  the  state's  Soil 
and  Water  Conservation  Commission  and  assists  the  94  local  soil  and  water 
conservation  districts  and  their  state  association. 

Zoological  Park  Division 

The  North  Carolina  Zoo  displays  representative  species  of  animal  and  plant 
life  from  the  various  land  and  sea  masses  of  the  world.  It  provides  educational 
and  research  opportunities.  The  Zoo  maintains  a  program  for  the  conservation, 
preservation  and  propagation  of  endangered  and  threatened  plant  and  animal 
species. 

Assistant  Secretary  for  State  Health  (State  Health  Director) 

Adult  Health  Services  Division 

Adult  Health  Services'  responsibility  is  to  decrease  premature  morbidity  and 
mortality  among  adult  North  Carolinians  by  fostering  health  promotion  and 


614  North  Carolina  Manual 

disease  prevention  activities.  A  few  of  the  programs  include  Kidney  Disease 
and  Cancer  Treatment,  Migrant  Health,  and  environmental,  community  and 
personal  health  strategies. 

Dental  Health  Services  Division 

Dental  Health  provides  preventive  dental  and  educational  services  to  the 
citizens  of  N.C.  It  stresses  that  primary  care  should  be  provided  by  private 
providers.  When  such  care  is  not  available,  the  office  assists  local  con  munities 
to  initiate  programs  to  provide  dental  services.  Program  activities  range  from 
school  water  fluoridation  to  preventive  dental  health  for  children. 

Environmental  Health  Division 

Environmental  Health  (Public  Water  Supply,  Pest  Management,  Environ- 
mental Community  Health)  is  responsible  for  the  protection  of  the  public 
health  through  the  control  of  environmental  hazards  which  cause  human 
illnesses  and  disease  or  which  may  have  a  cumulative  adverse  effect  on  human 
health.  Its  programs  include  the  protection  of  the  public  water  supplies, 
wastewater  management,  and  shellfish  sanitation. 

Epidemiology  Division 

Epidemiology  deals  with  the  incidences,  distributions  and  control  of  disease 
in  a  population.  It  monitors  environmental  and  other  factors  that  affect  the 
public  health  and  develops  measures  to  reduce  or  eliminate  these  factors. 
Programs  examples  include  communicable  disease  control,  tuberculosis  control 
and  occupational  health. 

Laboratory  Service  Divisions 

Laboratory  Services  provides  testing  services  and  is  the  primary  laboratory 
support  for  local  health  departments.  Its  tests  include  Clinical  Chemistry, 
Hematology,  Cancer  Cytology,  Environmental  Microbiology  and  Chemistry. 

Maternal  and  Child  Care  Division 

Maternal  and  Child  Care  is  responsible  for  assuring,  promoting  and 
protecting  the  health  of  families.  The  emphasis  is  on  women  of  child-bearing 
age,  on  children  and  on  youth.  Program  examples  include  Family  Planning, 
Maternal  and  Child  Care,  and  Developmental  Disabilities.  , 

Assistant  Secretary  for  Administration 

Computer  Systems  Division 

Computer  Systems  supports  the  department's  mainframe  computer  applica-  j 
tions,  manages  the  communication  network,  serves  as  the  liaison  to  the  State  ' 
Information  Processing  Services  for  mainframe  application  development,  and 
provides  end-user  support  for  personal  computers  and  mainframe  end-user 
applications.  j 

i 

Fiscal  Management  Division 

Fiscal  Management  administers  the  department's  budget  policy  and  provides  i 
support  and  services  to  the  divisions  in  travel,  invoice  processing,  budget  I 
management,  capital  projects,  payroll  and  timesheet  reporting. 


The  Executive  Branch  615 

General  Services  Division 

General  Services  is  responsible  for  the  department's  procurement  policy.  It 
provides  support  services  to  the  divisions  on  purchases  and  contracts,  real 
property  matters  and  other  administrative  services. 

Office  of  the  General  Council 

The  Office  of  the  General  Council  provides  legal  opinions  and  advice  to 
divisions  in  the  department,  negotiates  settlement  agreements,  reviews  and 
evaluates  the  legal  aspects  of  department  activities  and  programs,  conducts  all 
personnel  case  appeals,  and  administers  enforcement  actions  taken  by  the 
department. 

Planning  and  Assessment  Division 

Planning  and  Assessment  supports  department  with  issue  development, 
long-range  planning  and  policy  coordination  through  information  gathering 
and  research. 

Statistics  and  Information  Services  Division 

Statistics  and  Information  Services  is  the  state's  focal  point  for  developing 
and  maintaining  statewide  health  and  environmental  statistics.  Data  on 
births,  deaths,  fetal  deaths  and  hospital  resources  are  available  through 
annual  publications,  special  research  and  statistical  reports.  It  also  houses  the 
State's  geographic  information  system  which  maintains  a  database  of  natural 
and  cultural  resource  information. 

Wildlife  Resources  Commission 

The  Wildlife  Resources  Commission  is  a  semi-autonomous  agency  that 
manages  and  protects  all  wildlife  in  the  state,  conducting  restoration  programs 
for  endangered  species  of  wildlife  and  restocking  game  fish  in  state  waters.  It  is 
responsible  for  boating  safety  and  boat  registration,  construction  of  boat  access 
areas  on  lakes  and  rivers,  and  hunter  safety  programs.  The  Commission 
conducts  an  extensive  environmental  education  program  for  the  state's  school- 
age  population.  A  cadre  of  wildlife  officers  patrols  the  state's  waters,  and  the 
Commission  issues  permits  to  hunt  and  fish  in  the  state's  water  and  land  areas. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Air  Quality  Council  (G.S.  143B-317) 

Anatomy,  Commission  of  (G.S.  130-33.30) 

Coastal  Resources  Advisory  Council  (G.S.  113A-105) 

Coastal  Resources  Commission  (G.S.  113A-104) 

Environment,  Health  and  Natural  Resources,  Board  of  [G.S.  143B-280  (1973)] 

Environmental  Management  Commission  (G.S.  143B-282) 

Fire  Commission,  State  (G.S.  58-27.30) 

Forestry  Council  (G.S.  143B-308,  143B-309) 

Health  Services,  Commission  for  (G.S.  130A-29) 

John  H.  Kerr  Reservoir  Committee  [G.S.  143B-328,  143B-329] 

Land  Policy  Council,  N.C.  (G.S.  113A-153) 

Land  Records,  Advisory  Committee  on 

Marine  Fisheries  Commission  (G.S.  143B-286,  143B-287,  143B-288) 


616  North  Carolina  Manual 

Mining  Commission,  N.C.  (G.S.  143B-291) 

Parks  and  Recreation  Council  (G.S.  143B-311,  143B-312) 

Perinatal  Health  Care  Programs  Advisory  Council 

Physical  Fitness  and  Health,  Governor's  Council  on  (G.S.  130A-33.40) 

Radiation  Protection  Commission  (G.S.  104E-8) 

Recreation  and  Natural  Trust  Fund,  Board  of  Trustees  of 

Sedimentation  Control  Commission  (G.S.  143B-298,  143B-299) 

Sickle  Cell  Syndrome,  Council  on  (G.S.  143B-188) 

Soil  and  Water  Conservation  Commission  (G.S.  143B-294, 143B-295, 143B-296) 

Trails  Committee,  N.C.  (G.S.  143B-333) 

Governor's  Waste  Management  Board 

Wastewater  Treatment  Operators  Certification  Commission  (G.S.  143B-300, 

143B-301) 

Water  Treatment  Facility  Operators  Board  of  Certification 

Wildlife  Resources  Commission  (G.S.  143B-281,  143-240,  143-241) 

Zoological  Park  Council  (G.S.  143B-335) 


The  Executive  Branch 


617 


William  W.  Cobey,  Jr. 

Secretary  of  Environment, 
Health,  and  Natural  Resources 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Washing- 
ton, D.C.,  May  13,  1939,  to  William 
Wilfred  and  Mary  Gray  (Munroe) 
Cobey. 

Education:  Northwestern  High 
School,  1954-57;  Severn  School,  1957- 
58;  Emory  University,  B.A.  (Chemis- 
try), 1962;  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
MBA  (Marketing),  1964.  University 
of  Pittsburgh,  M.Ed.  (Health  and 
Physical  Education),  1968. 

Professional    Background: 

Management   Consultant,    1982-84; 
Athletic  Director,  UNC,  1976-80;  As- 
sistant Athletic  Director,  UNC,  1971- 
76;  Assistant  Business  Manager,  UNC,  1969-71;  Academic  Counselor,  UNC, 
1967-68;  Salesman,  Dow  Chemical  Co.,  1965-66;  Administrative  Assistant, 
Suburban  Trust  Co.,  1964-65. 

Organizations:  Former  member:  Chapel  Advisory  Board,  Home  Savings 
and  Loan  Association;  1981  State  Finance  Chairman,  Fellowship  of  Christian 
Atheletes;  Chairman,  Chapel  Hill  District  Sustaining  Membership  Enroll- 
ment, Boy  Scouts  of  America,  1979;  Taxpayers  Education  Coalition,  1980-82. 

Boards  and  Commissions:  Member:  Board  of  Directors,  NC  Association 
for  the  Emotionally  Troubled,  Inc.;  NC  Job  Training  Coordinating  Council; 
Advisory  Commission  for  Museum  of  Natural  History;  Blue  Ribbon  Commis- 
sion of  Coastal  Initiatives;  Board  of  Public  Telecommunication  Commis- 
sioners. Former  board  member:  United  Fund  of  Chapel  Hill-Carrboro 
(Assistant  Campaign  Chairman,  1971);  Chapel  Hill  -  Carrboro  YMCA 
(President,  1975,  1976,  1981);  Former  board  member  Chapel  Hill  Chapter  of 
AFS. 

Political  Activities:  Secretary,  NC  Department  of  Environment,  Health 
and  Natural  Resources,  1989-;  Secretary,  NRCD,  1989;  Deputy  Secretary,  NC 
Department  of  Transportation,  1987-89;  US  House  of  Representatives,  1985- 
87,  4th  District;  Chairman,  NC  Republican  Party  (Resolutions  Committee, 
1981). 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army,  (Private  E-1),  Summer,  1957  (medical 
discharge). 

Awards  and  Honors:  "Distinguished  Service  Award,"  Chapel  Hill  - 
Carrboro  Jaycees,  1977. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Chapel  Hill  Bible  Church;  Member,  Board 
of  Deacons,  1988-. 

Family:  Married,  Nancy  Lee  Sullivan,  February  20,  1965.  Children: 
Catherine,  William. 


618  North  Carolina  Manual 

SECRETARIES 

DEPARTMENT  OF  ENVIRONMENT,  HEALTH 

AND  NATURAL  RESOURCESi 

Name  Residence  Term 

Roy  G.  Sowers-^  Lee  1971 

Charles  W.  Bradshaw,  Jr. '  Wake  1971-1973 

James  E.  Harrington'  Avery  1973-1976 

George  W.  Little''  Wake  1976-1977 

Howard  N.  Lee«  Orange  1977-1981 

Joseph  W.  Grimsley' Wake  1981-1983 

James  A.  Summer" Rowan 1984-1985 

S.  Thomas  Rhodes^  New  Hanover 1985-1988 

William  W.Cobey,  Jr.  1"  Rowan 1989- 


'The  Executive  Organization  Act,  passed  by  the  1971  General  Assembly,  created  the  "Department 
of  Natural  and  Economic  Resources"  with  provisions  for  a  "Secretary"  appointed  by  the  governor. 
The  1977  General  Assembly  took  further  steps  in  government  reorganization.  The  former  Department 
of  Natural  and  Economic  Resources  became  the  Department  of  Natural  Resources  and  Community 
Deveopment.  NRCD  was  reorganized  and  renamed  by  legislative  action  in  the  1989  General 
Assembly. 

'Sowers  was  appointed  by  Governor  Scott  and  served  until  his  resignation  effective  November  30, 
1971. 

'Bradshaw  was  appointed  by  Governor  Scott  and  served  until  his  resignation  effective  November 
30,  1971. 

'Harrington  was  appointed  on  January  5, 1973,  by  Governor  Holdshouser  to  replace  Bradshaw.  He 
resigned  effective  F'ebruary  29,  1976. 

■'Little  was  appointed  on  March  1,  1976,  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  replace  Harrington. 

•"Lee  was  appointed  on  January  10,  1977,  by  Governor  Hunt  to  replace  Little.  He  resigned  effective 
July  31,  1981. 

"Grimsley  was  appointed  on  August  1, 1981,  to  replace  Lee.  He  resigned  effective  December  31, 1983. 

'^Summers  was  appointed  on  January  1,  1984,  by  Governor  Hunt.  He  resigned  effective  January  5, 
1985. 

''Rhodes  was  appointed  January  7,  1985,  by  Governor  Martin  to  replace  Grimsley. 

'"Cobey  was  appointed  by  Governor  Martin  in  January,  1989. 


The  Executive  Branch  619 


DEPARTMENT  OF  HUMAN  RESOURCES 

The  Department  of  Human  Resources  helps  individuals,  families  and 
communities  in  their  efforts  to  achieve  adequate  levels  of  health,  social  and 
economic  well-being.  The  services  of  the  Department  are  provided  by  over  500 
programs,  many  of  which  are  delivered  on  a  local  level  by  various  county- 
operated  agencies.  Closely  related  programs  are  organized  within  divisions  at 
the  state  level.  The  functions  of  the  divisions  are  described  in  the  next  section. 

One  of  the  goals  of  the  department  working  through  its  divisions  is  to  offer 
prevention  services  and  early  intervention  programs  to  reduce  cost  in  both 
human  suffering  and  dollars  and  cents.  At  the  same  time,  the  Department  is 
dedicated  to  providing  appropriate  quality  care  for  individuals  in  need  of 
assistance. 

Office  of  the  Secretary 

The  chief  executive  officer  of  the  Department  is  the  Secretary  of  Human 
Resources,  who  is  appointed  by  the  Governor.  The  Secretary  is  supported  by 
the  Deputy  Secretary  of  Human  Resources,  the  Assistant  Secretary  for 
Administration  and  Liaison  Services,  the  Assistant  Secretary  for  Children 
and  Families  and  the  Assistant  Secretary  for  Budget  and  Management.  The 
division  directors  in  the  Department  also  provide  direct  support  to  the 
Secretary. 

Staff  to  the  Office  of  the  Secretary  provide  support  and  assistance  to  the 
division  and  to  the  Secretary  in  several  important  areas  including  intergovern- 
mental relations,  personnel,  fiscal  management,  volunteer  services,  public 
information,  program  analysis,  legal  and  citizens  referral. 

Office  of  Volunteer  Services 

The  Office  of  Volunteer  Services  is  organized  to  promote  volunteerism 
through  effective  Volunteer  Program  Management.  The  office  provides  tech- 
nical assistance,  consultation,  and  training  to  local  human  resources  units, 
while  developing  policy  for  volunteer  services  within  the  department.  This  is 
provided  to  any  Department  of  Human  Resources  unit  requesting  this  service. 
Up  to  date  statistical  information  on  volunteer  involvement  is  collected  from 
programs  in  each  division  by  this  office.  Statewide  recognition  is  provided 
annually.  All  matters  related  to  volunteering  are  referred  to  this  office. 

Office  of  Information  and  Referral 

The  Office  of  Information  and  Referral  provides  reliable  information  and 
accurate  referrals  regarding  available  human  services  in  North  Carolina  to  the 
general  public,  organizations  and  governmental  agencies  through  the  state- 
wide toll-free  telephone  service  known  as  the  CARE-LINE.  The  program  serves 
as  the  departmental  ombudsman  by  receiving  and  investigating  complaints 
against  the  department  and  responding  to  requests  for  services.  Information 
and  Referral  also  acts  as  the  contact  within  the  department  for  the  Governor's 
Office  of  Citizen  Affairs,  members  of  the  North  Carolina  Legislature,  members 
of  the  Washington  delegation,  and  the  general  public.  It  assists  agencies  and 


620  North  Carolina  Manual 

organizations  across  the  state  which  are  interested  in  developing  or  enhancing 
an  Information  and  Referral  operation  by  providing  technical  assistance  and 
consultation  and  educates  the  general  public  and  agency  staff.  This  program 
provides  statistical  information  on  calls  and  ombudsman  cases  to  the  DHR 
divisions  for  program  evaluation  and  agency  planning. 

Assistant  Secretary  for  Administration  and  Liaison  Services 

Office  of  Boards,  Commissions  and  Legislative  Affairs 

Responsible  for  keeping  track  of  Departmental  board  and  commission 
vacancies  and  obtaining  recommendations.  Also  responsible  for  aiding  in  the 
development  of  Department  Legislative  policy  and  keeping  track  of  all 
legislative  action  which  affects  the  Department. 

Office  of  Governmental  Liaison  Services 

The  Office  of  Governmental  Liaison  Services  is  a  state  office  in  the 
Secretary's  office.  This  office  is  responsible  for  monitoring  the  day-to-day 
operations  between  the  Department  and  relevant  governmental  bodies  at  the 
interstate  levels.  Moreover,  this  office  will  keep  abreast  of  positions  taken  by 
key  organizations  including,  but  not  limited  to,  the  National  Governors' 
Association  and  the  North  Carolina  Association  of  County  Commissioners  in 
order  to  support  the  Secretary  in  the  analysis  of  human  resource  policy 
formulation. 

In  addition  to  other  assignments  given  by  the  Secretary,  the  director  of 
Office  of  Governmental  Liaison  Services  is  responsible  for  review  of  federal 
legislation  and  grants;  for  the  coordination  of  transportation  planning  within 
the  Department;  for  monitoring  long-term  care  policy  information;  and  for 
liaison  with  provider  associations  that  have  an  interest  in  the  programs 
administered  by  the  Department. 

Office  of  Public  Affairs 

The  Office  of  Public  Affairs  is  the  Department's  public  link  with  the  citizens 
of  North  Carolina  providing  information  through  mass  media  and  printed 
material  on  available  services  and  preventive  health  information.  It  also  edits 
documents  for  public  dissemination. 

Assistant  Secretary  for  Budget  and  Management  , 

Division  of  Budget  and  Analysis 

The  Division  of  Budget  and  Analysis  is  a  staff  division  in  the  Secretary's  ■ 
Office.  The  Division  Director  is  responsible  to  the  Assistant  Secretary  for- 
Budget  and  Management.  The  Division  addresses  the  needs  of  the  Department ; 
for  in-depth  and  on-going  monitoring  and  analysis  of  program  operations  and  ^ 
budget  utilization.  The  Division  manages  the  development  and  operation  of: 
the  Department's  budget  and  provides  Departmental  services  in  the  area  of 
purchasing  and  contracts,  property  management  and  control,  and  manage-: 
ment  of  special  reports.  i 

I 
Office  of  the  Controller  i 

The  Office  of  the  Controller  is  a  staff  office  in  the  Secretary's  Office.  Thej 
Controller  is  responsible  to  the  Assistant  Secretary  for  Budget  and  Manage-i 


The  Executive  Branch  621 

ment.  The  Controller's  Office  was  established  to  improve  accountability  and 
increase  credibility  of  Departmental  accounting  operations.  This  office 
manages  all  accounting  and  financial  reporting  functions  in  the  Department, 
including  payroll,  cash  receipts,  cash  disbursements,  accounts  receivable, 
accounts  payable,  fixed  assets  accounting,  cost  allocation  and  reimbursement, 
cash  management,  accounting  systems  development,  internal  accounting 
controls  and  resolution  of  financial  audits.  The  Controller  is  the  Department's 
liaison  with  the  Office  of  the  State  Controller  and  Office  of  the  State  Auditor. 

Assistant  Secretary  for  Children  and  Family 

Office  of  Children  and  the  Family 

The  Office  of  Children  and  the  Family  is  responsible  for  facilitating  and 
expanding  services  for  children  and  their  families  through  long-range  plan- 
ning, networking,  and  mobilizing  the  resources  of  public  and  private  organiza- 
tions. The  assistant  secretary  serves  as  liaison  between  the  major  divisionsin 
the  Department,  other  state  departments,  and  other  governmental  agencies, 
including  the  Department  of  Public  Instruction,  to  advocate  and  support 
programs  for  children  and  families.  An  inter-agency  approach  is  used  to  focus 
on  such  prevention  and  treatment  issues  as  infant  mortality,  homeless 
families,  needs  of  children  in  specialized  foster  care,  as  well  as  needs  of 
handicapped  children  and  their  families. 

Council  on  Development  Disabilities 

The  Council  is  a  planning  body  which  works  to  ensure  that  the  state  of  North 
Carolina  responds  to  the  needs  of  individuals  with  developmental  disabilities 
(severe,  chronic  mental  or  physical  impairments  which  begin  at  an  early  age 
and  substantially  limit  major  life  activities).  The  purpose  of  the  council  is  to 
promote  prevention  of  developmental  disabilities;  to  identify  the  special  needs 
of  people  with  developmental  disabilities;  and  to  help  meet  those  needs  through 
interagency  coordination,  legislative  action,  public  awareness,  and  advocacy. 

North  Carolina  Parent-to-Parent  Office 

The  North  Carolina  Parent-to-Parent  Office  is  working  to  reduce  adolescent 
substance  abuse  in  our  state  by  stimulating  local  communities  to  implement 
and  conduct  a  substance  abuse  prevention  program  for  parents.  This  program 
is  the  National  Parents'  Resource  Institute  for  Drug  Education  to  Parent-to- 
Parent  Program. 

Parent-to-Parent  is  a  video-based  workshop  for  parents  of  preteens  and 
teens.  Its  goal  is  to  train  the  participants  in  the  skills  and  abilities  necessary  to 
get  their  children  through  the  adolescent  years  without  drug  and  alcohol  use. 
In  the  event  that  their  child  does  develop  an  alcohol  or  drug  program,  the 
participant  is  present  with  a  framework  for  recognizing  the  program  and 
dealing  with  it  effectively. 

The  goal  of  the  North  Carolina  Parent-to-Parent  Program  is  to  create  a 
statewide  network  of  volunteers  to  conduct  this  training.  By  using  trained  local 
facilitators,  Parent-to-Parent  can  be  tailored  to  each  community's  specific 
needs. 


622  North  Carolina  Manual 

Divisions  of  the  Department  of  Human  Resources 

Division  of  Personnel  Management  Services 

The  Division  of  Personnel  Management  Services  provides  personnel  manage- 
ment services  to  the  approximately  34,600  state,  local  and  contractual 
employees  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Department.  This  includes  providing 
administrative  support  on  personnel  matters  to  the  Department's  state 
agencies  and  local  mental  health,  health  services  and  social  services  agencies. 
These  services  include  position  management,  salary  and  pay  administration, 
organization  and  management  development,  employee  benefits,  personnel 
policy  administration,  employee  relations,  affirmative  action,  occupational 
safety  and  health  and  general  consultation  on  all  personnel  related  matters. 

Division  of  Aging 

The  Division  of  Aging  funds  programs  for  older  adults  in  North  Carolina 
with  federal  and  state  grants,  and  advocates  for  the  special  needs  of  all  older 
North  Carolinians.  The  organization  is  directed  by  the  Assistant  Secretary  on 
Aging  who  is  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  Human  Resources.  It  includes  a 
central  office  staff  which  administers  its  programs  through  18  lead  regional 
organizations  and  a  network  of  local  service  providers.  The  major  thrust  of  the 
Division  is  to  assist  older  adults  in  maintaining  their  independence  and  to 
have  lifestyle  choices. 

Division  of  Services  for  the  Blind 

The  Division's  objectives  are  to  prevent  blindness,  restore  vision  and  to 
provide  services  which  compensate  for  the  loss  of  vision.  The  principal  officer 
of  the  Division  is  the  Director,  who  is  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Department  of  Human  Resources. 

The  Division's  Medical/Eye  Care  Program  provides  examinations,  glasses, 
surgery  and/or  treatment  to  eligible  individuals  throughout  the  State.  For 
those  whose  vision  cannot  be  restored,  services  are  provided  so  they  may 
continue  to  live  in  their  home  or  community.  These  services  include  orientation 
and  mobility,  braille,  typing,  homemaking  and  personal  adjustment  instruc- 
tion. 

Those  blind  and  visually  impaired  individuals  who  desire  employment  are 
provided  Vocational  Rehabilitation  services  which  include  skills  that  enable  a 
person  to  enter  the  job  market.  These  skills  include  instruction  in  operating 
concession  stands  and  making  products  in  the  home.  When  a  person  cannot 
work  and  needs  care,  financial  assistance  is  available  to  meet  rest  home  costs. 

The  Division  operates  the  N.C.  Rehabilitation  Center  for  the  Blind  which 
provides  adjustment  services  to  help  compensate  for  the  loss  of  vision.  The 
Division  also  operates  a  comprehensive  Evaluation  Unit  for  prevocational  and 
vocational  evaluations.  Another  program,  the  Multi-handicapped  Program,  is 
designed  for  children  with  significant  visual  impairments  as  well  as  other 
conditions. 

The  Governor  Morehead  School  in  Raleigh  is  a  residential/day  school 
program  for  the  visually  impaired.  The  academic  program  is  designed  for 
legally  blind  students  who  cannot  receive  appropriate  instruction  in  there 


The  Executive  Branch  623 

home  communities.  The  Governor  Morehead  School  also  functions  as  a 
regional  resource  center  to  public  school  programs  and  the  community.  The 
school  offers  evaluation  and  diagnostic  services,  in  service  training,  and 
general  consultation  and  works  in  conjunction  with  local  education  agencies  to 
ensure  appropriate  educational  placement  of  children. 

Division  of  Services  for  the  Deaf  and  the  Hard  of  Hearing 

The  Division  of  Services  for  the  Deaf  and  the  Hard  of  Hearing  is  responsible 
for  the  operation  of  six  regional  community  service  center  offices  strategically 
located  in  Asheville,  Charlotte,  Morganton,  Greenville,  Raleigh,  and 
Wilmington.  The  Division  is  also  responsible  for  the  operation  of  three 
residential/day  school  programs  for  the  deaf  located  in  Morganton,  Greens- 
boro, and  Wilson. 

The  Regional  Community  Service  Center  offices  provide  individual  and 
group  counseling,  contact  services,  information  and  referral  services,  technical 
assistance  to  other  agencies  and  organizations,  orientation  to  deafness 
training,  advocacy  for  persons  who  are  deaf  and  hard  of  hearing  and  those  who 
are  deaf  with  one  or  more  other  handicaps,  and  for  interpreter  services  to 
access  local  services.  The  Centers  also  promote  public  awareness  of  the  needs 
of,  and  resources  and  training  opportunities  available  to  agencies  and  persons 
who  are  deaf  and  hard  of  hearing. 

The  residential/day  school  programs  for  the  deaf  provide  preschool  through 
high  school  education  for  students  up  to  21  years  of  age.  Each  of  the  schools 
also  operates  preschool  satellite  programs  which  serve  hearing  impaired 
children  under  five  years  of  age  in  a  network  of  community  based  classes 
throughout  the  state.  Additionally,  the  schools  for  the  deaf  have  developed 
special  services  for  multi-handicapped  students.  These  students  have  one  or 
more  handicaps  in  addition  to  being  hearing  impaired. 

The  Multi-handicapped  Program  is  designed  for  children  with  significant 
hearing  impairments  and  some  degree  of  mental  retardation  or  other  handi- 
capping conditions  such  as  cerebral  palsy,  behavioral  or  emotional  problems 
or  physical  handicaps. 

The  N.C.  Schools  for  the  deaf  also  function  as  regional  resource  centers  to 
public  school  programs  and  the  community.  The  schools  offer  evaluation  and 
diagnostic  services,  inservice  training,  and  general  consultation.  All  three 
schools  work  in  accord  with  local  education  agencies  to  ensure  appropriate 
educational  placement  of  hearing  impaired  children. 

The  Division  has  an  early  detection  of  deafness  system  through  its 
Beginnings  for  Parents  of  Hearing  Impaired  Children  Program,  intermediate 
parents  training  in  the  preschool  program,  and  a  continuum  of  services  after 
school  straight  into  the  community  services  program. 

The  Division  is  responsible  for  the  management  of  the  Telecommunications 
Devices  for  the  Deaf  (TDD)  special  equipment  distribution  program  to  eligible 
hearing  and  speech  impaired  persons  ages  7  and  over.  Such  equipment 
includes  TDD  communication  units  which  allow  deaf  and  speech  impaired 
persons  to  communicate  over  the  telephone  with  others  who  have  similar  units, 
telephone  ring  signal  units,  and  special  telephone  amplifiers  for  hard  of 
hearing  persons. 


624  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  Division  is  in  the  process  of  developing  and  implementing  an  interpreter 
assessment  program  to  evaluate  the  competencies  of  such  interpreters  and  to 
certify  them  according  to  such  competencies  so  they  may  serve  as  interpreters 
for  persons  who  are  deaf  or  hard  of  hearing  covering  a  wide  range  of  situations. 

The  Division  provides  staff  and  administrative  support  to  the  N.C.  Council 
for  the  Deaf  and  the  Hard  of  Hearing  which  has  responsibility  in  reviewing 
existing  state  and  local  programs  for  persons  who  are  deaf  or  hard  of  hearing 
and  to  make  recommendations  to  the  Department  of  Human  Resources  and  the 
Division  of  improvements  of  such  programs  or  the  need  for  new  programs  or 
services. 

The  principal  officer  of  the  Division  is  the  Director,  who  is  appointed  by  the 
Secretary  of  the  Department  of  Human  Resources. 

Division  of  Facility  Services 

The  Division  of  Facility  Services  is  composed  of  eight  major  sections: 
licensure,  certification,  construction,  radiation  protection,  certificate  of  need, 
emergency  medical  services,  health  resources  development  and  child  day  care. 

The  Licensure  Section  program  licenses  health  and  social  service  facilities, 
including  hospitals,  nursing  homes,  home  health  agencies,  and  various  types 
of  group  homes,  the  latter  of  which  are  licensed  in  cooperation  with  the  State 
Division  of  Social  Services  and  local  departments  of  social  services.  The 
program  is  also  responsible  for  the  licensure  of  agencies  soliciting  charitable 
contributions,  for  the  semiannual  inspection  of  local  confinement  facilities 
and  registration  of  bingo  games. 

The  Construction  Section  is  responsible  for  reviewing  plans  of  and  in 
inspecting  health  and  social  services  facilities,  assuring  that  they  are  safe  and 
functional. 

The  Certificate  of  Need  Section  reviews  proposals  under  the  certificate  of 
need  statute  submitted  by  certains  types  of  health  care  facilities  for  any  capital 
expenditure  currently  in  excess  of  $2,000,000  or  for  any  new  institutional 
health  services  with  an  annual  operating  cost  of  $1 ,000,000.  This  review  has  an 
expressed  intent  to  control  costs  to  ensure  that  only  needed  facilities  and/or 
health  care  services  are  offered.  Without  an  approved  certificate  of  need,  new 
construction,  renovation,  establishment  of  a  new  health  services,  or  purchase 
of  equipment  cannot  take  place. 

The  Emergency  Medical  Services  Section  has  established  and  maintains 
programs  for  the  improvement  and  upgrading  of  prehospital  emergency 
medical  care  throughout  the  state. 

The  Health  Resources  Development  Section  is  an  effort  to  provide  available 
and  accessible  everyday  medical  care  to  the  State's  rural  citizens.  An 
international  model,  its  primary  goal  has  been  the  establishment  of  rural 
health  centers  in  medically  deprived  areas  of  the  state.  The  Office  also  includes 
a  statewide  physician  recruitment  program. 

Other  primary  responsibilities  include  providing  staff  to  the  State  Health 
Planning  Coordinating  Council  and  developing  the  State  Health  Plan  which  is 
produced  annually. 

The  Certification  Section  certifies  various  health  care  facilities  and  services 
for  reimbursement  for  the  Medicare  and  Medicaid  programs.  This  is  done,  in 


The  Executive  Branch  625 

part,  through  various  contacts  from  the  federal  government.  This  Section  also 
reviews  the  records  of  patients  who  are  reimbursed  to  insure  that  they  are 
properly  placed  in  beds  which  provide  the  level  of  care  needed. 

The  Child  Day  Care  Services  Section  is  responsible  for  the  licensing, 
reimbursement,  and  training  of  personnel  who  work  in  child  day  care 
programs  and  plans  throughout  the  state.  This  includes  the  operation  of  a 
special  unit  which  investigates  allegations  of  child  abuse  and  neglect  involving 
child  day  care  facilities. 

The  Division  also  develops  the  State  Medical  Facilities  Plans. 

The  Division  provides  staff  and  administrative  support  to  the  Medical  Care 
Commission  which  has  responsibility  for  promulgating  rules  for  the  licensure 
of  hospitals,  nursing  homes,  ambulatory  surgical  facilities,  and  other  health 
care  facilities  and  to  the  Radiation  Protection  Commission  which  has  rulemak- 
ing authority  for  the  regulation  of  x-ray  and  radioactive  materials  and  to  the 
Child  Day  Care  Commission  which  has  rulemaking  authority  for  the  regulation 
of  child  day  care  programs  and  plans.  Under  the  Health  Care  Facilities 
Finance  Act,  effective  in  1976,  the  Medical  Care  Commission  approves  the 
issuance  of  tax-exempt  revenue  bonds  for  construction  of  an  equipment 
acquisition  by  health  care  facilities.  This  Act  provides  a  financing  vehicle 
whereby  a  facility  may  undertake  capital  financing  at  a  relatively  low  cost, 
and  ultimately,  hold  down  the  cost  of  medical  care  to  its  patients. 


Division  of  Medical  Assistance 

The  Division  of  Medical  Assistance  is  responsible  for  managing  the  state's 
Medicaid  program.  This  includes  policy  development,  eligibility  requirements, 
provider  enrollment,  fraud  and  abuse,  quality  control,  claims  processing  and 
utilization  review.  The  claims  processing  function  is  performed  under  contract 
by  a  fiscal  agent  secured  via  competitive  bid  process.  Counties  perform  the 
eligibility  determination  functions  under  state  supervision. 

To  qualify,  a  citizen  must  meet  financial  need  requirements  and  must  also 
meet  categorical  conditions.  Categorical  conditions  include  residence  in  the 
state,  United  States  citizenship  or  residence  under  provisions  of  immigration 
laws,  and  sufficient  membership  in  one  of  the  state's  coverage  groups.  The 
groups  covered  include  Medicare  A  enrollees,  persons  age  65  and  above, 
persons  who  are  disabled  or  blind,  dependent  children  under  age  21 ,  children  in 
foster  care  or  adoptive  placements,  caretaker  relatives  of  children  under  age  18 
and  pregnant  women. 

Medicare  A  enrollees  are  entitled  to  Medicaid  payment  for  their  Medicare 
and/or  B  premiums,  deductibles  and  coinsurance  charges.  A  pregnant  woman 
may  receive  prenatal  care  services  and  other  Medicaid  services  needed  for 
conditions  that  may  complicate  her  pregnancy.  Other  Medicaid  eligibles  are 
entitled  to  all  Medicaid  services  covered  by  the  program  including  physician 
services,  eye  care,  dental,  home  health,  inpatient  hospital  as  well  as  outpatient, 
nursing  home  and  prescriptions. 

Federal,  State  and  County  governments  share  in  the  costs  of  this  program. 
In  the  1988  Fiscal  Year,  approximately  404,000  Medicaid  recipients  received 
medical  services  at  a  cost  of  $983  million. 


626  North  Carolina  Manual 

Division  of  Mental  Health,  Mental  Retardation  and 
Substance  Abuse  Services 

This  Division  provides  services  for  the  mentally  ill,  the  developmentally 
disabled,  the  alcoholic  and  the  drug  abuser.  Programs  are  under  the  supervision 
of  the  Director  of  the  Division,  who  is  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  Human 
Resources. 

The  organization  includes  a  central  office  staff  and  four  regional  offices. 
Residential  care  and  treatment  are  offered  at  four  regional  psychiatric 
hospitals,  five  centers  for  developmentally  disabled,  three  alcoholic  rehabilita- 
tion centers,  a  special  care  facility,  and  two  re-education  programs  for 
emotionally  disturbed  children  and  adolescents. 

A  major  thrust  of  this  Division's  programs  is  community  services.  There  are 
forty-one  (41)  area  mental  health  developmentally  disabled  and  substance 
abuse  programs  serving  all  one  hundred  ( 1 00)  counties  in  the  state  and  offering 
a  wide  variety  of  services — out-patient  treatment,  day  programs,  emergency 
care,  partial  hospitalization,  local  inpatient  services,  and  consultation  and 
education.  Additional  group  homes  for  the  developmentally  disabled  and 
emotionally  disturbed  continue  to  be  developed.  Sheltered  workshops  provide 
training  opportunities  and  day  activity  programs,  and  halfway  houses  help  to 
serve  people  in  their  home  communities.  These  programs  are  operated  by  local 
area  boards,  a  group  of  citizens  appointed  by  county  commissioners  and 
charged  with  planning  and  operating  services  to  meet  local  needs. 

The  Commission  for  Mental  Health,  Mental  Retardation  and  Substance 
Abuse  Services,  consisting  of  25  members,  21  appointed  by  the  Governor  and  4 
by  the  Legislature,  has  the  power  and  duty  to  adopt  rules  and  regulations  to  be 
followed  in  the  conduct  of  Division  programs.  Also  the  Commission  reviews 
Division  plans  and  advises  the  Secretary  of  Human  Resources. 

Its  programs  are  administered  through  a  network  of  unit,  sub-unit,  and 
facility  offices  throughout  the  State. 

Division  of  Social  Services 

The  Division  of  Social  Services  works  to  promote  and  deliver  services  to 
children  to  help  them  become  productive  citizens,  to  enhance  community 
alternatives  to  institutional  care  so  the  elderly  may  remain  in  their  homes  as 
long  as  possible,  and  to  provide  public  assistance  to  eligible  persons  who  need 
help  with  obtaining  shelter,  food,  energy  and  personal  needs. 

North  Carolina  has  a  state-supervised/county-administered  social  services 
system.  The  Division  supervises  the  administration  of  public  assistance 
programs  including  Aid  to  Families  with  Dependent  Children,  Food  Stamps, 
Low  Income  Energy  Assistance,  State-County  Special  Assistance,  and  Foster 
Care  and  Adoption  Assistance  payments.  The  Division  also  administers  social 
services  programs.  These  include  the  provision  of  in-home  services,  protective 
services  for  adults  and  children,  adoptions,  foster  care,  and  many  other 
supportive  services. 

The  major  priority  for  services  to  children  is  prevention  of  problems. 
Emphasis  is  on  strengthening  protection  for  children  vulnerable  to  de- 
pendency, neglect  and  abuse  with  continuing  emphasis  on  permanency 
planning  for  foster  children  to  ensure  permanent  homes  for  them.  In  addition, 


The  Executive  Branch  627 

emphasis  is  placed  on  the  provision  of  services  to  families  to  reduce  out-of- 
home  placement  for  children  and  enable  families  to  remain  intact.  For  adults, 
the  priority  is  in-home  services,  including  chore,  homemaker,  home-delivered 
or  congregate  meals,  and  adult  day  care.  There  is  increasing  demand  for 
protective  services  for  the  frail  elderly  and  other  disabled  adults. 

The  Division  also  serves  North  Carolina  in  other  ways.  The  Child  Support 
Enforcement  program  collects  money  from  absent  parents  for  support  of  their 
minor  children.  The  federal  Job  Corps  Recruitment  Program  offers  deprived 
young  people  between  the  ages  of  16  and  21  the  opportunity  to  receive  skills 
training,  basic  education  and  counseling.  The  Work  Incentive  Program  and 
the  community  Work  Experience  Program  enable  AFDC  recipients  to  get  jobs 
and  develop  skills.  The  Division  is  the  agency  responsible  for  implementing  in 
North  Carolina  the  provisions  of  the  federal  Family  Support  Act  of  1988  which 
is  designed  to  promote  greater  self-sufficiency  for  AFDC  clients  and  prevent 
long-term  welfare  dependency.  Finally,  through  an  agreement  with  the  Social 
Security  Administration,  Disability  Determination  Services  makes  medical 
decisions  on  disability  applicants  for  Social  Security  Disability  and  Supple- 
mental Security  Income. 

Division  of  Vocational  Rehabilitation  Services 

The  Division  has  responsibility  for  vocational  rehabilitation  of  individuals 
who  have  a  substantial  physical,  emotional,  or  mental  handicap  that  prevents 
them  from  becoming  employed.  There  must  be  a  reasonable  expectation  the 
vocational  rehabilitation  services  may  benefit  the  individual  in  terms  of 
employability. 

An  individual  may  refer  himself  to  Vocational  Rehabilitation,  or  may  be 
referred  by  doctors,  schools,  or  other  agencies  or  individuals. 

For  those  eligible,  Vocational  Rehabilitation  provides  a  comprehensive 
program  of  diagnosis,  medical  treatment,  restoration,  prosthetic  and  hearing 
aid  appliances,  counseling,  training  at  colleges,  technical  schools  and  sheltered 
workshops,  and  job  placement.  The  Division  also  has  a  staff  of  specially 
trained  rehabilitation  engineers  to  deal  with  accessibility,  job  and  home 
modification,  and  transportation  problems.  Practically  any  goods  and  services 
necessary  to  render  a  handicapped  person  employable  can  be  provided.  The 
division  also  administers  and  independent  living  rehabilitation  program  for 
severely  handicapped  individuals  who  cannot  necessarily  achieve  a  vocational 
goal,  but  who  need  services  in  order  to  live  independently. 

Division  of  Youth  Services 

The  Division  of  Youth  Services  is  responsible  for  operating  the  state's  five 
training  schools  for  delinquent  children  (ages  10-17),  and  four  state-owned 
detention  centers;  for  providing  funding  and  technical  assistance  to  com- 
munity-based programs;  for  developing  a  one-on-one  volunteer  program;  and 
for  managing  the  Eckerd  Wilderness  Camp.  The  principal  officer  of  the 
division  is  the  director,  who  is  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Department  of 
Human  Resources. 

The  emphasis  of  the  division  is  prevention,  treatment  and  therapy.  Com- 
munity-based alternative  programs  serve  as  options  to  training  schools  for 


628  North  Carolina  Manual 

children  10-17  who  are  in  trouble  with  the  law,  or  in  danger  of  getting  into 
trouble.  These  options  include  alternative  school  programs,  specialized  foster 
care,  emergency  shelter  care,  group  homes,  counseling,  volunteer  and  re- 
creational therapeutic  counseling. 

The  division's  One-on-One  Volunteer  Program  is  designed  to  provide  an 
opportunity  for  each  youth  (ages  10-17)  who  comes  to  the  attention  of  the  courts 
to  have  a  caring  adult  volunteer  with  whom  he  or  she  can  develop  and 
maintain  a  meaningful  relationship. 

The  four  Eckerd  Wilderness  Camps  provide  treatment  for  children  ages  10-15 
who  have  behavioral  problems,  and/or  who  are  in  conflict  with  the  law.  This 
program  serves  children  who  cannot  function  in  a  normal  community,  school 
or  family  setting. 

The  division's  five  training  schools  serve  children  ages  10-17.  Four  of  the 
schools  are  regional  centers  and  accept  youths  found  to  be  delinquent  by  the 
courts.  They  include  Dobbs  School  in  Kinston,  Stonewall  Jackson  School  in 
Concord,  the  Juvenile  Evaluation  Center  in  Swannanoa,  and  Samarcand 
Manor  in  Eagle  Springs.  The  fifth  school,  C.A.  Dillon  in  Butner,  is  the  most 
secure  campus. 

The  Juvenile  Evaluation  Center,  Samarcand  Manor,  and  C.A.  Dillon  are 
co-educational  while  the  other  training  schools  work  with  males. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Aging,  Governor's  Advisory  Council  on  (G.S.  143B-181) 

Alcohol  and  Drug  Abuse  Among  Children  and  Youth,  Governor's  Council 

(Executive  Order  23) 

Blind,  Commission  for  the  (G.S.  143B-158) 

Blind  Professional  Advisory  Commission,  Commission  for  the  (G.S.  143B-162) 

Blind,  Consumer  and  Advocacy  Advisory  Committee  for  thel8 

Child  Day  Care  Commission  (G.S.  143B-168) 

Developmental  Disabilities,  Council  on  (G.S.  143B-177-179) 

Emergency  Medical  Services  Advisory  Council 

Family  Planning  Advisory  Council  (G.S.  143B-10) 

Rehabilitation  Centers  for  the  Physically  Disabled,  Advisory  Committee  on 

Hearing  Impaired  Council  (G.S.  143B-214) 

Health  Coordinating  Council,  N.C.  State  (Public  Law  93-641;  as  amended 

96-79) 

Holocaust,  N.C.  Council  on 

Human  Rights  Commission  for  State  Psychiatric  Hospitals,  State  Mental 

Retardation  Centers  and  State  Alcoholi  Rehabilitation  Centers  (G.S.  131E-67; 

143B-147) 

Independent  Living,  Advisory  Committee  on  Comprehensive  Services  for  (P.L. 

34CFR  365.9) 

Injury  Prevention,  Governor's  Task  Force  on  (Executive  Order  78) 

Medical  Care  Commission  (G.S.  143B-165-166) 

Medical  Care  Advisory  Commission,  State  (G.S.  142-lB) 

Mental  Health  Study  Commission  [Resolution  80  (1974);  Chapter  792  (Part 

VIII),  Session  Laws  of  1985] 


The  Executive  Branch  629 

Mental  Health,  Mental  Retardation,  and  Substance  Abuse  Services,  Commis- 
sion for  (G.S.  143B-147) 

Governor  Morehead  School,  Board  of  Directors 
New  County  Managers  Advisory  Committee 

Nursing  Home  Administrators,  Board  of  Examiners  for  (G.S.  90-277) 
Penalty  Review  Committee  (G.S.  143B-10  131D-34;  131E-129) 
Perinatal  Care  Advisory  Council,  Statewide  (G.S.  130-257) 
Refugee  Program  Advisory  Council,  State  (G.S.  143B-10) 
Sickle  Cell  Syndrome  Council  (G.S.  143B-188) 
Social  Services  Commission  (G.S.  143B-154) 


630 


North  Carolina  Manual 


David  Thomas  Flaherty 

Secretary  of  Human  Resources 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts  on  December  9,  1928 
to  Thomas  and  Mabel  Flaherty. 

Education:  Boston  University, 
June  1955,  B.S.  (Business  Administra- 
tion). 

Professional  Background:  Secre- 
tary, Department  of  Human  Re- 
sources. 

Organizations:  Former  member, 
NC  State  Educational  Foundation; 
Boston  University  Alumni  Council; 
Lenoir  Optimist  Club.  Former  Chair- 
man: Trustees  for  Fort  Defiance; 
Lenoir  Beautification  Committee; 
Legislative  Committee  for  NC  Cystic 
Fibrosis  Research  Foundation.  Former  President:  Lenoir  High  School  Band 
Boosters;  Lenoir  Youth  Activities.  Former  Commander,  Post  60  of  the  Dis- 
abled American  Veterans;  Founder  and  First  President  of  the  Bunny 
Maynard  Midget  Football  League;  Former  Council  Training  Chairman, 
Council  Commissioner,  National  Convention  Delegate,  District  Scout  Chair- 
man, Cubmaster,  and  Vice-Chairman  for  Organization  and  Extension  and 
recipient  of  the  Silver  Beaver  Award,  Boy  Scouts  of  America. 

Boards  and  Commissions:  Chairman,  1987  State  Employees  Combined 
Campaign  Member  of  the  Following:  Governor's  Advocacy  Council  for 
Persons  with  Disabilities;  NC  Center  for  Public  Television;  Advisory  Council 
on  Community  Support  Services;  Governor's  Commission  for  the  Family; 
Cooperative  Planning  Consortium  of  Special  Ed;  Governor's  Crime  Commis- 
sion; Governor's  Drug  Cabinet;  Council  on  Developmental  Disabilities,  Dis- 
ability Review  Commission;  Domiciliary  Home  Advisory  Council;  Human 
Resources  and  Human  Rights  Education;  Farm  Workers  Council;  Fetal 
Alcohol  Syndrome  Task  Force;  NC  Fund  for  Children  and  Families  Commis- 
sion; Head  Injury  Task  Force;  Health  Insurance  Trust  Committee;  Commis- 
sion on  Indian  Affairs;  Interagency  Comprehensive  Preschool  Planning 
Committee;  Interagency  Advisory  Team  on  Alcohol  and  Drug  Abuse;  NC 
Job  Training  Council;  Joint  Conference  Committee,  NC  Medical  Society; 
Governor's  Commission  on  Literacy;  Medical  Database  Commission;  Respite 
Care  Services;  State  Board  of  Sanitarian  Examiners  and  Governor's  Waste 
Management  Board. 

Political  Activities:  Secretary,  Department  of  Human  Resources,  1987-; 
Chairman,  Employment  Security  Commission,  1985-87;  Chairman,  NC 
Republican   Party,    1981-83;   Republican   Candidate   for   Governor,    1976; 


The  Executive  Branch  631 

Secretary,  Department  of  Human  Resources,  1973-76;  State  Senator,  1968, 
re-elected  1970;  Republican  National  Committee  member;  Member,  Site  Com- 
mittee and  Vice-Chair  for  Housing,  1984  Republican  National  Convention; 
Caldwell  Co.  Precinct  Chairman;  Co-Chairman,  Broyhill  for  Congress  Com- 
mittee; Chairman,  Caldwell  County  Republican  Party;  Former  State  Chair- 
man, National  Committeeman,  National  Co-Chair  for  Campaigns,  State 
Vice-Chairman,  and  County  Chairman  for  the  NC  Federation  of  Young 
Republicans;  Outstanding  Young  Republican,  1964. 

Military  Service:  United  States  Army,  1949-52. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  United  Methodist  Church,  Raleigh,  N.C. 

Family:  Married  to  the  former  Nancy  Hamill  of  Boston.  Children:  David, 
Jr.,  Debbie,  Steve,  Jon,  Bobby. 


61VZ  NoKTH  Carolina  Manual 

SECRETARIES 
DEPARTMENT  OF  HUMAN  RESOURCES' 

Nanu-  Residenoe  Term 

Lenox  D.  Baker-^  Durham  1972-1973 

David  T.  Flaherty'  Wake  1973-1976 

Phillip  J.  Kirk,  Jr.'  Rowan 1976-1977 

Sarah  T.  Morrow'- Guilford  1977-1985 

LucvH.  Rode''  Wake  1985 

Phillip  J.  Kirk,  Jr.'  Rowan  1985- 


'Tho  Kxocutivc  Organization  Act  of  1971  created  the  "Department  of  Human  Resources"  with 
provisions  for  a  "Secretary"  appointed  by  the  governor 

-Baker  was  appointed  hy  Governor  Scott. 

'Flaherty  was  appointed  on -January  ">,  197.'!,  hy  Governor  Holshous<'r  to  replace  Baker,  he  resigned 
in  April,  197(S. 

'Kirk  was  appointed  on  A|)ril  (i,  197(i,  hy  (lovernor  Holshouser  to  re|)lace  Flaherty. 

'Morrow  was  appointed  on  , January  10,  1977,  liy  Cioveror  Hunt  to  replace  Kirk. 

''fiode  was  appointed  effective  January  1,  UtKf)  and  served  until  Kirk  was  appointed. 

■  Kirk  was  appointed  -January  7,  UtSf),  by  ( lovernor  Martin.  He  resigned  elfective  March  '2.  19S7  to 
heconu'  ( 'hief  of  Staff  to  the  (lOvernor. 

■^Kayye  served  as  interim  secretary  between  March  'J.  and  April  S,  19S7. 

''J''laherfy  was  appointed  April  H,  1987  to  replace  Kirk. 


The  Executive  Branch  633 


DEPARTMENT  OF  REVENUE 

Considerable  public  dissatisfaction  with  the  tax  structure  of  North  Carolina 
over  a  period  of  years  and  recommendations  for  substantial  changes  or 
reforms  by  at  least  two  study  groups  culminated  in  a  constitutional  amendment 
in  1920  authorizing  the  enactment  of  a  net  income  tax  and  providing  for  the 
elimination  of  the  property  tax  as  a  source  of  state  revenue.  The  General 
Assembly  enacted  a  comprehensive  net  income  tax  in  1921,  which  was 
effective  for  the  1921  income  year. 

Prior  to  the  enactment  of  the  income  tax,  the  administration  of  the  state  tax 
laws  was  dispersed  among  several  state  agencies.  The  state  general  property 
tax  was  administered  by  county  officials,  subject  to  the  supervision  of  the  Tax 
Commission.  The  Tax  Commission  also  assessed  the  tangible  property  of 
railroads  and  public  service  companies  and  the  "corporate  excess"  of  all 
corporations  with  the  values  certified  to  counties  for  local  taxes  and  to  the  State 
Auditor  for  state  taxes.  The  State  Auditor  billed  each  corporation  for  the 
property  tax  due  the  State  based  on  these  values  and  for  the  franchise  tax  due. 
The  taxes  due  from  corporations  were  paid  directly  to  the  State  Treasurer.  If 
payments  were  not  made  by  the  due  date,  the  Treasurer  notified  the  Auditor, 
who  was  responsible  for  taking  the  necessary  legal  steps  to  enforce  payment, 
the  inheritance  tax  was  administered  by  clerks  of  Superior  Court  under  the 
supervision  of  the  Tax  Commission.  Fees  for  automobile  licenses  were  collected 
by  the  Secretary  of  State. 

The  experience  of  other  states  had  demonstrated  that  an  income  tax  such  as 
that  enacted  in  1921  could  not  be  effectively  enforced  without  centralized 
administration.  In  recognition  of  this,  the  new  law  was  assigned  to  the  Tax 
Commission  for  administration. 

The  principal  function  of  members  of  the  Tax  Commission  was  to  serve  as 
the  Corporation  Commission,  which  regulated  public  utilities.  Because  of  the 
bifurcation  of  the  Commission's  responsibilities,  the  General  Assembly  in  the 
closing  days  of  the  1921  Session  created  the  Department  of  Revenue,  headed  by 
a  Commissioner  of  Revenue,  to  assume  the  responsibility  of  State  revenue 
administration,  enforcement  and  collection.  The  new  Department  had  the 
distinction  of  being  the  first  such  department  in  the  United  States.  The 
inheritance  tax  unit  and  the  franchise  and  corporation  tax  assessment  units 
were  transferred  from  the  Tax  Commission,  and  the  Department  became 
responsible  for  administering  the  new  income  tax. 

The  Department  of  Revenue  was  organized  in  May  1921,  with  only  sixteen 
persons  on  the  payroll.  An  income  tax  unit  was  organized  in  October.  The 
average  number  of  employees  for  the  1921-22  fiscal  year  was  only  thirty.  The 
cost  of  operation  was  $87,125  and  collections  amounted  to  $3,120,064  from 
income  and  inheritance  taxes. 

In  1923  the  assessment  and  collection  of  the  franchise  tax  were  transferred 
from  the  State  Auditor  and  the  Treasurer  to  the  Department  of  Revenue,  and 
collection  of  Schedule  B  license  taxes  became  the  responsibility  of  the 
Department.  Previously,  the  license  taxes  had  been  collected  by  the  county 


634  North  Carolina  Manual 

sheriffs  or  tax  collectors.  A  license  tax  division  and  a  field  forces  division  were 
organized. 

Two  acts  of  the  General  Assembly  in  1925  further  expanded  the  Department. 
The  Motor  Vehicle  Bureau  of  the  Department  of  State,  which  administered 
automobile  license  taxes,  the  gasoline  tax,  and  the  bus  and  truck  franchise  tax, 
was  transferred  to  the  Department  of  Revenue.  In  addition,  the  collection  of 
taxes  on  insurance  companies  was  transferred  to  the  Department,  although 
the  tax  liability  was  determined  by  the  Commissioner  of  Insurance. 

The  Motor  Vehicle  Bureau  was  placed  under  a  deputy  commissioner  and 
remained  separate  from  the  rest  of  the  Department  of  Revenue.  The  Bureau 
was  composed  of  the  registration  unit,  the  theft  unit,  the  gasoline  tax  unit,  and 
branch  offices.  The  division  of  accounts,  the  supplies  office,  and  the  cashier's 
office  served  both  the  Motor  Vehicle  Bureau  and  the  revenue  units.  The  cost  of 
operating  the  Bureau  was  paid  from  the  Highway  Fund  and  the  remainder  of 
the  Department  of  Revenue  was  financed  from  the  General  Fund. 

No  further  changes  of  any  significance  were  made  until  1933  when  a  general 
sales  tax  and  a  beverage  tax  were  enacted.  A  new  unit  was  created  to 
administer  the  sales  tax  and  the  administration  of  the  beverage  tax  was  placed 
in  the  license  tax  unit.  The  Highway  Patrol  was  transferred  from  the  Highway 
Department  to  the  Revenue  Department  and  assigned  to  the  Motor  Vehicle 
Bureau.  The  gasoline  and  oil  inspection  unit  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
was  moved  to  the  Department  of  Revenue. 

In  1935  the  Highway  Patrol  was  expanded,  a  driver's  license  law  was 
enacted,  and  the  Motor  Vehicle  Bureau  was  divided  into  two  divisions-a 
Division  of  Highway  Safety  (including  the  Highway  Patrol,  the  Driver's 
License  Unit,  and  a  Radio  Unit)  and  the  Motor  Vehicle  Bureau.  Each  division 
had  a  director  who  reported  directly  to  the  Commissioner  of  Revenue. 

The  General  Assembly  enacted  the  intangible  personal  property  tax  in  1937 
pursuant  to  a  constitutional  amendment  adopted  in  1936,  permitting  classifica- 
tion of  property  by  the  General  Assembly,  with  different  classes  of  property 
being  treated  differently.  Intangible  property  was  the  only  classification  made 
initially.  Such  property  was  to  be  taxed  exclusively  by  the  State.  Half  of  the 
proceeds  were  to  be  distributed  to  counties,  cities,  and  towns.  (The  local  share 
has  been  increased  over  the  years  until,  at  present,  over  93  percent  is 
distributed  to  local  governments.)  A  gift  tax  was  also  enacted  to  complement 
the  inheritance  tax.  The  intangibles  tax  was  placed  in  the  franchise  tax  unit 
and  later  a  separate  intangibles  tax  division  was  created. 

Prior  to  1939  a  new  revenue  act  was  adopted  each  biennium.  A  permanent  act 
was  enacted  in  1939,  requiring  no  action  by  subsequent  sessions  of  the  General 
Assembly  unless  the  existing  act  was  amended.  The  1939  act,  as  amended, 
remained  in  effect  until  1989  when  major  changes  were  made  by  the  General 
Assembly.  As  enacted,  the  permanent  Revenue  Act  of  1939  included  a  use  tax  to 
corriplement  the  sales  tax. 

During  the  1930's  the  Department  of  Revenue  grew  rapidly  because  of  the 
acquisition  of  new  units,  notably  the  Highway  Patrol,  and  the  increase  in  the 
number  of  tax  returns  handled. 

The  Highway  Safety  Division  was  engaged  in  law  enforcement  and  its 
activities  were  unrelated  to  the  collection  of  revenue.  As  the  size  of  this  activity 


The  Executive  Branch  635 

increased,  it  became  apparent  that  these  diverse  functions  should  be  housed  in 
separate  agencies.  In  1941  on  the  recommendation  of  the  Governor,  a 
Department  of  Motor  Vehicles  was  established.  The  new  department  received 
the  Division  of  Highway  Safety  and  all  of  the  activities  and  agencies  of  the 
Motor  Vehicles  Bureau  except  the  gasoline  tax  unit.  The  Department  of 
Revenue  and  the  Department  of  Motor  Vehicles  continued  to  share  certain 
services.  The  Accounting  Division  of  the  Department  of  Revenue  served  both 
departments  as  did  the  supply  and  service  unit  of  the  Department  of  Motor 
Vehicles,  which  handled  purchasing,  mailing,  and  mimeographing.  Although 
the  gasoline  tax  unit  was  part  of  the  Department  of  Revenue,  its  operating 
costs  were  charged  to  the  Department  of  Motor  Vehicles  which  was  financed 
out  of  the  Highway  Fund. 

Another  act  of  the  1941  General  Assembly  authorized  the  separation  of  a 
statistical  and  research  unit  from  the  Department  of  Revenue  and  the 
establishment  of  the  Department  of  Tax  Research.  The  Governor  did  not  act 
on  this  authority  for  more  than  a  year,  establishing  the  Department  of  Tax 
Research  on  July  1,  1942.  After  this  separation,  the  Department  of  Revenue 
was  reduced  in  size  from  almost  800  permanent  employees  to  an  average  of  312 
in  the  1942-43  fiscal  year. 

No  significant  changes  were  made  in  the  responsibilities  or  organization  of 
the  Department  for  several  years  after  the  changes  were  enacted  in  1941.  Tax 
rates,  deductions  and  exemptions  were  altered,  but  these  changes  did  not 
materially  affect  the  operations  of  the  Department.  The  only  new  taxes  enacted 
were  an  excise  tax  on  banks  adopted  in  1957  as  part  of  a  package  of  changes  in 
the  Revenue  Act  recommended  by  a  Tax  Study  Commission,  and  a  cigarette 
tax  and  soft  drink  excise  tax  enacted  in  1969  as  revenue  measures.  A  local 
option  sales  and  use  tax  was  also  enacted  with  the  tax  being  administered  by 
the  Department  of  Revenue.  The  cigarette  and  soft  drink  taxes  were  assigned  to 
the  Privilege  and  Beverage  Tax  Division.  The  local  sales  tax  was  assigned  to 
the  Sales  and  Use  Tax  Division  to  be  administered  in  conjunction  with  the 
State  sales  tax  as  a  "piggyback"  tax;  and  the  bank  excise  tax  was  placed  in  the 
Corporate  Income  and  Franchise  Tax  Division. 

Office  space  has  been  a  problem  of  the  Department  for  most  of  its  history. 
When  first  organized,  the  Department  occupied  the  Senate  Chamber  of  the 
Capitol,  using  the  chamber  proper,  the  Senate  clerk's  office,  and  some  small 
committee  rooms  on  the  third  floor.  The  Department  had  to  move  when  the 
General  Assembly  met  in  1923  and  again  during  the  special  session  of  1924. 
The  Department  moved  to  the  Agriculture  Building  before  the  1925  legislative 
session.  A  new  building,  known  as  the  Revenue  Building,  was  authorized  by 
the  General  Assembly  during  the  1924  Special  Session,  and  was  occupied  in 
1926.  Space  problems  continued,  however,  as  various  other  State  agencies 
moved  into  the  building,  and  as  numbers  of  tax  schedules,  duties,  returns  and 
employees  continued  to  increase.  To  annexes  were  occupied  in  1948  and  a  third 
in  1969.  Short-term  space  is  frequently  rented  to  accommodate  large  numbers 
of  temporary  employees  during  a  major  tax  filing  periods,  and  in  1985,  the 
Brown-Rogers  Building  adjacent  to  the  Revenue  Building  was  acquired  to 
house  the  Property  Tax  Division,  and  a  number  of  other  offices  of  the 
Department. 


636  North  Carolina  Manual 

Critical  space  problems  and  the  need  for  substantial  modernization  were 
addressed  by  the  1986  General  Assembly,  which  appropriated  funds  pre- 
liminary to  the  construction  of  a  new  building.  As  of  January  1987,  an  architect 
and  tentative  site  had  been  selected.  It  is  anticipated  that  the  new  building  may 
be  ready  for  occupancy  in  1990. 

In  1947  a  small  data  processing  unit  was  set  up  in  the  Sales  and  Use  Tax 
Division.  The  unit  used  punch  cards  to  provide  a  mailing  list  of  registered 
merchants,  to  check  the  monthly  returns  for  delinquency,  to  address  letters  for 
all  delinquent  accounts,  and  to  compile  statistical  data  from  monthly  returns. 
In  1949  a  larger  unit  was  added  to  the  Income  Tax  Division.  It  provided  mailing 
lists  of  individual  income  taxpayers  from  which  forms  were  mailed  to 
taxpayers  the  following  year,  provided  a  register  used  to  locate  returns  which 
were  then  put  in  "stack"  files  which  did  not  require  hand  alphabetizing,  and 
aided  enforcement  of  individual  income  tax  collections  by  matching  amounts 
of  income  reported  by  employers  against  amounts  shown  on  tax  returns.  This 
device  proved  very  effective  in  discovering  cases  of  failure  to  file  returns  and 
instances  of  understated  income.  However,  for  several  years  the  psychological 
impact  was  probably  of  greater  importance  than  the  actual  performance  of  the 
data  processing  unit  in  improving  taxpayer  compliance.  In  1958  the  two  data 
processing  units  were  consolidated  into  a  single  unit  and  established  as  a  new 
division — the  Division  of  Planning  and  Processing. 

In  1960,  the  Division  began  processing  individual  income  tax  refunds  on 
automated  equipment.  Additional  changes  were  implemented  in  1970  with  the 
introduction  of  disk  storage  and  in  1972,  twenty  data  entry  terminals  were 
added,  introducing  online  systems  to  the  division.  Online  inquiry  systems  were 
implemented  for  the  Individual  Income  Sales  and  Use,  Intangibles  and 
License  and  Excise  Tax  Divisions  between  1973  and  1980.  An  optical  character 
reader  was  acquired  in  1977  to  scan  hand  coded  auditor  adjustment  sheets  for 
input  to  tax  files.  The  first  remote  terminal  was  installed  in  a  Revenue  Field 
Office  in  1984,  with  micro-computers  coming  into  use  at  about  the  same  time.  In 
1985,  an  automated  withholding  and  individual  income  tax  accounts  receivable 
system  was  implemented,  followed  in  1986  by  a  remittance  processing  unit 
which  collects  data  from  tax  remittances  and  transfers  it  to  the  Revenue 
computer  center  for  processing.  During  1986,  the  Motor  Fuels,  Corporate 
Income  and  Franchise,  and  Inheritance  Tax  Divisions  began  using  online 
inquiry  in  their  operation,  and  the  Planning  and  Processing  Division  was 
reorganized  and  renamed  the  Management  Information  Services  Division. 
During  the  past  two  years  integrated  data  base  technology  had  been  introduced 
to  the  department  to  redesign  all  assembler  systems,  and  to  introduce  office 
automation  and  end-user  computers  through  the  installation  of  a  departmental 
mini-computer  system. 

Changes  continue  to  be  made  in  the  Department's  internal  organization.  In 
1953,  separate  divisions  were  created  to  administer  corporate  and  individual 
income  taxes.  A  few  years  later  the  Franchise  and  Intangibles  Tax  Division 
was  divided,  with  the  franchise  tax  function  being  assigned  to  the  Corporate 
Income  and  Franchise  Tax  Division,  and  with  the  intangibles  tax  function 
remaining  in  the  Intangibles  Tax  Division,  this  Division  also  provided  staff  to 
the  State  Board  of  Assessment  until  1967,  when  the  Board  was  assigned  a  staff 
independent  of  the  Department  of  Revenue. 


The  Executive  Branch  637 

Following  a  Constitutional  amendment,  legislation  was  enacted  in  1971  to 
reorganize  State  government.  In  that  year,  the  Department  of  Tax  Research 
became  a  division  of  the  Department  of  Revenue,  the  staff  of  the  State  Board  of 
Assessment  was  returned  to  the  Department  as  the  Ad  Valorem  Tax  Division, 
and  the  Commissioner  of  Revenue  became  the  Secretary  of  Revenue.  In  1986, 
the  Intangibles  Tax  Division  and  the  Ad  Valorem  Tax  Division  were  merged 
and  denominated  the  Property  Tax  Division,  with  separate  Intangibles  and  Ad 
Valorem  Tax  Sections. 

The  Secretary  is  appointed  by  the  Governor,  and  serves  ex  officio  as  a 
member  of  the  Tax  Review  Board  in  matters  pertaining  to  corporate  allocation 
formulas  only,  and  as  a  member  of  the  Local  Government  Commission. 

The  principal  duty  of  the  Department  of  Revenue  is  to  collect  revenue  for  the 
State's  General  and  Highway  Funds.  The  Department  also  collects  and 
distributes  the  intangibles  tax  and  local  sales  and  use  tax  on  behalf  of  local 
governments.  It  accounts  for  all  these  funds  and  seeks  uniformity  in  the 
administration  of  tax  laws  and  regulations.  The  Department's  activities  are 
divided  into  two  broad  areas:  Tax  Schedules  and  Administrative  Services.  The 
former  is  divided  into  seven  division:  Corporate  Income  and  Franchise  Tax, 
Individual  Income  Tax,  Inheritance  and  Gift  Tax,  License  and  Excise  Tax, 
Motor  Fuels  Tax,  Property  Tax  and  Sales  and  Use  Tax.  The  latter  is  divided 
into  five  divisions:  Accounting,  Field  Services,  General  Services,  Management 
Information  Services  and  Tax  Research. 

Tax  Schedule  Area 

Corporate  Income  and  Franchise  Tax  Division 

The  Corporate  Income  and  Franchise  Tax  Division  administers  the  corporate 
income  and  franchise  tax  schedules,  gross  earnings  tax  on  freight  car  line 
companies  and  forestry  products  tax.  The  division  makes  assessments  or 
refunds  of  taxes  as  the  result  of  examinations.  It  initiates  action  to  effect 
collection  of  delinquent  accounts  and  disseminates  information  to  taxpayers 
and  field  forces  regarding  the  interpretation  of  statutes  that  relate  to  the 
corporate  income  and  franchise  tax  schedules.  The  division  also  conducts 
conferences  with  taxpayers  on  controversial  matters  which  have  not  reached 
the  level  of  the  Secretary;  and  representatives  of  the  division  appear  in 
hearings  before  the  Secretary,  before  the  Tax  Review  Board  and  in  court. 

Individual  Income  Tax  Division 

The  Individual  Income  Tax  Division  administers  the  individual  income  tax, 
including  income  tax  withheld  by  employers  and  estimated  income  tax  paid  by 
individuals  on  income  not  subject  to  withholding  at  the  source.  The  Divisions 
issue  refunds  for  overpayments  of  tax  and  assessments  for  tax  shown  due  on 
returns  received  without  payment.  Assessments  are  also  issued  for  additional 
tax  resulting  from  compliance  examinations  of  returns  by  auditors.  The 
Division  provides  assistance  to  personnel  of  the  Field  Services  Division  in  the 
assessment  and  collection  of  delinquent  tax  from  individuals  and  employers. 
Division  personnel  conduct  conferences  with  taxpayers,  accountants,  and 
attorneys  on  disputed  tax  issues  and  representatives  of  the  division  appear  in 
hearings  before  the  Secretary  of  Revenue,  before  the  Tax  Review  Board,  and  in 


638  North  Carolina  Manual 

court.  The  Division  also  publishes  the  Individual  Income  Tax  Bulletins,  a 
compilation  of  the  Division's  interpretation  of  income  tax  statutes  and 
administrative  policy. 

Inheritance  and  Gift  Tax  Division 

The  Inheritance  and  Gift  Tax  Division  processes  reports  of  qualification 
from  Clerks  of  Superior  Court,  notifies  qualified  personal  representatives  of 
duties  in  inheritance  tax  matters,  and  processes  inventories  of  estates.  It  also 
examines  inheritance  and  gift  tax  returns  for  accuracy,  audits  returns  by  field 
investigation,  makes  appraisals,  examines  corresponding  federal  returns  to 
insure  consistent  estate  calculation  and  assesses  any  unpaid  tax.  It  examines 
reports  by  Clerks  of  Superior  Court  to  determine  compliance  with  the  law  by 
qualified  estate  representatives,  advises  taxpayers  and  collectors  on  legal 
interpretations  and  liability,  assists  in  filing  returns;  issues  waivers  required 
for  transfer  of  intangible  properties  of  estates;  concludes  tax  cases  and  files 
releases  with  Clerks  of  Superior  Court  to  be  recorded  as  official  records.  The 
division  conducts  conferences  with  taxpayers  on  protested  assessments  and 
controversial  matters,  and  representatives  of  the  division  appear  in  hearings 
before  the  Secretary,  before  the  Tax  Review  Board,  and  in  court. 

License  and  Excise  Tax  Division 

The  License  and  Excise  Tax  Division  administers  the  Privilege  License, 
Beer,  Wine,  Liquor,  Cigarette  and  Soft  Drink  Tax  Schedules.  It  advises 
taxpayers,  attorneys,  accountants,  and  field  forces  on  interpretation  of  the 
laws,  issues  legal  documents  necessary  to  effect  collection,  and  receives, 
audits,  and  processes  excise  tax  reports  and  applications  for  licenses.  It 
conducts  conferences  with  taxpayers  on  protested  assessments  and  con- 
troversial matters  and  representatives  of  the  division  appear  in  hearings 
before  the  Secretary,  the  Tax  Review  Board,  and  in  court. 

Motor  Fuels  Tax  Division 

The  Motor  Fuels  Tax  Division  collects  motor  fuels  taxes  and  inspection  fees, 
audits  tax  reports  and  taxpayer  records,  and  examines  and  approves  applica- 
tions for  refunds.  The  Division  issues  licenses  to  distributors  of  motor  fuels 
(gasoline  and  special  fuels)  and  to  users  and  sellers  of  special  fuels  and  receives 
and  approves  bonds  to  cover  motor  fuels  tax  liability.  It  also  issues  registration 
cards  and  identification  markers  to  motor  carriers.  It  conducts  conferences  on 
protested  assessments  and  other  controversial  matters,  and  representatives  of 
the  division  appear  in  hearing  before  the  Secretary,  the  Tax  Review  board  and 
in  court. 

Property  Tax  Division 

The  Property  Tax  Division  is  composed  of  the  Ad  Valorem  Tax  Section  and 
the  Intangibles  Tax  Section.  The  duties  and  responsibilities  these  two  sections 
are  as  follows: 

Ad  Valorem  Tax  Section.  The  Ad  Valorem  Tax  Section  exercises  general 
and  specific  supervision  over  the  valuation  and  taxation  of  real  and  tangible 


The  Executive  Branch  639 

personal  property  by  counties  and  municipalities,  and  furnishes  advice  and 
technical  assistance  to  local  taxing  authorities.  It  appraises  and  values  the 
property  of  public  service  companies;  determines  the  value  to  be  apportioned  to 
North  Carolina;  and  then  allocates  this  value  to  the  counties  and  municipalities 
of  the  State.  The  Ad  Valorem  Tax  Section  also  serves  as  staff  to  the  Property 
Tax  Commission  in  investigating  appeals  and  in  scheduling  and  arranging 
hearings  before  the  Commission. 

Intangibles  Tax  Section.  The  Intangibles  Tax  Section  administers  the 
intangible  tax  schedule.  It  receives  and  audits  intangible  tax  returns  and  make 
assessments  or  refunds  of  taxes  as  a  result  of  audits  in  the  office  or  in  the  field. 
Taxpayers  are  advised  on  interpretation  of  the  law  and  are  assisted  in  the 
filing  of  returns.  The  office  conducts  conferences  with  taxpayers  on  protests  of 
assessments  and  controversial  matters;  handles  the  distribution  of  intangible 
taxes  to  counties,  cities  and  town  and  representatives  of  the  division  appear  in 
hearing  before  the  Secretary,  the  Tax  Review  Board,  and  in  court. 

Sales  and  Use  Tax  Division 

The  Sales  and  Use  Tax  Division  administers  the  State  and  local  sales  and 
use  tax  laws.  It  establishes  and  maintains  records  on  consumers,  retail  and 
wholesale  merchants,  and  issues  notices  to  taxpayers  on  reports  not  filed.  It 
audits  monthly  sales  and  use  tax  reports,  reviews  field  audit  reports  for 
accuracy,  and  issues  appropriate  assessments  from  these  reports.  This  division 
also  conducts  conferences  on  protested  assessments  and  recommends  adjust- 
ments where  justified.  Representatives  of  the  division  appear  in  hearings 
before  the  Secretary  of  Revenue,  the  Tax  Review  Board,  and  in  court. 

Administrative  Services  Area 

Accounting  Division 

The  Accounting  Division  is  responsible  for  cash  management  for  the 
Department  of  Revenue  and  in  that  capacity  receives  and  distributes  incoming 
mail;  deposits  all  remittances;  itemizes  each  tax  payment;  proves  total  receipts 
with  returns;  and  accurately  accounts  for  funds  received.  The  Division  also 
corresponds  with  taxpayers  on  improperly  drawn  and  undesignated  re- 
mittances; oversees  collection  of  returned  checks;  maintains  records  of  receipts 
tendered  to  the  department;  and  performs  all  budgetary  controls  for  the 
department  including  time  and  pay  records. 

Field  Services  Division 

The  Field  Services  Division  maintains  66  revenue  offices  and  14  audit  offices 
throughout  the  State,  one  unit  which  audits  taxpayers  located  outside  North 
Carolina  and  a  unit  which  investigates  criminal  violation.  The  Division  also 
maintains  a  regional  audit  office  in  California.  The  Division  helps  insure 
taxpayer  compliance  with  North  Carolina  revenue  laws  by  collecting 
delinquent  taxes,  obtaining  delinquent  returns,  examining  taxpayer's  records 
for  accuracy  and  assisting  taxpayers  by  disseminating  information  and 
preparing  returns. 


640  North  Carolina  Manual 

General  Services  Division 

The  General  Services  Division  orders,  receives,  maintains  and  accounts  for 
the  inventory  of  all  supplies,  equipment  and  printing,  and  furnishes  the  same 
to  the  Division  and  field  offices  throughout  the  State.  It  also  handles  all 
outgoing  mail. 

Management  Information  Services  Division 

The  Management  Information  Services  Division  is  the  focal  point  within  the 
Department  of  Revenue  for  information  management,  data  processing,  office 
automation,  and  end  user  computing.  The  Division  applies  project  manage- 
ment and  software  engineering  principles  when  developing  systems,  is  very 
sensitive  to  security  issues,  and  applies  quality  controls  to  projects  and 
processes.  The  Division  provides  the  Department  a  central  computer  service, 
central  systems  design  and  maintenance,  data  entry  support,  network  support 
services,  technical  support  for  remittance  processing,  office  automation 
administration,  micro-computer  support,  and  information  center  services. 

Services  provided  to  various  divisions  include:  data  entry  and/or  audit 
verification;  preparation  of  refund  checks,  licenses,  statistical  reports,  distribu- 
tion reports  for  returning  certain  taxes  to  local  governments,  and  delinquent 
payment  notices;  and  maintenance  of  online  inquiry  systems.  Over  2.1  million 
refund  checks  are  written,  6.3  million  documents  entered  through  data  entry 
services,  and  5.5  million  addresses  are  processed  for  mailing  tax  forms  to  North 
Carolina  taxpayers  annually. 

Tax  Research  Division 

The  Tax  Research  Division  compiles  statistical  data  on  State  and  local 
taxation  and  publishes  a  biennial  statistical  report.  The  Division  estimates  the 
revenue  effect  of  proposed  changes  in  the  revenue  laws  and  revenues  from  new 
sources.  Upon  request,  members  of  the  General  Assembly  and  the  general 
public  are  provided  with  tax  information,  and  industrial  prospects  are 
provided  with  tax  brochures,  hypothetical  tax  bills,  and  conferences  to  explain 
tax  laws.  Technical  assistance  and  special  studies  from  compiled  data  are 
made  available  for  study  commissions. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Property  Tax  Commission  (G.S.  143B-223)18 


The  Executive  Branch 


641 


Helen  Ann  Powers 

Secretary  of  Revenue 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Marshall, 
Madison  County,  June  18,  1925,  to 
Robert  L.  and  Bertha  (Randall) 
Powers. 

Education:  Western  Carolina  Uni- 
versity; School  of  Bank  Administra- 
tion, University  of  Wisconsin;  Stonier 
Graduate  School  of  Banking,  Rutgers 
University. 

Professional    Background: 

Senior  Vice  President,  Cashier  and 
Director,  The  Bank  of  Asheville; 
Senior  Vice  President  and  Director, 
NCNB  National  Bank,  Asheville; 
Financial  Consultant,  Robinson 
Humphrey  /  American  Express. 

Boards  and  Commissions:  North  Carolina  Banking  Commission,  1981- 
85;  Former  Director,  NC  Bankers  Association;  American  Bankers  Associa- 
tion; Government  Relations  Council,  1979-80;  ABA  Insurance  and  Protection 
Committee,  1971-74;  Director,  Better  Business  Bureau  of  Western  NC;  Ashe- 
ville Chapter,  American  Red  Cross;  NC  Governor's  Residence  Association; 
Memorial  Mission  Hospital  Auxiliary;  Asheville  Chamber  of  Commerce; 
Asheville-Buncombe  Insurance  Advisory  Committee;  Financial  Advisor  to 
Asheville  Junior  League 

Honors:  Who's  Who  Among  American  Women;  Outstanding  Women  of 

N.C.,  1987. 

Political  Activities:  Secretary,  Department  of  Revenue,  1985-. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Grace  Episcopal  Church,  Asheville,  NC; 
Vestry,  Altar  Guild  and  Finance  Chairman. 


642  North  Carolina  Manual 

SECRETARIES 
DEPARTMENT  OF  REVENUE' 

Namt*  Rt'sidt'nce  Term 

Alston  I).  Watts- Iredell  1921-1923 

Rufus  A.  Doughton ' Alleghany 1923-1929 

Allen  J.  Maxwell'  Wake  1929-1942 

Edwin  M.  Gill '  Wake  1942-1949 

Eugene  G.  Shaw'' Guilford  1949-1957 

James  S.  Currie'  Wake  1957-1961 

William  A.  Johnson" Harnett  1961-1964 

Lewis  Sneed  High-' Cumberland  1964-1965 

Ivie  L.  Clayton'" Wake  1965-1971 

Gilmer  Andrew  Jones,  Jr."  Wake  1972-1973 

Mark  H.  Coble'^ Guilford  1973-1977 

Mark  G.  Lynch'  '■  Wake  1977-1985 

Helen  Ann  Powers  Madison  1985- 


''Vhv  Dcpartmentof  Revcnut'  wascroated  by  the  1921  (u'ni'ral  Assembly  with  provision  for  thi'  first 
"C'ommissioner  of  Rovonue,  to  be  appointed  by  tbe  governor,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of 
the  Senate"  for  a  four  year  term,  and  the  succeeding  one  to  be  "nominated  and  elected"  in  1924  "in  the 
manner  provided  for.  .  .  other  state  officers."  In  1929  the  provision  for  electing  a  commissioner  was 
repealed  and  a  provision  which  called  for  appointment  of  the  commissioner  by  the  governor, 
substituted.  The  Kxecutive  Organization  Act  of  1971  established  the  Department  of  Revenue  as  one  of 
the  nineti'cn  major  departments.  In  197.5  the  title  "C'ommissioner"  was  changed  to  "Secretary". 

'Watts  was  appointed  by  Governor  Morrison  and  served  until  his  resignation  on  January  29,  192.'i. 

'Doughton  was  appointed  by  (iovernor  Morrison  to  replace  Watts.  He  was  elected  in  the  general 
elections  in  1924  and  served  following  re-election  in  192?<  until  March,  1929. 

'Maxwell  was  appointed  by  (lovi'rnor  (Jardner  to  replace  Doughton  and  served  following 
sul)sec|uent  reappointments  until  -luni',  1942. 

("lill  was  appointed  by  Governor  Hroughlon  to  replace  Maxwell  and  served  following  his 
ri'appointment  until  his  resignation  effective  July  1,  1919. 

''Shaw  was  appointed  by  Governor  Scott  to  replace  Gill  and  served  following  his  reappointment 
until  his  resignation  in  August,  19r)7. 

Currie  was  appointed  by  (H)vernor  Hodges  to  replace  Shaw  and  served  until  his  resignation  in 
January,  19(il . 

%lohnson  was  appointed  by  Governor  Sanford  to  replace  ('urrie  and  served  until  April,  I9(i  1,  when 
he  was  appointed  to  the  Superior  ("ourt. 

''High  was  appointed  by  Governor  Sanford  to  replace  Johnson  and  served  until  his  resignation  in 
January,  19(ir). 

'"Clayton  was  appointi'd  by  (iovernor  Moore  to  serve  as  acting  commissioner.  Hi'  was  later 
appointed  commissioner  and  served  following  reappointment  l)y  Governor  Scott  on  July  21,  If)(i9 
until  his  resignation  effective  December  .il,  1971. 

'  'Jones  was  appointed  by  Governor  Scott  to  replace  Clayton  and  continued  serving  until  Coble  took 
office. 

'-'Coble  was  appointed  on  June.S,  197.i,  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  replace  Jones. 

'  'Lynch  was  appointed  on  -lanuary  10,  1977,  to  replace  Coble. 

''I'owers  was  a[)|)ointe(l  -lanuary  7,  I9<S,'"),  by  Governor  Martin  to  replace  Lynch. 


The  Executive  Branch  643 


THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  TRANSPORTATION 

The  Department  of  Transportation  and  Highway  Safety  was  created  by  the 
Executive  Organization  Act  of  1971.  The  Department  of  Motor  Vehicles  and 
the  State  Highway  Commission  were  consolidated  into  the  new  department 
and  the  newly  designated  Board  of  Transportation.  In  1 977,  the  term  "Highway 
Safety"  was  dropped  with  the  creation  of  a  new  Department  of  Crime  Control 
and  Public  Safety. 

The  department  is  headed  by  an  executive  secretary  appointed  by  the 
governor.  Legislation  passed  in  1978  designates  the  secretary  as  an  ex  officio 
member  of  the  Board  of  Transportation  he  chairs.  In  1977  the  old  Board  of 
Transportation  was  revamped  and  the  Secondary  Roads  Council  abolished  by 
forming  one  central  body-the  new  Board  of  Transportation-to  oversee  trans- 
portation development  an  problems  in  North  Carolina. 

With  this  reorganization,  all  transportation  responsibilities,  aviation  and 
mass  transit  as  well  as  highways  have  been  grouped  into  one  department 
under  single  administrative  control. 

The  departmental  staff  manages  the  programs,  subprograms,  and  allied 
boards  and  commissions  so  that  all  are  working  toward  the  common  goal  of 
providing  optimum  facilities  and  services  to  meet  the  present  and  future 
transportation  and  highway  safety  needs  of  the  people  of  North  Carolina. 
Initial  efforts  have  been  directed  toward  creating  a  program  orientation  rather 
than  a  project  or  task  approach  to  meeting  departmental  goals. 

Division  of  Highways 

The  Division  of  Highways  is  responsible  for  accomplishing  the  highway 
program  as  established  by  the  Board  of  Transportation.  The  purpose  of  the 
highway  program  is  to  construct,  maintain,  and  operate  an  efficient, 
economical,  and  safe  transportation  network  consisting  of  roads,  streets, 
highways,  and  ferried  commensurate  with  the  resources  available  and  the 
goals  and  needs  of  the  State.  This  division  is  also  responsible  for  maintaining 
the  largest  State  Highway  System  in  the  country.  This  division  utilizes  both 
state  and  federal  funds  in  its  road  building  program. 

The  Good  Roads  State 

As  they  approached  the  20th  Century,  the  need  for  better  roads  became 
increasingly  apparent  to  most  North  Carolinians.  Railroads  simply  could  not 
provide  the  internal  trade  and  travel  connections  required  by  an  ambitious 
people  in  an  expanding  economy. 

The  beginning  of  the  "Good  Roads"  movement  in  the  state  was  hesitant  and 
seemingly  inept,  but  it  was  the  basis  of  a  transportation  revolution  that  would 
bring  fame  to  North  Carolina  and  pride  to  her  people. 

Modern  road-building  in  the  state  may  have  begun  in  1879  with  the  passage 
by  the  (general  Assembly  of  the  Mecklenburg  Road  Law.  The  statute  was 
intended  as  a  general  state  law,  but  as  worded,  applied  only  to  Mecklenburg.  It 


644  North  Carolina  Manual 

allowed  the  county  to  build  roads  with  financing  from  a  property  tax,  and  with 
four  days  labor  required  of  all  males  between  the  ages  of  18  and  45. 

The  author  of  the  legislation,  Captain  S.B.  Alexander,  saw  his  bill  repealed, 
the  reenacted  in  1883  as  growing  numbers  of  people  acknowledged  the  need  for 
better  roads.  By  1895,  most  of  the  state's  progressive  counties  had  established 
tax  based  road  building  plans. 

As  the  new  century  dawned,  interest  in  better  roads  spread  from  the 
mountains  to  the  coast.  A  Good  Roads  Conference  in  1893  had  attracted  more 
than  100  business  and  government  leaders  through  the  state.  They  organized 
the  North  Carolina  Road  Improvement  Association  and  promoted  meetings 
the  following  year  in  Chapel  Hill,  Raleigh  and  Charlotte. 

Macadamized  roads,  which  had  made  their  appearance  much  earlier  in  the 
state,  became  more  abundant.  Rural  Free  Delivery  mail  service  began  in  1896, 
creating  more  interest  in  good  roads.  The  Good  Roads  Association  of  Asheville 
and  Buncombe  County  was  established  in  1899.  It  was  followed  two  years  later 
by  the  state-wide  North  Carolina  Good  Roads  Association.  Then  Came  the 
automobile  and  a  campaign  for  better  roads  that  has  not  ceased  to  this  day. 

Before  1900,  most  decisions  concerning  transportation  were  dictated  by 
immediate  needs,  with  little  thought  given  to  long-range  goals.  The  planning 
that  went  into  those  decisions  was  local-or,  at  best,  regional.  The  concept  of  a 
state-wide  system  existed  only  in  the  minds  of  a  few  visionary  people.  Well  into 
the  new  century,  state  policy  was  limited  to  assisting  counties  in  meeting 
transportation  needs. 

Fortunately,  these  emerging  leaders  who  could  look  beyond  county 
boundaries  were  practical  people  who  had  the  conviction,  the  determination 
and  the  know-how  to  match  their  vision. 

There  was  Dr.  C.P.  Ambler  of  Asheville,  who  campaigned  for  improved  roads 
in  the  western  counties.  There  was  Charles  B.  Aycock,  the  "Education 
Governor"  who  said  good  roads  were  needed  if  the  state  was  to  have  good 
schools.  There  was  Senator  Furnifold  Simmons  in  the  east  who  said,  "Educate 
the  people  and  there  is  no  power  in  the  world  that  will  keep  them  from  building 
roads.  Build  roads  and  you  cannot  keep  the  people  from  becoming  educated." 

There  was  Locke  Craig,  the  first  "Good  Roads"  governor,  who  administered 
the  establishment  of  the  first  Highway  Commission  with  state-wide  respon- 
sibilities. There  was  Cameron  Morrison,  the  first  governor  to  advocate  that  the 
state  borrow  money  to  build  roads. 

There  were  other  individuals  whose  contributions  were  lastingly  significant. 
There  was  W.C.  Boren,  who  drove  Guilford  County  to  match  Mecklenburg's 
earlier  effort.  There  was  Colonial  T.L.  Kirkpatrick  of  Charlotte,  who  organized 
the  Citizen's  Good  Road  Association  and  campaigned  in  1920  for  the  issuance 
of  $50  million  in  bonds  to  build  roads.  There  was  Frank  Page,  the  Highway 
Commission  chairman  from  1919  to  1929,  whose  bold  leadership  brought  the 
first  measure  of  maturity  to  the  state's  road  building  program. 

There  are  countless  others  who  labored  for  better  roads.  Three,  whose  names 
would  rank  high  on  any  "honor  roll"  of  North  Carolina  transportation 
pioneers  were  Dr.  J. A.  Holmes,  Colonel  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt  and  Harriet  Berry. 
Each  was  associated  with  the  North  Carolina  Economic  and  Geological 
Survey-described  as  the  "cutting  edge"  of  the  roads  movement  in  the  state.  And 


The  Executive  Branch  645 

each  headed  the  North  CaroHna  Good  Roads  Association  during  the  two 
critical  decades  in  which  that  Association  led  the  struggle  for  better  roads 
across  the  state. 

Holmes  was  a  driving  force  behind  the  good  roads  movement  long  before 
development  of  organized  efforts  to  promote  the  cause.  He  was  a  prime  mover 
in  establishing  the  Good  Roads  Association  and  served  as  its  first  executive 
secretary. 

Pratt  succeeded  Holmes  as  head  of  both  the  Geological  Survey  and  the  Good 
Roads  Association.  He  preached  road  building  at  reasonable  cost  and  urged 
counties  to  borrow  money  for  that  purpose.  The  advice  was  followed.  $84.5 
million  was  borrowed  before  the  issuance  of  bonds  by  counties  and  road 
districts  stopped  in  1927.  Pratt's  most  important  contribution  to  North 
Carolina  may  have  been  the  bringing  Harriet  M.  "Hattie"  Berry  of  Chapel  Hill 
into  the  association  of  good  roads  advocates. 

Miss  Berry  quickly  became  an  uncompromising  force  in  the  campaign.  She 
pushed  for  establishment  of  a  State  Highway  Commission  and,  in  1915,  helped 
draft  legislation  designed  to  establish  and  maintain  a  state-wide  highway 
system.  The  bill  was  defeated,  but  Hattie  Berry  was  not.  She  mounted  a 
campaign  that  carried  into  89  counties  and,  in  1929,  when  the  bill  was 
reintroduced.  Miss  Berry  appeared  before  the  legislature  to  answer  any 
lingering  questions.  When  the  final  vote  came,  the  decision  was  not  whether  to 
build  roads,  but  what  kind  of  roads  to  build.  The  foundation  had  been  laid.  The 
"Good  Roads  State"  would  now  become  a  reality. 

This  pivotal  point  in  the  state's  transportation  history  came  with  the 
decision  to  accept  debt  as  a  means  of  getting  better  highways.  It  began  slowly 
at  the  county  level  in  New  Hanover,  Mecklenburg  and  Guilford  Counties  and 
spread  across  the  state. 

The  time  of  building  roads  with  the  money  at  hand  and  a  day  of  labor  from 
each  able-bodied  man  faded.  In  its  place  rose  a  gigantic  business  enterprise,  a 
maze  of  funding  and  complex  engineering,  of  building  and  maintaining,  of 
laying  roads  today  while  planning  far  into  the  future. 

The  road  fever  raged  through  the  mid-1920's.  F'ollowing  passage  of  the 
Highway  Act  of  1921,  almost  6,000  miles  of  highway  were  built  in  a  four-year 
period.  This  building  was  a  product  of  aggressive  leadership  and  public 
approval  of  a  $50  million  bond  issue. 

During  the  Depression  years  of  the  late  1920's  and  early  1980's,  highway 
construction  stopped;  moreover,  some  state  leaders  began  looking  to  the 
Highway  Fund  for  use  in  meeting  other  public  service  needs.  Had  this 
happened,  it  would  have  been  devastating  to  the  highway  system.  It  was  at 
this  critical  time  that  the  state,  under  the  leadership  of  Governor  O.  Max 
Gardner,  assumed  responsibility  for  all  roads.  An  allocation  of  $6  million  was 
made  for  maintenance. 

By  1933,  the  Depression  had  reached  its  climax  and  this,  coupled  with  the 
assumption  by  the  state  of  financial  responsibility  for  the  public  schools, 
prompted  use  of  highway  funds  for  non-highway  purposes.  Some  funds  were 
diverted  during  the  Ehringhaus  administration  and  Governor  Hoey  kept  them 
available  for  limited  diversion. 


^46  NoKTH  Carolina  Manual 

The  General  Assembly  of  1 935,  njcognizing  the  damage  done  to  the  highway 
system  of  negleet  during  the  Depression  years,  made  an  emergency  allocation 
of  $.5  milHon  for  bridge  repair.  Later  in  the  session,  more  comprehensive  action 
was  taken  to  restore  the  financial  stability  of  the  road  program. 

For  the  next  five  years,  North  ('arolina  measured  up  fully  to  its  growing 
reputation  as  the  "(iood  Roads"  State.  Stretches  of  a  new  highway  were 
constructed  throughout  the  state  as  revenues  continued  to  rise. 

The  outbreak  of  World  War  II  in  19.'{9,  and  United  States  entry  into  the 
conflict  in  1941,  again  brought  a  halt  to  construction.  But,  in  a  sense,  the 
Highway  Program  in  North  ('arolina  benefitted  from  the  moratorium.  The 
state,  led  by  Governors  J.  Melville  Broughton  and  Gregg  Cherry,  used  funds 
produced  by  the  accelerated  wartimeeconomy  to  pay  off  highway  debts.  When 
Cherry  left  office,  all  debts  had  either  been  eliminated  or  money  had  been  set 
aside,  irrevocably,  to  meet  obligations  as  they  came  due. 

Despite  the  interruption  of  the  war  years.  North  Carolina's  road  building 
progress  through  the  Hoey,  Broughton  and  Cherry  administrations  was 
dramatic.  Road  mileage  during  the  period  rose  from  58,000  to  64,000. 

It  was  generally  conceded,  however,  that  one  important  area  of  transportation 
had  been  neglected-secondary  roads.  In  the  state  that  was  leading  the  nation  in 
school  bus  operations,  and  ranked  second  in  the  number  of  small,  family 
farms,  there  was  little  cause  for  pride  in  the  condition  of  his  school  bus  routes 
and  farm-to-market  roads. 

In  his  campaign  for  governor  in  1948,  Kerr  Scott  rebuked  his  Democratic 
primary  opponent,  Charles  Johnson,  for  advocating  a  $100  million  secondary 
roads  bond  issue.  After  defeating  Johnson,  Scott  reassessed  the  situation  and 
again  concluded  that  his  opponent  had  been  wrong  in  suggestion  a  $100 
million  bond  issue.  That  amount  would  not  be  enough,  so  Governor  Scott  went 
after  $200  million  . 

I  )espite  strong  opposition  from  urban  leaders,  the  bond  issue  was  approved. 
Work  began  immediately  hard  surfacing  thousands  of  miles  of  rural  roads  that 
previously  had  been  impassable  in  bad  weather.  By  the  end  of  the  Scott 
Administration,  pledged  construction  was  94  percent  complete. 

Neither  the  proposal  to  borrow  money  for  road  building  nor  the  people's 
support  of  the  proposal  was  surprising.  Borrowing  money  and  repaying  the 
debt  with  road-use  taxes  had  become  a  tradition  in  North  Carolina. 

In  the  1920's  the  state  passed  four  bond  issues  totalling  $16.8  million.  The 
Scott  bond  issue  added  $200  million  to  that  total.  In  the  Dan  Moore  administra- 
tion, the  people  enthusiastically  approved  a  $300  million  issue.  In  1977,  a 
second  $300  million  bond  issue  was  proposed  by  Governor  Jim  Hunt  and 
overwhelmingly  approved  by  the  voters. 

It  was  this  bold  leadership  through  the  years,  coupled  with  the  people's 
confidence  in  themselves  and  their  determination  to  build  for  the  future,  that 
brought  North  Carolina  the  title  of  the  "Good  Roads"  State.  It  was  this  I 
audacity-drawn  from  the  example  of  the  past-that  enabled  North  Carolina  to 
build  the  vast  highway  system  that  serves  its  people  today. 

The  North  Carolina  highway  system  today  is  a  highly  complex  structure.  It 
involves  labor  of  thousands  of  people  and  the  expenditure  of  vast  sums  of 
money.  It  is  a  many-faceted  system  reaching  into  every  corner  of  the  state  and 
affecting  every  citizen. 


The  Executive  Branch  647 

It  is  a  system  dominated  today  by  efforts  to  eliminate  the  last  vestiges  of 
sectionalism  and  promote  balance  economic  growth  throughout  a  state  that, 
for  a  time,  appeared  hopelessly  divided  and  devoid  of  purpose  and  direction. 

State  and  local  leaders  are  agreed  today  that  North  Carolina's  growth 
potential  demands  an  economy-oriented  system  that  is  responsive  to  rapidly 
changing  needs  in  all  areas  of  transportation. 

To  meet  that  demand,  the  General  Assembly,  in  1971,  placed  the  State 
Highway  Commission  in  the  newly-established  Department  of  Transportation. 

To  facilitate  this  responsiveness  through  closer  contact  with  he  people,  the 
General  Assembly,  in  1 977,  approved  Governor  Hunt's  request  that  membership 
of  the  agency's  policy  and  decision-making  board  be  increased  from  13  to  24. 

The  highway  system  has  grown  from  its  original  5,000  miles  in  1921  to  the 
present  76,459  miles-the  largest  state  maintained  system  in  the  nation. 
Significantly,  construction  and  maintenance  of  the  system,  from  the  begin- 
ning, has  been  supported  exclusively  by  highway-user  tax  revenues. 

The  one  cent  per  gallon  tax,  authorized  in  1921,  reached  the  present  15  and 
three-quarters  cent  per  gallon  rate  in  1986.  To  carry  out  the  total  transportation 
program,  including  financing  of  the  State  Highway  Patrol,  state  funds 
available  have  grown  from  $15  million  in  1921  to  about  $975  million  annually 
today. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  century.  North  Carolina  was  a  state  of  relatively  few, 
and  incredibly  poor  roads.  Today  it  boasts  12,106  miles  of  primary  highways 
(US-NS-Interstate),  59,263  miles  of  secondary  roads  and  5,005  miles  of  urban 
highways  (State  routes  in  cities). 

Current  construction  needs  for  this  system  are  estimated  in  excess  of  $10 
billion.  The  Transportation  Improvement  Program  makes  available  about  $3.1 
billion  over  the  next  nine  years  to  address  those  needs. 

The  Transportation  Improvement  Program  is  a  planned  and  programmed 
schedule  of  highway  construction  that  balances  projected  construction  costs 
against  anticipated  revenues.  The  Program  is  updated  annually  to  add  new 
projects  and  adjust  priorities. 

Final  decisions  on  new  projects  and  priorities  are  made  each  year  following  a 
statewide  series  of  public  meetings  at  which  local  officials  and  interested 
citizens  express  views  and  make  recommendations  on  their  future  highway 
needs. 

This  approach  to  the  state's  transportation  needs  has  been  expanded  to 
include  aviation  and  public  transportation  projects. 

The  major  problem  confronting  transportation  officials  in  North  Carolina 
today  is  one  of  sharply  rising  construction  and  maintenance  costs  and 
dwindling  revenues  with  which  to  meet  those  costs. 

The  1986  General  Assembly  passed  Governor  James  G.  Martin's  "Roads  to 
the  Future"  program  that  was  designed  to  produce  $240  million  a  year  in 
additional  revenues  by  fiscal  year  1991-1992.  These  funds  were  to  be  used  to 
bolster  or  improve  the  maintenance  and  safety  on  the  state's  highways.  In 
addition  $30  million  was  set  aside  as  part  of  the  program  for  a  state  funded 
construction  program. 

A  struggling  economy  and  poor  revenue  projection  figures  caused  the  1989 
General  Assembly  to  take  a  hard  look  at  the  transportation  needs  of  North 
Carolina.  After  much  debate  between  the  state  Senate  and  state  House  of 


648  North  Carolina  Manual 

Representatives,  the  most  aggressive,  long-range  highway  construction  plan 
ever  adopted,  was  approved  by  the  General  Assembly.  The  $9.6  billion  plan 
calls  for  major  construction  in  nearly  all  areas  of  the  transportation  needs  of 
our  state.  Funding  will  come  from  major  changes  to  the  fees  and  tax  system 
which  has  historically  supported  highway  needs. 

The  Division  of  Motor  Vehicles 

The  Division  of  Motor  Vehicles  is  responsible  for  vehicle  registration,  the 
issuance  of  driver  licenses,  a  variety  of  driver  education  programs,  the  active 
promotion  of  highway  safety,  vehicles  safety  inspection,  police  information 
services  and  school  bus  driver  training.  Recently,  the  division  has  placed 
greater  emphasis  on  efficiency  and  accuracy  to  keep  pace  with  the  healthy 
economy  and  low  interest  rates. 

The  Division  of  Aviation 

The  state  that  gave  birth  to  modern  aviation  has  kept  pace  with  advance- 
ments in  that  important  field  through  the  Department  of  Transportation. 
Today  there  are  more  than  13,000  licensed  pilots  and  6,172  aircraft,  not 
including  the  military  in  North  Carolina. 

The  Division  of  Aviation  is  the  state  agency  designated  to  handle  matters 
relating  to  developing  and  improving  public  airports  including  funding  and 
technical  assistance,  enhancing  air  transportation  services,  and  increasing 
aviation  safety  across  North  Carolina.  The  Division  works  with  over  70 
publicly  owned  airports  and  estimates  a  need  for  at  least  10  additional  airports 
to  provide  adequate  state-wide  coverage  through  the  Year  2000.  An  integral 
part  of  the  aviation  program  is  the  Aeronautics  Council,  appointed  by  the 
Governor  with  one  representative  from  each  Congressional  District,  which 
serves  as  North  Carolina's  Aviation  Policy  and  Review  Board. 

The  Division  of  Public  Transportation 

In  North  Carolina,  where  the  population  is  widely  disbursed  and  the 
majority  live  in  small  cities  and  rural  communities,  public  transportation  is 
increasingly  important.  To  meet  this  need,  the  Department  is  taking  full 
advantage  of  available  federal  matching  funds  for  urban  projects,  and  has,  at 
the  direction  of  the  Governor,  undertaken  to  improve  the  coordination  and 
cost-effectiveness  of  county  wide  human  services  transportation  in  the  state. 
The  Department  is  also  heavily  involved  in  the  promotion  of  carpooling  and 
vanpooling  and  is  working  with  the  intercity  bus  industry  to  improve  public 
awareness  of  this  travel  option. 

State  Rail  Program 

It  is  surprising  to  many  North  Carolinians  to  learn  that  the  Department  of 
Transportation  is  responsible  for  ensuring  adequate  rail  service  for  the  state. 
Toward  this  end,  the  state  had  developed  and  is  maintaining  a  state  wide  rail 
plan  while,  at  the  same  time,  has  administered  a  state  and  federal  Railroad 
Revitalization  Program  designed  to  preserve  service  on  light-density 
branch  lines. 


The  Executive  Branch  649 

Bicycle  Program 

One  of  the  fastest  growing  modes  of  travel  in  the  state  and  nation  is  the 
bicycle.  Recognizing  this  fact,  the  1974  General  Assembly  established  the 
State  Bicycle  and  Bikeway  Program  and  placed  that  program  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Transportation.  Since  that  time,  the  North  Carolina  Bicycle  Program 
has  become  the  leader  in  the  nation  in  setting  up  bike  programs  and  mapping 
bike  trails. 

Basically,  the  Program  is  designed  to  ensure  the  safety  of  increasing 
numbers  of  cyclists  on  the  state's  highways  and  provide  technical  assistance 
for  bikeway  development  across  the  state.  The  majority  of  the  state's 
communities  with  over  2,000  population  have  become  participants  in  this 
program-and  interest  is  increasing. 

The  Division  of  Ferries 

One  of  the  oldest  and,  easily,  one  of  the  most  important  services  provided  by 
the  Department  is  the  operation  of  ferries  at  seven  strategic  locations  along  the 
coast.  Given  division  status  on  July  1,  1974,  the  operation  involves  15 
vehicle/passenger  ferries,  one  hydraulic  dredge  and  supporting  tugs  and  work 
boats.  Maintenance  of  the  fleet  is  conducted  at  the  marine  repair  facility  at 
Manns  Harbor. 

North  Carolina  Clean 

North  Carolina  Clean  is  an  innovative  program  which  focuses  on  reducing 
litter  in  cities,  towns  and  counties,  in  parks  and  other  facilities  and  along 
highways.  Community  participation  is  encouraged  through  the  Keep  America 
Beautiful  system  designed  to  change  peoples  attitudes  about  handling  waste. 
In  addition,  each  year  volunteer  support  is  solicited  for  a  spring  and  fall 
cleanup  campaign,  traditionally  thousands  of  miles  of  roadside  are  cleaned  up 
by  highway  crews,  inmates,  community  service  defendants  and  numerous 
interested  groups. 

Boards  and  Commission 

Aeronautics  Council  (G.S.  143b-357) 

North  Carolina  Railroad  Board  of  Directors  (G.S.  147-12(7)  and  126-4) 
Ridesharing  Task  Force  (Executive  Order  50,  May  15,  1980) 
Transportation  Board  (G.S.  143B-350(c)) 


650 


North  Carolina  Manual 


James  E.  Harrington 

Secretary  of  Transportation 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Bethlehem, 
New  Hampshire,  December  14,  1927 
to  James  E.  and  Bernice  (Morrill) 
Harrington. 

Education:  Southern  Pines  High 
School,  1944;  Virginia  Military  Insti- 
tute, 1949,  B.S.  (Chemistry). 

Professional  Background:  Presi- 
dent, Cambridge  Properties,  Inc., 
1976-1985;  Sugar  Mountain  Co.,  1972- 
73;  Pinehurst,  Inc.,  1952-72  (President, 
1967-72). 

Boards    and    Commissions: 

Trustee,   NC   Nature  Conservatory, 
1977-84;    Chairman,   NC   Board   of 
Transportation,    1985-present;    NC 
Environment  Management  Commission,  1977-82. 

Political  Activities:  Secretary,  Department  of  Transportation,  1985-; 
Secretary,  NC  Department  of  Natural  and  Economic  Resources,  1973-76; 
Moore  County  Chairman,  8th  Congressional  District;  Secretary,  NC  Republi- 
can Party. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army,  1949-52;  NC  National  Guard,  1953- 
74;  Lieutenant  Colonel;  NC  Distinguished  Service  Medal. 

Family:  Children:  Nancy  Enloe,  Mary  Tomasiewicz,  Harry  "Zan," 
Michael,  and  Mollie. 


The  Executive  Branch  651 

SECRETARIES 
DEPARTMENT  OF  TRANSPORT ATION^ 

Name  Residence  Term 

Fred  M.  Mills,  Jr.2  Anson 1971-1973 

Bruce  A.  Lentz^ Wake  1973-1974 

Troy  A.  Doby^  1974-1975 

Jacob  F.  Alexander,  Jr.^ Rowan 1975-1976 

G.  Perry  Greene,  Sr.^ Watauga  1976-1977 

Thomas  W.  Bradshaw,  Jr.^ Wake  1977-1981 

William  R.  Roberson,  Jr." Beaufort 1981-1985 

James  E.  Harrington^  Wake  1985- 


'The  Executive  Organization  Act  of  1971  created  the  "Department  of  Transportation  and  Highway 
Safety"  with  provision  for  a  "Secretary"  appointed  by  the  governor.  In  1977  "Highway  Safety"  was 
dropped. 

^Mills  was  appointed  by  Governor  Scott. 

^Lentz  was  appointed  on  January  5,  1973,  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  replace  Mills.  He  resigned 
June  30,  1974,  following  his  appointment  as  Secretary  of  Administration. 

"■Doby  was  appointed  on  July  1,  1974,  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  replace  Lentz.  He  resigned  April 
25,  1975. 

"■Alexander  was  appointed  on  April  25, 1975,  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  replace  Doby.  He  resigned 
effective  April  20,  1976. 

^Greene  was  appointed  on  April  20,  1976,  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  replace  Alexander. 

^Bradshaw  was  appointed  on  January  10, 1977,  by  Governor  Hunt  to  replace  Greene.  He  resigned 
effective  June  30,  1981. 

^Roberson  was  appointed  July  1,  1981,  to  replace  Bradshaw. 

^Harrinton  was  appointed  January  7,  1985,  by  Governor  Marton  to  replace  Roberson. 


Thk  Kxkcutivk  Branch  Hf).'} 


OFFICE  OF  THE  STATE  CONTROLLER 

The  Office  of  the  State  Controller  (OSC)  is  a  state  agency  created  by  the  1986 
General  Assembly.  The  OSC  is  headed  by  the  State  Controller  who  is 
appointed  by  the  Governor  and  confirmed  in  the  General  Assembly  for  a  seven 
year  term. 

The  State  ('ontroller  is  the  chief  financial  officer  of  the  state  and  is 
responsible  for  the  executive  management  of  the  State  Accounting  System 
(SAS).  In  this  capacity  as  specified  in  G.S.  14;}H-426  the  State  Controller  has 
the  authority  to  prescribe  policies  and  procedures  which  support  the  State 
Accounting  System  and  are  incorporated  into  the  system  to  accomplish 
financial  reporting  and  management  for  the  state's  financial  entity  that 
includes  more  than  80  agencies.  The  OSC  is  organiz.ed  into  four  major 
divisions:  The  Financial  Systems  Division,  The  State  Accounting  System 
Division,  the  Agency  Accounting  System  Division  and  the  State  Information 
Processing  Services  Division. 

The  Financial  Systems  Division 

The  Financial  Systems  Division  has  the  responsibility  of  providing  account- 
ing systems  development,  maintenance,  production,  and  documentation  sup- 
port for  the  State  Accounting  System  and  related  subsystems. 

The  State  Accounting  System  Division 

The  State  Accounting  System  Division  has  the  responsibility  of  operating 
the  SAS  and  related  subsystems,  which  maintain  timely,  reliable,  accurate, 
consistent  an  complete  accounting  information  on  North  Carolina  State 
government  for  central  and  agency  management  purposes. 

The  Agency  Accounting  System  Division 

The  Agency  Accounting  System  Division  has  the  responsibility  of  ad- 
ministering statewide  cash  management  policies,  statewide  appropriation/ 
allotment  control,  operating  a  central  payroll  system,  and  providing  agency 
accounting  and  disbursing  services  for  selected  agencies. 

The  State  Information  Processing  Services  Division 

The  State  Information  Processing  Services  Division  (SIPS)  provides  service, 
direction,  coordination  and  consultation  to  state  government  agencies  in  the 
productive  use  of  data  processing,  telecommunications  and  electronic  office 
automation. 

Agency  for  Public  Telecommunications  Services 

The  Agency  for  Public  Telecommunications  offers  media  production  services, 
satellite  and  audio  teleconferencing,  and  production  and  distribution  of  radio 
and  television  public  service  announcements  for  state  agencies.  APT  produces 
public  service  telecasts  such  as  ()PFN/NP]T. 


654 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Fred  Wesley  Talton 

STATE  CONTROLLER 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Clayton, 
Johnston  County,  March  18,  1927,  to 
the  late  John  Thomas  and  Ruth 
(Barnes)  Talton. 

Education:  Johnston  County 
Schools  (Clayton);  Oak  Ridge  Military 
Institute,  1944;  University  of  North 
Carolina  -  Chapel  Hill,  1950,  B.S. 
(Commerce). 

Professional  Background:  State 
Controller,  1988-  ;  Certified  Public 
Accountant;  W.  M.  Russ  &  Company, 
1950-1951;  Sears,  Roebuck  &  Com- 
pany, 1952;  Williams,  Urquhart  & 
Ficklin,  1953-1965;  Peat,  Marwick, 
Mitchell  &  Company,  1965-1987 
(Partner). 

Organizations:  American  Institute  of  Public  Accountants;  N.C.  Associa- 
tion of  Certified  Public  Accountants;  Triangle  Area  Chapter  of  Certified  Public 
Accountants;  United  Way  of  Wake  County  (various  positions  including  Board 
of  Directors,  Chairman  of  Fund  Distribution  Committee  and  Chairman  of 
Community  Resources  Council). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Trinity  Baptist  Church,  Raleigh;  served  on 
Board  of  Deacons  for  Trinity  Baptist  and  Forest  Hills  Baptist  Church 
(Raleigh). 

Family:  Married  Margaret  Baucom  of  Raleigh,  August  22,  1954.  Children: 
Josh;  David  B.;  Fred  W.,  Jr.;  and  Ann  Talton  Rudd. 


The  Executive  Branch  655 


STATE  BOARD  OF  ELECTIONS 

The  framework  of  North  CaroHna's  election  laws  was  constructed  in  1901; 
the  statute  governing  primary  elections  dates  from  1916.  North  Carolina's 
version  of  the  Australian  Ballot  was  enacted  in  1929;  the  Corrupt  Practices  Act 
was  adopted  in  1931.  In  1933  there  was  substantial  revision  of  our  state's 
elections  laws,  but  since  1933  there  have  been  no  significant  or  general 
revisions  or  recodification. 

The  1965  General  Assembly  authorized  a  seven  member  commission  to  study 
and  analyze  the  state's  election  procedures  and  mandated  that  the  commission 
prepare  and  draft  legislation  necessary  to  recodify  the  chapter  of  the  General 
Statutes  dealing  with  elections  laws  in  the  interest  of  clarity  and  simplification. 
The  changes  recommended  by  the  1965  commission  were  adopted,  almost 
without  alternation,  by  the  1967  General  Assembly. 

After  the  1967  recodification  the  State  moved  on  to  a  much  bolder  revision  - 
the  enactment,  also  in  1967,  of  North  Carolina's  'uniform  loose  leaf  registration 
system'  which  replaced  the  old  unmanageable  bound  book  system.  Along  with 
these  new  sophistications  came  the  important  audit  trail  to  ensure  the  voters 
that  elections  were  virtually  free  from  fraud. 

In  1969  the  General  Assembly  enacted  a  requirement  that  all  100  counties  in 
North  Carolina  adopt  'full  time'  registration  offices.  This  accomplishment 
provided,  for  the  first  time,  that  all  counties  operate  an  office  for  the  specific 
purpose  of  proper  administration  of  the  elections  laws  as  well  as  the  registration 
of  voters.  Under  this  new  system  individuals  would  be  able  to  register  only  on 
three  successive  Saturdays  every  other  year. 

In  1971  a  significant  change  was  implemented  when  North  Carolina  put  into 
effect  what  is  generally  called  the  'Uniform  Municipal  Election  Code'.  Simply 
put,  this  act  guaranteed  for  the  first  time  that  a  person  need  only  register  one 
time  at  one  place  to  qualify  to  vote  in  any  election  in  which  he  was  eligible  to 
vote.  Previously  it  was  necessary  that  a  citizen  be  registered  on  as  any  as  five 
different  sets  of  books. 

The  State  Board  of  Elections  was  declared  an  independent  agency  by  the 
General  Assembly  in  1974.  The  North  Carolina  State  Board  of  Election  is  said 
to  be  one  of  the  most  authoritative  boards  of  its  kind  in  the  country.  As  an 
independent  state  agency,  it  does  not  come  under  the  jurisdiction  of  any  other 
department  headed  by  an  elected  official. 

All  members  on  the  State  Board  of  Elections  are  appointed  by  the  Governor 
for  a  term  of  four  years.  Law  prescribes  that  not  more  than  three  of  the  boards 
five  members  be  from  the  same  political  party;  therefore,  making  it  the  only 
agency  where  a  bipartisan  membership  is  mandated  by  law. 

The  State  Board  appoints  all  100  county  boards  of  elections  which  are 
comprised  of  three  members;  both  major  political  parties  must  be  represented. 
Each  county  board  has  a  supervisor  of  elections  who  serves  as  the  administra- 
tive head  of  the  board  of  elections  and  oversees  the  election  process  in  each 
county.  The  supervisor  is  selected  by  nomination  to  the  State  Board's  executive 
officer  who  must  approve  both  the  hiring  and  dismissal  of  each  supervisor. 


656  North  Carolina  Manual 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  State  Board  of  Elections  to  conduct  annual  training 
sessions  for  members  and  supervisors  of  county  boards  of  elections  to  prepare 
them  to  conduct  training  sessions  within  their  respective  counties  for  precinct 
officials. 

The  State  Board  supervises  all  elections  conducted  in  any  county,  special 
district  or  municipality  located  in  the  state.  There  are  100  counties,  nearly  500 
municipalities  and  1200  special  districts  in  North  Carolina.  Supervision  of  all 
elections  includes  the  requirement  for  the  State  Board  to  promulgate  rules  and 
regulation  setting  forth  the  procedures  for  processing  protests  and  complaints 
resulting  either  before  or  after  an  election.  A  protest  must  first  be  filed  with  the 
county  board  of  elections  of  the  county  in  which  the  protest  originates  after 
which  a  public  hearing  is  conducted  and  a  decision  rendered.  Any  party  to  the 
original  complaint  may  appeal  a  decision  rendered  by  a  county  board  of 
elections  to  the  State  Board  of  Elections  for  review  or  further  proceedings. 

In  addition  to  its  jurisdiction  over  all  types  of  elections  conducted  throughout 
the  state,  the  Board  of  Elections  also  administers  the  Campaign  Reporting  Act. 
Enacted  into  law  and  effective  1  July  1974,  this  law  limits  contributions  and 
expenditures  to  and  by  political  candidates,  political  parties  and  political 
action  committees. 

The  Campaign  Reporting  Division  of  the  State  Board  of  Elections  is 
responsible  for  receiving  registration  applications  from  political  action 
committees,  political  parties,  candidates  and  all  others  involved  in  making 
contributions  to  or  making  expenditures  on  behalf  of  political  parties  and 
candidates. 

Periodic  reports  as  prescribed  by  statute  must  be  filed  with  the  Campaign 
Reporting  Division  after  which  they  must  be  audited.  Late  fillers  are  assessed  a 
daily  penalty.  After  five  days  if  the  report  is  still  delinquent  the  Campaign 
Office  submits  all  relevant  material  to  the  appropriate  District  Attorney  who  is 
required  toiprosecute  the  violator. 


The  Executive  Branch  657 

Alex  K.  Brock 

EXECUTIVE  SECRETARY-DIRECTOR 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Winston-Salem,  Forsyth  County,  December  26, 1923, 
to  the  late  Judge  Walter  E.  and  Elizabeth  (Ashcraft)  Brock. 

Education:  Attended  Raleigh  Public  Schools;  The  Citadel;  University  of 
North  Carolina  at  Chapel  Hill;  Hartford  School  of  Insurance  and  the  American 
University,  Paris. 

Political  Activities:  Executive  Secretary-Director,  State  Board  of  Elec- 
tions, 1965-  (Appointed  in  1965  by  Governor  Dan  K.  Moore  and  has  served 
continuously  since). 

Military  Service:  U.S.  Army  (Sgt.  Major),  European  Theatre  of  Operations, 
World  War  II,  75th  Infantry  Division. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Saint  Timothy's  Episcopal  Church, 
Raleigh;  Senior  Warden;  Vice-President,  Hale  Episcopal  High  School. 

Family:  Married  Doris  Poole  Greene.  Children:  Kenan  Ashcraft  and  Walter 
Daniel. 


CHAPTER  THREE 
The  Judicial  Branch 

THE  COURT  SYSTEM  IN  NORTH  CAROLINA 

The  court  system  of  North  Carolina  has  historically  had  many  levels. 
Statewide,  there  was  the  Supreme  Court  and  the  Superior  Court.  At  the  local 
level  were  hundreds  of  Recorder's  Courts,  Domestic  Relations  Courts,  Mayor's 
Courts,  County  Courts  and  Justice  of  the  Peace  Courts  created  by  the  General 
Assembly  and  individually  tailored  for  the  towns  and  counties.  Some  of  these 
courts  were  in  session  nearly  full  time,  others  only  an  hour  or  two  a  week.  Some 
were  presided  over  by  a  full-time  judge,  although  most  were  not.  Some  courts 
had  judges  who  were  lawyers,  but  many  had  judges  who  were  layman  and 
spent  most  of  their  time  at  other  pursuits.  The  salaries  for  judges  varied 
depending  on  the  court  and  the  cost  of  court  varied  from  court  to  court, 
sometimes  differing  even  within  the  same  county. 

As  early  as  1955,  certain  citizens  recognized  that  something  should  be  done 
to  bring  uniformity  to  the  court  system  in  North  Carolina .  At  the  suggestion  of 
Governor  Luther  Hodges  and  Chief  Justice  M.V.  Barnhill,  the  North  Carolina 
Bar  Association  sponsored  an  in-depth  study  which  ultimately  resulted  in  the 
restructuring  of  the  court  system.  Any  changes,  however,  required  amending 
Article  IV  of  the  State  Constitution.  In  November  of  1962  the  citizens  of  North 
Carolina  approved  an  amendment  which  authorized  making  the  changes; 
however,  there  was  not  enough  time  between  the  passage  of  the  amendment 
and  the  convening  of  the  1963  General  Assembly  to  prepare  legislation  to 
implement  the  changes.  The  General  Assembly  of  1963  created  a  Courts 
Commission  and  charged  it  with  the  responsibility  of  preparing  the  new 
legislation.  The  Courts  Commission  began  its  study  soon  after  the  adjournment 
of  the  session.  Legislation  was  introduced  in  the  1965  General  Assembly  to 
establish  a  new  court  system.  This  legislation  created  an  Administrative 
Office  of  the  Courts  and  established  the  framework  for  the  District  Court 
Division. 

The  1965  General  Assembly  also  recommended  that  Article  IV  of  the 
Constitution  be  further  amended  to  allow  for  the  creation  of  an  intermediate 
court  of  appeals.  This  court  would  relieve  some  of  the  pressure  of  the  Supreme 
Court  by  sharing  the  appellate  caseload.  The  people  of  North  Carolina 
overwhelmingly  approved  this  recommendation  in  November,  1965,  and  the 
1967  General  Assembly  enacted  the  necessary  legislation  establishing  the 
North  Carolina  Court  of  Appeals.  The  Court  of  Appeals  became  operational  on 
October  1,  1967. 

These  constitutional  changes  and  the  implementing  legislation  created  in 
North  Carolina  a  multi-level  court  system.  At  the  lower  level  is  the  District 


660  North  Carolina  Manual 

Court  and  above  it  is  the  Superior  Court.  These  two  courts  make  up  what  is 
known  as  the  trial  division.  Above  the  District  and  Superior  Courts  is  a  two- 
level  Appellate  Division  consisting  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  and  the  Supreme 
Court.  The  Administrative  Office  of  the  Courts,  which  began  its  operations  on 
July  1 ,  1965,  was  to  assist  with  the  administrative  functions  of  the  system  at  all 
levels. 

The  Supreme  Court  of  North  Carolina 

As  the  highest  court  in  our  state,  the  Supreme  Court  has  functioned  as  an 
appellate  court  since  1805,  although  prior  to  1819  the  members  also  acted  as 
trial  judges,  holding  terms  in  the  different  counties.  The  Supreme  Court  does 
not  hear  witnesses,  nor  does  it  have  juries,  as  it  does  not  pass  on  questions  of 
fact.  The  Supreme  Court  is  not  a  trial  court,  but  rather  hears  oral  arguments  on 
questions  of  law  only.  Such  arguments  presented  are  based  upon  records  and 
briefs  of  cases  previously  tried  by  the  Superior  Courts,  District  Courts,  and 
certain  administrative  agencies  and  commissions. 

During  the  late  1950's  and  early  1960's,  the  Supreme  Court  of  North  Carolina 
had  been  one  of  the  busiest  in  the  country.  Faced  with  an  increasing  number  of 
cases  dealing  with  its  customary  judicial  business  and  a  number  of  post- 
conviction appeals  based  on  constitutional  issues  resulting  from  recent  United 
States  Supreme  Court  decisions,  the  court  was  becoming  overburdened.  This 
situation  led  the  1965  General  Assembly  to  submit  a  proposed  constitutional 
amendment  authorizing  the  creation  of  an  intermediate  court  of  appeals.  The 
court  would  relieve  the  pressure  on  the  Supreme  Court  by  sharing  the  appellate 
case  load.  The  people  overwhelmingly  approved  this  recommendation  in  the 
November  1965  election,  and  the  1967  General  Assembly  enacted  the  necessary 
legislation  establishing  the  North  Carolina  Court  of  Appeals. 

The  new  appellate  plan  provided  that  all  cases,  except  capital  and  life 
imprisonment  cases,  would  be  appealed  to  the  Court  of  Appeals.  The  Supreme 
Court  could  also  "certify"  certain  cases  for  hearing,  bypassing  the  Court  of 
Appeals;  however,  this  procedure  would  occur  only  in  a  minority  of  instances. 
After  the  case  had  been  heard  and  decided  by  the  Court  of  Appeals,  the 
Supreme  Court  would  again  have  the  opportunity  to  hear  it  for  the  same 
reasons.  Moreover,  if  the  case  as  decided  by  the  Court  of  Appeals  involved  a 
constitutional  issue  or  was  a  Utilities  Commission  general  rate-making  case  or 
was  decided  by  a  split  Court  of  Appeals,  the  Supreme  Court  would  have  to  grant 
this  case  a  second  appellate  hearing.  Thus,  the  Supreme  Court  remained  the 
court  entrusted  with  the  final  decision  on  all  important  questions  of  law. 

Since  1937  the  Court  has  consisted  of  the  Chief  Justice  and  six  Associate 
Justices.  Originally,  the  court  had  only  three  members  (1818-1868;  1875-1889), 
however,  there  were  times  when  there  were  five  members  (1868-1875;  1889- 
1937).  The  Chief  Justice  and  the  associate  justices  are  elected  by  the  people, 
each  for  eight-year  terms.  If  a  vacancy  occurs  during  a  term,  the  Governor  fills 
the  vacancy  until  the  next  general  election. 

All  sessions  of  the  Court  are  held  in  the  Justice  Building  in  Raleigh.  There 
are  two  terms  each  year — the  Spring  Term  which  begins  in  February,  and  the 
Fall  Term  which  begins  in  late  August.  Each  term  continues  until  the  cases 
docketed  have  been  determined  or  continued.  All  cases  appealed  from  the 


The  Judicial  Branch  661 

various  court  districts  of  the  state  are  heard  in  each  half-year  term.  The  Chief 
Justice  presides.  In  his  absence  the  senior  ranking  Justice  presides.  The 
Justices  are  seated,  to  the  right  or  left  of  the  Chief  Justice,  according  to  their 
seniority  in  years  of  service  on  the  Court. 

Officials  of  the  Supreme  Court  are  the  Clerk,  the  Librarian,  and  the  Reporter. 
Each  is  appointed  by  the  Court,  the  Clerk  for  a  term  of  eight  years  and  the 
others  to  serve  at  the  Court's  pleasure. 

The  North  Carolina  Court  of  Appeals 

The  constitutional  amendment  adopted  in  1965  establishing  the  Court  of 
Appeals  and  the  legislation  implementing  it,  provided  for  a  total  of  nine  judges, 
elected  for  terms  of  eight  years,  the  same  as  for  members  of  the  Supreme  Court. 
In  1977,  the  General  Assembly  created  three  additional  seats  on  the  court, 
bringing  the  total  number  of  judges  to  twelve.  The  court  sits  in  panels  of  three 
judges,  thus  allowing  arguments  in  separate  cases  at  the  same  time.  The  Chief 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  designates  one  of  the  judges  of  the  Court  of 
Appeals  as  Chief  Judge.  Member  judges  are  assigned  by  the  Chief  Judge  to  sit 
in  panels  in  such  a  fashion  that  each  will  sit,  as  nearly  as  possible,  an  equal 
number  of  times  with  every  other  member.  The  Court  sits  primarily  in  Raleigh, 
but  as  need  is  demonstrated  and  facilities  become  available,  it  may  be 
authorized  by  the  Supreme  Court  to  sit  in  other  places  throughout  the  state. 
The  Court  of  Appeals  appoints  a  clerk  to  serve  at  its  pleasure.  The  Appellate 
Division  Reporter  prepares  an  official  "report"  of  opinions  of  the  Court  of 
Appeals  just  as  he  does  for  the  Supreme  Court. 

The  Superior  Court 

The  Superior  Court  is  the  trial  court  of  general  jurisdiction  in  North 
Carolina.  The  constitution  provides  that  there  shall  be  a  term  of  Superior  Court 
in  each  county  at  least  twice  a  year.  A  schedule  of  the  terms  of  courts  for  the 
various  counties  is  established  by  the  Supreme  Court  with  the  aid  of  the 
Administrative  Office  of  the  Courts.  Some  counties  have  only  two  one-week 
terms  per  year.  In  the  larger  counties  several  terms  of  court  are  in  almost 
continuous  session  except  for  holidays.  The  counties  are  grouped  into  judicial 
districts.  A  regular  judge  elected  for  an  eight-year  term  resides  in  each  district. 
Additional  resident  judges  are  provided  in  the  larger  districts.  The  judicial 
districts  are  grouped  into  four  judicial  divisions.  Each  resident  judge  presides 
for  a  period  of  six  months  in  each  court  of  each  district  within  his  division,  thus 
rotating  throughout  all  the  districts  in  the  division. 

Some  districts  have  more  courts  scheduled  than  the  regular  presiding  judge 
can  hold.  Furthermore,  there  is  a  provision  for  the  calling  of  special  terms  by 
the  Chief  Justice.  Special  judges  are  provided  primarily  to  take  care  of  such 
situations.  These  judges  are  appointed  by  the  Governor  for  a  four-year  term 
and  serve  in  any  county  within  the  state  upon  assignment  by  the  Chief  Justice. 

North  Carolina  is  divided  into  prosecutorial  districts  with  a  district  attorney 
elected  for  each  district.  Elected  for  a  four-year  term,  he  represents  the  state  in 
all  criminal  cases  tried  within  his  district. 


662  North  Carolina  Manual 

Each  county  furnishes  and  maintains  a  courthouse  with  a  courtroom  and 
related  facihties.  A  Clerk  of  Superior  Court  is  elected  to  a  four-year  term  in  each 
county.  The  clerk  has  custody  of  the  records  in  all  cases,  including  District 
Court  cases.  The  clerk  also  serves  as  ex-officio  judge  of  probate,  and  has  other 
numerous  quasi-judicial,  ministerial,  and  administrative  duties. 

The  Sheriff  of  each  county,  or  one  of  his  deputies,  performs  the  duties  of 
bailiff.  He  opens  and  closes  courts,  carries  out  directions  of  the  judge  in 
maintaining  order,  takes  care  of  jurors  when  they  are  deliberating  on  a  case 
and  otherwise  assists  the  judge.  A  court  reporter  is  required  to  record  the 
proceedings  in  most  of  the  cases  tried  in  the  Superior  Court.  Jurors  are  drawn 
for  each  term  of  court.  Since  January  1,  1968,  North  Carolina  has  had  a  new 
jury  selection  law  which  is  intended  to  eliminate  many  of  the  inequities  of  the 
old  system.  The  new  system  required  an  independent  three-man  jury  commis- 
sion to  select  names  at  random  from  the  tax  rolls,  the  voter  registration  books, 
and  any  other  sources  deemed  reliable.  Each  name  is  given  a  number,  and  the 
Clerk  of  Superior  Court  draws  a  number  of  prospective  jurors  at  random  from  a 
box.  The  numbers  are  matched  with  the  names  which  are  held  by  the  Register 
of  Deeds,  and  the  resulting  list  of  names  is  summoned  by  the  Sheriff.  No 
occupation  or  class  of  person  is  excused  from  jury  service.  In  fact,  the  law 
specifically  declares  that  jury  service  is  an  obligation  of  citizenship  to  be 
discharged  by  all  qualified  citizens.  Excuses  from  jury  service  can  be  granted 
only  by  a  trial  judge. 

The  District  Court 

The  Judicial  Department  Act  of  1965  provided  for  the  establishment  of  a 
uniform  system  of  District  Courts  in  three  phases  throughout  the  State:  In 
December  of  1966,  the  District  Court  was  activated  in  22  counties;  in  December 
of  1968,  the  District  Court  was  established  in  an  additional  61  counties;  and  in 
December  of  1970,  in  the  remaining  17  counties.  As  the  District  Court  was 
established  in  a  judicial  district,  all  courts  inferior  to  the  Superior  Court  were 
abolished,  all  cases  pending  in  the  abolished  court  were  transferred  to  the 
dockets  of  the  District  Court  for  trial,  and  all  records  of  the  abolished  court  were 
transferred  to  the  office  of  the  Clerk  of  Superior  Court,  who  is  required  to 
maintain  a  system  of  consolidated  records  of  both  the  Superior  Court  and  the 
District  Court.  Upon  the  establishment  of  a  District  Court  in  a  county,  the 
county  was  relieved  of  all  expenses  incident  to  the  operation  of  the  courts 
except  the  expense  for  providing  adequate  physical  facilities. 

The  District  Court  has  exclusive  original  jurisdiction  of  misdemeanors,  and 
concurrent  jurisdiction  of  civil  cases  where  the  amount  in  controversy  is  $5,000 
or  less,  and  of  domestic  relations  cases  regardless  of  the  amount  in  controversy. 
Jury  trial  is  provided,  upon  demand,  in  civil  cases  regardless  of  the  amount  in 
controversy.  Jury  trial  is  provided,  upon  demand,  in  civil  cases.  An  appeal  in  a 
civil  case  is  to  the  Court  of  Appeals  on  questions  of  law  only.  No  jury  is 
authorized  in  criminal  cases.  Upon  appeal  in  criminal  cases,  trial  de  novo  will 
be  had  in  the  Superior  Court,  where  a  jury  is  available. 

District  Court  judges  are  elected  for  four-year  terms.  In  multi-judge  districts, 
the  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  designates  one  of  the  judges  as  Chief 
District  Court  Judge.  District  Court  judges  serve  full  time. 


The  Judicial  Branch  663 

Magistrates 

With  the  estabUshment  of  the  District  Court  in  the  counties,  the  office  of 
justice  of  the  peace  was  aboHshed.  Under  the  new  system,  magistrates  replaced 
the  old  justices  of  the  peace.  Magistrates  are  appointed  by  the  Senior  Resident 
Superior  Court  Judge,  upon  recommendation  of  the  Clerk  of  Superior  Court,  to 
serve  a  term  of  two  years.  Magistrates  operate  with  less  authority  and 
discretion  than  old  justices  of  the  peace,  and  with  much  more  supervision.  They 
act  in  certain  minor  civil  and  criminal  matters.  They  are  on  a  salary  and  can 
accept  guilty  pleas  only,  and  then  only  for  the  most  petty  offenses.  The  law 
gives  the  Chief  District  Judge  general  supervisory  authority  over  the 
Magistrates. 


664  North  Carolina  Manual 


THE  ADMINISTRATIVE  OFFICE  OF  THE  COURTS 

Prior  to  the  reforming  and  reorganizing  of  the  court  system  in  North 
CaroHna,  there  was  no  unified  court  system,  centraHzed  administration, 
statewide  financing,  and  many  other  structural  and  operational  characteristics. 
The  decisions  made  by  the  various  Bar  Association  study  committees  and 
subsequently  by  the  people,  and  the  implementing  legislation  recommended  by 
the  Courts  Commission,  charted  new  ground  in  court  systems  and  established 
a  model  which  was  later  followed  in  many  other  states. 

A  key  element  in  the  court  reform  process  was  the  idea  that  the  system  could 
not  operate  without  centralized  administration  or  management.  Thus,  the 
constitutional  amendment  and  implementing  legislation  called  for  establish- 
ment of  an  Administrative  Office  of  the  Courts  to  accomplish  this  purpose.  The 
statutes  provide  for  a  director  and  an  assistant  director,  both  appointed  by  the 
Chief  Justice,  to  serve  at  his  pleasure.  Therefore,  judges  are  relieved  of  the 
conduct  of  the  business  affairs  of  the  Judiciary  so  that  they  can  concentrate 
their  efforts  on  the  processing  of  cases. 

Some  specific  statutory  duties  are  outlined  below,  but  the  function  of  the 
Administrative  Office  of  the  Courts  can  be  grouped  into  several  major 
headings  including  fiscal  management,  personnel  direction,  information 
services,  juvenile  services,  trial  court  management  services,  and  administrative 
services. 

All  operating  costs  of  The  Judicial  Branch  are  paid  from  state  appropria- 
tions. Consequently,  the  Administrative  Office  of  the  Courts  is  responsible  for 
preparing  the  budget,  as  well  as  managing  appropriations,  for  the  Judicial 
Branch.  In  addition  to  managing  the  budget  and  expenditures,  the  Fiscal 
Management  Division  also  has  established  and  supervises  the  method  of 
accounting  for  the  hundreds  of  millions  of  dollars  which  flow  annually 
through  the  offices  of  the  Clerk  of  Superior  Court.  All  equipment  and  supplies 
used  in  the  court  system  are  centrally  purchased  and  distributed.  Forms  are 
designed,  printed,  and  provided  to  the  various  Clerk's  offices.  The  payroll  and 
travel  expenses  for  Judicial  Department  personnel  are  handled  in  this 
division. 

As  a  separate  branch  of  government,  the  Judiciary  is  not  subject  to  the  State 
Personnel  Office  which  serves  the  Executive  Branch  of  government.  Instead, 
they  administer  their  own  personnel  system.  Thus,  the  responsibility  of 
classifying  jobs  and  administering  the  personnel  system  of  the  Judicial 
Branch  is  vested  in  the  Administrative  Office  of  the  Courts. 

The  Administrative  Office  of  the  Courts  has  designed  and  implemented  a 
record  keeping  system  and  a  statistical  reporting  system  by  which  it  maintains 
a  case  by  case  inventory  of  the  more  than  1 .5  million  cases  which  flow  through 
the  system  each  year.  In  the  specific  area  of  juvenile  justice,  the  Office  is 
responsible  for  administration  of  the  juvenile  intake,  probation,  and  aftercare 
services  on  a  statewide  basis.  To  perform  this  service,  there  are  nearly  300 
professional  court  counselors. 

North  Carolina  is  moving  into  trial  court  management  which  involves  case 
calendar  supervision,  jury  utilization  management,  and  other  services  designed 


The  Judicial  Branch  665 

to  make  the  work  of  the  trial  courts  more  efficient.  Coordination  of  these 
services  designed  to  make  the  work  of  the  trial  courts  more  efficient  and  this 
coordination  is  a  responsibility  of  the  Administrative  Office  of  the  Courts. 

The  Administrative  Services  Division  prepares  the  schedule  of  superior 
courts  and  assigns  judges  to  the  various  court  sessions.  They  also  coordinate 
the  program  to  provide  counsel  for  indigent  defendant.  A  continuing  and 
overriding  responsibility  of  the  Office  is  to  study  the  operation  of  the  court 
system  and  make  recommendations  for  improvements.  Used  in  this  process 
are  the  membership  or  staffing  for  various  agencies  such  as  the  Courts 
Commission,  the  Judicial  Planning  Committee,  the  Judicial  Council,  the 
Governor's  Crime  Commission,  and  the  Judicial  Information  System  Advisory 
Committee. 

Although  the  operations  of  the  Administrative  Office  of  the  Courts  are 
generally  outlined  above,  a  specific  statutory  listing  of  duties  include  the 
following: 

(1)  collecting  and  compiling  statistical  data  on  the  judicial  and 
financial  operations  of  the  courts 

(2)  determining  the  state  of  dockets  and  evaluating  the  practice  and 
procedures  of  the  courts,  and  making  recommendations  for  the  efficient 
administration  of  justice 

(3)  prescribing  uniform  administrative  and  business  methods  and 
systems  to  be  used  in  the  office  of  the  Clerks  of  Superior  Court 

(4)  preparing  budget  estimates  of  State  appropriations  necessary  for 
the  operation  of  the  Judicial  Department 

(5)  investigating  and  making  recommendations  concerning  the  secur- 
ing of  adequate  physical  accommodations 

(6)  procuring  and  distributing  such  equipment,  forms,  and  supplies  as 
are  required 

(7)  making  recommendations  for  the  improvement  of  the  operation  of 
the  Judicial  Department 

(8)  preparing  an  annual  report  on  the  work  of  the  Judicial  Department 

(9)  assisting  the  Chief  Justice  in  performing  his  duties  relating  to  the 
transfer  of  the  District  Court  Judges  for  temporary  or  specialized  duty 

(10)  performing  such  additional  duties  and  exercising  such  additional 
powers  as  may  be  prescribed  by  statute  or  assigned  by  the  Chief  Justice. 


666 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Franklin  E.  Freeman,  Jr. 

DIRECTOR 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Dobson, 
Surry  County,  May  5,  1945,  to  Frank- 
lin E.  and  Clara  E.  (Smith)  Freeman. 

Education:  Graduated,  Surry  Cen- 
tral High  School,  Dobson,  1963;  Uni- 
versity of  North  Carolina  at  Chapel 
Hill,  1967,  B.A.;  UNC-CH  School  of 
Law,  1970,  J.D. 

Professional  Background:  Ad- 
ministrative Officer  of  the  Courts, 
1981-;  District  Attorney,  17th  Judicial 
District,  1979-81;  Assistant  Director, 
Administrative  Office  of  the  Courts 
and  Administrative  Assistant  to 
Chief  Justices  William  Bobbitt  and 
Susie  Sharp,  1973-78;  Assistant  District  Attorney,  17th  Judicial  District, 
1971-1973:  Research  Assistant,  Associate  Justice  Dan  K.  Moore,  1970-71. 

Organizations:  Surry  Count  and  Rockingham  County  Bar  Associations; 
17th  District  Bar;  North  Carolina  State  Bar;  Delta  Upsilon  Fraternity; 
Conference  of  State  Court  Administrators. 

Honors:  Service  awards  from  Conference  of  Superior  Court  Judges,  Con- 
ference of  District  Court  Judges,  N.C.  Clerks  of  Superior  Court  Association, 
and  N.C.  Magistrates  Association;  "TarHeel  of  the  Week,"  News  and 
Observer  (Raleigh,  N.C). 

Literary  Works:  "The  Indigent  Defendant  Program.  A  Review  of  Sub- 
Chapter  9  of  Chapter  7A  of  the  General  Statutes,"  The  North  Carolina  Bar 
Quarterly,  Volume  24,  1977,  Number  4;  "The  Role  of  the  Administrative 
Office  of  the  Courts,"  The  North  Carolina  State  Bar  Quarterly,  Vol.  36, 
No.  1,  Winter  1989;  "An  Assessment:  The  AOC  Looks  at  Indigent  Repre- 
sentation," Bar  Notes,  February  March,  1989. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Main  Street  LInited  Methodist  Church, 
Reidsville;  Chairman,  Administrative  Board,  1981;  Chairman,  Every  Member 
Canvas,  1980;  Sunday  School  Teacher,  1972-81. 

Family:  Married,  Katherine  Lynn  Lloyd,  August  1978.  Children:  Margaret 
Elizabeth,  Nancy  Lorrin,  Katherine  Ann,  Franklin  Edward,  III,  and 
Alexander  Lloyd  and  Mary  Clare. 


The  Judicial  Branch  667 


THE  OFFICE  OF  ADMINISTRATIVE  HEARINGS 

During  the  1985  Session  of  the  General  Assembly,  House  Bill  52,  ratified  as 
Chapter  746,  rewrote  the  State  Administrative  Procedure  Act  (APA).  This  act  is 
now  codified  as  Chapter  150B  of  the  General  Statutes.  Enacted  in  1974,  the 
Administrative  Procedure  Act  (then  Chapter  150A)  was  intended  to  safeguard 
citizens'  interests  by  establishing  for  most  state  administrative  agencies 
uniform  procedures  for: 

(1)  adopting,  centrally  filing,  and  publishing  their  rules; 

(2)  hearing  and  deciding  contested  cases  before  those  agencies;  and 

(3)  judicially  reviewing  those  agency  decisions.  The  Administrative 
Procedure  Act  is  not  the  source  of  agencies'  rule-making  and  decision- 
making powers;  rather,  it  restricts  and  regularizes  the  exercise  of  powers 
granted  by  the  numerous  statutes  that  create  those  agencies  and  define 
their  functions  or  direct  them  to  carry  out  specified  activities. 

The  action  of  the  General  Assembly  in  1985  reflected  the  legislative  opinion 
that  state  administrative  agencies  too  often  had  exceeded  the  powers  given 
them  by  the  General  Assembly  by  adopting  rules  not  authorized  by  statute  and 
by  imposing  through  their  rules  criminal  penalties  not  legislatively  authorized. 
The  action  also  demonstrated  that  merging  in  a  single  administrative  agency 
the  roles  of  investigator,  prosecutor,  and  judge  of  a  contested  case  (as  Chapter 
150A  had  done)  is  fundamentally  unjust.  Thus  the  General  Assembly  sought  to 
curtail  agency  powers  substantially  and  placed  the  exercise  of  those  powers 
(which  are,  in  fact,  a  delegation  of  legislative  authority)  under  closer  scrutiny 
by  rewriting  the  Administrative  Procedures  Act  significantly. 

The  Director  is  appointed  to  a  four-year  term  by  the  Chief  Justice  and  serves 
as  Chief  Administrative  Law  Judge.  The  Director  appoints  the  Administrative 
Law  Judges  who  may  be  removed  only  for  just  cause  under  the  State  Personnel 
Act. 

Organization  and  Administration 

The  Office  of  Administrative  Hearings  is  an  independent  agency  equivalent 
to  a  principal  department  of  state  government,  as  provided  for  by  the 
Constitution  of  North  Carolina.  As  it  is  independent  of  all  other  agencies  the 
Office  must  carry  out  all  of  the  administrative  functions  of  any  governmental 
agency,  including  personnel,  budget,  payroll,  purchase  and  contract,  and 
computer  systems  operation,  as  well  as  its  operating  missions.  The  administra- 
tion and  operations  of  the  Office  are  performed  by  seven  sections. 

The  Administrative  Staff 

The  Administrative  Staff  performs  ministerial  activities  involved  in 
personnel,  purchasing,  payroll,  budget,  and  public  relations. 

The  Agency  Legal  Staff 

The  Agency  Legal  Staff  provides  Counsel  or  renders  opinions  to  OAH  staff 
and  outside  agencies  on  questions  of  law  within  the  purview  of  OAH. 


668  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  Adjudicative  Staff 

The  Adjudicative  Staff  consists  of  the  Chief  Administrative  Law  Judge,  who 
is  also  the  Director  of  the  Agency,  and  eight  Administrative  Law  Judges 
responsible  for  conducting  hearings  on  various  grievable  issues  covered  by 
administrative  law. 

The  Hearings  Staff 

The  Hearings  Staff  administers  the  contested  case  hearing  provisions,  the 
processing  of  cases  and  the  collection,  coding  and  tabulation  of  data  related  to 
cases. 

The  Rules  Publications  Staff 

The  Rules  Publications  Staff  performs  administrative  and  technical  work  in 
the  compilation,  production  and  publication  of  the  North  Carolina  Register 
and  the  North  Carolina  Administrative  Code  (NCAC). 

The  Mediations  Staff 

The  Mediations  Staff  conducts  investigations  and  seeks  resolutions  of 
discrimination  cases  deferred  by  the  Equal  Employment  Opportunity  Com- 
mission. 

The  Administrative  Rules  Review  Staff 

The  Administrative  Rules  Review  Staff  provides  professional  and  administra- 
tive support  to  the  Administrative  Rules  Review  Commission. 

In  addition  to  the  above  administrative  secions,  there  is  a  Deputy  Director 
and  an  Assistant  Director.  The  Deputy  Director  is  responsible  to  the  Director 
for  all  functions  of  the  agency  except  adjudications.  The  Assistant  Director  is 
responsible  for  the  operation  of  the  Hearings  Section,  the  Rules  Section,  and  all 
computer  systems. 

Hearings 

One  of  the  duties  assigned  to  the  Office  of  Administrative  Hearings  is  to 
provide  a  source  of  independent  hearing  officers  to  preside  in  administrative 
cases  and  to  thereby  prevent  the  commingling  of  legislative,  executive,  and 
judicial  functions  in  the  administrative  process.  It  is  given  the  judicial  power 
necessary  to  carry  out  these  functions. 

By  creating  a  group  of  independent  administrative  law  judges  to  serve  as 
hearing  officers.  North  Carolina  was  the  tenth  state  to  adopt  what  is  known  as 
a  "central  panel  system."  Its  predecessors  were  California,  Colorado,  Florida, 
Massachusetts,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  New  Jersey,  Tennessee,  and  Washing- 
ton. Wisconsin  subsequently  became  the  eleventh  state  to  create  a  central 
panel. 

When  a  dispute  with  a  state  agency  involving  a  person's  rights,  duties,  or 
privileges,  including  a  license  or  a  monetary  penalty,  cannot  be  resolved 
informally,  then  the  person  (natural  person,  partnership,  agency  or  other  body 
politic,  corporation  or  association)  may  file  a  "contested  case."  There  are 
twenty-five  primary  state  departments  and  thirty -eight  occupational  licensing 
boards.  Except  for  a  few  agencies  that  are  exempted  from  the  Administrative 
Procedures  Act,  Chapter  150B  applies  to  all  agencies,  boards,  and  commissions 
of  state  government  (not  county  or  municipal  governments). 


The  Judicial  Branch  669 

Adoption,  Amendment,  and  Repeal  of  Rules 

An  agency  intending  to  adopt,  amend  or  repeal  an  administrative  rule  must 
first  publish  notice  of  the  proposed  action  in  the  North  Carolina  Register.  The 
notice  must  include  a  reference  to  the  statutory  authority  for  the  action,  the 
time  and  place  of  the  public  hearing,  a  statement  of  how  public  comments  may 
be  submitted  to  the  agency  either  at  the  hearing  or  otherwise,  the  text  of  the 
proposed  rule  or  amendment,  and  the  proposed  effective  date. 

Following  publication  of  the  proposal  in  the  Register,  at  least  60  days  must 
elapse  before  the  agency  may  take  action  on  the  proposed  adoption,  amendment 
or  repeal. 

When  final  action  is  taken,  the  promulgating  agency  must  submit  any 
adopted  or  amended  rule  to  the  Administrative  Rules  Review  Commission. 
Once  approved  by  the  Administrative  Rules  Review  Commission,  the  rule  may 
be  filed  with  the  Office  of  Administrative  Hearings  for  codification  in  the 
North  Carolina  Administrative  Code.  If  it  differs  substantially  from  the 
proposed  form  published  as  part  of  the  public  notice,  the  adopted  version  will 
again  be  published  in  the  Register. 

North  Carolina  Register 

The  North  Carolina  Register  is  published  monthly  and  contains  information 
relating  to  agency,  executive,  legislative  and  judicial  actions  required  by  or 
affecting  Chapter  150B  of  the  General  Statutes  including  all  proposed 
administrative  rules  and  amendments. 

North  Carolina  Administrative  Code 

The  North  Carolina  Administrative  Code  is  a  compilation  and  index  of  the 
administrative  rules  of  25  state  departments  or  agencies  and  38  occupational 
licensing  boards.  The  North  Carolina  Administrative  Code  comprises  approxi- 
mately 16,000  pages  of  regulations  of  which  approximately  35%  is  changed 
annually. 

Mediations 

The  General  Assembly  designated  the  Office  of  Administrative  Hearings  as 
the  state's  agency  for  deferral  of  cases  under  Section  706  of  the  federal  Equal 
Employment  Opportunity  Act. 

The  Equal  Employment  Opportunity  Commission  (EEOC)  has  Hkewise 
designated  the  Office  of  Administrative  Hearings  as  the  706  deferral  agency. 

A  Worksharing  Agreement  between  the  Office  of  Administrative  Hearings 
and  the  Equal  Employment  Opportunity  Commission  sets  forth  the  respon- 
sibilities of  the  respective  agencies  in  the  handHng  of  deferred  discrimination 
charges. 

The  role  of  the  Mediations  ^Section  is  to  investigate  and  attempt  to  resolve  by 
negotiation  allegations  of  discrimination  against  state  employees  or  applicants 
for  state  employment. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

The  Administrative  Rules  Review  Commission 


670 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  Judicial  Branch  671 


THE  SUPREME  COURT 


James  Gooden  Exum,  Jr. 

CHIEF  JUSTICE 

Early  Years:  Born  September  14,  1935,  to  James  G.  and  Mary  Wall  (Bost) 
Exum.  Grew  up  in  Snow  Hill,  N.C. 

Education:  Snow  Hill  High  School,  1953;  University  of  North  Carolina 
-Chapel  Hill,  1957,  A.B.  (English);  New  York  University  School  of  Law,  1960, 
LL.B;  National  Judicial  College,  1969;  Senior  Appellate  Judges  Seminar,  New 
York  University  School  of  Law  and  Institute  of  Judicial  Administration,  1976. 

Professional  Background:  Chief  Justice,  N.C.  Supreme  Court,  1986-  ; 
Associate  Justice,  N.C.  Supreme  Court,  1975-1986  (elected  1974,  reelected  1982); 
Resident  Superior  Court  Judge,  18th  Judicial  District,  1967-1974  (appointed, 
July  1,  1967,  by  Governor  Dan  K.  Moore  to  a  newly  created  judgeship;  elected, 
1968);  law  clerk,  Associate  Justice  Emery  B.  Denny,  N.C.  Supreme  Court, 
1960-61;  practicing  attorney  (firm  of  Smith,  Moore,  Smith,  Schell  and  Hunter, 
Greensboro,  N.C),  1961-1967;  visiting  lecturer.  University  of  North  Carolina  - 
Chapel  Hill  School  of  Law,  1978-1985. 

Organizations:  American  Bar  Association  (chairman.  Ad  Hoc  Committee 
on  Death  Penalty  Costs;  Member,  Criminal  Justice  Section  Council,  1981- 
1985);  N.C.  Bar  Association  (Vice  Chairman,  Task  Force  on  Alternatives  to 
Litigation,  1984-1986);  member.  Central  Selection  Committee,  Morehead 
Scholarship  Foundation,  1975-1988;  President,  General  Alumni  Association, 
UNC-CH,  1987-88;  Mason;  Shriner;  Sigma  Nu;  Phi  Delta  Phi;  Watauga  Club; 
Milburnie  Fishing  Club;  Capitol  City  Club. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1967. 

Military  Service:  U.S.  Army  Reserves,  1961-1967  (Captain);  U.S.  Army 
Information  School,  1961  (honor  graduate). 

Honors:  Valedictorian,  1953;  Distinguished  Service  Award,  Psi  chapter, 
Sigma  Nu  Fraternity,  1974;  Distinguished  Service  Award,  Greensboro  Jaycees, 
1968;  Root  Tilden  Scholar,  1957-1960;  Benjamin  F.  Butler  Memorial  Award, 
1960;  Morehead  Scholar,  1953-1957;  Algernon  Sydney  SulUvan  Award,  1957; 
Phi  Eta  Sigma,  1954;  President,  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1956. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Christ  Church,  Raleigh;  Former  Senior 
Warden,  Vestryman,  and  Sunday  School  Teacher,  Holy  Trinity  Church, 
Greensboro  and  Christ  Church,  Raleigh;  Member  and  Chalice  Bearer,  Christ 
Church,  Raleigh;  Former  Parliamentarian,  Episcopal  Diocese  of  North  Caro- 
lina. 

Family:  Married  Judith  Jamison,  June  29,  1963.  Children:  James  Gooden, 
Steven  Jamison,  and  Mary  March  (Exum)  Williams. 


672 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Louis  B.  Meyer,  Jr. 

ASSOCIATE  JUSTICE 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Marion, 
McDowell  County,  July  15,  1933,  to 
Louis  B.  and  Beulah  V.  (Smith)  Meyer, 
Sr. 

Education:  Enfield  Public  Schools; 
Wake  Forest  University,  1955,  B.A.; 
Wake  Forest  University  School  of 
Law,  1960,  J.D. 

Professional  Background:  As- 
sociate Justice,  N.C.  Supreme  Court, 
1981- (appointed  January,  1981;  elected, 
November,  1982;  re-elected,  1986);  for- 
mer attorney  (private  practice,  18 
years);  former  special  agent,  FBI; 
former  Adjunct  Professor  of  Business 
Law,  Atlantic  Christian  College;  law  clerk,  N.C.  Supreme  Court,  1960. 

Organizations:  Wilson  County  Bar  Association  (former  President);  7th 
Judicial  Bar  Association  (former  President);  N.C.  Bar  Association  (former  Vice 
President);  Masons. 

Boards  :  Board  of  Trustees,  Wake  Forest  University;  Board  of  Visitors, 
Wake  Forest  University  School  of  Law. 

Military  Service:  U.S.  Army,  1955-1957  (1st  Lieutenant). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Baptist  Church,  Wilson;  Sunday 
School  Teacher;  Deacon  and  Former  Trustee. 

Family:  Married  Evelyn  Spradlin,  December  29,  1956.  Children:  Louis  B., 
Ill;  Patricia  Shannon;  and  Adam  Burden. 


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673 


Burley  B.  Mitchell,  Jr. 

ASSOCIATE  JUSTICE 

Early  Years:  Born  December  15, 
1940,  to  Burley  Baynard  and  Dorothy 
Ford  (Champion)  Mitchell,  Sr. 

Education:  Raleigh  Public 
Schools;  N.C.  State  University,  1967, 
B.A.;  University  of  North  Carolina- 
Chapel  Hill  School  of  Law,  1969,  J.D.; 
Senior  Appellate  Judges  Seminar,  New 
York  University  School  of  Law  and 
Institute  of  Judicial  Administration, 
1984  and  1988. 

Professional  Background:  As- 
sociate Justice,  N.C.  Supreme  Court, 
1982-  (appointed,  1982;  elected  1982; 
re-elected,  1984, 1988);  Secretary,  N.C. 
Department  of  Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety,  1979-1982;  Judge,  N.C.  Court 
of  Appeals,  1977-1979;  District  Attorney,  Tenth  Judicial  District,  1972-1977; 
Assistant  Attorney  General  of  N,C.,  1969-1972;  admitted  to  practice  before  the 
U.S.  Supreme  Court,  U.S.  Court  of  Appeals  for  the  Fourth  Circuit,  and  all  State 
and  Federal  Courts  in  N.C. 

Organizations:  Institute  of  Judicial  Administration;  American  Bar  As- 
sociation; N.C.  Bar  Association  (Vice  President,  1986-87);  Wake  County  Bar 
Association;  Delta  Theta  Phi;  International  Mensa  Society;  Raleigh  Kiwanis 
Club;  State  Government  Employees  Combined  United  Fund  Campaign; 
former  Chairman,  Triangle  March  of  Dimes  Drive. 

Boards:  Governor's  Crime  Commission,  1977-  ;  N.C.  Courts  Commission, 
1983- ;  N.C.  News  Media  Administration  of  Justice  Council,  1976-. 

Military  Service:  U.S.  Navy  (7th  Fleet,  Asia),  1958-1962. 

Honors:  Outstanding  Young  Man  of  the  Year,  City  of  Raleigh,  1975; 
Freedom  Guard  Award  for  Community,  Religious,  and  Governmental 
Activities,  N.C.  Jaycees,  1974-75;  N.C.  National  Guard  Citizenship  Award, 
1982;  Who's  Who  in  America,  1984-. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Hayes-Barton  United  Methodist  Church, 
Raleigh;  President,  United  Methodist  Men,  1984;  Sunday  School  Teacher, 
1975-. 

Family:  Married  Mary  Lou  Willet,  August  3, 1962.  Children:  David  Baynard 
and  Catherine  Morris. 


674 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Harry  Corpening  Martin 

ASSOCIATE  JUSTICE 

p]arly  Years:  Born  in  Lenoir, 
Caldwell  County,  January  13, 1920,  to 
Hal  C.  (deceased)  and  Johnsie  Har- 
shaw  Martin. 

Flducation:  Lenoir  Public  Schools; 
John  B.  Stetson  University,  1937-38; 
UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1942,  A.B.;  Harvard 
Law  School,  1948,  LL.B;  National  Col- 
lege of  the  State  Judiciary,  1969; 
Judicial  Administration  course.  Na- 
tional College  of  the  State  Judiciary, 
1973;  University  of  Virginia  School  of 
Law,  1982  LL.M;  Legal  Studies  of 
American  Judges,  Oriel  College  (Ox- 
ford, England),  1984. 

Professional  Background:  Associate  Justice,  N.C.  Supreme  Court,  1982- 
(appointed,  August,  1982;  elected,  1982;  re-elected,  1986,1988);  Judge,  N.C. 
Court  of  Appeals,  1978-1982;  Senior  Resident  Superior  Court  Judge,  28th 
Judicial  District,  1975-1978;  Resident  Superior  Court  Judge,  1967-1974;  Special 
Superior  Court  Judge,  1962-1967;  practicing  attorney,  1948-1962;  Adjunct 
Professor,  UNC-Chapel  Hill  School  of  Law. 

Organizations:  Buncombe  County  Bar  Association;  Wake  County  Bar 
Association;  N.C.  Bar  Association  (Vice  President,  1972-73);  P^ourth  Circuit 
Judicial  Conference;  President,  N.C.  Conference  of  Superior  Court  Judges, 

1972-73. 

Boards:  Chairman,  State  Judicial  Center  Commission,  1985-87;  Founder 
and  Chairman,  Judges  Bench  Book  Committee,  1977;  Chairman,  P^air^Sentenc- 
ing  Committee,  1980;  Governor's  Brown  Lung  Study  Committee,  1979;  former 
trustee,  University  of  the  South. 

Military  Service:  U.S.  Army  Air  Corps,  1942-1945  (Corporal). 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Christ  Episcopal  Church,  Raleigh. 

Family:  Married  Nancy  Dallam,  April,  1955.  Children:  John  A.,  Matthew, 
and  Mary  D. 


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675 


Henry  E.  Frye 

ASSOCIATE  JUSTICE 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Ellerbe,  Rich- 
mond County,  August  1,  1932,  to 
Walter  A.  and  Pearl  (Motley)  Frye 
(both  deceased). 

Education:  Mineral  Springs 
School;  North  Carolina  A  &  T  State 
University,  1953,  B.S.;  UNC-Chapel 
Hill  School  of  Law,  1959,  J.D.  with 
honors. 

Professional  Background:  As- 
sociate Justice,  N.C.  Supreme  Court, 
1983-  (appointed,  February,  1983  to 
replace  J.  Phil  Carlton;  elected,  1984; 
re-elected,  1988);  practicing  attorney, 
1959-1963,  1967-1983;  former  profes- 
sor, N.C.  Central  University  Law  School,  1965-1967;  Assistant  U.S.  Attorney, 
Middle  District  of  North  Carolina,  1963-1965. 

Organizations:  Greensboro  Bar  Association;  N.C.  Bar  Association; 
American  Bar  Association;  National  Bar  Association;  Kappa  Alpha  Psi; 
American  Judicature  Society. 

Boards:  Board  of  Directors,  N.C.  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company,  1973- 
1983;  Board  of  Directors,  Greensboro  National  Bank,  1971-1983  (President, 
1971-81). 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1981-82;  member,  N.C.  House  of 
Representatives,  1969-1980. 

Military  Service:  U.S.  Air  Force,  1953-1955  (Captain) 

Honors:  Alumni  Excellence  Award,  North  Carolina  A  &  T  State  University, 
1972;  Doctor  of  Laws,  Shaw  University,  1971,  N.C.  A  &  T  State  University, 
1983;  Charles  D.  Mclver  Medal,  UNC  -  Greensboro,  1986;  Distinguished 
Alumnus  Award,  UNC  -  Chapel  Hill,  1986. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Providence  Baptist  Church,  Greensboro; 
Deacon;  former  Sunday  School  Teacher. 

Family:  Married  Edith  Shirley  Taylor,  August  25,  1956.  Children:  Henry 
Eric  and  Harlan  Elbert. 


67G 


North  Carolina  Manual 


John  Webb 

ASSOCIATE  JUSTICE 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Rocky  Mount, 
Nash  County,  September  18,  1926,  to 
William  Devin  and  Ella  (Johnson) 
Webb. 

Education:  Charles  L.  Coon  High 
School,  1944;  UNC  -  Chapel  Hill; 
Columbia  University  School  of  Law, 
1952,  LL.B. 

Professional  Background:  As- 
sociate Justice,  N.C.  Supreme  Court, 
1987-  (elected  198(S);  Judge,  N.C.  Court 
of  Appeals,  1977-1986  (appointed 
December  2,  1977  by  Governor  Hunt 
as  one  of  three  new  judges;  elected, 
1978;  re-elected  1984);  Judge,  Superior 
Court,  1971-1977. 

Organizations:  N.C.  Bar  Association;  Phi  Delta  Phi;  Phi  Beta  Kappa. 

Military  Service:  U.S.  Navy,  1944-1946  (Third  Class  Petty  Officer). 

Religious   Activities:    Member,   First   Baptist  Church;   Sunday   School 
Teacher,  1955-1979;  Deacon,  1958-1967. 

Family:  Married,  Carolyn  Harris,  September  13,  1958.  Children:  Caroline 
(Webb)  Smart  and  William  Devin. 


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677 


Willis  Padgett  Whichard 

ASSOCIATE  JUSTICE 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Durham, 
Durham  county,  May  24, 1940,  to  Willis 
Guilford  (deceased)  and  Beulah 
(Padgett)  Whichard. 

Education:  Durham  City  Schools; 
UNC  -  Chapel  Hill,  1962,  A.B.;  UNC  - 
Chapel  Hill  School  of  Law,  1965,  J.D.; 
University  of  Virginia,  LL.M.,  1984. 

Professional  Background:  As- 
sociate Justice,  N.C.  Supreme  Court, 
1987-  (elected  1986);  Judge,  N.C.  Court 
of  Appeals,  1980-1986;  practicing 
attorney,  1966-1980;  Law  Clerk, 
William  H.  Bobbitt,  former  Chief 
Justice,  N.C.  Supreme  Court,  1965-66. 

Organizations:  American  Bar  Association;  N.C.  Bar  Association;  Durham 
County  Bar  Association;  Phi  Beta  Kappa;  Phi  Alpha  Delta;  Phi  Delta  Phi; 
Order  of  the  Coif;  Kiwanis  Club  of  Tobaccoland,  1974-1985;  UNC  Law  Alumni 
Association  (President,  1978-79);  Director,  Durham  County  Chapter,  American 
Red  Cross,  1971-1979;  Director,  Transition  of  Youth,  Inc.,  1971-1978;  Southern 
Growth  Policies  Board,  1971-1980  (Vice  Chairman,  1975-1978);  Director, 
Durham  YMCA,  1973-1977;  Durham  Jaycees,  1966-1975;  Chapter  Chairman, 
National  P'oundation,  March  of  Dimes,  1969-1974. 

Boards:  Senior  Citizens  Coordinating  Council,  1972-1975;  Governor's 
Advisory  Committee  on  Youth  Development,  1972-73. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1970-1974; 
member,  N.C.  Senate,  1974-1980;  Legislative  Research  Commission,  1971-1973, 
1975-1977. 

Military  Service:  U.S.  Army  National  Guard,  1966-1972;  life  member, 
National  Guard  Association. 

Honors:  Outstanding  Appellate  Judge,  N.C.  Acadamy  of  Trial  Lawyers, 
1983;  Outstanding  Youth  Service,  N.C.  Juvenile  Correctional  Association, 
1975;  Outstanding  Legislator,  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers,  1975;  Young 
Man  of  the  Year,  Durham,  1971. 

Family:  Married,  Leona  Irene  Paschal,  June  4,  1961.  Children:  Jennifer 
Diane  and  Ida  Gilbert. 


678  North  Carolina  Manual 


THE  COURT  OF  APPEALS 

Robert  Alfred  Hedrick 

CHIEF  JUDGE 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Statesville,  Iredell  County,  August  28, 1922,  to  Horace 
E.  (deceased)  and  Sarah  E.  (Morrow)  Hedrick. 

Education:  Scotts  Elementary  School;  Governor  Morehead  School,  1936-43; 
UNC  -  Chapel  Hill,  1946,  A.B.;  UNC  -  Chapel  Hill  School  of  Law,  LL.B. 

Professional  Background:  Chief  Judge,  N.C.  Court  of  Appeals,  1985-  ; 
Associate  Judge,  N.C.  Court  of  Appeals,  1969-1984;  Judge,  Iredell  County 
Court,  1958-1969;  Solicitor,  Iredell  County  Court,  1950-1958. 

Organizations:  Iredell  County  Bar  Association  (former  President  and 
Chancellor);  N.C.  Bar  Association;  N.C.  State  Bar  Association  (former  Chan- 
cellor); American  Bar  Association;  Phi  Alpha  Delta;  Delta  Psi;  State  Bar 
Council,  22nd  Judicial  District. 

Boards:  Director,  Governor  Morehead  School. 

Political  Activities:  Young  Democrats  Club;  State  Democratic  Executive 
Committee  (two  terms). 

Religious  Activities:  Hudson  Memorial  Presbyterian  Church,  Raleigh. 

Family:  Married  Patricia  Joanne  Owen,  December  31,  1955.  Children: 
Jeffrey  Miles,  Martha  Jean,  Joanne  Rose,  and  John  Alfred. 


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679 


Stanley  Gerald  Arnold 

JUDGE 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Harnett  County, 
November  14,  1940,  to  Arlie  D.  and 
Gertrude  (Blanchard)  Arnold. 

Education:  Lafayette  High  School;  Oak 
Ridge  Military  Institute,  1958-59;  East 
Carolina  University,  1963,  A.B.;  UNC  - 
Chapel  Hill  School  of  Law,  1966,  LL.B.; 
Eagleton  Institute  of  Politics,  1972. 

Professional  Background:  Judge,  N.C. 
Court  of  Appeals,  1975-  (elected  1974,  to 
complete  unexpired  term  of  William  E. 
Graham,  Jr.;  elected  to  full  term,  1976; 
reelected  1984). 

Organizations:  N.C.  Bar  Association;  N.C.  State  Bar  Association;  American 
Bar  Association;  Phi  Alpha  Delta. 

Boards:  Chairman,  Judicial  Standards  Commission,  1982-;  Commission  on 
Solid  Waste  Disposal,  1974;  Southern  Legislative  Conference  Commission  on 
Energy,  1971-1974;  Southern  Legislative  Conference  Committee  on  Consumer 
Protection,  1971-1974;  Vice  Chairman,  N.C.  Study  on  Medical  Manpower;  N.C. 
Local  Government  Study  Commission,  1971-1973. 

Political  Activities:  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1971,1973-74; 
Chairman,  Harnett  County  Democratic  Executive  Committee,  1968. 

Honors:  Outstanding  Alumni  Award,  East  Carolina  University,  1981; 
Outstanding  Young  Men  of  America,  1970-1973;  Distinguished  Service  Award, 
1970-1973;  Member,  Phi  Kappa  Phi,  1986. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Lillington  Baptist  Church. 

Family:  Married  Paula  Sue  Johnson,  June  26,  1963.  Children:  Lisa  Dawn 
and  Stanley  Gerald,  Jr. 


680 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Hugh  Albert  Wells 

JUDGE 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Shelby,  Cleveland 
County,  June  8,  1922,  to  Charles  H.  and 
Tonce  (Walker)  Wells. 

Education:  Shelby  High  School,  1938; 
UNC  -  Chapel  Hill,  1949;  UNC  -  Chapel 
Hill  School  of  Law,  1952,  LL.B. 

Professional  Background:  Judge, 
N.C.  Court  of  Appeals,  1979-  (appointed 
August  20,  1979  by  Governor  James  B. 
Hunt;  elected  to  complete  unexpired  term, 
i  1980;  elected  to  full  term,  1982);  Executive 
^  Director,  Public  Staff,  N.C.  Utilities  Com- 
mission, 1977-1979;  Counsel,  Utilities  Review  Committee,  N.C.  General 
Assembly,  1 977-79;  private  law  practice  (Shelby,  N.C,  1952-1960;  Atlanta,  Ga., 
1960-1963;  Raleigh,  N.C,  1963-1969). 

Organizations:  N.C  Bar  Association;  American  Bar  Association;  and  N.C. 
State  Bar  Association;  American  Legion. 

Boards:  N.C.  Utilities  Commission,  1969-1975. 

Military  Service:  U.S.  Army  Air  Corps,  1942-1945. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Methodist  Church. 

Family:  Married  Anne  Hubner.  Children:  Kathleen,  Hugh,  Jr.,  and  Joe. 


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681 


Charles  L.  Becton 

JUDGE 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Morehead  City, 
Carteret  County,  on  May  4,  1944. 

Education:  Howard  University,  1966, 
B.A.;  Duke  University  School  of  Law, 
1969,  J.D.;  University  of  Virginia  School 
of  Law,  1986,  LL.M. 

Professional  Background:  Judge, 
N.C.  Court  of  Appeals,  1981-  (appointed, 
January  19, 1981);  Senior  Lecturer  in  Law, 
Duke  University  School  of  Law,  1980-; 
John  Scott  Cansler  Lecturer  in  Trial 
Advocacy,  UNC  -  Chapel  Hill  School  of 
Law,  1976-;  attorney  (firm  of  Chambers,  Stein,  Ferguson  and  Becton,  P. A.), 
1970-1980;  attorney,  NAACP  Legal  Defense  and  Education  Fund,  Inc.,  1969-70. 

Organizations:  American  Bar  Association:  N.C.  State  Bar  Association; 
Orange  County  Bar  Association  (Vice  President,  1979);  N.C.  Association  of 
Black  Lawyers  (President,  1980;  Membership  Chairman,  1979;  Program 
Chairman,  1977-1979);  local  advisor,  N.C.  Fellows  Program,  1974-75. 

Boards:  Board  of  Governors,  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  Director, 
Orange-Chatham  Legal  Services,  1976-77;  N.C.  Courts  Commission,  1980; 
Chairman,  Board  of  Law  Examiners'  Bar  Candidate  Committee,  15th  District, 
1976;  Director,  Chapel  Hill  Drug  Action  Committee,  1975-76;  Legislative 
Research  Study  Committee  to  Study  the  Laws  of  Evidence  and  Comparative 
Negligence,  1979-80;  N.C.  Department  of  Public  Instruction  Law  Related 
Education  Advisory  Committee,  1981-;  N.C.  State  Bar  Plan  for  Interest  on 
Lawyers  Trust  Account  (lOLTA),  Board  of  Trustees,  1983-  ;  American  Bar 
Association  Special  Committee  on  Youth  Education  of  Citizenship,  1986-; 
American  Bar  Association  Criminal  Justice  Standards  Committee,  1988-. 

Honors:  Justice  William  J.  Brennon,  Jr.  Trial  Advocacy  Award,  1988; 
Smithsonian  Folklife  Festival  Participant:  one  of  32  lawyers  selected  to 
demonstrate  Trial  Advocacy  skills  at  Smithsonian  Folklife  Festival,  Washing- 
ton, D.C.,  June  1986;  N.C.  Appellate  Judge  of  the  Year,  1985;  Outstanding  Trial 
Advocate,  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers,  November  1984;  Citizenship  and 
Community  Service  Award,  NAACP,  April  1983;  Tar  Heel  of  the  Week,  The 
News  and  Observer.  May  17,  1981;  Lawyer  of  the  Year,  N.C.  Association  of 
Black  Lawyers,  1981 

Family:  Married  Brenda  Brown.  Children:  Nicole,  Kevin  and  Michelle. 


682 


North  Carolina  Manual 


^[    Clifton  E.  Johnson 

JUDGE 


Early  Years:  Bom  in  Williamston, 
Martin  County,  December  9,  1941,  to 
Charlie  M.  (deceased)  and  Willie  (McNair) 
Johnson. 

Education:  E.J.  Hayes  High  School, 
1961;  N.C.  Central  University,  1964,  B.A.; 
N.C.  Central  University  School  of  Law, 
1967,  LUB. 

Professional   Background:   Judge, 
N.C.  Court  of  Appeals,  1982- ;  Chief  Judge, 
District  Court  1974-1977;  Judge,  District 
Court,  1969-1974;  Assistant  District  Attor- 
ney, Mecklenburg  County,  1969. 

Organizations:  Mecklenburg  County  Bar  Association;  N.C.  State  Bar 
Association;  N.C.  Bar  Association;  N.C.  Association  of  Black  Lawyers;  Rotary 
International;  Omega  Psi  Phi;  N.C.  Central  University  Alumni  Association, 
NAACP. 

Boards:  Former  member,  Board  of  Visitors,  N.C.  Central  University  School 
of  Law;  Board  of  Visitors,  Johnson  C.  Smith  University;  former  member, 
Mecklenburg  County  State  Employees  Credit  Union  (Advisory  Board);  mem- 
ber, N.C.  Courts  Commission;  member.  Administration  of  Justice  Study 
Committee,  N.C.  Bar  Association. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Cornerstone  Baptist  Church. 

Family:  Married  Brenda  J.  Wilson  of  Williamston,  December  26,  1963. 
Children:  Yulonda,  Clifton,  Khiva  and  Clinton. 


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683 


Sidney  Smith  Eagles,  Jr. 

JUDGE 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Asheville,  Bun- 
combe County,  August  5,  1939,  to  Sidney 
S.  and  Mildred  T.  (Brite)  Eagles,  Sr. 

Education:  Gordon  Military  College, 
1957;  Wake  Forest  College,  1961,  B.A. 
(History);  Wake  Forest  School  of  Law, 
1964,  J.D. 

Professional  Background:  Judge, 
N.C.  Court  of  Appeals,  1983-;  attorney  in 
private  practice  (firm  of  Eagles,  Hafer  & 
Hall,  1981-82;  sole  practitioner,  1976-1980); 
Assistant  Deputy  Attorney  General,  1967- 
1976;  Counsel  to  House  Speaker,  1976-1980. 

Organizations:  Wake  County  Bar  Association  (former  Chairman,  Execu- 
tive Committee);  N.C.  Bar  Association  (Vice  President,  1989-90);  N.C.  State 
Bar;  American  Bar  Association;  Wake  County  Academy  of  Criminal  Defense 
Attorneys;  American  Law  Lnstitute;  Executives  Club  of  Raleigh  (President 
1986);  Raleigh  Kiwanis  Club  (President,  1987);  Director,  Wake  Chapter,  N.C. 
Symphony  Society,  1978-1982  (Chairman,  1976-1980,  1982);  Member,  Wake 
Forest  University  School  of  Law  Board  of  Visitors,  1983-. 

Political  Activities:  Democratic  Men  of  Wake  County,  1980-1982;  Demo- 
cratic Senate  Nominating  Committee,  1979-1981;  House  Creek  Precinct  Chair- 
man, 1976-1980;  State  Campaign  Manager,  U.S.  Senator  Robert  Morgan  Re- 
election Campaign,  1980. 

Military  Service:  U.S.  Air  Force,  1964-1976;  Reserves,  1967-  (Colonel);  Air 
Force  Commendation  Medal,  1966;  Meritorious  Service  Medal,  1980. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Hillyer  Memorial  Christian  Church  of 
Raleigh;  former  Deacon;  Elder,  Trustee;  Chairman  of  the  Board,  1980-81, 1989; 
Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Elders,  1985;  Sunday  School  Attendant,  Nursery 
Class. 

Family:  Married  Rachel  Phillips  of  Nashville,  Tennessee,  May  22,  1965. 
Children:  Virginia  Brite  and  Margaret  Phillips. 


684 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Eugene  Harold  Phillips 

JUDGE 

Early  Years:  Bom  in  Barnardsville, 
Buncombe  County,  September  5,  1919,  to 
Reverend  Napoleon  B.  and  Zenora 
(Hunter)  Phillips  (both  deceased). 

Education:  Flat  Rock  High  School, 
1935;  Wake  Forest  College,  1940,  LL.B. 
cum  laude;  Duke  University,  1946,  LL.M. 

Professional  Background:  Judge, 
N.C.  Court  of  Appeals,  1983-;  private  law 
practice,  1946-1982. 

Organizations:  Forsyth  County  Bar 
Association  (former  President);  N.C.  State 
Bar  Association;  Association  of  Trial  Lawyers  of  America  (Director,  1960-1962, 
1965-66,  1975-1981);  founder  and  President  Emeritus,  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial 
Lawyers  (Secretary,  1963-1971);  Wake  Forest  College  Lawyer  Alumni  Associa- 
tion (former  President);  Law  and  Science  Academy  of  America;  Forsyth 
County  Deacons  Club  (former  President);  Winston  Elks  Lodge  (former  Exalted 
Ruler);  N.C.  State  Elks  Association  (former  President);  Winston-Salem  Sports- 
men's Club  (former  President);  Forsyth  County  Chapter,  America  Cancer 
Society  (President,  1970-1972). 

Boards:  Wake  Forest  University  Alumni  Council;  Governor's  Commission 
to  Study  Automobile  Insurance  and  Rates,  1969-1971. 

Military  Service:  U.S.  Air  Force,  1941-1945  (Major). 

Literary  Works:  Editor,  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers  Newsletter,  1963- 
1973;  Associate  Editor,  American  Trial  Lawyers  Association  Law  Journal, 
1958-1968;  author  of  numerous  law  articles. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Wake  Forest  Baptist  Church,  Winston- 
Salem. 

Family:  Married  Barbara  Miller  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  January  14,  1946. 
Children:  Randel  E.  and  Suzanne. 


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685 


Sarah  Elizabeth  Parker 

JUDGE 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Charlotte, 
Mecklenburg  County,  August  23,  1942,  to 
Augustus  and  Zola  Elizabeth  (Smith) 
Parker  (deceased). 

Education:  Garinger  High  School, 
Charlotte,  1960;  Meredith  College,  1960- 
1962;  UNC  -Chapel  Hill,  1964,  B.A.;  UNC- 
Chapel  Hill  School  of  Law,  1969,  J.D.; 
Harvard  Institute  for  Lawyers,  1982; 
Institute  of  Judicial  Administration  Ap- 
pellate Judges  Seminar,  1987. 

Professional  Background:  Judge, 
N.C.  Court  of  Appeals,  1985-  (appointed,  December  28, 1984;  elected,  November 
4,  1986);  attorney  in  private  practice,  1969-1984;  volunteer,  U.S.  Peace  Corps 
(Ankara,  Turkey),  1964-1966. 

Organizations:  N.C.  Bar  Association  (Vice  President,  1987-88);  American 
Bar  Association;  Mecklenburg  County  Bar  Association  (Secretary-Treasurer, 
1982-1984;  Executive  Committee,  1976-1978);  N.C.  Association  of  Women 
Attorneys;  Raleigh  Executive  Club;  League  of  Women  Voters,  1970-1972. 

Boards:  Former  member.  Advisory  Council,  N.C.  Correctional  Center  for 
Women;  Director,  Charlotte  YWCA. 

Political  Activities:  Past  member.  Executive  Committee,  State  Democratic 
Party;  Mecklenburg  County  Democratic  Women's  Club  (President,  1973); 
Charlotte  Women's  Political  Caucus. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Christ  Episcopal  Church,  Charlotte. 


686 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Jack  Lowell  Cozort 

JUDGE 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Valdese,  Burke 
County,  January  9,  1950,  to  Stuart  Lee 
and  Margaret  Mae  (Keever)  Cozort,  Sr. 

Education:  Drexel  High  School,  1968; 
NCSU,  1972,  B.A.  (Political  Science);  Wake 
Forest  University  School  of  Law,  1975, 
J.D. 

Professional  Background:  Judge, 
N.C.  Court  of  Appeals,  1985- ;  legal  coun- 
sel. Governor  James  B.  Hunt,  1977-1985; 
Associate  Attorney  General,  N.C.  Depart- 
ment of  Justice,  1975-1977. 

Organizations:  Wake  County  Bar  Association;  N.C.  Bar  Association;  N.C. 
State  Bar  Association;  Phi  Delta  Phi;  NCSU  Alumni  Association;  Raleigh 
Rotary  Club,  1976-1980;  Advisory  Committee,  NCSU  Fellows  Program;  NCSU 
Student  Aid  Association. 

Boards:  Southeast  Interstate  Low  Level  Radioactive  Waste  Management 
Commission,  1983-84;  N.C.  Capital  Building  Authority,  1977-1982;  N.C.-S.C. 
Boundary  Commission,  1977;  Wake  Forest  University  School  of  Law  Board  of 
Visitors,  1986-. 

Honors:  Outstanding  Young  Men  in  American,  1982;  Outstanding  Senior, 
NCSU  Liberal  Arts  Faculty,  1972. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  White  Memorial  Presbyterian  Church, 
Raleigh. 

Family:  Married,  Kathryn  Elder  Kornegay  of  Greensboro,  November  12, 
1977.  Children  Jackson  Lowell,  Jr.  and  Kathryn  Kornegay. 


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687 


Uk. 


Robert  Flynn  Orr 

JUDGE 

Early  Years:  Born  October  11, 1946,  in 
Norfolk,  Virginia,  to  Robert  K.  and  Minnie 
Sue  Orr. 

Education:  Hendersonville  High,  1964; 
UNC  -  Chapel  Hill,  1971,  A.B.;  UNC  - 
Chapel  Hill  School  of  Law,  1975,  J.D. 

Professional  Background:  Judge, 
North  Carolina  Court  of  Appeals. 

Organizations:  American  Bar  Associa- 
tion; N.C.  Bar  Association;  28th  Judicial 
District  Bar  Associations  (Treasurer, 
1977);  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers; 
Preservation  Society  of  Asheville  and  Buncombe  County  (President,  1976- 
1978);  Historical  Preservation  Society  of  N.C,  Inc.  (Board  of  Directors,  1980- 
1984);  Trout  Unlimited;  Asheville  Revitalization  Commission  (Vice  Chairman, 
1977-1981). 

Boards:  N.C.  Alcoholic  Beverage  Control  Commission,  January,  1985  - 
August,  1986. 

Political  Activities:  Buncombe  County  Republican  Party  Chairman,  1983- 
1985;  Executive  Committee,  N.C.  Republican  Party,  1983-1985 

Military  Service:  U.S.  Army,  June,  1968  -  March,  1971. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Grace  Covenant  Presbyterian  Church; 
Elder,  1979-80;  Sunday  School  Teacher. 

Family:  Married,  Ann  S.  Babock  of  Charlotte,  April  5, 1969.  Children:  Kelly 
Ann,  Robert  J.,  and  Alexander. 


688 


North  Carolina  Manual 


K.  Edward  Greene 

JUDGE 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Biscoe,  Mont- 
gomery County,  June  27,  1944,  to  Jonah 
and  Helen  (Latham)  Greene. 

Education:  East  Montgomery  High 
School,  1962;  East  Carolina  University, 
A.B.  (Political  Science),  1966;  UNC  - 
Chapel  Hill  School  of  Law,  J.D.,  1969. 

Professional  Background:  Judge, 
N.C.  Court  of  Appeals,  1986-;  District 
Court  Judge,  Eleventh  Judicial  District, 
1979-1986;  Attorney,  1969-1979;  Professor, 
Juvenile  Law,  Campbell  University 
School  of  Law,  1985-. 

Boards:  Former  member.  Board  of  Trustees,  East  Carolina  University. 

Military  Service:  US  Army  Reserves,  1969-85. 

Literary  Works:  Co-Author,  Youth  and  the  Law. 

Family:  Married  Joan  Powell  of  Dunn,  August  6, 1966.  Children:  Kelly  and 
Regan. 


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689 


John  Baker  Lewis,  Jr. 

JUDGE 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Farmville,  Pitt 
County,  September  21,  1936,  to  John  B. 
and  Mary  Anderson  (Lamar)  Lewis. 

Education:  Farmville  High  School, 
1954;  UNC  -  Chapel  Hill,  1958,  A.B. 
(European  History);  UNC  -Chapel  Hill 
School  of  Law,  1961,  LL.B. 

Professional  Background:  Judge, 
N.C.  Court  of  Appeals,  1989-  (elected 
November,  1988);  Special  Superior  Court 
Judge,  1982-1988  (appointed  by  Governor 
James  B.  Hunt;  re-appointed  by  Governor 
James  G.  Martin,  1987). 

Organizations:  N.C.  State  Bar  Association;  N.C.  Bar  Association;  3rd 
District  Bar  Association;  Wake  County  Bar  Association;  Pitt  County  Bar 
Association  (President,  1971). 

Boards:  Former  Member:  N.C.  Property  Tax  Commission,  1978-1981 
(Chairman);  Board  of  Directors,  N.C.  Arts  Council,  1981-1987;  President, 
Farmville  Child  Developmental  Center  (Charter  Member). 

Military  Service:  U.S.  Navy,  1961-1966,  (Captain);  Reserves,  1966-  ; 
Military  Judge. 

Honors:  Man  of  the  Year,  Farmville,  1979. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Presbyterian  Church  of  Farmville;  Deacon. 

Family:  Married  Kay  Ellen  Isler  of  Burlington,  February  25, 1967.  Children: 
Benjamin  May  II  and  John  Thomas  Carlysle. 


690  North  Carolina  Manual 


THE  SUPERIOR  COURT 

(as  of  September  1,  1989) 

Regular  Judges 

District  Judge  Address 

1st  J.  Herbert  Small*  Elizabeth  City 

Thomas  S.  Watts Elizabeth  City 

2nd William  C.  Griffin,  Jr.*  Williamston 

3rd-A David  E.  Reid,  Jr.* Greenville 

3rd-B Herbert  O.  Phillips,  III*  Morehead  City 

4th-A Henry  L.  Stevens,  HI* Kenansville 

4th-B James  R.  Strickland*  Jacksonville 

5th Napoleon  B.  Barefoot*  Wilmington 

Earnest  B.  Fullwood Wilmington 

6th-A Richard  B.  Allsbrook*  Roanoke  Rapids 

6th-B Cy  Anthony  Grant* Windsor 

7th-A Charles  B.  Winberry*  Rocky  Mount 

7th-B George  K.  Butterfield,  Jr Wilson 

7th-C Frank  R.  Brown* Tarboro 

8th-A James  D.  Llewellyn*  Kinston 

8th-B Paul  M.  Wright*  Goldsboro 

9th Robert  H.  Hobgood*  Louisburg 

Henry  W.  Hight,  Jr Henderson 

lOth-A George  R.  Green  Raleigh 

lOth-B Robert  L.  Farmer* Raleigh 

Henry  V.  Barnette,  Jr Raleigh 

lOth-C Howard  E.  Manning,  Jr Raleigh 

lOth-D Donald  W.  Stephens  Raleigh 

nth Wiley  F.  Bowen* Dunn 

12th-A Darius  B.  Herring,  Jr.* Fayetteville 

12th-B Gregory  A.  Weeks  Fayetteville 

12th-C E.  Lynn  Johnson  Fayetteville 

Coy  E.  Brewer,  Jr Fayetteville 

13th Giles  R.  Clark*  Elizabethtown 

14th-A Orlando  F.  Hudson,  Jr Durham 

14th-B Anthony  M.  Brannon*  Durham 

James  R.  Read,  Jr Durham 

Albert  L.  Stanback,  Jr Durham 

15th-A J.  B.  Allen  Jr.*  Burlington 

15th-B F.  Gordon  Battle* Hillsborough 

16th-A B.  Craig  Elhs*  Laurinburg 

16th-B Joe  Freeman  Britt*  Lumberton 

Dexter  Brooks Pembroke 


"Senior  Resident  Judge 


The  Judicial  Branch  691 

District  Judge  Address 

17th-A Melzer  A.  Morgan,  Jr.* Wentworth 

17th-B James  M.  Long*  Pilot  Mountain 

18th-A William  S.  Allen,  Sr Greensboro 

18th-B Howard  R.  Greeson,  Jr Greensboro 

18th-C W.  Douglas  Albright* Greensboro 

ISth-D Thomas  W.  Ross Greensboro 

ISth-E Joseph  R.  John Greensboro 

19th-A James  C.  Davis* Concord 

19th-B Russel  G.  Walker,  Jr.*  Asheboro 

19th-C Thomas  W.  Seay,  Jr.* Spencer 

20th-A F.  Fetzer  Mills* Wadesboro 

20th-B William  H.  Helms* Monroe 

21st-A  James  J.  Booker Winston-Salem 

21st-B  Judson  D.  DeRamus,  Jr.*  Winston-Salem 

21st-C  William  H.  Freeman  Winston-Salem 

21st-D  James  A.  Beaty,  Jr Winston-Salem 

22nd Preston  Cornelius* Mooresville 

Lester  P.  Martin,  Jr Mocksville 

23rd Julius  A.  Rousseau,  Jr.* North  Wilkesboro 

24th Charles  C.  Lamm,  Jr.*  Boone 

25th-A Claude  S.  Sitton* Morganton 

25th-B Forrest  A.  Ferrell* Hickory 

26th-A Shirley  L.  Fulton Charlotte 

W.  Terry  Sherrill  Charlotte 

26th-B Kenneth  A.  Griffin* Charlotte 

26th-C Chase  B.  Saunders Charlotte 

Robert  M.  Burroughs Charlotte 

27th-A Robert  W.  Kirby* Gastonia 

Robert  E.  Gaines  Gastonia 

27th-B JohnM.  Gardner* Shelby 

28th Robert  D.  Lewis*  Asheville 

C.  Walter  Allen Asheville 

29th Hollis  M.  Owens,  Jr.*  Rutherfordton 

30th-A James  U.  Downs*  Franklin 

SOth-B Janet  Marlene  Hyatt*  Waynesville 

Special  Judges 

Samuel  T.  Currin  Raleigh 

Marvin  K.  Gray Charlotte 

I.  Beverly  Lake,  Jr Raleigh 


(i92  North  ('akoijna  Manual 


THE  DISTRICT  COURT 

(as  of  September  1,  1989) 

District  Judges 

f)istrict  Judge  Address 

Ist  (Iraf'ton  G.  Beaman    Elizabeth  City 

John  Richard  Parker Manteo 

2nd  rJames  W.  Hardison   WilHamston 

Samuel  (i.  Grimes  Washington 

.'5rd David  A.  Leech  Greenville 

H.  Horton  Rountree  Greenville 

James  hi.  Martin  Grifton 

James  E.  Ragan,  III  Oriental 

Willie  L.  Lumpkin,  III  Morehead  City 

Wilton  R.  Duke,  Jr Greenville 

4th  Leonard  W.  Thagard  Clinton 

Wayne  Kimble,  Jr Jacksonville 

William  M.  Cameron,  Jr Jacksonville 

Stephen  M.  Williamson  Kenansville 

r)th Charles  K.  Rice,  III  Wilmington 

Jacquelin  Morris-Goodson  Wilmington 

Elton  G.  Tucker  Wilmington 

John  W.  Smith,  II  Wilmington 

6th Harold  P.  McCoy,  Jr Scotland  Neck 

Robert  K.  Williford  Lewiston-Woodville 

7th Albert  S.  Thomas,  Jr Wilson 

Allen  W.  Harrell  Wilson 

Quentin  T.  Sumner  Rocky  Mount 

Sarah  F.  Patterson  Rocky  Mount 

Hth Arnold  O.  Jones  Goldsboro 

Kenneth  R.  Ellis Goldsboro 

Rodney  R.  Goodman,  Jr Kinston 

Joseph  K.  Setzer,  Jr Goldsboro 

9th Charles  W.  Wilkinson  Oxford 

J.  Larry  Senter  Franklinton 

H.  Weldon  Lloyd,  Jr Henderson 

10th Donald  W.  Overby  Raleigh 

Stafford  G.  Bullock  Raleigh 

William  A.  Creech  Raleigh 

Joyce  A.  Hamilton  Raleigh 

Russell  G.  Sherrill,  III  Raleigh 

Fred  N.  Morelock  Raleigh 

Lewis  W.  Payne,  Jr Raleigh 

Jerry  W.  Leonard  Raleigh 

James  R.  F'ullwood  Raleigh 


The  Judicial  Branch  693 

District  Judge  >■  Address 

11th Edward  H.  McCormick  Lillington 

Owen  Willis,  Jr Dunn 

Samuel  S.  Stephenson  Angier 

Tyson  Y.  Dobson,  Jr Smithfield 

12th Anna  EHzabeth  Keever Fayetteville 

John  S.  Hair,  Jr Fayetteville 

P. A.  Timmons  Goodson  Fayetteville 

James  F.  Ammons,  Jr Fayetteville 

13th David  G.  Wall  Elizabethtown 

D.  Jack  Hooks,  Jr Whiteville 

Jerry  A.  Jolly Tabor  City 

14th Carolyn  D.  Johnson  Durham 

Richard  G.  Chaney  Durham 

Kenneth  C.  Titus Durham 

William  Y.  Manson Durham 

15th-A James  K.  Washburn  Burlington 

Spencer  B.  Ennis Burlington 

15th-B Lowry  M.  Betts Pittsboro 

Patricias.  Hunt  Chapel  Hill 

16th-A WilHam  C.  Mcllwain,  HI  Wagram 

16th-B Gary  L.  Locklear  Pembroke 

Herbert  L.  Richardson  Lumberton 

James  S.  Carmical  Lumberton 

Robert  F.  Floyd,  Jr Fairmont 

17th-A Phillip  W.  Allen Yanceyville 

Robert  R.  Blackwell  Yanceyville 

17th-B Clarence  W.  Carter  King 

18th Edmund  Lowe  High  Point 

Lawrence  C.  McSwain  Greensboro 

William  L.  Daisy  Greensboro 

Robert  E.  Bencini,  Jr High  Point 

Sherry  Alloway  Greensboro 

William  A.  Vaden  Greensboro 

Joseph  E.  Turner Greensboro 

Thomas  G.  Foster,  Jr Greensboro 

19th-A Clarence  E.  Horton,  Jr Kannapolis 

19th-B Richard  M.  Toomes Asheboro 

Vance  B.  Long Asheboro 

19th-C Robert  M.  Davis  Salisbury 

20th Kenneth  W.  Honeycutt Monroe 

Ronald  W.  Burris  Albemarle 

Michael  Earl  Beale  Southern  Pines 

Tanya  T.  Wallace Rockingham 

21st  James  A.  Harrill,  Jr Winston-Salem 

R.  Kason  Keiger  Winston-Salem 

William  B.  Reingold  Winston-Salem 

Roland  H.  Hayes Winston-Salem 

Loretta  C.  Biggs  Kernersville 

Margaret  L.  Sharpe  Winston-Salem 


694  North  Carolina  Manual 

District  Judge  Address 

22nd George  T.  Fuller  Lexington 

Samuel  A.  Cathey  Statesville 

William  G.  Ijames,  Jr Mocksville 

Kimberly  T.  Harbinson  Taylorsville 

23rd Edgar  B.  Gregory Wilkesboro 

Michael  E.  Helms Wilkesboro 

24th Roy  Alexander  Lyerly  Banner  Elk 

Charles  Philip  Ginn  Boone 

25th Jonathan  L.  Jones  Valdese 

Timothy  S.  Kincaid  Newton 

Ronald  E.  Bogle  Hickory 

Nancy  L.  Einstein Lenoir 

Robert  E.  Hodges  Valdese 

26th Daphene  L.  Cantrell  Charlotte 

Robert  P.  Johnston  Charlotte 

William  H.  Scarborough  Charlotte 

L.  Stanley  Brown  Charlotte 

Resa  L.  Harris  Charlotte 

William  G.  Jones Charlotte 

Marilyn  R.  Bissell  Charlotte 

Richard  A.  Elkins  Charlotte 

H.  Brent  McKnight Charlotte 

Richard  D.  Boner  Charlotte 

H.  William  Constangy,  Jr Charlotte 

27th-A Catheine  C.  Stevens  Gastonia 

Timothy  L.  Patti  Gastonia 

Harley  G.  Gaston,  Jr Belmont 

Daniel  J.  Walton  Gastonia 

27th-B James  T.  Bowen,  HI  Lincolnton 

John  K.  Fonvielle Shelby 

28th Gary  S.  Cash  Asheville 

Robert  L.  Harrell Asheville 

Peter  L.  Roda  Asheville 

29th Roberts.  Cilley  Brevard 

Thomas  N.  Hix Mill  Spring 

Stephen  F.  Franks  Hendersonville 

30th Danny  E.  Davis Waynesville 

Steven  J.  Bryant  Bryson  City 


The  Judicial  Branch  695 


DISTRICT  ATTORNEYS 

(as  of  September  1,  1989) 

District  Judge  Address 

1st  Herschel  P.  Williams,  Jr Elizabeth  City 

2nd Mitchell  D.  Norton  Washington 

3rd-A Thomas  D.,  Haigwood Greenville 

3rd-B William  D.  McFadyen,  Jr New  Bern 

4th William  H.  Andrews  Jacksonville 

5th Jerry  Lee  Spivey  Wilmington 

6th David  H.  Beard,  Jr Murfreesboro 

7th Howard  S.  Boney,  Jr Tarboro 

8th Donald  Jacobs Goldsboro 

9th David  R.  Waters  Oxford 

10th C.  Colon  Willoughby,  Jr Raleigh 

nth John  W.  Twisdale Smithfield 

12th Edward  W.  Grannis,  Jr Fayetteville 

13th Michael  F.  Easley  BoHvia 

14th Ronald  L.  Stephens  Durham 

15th-A Steve  A.  Balog Graham 

15th-B Carl  R.  Fox Pittsboro 

16th-A Jean  E.  Powell Raeford 

16th-B John  R.  Townsend  Lumberton 

17th-A Thurman  B.  Hampton Wentworth 

17th-B H.  Dean  Bowman Dobson 

18th Horace  M.  Kimel,  Jr Greensboro 

19th-A James  E.  Roberts  Concord 

19th-B Garland  N.  Yates  Asheboro 

20th Carroll  Lowder  Monroe 

21st  W.  Warren  Sparrow  Winston-Salem 

22nd  H.  W.  Zimmerman,  Jr Lexington 

23rd Michael  A.  Ashburn  Wilkesboro 

24th James  T.  Rusher  Boone 

25th Robert  E.  Thomas  Hickory 

26th Peter  S.  Gilchrist Charlotte 

27th-A Calvin  B.  Hamrick Gastonia 

27th-B WilHam  C.  Young Shelby 

28th Robert  W.  Fisher  Asheville 

29th Alan  C.  Leonard Rutherfordton 

30th Roy  H.  Patton,  Jr Waynesville 


PARTY 


Higher  Education 
in  North  Carolina 


CHAPTER  ONE 
The  University  of  North  Carolina  System 

The  University  of  North  CaroHna  consists  of  sixteen  institutions,  all 
governed  by  a  single  Board  of  Governors  but  each  having  its  own  board  of 
trustees  and  each  with  its  distinctive  history  and  mission. 

The  institution  now  known  as  The  University  of  North  Carolina  at  Chapel 
Hill  was  chartered  in  1789  and  opened  its  doors  to  students  in  1795,  the  first 
state  university  in  the  United  States  to  do  so.  Throughout  most  of  its  history,  it 
has  been  governed  by  a  board  of  trustees  chosen  by  the  Legislature  and 
presided  over  by  the  Governor.  During  the  period  1917-1972,  the  board 
consisted  of  one  hundred  elected  members  and  a  varying  number  of  ex  officio 
members. 

By  act  of  the  General  Assembly  of  1931,  without  change  of  name,  it  was 
merged  with  The  North  Carolina  College  for  Women  at  Greensboro  and  the 
North  Carolina  State  College  of  Agriculture  and  Engineering  at  Raleigh  to 
form  a  multicampus  institution  designated  The  University  of  North  Carolina. 

In  1963  the  General  Assembly  changed  the  name  of  the  campus  at  Chapel 
Hill  to  The  University  of  North  Carolina  at  Chapel  Hill  and  that  at  Greensboro 
to  The  University  of  North  Carolina  at  Greensboro  and,  in  1965,  the  name  of 
the  campus  at  Raleigh  was  changed  to  North  Carolina  State  University  at 
Raleigh. 

Charlotte  College  was  added  as  The  University  of  North  Carolina  at 
Charlotte  in  1965,  and,  in  1969,  Asheville-Biltmore  College  and  Wilmington 
College  became  The  University  of  North  Carolina  at  Asheville  and  The 
University  of  North  Carolina  at  Wilmington  respectively. 

On  October  30,  1971,  the  General  Assembly  in  special  session  merged, 
without  changing  their  names,  the  remaining  ten  state-supported  senior 
institutions  into  the  University  as  follows:  Appalachian  State  University 
(Boone),  East  Carolina  University  (Greenville),  Elizabeth  City  State  University 
(Elizabeth  City),  Fayetteville  State  University  (Fayetteville),  North  Carolina 
Agricultural  and  Technical  State  University  (Greensboro),  North  Carolina 
Central  University  (Durham),  North  Carolina  School  of  the  Arts  (Winston- 
Salem),  Pembroke  State  University  (Pembroke),  Western  Carolina  University 
(Cullowhee),  and  Winston-Salem  State  University  (Winston-Salem).  This 
merger,  which  resulted  in  a  statewide  multicampus  university  of  sixteen 
constituent  institutions,  became  effective  on  July  1,  1972. 

The  constitutionally  authorized  Board  of  Trustees,  composed  of  100  mem- 
bers, was  designated  the  board  of  Governors.  The  number  was  reduced  to 
thirty-two  members  elected  by  the  General  Assembly,  with  authority  to  choose 
their  own  chairman  and  other  officers. 


700  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  l^oard  of  (lovcrnors  is  assigned  five  major  categories  of  powers  and 
duties: 

1 .  Witli  reference  to  the  constituent  institutions  of  The  University 
of  North  CaroHna,  the  Board  of  Governors  has  comprehensive 
duties  and  powers  for  the  control,  supervision,  management,  and 
governance  of  all  affairs  of  the  constituent  institutions,  together 
with  the  responsibility  to  develop,  prepare,  and  present  a  single, 
unified  budget  for  all  of  public  senior  higher  education,  and  to 
approve  the  establishment  of  any  new  public  senior  institution. 

2.  With  reference  to  the  State  Board  of  Education  and  the 
Department  of  Community  Colleges,  the  Board  of  Governors  is  to 
maintain  liaison  through  appropriate  and  regularized  consultative 
processes,  in  accordance  with  the  intent  to  develop  a  coordinated 
system. 

3.  With  reference  to  Statewide  State  or  federal  programs  that 
provide  aid  to  institutions  or  students  in  post-secondary  education 
through  a  state  agency,  except  for  those  related  exclusively  to  the 
community  colleges,  the  Board  of  Governors  is  to  administer  such 
programs  in  accordance  with  State  or  federal  statute  to  insure  that 
such  activities  are  consonant  with  the  development  of  a  coordinated 
system  of  higher  education. 

4.  With  reference  to  the  private  colleges  and  universities,  in  the 
interest  of  developing  a  coordinated  system  of  higher  education,  the 
Board  is:  to  assess  the  contributions  and  needs  of  those  institutions 
and  to  give  advice  and  recommendations  to  the  General  Assembly 
to  the  end  that  their  resources  may  be  utilized  in  the  best  interest  of 
the  State:  to  license  to  confer  degrees  to  non-public  institutions, 
established  in  the  State  after  April  15,  1923;  to  approve  the 
appointment  by  the  President  of  an  advisory  committee  of  presi- 
dents of  private  colleges  and  universities;  and  to  maintain  liaison 
and  consult  with  the  private  institutions  through  that  advisory 
committee  or  other  appropriate  mechanisms. 

5.  With  further  reference  to  all  of  higher  education  in  North 
Carolina,  the  Board  of  Governors  is:  to  collect  and  disseminate  data 
and  to  prescribe  uniform  reporting  practices  and  policies  for  the 
constituent  institutions;  to  give  advice  and  recommendations  to  the 
Governor,  the  General  Assembly,  the  Advisory  Budget  Com- 
mission, and  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  constituent  institutions; 
and  to  prepare  and  from  time  to  time  revise  a  long-range  plan  for  a 
coordianted  system  of  higher  education. 

University-wide  administration  and  execution  of  Board  policy  is  the  re- 
sponsibility of  the  President  of  the  University.  The  President,  the  officers  of  the 
University,  and  their  supporting  staffs  constitute  the  General  Administration 
of  the  University. 

The  Administrative  Council,  consisting  of  the  president,  the  16  Chancellors, 
and  the  principal  members  of  the  President's  staff  meets  monthly  as  a  forum 
for  the  exchange  of  information  and  advice  on  matters  of  multicampus 
concern.  Advice  to  the  President  from  the  faculty  perspective  is  provided  by  the 


The  University  of  North  Carolina  System  701 

Faculty  Assembly,  whose  members  are  drawn  from  the  faculties  of  the  sixteen 
constituent  institutions.  Advice  to  the  President  from  the  student  perspective  is 
provided  by  the  Student  Advisory  Council,  which  consists,  ex  officio,  of  the 
student  body  president  of  each  of  the  16  institutions. 

An  Advisory  Council,  consisting  of  eight  private  institutional  presidents 
elected  by  the  Board  of  Governors  on  nomination  by  the  President,  meets  on 
call  of  the  president  and  advises  him  on  matters  of  mutual  concern. 

In  1976,  by  agreement  among  the  President  of  The  University,  the  State 
President  of  the  Community  College  System,  and  the  Chairman  of  the  Board  of 
Directors  of  the  North  Carolina  Association  of  Independent  Colleges  and 
Universities,  a  new  three-part  liaison  committee  was  formed  to  provide  a  forum 
where  matters  of  mutual  concern  to  the  three  sectors  may  be  discussed  and 
advice  thereon  formulated.  The  committee  consists  of  four  members  chosen  by 
the  President  of  The  University,  four  chosen  by  the  State  President  of 
Community  College  System,  and  four  chosen  by  the  President  of  the  Associa- 
tion. A  similiar  liaison  committee  composed  of  four  representatives  designated 
by  the  President  of  the  University  and  four  designated  by  the  State  President  of 
the  Community  College  System  meets  periodically  to  discuss  and  develop 
advice  to  the  two  Presidents  on  matters  of  mutual  concern  to  the  Community 
College  System  and  The  University. 

The  University  Television  Network  is  a  public  service  activity  which 
provides  television  programs  throughout  the  State  for  educational  purposes, 
information  dissemination,  and  cultural  enrichment.  The  broadcasting 
facilities  owned  by  The  University  are  licensed  by  the  Federal  Communications 
Commission  to  operate  in  the  public's  interest.  To  achieve  that  goal,  the  staff  is 
involved  in  ascertaining  of  community  problems  and  needs  followed  by  the 
acquisition  and/or  development  and  production  of  programs,  scheduling  for 
maximum  viewing,  providing  information  to  potential  audiences,  assisting  in 
reception  of  programs,  and  evaluating  the  effectiveness  of  the  process. 

The  1979  General  Assembly  authorized  and  directed  the  Board  of  Governors 
to  establish  "The  University  of  North  Carolina  Center  for  Public  Television"  in 
order  to  enhance  the  uses  of  television  for  public  purposes.  The  Board  was 
authorized  and  directed  to  establish  the  Board  of  Trustees  for  the  Center  and  to 
delegate  to  the  Board  of  Trustees  such  powers  and  duties  as  the  Board  of 
Governors  deemed  necessary  or  appropriate.  Members  of  the  Board  of  Trustees, 
whose  terms  are  for  four  years,  are  selected  as  follows:  eleven  persons 
appointed  by  the  Board  of  Governors;  four  persons  appointed  by  the  governor; 
one  Senator  appointed  by  the  President  of  the  Senate;  one  member  of  the  House 
of  Representatives  appointed  by  the  Speaker  of  the  House;  and  ex  officio,  the 
Secretary  of  the  Department  of  Cultural  Resources,  the  Secretary  of  the 
Department  of  Human  Resources,  the  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction, 
the  State  President  of  the  Community  College  System,  and  the  President  of  The 
University  of  North  Carolina. 

North  Carolina  Memorial  Hosptial  is  the  principal  teaching  hospital  for  the 
School  of  Medicine  at  The  University  of  North  Carolina  at  Chapel  Hill,  and  is 
operated  by  a  Board  of  Directors  consisting  of  twelve  members,  nine  of  whom 
are  appointed  from  the  public-at-large  by  the  Board  of  Governors  for  five-year 
terms.  Three  are  ex  officio  members:  The  University  of  North  Carolina  Vice 


702  North  Carolina  Manual 

ChancoUor  for  Health  Sciences,  University  of  North  Carolina  Vice  Chancellor 
for  Business  and  Finance,  and  the  Dean  of  The  University  of  North  Carolina 
Medical  School. 

Each  constituent  institution  has  its  own  board  of  trustees  of  thirteen 
members,  eight  of  whom  are  appointed  by  the  Board  of  Governors,  four  by  the 
Governor,  and  with  the  elected  president  of  the  study  body,  serving  as  an  ex 
officio  member.  The  principal  powers  of  each  institutional  board  are  exercised 
under  a  delegation  from  the  Board  of  Governors.  The  North  Carolina  School  of 
the  Arts  has  two  additional  ex  officio  members. 

Each  institution  has  its  own  faculty  and  student  body,  and  each  is  headed  by 
a  chancellor  as  its  chief  administrative  officer.  Unified  general  policy  and 
appropriate  allocation  of  function  are  effected  by  the  Board  of  Governors  and 
by  the  President  with  the  assistance  of  other  administrative  officers  of  The 
University.  The  General  Administration  office  is  located  in  Chapel  Hill. 

The  chancellors  of  the  constituent  institutions  are  responsible  to  the 
President  as  the  chief  administrative  and  executive  officer  of  The  University  of 
North  Carolina. 


The  University  of  North  Carolina  System 


703 


Clemmie  D.  Spangler,  Jr. 

PRESIDENT 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Charlotte, 
Mecklenburg  County,  April  5, 1982,  to 
CD.  and  Veva  (Yelton)  Spangler,  Sr. 

Education:  Charlotte  Public 
Schools,  1938-47;  Woodberry  Forest 
School,  1947-50;  University  of  North 
Carolina-Chapel  Hill,  1950-54,  B.S.; 
Harvard  Business  School,  1954-56, 
M.B.A. 

Professional  Background:  Presi- 
dent, University  of  North  Carolina, 
1986-present;  President,  CD.  Spangler 
Construction  Co.,  1958-86;  President, 
Golden  Eagle  Industries,  Inc.,  1968-86. 

Organizations:  Former  Board  Mem- 
ber, Charlotte  Nature  Museum;  Charlotte  Symphony  Orchestra;  Former, 
Chairman,  Salvation  Army,  Charlotte  Advisory  Board;  Vice  Chairman, 
Charlotte-Mecklenburg  Board  of  Education,  1972-76;  Former  Board  Member, 
Y.M.C.A.;  former  Board  President,  Mint  Museum  of  Art,  1982. 

Boards:  Board  Director,  Jefferson-Pilot  Corporation,  1987-1989;  Board 
Director,  Bell  South  Corporation,  1987-present;  Board  of  Directors,  The 
Equitable  Life  Assurance  Society;  Trustee,  National  Humanities  Center,  1986- 
present;  former  Board  Chairman,  Bank  of  North  Carolina,  1973-82;  former 
Chairman,  N.C  State  Board  of  Education,  1982-86;  former  Board  Director, 
Hammermill  Paper  Company,  1982-86;  former  Board  Director,  NCNB  Corpora- 
tion, 1983-86;  former  Board  Director,  Aeronca,  Inc.,  1983-86;  Crozer  Theological 
Seminary,  previous  member.  Board  of  Trustees;  University  of  North  Carolina 
at  Chapel  Hill,  Board  of  Visitors,  1985;  Union  Theological  Seminary,  NYC, 
Board  of  Directors,  1985-present. 

Military:  United  States  Army,  1956-58. 

Awards:  Eagle  Scout;  Liberty  Bell  Award,  Mecklenburg  County  Bar 
Association,  1985;  Honorary  Doctor  of  Humane  Letters,  Queens  College,  1985; 
Honorary  Doctor  of  Laws,  Davidson  College,  1986. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Myers  Park  Baptist  Church;  Deacon. 

Family:  Married,  Meredith  Riggs,  of  Bronxville,  June  25,  1960.  Children: 
Anna  and  Abigail. 


704 


North  Carolina  Manual 


APPALACHIAN  STATE  UNIVERSITY 


N 


23 


',i 


^HIAH  ST^E  i 


APPALAi 

FoundedasWata.^,^^ 

emy.  Mate -supported 
since  1903.  A  part  of 
The  University  of  Harih 
Carolma  since  1972. 


fif- 


Appalachian  State  University,  founded 
in  1899  as  Watauga  Academy,  is  located 
in  Boone,  North  Carolina,  in  the  heart  of 
the  Blue  Ridge  of  the  Appalachian  moun- 
tains, close  to  the  borders  of  Virginia  and 
Tennessee  and  less  than  two  hours  from 
the  region's  major  airports  and  population 
centers. 

Growing  steadily  through  its  transforma- 
tions as  Appalachian  State  Normal  School 
in  1925  to  Appalachian  State  Teachers' 
College  in  1929  to  Appalachian  State  Uni- 
versity in  1967  and  a  part  of  the  con- 
solidated University  of  North  Carolina  in 
1971,  the  campus  has  come  to  occupy  some  48  buildings  on  its  75-acre  main 
campus  as  well  as  several  new  buildings  on  the  new  180-acre  west  campus.  The 
University  has  a  master  plan  for  an  enrollment  of  10,000  students  with  future 
expansions  concentrated  on  some  330  acres  of  outlying  land  owned  by  the 
University. 

Appalachian  maintains  two  campuses  away  from  Boone  for  experiential 
studies.  The  New  York  Loft,  begun  in  1974,  consists  of  some  3,000  square  feet  of 
carefully  designed  living  space  for  ten  to  twelve  visitors  at  a  time.  Located  at  67 
Vestry  Street  in  the  SoHo  district  of  New  York  City,  the  loft  is  within  easy 
walking  distance  of  the  World  Trade  Center,  Chinatown,  Little  Italy,  and  all 
SoHo  art  galleries. 

The  Appalachian  House,  a  satellite  campus  in  Washington,  D.C.,  opened  in 
1977.  The  150-year-old  house  is  in  the  heart  of  the  Capitol  Hill  Historic  District. 
It  is  next  door  to  the  Folger  Shakespeare  Library,  only  minutes  away  from  the 
U.S.  Senate  and  House  chambers.  Congressional  offices,  the  Library  of 
Congress,  and  the  Supreme  Court.  The  Appalachian  House  and  Loft,  supervised 
by  the  Associate  Vice  Chancellor  for  Academic  Affairs,  are  not  open  to  the 
general  public,  but  are  reserved  for  use  by  ASU  faculty,  students  and  staff. 

The  University  welcomes  and  encourages  prospective  students,  alumni,  and 
friends  to  visit  the  campus  and  to  tour  the  surrounding  area  which  encompasses 
six  ski  resorts,  nine  golf  courses,  and  several  major  tourist  attractions. 

Founded  in  1899  as  Watauga  Academy,  Appalachian  State  University  soon 
evolved  into  a  state  teacher's  college  was  later  broadened  its  purpose  to  include 
the  liberal  arts,  and  became  a  part  of  the  consolidated  University  of  North 
Carolina  in  1971.  From  its  beginnings  as  a  small  local  institution,  Appalachian 
has  grown  to  an  enrollment  of  approximately  10,000  students  from  every 
section  of  North  Carolina,  as  well  as  from  other  states  and  nations.  Throughout 
its  rapid  growth,  the  University  has  consistently  maintained  a  student- 
centered  environment  and  has  been  responsive  to  the  changing  needs  of  its 
constituency. 


The  University  of  North  Carolina  System 


705 


Satie  Hunt  Broyhill  Music  Center 


Appalachian  State  University  is  a  comprehensive  university,  offering  some 
130  academic  majors  at  the  master's  and  intermediate  levels.  As  a  comprehen- 
sive university  whose  major  clientele  is  the  traditional  undergraduate  student, 
Appalachian's  primary  mission  will  continue  to  be  that  of  instruction.  To 
prepare  a  diverse  constituency  for  productive  lives  in  society,  the  University 
will  provide  each  student  with  a  well-rounded  liberal  education  and  the 
opportunity  to  participate  in  a  wide  range  of  educational  experiences  and 
professional  programs.  It  will  maintain  a  strong  commitment  to  excellence  in 
instruction,  as  well  as  its  tradition  of  attention  to  the  individual  needs  of 
students. 

At  Appalachian,  research  and  service  are  supportive  of  the  instructional 
mission.  The  major  purposes  of  research,  scholarship  and  other  creative 
activities  are  to  serve  as  a  basis  for  instruction,  to  ensure  a  vital  and 
intellectually  engaged  faculty,  and  to  provide  a  means  for  the  advancement  of 
knowledge.  Professional  and  public  service  is  provided  in  the  form  of  continuing 
education  programs  and  activities,  consultation  services,  the  extension  into 
the  community  of  the  professional  knowledge  and  skills  of  the  faculty,  staff 
and  students,  and  the  sharing  of  its  special  responsibilities  to  the  region,  the 
University  seeks  to  contribute  to  the  understanding,  appreciation  and  pre- 
servation of  the  unique  culture  of  the  Appalachian  region. 

Within  the  framework  of  higher  education  established  by  the  State  of  North 
Carolina,  Applalchian  State  University  seeks  to  nurture  an  intellectual 
climate  in  which  truth  is  sought  and  respected,  critical  thinking  is  encouraged, 
cultural  horizons  are  broadened,  and  ethical  and  aesthetic  values  are  ap- 
preciated. It  maintains  an  academic  environment  conducive  to  learning, 
sensitive  to  individual,  community  and  regional  needs;  and  alert  to  the  new 


70f)  North  Carolina  Manual 

ideas  and  challenf^es  of  a  complex  and  changing  world.  To  prepare  a  diverse 
constituency  for  productive  lives  in  society,  the  university  provides  each 
student  with  a  well-rounded  liberal  education  and  the  opportunity  to  participate 
in  a  wide  range of  educational  experiences  and  professional  programs.  The 
university's  faculty  and  administration  are  dedicated  to  excellence  in  teaching, 
research,  and  service.  Within  the  limits  of  its  resources,  Appalachian  State 
University  serves  the  educational  needs  of  the  people  within  its  sphere  of 
influence. 


The  University  of  North  Carolina  System 


707 


John  E.  Thomas 

CHANCELLOR 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Fort  Worth, 
Texas,  April  23,  1931,  to  John  L.  and 
Dorothy  Frazee  Thomas. 

Education:  University  of  Kansas,  1953, 
B.S.E.E.;  University  of  Missouri  at  Kansas 
City,  1961,  J.D.;  Florida  State  University, 
1965,  M.S.  (R&D  Management);  Florida 
State  University,  1970,  D.B.A. 

Professional  Background:  Chan- 
cellor, Appalachian  State  University, 
1979-;  Vice  Chancellor  for  Academic 
Affairs,  1974-79;  Dean  of  the  College  of 
Sciences  and  Technology,  East  Texas  State  University,  1972-74;  Dean,  General 
Business  Department,  East  Texas  State  University,  1970-72;  manager,  NASA, 
1963-70;  Registered  Engineer;  (former  manager,  electrical  Apparatus  Division 
of  the  Wagner  Electric  Corporation  of  Atlanta,  1953-63). 

Organizations:  Georgia  State  Bar,  1963—;  Federal  Bar  Association,  1964-; 
Boone  Ki wanis  Club;  Past  Cub  Master;  Past  Executive  Volunteer,  United  Way. 

Boards  and  Commissions:  Past  Chairman,  NC  Agency  for  Public  Tele- 
Communications,  1979-;  Chairman,  Regional  Energy  Institute,  1978-79;  Former 
Member:  Executive  Council,  Southern  Association  of  Colleges  and  Univer- 
sities; President,  NC  Association  of  Colleges  and  Universities;  NC  Commission 
for  Economic  Growth,  1983. 

Military  Service:  Served  in  U.S.  Marine  Corps,  1953-55;  and  in  the  US 
Navy. 

Honors:  Received  award  for  "Superior  Achievement/Contributions  to  the 
Apollo  Program,"  Dr.  Kurt  Debus,  Director  John  F.  Kennedy  Space  Center, 
Florida,  1969;  NDEA  Fellow,  1968-69;  "Outstanding  Performance  Award,"  Dr. 
Kurt  Debus,  Director,  John  F.  Kennedy  Space  Center,  Florida,  1967;  Bancroft- 
Whitney  Award  (Outstanding  Achievement  in  the  Field  of  Law),  1960;  member 
of  numerous  honorary  fraternities  and  societies. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  United  Methodist  Church;  (Chairman, 
Administrative  Board,  1981-1982);  Sunday  School  Teacher. 

Family:  Married,  Janice  Winzinek,  January  29,  1967.  Children:  John  L., 
Christa  J.  Cooper,  Scott  A.,  and  Brandon  F. 


708  North  Carolina  Manual 

EAST  CAROLINA  UNIVERSITY 

East   Carolina   University   is   located 

adjacent  to  downtown  Greenville  (Popula- 

4  5      ^^**^H     ^^^^  38,000)  a  business,  medical  and  univer- 

LAC!)  1     CAP  IB     ^^^^  center  on  the  coastal  plain,  80  miles 

^NlVFR^i  i  Y  ^S     east  of  Raleigh  and  a  little  over  an  hour's 

^"  wm     drivefroma  variety  of  coastal  resorts  and 

^taDlisned  i;  m     recreation  areas. 

a  state -supports  M         Under   Governor   Charles    Brantley 

mal    school.     A     tour       g     Aycock  the  state  of  North  Carohna  em- 
it vear  college  since  l^'^^      5     barked  in  the  early  20th  century  upon  an 
university  sincp  '  3     ambitious  and  unprecedented  program  of 

progress  in  public  education.  During  its 

first  decade,  new  schools  were  being  opened 

at  the  remarkable  rate  of  one  a  day.  It  was 

an  educational  program  designed  to  lift  North  Carolina  from  the  abyss  of 

illiteracy  and  ignorance. 

To  supply  the  teachers,  it  was  decided  that  a  new  public  normal  school 
should  be  established  in  the  mostly  rural,  agriculturally-rich  eastern  half  of  the 
state.  That  decision  marked  the  beginning  of  the  institution  of  higher  learning 
that  is  now  East  Carolina  University. 

East  Carolina  University,  chartered  in  1907  as  a  teacher  training  school,  has 
moved  in  a  rapid  and  orderly  transition  from  normal  school  to  liberal  arts 
college  to  multi-faceted  university  and  has  become  the  focal  point  for  higher 
education,  professional  training,  service  and  cultural  development,  including 
the  fine  arts  and  music,  for  eastern  North  Carolina.  In  1941,  the  General 
Assembly  authorized  East  Carolina  to  institute  a  liberal  arts  program  of  equal 
standing  with  its  teacher  education  program.  By  the  1960's,  the  college  had 
become  the  third  largest  institution  of  higher  learning  in  the  state.  In  1967,  the 
General  Assembly  elevated  East  Carolina  College  to  the  status  of  a  state- 
supported  university  with  a  mandate  to  expand  programs  in  all  areas.  In  1972, 
ECU  became  a  constituent  institution  of  the  University  of  North  Carolina 
system.  During  the  1970's,  ECU  won  authorization  to  establish  a  school  of 
medicine  which  with  Pitt  County  Memorial  Hospital  has  become  the  center  of  a 
major  regional  complex  of  medical  training,  treatment  and  health  care.  At 
present,  ECU  consists  of  the  College  of  Arts  and  Sciences  with  18  academic 
departments,  nine  professional  schools,  the  Graduate  School,  the  General 
College,  two  library  divisions,  the  Division  of  Continuing  Education  which 
operates  off-campus  centers  and  the  University  College  evening  program,  the 
Regional  Development  Institute  for  Coastal  and  Marine  Resources,  and  Center 
for  Applied  Technology. 

East  Carolina  University  is  accredited  by  the  Southern  Association  of 
Colleges  and  Schools;  its  programs  are  fully  accredited  by  state  and  national 
accrediting  agencies.  The  University  is  a  member  of  or  accredited  by  nearly  30 
associations. 

The  estimated  total  enrollment  for  the  fall  semester  of  1989  was  over  14,500. 
In  addition  to  the  main  campus,  there  are  satellite  units  at  Cherry  Point  and 


The  University  of  North  Carolina  System 


709 


Flanagan  Building 


Camp  Lejeune.  ECU  students  came  from  nearly  all  of  North  Carolina's 
counties,  most  of  the  50  states  and  nearly  50  foreign  countries. 

The  University  offers  undergraduate  degrees  in  nearly  100  bachelor's  degree 
program  tracks.  The  Graduate  School  has  91  master's  degree  program  tracks 
and  PhD  programs  in  the  basic  medical  sciences.  The  MD  degree  is  offered 
through  the  School  of  Medicine. 

There  are  more  than  50,000  living  alumni.  They  reside  in  each  of  the  50  states 
and  in  some  30  other  countries.  Alumni  are  informed  of  campus  and  alumni 
activities  through  alumni  publications,  and  the  ECU  Alumni  Association 
offers  a  wide  range  of  programs  and  activities  for  former  students. 


710 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Richard  Ronald  Eakin 

CHANCELLOR 

Early  Years:  Born  in  New  Castle, 
Pennsylvania,  August  6,  1938,  to  Everett 
Glenn  and  Mildred  (Hammerschmidt) 
Eakin. 

Education:  Shenango  High  School; 
Geneva  College,  1960,  A.B.;  Washington 
State  University,  1962-64,  MA.,  Ph.D. 

Professional  Background:  Chan- 
cellor, East  Carolina  University,  1987- 
present;  Vice  President,  Planning  and 
Budgeting,  Bowling  Green  State  Univer- 
sity, 1983-87;  Executive  Vice  Provost, 
Planning  and  Budgeting,  Bowling  Green  State  University,  1980-83;  Vice 
Provost,  Institutional  Planning  and  Budgeting,  Bowling  Green  State  Univer- 
sity, 1979-80;  Vice  Provost,  Student  Affairs,  Bowling  Green  State  University, 
1972-79;  Inter-University  Council  (State  Universities  in  Ohio:  Fiscal  Officers, 
1983-1987;  Chairman,  1984-85;  Student  Affairs  Committee  Chairman,  1974-75; 
Secretary,  1972-1974);  Ohio  Board  of  Regents,  Subsidy  Formula  Review 
Committee,  1979-80,  1983,  1984,  1986; 

Organizations:  Former  member.  Wood  County,  Ohio  Community  Mental 
Health  Board,  1984-87,  Chairman,  1986,  vice  Chairman,  1985;  Bowling  Green, 
Ohio  Town  &  Gown  Club,  1970-87. 

Boards:  Chairman,  Board  of  Directors  and  Vice  President,  Administration 
and  Finance,  National  Hemophilia  Foundation,  1984-1987;  Vice  President  and 
member  of  the  Board  of  Directors,  1983-84. 

Honors:  William  T.  Jerome  III  Award,  1982-83  (presented  by  the  Under- 
graduate Student  government.  Bowling  Green  State  University,  in  recognition 
of  extraordinary  service  to  the  Student  Body);  Mortarboard  National  Honorary 
Society,  1982;  BetaTau  Chapter  of  Omicron  Delta  Kappa,  National  Leadership 
Honor  Society,  1978;  Institute  for  Educational  Management,  Harvard  Univer- 
sity, 1978;  Institute  for  Student  Personnel  Officers,  sponsored  by  the  American 
Council  on  Education,  Office  of  Leadership  Development  in  Higher  Education, 
1976. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Elder,  Deacon. 

Family:  Married,  Jo  Ann  McGeehan,  of  Beaver,  Pennsylvania  August  23, 
1960.  Children:  Matthew  and  Maridy. 


The  University  of  North  Carolina  System 


711 


ELIZABETH  CITY  STATE  UNIVERSITY 


•N«^ 


,,■  K-'  ^.j.^^"^      ,     c  Elizabeth  City  State  University  is  a 

constituent  institution  of  The  University 
of  North  Carolina  and  serves  as  a 
baccalaureate  university  of  Liberal  Arts 
and  Sciences  dedicated  to  educating  all 
students  regardless  of  race,  creed,  color,  or 
sex. 

In  the  ninety-four  years  since  its  humble 
but  proud  beginning,  Elizabeth  City  State 
University  has  made  monumental  ad- 
vancements in  growth  and  development 
in  its  ongoing  quest  to  meet  the  needs  and 
to  provide  the  services  for  our  community, 
state,  and  nation. 
When  the  Honorable  Hugh  Cale,  a  black  representative  to  the  North 
Carolina  General  Assembly  from  Pasquotank  County,  introduced  House  Bill 
383  in  the  1891  session,  little  did  people  realize  that  the  establishment  of  a 
normal  school  for  the  educating  and  training  of  teachers  of  the  black  race  to 
teach  in  the  common  schools  of  North  Carolina  would  have  the  impact  seen 
today. 

Enacted  into  law  on  March  3, 1891,  the  State  Colored  Normal  School  began 
operation  on  January  4,  1892  in  a  rented  downtown  Elizabeth  City  location 
with  a  budget  of  $900.00,  a  faculty  of  two,  a  student  body  of  twenty-three,  and  a 
curriculum  consisting  of  elementary  and  secondary  school  courses.  Under  the 
leadership  of  Dr.  Peter  Weddick  Moore,  the  school  expanded  its  curriculum  to 
two-year  "normal"  courses  and  moved  to  its  present  location  in  1912. 

Following  the  retirement  of  Dr.  Moore  in  1928,  Dr.  John  Bias  became 
president  and  supervised  the  change  from  a  two-year  normal  school  to  a 
four-year  teachers  college.  In  1939,  the  General  Assembly  officially  changed 
the  school's  name  to  Elizabeth  City  State  Teachers  College  and  the  first 
baccalaureate  degrees  were  conferred  upon  twenty-six  Elementary  Education 
graduates. 

Dr.  Harold  Leonard  Trigg  and  Dr.  Sidney  David  Williams  served  Elizabeth 
City  State  Teachers  College  effectively  and  efficiently  from  1939-1958  as  the 
third  and  fourth  presidents,  respectively.  During  their  capable  administration, 
improvements  and  additions  were  made  in  the  physical  plant  and  in  curricular 
offerings. 

During  the  decade  of  leadership  provided  by  Dr.  Walter  N.  Ridley,  the 
school's  fifth  president,  the  institution  made  significant  and  noteworthy 
progress.  Curricular  offerings  were  expanded  with  the  approval  of  additional 
majors,  minors,  and  concentrations.  Full  membership  in  the  Southern  Associa- 
tion of  Colleges  and  Schools  was  granted  and  subsequently  reaffirmed.  The 
name  of  the  school  was  officiallly  changed  to  Elizabeth  City  State  College,  and 
sobriquet  "Vikings"  was  adopted  for  intercollegiate  athletic  teams.  Student 
enrollment  broke  the  one  thousand  mark  for  the  first  time. 


712 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Lane  Hall 


Following  the  resignation  of  Dr.  Ridley  in  1968,  Dr.  Marion  Dennis  Thorpe 
became  the  sixth  president,  and  one  year  later,  Elizabeth  City  State  College 
became  Elizabeth  City  State  University.  In  1972  the  school  became  one  of  the 
sixteen  constituent  institutions  of  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  and  Dr. 
Thorpe  became  its  first  chancellor.  During  Dr.  Thorpe's  administration,  the 
faculty/staff  doubled  in  number;  the  student  enrollment  neared  the  fifteen 
hundred  mark;  and  additional  degree-granting  were  approved  and  im- 
plemented. The  annual  budget  approached  $9,000,000,  and  the  school's 
physical  assets  grew  to  include  over  fifty  buildings  and  approximately  eight 
hundred  and  thirty  acreas  of  land.  The  concept  of  communiversity  gained 
wide-spread  acceptance. 

Following  the  tragic  death  of  Dr.  Thorpe,  Dr.  Jimmy  Raymond  Jenkins 
became  the  seventh  individual  to  serve  as  head  of  the  institution  and  the 
second  chancellor.  No  other  alumnus  had  previously  held  this  office  at  any 
institution  of  higher  learning.  The  selection  of  Dr.  Jenkins  by  the  University  of 
North  Carolina  Board  of  Govenors  marked  the  first  time  that  this  Board  had 
named  an  Elizabeth  City  State  University  chief  executive. 

With  over  8,000  graduates  to  its  credit,  Elizabeth  City  State  University  has 
proven  its  utility  and  its  dedication  to  a  mission  and  philosophy  established 
almost  a  century  ago.  Through  capable  leaderhsip  and  guidance  of  Chancellor 
Jenkins,  Elizabeth  City  State  University  will  continue  to  prosper  and  grow 
until  all  the  dreams  of  all  those  who  have  given  so  much  of  themselves  are 
brought  to  fruition. 


The  University  of  North  Carolina  System 


713 


Jimmy  R.  Jenkins  Sr. 

CHANCELLOR 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Selma,  to  Willie 
(deceased)  and  Alma  Jenkins. 

Education:  Purdue  University,  1970, 
M.S.  (Biology);  Purdue  University,  1972, 
Ph.D.  (Science  Education);  St.  Augustine's 
College,  Biology  Institute,  1967,  Radio- 
active Materials  from  Atomic  Energy  Com- 
mission Certificate;  University  of  Wis- 
consin, Institute  for  Academic  and  Non- 
Academic  Administrators  Certificate. 

Professional  Background:  Chan 
cellor,  Elizabeth  City  State  University, 
1983-;  Vice  Chancellor  for  Academic  Affairs,  Elizabeth  City  State  University, 
1977;  Professor,  of  Biology,  Elizabeth  City  State  University,  1977;  Assistant 
Academic  Dean  of  Administration  and  Associate  Professor  of  Biology, 
Elizabeth  City  State  University,  1973. 

Organizations:  NC  State  Advisory  Team  of  Examiners  for  College  Licens- 
ing; American  Association  of  Higher  Education;  National  Science  Teachers 
Association;  American  Biology  Teachers  Association;  National  Alliance  of 
Black  School  Educators;  Association  for  Supervision  and  Curriculum  Develop- 
ment; National  Caucus  for  Black  Aged;  Director,  Elizabeth  City  Boys  Club; 
Omega  Psi  Phi. 

Boards  and  Commissions:  Director,  Pasquotank  Credit  Union;  Pas- 
quotank County  and  Elilzabeth  City  ABC  Board;  Elizabeth  City/Pasquotank 
School  Redistricting  Study  Committee;  NC  Humanities  Committee;  Committee 
on  Public  Understanding  of  Science  and  Technology  for  NC;  NC  Advisory 
Panel  for  Women  Administrators  in  Higher  Education. 

Political  Activities:  Governor's  Oversight  Committee  for  Official  Labor 
Market  Information,  1983;  NC  Humanities  Committee,  1980  (Executive  Com- 
mittee, 1981);  NC  Governor's  Board  of  Science  and  Technology,  1981;  Electronic 
Town  Hall  Task  Force,  1981. 

Honors:  Distinguished  Alumni  Award,  National  Association  for  Equal 
Opportunity,  1983;  Outstanding  Young  Men  of  America;  Outstanding  Per- 
sonalities in  the  South. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  The  Howell  Chapel  Disciples  of  Christ 
Church,  Selma  and  St.  Galilee  Disciples  Church  of  Christ,  Elizabeth  City. 

Family:  Married,  Faleese  Moore  of  Darden.  Children:  Lisa,  Ginger,  and 
Jimmy  Raymond  Jr. 


714  North  Carolina  Manual 


FAYETTEVILLE  STATE  UNIVERSITY 

Fayetteville  State  University  is  the  most 

'^^^^^'^^HKI^    ^     recent  name  given  to  an  institution  with  a 

1    >^i^3l   ^"^J^g^yM      long  and  interesting  history. 

FAYETTFVII  1  p      PIH         At  the  close  ofthe  Civil  War,  the  need  for 

ISTATE    UNlVFDciT    ^«i     provisions   for   the   schooling   of  black 

lEsi     IftfiT — " —  P!^     children  was  a  crucial  problem  over  the 

c  ,  ■     ?~j!    ^s    HoAvardC         South.  In  1867,  seven  progressive  black 

ocnool  btate-supportedfe        citizens  -  David  Bryant,  Nelson  Carter, 

Th   tl   •  ^  ^^^*  °^m        ^^^*^^^  N-  Leary,  A.J.  Chesnutt,  Robert 

I  ne  University  of  North MfiiJ     Simmons,  George  Grainer,  and  Thomas 

[Carolina  Since  1972.      £      Lomax- paid  $140.00  for  a  lot  on  Gillespie 

Street  in  Fayetteville  and  converted  them- 
selves into  a  self-perpetuating  Board  of 
Trustees  to  maintain  this  property  perman- 
ently as  a  site  for  the  educating  of  black  children  in  Fayetteville.  One  ofthe  first 
known  friends  of  black  education,  General  0.0.  Howard  erected  a  building  on 
this  site,  thus  the  institution  became  known  as  the  Howard  School.  Robert 
Harris  was  chosen  as  the  first  principal  and  served  until  his  death  in  1880. 

By  legislative  act  in  1877,  the  North  Carolina  General  Assembly  provided  for 
the  establishment  of  a  Normal  School  for  the  education  of  black  teachers. 
Because  of  the  small  amount  of  the  appropriation,  it  was  felt  that  the  money 
could  be  used  more  effectively  if  given  to  an  existing  school.  Several  areas  of 
the  state  competed  to  become  this  first  state-supported  school,  but  the 
Legislature  chose  the  Howard  School  as  the  most  promising  because  of  its 
success  record  during  the  previous  ten  years.  It  was  designated  a  teacher 
training  institution  and  its  name  was  changed  to  the  State  Colored  Normal 
School.  Charles  Waddell  Chesnutt  formerly  assistant  to  Principal  Harris, 
became  the  second  principal  ofthe  institution  in  1880. 

In  1883,  Principal  Chesnutt  resigned  and  Dr.  Ezekiel  Ezra  Smith  was  elected 
to  fill  the  vacancy.  On  two  occasions,  Dr.  Smith  was  called  to  serve  the  U.S. 
government.  During  his  first  absence  between  1888  and  1895,  George  Williams 
was  chosen  to  guide  the  destiny  of  the  institution.  During  Smith's  second 
absence  from  1898  to  1899,  Reverend  L.E.  Fairley  became  acting  principal  of 
State  Normal  School. 

When  Dr.  Smith  retired  as  President  ofthe  State  Normal  School  in  1933,  the 
institution  had  moved  to  its  present  location  on  Murchison  Road  in  Fayette- 
ville. The  size  of  the  new  campus  had  expanded  by  42  acres,  and  there  were 
eight  brick  buildings  and  several  cottages  on  the  campus  grounds. 

In  1929,  all  high  school  work  was  discontinued  at  the  Normal  School.  In  May 
of  1937,  the  State  Board  of  Education  authorized  the  extension  of  the  course  of 
study  to  four  years  with  authority  to  grant  the  Bachelor  of  Science  degree  in 
Elementary  Education.  In  1939,  the  name  ofthe  institution  was  changed  to 
Fayetteville  State  Teachers  College  under  the  leadership  of  Dr.  James  Ward 
Seabrook  who  served  as  president  from  1933  unitl  his  retirment  in  1956. 

Dr.  Rudolph  Jones  was  elected  President  in  1956.  During  his  administration, 
the  curriculum  was  expanded  to  include  majors  in  Secondary  Education  and 


The  University  of  North  Carolina  System  715 

programs  leading  to  degrees  outside  the  teaching  field.  The  name  of  the 
institution  was  changed  to  Fayetteville  State  College  in  196.'5. 

Under  Dr.  Jones'  leadership,  six  additions  to  the  physical  plant  were 
provided  to  accomodate  a  rapidly  expanding  enrollment  .  When  Dr.  Jones 
resigned  in  1969,  a  new  Administration  Building  was  under  construction  and 
the  Rudolph  Jones  Student  Center  was  on  the  drawing  board. 

In  1969,  the  institution  acquired  its  present  name  -  Fayetteville  State 
University  -and  Dr.  Charles  "A"  Lyons,  Jr.  was  elected  President  of  the  newly 
designated  "regional  university".  By  legislative  act,  on  July  1,  1972,  P^SU 
ecame  a  constituent  institution  of  the  University  of  North  Carolina  and  Dr. 
Lyons  became  its  first  Chancellor. 

Hallmarks  of  progress  attributed  to  the  present  administration's  building 
program  are  the  Rudolph  Jones  Student  Center,  the  George  L.  Butler  Learning 
Center,  and  the  New  Residence  Hall.  A  $4.8  million  ultramodern  Science 
Complex  named  for  Chancellor  Lyons  was  completed  and  occupied  in  the 
Spring  of  1981 .  In  the  Fall  of  that  same  year,  construction  of  the  Administration 
Building  Annex  was  completed. 

The  Center  for  Continuing  Education  Building  represents  a  part  of  the  first 
private  philanthropic  grant  of  over  one-million  dollars  to  the  University  given 
by  the  Kellogg  Foundation.  A  new  library  is  now  under  construction  which  will 
provide  stacking  space  for  over  350,000  volumes  and  meet  the  needs  of  the 
University  for  some  years  to  plex.  The  institution's  facilities  have  improved 
from  a  one-building  school,  118  years  ago,  to  a  campus  of  156  acres  and  36 
buildings  with  a  current  value  of  over  $35  million. 

In  addition  to  physical  facilities,  the  quality  of  the  faculty  is  an  area  in  which 
there  has  been  steady  improvement.  During  the  administration  of  Dr.  Lyons, 
the  percentage  of  faculty  with  doctorate  degrees  has  increased  from  25%  to  over 
60%.  Academically,  FSU  seeks  to  provide  an  atmosphere  that  encourages 
intellectual  creativity  and  rewards  outstanding  scholarship  by  providing 
excellent  graduate  and  undergraduate  programs.  The  basic  philosophy  at  the 
institution  is  development  of  the  whole  person. 

Educational  opportunity  for  military  personnel  and  others  with  full-time 
jobs  is  provided  through  the  University's  P\)rt  Bragg/Pope  Air  Force  Base 
Extension  Center  and  through  the  Weekend  and  Evening  College.  Through 
these  programs,  students  are  able  to  further  their  education  without  interrupt- 
ing their  professional  responsibilities. 

No  longer  exclusively  a  teacher  training  institution,  F'SU  now  offers  the 
Bachelor  of  Arts  Degree  in  eleven  (11)  desciplines,  the  Bachelor  of  Science 
Degree  in  twenty-four  (24)  disciplines,  and  the  Master's  Degree  in  four 
disciplines  including  the  areas  of  education  and  business  administration. 

Fayetteville  State  University  is  a  proud  institution  with  an  outstanding 
history.  It  is  the  second  oldest  state-supported  institution  in  North  Carolina 
and  one  of  the  oldest  teacher  education  institutions  in  the  South. 

Located  in  the  fourth  largest  urban  population  center  in  North  Carolina,  in 
one  of  the  ten  fastest  growing  counties  in  the  South,  and  in  a  recently 
designated  All-American  City  -  F'ayetteville  State  University's  future  growth  is 
assured. 

No  longer  a  small,  neglected,  predominantly  black  institution,  FSU  is  a 
full-fledge  university  where  students,  faculty,  trustees  and  administrators  are 
as  cosmopolitan  as  the  population  that  surrounds  the  campus. 


716 


North  Carolina  Manual 


r 


Lloyd  V.  Hackley 

CHANCELLOR 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Roanoke, 
Roanoke  County,  Virginia,  June  14, 1940, 
to  David  W.  and  Ernestine  (Parker) 
Hackley  (both  deceased). 

Education:  Ludy  Addison  High  School 
(Roanoke,  Virginia),  1958;  Michigan  State 
University,  1965,  BA.;  UNC  -Chapel  Hill, 
1976,  Ph.D.;  Government  Executives  In- 
stitute, UNC  -  CH,  School  of  Business, 
1980. 

Professional  Background:  Chan- 
cellor, Fayetteville  State  University,  1988-; 
Vice  President  for  Student  Services  and  Special  Programs,  UNC  General 
Administration  (Chapel  Hill,  N.C.),  1985-1988;  Chancellor,  University  of 
Arkansas  at  Pine  Bluff  (Pine  Bluff,  Ark.),  1981-1985;  Associate  Vice  President 
for  Academic  Affairs,  UNC  General  Administration  (Chapel  Hill,  N.C.), 
1979-1981. 

Organizations:  Member:  Strategic  Planning  Team,  Cumberland  County 
Board  of  Education  (May,  1989);  Fayetteville  Area  Economic  Development 
Corporation;  LEAP  Advisory  Board;  Cape  Fear  Chapter,  SERTOMA,  Inc.; 
Fayetteville  Area  Chamber  of  Commerce  (Board  of  Directors).  Past  Member: 
Pine  Bluff  Rotary  Club  (Pine  Bluff,  Ark.). 

Boards:  Member:  Board  of  Directors,  Southern  National  Bank  (Fayetteville, 
N.C.);  Board  of  Trustees,  Hollins  College  (Roanoke,  Va.),  1988-  ;  USS  North 
Carolina  Battleship  Commission  (appointed  May,  1989,  by  Gov.  Martin); 
Council  of  Chief  State  School  Officers'  School/Collegiate  Collaboration 
Advancing  Effective  Teaching  for  At  Risk  Youth  (N.C.  Collegiate  Representa- 
tive). Past  Member:  Arkansas  Advisory  Committee  to  United  States  Commis- 
sion on  Civil  Rights  (Chairman),  1985;  Arkansas  Endowment  for  the 
Humanities  (President;  Board  of  Directors);  Arkansas  Quality  Higher  Educa- 
tion Study  Committee  (Chairman,  Subcommittee  on  Curriculum  and  Student 
Matters). 

Military  Service:  U.S.  Air  Force,  1958-1978  (Major);  Meritorious  Service 
Medal,  USAF,  Europe,  1971;  Man  of  the  Hour,  HQ,  USAF,  Europe,  1970; 
Bronze  Star  for  Meritorious  Service  in  Combat  with  Valor,  Vietnam,  1968; 
Vietnam  Cross  for  Gallantry,  Vietnam,  1968. 

Honors:  Tar  Heel  of  the  Week,  News  and  Observer  (Raleigh,  N.C),  1987 
Presented   Key  to  the  City  of  Roanoke,   Virginia  by  Mayor,   May,    1987 
Resolution  of  Commendation   by  Arkansas  Legislature,  September,   1985 
Resolution  of  Tribute  by  Michigan  Legislature,  1984;  Presented  Key  to  the  City 
of  Flint,  Michigan  by  Mayor,  1984;  Listed  in  Who's  Who  in  the  South  and 


The  University  of  North  Carolina  System  717 

Southwest,  1979;  Listed  in  Community  Leaders  and  Noteworthy  Americans, 

1978. 

Religious  Activities:  High  Street  Baptist  Church  (Roanoke,  Va.). 

Family:   Married  Brenda  L.   Stewart  of  Roanoke,  Va.,  June   12,   1960. 
Children:  Dianna  Hackley-Apphn  and  Michael  R.  Hackley. 


718 


North  Carolina  Manual 


A.  5  T_COLLEGE 

The  Agricultural  and 
Technical  College  of 
North  Carolina,  char- 
tered 189L  for  Negroes. 
Maintained  by  state, 
federal   funds.    Coed. 


NORTH  CAROLINA  AGRICULTURAL  AND 
TECHNICAL  STATE  UNIVERSITY 

North  Carolina  Agricultural  and  Techni- 
cal State  University  was  established  as 
the  A.  and  M.  College  for  the  "Colored 
Race"  by  an  act  of  the  General  Assembly 
of  North  Carolina  ratified  March  9,  1891. 
The  act  read  in  part:  That  the  leading 
object  of  the  institution  shall  be  to  teach 
practical  agriculture  and  the  mechanic 
arts  and  such  branches  of  learning  as 
relate  thereto,  not  excluding  academical 
and  classical  instruction. 
The  College  began  operation  during  the 

school  year  of  1890-91,  before  the  passage 

of  the  state  law  creating  it.  This  curious 
circumstance  arose  out  of  the  fact  that  the  Morrill  Act  passed  by  Congress  in 
1890  earmarked  the  proportionate  funds  to  be  allocated  in  bi-racial  school 
systems  to  the  two  races.  The  A.  and  M.  College  for  the  White  Race  was 
established  by  the  State  Legislature  in  1889  and  was  ready  to  receive  its  share 
of  funds  provided  by  the  Morrill  Act  in  th  Fall  of  1890.  Before  the  college  could 
receive  these  funds,  however,  it  was  necessary  to  make  provisions  for  Colored 
students.  Accordingly,  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  A.  and  M.  College  in 
Raleigh  was  empowered  to  make  temporary  arrangments  for  these  students.  A 
plan  was  worked  out  with  Shaw  University  in  Raleigh  where  the  College 
operated  as  an  annex  to  Shaw  University  during  the  years  1890-1891, 1891-92, 
and  1892-1893. 

The  law  of  1891  also  provided  that  the  College  would  be  located  in  such  city  or 
town  in  the  State  as  would  make  to  the  Board  of  Trustees  a  suitable  proposition 
that  would  serve  as  an  inducement  for  said  location.  A  group  of  interested 
citizens  in  the  city  of  Greensboro  donated  fourteen  acres  of  land  for  a  site  and 
$1 1,000  to  aid  in  constructing  buildings.  This  amount  was  supplemented  by  an 
appropriation  of  $2,500  from  the  General  Assembly.  The  first  building  was 
completed  in  1893  and  the  College  opened  in  Greensboro  during  the  fall  of  that 
year. 

In  1915  the  name  of  the  institution  was  changed  to  The  Agricultural  and 
Technical  College  of  North  Carolina  by  an  Act  of  the  State  Legislature. 

The  scope  of  the  college  program  has  been  enlarged  to  take  care  of  new  ' 
demands.  The  General  Assembly  authorized  the  institution  to  grant  the  i 
Master  of  Science  degree  in  education  and  certain  other  fields  in  1939.  The  first 
Master's  degree  was  awarded  in  1941.  The  School  of  Nursing  was  established 
by  an  Act  of  the  State  Legislature  in  1953  and  the  first  class  was  graduated  in  j 
1957. 


The  University  of  North  Carolina  System 


719 


Dudley  Memorial  Building 


The  General  Assembly  repealed  previous  acts  describing  and  the  purpose  of 
the  College  in  1957,  and  redefined  its  purpose  as  follows: 

"  The  primary  purpose  of  the  College  shall  be  to  teach  the  Agricultural  and 
Technical  Arts  and  Sciences  and  such  branches  of  learning  as  related  thereto;  the 
training  of  teachers,  supervisors,  and  administrators  for  the  public  schools  of  the 
State,  including  the  preparation  of  such  teachers,  supervisors  and  administrators 
for  the  Master's  degree.  Such  other  programs  of  a  professional  or  occupational 
nature  may  be  offered  as  shall  be  approved  by  the  North  Carolina  Board  of  Higher 
Education,  consistent  with  the  appropriations  made  therefor." 
The  General  Assembly  of  North  Carolina  voted  to  elevate  the  College  to  the 
status  of  Regional  University  effective  July  1,  1967. 

On  October  30, 1971 ,  the  General  Assembly  ratified  an  Act  to  consolidate  the 
Institutions  of  Higher  Learning  in  North  Carolina.  Under  the  provisions  of 
this  Act,  North  Carolina  Agricultural  and  Technical  State  University  became 
a  constituent  institution  of  The  University  of  North  Carolina  effective  Julyl, 
1972. 

Six  presidents  have  served  the  Institution  since  it  was  founded  in  1891 .  They 
are  as  follows:  Dr.  J.O.  Crosby,  (1892-1896),  Dr.  James  B.  Dudley,  (1896-1925), 
Dr.  F.  D.  Bluford  (1925-1955),  Dr.  Warmoth  T.  Gibbs  (1956-1960),  Dr,  Samuel 
DeWittt  Proctor,  (1960-1964),  and  Dr.  Lewis  C.  Dowdy,  who  was  elected 
President  April  10,  1964.  Dr.  Cleon  F  Thompson,  Jr.,  served  as  Interim 
Chancellor  ofthe  Institution  from  November  1, 1980  until  August  31, 1981.  Dr. 
Edward  B.  Fort  assumed  Chancellorship  responsibilities  on  September  1, 1981. 
North  Carolina  Agricultural  and  Technical  State  University  is  one  ofthe  two 
land-grant  institutions  located  in  the  State.  It  is  a  comprehensive  University 


720  North  Carolina  Manual 

with  an  integrated  faculty  and  student  body  offering  degrees  at  the 
baccalaureate  and  master's  levels. 

The  purpose  of  the  University  is  to  provide  an  intellectual  setting  where 
students  in  responsibility,  higher  education  may  find  a  sense  of  identification, 
belonging,  and  achievement  that  will  prepare  them  for  roles  of  leadership  and 
service  in  the  communities  where  they  will  live  and  work.  In  this  sense,  the 
University  serves  as  a  laboratory  for  the  development  of  excellence  in 
teaching,  research  and  public  service. 

The  program  of  the  University  focuses  on  the  broad  fields  of  agriculture, 
engineering,  technology,  business,  education,  nursing,  the  liberal  arts  and 
science. 


The  University  of  North  Carolina  System 


721 


Edward  B.  Fort 

CHANCELLOR 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Detroit,  Michi- 
gan, to  Edward  and  Inez  (Baker)  Fort. 

Education:  Northwestern  Senior  High 
School,  1950  (Magna  Cum  Laude);  Wayne 
State  University,  B.S.  and  M.S.;  University 
of  CaHfornia  at  Berkeley,  Doctorate,  1964. 

Professional    Background:    Chan- 
cellor, Agricultural  and  Technical  State 
University,  1981-;  Chancellor,  University 
of  Wisconsin   Center  System,    1974-81; 
Superintendent,  Deputy  Supt.,  Sacramento 
Public  Schools,  1971-74;  Visiting  Professor 
of  Education  Michigan  State  University, 
1974;  Superintendent,  Inkster,  Michigan,  1967-71;  Adjunct  Professor  Urban 
Education,  University  of  Michigan,  Dearborn,  1968-71;  University  of  Michi- 
gan, Visiting  Professor  of  Education,  1965-66. 

Boards  and  Commissions:  Member:  American  Association  of  School 
Administrators,  National  Alliance  of  Black  School  Educators;  Past  Member, 
Phi  Delta  Kappa  Board  of  Editorial  Consultants;  Board  of  Advisors,  Fund  for 
the  Improvement  of  Post  Secondary  Education;  Madison,  Wisconsin  Task 
Force  on  Career  Education,  1976-80;  California  Commission  on  Management 
of  Crime  and  Conflict  in  the  Schools  National  Association  of  State  Universities 
and  Land  Grant  Colleges;  NC  Association  of  Colleges  and  Universities; 
American  Association  of  State  Colleges  and  Universities;  National  Association 
for  Equal  Opportunity  in  Higher  Education. 

Military  Service:  U.S.  Army,  1954-56;  Awarded  Good  Conduct  Medal. 

Honors:  Received  "80  for  the  80's,"  Milwaukee  Journal,  1979;  Listed  in 
Who's  Who  in  America,  1980's;  Received  Educational  Press  Association  of 
America  Award;  Author  of  many  articles  and  essays. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Providence  Baptist  Church,  Greensboro. 

Family:  Married  Lessie  (Covington)  Fort,  December  5,  1959.  Children: 
Clarke  and  Lezlie. 


722  North  Carolina  Manual 


NORTH  CAROLINA  CENTRAL  UNIVERSITY 

North  Carolina  Central  University, 
chartered  in  1909  and  opened  in  1910, 
celebrated  the  1984-1985  academic  year  as 
its  Diamond  Anniversary  Year.  The  univer- 
sity now  looks  confidently  toward  a  new 
millenium  as  it  enters  the  last  quarter  of 
its  own  first  century. 

For  nearly  half  of  its  history,  North 
Carolina  Central  University  was  led  by 
one  man.  James  E.  Shepard  was  the 
grandson  of  a  slave  and  the  son  of  a 
distinguished  Baptist  minister;  a  trained 
pharmacist,  Shepard  was  also  a  leader  of 
the  International  Sunday  School  move- 
ment of  his  era.  During  the  first  decade  of  the  twentieth  century,  the  young 
Shepard  began  to  speak  of  his  dream  of  an  institution  which  would  provide 
both  practical  training  and  intellectual  stimulation,  particularly  for  the  lay 
leaders  of  the  nation's  black  churches. 

Shepard's  dream  came  to  the  attention  of  the  Durham  Merchant's  Associa- 
tion, which  invited  him  and  his  associates  to  examine  the  advantages  of  their 
city  as  the  site  of  what  was  then  referred  to  as  "a  National  Training  School  for 
the  Colored  Race."  The  Durham  of  the  early  1900s  had  a  population  of  some 
18,000  persons,  and  was  served  by  four  railroads.  The  association  offered  to 
Shepard  a  25-acre  site,  one-half  mile  outside  the  existing  city  limits. 

With  moral  and  financial  support  from  prominent  citizens  of  Durham,  New 
York,  and  Connecticut,  Shepard  established  his  school.  The  original  physical 
plant,  which  was  equipped  with  electric  light  and  steam  heat,  had  a  value  of 
$60,000  and  consisted  of  eight  buildings. 

The  school  opened  its  doors  in  July,  1910,  as  the  National  Religious  Training 
School  and  Chautauqua.  The  name  Chautauqua  had  its  origins  in  the  Sunday 
School  movement,  and  described  a  series  of  lectures  and  cultural  activities 
designed  for  a  general  audience.  Chautauqua  programs  were  promoted  as  an 
opportunity  for  a  vacation;  nevertheless,  Chautauqua  registrants  were  required 
to  attend  all  of  the  major  lectures  of  the  series. 

During  the  1910-11  school  year,  the  National  Religious  Training  School  and 
Chautauqua  had  15  faculty  members  and  enrolled  201  students;  three  students 
graduated  from  the  school's  Commerce  program  in  1911.  The  institution 
offered  three-and-four  year  programs  (all  requiring  extensive  study  of  Latin, 
Greek,  and  Bible)  in  the  following  curricula:  Normal,  Teacher  Training, 
College  Preparatory,  Classical  Course  for  the  A.B.  degree,  General  Science 
Course  for  the  B.S.  degree  and  Chemistry.  Shorter  vocational  and  trade  courses 
offered  ranged  from  weaving  to  mural  decorating.  The  school  also  offered 
special  training  for  ministers  and  religious  workers. 


The  University  of  North  Carolina  System  723 

In  1915  financial  difficulties  forced  the  reorganization  of  the  institution  as 
the  National  Training  School,  but  a  large  donation  from  Mrs.  Russell  Sage  of 
New  York  City  permitted  Dr.  Shepard  to  retain  control. 

In  the  next  few  years,  Dr.  Shepard  weighed  the  alternative  courses  of  seeking 
denominational  support  for  the  nonsectrian  school  and  of  seeking  support 
from  the  North  Carolina  General  Assembly.  In  1923,  the  National  Training 
School  became  the  state-supported  Durham  State  Normal  School,  devoted  to 
"the  training  of  teachers  for  the  Colored  Public  Schools  of  North  Carolina." 
Two  years  later,  Dr.  Shepard  was  able  to  persuade  the  General  Assembly  to 
take  a  revolutionary  step,  making  the  institution  over  into  North. Carolina 
College  for  Negroes,  the  first  state-supported  liberal  arts  college  for  black 
people  in  the  United  States.  Building  programs  to  support  the  institution's  new 
role  began  in  1927,  under  the  administration  of  Governor  Angus  B.  McLean. 

Between  1925  and  1939,  North  Carolina  College  for  Negroes  achieved  the 
accreditation  of  the  Southern  Association  of  Colleges  and  Secondary  Schools 
and  met  the  educational  standards  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  for 
pre-medical  training,  and  most  of  the  South's  state  departments  of  education. 

In  1939,  the  General  Assembly  authorized  the  North  Carolina  College  Board 
of  Trustees  to  establish  graduate  courses  in  the  liberal  arts  and  to  organize 
departments  of  law,  pharmacy,  and  library  science.  The  graduate  programs 
were  opened  that  fall;  the  School  of  Law  was  established  in  1940;  and  the 
School  of  Library  Science  in  1941.  The  pharmacy  school  was  never  established, 
even  though  that  was  Dr.  Shepard's  own  profession. 

By  the  time  of  Dr.  Shepard's  death  on  October  6,  1947,  the  institution  had 
become  North  Carolina  College  at  Durham,  fully-accredited,  highly  respected, 
and  the  alma  mater  of  a  growing  list  of  distinguished  alumni. 

An  interim  committee  (Dr.  Albert  E.  Manley,  Miss  Rugh  G.  Rush,  and  Dr. 
Albert  L.  Turner)  directed  the  affairs  of  the  institution  until  the  accession  of  Dr. 
Alfonso  Elder  as  the  college's  second  president  in  1948.  Dr.  Elder  would  lead 
North  Carolina  College  at  Durham  for  the  next  15  years,  overseeing  an  era  of 
physical  expansion,  rapid  growth  in  enrollment,  and  significant  development 
in  academic  programs. 

Dr.  Elder  retired  in  September,  1963,  and  was  succeeded  as  President  by  Dr. 
Samuel  P.  Massie,  who  resigned  on  February  1,  1966.  Vice-President  William 
Jones,  Graduate  Dean  Helen  G.  Edmonds,  and  Professor  William  H.  Brown 
were  the  institution's  interim  administrators  until  July,  1967,  when  Dr.  Albert 
N.  Whiting  became  President. 

Dr.  Whiting  directed  continued  physical  expansion  of  the  institution,  as  well 
as  the  creation  of  several  new  academic  programs.  Those  included  programs  in 
criminal  justice,  public  administration,  elementary  education,  jazz,  and 
church  music,  and,  in  1972,  the  creation  of  the  North  Carolina  Central 
University  School  of  Business. 

In  1969,  North  Carolina  College  at  Durham  became  North  Carolina  Central 
University. 

In  1972,  all  of  North  Carolina's  senior  institutions  of  higher  education 
became  part  of  the  University  of  North  Carolina.  Dr.  Whiting's  title  was 
changed  from  President  to  Chancellor.  He  remained  at  the  helm  of  North 
Carolina  Central  University  for  11  more  year,  until  June  30,  1983. 


724 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  University  of  North  Carolina  System  725 

Chancellor  Whiting  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  LeRoy  T.  Walker,  named  as  Acting 
Chancellor  of  North  Carolina  Central  University  by  then  UNC  President 
William  C.  Friday.  Walker  served  until  the  appointment  of  Dr.  Tyronza  R. 
Richmond.  Since  1983,  North  Carolina  Central  University  has  added  graduate 
programs  in  Public  Administration,  revised  its  master's  degree  programs 
library  and  information  science  and  in  business  administration,  and  added  a 
baccalaureate  program  in  computer  science. 

Distinguished  alumni  of  North  Carolina  Central  University  include  the 
President  of  Virginia  Union  University,  the  Chancellor  of  Winston-Salem 
State  University,  and  college  professors  throughout  the  United  States;  also 
alumni  are  five  members  of  the  North  Carolina  General  Assembly,  the  former 
mayors  of  Atlanta  and  Raleigh,  and  a  host  of  distinguished  public  servants  at 
all  levels  of  government.  Graduates  of  North  Carolina  Central  University 
include  presidents  of  banks  and  other  corporate  entities;  school  superin- 
tendents, principals,  and  administrators  in  many  states;  performing  artists; 
professional  athletes;  and  representatives  of  most  of  the  professions. 


726 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Tyronza  R.  Richmond 

CHANCELLOR 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Memphis,  Ten- 
nessee, on  January  27,  1940,  to  Basil  and 
Deolia  (Echols)  Richmond. 

Education:  Melrose  High  School;  Fisk 
University,  1962,  B.A.;  American  Univer- 
sity, 1967,  MA.;  Purdue  University,  Ph.D. 

Professional  Background:  Chan- 
cellor, North  Carolina  Central  University. 

Organizations:  Rotary  Club;  Durham 
Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Boards:    Commission    on   Jobs   and 
Economic  Growth,  Vice  Chairman;  Goals 
and  Policy  Board;  Inroads  Board  of  Directors. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  St.  Joseph,  AME. 

Family:  Married,  Carol  Kelly  of  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  June  27,  1964. 
Children:  Mark  and  Kelly. 


The  University  of  North  Carolina  System  727 


NORTH  CAROLINA  SCHOOL  OF  THE  ARTS 

When,  in  1965,  the  North  Carolina  School 
of  the  Arts  opened  its  doors  to  just  over  200 


OF  THE  ^^ 

(ARTS 


NORTH     CAROLINA  students,  it  had  already  broken  new  ground 

S/^  XX  /^  ^^  T  as  the  nation's  first  state-supported  resi- 

^^  •*•■*•  ^^  ^^  dential  school  for  the  performing  arts. 

OF  THE  ^^^^  Just  two  years  earlier  Governor  Terry 

Sanford  encouraged  the  state's  General 

Assembly  to  pass  legislation  supporting 

such  an  endeavor.  By  an  act  of  the  General 

'T^nc  I  TXTT\ri7'DOTTTV7  /^i7  Asscmbly  in  1963,  the  School  was  opened 

NORTH  CAROLINA  under  the  leadership  oi  its  first  president, 

the  late  Dr.  Vittorio  Giannini,  eminent 
American  composer. 
Today,  NCSA  is  a  formidable  presence 
in  the  competitive  world  of  arts  institutions  and  stands,  as  it  has  throughout  its 
20-year  history,  on  a  tradition  of  professionalism. 

Robert  Ward,  Pulitzer  Prize  winning  composer,  served  as  chancellor  from 
1967-1974.  Under  his  tenure  the  School  more  than  doubled  its  faculty  and 
enrollment. 

Composer  Robert  Suderburg  served  as  chancellor  from  1974-1983.  Suderburg 
promoted  and  extended  the  School's  statewide  performance/workshop  pro- 
grams in  the  public  schools  and  helped  diversify  summer  program  offerings. 
During  the  1983-84  academic  year  Dr.  Lawrence  Hart,  retired  Dean  of  Music 
at  the  University  of  North  Carolina  at  Greensboro,  became  the  acting 
chancellor. 

In  1984  Dr.  Jane  Elizabeth  Milley  was  appointed  chancellor.  Dr.  Milley's 
tenure  thus  far  has  seen  the  birth  of  a  new  extension  program  -  the  Adult  Center 
for  Arts  Enrichment  -  and  has  also  developed  a  comprehensive,  long-range 
plan  focused  on  the  educational  programs. 

In  addition  to  serving  its  students,  NCSA  also  serves  more  than  900 
additional  students  in  special  extension  programs  including  summer  session, 
the  pre-professional  programs  in  dance  and  drama,  the  community  music 
school,  and  the  international  programs. 

Since  opening  its  doors  20  years  ago,  NCSA  is  still  the  only  major  arts 
training  institution  of  its  kind  offering  instruction  in  dance,  drama,  music,  and 
design  and  production,  with  a  complimentary  academic  program. 

Students,  selected  through  strict  admission  standards  requiring  an  audition 
or  submission  of  a  portfolio,  work  toward  a  Bachelor  of  Music,  Bachelor  of  Fine 
Arts  in  dance,  drama,  or  design  and  production.  NCSA's  masters  program 
offers  intensive  training  in  costume  and  set  design  and  construction,  lighting, 
stage  management,  and  technical  direction. 

Students  are  selected  based  on  their  ability  to  show  potential  for  professional 
success.  In  addition  to  the  rigorous  demands  of  their  arts  training,  accredited 


728 


North  Carolina  Manual 


academic  courses  in 
math,  the  sciences,  social 
sciences,  and  humanities 
are  required.  On  the 
secondary  level,  students 
in  the  School's  dance, 
music,  and  visual  arts  pro- 
grams work  toward  a 
North  Carolina  high 
school  diploma. 

In  1983  NCSA  opened 
the    now    renowned 
Stevens  Center  for  the  Per- 
forming Arts,  a  1 ,380  seat 
auditorium    which    has 
quickly  become  pivotal  in 
Winston-Salem's  bid  to  re- 
turn culture  and  nightlife 
to  its  downtown  area. 
NCSA  and  its  faculty,  recognized  artists  and  professional  performers  them- 
selves, considered  performing  experience  vital  to  the  training  of  young  artists. 
Students  produce  and  perform  in  more  than  300  events  annually  to  more  than 
60,000  people,  in  the  Stevens  Center  and  on-campus  theaters. 

The  opportunity  to  perform  across  North  Carolina  and  in  Europe  is  also 
available  through  NCSA.  Through  the  touring  program,  students  take  more 
than  200  performances  and  educational  services  to  public  schools  and 
community  arts  organizations  around  the  state  each  year.  Each  summer, 
young  musicians  study  with  master  artists  and  perform  before  international 
audiences  in  Germany,  Italy  and  Switzerland  with  the  International  Music 
Program.  Dance  students  also  study  and  perform  abroad  each  summer.  The 
Community  Music  School  offers  teaching  experience  to  advanced  students  and 
educational  opportunity  to  community  members  of  all  ages.  This  fall,  the 
newest  NCSA  extension  program,  the  Adult  Center  for  Arts  Enrichment,  will 
open  its  doors  with  classes  in  symphonic  listening,  community  theater 
management,  and  more. 

NCSA  alumni  speak  best  of  the  School's  success.  Since  1972,  School  of 
Drama  alumni  have  appeared  in  more  than  40  Broadway  and  regional  theater 
productions,  15  major  motion  pictures,  and  25  major  television  productions. 
Tom  Hulce  was  nominated  in  1985  for  an  Academy  Award  for  his  performance 
in  "Amadeus."  Six  alumni  have  recurring  roles  in  network  soap  operas.  In 
music,  bass-baritone  John  Cheek  appears  in  each  season  with  the  Metropolitan 
Opera.  Gianna  Rolandi  is  a  star  of  the  New  York  city  Opera.  Richard  Buckley 
conducts  the  Oakland  Symphony  and  Kirk  Trevor  the  Knoxville  Symphony 
Orchestra.  Mel  Tomlinson  is  premier  danseur  with  the  New  York  City  Ballet 
and  Edward  Stierle  became  the  second  American  in  history  to  win  the 
prestigious  Prix  de  Lausanne  Gold  Medal  for  ballet  in  1985. 

In  its  brief  history,  the  North  Carolina  School  of  the  Arts  has  rapidly  j 
advanced  to  the  top  of  the  world's  arts  institutions.  Top  flight  performing  arts  i 
companies  continue  to  look  to  NCSA  for  the  best  in  trained,  professional  I 
artists. 


The  University  of  North  Carolina  System 


729 


Philip  Francis  Nelson 

INTERIM  CHANCELLOR 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Waseca,  Min- 
nesota, February  17,  1928. 

Education:  Grinnell  College  (Grinnell, 
Iowa),  1950,  A.B.  (Music  Composition  with 
minor  in  English  and  Philosophy);  UNC  - 
Chapel  Hill,  1956,  A.M.  (Musicology  with 
minor  in  Comparative  Literature);  Di- 
plome,  Univeriste  de  Paris,  June,  1957; 
Conservatoire  National  de  Paris  (conduct- 
ing with  Mr.  Louis  Fourestier),  1956-57; 
UNC  -  Chapel  Hill,  1958,  Ph.D.  (Musicology 
with  minor  in  Comparative  Literature). 

Professional  Background:  Interim  Chancellor,  North  Carolina  School  of 
the  Arts,  1989-  ;  Aspen  Institute  for  Humanistic  Studies  (Wye  Center, 
Maryland  and  Aspen,  Colorado),  1987-1989;  Senior  Vice  President,  The 
Academy  for  Educational  Development  (New  York),  1984-1987;  Professor  of 
Music,  University  of  California  (Santa  Cruz),  1981-1983;  Professor,  School  of 
Music,  Yale  University,  1970-1981  (Dean,  1970-1980);  Harpur  College,  State 
University  of  New  York  at  Binghamton,  1963-1971  (Conductor,  Instructor,  and 
Department  Chairman);  Arizona  State  University,  1958-1963. 

Organizations:  Member:  National  Society  to  Prevent  Blindness,  1987-  ; 
Consultant,  The  National  Endowment  for  the  Arts  (National  Advisory  Panel); 
National  Association  of  Schools  of  Music;  member  and  past  member  of 
numerous  professional  music  organizations  and  music  societies;  an  active 
member  of  music  related  activities  and  organizations  at  the  college  and  local 
levels  in  the  cities  in  which  he  has  lived.. 

Honors:  Who's  Who,  1970-  ;  Fulbright  Scholar,  Paris,  1956-57;  M.A. 
(honorary),  Yale  Univeristy,  1971;  Sanford  Medal,  Yale  University,  1980; 
L.H.D.  (honorary),  Grinnell  College,  1981. 

Family:  Married  Georgia  Yelland,  June,  1950.  Children:  Curtis  Ann  and 
Philip,  Jr. 


730 


North  Carolina  Manual 


NORTH  CAROLINA  STATE  UNIVERSITY 


On  March  7,  1887,  the  North  Carolina 
General  Assembly  passed  the  act  which 
authorized  the  establishment  of  the  North 
Carolina  College  of  Agriculture  and 
Mechanic  Arts.  The  Watauga  Club  of 
Raleigh  and  the  statewide  farmers'  move- 
ment had  convinced  the  legislature  of  the 
need  to  transfer  the  funds  received  by  the 
State  under  the  provisions  of  the  Morrill 
Land-Grant  Act  of  1862  from  the  Univer- 
sity of  North  Carolina  in  Chapel  Hill  to  a 
new  land-grant  college  in  Raleigh.  The 
cornerstone  of  A.  and  M.  College  was  laid 
in  August,  1888,  and  its  doors  were  offi- 
cially opened  on  October  3,  1889. 

Alexander  Q.  Holladay,  the  college's  first  president  (1889-1899),  and  a 
faculty  of  five  offered  courses  in  agriculture,  horticulture,  pure  and  agricultural 
chemistry,  English,  bookkeeping,  history,  mathematics,  physics,  practical 
mechanics,  and  military  science.  The  first  freshman  class  numbered  about 
fifty  students.  By  the  end  of  the  institution's  first  decade  the  resident 
enrollment  had  reached  300. 

During  the  administration  of  George  T.  Winston  (1899-1908)  a  new 
curriculum  in  textiles  was  developed  and  normal  courses  were  offered  in  the 
summer  for  public  school  teachers,  both  men  and  women.  The  Agricultural 
Extension  Service  was  established  during  the  administration  of  Daniel  H.  Hill 
(1908-1916)  and  enrollment  grew  to  more  than  700.  In  1917,  during  the 
administration  of  Wallace  C.  Riddick  (1916-1923),  the  institution's  name  was 
changed  to  North  Carolina  State  College  of  Agriculture  and  Engineering.  The 
introduction  of  the  word  "engineering"  was  intended  to  reflect  the  increasing 
emphasis  on  the  professional  and  theoretical  as  well  as  the  practical  aspects  of 
technical  education. 

In  1923  a  major  reorganization  of  the  administration  of  the  College  was 
begun,  and  President  Riddick  resigned  to  become  the  first  dean  of  the  new 
School  of  Engineering.  Eugene  Clyde  Brooks  (1923-1934),  the  fifth  president  of 
State  College,  continued  the  reorganization  with  the  creation  of  the  School  of 
Agriculture  (later  renamed  the  School  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry),  the  School 
of  Science  and  Business,  the  School  of  Education,  the  School  of  Textiles,  and 
the  Graduate  School.  Resident  enrollment  rose  to  nearly  2000  in  1929  before  the 
Depression  caused  a  drop  to  approximately  1500  in  1933.  The  first  women 
graduates  of  State  College  received  their  degrees  in  1927. 

In  the  midst  of  the  Depression  the  General  Assembly  of  1931  attempted  to 
promote  eonomy  and  to  prevent  unnecessary  duplication  among  the  three 
leading  state  institutions  of  higher  education  by  establishing  a  single  con- 


The  University  of  North  Carolina  System  731 

solidated  administration  for  the  University  of  North  Carolina  in  Chapel  Hill, 
North  Carolina  State  College  of  Agriculture  and  Engineering,  and  North 
Carolina  College  for  Women  in  Greensboro.  Dr.  Frank  Porter  Graham, 
president  of  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  was  elected  president  of  the 
Consolidated  University,  and  Dr.  Brooks,  with  the  title  of  vice  president, 
continued  as  chief  administrative  officer  at  State  College.  Among  the  con- 
sequences of  consolidation  were  the  phasing  out  of  the  School  of  Engineering 
at  Chapel  Hill  and  the  School  of  Science  and  Business  at  Raleigh.  A  general 
college,  later  called  the  Basic  Division,  was  established  to  provide  two  years  of 
basic  courses  in  humanities,  social  sciences,  and  natural  sciences  as  a 
foundation  for  students  in  the  various  degree-granting  technical  and  profes- 
sional schools. 

Colonel  John  W.  Harrelson  (1934-1953),  Class  of '09,  was  the  first  alumnus  to 
become  administrative  head  of  State  College.  Under  the  consolidated  organiza- 
tion his  title  was  Dean  of  Administration;  later  it  was  changed  to  Chancellor. 
During  Harrelson's  administration  the  institution  experienced  the  beginning 
of  extraordinary  growth  in  the  aftermath  of  World  War  H.  Two  new  schools 
were  established:  the  School  of  Design  and  the  School  of  Forestry.  A  multi- 
million  dollar  expansion  program  was  completed  during  the  administration  of 
Carey  H.  Bostian  (1953-1959),  and  the  program  of  student  activities  was 
greatly  enlarged,  as  the  enrollment  passed  5,000. 

The  faculty  and  student  population  more  than  doubled  during  the  administra- 
tion of  John  T.  Caldwell  (1959-1975)  and  another  new  school  was  organized:  the 
School  of  Physical  Sciences  and  Applied  Mathematics  (now  Physical  and 
Mathematical  Sciences).  The  School  of  General  Studies,  was  renamed  the 
School  of  Liberal  Arts.  The  name  Liberal  Arts  was  adopted  when  the  School 
was  authorized  to  offer  a  full  range  of  bachelor's  and  master's  degree  programs 
in  the  humanities  and  social  sciences.  The  name  of  the  institution  itself  was 
changed  in  1965  to  North  Carolina  State  University,  signifying  its  new  role  as 
a  comprehensive  university. 

NCSU's  enrollment  passed  20,000  during  the  administration  of  Chancellor 
Joab  L.  Thomas  (1976-1981).  The  School  of  Veterinary  Medicine  was  established, 
the  name  of  the  School  of  Liberal  Arts  was  changed  to  School  of  Humanities 
and  Social  Sciences,  and  North  Carolina  State  University  was  recognized  as 
one  of  two  major  research  universities  within  the  University  of  North  Carolina 
system. 

Bruce  R.  Poulton  became  Chancellor  in  the  fall  of  1982  as  NCSU's  tenth  chief 
administrative  officer.  He  resigned  effective  September  30,  1989. 

North  Carolina  State  University  is  one  of  the  nation's  major  public 
universities  and  shares  the  distinctive  character  of  Land-Grant  state  univer- 
sities nationally  -  broad  academic  offerings,  extensive  public  service,  national 
and  international  activities,  and  large-scale  extension  and  research  programs. 

The  University  is  organized  in  nine  schools  and  the  Graduate  School.  The 
nine  schools  are  Agriculture  and  Life  Sciences,  Design,  Education,  Engineer- 
ing, Forest  Resources,  Humanities  and  Social  Sciences,  Physical  and  Mathe- 
matical Sciences,  Textiles,  and  Veterinary  Medicine.  In  addition,  a  complex  of 
divisions,  institutes,  and  centers  provides  for  a  wide  range  of  special  academic, 
research,  and  extension  programs. 


732 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  University  of  North  Carolina  System  733 

Academic  programs  are  offered  in  88  fields  leading  to  baccalaureate  degrees, 
76  master's  degree  fields  and  48  fields  leading  to  doctoral  level  degrees. 

Research  activities  span  a  broad  spectrum  of  about  700  scientific,  tech- 
nological and  scholarly  endeavors. 

Extension  organizations  in  each  of  the  100  counites  in  North  Carolina  and  in 
the  Cherokee  Indian  Reservation  assist  in  carrying  the  University's  teaching 
and  applied  research  programs  throughout  the  State.  The  diversity  of  these 
programs  spans  such  fields  as  agriculture,  design,  education,  forestry,  engineer- 
ing, humanities,  marine  science,  textiles,  urban  affairs,  and  veterinary 
medicine. 

There  are  150  campus  buildings  on  the  central  campus  of  623  acres.  In 
addition  the  University  has  acquired  an  adjacent  property  of  780  acres  which 
will  allow  expansion.  It  has  88,000  acres  on  a  statewide  basis,  including  one 
research  and  endowment  forest  of  78,000  acres.  Near  the  main  campus  are 
research  farms;  biology  and  ecology  sites;  genetics,  horticulture  and  floriculture 
nurseries;  forests;  and  areas  such  as  Carter-Finley  Stadium,  which  together 
comprise  about  2500  acres. 

North  Carolina  State  University  is  one  of  the  three  Research  Triangle 
Universities  along  with  Duke  University  and  the  Universtiy  of  North 
Carolina  at  Chapel  Hill.  In  the  30-mile  triangle  formed  by  the  three  universities 
is  the  5,000-acre  Research  Triangle  Park,  the  Research  Triangle  Institute  (a 
Universities'  subsidiary),  and  the  Triangle  Universities  Computation  Center, 
a  central  facility  for  the  extensive  computing  activities  of  the  institutions. 

NC  State's  enrollment  reached  more  than  26,000  in  the  1989  fall  semester, 
including  more  than  4,200  lifelong  education  students  in  various  categories. 
The  undergraduate  enrollment  by  school  is:  Agriculture  and  Life  Science  — 
3,349;  Design  —  589;  Education  —  1,404;  Engineering  —  7,150;  Forest 
Resoruces  — 659;  Humanities  and  Social  Sciences  —  5,538;  Physical  and 
Mathematical  Sciences  —1,245;  Textiles  —  823;  and  Veterinary  Medicine  — 
313.  Students  at  State  come  from  49  states  and  90  countries.  The  international 
enrollment  is  a  distinctive  feature  of  the  institution  since  its  more  than  900 
international  students  give  it  a  decidedly  cosmopolitan  atmosphere. 

North  Carolina  State  University  is  committed  to  equality  of  educational 
opportunity  and  does  not  discriminate  against  applicants,  students,  or  em- 
ployees based  on  race,  color,  national  origin,  religion,  sex,  age,  or  handicap. 
Moreover,  North  Carolina  State  University  is  open  to  people  of  all  races  and 
actively  seeks  to  promote  racial  integration  by  recruiting  and  enrolling  a  larger 
number  of  black  students. 

NCSU  is  a  member  of  the  National  Association  of  State  Universities  and 
Land-Grant  Colleges,  the  American  Council  on  Education,  the  American 
Council  of  Learned  Societies,  the  Association  of  Governing  Boards  of  Univer- 
sities and  Colleges,  the  Oak  Ridge  Associated  Universities,  the  International 
University  Consortium  for  Telecommunications  in  Learning,  the  North 
Carolina  Association  of  Colleges  and  Universities,  and  the  Cooperating 
Raleigh  Colleges. 


734 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Larry  K.  Monteith 

INTERIM  CHANCELLOR 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Bryson  City, 
North  Carolina,  August  17,  1933,  to  Earl 
and  Essie  (King)  Monteith. 

Education:  North  Carolina  State  Uni- 
versity, 1960,  B.S.  (Electrical  Engineering); 
Duke  University,  1962,  M.S.  (Electrical 
Engineering);  Duke  University,  1965, 
Ph.D.  (Electrical  Engineering). 

Professional  Background:  Interim 
Chancellor,  N.C.  State  University,  October 
1989-  ;  Dean,  College  of  Engineering, 
N.C.S.U.,  1978-1989;  Head,  Department  of 
Electrical  Engineering,  N.C.S.U.,  1974-1978;  Professor,  Electrical  Engineering, 
N.C.S.U,  1972-1989;  Associate  Professor,  Electrical  Engineering,  N.C.S.U., 
1968-1972;  Adjunct  Assistant  Professor,  Electrical  Engineering,  N.C.S.U., 
1965-1968;  Group  Leader,  Research  Triangle  Institute,  1966-1968;  Member  of 
Technical  Staff,  RTI,  1962-1966;  Member  of  Technical  Staff,  Bell  Telephone 
Labs,  1960-1962. 

Organizations:  Institute  of  Electrical  and  Electronics  Engineers;  American 
Society  of  North  Carolina;  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science;  Sigma  Xi. 

Boards:  Accrediting  Board  for  Engineering  and  Technology;  Board  of 
Directors,  Research  Triangle  Institute;  Council  of  the  Institute  for  Transporta- 
tion Research  and  Engineering  Deans;  Deans  Advisory  Committee,  Micro- 
electronics Center  of  North  Carolina;  National  Science  Foundation  Panel  for 
Undergraduate  Laboratory  Equipment  Awards;  Board  of  Trustees,  N.C. 
School  for  Science  and  Mathematics,  1978-1985;  Executive  Committee  on 
Telecommunications;  Board  of  Directors,  Engineering  College  Council  of 
Deans;  Governor  James  B.  Hunt's  Committee  to  draft  original  plan  for  the 
Microelectronics  Center  of  North  Carolina;  Board  of  Directors,  National 
Driving  Center,  1981-1989. 

Honors:  Tau  Beta  Pi;  Duke  University's  Distinguished  Engineering 
Alumnus  Award,  1984. 

Family:  Married  Nancy  Alexander,  April  19,  1952.  Children:  Carol,  Larry 
and  Steve. 


The  University  of  North  Carolina  System 


735 


PEMBROKE  STATE  UNIVERSITY 


I  ^<iSss^ZQ 

PEMBROKE  STATE 
UNrVERS[TY 

Established  1887  as  the 
State  Normal  School 
for  Indians.  Since  1972 
a  campus  of  The  Univer^ 
sMy  of  North  Cardina 


In  1887  the  General  Assembly  of  North 
Carolina  authorized  establishing  a  normal 
(teacher-training)  school  for  Indians  in 
Robeson  County.  This  legislation  was  spon- 
sored by  Robeson  County  Representative 
Hamilton  McMillan  of  Red  Springs. 

For  this  school  the  state  legislature  ap- 
propriated $500,  and  designated  it  for  "the 
payment  of  services  rendered  for  teaching 
and  for  no  other  purpose."  It  was  the 
responsibility  of  the  Indian  people  them- 
selves to  raise  funds  for  land  acquisition 
and  to  construct  a  building. 
The  Rev.  W.L.  Moore,  an  Indian  leader, 
headed  this  task  and  also  was  president  of  the  first  board  of  trustees  of  the 
school.  To  help  the  cause,  he  contributed  $200  of  his  own  funds. 

The  first  college  building,  a  two-story  wooden  structure,  was  located  on  a 
one-acre  site  a  mile  from  the  present  location  for  a  cost  of  $8.  The  original 
building  would  have  cost  about  $1,000  had  not  the  Indian  people  donated  so 
much  of  their  labor  and  material. 

This  Croatan  Normal  School  opened  its  doors  in  the  fall  of  1887  with  an 
enrollment  of  15  students,  the  first  state-supported  school  of  any  type  for 
Robeson  Indians.  From  this  modest  beginning  Pembroke  State  University  has 
emerged. 

Because  W.L.  Moore  had  completed  four  years  of  normal  school  prior  to 
moving  to  Robeson  County,  he  was  elected  to  be  the  first  principal  and  teacher, 
a  position  he  filled  for  the  next  three  years. 

In  1889  the  General  Assembly  increased  the  appropriation  to  $1 ,000,  and  this 
level  of  support  was  continued  for  many  years. 
In  1909  the  school  was  moved  to  Pembroke,  center  of  the  Lumbee  Indian  community. 
In  1911  the  General  Assembly  changed  the  name  of  the  school  to  Indian 
Normal  School  of  Robeson  County,  and  in  1913  renamed  it  the  Cherokee 
Indian  Normal  School  of  Robeson  County.  The  school's  property  was  also 
deeded  to  the  State  Board  of  Education,  which  was  also  given  the  authority  to 
appoint  its  Board  of  Trustees. 

The  first  surge  of  progress  for  the  school  came  during  the  superintendency  of 
Professor  T.C.  Henderson  (1918-22)  when  the  faculty  was  increased,  new  high 
school  courses  offered,  vocational  courses  introduced,  and  a  summer  school 
begun. 

In  1921 ,  through  the  efforts  of  Judge  L.R.  Varser  of  Lumberton,  a  member  of 
the  State  Legislature,  the  state  appropriated  $75,000  for  the  construction  of  a 
brick  auditorium-classroom  building.  This  structure,  completed  in  1923,  is 
known  as  Old  Main,  a  building  revered  by  the  Indians  because  of  its  meaning 
in  their  educational  development.  This  building  was  partially  destroyed  by  fire 


736 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Old  Main  Building,  the  first  brick  building  on  campus,  was  constructed  in  1923. 


in  1973,  but  a  modern  structure  was  rebuilt  inside  the  original  brick  walls.  The 
new  Old  Main  was  rededicated  in  1980. 

In  1924  the  high  school  was  accredited  by  the  State  Board  of  Education. 
Until  1926  only  elementary  and  high  school  courses  were  offered,  but  in  that 
year  the  phasing  out  of  the  elementary  offerings  was  begun. 

In  the  early  1930s,  college  classes  were  started,  and  by  1938  three  full  years  of 
college  work  were  available.  A  fourth  year  of  college  work  was  added  in  1939 
with  the  first  college  degrees  being  conferred  in  June,  1940. 

In  keeping  with  this  college  status,  the  State  Legislature  in  1941  renamed  the 
school  Pembroke  State  College  for  Indians.  In  1949,  the  name  was  shortened  to 
Pembroke  State  College. 

Until  1945  only  Robeson  County  Indians  were  eligible  for  admission  to 
Pembroke  State  College,  but  in  that  year  the  Legislature  authorized  admission 
of  all  Indians. 

With  the  Supreme  Court  decision  outlawing  segregation  in  1954,  Pembroke 
State  was  opened  to  all  qualified  applicants  without  regard  to  race  or  national 
origin. 

The  General  Assembly  granted  regional  university  status  to  the  institution 
in  1969,  automatically  changing  the  name  to  Pembroke  State  University. 

In  1972  Pembroke  State  University  became  a  constituent  institution  of  the 
16-campus  University  of  North  Carolina  System. 


The  University  of  North  Carolina  System 


737 


Joseph  Bruce  Oxendine 

CHANCELLOR 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Pembroke,  North 
Carolina,  March  31,  1930,  to  Thomas  H. 
and  Georgie  Rae  Oxendine  (both  de- 
ceased). 

Education:  Pembroke  High  School; 
Catawba  College,1952,  A.B.  (Health  and 
Physical  Education);  Boston  University, 
1953,  Ed.M.  (Physical  Education  and 
Educational  Administration);  Boston  Uni- 
•21  versity,  1959,  Ed.D.  (Physical  Education 
and  Educational  Psychology). 

Professional  Background:  Chan- 
cellor, Pembroke  State  University,  July  1989- ;  Professor,  Temple  University 
1959-1989;  Dean,  College  of  Health,  Physical  Education,  Recreation  and  Dance 
(1968-1981),  Temple  University. 

Organizations:  American  Association  of  University  Professors;  American 
Association  of  State  Colleges  and  Universities;  American  Alliance  for  Health, 
Physical  Education,  Recreation  and  Dance;  National  Association  for  Sport 
and  Physical  Education;  National  Association  for  Physical  Education  in 
Higher  Education. 

Boards  and  Commissions:  Technical  reviewer  of  grant  proposals  for 
Health  Career  Opportunity  Programs  in  the  Department  of  Health  and 
Human  Services;  Technical  Reviewer  of  Indian  Health  Scholarship  applica- 
tions for  the  Department  of  Health  and  Human  Services;  Member  of  the 
National  Alumni  Council  of  Boston  University;  Member  of  Board  of  Directors 
of  the  Indian  Rights  Association  (President  1979-1982);  Reviewer  for  the 
Psychological  and  Social  Sciences  Section  of  The  Journal  of  Gerontology. 

Publications:  American  Indian  Sports  Heritage.  1988  Campaign,  IL, 
Human  Kinetics,  Inc. ;Psyc/io/o^y  of  Motor  Learning,  (2nd  ed.),  1984,  Engle- 
wood  Cliffs,  NJ,  Prentice-Hall,  Inc.;  Psychology  of  Motor  Learning,  1968,  New 
York,  Appleton,  Century-Crofts,  plus  three  dozen  professional  and  research 
articles,  and  five  chapters  in  books  on  Sport  Psychology. 

Honors:  Charles  D.  Henry  Award  (for  the  enhancement  of  ethnic  minority 
members)  American  Association  of  Health,  Physical  Education,  Recreation 
and  Dance,  1989;  Stauffer  Award  for  Outstanding  Faculty  Service,  Temple 
University,  1989;  Honor  Award,  American  Association  of  Health,  Physical 
Education  Recreation  and  Dance,  1986;  Honorary  Degree,  Doctor  of  Science, 
Catawba  College,  1979;  Inducted  into  Sports  Hall  of  Fame,  Catawba  College, 
1978;  Alumni  Award  for  Distinguished  Public  Service,  Boston  University, 
1978;  "Tarheel  of  the  Week",  Raleigh  News  and  Observer,  July,  1989. 

Military  Service:  U.  S  Army,  1953-1955,  Korea  and  Hawaii. 

Family:  Married  Adrienne  McNaughton  of  Philadelphia,  August  19,  1961. 
Children:  James  Thomas  and  Jean  Marie. 


738  North  Carolina  Manual 


P  ^»<iiiaii«^56 


UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA  -  ASHEVILLE 

The  University  of  North  CaroHna  at  Ashe- 

ville  has  grown  from  a  community  junior 

college  to  a  high-quality  liberal  arts  univer- 

riNIIVFR*>lTY  OF  N  C  I      ^^^^  with  strong  programs  such  as  the 

AT  ASHEVILLE*    'I      "humanities  core,"  health  promotion  and 

Established   1927;    be- 1     wellness,  teacher  education  and  under- 

came  ASftevillcBiltitiore  |     graduate  research. 

Collegel936.  Movedh^^  1  Si"^^  ^^SO  UNCA's  enrollment  has 
in  1961.  A  campus  of  I  grown  40  percent,  making  it  the  fastest- 
The  University  of  North  I  growing  campus  in  the  UNC  system  and 
Carolina,    1969,  I      one  ofthe  nation's  fastest-growing  public 

campuses.  Much  of  that  growth  has  been 
due  to  new  strengths  in  computer  science, 
management,  accounting,  communica- 
tions, environmental  studies,  atmospheric  science,  and  industrial  and  engineer- 
ing management. 

UNCA  was  originally  established  as  Buncombe  County  Junior  College  in 
1927  and  was  housed  in  the  basement  of  a  public  school.  Five  changes  of  name, 
four  different  patterns  of  educational  organization,  and  several  shifts  of 
location  followed  -  until  the  college  became  a  campus  of  the  consolidated 
University  of  North  Carolina  on  July  1,  1969. 

After  Buncombe  County  Junior  College  was  established,  the  Asheville  City 
School  Board  also  started  the  College  ofthe  City  of  Asheville.  The  two  colleges 
operated  as  free  public  institutions  unitl  1930,  when  a  financial  crisis  forced  the 
city  college  to  close  and  the  county  college  to  begin  charging  tuition.  The  name 
ofthe  latter  was  changed  to  Biltmore  Junior  College,  which  became,  in  effect, 
the  successor  to  both  institutions.  For  three  years  the  faculty  exercised  control 
of  the  school,  but  on  Jan.  11,  1934,  they  turned  their  authority  over  to  a 
newly-selected  board  of  trustees.  A  charter  was  secured  under  the  name  of 
Biltmore  College.  In  1936  control  passed  to  the  Asheville  City  School  Board, 
and  the  name  was  once  again  changed,  this  time  to  Asheville-Biltmore  College, 
the  name  by  which  the  institution  was  known  until  1969. 

During  the  1930s  and  1940s,  the  institution  remained  a  local  junior  college 
under  joint  city  and  county  control.  In  1955,  the  General  Assembly  of  North 
Carolina  voted  a  modest  appropriations  for  its  support,  increasing  the  amount 
two  years  later.  Under  the  provisions  of  the  1957  Community  College  Act, 
Asheville-Biltmore  College  was  the  first  institution  to  qualify  as  a  state- 
supported  community  college,  with  a  board  of  trustees  appointed  by  the 
Governor,  the  City  Council,  the  County  Board  of  Commissioners,  and  the  city 
and  county  boards  of  education. 

Vigorous  development  of  the  college  began  in  1958,  when  the  voters 
approved  a  $500,000  bond  issue  for  capital  funds  for  the  college.  This  sum,  plus 


The  University  of  North  Carolina  System 


739 


D.  Hiden  Ramsey  Library 


funds  allocated  by  the  state,  enabled  the  institution  to  acquire  a  157-acre  tract 
in  north  Asheville.  The  first  two  buildings  on  this  new  campus  were  completed 
and  occupied  in  the  fall  of  1961.  In  that  same  year,  area  voters  approved  a 
$750,000  bond  issue,  which  was  matched  with  state  funds  to  construct  five 
additional  buildings. 

On  July  1,  1963,  Asheville-Biltmore  College  became  a  state  senior  college 
under  the  control  of  a  new  board  of  trustees.  This  board,  believing  that  the 
college  should  have  a  residential  character,  petitioned  the  General  Assembly 
for  dormitories,  which  were  first  occupied  in  1967.  In  that  same  year,  after 
visits  from  committees  of  the  Southern  Association  of  Colleges  and  Schools, 
Asheville-Biltmore  became  a  fully  accredited  senior  college. 

As  early  as  1962,  Asheville-Biltmore  College  had  expressed  the  goal  of 
becoming  a  campus  of  the  Consolidated  University  of  North  Carolina.  In  1966 
the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  college  passed  a  resolution  stating  its  intention  to 
see  the  school  become  the  University  of  North  Carolina  at  Asheville.  After  two 
years  of  discussion,  a  committee  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Consolidated 
University  visited  Asheville  in  April,  1968  to  determine  whether  the  college 
should  be  incorporated  into  the  University  of  North  Carolina.  Their  findings 
were  favorable  and  were  adopted  by  the  full  Board  of  Trustees  on  Dec.  2,  1968. 
Subsequently,  the  State  Board  of  Higher  Education  endorsed  the  proposal, 
which  was  then  submitted  to  the  General  Assembly.  The  General  Assembly 


740  North  Carolina  Manual 

gave  its  approval,  and  on  July  1,  1969,  Asheville-Biltmore  College  became  the 
University  of  North  Caroina  at  Asheville,  one  of  six  campuses  of  the 
Consolidated  University.  On  July  1,  1972,  the  10  remaining  state-supported 
senior  institutions  were  merged  into  one  statewide,  multi-campus  system, 
making  the  University  of  North  Carolina  at  Asheville  one  of  16  constituent 
institutions  of  the  University  of  North  Carolina. 


The  University  of  North  Carolina  System 


741 


David  G.  Brown 

CHANCELLOR 

Early  Years:  Bom  in  Chicago,  Illinois, 
February  19,  1936  to  Wendell  J.  and 
Margaret  (James)  Brown. 

Education:  Denison  University,  1958, 
A.B.  (Economics);  Princeton  University, 
1960,  M.A.;  Princeton  University,  1961, 
Ph.D.  (Economics). 

Professional  Background:  Chan- 
cellor, UNCAsheville;  former  President, 
Transylvania  University;  former  Provost 
and  Executive  Vice  President,  Miami  Uni- 
versity, Ohio;  former  Provost  and  Vice 
President  for  Academic  Affairs,  Drake  University,  1967-70;  intern.  Academic 
Administration  of  American  Council  of  Education,  University  of  Minnesota, 
1966-67;  Assistant  and  Associate  Professor  of  Economics,  UNC-Chapel  Hill, 
1961-66  (Director,  Academic  Labor  Market  Study;  General  College  Advisor); 
faculty,  St.  Augustine's  College  and  NC  Central  University,  1961-66;  research 
assistant,  Industrial  Relations  Center,  Princeton  University,  summers  1959-60. 

Organizations:  Omicron  Delta  Kappa;  Phi  Delta  Kappa;  Beta  Gamma 
Sigma;  Phi  Kappa  Phi  Blue  Key;  Association  of  American  Colleges  (Commis- 
sion on  National  Affairs);  University  Autonomy,  1977;  Chairman,  Ohio 
Provost,  1971-78;  American  Association  for  Higher  Education  (Chairman, 
1981-82);  National  Association  of  State  University  and  Land  Grant  Colleges 
(Chairman,  Academic  Affairs  Council,  1975;  Executive  Committee,  1978-80). 

Boards  and  Commissions:  Higher  Education  Colloquium,  Chairman, 
1984-86;  American  Council  on  Education  (Chairman,  Council  of  Chief 
Academic  Officers,  1979-80);  former  Chairman,  National  Council  of  Land 
Grant  Provosts. 

Honors:  Phi  Beta  Kappa;  Ace  Fellow,  American  Council  of  Education;  "100 
Young  Leaders  in  Higher  Education,"  Ace  Magazine;  Tanner  Teaching 
Award,  UNC-Chapel  Hiil,  1965;  Harold  Dobbs  Fellow,  1960-61;  research  grants 
from  UNC  Research  Council,  National  Science  Foundation,  US  Office  of 
Education,  and  Carnegie  Foundation. 

Literary  Works:  The  Academic  Deanship;  Leadership  Vitality  Workbook, 
1979;  The  Market  for  College  Teachers,  1965;  The  Mobile  Professors,  1967; 
numerous  articles  in  professional  journals. 

Family:  Married,  Eleanor  Rosene,  August  16,  1958.  Children:  Alison  and 
Dirksen. 


742 


Nt)KTH  Carolina  Manual 


UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA  -  CHAPEL  HILL 


G  'Si.ssii^QZ 

UNIVERSITY  OF  NX.  I 
AT  CHAPEL  HILL    j 

First  state  university 
to  open  its  doors,  1795. 
Chartered  in  1789  under 
the  Constitution  of  1776. 


i*»'^ 


When  the  framers  of  North  Carohna's 
first  state  constitution  wrote  in  1776  that 
"all  useful  learning"  should  be  "duly 
encouraged  and  promoted  in  one  or  more 
universities,"  they  could  not  have  en- 
visioned just  how  successfully  that  charge 
would  be  met  during  the  next  two  centuries 
at  The  LJniversity  of  North  Carolina  at 
Chapel  Hill. 

Chartered  in  1789,  the  year  of  George 
Washington's  first  inauguration,  the  Uni- 
versity at  Chapel  Hill  was  the  first  state 
university  in  the  nation  to  open  its  doors 
-in  1 795  -  and  was  the  only  public  university 
in  the  nation  to  award  degrees  to  students  in  the  eighteenth  century. 

The  charter  called  for  a  central  location  in  the  state,  and  the  place  chosen 
was  called  New  Hope  Chapel,  now  Chapel  Hill,  where  several  Colonial  roads 
converged.  Legends  hold  that  William  Richardson  Davie  chose  the  location, 
and  a  massive  tree,  now  called  the  Davie  Poplar  and  still  a  campus  landmark, 
helps  keep  the  tale  alive  although  Davie  was  not  on  the  site  selection 
committee.  But  it  is  fact  that  Davie,  the  state's  grand  master  of  Masons,  laid 
the  cornerstone  for  Old  East,  the  University's  first  building  and  the  oldest  state 
university  building  in  the  LInited  States,  on  October  12,  1793. 

The  University  of  North  Carolina  opened  its  doors  on  January  15,  1795,  and 
a  month  later  its  first  student,  Hinton  James,  arrived  by  foot.  By  March  1 ,  there 
were  41  students  and  two  professors. 

The  University  survived  political  apathy  and  poverty  to  emerge  as  a  major 
university.  The  natural  sciences  were  given  equal  status  with  classical  studies 
in  1815,  leading  the  nation's  first  state  university  to  other  firsts.  In  the  1820s 
Denison  Olmsted  and  Elisha  Mitchell  prepared  and  published  reports  of  the 
nation's  first  geological  survey,  an  initial  act  of  service  to  the  state.  From 
1827-31  UNC  President  Joseph  Caldwell  made  the  nation's  first  astronomical 
observations  from  his  study  in  South  Building,  and  in  1832  he  built  the  first 
observatory  at  a  state  university  in  North  America. 

The  University  prospered,  and  by  1860  only  Yale  LJniversity  had  a  greater 
enrollment.  Then  came  the  War  Between  the  States.  UNC-CH  was  one  of  the 
Few  Southern  universities  to  stay  open,  but  Reconstruction  caused  it  to  close 
(1870-75)  for  the  only  time  in  its  history. 

After  reopening ,  the  LJniversity  added  programs  that  enhanced  its  status  as 
a  major  university.  In  1876  it  announced  a  program  of  graduate  studies 
leading  toward  post  baccalaureate  degrees.  In  1877  it  became  the  first 
university  to  open  a  summer  school  for  teachers.  In  1879  it  began  medical  and 
pharmaceutical  studies.  In  1881  it  received  its  first  regular  legislative  appropria- 


The  University  of  North  Carolina  System  743 

tion  for  maintenance.  In  1885  it  introduced  a  regular  program  for  the 
preparation  of  teachers.  In  1892  William  Rand  Kenan,  Jr.,  working  in  the 
University  laboratory  of  Dr.  Francis  P.  Venable,  participated  in  research  that 
identified  calcium  carbide  and  developed  a  formula  for  making  acetylene  gas 
from  it.  Dr.  Venable  was  president  of  the  University  from  1900  to  1914.  In  1894 
the  previously  semi-independent  School  of  Law  was  incorporated  into  the 
administrative  structure.  In  1897  the  first  women  students  were  admitted.  At 
the  turn  of  the  twentieth  century,  the  University  had  512  students  and  a 
faculty  of  35.  It  had  an  undergraduate  college,  a  department  for  the  education 
of  teachers,  and  the  beginnings  of  Schools  of  Law,  Medicine,  and  Pharmacy.  It 
had  awarded  master's  degrees  and  seven  Ph.D.'s. 

The  first  three  decades  of  the  twentieth  century  were  periods  of  significant 
growth.  Enrollment  increased  to  approximately  1,000  in  1915.  Library  extension 
services  began  in  1902.  The  School  of  Education  was  established  in  1913,  and 
the  Bureau  of  Extension,  organized  in  1913,  extended  the  resources  of  the 
University  to  the  people  of  the  state  on  a  regular  basis.  The  endowed  Kenan 
professorships  fund  was  established  in  1917,  giving  incentive  for  the  faculty  to 
excel  in  teaching,  research,  and  service  to  the  University.  In  1919  the  School  of 
Commerce  was  established  (now  the  School  of  Business  Administration).  The 
Graduate  School  was  reorganized  in  1920.  The  School  of  Public  Welfare,  an 
outgrowth  of  the  Department  of  Sociology,  began  in  1920;  its  name  was 
changed  to  the  School  of  Social  Work  in  1950.  The  University  was  elected  to 
membership  in  the  Association  of  American  Universities  in  1922.  The  Univer- 
sity of  North  Carolina  Press  was  incorporated  in  1922.  A  School  of  Engineering 
was  organized  in  1922  -  later  to  be  moved  to  North  Carolina  State  upon  the 
creation  of  the  Consolidated  University.  The  Institute  for  Research  in  Social 
Science  was  organized  in  1924.  By  1930  there  was  a  student  body  in  excess  of 
2,600  and  a  faculty  of  222  full-  and  85  part-time  members.  The  University  was 
organized  to  conduct  teaching,  study,  and  research  at  undergraduate, 
graduate,  and  professional  levels  in  twelve  colleges  and  schools  and  in  twenty- 
one  departments. 

The  Consolidation  Act  of  1931  joined  the  University  with  the  Woman's 
College  at  Greensboro  and  North  Carolina  State  College  at  Raleigh  under  a 
single  Board  of  Trustees  of  one  hundred  members  charged  with  making 
allocation  of  functions  among  the  three  constituent  institutions.  The  offices  of 
the  Consolidated  University  were  located  in  Chapel  Hill  with  President  Frank 
P.  Graham  of  the  University  becoming  the  first  president  of  the  Consolidated 
University. 

Also  in  1931  the  School  of  Library  Science  was  established  and  the  Institute 
of  Government  was  founded.  (It  became  an  official  part  of  the  University  in 
1942.)  In  1936  the  School  of  Public  Health  was  established.  In  1940  the  Naval 
ROTC  unit  was  established  and  in  1947  it  was  joined  by  the  Air  Force  ROTC 
unit. 

Legislative  appropriations  and  authorizations  in  1947  initiated  the  Division 
of  Health  Affairs,  which  was  formally  organized  in  1949  with  Schools  of 
Dentistry  and  Nursing  added  to  the  existing  Schools  of  Medicine,  Pharmacy, 
and  Public  Health.  The  opening  of  North  Carolina  Memorial  Hospital  in  1952 
provided  clinical  facilities  for  the  Schools. 


744 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Old  East,  the  nation's  oldest  state  University  building,  still  serves  as  a  residence  hall.     ( 


The  University  of  North  Carolina  System  745 

The  Division  of  Academic  Affairs  also  was  being  enhanced.  The  Morehead 
Building  and  Planetarium,  the  first  owned  by  a  U.S.  university,  was  completed 
in  1949,  and  the  next  year  the  School  of  Journalism  was  started.  In  1958  the 
William  Hayes  Ackland  Memorial  Art  Museum  was  completed,  and  in  1959  the 
University  was  one  of  the  first  to  install  a  large  computer  system. 

P>om  one  building,  100  students  and  two  professors  during  its  first  year, 
Carolina  has  grown  now  to  over  160  permanent  buildings,  more  than  22,000 
students,  and  more  than  2,000  full-time  faculty  teaching  in  more  than  100 
fields.  Its  living  alumni  total  more  than  165,000,  some  40  percent  of  whom 
graduated  within  the  last  15  years.  The  University's  alumni  are  leaders  in  state 
and  national  government,  including  31  North  Carolina  governors  and  a 
president  of  the  United  States  -  James  K.  Polk.  Also  represented  are  Academy 
Award  and  Pulitzer  Prize  winners,  such  as  Louise  Fletcher,  Vermont  Royster, 
and  Jeff  MacNelly,  and  television  news  personalities  including  Roger  Mudd 
and  Charles  Kuralt.  Other  outstanding  alumni  in  the  arts  include  the  late 
novelist  Thomas  Wolfe,  the  late  playwright  Paul  Green,  and  actor  Andy 
Griffith. 

In  1971  the  organization  of  higher  education  in  North  Carolina  was  modified 
substantially.  All  four-year  institutions  of  higher  education  in  the  State 
including  the  North  Carolina  School  of  the  Arts  were  placed  under  a  single 
governing  board  and  a  single  president.  The  governing  board,  called  the  Board 
of  Governors,  was  assigned  authority  to  conduct  all  legal  affairs  and  establish 
all  basic  policies  for  The  University  of  North  Carolina  as  a  multi-institutional 
university. 

The  University  has  been  recognized  for  the  quality  of  its  graduate  programs 
in  every  national  survey  conducted  in  the  past  third  of  this  century.  The  recent 
national  survey  of  graduate  programs  published  by  the  National  Academy  of 
Sciences  indicated  that  Chapel  Hill  was  ranked  18th  in  the  nation  and  first  in 
the  South. 

Several  recent  national  surveys  rate  Carolina  among  the  top  10  universities 
in  the  nation.  The  University's  3  million  volume  library  system  is  ranked  first 
in  the  Southeast  and  18th  in  the  U.S.  and  Canada  by  the  Association  of 
Research  Libraries.  The  system  includes  the  main  Davis  Library  (opened  in 
1984),  Wilson  Library,  the  House  Undergraduate  Library  and  the  Health 
Sciences  Library  plus  another  12  school  or  departmental  libraries.  The 
extensive  North  Carolina,  Southern  Historical,  and  Rare  Book  collections  are 
in  the  Wilson  Library. 

The  University  that  opened  its  doors  in  1795  with  a  typical  eighteenth 
century  American  college  curriculum  is  the  largest,  most  comprehensive 
institution  in  North  Carolina,  both  in  the  range  of  its  programs  at  all  levels  and 
in  the  breadth  of  its  specialized  research  and  public  service  programs.  The 
University's  14  colleges  and  schools  provide  instruction  in  more  than  100 
fields,  offering  69  bachelor's,  88  master's,  59  doctoral  and  four  professional 
degrees. 

It  has  more  than  remained  faithful  to  its  founding  fathers'  charge;  to  duly 
encourage  and  promote  all  useful  learning  for  the  betterment  of  humanity. 


746 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Paul  Hardin 

CHANCELLOR 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Charlotte, 
Mecklenburg  County,  June  11,  1931,  to 
Paul  and  Dorothy  (Reel)  Hardin,  Jr. 

Education:  High  Point  High  School; 
Duke  University,  1952,  A.B.  (English); 
Duke  University  School  of  Law,  1954, 
J.D. 

Professional  Background:  Chan 
cellor,  University  of  North  Carolina — 
Chapel  Hill,  1988- ;  President,  Drew  Uni- 
versity, 1976-1988;  President,  Southern 
Methodist  University,  1972-1974;  Presi- 
dent, Wofford  College,  1968-1972;  Law  Faculty,  Duke  University  School  of 
Law,  1958-1968;  Law  Practice,  1954,  1956-1958. 

Organizations:  Member:  Rotary  Club,  1960-  (President,  Durham  Rotary 
Club,  1967-68). 

Boards:  Member:  Board  of  Directors,  Summit  Bancorporation,  1976- ;  Board 
of  Directors,  Shearson  Daily  Dividend,  Inc.  and  related  funds,  1979- ;  Board  of 
Directors,  Mutual  Benefit  Life  Insurance  Co.,  1983- ;  Board  of  Directors,  The 
Italy  Fund,  1985- . 

Political  Activities:  Member,  Board  of  Higher  Education,  State  of  New 
Jersey,  1983-1988. 

Military  Service:  U.S.  Army,  Counter  Intelligence  Corps,  1954-1956; 
Graduated  first  in  class  at  U.S.  Army  Counter  Intelligence  School  (Fort 
Holabird,  Md.),  1955. 

Honors:  L.H.D.  (honorary),  Clemson  University,  1970;  LL.D.  (honorary), 
Coker  College,  1972;  Litt.D.  (honorary),  Nebraska  Wesleyan  College,  1978; 
LL.D.  (honorary),  Adrian  College,  1987;  LL.D.  (honorary),  Monmouth  College, 
1988;  HH.D.  (honorary),  Wofford  College,  1989. 

Religious  Activities:  University  Methodist  Church,  Chapel  Hill;  delegate 
to  several  General  Conferences  of  the  United  Methodist  Church. 

Family:  Married  Barbara  Russell  of  Durham,  Durham  County,  June  8, 1954. 
Children:  Paul  Russell  Hardin,  Sandra  Mikush,  Dorothy  Holmes. 


The  University  of  North  Carolina  System  747 


UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA  -  CHARLOTTE 

The  University  of  North  CaroHna  at  Char- 
lotte was  created  by  the  North  CaroHna 
L  \i^js<«^86      ""^TB     General  Assembly  in  1965.  The  legislation 
UNIVERSITY  OF  N.C.H     made   Charlotte   College,   UNCC's   pre- 
AT  CHARLOTTE      ^m     decessor  institution,  the  fourth  campus  of 

I  Aau  ^H     the  consolidated  University  of  North  Caro- 

Establishedl946:became|W     j^j^^    j^^  ^9-73^  the  University  of  North 
Charlotte  College.  ly^y.M     Carolina  system  was  restructured,  and 
Moved  here  1961  CampusM     UNCC  became  one  of  the  16  public  senior 
of  TheUniversityot  NorthM     institutions  composing  the  system. 
|CaroIina  since  190t).       ^j         UNCC  can  trace  its  lineage  to  1946  with 

the  establishment  of  the  Charlotte  Center 
of  the  University  of  North  Carolina.  The 
center  became  Charlotte  College  in  1949. 
Offering  a  junior  college  curriculum,  the  College  operated  under  the  Charlotte 
Board  of  School  Commissioners  until  1958  when  it  became  a  part  of  the  North 
Carolina  community  college  system.  In  1963,  Charlotte  College  became  a 
four-year  institution. 

Dr.  D.W.  Colvard  was  elected  the  first  chancellor  of  the  Charlotte  campus  on 
January  28,  1966.  Dr.  E.K.  Fretwell  Jr.  became  the  second  chancellor  on 
January  1,  1979. 

The  University  is  composed  of  the  College  of  Liberal  Arts  and  five 
professional  colleges:  Architecture,  Business  Administration,  Education, 
Engineering  and  Nursing. 

Enrollment  passed  the  10,000  mark  in  the  fall  of  1982  and  now  is  approxi- 
mately 10,500.  The  institution  offers  a  broad  range  of  undergraduate  and  a 
growing  number  of  master's  degree  programs. 

UNCC  has  become  somewhat  unique  because  of  its  role  in  developing  its 
surrounding  environment.  This  includes  University  Research  Park,  North 
Carolina's  second  such  development  and  similar  in  concept  to  Research 
Triangle  Park;  University  Memorial  Hospital,  a  130-bed  facility;  and  University 
Place,  a  European-style  mixed  use  development  of  housing,  stores,  restaurants, 
offices,  theaters,  and  a  hotel.  The  sum  of  all  the  parts  is  known  as  University 
City.  The  research  park  and  the  mixed-use  development  will  create  an 
endowment  of  more  than  $10  million  for  the  university. 

Another  unique  aspect  of  the  University  is  the  scope  of  its  outreach  activities. 
These  include  continuing  education;  an  Urban  Institute  to  provide  research 
and  service  to  urban  areas;  the  Center  for  International  Studies,  to  help 
Charlotte  relate  to  the  growing  number  of  international  people  and  firms 
locating  in  the  area;  and  a  100,000  watt  public  radio  station,  WFAE-FM. 

The  University  of  North  Carolina  at  Charlotte  and  its  mission  evolve 
through  the  interrelationships  of  its  faculty,  staff,  students  and  their  interaction 


748 


North  C'ahomna  Manual 


with  its  peculiar  historic  and  geo- 
graphic context.  It  affirms  the 
chissical  functions  of  an  institution 
of  higher  education  to  preserve, 
generate,  transmit  and  apply 
knowledge  and  understanding,  and 
to  foster  and  support  a  vital  spirit  of 
open  inquiry  and  critical  thinking. 

In  the  spirit  of  that  tradition,  the 
University  seeks  to  address  the  issues 
which  face  all  men  and  women  who 
live  in  a  rapidly  changing,  tech- 
nological society  in  which  persons 
are  in  ever  closer  contact  with  one 
another.  It  addresses  these  issues  by 
focusing  concern  on  the  quality  of 
life  available  to  present  and  succeed- 
ing generations,  a  concern  with  three 
primary  attachments:  individuals, 
environments  and  the  values  which 
undergird  society.  Thus,  the  Univer- 
sity is  oriented  around  the  comple- 
mentary ideas  of:  (1)  increasing  the 
capacity  of  individuals  to  live  pro- 
ductive, satisfying  and  personally 
rewarding  lives;  (2)  contributing  to 
the  development  of  intellectual, 
emotional,  physical  and  social  environments  in  which  persons  are  supported 
and  affirmed;  and  Ci)  focusing  attention  on  the  ideas  and  values  which  have 
shaped  and  are  shaping  civilization. 

The  University  affirms  the  primacy  of  its  obligation  to  assist  persons  in 
educating  themselves  to  live  productive  lives  through  the  application  of 
practical  knowledge  and  inquiring  intellects.  Itrecognizes  its  further  obligation 
to  assist  people  to  live  creatively  within  a  framework  of  examined  values  and  to 
live  tolerantly  in  the  knowledge  thatevery  [XTson  is  inexorably  joined  with  all 
other  persons  in  the  process  of  shaping  the  future.  ^ 

The  University  likewise  affirms  its  obligation  to  provide  opportunites  for  ' 
persons  to  investigate  and  contribute  to  the  greater  understanding  of  our 
environments,   construed    in    the   broadest  sense,   and    to   encourage   those 
developments  which  would  enhance  the  (juality  and  enjoyment  of  life. 

Finally,  the  University  affirms  its  obligation  to  provide  opportunities  for 
persons  to  examine  their  thoughts,  attitudes  and  feelings  in  the  light  of  the  | 
ideas  and  valu<'s  which  shape  civilizations;  to  encourage  individuals  in  the  i 
process  of  valuing;  and  to  sensitize  people  to  the  importance  of  values  in 
making  personal  and  corporate  decisions.  j 

'Vo  apply  itself  to  the  tenets  of  its  mission,  the  University  recognizes  that  it  \ 
mustcontinue  to  involve  itself  with  its  total  environment,  that  it  must  promote  I 
and  protect  the  freedom  which  is  essential  for  incpiiring  minds  to  grow  and  be  | 
{)rodu(tive,  and  above  all,  that  it  tnust  assure  that  ifs  own  policies  and  i 
practices  reflect  its  firm  belief  in  the  value  of  persons.  i 


Thf  Hc'lk  'I'owt'r  and  ('arillon 


Thk  Univkksity  of  North  Carolina  Systkm 


749 


James  H.  Wood>vard 

CHANCELLOR 

Pearly  Years:  Born  in  Sanford,  Florida, 
November  24,  1939,  to  J.  Hoyt  Woodward. 

P^ducation:  Georgia  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology, 1962,  B.S.A.E.  (with  honors); 
Georgia  Institute  of  Technology,  19H7, 
Ph.D.;  The  University  of  Alabama  at 
Birmingham,  \9TA,  M.B.A. 

Professional  Background:  Chan 
cellor.  University  of  North  Carolina — 
Charlotte,  1 989- ;  Senior  Vice  President  for 
University  College,  University  of  Alabama 
at  Birmingham,  1984-1989;  Dean,  School 
of  Engineering,  UAB,  1978-198H;  Professor  of  Engineering  Mechanics,  UAl^, 
1977-1989;  Assistant  Vice  President  for  University  College,  UAB,  197;M978; 
Director  of  Technology  Development,  Rust  International,  1970-197;?. 

Organizations:  Past  Member:  Red  Cross  of  Alabama  (Executive  Com 
mittee,    198B-1989);   Birmingham   Area   C^hamber  of  C-ommerce  (Board   of 
Directors,  1988-89);  liirmingham  United  Way  Campaign  (Co-Chairman,  1989). 

Boards:   Member:   Board  of  Directors,  Microcomputer  Center  of  North 
Carolina.    Past    Member:    Chairman,    Alabama    Supercomputer    Authority, 

1984-1989. 

Military  Service:  U.S.  Air  Force,  I96r)-I9(i8  (Captain). 

Religious  Activities:  Member  of  the  Methodist  Church. 

Family:  Married  Martha  Mill  of  Columbus,  Georgia.,  October  I.?,   1956. 
Children:  ('onnie  Paternostro,  Tracey  Woodward,  and  Wade  Woodward. 


750 


North  Carolina  Manual 


UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA  -  GREENSBORO 


J  ^ifitfy  lo 

UNIVERSITY  OF  NX. 
AT  GREENSBORO 

]Est  in  1891  as  a  normal 

school:  became  Woman's 

College  of  the  University 

of  North  Carolina.  1932. ' 

Coeducational  sincel965.  ^ 


vm 


The  University  of  North  CaroHna  at 
Greensboro,  located  near  the  center  of 
North  Carohna  and  in  the  state's  second 
largest  city,  has  a  strong  tradition  of 
academic  excellence.  As  the  State  Normal 
and  Industrial  College  (1891-1919),  the 
North  Carolina  College  for  Women  (1919- 
1932)  and  the  Woman's  College  of  the 
University  of  North  Carolina  (1932-1963), 
the  institution's  concentration  for  many 
years  was  on  the  education  of  young 
women.  In  1963,  Woman's  College  was 
renamed  the  University  of  North  Carolina 
at  Greensboro  and  became  coeducational. 
With  the  change  came  an  expanded  educational  mission,  as  well,  particularly 
at  the  graduate  level. 

Today,  UNC-G  offers  undergraduates  degrees  in  90  areas,  master's  degrees 
in  72  concentrations  and  doctoral  degrees  in  13  areas  of  study. 

Academically,  the  University  consists  of  a  College  of  Arts  and  Sciences, 
which  contains  19  departments,  and  six  professional  schools  (Business  and 
Economics,  Education,  Home  Economics,  Music,  Nursing  and  Health,  Physical 
Education,  Recreation  and  Dance).  Walter  Clinton  Jackson  Library  has  an 
open-stack  collection  of  1,574,631  items,  including  books,  documents  and 
microtext.  The  University's  Residential  College  provides  a  program  for 
freshmen  and  sophomores  seeking  an  innovative  learning  envirnoment.  Inter- 
departmental studies  are  offered,  along  with  an  Honors  Program. 

Long  known  for  its  strength  in  the  arts,  UNC-G  offers  a  broad  performance 
program  in  theatre,  music  and  dance.  Studies  in  art  are  enriched  by  Weather- 
spoon  Art  Gallery,  which  houses  the  most  outstanding  permanent  collection  of 
contemporary  art  in  the  Southeast. 

The  University  has  a  full-time  faculty  of  over  550  with  nearly  75  percent 
holding  doctoral  degrees.  Today's  total  of  faculty  members  and  students 
constrasts  greatly  with  the  number  at  the  institution's  opening. 

Chartered  in  1891,  UNC-G  opened  its  doors  as  the  State  Normal  and  ■ 
Industrial  School  in  1892,  with  an  initial  student  body  of  223  and  a  15-member  ! 
faculty.  Its  campus  in  1892  consisted  of  10  acres  and  its  original  curriculum  ' 
featured  three  departments,  which  offered  courses  in  business,  domestic  j 
science  and  normal  school  training  through  a  three-year  course  of  study  that  i 
led  to  a  diploma.  Among  its  earliest  distinctions  was  that  the  institution  was 
the  first  state-supported  school  for  the  education  of  women.  j 

Leading  that  crusade  for  the  education  of  women  was  Charles  Duncan  { 
Mclver,  who  served  as  the  institution's  first  president  from  1892-1906.  Other  j 


The  University  of  North  Carolina  System 


751 


pioneers  in  public  school  education-  notably, 
Charles  B.  Aycock,  Edwin  A.  Alderman  and 
James  Y.  Joyner  -  came  to  Dr.  Mclver's 
assistance;  but  to  him,  more  than  any  other 
individual,  the  institution  owes  its  establish- 
ment. 

In  1906,  following  the  death  of  Dr.  Mclver, 
Dr.  Julius  I.  Foust  became  president  and 
served  until  1934,  when  he  retired  from  active 
service.  In  1932  the  school  became  one  of  the 
three  institutions  which  made  up  the  Con- 
solidated University  of  North  Carolina.  At 
that  time,  the  institution  was  renamed 
Woman's  College  of  the  University  of  North 
Carolina. 

In  1934,  Dr.  Walter  Clinton  Jackson,  who 
had  served  as  teacher  and  vice  president, 
was  elected  head  of  the  institution  with  the 
title  of  Dean  of  Administration.  By  act  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees  in  1945,  the  title  of  the 
head  of  the  institution  was  changed  to  Chan- 
cellor. 

Dr.  Jackson,  who  retired  in  1950,  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Edward  Kidder 
Graham.  After  Dr.  Graham's  resignation  in  1956,  Dr.  W.W.  Pierson  Jr.  served 
as  acting  chancellor  until  July  1, 1957,  when  Dr.  Gordon  W.  Blackwell  became 
chancellor.  Dr.  Pierson  returned  to  serve  again  as  acting  chancellor  in 
September  1960  after  the  resignation  of  Dr.  Blackwell. 

Dr.  Otis  Singletary  became  chancellor  July  1,  1961.  In  1963,  Woman's 
College  was  renamed  the  University  of  North  Carolina  at  Greensboro  and 
became  coeducational.  During  the  period  of  November  1964  to  February  1966 
while  Dr.  Singletary  was  on  leave  of  absence,  Dr.  James  Ferguson  served  as 
acting  chancellor. 

Dr.  Singletary  returned  and  served  as  chancellor  until  his  resignation  on 
Nov.  1,  1966.  Dr.  Ferguson  again  served  as  acting  chancellor  and  was 
appointed  chancellor  on  Jan.  9,  1967.  Dr.  Ferguson  served  until  his  retirement 
to  return  to  teaching  in  the  summer  of  1979,  when  Dr.  William  E.  Moran 
became  chancellor 

Since  then,  the  UNC-G  campus  has  grown  to  encompass  167  acres  with  74 
buildings.  Those  structures  include  17  classroom  buildings  and  22  residence 
halls.  Among  the  major  capital  improvement  projects  recently  completed  and 
placed  into  use  are  the  new  Physical  Activities  Complex,  a  new  Art  Center  and 
extensive  renovations  to  the  Dining  Hall.  Renovations  to  residence  halls  are 
an  ongoing  effort  on  campus. 

On  campus,  UNC-G  has  ample  opportunities  for  recreation,  entertainment 
and  social  life.  Elliot  University  Center  sponsors  concerts  on  a  regular  basis 
during  the  year.  The  University  and  Concert  Lecture  Series  provides  a  year- 
long array  of  performances  by  major  artists  and  performing  groups.  In 


752  North  Carolina  Manual 

addition  to  about  50  student  organizations,  eight  social  fraternities  and  six 
social  sororities  have  either  colonies  or  chapters  in  operation  at  the  University. 

UNC-G  also  is  one  of  only  five  public  or  private  institutions  in  the  state 
which  has  a  chapter  of  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  the  national  scholastic  honorary 
society  that  recognizes  academic  accomplishments  in  the  liberal  arts  and 
sciences. 

The  University  fields  intercollegiate  athletic  teams  in  eight  sports:  men's 
and  women's  basketball,  soccer,  men's  and  women's  tennis,  volleyball  and 
golf.  The  UNC-G  soccer  team  claimed  back-to-back  national  championships  in 
1982  and  1983,  establishing  the  soccer  program  as  a  national  powerhouse. 


The  University  of  North  Carolina  System 


753 


William  E.  Moran 

CHANCELLOR 

Early  Years:  Born  in  White  Plains, 
New  York,  May  28,  1932,  to  Frank  J.  and 
Margaret  Mary  (Farrell)  Moran. 

Education:  Princeton  University,  1954, 
B.A.;  Harvard  University's  Graduate 
School  of  Business  Administration,  1959, 
M.B.A.;  University  of  Michigan's 
Graduate  School  of  Business,  1966,  Ph.D. 

Professional    Background:    Chan 
cellor.  University  of  North  Carolina  at 
Greensboro,  1979-;  Chancellor,  University 
of  Michigan  at  Flint,  1971-1979;  Assistant 

to  the  President,  State  University  of  New  York  at  Stoney  Brook,  1966-71; 

Administrative  Staff,  Harvard  Business  School,  1961-1963;  Consultant,  Booz, 

Allen  &  Hamilton  (New  York  City),  1959-1961. 

Organizations:  Member,  Rotary  Club. 

Military  Service:  U.S.  Navy,  Gunnery  Officer,  (Lieutenant  JG)  1945-1957. 

Literary  Works:  Co-Author:  "Managing  Technical  Manpower"  (Series  of 
six  Articles  on  the  modern  role  of  the  Technician);  Author  of  numerous  articles 
for  Professional  Journals  on  Higher  Education,  and  pieces  in  several  books. 

Family:  Married  Barbara  Carol  Baillet,  April  20,  1963.  Children:  Kathryn, 
Kevin,  Colin,  and  Christian. 


754 


North  Carolina  Manual 


UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA  -  WILMINGTON 


HI"  < 

UNIVERSITY 

AT  Wilmington" 

tol  ege.  Moved  here  in 
;96I.  A  campus  of  The 
university  of  North 
i-arolina   since  1969. 


The  University  of  North  CaroHna  at 
Wilmington  was  founded  in  1947  as  Wil- 
mington College,  to  provide  the  youth  and 
adults  of  New  Hanover  County  and  South- 
eastern North  Carolina  an  opportunity 
for  two  years  of  university  parallel  study, 
semiprofessional  training  and  vacational- 
technical  education  at  moderate  expense. 
The  University  of  North  Carolina  at 
Wilmington  is  a  community  of  scholars 
dedicated  to  teaching,  learning,  creating, 
and  extending  knowledge  through  re- 
search. Its  objectives  are  to  stimulate 
curiosity,  imagination,  and  creativity;  to 
communicate  both  general  knowledge  and  the  facts  and  concepts  particular  to 
various  disciplines  and  professional  programs;  to  foster  clear  thinking, 
rational  decision-making,  and  fluent,  accurate  communication;  and  to  develop 
skills  appropriate  to  the  various  disciplines  and  professional  programs. 

The  programs  offered  by  the  University  include  four-year  programs  leading 
to  the  Bachelor  of  Arts  and  Bachelor  of  Science  degrees  with  the  College  of  Arts 
and  Sciences,  the  Cameron  School  of  Business  Administration,  the  School  of 
Education,  and  the  School  of  Nursing;  graduate  programs  leading  to  the 
Master  of  Education,  the  Master  of  Science,  and  the  Master  of  Business 
Administration  degrees;  a  variety  of  pre-professional  programs;  a  two-year 
program  leading  to  the  Associate  in  Arts  degree  in  Nursing  (last  class  admitted 
1984);  and  special  programs  in  a  variety  of  areas,  including  Marine  Science 
Research,  Army  ROTC,  and  Continuing  Education.  Continuing  and  improving 
innovative  programming  in  a  comprehensive  approach  meets  the  wide- 
ranging  needs  of  the  region,  the  state,  and  the  larger  community. 

Education  on  the  college  level  first  came  to  Wilmington  in  1946  when  a 
college  center  was  established  under  the  direction  of  the  North  Carolina 
College  Conference  and  under  the  adminstration  of  the  Directorate  of  Extension 
of  The  University  of  North  Carolina  at  Chapel  Hill.  Some  250  students  took 
courses  during  1946-47.  In  1947  a  tax  levy  approved  by  the  citizens  of  New 
Hanover  County,  and  Wilmington  College  was  brought  into  existence  as  a 
county  institution  under  the  control  of  the  New  Hanover  County  Board  of  j 
Education.  In  1948  Wilmington  College  was  officially  accredited  by  the  North  ; 
Carolina  College  Conference  and  became  a  member  of  the  American  Associa-  I 
tion  of  Junior  Colleges.  In  1952  the  institution  was  accredited  as  a  junior' 
college  by  the  Southern  Association  of  Colleges  and  Schools. 

In  1 958  New  Hanover  County  voted  to  place  the  college  under  the  Community  j 
College  Act  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  and  the  college  became  a  part  of  the  I 


The  University  of  North  Carolina  System 


755 


III! 
•ill 
'ill 

liir 
nil 

III! 


Alderman  Hall,  one  of  the  three  original  buildings 


state  system  of  higher  education.  Control  passed  from  the  New  Hanover 
County  Board  of  Education  to  a  board  of  twelve  trustees,  eight  appointed 
locally  and  four  appointed  by  the  governor  of  the  state.  The  requirements  for 
admission  and  graduation  and  the  general  academic  standards  of  the  college 
came  under  the  supervision  of  the  North  Carolina  Board  of  Higher  Education, 
and  the  college  began  to  receive  an  appropriation  from  the  state  for  operating 
expenses  in  addition  to  the  local  tax. 

On  July  1,  1963,  by  an  act  of  the  General  Assembly  of  North  Carolina, 
Wilmington  College  became  a  senior  college  with  a  four-year  curriculum, 
authorized  to  offer  the  bachelor's  degree. 

By  vote  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  The  University  of  North  Carolina  in  late 
1968,  with  subsequent  approval  by  the  North  Carolina  Board  of  Higher 
Education,  and  by  an  act  of  the  General  Assembly  of  North  Carolina  in  1969, 
Wilmington  College  became,  on  July  1 ,  1969,  the  University  of  North  Carolina 
at  Wilmington.  It,  and  the  institution  in  Asheville  previously  designated  as 
Asheville-Biltmore  College,  became  the  fifth  and  sixth  campuses  of  The 
University  of  North  Carolina. 

On  October  30,  1971,  the  General  Assembly  in  special  session  merged, 
without  changing  their  names,  the  remaining  ten  state-supported  senior 
institutions  into  the  university.  Thus  The  University  of  North  Carolina  now 
comprises  16  institutions. 

On  August  22,  1977,  the  Board  of  Governors  of  The  University  of  North 
Carolina  authorized  The  University  of  North  Carolina  at  Wilmington  to  offer 
its  first  graduate  programs  at  the  master's  level. 

The  University  of  North  Carolina  at  Wilmington  is  located  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  the  state  on  a  650-acre  tract  on  State  Highway  132  (College 


75(1  North  C'akolina  Manual 

Road)  midway  between  the  C^ape  Kear  River  and  the  Athintic  Ocean.  The  city  of 
Wilmington  is  situated  on  the  east  bank  of  theC'ape  Fear  River  and  is  about  15 
miles  from  C'arohna  l^eaeh  and  10  miles  from  Wrightsville  Reach.  The 
standard  metropolitan  area,  of  which  Wilmington  is  a  part,  now  has  a 
population  in  excess  of  97,400.  Several  main  highways  lead  into  the  city,  and 
commercial  air  service  provides  easy  access  to  other  metropolitan  areas  north, 
south,  and  west. 

The  spacious  well-landscaped  campus  was  first  occupied  by  the  University 
in  1961.  The  number  of  buildings  has  increased  from  three  in  1961  to  forty 
today.  There  are  several  athletic  fields  and  ample  space  for  parking. 


Thk  Univkksity  of  North  Carolina  Systkm 


757 


William  Hampton  Wagoner 

CHANCELLOR 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Washington, 
Beaufort  County,  May  12,  1927,  to  Gotha 
William  and  Lossie  Belle  (Barrington) 
Wagoner. 

Education:  Washington  High  School, 
1945;  Wake  P\)rest  College,  1949,  B.S.; 
East  Carolina  College,  1953,  M.A.;  Univer- 
sity of  North  Carolina  at  Chapel  Hill, 
1958,  Ph.D. 

Professional  Background:  Chan 
cellor,  University  of  North  Carolina  at 
Wilmington,  19H9-;  Member,  Board  of 
Directors,  Cape  Fear  Memorial  Hospital,  Wilmington;  Life  Member,  National 
p]ducation  Association;  Greater  Wilmington  Chamber  of  Commerce  (Board  of 
Directors);  Technical  Coordinating  Committee,  Governor's  Council  on  Marine 
Science;  The  Learning  Institute  of  North  Carolina;  Wilmington,  (Board  of 
Directors);  Wilmington  Kiwanis  Club;  North  (Carolina  Arts  Council,  (Board  of 
Directors);  Cooperative  Savings  and  Loan  Association,  Wilmington,  President, 
North  C'arolina  Division  of  School  Superintendents. 

Honors:   LL.D.,  Wake  Forest  Universtiy,  May   18,   1981;  East  Carolina 
University  Outstanding  Alumni  Award  Winner,  I9(i8. 

Military  Service:  Served  in  US  Navy,  1945-4H. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  First  Christian  Church;  Elder.  1961  1975; 
Sunday  School  Teacher,  I9(ill975. 

Family:    Married    Madeline    Hodges   Wagoner,   rlune  3,    1951.   (^hildren: 
William  Michael,  David  Kobin,  and  Mark  Hampton. 


758  North  Carolina  Manual 


WESTERN  CAROLINA  UNIVERSITY 


'western  CAROLINA 
UNIVERSITY 


Western  Carolina  University  was  founded 
in  August  1889  as  a  semi-public  school. 


Chartered  as  Cullowhee  High  School  in 

1891,  it  served  the  Cullowhee  community 

and  boarding  students  from  neighboring 

counties  and  other  states. 

Established  in  18o9  as  ■  p^^.  Professor  Robert  Lee  Madison,  the 

a  private  school.    Has  ■       institution's  founder,  the  aim  of  the  school 

been  a  state  supported  B       ^v^s   teacher  training.    Impressed   with 

institution   since   lo9o.  |       mountain  children,  he  wanted  to  bring 

them  opportunities  for  development.  In 
1893,  with  the  first  state  appropriation  of 
^^^  $1,500,  a  normal  department  was  esta- 

blished. In  1905,  the  institution  became 
Cullowhee  Normal  and  Industrial  School,  a  title  it  held  for  20  years. 

Beginning  about  1912,  the  status  of  the  school  was  gradually  raised  to  that  of 
a  two-year  normal  school  or  junior  college.  With  state  support  increasing  and 
work  at  the  secondary  level  discontinued,  the  name  of  the  school  was  changed 
in  1925  to  Cullowhee  State  Normal  School. 

In  1929,  under  a  new  charter  authorizing  the  school  to  extend  its  work  to  the 
four-year  level,  the  name  Western  Carolina  Teachers  College  was  adopted. 
Modifications  in  function  and  rapid  growth  climaxed  in  1951  with  the  addition 
of  a  postgraduate  year  to  the  curriculum,  and  the  granting  of  the  Master  of  Arts 
in  Education  degree  was  authorized.  Demands  for  expanded  programs  in  the 
liberal  arts  and  in  other  areas  of  learning  led  to  expanded  offerings  and  a 
further  change,  in  1953,  to  the  name  Western  Carolina  College. 

In  1967  the  institution  was  designated  a  regional  university  by  the  North 
Carolina  General  Assembly  and  the  name  of  the  institution  became  Western 
Carolina  University. 

In  1971  the  state  legislature  reorganized  higher  education  in  North  Carolina, 
and  on  July  1,  1972,  Western  Carolina  University  became  a  constituent 
institution  of  The  University  of  North  Carolina. 

Since  that  time.  Western  Carolina  University  has  added  its  School  of 
Nursing  and  Health  Sciences,  its  School  of  Technology  and  Applied  Science, 
its  Center  for  Improving  Mountain  Living,  its  Mountain  Heritage  Center,  and 
the  largest  library  in  western  North  Carolina.  Service  to  the  region  has  always 
been  the  keynote  of  its  program,  now  more  comprehensive  than  ever. 

Today,  Western  Carolina  University  enrolls  more  than  7,000  students 
working  toward  degrees  in  the  arts  and  science,  business,  educaiion  and 
psychology,  technology  and  applied  science,  and  nursing  and  health  sciences. 
The  univeristy's  six  schools  offer  degrees  at  the  bachelor's,  master's,  and 
education  specialist  levels.  The  nation's  first  master's  de.^ree  profiram  in 
project  management  is  offered  in  the  School  of  Business.  A  faculty  of  about  340 
serves  students  in  resident-credit  centers  at  Asheville  and  Cherokee,  in 
extension  classes  in  towns  across  western  North  Carolina,  and  on  the  campus 
in  Cullowhee. 


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Myron  Lee  Coulter 

CHANCELLOR 

Early  Years:  Bom  in  Albany,  Indiana, 
March  21, 1929,  to  Mark  Earl  and  Thelma 
Violet  Coulter. 

Education:  Indiana  State  Teachers 
College,  1951,  B.S.;  Indiana  University, 
1956,  M.S.;  Indiana  University,  1959, 
Ed.D.;  The  College  of  Idaho,  1982,  honorary 
Doctor  of  Humane  Letters. 

Professional  Background:  Chan- 
cellor, Western  Carolina  University,  1984-; 
President,  Idaho  State  University, 
Pocatello,  1976-84;  Vice  President  for 
Administration  and  Professor  of  Education,  Western  Michigan  University, 
Kalamazoo,  1974-76;  Interim  President,  Western  Michigan  University  1974; 
Vice  President  for  Institutional  Services  and  Professor  of  Education,  Western 
Michigan  University,  1968-1974;  professional  research  and  publications  in 
area  of  reading;  Associate  Professor  of  Education,  Penn  State  University, 
1959-1966. 

Organizations:  American  Association  of  State  Colleges  and  Universities, 
(Board  of  Directors,  1981-1989;  Chairman,  1988-);  1981-84  Secretary-Treasurer, 
1985-1987;  National  Society  for  Study  of  Education;  International  Reading 
Association;  Phi  Delta  Kappa;  Omicron  Delta  Kappa;  Rotary  International. 

Boards  and  Commissions:  American  Council  of  Education,  Committee  on 
Division  I  Intercollegiate  Athletics,  1982;  Idaho  Task  Force  on  Higher 
Education;  Director,  Idaho  Council  on  Economic  Education;  numerous  com- 
mittees of  AASCU. 

Honors:  Phi  Kappa  Phi;  Who's  Who  in  America;  Who's  Who  in  the  West; 
President's  Medallion,  Idaho  State  University,  1978;  Resolution  of  Tribute, 
Michigan  State  Legislature,  1976;  Distinguished  Alumni  Award,  Indiana 
State  University,  1975;  Alumni  Association  Award,  Western  Michigan  Univer- 
sity, 1974;  Master's  Day  Award,  Indiana  State  University,  1969. 

Family:  Married,  Barbara  Bolinger,  July  21,  1951.  Children:  Nan  and 
Benjamin. 


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761 


WINSTON-SALEM  STATE  UNIVERSITY 


WINSTON-SALEM 
STATE JJNIVERSITY 

'  Established  for  Negroes 
as  Slater  Industrial 
Academy.  1892.  State 
supported  since  1895: 
University  since  1969. 


Winston-Salem  State  University  was 
founded  as  the  Slater  Industrial  Academy 
on  September  28,  1892.  It  began  in  a  one- 
room  frame  structure  with  25  pupils  and 
one  teacher.  In  1895,  the  school  was 
recognized  by  the  State  of  North  Carolina, 
and  in  1897  it  was  chartered  by  the  State 
as  the  Slater  Industrial  and  State  Normal 
School. 

From  the  beginning,  the  school  has 
insisted  upon  the  vital  importance  of 
elementary  school  teachers  in  any  program 
of  building  an  improved  citizenship. 
Emphasis  has,  therefore,  constantly  been 
placed  upon  the  quality  and  quantity  of  training  for  these  teachers.  In  1925,  the 
General  Assembly  of  North  Carolina  recognized  the  school's  leadership  in  this 
field;  granted  the  school  a  new  charter,  extending  its  curriculum  above  high 
school;  changed  its  name  to  Winston-Salem  Teachers  College;  and  empowered 
it  under  authority  of  the  State  Board  of  Education  to  confer  appropriate 
degrees.  Winston-Salem  Teachers  College  thus  became  the  first  Negro  institu- 
tion in  the  nation  to  grant  degrees  for  teaching  the  elementary  grades. 

The  Nursing  School  was  established  in  1953,  awarding  graduates  the  degree 
of  bachelor  of  science.  The  basic  nursing  program  covers  four  academic  years 
of  study  with  equal  emphasis  on  academic  and  professional  education. 

In  1957,  the  North  Carolina  General  Assembly  revised  the  charter  of  the 
college  and  authorized  the  expansion  of  the  curriculum  to  include  secondary 
education  and  any  other  specific  types  of  training  as  directed  and  determined 
by  the  State  Board  of  Higher  Education.  The  North  Carolina  General 
Assembly  of  1963  authorized  the  changing  of  the  name  from  Winston-Salem 
Teachers  College  to  Winston-Salem  State  College.  A  statute  designating 
Winston-Salem  State  College  as  Winston-Salem  State  University  received 
legislative  approval  in  1969. 

On  October  30, 1971,  the  General  Assembly  reorganized  higher  education  in 
North  Carolina,  and  on  July  1, 1972,  Winston-Salem  State  University  (WSSU) 
became  one  of  16  constituent  institutions  of  The  University  of  North  Carolina, 
subjects  to  the  control  of  a  Board  of  Governors. 

Today,  Winston-Salem  State  has  a  student  enrollment  of  approximately 
2300  and  offers  three  degree  options  -  bachelor  of  arts,  bachelor  of  science  and 
bachelor  of  science  in  applied  science.  Major  programs  include  accounting, 
business  administration,  commercial  music,  computer  science,  economics 
mass  communications,  medical  technology,  nursing  and  Spanish  among 
many  others.  The  Graduate  Center  offers  courses  leading  to  masters  degrees  in 
business  administration  and  education  through  sister  institutions  Appalachian 
State  University  and  North  Carolina  A  &  T  University. 


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"Southern  Sunrise",  a  12-foot  stainless  stt^el  sculpture,  adorms  courtyard  of  Williams 
Auditorium. 


Seven  chief  administrators  have  served  the  institution  since  it  was  founded 
in  1892.  They  are:  Simon  Green  Atkins,  (1892-1904  and  1918-1984);  Cadd  Grant 
O'Kelly,  (1904-1910);  Francis  Marion  Kennedy,  (1910-1918);  Francis  Loguen 
Atkins,  (1984-1961);  Kenneth  Raynor  Williams,  (1961-1977);  H.  Douglas 
Covington,(1977-1984);andnr.  Haywood  L.Wilson,  Jr., (1984-1985).  Dr.  Cleon 
F.  Thompson,  Jr.  was  named  chancellor  in  June,  1985,  with  the  appointment 
effective  August  1,  1985. 

Winston-Salem  State  University  is  located  on  a  76-acre  tract  in  Winston- 
Salem,  Forsyth  County,  North  Carolina,  a  city  of  ahout  189,000  residents.  This 
thriving  Twin  City  is  part  of  the  Piedmont  Triad  which  encompasses  the 
neighboring  cities  of  Grt^ensboro  and  High  Point.  The  Triad  is  the  most  heavily 
populated  and  most  rapidly  growing  Standard  Metropolitan  Statistical  Area 
between  Washington,  DC  and  Atlanta,  GA.  Winston-Salem  is  the  industrial 
and  cultural  hub  of  the  Triad. 

The  university  also  owns  a  285-acre  camp  located  in  Stokes  County,  about  20 
miles  from  campus.  The  camp's  facilities  include  nature  trails,  a  20-acre  lake, 
1 2  cabins,  five  bath  houses,  two  bungalows,  a  basketball  and  tennis  court  and  a 
conference/dining  center. 


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763 


Dr.  Cleon  F.  Thompson,  Jr. 

CHANCELLOR 

Early  Years:  Born  in  Harlem,  New 
York,  November  1,  1931,  to  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Cleon  F.  Thompson,  Sr. 

Education:  Marlboro  High  School, 
1949;  NC  Central  University,  1956,  B.S. 
(Biology);  NC  Central  University,  1958, 
M.S.  (Biology);  Duke  University,  1977, 
Ph.D.  (Educational  Administration); 
doctorial  studies  in  Political  Science, 
Economics,  and  Educational  Law 

Professional  Background:  Chan- 
cellor, Winston-Salem  State  University, 
1985-;  Interim  Chancellor,  North  Carolina  A  &  T  State  University,  1980-1981; 
Vice  President  for  Student  Services  and  Special  Programs,  General  Administra- 
tion, University  of  North  Carolina  system,  1975-80;  Senior  Vice  President, 
Shaw  University,  1973-78;  Provost,  Shaw  University,  1971-72;  Vice  President 
for  Academic  Affairs,  Shaw  University,  1969-71;  Instructor  of  Biology,  Shaw 
University,  1965-69;  Acting  Chairman,  Biology  Department,  Tuskegee  In- 
stitute, 1963-65;  Assistant  Professor  of  Biology,  Tuskegee  Institute,  1961-63; 
Instructor,  North  Carolina  A  &  T  State  University,  1960-61;  Research 
Assistant,  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  195(S-60. 

Organizations:  American  Association  of  University  Professors;  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science;  District  Commissioner,  Boy 
Scouts  of  America;  Kappa  Alpha  Psi;  Raleigh  Business  and  Professional 
League;  National  Association  for  Equal  Opportunity  in  Higher  Education; 
Director,  High  Point  Shakespeare  Festival. 

Boards  and  Commissions:  Winston-Salem  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Good- 
will Industries;  Leadership  Winston-Salem;  Winston-Salem  Business,  In- 
corporated; United  Way;  Old  Salem,  Inc.;  North  Carolina  Institute  for 
Minority  p]conomic  Development;  Winston-Salem  Civic  Ventures. 

Honors:  Resolutions  and  citations  for  distinguished  service  as  Interim 
Chancellor  at  North  Carolina  A  &  T  State  University  from  University  of  NC 
Board  of  Governors,  Board  of  Trustees  of  North  Carolina  A  &  T  State 
University  and  National  Association  for  Equal  Opportunity  in  Higher  Fduca- 
tion;  (Citizen  of  The  Year,  Kappa  Alpha  Psi,  1982;  Who's  Who  Arnon^  Black 
Americans,  1980-81;  Outstanding  Achievements  in  Chosen  Field  of  Human 
Kndeavor,  Kappa  Alpha  Psi,  1 980;  Who 's  Who  in  North  Carolina  1973;  Man  of 
the  Year,  Kappa  Alpha  Psi,  1964. 

Military  Service:  Served,  US  Army,  1953-55;  research  technician.  Burn 
Surgical  Research  Unit,  Brooks  Army  Hospital,  Fort  Sam  Houston. 


764  North  Carolina  Manual 

Literary  Works:  Author,  numerous  scholoarly  topics  ranging  from  "Design 
and  Construction  of  a  Lyphalization  Apparatus  from  Scrapped  Equipment  for 
US  Army  Medical  Corps,"  to  The  Revised  NC  State  Plan  for  the  Further 
Elimination  of  Racial  Duality  in  Public  Higher  Education  Systems,  Phase  II. 

Family:  Married,  Edwina  Thompson.  Children:  Cleondra  (Thompson) 
Jones. 


CHAPTER  TWO 
The  Community  College  System 

The  North  CaroHna  community  college  system  is  the  third  largest  in  the 
nation.  Each  year  the  system's  58  institutions  enrolls  more  than  half-a-million 
students  on  campuses  that  are  within  30  miles  of  99.2  percent  of  the  state's 
population. 

Since  its  beginnings,  the  mission  of  the  community  college  system  has  been 
to  provide  the  citizens  of  North  Carolina  with  a  variety  of  opportunities  to 
further  their  education  and  to  obtain  training  in  order  to  find  jobs  or  to  obtain 
better  jobs  in  an  expanding  job  market.  The  system's  23-year  history  is  marked 
by  change  and  expansion  brought  about  by  the  evergrowing  needs  of  the 
people  of  North  Carolina. 

COMMUNITY  JUNIOR  COLLEGES 

A  study  concerning  the  need  for  community  colleges  in  North  Carolina  was 
made  in  1952  by  Dr.  Allan  S.  Hurlburt.  However,  it  was  not  until  1957,  during 
the  administration  of  Governor  Luther  H.  Hodges,  that  a  real  beginning  was 
made  with  the  passage  of  the  Community  College  Act  to  initiate  and  develop 
community  colleges.  This  act  placed  the  general  administration  of  community 
colleges  under  the  then  State  Board  of  Higher  Education  (now  the  Board  of 
Governors  of  the  University  of  North  Carolina). 

By  1961  five  community  junior  colleges  had  been  established  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  local  boards  of  trustees  and  the  State  Board  of  Higher 
Education.  These  community  colleges  were  College  of  the  Albemarle  in 
Elizabeth  City,  Wilmington  College  in  Wilmington,  Mecklenburg  and  Charlotte 
Colleges  in  Charlotte  and  Asheville-Biltmore  College  in  Asheville.  In  1963 
Gaston  College  at  Dallas  was  chartered,  becoming  the  sixth  community 
college  to  be  approved  under  the  1957  act. 

INDUSTRIAL  EDUCATION  CENTERS 

At  the  same  time,  a  vigorous  effort  was  made  to  provide  an  educational 
program  in  industrial  education.  Funds  were  allocated  by  the  1957  General 
Assembly  to  the  State  Board  of  Education  to  initiate  a  statewide  system  of 
industrial  education  centers.  These  centers  were  established  to  train  adults 
and  selected  high  school  students  in  order  to  provide  a  better  trained  labor 
supply  for  the  state. 

The  leadership  of  three  individuals  was  especially  outstanding  in  conceiving 
and  developing  the  centers:  Governor  Hodges  (1954-1960);  Dr.  W.  Dallas 
Herring,  chairman  of  the  State  Board  of  Education  (1957-1977);  and  A.  Wade 
Martin  state  supervisor  of  trade  and  industrial  education  (1957-1961). 


766  North  Carolina  Manual 

In  1959  the  General  Assembly  officially  authorized  and  designated  the 
industrial  education  center  as  a  type  of  vocational  school  and  placed  the 
administration  of  such  schools  under  the  State  Board  of  Education  and  local 
boards  of  education.  By  1961  there  were  18  such  centers  in  partial  or  full 
operation  and  two  in  the  planning  stage. 

In  order  to  make  this  program  more  accessible,  an  extension  unit  plan  was 
approved  by  the  State  Board  of  Education  in  1961.  Five  extension  units  were 
begun  as  branches  of  a  parent  industrial  education  center.  These  units  were 
operated  by  an  agreement  between  the  board  of  trustees  of  a  center  and  the 
local  board  of  education. 

Both  the  community  colleges  and  the  industrial  education  centers,  even 
though  organized  and  administered  under  separate  state  boards,  directed  their 
efforts  toward  education  beyond  the  high  school. 

In  1961 ,  a  concern  about  program  duplication  and  a  need  for  better  planning 
resulted  in  the  appointment  by  Governor  Terry  Sanford  of  the  Governor's 
Commission  on  Education  Beyond  the  High  School  (the  Carlyle  Commission). 
This  commission  studied  the  methods  for  expanding  educational  offerings  at 
the  post  high  school  level  and  recommended  that  the  two  types  of  institutions 
be  brought  into  one  administrative  organizations  under  the  State  Board  of 
Education  and  under  local  boards  of  trustees.  In  this  way,  all  of  the  state's 
two-year  higher  education  needs  (whether  academic,  technical,  or  vocational) 
could  be  developed  under  the  administration  of  one  educational  system  -  the 
comprehensive  community  college  system. 

THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMUNITY  COLLEGES 

The  General  Assembly,  in  line  with  the  recommendations  of  the  Carlyle 
Commission  enacted  the  Community  Colleges  Act  of  1963  which  provided  for 
the  establishment  of  a  Department  of  Community  Colleges  under  the  State 
Board  of  Education. 

Of  the  six  community  colleges  operating  under  the  1957  Community  College 
Act,  three  were  converted  to  four-year  state  colleges  and  three  were  brought 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  State  Board  of  Education  and  Department  of 
Community  Colleges.  The  three  community  colleges  were  College  of  the 
Albemarle  in  Elizabeth  City,  Mecklenburg  College  in  Charlotte  (the  latter  was 
combined  with  the  Central  Industrial  Education  Center  in  Charlotte  to  form 
Central  Piedmont  Community  College),  and  Gaston  College  in  Dallas.  Super- 
vision of  the  20  industrial  education  centers  also  was  given  to  the  Department 
of  Community  Colleges. 

The  State  Board  of  Education  oversaw  the  administration  of  the  North 
Carolina  community  college  system  until  January  1, 1981  when  governance  of 
the  system  was  given  to  a  State  Board  of  Community  Colleges. 

In  1979  the  General  Assembly  passed  several  bills  related  to  the  community  I 
college  system.  The  1963  Community  Colleges  Act  was  revised  and  recodified. ' 
Also,  it  was  decided  that  the  terms  "technical  college"   and  "technical 
institute"  were  synonymous  and  that  an  institution  might  use  whichever  term  i 
it  preferred.  j 

The  most  important  legislation,  however,  involved  the  creation  of  a  newj 
State  Board  of  Community  Colleges.  The  20-member  board,  which  is  composed 


The  North  Carolina  Community  College  System  767 

of  persons  appointed  by  the  governor  and  the  General  Assembly,  has  the 
authority  to  adopt  and  administer  all  policies,  regulations  and  standards  it 
deems  necessary  to  operate  the  department  and  the  institutions  in  the 
community  college  system. 

In  1979  the  General  Assembly  also  appointed  persons  to  the  Community 
College  Planning  Commission  and  charged  them  with  recommending  a  plan 
for  the  orderly  transfer  of  the  Department  of  Community  Colleges  from  the 
State  Board  of  Education  to  the  newly-created  State  Board  of  Community 
Colleges.  Their  report,  called  the  Sanford  Commission  Report,  named  for  the 
Commission's  chairman  who  was  former  Governor  Terry  Sanford,  was 
presented  to  the  1980  session  of  the  General  Assembly.  This  report  outlined  13 
recommendations  many  of  which  were  adopted  by  the  General  Assembly. 
Some  recommendations  remain  to  be  implemented. 

The  State  President 

The  state  president  is  the  chief  executive  officer  of  the  Department  of 
Community  Colleges,  and  is  responsible  for  organizing  and  managing  the 
Department  by  carrying  out  the  philosophy,  policies  and  instructions  of  the 
State  Board  of  Community  Colleges  that  pertain  to  the  institutions.  Reporting 
to  the  State  Board  of  Community  Colleges,  the  state  president  also  conducts 
planning  activities  for  the  community  college  system  jointly  with  officials  of 
the  university  system  and  the  secondary  public  school  system  and  coordinates 
the  work  of  the  department  with  other  state  and  federal  agencies. 

Organization  and  Programs 

Each  institution  in  the  community  college  system  is  administered  by  a  local 
board  of  trustees  and  a  president.  The  latter  is  chosen  by  the  local  board  and 
approved  by  the  state  board.  Programs  and  services  offered  by  each  institution 
reflect  the  needs  and  concerns  of  the  citizens  and  industries  in  the  community. 

The  community  college  system  serves  a  broad  range  of  persons  whose  needs, 
skills  and  interest  in  turn  require  a  broad  range  of  educational  and  training 
programs. 

Technical  Programs 

Technical  programs  prepare  persons  to  enter  occupations  such  as  electronic 
engineering  technology,  computer  programming,  dental  hygiene  and  business 
administration.  The  two-year  programs  offer  associate  degrees  in  applied 
science  upon  completion. 

Vocational  Programs 

Vocational  Programs  train  persons  for  entry  into  skilled  occupations  such  as 
welding,  electrical  installation  and  maintenance,  practical  nursing,  and 
automotive  mechanics.  Certificates  and  diplomas  are  awarded,  depending 
upon  the  length  of  the  program. 

Continuing  Education  Programs 

Continuing  education  programs  offer,  among  a  host  of  programs,  opportu- 
nities for  persons  currently  employed  to  upgrade  their  skills  and,  as  well,  a 


768  North  Carolina  Manual 

number  of  programs  for  training  in  areas  such  as  fire  fighting,  law  enforce- 
ment, emergency  medical  services  and  hospitality. 

Basic  Adult  Education  Programs 

Basic  Adult  Education  Programs  offer  persons  opportunities  to  obtain  basic 
skills  in  reading,  writing  and  mathematics  to  the  eighth  grade  level  and,  as 
well,  a  high  school  diploma  or  its  equivalent. 

College  Transfer  Programs 

College  Transfer  Programs  are  designed  so  that  individuals  can  complete  up 
to  two  years  of  a  four-year  bachelor's  degree  at  a  community  college.  An 
associate  degree  in  arts,  science  or  fine  arts  is  awarded  upon  completion. 

General  Education  Programs 

General  Education  Programs  offer  individuals  who  wish  to  broaden  their 
education  base  an  opportunity  to  take  courses  tailored  to  personal  interest, 
growth  and  development.  An  associate  degree  in  general  education  is  available 
to  those  who  complete  the  two-year  program. 

Industry  Service  Programs 

Industry  Service  Programs  guarantee  new  and  expanding  industry  training 
programs  tailored  to  meet  the  particular  needs  of  particular  company. 

As  North  Carolina  moves  into  the  decade  of  the  1990's  her  community 
colleges  will  play  an  even  greater  role  in  the  continued  growth  of  the  state. 
They  will  continue  to  train  our  citizens  in  the  new  technologies  for  the 
expanding  workforce.  They  will  be  a  primary  source  for  eliminating  illiteracy 
in  our  state  and  with  providing  our  citizens  of  all  ages  a  place  to  learn  new 
skills  whether  for  the  home  or  workplace. 


The  North  Carolina  Community  College  System 


769 


Robert  W.  Scott 

STATE  PRESIDENT 

Early  Years:  Born  near  Haw 
River,  Alamance  County,  June  13, 
1929,  to  former  Governor  and  U.S. 
Senator  W.  Kerr  Scott  and  Elizabeth 
(White)  Scott  (both  deceased). 

Education:  Alexander  Wilson 
School  (Graham,  N.C.),  1947;  Attended 
Duke  University,  1947-1949;  N.C.  State 
University,  1952,  B.S.  (Dairy 
Husbandry). 

Professional  Background:  State 
President,  North  Carolina  Community 
College   System,    1983-   ;   Scott  and 
Roney,  Public  Affairs  Consultants, 
1982-1983;  Consultant  and  Lecturer, 
1973-1975;  Served  on  Community  Coun- 
cil, 1973-1975;  Federal  Chairman,  Appalachian  Regional  Commission,  1977- 
1979  (appointed  by  President  Jimmy  Carter);  President,  Scott  Enterprises,  Inc. 
and  Owner  and  General  Manager,  Melville  Farms,  1958- . 

Organizations:  N.C.  Grange  (Asst.  to  the  Master,  1959-1961;  Master,  1961- 
1963);  American  Society  for  Farm  Managers  and  Appraisers;  N.C.  Farm 
Bureau  Federation;  N.C.  AgriBusiness  Council. 

Boards:  Member:  Various  boards  and  commissions,  1961-1976;  State  Board 
of  Education  (Ex  Officio),  1965-1969;  Council  on  Post-Secondary  Accreditation, 
1975-1980. 

Political  Activities:  Governor,  State  of  North  Carolina,  1969-1973; 
Lieutenant  Governor,  1965-1969;  Vice  Chairman,  Democratic  National  Com- 
mittee, 1971-72;  N.C.  Steering  Committee,  Carter  for  President,  1976. 

Military  Service:  U.S.  Army,  1953-1955  (Special  Agent,  Counter  Intelli- 
gence Corps). 

Honors:  Numerous  Honorary  Doctors  of  Laws,  1969-1972;  Distinguished 
Service  Award,  1972;  Golden  Key  Award,  National  4-H  Congress,  1970;  Jaycee 
International  Senatorship,  1971;  Medallion  of  Honor,  N.C.  B'nai  B'rith 
Association,  1971;  Distinguished  Service  Award  by  NCCBI,  1988;  University 
Award  from  UNC,  1987. 

Religious  Activities:  Member,  Hawfields  Presbyterian  Church;  Deacon, 
1959-1963;  Elder,  1963- . 

Family:  Married  Jessie  Rae  Osborne  of  Swepsonville,  N.C,  September  1, 
1951.  Children:  Mary  Ella  Scott  Cagle  and  Margaret  Rose  Scott  Phipps  (twins), 
Susan  Rae  Scott  Sutton,  and  Janet  Louise  Scott. 


770  North  Carolina  Manual 

STATE  PRESIDENTS 

Dr.  I.  E.  Ready 1963-1970 

Dr.  Ben  E.  P'ountain,  Jr 1971-1978 

Dr.  Charles  R.  Holloman  1978-1979 

Dr.  Larry  J.  Blake 1979-1983 

Robert  W.  Scott  1983- 


PRESIDENTS  OFTHE  COMMUNITY  AND  TECHNICAL  COLLEGES 

President  Community  College 

Dr.  W.  Ronald  McCarter  Alamance  County  Community  College 

Dr.  Edwin  R.  Chapman  Anson  Community  College 

Harvey  L.  Haynes  Asheville-Buncombe  Technical  College 

James  P.  Blanton  Beaufort  County  Community  College 

Lynn  G.  King  Bladen  Community  College 

Dr.  David  W.  Sink Blue  Ridge  Community  College 

W.  Michael  Reaves  Brunswick  Community  College  i 

Dr.  Eric  B.  McKeithan  Caldwell  Community  College  j 

Dr.  E.  Thomas  Satterfield,  Jr Cape  Fear  Community  College  \ 

Dr.  Donald  W.  Bryant  Carteret  Community  College  | 

Dr.  Cuyler  Dunbar Catawba  Valley  Community  College 

Dr.  Marvin  R.  Joyner  Central  Carolina  Community  College 

Dr.  Ruth  G.  Shaw  Central  Piedmont  Community  College 

Dr.  James  B.  Petty Cleveland  Community  College 

Dr.  Ronald  K.  Lingle  Coastal  Carolina  Community  College! 

Dr.  J.  Parker  Chesson,  Jr College  of  the  Albemarle '! 

Dr.  Thurman  E.  Brock  Craven  Community  College 

Dr.  J.  Bryan  Brooks  Davidson  County  Community  College 

Dr.  Phail  Wynn,  Jr Durham  Technical  College 

Charles  B.  Mclntyre Edgecombe  Community  College] 

Dr.  Craig  Allen Fayetteville  Technical  College? 

Dr.  Bob  H.  Greene Forsyth  Technical  College 

Dr.  W.  Wayne  Scott  Gaston  College! 

Dr.  Raymond  J.  Needham  Guilford  Technical  Community  College 

Dr.  Elton  L.  Newbern,  Jr Halifax  Community  College! 

Dr.  Dan  W.  Moore  Haywood  Technical  College^ 

Dr.  Willard  L.  Lewis,  III  Isothermal  Community  College! 

Dr.  Donald  L.  Reichard James  Sprunt  Community  Collegej 

Dr.  John  Tart  Johnston  Community  College 

Dr.  Lonnie  H.  Blizzard  Lenoir  Community  ColIegCj 

Dr.  Travis  Martin  Martin  Community  College' 

Dr.  Virginia  A.  Foxx  Mayland  Community  College 

Dr.  Robert  M.  Boggs  McDowell  Technical  College. 

Dr.  Charles  C.  Poindexter  Mitchell  Community  College! 

Dr.  Benny  B.  Hampton  Montgomery  Community  Collegei 

Dr.  J.  Reid  Parrott,  Jr Nash  Community  College! 


The  North  Carolina  Community  College  System  771 

President  Community  College 

Dr.  E.  Douglas  Kearney,  Jr Pamlico  Community  College 

Dr.  H.  James  Owen  Piedmont  Community  College 

Dr.  Charles  E.  Russell  Pitt  Community  College 

Dr.  Larry  K.  Linker  Randolph  Community  College 

Joseph  W.  Grimsley Richmond  Community  College 

Dr.  Harold  E.  Mitchell  Roanoke-Chowan  Community  College 

Dr.  Fred  G.  Williams,  Jr Robeson  Community  College 

Dr.  N.  Jerry  Owens Rockingham  Communtiy  College 

Dr.  Richard  L.  Brownell  Rowan-Cabarrus  Community  College 

Dr.  Clifton  W.  Paderick Sampson  Community  College 

Dr.  John  R.  Dempsey  Sandhills  Community  College 

Dr.  Stephen  C.  Scott Southeastern  Community  College 

Dr.  Norman  K.  Myers  Southwestern  Community  College 

Dr.  Charles  H.  Byrd  Stanly  Community  College 

Dr.  Swanson  Richards  Surry  Community  College 

Vincent  W.  Crisp Tri-County  Community  College 

Dr.  Ben  F.  Currin  Vance-Granville  Community  College 

Dr.  Bruce  L  Howell  Wake  Technical  College 

Dr.  G.  Herman  Porter Wayne  Community  College 

Dr.  James  A.  Richardson  Western  Piedmont  Community  College 

Dr.  James  R.  Randolph Wilkes  Community  College 

Dr.  Frank  L.  Eagles Wilson  County  Technical  College 


772  North  Carolina  Manual 

ANSON  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 
Ansonville,  NC 

Anson  Technical  College  was  originally  designated  as  the  Ansonville 
Industrial  Education  Center  in  Ansonville,  NC,  in  November  1962  by  action  of 
the  State  Department  of  Public  Instruction.  The  Center  was  supported  by  state, 
local  and  federal  funds,  as  well  as  the  General  William  A.  Smith  Trust. 

From  this  beginning,  the  Ansonville  Industrial  Education  Center  made 
steady  progress  serving  many  parts  of  Anson  County. 

On  December  2, 1967,  a  local  board  of  trustees  was  officially  appointed  by  the 
Anson  County  Board  of  Education  and  the  County  Commissioners.  As  a  result, 
the  Ansonville  Industrial  Education  Center  became  Anson  Technical  Institute, 
a  unit  of  the  Department  of  Community  Colleges  of  North  Carolina. 

Progress  and  fulfillment  of  the  purposes  of  the  Institute  led  to  the  authori- 
zation by  the  North  Carolina  General  Assembly  of  Anson  Techincal  Institute 
as  a  separately  chartered  institution  on  July  1,  1971.  The  governor  appointed 
four  additional  trustees  to  the  governing  board. 

Further  progress,  larger  enrollment,  and  additional  support  from  the 
community  have  enabled  Anson  Technical  Institute  to  acquire  land,  obtain 
additional  funds,  and  construct  a  28,000  square  foot  building  in  Polkton,  about 
seven  miles  west  of  Wadesboro  on  U.S.  Highway  74.  This  campus  houses  » 
programs  in  Business;  Secretarial  Science;  Graphic  Arts,  including  Photo-  I 
graphy.  Commercial  Art  and  Printing;  and  Heating,  Ventilating,  and  Air 
Conditioning.  j 

The  original  campus  in  Ansonville  houses  programs  in  General  Education, 
Practical  Nursing,  Welding,  and  Auto/Diesel  Mechanics.  Adult  education  and  ji 
other  extension  services  are  housed  at  the  Community  Services  Division,  | 
located  in  Wadesboro.  j| 

To  better  reflect  the  offerings  of  the  institution,  the  Board  of  Trustees  on  June  | 
7,  1979,  changed  the  name  to  Anson  Technical  College. 

In  1982,  construction  was  completed  in  Polkton  on  the  second  building,  the  | 
Learning  Resource  Center.  j 


ASHEVILLE-BUMCOMBE  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 

Asheville,  NC 

From  an  industrial  education  center  in  1959,  to  technical  institute  in  1964,  to  j 
today's  technical  college,  for  almost  one-quarter  of  a  century  Asheville-  j 
Buncombe  Technical  College  has  educated  citizens  for  jobs  in  western  North 
Carolina.  Funded  by  a  bond  election,  the  mountain  college  was  initially  . 
administered  by  the  Asheville  City  Board  of  Education,  with  control  passing  to  ! 
a  local  board  of  trustees  in  1963.  - 

A-BTC  first  offered  pre-employment  training  in  machine  shop,  practical 
nurse  education  and  electronics  and  job-related  short  courses,  starting  curri- 1 
culum  vocational  and  technical  classes  with  the  construction  of  campus! 
facilities.  The  first  associate  in  applied  science  degree  was  awarded  in  August  j 
1964.  I 


The  North  Carolina  Community  College  System  773 

In  the  early  years,  Asheville-Buncombe  Technical  College  served  the 
vocational/technical  needs  of  15  western  North  Carolina  counties.  Four  units 
were  established  in  outlying  areas  and  administered  by  Asheville  College. 
These  units  gradually  established  independent  status  and  became  institutions 
in  the  community  college  system. 

Located  in  Asheville,  recently  rated  a  No.  1  city  by  the  Places  Rated 
Almanac,  Asheville-Buncombe  Technical  College  serves  Buncombe  and  Madi- 
son counties,  having  a  combined  population  of  177,761.  Plans  are  being 
formulated  to  open  a  Madison  Center. 

Outdoors  lovers  enjoy  the  diversity  offered  by  mountain  living:  skiing  is  a 
popular  sport;  fishing,  hiking  and  backpacking  dominate  the  outdoor  scene  in 
summer.  Visitors  attracted  by  the  scenic  mountain  splendor  make  the  travel 
and  tourism  industry  the  second  largest  employer  in  Buncombe  County. 

Asheville,  also  rated  No.  2  among  the  best  retirement  communities  in  the 
United  States,  is  developing  into  a  regional  health  center  and  a  retail  shopping 
area.  Over  the  years  Buncombe  County  has  provided  the  necessary  space  for 
industrial  development,  while  Madison  County  remains  more  dependent  upon 
agricultural  pursuits. 

Starting  with  a  20-acre  tract  and  $300,000  for  site  development  and  two 
buildings  to  provide  30,000  square  feet  of  floor  space,  Asheville-Buncombe 
Technical  College  today  has  approximately  114  acres  and  256,245  square  feet 
of  floor  space. 


BEAUFORT  COUNTY  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Washington,  NC 

Beaufort  County  Community  College  began  as  an  industrial  education 
center  and  branch  of  Lenoir  County  Technical  Institute.  Later  it  operated  as  a 
branch  of  Pitt  Technical  Institute.  The  institution  gained  independence  as 
Beaufort  County  Technical  Institute  in  1967. 

Housed  temporarily  in  an  abandoned  prison  camp  and  various  rented 
facilities,  the  institution  began  work  on  a  68-acre  campus  in  1968,  the  same 
year  the  institution  graduated  38  students  from  four  vocational  programs. 

The  status  of  the  institution  was  changed  to  that  of  community  college  in 
1979,  although  college  transfer  courses  had  been  offered  in  cooperation  with 
East  Carolina  University  for  many  years. 

Five  permanent  buildings  are  located  on  the  campus  on  U.S.  Route  264, 
approximately  four  miles  east  of  Washington  in  historic  eastern  North 
Carolina.  U.S.  Route  264,  being  the  main  East-West  artery  in  this  area, 
facilitates  transportation  to  the  institution  by  persons  in  four  counties: 
Beaufort,  Hyde,  Tyrrell  and  Washington. 

Each  building  on  Beaufort  County  Community  College's  campus  contains 
both  general  purpose  classroom  space  and  special  purpose  laboratory  space. 

Building  1  contains  administrative  offices  and  data  processing  laboratories. 
Building  2  houses  business-subject  laboratories,  cosmetology,  auto  mechanics 
and  electrical  electronics  laboratories.  Building  3  includes  the  biology  and 
nursing  arts  laboratories.  Building  4  contains  the  machine  shop,  drafting, 


774  North  Carolina  Manual 

power  mechanics,  diesel  and  welding  laboratories.  And,  Building  5,  the 
learning  resources  center,  includes  a  student  lounge,  snack  bar,  library, 
learning  laboratory  and  a  large  multi-use  area.  The  greenhouse  and  carpentry 
laboratories  are  separate  from  the  permanent  buildings. 


BLADEN  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 
Dublin,  NC 

Bladen  Technical  College  was  established  as  Bladen  Technical  Institute  in 
1967  in  Elizabethtown.  Administrative  and  learning  center  activities  were  in 
the  old  Baptist  Church  education  building;  a  machine  shop  operated  in  a 
building  formerly  occupied  by  a  farm  chemical  dealer;  and  other  shops  and 
laboratories  were  planned  for  the  old  Johnson  Cotton  Co.  building  south  of 
Elizabethtown  on  Route  701.  BTC  formally  opened  on  Dec.  16,  1967. 

Later,  the  old  Johnson  Cotton  Co.  property  was  secured  and  became  the 
location  for  administration,  basic  education  and  the  machine  shop.  Additional 
space  for  a  welding  shop  and  student  service  area  was  leased  next  to  the  I 
Johnson  Cotton  Co.  building.  Business,  secretarial  and  nursing  programs 
began  in  the  church  education  building. 

BTC  began  on  a  full-scale  basis  in  September  1968.  Initially  curriculum 
programs  were  offered  in  Cosmetology,  Executive  Secretarial  Science,  Business  i 
Administration,  Industrial  Engineering  and  Agricultural  Engineering  tech-  [ 
nologies.  Industrial  Maintenance,  Automotive  Mechanics  and  Nursing  As- 
sistant. A  complete  battery  of  extension  and  other  part-time  adult  programs  i 
were  started  to  complement  the  day  programs.  The  name  of  the  institution  was  } 
changed  to  Bladen  Technical  College  in  1979. 

This  campus  is  located  in  Dublin,  approximately  30  miles  east  of  Fayetteville 
and  approximately  50  miles  from  Wilmington.  It  is  located  in  a  tourist  area 
near  White  Lake. 

A  site  for  a  permanent  campus  near  Dublin  was  secured  and  phase  one  of  the 
building  program  began  in  spring  1970.  BTC  moved  to  its  permanent,  25-acre 
campus  in  July  1971 .  Two  building  totaling  27,000  square  feet  were  included  in 
the  initial  building  phase  and  housed  administrative  offices,  classsrooms, 
laboratories,  shops,  a  student  lounge  and  library. 

A  small  shop  was  built  as  an  MDTA  welding  class  project  in  1972.  Nine  acres 
were  added  to  the  campus  in  1973  and  a  combination  shop-classroom  building, ! 
containing  10,500  sqaure  feet,  was  completed  that  year.  A  3,600  square  foot  j 
storage  shed,  constructed  as  a  class  project,  was  completed  in  early  1974  and  11 
acres  were  added  to  the  campus. 

Construction  of  a  multi-purpose  building,  an  administrative  building  and 
learning  resources  center  was  completed  in  1976;  a  carpentry  laboratory  was ' 
completed  in  1978;  and  two  additional  shop  buildings  were  completed  in  1980. ' 
The  total  square  footage  of  BTC's  buildings  is  76,741. 


The  North  Carolina  Community  College  System  775 

BLUE  RIDGE  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 
Flat  Rock,  NC 

In  May  1969,  the  citizens  of  Henderson  County  approved  a  bond  issue  and  a 
special  tax  levy  to  begin  Henderson  County  Technical  Institute.  Continuing 
education  classes  began  Dec.  1,  1969.  The  first  full-time  classes  began  in 
September  1970  with  145  curriculum  students. 

The  institution's  name  was  changed  to  Blue  Ridge  Technical  Institute  in 
1970,  and  in  1979  the  name  was  changed  to  Blue  Ridge  Technical  College. 

Since  the  first  class  14  years  ago,  BRTC  has  provided  training  for  specific  job 
skills;  it  now  offers  31  curriculum  programs. 

Situated  near  the  Blue  Ridge  Mountain  area  of  North  Carolina,  at  an 
altitude  of  2,140  feet.  Blue  Ridge  Technical  College  is  easily  accessible  via 
Interstate  26,  Highways  25,  64,  176  and  191.  The  campus  is  located  on  Blue 
Ridge  Tech  Road,  which  connects  Airport  Road  and  Allen  Road,  two  and  a  half 
miles  southeast  of  Hendersonville  in  Henderson  County. 

The  109-acre  campus  has  six  buildings,  including  a  new  industrial  skills 
center  which  opened  in  1982.  The  campus  includes  a  horticulture  lab  with 
orchards,  vineyard,  greenhouse  and  nursery  areas. 


BRUNSWICK  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 
Supply,  NC 

Brunswick  Technical  College  originated  as  Brunswick  Technical  Institute 
in  July  1979.  On  Oct.  5,  1979,  the  board  of  trustees,  with  the  approval  of  the 
Brunswick  County  Board  of  Commissioners,  voted  unanimously  to  change  the 
name  of  the  institution  to  Brunswick  Technical  College.  A  little  over  four  years 
later  on  Dec.  13,  1983,  the  institution  received  accreditation  by  the  Southern 
Association  of  Colleges  and  Schools. 

BTC  has  two  campuses.  The  permanent  campus  is  located  on  U.S.  Highway 
17  north  of  Supply.  The  Annex,  formerly  a  public  school  building,  is  located  at 
705  North  Lord  St.  in  Southport. 

The  youngest  of  the  system's  58  institutions,  Brunswick  Technical  College 
began  classes  in  its  first  building  on  the  permanent  campus  last  year. 
According  to  the  state  formula,  BTC  needs  32,400  square  feet  of  additional 
space  to  meet  its  current  enrollment.  Plans  are  now  being  developed  for  an 
additional  building. 


CALDWELL  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

AND  TECHNICAL  INSTITUTE 

Lenoir,  NC 

Caldwell  Technical  Institute  was  established  April  2,  1964,  and  permanent 
facilities  were  occupied  in  September  1967.  In  1970  the  North  Carolina  General 


776  North  Carolina  Manual 

Assembly  authorized  Caldwell  Technical  Institute  to  offer  college  transfer 
courses,  and  the  institution's  name  became  Caldwell  Community  College  and 
Technical  Institute. 

Since  its  establishment,  CCC&TI  has  enjoyed  constant  community  support 
and  encouragement.  The  institution  has  grown  to  include  50  occupational 
programs,  the  college  transfer  program  and  non-credit  continuing  education 
programs. 

Located  in  the  foothills  of  western  North  Carolina,  CCC&TI  has  established 
a  main  campus  on  a  78-acre  tract  of  land  in  Hudson.  The  institution  also  has  a 
Watauga  Division  in  Boone.  The  service  area  includes  some  100,000  people, 
approximately  68,000  in  Caldwell  County  and  32,000  in  Watauga  County. 

A  variety  of  industries  form  the  basis  of  the  economy  in  CCC&TI's  service 
area:  furniture,  hosiery,  paper,  metals  manufacturing  and  tourism. 

Accessible  to  the  population  centers  of  Lenoir,  Granite  Falls  and  Hickory, 
the  Hudson  campus  is  located  on  Highway  32L  In  1982  a  19,000  square  foot 
Life  Skills  Building  was  occupied,  bringing  square  footage  to  a  total  of  163,374. 

The  Watauga  Division  administrative  offices  are  located  at  the  intersection 
of  Highway  321  West  and  105  By-pass  in  Boone.  Curriculum  and  Continuing 
education  classes  are  taught  at  this  site,  Watauga  High  School  and  other  sites 
in  the  county. 


CAPE  FEAR  TECHNICAL  INSTITUTE 

Wilmington,  NC 

Cape  Fear  Technical  Institute  began  in  1959  as  the  Wilmington  Industrial 
Education  Center  and  adopted  its  present  name  in  1964,  with  the  establish- 
ment of  the  statewide  community  college  system. 

F'rom  its  modest  beginnings  with  an  enrollment  of  only  several  hundred 
students,  CFTI  now  serves  more  than  20,000  adults  annually  in  a  wide  range  of 
curriculum  and  non-credit  courses  and  extension  and  evening  programs,  at  | 
both  on-campus  and  off-campus  locations  in  Wilmington  and  New  Hanover  ( 
and  Pender  counties.  I 

CFTI  is  located  in  downtown  Wilmington,  with  the  campus  extending  t 
between  North  Front  Street  and  the  Cape  F'ear  River,  where  the  institution  ' 
maintains  its  dock  and  fleet  of  boats,  plus  a  floating  barge  which  is  used  as  ! 
classroom  space  for  marine  and  water-related  programs.  CF'TI  also  occupies  a 
building  at  926  North  Front  St.,  several  blocks  from  the  main  campus,  for  its  j 
electronics/instrumentation  programs.  j 

Cape  Fear  Technical  has  three  main  buildings  (in  addition  to  its  dock  space  ; 
and  barge):  a  four-story  administration/lab/shop  building;  a  seven-story  ■ 
structure  adjacent  which  houses  classrooms,  library,  labs,  shop-classroom 
complex,  student  activity  area,  cafeteria,  bookstore  and  lecture  auditorium; 
and  a  building  which  houses  trade  shops. 


The  North  Carolina  Community  College  System  777 

CARTERET  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 
Morehead  City,  NC 

On  July  1 1 , 1 963,  the  State  Board  of  Education  authorized  the  estabHshment 
of  the  Carteret  County  Unit  of  the  Goldsboro  Industrial  Education  Center.  The 
unit  operated  until  Oct.  5,  1967,  when  Carteret  Technical  Institute  was 
officially  established  under  a  contract  with  the  Carteret  County  Board  of 
Education.  On  July  9, 1979,  the  board  of  trustees  officially  changed  the  name  of 
the  institution  to  Carteret  Technical  College. 

CTC  offers  a  full  range  of  technical/vocational,  associate  degree,  certificate 
and  diploma  programs  as  well  as  the  college  transfer  program. 

The  campus  is  located  on  U.S.  70  West  in  Morehead  City. 

The  city  has  one  of  the  two  state  ports  in  North  Carolina  and  is  rapidly 
becoming  the  center  of  commerce  and  industry  in  the  northern  Tidewater  area 
that  is  supported  by  tourism,  fishing  and  a  large  military  installation. 

The  17.3-acre  campus  has  eight  buildings  and  three  mobile  units.  A  $2.5 
million  civic  and  learning  resources  center  complex  located  on  the  campus  is 
Hearing  completion. 


CATAWBA  VALLEY  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 

Hickory,  NC 

Catawba  Valley  Technical  College  was  one  of  the  original  industrial 
education  centers  in  North  Carolina;  its  doors  opened  in  1960  to  an  initial 
enrollment  of  77  students.  This  year  C  VTC  enrolled  students  in  40  curriculum 
programs  ranging  from  automation/robotics  to  welding,  and  in  continuing 
education  courses. 

The  campus  is  located  on  Highway  64-70,  halfway  between  Hickory  and 
Newton,  in  Catawba  County. 

A  mild  climate,  proximity  to  the  Blue  Ridge  Mountains  and  training 
opportunities  at  CVTC  have  attracted  a  growing  number  of  diversified 
industries  in  recent  years:  printing,  optical  fiber  and  communications  cable 
manufacturing.  The  area  is  noted  for  its  furniture  and  textile  industries. 

Catawba  Valley  Technical  College's  campus  covers  56.5  acres  and  has  10 
buildings  containing  212,000  square  feet  of  space.  The  library  contains  30,000 
volumes  (primarily  technical).  An  art  center  opened  in  1982-83  for  continuing 
education  art  classes,  and  plans  were  made  to  open  a  Newton  Center  for  classes 
in  eastern  Catawba  County. 


CENTRAL  CAROLINA  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 

Sanford,  NC 

One  of  the  original  industrial  education  centers.  Central  Carolina  Technical 
College  began  awarding  associate  degrees  in  1965,  the  same  year  the  institu- 
tion's name  became  Central  Carolina  Technical  Institute.  The  name  was 
changed  to  the  one  it  now  bears  in  1979. 


778  North  Carolina  Manual 

In  1982-83  CCTC  served  more  than  16,800  students  and  offered  29  curriculum 
programs  ranging  from  automotive  mechanics  to  nursing  education. 

The  main  campus  is  located  in  Sanford  in  Lee  County  (population:  36,000)  on 
a  32-acre  site.  Other  locations  include  the  Henry  Siler  School  in  Chatham 
County  and  the  Harnett  County  Industrial  Training  Center  in  Harnett 
County. 

The  Sanford  location  has  120,561  square  feet  of  classroom,  shop  and 
laboratory  space.  The  Learning  Resource  Center  includes  24,000  books,  290 
periodicals,  15  newspapers,  numerous  audio-visual  materials  and  equipment. 


CENTRAL  PIEDMONT  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Charlotte,  NC 

I 

Central  Piedmont  Community  College,  the  largest  community  college  in  j 
North  Carolina,  was  formed  in  1963  by  a  merger  of  Mecklenburg  College  and 
the  Central  Industrial  Education  Center. 

Initially,  the  institution  offered  a  dozen  vocational  programs  and  some 
extension  courses  to  just  under  2,000  students.  CPCC  now  offers  74  career  i 
programs  and  college  transfer,  high  school  completion,  advancement  studies 
and  continuing  education  as  well  as  reading  and  math  for  illiterate  adults. 

The  campus,  at  Elizabeth  Avenue  and  Kings  Drive  in  uptown  Charlotte,  is 
ideally  located  near  the  hub  of  Mecklenburg  County.  Learning  Centers  are  also 
located  in  Cornelius,  Matthews  and  the  Freedom  Mall  Shopping  Center  for  the 
convenience  of  the  public  registering,  buying  books,  paying  fees  and  taking 
courses. 

The  main  campus  has  23  buildings  on  33  acres.  Some  of  the  campus 
buildings  include  classrooms,  labs,  shop  areas,  learning  resources  center, 
greenhouse,  425-seat  auditorium,  food  preparation  facilities  (which  house  the 
largest  kitchen  in  the  city),  well-equipped  labs  and  a  modern  multi-purpose 
gym.  Dozens  of  classrooms  are  used  in  neighborhood  churches,  high  schools  | 
and  office  facilites.  ' 


CLEVELAND  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 

Shelby,  NC 

The  Cleveland  Unit  of  Gaston  College  was  established  July  1,  1965.  A  local 
board  of  trustees  was  officially  appointed  and  the  Extension  Unit  became 
Cleveland  County  Technical  Institute  Oct.  2,  1967. 

The  institution's  two  rented  buildings  in  downtown  Shelby  soon  proved  to  be 
inadequate  for  its  rapidly  growing  enrollment.  So,  in  1969,  CCTI  leased  the 
abandoned  county  home  property  and  moved  to  its  new  location,  137  South 
Post  Road,  the  site  of  its  present  campus.  Two  years  later  the  institution 
received  its  charter.  In  1977  a  $5  million  bond  issue  was  passed  for  Phase  II  of 
the  institution's  development  program. 

The  institution's  name  changed  in  1980  to  Cleveland  Technical  College. 


The  North  Carolina  Community  College  System  779 

Cleveland  Technical  College's  43-acre  campus  is  located  approximately  four 
miles  east  of  Shelby,  the  county  seat  of  Cleveland  County. 

Present  campus  facilities  include  two  classroom  buildings  with  50,000 
square  feet  (completed  in  1974).  The  buildings  house  vocational  shops  and 
technical  classrooms.  The  Campus  Center  Building,  which  was  completed  in 
1981,  provides  100,00  square  feet  of  additional  space  for  the  Learning 
Resources  Center  with  a  television  studio  and  auditorium  facility,  an  art 
gallery,  classrooms,  shops,  laboratories,  student  services,  bookstore,  snack 
bar  and  offices. 


COASTAL  CAROLINA  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Jacksonville,  NC 

One  of  the  original  industrial  education  centers,  Coastal  Carolina  Commu- 
nity College  changed  its  name  to  the  one  it  now  bears  in  1970.  The  institution 
began  in  an  abandoned  prison  with  an  enrollment  of  325  extension  students 
and  one  full-time  employee.  This  year  CCCC  served  students  in  53  curriculum 
programs,  ranging  from  automotive  mechanics  to  electronic  servicing  and 
employed  approximatley  200  full-time  employees. 

The  campus  is  located  in  Jacksonville  (The  City  On  The  Go),  which  has  a 
population  of  over  30,000. 

The  area  is  noted  for  fresh  water  fishing  in  the  beautiful  New  River.  Its  close 
proximity  to  area  beaches  also  makes  it  popular. 

The  Coastal  Carolina  Community  College  campus  has  75-acres  and  10 
buildings  and  operates  a  Skills  Center  used  for  training  personnel  for  new  and 
expanding  industries. 


COLLEGE  OF  THE  ALBEMARLE 
Elizabeth  City,  NC 

The  first  college  in  North  Carolina  chartered  under  the  Community  College 
Act  of  1957,  College  of  The  Albemarle  later  became  the  first  comprehensive 
community  college  in  the  state's  community  college  system. 

Classes  were  first  conducted  for  182  students  in  September  1961  by  five 
instructors  in  a  renovated  hospital.  In  1982-83,  COA  enrolled  students  in  39 
curriculum  programs. 

The  College  of  The  Albemarle  campus  is  located  in  Elizabeth  City  on  U.S. 
Highway  17  North. 

Elizabeth  City  is  the  hub  of  the  institution's  seven-county  service  area  and  is 
just  40  miles  from  the  beaches  of  the  Outer  Banks.  These  seven  counties 
encompass  nearly  3,500  square  miles,  making  this  the  largest  service  area  of 
any  of  the  state's  community  college  system  institutions. 

Three  main  buildings  rest  on  the  institution's  36-acre  campus  which  borders 
the  Pasquotank  River.  The  administration/classroom  building  and  the  learn- 
ing resources  center/classroom  building  were  completed  in  1981,  while  the 


780  North  Carolina  Manual 

former  technical  center  was  completed  in  1972.  Total  square  footage  is 
approximately  114,000.  COA  also  operates  an  extension  center  several  miles 
from  the  campus. 


CRAVEN  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 
New  Bern,  NC 

Craven  Community  College  began  operation  on  July  1,  1965,  as  a  unit  of 
Lenoir  Community  College.  In  April  1968,  the  first  meeting  of  the  newly 
created  board  of  trustees  was  held,  marking  the  beginning  of  Craven  County 
Technical  Institute  as  an  independent  institution.  The  name  of  the  institution 
was  changed  to  Craven  Community  College  July  1, 1973,  and  the  first  college 
parallel  classes  were  offered  that  September. 

The  campus  of  Craven  Community  College  is  located  in  the  western  area  of 
New  Bern  on  Glenburnie  Road  at  College  Court.  The  institution  serves  Craven 
County  (population:  71,043). 

Craven  County  is  noted  for  tourism,  light  and  heavy  industry,  agriculture 
and  is  the  home  of  the  Marine  Corps  Air  Station  at  Cherry  Point.  New  Bern 
was  the  Colonial  Capital  of  North  Carolina  and  is  the  home  of  Tryon  Palace,  a 
major  tourist  attraction. 

The  campus,  occupied  in  April  1971,  includes  100  acres  of  pine  and  hardwood 
forest.  There  are  currently  three  permanent  buildings  and  two  temporary 
modular  units  housing  four  classrooms.  Outdoor  physical  education  facilities 
include  tennis,  softball,  soccer,  basketball  and  volleyball. 

Craven  Community  College  also  has  rental  facilities  near  downtown  New 
Bern  for  Cosmetology;  Carpentry  and  Masonry  are  offered  in  rental  facilities 
on  Highway  55  west  of  New  Bern.  Rental  facilities  for  Cosmetology,  Data 
Processing  and  Drafting  programs  and  a  Learning  Lab  are  located  in  East 
Plaza  on  Highway  70  in  Havelock.  Office  space  and  a  testing  center  are  located 
in  the  joint  education  center  at  the  Cherry  Point  Air  Station. 


DAVIDSON  COUNTY  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Lexington,  NC 

Davidson  County  Community  College's  beginnings  can  be  traced  to  1958, 
when  the  Davidson  County  Industrial  Education  Center  was  chartered.  When 
it  opened  in  1963,  the  Davidson  County  lEC  enrolled  125  students  in 
vocational,  technical  and  evening  courses,  and  51  students  in  adult  education 
and  service  programs. 

In  1965,  after  Davidson  County  citizens  had  demonstrated  an  interest  in 
expanding  the  lEC  into  a  comprehensive  community  college,  a  college  transfer 
curriculum  was  added  and  the  institution  was  chartered  as  Davidson  County 
Community  College. 

Today,  DCCC  is  a  comprehensive  community  college  offering  two-year 
college  transfer  programs,  two-year  technical  programs,  one-  and  two-year 
vocational  programs,  certificate  programs  and  continuing  education  courses. 


The  North  Carolina  Community  College  System  781 

The  institution  also  offers  literacy  courses,  remedial  and  tutorial  services  and 
community  educational  activities. 

Davidson  County  Community  College  is  located  in  the  heart  of  Piedmont 
North  Carolina  halfway  between  Lexington  and  Thomasville  on  Highway 
29-70. 

One  of  the  most  rapidly  growing  areas  in  the  southeast,  this  area  is  noted  for 
its  furniture  and  textile  industries. 

From  one  building  located  on  a  22-acre  site  in  1963,  DCCC  has  expanded  to 
77-acres  with  eight  buildings  valued  at  more  than  $12  million. 


DURHAM  TECHNICAL  INSTITUTE 
Durham,  NC 

Durham  Technical  Institute,  which  opened  its  doors  as  an  industrial 
eduction  center  in  September  1961,  changed  its  name  in  1965  to  the  one  it  now 
bears. 

The  institution  has  24  programs  of  study  leading  to  a  degree,  diploma,  or 
certificate  in  the  areas  of  business,  health,  industrial  and  engineering  and 
public  service. 

Durham  Technical  Institute  is  located  at  1637  Lawson  St.  in  an  industrial 
park  development  in  the  southeastern  section  of  the  city  of  Durham. 

The  institution  is  near  the  Research  Triangle  Park  and  is  within  easy  driving 
distance  of  Raleigh,  Chapel  Hill  and  downtown  Durham. 

The  campus  includes  four  buildings  with  165.588  square  feet  for  laboratories, 
shops,  classrooms  and  offices.  A  new  industrial  and  engineering  technologies 
building  opened  in  1983. 


EDGECOMBE  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 
Tarboro,  NC 

Edgecombe  Technical  College  began  as  an  extension  unit  of  Wilson  County 
Technical  Institute.  But,  in  1967,  ETC  was  placed  under  Edgecombe  County 
administration.  Due  to  the  population  growth  in  Rocky  Mount,  NC,  the 
institution  added  a  downtown  campus  in  that  area  in  1972. 

This  year  ETC  served  students  on  both  campuf3es  in  programs  ranging  from 
Electromic  Data  Processing  and  Radiologic  Technology,  to  flower  arranging 
and  driver's  education. 

The  main  campus  is  located  in  historic  Tarboro  (population:  10,517)  in 
northeastern  North  Carolina  on  the  Tarboro-Wilson  Highway.  The  sister 
campus  is  located  in  downtown  Rocky  Mount  (population:  41,283),  15  miles 
from  Tarboro  on  U.S.  Highway  64. 

The  Tarboro  campus  has  120  acres  and  three  main  buildings,  including  a 
multi-purpose  building  that  contains  a  500-seat  auditorium,  student  lounge 
and  classrooms. 


782  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  Rocky  Mount  campus  main  building,  the  former  U.S.  Post  Office 
Building,  was  renovated  in  1972.  It  houses  the  library,  administrative  offices 
and  classrooms. 

In  1974  two  buildings  across  the  street  from  the  main  campus  were  acquired 
to  house  classrooms,  laboratories  and  offices. 


FAYETTEVILLE  TECHNICAL  INSTITUTE 
Fayetteville,  NC 

Fayetteville  Technical  Institute  originated  as  the  Fayetteville  Area  In- 
dustrial Education  Center  in  1961  and  adopted  its  present  name  in  September 
1963. 

FTI  has  experienced  phenomenal  growth  in  its  history  and  is  now  a  vital 
force  in  meeting  the  vocational,  technical  and  adult  education  needs  of 
Fayetteville,  Cumberland  County  and  the  surrounding  area. 

The  main  campus  is  located  in  Fayetteville  (population:  59,507)  with 
additional  classroom  facilities  at  nearby  Fort  Bragg. 

The  area  is  noted  for  its  military  installations  (Fort  Bragg  and  Pope  Air 
Force  Base)  and  the  resulting  diversity  of  its  populus. 

The  93-acre  main  campus  has  a  physical  plant  of  more  than  300,000  square 
feet. 


FORSYTH  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 
Winston-Salem,  NC 

Forsyth  Technical  Institute  was  established  in  1959  as  an  industrial 
education  center,  part  of  the  Winston-Salem/Forsyth  County  Schools  system. 
In  1963  the  lEC  became  part  of  the  North  Carolina  community  college  system 
as  Forsyth  Technical  Institute.  That  year  approximately  150  students  enrolled 
in  curriculum  programs  and  500  enrolled  in  adult  education  evening  programs. 

The  main  campus  is  located  on  Silas  Creek  Parkway,  with  additional  centers 
for  the  health  technologies  at  North  Carolina  Baptist  and  Forsyth  Memorial 
hospitals.  A  new  campus  center  will  be  opened  in  1984  when  the  institution 
acquires  Dalton  Junior  High  School  on  Bolton  Street. 

All  campus  centers  are  situated  in  the  city  of  Winston-Salem,  noted  for  such 
visitor  attractions  as  Old  Salem,  Historic  Bethabara,  the  Southeastern  Center 
for  Contemporary  Art  and  Reynolds  House. 

The  present  10  buildings  on  the  main  campus  provide  192,030  square  feet  of 
space  with  an  additional  47,445  square  feet  provided  by  the  Paramedical  ' 
Building  leased  from  Forsyth  Memorial  Hospital  and  the  Allied  Health 
Building  leased  from  North  Carolina  Baptist  Hospital.  During  1984  the 
institution  will  acquire  8 1,341  square  feet  at  the  Bolton  Street  center  and  63,438  ) 
square  feet  upon  completion  of  a  new  high  technology  building  on  campus,  for  j 
a  grand  total  of  384,254  square  feet.  I 

Continuing  education  classes  meet  in  approximately  75  different  locations 
in  Forsyth  and  Stokes  counties. 


The  North  Carolina  Community  College  System  783 

GASTON  COLLEGE 

Dallas,  NC 

Gaston  College  began  classes  in  temporary  headquarters  at  a  local  church  in 
September  1964,  offering  13  programs  to  its  551  students.  In  1965  it  merged 
with  Gaston  Technical  Institute  and  the  Gastonia  Industrial  Education 
Center,  establishing  it  as  a  pioneer,  comprehensive  community  college  offering 
programs  in  liberal  arts  and  sciences,  engineering  technologies,  business, 
occupational  skills  and  continuing  education.  Today,  the  institution  offers  49 
programs. 

The  campus  is  located  on  U.S.  Highway  321  between  Dallas  and  Gastonia  in 
Piedmont  North  Carolina. 

Gaston  College  is  situated  on  a  166.4-acre  campus.  There  are  nine  permanent 
buildings  which  consist  of  275,000  square  feet  with  a  replacement  value  of 
$16,025,000.  The  institution  has  a  58,000-volume  library  and  will  occupy  its 
newest  facility,  a  health  sciences  center,  within  the  next  academic  year. 


GUILFORD  TECHNICAL  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Jamestown,  NC 

Guilford  Technical  Community  College  has  entered  its  twenty-fifth  year  of 
service  to  the  residents  of  Guilford  County.  From  an  abandoned  sanitarium 
site  in  Jamestown,  it  has  emerged  as  an  educational  complex  ranking  third  in 
size  among  the  state's  58  community  college  system  institutions. 

Founded  in  1958  as  an  industrial  education  center,  the  institution  began  with 
two  courses  and  15  students  housed  in  one  old  building.  By  the  end  of  the 
1958-59  academic  year,  1 1  full-time  and  10  part-time  instructors  were  teaching 
593  students  in  six  vocational  courses. 

In  1965  Guilford  Industrial  Education  Center  became  Guilford  Technical 
Institute.  The  approval  was  given  to  the  institution  to  grant  the  associate  in 
applied  science  degree.  To  more  effectively  serve  students,  GTI  requested  the 
addition  of  the  college  transfer  program.  This  request  was  granted  with  an 
effective  date  identified  in  the  next  fiscal  year  with  GTI  being  named  Guilford 
Technical  Community  College. 

During  1982-83  the  institution  served  students  in  50  vocational  and  technical 
programs.  More  than  20,000  people  enrolled  in  continuing  education  and 
extension  courses. 

The  main  campus  of  Guilford  Technical  Community  College  is  located  on  an 
85-acre  wooded  tract  off  U.S.  Highway  29-70A  at  the  eastern  edge  of  James- 
town. It  is  ideally  situated  within  easy  commuting  distance  of  Greensboro, 
High  Point  and  surrounding  areas  of  Guilford  County. 

In  addition  to  the  campus  at  Jamestown,  GTCC  operates  satellite  units  in 
Greensboro  and  High  Point  and  at  the  Regional  Airport.  Greensboro  centers 
are  located  at  501  W.  Washington  St.,  449  W.  Market  St.  and  443  W.  Sycamore 
St.,  in  downtown  Greensboro.  The  High  Point  Center  is  located  at  901  S.  Main 
St.  GTCC  aviation  programs  occupy  Hangar  Number  3  at  the  Regional 
Airport. 


784  North  Carolina  Manual 

Part-time  teaching  centers  for  the  institution's  short-term  non-credit  Con- 
tinuing Education  program  are  estabhshed  whenever  the  need  arises.  The 
courses  are  offered  in  schools,  community  centers,  churches,  housing  projects 
and  Hbraries  throughout  Guilford  County. 

GTCC  operations  are  primarily  housed  in  14  buildings  with  275,729  assign- 
able square  feet. 

A  ground  breaking  was  held  for  Davis  Hall,  a  three  level  34,000  square  foot 
structure  which  houses  Air  Conditioning  and  Heating,  Civil  Engineering, 
Industrial  Maintenance,  Surveying  Mechanical  Drafting  and  Design,  Elec- 
tronic Data  Processing,  English,  Humanities  and  Social  Science  programs. 
Adjoining  this  building  is  a  6,500  square  foot  facility  which  houses  Packaging 
Machinery  Servicing. 


HALIFAX  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 
Weldon,  NC 

Halifax  Community  College,  chartered  Sept.  7,  1967  as  Halifax  County 
Technical  Institute,  began  functioning  in  February  1968. 

From  its  earliest  beginning  at  the  Halifax  County  Civil  Defense  Building  in 
Halifax  with  an  enrollment  of  15  curriculum  students.  HCC  this  year  served 
students  in  35  programs.  With  the  establishment  of  a  two-year  college  transfer 
program,  the  name  Halifax  Community  College  became  effective  July  1976. 

The  campus  is  located  on  NC  Highway  158  in  Weldon,  less  than  a  mile  east  of 
Interstate  95.  HCC's  administrative  area  includes  all  of  Halifax  County  and 
parts  of  Northampton  and  Warren  counties. 

This  is  a  rural,  agricultural  area  with  a  service  area  population  of  80,000.  Its 
most  noted  attraction  is  Lake  Gaston,  20,000-acre  lake  for  fishing  and 
recreation. 

Halifax  Community  College  has  administrative  offices,  classrooms,  career 
laboratory  and  placement  office,  Learning  Resources  Center,  a  150-seat 
auditorium,  student  lounge,  labortories  and  vocational  shops.  A  24,000-volume 
library  houses  more  than  135  newspapers  and  magazines.  The  campus  is 
located  on  a  109-acre  site,  and  the  present  physical  plant  contains  approxi- 
mately 83,000  square  feet. 


HAYWOOD  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 
Clyde,  NC 

Founded  in  1965  under  the  sponsorship  of  Asheville-Buncombe  Technical 
College.  Haywood  Technical  College  had  a  lone  curriculum  in  practical 
nursing  for  its  first  year  in  Patton  School  in  Canton. 

Because  of  enrollment  growth  and  demands  for  more  programs,  HTC  moved 
to  Clyde  School  in  1966  and  then  to  the  new  campus  in  1972.  Program  offerings 
have  grown  to  12  associate  degree,  12  vocational  diploma  and  one  vocational 
certificate  curricula. 


The  North  Carolina  Community  College  System  785 

The  campus  is  located  25  miles  west  of  Asheville  at  the  junction  of  U.  S. 
Highway  19-23  and  Jones  Cove  Road,  one  mile  from  Interstate  40. 

The  campus  is  enhanced  by  the  natural  beauty  of  Western  North  Carolina, 
by  floral,  tree  and  shrubbery  plantings,  and  by  a  small  pond  near  its  entrance. 

Haywood  Technical  College  has  80.43  acres  and  22  buildings.  The  Learning 
Resource  Center  houses  a  23,854-volume  library.  The  estimated  replacement 
cost  of  land  and  buildings  is  $7.8  million. 

Because  of  its  central  location  in  Haywood  County,  the  campus  also  houses  a 
Sheltered  Workshop. 


ISOTHERMAL  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 
Spindale,  NC 

The  institution  was  chartered  Oct.  1, 1964,  by  the  State  Board  of  Education. 
The  first  meeting  of  the  board  of  trustees  was  held  Nov.  17,  and  on  Nov.  23,  the 
board  approved  the  name  Isothermal  Community  College.  On  July  1 ,  1965,  the 
industrial  education  center,  which  had  been  operating  for  several  years  as  an 
extension  of  Gaston  Technical  Institute,  became  the  vocational  and  technical 
division  of  ICC. 

Isothermal  Community  College  is  an  open  door  institution,  serving  the 
residents  of  Polk,  Rutherford  and  surrounding  counties.  Classes  meet  during 
the  day  and  evening  on  the  110-acre  campus  located  on  Highway  74  in 
Spindale,  at  a  satellite  campus  in  Tryon  in  Polk  County  and  in  communities 
throughout  the  institution's  service  areas. 

The  110-acre  campus  has  11  buildings,  including  a  30,835-volume  library. 


JAMES  SPRUNT  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 
Kenansville,  NC 

James  Sprunt  Technical  College  originated  in  1960  as  the  Duplin  County 
Unit  of  the  Goldsboro  Industrial  Education  Center.  In  1964  the  institution  was 
named  James  Sprunt  Institute  in  honor  of  Dr.  James  Sprunt,  a  celebrated  Civil 
War  chaplain  and  an  educator,  who  was  headmaster  of  an  earlier  James 
Sprunt  in  1845. 

From  an  enrollment  of  1 1 4  FTE  in  1964-65,  JSTC  increased  its  enrollment  to 
nearly  1,200  FTE  in  1982-83.  Students  now  choose  from  more  than  20  one-  and 
two-year  degree  programs,  ranging  from  building  trades  and  electronics  to 
general  education. 

James  Sprunt  Technical  College  is  located  in  southeastern  North  Carolina 
in  historic  Kenansville,  the  county  seat  of  Duplin  County. 

Duplin  County  is  known  as  the  leading  producer  of  agricultural  products  in 
the  state. 

The  institution  has  a  53-acre  campus  with  four  buildings  that  house 
administrative  offices,  classrooms,  laboratories,  industrial  shops,  a  300-seat 
auditorium  and  a  23,500  volume  library. 


786  North  Carolina  Manual 

JOHNSTON  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 

Smithfield,  N.C. 

In  September  1969,  Johnston  Technical  College  (then  Johnston  County 
Technical  Institute)  offered  its  first  occupational  and  adult  educational 
courses  at  the  former  Forest  Hill  High  School,  located  on  Highway  301  South 
near  the  town  of  Four  Oaks.  Six  hundred  and  fifty-nine  adults  enrolled  in  29 
evening  courses.  This  year  the  institution  served  students  in  35  programs, 
ranging  from  Electronics  Engineering  Technology  to  Truck  Driver  Training. 

In  fall  1976,  the  institution  moved  to  its  present  campus  located  near  the 
center  of  Johnston  County  at  the  intersection  of  Interstate  95  and  U.S. 
Highway  70,  just  east  of  Smithfield  (population:  7,288). 

Smithfield,  chartered  in  1777,  is  a  major  eastern  North  Carolina  tobacco 
market. 

Johnston  Technical  College  has  a  100-acre  campus  with  seven  buildings, 
including  a  new  vocational  building  housing,  in  part,  the  Truck  Driver 
Training  program  (formally  located  in  Raleigh).  A  new  addition  to  the  Wilson 
Building  will  provide  facilities  for  a  computer  center  and  student  lounge.  The 
institution  continues  to  utilize  three  buildings  at  its  Four  Oaks  campus. 


LENOIR  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 
Kinston,  NC 

Lenoir  Community  College  was  one  of  the  original  industrial  education 
centers  chartered  under  the  1957  legislation.  Chartered  in  1958,  the  institution 
offered  its  first  classes  in  February  1960.  Lenoir  County  lEC  became  Lenoir 
County  Technical  Institute  in  June  1964,  and  attained  community  college 
status  in  November  of  that  year.  Lenoir  County  Community  College  became 
Lenoir  Community  College  in  1968  when  "County"  was  dropped  from  the 
name. 

From  an  initial  enrollment  of  just  over  two  dozen  students  in  1960,  LCC  now 
serves  students  in  42  programs,  ranging  from  traditional  vocational  programs 
such  as  Welding  and  Auto  Mechanics  to  new  programs  such  as  Data 
Processing  and  Industrial  Engineering  Technology. 

LCC  is  located  in  Kinston  at  the  intersection  of  Highways  70  and  58.  In 
addition  to  serving  Lenoir  County,  Greene  and  Jones  counties  are  also  part  of 
the  Lenoir  Community  College  service  area.  Kinston,  the  county  seat  of  Lenoir 
County,  has  a  population  of  some  28,000,  while  the  county  population  totals 
some  32,000. 

Agriculture  is  the  mainstay  of  the  local  economy,  though  some  light  industry 
has  been  attracted  to  the  area  in  recent  years. 

The  institution's  main  campus  in  Kinston  has  approximately  86  acres  and 
four  large  classroom  and  shop  buildings,  along  with  gymnasium/student 
union  facilites  and  a  50,000-volume  learning  resources  center. 

Lenoir  Community  College  also  has  satellite  centers  in  Greene  County  at 
Snow  Hill  and  Jones  County  at  Trenton  to  better  serve  the  residents  of  those 
areas. 


The  North  Carolina  Community  College  System  787 

MARTIN  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 
Williamston,  NC 

Martin  Community  College  was  initially  authorized  as  Martin  Technical 
Institute  by  the  General  Assembly  in  1967.  Under  a  contractual  agreement 
with  the  Martin  County  Board  of  Education,  extension  courses  began  during 
the  summer  quarter  of  1968,  and  curriculum  programs  started  during  the  fall 
quarter  of  1969  in  an  old  public  school  building  in  Everetts. 

Following  a  successful  county-wide  election  in  June  1969,  independent 
status  was  obtained;  community  college  status  was  granted  by  the  General 
Assembly  in  June  1975;  and  the  name  of  the  institution  was  officially  changed 
to  Martin  Community  College  on  July  1,  1976. 

The  65-acre  campus  of  Martin  Community  College  is  located  one  mile  west  of 
Williamston  (population:  6,015)  on  Kehukee  Park  Road  just  off  Highway  64. 
Instructional  facility  construction  was  completed  between  May  1971  and 
December  1975. 

Williamston  is  located  in  Martin  County  (population:  25,735)  which  is 
approximately  100  miles  from  the  Capitol  and  the  coast  and  25  miles  from  East 
Carolina  University  in  Greenville. 

Martin  Community  College  has  a  65-acre  campus  with  six  buildings, 
consisting  of  135,340  square  feet.  One  of  the  buildings  includes  a  19,500-volume 
library. 

Branch  campuses  are  located  in  Windsor  (Bertie  County)  and  Plymouth 
(Washington  County). 


MAYLAND  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 
Spruce  Pine,  NC 

Mayland  Technical  College  was  approved  by  the  1971  session  of  the  General 
Assembly  of  North  Carolina  upon  recommendation  of  the  State  Board  of 
Education,  the  Advisory  Budget  Commission  and  the  governor.  MTC  began 
operation  in  September  1971  in  the  board  room  of  Northwestern  Bank  in 
Spruce  Pine. 

From  September  1971  unitl  August  1972,  the  institution  offered  courses  only 
in  continuing  education.  In  the  fall  quarter  of  1972,  there  were  80  students 
enrolled  in  four  curriculum  programs,  and  in  fall  quarter  1982,  there  were  more 
than  700  students  enrolled  in  19  curriculum  programs. 

On  Dec.  3,  1979,  the  institution  was  formally  renamed  Mayland  Technical 
College. 

Mayland  Technical  College  is  located  in  the  Blue  Ridge  section  of  the 
Appalachian  Mountains  of  Western  North  Carolina  on  the  Avery  County- 
Mitchell  County  line  near  the  town  of  Spruce  Pine.  MTC  is  chartered  to  serve 
Mitchell,  Avery  and  Yancey  counties  (hense  the  name  Mayland). 

The  institution  has  a  38-acre  campus  with  three  buildings,  including  a 
Vocational  Solaronics  Laboratory  and  a  greenhouse  facility.  MTC  operates 
two,  off-campus  learning  centers. 


788  North  Carolina  Manual 

MCDOWELL  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 
Marion,  NC 

The  institution  was  established  in  May  1964,  as  the  Marion-McDowell 
Industrial  Education  Center,  a  satellite  unit  of  Asheville-Buncombe  Technical 
Institute.  In  1967  it  became  an  independent  unit  of  the  community  college 
system  with  an  eight-member  board  of  trustees.  The  institution  began  in 
downtown  Marion  with  four  classrooms  and  offered  one  day  and  one  evening 
program;  the  office  was  located  in  a  small,  residential  house. 

In  1979  McDowell  Technical  Institute,  the  name  it  carried  for  some  12  years, 
was  changed  to  McDowell  Technical  College. 

The  campus  is  located  two  miles  south  of  Marion,  at  the  intersection  on  NC 
Highway  226  and  Interstate  40,  the  gateway  to  the  mountains  of  Western 
North  Carolina  and  Pisgah  National  Forest. 

McDowell  Technical  College  has  a  31-acre  campus  and  five  buildings, 
including  60,000  square  feet  of  instructional  space  and  a  16,000-volume  library. 


MITCHELL  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Statesville,  NC 

The  institution  dates  back  to  1852,  when  th  Presbytery  of  Concord  decided  to 
establish  an  educational  institution  in  western  North  Carolina  for  females.  A 
windstorm  in  1855  destroyed  the  nearly  completed  structure,  but  it  was  rebuilt 
and  opened  in  1856  with  122  students.  An  additional  setback  came  in  1857 
when  a  measels  epidemic  forced  the  first  year  of  operation  to  a  premature  close. 

Between  1817  and  1917,  the  name  of  the  college  changed  three  times: 
Simonton  Female  College  (1871),  Statesville  Female  College  (1883)  and 
Mitchell  College  (1917). 

Mitchell  College  produced  its  first  junior  college  graduate  in  1924  and 
became  coeducational  in  1932  when  five  men  enrolled.  The  Southern  Associa- 
tion of  Colleges  and  Schools  granted  accreditation  in  1955,  and  in  1959  the 
Mitchell  College  Foundation  received  the  property  deed  from  Concord 
Presbytery. 

Through  legislative  action,  Mitchell  became  the  fifty-seventh  community 
college  system  institution  on  July  1,  1973,  and  the  only  private  institution  to 
ever  be  admitted  to  the  North  Carolina  system.  Equality  of  educational 
opportunities  and  active  recruitment  of  minority  students  continues  to  be  an 
important  goal  of  the  institution. 

Mitchell  Community  College  is  located  in  the  city  of  Statesville  (population: 
18,622)  in  Iredell  County,  which  is  in  the  midwestern  section  of  Piedmont 
North  Carolina.  Statesville  is  one  of  only  a  few  cities  to  have  located  within  its 
city  limits  the  intersection  of  two  interstate  highways:  1-40  East-West  and  1-77 
North-South.  Statesville  is  served  by  U.S.  Highways  2, 64,  and  70  as  well  as  NC 
Highways  90  and  115. 

The  institutions  is  situated  on  12.51  acres  and  has  18  buildings,  including  a 
32,944-volume  Learning  Resources  Center,  vocational  building,  science  build- 
ing and  main  building  as  well  as  two  auditoriums,  a  gym  and  a  student  union. 
In  addition  to  the  buildings  on  campus,  a  facility  in  Mooresville  has  been 
obtained  to  house  a  learning  center.  y 


The  North  Carolina  Community  College  System  789 

MONTGOMERY  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 

Troy,  NC 

The  State  Board  of  Education  issued  a  charter  to  Montgomery  Technical 
College  on  September  7,  1967.  As  directed  by  law,  eight  members  were 
appointed  to  the  board  of  trustees;  four  additional  trustees  were  appointed  by 
the  governor  on  December  1,  1971. 

The  purpose  of  Montgomery  Technical  College  is  to  meet  the  educational 
needs  of  the  citizens  of  its  community  by  offering  technical,  vocational, 
general  education  and  adult  education  programs  which  will  prepare  them  for 
business,  employment,  advanced  study,  or  which  will  give  them  a  sense  of 
self-satisfaction. 

Montgomery  Technical  College  is  located  just  outside  Troy  in  Montgomery 
County  in  Piedmont  North  Carolina. 

Montgomery,  a  rural  county,  is  the  hunting  and  fishing  center  of  the 
Uwharrie  Reservation.  Approximately  75  percent  of  the  county's  488  square 
miles  is  forest. 

Montgomery  Technical  College  has  a  149-acre  campus  and  an  11,500- 
volume  library.  The  institution  has  a  new  addition  to  its  main  building. 


NASH  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 
Rocky  Mount,  NC 

Nash  Technical  College  was  founded  in  1967  and  began  offering  courses  in  a 
local  high  school.  After  one  year  the  institution  moved  to  a  vacant  elementary 
school  facility  and  operated  at  the  Stony  Creek  location  until  1975.  The  first 
class  to  graduate  was  a  group  of  15  students  in  Nurse  Assistant  training. 

On  March  1, 1982,  the  Nash  County  Commissioners  responded  favorably  to 
the  board  of  trustees'  request  that  the  institution's  name  be  changed  to  Nash 
Technical  College. 

In  1975  Nash  Technical  College  moved  to  its  permanent  campus  on  a  69-acre 
tract  of  land  midway  between  Nashville  and  Rocky  Mount  on  Old  Carriage 
Road,  a  few  hundred  yards  off  the  Highway  64  East-West  By-pass.  There  is  also 
a  campus  at  Whitakers,  NC. 

The  Nash  County  area  is  noted  for  its  rapid  industrial  expansion,  which 
includes  major  national  and  international  companies. 

Four  modern  buildings  including  shops,  labs,  classrooms  and  administrative 
offices  comprise  the  main  campus. 

In  1981  Gov.  James  B.  Hunt  Jr.  broke  ground  for  the  Whitakers  Campus.  The 
facility  was  completed  in  1982  and  is  equipped  with  state-of-the-art,  high 
technology  training  labs,  machinery  and  electronic  equipment  for  instructional 
purposes.  It  was  especially  designed  to  meet  the  employee  needs  of  this  area's 
industrial  complex. 


790  North  Carolina  Manual 

PAMLICO  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 
Grantsboro,  NC 

Pamlico  Technical  College  was  established  as  a  unit  of  the  Lenoir  Industrial 
Education  Center  on  July  1 ,  1962,  and  then  chartered  as  a  technical  institute  on 
July  1, 1971.  In  accordance  with  a  request  by  the  board  of  trustees,  the  named 
was  changed  in  July  1979,  to  Pamlico  Technical  College. 

In  the  beginning,  there  was  only  one  full-time  curriculum  program  and  an 
enrollment  of  approximately  200  in  continuing  education  classes  which  were 
held  in  a  one-classroom,  one-lab  building  located  at  Pamlico  County  High 
School.  For  the  past  five  years.  PTC  has  annually  enrolled  an  average  of 
lO-to-15  percent  of  the  area  population  in  either  curriculum  or  continuing 
education  programs. 

The  campus  is  located  in  a  totally  rural  setting  between  Grantsboro  and 
Arapahoe. 

The  area  is  noted  for  summer  camps  and  sailing.  Summer  visitors  find  plenty 
of  access  for  water  sports  and  fishing. 

Pamlico  Technical  College  has  a  44-acre  campus  with  a  single  40,000  square 
foot  building  which  was  constructed  in  1976.  The  institution's  library  houses 
13,631  volumes. 


PIEDMONT  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 
Roxboro,  NC 

Operating  under  the  North  Carolina  State  Board  of  Education  and  the  NC 
Department  of  Community  Colleges,  Person  Technical  Institute  began  opera- 
tion on  July  1,  1970.  The  name  of  the  institution  was  changed  to  Piedmont 
Technical  Institute  in  May  1971. 

The  voters  of  Person  County,  in  November  1974,  showed  overwhelming 
support  of  a  $2.5  million  bond  issue  for  new  facilities.  And,  on  Oct.l,  1978,  the 
institution  officially  changed  its  named  to  Piedmont  Technical  College. 

The  $5  million  campus  is  located  at  Roxboro  in  Person  County  (population: 
29,164). 

The  institution  is  within  easy  driving  distance  of  many  major  cities  and 
historic  and  resort  areas.  Area  residents  and  tourists  may  enjoy  picnicking, 
fishing,  camping  and  water  sports  at  two  major  lakes. 

The  178-acre  complex  includes  10  buildings,  with  a  total  of  118,000  square 
feet.  These  facilities  include  44  lecture  classrooms,  15  shops  and  labs,  a  Library 
Learning  Center,  Campus  Center,  Counseling  Center,  Teaching  Auditorium, 
Recreation  Laboratory  and  a  Skills  Training  Center,  which  opened  in  April 
1983. 


The  North  Carolina  Community  College  System  791 

PITT  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 
•  Greenville,  NC 

In  March  1961,  Pitt  Community  College  was  chartered  as  an  industrial 
education  center.  It  was  designated  a  technical  institute  in  1964  and  a 
community  college  in  1979. 

Ninety  students  were  enrolled  in  the  lEC's  six  programs.  This  year  PCC 
served  students  in  40  different  curriculum  programs. 

The  campus  is  located  outside  of  Greenville  (population:  35,000)  in  Pitt 
County  (population:  95,000). 

In  the  heart  of  the  Coastal  Plains,  Pitt  County  is  known  for  its  tobacco 
industry,  and  Greenville  is  known  as  the  home  of  East  Carolina  University 
and  the  ECU  Medical  School. 

Pitt  Community  College  has  a  60-acre  campus  with  three  main  buildings,  a 
dozen  trailers  and  three  modular  units  which  are  used  for  nursing  education. 
Its  library  contains  30,000  volumes. 


RANDOLPH  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 
Asheboro,  NC 

Randolph  Industrial  Education  Center  opened  its  doors  September  4, 1962, 
to  90  students  in  four  diploma  programs  and  two  degree  programs,  with  all 
services  housed  in  a  33,000  square  foot,  one-story  building.  There  were  11 
full-time  faculty  and  support  staff.  The  center's  name  was  changed  to 
Randolph  Technical  Institute  in  October  1965. 

On  July  1, 1979,  in  the  midst  of  a  building  program  funded  by  a  March  1978 
bond  referendum,  Randolph  Technical  Institute  was  renamed  Randolph 
Technical  College.  This  year,  the  institution  celebrated  its  20th  Anniversary. 

RTC  is  located  just  south  of  the  interchange  of  Highways  220,  64  and  49  at 
the  McDowell  Road  Exit  in  Asheboro,  the  geographic  center  of  North  Carolina, 
and  lies  adjacent  to  the  ancient  mountains,  known  as  the  Uwharries.  Asheboro 
is  also  the  home  of  the  North  Carolina  State  Zoological  Park. 

The  25-acre  campus  has  four  major  buildings  (the  original  building 
constructed  in  1962  with  additions  in  1968  and  1972)  and  three  other  buildings, 
which  include  a  vocational-technical  building,  a  student  services  center  and  a 
Learning  Resources  Center.  With  these  new  buildings  and  the  renovations  to 
the  original  buildings  in  1980,  along  with  the  construction  of  improved 
parking,  ramps,  elevators  and  other  facilities  for  the  handicapped,  RTC  has 
152,783  square  feet.  A  21,000-volume  library  is  housed  in  the  LRC.  Seven 
smaller  buildings  house  support  services  for  the  programs. 


792  North  Carolina  Manual 

RICHMOND  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 
Hamlet,  NC 

Chartered  on  April  2,  1964,  Richmond  Technical  College  became  a  vital 
educational  factor  in  Richmond  and  Scotland  counties  long  before  a  permanent 
campus  was  established. 

The  first  extension  courses  began  in  1964:  supervisory  development,  fire 
service  training  and  adult  education.  The  first  curriculum  classes  began  in 
1966  with  223  students  enrolled  in  12  programs.  All  classes  were  offered  in 
temporary  locations. 

RTC  now  offers  23  technical  and  vocational  programs,  plus  hundreds  of 
continuing  education  courses,  thereby  reaching  thousands  of  citizens  each 
year. 

Richmond  Technical  College  is  located  on  US  Highway  74  between  Hamlet 
and  Rockingham. 

The  area  is  noted  for  its  racetrack,  peaches  and  American  Legion  baseball 
teams. 

The  physical  plant  of  the  160-acre  campus  consists  of  four  buildings  with  a 
total  of  90,200  square  feet.  Additional  classroom,  lab  and  office  space  is 
provided  for  nursing  and  continuing  education  classes  at  Scotland  Memorial 
Hospital  in  Laurinburg  and  at  the  James  Nursing  Building  in  Hamlet. 
Continuing  education  classes  are  held  at  various  locations  throughout  the 
two-county  area. 


ROANOKE-CHOWAN  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 

Ahoskie,  NC 

Located  on  the  site  of  a  former  prison  compound,  Roanoke-Chowan  Technical 
College  was  established  in  1967  and  bore  the  name  Roanoke-Chowan  Technical 
Institute.  The  name  changed  to  the  one  it  now  bears  in  1981. 

From  its  meager  beginnings  with  37  students,  a  president  and  approximately 
five  staff  members,  R-CTC  this  year  served  more  than  5,900  students,  with  a 
staff  of  approximately  90  and  offered  nine  degree,  nine  diploma  and  10 
certificate  programs. 

R-CTC  is  centrally  located  in  Hertford  County,  outside  the  town  of  Ahoskie 
and  serves  the  residents  of  Bertie,  Gates,  Hertford  and  Northampton  counties. 

The  39-acre  site  has  three  modern  buildings,  which  have  replaced  the  prison 
structures  orginally  used,  and  a  renovated  continuing  education/general 
classroom  building.  Plans  are  on  the  drawing  board  for  a  new  maintenance/ 
receiving/storage  facility  and  a  building  to  house  continuing  education, 
nursing  and  other  programs.  R-CTC,  also  maintains  a  sheltered  workshop 
facility. 


The  North  Carolina  Community  College  System  793 

ROBESON  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 
Lumberton,  NC 

Established  in  1965  as  an  extension  unit  with  only  20  students,  Robeson 
Technical  College  now  educates  more  than  8,900  students  annually.  RTC 
offers  23  degree  and  diploma  programs  on  the  post-secondary  level  and  more 
than  200  different  courses  in  its  Adult  Continuing  Education  program. 

In  1973  RTC  moved  into  a  $  2  million  facility  north  of  Lumberton  at  the 
intersection  of  Highway  301  and  1-95.  The  institution  serves  Robeson  County, 
which  has  a  population  of  approximately  101,000. 

Robeson  Technical  College  has  a  78-acre  campus  with  nine  buildings, 
totaling  almost  80,000  square  feet.  By  nearly  a  two-to-one  margin,  county 
voters  passed  a  $7  million  bond  referendum  aimed  at  expanding  RTC's 
facilities  and  educational  opportunities.  Funds  from  the  bond  will  be  used  for 
construction  of  classroom  and  shop  areas,  a  student  commons,  faculty  offices, 
a  multi-purpose  center  and  a  fire-service,  police-science  and  rescue-prepared- 
ness training  facility. 


ROCKINGHAM  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 
Wentworth,  NC 

As  the  only  college  in  Rockingham  County  (population:  83,000),  Rockingham 
Community  College  must  provide  an  array  of  services  for  a  variety  of  people. 
Although  an  industrial  education  center  in  Eden  predated  RCC,  the  institution 
grew  out  of  a  desire  of  local  people  to  have  a  two-year  college  in  the  area  as  well. 
Leaders  eventually  proposed  to  combine  the  two,  and  voters  approved  a  bond 
issue  and  supplementary  tax  for  RCC  in  1963. 

The  institution  offers  programs  such  as  auto  body  repair,  basic  electronics, 
industrial  maintenance,  electronic  data  processing,  nursing,  business  adminis- 
tration and  college  transfer. 

Rockingham  Community  College  is  near  the  village  of  Wentworth  in  the 
center  of  the  county,  midway  between  Madison,  Mayodan,  Stoneville,  Eden 
and  Reidsville,  about  20  miles  morth  of  Greensboro. 

The  area  is  dotted  with  small  tobacco  farms  and  large  manufacturing  plants. 
Such  national  firms  as  American  Tobacco  Co.,  Fieldcrest  Mills  and  Miller 
Brewing  Co.  are  major  employers. 

The  257-acre  campus  has  nine  buildings,  including  a  35,000-volume  library, 
gymnasium  and  the  two-story  Whitcomb  Student  Center  (built  with  contribu- 
tions from  area  residents  and  corporations),  two  vocational  shop  buildings,  a 
laboratory  and  a  two-story  classroom  building,  along  with  administration  and 
maintenance  buildings.  The  campus'  replacement  value  is  more  than  $  11 
million.  Azaleas,  tall  pines  and  broad  lawns  help  make  the  campus  one  of 
North  Carolina's  most  beautiful. 


794  North  Carolina  Manual 

ROWAN  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 
Salisbury,  NC 

Rowan  Technical  College  opened  its  doors  in  September  1963,  as  an 
industrial  education  center.  In  1964  the  lEC  was  designated  Rowan  Technical 
Institute,  and  in  1979  the  name  was  changed  to  Rowan  Technical  College. 

The  institution  enrolls  more  than  13,000  citizens  annually  in  36  occupational 
education  and  training  programs.  Approximatley  one  of  every  10  adult  citizens 
in  the  Rowan-Cabarrus  county  service  area  attends  Rowan  Technical  College. 

Rowan  Technical  College's  main  campus  is  located  in  Salisbury  at  the 
intersection  of  Salisbury  Boulevard  and  1-85.  The  institution  also  offers  classes 
in  Concord  and  Kannapolis  to  serve  the  southern  portion  of  RTC's  service  area. 

The  main  campus  consists  of  102-acres  and  six  buildings  which  contain 
170,000  square  feet.  Rowan  Technical  College  also  offers  programs  at  the 
Corban  Center  in  Concord  and  at  the  Kannapolis-Carver  Center. 


SAMPSON  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 
Clinton,  NC 

Established  in  1965  as  an  extension  of  Wayne  Community  College,  Sampson 
Technical  College  moved  from  temporary  offices  in  1966  to  an  elementary 
school  six  miles  from  Clinton  on  Highway  421  West  and  offered  its  first 
curriculum  program  that  year.  During  1968  the  institution  became  an 
independent  unit  with  its  first  board  of  trustees 

The  1972  passage  of  a  bond  issue,  matched  by  federal  and  state  funds, 
allowed  the  purchase  of  a  new  campus  on  Highway  24  West.  Two  years  later  on 
this  site,  a  vocational  shop  building  was  completed;  additional  buildings  were 
contructed  in  1976, 1977  and  1982.  In  1983  the  Continuing  Education  Division 
moved  to  the  downtown  campus  site. 

The  main  campus  is  conveniently  located  near  the  center  of  Sampson 
County  on  Highway  24,  approximatley  one  and  a  half  miles  west  of  Clinton. 
The  Continuing  Education  Center  is  located  downtown  in  the  Sampson 
County  Courthouse  Annex  on  Main  Street. 

Sampson  Technical  College  has  a  55-acre  main  campus  with  four  permanent 
buildings,  including  a  19,000- volume  library  and  a  greenhouse.  STC  also  has 
several  temporary  buildings.  The  Continuing  Education  Center  has  10,000 
square  feet  and  includes  the  Adult  Learning  Center. 


SANDHILLS  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 
Carthage,  NC 

Sandhills  Community  College  was  the  first  comprehensive  community 
college  established  under  the  Community  College  Act  of  1963.  It  was  chartered 
Dec.  9,  of  that  year  and  began  classes  in  1965  at  nine,  scattered  locations  in 
downtown  Southern  Pines. 


The  North  Carolina  Community  College  System  795 

sec  is  located  in  southern  Moore  County  and  is  situated  almost  equal 
distance  from  Southern  Pines,  Pinehurst,  Aberdeen  and  Carthage. 

This  area  is  noted  for  peach  production,  golf  courses  and  horse  farms  and  as 
a  quality  retirement  community. 

Sandhills  Community  College  has  seven  major  buildings,  forming  a  core 
campus  surrounded  by  longleaf  pines.  A  52,000-volume  library,  newly  occupied 
vocational  education  building  and  an  overall  environment  conducive  to 
academic  excellence  grace  the  180-acre  campus. 


SOUTHEASTERN  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Whiteville,  NC 

In  1964  Southeastern  Community  College  set  up  offices  in  the  Powell 
Building  in  Whiteville.  The  first  curriculum  classes  were  offered  in  September 
1965,  in  a  temporary  location  -  Chadbourn  High  School.  The  move  to  the 
present  campus  took  place  in  September  1967. 

The  campus  is  located  in  Columbus  County  on  Highway  74-76/Business  130, 
between  Whiteville  and  Chadbourn  in  southeastern  North  Carolina,  and  about 
50  miles  from  the  Carolina  coastline. 

Columbus,  a  rural  agricultural  county,  covers  an  area  of  945  square  miles 
and  has  a  population  of  51,037.  The  area  is  noted  for  its  tobacco  and  strawberry 
production,  garment  fabrication,  food  processing,  chemical  manufacturing 
and  yarn  and  textile  manufacturing. 

Southeastern  Community  College  is  located  on  106-acre  tract.  The  campus 
originally  had  three  buildings;  it  now  has  nine,  the  last  of  which  is  a 
maintenance  building  completed  in  1982.  Other  facilities  such  as  a  confidence 
course,  firing  range,  lighted  tennis  courts  and  baseball  fields  augment  the 
classrooms  and  offices.  SCC's  44,975-volume  library  is  available  to  the 
community  as  well  as  to  the  institution's  students,  faculty  and  staff. 


SOUTHWESTERN  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 

Sylva,  NC 

Southwestern  Technical  College  was  founded  in  1964  as  an  area  vocational 
institute,  operating  within  the  North  Carolina  community  college  system.  The 
primary  service  area  established  was  Jackson,  Macon  and  Swain  counties, 
with  the  main  campus  being  in  Jackson  County.  The  name  has  evolved  from 
the  area  vocational  school  to  technical  institute,  to  technical  college. 

The  institution  is  located  on  Highway  116  in  Jackson  County  on  a 
picturesque  hillside  between  Webster  and  Sylva,  50  miles  southwest  of  Ashe- 
ville,  NC  and  90  miles  southeast  of  Knowville,  Tenn. 

The  campus  is  on  a  55-acre  tract  of  land  and  contains  six  buildings  with  a 
total  of  104,565  square  feet.  STC's  library  has  21,875  volumes. 


796  North  Carolina  Manual 

STANLY  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 
Albemarle,  NC 

Stanly  Technical  College  was  established  in  July  1971,  under  the  authority 
of  the  1963  Community  College  Act.  Before  the  end  of  the  year  the  board  of 
trustees  had  been  appointed,  an  organizational  meeting  held  and  the  first 
president  of  the  institution  elected. 

The  institution  opened  in  temporary  headquarters  previously  occupied  by 
the  South  Albemarle  High  School,  moving  in  October  1975,  to  the  new  campus. 

Today,  the  institution  offers  general  education,  technical,  vocational  and 
general  adult  and  extension  courses.  More  than  95,000  students  have  taken 
courses  at  the  institution  since  it  opened  its  doors  in  December  1971,  to  31 
students. 

Stanly  Technical  College,  which  draws  most  of  its  students  from  Stanly 
County,  is  siuated  on  70  acres  of  beautiful  rolling  hills  in  the  southern 
piedmont  of  North  Carolina.  The  campus  contains  an  impressive  collection  of 
buildings. 

With  the  addition  of  a  third  major  building  and  lease  of  a  16,000  square  foot 
Industrial  Training  Center  in  July  1981,  the  facilites  at  South  Albemarle  High 
School  were  closed  and  the  consolidation  of  the  campus  was  completed. 

The  Academic  Administrative  Building  was  completed  in  October  1975.  The 
gross  square  footage  is  34,566  with  a  net  assignable  space  of  31,210  square  feet; 
office  space  is  6,575  square  feet  and  classroom/laboratory  space  is  24,635 
square  feet. 

The  Vocational  Shop  was  completed  in  October  1975.  The  gross  square 
footage  is  9,679  with  a  net  assignable  space  of  9,501  square  feet;  office  space  is 
274  square  feet  and  shop/classroom  space  is  9,227  square  feet. 

The  Kelley  Building  was  completed  and  occupied  in  October  1981 .  The  gross 
square  footage  is  13,527  with  a  net  assignable  space  of  12,427  square  feet.  It  is  a 
two-story  structure  and  houses  the  Electronic  Engineering  Laboratory,  General 
Purpose  Auditorium,  Office  Machines  Laboratory  and  faculty  offices. 

The  Industrial  Training  Center  was  built  in  1960  by  Kinlaw  International 
Harvester  Inc.  and  was  purchased  by  STC's  Foundation  in  July  1981.  The 
gross  square  footage  is  14,131  with  a  net  assignable  space  of  13,351  square  feet. 
The  facility  has  one  story  and  houses  the  machine  shop  laboratory,  welding 
laboratory  and  multi-purpose  space  for  new  industry  training  programs. 

SURRY  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 
Dobson,  NC 

Receiving  its  charter  in  January  1964,  Surry  Community  College  was  one  of 
the  earliest  members  of  the  North  Carolina  community  college  system.  Classes 
met  during  the  first  two  years  in  rented  and  borrowed  facilities. 

Funds  to  purchase  the  present  campus  site  and  to  construct  the  first 
buildings  came  from  a  March  1964,  $500,000  bond  issue  and  4  cent-tax 
authorization  by  Surry  County  voters.  SCC  moved  to  the  new  campus  in  spring 
1967. 


The  North  Carolina  Community  College  System  797 

The  first  programs  offered  were  college  parallel,  business,  secretarial, 
drafting,  agriculture,  electronics,  adult  basic  education  and  high  school 
completion.  Various  non-credit  classes  were  also  available.  Some  vocational 
programs  were  postponed  until  new  facilities  were  completed  in  1967. 

The  campus  is  located  in  Surry  County  (population:  60,000)  in  the  upper 
piedmont  foothills  of  northwest  North  Carolina. 

The  area  is  noted  for  the  largest  open-face,  granite  quarry  in  the  world  and  is 
the  home  of  the  Mount  Airy  Autumn  Leaves  Festival. 

Surry  Community  College's  100-acre  campus  has  seven  buildings  valued  at 
$8  million.  All  campus  buildings  are  modern  and  up-to-date  and  provide 
adequate  facilities  for  SCC's  programs. 


TECHNICAL  COLLEGE  OF  ALAMANCE 
Haw  River,  NC 

One  of  the  original  industrial  education  centers,  Technical  College  of 
Alamance,  from  its  earliest  beginning,  was  housed  in  a  facility  built  especially 
for  its  operations.  Its  name  was  changed  in  1979  to  the  one  it  now  bears. 

TCA  now  enrolls  students  in  33  curriculum  programs. 

The  campus  is  located  on  banks  of  Haw  River  in  the  Piedmont  with  easy 
access  from  Interstate  85  at  Exit  150. 

The  48-acre  campus  has  a  120,000  square  foot  building,  including  a  25,000- 
volume  library  and  learning  resource  center.  The  Burlington  Campus  at  1519 
N.  Mebane  St.  has  25,730  square  feet.  That  campus  is  primarily  used  for 
continuing  education  courses. 


TRI-COUNTY  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 
Murphy,  NC 

Tri-County  Community  College  has  experienced  a  series  of  metamorphic 
changes  since  its  beginning  in  November  1964  as  a  unit  of  Asheville- 
Buncombe  Technical  Institute.  In  1966,  by  action  of  the  General  Assembly,  the 
unit  became  Tri-County  Technical  Institute.  Then,  in  1977  the  General 
Assembly  approved  the  institution's  request  for  community  college  status;  the 
name  was  changed  July  1,  1978,  to  Tri-County  Community  College. 


VANCE-GRANVILLE  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Henderson,  NC 

Vance-Granville  Community  College  was  established  in  1969  as  Vance 
County  Technical  Institute  and  offered  technical  and  vocational  courses  to 
citizens  of  Vance  County  in  a  renovated  hospital  building  in  downtown 
Henderson. 


798  North  Carolina  Manual 

In  1976  the  institution  was  approved  for  community  college  status  and  began 
offering  classes  at  the  new  campus,  located  between  Henderson  and  Oxford.  A 
year  later  an  additional  building  was  constructed  to  provide  classroom  space 
for  the  institution's  increased  enrollment. 

Curriculum  programs  increased  from  eight  in  1970  to  36  by  1983. 

The  campus  is  located  equidistant  between  the  cities  of  Henderson  and 
Oxford  and  serves  students  from  Vance,  Granville,  Franklin  and  Warren 
counties  which  have  a  combined  population  of  117,078. 

The  region  is  primarily  agrarian,  but  is  changing  as  new  industries  open 
plants  in  the  area. 

Vance-Granville  Community  College  is  located  on  a  beautifully  landscaped 
83-acre  site.  The  institution's  five  buildings  have  a  total  of  128,000  square  feet 
and  house  30  classrooms,  nine  shops  and  four  laboratories  as  well  as 
administrative  and  faculty  offices,  a  day  care  center,  counseling  center, 
auditorium,  student  lounge  and  a  learning  resources  center. 


WAKE  TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 
Raleigh,  NC 

Wake  Technical  College  was  chartered  in  1958  as  the  Wake  County 
Industrial  Education  Center.  Growing  from  an  lEC  to  a  technical  institute,  it 
underwent  several  name  changes.  Finally,  in  1980  the  name  was  changed  to 
Wake  Technical  College  to  better  reflect  the  college-level  instruction  offered. 

The  institution  began  operation  in  1963  at  its  present  location  with  34  full- 
time  students,  plus  an  additional  270  students  who  were  enrolled  in  industrial 
training  programs. 

The  institution  is  situated  in  Wake  County  10  miles  south  of  Raleigh,  the 
capital  city  of  North  Carolina. 

Government  and  education  have  made  Raleigh  one  of  the  state's  most 
economically  stable  metropolitan  areas;  research  and  new  industry  are 
making  it  one  of  the  fasting  growing.  Nearby  is  the  Research  Triangle  Park,  a 
nationally  recognized  center  for  industrial  and  governmental  research. 

The  institution  has  campuses  with  a  total  of  82  acres.  The  main  campus  has 
12  permanent  buildings,  including  a  Technical  Subjects  Buildings,  completed 
this  year.  The  six-acre  Allied  Health  campus,  adjacent  to  Wake  Medical  Center, 
has  two  permanent  facilities. 


WAYNE  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE  | 

Goldsboro,  NC 

Wayne  Community  College  was  established  as  Goldsboro  Industrial  Educa- 
tion Center  on  June  15, 1957.  It  became  Wayne  Technical  Institute  in  1964  and  j 
then,  Wayne  Community  College  in  1967.  j 

The  original  on-campus  building  was  completed  in  November  1960  and,  until  j 
fall  1962,  all  courses  were  taught  in  the  evening  and  all  students  attended 
part-time. 


The  North  Carolina  Community  College  System  799 

During  1962-63  the  first  full-time  courses  were  offered  in  automotive 
mechanics,  electronics,  drafting  and  practical  nursing;  there  were  47  students 
and  eight  faculty  members.  This  year  WCC  served  students  in  42  programs, 
ranging  from  Dental  Hygiene  to  Aviation  Maintenance  Tehnology. 

Wayne  Community  College  is  located  on  the  outskirts  of  Goldsboro  on  US 
Highway  70  East  By-Pass,  just  west  of  Wayne  Memorial  Drive. 

The  area  is  noted  for  agriculture,  tobacco  being  the  main  crop,  and  for 
developing  industry.  Goldsboro  is  the  home  of  Seymour  Johnson  Air  Force 
Base. 

The  Wayne  Community  College  campus  currently  occupies  two  sites;  one  site 
has  55  acres  with  14  buildings  and  24  temporary  structures.  The  new  campus 
site  has  125  acres  and  one  multi-purpose  vocational  technical  building.  WCC 
has  a  35,000-volume  library  and  a  learning  resources  center  which  opened  in 
1969. 


WESTERN  PIEDMONT  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Morganton,  NC 

Chartered  on  April  2, 1964,  Western  Piedmont  Community  College  began  its 
first  classes  in  Central  High  School,  churches,  shops  and  other  rented  spaces  in 
and  around  Morganton. 

Demonstrating  their  support  for  WPCC,  the  citizens  of  Burke  County 
approved  a  bond  issue  by  an  unprecedented  margin  of  17  to  one  thereby 
providing  the  necessary  funds  for  a  permanent  campus. 

During  two  decades  of  service,  the  institution  has  granted  more  than  3,000 
degrees  and  diplomas,  3,500  high  school  diplomas  and  60,000  continuing 
education  certificates. 

The  main  campus  is  located  at  the  intersection  of  1-40  and  Highway  64 
within  the  corporate  limits  of  Morganton  (population:  16,000),  the  county  seat, 
in  Burke  County  (population:  72,500),  which  lies  in  the  foothills  of  the 
Appalachian  Mountains  in  western  North  Carolina. 

Manfacturing  is  diversified  -  furniture,  textiles,  electronics,  graphite 
products,  fabricated  metals  and  shoes.  The  major  employer  is  the  state  of 
North  Carolina  with  services  at  Broughton  Hospital,  Western  Carolina  Center, 
Western  Correctional  Center  and  the  North  Carolina  School  for  the  Deaf. 

WPCC's  eight  buildings  are  located  on  a  132-acre  site  with  extension 
programs  offered  at  the  Courthouse  Square  in  downtown  Morganton  and  The 
East  Burke  Center  in  Hildebran.  The  main  campus  also  includes  a  nature  trail, 
tennis  courts,  fit  trek  run,  greenhouse,  lake,  outdoor  theatre  and  firing  range. 
The  institution's  library  currently  contains  more  than  30,000  books  and  250 
periodicals. 

Two  computer  laboratories  were  recently  completed,  and  a  new  vocational 
building  will  be  constructed. 


800  North  Carolina  Manual 

WILKES  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 
Wilkesboro,  NC 

Wilkes  Community  College  has  been  a  flagship  institution  in  the  North 
Carolina  community  college  system  since  its  inception  in  1964,  when  it  was 
approved  by  the  State  Board  of  Education.  Earlier  the  people  of  Wilkes  County 
has  approved  the  institution  through  a  bond  vote  of  $500,000  for  construction 
of  facilities. 

The  institution  is  nestled  in  the  foothills  of  the  Blue  Ridge  Mountains  in 
Wilkesboro  (population:  23,035) 

Tourists  visit  Wilkes  County  annually  to  view  the  scenic  mountains,  to  shop 
at  the  Brushy  Mountain  Apple  Festival,  or  to  attend  the  many  dramas 
performed  at  WCC. 

The  75-acre  wooded  campus  has  six  buildings  containing  more  than  150,000 
square  feet  of  classrooms,  labs,  shops  and  offices. 

In  March  1983,  construction  began  on  the  33,000  square  foot  John  A.  Walker 
Community  Center.  The  center  will  contain  a  1,132-seat,  ultra-modern 
auditorium  with  up-to-date  staging  equipment  and  facilities  as  well  as  a 
spacious  training  complex. 


WILSON  COUNTY  TECHNICAL  INSTITUTE 

Wilson,  NC 

Established  in  1958  as  Wilson  Industrial  Education  Center,  Wilson  County 
Technical  Institute  is  one  of  the  system's  oldest  institutions,  the  first  classes 
were  held  in  the  Coon  High  School  Annex.  Later  the  present  location  was 
secured,  and  construction  was  begun  on  the  first  building  in  1958. 

In  1964  the  State  Board  of  Education  granted  authority  to  award  the 
associate  in  applied  science  degree,  and  the  institution's  name  was  changed  to 
Wilson  County  Technical  Institute. 

The  main  campus  of  Wilson  County  Technical  Institute  is  located  at  902 
Herring  Avenue,  NC  Highway  42  East  in  Wilson.  It  is  just  off  US  Highway  301 
and  is  easily  accessible  from  NC  Highway  58  and  US  Highway  264. 

WCTI  has  a  28-acre  campus  with  eight  buildings  which  house  23  classrooms 
and  26  shops  and  labs.  The  estimated  value  of  the  buildings  is  $8,390,000.  The 
library  houses  27,457  volumes. 


CHAPTER  THREE 
Private  Higher  Education 

Private  higher  education  in  North  CaroHna  traces  its  history  to  1 772  and  the 
founding  of  Salem  College,  one  of  the  earliest  colleges  for  women  in  the  United 
States.  The  second  oldest  institution  of  higher  education  in  the  state,  Louisburg 
College,  was  first  chartered  in  1787.  The  decade  of  the  1830's  witnessed  a 
flourishing  of  private  colleges — Wake  Forest  University  (1834),  Davidson 
College  and  Guilford  College  (1837),  Duke  University  and  Greensboro  College 
(1838) — founded  by  private  citizens  determined  to  spread  the  benefits  of  higher 
education  to  the  people  of  the  state.  There  were  twenty  present-day  private 
colleges  or  their  predecessors  serving  North  Carolina  by  1877,  when  the  second 
state-supported  college  was  established. 

Today  North  Carolina  has  thirty-seven  independently  controlled  colleges 
and  universities  which  are  accredited  by  the  Southern  Association  of  Colleges 
and  Schools.  These  institutions,  affiliated  with  14  different  religious  denomina- 
tions, enroll  over  50,000  students  and  confer  nearly  one-third  of  the  bachelor's 
degrees  awarded  in  the  state  each  year.  Private  universities  confer  over  half  of 
the  state's  degrees  in  law  and  medicine;  private  junior  colleges,  almost  half  of 
the  associate  degrees  in  arts  and  sciences. 

From  about  the  turn  of  the  century  until  the  early  1960's  enrollment  was 
fairly  evenly  distributed  between  the  public  and  private  sectors  of  higher 
education.  Anticipating  the  effects  of  inflation  on  private  college  tuitions  and 
therefore  enrollments.  Governor  Terry  Sanford  recommended  in  1963  that  the 
state  assist  North  Carolina  students  desiring  to  attend  North  Carolina's 
private  colleges.  In  1968  this  recommendation  was  reiterated  by  the  Board  of 
Higher  Education,  which  was  concerned  by  the  gradual  but  constant  enroll- 
ment shift  away  from  private  colleges  due  to  the  tuition  differential  between 
the  public  and  private  sectors. 

In  1968  the  North  Carolina  Association  of  Independent  Colleges  and 
Universities  was  organized  to  speak  for  and  represent  the  interests  of  the 
private  colleges  and  institutions.  The  purpose  of  the  organization,  as  stated  in 
its  constitution,  is  "to  promote  and  advance  the  interests  of  higher  education  in 
North  Carolina,  including  both  public  and  independent  colleges  and  univer- 
sities, with  special  concern  for  the  dual  nature  of  the  system,  its  quality, 
freedom  and  responsibility  to  serve  the  educational  and  cultural  needs  of  the 
state,  nation,  and  world."  The  Association's  Board  of  Directors  is  composed  of 
the  presidents  of  the  member  institutions;  a  Chairman  and  Executive  Com- 
mittee are  elected  from  the  Board.  The  President  of  the  Association  is  an 
ex-officio  member  of  the  Board  and  Executive  Committee  and  is  the  Chief 
Executive  Officer  of  the  organization. 


802  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  following  presidents  of  private  institutions  have  served  as  Chairmen  of 
the  Association:  Dr.  Ralph  Scales,  Wake  Forest  University,  1969-71;  Dr 
Norman  A.  Wiggins,  Campbell  University,  1971-73;  Dr  Arthur  D.  Wenger, 
Atlantic  Christian  College,  1973-75;  Dr.  Samuel  R  Spencer,  Davidson  College, 
1975-77;  Terry  Sanford,  Duke  University,  1977-81;  Dr.  Fred  B.  Bentley,  Mars 
Hill  College  1981-83;  Dr.  James  Fred  Young  1983-87;  Dr  John  E.  Weems,  1987  to 
the  present.  The  first  President  of  the  Association  was  Virgil  L.  McBride,  who 
served  from  1970  to  1974;  the  second  was  Dr.  Cameron  West,  who  served  from 
1974  to  1978,  and  then  assumed  the  presidency  of  Pfeiffer  College.  He  was 
succeeded  by  former  state  Senator  John  T.  Henley,  who  is  presently  serving  as 
President. 

Through  the  efforts  of  the  Association  of  Independent  Colleges  and  Univer- 
sities, concerned  citizens  and  legislators,  the  first  private  college  student 
assistance  programs  were  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  in  1971.  The 
Contract  Grant  program,  which  is  still  in  operation,  provides  private  colleges 
with  $450  for  each  North  Carolina  student  enrolled  at  that  institution,  from 
which  amount  scholarships  are  awarded  to  needy  North  Carolinians.  About 
7,500  North  Carolina  students  are  helped  every  year  through  this  program. 

The  Contract  Grant  was  augmented  in  1975  by  the  Legislative  Tuition 
Grant.  This  program  provides  each  North  Carolina  student  with  a  fixed 
amount  to  be  applied  against  his  or  her  tuition,  thereby  reducing  the  gap 
between  public  and  private  tuition.  The  Legislative  Tuition  Grant  will  provide 
$1150  for  each  of  the  approximately  25,000  North  Carolina  undergraduate 
students  attending  private  colleges  and  universities  in  1989-90. 

In  1975,  the  Association  assumed  a  wide  range  of  educational  and  research 
activities  by  incorporating  the  North  Carolina  Center  for  Independent  Higher 
Education.  The  Center  absorbed  the  functions  of  the  Piedmont  University 
Center,  a  consortium  of  twenty  public  and  private  institutions  in  the  Piedmont 
region.  The  membership  of  the  Piedmont  Center  was  modified  to  include  all 
private  colleges  and  universities  in  the  state.  The  North  Carolina  Center 
provides  a  range  of  service  activities  as  an  advocate  for  the  institutions  in  the 
areas  of  student  recruitment,  teacher  education,  financial  aid,  and  research. 
The  Center  administers  such  programs  as  a  visiting  scholars  program,  campus 
tours  for  counselors,  and  cooperative  library  purchasing.  The  Center  also 
coordinates  activities  of  independent  constituent  groups  such  as  academic 
deans,  continuing  education  personnel,  and  financial  aid  directors.  The 
governance  of  the  Center  is  identical  to  that  of  the  Association. 

In  order  to  continue  to  increase  awareness  of  the  importance  of  the  private 
sector  in  higher  education  in  North  Carolina,  the  Association  formed  the 
Council  of  Trustees  in  1977.  This  organization,  which  is  composed  of  one 
trustee  from  each  of  the  37  private  colleges  and  universities,  represents  the 
1300  prominent  citizens  who  serve  as  private  college  and  university  trustees. 
The  Council  has  published  policy  statements  on  issues  of  importance  to  higher 
education,  such  as  Planned  Diversity:  A  Public  Policy  for  Independent  Higher 
Education  in  North  Carolina.  The  Association  published  an  Economic  Impact 
Statement  of  Independent  Colleges  and  Universities  in  North  Carolina  in 
1986.  In  addition,  members  of  the  Council  of  Trustees  meet  from  time  to  time 
with  members  of  the  Board  of  Governors  of  The  University  of  North  Carolina 


Private  Higher  Education  803 

to  discuss  matters  of  mutual  interest.  In  1983  the  North  CaroHna  Council  on 
Independent  Higher  Education  was  established  to  serve  as  the  focal  point  for 
communication  between  the  colleges  and  the  State  and  provide  another 
example  of  the  independent  Colleges'  commitment  to  see  that  their  resources 
are  used  most  effectively  and  efficiently  in  keeping  with  the  statutory 
mandate.  It  is  composed  of  8  members,  5  from  the  Council  of  Trustees  and  3 
presidents  of  member  institutions.  The  President  of  the  Association  is  an 
ex-officio  (nonvoting)  member. 


THE  NORTH  CAROLINA  ASSOCIATION  OF 
INDEPENDENT  COLLEGES  AND  UNIVERSITIES 

John  T.  Henley,  President 

North  Carolina  Center  for  Independent  Higher  Education 

A.  Hope  Williams,  Executive  Director 
John  E.  Weems,  Meredith  College,  Chairman 


804  North  Carolina  Manual 

PRESIDENTS  OF  PRIVATE  COLLEGES  AND  UNIVERSITIES 

Senior  Colleges  and  Universities 

President  Institution  Location 

James  B.  Hemby  Atlantic  Christian  College Wilson 

Lionel  Newsom Barber-Scotia  College  Concord 

Edward  L.  Henry  Belmont  Abbey  College Belmont 

Gloria  R.  Scott  Bennett  College  Greensboro 

Norman  A.  Wiggins Campbell  University  Buies  Creek 

Stephen  E.  Wurster Catawba  College  Salisbury 

John  W.  Kuykendall  Davidson  College  Davidson 

H.  Keith  H.  Brodie  Duke  University  Durham 

James  Fred  Young Elon  College  Elon  College 

M.  Christopher  White Gardner-Webb  College Boiling  Springs 

William  H.  Likins  Greensboro  College  Greensboro 

William  R.  Rogers  Guilford  College  Greensboro 

Jacob  C.  Martinson  High  Point  College High  Point 

Robert  Albright  Johnson  C.  Smith  University  Charlotte 

Bradford  L.  Grain  Lees-McRae  College  Banner  Elk 

John  B.  Trainer Lenoir-Rhyne  College  Hickory 

Bernard  W.  Branklin  Livingstone  College  Salisbury 

Fred  B.  Bentley  Mars  Hill  College  Mars  Hill 

John  E.  Weems  Meredith  College  Raleigh 

M.  Elton  Hendricks  Methodist  College  Fayetteville 

Silas  M.  Vaughn  Montreat-Anderson  College Montreat 

W.  Burkette  Raper Mount  Olive  College  Mount  Olive 

Leslie  H.  Garner N.C.  Wesleyan  College  Rocky  Mount 

Zane  E.  Eargle Pfeiffer  College  Misenheimer 

Billy  O.  Wireman  Queens  College  Charlotte 

Thomas  L.  Reuschling  St.  Andrews  Presbyterian  College  ...  Laurinburg 

Prezell  R.  Robinson  Saint  Augustine's  College Raleigh 

Thomas  V.  Litzenburg  Salem  College  Winston-Salem 

Talbert  O.  Shaw  Shaw  University  Raleigh 

Thomas  J.  Hearn  Wake  Forest  University  Winston-Salem 

Alfred  O.  Canon  Warren  Wilson  College  Swannanoa 

Paul  R.  Corts  Wingate  College  Wingate 

Junior  Colleges 

William  T.  Greer Brevard  College  Brevard 

Jerry  Jackson  Chowan  College  Murfreesboro 

J.  Allen  Norris,  Jr Louisburg  College  Louisburg 

Garrett  Briggs  Peace  College  Raleigh 

Clauston  L.  Jenkins,  Jr Saint  Mary's  College  Raleigh 


PART  VI 


Political  Parties 


CHAPTER  ONE 
The  Democratic  Party  of  North  Carolina 

PREAMBLE 

We,  the  members  of  the  Democratic  Party  of  North  Carolina,  in  order  to 
make  more  effective  the  principles  of  our  Party,  to  embrace  and  serve  all 
peoples  of  our  Party  without  regard  to  race,  age  or  sex,  to  insure  the 
blessings  of  liberty  and  equal  opportunity,  and  to  work  together  for  the 
welfare  and  happiness  of  all  citizens,  do  hereby  adopt  and  establish  this 
Plan  of  Organization. 

0.00    STATEMENT  OF  PRINCIPLES  FOR  ALL  LEVELS 
OF  THE  DEMOCRATIC  PARTY 

0.01     OPEN  PARTY 

All  public  meetings  at  all  levels  of  the  Democratic  Party  of  North  Carolina 
shall  be  open  to  all  members  of  the  Democratic  Party  regardless  of  race,  sex, 
age,  color,  creed,  national  origin,  religion,  ethnic  identity,  handicapping 
condition,  economic  status,  or  philosophical  persuasion. 

0.02    ENCOURAGE  PARTICIPATION 

Special  efforts  shall  be  made  to  encourage  traditionally  under-represented 
groups  to  participate  in  delegate  selection  processes  and  in  Party  organiza- 
tions at  all  levels  to  the  end  that  all  elected  or  appointed  Democrats  to  any 
positions  reasonably  reflect  the  Democratic  electorate  of  the  unit  with  regard 
to  age,  race,  sex,  handicapping  condition,  and  ethnic  origin. 

0.03    NON-DISCRIMINATION 

No  test  for  membership  in,  or  any  oath  of  loyalty  to,  the  Democratic  Party 
of  North  Carolina  shall  be  required  or  used  which  has  the  effect  of  requiring 
prospective  or  current  members  of  the  Democratic  Party  to  acquiesce  in, 
condone  or  support  discrimination  on  the  grounds  of  race,  sex,  age,  color, 
creed,  national  origin,  religion,  ethnic  identity,  handicapping  condition,  or 
economic  status. 

0.04    PUBLICIZE  MEETINGS 

The  time  and  place  of  all  public  meetings  of  the  Democratic  Party  on  all 
levels  shall  be  publicized  fully  and  in  such  a  manner  as  to  assure  timely 
notice  to  all  interested  persons.  Such  meetings  must  be  held  in  places 
accessible  to  all  Party  members  and  large  enough  to  accommodate  all 
interested  persons. 


808  North  Carolina  Manual 

0.05    BROAD  REGISTRATION 

The  Democratic  Party,  on  all  levels,  shall  actively  support  the  broadest 
possible  registratioi>  without  discrimination  on  grounds  of  race,  sex,  age, 
color,  creed,  national  origin,  religion,  ethnic  identity,  handicapping  condi- 
tion, or  economic  status. 

0.06    NOTICE  OF  SELECTION  OF  PARTY  OFFICIALS 

The  Democratic  Party  of  North  Carolina  shall  publicize  fully  and  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  assure  notice  to  all  interested  parties  a  full  description  of  the 
legal  and  practical  procedures  for  selection  of  Democratic  Party  officers  and 
representatives  on  all  levels.  Publication  of  these  procedures  should  be  done 
in  such  fashion  that  all  prospective  and  current  members  of  the  Democratic 
Party  will  be  fully  and  adequately  informed  of  the  pertinent  procedures  in 
time  to  participate  in  each  selection  procedure  at  all  levels  of  the  Democratic 
Party  organization.  Such  publication  should  be  done  in  timely  fashion  so 
that  all  prospective  candidates  or  applicants  for  any  elected  position  within 
the  Democratic  Party  will  have  full  and  adequate  opportunity  to  compete  for 
office. 

1.00    PRECINCT  ORGANIZATION 

LOl     UNIT  OF  ORGANIZATION 

The  unit  of  the  Democratic  Party  organization  in  the  State  of  North 
Carolina  shall  be  the  voting  precinct. 

1 .02    COMPOSITION  OF  PRECINCT  COMMITTEE 

Precinct  Committee.  In  each  precinct,  there  shall  be  a  Precinct  Com- 
mittee consisting  of  ten  active  Democrats,  who  reside  in  the  precinct,  and 
who  should,  but  need  not  necessarily,  be  present  when  elected  by  the  active 
Democrats  of  the  precinct  present  at  the  annual  precinct  meeting  held  in 
odd-numbered  years.  The  composition  of  the  Precinct  Committee  should  bear 
a  reasonable  relationship  to  the  make-up  of  the  active  Democrats  of  said 
precinct  as  to  sex,  age,  race,  ethnic  background,  and,  where  practical, 
geography.  All  Democratic  county  and  city  officials  elected  by  partisan 
election,  and  Democratic  members  of  the  North  Carolina  General  Assembly 
residing  in  the  precinct  shall  be  ex-officio  non-voting  members  of  the 
Precinct  Committee. 

Precinct  Officers.  The  Precinct  Committee  shall  have  as  officers  a 
chairman,  three  vice  chairmen,  a  secretary,  and  a  treasurer.  The  first  vice 
chairman  must  be  of  opposite  sex  to  the  chairman.  If  the  chairman  and  first 
vice  chairman  are  of  the  same  race,  the  second  vice  chairman  should,  where 
possible,  be  of  that  race  other  than  that  of  the  chairman  and  first  vice 
chairman,  which  constitutes  at  least  20  percent  of  the  registered  Democratic 
voters  in  the  precinct.  The  third  vice  chairman  should,  where  possible,  be  36 
years  of  age  or  under  if  none  of  the  other  officers  of  the  precinct  committee 
are  36  years  of  age  or  under.  No  two  officers  of  the  Precinct  Committee  shall 
be  from  the  same  immediate  family  residing  in  the  same  household. 

Terms  of  Office.  The  terms  of  office  of  the  members  and  officers  of  the 
Precinct  Committee  shall  expire  on  the  date  set  for  the  next  succeeding 


The  Democratic  Party  809 

precinct  meeting  held  in  an  odd-numbered  year  or  when  their  successors 
shall  be  elected  or  appointed,  whichever  shall  occur  first.  Newly  elected 
officers  shall  take  office  immediately  upon  their  election. 

Election  to  County  Office.  Should  any  precinct  officer  be  elected  as  an 
officer  of  the  County  Executive  Committee  as  provided  for  in  Section  2.03,  he 
or  she  automatically  vacates  their  precinct  office.  Precinct  Committee  may 
be  removed  in  accordance  with  Section  10.05. 

Vacancies.  Vacancies  that  exist  among  the  officers  and  members  of  the 
Precinct  Committee  for  whatever  reason  shall  be  filled  in  accordance  with 
Section  10.04. 

1.03  DUTIES  OF  PRECINCT  OFFICERS 

Chairman.  The  duties  of  the  precinct  chairman  shall  be  to: 

1.  Establish  an  organization  of  the  Party  within  the  precinct; 

2.  Delegate  duties  to  Precinct  Committee  members; 

3.  Attend  County  Executive  Committee  meetings  and  convey  the  informa- 
tion at  those  meetings  to  precinct  committee  and  precinct  workers; 

4.  Carry  out  duties  assigned  to  him  or  her  by  the  County  Executive  Com- 
mittee; and  the  Plan  of  Organization;  and 

5.  Recommend  Precinct  Registrar,  Judge  and  Special  Registration  Com- 
missioners to  the  County  Chairman. 

Vice  Chairman.  The  duties  of  the  three  precinct  vice  chairmen  shall  be 
such  as  may  be  assigned  to  them  by  the  precinct  chairman. 
Secretary.  The  duties  of  the  precinct  secretary  shall  be  to: 

1.  Keep  all  records  of  the  Precinct  Committee,  including  attendance  at  all 
meetings; 

2.  Issue  all  notices; 

3.  Prepare  all  correspondence;  and 

4.  Perform  any  other  duties  that  may  be  assigned  by  the  Precinct  Chair- 
man. 

Treasurer.  The  duties  of  the  Precinct  Treasurer  shall  be  to: 

1.  Maintain  the  Precinct  Treasury; 

2.  Provides  assistance  to  the  county  treasurer  and  in  fundraising  activi- 
ties; 

3.  Maintain  records  for  funds  contributed  to  the  county  treasury  by  the 
precinct  committee;  and 

4.  Prepare  and  file  such  financial  reports  of  the  precinct  committee  as 
may  be  required. 

1.04  PRECINCT  MEETINGS 

When  and  Where  Held.  Annual  precinct  meetings  shall  be  held  prior  to 
April  1st  at  the  polling  place  of  each  precinct  or  other  facility,  if  the  precinct 
polling  place  is  unavailable  for  use,  on  the  date  and  at  the  time  announced 
by  the  State  Chairman,  pursuant  to  Section  4.05.  If  a  meeting  facility  other 
than  the  precinct  polling  place  is  used,  it  must  be  approved  in  advance  by 
the  County  Chairman  and  publicly  announced  seven  calendar  days  in 
advance  of  the  meeting;  and  the  precinct  chairman  shall  also  post  notice,  if 
possible,  at  the  regular  polling  place.  In  the  event  a  quorum  is  not  present, 


810  North  Carolina  Manual 

there  shall  be  a  second  meeting  of  the  precinct  one  week  following  the  date 
set  by  the  State  Chairman  for  the  first  meeting.  Any  precinct  meeting 
provided  for  in  this  section  shall  be  held  more  than  two  weeks  before  the 
annual  County  Convention. 

Unorganized  Precinct.  A  precinct  that  did  not  meet  on  the  second 
meeting  date  shall  be  considered  as  not  organized  and  shall  not  be  entitled 
to  send  delegates  to  the  county  convention  or  be  represented  on  the  county 
Executive  Committee  until  the  county  chairman  has  appointed  an  acting 
precinct  chairman  and  has  called  a  special  meeting  for  the  purpose  of 
organizing  the  precinct  and  the  precinct  is  organized  in  accordance  with 
Section  1.05  and  1.08.  See  also  Section  2.05.  The  acting  precinct  chairman 
shall  preside  over  the  annual  meeting  called  by  the  county  chairman  for  the 
purpose  of  organizing  the  precinct. 

Order  of  Business:  Odd-Numbered  Years.  The  order  of  business  at  the 
annual  precinct  meeting  held  in  odd-numbered  years  shall  be. 

1.  The  election  of  six  active  Democrats  of  the  precinct  as  precinct  officers. 

2.  The  election  of  four  other  active  Democrats  of  the  precinct  as  members 
of  the  Precinct  Committee. 

3.  The  election  of  active  Democrats  of  the  precinct  as  delegates  to  the 
county  convention. 

4.  The  chairman,  or  presiding  officer,  and  the  secretary  shall  certify  to 
the  county  chairman  the  names,  addresses,  race,  sex,  and  telephone 
numbers  of  the  precinct  officers,  the  members  of  the  Precinct  Com- 
mittee, and  the  delegates  elected  at  the  annual  precinct  meeting  within 
five  (5)  days. 

5.  Other  business  related  to  the  affairs  of  the  precinct. 

Order  of  Business:  Even-Numbered  Years.  The  order  of  business  at 
the  annual  precinct  meeting  held  in  even-numbered  years  shall  be: 

1.  The  election  of  active  Democrats  of  the  precinct  as  delegates  to  the 
County  Convention.  Active  Democrats  in  attendance  may  nominate 
delegates  to  represent  the  County  in  the  District  and  State  Conven- 
tions. 

2.  The  Chairman  or  presiding  officer,  and  the  secretary  shall  certify  to 
the  county  chairman  the  names,  addresses,  race,  sex,  and  telephone 
numbers  of  the  delegates  elected  at  the  annual  precinct  meeting  within 
five  (5)  days. 

3.  Fill  vacancies  that  exist  among  the  precinct  officers  and  members  of 
the  Precinct  Committee  in  accordance  with  Section  10.04. 

Called  Meetings.  Additional  meetings  may  be  called  in  accordance  with 
Section  10.01. 

Presiding  Officers.  The  precinct  meetings  shall  be  presided  over  by  the 
Chairman  of  the  Precinct  Committee;  but,  in  his  or  her  absence,  the  Vice- 
Chairman  of  the  Committee  in  order  of  succession,  the  secretary  and  the 
treasurer  shall,  in  order  of  succession,  preside,  and  in  the  absence  of  both  the 
Chairman  and  the  Vice-Chairman,  the  secretary  and  the  treasurer,  any  | 
member  of  the  Committee  may  preside.  In  the  event  that  none  of  the  above 
named  are  present,  any  active  Democrat  residing  in  the  precinct  may 
preside. 


The  Democratic  Party  811 

1 .05  QUORUM  REQUIRED  TO  ORGANIZE  PRECINCT  AND  TO 
ELECT  PRECINCT  OFFICERS  AND  MEMBERS  OF  THE 
PRECINCT  COMMITTEE 

A  quorum  for  a  precinct  meeting  held  for  the  purpose  of  organizing  the 
precinct  or  electing  precinct  officers  and  members  of  the  Precinct  Committee 
at  the  annual  precinct  meetings  shall  consist  of  ten  active  Democrats 
residing  in  such  precinct.  In  precincts  having  fewer  than  20  registered  and 
active  Democrats,  one-half  of  such  registered  active  Democrats  shall  be 
sufficient  to  comprise  the  Precinct  Committee  and  to  constitute  a  quorum  at 
a  precinct  meeting  held  for  the  purpose  of  organizing  the  precinct  or  electing 
precinct  officers  and  members  of  the  Precinct  Committee  at  the  annual 
precinct  meeting. 

1 .06  VOTING  AT  PRECINCT  MEETINGS 

Each  active  Democrat  residing  in  the  precinct  and  present  at  any  precinct 
meeting,  shall  i)e  entitled  to  cast  one  vote  at  said  meeting. 

1 .07  REPRESENTATION  AT  COUNTY  CONVENTION  AND  ON 
COUNTY  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 

No  precinct  shall  be  entitled  to  send  delegates  to  any  County  Convention 
unless  those  delegates  were  elected  at  a  precinct  meeting  at  which  a  quorum 
was  present.  No  precinct  shall  be  entitled  to  representation  on  the  County 
Executive  Committee  unless  a  Precinct  Committee  and  Precinct  Committee 
officers  were  elected  at  a  precinct  meeting  at  which  a  quorum  was  present. 

1 .08  VOTES  AT  COUNTY  CONVENTION 

Each  precinct  shall  be  entitled  to  cast  at  any  County  Convention  one  vote 
for  every  100  Democratic  votes,  or  major  fraction  thereof,  cast  by  the 
precinct  for  Democratic  Governor  at  the  last  gubernatorial  election;  provided 
that  every  precinct  shall  be  entitled  to  cast  at  least  one  vote  at  the  County 
Convention. 

1.09  DELEGATES  TO  THE  COUNTY  CONVENTION 

Each  precinct  shall  elect  at  least  one  delegate  for  each  vote  to  which  said 
precinct  is  entitled  at  the  County  Convention,  and  the  precinct  may  elect  no 
more  than  five  delegates  for  each  vote.  If  the  precinct  elects  less  than  one 
delegate  for  each  vote  to  which  it  is  entitled,  then  the  precinct  vote  at  the 
County  Convention  shall  be  limited  to  the  number  of  delegates  elected. 

2.00  COUNTY  ORGANIZATIONS 

2.01  COMPOSITION  OF  COUNTY  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 
Members.  There  shall  be  a  County  Executive  Committee  in  each  county 

composed  of: 

1.  The  elected  officers  of  the  County  Executive  Committee; 

2.  The  chairman  and  first  vice  chairman  of  the  several  precinct  com- 
mittes  in  the  county; 

3.  The  presidents  of  the  duly  organized  and  chartered  county  auxiliary 


812  North  Carolina  Manual 

organizations,  which  shall  include  Democratic  Men's  Clubs,  Democratic 
Women's  Clubs,  Young  Democrats  Clubs,  College  Federation  Clubs, 
Teen  Dem  Clubs,  and  Senior  Democrats  Clubs  within  the  county. 

The  respective  State  Presidents  of  the  Democratic  Party  auxiliary 
organizations  shall  determine  those  duly  organized  County  auxiliary 
organizations  within  a  county  and  certify  the  name  of  the  President  to 
the  State  Chairman. 

The  presidents  of  each  auxiliary  organization  in  a  county  shall 
annually  certify  to  the  county  chairman,  their  officers,  including  any 
changes  in  officers.  If  any  organization  has  more  than  one  duly 
organized  and  chartered  club  within  a  county,  the  Presidents  certified 
shall  equally  divide  their  vote  provided  for  in  Section  2.02,  or  the 
County  Executive  Committee  may  provide  a  single  vote  for  each  club; 
however,  the  additional  vote  must  be  approved  annually. 

Should  a  precinct  chairman  or  first  vice  chairman  be  elected  as 
president  of  an  auxiliary  organization,  some  other  member  of  said 
organization  shall  be  certified  as  the  representative  of  that  organization 
on  the  County  Executive  Committee. 

In  addition,  the  County  Teen  Dem  Advisor  shall  be  a  member  of  the 
Executive  Committee  and  equally  share  the  vote  of  that  organization 
with  the  county  Teen  Dem  president  unless  an  additional  vote  is 
organized  by  the  County  Executive  Committee. 

4.  Any  elected  or  appointed  member  of  the  State  Democratic  Executive 
Committee  from  that  county,  not  a  member  of  county  executive  commit- 
tee by  virtue  of  holding  some  other  office,  shall  be  an  ex-officio  voting 
member. 

5.  All  Democratic  county  and  city  officials  elected  by  partisan  election, 
and  Democratic  members  of  the  North  Carolina  General  Assembly 
residing  in  the  county  shall  be  ex-officio,  voting  members  of  the 
County  Executive  Committee. 

2.02    VOTING  ON  THE  COUNTY  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 

Committee  Officers,  Presidents  of  Auxiliary  Organizations,  and 
Ex-Officio  Members.  Elected  officers,  Presidents  of  county  auxiliary 
organizations,  and  other  ex-officio  members  not  provided  for  below  shall  be 
entitled  to  one  vote  each. 

Precinct  Officers.  The  several  Precinct  Chairmen  and  First  Vice  Chair- 
men shall  be  entitled,  as  members  of  the  County  Executive  Committee,  to 
cast  for  their  precinct  one  vote  for  each  100  Democratic  votes,  or  major 
fraction  thereof,  cast  by  their  precinct  for  Governor  at  the  last  preceding 
gubernatorial  election,  provided  that  each  precinct  chairman  and  first  vice 
chairman  together  shall  be  entitled  to  cast  for  their  precinct  a  minimum  of 
one  vote. 

In  the  event  that  the  two  members  should  disagree  on  how  their  precinct's 
vote  shall  be  cast,  then  each  members  shall  cast  exactly  one-half  of  the  votes 
which  their  precinct  is  entitled  to  cast. 

Under  no  circumstanqes  shall  one  representation  be  able  to  cast  more  than 
one-half  of  the  votes  to  which  a  precinct  is  entitled,  even  though  the 
precinct's  second  representative  is  absent  (See  Action  10.03). 


The  Democratic  Party  813 

2.03    OFFICERS  OF  THE  COUNTY  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 

Elected  Officers.  The  County  Executive  Committee  shall  have  as  officers 
a  Chairman,  three  vice  chairmen,  a  secretary  and  a  treasurer.  The  first  vice 
chairman  must  be  of  opposite  sex  to  the  chairman.  If  the  chairman  and  first 
vice  chairman  are  of  the  same  race,  the  second  vice  chairman  must  be  of 
that  race  other  than  that  of  the  chairman  and  first  vice  chairman,  which 
constitutes  at  least  20  percent  of  the  registered  Democratic  voters  in  the 
county.  The  third  vice  chairman  shall  be  36  years  of  age  or  under,  if  none  of 
the  other  officers  of  the  County  Executive  Committee  are  36  years  of  age  or 
under.  Officers  of  County  Executive  Committee  shall  be  active  Democrats 
residing  within  the  county.  No  two  county  officers  may  be  from  the  same 
immediate  family  residing  in  the  same  household. 

Municipal  and  County  Precinct  Vice  Chairmen.  In  each  county  that 
contains  two  or  more  municipalities  of  a  population  of  more  than  60,000 
persons  each,  officers  in  addition  to  the  ones  specified  above  shall  be  elected 
as  follows:  (a)  a  vice  chairman  for  each  such  municipality,  who  must  be  a 
resident  of  that  municipality  and  who  shall  be  elected  by  the  precinct 
chairmen  and  first  vice  chairmen  of  that  municipality;  and  (b)  a  vice 
chairman  for  those  precincts  not  contained  in  such  municipalities — if  those 
precincts  have  a  total  population  of  more  than  60,000  persons — who  must  be 
a  resident  of  one  of  those  precincts  and  who  shall  be  elected  by  the  precinct 
chairmen  and  first  vice  chairmen  of  those  precincts  not  contained  in  the 
said  municipalities. 

Term  of  Office.  The  term  of  office  of  the  officers  of  the  County  Executive 
Committee  shall  be  for  two  years  and  shall  expire  on  the  date  set  for  the 
next  succeeding  county  convention  meeting  held  in  the  odd-numbered  year 
or  when  their  successors  shall  be  elected,  whichever  shall  occur  first.  Newly 
elected  officers  shall  take  office  immediately  upon  election. 

Limitation  on  an  Officer's  Length  of  Service.  A  person  who  has 
served  as  an  elected  officer  of  a  County  Executive  Committee  for  two  full 
consecutive  years  shall  not  be  eligible  for  re-election  to  that  particular  office, 
provided  that  after  such  office  has  been  held  by  another  individual  for  one 
full  term  such  person  shall  be  eligible  for  election  to  that  office  again. 

Election  to  District  or  State  Officer.  Should  any  county  officer  be 
elected  as  an  officer  of  the  district  or  as  an  officer  of  the  State  Executive 
Committee,  he  or  she  shall  be  deemed  to  have  automatically  vacated  their 
county  office. 

Vacancies.  Vacancies  that  exist  among  the  officers  and  members  of  the 
county  executive  committee  for  whatever  reason  shall  be  filled  in  accordance 
with  Section  10.04. 

Removals.  Officers  and  members  of  the  county  executive  committee  may 
be  removed  in  accordance  with  Section  10.05. 

When  County  Committee  Is  Not  in  Session.  When  the  County  Execu- 
tive Committee  is  not  in  session,  the  officers  of  the  County  Executive 
Committee  shall  act  in  the  place  of  the  County  Executive  Committee  on  all 
matters;  unless  this  Plan  of  Organization  states  that  action  is  to  be  by  the 
entire  Executive  Committee. 


814  North  Carolina  Manual 

2.04  COUNTY  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE  MEETINGS 

When.  The  County  Chairman  shall  issue  a  call  for  a  meeting  of  the 
County  Executive  Committee  periodically,  but  not  less  than  once  every  six 
months. 

Called  Meetings.  Additional  meetings  may  be  called  in  accordance  with 
Section  10.01. 

Business  Permitted.  The  County  Executive  Committee  may  conduct  any 
business  as  is  required  or  necessary  to  the  county  Democratic  Party. 

Meeting  for  Newly  Created  Precincts.  In  addition  to  the  other  business 
specified  in  the  call,  the  same  committee  may  adopt  resolutions  fixing  a  day, 
time,  and  place  for  the  holding  of  additional  Precinct  Committee  meetings, 
and  may  provide  for  precinct  meetings  for  the  election  of  a  Precinct  Com- 
mittee and  precinct  officers  in  any  precinct  created  by  the  Board  of  Elections 
since  the  immediate  preceding  general  election,  or  in  any  precinct  in  said 
county  which  is  not  properly  organized.  Such  committee  and  officers  shall 
serve  until  the  subsequent  precinct  meeting  held  in  odd-numbered  years.  The 
County  Chairman  shall  fully  publicize  all  meeting  dates  established.  Any 
precinct  meeting  provided  for  in  this  section  shall  be  held  more  than  two 
weeks  before  the  annual  county  convention. 

2.05  DUTIES  OF  COUNTY  OFFICERS 
Chairman.  The  duties  of  the  county  chairman  shall  be  to: 

1.  Establish  an  organization  of  the  Party  in  the  county; 

2.  Carry  out  duties  assigned  to  him  or  her  by  the  State  Chairman,  the 
District  chairman  and  County  Executive  Committee; 

3.  Have  the  authority  to  appoint  committees  to  assist  him  or  her  in 
performing  his  or  her  duties  (see  Sections  8.03  and  10.04); 

4.  Designate  the  exact  place  at  which  the  County  Convention  is  to  be 
held  thirty  days  prior  to  the  convention. 

5.  Notify  the  precinct  chairman  or  person  who  is  to  preside  at  the 
annual  precinct  meeting  of  the  date,  time,  and  place  of  the  annual 
county  convention  and  the  votes  that  each  precinct  is  entitled  to  cast 
at  the  county  convention. 

6.  Appoint  an  Acting  precinct  chairman  for  a  term  of  30  days  for  an 
unorganized  precinct  in  the  event  that  it  did  not  meet  on  the  second 
meeting  date  of  its  annual  precinct  meeting  in  the  odd-numbered 
years  and  did  not  duly  elect  a  precinct  chairman,  or  for  a  newly 
created  precinct  as  set  forth  in  Section  2.04,  for  the  purpose  of 
organizing  the  precinct. 

7.  Organize  political  instruction  classes  for  precinct  committees; 

8.  Obtain  all  materials  necessary  for  the  proper  performance  of  his  or 
her  duties  and  doing  all  other  things  necessary  for  the  proper  carrying 
out  of  the  best  interests  of  the  Party. 

9.  Appoint  a  publicity  chairman  who  shall  have  the  duties  and  respon- 
sibilities of  disseminating  information  to  registered  Democrats  of  the 
county  describing  the  qualifications  and  the  procedures  for  selection 
of  delegates  and  officers  at  all  levels  of  the  Democratic  Party; 

10.  Perform  such  duties  as  set  forth  in  Section  5.01; 

11.  Encourage  the  establishment  of  auxiliary  organizations  in  the  county; 


The  Democratic  Party  815 

12.  Designate  a  county  Sustaining  Fund  chairman  whose  responsibility 
it  shall  be  to  coordinate  the  State  Party's  Sustaining  Fund  campaign 
in  that  county.  Duties  of  the  Sustaining  Fund  chairman  shall  include 
encouraging  Democrats  to  check  the  box  on  their  state  and  federal 
income  tax  forms  designating  money  for  the  Democratic  Party; 

13.  Upon  receipt  from  the  State  Chairman,  disseminate  the  date,  time, 
and  place  of  county,  district,  and  State  conventions  to  the  news 
media  in  his  or  her  county; 

14.  Prepare  and  furnish  all  forms  and  blanks  needed  in  making  the 
returns  from  the  precinct  meetings  and  any  reported  challenges  and 
appeals  therefrom  and  have  the  authority  to  raise  the  funds  necessary 
to  pay  for  the  expenses  thereof;  and 

15.  At  the  end  of  his  or  her  term  of  office,  make  every  effort  to  assist  the 
new  county  chairman  in  the  transition  period.  This  assistance  should 
include  the  transfer  of  important  records  and  any  information  that 
might  assist  the  new  chairman. 

Vice  Chairman.  The  duties  of  the  three  county  vice  chairmen  shall  be 
such  as  may  be  assigned  by  the  county  chairman. 
Secretary.  The  duties  of  the  county  secretary  shall  be  to: 

1.  Keep  all  records  of  the  county  executive  committee,  including  at- 
tendance at  all  meetings; 

2.  Issue  all  notices; 

3.  Prepare  all  correspondence; 

4.  Perform  any  other  duties  that  may  be  assigned  by  the  Chairman;  and 

5.  Maintain  lists  of  the  names  and  addresses  of  all  precinct  officers  and 
committee  members  and  of  elected  delegates  to  any  convention.  The 
list  shall  be  made  available  for  inspection  and  copying,  in  the  presence 
of  the  Secretary,  and  at  the  expense  of  the  individuals  requesting  the 
copies,  to  any  active  Democrat  residing  in  the  county.  The  information 
for  each  precinct  in  the  county  shall  be  available  for  inspection  and 
copying  within  three  days  after  it  is  received  from  the  precinct  chair- 
man. The  County  Secretary  shall  forward  the  name,  race,  sex,  address, 
and  telephone  number  of  the  precinct  officers  and  precinct  committee 
members  and  the  county  officers  to  the  state  and  Congressional 
District  chairmen. 

Treasurer.  The  duties  of  the  county  treasurer  shall  be  to: 

1.  Assist  in  the  raising  of  all  money  required  for  the  operation  and 
activities  of  the  County  Democratic  Party; 

2.  Keep  records  of  all  money  received  and  expended  on  behalf  of  the 
county  Democratic  Party; 

3.  Maintain  a  list  of  the  names,  addresses,  and  occupations  of  all  donors; 

4.  Prepare  and  file  such  reports  of  the  finances  of  the  County  Executive 
Committee  as  are  required  by  law;  and 

5.  Coordinate  with  the  county  Sustaining  Fund  chairman  his  or  her 
activities. 


816  North  Carolina  Manual 

2.06  COUNTY  BOARDS  OF  ELECTIONS  AND  PRECINCT  JUDGES, 
REGISTRARS  AND  SPECIAL  REGISTRATION  COMMISSIONERS 

Method  of  Selection.  The  County  Chairman,  after  consulting  with  the 
precinct  chairman,  shall  submit  his/her  recommendations  for  Democratic 
members  of  the  County  Board  of  Elections  in  accordance  with  instructions 
provided  by  the  State  Chairman.  The  County  Chairman  shall  call  a  meeting 
of  the  County  Executive  Committee  and  submit  his  or  her  recommendations 
for  confirmation  by  said  Executive  Committee.  The  County  Chairman  shall 
not  be  required  to  take  nominations  from  the  floor.  Only  when  such  recom- 
mendations shall  be  confirmed  by  a  majority  of  the  committee  members 
present  and  voting  as  provided  in  Section  2.02  shall  the  same  be  submitted 
to  the  State  Chairman  by  the  County  Chairman.  The  time  of  such  meeting 
of  the  respective  County  Executive  Committees  for  the  purpose  of  passing  on 
such  recommendations  shall  be  fixed  by  the  State  Chairman. 

Qualifications  of  Members.  No  member  or  officer  of  a  County  Executive 
Committee  shall  be  eligible  to  serve  as  a  member  of  a  County  Board  of 
Elections  or  as  a  Precinct  Registrar  or  Judge.  No  person,  while  acting  as  a 
member  of  the  County  Board  of  Elections,  shall  serve  as  a  state,  district,  or 
county  campaign  manager  or  treasurer  of  any  candidate  in  a  primary 
election,  general  election  or  as  a  chairman  of  any  state,  district  or  county 
political  organization  (G.S.  163-41). 

Precinct  Judges,  Registrars,  and  Special  Registration  Commis- 
sioners. The  County  Chairman,  after  consulting  with  the  precinct  chair- 
men, shall  recommend  judges,  registrars,  and  special  registration  commis- 
sioners to  the  County  Board  of  Elections  as  required  by  law  in  North 
Carolina  General  Statutes  163-41. 

2.07  RULES  FOR  PRECINCT  MEETINGS 

Precinct  Meetings.  The  County  Executive  Committee  shall  have  power 
to  make  any  rules  with  regard  to  the  holding  of  precinct  meetings  which  it 
may  deem  proper,  not  inconsistent  with  this  Plan  of  Organization. 

2.08  MUNICIPAL  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 

Municipal  Executive  Committee.  There  shall  be  a  Municipal  Executive 
Committee  when  required  by  law  to  fill  any  vacancies  in  nomination  to 
partisan  municipal  offices  to  be  voted  for  in  any  town  or  city  election.  The 
Municipal  Executive  Committee  shall  be  composed  of  the  precinct  chairman 
and  first  vice  chairman  of  the  precincts  that  comprise  the  city  or  town.  Each 
member  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  as  prescribed  in  Section  2.02  and  10.03.  The 
county  chairman  shall  be  an  ex-officio,  non-voting  member  of  the  committee 
and  preside  at  all  meetings. 

3.00  CONGRESSIONAL,  JUDICIAL,  STATE  SENATE  AND 
STATE  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES  DISTRICT 
ORGANIZATIONS 

3.01  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 
Members.  There  shall  be  a  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee 

in  each  congressional  district  in  North  Carolina  which  shall  be  composed  of: 


I 


The  Democratic  Party  817 

1.  The  officers  of  the  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  as  set 
forth  in  Section  3.04; 

2.  The  chairman  and  first  vice  chairman  of  each  county  in  the  congres- 
sional district  as  ex-officio  voting  members; 

3.  An  elected  Congressional  District  representative  of  each  statewide 
auxiliary  organization  with  by-laws  approved  by  the  State  Executive 
Committee  as  an  ex-officio  voting  member. 

Should  a  county  chairman  or  first  vice  chairman  be  elected  as  an 
elected  representative  of  a  district  auxiliary  organization,  some  other 
member  of  said  organization  shall  be  certified  to  the  congressional 
district  chairman  as  the  representative  of  that  auxiliary  organization 
on  the  congressional  district  executive  committee;  and 

4.  A  Congressional  District  chairman  for  Minority  Affairs  who  shall  be 
appointed  by  the  Congressional  District  chairman  and  who  shall  serve 
at  the  pleasure  of  the  Congressional  District  chairman  and  who  shall 
be  an  ex-officio  member. 

5.  The  Democratic  Congressman  of  the  District  as  an  ex-offico  voting 
member. 

3.02  VOTING  ON  THE  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT  EXECUTIVE 
COMMITTEE 

Committee  Officers  and  Ex-Officio  Members.  The  Congressional 
District  Executive  Committee  officers  and  the  ex-officio  members  of  the 
Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  shall  be  entitled  to  one  vote 
each,  except  when  voting  for  the  nominating  procedures  under  North 
Carolina  General  Statutes  163-13(B)  when  they  shall  be  non-voting 
members. 

County  Chairmen  and  First  Vice  Chairmen.  These  members  shall  be 
entitled  to  cast  for  their  county  one  vote  for  each  300  persons,  or  major 
fraction  thereof,  residing  within  the  county  based  upon  the  last  decennial 
census. 

In  the  event  that  the  Chairman  and  first  vice  chairman  should  disagree 
on  how  their  county's  votes  will  be  cast,  then  each  member  shall  cast  exactly 
one-half  of  the  votes  which  their  county  is  entitled  to  cast. 

If  only  one  representative  of  a  county  is  present  at  a  meeting  of  this 
committee  and  the  other  member  from  that  county  on  the  committee  has  not 
designated  an  active  Democrat  as  his  or  her  alternate  (see  Section  10.03),  or 
such  alternate  is  not  present,  then  such  representative  shall  be  entitled  to 
cast  all  of  the  votes  which  the  county  is  entitled  to  cast. 

3.03  DUTIES  OF  THE  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT  EXECUTIVE 
COMMITTEE 

The  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  shall  perform  the  duties 
required  by  North  Carolina  General  Statutes  163-13  and  163-114,  and  such 
other  duties  as  may  be  delegated  to  it  by  the  State  Chairman  and  State 
Executive  Committee. 

In  addition,  the  members  from  their  respective  counties  shall  perform 
those  duties  imposed  and  specified  by  North  Carolina  General  Statutes  163- 
13  and  163-114. 


818  North  Carolina  Manual 

3.04    OFFICERS  OF  THE  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT  EXECUTIVE 
COMMITTEE 

Elected  Officers.  The  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  shall 
have  as  officers  a  Chairman,  three  vice  chairmen,  secretary,  and  treasurer. 
The  first  vice  chairman  must  be  of  the  opposite  sex  of  the  chairman.  If  the 
chairman  and  the  first  vice  chairman  are  of  the  same  race,  the  second  vice 
chairman  must  be  of  another  race  which  constitutes  at  least  20  percent  of 
the  registered  Democratic  voters  in  the  Congressional  District.  One  officer 
shall  be  36  years  of  age  or  younger.  Where  there  are  sufficient  counties  in  a 
district,  no  two  officers  shall  live  in  the  same  county  except  for  the  chairman 
and  secretary.  Officers  of  a  District  Executive  Committee  shall  be  active 
Democrats  residing  within  the  Congressional  District. 

Vacancies,  Should  any  Congressional  District  Officer  be  elected  as  an 
officer  of  the  State  Executive  Committee,  he  or  she  automatically  vacates 
their  Congressional  District  office.  Vacancies  occurring  among  the  officers 
and  members  of  the  District  Executive  Committee  shall  be  filled  in 
accordance  with  Section  10.04. 

3  05    DUTIES  OF  CONGRESSSIONAL  DISTRICT  OFFICERS 
Chairman.  The  duties  of  the  Congressional  District  chairman  shall  be  to: 

1.  Coordinate  the  political  activities  among  the  counties  in  the  district; 

2.  Assist  the  State  Chairman  and  Executive  Director  to  disseminate  and 
collect  information; 

3.  Organize  rallies; 

4.  Hold  seminars  and  instructional  sessions  on  Democratic  Party  issues 
and  organization; 

5.  Be  the  liaison  between  the  State  and  County  Organizations; 

6.  Appoint  a  Delegate  Selection  Chairman  who  shall  have  the  duties  and 
responsibilities  of  disseminating  information  to  the  County  Chairmen 
and  other  registered  Democrats  in  the  District  describing  the  qualifica- 
tions and  procedures  for  selection  of  delegates  to  the  National  Conven- 
tion; 

7.  At  least  thirty  days  before  the  District  Convention,  the  Chairman  shall 
select  and  designate  a  place  at  which  such  Convention  is  to  be  held 
and  notify  the  State  Chairman  and  all  County  Chairmen  in  the 
District; 

8.  Perform  such  duties  as  set  forth  in  Section  6.01;  and 

9.  Serve  as  co-chairman  of  the  state  Sustaining  Fund  for  the  Congres- 
sional District. 

Vice  Chairmen.  The  duties  of  the  three  Congressional  District  vice 
chairmen  shall  be  such  as  may  be  assigned  by  the  Congressional  District 
chairmen. 

Secretary.  The  duties  of  the  Congressional  District  Secretary  shall  be  to: 

1.  Keep  all  records  of  the  District  Executive  Committee,  including  attend- 
ance at  all  meetings; 

2.  Issue  all  notices; 

3.  Prepare  all  correspondence; 

4.  Perform  any  other  duties  that  may  be  assigned  by  the  Chairman;  and 


The  Democratic  Party  819 

5.  Forward  a  copy  of  the  name,  race,  sex,  address,  and  telephone  number 

of  each  District  Executive  Committee  officer  to  the  State  Chairman. 
Treasurer.  The  duties  of  the  Congressional  District  Treasurer  shall  be  to: 

1.  Keep  records  of  all  money  received  and  expended  on  behalf  of  the 
Congressional  District; 

2.  Maintain  a  list  of  the  names,  addresses  and  occupations  of  all  donors; 
and 

3.  Prepare  and  file  such  reports  of  the  finances  of  the  Congressional 
District  Executive  Committee  as  required  by  law. 

Congressional  District  Chairman  for  Minority  Affairs.  The  Congres- 
sional District  chairman  for  Minority  Affairs  shall  serve  as  a  liaison  between 
the  Congressional  District  party  and  the  Democratic  minority  community 
and  shall  encourage  full  participation  and  representation  in  all  Party  affairs. 

3.06  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 
MEETINGS 

When  and  Where  Held.  An  annual  Congressional  District  Executive 
committee  meeting  shall  be  held  within  the  geographical  boundaries  of  each 
Congressional  District  each  year.  The  State  Chairman,  after  consulting  with 
the  Congressional  District  chairmen,  shall  designate  the  date,  the  time,  and 
the  city  in  which  such  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  meetings 
shall  be  held.  The  exact  location  of  the  Congressional  District  Executive 
Committee  meetings  in  such  city  shall  be  determined  by  the  Congressional 
District  chairman. 

Called  Meetings.  The  Congressional  District  chairman  shall  issue  a  call 
for  a  meeting  of  the  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  periodi- 
cally, but  not  less  than  once  every  six  months.  Additional  meetings  may  be 
called  in  accordance  with  Section  10.01. 

When  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  is  not  in 
Session.  When  the  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  is  not  in 
session,  the  officers  of  the  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  shall 
act  in  the  place  of  the  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  on 
matters  unless  this  Plan  of  Organization  states  that  action  is  to  be  taken  by 
the  entire  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee. 

3.07  SPLIT  COUNTIES 

Should  a  county  be  divided  between  two  or  more  Congressional  districts, 
the  county  chairman  and  first  vice  chairman  shall  serve  on  the  District 
Executive  Committee  in  the  district  in  which  they  reside.  The  same  conven- 
tion at  which  county  officers  are  elected  will  elect  representatives  to  the 
District  Executive  Committee  positions  that  remain  vacant,  ensuring  equal 
division  between  men  and  women.  Such  representatives  shall  reside  in  the 
part  of  the  county  that  is  a  part  of  the  Congressional  District. 

3.08  JUDICIAL  DISTRICT  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 
Composition.  There  shall  be  a  Judicial  District  Executive  Committee  for 

each  Judicial  District  in  the  state.  It  shall  be  composed  of  two  members  from 
each  county  in  the  district.  These  members  shall  be  elected  at  their  respective 


820  North  Carolina  Manual 

County  Conventions  held  in  even-numbered  years  except  that  Section  3.12 
shall  apply  to  single  county  judicial  districts. 

Voting.  These  two  members  shall  be  entitled  to  cast,  for  their  county,  one 
vote  for  each  300  persons,  or  major  fraction  thereof,  residing  within  the 
county,  based  upon  the  last  decennial  census.  In  the  event  that  the  two 
members  should  disagree  on  how  their  county's  votes  shall  be  cast,  then 
each  member  shall  cast  exactly  one-half  of  the  votes  which  their  county  is 
entitled  to  cast.  If  only  one  representative  of  a  county  is  present  at  a  meeting 
of  the  committee  and  the  other  member  from  that  county  has  not  designated 
a  Democrat  as  his  or  her  alternate,  (see  Section  10.03),  or  such  alternate  is 
not  present,  then  such  representative  shall  be  entitled  to  cast  all  of  the  votes 
which  the  county  is  entitled  to  cast. 

Duties.  The  Judicial  District  Executive  Committee  shall  perform  those 
duties  imposed  and  specified  by  North  Carolina  General  Statutes  163-9,  163- 
10  and  163-114,  as  amended,  "Filling  Vacancies  in  State  and  Judicial 
Offices." 

Officers.  The  Congressional  District  Chairman  and  Secretary  shall  be 
ex-officio,  non-voting  members  of  the  Judicial  District  Executive  Committee. 
Where  a  Judicial  District  lies  in  more  than  one  Congressional  District,  the 
State  Chairman  shall  designate  one  of  the  applicable  Congressional  District 
chairmen  and  secretaries  as  chairman  and  secretary  of  the  judicial  district 
executive  committee. 

The  Congressional  District  Chairman  shall  preside  at  all  meetings  of  the 
Judicial  District  Executive  Committee.  The  chairman  and  secretary  shall 
immediately  certify  the  name  of  the  nominee  to  the  State  Board  of  Elections, 
P.O.  Box  116,  Raleigh,  NC  27602,  and  furnish  a  copy  to  the  State  Chairman, 
P.O.  Box  12196,  Raleigh,  NC  27605. 


3.09    STATE  SENATORIAL  DISTRICT  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 

Composition.  There  shall  be  a  State  Senatorial  District  Executive  Com- 
mittee for  each  State  Senatorial  District  in  the  state.  It  shall  be  composed  of 
two  members  from  each  county  in  that  district  except  that  Section  3.12  shall 
apply  to  single  county  State  Senatorial  Districts.  These  members  shall  be 
elected  at  their  respective  county  conventions  held  in  even-numbered  years. 
In  the  case  where  only  part  of  the  county  is  included  within  a  district,  then 
in  electing  the  members  of  the  district  executive  committee,  only  the  delegates 
to  the  county  convention  who  reside  in  the  district  may  vote  in  electing  the 
district  committee  member,  and  only  those  delegates  shall  be  considered  as 
the  membership  of  the  convention  in  determining  a  quorum.  If  the  county 
chairman  does  not  reside  in  the  district,  he  or  she  may  preside  but  shall 
have  no  vote. 

Voting.  The  two  county  representatives  on  a  district  executive  committee 
shall  be  entitled  to  cast,  for  their  county,  one  vote  for  each  300  persons,  or 
major  fraction  thereof,  residing  in  the  county  based  upon  the  last  decennial 
census,  or  in  the  case  where  less  than  the  whole  county  is  in  the  district,  one 
vote  for  each  300  persons,  or  major  fraction  thereof,  residing  in  that  part  of 
the  district  within  the  county  based  upon  the  last  decennial  census.  In  the 
event  that  the  two  members  should  disagree  on  how  their  county's  votes  will  i 


The  Democratic  Party  821 

be  cast,  then  each  member  shall  cast  exactly  one-half  of  the  votes  which 
their  county  is  entitled  to  cast.  If  only  one  representative  of  a  county  is 
present  at  a  meeting  of  this  committee  and  the  other  member  has  not 
designated  a  Democrat  as  his  or  her  alternate,  (see  Section  10.03)  or  such 
alternate  is  not  present,  then  such  representative  shall  be  entitled  to  cast  all 
of  the  votes  which  the  county  is  entitled  to  cast. 

Duties.  The  State  Senatorial  District  Executive  Committee  shall  perform 
those  duties  imposed  and  specified  by  North  Carolina  General  Statutes  163- 
11  and  163-114,  as  amended,  "Filling  Vacancies  in  the  General  Assembly." 

Officers.  The  Congressional  District  Chairman  and  Secretary  shall  be 
ex-officio,  non-voting  members  of  the  State  Senatorial  District  Executive 
Committee.  Where  a  State  Senatorial  District  lies  in  more  than  one  Congres- 
sional District,  the  State  Chairman  shall  designate  one  of  the  applicable 
Congressional  District  chairmen  and  secretaries  as  chairman  and  secretary 
of  the  State  Senatorial  District  Executive  Committee. 

The  Congressional  District  chairman  shall  preside  at  all  meetings  of  the 
State  Senatorial  District  Executive  Committee.  The  chairman  and  secretary 
shall  immediately  certify  the  name  of  the  appointment  to  the  Governor  of 
the  State  of  North  Carolina,  State  Capitol,  Raleigh,  NC  27611,  and  furnish  a 
copy  to  the  State  Chairman  and  the  State  Board  of  Elections. 

3.10    STATE  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES  DISTRICT  EXECUTIVE 
COMMITTEE 

Composition.  There  shall  be  a  State  House  of  Representatives  District 
Executive  Committee  for  each  State  House  of  Representatives  District  in  the 
state.  It  shall  be  composed  of  two  members  from  each  county  in  that  district 
except  that  Section  3.12  shall  apply  to  single  county  State  House  of 
Representatives  Districts.  These  members  shall  be  elected  at  their  respective 
County  Conventions  held  in  even-numbered  years.  In  the  case  where  only 
part  of  a  county  is  included  within  a  district,  then  in  electing  the  members  of 
the  district  executive  committee,  only  the  delegates  to  the  county  convention 
who  reside  in  the  district  may  vote  in  electing  the  district  commitee  member, 
and  only  these  delegates  shall  be  considered  as  the  membership  of  the 
convention  in  determining  a  quorum.  If  the  county  chairman  does  not  reside 
in  the  district,  he  or  she  may  preside  but  shall  have  no  vote. 

Voting.  The  two  county  representatives  on  a  district  executive  committee 
shall  be  entitled  to  cast,  for  their  county,  one  vote  for  each  300  persons,  or 
major  fraction  thereof,  residing  within  the  county,  based  upon  the  last 
decennial  census,  or  in  the  case  where  less  than  the  whole  county  is  in  the 
district,  one  vote  for  each  300  persons  or  major  fraction  thereof  residing  in 
that  part  of  the  district  within  the  county  based  upon  the  last  decennial 
census.  In  the  event  that  the  two  members  should  disagree  on  how  their 
county's  votes  will  be  cast,  then  each  member  shall  cast  exactly  one-half  of 
the  votes  which  their  county  is  entitled  to  cast.  If  only  one  representative  of 
a  county  is  present  at  a  meeting  of  this  committee  and  the  other  member 
from  the  county  on  this  committee  has  not  designated  a  Democrat  as  his  or 
her  alternate,  (see  Section  10.03),  or  such  alternate  is  not  present,  then  such 
representatives  shall  be  entitled  to  cast  all  of  the  votes  which  the  county  is 
entitled  to  cast. 


822  North  Carolina  Manual 

Duties.  This  Committee  shall  perform  those  duties  imposed  and  specified 
by  North  Carolina  General  Statutes  163-11  and  163-114,  as  amended,  "Filling 
Vacancies  in  the  General  Assembly." 

Officers.  The  Congressional  District  Chairman  and  secretary  shall  be  ex- 
officio,  non-voting  members  of  the  State  House  of  Representatives  District 
Executive  Committee.  Where  a  State  House  of  Representatives  District  lies 
in  more  than  one  Congressional  District,  the  State  Chairman  shall  designate 
one  of  the  applicable  Congressional  District  Chairmen  and  secretaries  as 
chairman  and  secretary  of  the  State  House  of  Representatives  District 
Executive  Committee. 

The  Congressional  District  chairman  shall  preside  at  all  meetings  of  the 
State  House  of  Representatives  District  Executive  Committee.  The  Chairman 
and  secretary  shall  immediately  certify  the  name  of  the  appointment  to  the 
Governor  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  State  Capitol,  Raleigh,  NC  27611, 
and  furnish  a  copy  to  the  State  Chairman  and  the  State  Board  of  Elections. 

3. 1 1  ONE  COUNTY  DISTRICTS 

Whole  County.  Should  any  Judicial,  District  Attorney,  State  Senatorial, 
or  State  House  of  Representatives  District  be  composed  of  only  one  county, 
and  includes  all  of  that  county,  then  the  County  Executive  Committee  of 
said  county  shall  be  the  Judicial,  District  Attorney,  State  Senatorial  or  State 
House  of  Representatives  District  Executive  Committee  for  the  respective 
district.  (See  Section  3.09,  3.10  and  3.11.)  Upon  convening,  the  county 
Executive  Committee  shall  resolve  itself  into  the  Judicial,  District  Attorney, 
State  Senatorial  or  State  House  of  Representatives  District  Executive 
Committee  for  the  respective  district;  each  member  in  attendance  shall  have 
one  vote. 

Partial  County.  Should  any  State  Senatorial  or  State  House  of  Representa- 
tives District  be  composed  of  only  one  county,  but  includes  less  than  all  of 
that  county,  then  the  County  Executive  Committee  of  said  county  shall  be 
the  State  Senatorial  or  State  House  of  Representatives  District  Executive 
Committee  for  the  respective  district,  but  only  those  county  executive  com- 
mittee members  who  reside  in  the  district  shall  be  eligible  to  vote,  and  for 
the  purpose  of  determining  a  quorum,  those  persons  eligible  to  vote  shall  be 
considered  as  the  members  of  the  committee.  If  the  county  chairman  does 
not  reside  in  the  district,  he  or  she  may  still  preside  but  shall  have  no  vote. 
Upon  convening,  the  members  of  the  county  executive  committee  who  reside 
in  the  applicable  district  shall  resolve  themselves  into  the  Judicial,  State 
Senatorial  or  State  House  of  Representatives  Executive  Committee  for  the 
respective  district;  each  member  in  attendance  shall  have  one  vote. 

3.12  REMOVALS  AND  VACANCIES  IN  JUDICIAL  STATE 
SENATORIAL  AND  STATE  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES 
DISTRICT  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEES 

Removals  and  vacancies  occurring  among  the  members  of  the  Judicial, 
State  Senatorial,  and  State  House  of  Representatives  District  Executive 
Committee  shall  be  carried  out  by  the  county  executive  committee  in 
accordance  with  Sections  10.04  and  10.05. 


The  Democratic  Party  823 

4.00  STATE  ORGANIZATIONS 

4.01  STATE  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 

There  shall  be  a  State  Executive  Committe  which  shall  be  the  governing 
body  of  the  North  Carolina  Democratic  Party  as  follows: 

Composition.  The  State  Executive  Committee  shall  consist  of  its  elected 
officers,  appointed  officers,  ex-officio  officers,  ex-officio  members,  the  district 
chairmen,  and  a  person  or  persons  from  each  county  in  the  state  who  shall 
be  elected  at  the  County  Conventions  held  in  odd-numbered  years.  Each 
county  is  entitled  to  one  member  of  the  State  Executive  Committee  for  each 
3,000  Democratic  votes,  or  major  fraction  thereof,  cast  by  that  county  for 
Governor  at  the  last  preceding  gubernatorial  election,  provided,  however, 
that  each  county  shall  have  at  least  one  member.  The  County  Chairman 
shall  be  the  member  or  one  of  the  members  selected  from  the  county; 
provided  that  in  counties  which  are  entitled  to  only  one  member  of  the  State 
Executive  Committee,  the  County  Chairman  may  be  the  member  elected 
from  that  county. 

Method  of  Election.  In  electing  members  to  the  State  Executive  Com- 
mittee, delegates  to  the  county  convention  shall  be  instructed  to  cast  one 
half  of  their  votes  for  men  and  one  half  for  women;  if  the  number  to  elected 
is  an  odd  number,  they  shall  be  instructed  to  divide  their  votes  equally  with 
a  difference  of  not  more  than  one.  This  provision  shall  be  inapplicable  when 
only  one  member  is  to  be  elected. 

Length  of  Terms.  The  term  of  office  of  the  members  of  the  State 
Executive  Committee  shall  be  for  two  years  and  shall  expire  on  the  date  set 
for  the  County  Convention  two  years  following  their  election,  or  when  their 
successors  shall  be  elected,  whichever  shall  occur  first. 

Vacancies.  Vacancies  occurring  among  the  officers  and  members  of  the 
State  Executive  Committee  shall  be  filled  in  accord  with  Section  10.04. 

Removals.  Officers  and  members  of  the  State  Executive  Committee  may 
be  removed  in  accordance  with  Section  10.05. 

4.02  ELECTED  OFFICERS 

Date  of  Election.  In  each  odd-numbered  yaer,  the  State  Chairman  shall 
convene  the  State  Executive  Committee  prior  to  March  1  for  the  purpose  of 
electing  its  officers. 

Elected  Officers.  The  State  Executive  Committee  shall  have  as  its 
elected  officers  a  chairman,  three  vice  chairmen  and  a  Secretary.  The  first 
vice  chairman  must  be  of  opposite  sex  to  the  chairman.  If  the  chairman  and 
first  vice  chairman  are  of  the  same  race,  the  Second  Vice  Chairman  must  be 
of  that  race  other  than  the  race  of  the  chairman  and  first  vice-chairman, 
which  constitutes  at  least  20  percent  of  the  registered  Democratic  voters  in 
the  state.  The  third  vice-chairman  shall  be  36  years  of  age  or  younger. 

Succession.  If  for  any  reason  there  should  occur  a  vacancy  in  the 
chairmanship  of  the  State  Executive  Committee,  the  vice  chairman,  in  order 
of  succession  shall  be  vested  with  full  authority  and  powers  of  the  chairman 
until  such  time  as  the  State  Executive  Committee  has  met  and  duly  elected  a 
successor  to  the  chairman. 


824  North  Carolina  Manual 

4.03  APPOINTED  OFFICERS,  EX-OFFICIO  OFFICERS,  AND 
EX-OFFICIO  MEMBERS 

The  State  Chairman  shall  appoint  a  State  Treasurer,  a  State  Sustaining 
Fund  Chairman,  a  State  Chairman  for  Minority  Affairs  and  a  State  Advisor 
for  the  Teen  Dems,  all  of  whom  shall  serve  at  the  pleasure  of  the  State 
Chairman  as  appointed  officers  and  all  of  whom  shall  be  voting  members  of 
the  State  Executive  Committee. 

The  presidents  of  all  statewide  auxiliary  organizations,  with  by-laws  ap- 
proved by  the  State  Executive  Committee,  shall  be  ex-officio  voting  members 
of  the  State  Executive  Committee. 

The  members  of  the  Democratic  National  Committee  from  North  Carolina 
and  the  National  Committeeman  and  National  Committeewoman  of  the 
Young  Democrats  of  North  Carolina  shall  be  ex-officio  voting  members  of 
the  State  Executive  Committee. 

All  Democratic  members  of  the  Council  of  State,  United  States  Senate, 
United  States  House  of  Representatives,  and  the  Democratic  Speaker  of  the 
North  Carolina  House  of  Representatives  shall  be  ex-officio  voting  members 
of  the  State  Executive  Committee. 

4.04  VOTING  ON  THE  STATE  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 

All  members  and  officers  of  the  State  Executive  Committee,  whether 
elected,  appointed  or  ex-officio,  shall  be  entitled  to  one  vote. 

4.05  DUTIES  OF  THE  STATE  CHAIRMAN  AND  CERTAIN  OFFICERS 
Chairman.  The  duties  of  the  State  Chairman  shall  be  to: 

1.  Be  responsible  for  State  Party  organization  and  for  doing  all  things 
necessary  to  the  best  interests  of  the  Party; 

2.  Convene  the  State  Executive  Committee  at  least  once  a  year; 

3.  Set  dates  for  statewide  annual  meetings,  conventions,  and  precinct 
meetings; 

4.  Appoint  appropriate  committees  for  carrying  out  necessary  activities 
of  the  Party; 

5.  Obtain  all  materials  necessary  for  the  proper  performance  of  his  or  her 
duties; 

6.  Establish  a  policy  of  meeting  with  statewide  and  Congressional  primary 
candidates  to  insure  that  the  Democratic  Party  emerges  unified  from 
the  primaries  and  victorious  in  the  general  election. 

7.  Encourage  the  creation  of  auxiliary  organizations  with  by-laws  ap- 
proved by  the  State  Executive  Committee  in  every  county  and  on  every 
applicable  college,  university,  and  Community  College  campus; 

8.  Encourage  greater  emphasis  on  better  public  communication  by  consult- 
ing with  Party  officials  on  relevant  matters;  and 

9.  Perform  those  duties  set  out  in  Section  4.08  and  elsewhere  in  this  Plan 
of  Organization. 

Vice-Chairmen.  The  duties  of  the  three  state  vice-chairmen  shall  be  such 
as  may  be  assigned  by  the  Chairman. 
Secretary.  The  duties  of  the  State  Secretary  shall  be  to: 
1.  Oversee  the  keeping  of  all  records  of  the  State  Executive  Committee 
including  attendance  at  all  meetings; 


The  Democratic  Party  825 

2.  Issue  all  notices; 

3.  Prepare  correspondence;  and 

4.  Carry  out  any  other  duties  that  may  be  assigned  by  the  State  Chair- 
man. 

Treasurer.  The  duties  of  the  State  Treasurer  shall  be  to: 

1.  Oversee  the  raising  and  disbursing  of  funds  for  the  operation  and 
activities  of  the  State  Party; 

2.  Keep  records  of  all  money  received  and  expended  on  behalf  of  the 
Party; 

3.  Maintain  a  list  of  names,  addresses,  and  occupations  of  all  donors; 

4.  Prepare  and  file  such  reports  of  the  finances  of  the  State  Executive 
Committee  as  are  required  by  law. 

5.  Coordinate   with   the   State   Sustaining   Fund   chairman   his   or  her 
activities. 

State  Chairman  of  the  Sustaining  Fund.  The  chairman  of  the  State 
Sustaining  Fund  shall  have  the  duties  of  overseeing  the  raising  of  state 
Sustaining  Funds.  He  or  she  shall  coordinate  the  State  Sustaining  Fundrais- 
ing  activities  with  each  county  Sustaining  Fund  chairman. 

State  Chairman  for  Minority  Affairs.  The  State  Chairman  for  Minority 
Affairs  shall  serve  as  a  lisison  between  the  State  Party  and  the  Democratic 
minority  community  and  shall  encourage  full  participation  and  representa- 
tion in  all  Party  affairs. 

Teen  Dems  Advisor.  The  State  Advisor  of  the  Teen  Dems  shall  have  the 
duty  of  propagating  Teen  Dem  Clubs  throughout  North  Carolina  and  of 
providing  guidance  and  coordination  for  Teen  Dem  operations  and  activities. 

4.06    STATE  EXECUTIVE  COUNCIL 

Powers.  When  the  State  Executive  Committee  is  not  in  session,  the  State 
Executive  Council  shall  act  in  its  place  in  all  matters,  except  those  requiring 
action  by  the  State  Executive  Committee. 

Meetings.  The  State  Executive  Council  shall  meet  at  least  once  every 
three  months  upon  call  of  the  State  Chairman  or  upon  request  of  40  percent 
of  its  members. 

Composition.  The  members  of  the  State  Executive  Council  are:  the  State 
Chairman,  each  of  the  three  state  vice-chairmen,  the  state  secretary,  the 
state  treasurer,  the  state  chairman  of  the  State  Sustaining  Fund,  the  chair- 
man for  minority  affairs,  state  advisor  of  the  Teen  Dems,  the  state  presidents 
of  all  auxiliary  organizations  with  by-laws  approved  by  the  State  Executive 
Committee,  the  Congressional  District  chairmen,  the  members  of  the  Demo- 
cratic National  Committee,  the  National  Committeeman  and  the  National 
Committewoman  of  the  Young  Democrats  of  North  Carolina,  and  three  at- 
large  members  appointed  by  the  State  Chairman.  These  three  members  shall 
reasonably  reflect  the  geographic,  racial,  and  sexual  makeup  of  the  Demo- 
cratic Party  in  North  Carolina.  The  State  Chairman  shall  serve  as  chairman 
of  the  Executive  Council. 

Voting.  Each  member  of  the  Executive  Council  shall  be  entitled  to  cast 
one  vote  except  the  Teen  Dem  President  and  Advisor  who  shall  equally 
share  one  vote. 


826  North  Carolina  Manual 

4.07  STATE  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE  MEETINGS 

Notice  of  All  Meetings.  At  least  15  days  prior  to  any  meeting  of  the 
State  Executive  Committee,  notices  shall  be  mailed  stating  the  date,  time, 
place  and  proposed  agenda  of  such  meeting. 

Called  Meeting.  Upon  written  receipt  of  petition  from  40  percent  of  the 
State  Executive  Committee,  the  State  Chairman  shall  call  a  meeting  of  the 
full  State  Executive  Committee  within  30  days. 

4.08  ORDER  OF  BUSINESS  OF  THE  STATE  EXECUTIVE 
COMMITTEE  AT  REGULAR  ANNUAL  MEETING 

Each  year,  the  State  Chairman  shall  convene  the  State  Executive  Com- 
mittee prior  to  March  L  At  such  meeting,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State 
Chairman  to  publicly  announce  and  enter  into  the  proceedings  of  that 
meeting  the  following  as  the  first  order  of  business: 

1.  The  exact  date  and  time  at  which  annual  Precinct  Meetings  are  to  be 
held  in  accordance  with  Section  L04. 

2.  The  exact  date  and  time  at  which  annual  County  Conventions  are  to 
be  held  in  accordance  with  Section  5.0L 

3.  The  exact  date  and  time  at  which  Congressional  District  Conventions 
are  to  be  held  each  year  in  accordance  with  Section  6.0L  In  addition, 
the  State  Chairman,  after  consultation  with  the  Congressional  District 
chairman,  shall  approve  the  city  in  which  such  conventions  shall  be 
held. 

4.  The  exact  date,  time  and  place  at  which  the  State  Convention  is  to  be 
held  each  even-numbered  year  in  accordance  with  Section  6.02. 

5.  In  promulgating  the  dates  for  County,  District,  and  State  Conventions, 
the  State  Chairman  shall  set  the  dates  for  such  conventions  so  as  to 
provide  a  reasonable  time  between  all  such  meetings  for  the  resolutions 
adopted  by  the  various  conventions  to  be  presented  to  and  considered 
by  the  Resolutions  and  Platform  Committee  of  the  State  Convention. 

6.  In  each  year,  the  State  Chairman  shall  announce  the  number  of  votes 
to  which  each  county  is  entitled  at  the  Congressional  District  Conven- 
tions and  at  the  bicentennial  State  Convention. 

7.  The  State  Chairman,  in  odd-numbered  years,  will  submit  the  constitu- 
tions or  by-laws  of  each  statewide  auxiliary  organization  for  approval 
of  the  State  Executive  Committee. 

8.  In  each  even-numbered  year,  the  financial  statement  and  the  proposed 
budget  shall  be  presented  for  approval. 

9.  The  State  Executive  Committee  shall,  as  the  need  arises  and  as  North 
Caorlina  law  directs,  create  any  sectional  committee  to  nominate, 
replace,  or  recommend  nomination  or  recommend  to  a  higher  authority, 
any  partisan  candidate. 

4.09  STATE  EXECUTIVE  DIRECTOR 

A  full-time  Executive  Director  shall  be  selected  by  the  State  Party  Chair- 
man with  the  approval  of  the  State  Executive  Council  to  serve  at  the 
pleasure  of  the  State  Chairman.  The  performance  of  the  Executive  Director 
shall  be  subject  to  annual  review  by  the  State  Chairman  and  the  Executive 


The  Democratic  Party  827 

Council.  The  administrative  staff  of  the  State  Democratic  Headquarters 
shall  be  employed  by  and  under  the  supervision  of  the  Executive  Director. 

The  duties  and  responsibilities  of  the  State  Executive  Director  and  the 
Administrative  Staff  of  the  State  Democratic  Headquarters  shall  include: 

1.  Planning,  funding  and  implementation  of  paid  media  capability; 

2.  Planning  and  conducting  forums  of  retreats  for  Democratic  elected 
officials; 

3.  Updating  precinct  organizational  manuals  and  other  guides  for 
campaigning  and  Democratic  Party  functions; 

4.  Calculating  the  number  of  votes  which  the  representatives  of  a  county 
are  entitled  to  as  members  of  the  Judicial,  State  Senate,  and  State 
House  of  Representatives  District  Executive  Committees;  and 

5.  Such  other  duties  as  may  be  assigned  by  the  State  Chairman,  the  State 
Executive  Council,  the  State  Executive  Committee,  or  the  State  Conven- 
tion. 

4.10  NOTICE  OF  PARTY  MEETINGS 

County  Chairmen  and  District  Chairmen.  Each  year,  immediately 
after  the  adjournment  of  the  annual  meeting  of  the  State  Executive  Com- 
mittee, it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  Chairman  to  publish  the  proceedings 
of  the  same  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  Secretary  to  notify,  in 
writing,  the  several  County  Chairmen  and  Congressional  District  chairmen 
of  the  date  and  places  so  fixed  for  the  holding  of  precinct  meetings,  the  date, 
time  and  places  for  holding  of  conventions,  and  the  information  provided  for 
in  Section  4.08(6). 

News  Media.  Two  weeks  prior  to  the  date  set  for  the  precinct  meetings, 
the  county  conventions,  the  Congressional  District  Conventions  and  the 
State  Convention,  the  State  Chairman  shall  disseminate  by  means  of  press 
release  to  all  news  media  in  the  state,  the  time,  location  (except  for  county 
conventions  and  precinct  meetings)  and  function  of  each  meeting  or  conven- 
tion and  urge  all  active  Democrats  to  participate. 

In  addition  to  the  procedures  outlined  above,  the  State  Chairman,  Congres- 
sional District  Chairmen,  and  the  county  chairmen,  shall  use  such  other 
means  and  methods  as  will  insure  full  and  timely  knowledge  of  the  functions 
and  times  of  all  Party  meetings. 

4.11  ANNUAL  AUDIT 

The  State  Executive  Council  shall  provide  for  an  annual  audit  of  the 
financial  accounts  and  balances  of  the  State  Executive  Committee  funds. 

5.00  COUNTY  CONVENTIONS 

5.01  MEETING  AND  FUNCTION 

Annual  Meeting.  Each  county  shall  hold  a  County  Convention  annually 
in  accordance  with  the  date  and  the  time  designated  by  the  State  Chairman 
pursuant  to  Section  4.08(2). 

Place  of  Convention.  The  County  Chairman  shall,  30  days  prior  to  the 
date  such  convention  is  to  be  held,  designate  the  exact  place  where  such 


828  North  Carolina  Manual 

convention  is  to  be  held  and  the  same  shall  be  announced  prior  to  the 
adjournment  of  the  precinct  meetings. 

Presiding  Officer.  All  county  conventions  shall  be  called  to  order  by  the 
County  Chairman,  but  in  his  or  her  absence,  the  vice-chairman  of  the 
committee  in  order  of  succession,  the  secretary  and  the  treasurer  shall,  in 
order  of  succession,  preside  over  the  Convention,  and  in  case  none  of  the 
foregoing  persons  shall  be  present,  then  by  any  delegate  to  the  convention 
who  shall  preside  until  a  permanent  chairman  is  elected  by  the  Convention. 

Order  of  Business:  Odd-Numbered  Years.  The  county  convention, 
held  in  odd-numbered  years,  shall: 

1.  Elect,  from  among  the  active  Democrats  of  the  county,  the  officers  of 
the  County  Executive  Committee; 

2.  Elect,  from  among  the  active  Democrats  of  the  county,  the  members  of 
the  State  Executive  Committes  to  which  the  county  is  entitled; 

3.  Elect,  from  among  the  active  Democrats  of  the  county,  the  delegates  to 
the  annual  Congressional  District  convention.  The  county  chairman 
shall  notify  in  writing  within  five  days  all  persons  elected  as  delegates; 
and 

4.  Conduct  any  other  business  related  to  the  affairs  of  the  county. 
Order  of  Business:  Even-Numbered  Years.  The  county  convention 

held  in  even-numbered  years  shall: 

1.  Elect,  from  among  the  active  Democrats  of  the  county,  delegates  to  the 
annual  Congressional  District  cnvention  and  to  the  bicentennial  state 
convention  in  accordance  with  Section  6.01  and  6.02.  The  county 
chairman  shall  notify  in  writing  within  five  days  all  persons  elected  as 
delegates. 

2.  Elect,  from  among  the  active  Democrats  of  the  County,  two  members  of 
each  of  the  following:  the  Judicial  District  Executive  Committee,  the 
State  Senatorial  District  Executive  Committee  and  the  State  House  of 
Representatives  District  Executive  Committee;  provided  that  a  county 
shall  not  elect  members  to  that  particular  District  Executive  Com- 
mittee, if  it  is  not  a  part  of  a  multi-county  Judicial,  State  Senatorial,  or 
State  House  of  Representatives  District;  and 

3.  Conduct  any  other  business  related  to  the  affairs  of  the  county. 
Certification.  Within  five  days  following  the  County  Convention,  the 

County  Chairman  shall  certify  to  the  District  and  State  Chairman  the 
names,  addresses,  race,  and  telephone  numbers  of  all  persons  elected  as 
delegates,  officers,  and  members  of  any  Executive  Committee. 

5.02    VOTING 

Allocation  of  Votes,  Each  precinct  shall  be  entitled  to  cast  in  the  county 
convention  one  vote  for  every  100  Democratic  votes,  or  major  fraction 
thereof,  cast  by  the  precinct  for  Governor  in  the  last  preceding  gubernatorial 
election;  provided  that  each  precinct  shall  be  entitled  to  cast  at  least  one  vote 
at  the  County  Convention. 

Votes  Divided  Among  Delegates  Present.  The  precinct  delegates  who 
attend  the  County  Convention  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  the  full  strength  of 
their  precinct  upon  all  matters  of  business  which  come  before  the  convention. 


The  Democratic  Party  829 

provided  that  the  precinct  originally  elected  at  least  one  delegate  for  each 
vote  to  which  it  was  entitled,  as  provided  in  Section  1.08.  Each  such  delegate 
present  from  a  particular  precinct  shall  cast  an  equal  number  of  the  votes  to 
which  the  precinct  is  entitled.  All  votes  which  the  precinct  is  entitled  to  cast 
shall  be  divided  equally  among  all  the  delegates  representing  that  precinct 
who  are  in  attendance. 

Tabulation  of  Votes.  The  County  Chairman  shall  appoint  a  sufficient 
number  of  secretaries  or  accountants,  who  shall  reduce  the  votes  to  decimals, 
rounding  off  to  the  nearest  hundredth  and  tabulate  the  votes. 

Voice  Votes.  Nothing  herein  contained  shall  prevent  the  Convention 
from  making  nominations,  holding  elections  and  conducting  business  viva 
voce  or  by  acclamation  where  a  vote  by  precincts  is  not  demanded  by  25 
percent  of  the  certified  voters  present. 

Vote  May  Not  Be  Changed.  After  a  vote  is  cast,  there  shall  be  no 
change  in  such  vote  until  after  the  roll  call  is  completed  and  before  the  final 
result  of  the  ballot  shall  be  announced  by  the  Chairman  of  the  Convention. 

Reporting  and  Challenging  the  Vote.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
delegates  from  the  several  precincts  to  choose  one  of  their  number  as 
chairman,  whose  name  shall  be  reported  to  the  Chairman  of  the  Convention; 
and  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  cast  the  vote  of  the  precinct  as  directed;  and 
the  vote  as  announced  by  such  person  shall  be  recorded  unless  some  delegate 
from  that  precinct  shall  challenge  its  accuracy,  in  which  case  it  shall  be  the 
duty  of  the  Chairman  of  the  Convention  to  cause  the  roll  of  delegates  from 
that  precinct  to  be  called,  upon  which  the  vote  of  such  precinct  shall  be 
tabulated  and  recorded  according  to  the  response  of  the  delegates;  but  in  no 
event  shall  the  vote  of  one  precinct  be  challenged  by  a  delegate  from  another 
precinct. 

5.03  RULES  FOR  COUNTY  CONVENTIONS 

The  County  Executive  Committee  shall  have  the  power  to  make  such  other 
rules  and  regulations  for  the  holding  of  County  Conventions  not  inconsistent 
with  this  Plan  of  Organization,  as  may  be  deemed  necessary  or  expedient. 

6.00  DISTRICT  AND  STATE  CONVENTIONS 

6.01  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT  CONVENTIONS 

When  and  Where  Held.  An  annual  Congressional  District  convention 
shall  be  held  within  the  geographical  boundaries  of  each  Congressional 
District  each  year.  The  State  Chairman  shall  designate  the  date,  the  time, 
and  the  city  in  which  such  Convention  shall  be  held.  The  exact  location  of 
the  Convention  in  such  city  shall  be  determined  by  the  District  Chairman. 

Allocation  of  Votes.  Each  county  in  a  Congressional  District  shall  be 
entitled  to  cast  at  a  Congressional  District  Convention  one  vote  for  every 
300  votes,  or  major  fraction  thereof,  cast  in  that  county  for  the  Democratic 
candidate  for  Governor  at  the  last  preceding  gubernatorial  election;  provided, 
that  each  county  shall  be  entitled  to  cast  at  least  one  vote. 

Election  of  Delegates.  The  Congressional  District  convention  shall  be 
composed  of  delegates  elected  by  the  several  County  Conventions  held 


830  North  Carolina  Manual 

annually.  Each  county  shall  select  one  delegate  for  each  vote  it  is  entitled  to 
cast  at  the  Congressional  District  Convention. 

Order  of  Business:  Odd-Numbered  Years.  The  Congressional  District 
Convention  held  in  odd-numbered  years  shall: 

1.  Elect,  from  among  the  active  Democrats  of  the  Congressional  District, 
officers  of  the  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee;  and  then 

2.  Conduct  any  other  business  related  to  the  affairs  of  the  Congressional 
District. 

Order  of  Business:  Even-Numbered  Years.  The  Congressional  District 
Convention  held  in  even-numbered  years  shall: 

1.  Elect,  from  among  the  active  Democrats  of  the  Congressional  District, 
one  member  of  the  biennial  State  Convention's  Committee  of 
Permanent  Organization,  Rules  and  Order  of  Business; 

2.  Elect,  from  among  the  active  Democrats  of  the  Congressional  District, 
one  member  of  the  biennial  State  Convention's  Committee  on  Cre- 
dentials and  Appeals; 

3.  Elect,  from  among  the  active  Democrats,  one  member  of  the  Council  of 
Review; 

4.  In  each  presidential  election  year,  elect  from  among  the  active  Demo- 
crats in  the  Congressional  District,  the  number  of  delegates  first  and 
then  alternates  to  the  National  Convention  allotted  to  each  Congres- 
sional District; 

5.  In  each  presidential  election  year,  nominate,  from  among  the  active 
Democrats  in  the  Congressional  District,  one  Presidential  elector  from 
that  Congressional  District; 

6.  In  each  presidential  election  year,  elect,  from  among  the  active  Demo- 
crats in  the  Congressional  District,  one  member  of  the  Delegate 
Nominating  Committee  and  then 

7.  Conduct  any  other  business  related  to  the  affairs  of  the  Congressional 
District. 

8.  In  1988,  elect  from  among  the  active  Democrats  of  the  Congressional 
District,  officers  of  the  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  to 
serve  a  term  of  one  year  or  whenever  their  successors  are  elected, 
whichever  shall  occur  first. 

6.02    STATE  CONVENTIONS 

When  and  Where  Held.  A  State  Convention  shall  be  held  each  even- 
numbered  year.  The  State  Chairman  shall  designate  the  date,  time,  and 
location  of  such  convention. 

Allocation  of  Votes.  Each  county  in  the  state  shall  be  entitled  to  cast  at 
a  State  Convention  one  vote  for  every  300  Democratic  votes,  or  major 
fraction  thereof,  cast  in  that  county  for  the  Democratic  candidate  for 
Governor  in  the  last  preceding  gubernatorial  election,  provided  that  each 
county  shall  have  at  least  one  vote. 

Election  of  Delegates.  The  State  Convention  shall  be  composed  of 
delegates  elected  by  the  several  County  Conventions  held  in  even-numbered 
years.  Each  county  shall  elect  one  delegate  for  each  vote  it  is  entitled  to  cast 
at  the  State  Convention. 


The  Democratic  Party  831 

6.03    VOTING 

Division  of  Votes  Among  Delegates  Present.  The  delegates  who 
attend  a  District  or  State  Convention  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  the  full 
strength  of  their  county  upon  all  matters  of  business  which  come  before  the 
respective  District  or  State  Conventions,  and  each  such  delegate  present 
from  a  particular  county  shall  cast  an  equal  number  of  votes  which  the 
county  is  entitled  to  cast.  All  votes  which  the  county  is  entitled  to  cast  shall 
be  divided  equally  among  all  the  delegates  in  attendance  representing  that 
county. 

Vote  May  Not  Be  Changed.  In  both  District  and  State  Conventions, 
after  a  vote  is  cast,  there  shall  be  no  change  in  such  vote  until  after  the  roll 
call  is  completed  and  before  the  final  result  of  the  ballot  shall  be  announced 
by  the  Chairman  of  said  Convention. 

Roll  of  Delegates.  The  State  Chairman  shall  direct  the  make-up  of  a  roll 
of  all  delegates  from  the  several  counties  to  the  District  and  State  Conven- 
tions and  transmit  the  same  to  the  Chairman  of  the  District  and  State 
Conventions. 

Majority  Vote.  In  District  and  State  Conventions,  elections  or  nomina- 
tions shall  be  made  only  by  majority  vote. 

Reporting  and  Challenging  a  Vote.  In  all  District  and  State  Conven- 
tions, it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  delegates  from  the  several  counties  to  choose 
one  of  their  number  as  chairman,  whose  name  shall  be  reported  to  the 
Chairman  of  such  Convention,  and  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  cast  the  vote  of 
his  or  her  county  as  directed,  and  the  vote,  as  announced  by  that  person, 
shall  be  recorded  unless  some  delegate  from  that  county  shall  challenge  its 
accuracy,  in  which  event  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Chairman  of  the 
Convention  to  cause  the  roll  of  delegates  from  that  county  to  be  called, 
upon  which  the  vote  of  such  county  shall  be  tabulated  and  recorded 
according  to  the  response  of  its  delegates;  but  in  no  event  shall  the  vote  of 
one  county  be  challenged  by  a  delegate  from  another  county. 

Voice  Votes.  Nothing  herein  shall  prevent  the  District  and  State  Conven- 
tions from  adopting  temporary  rules,  making  nominations,  holding  elections 
and  conducting  business  viva  voce  or  by  acclamation  where  a  vote  of 
counties  is  not  demanded  by  25  percent  of  the  delegates  present. 

7.00  NATIONAL  CONVENTIONS  AND  DEMOCRATIC 
NATIONAL  COMMITTEE 

7.01  PROCEDURES 

In  accordance  with  the  mandate  and  call  for  each  national  convention  or 
meeting  of  the  National  Democratic  Party,  the  State  Executive  Committee 
shall  adopt  a  plan  for  the  selection  of  delegates  and  alternates  thereto  and 
shall,  as  a  part  of  said  plan,  provide  for  the  election  of  members  of  the 
Democratic  National  Committee  allotted  to  North  Carolina;  provided  that 
such  members  of  the  Democratic  National  Committee  shall  be  elected  during 
each  presidential  election  year  by  the  State  Executive  Committee  to  serve 
four-year  terms. 


832  North  Carolina  Manual 

8.00  POLICY  COMMITTEES 

8.01  RESOLUTIONS  AND  PLATFORM  COMMITTEE 
Composition.   At  the  regular  annual  meeting  of  the  State  Executive 

Committee  referred  to  in  Section  4.08,  the  State  Executive  Committee  shall 
elect  one  person  from  each  Congressional  District  to  the  Resolutions  and 
Platform  Committee  of  the  biennial  State  Convention.  In  addition,  the  State 
Chairman  shall  appoint  seven  (7)  members  to  said  committee,  those  being 
the  presidents  of  the  Young  Democrats,  the  Democratic  Women,  the  Senior 
Democrats  and  four  at-large  members,  and  designate  from  members  of  the 
committee  a  chairman,  vice-chairman,  and  secretary. 

Meetings.  The  committee  shall  meet  at  the  call  of  its  chairman.  It  shall 
prepare  the  proposed  platform  of  the  Party  for  submission  to  the  State 
Convention. 

Matters  for  Consideration.  The  Resolutions  and  Platform  Committee 
shall  consider  all  resolutions  addressed  to  the  biennial  State  Convention. 
The  committee  is  encouraged  to  hold  one  or  more  public  hearings  and  to 
invite  testimony  from  all  citizens. 

In  addition,  any  Democratic  auxiliary  organization  with  by-laws  approved 
by  the  State  Executive  Committee,  and  any  Democratic  organization,  com- 
mittee or  convention  established  or  recognized  by  this  Plan  of  Organization 
may  submit  its  platform  or  resolutions  of  both  to  the  State  Resolutions  and 
Platform  Committee. 

8.02  STATE  LEGISLATIVE  POLICY  COMMITTEE 

Composition.  The  State  Legislative  Policy  Committee  shall  be  composed 
of  the  following  persons  or  a  duly  appointed  representative  of  each  of  them; 
the  Democratic  Governor  or  the  nominee,  the  Democratic  Lieutentant 
Governor  or  the  nominee,  the  Democratic  Speaker  of  the  State  House  of 
Representatives,  or  the  nomineee,  and  the  State  Chairman.  The  following 
persons  shall  also  be  members  of  this  committee;  the  three  state  vice- 
chairmen,  the  North  Carolina  members  of  the  Democratic  National  Com- 
mittee, the  chairman  of  the  Democratic  Caucus  of  the  State  Senate,  the 
chairman  of  the  Democratic  Caucus  of  the  State  House  of  Representatives, 
each  Congressional  District  chairman,  and  five  persons  appointed  by  the 
State  Chairman.  The  State  Chairman  or  designee  shall  serve  as  Chairman. 

Meetings.  This  committee  shall  meet  at  least  once  monthly  while  the 
General  Assembly  is  in  session  and  at  other  times  upon  the  call  of  the 
Chairman. 

Duties.  This  Committee  shall  formulate  recommendations  for  state  and 
national  Democratic  legislative  policy.  It  shall  communicate  to  state  and 
national  legislators  grassroots  sentiments  on  legislative  issues.  It  shall 
assist  in  sponsoring  public  forums  throughout  the  state  on  state  and  national 
issues. 

8.03  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT  AND  COUNTY  ISSUES 
COMMITTEES 

Composition:  Each  county  chairman  and  each  Congressional  District 
chairman  may  appoint  Issues  Committees  of  between  five  and  fifteen  mem- 


The  Democratic  Party  833 

bers  and  a  Chairman  of  each  to  serve  until  the  succeeding  County  and 
Congressional  Conventions. 

Duties.  The  substantive  concerns  of  these  committees  shall  be  determined 
and  announced  by  the  county  or  Congressional  District  chairman  who  shall 
endeavor  to  make  such  committees  relevant  to  the  concerns  of  citizens  of  his 
or  her  county  or  Congressional  District.  Such  committees  shall  solicit  the 
views  of  citizens  of  the  county  and  shall  formulate  and  adopt,  by  simple 
majority  vote,  resolutions  and/or  proposed  legislation  for  submission  to  the 
County  or  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee. 

Reports.  The  County  or  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee 
shall  meet  at  the  call  of  its  chairman  to  vote  to  endorse  or  not  endorse  such 
resolutions  or  proposals,  but  shall  in  any  event  pass  a  record  of  such 
proposals  and  their  action  to  the  State  Democratic  Headquarters  for  sub- 
mission to  the  appropriate  State  Party  committees  and  to  the  appropriate 
local  elected  officials. 

9.00  COUNCIL  OF  REVIEW 

9.01  PURPOSE 

There  is  hereby  established  a  Council  of  Review  for  the  purpose  of  hearing 
and  rendering  fair  and  impartial  decisions  on  such  disputes  and  con- 
troversies which  have  arisen  or  which  may  hereafter  arise  within  the  Party 
when  the  same  are  filed  with  said  Council  by  the  State  Chairman,  or  by  the 
State  Executive  Committee,  or  when  they  are  brought  to  the  attention  of  the 
Chairman  of  the  Council  of  Review  by  an  aggrieved  active  Democrat. 
Auxiliary  organizations  of  the  Democratic  Party  shall  provide  for  the 
internal  resolution  of  disputes  within  their  respective  organizations  and 
shall  not  be  subject  to  this  section. 

9.02  COMPOSITION 

Members.  The  Council  of  Review  shall  consist  of  one  member  from  each 
Congressional  District  who  shall  be  elected  at  the  Congressional  District 
Conventions  held  in  even-numbered  years,  and  four  members  at-large  to  be 
appointed  by  the  State  Chairman. 

Officers.  The  State  Chairman  shall  appoint  a  Chairman  and  a  Secretary 
of  the  Council  of  Review  from  among  the  membership  of  the  Council  of 
Review. 

Terms.  Members  of  the  Council  of  Review  shall  serve  for  a  term  of  two 
years  beginning  upon  the  date  of  their  election  by  the  Congressional  District 
Convention  held  in  even-numbered  years  for  two  years  or  until  their  suc- 
cessors are  elected  or  appointed. 

9.03  RULES  AND  DECISIONS 

Forty  percent  (40%)  of  the  entire  membership  of  the  Council  of  Review 
shall  constitute  a  quorum.  All  decisions  concurred  in  by  a  majority  of  the 
Council  of  Review  present  and  voting  shall  be  final  and  binding  upon  all 
North  Carolina  Democratic  Party  meetings  and  officials,  except  that  any 
decision  of  the  Council  of  Review  may  be  appealed  to  the  State  Executive 
Council.  The  State  Chairman  is  hereby  directed  to  issue  such  further  and 


834  North  Carolina  Manual 

supplementary  directives  as  may  be  necessary  and  proper  to  implement  the 
decisions  of  this  Council.  The  Council  of  Review  is  further  empowered  and 
directed  to  adopt  necessary  and  appropriate  rules  to  assure  that  each  dispute 
and  grievance  is  settled  impartially,  equitably  and  according  to  the  rules  of 
justice  and  fairness. 

9.04  REMOVAL  OF  MEMBERS 

The  State  Executive  Council  shall  have  the  right  to  remove  from  office 
any  member  of  the  Council  of  Review  upon  two-thirds  of  said  Council 
present  and  voting  being  satisfied  that  the  Council  member  has  been 
disloyal  to  the  Party  or  is  guiity  of  any  misconduct  which  is  not  in  keeping 
with  his  or  her  high  position  of  honor  in  the  Democratic  Party. 

9.05  VACANCIES 

A  vacancy  in  the  membership  of  the  Council  of  Review  shall  be  filled  by 
the  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  of  the  Congressional  Dis- 
trict in  which  such  vacancy  exists,  provided  that  vacancies  in  members  at- 
large  shall  be  filled  by  the  State  Chairman. 

9.06  JURISDICTION 

The  Council  of  Review  shall  assume  jurisdiction  of  all  matters  and  disputes 
arising  from  any  Party  meeting  or  convention  provided  for  in  this  Plan  of 
Organization;  provided  such  dispute  or  grievance  is  brought  to  the  attention 
of  the  Chairman  of  the  Council  of  Review  within  72  hours,  excluding  week- 
ends or  holidays,  after  such  meeting  or  convention  was  convened  or  was  to 
have  been  convened.  Any  grievances  arising  from  such  Party  meeting  or 
convention  not  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  Chairman  of  the  Council  of 
Review  within  the  72-hour  period,  excluding  weekends  or  holidays,  shall  be 
deemed  to  have  been  waived.  An  aggrieved  Democrat  shall  be  deemed  to 
have  brought  such  to  the  attention  of  the  Chairman  of  the  Council  of  Review 
if  written  notice  was  filed  with,  or  deposited  in  the  mail  to,  the  Chairman  of 
the  Council  of  Review,  the  State  Chairman,  Executive  Director  or  State 
Democratic  Headquaters  within  the  72-hour  period,  excluding  weekends  or 
holidays.  The  Council  of  Review  shall  assume  jurisdiction  of  all  matters  and 
disputes  referred  to  it  by  the  State  Chairman. 

The  person(s)  filing  the  grievance  shall  be  referred  to  as  the  Petitioner(s). 
The  person(s)  against  whom  the  grievance  is  filed  shall  be  referred  to  as  the 
Respondent(s). 

9.07  NOTICE 

County  Chairman.  Upon  receipt  of  the  grievance  by  the  Council  of 
Review,  it  shall  immediately  notify  the  county  chairman  of  the  county  in 
which  the  aggrieved  party  resides  of  the  nature  of  the  grievance  filed  and 
the  time  and  the  place  that  the  Council  of  Review  will  hear  the  matter. 

Respondent.  Upon  receipt  of  a  petition  setting  forth  full  details,  the 
chairman  of  the  Council  of  Review  shall  immediately  notify  the  Respondent 
of  the  Petition,  the  contents  of  the  Petition,  the  date,  time,  and  place  that  the 
Council  of  Review  will  hear  the  matter  and  that  the  Respondent  may  be 
represented  by  Counsel. 


The  Democratic  Party  835 

9.08  PROCEDURES  FOR  COUNCIL  OF  REVIEW 

Opening.  The  Chairman  of  the  Council  of  Review  shall  begin  the  hearing 
by  ascertaining  that  all  parties  have  been  given  notice  of  the  hearings  and 
copies  of  the  Petition  and  Answer  and  such  other  documents  as  may  have 
been  filed,  and  that  all  witnesses  requested  by  any  party  to  be  invited  and 
and  attend  have  indeed  been  invited  by  the  State  Chairman  or  the  Chairman 
of  the  Council  of  Review. 

The  Chairman  of  the  Council  of  Review  shall  advise  the  parties  that  the 
hearing  is  held  to  enable  the  Council  of  Review  to  hear  evidence  of  the  acts, 
omissions  or  conditions  alleged  in  the  Petition  and  to  adjudge,  on  the  basis 
of  that  evidence,  the  merits  of  the  dispute  or  controversy  involved,  and  the 
Council  of  Review  has  the  right  to  confront  and  cross-examine  the  Petitioner 
and  all  witnesses  adverse  to  a  party  involved,  and  to  present  evidence  and 
argument  in  their  own  behalf. 

Admissibility  of  Evidence.  The  evidence  of  witnesses,  beginning  with 
those  who  support  the  Petition,  shall  be  given  under  oath  if  any  material 
allegations  of  fact  are  denied  by  the  Respondent,  and  shall  be  elicited  by  the 
parties,  or  their  representatives,  and  as  appropriate,  by  any  member  of  the 
Council  of  Review.  An  opportunity  for  cross-examination  of  all  witnesses 
shall  be  allowed.  Evidence,  to  be  admissible  before  the  Council  of  Review, 
shall  be  of  a  direct,  non-hearsay  nature. 

Standard  of  Proof.  In  order  to  uphold  the  Petition,  all  material  facts 
alleged  therein  shall  be  proved  by  clear  and  convincing  evidence. 

Procedure.  The  following  Procedure  shall  be  observed  for  the  hearing  by 
the  Council  of  Review: 

A.  Presentation  of  Case  by  the  Petitioner 
(One  Hour  Maximum) 

1.  Opening  Statement  concerning  the  Petition,  if  desired. 

2.  Petitioner's  witnesses  are  called,  examined  and  cross-examined. 

3.  Petitioner's  non-testimonial  evidence  is  presented. 

B.  Presentation  of  Case  by  Respondent 
(One  Hour  Maximum) 

1.  Opening  Statement  concerning  Answer,  if  desired. 

2.  Respondent's  witnesses  are  called,  examined  and  cross-examined. 

3.  Respondent's  non-testimonial  evidence  is  presented. 

C.  Closing  Statement  by  each  Party 
(10  minutes  maximum  for  each) 

D.  Council  of  Review  closes  to  deliberate  in  executive  session.  Council  will 
announce  its  decision  openly  before  all  parties  and  will,  upon  request, 
announce  the  numerical  vote. 

Appeal.  Notice  of  appeal  from  the  decision  of  the  Council  of  Review  to  the 
State  Executive  Council  must  be  presented  in  writing  to  the  State  Chairman 
within  30  days  of  the  date  of  the  hearing  before  the  Council  of  Review. 

9.09  ALTERNATIVE  PROCEDURES 

Nothing  herein  shall  prevent  preliminary  adjudication  of  grievances  by 
appropriate  Credentials  or  Grievance  Committee  at  the  county  or  district 
level;  provided  that  the  72-hour  notice  period  shall  begin  at  the  time  of  the 
decision  by  the  said  county  or  district  Credentials  or  Grievance  Committee. 


836  North  Carolina  Manual 

Nothing  herein  shall  prevent  the  State  Executive  Director  from  mediating 
disputes  and  rendering  decisions  related  thereto,  subject  to  appeal  to  the 
Council  of  Review. 

10.00  MISCELLANEOUS 

10.01  COMMITTEE  MEETINGS 

Called  Meetings.  Unless  otherwise  provided  in  this  Plan  of  Organization, 
the  chairman,  or  forty  percent  (40%)  of  the  membership  of  any  committee, 
sub-committee,  or  council  authorized  or  recognized  under  this  Plan  of 
Organization,  may  call  meetings  in  addition  to  those  required  by  this  Plan 
of  Organization  upon  notice  mailed  to  each  member  at  least  seven  (7)  days 
prior  to  the  called  meeting. 

When  and  Where.  All  committees  shall  meet  at  such  times  and  places  as 
the  chairman  of  the  respective  committee  may  from  time  to  time  appoint  and 
designate  in  the  call,  unless  otherwise  set  forth  in  this  Plan  of  Organization. 

10.02  QUORUM 

Unless  otherwise  specifically  provided  for  in  this  Plan  of  Organization, 
forty  percent  (40%)  of  the  persons  consulting  the  entire  membership  of  any 
committee  shall  constitute  a  quorum. 

10.03  PROXY  VOTING 

State  Executive  Committee.  A  member  of  the  State  Executive  Com- 
mittee may  designate  an  active  Democrat  from  his  or  her  county  to  serve  as 
his  or  her  alternate  for  a  particular  State  Executive  Committee  meeting  by 
notifying  the  State  Chairman,  State  Secretary,  or  Executive  Director  of  such 
designation  in  writing,  prior  to  the  call  to  order  of  such  meeting;  provided, 
however,  that  no  one  person  may  serve  as  an  alternate  for  more  than  one 
member  at  any  meeting  and  no  member  or  alternate  may  be  entitled  to  more 
than  one  vote. 

District  Executive  Committee.  A  member  of  a  District  Executive  Com- 
mittee may  designate  an  active  Democrat  from  his  or  her  county  to  serve  as 
his  or  her  alternate  for  a  particular  District  Executive  Committee  meeting  by 
notifying  the  district  chairman  or  district  secretary  of  such  designation  in 
writing,  prior  to  the  call  to  order  of  such  meeting;  provided,  however,  that  no 
person  may  serve  as  an  alternate  for  more  than  one  member  at  any  meeting 
and  no  member  can  also  serve  at  the  same  meeting  as  an  alternate. 

County  Executive  Committee.  A  member  of  a  County  Executive  Com- 
mittee may  designate  an  active  Democrat  from  his  or  her  precinct  to  serve  as 
his  or  her  alternate  for  a  particular  County  Executive  Committee  meeting  by 
notifying  the  County  Chairman  or  County  Secretary  of  such  designation  in 
writing,  prior  to  the  call  to  order  of  such  meeting;  provided,  however,  that  no 
person  may  serve  as  an  alternate  for  more  than  one  member  at  any  meeting 
and  no  member  can  also  serve  at  the  same  meeting  as  an  alternate. 

10.04  VACANCIES  AND  SUCCESSION 

State  and  District  Executive  Committee  Members.  Vacancies  among 
members  of  State  or  District  Executive  Committees  who  represent  their 
county  on  such   an   Executive  Committee  of  the  county  in  which  such 


The  Democratic  Party  837 

vacancies  occur  at  a  meeting  of  the  County  Executive  Committee  held 
within  thirty  (30)  days  following  the  creation  of  the  vacancy.  This  meeting 
shall  be  held  not  less  than  ten  (10)  days  following  normal  notice  of  such 
meeting. 

State  Executive  Committee  Officers.  Vacancies  occurring  in  the  elected 
officer  positions  of  the  State  Executive  Committee  shall  be  filled  by  the  State 
Executive  Committee  within  sixty  (60)  days  following  notice  of  the  creation 
of  a  vacancy.  The  State  Chairman  shall  call  a  meeting  of  the  State  Executive 
Committee  to  fill  the  vacancy  and  any  other  vacancies  which  might  be 
caused  by  the  action  of  the  State  Executive  Committee  in  filling  that 
vacancy.  This  meeting  shall  not  be  held  less  than  ten  (10)  days  following 
formal  notice  of  such  a  meeting. 

District  Executive  Committee  Officers.  Vacancies  occurring  in  the 
elected  officer  positions  of  the  District  Executive  Committees  shall  be  filled 
by  the  District  Executive  Committee  within  thirty  (30)  days  following  notice 
of  the  creation  of  a  vacancy.  The  District  Chairman  shall  call  a  meeting  of 
the  District  Executive  Committee  to  fill  the  vacancy  and  any  other  vacancies 
which  might  be  caused  by  the  action  of  the  District  Executive  Committee  in 
filling  that  vacancy.  This  meeting  shall  not  be  held  less  than  ten  (10)  days 
following  normal  notice  of  such  a  meeting. 

County  Executive  Committee  Officers.  Within  thirty  (30)  days  follow- 
ing notice  of  the  creation  of  a  vacancy,  which  is  to  be  filled  by  a  County 
Executive  Committee,  the  County  Chairman  shall  call  a  meeting  of  such 
committee  to  fill  that  vacancy  and  any  other  vacancies  which  might  be 
caused  by  the  action  of  such  committee  in  filling  that  vacancy.  This  meeting 
shall  be  held  not  less  than  ten  (10)  days  following  normal  notice  of  such 
meeting. 

Precinct  Officers  and  Committee  Members.  Vacancies  occurring 
among  the  officers  or  members  of  the  Precinct  Committee  shall  be  filled 
within  thirty  days  following  notice  of  creation  of  a  vacancy.  The  Precinct 
Chairman  shall  call  a  meeting  of  the  remaining  members  of  the  Precinct 
Committee  to  fill  that  vacancy  and  any  other  vacancies  which  might  be 
caused  by  the  action  of  such  committee  in  filling  that  vacancy.  This  meeting 
shall  be  held  not  less  than  ten  (10)  days  following  normal  notice  of  such 
meeting. 

Succession.  If,  for  any  reason,  there  should  occur  a  vacancy  in  the 
chairmanship  of  the  precinct,  county,  or  Congressional  District  Executive 
Committee,  the  vice-chairman  in  order  of  succession,  the  secretary  and  the 
treasurer  shall,  in  order  of  succession,  preside  and  in  the  absence  of  any  of 
the  foregoing,  any  member  of  the  respective  committee  may  preside. 

10.05    REMOVAL  OF  OFFICERS  AND  COMMITTEE  MEMBERS 

Grounds  for  Removals.  Any  officer  or  committee  member  of  the  Demo- 
cratic Party  at  any  level,  including  the  precinct,  the  county,  the  Congres- 
sional District,  the  Judicial  District,  the  State  Senatorial  District,  the  State 
House  of  Representatives  District,  the  State  Executive  Committee,  the  State 
Executive  Council  or  any  committee,  subcommittee,  or  Council  thereof,  who 
gives  support  to,  aids  or  helps  any  opposing  political  party  or  candidate  or 
any  opposing  political  party,  or  who  refuses  or  fails  to  perform  his  or  her 


838  North  Carolina  Manual 

duties,  or  who  is  convicted  of  a  crime  involving  moral  turpitude,  may  be 
removed  from  office. 
Procedure  for  Removal: 

1.  Petitioners.  Any  active  Democrat  who  petitions  for  the  removal  of  an 
officer  or  committee  member  shall  be  called  a  Petitioner.  Petitioners 
must  be  from  the  jurisdiction  of  the  office  or  committee  from  which  the 
officer  or  committee  member  against  whom  the  Petition  is  filed;  pro- 
vided that  the  State  Chairman  may  be  a  petitioner  against  any  officer 
or  committee  member  of  the  Democratic  Party  at  any  level. 

2.  Respondents.  The  person  against  whom  a  petition  is  filed  shall  be 
called  a  Respondent. 

3.  Petition.  A  Petition  setting  forth  full  details  of  the  allegations  against 
the  officer  or  committee  member  shall  be  submitted  to  the  appropriate 
executive  committee. 

4.  State  Chairman  as  Respondent.  Upon  receipt  of  a  petition  signed 
by  a  majority  of  the  State  Executive  Committee,  the  first  vice-chairman 
of  the  State  Executive  Committee  shall  perform  those  duties  set  forth 
below  in  the  stead  of  the  State  Chairman  as  to  notice,  referral  to  the 
Council  of  Review,  voting  and  procedure  of  the  Council  of  Review. 

5.  Precinct  Officer  or  Precinct  Committee  Member  as  Respondent. 
The  petition  shall  be  signed  by  three  petitioners.  The  petition  may 
either  be  filed  pursuant  to  Section  10.05(n)  or  the  petition  may  be  filed 
with  the  county  chairman.  If  the  petition  is  filed  with  the  county 
chairman,  the  county  chairman  shall,  upon  the  approval  of  a  majority 
of  the  County  Executive  Committee  officers  and,  after  giving  five  days 
notice  thereof,  call  a  meeting  of  the  County  Executive  Committee  to 
hear  the  Petititoners,  the  Respondent,  and  other  interested  parties  or 
witnesses.  A  two-thirds  vote  of  those  members  present  and  voting  as 
provided  in  Section  2.02,  shall  be  necessary  to  remove  a  precinct  officer 
or  precinct  committee  member.  The  decision  of  the  County  Executive 
Committee  shall  be  final.  The  county  chairman  shall  cause  a  detailed 
account  of  any  removal  and  replacement,  hereunder  to  be  filed  with  the 
State  Chairman. 

6.  Procedure  in  All  Other  Cases. 

a.  The  Petition  shall  be  signed  by  three  petitioners. 

b.  The  Petition  shall  be  filed  with  the  State  Chairman. 

c.  The  State  Chairman  must  have  the  approval  of  a  majority  of  the 
other  State  Executive  Committee  elected  officers  before  referring  the 
petition  to  the  Council  of  Review. 

d.  Upon  the  approval  of  a  majority  of  the  other  State  Executive 
Committee  elected  officers,  the  State  Chairman  must  call  a  meeting 
of  the  Council  of  Review  and  must  give  five  days  notice  thereof  to 
the  Petitioners,  to  the  Respondent,  and  to  the  county  chairman  of 
the  county  of  residence  of  the  Respondent  setting  forth  the  time, 
date,  and  the  place  of  the  hearing,  and  the  factual  allegations  of  the 
Petition. 

e.  A  majority  vote  of  those  members  of  the  Council  of  Review  present 
and  voting  shall  be  necessary  to  remove  any  Respondent. 

f.  Procedure.  The  Council  of  Review  shall  otherwise  follow  its  proce- 
dures as  set  forth  in  Section  9.08  herein. 


The  Democratic  Party  839 

10.06  CANDIDATES  AND  CAMPAIGN  MANAGERS  IN  PRIMARIES 
Any  officer  of  any  county,  district  or  state  executive  committee,  who  files  for 
elective  office  and  (I)  who  is  opposed  in  the  Democratic  Primary,  or  (2)  who 
manages  a  campaign  for  a  candidate  who  is  opposed  in  the  Democratic 
Primary,  shall  be  deemed  to  have  vacated  that  office  as  of  the  date  that 
another  Democrat  files  for  the  same  elective  office.  Such  vacancy  shall  be 
filled  as  provided  for  in  this  Plan  of  Organization. 

Any  officer  of  any  county,  district  or  state  executive  committee,  who  takes 
an  active  campaign  managerial  role  or  is  treasurer  appointed  for  campaign 
reporting  purposes  in  support  of  a  candidate  who  is  opposed  in  the  Demo- 
cratic primary,  shall  be  deemed  to  have  vacated  that  office  as  of  the  date 
that  such  candidate  and  another  Democrat  file  for  the  same  elective  office. 
Such  vacancy  shall  be  filled  as  provided  for  in  this  Plan  of  Organization. 

10.07  SUBCOMMITTEES 

All  Executive  Committees  shall  have  the  power  to  appoint  subcommittees 
or  special  committees  for  such  purposes  and  with  such  powers  in  their 
respective  jurisdictions  as  may  be  deemed  necessary  or  desirable. 

10.08  AUDIT  COMMITTEES 

The  county  and  district  chairmen  shall  appoint  a  committee  of  three 
members  to  review  and  oversee  annually  the  financial  accounts  and  balances 
of  the  committee.  A  report  of  that  committee  shall  be  made  at  the  first 
meeting  of  the  year  of  the  Executive  Committee. 

10.09  FILLING  VACANCIES  AMONG  CANDIDATES 

Vacancies  shall  be  filled  among  candidates,  and  the  selection  of  candidates 
shall  be  as  prescribed  by  law. 

10.10  APPEALS 

Unless  a  grievance  has  been  filed  with  the  Council  of  Review,  the  right  of 
appeal  shall  lie  from  any  subordinate  committee  or  convention  to  the 
committee  or  convention  next  superior  thereto,  and  in  all  county,  district,  or 
state  conventions,  appeals  shall  first  be  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Cre- 
dentials and  Appeals,  or  a  special  committee  provided  by  the  convention, 
and  the  findings  and  reports  of  such  committee  had  before  action  thereon  by 
the  convention. 

10.11  REPORTS 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  County  Executive  Committees  and  their  Chair- 
men to  make  such  reports  and  furnish  such  information  to  the  State  Chair- 
man and  Chairmen  of  the  several  District  Committees  as  the  said  State  and 
District  Chairmen  may  desire. 

10.12  ACTIVE  DEMOCRAT  DEFINED 

An  active  Democrat  is  defined  to  mean  a  person  who  has  been  registered 
to  vote  as  a  Democrat  for  at  least  ninety  (90)  days,  except  in  the  case  of  an 
initial  registrant,  and  who  gives  of  his  or  her  time  and/or  means  to  further 
the  interests  of  the  Democratic  Party. 


840  North  Carolina  Manual 

10.13  DEFINITION  OF  RESIDENCE 

Residence  shall  be  defined  as  voting  residence  in  accordance  with  North 
Carolina  law. 

10.14  UNIT  RULE  ABOLISHED 

The  "unit  rule"  exists  where  all  of  a  non-unanimous  delegation's  votes  are 
cast  according  to  the  vote  or  will  of  less  than  a  unanimous  majority  of  its 
delegates.  The  use  of  the  unit  rule  is  prohibited  in  all  activities  and  at  all 
levels  of  the  Democratic  Party  of  North  Carolina. 

10.15  NO  CONVENTION  MAY  BIND  ANOTHER 

No  Convention  may  vote  to  bind  a  subsequent  Convention. 

10.16  ELECTION  OF  ALTERNATE  DELEGATES  PROHIBITED 

No  alternate  delegates  or  replacement  delegates  shall  be  elected  to  county, 
district,  or  State  Conventions. 

10.17  ROBERT'S  RULES 

Procedure  or  parliamentary  questions  not  specifically  covered  by  this  Plan 
of  Organization  or  rules  adopted  pursuant  to  authority  grnated  herein  shall 
be  governed   by   the   Robert's   Rules   of  Order  Newly   Revised,   or  latest 
edition. 

11.00  AMENDMENTS 

11.01  POWER  TO  AMEND 

The  State  Executive  Committee  shall,  at  any  regularly  called  meeting  duly 
held,  have  the  power  to  amend  this  Plan  of  Organization.  Any  amendment 
adopted  by  the  State  Executive  Committee  including  those  herein  contained 
shall  be  effective  immediately  and  remain  in  effect  until  and  unless  the 
same  is  repealed  or  amended  by  action  of  the  next  State  Convention.  All 
amendments  of  this  Plan  of  Organization  must  be  approved  by  a  two-thirds 
vote  of  the  members  of  delegates  present  and  voting  at  the  State  Executive 
Committee  meeting  or  State  Convention  considering  same. 

11.02  DATE  OF  AMENDMENTS 

The  foregoing  is  the  Plan  of  Organization  of  the  Democratic  Party  of 
North  Carolina  as  adopted  by  the  State  Democratic  Executive  Committee  at 
a  meeting  held  in  the  City  of  Raleigh  on  January  10,  1970;  and  as  amended 
on  April  3,  1970;  January  11,  1972;  May  11,  1974;  October  25,  1975;  February 
10,  1979;  August  29,  1980;  August  7,  1982,  February  12,  1983;  July  9,  1983; 
and  August  15,  1987. 

James  M.  Van  Hecke,  Jr. 
Chairman 

January  1,  1988 


The  Democratic  Party  841 

NORTH  CAROLINA  DEMOCRATIC  EXECUTIVE  COUNCIL 

Chairman E.  Lawrence  Davis,  III  Raleigh 

First  Vice  Chair  Jeannette  Council Fayetteville 

Second  Vice  Chair  Clarence  Lightner  Raleigh 

Third  Vice  Chair Debbie  Nelson  New  Bern 

Secretary  Dr.  Betty  Wallace  Raleigh 

Treasurer Barton  Baldwin  Mount  Olive 

At-Large  Member Jim  Miller  Marion 

At-Large  Member June  McLaurin  Jeffers  Reidsville 

At-Large  Member Honorable  Beverly  Perdue  New  Bern 

Minority  Affairs  Chair  Ed  Smith Raleigh 

Sustaining  Fund  Chair Betty  McCain  Wilson 

National  Committeewoman Betty  S.  Speir  Bethel 

National  Committeewoman Muriel  K.  Offerman Wallace 

National  Committeeman Honorable  Russell  Walker Asheboro 

National  Committeeman Harvey  Gantt Charlotte 

At-Large   National 

Committeewoman  Angle  Elkins  Durham 

At-Large   National 

Committeeman  Honorable  Wib  Gulley  Durham 

President-Democratic  Women Kay  Daughtry  Garner 

President-Senior  Democrats W.  Curtis  Musten Winston-Salem 

President-Young  Democrats  Libby  Lefler Durham 

YDC  National  Committeeman  Owen  Spears  Fayetteville 

YDC  National  Committeewoman  ....  Eileen  Kelly Charlotte 

President-College  Democrats  Leanne  Powell Greensboro 

President-Teen  Dems  David  Reid Greenville 

State  Teen  Dem  Advisor Dr.  Nancy  Farmer Raleigh 

First  District  Chair William  M.  (Bill)  Hodges  Washington 

Second  District  Chair Jeannie  H.  Lucas Durham 

Third  District  Chair  Loretta  Woodard Princeton 

Fourth  District  Chair Charlie  Poole Garner 

Fifth  District  Chair  Carroll  Gardner  Mount  Airy 

Sixth  District  Chair Doug  Copeland  Greensboro 

Seventh  District  Chair Helen  Gamble  Chadbourn 

Eighth  District  Chair Bill  Mclnnis  Monroe 

Ninth  District  Chair Cam  Weaver Charlotte 

Tenth  District  Chair Bobby  Rogers Shelby 

Eleventh  District  Chair  Herbert  Hyde Asheville 

Acting  Executive  Director Everette  B.  Ward  Raleigh 


842  North  Carolina  Manual 

DP]MOCRA TIC  COUNTY  CHAIRMEN 

Alamance Tony  Koriest Graham 

Alexander  rJohn  Gamphell Taylorsville 

Allef^diany  Kdmund  I.  Adams  Sparta 

Anson  lionnie  Baueom  Wadesboro 

Ashe  A.  James  Hickland  Laurel  Sprint's 

Avery  Vacant 

Beaufort  Joyce  M.  Cutler  Washington 

Bertie  Candy  Lee Lewiston 

Bladen  Hilton  Britt  Dulilin 

Brunswick  R.  Glen  Peterson  Leiand 

Buncombe  Hon.  Lamar  (iudger  Asheville 

Burke  Samuel  J.  Krvin,  IV  Morganton 

Cabarrus  Warren  Man  us  Concord 

C^ildwell  James  H.  Edwards  (iranite  Falls 

Camden  I^illy  Revelli'  Shiloh 

Carteret  Elsie  I).  Hunt Morehead  C-ity 

Caswell  Nathaniel  Hall  Yanceyville 

Catawba  Dan  DeHart Hickory 

Chatham  Hon.  Fleet  B.  Reddish  Siler  City 

Cherokee  L.  L.  Mason,  Jr Murphy 

Chowan  W.  T.  Culpepper  P^denton 

Clay  Ronnie  Smith  Hayesville 

Cleveland  Thomas  F.  Holland  Shelby 

Columbus  Bill  Phipps  Tabor  City 

Craven  J.  Randal  Hunter New  Bern 

Cumberland  Mable  C'.  Smith  Fayetteville 

Currituck  Gwenn  Cruickshanks  Point  Harbor 

Dare  Lacy  McNiell  Kill  Devil  Hills 

Davidson  J.  T.  Hedrick  Southmont 

Davie  Jerry  Cooper Mocksville 

Duplin  Muriel  Offerman  Wallace 

Durham  George  Reid  Durham 

Edgecombe Vivian  Tillman  Rocky  Mount 

Forsyth  Walter  Holton  Winston-Salem 

Franklin  John  M.  Maye  Louisburg 

(Jaston  Julia  Dolley  Gastonia 

Gates Isaac  Battle  Gatesville 

(Graham  Mack  Huffman  Robbinsville 

Granville  Darryl  Moss C'reedmoor 

(ireene  Jeannie  Ellis  Walstonburg 

Guilford  Ellen  Emerson   Greensboro 

Halifax  Dr.  Dorothy  Boone  Enfield 

Harnett  W.  Cdenn  Johnson  Lillington 

Haywood  ('.  Jack  Arrington  Waynesville 

Henderson  James  H.  Toms  Hendersonville 

Hertford  Rev.  Robert  L.  llolloman  Ahoskie 

Hoke Harold  Gillis Raeford 

Hyde  John  Fletcher,  II  Swan  C^uarter 

Iredell   David  P.  Parker  Statesville 

Jackson  Dr.  Cecil  Brooks  Cullowhee 

Johnston  James  W.  Narron  Smitbfield 

Jones Johnny  White Pollocksville 

Lee William  L.  Lewis Sanford 

Lenoir  Woodard  Gurley  LaGrange 

Lincoln  Helen  S.  Heavner Vale 

Macon  Tommy  Jenkins  Franklin 

Madison   E.  Y.  Ponder  Marshall 


The  Democratic  Party  843 

Martin  Betty  Griffin  Williamston 

McDowell  Jane  Greenlee Marion 

Mecklenburg Cameron  Harris Charlotte 

Mitchell  Guy  Silvers  Bakersville 

Montgomery  Charles  M.  Johnson,  Jr Biscoe 

Moore William  C.  Bost Southern  Pines 

Nash  Mary  Alice  Wells  Rocky  Mount 

New  Hanover  William  Conner Wilmington 

Northampton  T.  G.  Joyner Garysburg 

Onslow  Dr.  Warren  G.  McDonald,  Jr Jacksonville 

Orange Ms.  Billie  Cox  Chapel  Hill 

Pamlico  Ned  Delamar  Oriental 

Pasquotank Matt  Wood  Elizabeth  City 

Pender  Pauline  Keith  Currie 

Perquimans  Julian  Broughton  Hertford 

Person  Alan  Hicks Roxboro 

Pitt  Joetta  D.  Ball  Greenville 

Polk Phillip  R.  Feagan  Columbus 

Randolph  Steve  Schmidly  Asheboro 

Richmond Ruth  Watkins  Rockingham 

Robeson  Dr.  E.  B.  Turner  Lumberton 

Rockingham  Rachel  Wright  Eden 

Rowan  Larry  G.  Ford  Salisbury 

Rutherford  William  Withrow  Ellenboro 

Sampson   Kirby  Sanderson Faison 

Scotland  Mary  Odom  Wagram 

Stanly  Roger  Snyder Albemarle 

Stokes  John  W.  Burwell,  Jr King 

Surry  Leroy  Gillespie  Lowgap 

Swain Karen  Blakely  Bryson  City 

Transylvania Albert  E.  Plemmons  Brevard 

Tyrrell Eston  Brickhouse  Creswell 

Ihiion  D.Alan  Plyler  Monroe 

Vance Grace  Vickery  Henderson 

Wake  Henry  Jones  Raleigh 

Warren Walter  Jack  Harris Warrenton 

Washington  W.  H.  Joyner Plymouth 

Watauga  Dr.  Fred  T.  Badders Boone 

Wayne Gary  Bartlett Goldsboro 

Wilkes  Honorable  Neil  Cashion  North  Wilkesboro 

Wilson  Thomas  R.  Sallenger Wilson 

Yadkin  Benjamin  S.  Neill  East  Bend 

Yancey  Danny  Mcintosh  Burnsville 


CHAPTER  TWO 
The  Republican  Party 

STATE  PLAN  OF  ORGANIZATION 

We,  the  members  of  the  North  CaroHna  Repubhcan  Party  of  North  Carohna 
dedicated  to  the  sound  principles  fostered  by  that  Party,  conscious  of  our  civic 
responsibilities  and  rights,  firm  in  our  determination  to  give  our  strength  to 
preserving  the  American  principle  that  government  ought  and  must  be  of  all 
the  people,  by  all  the  people,  and  for  all  the  people  do,  for  the  purpose  of  uniting 
and  coordinating  our  efforts  for  maximum  power  and  efficiency,  herewith 
establish  this  instrument.  The  Plan  of  Organization  of  the  Republican  Party  of 
North  Carolina. 

ARTICLE  I 
MEMBERSHIP 

Members 

All  citizens  of  North  Carolina  who  are  registered  Republicans  are  members  of 
the  Republican  Party  of  North  Carolina  and  shall  have  the  right  to  participate 
in  the  official  affairs  of  the  Republican  Party  in  accordance  with  these  rules. 
All  reference  herein  to  delegates,  alternates,  officers,  and  members  shall,  in  all 
cases,  mean  persons  identified  and  registered  with  the  Republican  Party  in  the 
precinct  of  their  residence. 

ARTICLE  II 
PRECINCT  MEETINGS 

I.  Biennial  Precinct  Meetings 

A.  In  every  odd-numbered  year,  the  County  Chairman  shall  call  precinct 
meetings  during  the  month  of  February  or  the  first  ten  days  of  March, 
after  giving  ten  (10)  days  Written  notice  of  the  time  and  place  of  holding 
same  to  each  Precinct  Chairman,  and  after  giving  one  week's  notice  of 
such  meeting  in  a  newspaper  of  general  circulation  within  the  County. 
Failure  of  the  County  Chairman  to  act  in  compliance  with  the  provision 
above  shall  be  cause  for  any  member  of  the  county  executive  committee 
with  the  approval  of  the  Congressional  District  Chairman  to  call  said 
precinct  meetings  by  notice  in  a  newspaper  of  general  circulation 
within  the  County.  The  County  Executive  Committee  will  set  a  registra- 
tion deadline  of  not  more  than  30  days  nor  less  than  5  days  prior  to 
convening  of  the  meetings.  Every  Republican  registered  prior  to  such 
deadline  shall  be  entitled  to  cast  one  vote,  except  that  the  30  day 


846  North  Carolina  Manual 

requirement  shall  not  apply  to  residents  who  have  moved  into  the 
precinct  within  thirty  (30)  days  of  the  precinct  meeting. 

B.  Biennial  precinct  meetings  shall  elect  a  Precinct  Committee  consisting 
of  a  Chairman,  Vice  Chairman  (of  the  opposite  sex),  Secretary  and  as 
many  members-at-large  as  deemed  necessary  to  conduct  the  business  of 
the  precinct.  Members  of  the  Precinct  Committee  shall  hold  their  places 
for  two  years  or  until  their  successors  are  chosen.  Precinct  meetings 
shall  elect  one  delegate  and  one  alternate  to  the  county  convention. 
They  shall  also  elect  one  additional  delegate  and  alternate  for  every 
fifty  (50)  votes,  or  major  fraction  thereof,  cast  for  the  Republican 
candidate  for  Governor  in  the  last  general  election,  or,  in  conformity 
with  their  county  Plan  of  Organization,  choose  to  elect  one  additional 
delegate  and  alternate  for  every  one  hundred  (100)  votes,  or  major 
fraction  thereof,  cast  for  the  Republican  candidate  for  Governor  in  the 
last  general  election. 

C.  The  Chairman  and  Secretary  of  each  Precinct  shall  certify  election  of 
officers,  committee  members,  and  delegates  and  alternates  to  the 
County  Convention,  on  forms  stipulated  by  the  State  Central  Committee 
and  furnished  by  the  County  Chairman.  Complete  credentials  shall  be 
in  the  hands  of  the  County  Secretary  by  the  deadline  set  by  the  County 
Chairman. 

II.  Presidential  Election  Year  Precinct  Meetings 

A.  In  each  precinct  in  every  Presidential  Election  year,  the  County 
Chairman  shall  call  precinct  meetings  within  the  dates  designed  by  the 
State  Central  Committee  after  giving  ten  (10)  days  written  notice  of  the 
time  and  place  of  holding  same  to  each  Precinct  Chairman,  and  after 
giving  one  week's  notice  of  such  meeting  in  a  newspaper  of  general 
circulation  within  the  County.  Failure  of  the  County  Chairman  to  act  in 
compliance  with  this  provision  shall  be  cause  for  any  member  of  the 
County  Executive  Committee  with  the  approval  of  the  Congressional 
District  Chairman  to  call  said  precinct  meeting  by  notice  in  a  news- 
paper of  general  circulation  within  the  County.  The  County  Executive 
Committee  will  set  a  registration  deadline  of  not  more  than  thirty  (30) 
days  nor  less  than  five  (5)  days  prior  to  the  convening  of  the  meetings. 
Every  Republican  registered  prior  to  such  deadline  shall  be  entitled  to 
cast  one  vote  except  that  the  thirty  (30)  day  requirement  shall  not  apply 
to  residents  who  have  moved  into  the  precinct  within  thirty  (30)  days  of 
the  precinct  meeting. 

B.  Presidential  Election  Year  Precinct  Meetings  shall  elect  one  delegate  | 
and  one  alternate  to  the  Presidential  Election  Year  County  Convention. 
They  shall  also  elect  one  additional  delegate  and  alternate  for  every 
fifty  (50)  votes,  or  major  fraction  thereof,  cast  for  the  Republican  j 
candidate  for  Governor  in  the  last  general  election,  or,  in  conformity 
with  their  county  Plan  of  Organization,  choose  to  elect  one  additional 
delegate  and  alternate  for  every  one  hundred  (100)  votes,  or  major  | 
fraction  thereof,  cast  for  the  Republican  candidate  for  Governor  in  the  i 
last  general  election.  No  organizational  changes  shall  take  place  except  j 
as  provided  in  this  section. 

C.  The  Chairman  and  Secretary  of  each  precinct  shall  certify  election  of  I 
delegates  and  alternates  to  the  Presidential  Election  Year  County  ! 


The  Republican  Party  847 

Convention  on  forms  stipulated  by  the  State  Central  Committee  and 
furnished  by  the  County  Chairman.  Complete  credentials  shall  be  in 
the  hands  of  the  County  Secretary  by  the  deadline  set  by  the  County 
Chairman. 
III.  Other  Precinct  Meetings 

A.  Other  meetings  of  the  Precinct  general  membership  may  be  held  at 
such  time  as  shall  be  designated  by  the  Chairman  of  the  Precinct 
Committee  after  giving  five  (5)  days  notice  of  such  meeting  in  a 
newspaper  of  general  circulation  within  the  County;  or  upon  similar 
call  of  one-third  of  the  members  of  the  Precinct  Committee,  or  ten  (10) 
members  of  the  general  precinct  membership.  There  shall  be  no  proxy 
voting. 

B.  In  the  event  a  Precinct  fails  to  properly  organize  or  the  Precinct 
Chairman  fails  to  act,  the  County  Chairman  shall  appoint  a  Temporary 
Precinct  Chairman  to  serve  until  a  general  membership  meeting  can  be 
called  and  a  new  Chairman  elected. 


ARTICLE  III 
PRECINCT  COMMITTEE 

I.  Duties  of  Committee 

The  Precinct  Committee  shall  cooperate  with  the  County  Executive 
Committee  in  all  elections  and  Party  Activities;  provide  the  County 
Chairman  with  a  list  of  Party  members  within  the  Precinct  suitable  for 
appointment  as  registrar,  election  judge,  markers,  counters,  and  watchers 
at  the  polls;  and  promote  the  objectives  of  the  Party  within  the  Precinct. 

II.  Duties  of  Officers 

The  Chairman  of  the  Precinct  Committee,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of 
the  Precinct  Committee,  shall  have  general  supervision  of  the  affairs  of  the 
Party  within  his  precinct,  shall  preside  at  all  meetings  of  the  Precinct,  and 
shall  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  Precinct 
Committee  or  the  County  Executive  Committee.  The  Vice  Chairman  shall 
function  as  Chairman  in  the  absence  of  the  Chairman.  The  Secretary  shall 
keep  all  minutes  and  records,  and  shall  maintain  a  list  of  registered 
Republican  voters  and  workers  within  the  Precinct. 

III.  Meetings 

Meetings  of  the  Precinct  Committee  may  be  held  at  such  times  as  shall  be 
designated  by  the  Chairman  of  the  Precinct  Committee  or  County 
Chairman  after  giving  five  (5)  days  notice  of  such  meetings;  or  upon 
similar  call  of  one-third  of  the  members  of  the  Precinct  Committee.  There 
shall  be  no  proxy  voting. 
[V.  Vacancies  and  Removals 

A.  In  case  of  death,  resignation,  discontinuance  of  residency  with  the 
Precinct,  removal  of  any  officers  or  members  of  the  Precinct  Committee, 
or  other  vacancy,  the  resulting  vacancy  shall  be  filled  by  the  remaining 
members  of  the  Precinct  Committee. 

B.  Any  member  of  the  Precinct  Committee  may  be  removed  by  a  two- 
thirds  vote  of  the  Precinct  Committee  after  being  furnished  with  notice 
of  the  charges  against  him,  signed  by  not  less  than  one-third  of  the 


848  North  Carolina  Manual 

members  of  the  Precinct  Committee  and  allowing  him  twenty  (20)  days 
to  appear  and  defend  himself;  provided  further  that  said  cause  for 
removal  shall  be  confined  to  gross  inefficiency,  Party  disloyalty  or 
failure  to  comply  with  the  County  or  State  Party  Plans  of  Organization. 
Such  removal  may  be  appealed  to  the  County  Executive  Committee 
within  twenty  (20)  days  and  their  decision  shall  be  final. 
F'or  the  purpose  of  this  Plan  of  Organization,  "Party  disloyalty"  shall 
be  defined  as  actively  supporting  a  candidate  of  another  Party  or 
independent  candidate  running  in  opposition  to  a  nominee  of  the 
Republican  Party. 

ARTICLE  IV 
COUNTY  CONVENTION 

I.  Biennial  Conventions 

A.  A  County  Convention  shall  be  called  in  every  odd-numbered  year,  by 
the  Chairman  of  the  County  Executive  Committee,  at  the  County  seat, 
within  the  month  of  March,  at  least  ten  (10)  days  prior  to  the  scheduled 
district  convention,  and  after  giving  fifteen  (15)  days  notice  of  such 
Convention  in  a  newspaper  of  general  circulation  within  the  County. 
At  the  time  of  the  call  of  the  convention,  the  County  Chairman  shall 
appoint  a  credentials  committee,  which  will  meet  and  issue  its  report  on 
delegates  and  alternates  certified  to  that  convention  at  least  seven  (7) 
days  in  advance  of  the  convening  of  the  convention,  unless  a  county 
holds  its  precinct  meetings  and  county  convention  of  the  same  day.  All 
delegates  challenged  in  the  report  of  the  credentials  committee  shall  be 
notified  prior  to  the  day  of  the  convention  and  allowed  to  present  their 
case  to  the  Credentials  Committee  prior  to  the  convening  to  the 
convention.  The  delegates  and  alternates  elected  at  the  biennial 
precinct  meetings,  unless  successfully  challenged,  individually,  in 
their  capacity  as  delegates  and  alternates,  unless  such  challenge  is  a 
procedural  challenge,  shall  sit  as  delegates  and  alternates  at  the 
County  Convention.  If  the  County  Chairman  fails,  refuses,  or  neglects 
to  call  a  County  Convention  as  required  by  this  article,  it  shall  become 
the  duty  of  the  Vice  Chairman  to  act  in  this  capacity.  The  Vice 
Chairman  shall  give  five  (5)  days  notice  thereof  to  all  Precinct 
Chairmen  and  County  Executive  Comittee  members  and  shall  give  five 
(5)  days  notice  of  such  Convention  in  a  newspaper  of  general  circulation 
within  the  County.  If  the  County  Chairman  or  Vice  Chairman  does  not 
call  such  a  meeting  it  shall  be  cause  for  any  member  of  the  County 
Executive  Committee  with  the  approval  of  the  Congressional  District 
Chairman  to  call  such  county  convention. 

B.  Convention  Action 

1.  Plan  of  Organization 

The  County  C-onvention  shall  adopt  a  C'ounty  Plan  of  Organization 
not  inconsistent  with  this  State  Plan  of  Organization,  a  current  copy 
of  which  shall  be  on  file  at  County  Headquarters  and  at  State 
Headquarters. 


The  Republican  Party  849 

2.  Elections 

a.  The  County  Convention  shall  elect  a  Chairman  and  Vice  Chairman 
(of  the  opposite  sex),  a  Secretary,  a  Treasurer,  and  such  other 
officers  as  may  be  deemed  necessary,  who  shall  serve  for  a  term  of 
two  years  or  until  their  successors  are  elected. 

b.  The  County  Convention  shall  elect  a  County  Executive  Committee 
of  five  (5)  or  more  votes,  in  addition  to  the  County  Officers,  who 
shall  hold  their  places  for  a  term  of  two  years  or  until  their 
successors  are  elected.  The  County  Plan  of  Organization  may 
provide  for  the  County  Executive  Committee  to  elect  additional 
members  of  the  County  Executive  Committee  in  addition  to  those 
members  of  the  County  Executive  Committee  elected  by  the 
County  convention. 

c.  The  County  Convention  shall  in  accordance  with  the  County  Plan 
of  Organization,  elect  one  delegate  and  one  alternate  to  the 
Congressional  District  and  State  Conventions,  plus  one  additional 
delegate  and  alternate  for  every  200  votes,  or  major  fraction 
thereof,  cast  for  the  Republican  candidate  for  Governor  in  the  last 
general  election  in  said  County.  Each  County  shall  further  elect 
one  delegate  and  alternate  for  each  Republican  elected  to  the  State 
Legislature  and  to  public  office  on  the  state  or  national  level  from 
said  County  in  the  last  election  held  for  that  office. 

d.  If  a  county  has  been  divided  between  two  or  more  Congressional 
districts,  it  shall  prorate  its  delegate  vote  among  these  Congres- 
sional districts  in  accordance  with  the  vote  cast  for  the  Republican 
candidate  for  Governor  in  the  last  general  election  in  the  political 
subdivisions  within  the  county  which  have  been  divided  among 
the  different  Congressional  districts.  Delegates  elected  to  a  Con- 
gressional district  convention,  in  addition  to  the  other  qualifica- 
tions which  they  must  meet,  must  be  resident  in  the  Congressional 
district  to  whose  convention  they  are  elected.  Affected  counties,  in 
their  county  plans  of  organization,  may  provide  that  these 
delegates  to  the  county  convention  from  the  political  subdivisions 
in  different  Congressional  districts  shall  elect  the  delegates  to 
their  own  Congressional  district  convention. 

C.  Credentials 

The  Chairman  and  Secretary  of  the  County  Executive  Committee  shall 
certify  the  election  of  officers,  committee  members,  delegates  and 
alternates  to  the  District  and  State  Conventions,  on  forms  furnished  by 
the  State  Central  Committee.  Completed  credentials  shall  be  in  the 
hands  of  the  Congressional  District  Secretary  and  the  State  Head- 
quarters by  the  deadline  set  by  the  State  Chairman.  No  delegates  or 
alternates  shall  be  added  to  the  credentials  list  following  the  adjourn- 
ment of  the  County  Convention. 
II.  Presidential  Election  Year  County  Convention 

A.  A  County  Convention  shall  be  called  in  every  Presidential  Election 
year  by  the  Chairman  of  the  County  F^xecutive  Committee,  within  the 
dates  designated  by  the  State  Central  Committee,  after  giving  fifteen 


850  North  Carolina  Manual 

(15)  days  notice  thereof  to  all  Precinct  chairmen  and  County  Executive 
Committee  members,  and  after  giving  fifteen  (15)  days  notice  of  such 
Convention  in  a  newspaper  of  general  circulation  within  the  County. 
At  the  time  of  the  call  of  the  convention  the  County  Chairman  shall 
appoint  a  Credentials  Committee,  which  will  meet  and  issue  its  report  on 
delegates  and  alternates  certified  to  that  convention  at  least  seven  (7) 
days  in  advance  of  the  convening  of  the  convention,  unless  a  county 
holds  its  precinct  meetings  and  County  Convention  on  the  same  day. 
All  delegates  challenged  in  the  report  of  the  credentials  committee  shall 
be  notified  prior  to  the  day  of  the  convention,  and  allowed  to  present 
their  case  to  the  Credentials  Committee  prior  to  the  convening  of  the 
convention.  The  delegates  and  alternates  elected  at  the  Presidential 
Election  Year  Precinct  Meetings,  unless  successfully  challenged,  in- 
dividually in  the  capacity  as  delegates  and  alternates,  unless  such 
challenge  is  a  procedural  challenge,  shall  sit  as  delegates  and  alternates 
in  the  County  Convention.  If  the  County  Chairman  fails,  refuses,  or 
neglects  to  call  a  county  convention  as  required  by  this  article.  It  shall 
be  cause  for  any  member  of  the  County  Executive  Committee  with  the 
approval  of  the  Congressional  Chairman  to  call  such  County  Conven- 
tion. The  Vice  Chairman  shall  give  five  (5)  days  thereof  to  all  Precinct 
Chairmen  and  County  Executive  Members  and  shall  give  five  (5)  days 
notice  of  such  convention  in  a  newspaper  of  general  circulation  within 
the  county. 

B.  The  Presidential  Election  Year  County  Convention  shall  elect  one 
delegate  and  one  alternate  to  the  Congressional  District  and  State 
Conventions,  plus  one  additional  delegate  and  alternate  for  every  200 
votes,  or  major  fraction  thereof,  cast  for  Republican  candidate  for 
Governor  in  the  last  General  Election  in  said  County.  Each  County 
shall  further  elect  one  delegate  and  one  alternate  for  each  Republican 
elected  to  the  State  Legislature  and  to  public  office  in  the  state  or 
national  level  from  said  County  in  the  last  election  held  for  that  office. 
No  organizational  changes  shall  take  place  except  as  provided  in  this 
section. 

C.  If  a  county  has  been  divided  between  two  or  more  Congressional 
districts,  it  shall  prorate  its  delegate  vote  among  these  Congressional 
districts  in  accordance  with  the  vote  cast  for  the  Republican  candidate 
for  Governor  in  last  general  election  in  the  political  subdivisions  within  I 
the  county  which  have  been  divided  among  the  different  Congressional 
districts.  Delegates  elected  to  a  Presidential  Year  Congressional  district 
convention,  in  addition  to  the  other  qualifications  which  they  must 
meet,  must  be  resident  in  the  Congressional  district  to  whose  convention 
they  are  elected.  Affected  counties,  in  their  county  plans  of  organiza- 
tion, may  provide  that  these  delegates  shall  be  elected  by  the  entire 
county  convention,  or  that  the  delegates  to  the  county  convention  from 
the  political  subdivisions  in  different  Congressional  Districts  shall  elect  , 
the  delegates  to  their  own  Presidential  Year  Congressional  district  . 
convention.  ' 

D.  TheChairmanandSecretaryofthe  County  Executive  Committee  shall  ; 
certify  election  of  delegates  and  alternates  to  the  Presidential  Election  ! 


The  Republican  Party  851 

Year  District  and  State  Conventions  on  forms  furnished  by  the  State 
Central  Committee.  Completed  credentials  shall  be  in  the  hands  of  the 
Congressional  District  Secretary  and  the  State  Headquarters  by  the 
deadline  set  by  the  State  Chairman.  No  delegate  or  alternate  shall  be 
added  to  the  credentials  list  following  the  adjournment  of  the  Presi- 
dential Election  Year  County  Convention. 


ARTICLE  V 
COUNTY  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 

I.  Membership 

The  County  Executive  Committee  shall  consist  of  the  County  Officers  and 
other  persons  elected  by  the  County  Convention  in  accordance  with  Article 
IV,  and  the  County  Finance  Chairman). 
II.  Powers  and  Duties 

The  County  Executive  Committee  shall  cooperate  with  the  District  and 
State  Committees  in  all  elections  and  Party  activities;  shall  encourage 
qualified  candidates  for  office  within  the  County;  adopt  a  budget;  and  shall 
have  active  management  of  Party  affairs  within  the  County.  It  shall 
approve  a  Finance  Committee  and  an  Auditing  Committee  of  not  less  than 
three  members  each  and  may  approve  such  other  Committees  as  may  be 
deemed  necessary.  The  County  Chairman  and  Vice  Chairman  shall  be  an 
Ex  Officio  member  of  all  committees  indicated  in  this  paragraph. 
Within  90  days  after  the  State  Convention,  the  County  Executive  Com- 
mittee shall  amend  the  County  Plan  of  Organization  so  as  to  bring  it  into 
compliance  with  the  State  Plan  of  Organization. 

III.  Meetings 

The  County  Executive  Committee  shall  meet  at  least  twice  a  year  upon  call 
of  the  County  Chairman  after  giving  ten  (10)  days  notice  to  all  members;  or 
upon  similar  call  of  one-third  of  the  members  of  the  Committee.  One-third 
of  the  members  shall  constitute  a  quorum  for  the  transaction  of  business. 
There  shall  be  no  proxy  voting. 

IV.  Duties  of  Officers 

A.  The  Chairman  of  the  County  Executive  Committee,  with  the  advice  and 
consent  of  the  County  Executive  Committee,  shall  have  general 
supervision  of  the  affairs  of  the  Party  within  the  County.  He  shall  issue 
the  call  for  Biennial  Precinct  Meetings  and  Presidential  Election  Year 
Precinct  Meetings,  the  County  Convention,  the  Presidential  Election 
Year  County  Convention,  and  Executive  Committee  meetings,  and 
shall  preside  at  all  the  meetings  of  the  County  Executive  Committee.  He 
shall  appoint  a  Finance  Chairman,  an  Auditing  Committee  and  any 
other  chairmen  deemed  necessary  to  conduct  the  business  of  the 
County  Executive  Committee.  He  shall  make  quarterly  reports  on  the 
status  of  the  Party  within  his  County  to  the  District  Chairman  on  forms 
furnished  by  the  State  Central  Committee.  He  shall  be  responsible  for 
the  creation  and  maintenance  of  a  Republican  organization  in  every 
precinct  within  his  County.  He  shall  obtain  and  preserve  a  list  of  all 
registered  Republicans  within  the  County  and  shall  perform  such  other 


852  North  Carolina  Manual 

duties  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  County,  District,  or  State  Com- 
mittees; the  County  Chairman  shall  be  an  ''Ex  Officio"  member  of  all 
committees  unless  otherwise  designated. 

B.  The  Vice  Chairman  shall  function  as  Chairman  in  the  absence  of  the 
Chairman  and  shall  have  such  other  duties  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the 
County  Executive  Committee.  The  Vice  Chairman  shall  be  an  "Ex 
Officio''  member  of  all  committees  unless  otherwise  designated. 

C.  The  Secretary  shall  keep  all  minutes  and  records  and  shall  maintain  a 
roster  of  all  precinct  officers  and  Executive  Committee  members.  Such 
records  shall  be  available,  upon  request,  to  any  registered  Republican 
within  the  County.  The  Secretary  shall  furnish  to  the  Congressional 
District  Chairman  and  to  State  Headquarters  up-to-date  lists  of  all 
Precinct  Chairmen. 

D.  The  Treasurer  shall  receive  and  disburse  all  funds  for  Party  expendi- 
tures pursuant  to  authority  duly  given  by  the  County  Executive 
Committee,  shall  make  a  financial  report  at  all  County  Executive 
Committee  meetings  and  shall  fulfill  all  financial  reports  and  obliga- 
tions required  under  State  and  Federal  election  laws. 

V.  Vacancies  and  Removals 

A.  In  case  of  death,  resignation,  discontinuance  of  residency  within  the 
County,  removal  of  any  officer  or  member  of  the  County  Executive 
Committee,  or  other  vacancy,  the  resulting  vacancy  shall  be  filled  by 
the  County  Executive  Committee. 

B.  Any  officer  or  member  of  the  County  Executive  Committee  may  be 
removed  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the  Committee  after  being  furnished 
with  notice  of  the  charges  against  him,  signed  by  not  less  than  one- 
third  of  the  members  of  the  Committee  and  allowing  him  thirty  (30) 
days  to  appear  and  defend  himself;  provided  further  that  said  cause  for 
removal  shall  be  confined  to  gross  inefficiency.  Party  Disloyalty,  or 
failure  to  act  in  compliance  with  the  County  or  State  Plans  of 
Organization.  Such  removal  may  be  appealed,  within  twenty  (20)  days 
to  the  Congressional  District  Chairman  and  members  of  the  State 
Executive  Committee  within  the  District,  and  their  decision  shall  be 
final. 

ARTICLE  VI 
COUNTY  FINANCE  AND  AUDITING  COMMITTEES 

I.  Finance  Committee 

The  County  Finance  Committee  shall  be  composed  of  the  County  Finance 
Chairman,  the  County  Chairman,  County  Vice  Chairman,  the  County 
Treasurer,  and  not  less  than  three  persons  approved  by  the  County 
Executive  Committee.  They  shall  cooperate  with  the  Congressional  District 
and  State  Finance  Committees  and  shall  have  active  management  of 
fund-raising  efforts  within  the  County. 
II.  Auditing  Committee 

The  Auditing  Committee  appointed  by  the  County  Chairman  shall 
conduct  a  yearly  audit  of  the  financial  records  of  the  County  and  report 
such  audit  to  the  County  Executive  Committee  for  approval. 


The  Republican  Party  853 

ARTICLE  VII 

JUDICIAL,  SENATORIAL  LEGISLATIVE 

DISTRICT  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEES 

I.  Membership 

A.  In  a  Single  County  District,  the  County  Executive  Committee  shall 
serve  as  the  District  Committee. 

B.  In  a  single  county  containing  more  than  one  district  wholly  within  the 
county,  the  county  plan  of  organization  shall  address  the  method  of 
election  of  district  officers. 

C.  In  those  Districts  encompassing  more  than  one  county,  membership 
shall  consist  of  the  County  Chairman  and  Vice  Chairman  of  each 
County  or  their  appointees,  within  the  district. 

D.  In  those  counties  that  are  divided  into  two  or  more  multi-county 
Legislative,  Judicial  or  Senatorial  Districts,  the  County  Chairmen  and 
Vice  Chairmen  shall  appoint,  with  the  approval  of  the  County  Executive 
Committee,  designees  to  serve  on  the  District  Committee  for  districts  in 
which  they  do  not  reside. 

E.  All  District  Officers  shall  reside  within  their  districts. 
II.  Election  of  Officers 

At  some  time  preceding  the  State  Convention,  the  District  Committees 
shall  meet  at  a  time  and  place  designated  by  a  member  of  the  Committee 
stipulated  by  the  County  Chairman  from  that  County  within  the  District 
having  the  largest  population  and  shall  elect,  from  among  their  member- 
ship, a  Chairman  and  such  other  officers  as  may  be  deemed  necessary.  The 
Officers  shall  have  such  duties  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  State  Executive 
Committee.  The  Chairman  shall  report  to  the  State  Chairman  names  of 
elected  officers. 
[II.  Powers  and  Duties  of  Committees 

A.  The  Judicial  District  Committee  shall  encourage  qualified  candidates 
for  District  Attorney,  District  Judge  and  Superior  Court  Judge  and 
shall  assist  and  cooperate  with  the  County  and  State  Executive 
Committees  in  all  campaigns. 

B.  The  Senatorial  District  Committee  shall  encourage  qualified  candidates 
for  State  Senator  and  shall  assist  and  cooperate  with  the  County  and 
State  Executive  Committees  in  all  campaigns. 

C.  The  Legislative  District  Committee  shall  encourage  qualified  candi- 
dates for  the  State  House  of  Representatives  and  shall  assist  and 
cooperate  with  the  County  and  State  Executive  Committee  in  all 
Campaigns. 

D.  Committees  herein  elected  shall  serve  as  the  appropriate  District 
Executive  Committee  as  they  are  referred  to  in  North  Carolina  G.S. 
163-114. 


854  North  Carolina  Manual 

ARTICLE  VIII 
CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT  CONVENTIONS 

I.  Biennial  Convention 

A.  Call  of  Convention 

A  Congressional  District  Convention  shall  be  called  in  every  odd- 
numbered  year  by  the  Chairman  of  the  Congressional  District  Com- 
mittee, within  the  month  of  April,  upon  twenty  (20)  days  written  notice 
of  the  time  and  place  for  holding  same  to  all  members  of  the  District 
Committee  and  to  the  County  Chairman  within  said  District.  At  the 
time  of  the  call  of  the  Convention  the  District  Chairman  shall  appoint  a 
Credentials  Committee,  which  will  meet  and  issue  its  report  on 
delegates  and  alternates  certified  to  that  Convention  at  least  seven  (7) 
days  in  advance  of  the  convening  of  the  Convention.  All  delegates 
challenged  in  the  report  of  the  Credentials  Committee  shall  be  notified 
prior  to  the  day  of  the  Convention  and  allowed  to  present  their  case  to 
the  Credentials  Committee  prior  to  the  convening  of  the  Convention. 
The  delegates  and  alternates  elected  in  the  County  Conventions,  unless 
successfully  challenged,  individually,  in  their  capacity  as  delegates 
and  alternates,  unless  such  challenge  is  a  procedural  challenge,  shall 
sit  as  delegates  and  alternates  in  the  Congressional  District  Conven- 
tion. In  years  requiring  reapportionment,  the  District  Convention  shall 
be  called  within  dates  designed  by  the  Chairman  of  the  State  Republican 
Executive  Committee.  These  Conventions  are  to  be  held  after  the 
General  Assembly  has  completed  Congressional  redistricting.  The 
state  Chairman,  with  the  approval  of  the  Central  Committee,  shall 
appoint  temporary  District  Chairmen  to  call  the  1991  Conventions 
upon  twenty  (20)  days  written  notice  to  all  County  Chairmen  and 
members  of  the  Executive  Committee  within  the  District. 

B.  Convention  Action 

1 .  The  Congressional  District  Convention  shall  adopt  a  District  Plan  of 
Organization,  a  current  copy  of  which  shall  be  on  file  at  State 
Headquarters. 

2.  The  Congressional  District  Convention  shall  elect  a  Chairman  and  a 
Vice  Chairman  (of  the  opposite  sex),  a  Secretary,  a  Treasurer,  and 
such  other  officers  as  may  be  deemed  necessary  who  shall  serve  for  a 
term  of  two  years  or  until  their  successors  are  elected. 

3.  The  Congressional  District  Convention  shall  further  elect  one 
member  of  the  State  Executive  Committee,  plus  one  additional 
member  for  every  6,000  votes,  or  major  fraction  thereof,  cast  within 
the  District  for  the  Republican  candidate  for  Governor  in  the 
preceding  general  election. 

C.  Credentials 

The  Chairman  and  Secretary  of  the  Congressional  District  shall  certify 
election  of  officers,  and  at  large  members  of  the  State  Executive 
Committee,  elected  according  to  the  provisions  of  Article  VIII,  Section 
B3.  Completed  District  Credentials,  plus  completed  Credentials  for  the 
Counties  within  the  District,  shall  be  in  the  hands  of  the  State 
Chairman  at  a  deadline  set  by  the  State  Chairman. 


The  Republican  Party  855 

II.  Presidential  Election  Year  Congressional  District  Convention 

A.  Call  of  Convention 

A  Presidential  Election  Year  Congressional  District  Convention  shall 
be  called  in  every  Presidential  Election  Year  by  the  Chairman  of  the 
Congressional  District  Committee,  within  the  dates  designated  by  the 
State  Central  Committee,  upon  twenty  (20)  days  written  notice  of  the 
time  and  place  for  holding  same  to  all  members  of  the  District 
Committee  and  to  the  County  Chairmen  within  said  District.  The  time 
of  the  call  of  the  Convention  the  District  Chairman  shall  appoint  a 
Credentials  Committee,  which  will  meet  and  issue  its  report  on 
delegates  and  alternates  certified  to  that  Convention  at  least  seven  (7) 
days  in  advance  of  the  convening  of  the  Convention.  All  delegates 
challenged  in  the  report  of  the  Credentials  Committee  shall  be  notified 
prior  to  the  day  of  the  Convention  and  allowed  to  present  their  case  to 
the  Credentials  Committee  prior  to  the  convening  of  the  Convention. 
The  delegates  and  alternates  elected  in  the  Presidential  Election  Year 
Conventions,  unless  successfully  challenged  individually,  in  their 
capacity  as  delegates  and  alternates,  unless  such  challenged  is  a 
procedural  challenge,  shall  sit  as  delegates  and  alternates  in  the 
Presidential  Election  Year  Congressional  District  Convention. 

B.  Convention  Action 

The  Presidential  Election  Year  Congressional  District  Convention 
shall  elect  three  delegates  and  three  alternates  to  the  Republican 
National  Convention,  and  shall  nominate  one  Presidential  Elector.  No 
organizational  changes  shall  take  place  except  as  provided  in  this 
section. 

C.  Credentials 

The  Chairman  and  Secretary  of  the  Congressional  District  shall  certify 
election  of  delegates  and  alternates,  and  nominee  for  Presidential 
Elector  on  forms  furnished  by  the  State  Central  Committee:  Completed 
District  Credentials,  plus  completed  Credentials  for  the  Counties 
within  the  District,  shall  be  in  the  hands  of  the  State  Credentials 
Committee  Chairman  by  the  deadline  set  by  the  State  Chairman. 


ARTICLE  IX 
CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 

I.  Membership 

Membership  of  the  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  shall  be 
composed  of: 

A.  The  Officers  elected  at  the  District  Convention. 

B.  All  duly  elected  County  Chairmen  and  Vice  Chairmen  within  the 
District. 

C.  The  District  Finance  Chairman 

D.  All  members  of  the  State  Executive  Committee  who  are  elected  by  the 
District  Convention  under  the  provisions  in  ARTICLE  VIII,  Section 
B3. 

E.  Such  others  as  the  District  Plan  of  Organization  may  provide. 


856  North  Carolina  Manual 

II.  Powers  and  Duties 

The  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  shall  encourage  qualified 
candidates  for  Congress;  cooperate  with  the  Judicial,  Senatorial,  and 
Legislative  Executive  Committees  in  encouraging  qualified  candidates  for 
those  offices,  especially  in  multi-county  districts;  approve  a  finance 
chairman;  and  cooperate  with  the  County  and  State  Executive  Committees 
in  all  campaigns. 

III.  Meetings 

The  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  shall  meet  at  least  each 
calendar  quarter  of  the  year,  upon  call  of  the  Congressional  District 
Chairman  after  giving  ten  (10)  days  notice  to  all  members  by  mail.  One- 
quarter  of  the  members  of  the  Committee  shall  constitute  a  quorum  for  the 
transaction  of  business.  There  shall  be  no  proxy  voting. 

IV.  Duties  of  Officers 

A.  The  Congressional  District  Chairman,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of 
the  District  Executive  Committee,  shall  have  general  supervision  of  the 
affairs  of  the  Party  within  its  District.  He  shall  assist  the  State 
Chairman  in  carrying  out  State  Programs,  supervise  the  Congressional 
campaigns  until  such  time  as  a  Campaign  Manager  shall  have  been 
appointed,  maintain  contact  with  all  Counties  within  his  District,  and 
shall  be  responsible  for  the  proper  organization  and  functioning  of 
those  Counties.  He  shall  maintain  constant  liaison  with  all  County 
Chairmen  with  regard  to  a  Republican  organization  in  every  precinct 
within  his  District.  In  addition,  he  shall  furnish,  upon  request,  each 
County  Chairman  and  each  County  Executive  Committee  officer  an 
accurate  and  up-to-date  list  of  all  County  Executive  Committee  officers 
within  his  District  to  include  title,  name,  address,  and  zip  code.  These 
lists  shall  be  updated  periodically  to  insure  that  the  latest  information 
is  provided  to  those  to  whom  it  is  required  to  be  provided.  He  shall 
appoint  a  Finance  Chairman  and  Audit  Chairman.  He  shall  be  an  ''Ex 
Officio''  member  of  all  District  Committees.  He  shall  have  such  other 
duties  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  State  Executive  Committee. 

B.  The  Vice  Chairman  shall  be  Chief  Assistant  to  the  District  Chairman 
and  shall  act  as  Chairman  in  the  Absence  of  the  Chairman;  shall 
maintain  liaison  with  the  County  Vice  Chairman  throughout  the 
District  (where  applicable)  and  shall  have  such  other  duties  as  may  be 
prescribed  by  the  District  Committee.  The  Vice  Chairman  will  be  an 
''Ex  Officio"  member  of  all  District  Committees  unless  otherwise 
designated. 

C.  The  Secretary  shall  keep  all  minutes  and  records  and  shall  maintain  a 
roster  of  all  officers  of  the  counties  within  the  District. 

D.  The  Treasurer  shall  receive  and  disburse  all  funds  for  Party  expendi- 
tures pursuant  to  authority  duly  given  by  the  District  Committee  and 
will  make  a  financial  report  to  all  District  Executive  Committee 
meetings.  The  Treasurer  shall  fulfill  all  financial  reports  and  obliga- 
tions required  under  the  state  and  federal  election  laws. 

V.  Vacancies  and  Removals 

A.  In  case  of  death,  resignation,  discontinuance  of  residency  within  the 
District,  removal  of  any  officer  of  the  Congressional  District  Executive 


The  Republican  Party  857 

Committee,  or  other  vacancy,  the  resulting  vacancy  shall  be  filled  by 
the  remaining  members  of  the  Committee  at  the  next  officially  called 
District  meeting. 
B.  Any  officer  of  the  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  may  be 
removed  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the  Congressional  District  Executive 
Committee  after  being  notified  of  the  charges  against  him  signed  by 
not  less  than  one-third  of  the  members  of  the  Committee,  and  allowing 
him  thirty  (30)  days  to  appear  and  defend  himself;  provided  further  that 
said  cause  for  removal  shall  be  confined  to  gross  inefficiency,  Party 
Disloyalty,  or  failure  to  act  in  compliance  with  the  District  or  State 
Plans  of  Organization.  Such  removal  may  be  appealed,  within  twenty 
(20)  days,  to  the  State  Central  Committee,  and  their  decision  shall  be 
final. 

ARTICLE  X 
DISTRICT  FINANCE  COMMITTEE 

The  District  Finance  Chairman  shall  serve  as  Chairman  of  the  Congressional 
District  Finance  Committee,  which  shall  be  composed  of  the  Finance  Chairmen 
of  all  the  Counties  within  the  District,  the  Congressional  District  Chairman, 
and  the  Congressional  District  Treasurer,  plus  three  additional  members  to  be 
elected  by  the  members  of  the  Finance  Committee.  Other  officers  as  may  be 
deemed  necessary  may  be  elected  by  and  from  the  members  of  the  Committee. 
This  Committee  shall  cooperate  with  the  State  Finance  Committee  and  with 
County  Finance  Committees  in  all  fund-raising  efforts. 

ARTICLE  XI 
STATE  CONVENTIONS 

I.  Biennial  State  Convention 

A.  A  Biennial  State  Convention  shall  be  called  in  every  odd-numbered 
year  to  be  held  in  the  month  of  May  of  said  odd-numbered  year,  by  the 
Chairman  of  the  Republican  State  Executive  Committee  after  giving 
sixty  (60)  days  written  notice  of  the  time  and  place  for  holding  same  to 
all  members  of  the  State  Executive  Committee  and  to  all  County 
Chairmen.  At  the  time  of  the  call  of  the  Convention  the  State  Chairman 
shall  appoint  a  Credentials  Committee,  which  will  meet  and  issue  its 
report  on  delegates  and  alternates  certified  to  the  Convention  at  least 
seven  (7)  days  in  advance  of  the  convening  of  the  Convention.  All 
delegates  challenged  in  the  report  of  the  Credentials  Committee  shall 
be  notified  prior  to  the  day  of  the  Convention,  and  allowed  to  present 
their  case  to  the  Credentials  Committee  prior  to  the  convening  of  the 
Convention.  Delegates  and  alternates  elected  at  the  County  Conven- 
tions, unless  successfully  challenged  individually,  in  their  capacity  as 
delegates  and  alternates,  unless  such  challenge  is  a  procedural 
challenge,  shall  sit  as  delegates  and  alternates  at  the  Biennial  State 
Convention.  In  years  requiring  reapportionment  the  Biennial  State 
Convention  shall  be  called  on  a  date  set  by  the  Chairman  of  the  State 
Republican  Executive  Committee  upon  sixty  (60)  days  written  notice  of 


858  North  Carolina  Manual 

the  time  and  place  to  all  members  of  the  State  Executive  Committee. 
This  convention  shall  be  held  after  the  General  Assembly  has  completed 
Congressional  redistricting. 
B.  In  every  odd-numbered  year,  the  Biennial  State  Convention  shall  elect 
a  State  Chairman  and  a  Vice  Chairman  (of  the  opposite  sex)  who  shall 
serve  for  a  term  of  two  years  or  until  their  successors  are  elected. 
II.  Presidential  Election  Year  State  Convention 

A.  A  Presidential  Election  Year  State  Convention  shall  be  called  in  every 
Presidential  Election  Year  between  the  date  of  the  Presidential  Pre- 
ferential Primary  Election  and  35  days  prior  to  the  Republican 
National  Convention  of  said  Presidential  Election  year,  by  the  Chair- 
man of  the  Republican  State  Executive  Committee  after  giving  sixty 
(60)  days  written  notice  of  the  time  and  place  for  holding  same  to  all 
members  of  the  State  Executive  Committee  and  to  all  County  Chairmen. 
At  the  time  of  the  call  of  the  Convention  the  State  Chairman  shall 
appoint  a  Credentials  Committee,  which  will  meet  and  issue  its  report 
on  delegates  and  alternates  certified  to  that  Convention  at  least  seven 
(7)  days  in  advance  of  the  convening  of  the  Convention.  All  delegates 
challenged  in  the  report  of  the  Credentials  Committee  shall  be  notified 
prior  to  the  day  of  the  Convention,  and  allowed  to  present  their  case  to 
the  Credentials  Committee  prior  to  the  convening  of  the  Convention. 
Delegates  and  alternates  elected  at  the  Presidential  Election  Year 
County  Conventions,  unless  successfully  challenged,  individually,  in 
their  capacity  as  delegates  and  alternates,  unless  such  challenge  is  a 
procedural  challenge,  shall  sit  as  delegates  and  alternates  at  the 
Presidential  Election  Year  State  Convention. 

B.  In  every  Presidential  Election  Year  the  Presidential  Election  Year 
Convention  shall  elect  delegates  and  alternates  to  the  National  Conven- 
tion, in  addition  to  those  specified  under  Article  VIII,  in  the  number 
stipulated  by  the  State  Chairman  as  determined  by  the  National  Rules. 
Unless  in  conflict  with  rules  of  the  National  Republican  Party,  the 
bonus  delegates  seats  awarded  by  the  Republican  National  Convention 
for  Governor  or  United  States  Senator  shall  be  assigned  to  those 
individuals  if  they  so  desire.  They  shall  further  nominate  a  National 
Committeeman  and  National  Committeewoman  who  shall  serve  for  a 
term  of  four  years  or  until  their  successors  are  elected;  and  nominate 
two  Presidential  Electors  at  large. 

ARTICLE  XII 
STATE  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 

I.  Membership 

A.  The  State  Executive  Committee  shall  be  composed  of  the  following:  The 
Congressional  District  Chairmen,  the  Congressional  District  Vice 
Chairmen,  the  Congressional  District  Finance  Chairmen,  and  those 
persons  elected  by  the  District  Conventions  under  ARTICLE  VII, 
Section  I,  Sub-Section  B3,  of  this  Plan. 

B.  The  State  Chairman,  immediate  past  State  Chairman,  Vice  Chairman, 
National   Committeeman,   National   Committeewoman,   Secretary, 


The  Republican  Party  859 

Assistant  Secretary,  Treasurer,  Assistant  Treasurer,  Finance  Chair- 
man, General  Counsel,  Director  of  Minority  Affairs  and  Assistant 
Director  of  Minority  Affairs. 

C.  The  Chairman,  National  Committeeman  and  National  Committee- 
woman  of  the  Young  Republican  Federation.  The  President,  President- 
Elect,  and  Past  Presidents  of  the  Republican  Women's  Federation.  The 
Chairman  of  the  North  Carolina  College  Republicans  and  the  Chairman 
of  the  North  Carolina  Teenage  Republicans. 

D.  All  current  Republican  members  of  the  United  States  Congress, 
Governor,  Members  of  the  Council  of  State,  the  State  Legislature,  and 
the  State  Board  of  Elections. 

E.  All  past  Republican  members  of  the  United  States  Congress,  Governors, 
and  members  of  the  Council  of  State. 

F.  All  County  Chairmen  and  Vice  Chairmen. 
II.  Powers  and  Duties  of  Committee 

The  State  Executive  Committee  shall  meet  within  thirty  (30)  days  of  the 
adjournment  of  the  State  Convention  and  elect  a  Secretary  and  an 
Assistant  Secretary,  a  Treasurer,  Assistant  Treasurer,  a  Director  of 
Minority  Affairs,  Assistant  Director  of  Minority  Affairs,  and  a  General 
Counsel,  who  shall  serve  for  a  term  of  two  years  or  until  their  successors 
are  elected.  The  Committee  shall  formulate  and  provide  for  the  execution  of 
such  plans  and  measures  as  it  may  deem  conductive  to  the  best  interests  of 
the  Republican  Party.  It  shall  approve  an  Auditing  Committee  of  at  least 
three  members,  one  of  whom  shall  be  a  certified  public  accountant,  to 
conduct  a  yearly  audit;  approve  such  audit;  adopt  a  budget;  and  shall  have 
active  management  of  all  affairs  of  the  Party  within  the  State.  It  may 
delegate  such  duties  as  it  deems  proper  to  the  State  Central  Committee. 
When  monies  are  raised  and  expenditures  authorized  by  other  than  the 
State  Central  Committee  or  the  State  Executive  Committee  on  behalf  of 
any  candidate  for  state  or  National  office,  the  Party  shall  not  be  held 
liable;  except,  however  that  the  State  Executive  Committee,  by  a  two- 
thirds  vote  of  a  quorum  present,  may  assume  any  portion  of  such  debts  it 
deems  advisable. 

III.  Committee  Meetings 

The  State  Executive  Committee  shall  meet  at  least  twice  per  calendar  year, 
upon  call  of  the  Chairman  at  such  times  as  the  State  Chairman  shall 
determine  after  giving  fifteen  (15)  days  written  notice  to  all  Committee 
members;  or  upon  petition  of  one-third  of  the  members  of  the  Committee. 
Twenty-five  percent  (25%)  of  the  members  shall  constitute  a  quorum  for  the 
transaction  of  business.  There  shall  be  no  proxy  voting. 

IV.  Duties  of  Officers 

A.  The  State  Chairman,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Central 
Committee,  shall  have  general  supervision  of  the  affairs  of  the  Party 
within  the  State.  He  shall  preside  at  all  meetings  of  the  State  Executive 
Committee  and  shall  perform  such  duties  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the 
State  Executive  Committee.  He  shall  appoint  with  the  approval  of  the 
State  Central  Committee  a  Finance  Chairman  who  shall  serve  at  the 
pleasure  of  the  State  Chairman.  The  State  Chairman  shall  appoint 
convention  committees  and  temporary  offices.  He  shall  be  responsible 


860  North  Carolina  Manual 

for  the  campaigns  of  the  Governor  and  Lieutenant  Governor  until  such 
time  as  a  permanent  campaign  manager  may  be  appointed.  The  State 
Chairman  may  delegate  authority  to  the  District  Chairmen  to  act  in  his 
behalf  on  any  matter. 

B.  The  Vice  Chairman  shall  be  Chief  Assistant  to  the  Chairman  and  shall 
act  as  Chairman  in  the  absence  of  the  Chairman.  The  Vice  Chairman 
shall  maintain  close  liaison  with  the  District  and  County  Vice  Chairman, 
encourage  and  direct  activities  in  the  Party  structure.  The  Vice 
Chairman  shall  work  with  the  National  Committeewoman  and  Com- 
mitteeman and  provide  them  with  information  and  assistance  on  state 
matters.  The  Vice  Chairman  shall  have  such  other  duties  as  may  be 
prescribed  by  the  State  Executive  and  Central  Committees. 

C.  The  National  Committeeman  and  National  Committeewoman  shall 
maintain  liaison  with  the  National  Republican  Party,  the  State 
Executive  and  Central  Committees. 

D.  The  Secretary  shall  keep  minutes  of  all  meetings.  The  Assistant 
Secretary  shall  assist  the  Secretary  in  the  above  duties  and  shall  act  as 
Secretary  in  the  absence  of  the  Secretary.  The  Secretary  will  distribute 
to  all  Executive  Committee  members  minutes  of  the  past  Central  and 
Executive  Committee  meetings. 

E.  The  State  Treasurer  shall  receive  and  disburse  all  funds  collected  or 
earned  by  the  State  Party  and  all  disbursements  shall  be  made  by  him. 
All  funds  shall  be  deposited  in  a  central  location  at  the  Treasurer's 
direction.  The  Treasurer  shall  be  bonded  in  an  amount  fixed  by  the 
State  Central  Committee  —  the  premium  to  be  paid  from  Party  funds. 
The  Treasurer  shall  submit  such  financial  reports  as  are  required  by  the 
state  and  federal  campaign  election  laws.  The  Assistant  Treasurer 
shall  assist  the  Treasurer  and  have  the  power  to  make  disbursements  in 
the  absence  of  the  Treasurer. 

F.  The  General  Counsel  shall  advise  the  Executive  Committee  on  all  legal 
matters  and  shall  act  as  Parliamentarian  at  all  meetings  of  the 
Committee. 

G.  The  Director  of  Minority  Affairs  shall  develop  the  means  to  attain 
support  for  the  State  Executive  Committee  from  minority  groups  as 
those  groups  are  predetermined  by  age,  sex,  creed  or  color  within  the 
State. 

V.  Vacancies  and  Removals 

A.  In  case  of  death,  resignation,  discontinuance  of  residency  within  the 
State,  or  removal  of  any  officer  of  the  State  Executive  Committee,  the 
resulting  vacancy  shall  be  filled  by  the  State  Executive  Committee.  In 
case  of  death,  resignation,  discontinuance  of  residency  within  the 
District,  or  removal  of  any  member  representing  a  Congressional 
District,  the  vacancy  shall  be  filled  by  the  remaining  members  of  the 
Congressional  District  in  which  such  vacancy  occurs. 

B.  Each  officer  and  each  member  of  the  State  Executive  Committee  shall 
refrain  from  utilizing  the  powers  and  dignity  of  his  or  her  office  or 
position  in  any  Republican  primary  for  any  level  of  office. 

C.  Any  officer  or  member  may  be  removed  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the 
Committee  after  being  furnished  with  notice  of  the  charges  against 


The  Republican  Party  861 

him,  signed  by  not  less  than  one-third  of  the  members  of  the  Committee 
and  allowing  him  thirty  (30)  days  to  appear  and  defend  himself; 
provided  further  that  said  cause  for  removal  shall  be  confined  to  gross 
inefficiency,  Party  disloyalty,  or  failure  to  act  in  compliance  with  this 
Plan  of  Organization.  The  decision  of  the  State  Executive  Committee 
shall  be  final. 

ARTICLE  XIII 
STATE  CENTRAL  COMMITTEE 

I.  Membership 

The  State  Central  Committee  shall  be  composed  of  the  following: 

A.  The  Congressional  District  Chairmen;  the  Congressional  District  Vice 
Chairman  shall  act  in  the  absence  of  the  Chairman. 

B.  The  Chairman,  Vice  Chairman,  National  Committeeman,  National 
Committeewoman,  Secretary,  Treasurer,  General  Counsel,  Director  of 
Minority  Affairs,  and  State  Finance  Chairman.  The  assistant  secretary 
and  assistant  treasurer  shall  act  in  the  absence  of  the  principal 

C.  The  Chairman  of  the  Young  Republican  Federation  and  the  President 
of  the  Republican  Women's  Federation.  The  Chairman  of  the  North 
Carolina  College  Republicans  and  the  Chairman  of  the  North  Carolina 
Teenage  Republicans  shall  be  voting  members.  The  advisor  to  the 
North  Carolina  Teenage  Republicans  shall  be  a  non-voting  member. 

D.  The  immediate  past  State  Chairman  and  the  Republican  Joint  Caucus 
Leader  of  the  General  Assembly  and  the  Republican  Leader  of  the 
North  Carolina  House  of  Representatives  and  the  Republican  Leader  of 
the  North  Carolina  Senate. 

E.  All  Past  State  Chairmen,  if  otherwise  eligible.  They  are  ex-officio  and, 
except  for  the  immediate  Past  Chairman,  have  no  vote. 

II.  Powers  and  Duties 

A.  The  State  Central  Committee  shall  have  the  power  to  appoint  a 
Campaign  Committee,  a  Publicity  Committee,  a  Committee  on  Senior 
Citizens  Affairs,  a  Budget  Committee,  and  such  other  committees  as  it 
may  deem  necessary  for  the  proper  conduct  of  the  State  Executive 
Committee;  to  formulate  fiscal  policy,  establish  quotas,  prepare  a 
budget,  to  set  the  date  for  the  Biennial  State  Convention  as  provided  for 
in  Article  VIII,  Section  lA  and  Article  XI,  Section  lA  above  and  the 
Presidential  Election  Year  Precinct  Meetings,  County,  Congressional 
District  and  State  Conventions  between  February  1  and  thirty-five  (35) 
days  prior  to  the  Republican  National  Convention  in  Presidential 
Election  years,  in  accordance  with  National  Rules;  and  to  do  all  things 
pertaining  to  Party  affairs  which  it  may  be  authorized  to  do  by  the  State 
Executive  Committee.  It  shall  be  responsible  for  initiating  all  cam- 
paigns for  the  United  States  Senate  and  Council  of  State  and  coordinat- 
ing them  as  determined  feasible.  The  State  Central  Committee  shall 
keep  accurate  accounts  of  its  proceedings  and  shall  make  annual 
reports  to  the  State  Executive  Committee. 

B.  The  Committee  may  contract  with,  as  a  full-time  Executive  Director,  a 
person  of  highest  character  and  professional  political  competence  to 


862  North  Carolina  Manual 

execute  on  a  day-by-day  basis  the  mission  of  the  Committee.  The 
Committee  shall  provide  on  a  full-time  basis  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Capital  City  of  North  Carolina  adequate  offices  for  the  Executive 
Director  and  such  staff  as  the  Committee  shall  provide  for  him,  which 
offices  shall  be  known  as  Headquarters,  North  Carolina  Republican 
Party.  The  Central  Committee  is  charged  with,  in  addition  to  all  other 
duties,  the  mission  of  creating  an  effective  Republican  organization  in 
every  political  precinct  in  North  Carolina. 

III.  Meetings 

The  State  Central  Committee  shall  meet  at  least  every  other  month  upon 
call  of  the  Chairman  upon  ten  (10)  days  notice  to  all  members  or  upon 
petition  of  one-third  of  the  members  of  the  Committee.  One-third  of  the 
members  listed  in  Article  XIII,  Sections  lA  through  ID  shall  constitute  a 
quorum  for  the  transaction  of  business.  There  shall  be  no  proxy  voting. 

IV.  Duties  of  Officers 

The  Officers  of  the  State  Executive  Committee  shall  act  as  Officers  of  the 
State  Central  Committee,  with  corresponding  duties. 

ARTICLE  XIV 
STATE  FINANCE  COMMITTEE 

I.  Membership 

The  Finance  Committee  shall  consist  of  the  State  Finance  Chairman,  the 
Congressional  Finance  Chairmen,  and  the  State  Chairman,  plus  ten 
additional  members  to  be  elected  by  the  members  of  the  Finance  Com- 
mittee. The  State  Finance  Chairman  shall  serve  as  Chairman  of  the  State 
Finance  Committee.  Other  officers  as  may  be  deemed  necessary  may  be 
elected  by  and  from  the  members  of  the  Committtee. 
II.  Powers  and  Duties 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  Finance  Committee  to  develop  ways  and 
means  to  properly  finance  the  General  Election  Campaigns  and  other 
business  and  affairs  of  the  Republican  Party.  The  Committee  shall 
manage  a  united  fund-raising  effort  in  cooperation  with  the  State  Central 
Committee  only  in  those  counties  with  the  approval  of  the  County 
Executive  Committee;  and  cooperate  with  District  and  County  organiza- 
tions for  effective  fund-raising  campaigns.  Said  Committee  shall  not, 
directly,  or  indirectly  raise  or  collect  funds  for  the  benefit  of  any  candidates 
for  Primary  Elections.  All  persons  making  contributions  to  the  State 
Finance  Committee  of  $10.00  or  more  shall  be  furnished  with  a  receipt 
thereof.  Contributions  going  directly  to  the  National  Committee  or  to  any 
candidate  shall  not  be  acknowledged  by  the  State  Treasurer  or  recorded  as 
a  regular  contribution  to  the  Republican  Party  of  North  Carolina. 
Permanent  record  of  all  contributors  shall  be  maintained  by  the  State 
Chairman  and  State  Treasurer,  and  such  records  shall  be  available,  upon 
request,  to  the  appropriate  County  and  District  Chairmen. 
III.  Duties  of  Officers 

The  Finance  Chairman  shall  preside  at  all  meetings  of  the  Committee  and 
shall  be  the  chief  liaison  between  the  Finance  Committee  and  the  State 
Central  Committee.  Other  officers  shall  have  such  duties  as  may  be 
prescribed  by  the  Committee. 


The  Republican  Party  863 

ARTICLE  XV 
GENERAL  CONVENTION  PROCEDURE 

I.  Biennial  Conventions  and  Presidential  Election  Year  Conventions 

The  County,  Congressional  District,  and  State  Conventions  shall  be  called 
to  order  by  their  respective  Chairman,  or,  in  the  absence  of  the  Chairman, 
by  the  Vice  Chairman  or  Secretary,  in  order  stated,  who  shall  have  the 
power  to  appoint  the  necessary  Convention  Committees  and  temporary 
officers  at,  or  before,  the  convening  of  the  Convention. 
II.  Voting  Procedure 

No  delegate,  alternate,  or  other  member  of  a  Convention  shall  cast  any 
vote  by  proxy;  provided,  however,  that  any  delegate  or  delegates  present 
shall  have  the  right  to  cast  the  entire  vote  of  the  County  in  District  and 
State  Conventions.  No  precinct  shall  cast  more  votes  than  it  has  duly 
elected  delegates  on  the  floor  at  the  County  Convention.  No  person  shall  be 
seated  as  a  delegate  or  alternate  in  any  County,  District,  or  State 
Convention  unless  such  person  shall  have  been  duly  elected  a  delegate  or 
alternate  by  the  appropriate  precinct  meeting  or  County  Convention; 
EXCEPT,  the  registered  Republican  or  Republicans,  present  at  a  County 
Convention  from  an  unorganized  precinct,  which  has  not  had  its  cre- 
dentials accepted,  shall  have  the  right  to  vote  one  vote  per  percinct,  pro- 
rated among  those  present  from  that  precinct.  In  a  Presidential  Election 
Year  Convention,  only  delegates  present  on  the  floor  are  eligible  to  vote. 

III.  Special  Convention 

The  State  Central  Committee,  at  any  time,  in  the  interests  of  the 
Republican  Party,  may  direct  the  State  Chairman  or  the  Congressional 
District  Chairmen,  to  issue  call  for  special  Senatorial,  Judicial,  or  Legisla- 
tive organizational  meetings,  and  special  County  and  Congressional 
District  Conventions,  in  any  or  all  of  the  Counties  and  Districts  of  the 
State.  The  procedure  for  calling  regular  biennial  meetings  and  conventions 
shall  apply  to  the  calling  of  special  meetings  and  conventions  so  far  as 
applicable  and  non  inconsistent  with  this  Plan  of  Organization. 

IV.  Newspaper  of  General  Circulation. 

Notice  published  in  a  newspaper  of  general  circulation  in  the  county  for 
purposes  of  this  plan  of  organizations  shall  include  either  paid  advertise- 
ment or  a  news  item,  provided  it  includes  the  time,  date,  location,  and 
purpose  of  the  meeting.  This  in  no  way  relieves  the  Chairman  of  the 
responsibility  of  the  notice. 

ARTICLE  XVI 
OFFICIAL  RECORDS 

I.  Minutes  of  Official  Actions 

Minutes  shall  be  kept  by  all  Committees  and  Conventions  of  official 
actions  taken  and  a  copy  shall  be  filed  with  the  Chairman  of  the 
appropriate  Committee  or  Convention  and  with  Republican  State  Head- 
quarters. 
II.  Financial  Accounts 

The  Chairman,  Treasurer,  and  Finance  Chairman  of  the  County,  District, 
and  State  Committees  shall  keep  faithful  and  accurate  records  of  any  and 


864  North  Carolina  Manual 

all  monies  received  by  them  for  the  use  of  said  Committees  and  shall  make 
faithful  and  accurate  reports  thereof  when  so  requested. 

ARTICLE  XVII 
APPOINTMENTS 

I.  Notification 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  Chairman  to  transmit  notice  of  all  known 
vacancies  on  a  District  or  State  level  to  those  persons  having  jurisdiction 
in  such  appointments. 
II.  County  Appointments 

When  a  vacancy  occurs  in  a  governmental  office  in  any  properly  organized 
County,  such  vacancy  shall  be  filled  by  recommendation  of  the  State 
Chairman  and  County  Executive  Committee. 

III.  District  Appointments 

When  a  vacancy  occurs  in  a  governmental  office  on  a  District  level,  such 
vacancy  shall  be  filled  by  recommendation  of  the  State  Chairman,  only 
upon  majority  vote  of  the  National  Committeeman  and  National  Com- 
mitteewoman  and  members  of  the  State  Executive  Committee  from  the 
counties  embraced  in  the  territory  served  by  the  office  in  question,  at  a 
meeting  called  for  that  purpose. 

IV.  State  Appointments 

When  a  vacancy  occurs  in  a  governmental  office  on  the  state  level,  such 
vacancy  shall  be  filled  by  recommendation  of  the  State  Chairman,  only 
upon  majority  vote  of  the  State  Executive  Committee  at  a  meeting  called 
for  that  purpose. 

ARTICLE  XVIII 
FORFEITURE  OF  OFFICIAL  PRIVILEGES 

Any  officer  or  member  of  Precinct  Committee,  County  Executive  Committee, 
District  Committee,  State  Executive  Committee,  or  State  Central  Committee 
who,  for  any  reason  is  removed  or  resigns  from  said  position  shall  forfeit  all 
rights  and  privileges  in  any  way  connected  with  that  position. 

ARTICLE  XIX 
NATIONAL  CONVENTION  RULES 

The  first  ballot  vote  of  the  North  Carolina  delegates  to  the  Republican 
National  Presidential  Convention  shall  equal,  rounded  off  to  the  nearest 
delegate,  the  percentage  vote  received  in  the  North  Carolina  Presidential 
Preference  Primary  by  each  candidate,  subject  to  limitation  that  no  candidate 
who  received  less  than  10%  (ten  percent)  of  the  total  vote  in  said  primary  shall 
be  entitled  to  receive  votes  cast  by  the  North  Carolina  delegation.  The  Delegate 
vote  on  the  first  (1st)  ballot  attributable  to  those  candidates  who  received  less 
ten  (10%)  percent  of  the  Primary  vote  shall  be  allocated  among  those 
candidates  who  received  at  least  ten  (10%)  percent  of  the  Primary  vote  on  a  pro 
rata  basis.  Any  votes  cast  as  "uncommitted"  or  "no  preference"  in  the 
Presidential  Election  Primary  will  be  considered  as  a  candidate  category  when 


The  Republican  Party  865 

determining  the  number  of  delegates  apportioned.  The  ten  (10%)  percent  rule 
applies  also  to  this  category.  "After  the  vote  on  the  first  ballot  by  a  political 
party  at  its  National  Convention,  as  required  by  this  Article,  all  responsibility 
under  this  Article  shall  terminate  and  further  ballotting  shall  be  the  prerogative 
of  the  political  parties  as  might  be  prescribed  by  the  rules  of  such  political 
parties."  (G.  S.  163-213.8)  In  the  event  of  the  death  or  withdrawal  of  a  candidate 
prior  to  the  first  ballot,  any  delegate  votes  which  would  otherwise  be  allocated 
to  him,  shall  be  considered  uncommitted. 

ARTICLE  XX 
APPLICABILITY  AND  EFFECTIVENESS  OF  THIS  PLAN 

I.  Rules  as  to  Towns  and  Cities 

This  Plan  of  Organization  is  not  intended  to  extend  to,  or  establish 
organizations  for  the  Republican  Party  of  the  various  towns  and  cities  of 
the  State  of  North  Carolina  as  separate  units  from  the  precinct  and  county 
organization.  Qualified  and  registered  Republican  voters  of  the  towns  and 
cities  of  the  state  may  organize  and  promulgate  their  own  rules  not 
inconsistent  with  these  rules  and  the  organizations  herein  established. 
II.  Rules  as  to  Counties  and  Districts 

The  Precinct  and  County  Committees  and  County  Conventions,  and  the 
District  Committees  and  Conventions  are  authorized  to  promulgate  such 
additional  rules  and  establish  such  additional  Party  officers  or  committees 
for  their  respective  organizations,  not  inconsistent  with  these  rules,  as 
shall  be  deemed  necessary.  Counties  may  establish  Executive  Boards  to 
transact  the  business  of  the  Party  between  County  Executive  Committee 
meetings. 

III.  Controversies 

Controversies  in  any  County  or  District  with  respect  to  the  organizations 
set  up  therein  under  this  Plan,  shall  be  referred  to  the  State  Chairman, 
State  Vice  Chairman  National  Committeeman,  National  Committee- 
woman,  and  General  Counsel  for  arbitration.  Ruling  shall  be  made  within 
sixty  (60)  days  and  their  decision  shall  be  final. 

IV.  Parliamentary  Authority 

Roberts  Rules  of  Order  Newly  Revised  shall  govern  all  proceedings,  except 
when  inconsistent  with  this  State  Plan  of  Organization  or  Convention 
Rules  properly  adopted. 
V.  Effective  Date  of  this  Plan 

This  Plan  of  Organization  shall  become  effective  and  repeal  and  supercede 
all  other  rules,  except  as  specifically  noted,  immediately  following  adjourn- 
ment of  the  State  Convention  in  Wilmington,  North  Carolina,  on  May  20, 
1989.  This,  however,  shall  not  invalidate  any  action  taken  under  the 
previous  rules  prior  to  the  date  above. 


866  North  Carolina  Manual 

REPUBLICAN  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 
(Primary  Officers) 

Chairman R.  Jack  Hawke  Raleigh 

Vice  Chairman  Ehnor  Swaim  SaHsbury 

Secretary  Jane  Grube  Cape  Carteret 

Assitant  Secretary Joyce  Glass Clemmons 

Treasurer Carl  Ward  Raleigh 

Assistant  Treasurer Mary  Elizabeth  Irvin  Greensboro 

General  Counsel Art  Zeldman  Raleigh 

Finance  Chairman  Steve  Stroud  Raleigh 

National  Committeeman Jack  Laughery  Rocky  Mount 

National  Committeewoman Mary  Alice  Warren Winston-Salem 

Joint  Cacus  Leader Bob  Shaw Greensboro 

Senate  Minority  Leader Donald  R.  Kincaid Lenior 

House  Minority  Leader  Johnathan  Rhyne  Lincolnton 

Director  of  Minority  Affairs Thomas  Stith  Durham 

Assistant  Dir.  of  Minority  Affairs  ...  Larry  R.  Linney  Asheville 

Young  Republican  Federation  Doug  Story Greenville 

James  Proctor  Rocky  Mount 

Cindy  Story  Greenville 

Republican  Women  Federation  Iris  Dlugos  Hickory 

Margaret  King  Charlotte 

Joyce  Glass Clemmons 

College  Republican  Federation Bill  Peasley Erwin 

Teenage  Republican  Federation Gustav  Larsson  Chapel  Hill 


CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT  COMMITTEES 

First  District 

Chairman Steven  P.  Rader  Washington 

Vice  Chairman Shirley  E.  Perry  Hertford 

Secretary  Nita  D.  Rasberry  Greenville 

Treasurer Sue  B.  Sutton Kinston 

Finance  Chairman  Levi  Lilly  Newport 

Second  District 

Chairman Dr.  Faye  B.  Eagles  Rocky  Mount 

Vice  Chairman F.  Douglas  Bibby Durham 

Secretary  Julie  Simons Durham 

Treasurer Andrew  B.  Howard Roanoke  Rapids 

Finance  Chairman  John  E.  Bishop  Rocky  Mount 

Third  District 

Chairman Tommy  Pollard  Jacksonville 

Vice  Chairman Donna  Creech  Wilston  Mills 

Secretary  Colette  T.  Yetka  Goldsboro 

Treasurer Dorothy  Bursey Sanford 

Finance  Chairman J.D.  Teachey Wallace 

Fourth  District 

Chairman Larry  E.  Norman Louisburg 

Vice  Chairman Debra  C.  Beatty  Raleigh 

Secretary  Nancy  Rector  Louisburg 

Treasurer Tam  de  St.  Aubin  Jr Sanford 

Finance  Chairman Melvin  Cheaves  Louisburg 


The  Republican  Party  867 

Fifth  District 

Chairman Jack  M.  Bailey  Walnut  Cove 

Vice  Chairman Billie  Shelton Winston-Salem 

Secretary  Joann  Sexton West  Jefferson 

Treasurer Lyons  Gray Winston-Salem 

Finance  Chairman Dewitt  E.  Rhoades Kernersville 

Sixth  District 

Chairman Ruby  Ogburn Greensboro 

Vice  Chairman Jan  Scott Burlington 

Secretary  Connie  Leonard  Lexington 

Treasurer Dena  Barnes Summerfield 

Finance  Chairman  B.J.  Barnes  Summerfield 

Seventh  District 

Chairman Marie  Moore  Fayetteville 

Vice  Chairman John  Dozier  Southport 

Secretary  Alice  Cumberworth  Wilmington 

Treasurer Richard  Rabon Greenville 

Finance  Chairman  Ed  Poole Fayetteville 

Eighth  District 

Chairman George  W.  Little Southern  Pines 

Vice  Chairman Maxine  Boger Mocksville 

Secretary  Judy  Davis  Wingate 

Treasurer Josh  Morton  Albemarle 

Finance  Chairman  Stuart  Paine  Southern  Pines 

Ninth  District 

Chairman William  L.  Walker  Statesville 

Vice  Chairman Barbara  "Bobbie"  Baker Vale 

Secretary  Anne  Z.  Green  Charlotte 

Treasurer Dorothy  A.  Presser Charlotte 

Tenth  District 

Chairman Sarah  Knowles Gastonia 

Vice  Chairman Ed  Readling Hickory 

Secretary  Roma  B.  Melton  Banner  Elk 

Treasurer Alex  Barringer Hickory 

Eleventh  District 

Chairman Marie  E.  Ledbetter Asheville 

Vice  Chairman W.P.  Bradley  Hayesville 

Secretary  Kathryn  H.  Willis  Zirconia 

Treasurer Douglas  Huntley Forest  City 


868  North  Carolina  Manual 

REPUBLICAN  COUNTY  CHAIRMEN 

Alamance Melvin  King  Mebane 

Alexander  Peggy  Davis  Taylorsville 

Alleghany  Eldon  Edwards  Sparta 

Anson  Ruth  F.  Mercer Polkton 

Ashe W.M.  Lewis  West  Jefferson 

Avery  Douglas  Clark  Newland 

Beaufort  Marshall  Stephenson Washington 

Bertie  Judy  Bowen Windsor 

Balden  Billy  Ray  Pait  Bladenboro 

Brunswick Malcolm  Grissett  Shallotte 

Buncombe  Tom  Dabney Asheville 

Burke  Donald  E.  Smith  Morganton 

Cabarrus  Leinster  W.  Whitley Midland 

Caldwell  Robert  Brady Lenoir 

Camden  Tony  Marcello  Camden 

Carteret  Ben  Ball  Morehead  City 

Caswell  Doris  H.  Moore Yanceyville 

Catawba W.  Grimes  Byerly  Hickory 

Chatham  John  Grimes Siler  City 

Cherokee  Nell  A.  White Murphy 

Chowan  Paul  O'Neal  Edenton 

Clay  Howard  Whimpey Haynesville 

Cleveland  Cheryl  Sisk  Shelby 

Columbus  Leroy  Stocks Whiteville 

Craven  Paul  Harrison  New  Bern 

Cumberland  Robert  D.  Inman Fayetteville 

Currituck  Ray  Etheridge  Elizabeth  City 

Dare  J.  Robert  Wills Kitty  Hawk 

Davidson  Jerry  Dockham  Denton 

Davie  Kenneth  D.  Boger  Mocksville 

Duplin Deri  G.  Walker  Mt.  Olive 

Durham  Dan  McClary Durham 

Edgecombe J.  W.  Stallings Battleboro 

Forsyth  Joseph  J.  Gatto  Winston-Salem 

Franklin  Robert  Rector  Louisburg 

Gaston  Sandra  R.  Page  Gastonia 

Gates Earl  Rountree Sunbury 

Graham  Delmus  Shuler Robbinsville 

Granville  Jimmie  V.  Morris Oxford 

Greene  Lucinda  Kilpatrick  Snow  Hill 

Guilford  J.  Van  Myers Greensboro 

Halifax  Bob  Everett Palmyra 

Harnett Danny  Moody  Fuquay-Varina 

Haywood  Vicki  Ottinger  Waynesville 

Henderson Jere  Hyder  Hendersonville 

Hertford Roger  Askew  Ahoskie 

Hoke Hariett  McDonald  Raeford 

Hyde  Wayne  Hodges  Swan  Quarter 

Iredell  James  B.  Mallory,  HI Statesville 

Jackson  Charles  E.  "Chig"  Cagle  Sylva 

Johnston  Billie  C.  Stevens Wilson  Mills 

Jones Jessie  Ray  Eubanks  Pollocksville 

Lee Judi  Womack Sanford 

Lenoir  Michael  Sutton Kinston 

Lincoln  Jimmy  R.  Lail  Lincolnton 

Macon  Deborah  Strum  Franklin 

Madison  Anthony  Willis Mars  Hill 


The  Republican  Party  869 

Martin  Dorothy  C.  Williford Everetts 

McDowell  Darwin  E.  Neubauer  Marion 

Mecklenburg Carol  C.  Donaldson Charlotte 

Mitchell  Frank  H.  Fox Spruce  Pine 

Montgomery  Betsy  Green  Troy 

Moore Maggi  Roberts Pinehurst 

Nash  Helen  H.  Laughery Rocky  Mount 

New  Hanover  Daniel  Lee  Brawley Wilmington 

Northampton Jean  T.  Barnes Woodland 

Onslow  Patrick  D.  Farmer  Jacksonville 

Orange Charles  P.  Trumbull Hillsborough 

Pamlico  Daphene  Yeomans  Vandemere 

Pasquotank Pete  Lacy  Elizabeth  City 

Pender  Carol  Brandon  Hampstead 

Perquimans  Wallace  E.  Nelson  Hertford 

Person George  W.  Jackson  Roxboro 

Pitt  Gordon  Walker Greenville 

Polk Lawrence  Poe  Tryon 

Randolph  Charles  T.  Browne Asheboro 

Richmond George  E.  Crump,  HI  Rockingham 

Robeson  J.W.  Sellers  Lumberton 

Rockingham  Tom  Witty Summerfield 

Rowan  Terri  Hess  Salisbury 

Rutherford  Dan  Good Bostic 

Sampson  Betty  Jo  Faircloth  Clinton 

Scotland  VACANT 

Stanly B.A.  Smith  Stanfield 

Stokes  Carol  Bailey  Walnut  Cove 

Surry William  F.  Huckaby Pilot  Mountain 

Swain Everett  Crisp  Whittier 

Transylvania Kenneth  F.  Hadermann  Brevard 

Tyrrell Dennis  W.  Swain,  Sr Columbia 

Union Donald  R.  Giffin  Monroe 

Vance Percy  R.  Stewart Henderson 

Wake  Arch  T.  Allen,  HI Raleigh 

Warren Henrey  C.  Hayes Warrenton 

Washington  Jimmy  S.  Davenport Roper 

Watauga David  Blust  Boone 

Wayne David  Quick  Goldsboro 

Wilkes  Claude  E.  Billings,  Jr Wilkesboro 

Wilson Jean  H.  Fisher  Wilson 

Yadkin James  L.  Graham Yadkinville 

Yancey Wade  T.  Harding  Burnsville 


PART  VII 


Election  Returns  and 
Voter  Registration  Statistics 


CHAPTER  ONE 
Voting  in  North  Carolina 

VOTER  REGISTRATION 

In  1966,  the  State  Board  of  Elections  began  publishing  statistical  data  on 
voter  registration  for  the  100  counties  in  North  Carolina.  The  first  report  was 
made  in  July  of  that  year  and  showed  a  total  registration  of  1,933,763  voters— 
1,540,499  Democrats  and  344,700  Republicans.  This  first  report  also  indicated 
that  1,653,796  white  voters  and  281,134  non-white  voters  were  registered  to 
vote.  Subsequent  reports  have  been  issued  at  periodic  intervals,  usually  every 
two  years,  following  the  close  of  the  registration  books  for  each  voting  period. 

During  the  past  20  years,  there  has  been  a  steady  increase  in  voter 
registration  in  North  Carolina.  Aside  from  the  growth  in  the  voting  population 
attributed  to  the  "baby  boom"  years,  two  other  factors  have  influenced  this 
rise— the  passage  of  the  26th  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States  and  major  emphasis  on  getting  non-white,  eligible  citizens  to  register  to 
vote. 

The  26th  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  which  granted 
the  right  to  vote  to  those  citizens  in  the  18  -  20  year  old  age  bracket,  was  declared 
in  force  in  June,  1971.  However,  there  was  not  a  sudden,  dramatic  increase  in 
the  number  of  registered  voters.  The  new  eligible  voters  did  not  immediately 
exercise  their  new  right  to  vote  by  registering.  Census  figures  for  1970  census 
indicated  that  there  were  around  400,000  people  living  in  North  Carolina  that 
fell  within  the  18-20  bracket,  yet  a  report  issued  in  October,  1973  by  the  State 
Board  of  Elections  indicates  that  only  130,813  had  actually  registered.  Recent 
indications  are  that  the  numbers  have  only  slightly  improved. 

Better  results  appear  to  have  occurred  in  the  area  of  minority  voter 
registration.  Political  parties  and  leaders  in  the  minority  rights  movement 
have  spent  a  lot  of  effort  encouraging  non-white  citizens  to  register  to  vote, 
thereby  becoming  more  active  in  the  political  process.  In  October,  1968,  records 
indicated  there  were  326,487  non-white  registered  voters  in  North  Carolina.  Ten 
years  later  in  1978,  this  figure  had  increased  only  20  percent  to  393,327; 
however,  in  the  past  ten  years,  voter  registration  statistics  released  on  October 
10,  1988,  show  681,375  non-white.registered  voters,  an  increase  of  73  percent 
since  1978. 

The  most  recent  report  issued  by  the  State  Board  of  Elections  shows  a  total 
registration  of  3,432,042  voters— 2,247,759  Democrats,  1,016,546  Republicans, 
and  167,737  unaffiliated  or  minor  third  party  registration.  Politically  speaking, 
the  Republican  Party  has  made  the  most  gains  over  the  past  twenty-two  years 
with  an  increase  of  671,846  voters  compared  to  313,996  for  the  Democratic 
Party.  However,  these  increases  seem  relatively  insignificant  when  viewed  in 


874 


North  Carolina  Manual 


mSBMMS, 


1  nft 


W' 


Voter  Registration  Statistics  875 

light  of  those  eUgible  citizens  who  are  not  registered.  Projected  census  figures 
for  1988  indicate  that  more  than  4,800,000  residents  of  voting  age  (18  years  or 
older)  lived  in  North  Carolina.  This  means  there  were  nearly  1.4  million 
citizens  who,  for  whatever  reason,  were  not  registered  to  vote,  but  could  have 
been.  This  represents  over  29  percent  of  the  eligible  voting  population  of  North 
Carolina. 

Voter  registration  is  a  function  of  the  County  Boards  of  Elections  who 
operate  under  guidelines  set  out  in  the  General  Statutes  of  North  Carolina. 
Each  county  has  its  own  board,  and  citizens  are  registered  based  on  the  county 
in  which  they  reside. 

Periodically,  purges  of  voter  registration  files  are  conducted  in  accordance 
with  law  to  remove  voters  who  have  not  exercised  their  right  to  vote  during  a 
specified  period  of  time.  G.S.  163-69  states  that  "Any  voter  who  neither  voted  in 
the  first  or  the  second  of  the  two  most  recent  consecutive  presidential  elections, 
and  who  failed  to  vote  in  any  other  election  conducted  in  the  period  between  the 
two  presidential  elections  shall  be  purged."  However,  removal  is  not  automatic. 
Individuals  are  notified  of  their  impending  removal  and  given  an  opportunity 
to  have  their  name  remain  on  the  books.  The  purge  process  ensures  accuracy 
and  provides  a  means  of  keeping  the  voter  registration  books  as  up  to  date  as 
possible. 


876 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Registration  Statistics 
PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  3,  1988 


County 

Alamance  .... 
Alexander  ... 
Alleghany  ... 

Anson  

Ashe 

Avery  

Beaufort  

Bertie  

Bladen  

Brunswick  ... 

Buncombe  ... 

Burke  

Cabarrus  

Caldwell  

Camden  

Carteret  

Caswell 

Catawba 

Chatham  

Cherokee  

Chowan  

Clay  

Cleveland  .... 
Columbus  .... 
Craven  

Cumberland 

Currituck 

Dare  

Davidson 

Davie  

Duplin 

Durham  

Edgecombe  .. 

Forsyth  

Franklin  

Gaston  

Gates 

Graham  

Granville  

Greene  

Guilford  

Halifax  

Harnett 

Haywood  

Henderson  ... 

Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde  

Iredell  

Jackson  


No. 

Total 

Precincts 

Registration 

31 

53,567 

16 

16,319 

7 

6,431 

12 

11,322 

19 

15,351 

19 

8,765 

30 

21,200 

12 

12,094 

17 

17,044 

22 

26,166 

54 

92,885 

35 

36,258 

31 

45,309 

24 

33,876 

3 

3,417 

35 

25,922 

10 

11,343 

39 

55,711 

20 

21,252 

16 

12,903 

6 

6,699 

9 

5,621 

24 

39,517 

26 

29,761 

25 

30,208 

53 

82,526 

11 

6,243 

16 

11,211 

41 

58,552 

12 

14,516 

19 

19,550 

47 

92,273 

21 

29,515 

83 

138,725 

13 

16,505 

45 

74,989 

7 

5,504 

5 

5,464 

19 

16,869 

13 

7,951 

96 

180,413 

30 

27,718 

22 

26,538 

31 

25,712 

32 

37,580 

12 

14,070 

13 

8,881 

7 

3,409 

24 

45,636 

18 

15,344 

Democrats 


epublicans 

Unaffiliated 

14,012 

2,808 

7,527 

1,014 

1,488 

155 

791 

90 

6,634 

585 

6,626 

239 

4,026 

458 

555 

116 

1,234 

216 

8,140 

844 

28,759 

4,870 

12,651 

1,951 

15,154 

1,873 

14,151 

2,384 

167 

21 

8,448 

1,749 

847 

100 

24,199 

4,225 

4,680 

850 

4,915 

624 

913 

153 

2,446 

497 

7,796 

1,344 

2,794 

311 

7,311 

1,421 

17,391 

3,826 

708 

267 

2,740 

836 

24,193 

2,527 

8,068 

541 

2.499 

104 

16,275 

5,402 

3,335 

443 

44,146 

8,582 

2,253 

234 

23,980 

3,450 

180 

49 

2,432 

166 

1,370 

241 

514 

65 

55,132 

9,628 

2,010 

414 

5,243 

382 

5,639 

709 

19,065 

2,166 

999 

126 

604 

66 

249 

45 

14,874 

1,846 

4,464 

769 

36,747 
7,778 
4,788 

10,441 
8,132 

1,900 
16,736 
11,423 
15,594 

17,182 

59,256 
21,656 
28,282 
17,341 
3,229 

15,725 
10,396 

27,287 

15,722 

7,364 

5,633 

2,678 

30,377 

26,656 

21,476 

61,309 
5,268 
7,635 

31,832 
5,907 

16,947 
70,596 
25,737 
85,997 
14,018 

47,559 
5,275 
2,866 

15,258 
7,372 

115,653 
25,294 
20,913 
19,364 
16,349 

12,945 

8,211 

3,115 

28,916 

10,111 


Voter  Registration  Statistics  877 


PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  3,  1988  (Continued) 

No.  Total 

County  Precincts  Registration  Democrats  Republicans  Unaffiliated 

Johnston  29 

Jones 7 

Lee 11 

Lenoir  22 

Lincoln  22 

Macon 15 

Madison  12 

Martin  13 

McDowell  17 

Mecklenburg 118 

Mitchell  11 

Montgomery  15 

Moore 21 

Nash  23 

New  Hanover  35 

Northampton 18 

Onslow  24 

Orange 39 

Pamlico  17 

Pasquotank 13 

Pender  17 

Perquimans  7 

Person 14 

Pitt  25 

Polk 10 

Randolph  39 

Richmond 16 

Robeson 40 

Rockingham  31 

Rowan  40 

Rutherford  23 

Sampson  24 

Scotland  8 

Stanly  24 

Stokes  20 

Surry 28 

Swain 5 

Transylvania 17 

Tyrrell 6 

Union 26 

Vance 16 

Wake 96 

Warren 14 

Washington  6 

Watauga 20 

Wayne 20 

Wilkes 30 

Wilson 25 

Yadkin 12 

Yancey 11 

Totals  2,395  3,191,502  2,152,952  899,162  139,388 


35,770 

27,488 

7,482 

800 

5,570 

5,185 

348 

37 

18,871 

14,910 

3,505 

456 

28,910 

23,696 

4,922 

292 

25,662 

15,722 

8,792 

1,148 

13,664 

7,754 

5,111 

799 

11,143 

7,561 

3,213 

369 

12,688 

11,365 

1,156 

167 

17,805 

12,083 

4,911 

811 

259,902 

153,373 

91,497 

15,032 

9,873 

2,112 

7,526 

235 

12,695 

9,193 

3,100 

402 

30,836 

15,885 

13,139 

1,812 

35,419 

26,889 

7,887 

643 

56,944 

37,049 

17,874 

2,021 

12,396 

12,102 

267 

27 

32,179 

23,623 

7,060 

1,496 

50,165 

36,569 

9,984 

3,612 

6,438 

5,412 

863 

163 

13,564 

11,008 

1,992 

564 

13,891 

11,201 

2,364 

326 

5,057 

4,486 

489 

82 

13,886 

12,276 

1,386 

224 

45,702 

35,001 

9,191 

1,510 

9,709 

5,232 

3,823 

654 

48,384 

21,059 

24,909 

2,416 

20,633 

18,114 

2,266 

253 

51,555 

47,075 

3,710 

770 

40,158 

30,053 

8,423 

1,682 

48,986 

27,913 

18,652 

2,421 

26,764 

19,417 

6,549 

798 

28,932 

18,956 

9,570 

406 

13,231 

10,941 

1,636 

654 

25,954 

15,057 

9,628 

1,269 

20,965 

11,870 

8,433 

662 

29,602 

18,550 

10,062 

990 

7,332 

5,060 

1,934 

338 

14,557 

7,727 

5,531 

1,299 

2,158 

2,003 

143 

12 

34,996 

23,302 

10,211 

1,482 

19,688 

18,053 

1,445 

190 

198,073 

129,287 

56,237 

12,549 

10,465 

10,018 

372 

75 

7,742 

7,090 

529 

123 

23,507 

11,384 

10,251 

1,872 

39,592 

30,885 

7,946 

761 

35,688 

14,601 

19,698 

1,389 

31,877 

26,140 

5,337 

400 

16,110 

6,239 

9,338 

533 

11,159 

6,737 

3,843 

579 

878 


North  Carolina  Manual 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  8,  1988 


County 

Alamance  .... 
Alexander  ... 
Alleghany  ... 

Anson  

Ashe 

Avery  

Beaufort  

Bertie  

Bladen  

Brunswick  ... 

Buncombe  ... 

Burke  

Cabarrus  

Caldwell  

Camden  

Carteret  

Caswell 

Catawba 

Chatham  

Cherokee  

Chowan  

Clay  

Cleveland  .... 
Columbus  .... 
Craven  

Cumberland 

Currituck 

Dare  

Davidson 

Davie  

Duplin 

Durham  

Edgecombe  .. 

Forsyth  

Franklin  

Gaston  

Gates 

Graham  

Granville  

Greene  

Guilford  

Halifax  

Harnett 

Haywood  

Henderson  ... 

Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde  

Iredell  

Jackson  


No. 
Precincts 


Total 
Registration 


Democrats 


Republicans 


New 
Alliance 


Unaffiliated 


31 

16 

7 

12 
19 

19 
30 
12 
17 
22 

54 
35 
31 
24 
3 

36 
10 
39 
20 
16 

6 

9 

24 
26 
25 

53 
11 
16 
41 
12 

19 
47 
21 
83 
13 

45 

7 

5 

14 

13 

96 
30 
22 
31 
32 

12 
13 
7 
24 
18 


56,983 

37,887 

15,959 

17,829 

8,299 

8,310 

6,624 

4,879 

1,556 

11,670 

10,644 

912 

15,806 

8,225 

6,956 

9,107 

1,961 

6,855 

21,821 

17,056 

4,285 

12,265 

11,503 

646 

17,678 

16,011 

1,411 

28,346 

18,046 

9,267 

101,474 

62,908 

32,814 

38,853 

22,715 

13,888 

49,651 

29,872 

17,481 

35,815 

18,003 

15,243 

3,538 

3,283 

220 

27,842 

16,421 

9,453 

11,799 

10,690 

979 

59,856 

28,242 

26,864 

23,125 

16,702 

5,360 

13,686 

7,632 

5,320 

6,986 

5,717 

1,087 

5,742 

2,736 

2,469 

41,458 

31,094 

8,754 

30,475 

27,077 

3,036 

33,305 

22,606 

8,799 

89,521 

64,695 

20,341 

6,524 

5,359 

857 

12,323 

7,978 

3,301 

62,200 

32,877 

26,500 

15,350 

6,086 

8,627 

20,162 

17,437 

2,623 

100,203 

74,554 

19,049 

29,994 

25,918 

3,590 

151,021 

89,930 

50,703 

17,886 

14,647 

2,904 

80,854 

49,490 

27,354 

5,697 

5,413 

226 

5,630 

2,883 

2,555 

17,943 

15,888 

1,751 

8,180 

7,499 

590 

201,139 

124,768 

64,436 

28,688 

25,896 

2,333 

28,049 

21,645 

5,974 

26,633 

19,767 

6,034 

41,552 

17,581 

21,350 

14,682 

13,312 

1,207 

9,343 

8,475 

780 

3,553 

3,290 

223 

48,452 

29,743 

16,609 

16,197 

10,421 

4,857 

3,137 

1,220 

189 

114 

625 

291 
480 
116 
256 
1,033 

5,752 
2,250 
2,298 
2,569 
35 

1,968 

130 

4,750 

1,063 

734 

182 
537 

1,609 
362 

1,900 

4,485 

308 

1,044 

2,823 

637 

102 

6,595 

486 

10,388 

335 

4,004 

58 

192 

304 

91 

11,935 

459 

430 

832 

2,621 

163 

88 

40 

2,100 

919 


Voter  Registration  Statistics  879 

GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  8,  1988  (Continued) 

No.  Total  New 

County  Precincts              Registration             Democrats              Republicans        Alliance        Unaffiliated 

Johnston  29 

Jones 7 

Lee 11 

Lenoir  22 

Lincoln  22 

Macon 15 

Madison  12 

Martin  13 

McDowell  17 

Mecklenburg 118 

Mitchell  11 

Montgomery  15 

Moore 21 

Nash  23 

New  Hanover  35 

Northampton 18 

Onslow  24 

Orange 39 

Pamlico  17 

Pasquotank 13 

Pender  17 

Perquimans  7 

Person 14 

Pitt  25 

Polk 10 

Randolph  39 

Richmond 16 

Robeson 40 

Rockingham  31 

Rowan  40 

Rutherford  34 

Sampson  24 

Scotland  8 

Stanly  24 

Stokes  20 

Surry 28 

Swain 5 

Transylvania 17 

Tyrrell 6 

Union 26 

Vance 16 

Wake 96 

Warren 14 

Washington  6 

Watauga 20 

Wayne 20 

Wilkes  30 

Wilson 25 

Yadkin  12 

Yancey 11 

Totals  2,391             3,432,042         2,247,759          1,016,546         13           167,724 


37,886 

28,309 

8,600    - 

977 

5,714 

5,249 

418    - 

47 

20,224 

15,534 

4,144    — 

546 

29,476 

23,852 

5,296    - 

328 

27,202 

16,197 

9,643    - 

1,362 

13,939 

7,838 

5,287    - 

814 

11,204 

7,586 

3,236    - 

382 

12,980 

11,520 

1,262    - 

198 

18,677 

12,396 

5,355    - 

926 

286,430 

162,376 

105,232    - 

18,822 

10,104 

2,169 

7,655    - 

280 

13,381 

9,504 

3,357    - 

520 

32,119 

16,064 

13,964    - 

2,091 

37,959 

27,737 

9,451    - 

771 

60,109 

38,229 

19,612    - 

2,268 

12,651 

12,292 

330    - 

29 

34,324 

24,463 

8,182    - 

1,679 

56,439 

39,695 

12,126    - 

4,618 

6,642 

5,485 

964    - 

193 

14,357 

11,395 

2,350    - 

612 

14,811 

11,543 

2,886    - 

382 

5,298 

4,623 

570    - 

105 

13,970 

12,263 

1,477    - 

230 

50,571 

37,627 

11,012    — 

1,932 

10,233 

5,355 

4,108    - 

770 

53,080 

22,292 

27,925    - 

2,863 

21,367 

18,581 

2,514    - 

272 

53,692 

48,739 

4,111    — 

842 

41,921 

30,776 

9,275    — 

1,870 

52,804 

29,216 

20,682    — 

2,906 

27,989 

19,844 

7,239    — 

906 

29,961 

19,348 

10,177    — 

436 

13,953 

11,284 

1,882    - 

787 

27,414 

15,571 

10,434    — 

1,409 

21,950 

12,284 

8,951    - 

715 

31,097 

19,178 

10,799    — 

1,120 

7,490 

5,150 

1,957    — 

1,813 

15,839 

8,078 

6,211    — 

1,550 

2,169 

2,005 

149    — 

15 

38,402 

24,486 

12,103    — 

1,813 

20,570 

18,658 

1,692    — 

220 

228,112 

141,116 

69,879    — 

17,117 

10,816 

10,325 

400    - 

91 

7,930 

7,182 

611    - 

137 

25,126 

11,926 

10,886    - 

2,314 

41,315 

31,484 

8,966    — 

865 

36,764 

14,956 

20,330    — 

1,478 

33,671 

26,916 

6,263    - 

492 

16,748 

6,452 

9,737    1 

558 

11,652 

6,850 

4,140    — 

662 

880 


North  Carolina  Manual 


PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  6,  1986 


County 

Alamance  .... 
Alexander  ... 
Alleghany  ... 

Anson  

Ashe 

Avery  

Beaufort  

Bertie  

Bladen  

Brunswick  ... 

Buncombe  ... 

Burke  

Cabarrus  

Caldwell  

Camden  

Carteret  

Caswell 

Catawba 

Chatham  

Cherokee  

Chowan  

Clay  

Cleveland  .... 
Columbus  .... 
Craven  

Cumberland 

Currituck 

Dare  

Davidson  

Davie  

Duplin 

Durham  

Edgecombe  .. 

Forsyth  

Franklin  

Gaston  

Gates 

Graham  

Granville  

Greene  

Guilford  

Halifax  

Harnett 

Haywood  

Henderson  ... 

Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde  

Iredell  

Jackson  


No. 
Precincts 


Total 
Registration 


Democrats 


Republicans 


Unaffiliated 


30 

50,407 

35,673 

12,133 

2,601 

16 

15,376 

7,533 

6,890 

953 

7 

6,404 

4,816 

1,423 

165 

12 

10,985 

10,194 

720 

71 

19 

14,689 

7,807 

6,363 

519 

19 

8,407 

1,870 

6,368 

169 

29 

20,206 

16,517 

3,305 

384 

12 

11,128 

10,515 

500 

113 

17 

16,668 

15,402 

1,100 

166 

21 

24,239 

16,775 

6,748 

716 

52 

87,156 

57,361 

25,478 

4,317 

35 

34,768 

21,250 

11,735 

1,783 

31 

42,671 

27.514 

13,589 

1.568 

24 

31,904 

16,711 

12,958 

2.235 

3 

3,154 

2,967 

162 

25 

35 

23,887 

15,195 

7,174 

1,518 

10 

11,343 

10,429 

811 

103 

39 

52,966 

26,723 

22,180 

4,063 

21 

19,962 

15,069 

4,132 

761 

16 

12,641 

7,380 

4,685 

576 

6 

6,445 

5,562 

749 

134 

7 

5,305 

2,592 

2,285 

428 

28 

37,673 

29,526 

6,954 

1,193 

26 

29,269 

26,502 

2,516 

251 

25 

28,365 

21,149 

6,241 

975 

53 

77,161 

58,587 

15.119 

3,455 

12 

5,987 

5,167 

607 

213 

16 

9,850 

7,205 

1,904 

741 

44 

56,082 

30,934 

22,766 

2,382 

12 

13,595 

5,708 

7.433 

454 

20 

18,970 

16,792 

2.071 

107 

45 

86,252 

67,462 

14.063 

4,727 

21 

28,658 

25,220 

3.024 

414 

83 

132,145 

84,072 

40,244 

7,829 

11 

15,094 

13,263 

1,672 

159 

45 

72,273 

46,912 

22,140 

3,221 

7 

5,463 

5,287 

141 

35 

5 

5,366 

2,857 

2,361 

148 

19 

16,234 

14,794 

1,217 

223 

13 

7,794 

7,282 

457 

55 

92 

169,282 

110,293 

50,231 

8,758 

30 

27,694 

25,331 

1,885 

478 

22 

25,530 

20,493 

4,703 

334 

31 

25,275 

19,206 

5,414 

655 

28 

34,946 

15,720 

17.286 

1,940 

12 

12,906 

12,010 

780 

116 

13 

8,104 

7,586 

471 

47 

7 

3,058 

2,788 

227 

43 

23 

43,709 

28,449 

13,501 

1,759 

18 

14,257 

9,502 

4,055 

700 

Voter  Registration  Statistics  881 

PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  6,  1986  (Continued) 

No.  Total 

County  Precincts  Registration  Democrats  Repnblicans  Unaffiliated 

Johnston  29 

Jones 7 

Lee 12 

Lenoir  22 

Lincoln  22 

Macon 15 

Madison  12 

Martin  13 

McDowell  17 

Mecklenburg 115 

Mitchell  11 

Montgomery  14 

Moore 22 

Nash  23 

New  Hanover  35 

Northampton 18 

Onslow  24 

Orange 38 

Pamlico  17 

Pasquotank 14 

Pender  17 

Perquimans  7 

Person 14 

Pitt  25 

Polk 10 

Randolph  39 

Richmond 16 

Robeson 40 

Rockingham  31 

Rowan  40 

Rutherford  34 

Sampson  24 

Scotland  8 

Stanly  24 

Stokes  22 

Surry 28 

Swain 5 

Transylvania 17 

Tyrrell 6 

Union 26 

Vance 16 

Wake 93 

Warren 14 

Washington  6 

Watauga 20 

Wayne 20 

Wilkes 30 

Wilson 26 

Yadkin 12 

Yancey 11 

Totals  2,383              3,020,698            2,087,820              807,563                125,315 


33,722 

26,646 

6,419 

657 

5,389 

5,068 

286 

35 

18,543 

14,905 

3,215 

423 

28,116 

23,386 

4,453 

277 

24,300 

15,505 

7,814 

981 

13,397 

7,760 

4,891 

746 

10,021 

7,031 

2,700 

290 

12,262 

11,109 

1,006 

147 

17,466 

11,998 

4,684 

784 

240,088 

147,131 

79,629 

13,328 

9,811 

2,135 

7,492 

184 

12,179 

8,889 

2,945 

345 

28,696 

15,630 

11,607 

1,459 

34,356 

26,517 

7,241 

598 

53,578 

36,219 

15,517 

1,842 

12,429 

12,154 

254 

21 

30,268 

22,902 

6,003 

1,363 

46,790 

34,853 

8,688 

3,249 

6,587 

5,725 

741 

121 

12,577 

10,461 

1,670 

446 

12,571 

10,441 

1,855 

275 

4,755 

4,275 

398 

82 

13,657 

12,193 

1,258 

206 

41,892 

32,844 

7,729 

1,319 

9,048 

4,974 

3,473 

601 

46,235 

20,814 

23,218 

2,203 

20,143 

17,902 

2,020 

221 

47,791 

44,135 

2,988 

668 

39,408 

30,012 

7,751 

1,645 

46,931 

27,588 

17,168 

2,175 

26,286 

19,256 

6,263 

767 

28,168 

18,829 

8,937 

402 

12,863 

10,786 

1,488 

589 

25,454 

14,968 

9,239 

1,247 

20,027 

11,593 

7,838 

596 

28,213 

17,922 

9,424 

867 

7,083 

4,916 

1,846 

321 

13,697 

7,451 

5,088 

1,158 

2,093 

1,922 

152 

19 

32,279 

22,667 

8,364 

1,248 

19,003 

17,575 

1,261 

167 

181,777 

122,800 

47,984 

10,993 

10,230 

9,851 

331 

48 

7,493 

6,933 

453 

107 

22,782 

11,258 

9,560 

1,964 

37,969 

30,049 

7,231 

689 

34,437 

14,062 

19,031 

1,344 

30,144 

25,261 

4,545 

338 

15,531 

6,131 

8,899 

501 

10,460 

6,436 

3,545 

479 

882  North  Carolina  Manual 

GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  4,  1986 

No.  Total 

County  Precincts                Registration  Democrats 

Alamance 30  51,476  36,201 

Alexander  16  16,056  7,744 

Alleghany  7  6,431  4,826 

Anson  12  11,000  10,198 

Ashe 19  15,023  7,943 

Avery  19  8,486  1,895 

Beaufort  29  20,511  16,552 

Bertie  12  11,139  10,525 

Bladen  17  16,722  15,418 

Brunswick 21  24,572  16,584 

Buncombe  52  89,722  58,442 

Burke  35  35,462  21,497 

Cabarrus  31  43,146  27,715 

Caldwell  24  32,803  17,056 

Camden  3  3,133  2,952 

Carteret  35  24,312  15,351 

Caswell 10  11,383  10,448 

Catawba 39  54,110  27,030 

Chatham  19  20,615  15,508 

Cherokee  16  12,965  7,500 

Chowan  6  6,495  5,569 

Clay  7  5,532  2,673 

Cleveland  28  38,054  29,747 

Columbus  26  29,406  26,628 

Craven 25  28,688  21,168 

Cumberland 53  78,314  59,136 

Currituck 11  6,038  5,226 

Dare  16  10,124  7,313 

Davidson 44  57,075  31,439 

Davie  12  13,801  5,758 

Duplin 19  19,070  16,896 

Durham  45  89,244  69,093 

Edgecombe 21  28,952  25,465 

Forsyth 83  134,802  84,971 

Franklin  12  15,973  13,841 

Gaston  45  73,019  47,189 

Gates 7  5,442  5,254 

Graham  5  5,579  2,967 

Granville  19  16,262  14,821 

Greene  13  7,839  7,310 

Guilford  92  175,078  113,917 

Halifax  30  26,646  24,608 

Harnett 22  25,650  20,552 

Haywood  31  25,153  19,206 

Henderson 28  36,219  16,014 

Hertford 12  13,417  12,395 

Hoke 13  8,525  7,983 

Hyde  7  3,123  2,841 

Iredell  23  44,513  28,838 

Jackson  18  14,786  9,803 


epublicans 

Unaffiliated 

12,638 

2,637 

7,327 

985 

1,439 

166 

727 

75 

6,524 

556 

6,408 

183 

3,539 

420 

499 

115 

1,133 

171 

7,247 

741 

26,769 

4,511 

12,119 

1,846 

13,819 

1,612 

13,460 

2,287 

156 

25 

7,409 

1,552 

836 

99 

22,972 

4,108 

4,299 

808 

4,859 

606 

787 

139 

2,392 

467 

7,082 

1,225 

2,525 

253 

6,463 

1,057 

15,660 

3,518 

602 

210 

2,056 

755 

23,207 

2,429 

7,557 

486 

2,071 

103 

15,064 

5,087 

3,077 

410 

41,728 

8,103 

1,936 

196 

22,583 

3,247 

151 

37 

2,444 

168 

1,220 

221 

469 

60 

51,963 

9,198 

1,658 

380 

4,766 

332 

5,305 

642 

18,157 

2,048 

904 

118 

487 

55 

232 

50 

13,897 

1,778 

4,276 

707 

Voter  Registration  Statistics  883 

GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  4,  1986  (Continued) 

No  Totai 

County  Precincts                Registration                 Democrats                 Republicans                Unaffiliated 

Johnston  29 

Jones 7 

Lee 12 

Lenoir  22 

Lincoln  22 

Macon 15 

Madison  12 

Martin  13 

McDowell  17 

Mecklenburg 115 

Mitchell  11 

Montgomery  15 

Moore 22 

Nash  23 

New  Hanover  35 

Northampton 18 

Onslow  24 

Orange 38 

Pamlico  17 

Pasquotank 14 

Pender  17 

Perquimans  7 

Person 14 

Pitt  25 

Polk 10 

Randolph  «  39 

Richmond 16 

Robeson 40 

Rockingham  31 

Rowan  40 

Rutherford  34 

Sampson  24 

Scotland  8 

Stanly  24 

Stokes  22 

Surry 28 

Swain 5 

Transylvania 17 

Tyrrell 6 

Union 26 

Vance 16 

Wake 93 

Warren 14 

Washington  6 

Watauga 20 

Wayne 20 

Wilkes  30 

Wilson 26 

Yadkin 12 

Yancey 11 


Totals  2,381 


34,236 

26,947 

6,609 

680 

5,415 

5,092 

288 

35 

18,322 

14,696 

3,196 

430 

28,258 

23,459 

4,521 

278 

24,838 

15,700 

8,142 

996 

13,780 

7,911 

5,087 

782 

11,010 

7,490 

3,166 

354 

12,368 

11,148 

1,060 

160 

17,637 

12,056 

4,781 

800 

248,276 

150,642 

83,614 

14,020 

9,640 

2,137 

7,318 

185 

12,255 

8,955 

2,965 

335 

29,647 

15,843 

12,226 

1,578 

34,589 

26,706 

7,276 

607 

54,321 

36,385 

16,052 

1,884 

12,388 

12,105 

262 

21 

30,720 

23,106 

6,223 

1,391 

48,197 

35,724 

9,108 

3,365 

6,229 

5,357 

745 

127 

12,767 

10,556 

1,746 

465 

12,844 

10,617 

1,953 

274 

4,782 

4,281 

416 

85 

13,768 

12,283 

1,276 

209 

43,507 

33,776 

8,357 

1,374 

9,346 

5,133 

3,584 

629 

47,281 

21,002 

24,018 

2,261 

20,319 

17,979 

2,121 

219 

47,614 

43,909 

3,039 

666 

39,444 

29,898 

7,904 

1,642 

47,609 

27,865 

17,492 

2,252 

26,720 

19,493 

6,441 

786 

28,684 

18,938 

9,334 

412 

12,921 

10,807 

1,501 

613 

25,652 

15,016 

9,385 

1,251 

20,850 

11,862 

8,339 

649 

28,987 

18,334 

9,744 

909 

7,115 

4,885 

1,906 

324 

14,171 

7,620 

5,322 

1,229 

2,152 

1,981 

152 

19 

32,827 

22,793 

8,733 

1,301 

19,163 

17,668 

1,316 

179 

186,848 

125,365 

50,153 

11,330 

10,225 

9,836 

339 

50 

7,499 

6,921 

468 

110 

23.169 

11,397 

9,757 

2,015 

38,455 

30,343 

7,396 

716 

35,057 

14,221 

19,471 

1,365 

30,497 

25,443 

4,695 

359 

15,908 

6,226 

9,167 

515 

10,797 

6,623 

3,664 

510 

,080,990 

2,114,536 

836,726 

129,728 

884 


North  Carolina  Manual 


PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  8,  1984 


County 

Alamance  .... 
Alexander  ... 
Alleghany  ... 

Anson  

Ashe 

Avery  

Beaufort  

Bertie  

Bladen  

Brunswick  ... 

Buncombe  ... 

Burke  

Cabarrus  

Caldwell  

Camden  

Carteret  

Caswell 

Catawba 

Chatham  

Cherokee  

Chowan  

Clay  

Cleveland  .... 
Columbus  .... 
Craven  

Cumberland 

Currituck  

Dare  

Davidson  

Davie  

Duplin 

Durham  

Edgecombe* 

Forsyth  

Franklin  

Gaston  

Gates 

Graham  

Granville  

Greene  

Guilford  

Halifax  

Harnett 

Haywood  

Henderson  ... 

Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde  

Iredell  

Jackson  


No. 
Precincts 


Total 
Registration 


Democrats        Republicans        Libertarian 


Social 
Workers 


Unaffiliated 


30 

51,115 

37,455 

10,750 

12 

16 

15,500 

7,949 

6,467 

— 

7 

6,499 

4,905 

1,429 

— 

12 

12,055 

11,327 

•642 

— 

19 

15,176 

8,400 

6,231 

— 

19 

8,061 

2,023 

5,853 

5 

29 

19,112 

16,274 

2,495 

3 

12 

11,246 

10,879 

425 

— 

17 

16,163 

15,193 

833 

— 

21 

22,827 

16,676 

5,540 

5 

52 

81,151 

55,710 

21,720 

19 

39 

35,362 

22,338 

11,241 

4 

31 

40,457 

27,741 

11,388 

1 

24 

32,378 

18,058 

11,933 

3 

3 

3,208 

3,067 

111 

— 

34 

23,523 

15,767 

6,228 

3 

14 

11,476 

10,664 

722 

4 

39 

51,680 

28,201 

19,338 

9 

26 

19,822 

15.319 

3,808 

9 

16 

12,713 

7,692 

4,407 

4 

6 

6,387 

5,685 

602 



7 

5,184 

2,519 

2,221 

— 

28 

37,238 

30,352 

5,586 

10 

26 

30,533 

27,792 

2,494 

— 

24 

28,746 

22,652 

5,155 

6 

54 

73,906 

58,193 

12,350 

12 

11 

6,213 

5,451 

554 

— 

16 

9,102 

6,978 

1,392 

2 

44 

54,616 

31,885 

20,439 

5 

12 

13,560 

5,922 

7,189 

2 

20 

18,856 

16,898 

1,869 



45 

82,560 

66,222 

11,943 

49 

20 

27,304 

24,186 

2,701 

— 

79 

134,039 

90,066 

36,063 

23 

11 

14,634 

13,314 

1,188 

2 

42 

67,028 

46,881 

17,324 

16 

7 

5,661 

5,531 

106 

— 

5 

5,392 

2,940 

2,275 

— 

18 

16,721 

15,508 

990 

3 

13 

8,189 

7,719 

401 

— 

83 

166,142 

113,138 

44,286 

35 

30 

28,365 

26,036 

1,831 

— 

22 

26,324 

21,639 

4,274 

— 

31 

24,848 

19,472 

4,817 

— 

22 

33,545 

16,046 

15,869 

2 

12 

13,455 

12,669 

659 



13 

8,666 

8,246 

378 

— 

7 

3,245 

2,978 

228 

— 

23 

40,893 

28,280 

10,974 

13 

18 

13,759 

9,484 

3,679 

— 

12 


2,898 
1,084 

165 
86 

545 

180 
340 
122 
137 
606 

3,702 
1,779 
1,326 
2,384 
30 

1,525 
86 

4,132 
686 
610 

100 
444 
1,288 
247 
933 

3,348 
208 
730 

2,287 
447 

89 
4,342 

415 
7,883 

130 

2,806 

24 

177 

220 

69 

8,671 
498 
411 
559 

1,628 

127 
42 
39 

1,626 
596 


Voter  Registration  Statistics  885 

PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  8,  1984  (Continued) 

No.  Total  Social 

County  Precincts        Registration        Democrats        Republicans        Libertarian          Workers          Unaffiliated 

Johnston  29 

Jones 7 

Lee 12 

Lenoir  22 

Lincoln  24 

Macon 15 

Madison  11 

Martin  13 

McDowell  17 

Mecklenburg Ill 

Mitchell  5 

Montgomery  14 

Moore 22 

Nash  24 

New  Hanover  34 

Northampton 18 

Onslow  24 

Orange 36 

Pamlico  17 

Pasquotank 14 

Pender  17 

Perquimans  7 

Person 14 

Pitt  24 

Polk 10 

Randolph  39 

Richmond 16 

Robeson 41 

Rockingham  30 

Rowan  41 

Rutherford  34 

Sampson  24 

Scotland  8 

Stanly  25 

Stokes  22 

Surry 28 

Swain 5 

Transylvania 17 

Tyrell  6 

Union 27 

Vance 16 

Wake  88 

Warren 14 

Washington  6 

Watauga 19 

Wayne 20 

Wilkes  30 

Wilson 23 

Yadkin 12 

Yancey 11 

Totals  2,352        2,961,719    2,137,005      704,301           560               56            119,797 


33,409 

27,420 

5,344 

— 

— 

645 

5,823 

5,538 

248 

— 

— 

37 

18,329 

15,290 

2,722 

— 

— 

317 

28,713 

24,208 

4,164 

5 

1 

335 

24,511 

16,589 

7,033 

2 

1 

886 

13,207 

8,002 

4,507 

2 



696 

10,415 

7,469 

2,664 

1 

— 

281 

12,740 

11,695 

866 

1 

2 

176 

17,775 

12,628 

4,345 

4 

— 

798 

218,131 

142,288 

63,515 

59 

— 

12,269 

9,424 

2,401 

6,844 





179 

12,342 

9,067 

2,931 

— 

— 

344 

27,077 

15,808 

10,075 

7 

— 

1,187 

32,921 

26,545 

5,848 

2 

3 

523 

52,816 

37,352 

13,630 

17 

— 

1,817 

14,517 

14,304 

213 







29,175 

23,439 

4,410 

6 

— 

1,320 

43,736 

33,769 

7,076 

28 

4 

2,859 

6,299 

5,626 

601 

— 

— 

72 

12,547 

10,867 

1,269 

3 

— 

408 

12,085 

10,274 

1,529 

3 



279 

4,667 

4,257 

325 

— 

— 

85 

14,533 

13,040 

1,234 

2 

— 

257 

40,254 

32,687 

6,309 

6 

— 

1,252 

9,230 

5,317 

3,313 

— 

— 

600 

45,973 

22,406 

21,395 

9 

— 

2,163 

20,103 

18,456 

1,425 

5 

— 

217 

54,002 

50,460 

2,515 

7 

5 

1,015 

38,240 

29,989 

6,691 

3 

2 

1,555 

44,978 

27,539 

15,343 

6 

— 

2,090 

26,699 

19,988 

5,941 

1 



769 

29,425 

19,661 

9,261 

9 

— 

494 

13,972 

11,657 

2,260 

— 

— 

55 

25,866 

15,840 

8,812 

— 

— 

1,214 

21,128 

12,432 

8,055 

— 

— 

641 

29,572 

19,418 

9,329 

1 



824 

7,030 

4,853 

1,862 

— 

— 

315 

13,879 

7,996 

4,772 

3 

— 

1,108 

2,091 

1,952 

132 

— 

— 

7 

30,555 

23,232 

6,229 

— 

2 

1,092 

19,811 

18,381 

1,238 

1 



191 

171,122 

123,436 

37,180 

74 

5 

10,427 

10,415 

9,975 

384 

2 

— 

54 

8.389 

7,795 

431 

— 

— 

163 

20,170 

10,821 

7,642 

12 

— 

1,695 

36,107 

29,807 

5,644 

1 

^« 

655 

35,024 

14,994 

18,859 

2 

— 

1,169 

30,324 

26,053 

3,909 

14 

— 

348 

16,514 

6,895 

8,974 

1 

2 

642 

10,839 

6,769 

3,605 

— 

— 

465 

886 


North  Carolina  Manual 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  6,  1984 


County 

Alamance 

Alexander  

Alleghany  

Anson  

Ashe 

Avery  

Beaufort  

Bertie  

Bladen  

Brunswick  

Buncombe  

Burke  

Cabarrus  

Caldwell  

Camden  

Carteret  

Caswell 

Catawba 

Chatham  

Cherokee  

Chowan  

Clay  

Cleveland  

Columbus  

Craven  

Cumberland  

Currituck  

Dare  

Davidson  

Davie  

Duplin 

Durham  

Edgecombe 

Forsyth*  

Franklin  

Gaston  

Gates 

Graham  

Granville  

Greene  

Guilford  

Halifax  

Harnett 

Haywood  

Henderson 

Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde  

Iredell  

Jackson  

*(Figures  not  certified) 


No. 
Precincts 


Total 
Registration 


Democrats         Republicans        Libertarian 


Social 
Workers 


Unaffiliated 


30 
16 
7 
12 
19 

19 
29 
12 
17 
21 

52 
39 
31 
24 
3 

34 
14 
39 
26 
16 

6 

7 
28 
26 
24 

54 
11 
16 
44 
12 

20 
45 
20 
80 
11 

42 

7 

5 

18 

13 

83 
30 
22 
31 
22 

12 
13 
7 
23 
18 


54,751 
16,813 
6,738 
12,674 
15,587 

8,558 
21,564 
11,820 
16,594 
24,775 

90,881 
38,189 
45,355 
35,177 
3,277 

26,231 
11,841 
58,003 
21,713 
13,433 

6,750 

5,797 

41,007 

32,039 

31,419 

82,024 
6,461 
10,023 
60,299 
14,597 

19,999 
95,177 
30,116 
149,497 
15,695 

77,677 
5,815 
5,686 

17,759 
8,537 

187,273 
30,068 
28,111 
26,599 
37,524 

13,535 

9,050 

3,386 

46,261 

15,503 


39,104 
8,403 
5,039 

11,780 
8,546 

2,159 
17,951 
11,229 
15,440 
17,512 

60,377 
23,504 
29,648 
18,911 
3,085 

17,026 
10,936 
30,101 
16,464 
7,945 

5,876 

2,809 

32,341 

28,988 

23,805 

62,745 
5,560 
7,518 

33,951 
6,202 

17,873 
75,856 
26,670 
96,030 
13,946 

51,236 
5,656 
3,096 

16,179 
8,000 

123,153 
27,441 
22,668 
20,312 
17,342 

12,697 

8,502 

3,089 

30,549 

10,343 


12,529 

7,239 

1,509 

789 

6,476 

6,183 
3,207 
465 
1,004 
6,514 

25,965 
12,658 
14,035 
13,648 
160 

7,425 

812 

23,250 

4,390 

4,782 

739 
2,486 
7,178 
2,772 
6,441 

15,460 

655 

1,702 

23,637 

7,877 

2,020 
14,456 

2,975 
43,608 

1,585 

22,874 

132 

2,382 

1,307 

478 

53,822 
2,083 
4,993 
5,575 

18,248 

709 

487 

253 

13,761 

4,296 


17 


2 
12 

32 
4 
1 
4 


4 
4 
9 
10 
4 


13 
1 
6 

13 

2 
6 
2 


56 

30 
2 

17 


49 

6 

2 

16 


5 
3 
5 


17 


3,101 

1,171 

190 

105 

565 

208 
403 
126 

148 
737 

4,507 
2,023 
1,671 
2,614 
32 

1,776 
89 

4,642 
849 
702 

135 
502 

1,473 
278 

1,167 

3,804 
246 
801 

2,705 
516 

106 
4,804 

468 
9,824 

162 

3,549 

27 

208 

270 

59 

10,232 

544 

450 

712 

1,928 

127 

61 

44 

1,935 

864 


Voter  Registration  Statistics 


887 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  6,  1984  (Continued) 


No. 

County  Precincts 

Johnston  29 

Jones 7 

Lee 12 

Lenoir  22 

Lincoln  24 

Macon 15 

Madison  12 

Martin  13 

McDowell  17 

Mecklenburg Ill 

Mitchell  5 

Montgomery  14 

Moore 22 

Nash  24 

New  Hanover  34 

Northampton 18 

Onslow* 24 

Orange 36 

Pamlico  17 

Pasquotank 14 

Pender  17 

Perquimans  7 

Person 14 

Pitt  24 

Polk 10 

Randolph  39 

Richmond 16 

Robeson 41 

Rockingham  30 

Rowan  41 

Rutherford  34 

Sampson  24 

Scotland  8 

Stanly  25 

Stokes  22 

Surry 28 

Swain 5 

Transylvania 17 

Tyrell  6 

Union 27 

Vance 16 

Wake*  88 

Warren 14 

Washington  6 

Watauga 19 

Wayne 20 

Wilkes  30 

Wilson 23 

Yadkin 12 

Yancey 11 

Totals  2,354 

*(Figures  not  certified) 


Total 
Registration 


Democrats        Republicans       Libertarian 


Social 
Workers 


Unaffiliated 


35,870 

28,674 

6,436 

1 

— 

759 

5,977 

5,657 

281 

— 

— 

39 

19,935 

16,177 

3,312 

— 

— 

446 

30,643 

25,459 

4,813 

5 

1 

365 

26,849 

17,425 

8,272 

2 

1 

1,149 

14,324 

8,372 

5,141 

2 



809 

11,039 

7,832 

2,873 

2 

— 

332 

13,823 

12,572 

1,058 

1 

2 

190 

19,392 

13,475 

5,020 

2 

— 

895 

253,815 

158,195 

80,774 

78 

— 

14,768 

9,770 

2,460 

7,113 





197 

13,118 

9,486 

3,253 

— 

— 

379 

29,738 

16,747 

11,549 

7 

— 

1,435 

36,112 

28,156 

7,304 

3 

6 

643 

58,472 

39,962 

16,299 

16 

— 

2,195 

14,968 

14,702 

266 







32,091 

24,765 

5,764 

8 

— 

1,554 

51,739 

38,207 

9,648 

45 

8 

3,831 

6,618 

5,816 

700 

— 

— 

102 

13,489 

11,421 

1,599 

4 

— 

465 

13,072 

10,877 

1,861 

3 



331 

4,988 

4,493 

407 

— 

— 

88 

14,509 

12,997 

1,263 

2 

— 

247 

45,506 

35,983 

7,961 

10 

2 

1,550 

9,935 

5,684 

3,545 

— 

— 

706 

51,254 

23,978 

24,708 

8 



2,560 

21,905 

19,660 

1,986 

8 

— 

251 

56,758 

52,640 

2,984 

11 

5 

1,118 

41,775 

32,051 

8,011 

— 

— 

1,713 

50,696 

29,956 

18,248 

6 

— 

2,486 

28,314 

20,816 

6,621 





877 

30,610 

20,395 

9,710 

6 

— 

499 

14,753 

12,514 

1,591 

5 

— 

643 

27,835 

16,575 

9,851 

1 

— 

1,408 

22,305 

12,840 

8,781 

— 

— 

684 

31,515 

20,103 

10,427 

1 



984 

7,531 

5,156 

2,001 

1 

— 

373 

14,929 

8,298 

5,344 

5 

— 

1,282 

2,188 

2,027 

152 

— 

— 

9 

34,766 

24,934 

8,426 

1 

2 

1,403 

20,408 

18,767 

1,428 





213 

197,905 

136,752 

48,276 

109 

3 

12,765 

10,660 

10,211 

390 

2 

— 

57 

8,703 

7,995 

542 

— 

3 

163 

22,875 

11,858 

8,900 

17 

2 

2,098 

40,738 

32,755 

7,201 

3 



779 

37,637 

15,767 

20,405 

3 

— 

1,462 

32,978 

27,761 

4,812 

17 

— 

388 

17,258 

7,151 

9,524 

— 

1 

582 

11,187 

6,914 

3,769 

— 

— 

504 

3,270,933    2,289,061      838,631 


733 


72 


142,436 


888  North  Carolina  Manual 


ELECTION  DISTRICTS 

CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICTS 

(Ch.  7,  1st  Extra  Session,  1982) 

1st  District  —  Beaufort,  Bertie,  Camden,  Carteret,  Chowan,  Craven,  Curri- 
tuck, Dare,  Gates,  Greene,  Hertford,  Hyde,  Lenoir,  Martin, 
Northampton,  Pamhco,  Pasquotank,  Perquimans,  Pitt,  Tyrrell, 
and  Washington  Counties. 

2nd  District  —  Caswell,  Durham,  Edgecombe,  Granville,  Halifax,  Johnston 
(part),  Nash,  Person,  Vance,  Warren,  and  Wilson  Counties. 

3rd  District  —  Bladen,  Duplin,  Harnett,  Johnston  (part),  Jones,  Lee,  Moore 
(part),  Onslow,  Pender,  Sampson,  and  Wayne  County. 

4th  District  —  Chatham,  Franklin,  Orange,  Randolph,  and  Wake  Counties. 

5th  District  —  Alexander,  Alleghany,  Ashe,  Forsyth,  Rockingham,  Stokes, 
Surry,  and  Wilkes  Counties. 

6th  District  —  Alamance,  Davidson,  and  Guilford  Counties. 

7th  District  —  Brunswick,  Columbus,  Cumberland,  New  Hanover,  and 
Robeson  Counties. 

8th  District  —  Anson,  Cabarrus,  Davie,  Hoke,  Montgomery,  Moore  (part), 
Richmond,  Rowan,  Scotland,  Stanly,  Union,  and  Yadkin  (part) 
Counties. 

9th  District  —  Iredell,  Lincoln,  Mecklenburg,  and  Yadkin  (part)  Counties. 
10th  District  —  Avery  (part),  Burke,  Caldwell,  Catawba,  Cleveland,  Gaston, 

and  Watauga  Counties. 
11th  District  —  Avery  (part).  Buncombe,  Cherokee,  Clay,  Graham,  Haywood, 
Henderson,  Jackson,   McDowell,  Macon,  Madison,  Mitchell, 
Polk,  Rutherford,  Swain,  Transylvania,  and  Yancey  Counties. 


North  Carolina  Election  Districts 


889 


APPORTIONMENT  OF  SENATORS  BY  DISTRICTS 

IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH  THE  CENSUS  OF  1980 

AND  THE  CONSTITUTION 


1st  District 


2nd  District 

3rd  District 
4th  District 
5th  District 
6th  District 

7th  District 

8th  District 

9th  District 

10th  District 

11th  District 
12th  District 
13th  District 
14th  District 
15th  District 
16th  District 
17th  District 


18th 
19th 
20th  District 
21st 
22nd 
23rd 
24th 


District 
District 


District 
District 
District 
District 


25th  District 
26th  District 
27th  District 
28th  District 
29th  District 

30th  District 
31st  District 
32nd  District 
33rd  District 
34th  District 
35th  District 


SENATORIAL  DISTRICTS 

1)  —  Beaufort  (part),  Bertie  (part),  Camden,  Chowan,  Currituck, 

Dare,  Gates  (part),  Hyde,  Pasquotank,  Perquimans,  Tyrrell, 

and  Washington. 
1)  —  Bertie  (part),  Edgecombe  (part).  Gates  (part),  Halifax  (part), 

Hertford,  Martin  (part),  Northampton,  and  Warren  (part). 
1)  —  Carteret,  Craven,  and  Pamlico. 
1)  —  Onslow. 

1)  —  Duplin,  Jones,  Lenoir,  and  Pender  (part). 
1)  —  Edgecombe  (part),  Martin  (part),  Pitt  (part),  and  Wilson 

(part). 
1)  —  New  Hanover  and  Pender  (part). 
1)  —  Greene  and  Wayne. 

1)  —  Beaufort  (part),  Martin  (part),  and  Pitt  (part). 
1)  —  Edgecombe  (part),  Halifax  (part),  Nash,  Warren  (part),  and 

Wilson  (part). 

1)  —  Franklin,  Vance,  and  Wake  (part). 

2)  —  Cumberland  (part). 

2)  —  Durham,  Granville,  Orange  (part),  and  Person. 

3)  —  Harnett,  Lee,  and  Wake  (part). 

1)  —  Johnston  and  Sampson. 

2)  —  Chatham,  Moore,  Orange  (part),  and  Randolph. 

2)  —  Anson,   Montgomery,   Richmond,   Scotland,   Stanly,   and 

Union. 
1)  —  Bladen,  Brunswick,  Columbus,  and  Cumberland  (part). 

1)  —  Forsyth  (part)  and  Guilford  (part). 

2)  —  Forsyth  (part). 

1)  —  Alamance  and  Caswell. 

1)  —  Cabarrus  and  Mecklenburg  (part). 

2)  —  Davidson,  Davie,  and  Rowan. 

2)  —  Alleghany,    Ashe,    Rockingham,    Stokes,    Surry,    and 

Watauga. 

3)  —  Cleveland,  Gaston,  Lincoln,  and  Rutherford. 
2)  —  Alexander,  Catawba,  Iredell,  and  Yadkin. 

2)  —  Avery,  Burke,  Caldwell,  Mitchell,  and  Wilkes. 
2)  —  Buncombe,  McDowell,  Madison,  and  Yancey. 
2)  —  Cherokee,  Clay,  Graham,  Haywood,  Henderson,  Jackson, 

Macon,  Polk,  Swain,  and  Transylvania. 
1)  —  Hoke  and  Robeson. 
1)  —  Guilford  (part). 
1)  —  Guilford  (part). 
1)  —  Mecklenburg  (part). 
1)  —  Mecklenburg  (part). 
1)  —  Mecklenburg  (part). 


890 


North  Carolina  Manual 


1st  District  (2)  — 


2nd  District 
3rd  District 
4th  District 
5th  District 

6th  District 


7th 
8th 
9th 
10th 
11th 
12th 
13th 
14th 
15th 
16th 
17  th 
18th 
19th 
20th 
21st 
22nd 

23rd 
24th 
25th 
26th 
27th 
28th 
29th 
30th 
31st 
32nd 
33rd 
34th 
35th 
36th 
37  th 
38th 
39th 
40th 


District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 

District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 


41st  District 
42nd  District 


1)  - 

3)  - 

3)  - 
1)  - 

1)  - 

1)  - 

4)  - 

2)  - 

1)  - 

2)  - 
2)  - 

2)  - 
1)  - 

1)  - 

3)  - 

2)  - 

3)  - 
2)  - 

2)  - 
1)  - 

3)  - 

1)  - 

2)  - 

4)  - 

1)  - 

3)  - 

2)  - 
1)  - 
1)  - 
1)  - 
1)  - 

1)  - 

4)  - 

2)  - 
1)  - 
1)  - 

1)  - 

3)  - 
3)  - 

2)  - 
1)  - 


REPRESENTATIVE  DISTRICTS 

Camden,  Chowan,  Currituck,  Dare,  Gates  (part), 

Pasquotank,  Perquimans,  Tyrrell,  and  Washington. 

Beaufort,  Hyde,  and  Washington  (part). 

Craven,  Lenoir,  and  Pamlico. 

Carteret  and  Onslow. 

Bertie  (part).  Gates  (part),  Hertford  (part),  and 

Northampton. 

Bertie  (part),  Hertford  (part),  Martin  (part),  and  Pitt 

(part). 

Halifax  (part),  Martin  (part),  and  Warren  (part). 

Edgecombe  (part)  and  Nash  (part). 

Greene  and  Pitt  (part). 

Duplin  and  Jones. 

Wayne. 

Bladen,  Pender  (part),  and  Sampson. 

New  Hanover  (part). 

Brunswick,  New  Hanover  (part),  and  Pender  (part). 

Columbus. 

Hoke,  Robeson,  and  Scotland  (part). 

Cumberland  (part). 

Cumberland  (part). 

Harnett  and  Lee. 

Franklin  and  Johnston. 

Wake  (part). 

Caswell,  Granville,  Halifax  (part),  Person,  Vance,  and 

Warren. 

Durham. 

Chatham  (part)  and  Orange. 

Alamance,  Rockingham,  and  Stokes  (part). 

Guilford  (part)  and  Randolph  (part). 

Guilford  (part). 

Guilford  (part). 

Forsyth  (part)  and  Guilford  (part). 

Chatham  (part)  and  Randolph  (part). 

Moore. 

Richmond  and  Scotland  (part). 

Anson  and  Montgomery. 

Cabarrus,  Stanly,  and  Union. 

Rowan. 

Mecklenburg  (part). 

Davidson,  Davie,  and  Iredell  (part) 

Randolph  (part). 

Forsyth  (part). 

Alleghany,  Ashe,  Stokes  (part),  Surry,  and  Watauga 

(part). 

Alexander  (part),  Wilkes,  and  Yadkin. 

Iredell  (part). 


North  Carolina  Election  Districts 


891 


43rd  District 
44th  District 
45th  District 
46th  District 


47  th 
48th 
49th 
50th 
51st 
52nd 
53rd 
54th 
55th 
56th 
57th 
58th 
59th 
60th 
61st 
62nd 
63rd 
64th 
65th 
66th 
67th 
68th 
69th 
70th 
71st 
72nd 


District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 
District 


Alexander  (part),  Catawba  (part),  and  Iredell  (part). 

Gaston  and  Lincoln  Counties. 

Burke  (part)  and  Catawba  (part). 

Alexander  (part),  Avery,  Burke  (part),  Caldwell,  Mitchell, 

and  Watauga  (part). 

Burke  (part). 

Cleveland,  Polk,  and  Rutherford. 

McDowell  and  Yancey. 

Henderson  (part). 

Buncombe,  Henderson  (part),  and  Transylvania. 

Graham  (part),  Haywood,  Jackson,  Madison,  and  Swain. 

Cherokee,  Clay,  Graham  (part),  and  Macon. 

Mecklenburg  (part). 

Mecklenburg  (part). 

Mecklenburg  (part). 

Mecklenburg  (part). 

Mecklenburg  (part). 

Mecklenburg  (part). 

Mecklenburg  (part). 

Wake  (part). 

Wake  (part). 

Wake  (part). 

Wake  (part). 

Wake  (part). 

Forsyth  (part). 

Forsyth  (part). 

[See  District  23] 

[See  District  23] 

Edgecombe  (part),  Nash  (part),  and  Wilson  (part). 

Nash  (part)  and  Wilson  (part). 

Edgecombe  (part)  and  Nash  (part). 


'By  Court  order  Districts  68  and  69  were  recombined  with  District  23. 


CHAPTER  TWO 
Election  Results 

PRESIDENT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

The  procedure  by  which  the  American  people  elect  their  president  is  outlined 
in  Article  II  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States.  The  only  major  change  to 
this  procedure  since  its  inception  in  1789  occurred  in  1804  with  the  passage  of 
the  Twelfth  Amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States.  Prior  to  this 
the  person  receiving  the  "greatest  number  of  votes  of  the  electors"  after  the 
president  had  been  chosen  became  the  vice  president.  The  Twelfth  Amendment 
altered  this  by  requiring  electors  to  cast  separate  ballots  or  vice  president.  (For 
a  more  detail  look  at  the  development  and  operation  of  the  electoral  process,  see 
Part  I,  Chapter  One,  The  Electoral  College.) 

In  more  modern  times,  the  practice  has  been  for  the  political  parties  to  select 
their  presidential  nominee  at  their  national  convention.  The  nominee  would 
then  select  his  "running  mate"  who  would  be  formally  nominated  and 
approved  by  the  delegates  at  the  convention.  The  party  nominees  for  president 
and  vice  president  then  run  as  a  team,  and  their  names  might  appear  as  a 
single  entry  on  the  ballot  although  in  many  states  only  the  name  of  the 
presidential  nominee  appears. 

As  the  complexity  of  selecting  party  nominees  increased  and  more  candidates 
began  to  run  for  the  office  of  president,  states  looked  for  an  alternative  method 
for  selecting  a  nominee,  at  least  partially,  prior  to  the  respective  national 
conventions  of  the  political  parties.  The  method  devised  was  the  Presidential 
Preference  Primary.  In  North  Carolina  this  method  was  not  initiated  until 
1972,  following  approval  by  the  1971  General  Assembly.  The  popularity  of  the 
Presidential  Preference  Primary  has  grown  so  much  that  many  states  have 
informally  set  one  date  for  holding  the  primary — "Super  Tuesday." 


894 


North  Carolina  Manual 


PRESIDENT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
DEMOCRATIC  PREFERENCE  PRIMARY,  MARCH  8,  1988 


County  Bruce  Babbitt 

Alamance 74 

Alexander 6 

Alleghany 4 

Anson 9 

Ashe 24 

Avery 1 

Beaufort 29 

Bertie 36 

Bladen 43 

Brunswick 19 

Buncombe 152 

Burke 18 

Cabarrus 79 

Caldwell 13 

Camden 5 

Carteret 44 

Caswell 9 

Catawba 42 

Chatham 28 

Cherokee 13 

Chowan 11 

Clay 3 

Cleveland 50 

Columbus 24 

Craven 110 

Cumberland 62 

Currituck 10 

Dare 24 

Davidson 39 

Davie 9 

Duplin  38 

Durham 138 

Edgecombe  15 

Forsyth 117 

Franklin 18 

Gaston 71 

Gates  7 

Graham 3 

Granville 12 

Greene 8 

Guilford 218 

Halifax 43 

Harnett 17 

Haywood 29 

Henderson  29 

Hertford  39 

Hoke  8 

Hyde 4 

Iredell  26 

Jackson 21 


Michael  S. 
Dukakis 


Richard  A. 
Gephardt 


AIGore 


Gary  Hart      Jesse  Jackson     Paul  Simon     No  Preference 


2,296 
417 
192 

583 

878 

162 
875 
178 
666 
1,120 

4,636 

1,876 

3,056 

801 

109 

1,373 

262 

1,924 

1,054 

372 

179 
128 
2,499 
846 
949 

3,837 
255 
501 

2,631 
363 

648 
4,868 

749 
5,809 

636 

2,442 
125 
117 
679 
131 

8,586 
1,388 
1,067 
1,610 
1,469 

265 
255 
108 
1,740 
824 


520 
114 
91 
174 
325 

15 
619 

98 
337 
354 

1,094 

339 

802 

197 

45 

437 
97 
461 
219 
128 

84 

40 

705 

370 

398 

650 
120 
417 
415 
142 

327 
662 
284 
1,542 
168 

707 
79 
60 

195 


2,060 
487 
277 
571 
480 

122 

83 

84 

388 

252 


4,767 

1,213 

783 

963 

2,388 

254 
3,048 
1,047 
1,746 
1,507 

5,565 
2,657 
3,719 
2,036 
409 

2,231 
1,077 
2,782 
1,917 
878 

458 

471 

3,400 

2,259 

2,972 

5,987 

654 

811 

3,498 

1,085 

2,060 
5,223 
2,289 
9,715 
1,770 

3,923 

540 

419 

1,741 

1,170 

12,625 
3,310 
3,156 
2,305 
1,662 

1,071 

833 

415 

3,452 

1,292 


224 
41 
37 
89 

197 

10 
301 
106 
188 
206 

328 

135 

340 

93 

23 

143 

60 

178 

117 

35 

20 

20 

298 

197 

227 

471 
62 
85 

156 
59 

219 
288 
187 
405 
127 

240 
39 
21 

121 

71 

603 
396 
166 
148 
96 

157 
70 
34 

178 
82 


3,160 

224 

74 

1,369 
198 

41 
1,701 
2,249 
2,397 
1,663 

3,297 
821 

2,144 
526 
405 

907 

1,409 

1,264 

2,183 

86 

736 

34 

2,067 

2,457 

2,580 

7,870 
420 
301 

1,329 
443 

1,958 
12,392 

5,204 
12,155 

2,160 

2,371 

981 

43 

2,418 

1,027 

14,363 

4,215 

1,332 

451 

643 

2,480 
1,239 

423 
1,921 

276 


149 

14 

8 

21 

40 

3 
93 

6 
29 
34 

254 
76 

111 

37 

5 

69 

7 

102 

101 

24 

10 

8 

100 

50 

71 

173 
12 
73 
75 
16 

35 
465 

33 
386 

21 

110 

6 

5 

25 

14 

642 
77 
54 
69 
95 

30 
19 
12 
55 
55 


316 
22 
12 
73 

197 

6 

593 
29 

210 
95 

386 

108 

668 

45 

16 

121 
58 
81 
72 
22 

55 

9 

426 

116 

153 

396 
61 
92 

117 
29 

106 
513 
120 
370 
69 

286 
31 
10 

87 
48 

1,001 

482 

139 

108 

95 

54 
51 
45 
148 
66 


Election  Results 


895 


DEMOCRATIC  PREFERENCE  PRIMARY,  MARCH  8, 1988 

(Continued) 


Michael  S 
County  Bruce  Babbitt        DuJiakis 

Johnston 29 

Jones  6 

Lee 30 

Lenoir 25 

Lincoln 19 

Macon 21 

Madison 10 

Martin 31 

McDowell 20 

Mecklenburg 323 

Mitchell 1 

Montgomery 8 

Moore 24 

Nash 45 

New  Hanover  ...  52 

Northampton  ...  76 

Onslow 65 

Orange  77 

Pamlico 8 

Pasquotank  23 

Pender 8 

Perquimans 8 

Person  25 

Pitt 25 

Polk 16 

Randolph 12 

Richmond  12 

Robeson 132 

Rockingham 33 

Rowan 33 

Rutherford 32 

Sampson 21 

Scotland 28 

Stanly 34 

Stokes 10 

Surry 30 

Swain  9 

Transylvania  ...  '12 

Tyrell 5 

Union  50 

Vance  15 

Wake 347 

Warren  13 

Washington 6 

Watauga 16 

Wayne 74 

Wilkes 11 

Wilson  51 

Yadkin 2 

Yancey  2 

Totals 3,816 


Richard  A. 
Gephardt 


AlGore 


Gar;  Hart      Jesse  Jackson     Paul  Simon     No  Preference 


1,324 
131 
835 
862 

1,039 

800 
266 
292 
755 
11,885 

103 

409 

1,303 

1,420 

3,596 

326 

1,691 

4,537 

229 

397 

709 
172 
489 
1,677 
325 

1,191 
962 
2,912 
1,612 
2,050 

1,055 
587 
417 

1,302 
504 

809 

315 

632 

84 

2,213 

708 
11,726 
345 
207 
720 

1,162 
698 

1,082 
252 
342 


485 
103 
189 
526 
267 

275 
102 
195 
202 
2,293 

33 
149 
292 
587 
664 

141 
671 
439 
93 
149 

218 
85 
146 
870 
111 

306 
266 
1,169 
463 
656 

376 
191 
131 
383 
209 

331 
132 
246 
43 
489 

202 
2,156 
108 
155 
149 

541 
238 
321 
106 
121 


4,049 
645 
1,854 
3,396 
1,698 

1,106 
838 
1,377 
1,180 
9,710 

200 
1,301 
2,102 
3,536 
2,730 

1,069 
3,323 
3,176 
744 
1,004 

878 

508 

1,420 

4,841 

443 

2,840 
1,428 
4,828 
3,493 
2,962 

1,787 
1,729 
891 
1,821 
1,674 

2,748 
349 
898 
262 

3,157 

1,664 

15,653 

851 

802 

1,148 

3,296 
1,654 
3,089 
1,150 
814 


299 
54 
116 
271 
112 

56 
33 
92 
76 
581 

4 

88 

113 

215 

269 

242 
314 
175 
65 
102 

128 
32 
82 

256 
43 

132 
105 
,150 
208 
207 

96 
107 

53 
134 
122 

125 
36 
63 
23 

212 

115 

805 

92 

68 

43 

198 
95 

185 
44 
51 


1,784 
1,012 

940 
3,502 

350 

165 

129 

1,491 

265 

20,345 

40 

787 
1,375 
3,533 
3,664 

2,389 
2,313 
4,277 
885 
1,792 

1,561 

580 

1,204 

4,716 

255 

1,007 
1,257 
8,536 
2,594 
2,123 

469 

2,065 

1,084 

803 

583 

586 

80 

308 

320 

1,399 

2,795 

14,030 

2,346 

1,335 

397 

3,944 
363 

3,640 
190 
162 


66 
10 
37 
61 
32 

36 
10 
26 
24 
609 

4 

22 

72 

74 

157 

21 

103 

542 

10 

20 

22 
10 
26 

117 
18 

53 
23 

130 
59 

74 

29 
27 
24 
47 
31 

39 
12 
35 
6 
83 

37 

964 

17 

9 

53 

61 

25 

65 

4 

17 


208 
38 
98 

244 

77 

33 
16 
92 
40 
948 

2 

47 

83 

165 

254 

69 

487 

216 

58 

62 

100 
53 
92 

238 
35 

100 

90 

1,262 

204 

197 

123 
33 
69 
86 
29 

51 
14 
72 
43 
419 

104 

755 

38 

40 

36 

210 
42 

116 
12 
24 


137,993   37,553   235,669   16,381   224,177   8,032    16,337 


896 


North  Carolina  Manual 


REPUBLICAN  PREFERENCE  PRIMARY,  MARCH  8,  1988 


County  George  Bush 

Alamance 2,078 

Alexander 760 

Alleghany 151 

Anson 143 

Ashe 2,288 

Avery 767 

Beaufort 1,012 

Bertie 65 

Bladen 198 

Brunswick 1,326 

Buncombe 4,134 

Burke 1,628 

Cabarrus 2,658 

Caldwell 1,386 

Camden 26 

Carteret 1,684 

Caswell 106 

Catawba 3,141 

Chatham 685 

Cherokee 723 

Chowan 123 

Clay 386 

Cleveland 1,156 

Columbus 338 

Craven 1,387 

Cumberland 2,002 

Currituck 106 

Dare 506 

Davidson 2,716 

Davie 1,132 

Duplin  352 

Durham 1,709 

Edgecombe  363 

Forsyth 6,312 

Franklin 294 

Gaston 2,925 

Gates  27 

Graham 444 

Granville 146 

Greene 70 

Guilford 8,829 

Halifax 396 

Harnett 608 

Haywood 782 

Henderson  3,720 

Hertford  106 

Hoke  89 

Hyde 54 

Iredell  1,688 

Jackson 594 


Bob  Dole 


Pete  DuPont 


Alexander 
Haig,  Jr. 


Jack  Kemp         Pat  Robertson       No  Preference 


1,835 

10 

6 

230 

353 

44 

777 

1 

5 

47 

184 

6 

165 

0 

0 

9 

21 

8 

85 

0 

1 

12 

27 

4 

1,379 

7 

14 

76 

119 

81 

492 

4 

3 

60 

140 

29 

439 

18 

4 

93 

225 

71 

40 

0 

0 

5 

20 

3 

119 

5 

3 

17 

24 

15 

714 

10 

8 

95 

361 

29 

2,588 

28 

20 

457 

792 

63 

1,342 

14 

5 

128 

251 

25 

2,730 

24 

9 

175 

762 

121 

1,415 

5 

7 

80 

247 

25 

10 

0 

0 

1 

5 

0 

857 

20 

8 

153 

516 

40 

59 

0 

0 

6 

27 

4 

329 

16 

10 

261 

368 

37 

668 

3 

2 

57 

84 

28 

292 

2 

2 

57 

89 

9 

78 

3 

1 

19 

31 

4 

179 

3 

2 

39 

60 

12 

858 

18 

4 

130 

279 

38 

203 

2 

0 

50 

83 

7 

742 

19 

11 

114 

403 

26 

1,657 

10 

7 

141 

770 

60 

52 

0 

1 

7 

62 

8 

265 

9 

4 

58 

253 

18 

2,780 

14 

8 

176 

447 

33 

1,140 

12 

6 

67 

170 

21 

210 

1 

0 

6 

79 

6 

2,545 

17 

8 

256 

524 

87 

336 

1 

4 

27 

146 

13 

6,379 

56 

28 

650 

1,063 

130 

272 

0 

2 

24 

93 

7 

2,141 

12 

8 

241 

822 

31 

19 

0 

0 

1 

6 

2 

173 

0 

0 

38 

34 

5 

167 

2 

0 

12 

42 

7 

67 

0 

0 

13 

18 

1 

7,961 

76 

39 

750 

1,608 

228 

299 

3 

1 

33 

110 

32 

526 

3 

3 

56 

190 

6 

468 

4 

5 

86 

179 

11 

1,849 

19 

10 

386 

415 

40 

101 

5 

1 

8 

54 

4 

68 

1 

1 

6 

19 

4 

24 

2 

1 

13 

7 

4 

1,648 

13 

4 

158 

539 

22 

360 

0 

2 

66 

72 

8 

Election  Results 


897 


REPUBLICAN  PREFERENCE  PRIMARY,  MARCH  8,  1988 

(Continued) 


County  George  Bush  Bob  Dole  PeteDuPont 

Johnston 857 

Jones 63 

Lee 464 

Lenoir 689 

Lincoln 1,209 

Macon 1,053 

Madison 351 

Martin  137 

McDowell 482 

Mecklenburg 12,159 

Mitchell 755 

Montgomery 491 

Moore 3,037 

Nash 1,129 

New  Hanover  ...  2,994 

Northampton  ...  55 

Onslow 1,295 

Orange 1,118 

Pamlico 226 

Pasquotank  243 

Pender 455 

Perquimans 76 

Person  179 

Pitt 1,246 

Polk 831 

Randolph 2,879 

Richmond  212 

Robeson 758 

Rockingham 1,069 

Rowan 1,765 

Rutherford 853 

Sampson 851 

Scotland 165 

Stanly 1,275 

Stokes 927 

Surry 1,056 

Swain  230 

Transylvania  ...  1,121 

Tyrell 21 

Union  1,566 

Vance 131 

Wake 7,157 

Warren  54 

Washington 77 

Watauga 903 

Wayne  928 

Wilkes 2,030 

Wilson  711 

Yadkin 1,127 

Yancey  481 

Totals 124,260         107,032            944~ 


Alexander 
Haig,  Jr. 


Jack  Kemp         Pat  Robertson       No  Preference 


880 

5 

16 

2 

428 

5 

416 

5 

1,072 

8 

429 

2 

170 

0 

119 

1 

374 

1 

3,935 

94 

464 

3 

328 

0 

1,915 

33 

870 

7 

1,822 

28 

25 

1 

650 

14 

1,638 

27 

90 

2 

151 

7 

244 

5 

31 

2 

177 

0 

1,081 

19 

330 

8 

2,608 

5 

197 

1 

677 

5 

918 

11 

4,503 

9 

535 

0 

807 

4 

lao 

4 

1,178 

6 

760 

1 

692 

109 

587 

8 

10 

1,585 

11 

147 

8,848 

91 

60 

0 

47 

0 

932 

9 

818 

8 

1,539 

11 

585 

0 

950 

3 

223 

2 

3 
0 
4 
1 
1 

3 
1 
0 
0 
51 

2 
4 

16 
3 

13 

1 

13 

12 

2 

0 

2 
1 
0 
7 
1 

9 
1 

17 
4 
5 

0 
4 
0 
2 
2 

3 
0 
5 
0 
9 

0 

46 

1 

1 

7 

7 
6 
1 

5 
1 


89 

195 

12 

6 

14 

1 

46 

78 

6 

75 

198 

20 

83 

290 

6 

111 

134 

13 

22 

28 

0 

14 

39 

8 

79 

85 

5 

1,272 

3,010 

276 

59 

66 

16 

9 

56 

12 

229 

218 

32 

99 

426 

20 

206 

1,001 

41 

2 

17 

2 

110 

221 

67 

158 

226 

64 

16 

33 

4 

30 

90 

12 

49 

88 

7 

8 

27 

6 

21 

27 

6 

139 

527 

39 

94 

53 

5 

136 

637 

26 

35 

56 

3 

55 

138 

84 

112 

166 

12 

128 

601 

30 

74 

211 

8 

38 

113 

7 

19 

38 

11 

47 

244 

19 

68 

87 

16 

72 

126 

14 

29 

28 

2 

172 

177 

18 

3 

6 

0 

130 

488 

50 

9 

46 

3 

1,105 

2,157 

181 

6 

12 

14 

10 

23 

5 

91 

149 

23 

88 

338 

22 

103 

204 

12 

63 

266 

8 

65 

124 

17 

27 

86 

15 

546 


11,361 


26,861 


2,797 


898  North  Carolina  Manual 

GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  8,  1988 


(D) 
Michael  S.  Dukakis 
County  Lloyd  M.  Bensen 

Alamance  12,642 

Alexander 4,148 

Alleghany 2,087 

Anson 4,831 

Ashe  4,034 

Avery 1,367 

Beaufort 5,352 

Bertie 3,762 

Bladen 5,031 

Brunswick  7,881 

Buncombe 26,964 

Burke 10,848 

Cabarrus 10,686 

Caldwell 7,862 

Camden 1,081 

Carteret 6,859 

Caswell  4,189 

Catawba  12,922 

Chatham 7,600 

Cherokee 2,567 

Chowan 1,756 

Clay 1,289 

Cleveland 10,321 

Columbus 9,172 

Craven  7,313 

Cumberland  23,789 

Currituck  1,555 

Dare 2,806 

Davidson  13,215 

Davie 3,166 

Duplin  5,945 

Durham 35,441 

Edgecombe  9,044 

Forsyth  39,726 

Franklin 5,438 

Gaston 14,582 

Gates 2,024 

Graham 1,313 

Granville 5,280 

Greene 2,729 

Guilford 50,351 

Halifax 8,726 

Harnett  7,259 

Haywood 9,010 

Henderson  9,338 

Hertford  4,943 

Hoke 3,281 

Hyde 1,316 

Iredell 10,530 

Jackson 4,933 


(R) 

(NA) 

(U  Write-in 

George  Bush 

Lenora  B.  Fulani 

Ron  Paul 

Dan  Quayle 

Wynonia  Brewington  Burke 

Andre  Marrou 

24,131 

69 

9 

7,968 

33 

5 

2,174 

3 

2,782 

20 

6,019 

17 

13 

4,277 

22 

12 

8,190 

28 

2,145 

12 

3,770 

13 

10,007 

32 

19 

36,828 

185 

15 

15,933 

26 

12 

22,524 

71 

3 

15,176 

33 

1,144 

24 

11,076 

51 

8 

3,299 

20 

1 

28,872 

44 

6,999 

27 

13 

4,557 

21 

1,844 

14 

2,174 

13 

4 

14,039 

28 

9 

6,659 

51 

12,057 

46 

1 

27,057 

121 

12 

2,443 

5 

3 

5,234 

29 

2 

28,374 

70 

3 

7,988 

38 

5,774 

7 

29,928 

478 

36 

6,831 

31 

10 

57,688 

302 

19 

5,499 

22 

1 

34,775 

87 

7 

1,451 

10 

2,019 

15 

4,880 

274 

5 

2,498 

11 

66,060 

276 

545 

7,462 

23 

9,749 

21 

8,957 

48 

13 

19,711 

58 

18 

2,977 

9 

1 

2,020 

32 

940 

8 

21,536 

62 

7 

5,166 

24 

Election  Results 


899 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  8,  1988 

(Continued) 


County 

Johnston 

Jones 

Lee 

Lenoir 

Lincoln 

Macon  

Madison 

Martin 

McDowell 

Mecklenburg  .. 

Mitchell 

Montgomery  ... 

Moore  

Nash 

New  Hanover  . 

Northampton  . 

Onslow 

Orange 

Pamlico 

Pasquotank  .... 

Pender  

Perquimans  .... 

Person  

Pitt 

Polk  

Randolph 

Richmond 

Robeson  

Rockingham  ... 
Rowan  

Rutherford 

Sampson 

Scotland 

Stanly 

Stokes 

Surry  

Swain  

Transylvania  . 

Tyrell 

Union 

Vance 

Wake 

Warren  

Washington  .... 
Watauga  

Wayne 

Wilkes 

Wilson 

Yadkin  

Yancey 

Totals 


(D) 

Michael  S.  Dukakis 

Lloyd  M.  Bensen 


(R) 

(NA) 

(L)  Write-in 

George  Bush 

Lenora  B.  Fulani 

Ron  Paul 

Dan  Quayle 

Wynonia  Brewington  Burke 

Andre  Marrou 

15,563 

35 

14 

1,649 

7 

7,104 

34 

2 

10,669 

34 

1 

11,651 

32 

3 

6,026 

13 

4 

3,453 

20 

3,149 

7 

2 

6,526 

22 

106,236 

619 

34 

4,620 

17 

4,504 

31 

14,543 

27 

36 

15,906 

32 

44 

23,807 

82 

23 

2,415 

19 

12,253 

71 

2 

14,503 

131 

107 

2,297 

21 

4,006 

25 

1 

4,926 

13 

7 

1,781 

14 

2 

4,832 

17 

2 

18,245 

72 

33 

3,874 

13 

2 

23,881 

49 

5,073 

26 

7 

9,908 

104 

14,591 

21 

1 

23,192 

96 

1 

10,337 

43 

8,524 

22 

3,199 

20 

11,885 

17 

3 

8,661 

27 

5 

11,393 

22 

1,795 

9 

7,009 

19 

22 

637 

3 

17,015 

46 

15 

5,625 

18 

2 

81,613 

482 

57 

2,163 

17 

2,186 

11 

1 

8,662 

57 

18 

15,292 

47 

15,231 

53 

10,997 

40 

6 

7,918 

24 

4,160 

37 

8,717 
1,946 
4,231 
7,649 
6,444 

3,773 
3,033 
3,598 
4,449 
71,907 

1,377 
3,995 
7,642 
8,740 
15,401 

4,599 
7,162 
22,326 
2,188 
3,860 

4,377 
1,543 
3,777 
14,777 
2,534 

8,641 

7,151 

16,968 

11,551 

12,127 

6,926 
8,009 
3,865 
6,627 
5,319 

7,245 
1,821 
4,280 
785 
8,820 

5,631 
61,352 
4,249 
2,806 
6,048 

9,135 
7,230 
8,214 
3,195 
3,803 


890,167 


1,237,258 


5,682 


1,263 


900  North  Carolina  Manual 

DEMOCRATIC  PREFERENCE  PRIMARY,  MAY  8,  1984 


(D)  (D)             (D)             (D)             (D)             (D)             (D)             (D)             NO 

County  Askew       Cranston        Glen            Hart         Rollings      Jackson     McGovern     Mondale     Preference 

Alamance 63  30 

Alexander  3  5 

Alleghany  7  5 

Anson  15  4 

Ashe 5  2 

Avery 3  1 

Beaufort  12  9 

Bertie 18  16 

Bladen  15  16 

Brunswick 29  7 

Buncombe 143  29 

Burke 15  12 

Cabarrus 27  17 

Caldwell  10  4 

Camden 3  3 

Carteret 20  10 

Caswell 11  20 

Catawba 28  8 

Chatham 18  12 

Cherokee  7  1 

Chowan 15  1 

Clay  2  2 

Cleveland 36  9 

Columbus 38  13 

Craven 64  22 

Cumberland 80  30 

Currituck 14  3 

Dare  13  4 

Davidson 40  20 

Davie  3  2 

Duplin 21  12 

Durham 95  31 

Edgecombe 23  17 

Forsyth 84  26 

Franklin 30  9 

Gaston 46  20 

Gates 13  12 

Graham 0  1 

Granville 13  10 

Greene  15  7 

Guilford 122  47 

Halifax  62  18 

Harnett 54  17 

Haywood 19  11 

Henderson 19  4 

Hertford 48  15 

Hoke 13  6 

Hyde  5  1 

Iredell  41  16 

Jackson  6  3 


307 

5,233 

87 

3,591 

186 

5,280 

876 

48 

1,005 

19 

215 

20 

1,174 

46 

51 

1,044 

8 

81 

22 

999 

59 

98 

1,605 

67 

2,614 

40 

1,953 

176 

24 

1,259 

14 

99 

40 

2,015 

98 

19 

291 

17 

66 

10 

465 

54 

204 

2,577 

52 

1,620 

49 

2,875 

773 

117 

1,323 

257 

2,393 

112 

1,218 

183 

120 

1,840 

107 

2,046 

98 

2,299 

297 

120 

2,568 

47 

2,181 

81 

2,721 

333 

325 

7,691 

319 

2,880 

221 

10,581 

903 

134 

4,211 

68 

1,072 

87 

4,471 

276 

230 

4,158 

129 

2,058 

178 

4,391 

540 

91 

2,548 

35 

597 

75 

2,904 

213 

42 

623 

6 

399 

15 

609 

146 

138 

2,630 

49 

681 

90 

3,267 

351 

98 

1,497 

12 

2,538 

41 

1,690 

326 

183 

4,137 

98 

1,362 

90 

4,734 

340 

171 

2,853 

49 

2,894 

99 

3,030 

508 

33 

636 

8 

60 

28 

1,087 

30 

23 

607 

7 

750 

27 

655 

54 

7 

264 

3 

17 

9 

406 

10 

211 

4,665 

180 

1,859 

131 

5,536 

847 

209 

3,482 

124 

3,400 

160 

4,690 

614 

262 

2,972 

164 

2,284 

193 

3,197 

537 

509 

7,386 

148 

9,210 

270 

9,746 

1,674 

61 

974 

13 

566 

30 

824 

231 

87 

1,180 

21 

268 

45 

1,047 

334 

227 

4,072 

67 

1,499 

155 

4,453 

333 

52 

861 

19 

480 

25 

1,138 

91 

169 

2,351 

47 

2,187 

76 

3,062 

419 

368 

7,741 

135 

16,311 

270 

8,516 

1,220 

244 

3,425 

83 

6,715 

162 

4,158 

636 

629 

8,246 

208 

13,033 

285 

11,286 

956 

137 

1,974 

42 

2,293 

61 

2,468 

355 

398 

6,668 

256 

2,188 

208 

6,941 

1,082 

59 

802 

8 

1,302 

28 

955 

199 

19 

337 

6 

45 

19 

800 

38 

136 

2,252 

37 

3,533 

74 

2,475 

385 

94 

1,185 

25 

1,195 

26 

1,610 

344 

810 

12,104 

354 

15,141 

431 

13,156 

1,671 

252 

3,502 

57 

5,103 

109 

3,908 

653 

244 

2,712 

62 

1,796 

112 

4,916 

570 

77 

2,515 

76 

266 

91 

4,373 

285 

77 

2,305 

102 

416 

43 

2,532 

208 

110 

1,136 

117 

2,680 

117 

1,423 

395 

52 

898 

26 

1,556 

27 

1,318 

198 

29 

526 

5 

334 

10 

588 

145 

284 

4,848 

135 

2,178 

125 

4,475 

603 

37 

1,192 

20 

192 

39 

2,112 

80 

Election  Results 


901 


DEMOCRATIC  PREFERENCE  PRIMARY,  MAY  8,  1984 

(Continued) 


(D)  (D) 

County  Askew       Cranston 

Johnston 55  18 

Jones 10  1 

Lee 12  5 

Lenoir 31  18 

Lincoln 18  7 

Macon 23  1 

Madison  4  4 

Martin  16  4 

McDowell 19  7 

Mecklenburg 195  58 

Mitchell 4  2 

Montgomery 7  9 

Moore 35  10 

Nash 56  23 

New  Hanover 47  22 

Northampton 60  14 

Onslow  53  20 

Orange 36  28 

Pamlico  6  13 

Pasquotank 22  12 

Pender  14  2 

Perquimans  8  1 

Person 16  5 

Pitt 36  29 

Polk 23  2 

Randolph  19  3 

Richmond 19  24 

Robeson 60  21 

Rockingham 35  19 

Rowan  32  13 

Rutherford  23  9 

Sampson  16  13 

Scotland 26  7 

Stanly 22  9 

Stokes 5  6 

Surry 13  11 

Swain 4  0 

Transylvania 10  1 

Tyrell 11  2 

Union 37  7 

Vance 43  12 

Wake 301  74 

Warren 22  4 

Washington 9  1 

Watauga 9  4 

Wayne 71  23 

Wilkes 20  4 

Wilson 38  22 

Yadkin 1  2 

Yancey 6  3 

Totals 3,144  1,209 


(D) 
Glen 


(D) 
Hart 


(D) 
Hollings 


(D)  (D)  (D)  NO 

Jackson     McGovern     Mondale     Preference 


336 

4,273 

81 

1,869 

165 

4,782 

767 

47 

743 

13 

1,136 

25 

799 

184 

112 

2,692 

51 

1,386 

72 

2,736 

352 

341 

3,477 

75 

3,848 

98 

3,768 

995 

93 

2,428 

74 

508 

83 

3,112 

244 

56 

1,353 

60 

120 

34 

1,883 

157 

26 

862 

22 

93 

37 

1,733 

42 

65 

1,409 

26 

1,528 

51 

1,832 

148 

59 

1,547 

62 

309 

68 

1,966 

156 

848 

17,582 

800 

17,027 

636 

20,247 

2,283 

10 

326 

8 

34 

12 

533 

26 

67 

1,282 

31 

988 

44 

1,719 

188 

160 

2,268 

65 

1,459 

82 

2,831 

344 

435 

4,610 

116 

4,307 

136 

5,004 

970 

288 

5,840 

202 

3,627 

205 

4,595 

739 

98 

1,490 

163 

2,802 

99 

1,888 

187 

301 

3,162 

85 

1,875 

114 

3,205 

867 

299 

5,794 

106 

5,311 

178 

5,374 

643 

186 

877 

10 

942 

29 

1,028 

184 

121 

1,343 

102 

1,773 

110 

1,311 

283 

103 

1,625 

32 

1,510 

40 

1,703 

233 

45 

721 

7 

593 

24 

719 

162 

71 

1,862 

15 

2,195 

61 

1,803 

294 

433 

5,047 

132 

4,398 

174 

5,721 

1,078 

23 

835 

26 

283 

35 

1,019 

67 

136 

2,561 

31 

717 

87 

3,184 

230 

128 

2,421 

155 

2,278 

94 

3,675 

521 

307 

4,894 

137 

5,928 

170 

7,367 

1,106 

364 

3,865 

61 

2,952 

97 

4,888 

877 

198 

3,936 

73 

1,788 

144 

4,440 

389 

107 

2,590 

137 

914 

98 

3,312 

307 

121 

1,996 

53 

2,797 

81 

3,818 

271 

63 

1,635 

49 

1,370 

65 

1,826 

282 

115 

2,210 

68 

901 

80 

2,934 

167 

79 

1,386 

14 

592 

35 

2,330 

137 

113 

2,636 

24 

581 

44 

3,359 

144 

11 

511 

7 

42 

25 

843 

23 

50 

985 

43 

255 

38 

1,391 

94 

18 

314 

4 

362 

14 

391 

102 

179 

3,529 

111 

1,515 

133 

3,887 

533 

138 

2,585 

53 

3,835 

100 

2,742 

479 

1,469 

20,218 

561 

14,930 

706 

21,002 

2,827 

165 

1,137 

13 

2,877 

42 

1,238 

161 

65 

934 

13 

1,902 

22 

1,080 

158 

57 

1,675 

26 

347 

73 

1,864 

118 

312 

3,990 

87 

4,337 

160 

4,584 

1,180 

93 

1,865 

27 

357 

56 

2,717 

126 

258 

3,589 

194 

3,844 

178 

4,184 

545 

33 

963 

6 

167 

19 

1,278 

83 

31 

1,093 

12 

152 

36 

2,152 

84 

17,659  289,877  8,318  243,945  10,149  342,324  44,232 


902 


North  Carolina  Manual 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  6,  1984 


PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTORS 


County 

Alamance  .... 
Alexander  ... 
Alleghany  ... 

Anson  

Ashe 

Avery  

Beaufort  

Bertie  

Bladen  

Brunswick  ... 

Buncombe  ... 

Burke  

Cabarrus  

Caldwell  

Camden  

Carteret  

Caswell 

Catawba 

Chatham  

Cherokee  

Chowan  

Clay  

Cleveland  .... 
Columbus  .... 
Craven  

Cumberland 

Currituck 

Dare  

Davidson 

Davie  

Duplin  

Durham  

Edgecombe  . 

Forsyth  

Franklin  

Gaston  

Gates  

Graham  

Granville 

Greene  

Guilford  

Halifax  

Harnett 

Haywood  

Henderson  .. 

Hertford  

Hoke  

Hyde  

Iredell  

Jackson  


.Mondale 

(Dl 


Reagan 
iRl 


Bergland 
(L) 


.Mason 

ISW) 


11.230 

26,063 

68 

9 

3,581 

8.502 

20 

4 

2,013 

2,589 

13 

2 

5,015 

3,719 

11 

15 

4,009 

6.611 

22 

3 

1,159 

4,702 

17 

8 

5,987 

9,284 

27 

6 

3,953 

2,879 

29 

9 

5,064 

4,701 

12 

2 

6,774 

9,673 

35 

6 

23,337 

37,698 

122 

26 

10,353 

18,766 

51 

8 

8,477 

22.528 

43 

10 

7,311 

17,024 

50 

9 

1,075 

1,282 

5 

1 

5,882 

11.637 

35 

3 

4,157 

3.992 

19 

6 

11,700 

31,476 

61 

13 

7,458 

8,595 

39 

7 

2,776 

4,894 

8 

1 

1,736 

2.171 

9 

2 

1,340 

2,259 

19 

1 

10,288 

17,095 

82 

7 

8,728 

9,150 

20 

6 

7,186 

12,893 

41 

14 

22,614 

31.602 

89 

14 

1,668 

2.885 

8 

1 

1,839 

4.738 

16 

3 

11,469 

30.471 

54 

7 

2,911 

8.201 

12 

1 

6,830 

7.708 

13 

4 

32,244 

29,185 

134 

21 

10,545 

9,635 

24 

12 

36,814 

59,208 

174 

15 

4,766 

5,984 

10 

8 

14,142 

39,167 

70 

13 

2,225 

1,694 

7 

4 

1,494 

2,514 

4 

2 

5,217 

6,302 

58 

3 

2,772 

3,195 

8 

0 

46,027 

73.096 

186 

27 

9.278 

8.832 

30 

13 

7.106 

11.198 

15 

4 

7,958 

10,146 

24 

3 

7.222 

19,369 

80 

26 

4.498 

3,176 

16 

5 

3,214 

2,449 

11 

3 

1,004 

1,195 

3 

0 

9,999 

23,641 

55 

9 

4,367 

5,582 

22 

3 

Election  Results 


903 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  6,  1984 

(Continued) 


PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTORS 


Mondale                       Reagan                      Bergland 
County     (D) (R) (U 

Johnston  7,833 

Jones  2,025 

Lee  3,925 

Lenoir  8,556 

Lincoln  5,996 

Macon 3,570 

Madison  2,988 

Martin  3,870 

McDowell  4,076 

Mecklenburg 63,190 

Mitchell  L286 

Montgomery  3,831 

Moore 7,063 

Nash  8,588 

New  Hanover  12,591 

Northampton  5,094 

Onslow  5,713 

Orange  20,564 

Pamlico  2,152 

Pasquotank  3,854 

Pender  4,354 

Perquimans  1,441 

Person  3,528 

Pitt  13,481 

Polk 2,169 

Randolph  7,511 

Richmond  7,494 

Robeson 15,257 

Rockingham  10,605 

Rowan  10,643 

Rutherford  6,862 

Sampson  9,115 

Scotland  4,028 

Stanly 6,138 

Stokes  4,950 

Surry 7,188 

Swain  2,000 

Transylvania  3,733 

Tyrell  807 

Union  7,048 

Vance  5,880 

Wake 50,323 

Warren  3,946 

Washington  3,114 

Watauga 5,163 

Wayne  10,011 

Wilkes 6,852 

Wilson  8,343 

Yadkin 3,075 

Yancey  3,651 

Totals 824,287              1,346,481                3,794 


Mason 

(SW) 


16,210 

24 

13 

2,062 

8 

4 

8,198 

25 

3 

13,321 

27 

10 

12,621 

38 

4 

6,661 

21 

4 

3,666 

10 

25 

4,266 

12 

5 

7,639 

17 

4 

106,754 

337 

56 

4,737 

10 

1 

5,109 

6 

6 

14,681 

30 

8 

17,295 

23 

11 

23,771 

75 

15 

3,198 

24 

14 

13,928 

34 

12 

15,585 

108 

20 

2,554 

8 

3 

4,646 

6 

7 

5,079 

16 

4 

1,939 

4 

1 

5,854 

11 

4 

18,983 

48 

14 

4,046 

34 

2 

25,759 

23 

6 

6,807 

26 

3 

12,947 

56 

31 

17,895 

32 

7 

25,207 

52 

5 

11,369 

33 

4 

10,665 

13 

3 

4,077 

11 

1 

13,116 

29 

6 

9,515 

28 

5 

13,340 

26 

8 

2,012 

9 

1 

6,956 

25 

3 

774 

1 

1 

16,885 

27 

8 

6,836 

15 

3 

81,251 

267 

30 

2,664 

3 

5 

2,731 

7 

0 

9,370 

41 

5 

17,961 

30 

6 

18,670 

40 

2 

12,243 

40 

17 

8,976 

14 

5 

4,296 

9 

5 

799 


Election  Results  905 


THE  UNITED  STATES  CONGRESS 

When  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  was  first  adopted,  Article  I, 
Section  3  provided  for  the  election  of  United  States  Senators  by  the  legislatures 
of  the  various  states.  This  method  continued  until  1913  when  the  Seventeenth 
Amendment  to  the  Federal  Constitution  ended  the  practice  and  provided  for 
the  popular  election  of  senators.  Vacancies  could  be  filled  either  by  special 
election  or  temporary  appointment  by  the  governor  as  determined  by  each 
state. 

When  the  1915  General  Assembly  passed  the  Primary  Elections  Act,  party 
nominees  for  United  States  Senator  were  included  in  the  provision.  The  act 
called  for  primary  elections  to  be  held  prior  to  the  general  elections  in  order  to 
determine  the  candidates  from  "each  and  every  party"  whose  names  would 
appear  on  the  November  ballot.  The  first  primary  election  for  United  States 
Senator  conducted  under  the  new  law  was  not  held  in  North  Carolina  until 
1926;  however,  the  Democratic  Party  had  conducted  its  own  "primary  elec- 
tions" in  1900  and  again  in  1912.  These  primaries  had  been  used  to  determine 
the  party's  nominee  for  senator. 

Should  a  United  States  Senator  from  North  Carolina  vacate  his  office  for 
whatever  reason,  the  Governor  has  the  authority  to  fill  the  vacancy  on  a 
temporary  basis.  A  vacancy  that  occurs  sixty  or  more  days  prior  to  an  election 
for  members  of  the  General  Assembly  requires  that  an  election  to  complete  the 
"unexpired"  term  of  the  former  senator  be  held.  If  the  former  senator  was  up  for 
reelection,  two  separate  sections  would  appear  on  the  ballot  -  one  for  the 
unexpired  term  and  one  for  the  full  term. 

Vacancies  in  the  United  States  House  of  Representatives  are  filled  in 
accordance  with  guidelines  outlined  in  G.S.  163-13.  The  Governor  does  not 
have  the  authority  to  make  a  temporary  appointment  to  fill  the  vacancy. 


906  North  Carolina  Manual 

UNITED  STATES  SENATE 
DEMOCRATIC  PRIMARY  ELECTION,  MAY  6th,  1986 


Walt  William        Milton      Katherine       John       Theodore      Clinton      Fountain       Terry          Betty 
Atkins     Irwin Belk    M.Croom    H.Harper      Ingram       Kinney      H.Moore       Odom        Sanford       Wallace 

County  (D)  (D)             (D)             (D)             (D)             (D)  "           (D)             (I))             (D)             (D) 

Alamance 935  626 

Alexander  0  65 

Alleghany  29  190 

Anson  22  153 

Ashe 14  96 

Avery  4  17 

Beaufort  48  247 

Bertie  75  129 

Bladen  66  221 

Brunswick 62  397 

Buncombe  337  671 

Burke  22  181 

Cabarrus  94  297 

Caldwell  25  124 

Camden  27  149 

Carteret  63  192 

Caswell 45  202 

Catawba 39  279 

Chatham  55  208 

Cherokee  67  161 

Chowan  55  116 

Clay  27  72 

Cleveland  40  649 

Columbus  110  380 

Craven 284  366 

Cumberland 119  1,328 

Currituck 62  316 

Dare  81  149 

Davidson 54  343 

Davie  3  48 

Duplin  91  406 

Durham  374  948 

Edgecombe  77  299 

Forsyth 89  1,214 

Franklin  101  267 

Gaston  131  714 

Gates  40  230 

Graham  18  36 

Granville 45  144 

Greene  33  132 

Guilford  202  1,261 

Halifax  96  460 

Harnett 52  372 

Haywood  88  401 

Henderson  34  183 

Hertford  91  313 

Hoke  16  107 

Hyde  10  59 

Iredell  52  562 

Jackson  52  125 


61 

184 

1,451 

96 

73 

731 

5,372 

208 

8 

16 

235 

16 

4 

172 

1,126 

16 

12 

30 

446 

30 

21 

189 

1,625 

72 

16 

328 

986 

207 

44 

690 

2,349 

166 

3 

19 

217 

21 

11 

94 

1,554 

59 

1 

15 

47 

5 

7 

75 

464 

9 

57 

131 

1,557 

77 

31 

78 

3,882 

190 

25 

55 

577 

1,007 

18 

127 

1,783 

42 

56 

130 

1,132 

769 

40 

187 

2,877 

223 

27 

108 

1,278 

80 

22 

117 

2,798 

86 

53 

329 

1,861 

98 

132 

909 

11,664 

549 

15 

79 

844 

50 

17 

901 

3,293 

103 

19 

104 

1,035 

360 

22 

1,578 

3,455 

171 

16 

51 

449 

45 

20 

434 

2,167 

59 

6 

44 

490 

83 

19 

21 

738 

78 

35 

109 

1,131 

42 

48 

64 

4,424 

158 

42 

147 

926 

534 

127 

377 

2,886 

270 

26 

89 

762 

42 

37 

777 

3,685 

128 

25 

107 

1,115 

149 

33 

312 

4,271 

169 

34 

182 

515 

73 

50 

119 

1,320 

129 

25 

38 

342 

64 

28 

62 

1,795 

73 

17 

61 

216 

67 

50 

14 

600 

89 

74 

144 

1,660 

63 

27 

1,147 

4,433 

219 

90 

179 

1,964 

508 

67 

192 

6,175 

203 

64 

159 

1,321 

46 

30 

306 

4,313 

151 

58 

217 

2,376 

3,024 

38 

171 

10,184 

229 

41 

148 

567 

85 

105 

93 

1,308 

202 

17 

73 

370 

29 

20 

49 

2,109 

97 

37 

153 

1,027 

61 

17 

267 

4,000 

111 

6 

30 

214 

22 

8 

77 

1,255 

29 

48 

152 

1,746 

225 

75 

105 

4,596 

219 

79 

230 

2,780 

3,636 

57 

641 

12,063 

255 

74 

161 

1,091 

886 

78 

220 

4,413 

194 

47 

221 

2,514 

1.897 

65 

1,262 

14,727 

250 

37 

274 

1,599 

341 

88 

290 

4,019 

321 

50 

297 

2,846 

111 

45 

2,794 

6,341 

366 

28 

70 

566 

182 

79 

52 

1,355 

112 

7 

38 

211 

42 

20 

19 

950 

64 

86 

128 

1,498 

305 

45 

129 

3,964 

164 

45 

67 

931 

33 

33 

33 

2,212 

86 

70 

368 

3,207 

276 

109 

2,076 

18,931 

431 

41 

228 

2,078 

283 

88 

204 

6.352 

309 

70 

107 

1,834 

291 

22 

248 

4,472 

183 

31 

213 

1,926 

107 

111 

275 

6,509 

550 

18 

101 

453 

29 

7 

167 

2.617 

97 

57 

113 

669 

94 

71 

261 

3,134 

120 

26 

50 

543 

354 

21 

190 

1.470 

92 

3 

31 

309 

23 

14 

20 

701 

40 

27 

150 

1,297 

78 

38 

1,473 

5,728 

255 

49 

91 

818 

64 

50 

201 

3,317 

219 

Election  Results 


907 


DEMOCRATIC  PRIMARY  ELECTION,  MAY  6th,  1986 

(Continued) 

Wall  William  Milton  Katherine  John  Theodore  Clinton  Fountain  Terry  Betty 

Atkins  Irwin  Belk  M.Croom  H.Harper  Ingram  Kinney  H.Moore  Odom  Sanford  Wallace 

County (D)  (D)  (D)  (U)  (1)|  (D)  (I))  (D)  ID)  (») 

Johnston  69  420  76  170  2,151  ;{r)l  54  490  5,240  28:} 

Jones  17  120  50  77  805  67  M  35  1,537  71 

Lee  64  281  50  102  1,396  255  28  319  4,045  206 

Lenoir  48  930  308  325  2,463  249  71  154  5,607  257 

Lincoln  39  164  23  95  967  39  18  974  3,013  115 

Macon   19  63  41  100  431  28  47  28  2,084  842 

Madison  67  64  17  53  462  21  28  100  2,055  129 

Martin  72  101  26  40  528  29  38  58  2,219  88 

McDowell  48  110  14  43  469  26  20  334  1,849  86 

Mecklenburg 226  1,040  64  554  1,637  492  67  12,488  11,391  175 

Mitchell  1  7  1  5  65  5  4  39  452  13 

Montgomery  25  98  12  93  717  130  38  244  2,112  132 

Moore 47  327  16  58  728  92  21  187  2,843  79 

Nash  71  592  116  178  1,745  205  42  544  5,640  219 

New  Hanover  123  742  48  240  1,268  111  103  368  6,631  197 

Northampton  138  205  69  109  1,213  233  65  178  2,649  106 

Onslow  74  366  45  170  1,942  111  64  273  5,047  215 

Orange  164  392  39  227  1,761  267  38  676  10,289  238 

Pamlico  14  70  12  60  501  39  18  28  1,633  112 

Pasquotank  116  545  35  116  730  98  47  146  2,297  89 

Pender  37  373  66  160  1,040  94  361  73  3,085  185 

Perquimans  38  174  27  49  423  35  46  31  1,130  86 

Person  82  116  38  90  1,075  85  38  115  2,734  140 

Pitt 115  724  88  207  2,412  286  81  232  8,034  330 

Polk 71  66  11  42  326  29  22  66  1,274  51 

Randolph  59  176  22  39  803  18  13  189  2,268  53 

Richmond  139  284  31  163  1,534  177  15  588  3,473  190 

Robeson 122  1,178  85  415  3,185  970  157  537  9,306  590 

Rockingham  66  530  34  189  1,337  135  72  526  5,376  250 

Rowan  59  384  35  172  1,490  151  54  1,425  5,852  217 

Rutherford  89  494  56  170  1,751  106  51  691  4,647  258 

Sampson  78  448  56  110  996  450  83  134  4,346  193 

Scotland  75  136  15  82  837  114  27  251  3,473  102 

Stanly  76  140  12  65  645  61  12  641  2,457  78 

Stokes  39  147  13  65  998  125  35  274  2,931  81 

Surry 67  229  4  51  644  30  22  290  3,253  42 

Swain  18  39  4  38  268  40  35  105  1,245  81 

Transylvania  11  64  7  41  390  27  16  29  1,466  72 

Tyrrell  18  54  19  45  243  33  20  8  655  27 

Union  37  208  21  128  1,042  97  21  1,409  4,168  149 

Vance  64  305  175  164  1,776  337  28  151  4,700  162 

Wake 558  1,767  527  491  3,923  1,148  126  1,917  26,025  668 

Warren  25  136  33  82  854  1,725  24  132  2,108  87 

Washington  14  64  14  31  405  19  23  15  1,747  38 

Watauga 10  55  3  30  228  15  3  281  1,773  31 

Wayne  186  1,397  225  278  3,069  856  90  351  7,487  372 

Wilkes 13  198  6  26  328  19  6  158  2,263  33 

Wilson  112  609  72  165  1,047  139  25  267  4,277  104 

Yadkin 8  54  8  15  250  18  8  81  1,523  22 

Yancey  22  30  6  41  232  31  18  69  1,909  42 

Totals 8,306  33,821  4,834  12,998  111,557  27,228  4,659  49,689  409,394  17,001 


908  North  Carolina  Manual 

REPUBLICAN  PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  6th,  1986 


James  T.  Broyhill  David  B.  Funderburk  Glenn  Miller 

County  (Rep.)  (Rep.)  (Rep.) 

Alamance 1,765  1,628  129 

Alexander  2,226  156  18 

Alleghany  411  73  22 

Anson  138  47  7 

Ashe 2,107  317  65 

Avery  2,667  1,084  190 

Beaufort  471  567  56 

Bertie  53  35  6 

Bladen  84  117  9 

Brunswick 737  454  55 

Buncombe  4,051  2,248  206 

Burke  3,261  235  18 

Cabarrus  1,914  636  66 

Caldwell  4,356  253  19 

Camden  26  6  5 

Carteret  1,058  860  82 

Caswell 93  77  27 

Catawba 7,522  502  43 

Chatham  688  437  33 

Cherokee  953  619  167 

Chowan  121  71  12 

Clay  626  348  176 

Cleveland  1,377  130  10 

Columbus 301  216  25 

Craven 687  765  56 


1,765 

1,628 

2,226 

156 

411 

73 

138 

47 

2,107 

317 

2,667 

1,084 

471 

567 

53 

35 

84 

117 

737 

4.54 

4,051 

2,248 

3,261 

235 

1,914 

636 

4,356 

253 

26 

6 

1,058 

860 

93 

77 

7,522 

502 

688 

437 

953 

619 

121 

71 

626 

348 

1,377 

130 

301 

216 

687 

765 

1,223 

1,518 

63 

29 

298 

295 

2,975 

2,400 

2,022 

546 

291 

241 

2,158 

1,026 

245 

240 

6,437 

4,082 

212 

211 

4,865 

845 

34 

10 

814 

405 

140 

130 

60 

62 

5,694 

3,831 

162 

160 

329 

656 

880 

622 

2,861 

1,270 

137 

69 

53 

48 

35 

25 

3,070 

796 

837 

284 

Cumberland 1,223  1,518  124 

Currituck 63  29  22 

Dare  298  295  40 

Davidson 2,975  2,400  195 

Davie  2,022  546  133 

Duplin  291  241  54 

Durham  2,158  1,026  55 

Edgecombe  245  240  32 

Forsyth 6,437  4,082  221 

Franklin  212  211  55 

Gaston  4,865  845  55 

Gates  34  10  6 

Graham  814  405  150 

Granville 140  130  12 

Greene  60  62  7 

Guilford 5,694  3,831  268 

Halifax  162  160  19 

Harnett 329  656  36 

Haywood  880  622  99 

Henderson  2,861  1,270  117 

Hertford  137  69  14 

Hoke  53  48  3 

Hyde  35  25  5 

Iredell  3,070  796  74 

Jackson  837  284  46 


Election  Results  909 

REPUBLICAN  PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  6th,  1986 

(Continued) 

James  T.  Broyhill  David  B.  Fundorburk  (llenn  Miller 

County  (Rep.)  (Rep.)  (Rep.) 

Johnston  624  681  60 

Jones  31  47  5 

Lee  518  387  10 

Lenoir  444  441  77 

Lincoln  1,980  357  26 

Macon 1,287  550  138 

Madison  596  255  46 

Martin  99  92  12 

McDowell  710  231  13 

Mecklenburg 11,498  4,032  168 

Mitchell  2,320  954  296 

Montgomery  376  230  32 

Moore 2,207  1,390  60 

Nash  604  1,014  40 

New  Hanover  1,965  1,276  117 

Northampton  47  18  4 

Onslow  541  628  77 

Orange  1,674  609  51 

Pamlico  158  117  17 

Pasquotank  291  248  37 

Pender  323  221  37 

Perquimans  60  31  7 

Person  176  88  10 

Pitt  892  771  100 

Polk 685  254  32 


624 

681 

31 

47 

518 

387 

444 

441 

1,980 

357 

1,287 

550 

596 

255 

99 

92 

710 

231 

1,498 

4,032 

2,320 

954 

376 

230 

2,207 

1,390 

604 

1,014 

1,965 

1,276 

47 

18 

541 

628 

1,674 

609 

158 

117 

291 

248 

323 

221 

60 

31 

176 

88 

892 

771 

685 

254 

2,704 

2,076 

251 

218 

379 

237 

784 

699 

3,735 

1,379 

1,688 

387 

1,290 

698 

250 

147 

1,675 

343 

1,096 

603 

961 

388 

360 

191 

882 

358 

27 

8 

887 

586 

154 

100 

6,985 

4,323 

58 

33 

36 

52 

1,999 

142 

1,356 

1,402 

4,327 

1,113 

537 

478 

2,860 

874 

595 

154 

Randolph  2,704  2,076  213 

Richmond  251  218  29 

Robeson 379  237  43 

Rockingham  784  699  51 

Rowan  3,735  1,379  143 

Rutherford  1,688  387  45 

Sampson  1,290  698  84 

Scotland  250  147  23 

Stanly 1,675  343  27 

Stokes  1,096  603  98 

Surry 961  388  43 

Swain  360  191  27 

Transylvania  882  358  50 

Tyrrell  27  8  4 

Union  887  586  28 

Vance  154  100  10 

Wake 6,985  4,323  188 

Warren  58  33  3 

Washington  36  52  6 

Watauga 1,999  142  16 

Wayne  1,356  1,402  151 

Wilkes 4,327  1,113  186 

Wilson  537  478  46 

Yadkin 2,860  874  293 

Yancey  595  154  39 

Totals 139,570  63,593  6,662 


910 


North  Carolina  Manual 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  4,  1986 


County 

For  Remainder  of  Unexpired  Term 

(Expiring  Noon,  3  -January  1987) 

(D)                                   (R) 

Terry  Sanford                   -James  T.  Broyiiill 

For  Regular 

(D) 
Terry  Sanford 

Six  Year  Term 

(R) 
James  J.  Broyhill 

Alamance 

12,519 
4,087 
2,183 
3,843 
4,306 

1,273 
5,620 
3,063 
3,874 
7,746 

23,997 

8,210 

8,845 

5,911 

857 

7,120 
3,922 
10,402 
6,726 
2,900 

1,936 
1,766 
7,670 
9,661 
6,879 

21,384 
1,654 
2,710 

14,348 
3,046 

5,561 
25,227 

8,451 
32,601 

5,869 

12,233 
2,077 
1,633 
5,333 
2,720 

42,513 
8,330 
7,105 
8,633 
8,120 

4,552 
2,861 
1,216 
10,266 
4,706 

14,802 
6,866 
1,952 
1,464 
4,838 

3,506 
5,081 
917 
1,650 
6,307 

23,685 
13,213 
12,709 
13,347 
401 

6,597 
1,744 
23,006 
4,441 
3,631 

1,017 
2,177 
11,340 
3,375 
5,682 

13,886 
957 

2,736 
18,031 

5,031 

2,820 
15,443 

3,937 
34,466 

3,636 

25,972 

644 

2,006 

2,706 

964 

39,239 
4,656 
5,424 
5,971 

11,549 

1,571 

997 

615 

14,658 

3,555 

13,2.54 
4,183 
2,273 
3,976 
4,418 

1,348 
5,850 
3,364 
4,323 
7,973 

24,971 

8,471 

9,287 

5,988 

882 

7,399 
4,221 
10,669 
6,895 
3,048 

2,191 
1,797 

7,824 

10,064 

7,489 

22,101 
1,665 
2,795 

14,818 
3,168 

5,731 
26,494 

8,734 
34,540 

6,199 

12,580 
2,179 
1,777 
5,579 
2,805 

44,425 
8,574 
7,256 
8,773 
8,357 

5,1.55 
3,013 
1,256 
10,566 
4,976 

15,224 

Alexander  

6,996 

Alleehanv               .  ... 

2,009 

Anson     

1,-526 

Ashe 

Avery  

4,900 
3,567 

Beaufort  

5,322 

Bertie  

1,026 

Bladen  

1,877 

Brunswick 

6,301 

Buncombe  

24,165 

Burke    

13,381 

Cabarrus  

12,857 

Caldwell  

13,501 

Camden  

400 

Carteret  

6,728 

Caswell  

1,867 

Catawba 

23,088 

Chatham                 

4,426 

Cherokee              

3,757 

Chowan  

1,102 

Clay  

2,219 

Cleveland  

11,594 

Columbus  

3,514 

Craven         

5,982 

Cumberland 

13,694 

Currituck  

973 

Dare  

2,788 

Davidson 

18,272 

Davie   

5,176 

Duplin 

2,864 

Durham  

15,697 

Edgecombe 

4,051 

Forsyth  

34,137 

Franklin  

3,772 

Gaston  

26,065 

Gates 

720 

Graham  

2,055 

Granville  

2,821 

Greene  

1,048 

Guilford  

38,636 

Halifax  

4,734 

Harnett 

5,425 

Haywood  

5,958 

Henderson 

11,503 

Hertford    .  . 

1,762 

Hoke 

1,055 

Hyde  

651 

Iredell  

14,718 

Jackson  

3,645 

Election  Results 


911 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  4,  1986 

(Continued) 


County 

Johnston  

Jones  

Lee 

Lenoir  

Lincoln  

Macon 

Madison  

Martin  

McDowell  

Mecklenburg 

Mitchell  

Montgomery  , 

Moore 

Nash  , 

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow  

Orange 

Pamlico  

Pasquotank  ... 

Pender  

Perquimans  ., 

Person  

Pitt  

Polk 

Randolph  

Richmond 

Robeson  

Rockingham  . 
Rowan  

Rutherford  .... 

Sampson  

Scotland  

Stanly  

Stokes  

Surry  

Swain 

Transylvania 

Tyrrell 

Union 

Vance 

Wake 

Warren 

Washington  .. 
Watauga 

Wayne 

Wilkes  

Wilson 

Yadkin 

Yancey  

Totals  


For  Remainder  of  Unexpired  Terra 

(Expiring 

Noon,  3  January  19871 

(D) 

(R) 

Terry  Sanford 

James  T.Broyliiii 

9,168 

9,385 

1,750 

848 

4,132 

3,678 

6,936 

5,503 

6,649 

8,855 

4,095 

4,457 

3,372 

3,095 

3,568 

1,383 

4,637 

4,810 

48,855 

55,453 

1,370 

3,242 

3,463 

2,587 

7,410 

10,310 

8,491 

7,980 

12,913 

12,248 

4,740 

1,408 

7,079 

6,182 

17,193 

8,140 

2,082 

1,335 

2,871 

1,608 

4,004 

2,647 

1,283 

713 

2,835 

2,125 

13,001 

9,098 

2,585 

2,539 

8,486 

14,558 

6,805 

3,505 

13,387 

4,820 

10,335 

8,130 

10,469 

14,470 

7,780 

7,557 

8,247 

7,106 

3,076 

1,337 

6,263 

8,241 

5,909 

6,243 

7,737 

7,598 

1,565 

1,520 

4,093 

4,562 

660 

325 

8,274 

8,456 

5,272 

3,431 

48,428 

43,065 

3,308 

1,229 

2,329 

1,004 

4,870 

6,773 

8,992 

8,775 

7,345 

12,146 

6,737 

5,281 

3,554 

5,649 

4,099 

3,253 

For  Regular  Six  Year  Term 


(D) 
Terry  Sanford 


(R) 
James  J.  Broyhill 


9,588 
1,830 
4,413 
7,235 
6,849 

4,220 
3,595 
3,874 
4,860 
56,014 

1,445 
3,602 
7,697 
8,761 
14,536 

5,019 
7,540 
17,790 
2,140 
3,404 

4,207 
1,336 
3,181 
13,396 
2,724 

8,846 

6,947 

13,711 

10,531 

11,247 

8,160 
8,733 
3,384 
6,577 
6,028 

8,071 
2,044 
4,174 
682 
8,589 

5,568 
51,859 
3,572 
2,399 
5,059 

9,656 
7,560 
7,472 
3,703 
4,160 


9,532 
917 
3,833 
5,810 
8,900 

4,549 
3,207 
1,517 
5,010 
57,697 

3,291 
2,652 

10,278 
8,036 

12,585 

1,551 
6,354 
8,043 
1,381 
1,813 

2,692 
754 
2,236 
9,076 
2,605 

14,893 
3,525 
5,001 
8,112 

14,787 

7,759 
7,002 
1,445 
8,371 
6,309 

7,928 
1,971 
4,591 
358 
8,430 

3,562 
44,270 
1,247 
1,021 
6,847 

9,191 
12,295 
5,745 
5,850 
3,290 


780,967 


753,881 


823,662 


767,668 


912 


North  Carolina  Manual 


PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  8,  1984 


County 

Alamance  .. 
Alexander  .. 
Alleghany  .. 

Anson 

Ashe  

Avery  

Beaufort 

Bertie 

Bladen  

Brunswick  ., 

Buncombe  .. 

Burke 

Cabarrus 

Caldwell 

Camden  

Carteret 

Caswell  

Catawba  

Chatham  .... 
Cherokee 

Chowan  

Clay 

Cleveland  ... 
Columbus  ... 
Craven  

Cumberland 
Currituck  .... 

Dare 

Davidson  .... 
Davie 

Duplin  

Durham  

Edgecombe  . 

Forsyth  

Franklin  

Gaston  

Gates  

Graham  

Granville  .... 
Greene 

Guilford  

Halifax 

Harnett  

Haywood  .... 
Henderson  ., 

Hertford  

Hoke  

Hyde 

Iredell  

Jackson  


DEMOCRATIC 

REPUBLICAN 

Thomas  L. 

James  B. 

Harrill 

Jesse 

George 

Allred 

Hunt,  Jr. 

Jones 

Helms 

Wimbish 

3,621 

8,570 

694 

2,561 

241 

284 

1,928 

175 

779 

43 

295 

1,513 

101 

160 

10 

697 

4,526 

698 

157 

13 

243 

2,888 

145 

894 

45 

79 

740 

51 

2,715 

317 

1,037 

5,130 

1,188 

632 

38 

573 

3,004 

290 

92 

9 

869 

4,365 

384 

129 

10 

1,398 

5,418 

522 

1,116 

125 

2,153 

16,396 

1,429 

3,783 

438 

1,283 

7,090 

1,183 

1,992 

151 

2,232 

7,893 

807 

1,640 

167 

881 

4,671 

454 

2,101 

132 

145 

1,355 

136 

23 

0 

1,380 

4,603 

659 

1,272 

93 

1,242 

3,919 

242 

167 

19 

2,337 

7,301 

644 

4,383 

362 

1,461 

6,666 

520 

1,579 

148 

167 

1,448 

77 

385 

12 

123 

1,448 

206 

110 

4 

35 

620 

26 

287 

8 

1,807 

8,677 

1,865 

1,121 

104 

2,142 

8,547 

639 

369 

25 

1,698 

5,545 

850 

823 

87 

3,846 

20,026 

1,702 

2,436 

320 

278 

1,867 

337 

83 

10 

333 

2,147 

341 

239 

31 

1,954 

7,427 

582 

3,093 

235 

308 

1,925 

191 

2,342 

220 

900 

5,597 

957 

278 

21 

2,321 

26,449 

1,140 

1,798 

272 

2,487 

9,612 

1,070 

619 

31 

3,807 

27,740 

1,121 

4,424 

641 

1,180 

4,652 

554 

260 

21 

3,187 

10,906 

2,354 

2,353 

213 

187 

2,628 

226 

32 

4 

71 

995 

46 

310 

14 

1,118 

6,029 

473 

175 

19 

442 

2,909 

725 

97 

3 

6,870 

31,914 

1,056 

8,275 

1,070 

2,192 

8,927 

1,071 

327 

31 

1,659 

7,081 

760 

800 

41 

1,041 

5,681 

458 

442 

31 

791 

4,293 

297 

3,270 

354 

486 

4,163 

251 

117 

17 

387 

3,005 

293 

84 

17 

186 

997 

255 

56 

6 

2,140 

8,628 

952 

3,071 

239 

248 

2,923 

257 

333 

37 

Election  Results 


913 


PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  8,  1984 
(Continued) 


DEMOCRATIC 


Thomas  L.  James  B.  Harrill 

County  Allred                   Hunt,  Jr.                    Jones 

Johnston 2,149 

Jones  293 

Lee  782 

Lenoir 1,709 

Lincoln 873 

Macon  370 

Madison 150 

Martin 391 

McDowell 636 

Mecklenburg  4,753 

Mitchell 77 

Montgomery 519 

Moore  1,120 

Nash 3,021 

New  Hanover 2,625 

Northampton  757 

Onslow 1,640 

Orange  1,644 

Pamlico 392 

Pasquotank  525 

Pender 775 

Perquimans 206 

Person  524 

Pitt 2,338 

Polk  135 

Randolph 889 

Richmond  1,355 

Robeson  2,859 

Rockingham 2,400 

Rowan 1,805 

Rutherford 981 

Sampson 647 

Scotland 517 

Stanly  916 

Stokes 459 

Surry  678 

Swain  104 

Transylvania  380 

Tyrell 105 

Union  1,529 

Vance  1,880 

Wake  7,903 

Warren  1,062 

Washington 375 

Watauga  361 

Wayne  1,762 

Wilkes  586 

Wilson  1,844 

Yadkin  277 

Yancey  162 

Totals  126,841             655,429             63,676 


REPUBLICAN 


Jesse 
Helms 


George 
Wimbish 


7,691 
1,878 
4,337 
7,614 
4,637 

2,757 
2,036 
3,108 
2,697 
44,371 

743 

3,141 

5,208 

8,909 

10,300 

4,818 
5,716 
13,927 
2,048 
3,756 

3,154 
1,680 
3,843 
11,515 
1,541 

4,813 
6,073 
12,370 
8,102 
7,529 

5,110 
6,741 
3,529 
4,826 
3,553 

4,583 
1,179 
2,216 
803 
6,773 

5,105 
42,626 
3,596 
2,975 
3,329 

8,509 
4,061 
8,155 
1,929 
2,737 


1,119 
463 
361 

1,976 
697 

552 
133 
584 
358 
2,200 

19 

244 

345 

1,163 

552 

432 
1,288 
713 
382 
178 

614 
148 
405 
1,649 
206 

347 
619 

1,425 
767 

1,040 

863 
536 
235 
307 
226 

258 
100 
146 
143 
766 

362 
3,146 
414 
422 
203 

1,840 
273 
660 
139 
204 


811 

69 

461 

922 

1,829 

801 
291 
178 
293 
16,809 

2,855 
467 
2,108 
1,366 
2,519 

56 

860 

1,007 

206 

260 

346 
88 

251 
1,522 
1,057 

2,162 
234 
377 
843 

3,386 

608 
2,188 

319 
1,245 
1,137 

790 

154 

636 

33 

1,113 

256 

5,479 

77 

68 

1,224 

755 
4,958 

731 
2,588 
1,298 


44 
7 
52 
55 
82 

89 
10 

27 

24 

2,364 

235 
15 

247 
57 

377 

7 

79 

346 

15 

27 

39 
14 
21 

187 
96 

181 
26 
30 
85 

237 

51 
88 
31 
65 
83 

44 
4 

99 
1 

94 

14 
903 

36 

5 

132 

54 
306 

56 
211 

48 


134,675 


13,899 


914 


North  Carolina  Manual 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS  -  NOVEMBER  6,  1984 


UNITED  STATE  SENATOR 


County 

Alamance  ... 
Alexander  .. 
Alleghany  .. 

Anson  

Ashe 

Avery 

Beaufort  

Bertie  

Bladen  

Brunswick  .. 

Buncombe  .. 

Burke  

Cabarrus  .... 

Caldwell  

Camden  

Carteret  

Caswell 

Catawba 

Chatham  .... 
Cherokee  .... 

Chowan  

Clay  

Cleveland  ... 
Columbus  ... 
Craven  

Cumberland 
Currituck  .... 

Dare  

Davidson  .... 
Davie  

Duplin  

Durham  

Edgecombe 

Forsyth 

Franklin  

Gaston  

Gates  

Graham  

Granville  .... 
Greene  

Guilford  

Halifax  

Harnett 

Haywood  .... 
Henderson  . 

Hertford  

Hoke  

Hyde  

Iredell  

Jackson  


James  B.  Hunt,  Jr. 

Jesse  Helms 

Bobby  Yates  Emory 

Kate  Daher 

(D) 

(R) 

(L) 

(SW) 

15,501 

22,657 

302 

44 

4,504 

7,493 

38 

4 

2,366 

2,335 

15 

1 

5,451 

3,161 

18 

10 

4,802 

6,069 

28 

5 

1,630 

4,239 

18 

4 

7,203 

7,907 

44 

12 

4,544 

2,618 

25 

41 

5,738 

4,220 

32 

29 

8,264 

8,403 

94 

34 

32,611 

31,338 

366 

112 

12,061 

16,642 

113 

26 

11,978 

20,812 

117 

28 

9,232 

14,915 

93 

27 

1,203 

1,114 

5 

0 

7,565 

10,745 

94 

22 

4,627 

3,414 

20 

6 

15,363 

27,914 

196 

30 

8,767 

7,108 

64 

16 

3,477 

4,746 

14 

15 

2,289 

1,950 

36 

7 

1,515 

2,079 

4 

2 

12,461 

15,202 

93 

18 

10,495 

8,549 

69 

24 

9,571 

11,355 

75 

33 

30,214 

25,578 

201 

80 

2,158 

2,275 

6 

3 

3,040 

3,708 

18 

4 

16,434 

27,533 

147 

39 

3,785 

7,156 

51 

8 

7,718 

6,607 

25 

7 

40,102 

22,981 

341 

55 

11,845 

8,738 

34 

33 

50,961 

48,575 

353 

71 

5,583 

5,208 

25 

16 

19,097 

35,010 

237 

52 

2,459 

1,364 

9 

5 

1,746 

2,273 

3 

1 

6,318 

5,378 

15 

6 

3,080 

2,811 

11 

5 

62,021 

61,371 

454 

104 

10,497 

8,412 

37 

25 

9,064 

10,033 

54 

17 

9,759 

8,841 

93 

47 

10,202 

16,281 

132 

29 

5,195 

2,766 

20 

35 

3,655 

1,913 

18 

5 

1,120 

1,028 

6 

1 

13,526 

20,480 

168 

25 

5,706 

4,864 

24 

17 

Election  Results 


915 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS  -  NOVEMBER  6,  1984 

(Continued) 


UNITED  STATE  SENATOR 


County 

Johnston  

Jones  

Lee  

Lenoir  

Lincoln  

Macon 

Madison  

Martin  

McDowell  

Mecklenburg  . 

Mitchell  

Montgomery  . 

Moore 

Nash  

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow  

Orange  

Pamlico  

Pasquotank  .. 

Pender  

Perquimans  .. 

Person  

Pitt  

Polk 

Randolph  

Richmond  

Robeson  

Rockingham  . 
Rowan  

Rutherford  .... 

Sampson  

Scotland  

Stanly  

Stokes  

Surry 

Swain  

Transylvania 

Tyrell  

Union  

Vance  

Wake 

Warren  

Washington  .. 
Watauga 

Wayne  

Wilkes 

Wilson  

Yadkin 

Yancey  

Totals  


James  B.  Hunt,  Jr. 

Jesse  Helms 

Bobby  Yates  Emory 

Kate  Daher 

(D) 

(Rl 

(L) 

m 

10,089 

14,130 

85 

11 

2,147 

1,887 

7 

1 

5,933 

7,030 

84 

12 

9,576 

11,759 

44 

16 

7,554 

11,186 

84 

20 

4,524 

5,664 

30 

15 

3,401 

3,011 

11 

11 

4,863 

3,718 

57 

16 

5,507 

6,953 

42 

14 

86,450 

85,013 

923 

267 

1,743 

4,724 

31 

5 

4,341 

4,397 

26 

10 

9,363 

12,836 

100 

17 

10,830 

15,800 

67 

23 

17,829 

19,515 

168 

63 

5,759 

3,034 

19 

31 

8,260 

12,019 

95 

24 

24,828 

11,139 

130 

33 

2,421 

2,195 

15 

5 

4,908 

3,975 

13 

39 

4,918 

4,373 

19 

3 

1,729 

1,581 

2 

3 

4,668 

5,117 

101 

16 

16,946 

15,699 

128 

28 

3,031 

3,657 

132 

6 

11,478 

23,831 

109 

28 

8,521 

5,994 

58 

20 

18,936 

11,253 

134 

67 

13,418 

14,856 

101 

40 

13,722 

23,162 

132 

32 

8,618 

10,472 

110 

24 

10,583 

9,802 

41 

14 

5,059 

3,195 

22 

10 

7,927 

12,367 

61 

9 

6,197 

8,350 

38 

8 

9,442 

12,205 

145 

15 

2,464 

1,967 

16 

4 

4,926 

5,802 

68 

13 

883 

667 

0 

1 

9,489 

14,684 

93 

30 

6,788 

6,288 

32 

14 

75,974 

65,062 

750 

112 

4,138 

2,486 

19 

11 

3,448 

2,296 

10 

5 

7,093 

7,413 

108 

15 

12,536 

16,251 

185 

26 

9,275 

17,247 

91 

20 

11,497 

10,595 

67 

30 

3,873 

8,048 

37 

13 

4,082 

3,894 

7 

3 

1,070,488 


1,156,768 


9,302 


2,493 


916 


North  Carolina  Manual 


UNITED  STATES  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES 


PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  3,  1988 


FIRST  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


County 


Howard  D. 

Move 
(Repub.) 


William  J. 
Wahl.Jr. 
(Repub.) 


Beaufort  

Bertie  

Camden 

Carteret 

Chowan  

Craven  

Currituck  

Dare 

Gates  

Greene  

Hertford  

Hyde  

Lenoir 

Martin  

Northampton 

PamUco  

Pasquotank  ... 
Perquimans  ... 

Pitt 

Tyrell  

Washington  ... 

Totals 


559 

79 

57 

14 

24 

8 

1,153 

402 

74 

32 

769 

249 

74 

46 

562 

220 

13 

12 

73 

26 

140 

37 

52 

14 

702 

178 

211 

44 

40 

16 

181 

67 

263 

67 

45 

44 

1,229 

333 

37 

6 

75 

27 

6,333 


1,921 


SEVENTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


County 


A.C.(ACE) 

George  C. 

Parker 

Thompson 

(Repub.) 

(Repub.) 

640 

727 

118 

156 

878 

1,313 

860 

1,232 

408 

274 

Brunswick  

Columbus 

Cumberland  .. 
New  Hanover 
Roberson  


Totals 

2,904                      3,702 

NINTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 

County 

David  P. 

McKnight 

(Dem.) 

Mark 

Sholander 

(Dem.) 

Iredell  

2,734 

1,147 

Lincoln  

1,556 

988 

Mecklenburg  

Yadkin  (Part)  

7,867 

86 

10,627 
58 

Totals 

12,243 

12,820 

TENTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 

County 

Mildred  T.                         Ted  A. 
Keene                            Poovey 
(Dem.)                           (Dem.) 

Jack  L. 
Rhyne 

(Dem.) 

Avery  (Part) 
Burke 

Caldwell 

Catawba  

Cleveland  .... 

Gaston  

Watauga 

Totals  


133 

70 

180 

.694 

548 

1,576 

670 

430 

1,188 

687 

649 

2,178 

,002 

351 

4,743 

,278 

614 

6,832 

,132 

541 

876 

6,596 


3,203 


17,573 


Election  Results 


917 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  1984-1988 

FIRST  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


November  8, 1988 

November  4, 1986 

November  6, 1984 

(D)                        (R) 
Walter  B.  Jones        Howard  D.  Moye 

(D)                        (R) 
Walter  B.  Jones        Howard  D.  Moye 

(D)                        (R) 
Walter  B.Jones         Herbert  W.Lee 

Beaufort       

7,910               5,938 
4,381                1,302 
1,646                  568 
9,852               8,838 
2,441                1,288 

11,217               8,824 
2,480                1,521 
4,471                3,629 
2,763                  599 
4,266                  944 
5,765                1,824 
1,729                  526 

10,861                6,854 
4,957                1,816 
5,386                1,234 
3,064                1,469 
5,133               2,649 
2,336                 980 

22,713              10,456 
1,048                  367 
3,608               1,387 

6,206                4,732 
3,392                   745 

993                   279 
8,426                5,615 
2,254                   798 
8,549                4,798 
1,977                   653 
3,359                2,170 
2,376                   449 
3,234                   612 
5,164                 1,146 
1,183                   476 
8,110                4,640 
4,010                 1,077 
5,144                   875 
2,364                 1,156 
3,644                 1,324 
1,483                   583 
15,735                6,628 

770                  250 
2,449                   906 

8,955               5,692 

Bertie 

4,918                1,234 

Camden    

1,511                   734 

Carteret 

10,333               7,789 

Chowan 

2,623               1,052 

Craven  

12,067               7,051 

Currituck 

Dare 

2,514               1,703 
4,048               2,524 

Gates             .  , 

2,850                  841 

Greene 

4,156                1,573 

Hertford 

5,377                1,456 

Hyde  

1,543                  583 

Lenoir 

11,922               8,029 

Martin     

5,914                1,727 

Northampton  ... 
Pamlico 

5,678               1,483 
3,109                1,428 

Pasquotank  

Perquimans 

Pitt         

5,483               2,478 

2,122                1,097 

22,523               9,711 

Tyrrell  

1,088                  411 

Washington 

4,081                1,557 

Totals 

118,027             63,013 

91,122              39,913 

122,815             60,153 

SECOND  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


Novembers,  1988 

November  4, 1986 

November  6, 1984 

(D) 
l.T.  (Tim)  Valentine,  Jr. 

(D)                        (R) 
l.T.  Valentine,  Jr.        Bud  McElhaney 

(D)                        (R) 
l.T.  Valentine,  Jr.        Frank  H.HiU 

Caswell 

6,381 

39,747 

12,530 

8,485 

12,575 

825 

16,302 

4,705 

9,307 

5,591 

12,384 

4,425                 1,189 

28,069               12,174 

9,968                2,501 

6,428                1,576 

10,629                2,413 

817                   282 

11,986                4,690 

3,609                 1,266 

6,914                 1,918 

4,370                   744 

8,105                3,762 

5,114                2,431 

Durham  

29,228             22,299 

Edgecombe 

15,376               4,447 

Granville 

7,182               3,992 

Halifax      

14,531               3,898 

Johnston  (Part) 

Nash 

797                  544 
5,145               2,876 

Person 

8,277               3,393 

Vance 

4,829               1,268 

Warren 

Wilson 

12,675              6,257 
19,138               6,907 

Totals: 

128,832 

95,320              32,515 

112,292             58,312 

THIRD  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


November  8, 1988 

November  4, 1986 

November  6, 1984 

(D) 
Martin  Lancaster 

(D)                        (R) 
Martin  Lancaster       Gerald  B.  Hurst 

(D)                        (R) 
Charles  O.Whitley      Danny  G.Moody 

Bladen  

6,436 

9,221 

10,775 

14,072 

1,945 

6,557 

2,001 

13,484 

6,287 

10,583 

13,962 

4,391                  1,082 
6,494                2,017 
8,106                4,377 

11,146                6,323 
1,787                   777 
4,672                2,722 
1,826                 1,242 
4,427                2,140 
9,226                6,350 

12,401                 5,783 
6,984                6,595 

5,211                2,598 

Duplin 

9,675               4,270 

Harnett  . . 

11,552               6,605 

Johnston  (Part) 

Jones 

13,945               8,317 
2,483                1,321 

Lee 

6,928               4,124 

Moore  (Part) 

2,515                1,767 

Onslow  

5,808              3,033 

Pender  

11,996               7,980 

Sampson  

17,376               9,092 

Wayne 

12,696              6,989 

Totals: 

95,323 

71,460              39,408 

100,185             56,096 

918 


North  Carolina  Manual 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  1984-1988  (Continued) 


FOURTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 

Novembers,  1988 

November  4, 1986 

November  6, 1984 

(D) 
David  E.  Price 

(R) 
Tom  Fetzer 

(D)                         (R) 
David  E.  Price      William  W.  Cobey,  Jr. 

(D) 
Ike  Andrews 

(R) 
William  W.  Cobey,  Jr. 

Chatham 

Franklin 

9,435 

7,402 

26,674 

10,890 

77,495 

5,367 

3,572 

10,137 

22,235 

54,171 

6,817  4,629 
6,029                3,696 

17,953  7,778 
7,849               15,703 

53,568              41,663 

9,437 

5,988 

22,255 

10,022 

66,760 

6,391 
4  510 

Orange 

13,242 

Randolph  

Wake    

24,310 
68  983 

Totals 

131,896 

95,482 

92,216               73,469 

114,462 

117  436 

FIFTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 

November  8, 1988 

November  4, 1986 

November  6, 1984 

(D) 
Steve  Neal 

(R) 
Lyons  Cray 

(D)                         (R) 
Stephen  L.  Neal         Stuart  Epperson 

(D) 
Stephen  L.  Neal 

(R) 
Stuart  Epperson 

Alexander 

Alleghany 

Ashe 

5,446 

2,589 

4,962 

53,939 

15,692 

7,462 

10,585 

9,851 

6,721 

1,713 

5,109 

45,844 

11,077 

6,906 

9,348 

12,822 

4,410                  6,547 
2,326                 1,941 
4,827                4,467 
40,986               27,442 
10,450                8,137 
6,434                5,950 
8,647                7,395 
8,330               11,382 

4,529 

2,629 

5,333 

55,382 

14,709 

6,702 

9,910 

10,637 

7,296 
2,051 
5,400 

Forsyth 

44,171 

Rockingham 

Stokes  

13,365 

7  782 

Surry 

10  808 

Wilkes 

15,726 

Totals 

110,516 

99,540 

86,410               73,261 

109,831 

106,599 

SIXTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


Novembers,  1988 

November  4, 1986 

November  6, 1984 

(D) 
Tom  Gilmore 

(R) 
Howard  Coble 

(D) 
Robin  Britt 

(R) 
Howard  Coble 

(D) 
Robin  Britt 

(R) 
Howard  Coble 

(SW) 
Meryl  Lynn  Farber 

Alamance 

Davidson 

Guilford  . .      .  . 

9,844 
13,916 
46,248 

19,806 
28,006 
68,722 

14,373 
16,243 
41,634 

14,096 
16,798 
41,435 

17,028 
18,925 
64,310 

19,577 
24,789 
58,559 

103 

47 

135 

Totals 

70,008 

116,534 

72,250 

72,329 

100,263 

102,925 

285 

SEVENTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


Novembers,  1988 

November  4, 1986 

November  6, 1984 

(D) 
Charles  G.Rose,  III 

(R) 
George  C.  Thompson 

(D)                         IR) 
Charles  G.  Rose,  III  Thomas  J.  Harrelson 

(D) 
Charles  G.Rose,  III 

(R) 
S.Thom  Rhodes 

Brunswick 

Columbus 

Cumberland 

New  Hanover  ... 
Robeson 

10,498 
12,477 
34,754 
22,274 
22,389 

7,567 

3,743 

17,138 

16,481 

4,926 

7,551                 6,840 
10,076                3,548 
22,979               12,955 
15,819               11,390 
14,046                4,556 

8,918 
10,957 
33,094 
17,830 
21,358 

7,272 

7,263 

22,098 

18,373 

8,164 

Totals 

102,392 

49,855 

70,471               39,289 

92,157 

63  625 

Election  Results 


919 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  1984-1988  (Continued) 


EIGHT  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


Anson 

Cabarrus 

Davie 

Hoke  

Montgomery  . 
Moore  (Part)  , 

Richmond  

Rowan  

Scotland 

Stanly 

Union  

Yadkin  (Part) 

Totals 


Novembers,  1988 


(D) 
W.G.  (BUI)  Hefner 


5,967 

16,615 

5,012 

4,239 

5,030 

7,401 

8,655 

15,866 

4,487 

8,914 

12,719 

4,309 


(R) 
Ted  Blanton 


1,628 
16,687 

6,101 

1,074 

3,291 
11,033 

3,625 
19,907 

1,653 
10,232 
13,236 

4,996 


99,214 


93,464 


November  4, 1986 


(D) 
W.G.  Hefner 


(Rl 
William  G.  Hamby,  Jr. 


4,343 

12,123 

3,828 

3,102 

3,852 

6,508 

7,987 

14,412 

2,865 

8,218 

10,009 

3,712 


1,021 
9,931 
4,324 
701 
2,180 
8,091 
2,411 
11,485 
1,230 
6,663 
6,811 
4,093 


80,959 


58,941 


November  6, 1984 


(D) 
W.G.  Hefner 


6,027 

15,628 

4,462 

3,669 

7,745 
9,737 

16,845 
4,939 
9,537 

12,480 
3,910 


99,731 


(R) 
Harris  D.  Blake 


2,302 
17,017 

6,406 

1,600 

3,847 
10,538 

4,684 
19,858 

2,127 
10,654 
11,323 

5,998 


96,354 


NINTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


November  8, 1988 

November  4, 1986 

November  6, 1984 

(D) 
Mark  Sholander 

(R) 
J.  Alex  McMillan 

(Dl 
D.G.  Martin 

(R) 
J.  Alei  McMillan 

(D) 
D.G.  Martin 

(R) 
J.  Alex  McMillan 

Iredell 

9,789 

6,473 

55,084 

456 

22,357 

11,407 

103,907 

1,343 

11,264 

7,204 

57,231 

541 

14,056 
8,553 

56,699 
1,044 

15,082 

8,677 

84,780 

560 

18,964 

Lincoln 

10,101 

Mecklenburg 

Yadkin  (Part)  ... 

78,946 
1,409 

Totals 

71,802 

139,014 

76,240 

80,352 

109,099 

109,420 

TENTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


Novembers,  1988 

November  4, 1986 

November  6, 1984 

(D)                  (R) 
Jack  L.  Rhyue     Cass  Ballenger 

For  Remainder  of  Unexpired  Term 
(Expiring  Noon,  3  January  1987) 

(D)                  (R) 
Lester  D.  Roark    Cass  Ballenger 

Regular  Term 

(D)                  (R) 
Lester  D.  Roark    Cass  Ballenger 

(D)                    (R) 
TedA.Poovey     James  TBroyhill 

Avery  (Part)  .... 
Burke 

964           2,937 
11,867         15,135 

8,740         14,118 
13,621          28,173 
11,898          12,564 
19,309         30,573 

5,466           9,054 

808          2,470 

9,681         11,458 

7,483         11,335 

11,586        21,623 

11,791           7,088 

14,746        22,809 

5,110          6,190 

813          2,494 

9,716         11,610 

7,594         11,424 

11,708        21,762 

12,045          7,156 

14,939        23,148 

5,220          6,308 

737             3,341 
9,166            19,379 

Caldwell 

Catawba 

Cleveland 

Gaston  

Watauga 

5,827            18,450 
10,323           32,553 

8,432            18,759 
12,957           40,562 

4,418             9,829 

Totals 

71,865        112,554 

61,205        82,973 

62,035        83,902 

51,860          142,873 

920 


North  Carolina  Manual 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  1984-1988  (Continued) 


ELEVENTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


Novembers,  1988 

November  4, 1986 

November  6, 1984 

(D)                          (R) 
James  M.  Clarke       Charles  H.  Taylor 

(D)                          (R) 
James  M.  Clarke      William  M.  Hendon 

(D)                          (R) 
James  M.  Clarke        William  Hendon 

Avery  (Part) 

Buncombe 

Cherokee 

430                   1,114 
34,115               28,417 
3.143                4,208 
1,556                 1,920 
1,396                 2,016 
10,424                 7,832 
12,704               16,247 
5,552                4,605 
4,204                 4,642 
3,486                 2,852 
5,704                 5,560 
1,645                4,378 
2,994                 3,520 
9,068                8,544 
1,750                 1,922 
5,994                 5,263 
4,271                 3,867 

346                    965 
25,739               24,205 
3,018                3,743 
1,807                2,190 
1,788                2,028 
8,334                 6,441 
8,771               11,122 
4,969                3,783 
5,144                 4,746 
4,240                4,576 
3,748                3,165 
1,429                3,202 
2,773                2,596 
8,718                7,132 
2,068                 1,645 
4,511                 4,261 
4,172                 3,269 

421                    1,175 

33,525              30,626 

3  453                4  473 

Clay  

1  523                2  040 

Graham 

1  789                2  195 

Haywood  

Henderson  

Jackson  

10,171                 8,558 

11,192               15,446 

5  779                4  719 

Macon 

6  072                6  221 

Madison 

4,759                5  430 

McDowell 

Mitchell 

3,542                2,786 
1,818                4  582 

Polk 

3  002                3  617 

Rutherford  

Swain  

9,174                9,704 
2  483                 1  891 

Transylvania  ... 
Yancey  

5,398                5,380 
4,183                3,755 

Totals 

108,436             106,907 

91,575               89,069 

108,284             112,598 

Election  Results 


921 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS  -  NOVEMBER  2,  1982 


FIRST  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


County 

Beaufort 

Bertie 

Camden  

Carteret 

Chowan  

Craven  

Currituck  

Dare 

Gates  

Greene 

Hertford  

Hyde 

Lenoir 

Martin  

Northampton 

PamHco 

Pasqotank  

Perquimans  ... 

Pitt 

Tyrrell  

Washington  ... 

Totals:  


Walter  B. 
Jones 
Pern.) 


James  F. 

Mclntyre,  III 

(Repub.) 


Bobby  Yates 
Emory 
(Lib.) 


6,819 

2,043 

83 

3,023 

209 

13 

917 

118 

9 

6,530 

2,975 

132 

1,453 

207 

21 

7,727 

1,428 

49 

2,249 

562 

22 

2,341 

794 

43 

2,912 

272 

18 

2,743 

283 

13 

3,319 

301 

16 

1,256 

201 

23 

8,803 

2,504 

146 

3,697 

469 

16 

4,837 

381 

16 

2,080 

445 

24 

3,050 

480 

9 

1,479 

300 

17 

0,814 

2,827 

195 

692 

88 

1 

3,213 

592 

44 

79,954 


17,478 


910 


SECOND  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


County 

Caswell  

Durham  

Edgecombe 
Granville  ... 

Halifax 

Nash 

Person  

Vance  

Warren  

Wilson  

Johnston  .... 

Totals:  .... 


I.T 

Valentine,  Jr. 

(Dem.) 


JohnW. 
Martin 
(Repub.) 


Sue 
Lamm 

(Lib.) 


H.M. 

Michaux.Jr. 

(Dem.)' 


2,523 

790 

33 

1,495 

10,984 

12,270 

417 

7,881 

7,519 

3,003 

256 

1,220 

3,815 

1,849 

119 

935 

7,404 

2,467 

68 



10,520 

4,776 

129 

436 

2,011 

1,805 

46 

927 

4,035 

2,308 

57 

1,431 

2,172 

1,027 

94 

1,572 

8,178 

3,762 

200 

91 

59,617 

34,293 

1,426 

15,990 

59,617 


34,293 


1,426 


15.990 


THIRD  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


County 

Bladen  .... 
Duplin  .... 
Harnett  .. 

Jones  

Lee  

Onslow  ... 
Pender  .... 
Sampson 
Wayne  .... 
Johnston 
Moore  

Totals  . 


Charles  0. 
Whitley 
(Dem.) 


Eugene 
McDaniel 
(Repub.) 


Marshall 

Sprague 

(Lib.) 


4,878 
7,646 
7,318 
1,823 
3,989 
6,565 
4,728 
11,193 
11,047 
7,997 
1,752 


1,245 
2,212 
4,521 
755 
2,917 
4,884 
1,935 
7,780 
6,404 
5,290 
1,103 


51 
30 
36 
11 
53 
83 
30 
78 
60 
45 
14 


68,936 


39,046 


492 


922 


North  Carolina  Manual 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS  -  NOVEMBER  2,  1982  (Continued) 


FOURTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


County 

Chatham 
Franklin  . 
Orange  .... 
Randolph 
Wake  

Totals  .. 


Ike 
Andrews 

(Dem.) 


William 
Cobey,  Jr. 
(Repub.) 


Fritz 

Prochow 

(Lib.) 


6,452 

3,331 

99 

4,450 

2,139 

32 

11,718 

7,362 

350 

8,492 

15,656 

199 

39,257 

36,467 

1,040 

70,369 


64,955 


1,720 


FIFTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


County 

Alexander  .... 
Alleghany  .... 

Ashe  

Forsyth  

Rockingham 

Stokes  

Surry  

Wilkes  


Charles  0. 
Whitley 

(Dem.) 


Eugene 
McDaniel 
(Repub.) 


Marshall 

Sprague 

(Lib.) 


5,458 

4,823 

37 

12 

3,122 

1,690 

12 

11 

5,765 

4,178 

27 

19 

36,532 

20,347 

319 

69 

10,761 

6,021 

62 

17 

6,767 

4,057 

45 

12 

9,949 

6,252 

70 

13 

9.465 

9,715 

59 

21 

Totals  

87,819                    57,083 

631 

174 

SIXTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 

County 

Robin 
Britt 
(Dem.) 

Eugene 
Johnston 
(Repub.) 

J.  Erik 

Christensen 

(Lib.) 

Alamance  

Davidson  

Guilford  

12,436 

15,713 

40,547 

11,498 
14,023 
32,723 

164 
155 
360 

Totals  

68,696 

58,244 

679 

SEVENTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 

County 

Charles  G. 
Rose 
(Dem.l 

Edward 
Johnston 
(Repub.) 

Richard 
Hollenbeak 

(Lib.) 

Brunswick  

Columbus  

Cumberland  .. 
New  Hanover 
Robeson  

Totals  


7,642 

3,591 

192 

9,108 

2,238 

110 

20,274 

10,745 

362 

16,608 

7,437 

228 

14,897 

3,004 

98 

68.529 


27.015 


990 


Election  Results 


923 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS  -  NOVEMBER  2, 1982  (Continued) 


EIGHTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


County 

Anson 

Cabarrus 

Davie 

Hoke  

Montgomery 
Richmond  .... 

Rowan  

Scotland 

Stanly  

Union  

Moore  

Yadkin  


W.G. 
Hefner 
(Dem.) 


Harris  D. 

Blake 

(Repub.) 


Don 

Scoggins 

(Ub.) 


3,738 

1,150 

25 

9,321 

8,242 

126 

3,814 

4,124 

64 

3,561 

648 

29 

4,222 

2,578 

46 

8,093 

2,378 

68 

1,803 

11,136 

174 

2,799 

758 

34 

7,740 

6,292 

77 

7,426 

4,654 

76 

6,175 

7,205 

59 

2,999 

3,252 

52 

Totals  

71,691 

52,417 

830 

NINTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 

County 

Preston 

Cornelius 

(Dem.) 

James  G. 
Martin 
(Repub.) 

Dave 
Braatz 
(Lib.) 

Iredell 

Lincoln 

Mecklenburg  

Yadkin  

9,400 

7,039 

30,419 

400 

11,583 

7,642 

44,268 

804 

135 
94 

989 
13 

Totals  

47,258 

64,297 

1,231 

TENTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 

County 

James  T. 
BroyhiU 
(Dem.) 

John 

Rankin 

(Lib.) 

Burke  

Caldwell  .. 
Catawba  . 
Cleveland 

Gaston 

Watauga  . 
Avery 

Totals  ... 


12,684 

1,259 

9,976 

627 

18,633 

778 

11,256 

1,501 

19,510 

1,467 

6,290 

573 

2,555 

155 

80,904 


6,360 


924 


North  Carolina  Manual 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS  -  NOVEMBER  2,  1982  (Continued) 


ELEVENTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


County 

Buncombe 

Cherokee  

Clay  

Graham  

Haywood  

Henderson  

Jackson  

McDowell 

Macon  

Madison  

Mitchell 

Polk  

Rutherford  

Swain  

Transylvania 

Yancey  

Avery  

Totals  


James  McClure 
Clarke 
(Dem.) 


W.M. 
Hendoti 
(Repub.) 


Linda 
Janca 
(Lib.) 


:2,953 

21,603 

559 

3,704 

3,230 

20 

1,938 

2,121 

38 

1,823 

1,878 

27 

8,172 

6,548 

122 

6,799 

10,616 

119 

4,559 

3,259 

44 

4,373 

4,343 

77 

4,223 

4,178 

127 

1,636 

3,394 

27 

1,636 

3,394 

27 

2,704 

2,583 

62 

8,101 

7,281 

163 

2,055 

1,778 

13 

4,287 

4,217 

56 

4,179 

3,812 

61 

341 

943 

26 

85,410 


84,085 


1,552 


Election  Results  925 


NORTH  CAROLINA  STATE  GOVERNMENT 

Prior  to  1835  when  major  changes  were  made  to  the  Constitution  of  North 
CaroHna,  the  governor  and  all  other  major  officials  at  the  state  and  local  levels 
of  government  were  elected  by  the  General  Assembly  meeting  and  voting  in 
joint  session.  Following  1835,  the  governor  was  elected  by  the  people  for  a 
two-year  term.  The  remaining  officials  continued  to  be  elected  by  the  General 
Assembly.  In  1868  a  new  constitution  was  adopted  with  provisions  for  the 
popular  election  of  executive  officials  and  judges. 

During  the  20th  Century,  two  significant  changes  have  been  made  regarding 
elections.  The  first  happened  in  1915  when  the  General  Assembly  passed  the 
Primary  Elections  Act.  The  second  occurred  in  1977  when  the  citizens  of  North 
Carolina  approved  a  constitutional  amendment  allowing  the  governor  and 
lieutenant  governor  to  run  for  reelection  to  a  successive  term. 

The  Primary  Elections  Act  provided  for  a  "primary  election  for  the  purpose 
of  nominating  candidates  of  each  and  every  political  party  in  the  State"  if  there 
was  more  than  one  aspirant  to  the  office.  The  individuals  selected  in  the 
primary  became  their  party's  nominee  and  their  name  was  placed  on  the 
November  ballot. 

Prior  to  the  adoption  of  the  amendment  allowing  the  governor  and  lieutenant 
governor  to  run  for  a  successive  term,  all  other  officials  could  run  for  reelection 
except  the  governor  and  lieutenant  governor.  The  first  time  the  new  amendment 
came  into  practice  was  in  1980  when  both  Governor  James  B.  Hunt  and 
Lieutenant  Governor  Jimmy  Green  were  reelected  to  second  successive  terms. 


926 


North  Carolina  Manual 


GOVERNOR  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


DEMOCRATIC  PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  3,  1988 


County 


Carroll  W. 
Crawford 


Bruce  A. 

Robert  B. 

Friedman 

Jordan,  III 

118 

5,214 

6 

1,174 

31 

1,479 

120 

3,711 

27 

2,488 

3 

518 

70 

3,350 

139 

2,636 

43 

1,782 

154 

4,419 

204 

7,163 

42 

3,618 

100 

4,684 

23 

2,008 

48 

1,048 

89 

3,820 

86 

2,550 

58 

3,111 

122 

4,015 

19 

589 

19 

1,162 

5 

350 

103 

5,190 

119 

4,106 

170 

3,974 

272 

15,756 

43 

1,112 

37 

1,618 

108 

5,581 

36 

1,604 

111 

4,908 

162 

12,806 

122 

6,574 

368 

12,097 

70 

2,919 

147 

7,398 

25 

991 

8 

486 

86 

4,246 

49 

1,969 

311 

16,469 

135 

5,419 

141 

5,455 

35 

2,436 

37 

1,622 

118 

2,908 

45 

2,252 

41 

1,185 

91 

4,240 

205 

364 

James 
Llovd 


Billy 
Martin 


Alamance  , 
Alexander , 
Alleghany 

Anson  

Ashe  


Avery  

Beaufort .... 

Bertie  

Bladen  

Brunswick 

Buncombe 

Burke  

Cabarrus  .. 
Caldwell  ... 
Camden  .... 


Carteret  .. 
Caswell  ... 
Catawba  . 
Chatham 
Cherokee  . 


Chowan  ... 

Clay 

Cleveland 
Columbus 
Craven  


Cumberland 

Currituck  

Dare  

Davidson  

Davie 

Duplin 

Durham  

Edgecombe  .. 

Forsyth  

Franklin  

Gaston  

Gates 

Graham  

Granville  

Greene  

Guilford  

Halifax  

Harnett  

Haywood  

Henderson  ... 

Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde 

Iredell 

Jackson  


318 
25 
39 

166 
55 

13 
155 
191 

83 
341 

497 
118 
334 
69 
101 

149 

351 

110 

221 

41 

42 

6 

280 

197 

292 

573 
124 

74 
277 

36 

277 
423 
367 
535 
180 

418 
34 
15 

407 
65 

875 

720 

275 

73 

85 

186 
68 
43 

285 
118 


124 
9 

12 
124 

36 

5 

116 

51 

23 

136 

95 
84 
139 
21 
31 

83 
110 

49 
105 

12 

19 

2 

182 

71 

82 

316 

45 

38 

155 

37 

137 
246 
155 
240 
181 

139 
34 
13 

366 
45 

246 

170 

208 

26 

16 

58 
65 
62 

168 
69 


1,071 

41 

145 

511 

201 

45 
630 
373 
243 
768 

524 
217 
654 
127 
334 

422 
684 
291 
507 
45 

151 

17 
659 
371 
551 

3,119 
584 
324 
594 
156 

1,024 
1,670 
1,302 
1,176 
496 

731 
245 
33 
925 
371 

1,592 

1,140 

1,032 

145 

120 

403 
389 
276 
524 
296 


Election  Results 


927 


DEMOCRATIC  PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  3,  1988 

(Continued) 


County 

Johnston  

Jones  

Lee 

Lenoir  

Lincoln  

Macon  

Madison 

Martin 

McDowell  

Mecklenburg 

Mitchell  

Montgomery 

Moore 

Nash  

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow 

Orange  

Pamlico 

Pasquotank  .. 

Pender 

Perquimans  .. 

Person 

Pitt  

Polk  

Randolph 

Richmond 

Robeson  

Rockingham 
Rowan 

Rutherford  .... 

Sampson 

Scotland  

Stanly  

Stokes  

Surry  

Swain 

Transylvania 

Tyrrell 

Union 

Vance 

Wake  

Warren 

Washington  . 
Watauga  

Wayne 

Wilkes  

Wilson 

Yadkin  

Yancey 

Totals  


CarroUW. 

Bruce  A. 

Robert  B. 

Crawford 

Friedman 

Jordan,  III 

383 

153 

6,793 

63 

42 

1,527 

151 

85 

3,798 

297 

195 

6,711 

92 

38 

2,381 

145 

43 

2,993 

53 

19 

1,821 

1,182 

458 

23,293 

11 

13 

281 

61 

44 

2,867 

119 

51 

2,410 

388 

160 

5,180 

208 

145 

6,388 

294 

169 

3,539 

267 

130 

4,761 

253 

141 

6,550 

64 

56 

14 

158 

104 

2,410 

129 

65 

3,011 

51 

34 

1,484 

399 

38 

2,070 

562 

222 

,9,849 

26 

21 

602 

77 

30 

2,236 

197 

91 

4,510 

607  ■ 

376 

13,539 

253 

129 

4,692 

141 

53 

2,930 

242 

135 

3,738 

192 

88 

3,658 

66 

31 

1,911 

79 

39 

2,914 

90 

39 

2,869 

125 

56 

2,814 

14 

5 

449 

109 

24 

1,430 

27 

21 

776 

213 

90 

4,973 

737 

85 

4,364 

1,184 

504 

20,908 

295 

86 

3,404 

49 

327 

1,619 

79 

66 

2,589 

382 

153 

6,911 

80 

50 

2,423 

250 

95 

4,357 

14 

43 

1,043 

48 

29 

1,745 

James 
Lloyd 


Billy 
Martin 


180 
33 
77 

225 
46 


173 

27 

412 

1 

57 

46 

149 

165 

62 

128 

197 

73 

50 

74 

50 

100 

229 

5 

27 

68 

402 

103 

115 

113 
72 
30 
30 
42 

46 
4 

19 
25 
85 

422 

570 

281 

45 

35 

182 
34 
84 
21 
25 


1,447 
343 
623 

1,369 
163 


808 
153 

2,718 

28 

294 

275 

1,259 

889 

508 
1,270 
584 
265 
367 

586 
365 

487 

1,646 

57 

187 
551 
3,177 
655 
270 

524 
476 
259 
208 
224 

272 
17 
124 
169 
610 

954 
2,880 
645 
244 
235 

1,662 

169 

902 

74 

206 


21,844 


9,876 


403,145 


10,438 


60,770 


928 


North  Carolina  Manual 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  8,  1988 


County 


(D) 
Robert  B. 
Jordan,  III 


(R) 

James  G. 

Martin 


County 


(D) 
Robert  B. 
Jordan,  111 


(R) 

James  G. 

Martin 


Alamance  . 

Alexander 

Alleghany 

Anson  

Ashe 


Avery  

Beaufort  ... 

Bertie  

Bladen  

Brunswick 

Buncombe 

Burke  

Cabarrus  .. 
Caldwell  ... 
Camden  .... 


Carteret  .. 
Caswell  ... 
Catawba  . 
Chatham 
Cherokee 


Chowan  ... 

Clay  

Cleveland 
Columbus 
Craven  


Cumberland 

Currituck  

Dare  

Davidson 

Davie  


Duplin 

Durham  

Edgecombe 

Forsyth  

Franklin  


Gaston  .... 

Gates 

Graham  .. 
Granville 
Greene  .... 


Guilford  .... 

Halifax  

Harnett 

Haywood  .. 
Henderson 


Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde  

Iredell  ... 
Jackson 


54,331 
4,713 
2,300 
5,249 
4,401 

1,645 
6,256 
4,167 
5,405 
8,735 

28,881 

12,172 

12,161 

8,995 

1,302 

8,078 
4,542 
14,043 
7,890 
3,104 

2,454 

1,452 

11,839 

10,655 

9,200 

26,853 
1,898 
3,441 

15,208 
3,532 

6,604 
34,793 

9,568 
40,295 

5,795 

17,733 
2,242 
1,512 
6,003 
3,060 

52,779 
9,474 
8,035 
9,314 
9,432 

5,322 

3,676 

1,358 

11,117 


23,262 
7,395 
2,031 
2,320 
5,805 

4,064 
7,633 
2,106 
3,544 
9,658 

36,968 
14,925 
21,485 
14,047 
948 

10,719 
2,689 

28,042 
7,201 
4,516 

1,762 
2,026 

13,305 
5,833 

11,921 

25,670 
2,159 
4,792 

26,735 
7,606 

5,847 
31,010 

6,524 
59,337 

5,287 

32,658 
1,158 
1,854 
4,842 
2,090 

65,331 
6,947 
9,245 
8,727 

19,623 

2,829 

1,600 

850 

21,401 

5,138 


Johnston 

Jones  

Lee  

Lenoir 

Lincoln  ... 


Macon  

Madison 

Martin  

McDowell 

Mecklenburg  . 

Mitchell 

Montgomery  .. 

Moore  

Nash 

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow 

Orange  

Pamlico 

Pasquotank  ... 


Pender  

Perquimans 

Person  

Pitt 

Polk  


Randolph 

Richmond  .... 

Robeson  

Rockingham 
Rowan  ...•« 


Rutherford 
Sampson  ... 
Scotland  .... 

Stanly  

Stokes 


Surry  

Swain  

Transylvania 

Tyrrell  

Union  


Vance  

Wake  

Warren  

Washington 
Watauga  


Wayne  .. 
Wilkes  .. 
Wilson  .. 
Yadkin  . 
Yancey  . 

Totals 


9,345 
2,111 
5,186 
8,523 
7,066 

4,249 
3,187 
4,425 
5,173 
64,781 

1,494 
4,791 
8,193 
9,754 
17,021 

5,113 
8,085 
20,546 
2,389 
4,913 

4,778 
1,801 
4,149 
15,873 
2,761 

10,965 
7,957 
18,740 
13,116 
13,785 

7,800 
8,680 
4,497 
7,795 
6,200 

8,940 

1,856 

4,578 

680 

10,104 

6,489 
62,530 
4,143 
2,924 
6,274 

11,081 
8,058 
8,683 
3,498 
4,072 

957,687 


15,324 
1,445 
7,107 
9,844 

11,320 

5,824 
3,194 
3,101 
6,128 
114,237 

4,568 

3,714 

14,284 

15,179 

22,888 

2,341 

11,605 

16,083 

2,086 

3,569 

4,677 
1,484 
4,582 
17,036 
3,984 

23,840 

4,597 

8,722 

13,842 

22,008 

9,813 
8,810 
2,652 
11,370 
8,212 

11,512 

1,970 

6,858 

520 

15,761 

5,329 

92,498 

2,069 

2,021 

8,747 

14,778 

14,854 

10,708 

7,589 

4,109 

1,222,338 


Election  Results 


929 


DEMOCRATIC  PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  8,  1984 


County 

Alamance  ... 
Alexander  .. 
Alleghany  .. 

Anson  

Ashe 

Avery 

Beaufort  

Bertie  

Bladen  

Brunswick  .. 

Buncombe  .. 

Burke  

Cabarrus  .... 

Caldwell  

Camden 

Carteret  

Caswell 

Catawba 

Chatham  .... 
Cherokee  .... 

Chowan  

Clay  

Cleveland  ... 
Columbus  ... 
Craven  

Cumberland 
Currituck  .... 

Dare  

Davidson  .... 
Davie  

Duplin  

Durham  

Edgecombe 

Forsyth 

Franklin  

Gaston 

Gates  

Graham  

Granville  .... 
Greene  

Guilford 

Halifax  

Harnett 

Haywood  .... 
Henderson  . 

Hertford  

Hoke  

Hyde  

Iredell  

Jackson  


J.A.  Rufus  D.M.         Thomas      James  C.     Robert  L. 

Barker      Edmisten    Faircloth    0.  Gilmore      Green       Hannon 


John 
Ingram 


H.  Edward 
Knox 


Glenn 
Miller 


J.D. 

Whaley 


28 
18 
1 
11 
10 


72 
29 

37 

47 
42 
38 
17 
9 

23 
20 
34 
19 
25 

14 
4 

33 
41 

125 

61 
11 

12 
31 

7 

15 
73 
76 
78 
32 

40 

22 

4 

18 


143 

78 

10 

9 

18 

91 
6 
3 

157 
4 


4,125 
1,019 
966 
1,476 
2,418 

484 
2,483 
1,410 
1,290 
2,158 

8,094 
4,984 
2,929 
2,986 
519 

2,742 
1,960 
5,250 
3,231 

737 

414 

133 

4,607 

1,850 

3,393 

9,774 
624 
1,391 
3,069 
1,166 

2,087 
8,990 
4,973 
10,777 
2,647 

6,347 

343 

586 

2,439 

1,732 

8,663 
5,201 
3,820 
2,849 
1,874 

811 

991 

607 

4,944 

1,370 


2,331 
420 
252 

1,454 
520 

83 

1,814 

890 

659 

1,367 

3,096 

1,579 

1,392 

523 

148 

1,219 

1,027 

1,013 

944 

293 

471 

139 

1,676 

1,983 

2,181 

6,298 
259 
497 

1,836 
319 

2,572 
4,095 
3,376 
3,700 
1,011 

1,466 
296 
335 
941 
963 

5,583 
2,296 
1,947 
1,145 
617 


2,856 

73 

32 

135 

66 

55 
263 
294 
358 
343 

1,276 

437 

464 

139 

56 

298 

247 

309 

2,110 

61 

100 

50 

442 

360 

471 

1,689 

104 

100 

563 

89 

653 
12,916 

711 
5,454 

245 

357 
370 
24 
290 
133 

12,795 
826 
323 
580 
424 


923  1,184 

733  455 

304  27 

1,270  280 

732  306 


1,611 
224 
316 

298 
144 

46 

809 

292 

3,378 

1,146 

2,586 
377 
593 
274 


515 
469 
597 
820 
114 

249 

56 

1,123 

4,979 

900 

2,794 
227 
217 

1,112 
223 

1,298 
1,347 

942 
2,073 

931 

806 

333 

46 

1,082 

296 

2,447 

1,093 

896 

623 

450 

316 
401 
184 
715 
314 


142 

12 

2 

398 

1 

2 
65 

963 
72 

251 

45 
22 
44 
5 
21 

9 
355 

9 

39 
10 

19 
3 
44 
62 
83 

170 

38 

6 

158 
16 

29 
63 
101 
66 
98 

29 

264 

13 

1,843 

18 

476 

118 

21 

15 

15 

533 

34 

63 

18 

3 


1,335 
256 

75 

768 

78 

39 

1,672 

574 

427 

1,107 

1,306 
862 

1,176 
385 
375 

727 
258 
684 
751 

78 

177 

26 

1,392 

1,442 

1,065 

2,409 
287 
216 

1,168 
306 

672 
1,517 
1,305 
2,242 

455 

1,686 

444 

70 

512 

515 

2,673 

1,092 

948 

711 

381 

422 
436 
238 
802 
151 


3,351 
681 
628 

1,808 
381 

267 
891 
505 
801 
1.371 

6,408 
2,012 
5,017 
2,143 
528 

1,896 
1,686 
2,991 
1,548 
551 

375 

285 

4,095 

1,903 

1,770 

5,771 
995 
560 

2,987 
499 

962 

5,426 

3,364 

10,226 

1,900 

6,747 
772 
157 

1,707 
833 

9,402 
2,474 
2,315 
1,767 
1.876 

678 
855 
199 
4,427 
840 


55 
33 
14 
49 
17 

2 

80 
30 
40 
56 

90 
71 
30 
9 
45 

18 

43 

40 

125 

6 

4 

19 

112 

183 

31 

346 
70 
43 
36 
36 

46 
109 

211 
75 
74 

49 
153 
33 
63 
36 

141 

129 

188 

17 

14 

48 
51 
26 
93 
14 


17 
0 
3 

14 
3 

0 
13 

7 

15 
36 

25 

15 

15 

8 

10 

9 
15 
12 
13 

4 

3 
4 

23 
36 
25 

45 
21 

6 
10 

0 

32 
20 
61 
30 


16 
27 
0 
14 
34 

43 
24 
10 
1 
11 

15 

11 

4 

9 

5 


930 


North  Carolina  Manual 


DEMOCRATIC  PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  8,  1984 

(Continued) 


Countv 


J.A. 
Barker 


Rufus 
Edmisten 


D.M.        Thomas     James  C. 
Faircloth    0.  Gilmore      Green 


Robert  L. 
Hannon 


John 
Ingram 


H.  Edward 
Knox 


Glenn 
Miller 


J.D. 
Whaley 


Johnston 

Jones  

Lee  

Lenoir  

Lincoln  ... 


Macon 

Madison  

Martin  

McDowell  

Mecklenburg  .. 

Mitchell  

Montgomery  .. 

Moore 

Nash  

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow  

Orange  

Pamlico  

Pasquotank  ... 


Pender  

Perquimans 

Person  

Pitt  

Polk 


Randolph  

Richmond  .... 

Robeson  

Rockingham 
Rowan  


Rutherford 
Sampson  ... 
Scotland  .... 

Stanly  

Stokes  


Surry 

Swain   

Transylvania 

Tyrrell  

Union  


Vance  

Wake 

Warren  

Washington 
Watauga 


Wayne 
Wilkes  . 
Wilson 
Yadkin 
Yancey 


26 
10 
6 
31 
13 

3 
6 

15 
10 
90 

1 
6 

23 
52 

88 

83 
19 
26 
27 
52 

14 
5 

22 
38 
15 


22 
95 
35 
37 

22 
22 
15 
10 


18 
0 

14 
3 

22 

57 

138 

27 

14 

3 

35 
30 

108 
5 
7 


4,527 
881 
3,039 
3,936 
2,117 

1,420 

461 

2,299 

1,798 

10,817 

346 

933 

2,303 

5,611 

4,574 

1,554 
3,394 
4,241 
1,255 
1,276 

1,953 

531 

2,522 

6,688 

854 

1,924 
1,730 
4,561 
3,102 
3,455 

2,318 
1,130 
1,399 
1,641 
1,616 

2,654 
613 
943 
462 

3,025 

2,965 
20,110 
1,104 
1,165 
3,006 

5,425 
3,112 
6,098 
1,034 
1,336 


2,316 
660 

1,237 

1,709 

945 

539 
1,126 
1,161 

364 
3,912 

147 
1,137 
1,061 
3,895 
4,772 

1,203 

1,958 

2,254 

647 

835 

1,545 

558 

1,285 

2,991 

241 

878 
3,125 
3,775 
1,940 
1,557 

1,031 
6,357 

936 
1,180 

411 

1,291 
272 
347 
223 

1,032 

2,035 

8,462 

2,315 

529 

221 

2,698 
462 

1,867 
335 
445 


452 
75 
443 
547 
134 

137 
100 
268 
115 
1,496 

23 
124 
353 
594 
698 

1,189 
539 

4,673 

76 

300 

148 
111 
178 
738 
81 

1,142 
872 
472 

1,378 
450 

174 
229 
221 
112 
211 

293 
73 

220 
37 

187 

439 
7,785 
226 
319 
238 

588 

259 

415 

89 

85 


1,436 
357 
551 

1,536 
347 

394 
501 
366 
245 
1,811 

52 

309 

964 

1,138 

981 

606 
1,424 
803 
266 
455 

553 
251 
461 
1,179 
184 


415 

581 

2,412 

2,074 

858 

466 

384 
314 
268 
509 

500 
83 

390 
88 

462 

972 

4,805 

576 

624 

84 

2,038 
408 
719 
221 
184 


20 
63 
14 
96 

5 

11 
2 

67 

0 

133 


12 
43 

87 

50 

48 

43 

249 

232 

26 
196 

22 
123 

23 

12 
47 
87 
85 
30 

18 
34 
27 
12 
11 

13 
1 

18 
15 
22 

99 

129 

43 

131 

3 

44 

7 

72 
4 


780 
339 
511 
1,308 
562 

234 

74 

547 

296 

2,381 

45 

631 

623 

1,407 

996 

513 
1,360 
775 
324 
515 

328 
227 
605 
1,558 
203 

1,741 
836 

1,982 
913 

1,046 

1,027 
306 
599 
977 
446 

872 
46 
283 
145 
665 

756 

2,830 

500 

598 

54 

1,255 
242 
918 
237 
139 


2,716 
564 
1,385 
3,198 
2,353 

880 

517 

572 

1,418 

38,446 

340 

962 

1,854 

2,935 

3,277 

1,287 

1,079 

4,724 

350 

987 

712 

333 

1,195 

3,227 

646 

1,090 
2,036 
6,520 
3,129 
3,566 

2,375 
751 
1,789 
2,349 
1,287 

1,411 
468 
608 
128 

4,526 

2,148 

17,938 

683 

493 

655 

2,816 
780 

2,327 
585 

1,240 


107 
40 
56 

106 
19 

34 

6 

21 

20 

107 

2 

22 

38 

139 

95 

65 
14 
95 
52 
24 

58 
24 
42 
91 
28 

33 
34 
144 
52 
44 

109 
49 
29 
22 
26 

21 
5 

22 
11 
32 

56 

206 

49 

50 

6 

72 
19 
55 
12 
24 


12 

19 

7 

74 
10 

4 
3 

5 

5 

50 

2 

6 

11 

46 

19 

29 
22 
21 
11 
13 

15 
1 
5 

31 
1 

4 

17 
33 
15 
11 

23 

14 

6 


2 
0 
5 
3 
11 

35 

31 

9 

22 
2 

29 
6 

14 
1 

4 


Totals 


3,148   295,051  153,210  82,299  80,775   9,476   75,248  249,286  5,790   1,516 


Election  Results 


931 


REPUBLICAN  PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  8,  1984 


County 


Ruby  T. 
Hooper 


James  G. 
Martin 


County 


Ruby  T. 
Hooper 


James  G. 
Martin 


Alamance  . 

Alexander 

Alleghany 

Anson  

Ashe 


Avery  

Beaufort  ... 

Bertie  

Bladen  

Brunswick 

Buncombe 

Burke  

Cabarrus  .. 
Caldwell  ... 
Camden  .... 


Carteret  .. 
Caswell  ... 
Catawba  . 
Chatham 
Cherokee 


Chowan  ... 

Clay  

Cleveland 
Columbus 
Craven  


Cumberland 

Currituck 

Dare  

Davidson 

Davie  


Duplin 

Durham  

Edgecombe 

Forsyth , 

Franklin  ...., 


Gaston  .... 

Gates 

Graham  .. 
Granville 
Greene  .... 


Guilford  .... 

Halifax  

Harnett 

Haywood  .. 
Henderson 


Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde  

Iredell  ... 
Jackson 


278 
45 
18 
10 
48 

256 
49 
14 

7 
105 

418 

565 

92 

165 

1 

158 

21 

378 

141 

35 

8 
21 
76 
52 
82 

348 

11 

39 

304 

175 

22 
141 

51 
461 

23 

168 

8 

18 

22 

9 

840 
37 
66 
69 

463 

14 
10 
12 
96 
29 


2,066 
755 
142 
156 
833 

2,359 

560 

61 

104 

1,093 

3,434 
1,594 
1,720 
2,027 
19 

1,164 

139 

4,304 

1,376 

329 

90 

266 

1,107 

322 

760 

2,213 

77 

218 

2,889 

2,250 

270 
1,783 

532 
4,367 

213 

2,338 

24 

288 

161 

76 

7,927 
293 
728 
381 

3,021 

102 

83 

41 

3,215 

332 


Johnston 

Jones  

Lee 

Lenoir 

Lincoln  ... 


Macon  

Madison  

Martin 

McDowell 

Mecklenburg  . 

Mitchell 

Montgomery  .. 

Moore  

Nash 

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow 

Orange  

Pamlico 

Pasquotank  ... 


Pender  

Perquimans 

Person  

Pitt 

Polk  


Randolph 

Richmond  .... 

Robeson  

Rockingham 
Rowan 


Rutherford 
Sampson  ... 
Scotland  .... 

Stanly  

Stokes 


Surry  

Swain  

Transylvania 

Tyrrell  

Union  


Vance  

Wake  

Warren  

Washington 
Watauga  


Wayne  ... 
Wilkes  ... 
Wilson  ... 
Yadkin  . 
Yancey  .. 

Totals 


64 
7 
44 
96 
43 

140 

25 

9 

22 

579 

265 
27 
167 
105 
247 

6 

73 

112 

16 

19 

33 
7 

14 
121 
229 

213 
21 
31 
93 

203 

58 
170 
53 
52 
94 

48 

25 

118 

2 

65 

14 

621 

23 

6 

89 

82 
295 

59 
179 

77 

11,640 


739 

64 

331 

816 

1,872 

700 
256 
165 
277 
18,873 

2,509 
433 
2,112 
1,214 
2,382 

49 

813 

1,193 

184 

228 

305 

83 

173 

1,521 

826 

1,920 
219 
327 
748 

3,350 

592 
1,706 

256 
1,239 
1,029 

631 

132 

600 

29 

1,122 

232 

5,183 

67 

61 

1,217 

622 
4,760 

530 
2,356 
1,066 

128,714 


932 


North  Carolina  Manual 


SECOND  DEMOCRATIC  PRIMAY,  JUNE  5,  1984 


County 


ID) 

Rufus 

Edmisten 


(D) 

H.  Edward 

Knox 


County 


(D| 

Rufus 

Edmisten 


ID) 

H.  Edward 

Knoi 


Alamance  , 

Alexander 

Alleghany 

Anson  

Ashe 


Avery  

Beaufort  ... 

Bertie  

Bladen  

Brunswick 

Buncombe 

Burke  

Cabarrus  .. 
Caldwell  ... 
Camden  .... 


Carteret  .. 
Caswell  ... 
Catawba  . 
Chatham 
Cherokee 


Chowan  ... 

Clay  

Cleveland 
Columbus 
Craven  


Cumberland 

Currituck 

Dare  

Davidson  

Davie  


Duplin 

Durham  

Edgecombe 

Forsyth  

Franklin  


Gaston  .... 

Gates 

Graham  .. 
Granville 
Greene  .... 


Guilford  .... 

Halifax  

Harnett 

Haywood  .. 
Henderson 


Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde  

Iredell  ... 
Jackson 


5,213 
1,229 
1,077 
3,284 
2,319 

882 
3,426 
1,373 
2,259 
3,080 

8,505 
5,511 
4,228 
3,265 
720 

3,331 

1,774 

5,817 

3,689 

806 

552 

220 

5,419 

4,432 

4,720 

10,223 

897 

1,087 

3,569 

1,153 

3,358 
10,216 

4,702 
11,448 

2,841 

6,922 

332 

508 

3,198 

1,821 

12,794 
4,330 

5,277 
3,188 
1,701 

929 
1,306 

741 
4,511 
1,374 


4,999 
696 

774 

3,112 

323 

328 
1,773 
1,038 
2,771 
2,762 

7,455 
2,214 
5,262 
1,972 

752 

2,344 
1,895 
3,155 
2,834 
766 

640 

200 

4,418 

3,454 

2,585 

7,223 
1,372 

676 
3,521 

561 

2,012 
12,406 

3,685 
10,188 

3,271 

6,145 

709 

192 

3,149 

1,001 

14,948 
2,707 
3,770 
2,563 
2,273 

1,322 
1,120 
283 
4,566 
1,234 


Johnston 

Jones  

Lee  

Lenoir 

Lincoln  ... 


Macon  

Madison  

Martin  

McDowell 

Mecklenburg  . 

Mitchell 

Montgomery  .. 

Moore  

Nash 

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow  

Orange  

Pamlico  

Pasquotank  ... 


Pender  

Perquimans 

Person  

Pitt 

Polk  


Randolph  

Richmond  .... 

Robeson  

Rockingham 
Rowan  


Rutherford 
Sampson  ... 
Scotland  .... 

Stanly  

Stokes  


Surry  

Swain  

Transylvania 

Tyrrell  

Union  


Vance  

Wake  

Warren  

Washington 
Watauga  


Wayne  . 
Wilkes  . 
Wilson  . 
Yadkin 
Yancey 


5,594 
1,403 
3,204 
5,799 
3,115 

1,158 

847 

2,537 

2,029 

13,635 

342 
1,507 
2,828 
5,750 
5,420 

1,979 
4,457 
4,228 
1,570 
1,633 

3,124 

507 

1,944 

7,178 
587 

2,956 
3,896 
7,962 
4,472 
3,704 

2,699 
2,915 
1,698 
2,466 
1,810 

2,962 
684 
988 
559 

3,562 

2,968 
24,190 
2,346 
1,249 
3,139 

6,169 
3,187 
6,114 
985 
1,197 


3,930 
1,095 
2,284 
3,719 
2,658 

840 

839 

1,489 

1,685 

41,825 

317 
1,045 
2,663 
4,093 
5,316 

1,401 
1,897 
7,513 
735 
2,086 

1,573 

487 

1,366 

4,837 

615 

1,674 
2,603 
9,355 
4,988 
3,349 

2,111 
1,466 

1,728 
2,427 
1,192 

1,522 
673 
842 
393 

3,984 

2,930 

25,660 

2,410 

1,281 

612 

4,176 
636 

3,004 
621 
934 


Totals 


352,351 


326,278 


Election  Results 


933 


GENERAL  ELECTION,  NOVEMBER  6, 1984 


County 


Rufus  Edmisten 

James  G.Martin 

H.  Fritz  Prochnow 

Gregory  McCartan 

(Democrat) 

(Republican) 

(Libertarian) 

(Socialist  Woriiers) 

14,568 

23,193 

184 

48 

4,604 

7,260 

3 

1 

2,479 

2,250 

6 

0 

5,880 

2,788 

4 

12 

5,393 

5,482 

13 

3 

1,949 

3,991 

8 

10 

7,753 

7,303 

12 

6 

4,532 

1,980 

25 

53 

5,592 

4,012 

28 

46 

8,194 

8,528 

30 

26 

30,033 

33,673 

201 

114 

12,704 

16,370 

24 

6 

11,229 

21,685 

37 

24 

9,567 

14,827 

28 

15 

1,412 

936 

3 

1 

8,781 

9,630 

28 

8 

5,097 

2,887 

8 

6 

14,928 

28,551 

48 

27 

8,667 

7,190 

34 

7 

3,244 

4,707 

21 

26 

2,169 

1,740 

33 

27 

1,463 

2,109 

4 

2 

12,951 

14,914 

28 

11 

11,009 

7,843 

32 

25 

10,282 

9,850 

46 

62 

29,497 

26,409 

104 

43 

2,447 

1,935 

2 

3 

3,007 

3,699 

20 

14 

16,016 

28,171 

56 

19 

3,848 

7,190 

5 

1 

8,331 

6,078 

5 

2 

34,975 

26,957 

268 

161 

12,669 

7,884 

10 

34 

46,345 

53,242 

143 

60 

6,078 

4,704 

16 

13 

18,628 

35,730 

78 

48 

2,748 

991 

0 

5 

1,799 

2,207 

5 

1 

6,638 

4,916 

8 

9 

3,844 

2,078 

4 

1 

52,073 

71,336 

195 

97 

10,993 

7,825 

28 

17 

9,569 

9,327 

25 

18 

9,714 

8,994 

35 

20 

8,675 

17,953 

42 

22 

4,739 

2,159 

38 

67 

3,734 

1,800 

1 

15 

1,352 

819 

0 

3 

11,379 

22,936 

49 

11 

5,229 

5,286 

23 

25 

Alamance  . 

Alexander 

Alleghany 

Anson  

Ashe 


Avery 

Beaufort  ... 

Bertie  

Bladen  

Brunswick 

Buncombe 

Burke  

Cabarrus  .. 
Caldwell  ... 
Camden  .... 


Carteret  .. 
Caswell  ... 
Catawba  . 
Chatham 
Cherokee 


Chowan  ... 

Clay  

Cleveland 
Columbus 
Craven  


Cumberland 

Currituck 

Dare  

Davidson 

Davie  

Duplin  

Durham  

Edgecombe  . 

Forsyth 

Franklin 

Gaston 

Gates  

Graham  

Granville 

Greene  

Guilford 

Halifax  

Harnett 

Haywood 

Henderson  .. 

Hertford  

Hoke  

Hyde  

Iredell  

Jackson  


934 


North  Carolina  Manual 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  6,  1984  (Continued) 


County 


Rufus  Edmisten 
(Democrat) 


James  G.  Martin 
(Republican) 


H.  Fritz  Prochnow 

(Libertarian) 


Gregory  McCartan 
(Socialist  Worliers) 


Johnston 

Jones  

Lee  

Lenoir  

Lincoln  ... 


Macon 

Madison  

Martin  

McDowell  

Mecklenburg  .. 

Mitchell  

Montgomery  .. 

Moore 

Nash  

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow  

Orange  

Pamlico  

Pasquotank  ... 


Pender  

Perquimans 

Person  

Pitt  

Polk 


Randolph  

Richmond  .... 

Robeson  

Rockingham 
Rowan  


Rutherford 
Sampson  ... 
Scotland  .... 

Stanly 

Stokes  


Surry 

Swain  

Transylvania 

Tyrrell  

Union  


Vance  

Wake 

Warren  

Washington 
Watauga 


Wayne 
Wilkes  . 
Wilson 
Yadkin 
Yancey 


10,730 
2,510 
6,263 

11,806 
6,910 

4,688 
3,388 
5,422 
6,060 
57,279 

1,692 

4,447 

8,529 

11,585 

14,870 

5,496 
9,535 
20,656 
2,812 
4,333 

5,227 
1,957 
4,492 
17,620 
2,836 

10,846 
8,623 
19,630 
13,090 
13,591 

8,841 
10,557 
4,753 
7,437 
6,653 

9,661 
2,250 
4,626 
1,027 
8,856 

7,549 
63,798 
4,442 
4,155 
7,617 

13,003 

10,499 

10,942 

4,263 

4,280 


13,769 
1,542 
6,588 
9,950 

12,010 

5,623 
2,962 
2,920 
6,482 
114,151 

4,778 

4,356 

13,703 

15,037 

22,006 

3,113 

10,749 

15,083 

1,836 

3,924 

4,130 
1.337 
4,752 
15,021 
3,800 

24,341 
5,942 
10,291 
15,164 
23,429 

10,409 
9,846 
3,207 

12,893 
7,949 

11,388 

1,898 

6,151 

516 

15,387 

5,472 
75,856 
2,032 
1,842 
7,070 

15,288 

16,257 

10,205 

7,645 

3,752 


24 
4 
43 
16 
16 

12 

8 

44 

14 

446 

8 

5 

28 

29 

69 

51 

41 

140 

3 

30 

2 

2 

65 

75 

108 

56 
16 
81 
62 
38 

21 
15 
21 
26 

7 

47 
9 

24 
1 

33 

12 

528 

0 

2 

49 

129 

24 

74 

4 

1 


17 
0 
19 
15 
10 

7 

25 

23 

13 

215 

2 

4 

17 

23 

83 

108 

17 

76 

3 

73 

2 

3 

43 

28 

11 

33 
11 
113 
25 
33 

13 
14 
21 
5 
10 

23 
5 

10 
0 

14 

18 

137 

6 

0 

23 

43 
5 

65 
0 
1 


Totals: 


1,011,209 


1,208,167 


4,611 


2,740 


Election  Results 


935 


LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR 


PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  3,  1988 


County 


DEMOCRATIC 


Robert  L. 
Hannon 


Harold  W. 
Hardison 


Parks 
Helms 


Frank 
Jordan 


Tony 
Rand 


REPUBLICAN 


BUI 
Boyd 


Jim 
Gardner 


Wendell  H 
Sawyer 


Alamance 
Alexander 
Alleghany 

Anson 

Ashe  


Avery  

Beaufort  .... 

Bertie 

Bladen  

Brunswick 

Buncombe  . 

Burke 

Cabarrus  ... 
Caldwell .... 
Camden  .... 


Carteret .. 
Caswell  .. 
Catawba 
Chatham 
Cherokee 


Chowan  ... 

Clay 

Cleveland 
Columbus 
Craven  


Cumberland 

Currituck  

Dare 

Davidson  

Davie 


Duplin  

Durham  

Edgecombe 

Forsyth  

Franklin  .... 


Gaston  .... 

Gates  

Graham  .. 
Granville 
Greene  


Guilford  .... 

Halifax 

Harnett  

Haywood  .. 
Henderson 

Hertford  .... 

Hoke 

Hyde 

Iredell 

Jackson  


223 

39 

42 

139 

139 

33 
125 
189 

50 
228 

402 
193 
303 
147 
120 

110 
167 
145 
159 
60 

34 

12 

408 

149 

196 

263 
174 

73 
321 

57 

178 
230 
417 
522 
134 

453 
72 
45 

258 
66 

703 
319 
321 
128 
90 

263 

84 

57 

232 

187 


1,549 
188 
809 
819 
701 

88 

2,155 

1,064 

495 

1,641 

2,099 
653 
775 
264 
601 

2,341 
579 
403 
949 
254 

587 

152 

1,112 

2,190 

2,237 

2,713 
544 
360 

1,120 
272 

4,292 
2,069 
2,099 
2,617 
1,002 

1,176 

311 

162 

1,228 

1,648 

5,554 

2,535 

1,665 

928 

338 

1,202 
546 
667 
873 

1,004 


1,322 
254 
247 

1,262 
508 

91 
389 
284 
172 
438 

745 

1,188 

1,668 

582 

175 

403 

466 

1,187 

1,252 

76 

147 

31 

2,135 

251 

402 

1,381 
338 
218 

1,217 
322 

336 
2,183 

915 
3,109 

417 

2,995 

138 

45 

907 

166 

5,126 

1,149 

1,198 

172 

174 

323 
229 
116 
1,535 
489 


993 
129 
146 
637 
500 

108 
364 
273 
171 
683 

1,022 
440 
571 
196 
203 

229 
718 
352 
470 
116 

93 

65 

915 

352 

314 

551 
304 
163 
520 
272 

406 

846 

1,166 

1,231 

344 

783 
227 
115 
792 
226 

1,196 
971 
662 
303 
193 

355 
322 
167 
563 
608 


2,793 
608 
427 

1,676 
745 

213 
1,356 
1,522 
1,330 

2,857 

3,996 
1,574 
2,550 
1,170 
395 

1,511 
1,797 
1,495 
2,109 
177 

502 

114 

1,522 

2,013 

2,008 

16,536 

421 

1,259 

3,499 

900 

1,441 
10,458 
3,811 
6,866 
1,916 

3,333 
500 
131 

2,667 
433 

6,878 
2,708 
3,282 
1,126 
1,065 

1,216 
1,626 
575 
2,043 
1,094 


444 
36 
14 
19 

211 

363 

108 

6 

29 

255 

751 
130 
370 
165 
3 

213 

9 

386 

189 

57 

15 
29 
80 
55 
316 

366 
33 
199 
555 
274 

40 
294 

59 
615 

50 

319 

7 

36 

33 

10 

656 
24 
66 
94 

516 

29 
19 
13 
216 
73 


1,805 
622 
175 
137 

1,858 

2,176 

480 

71 

60 

1,174 

1,798 
1,550 
1,966 
1,907 
24 

1,362 

78 

3,137 

838 

284 

90 
252 
567 
236 

688 

1,924 

75 

549 

3,657 

2,365 

337 
1,818 

622 
3,843 

358 

1,869 

18 

402 

186 

88 

4,000 
229 
702 
248 

1,183 

169 

105 

46 

1,876 

271 


188 

10 

9 

6 

105 

129 

48 

5 

3 

117 

180 

68 

79 

60 

6 

97 
8 
89 
48 
12 

16 
17 
24 
7 
69 

115 
16 
86 

292 

117 


89 

9 

317 

13 

72 

3 

27 


1,591 
14 
26 
23 
86 

8 

5 

7 

49 

31 


936 


North  Carolina  Manual 


PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  3,  1988  (Continued) 


County 

Johnston  

Jones  

Lee  

Lenoir 

Lincoln 

Macon  

Madison  

Martin  

McDowell 

Mecklenburg 

Mitchell 

Montgomery  . 

Moore  

Nash 

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow 

Orange  

Pamlico 

Pasquotank  .. 

Pender  

Perquimans  .. 

Person  

Pitt 

Polk  

Randolph  

Richmond  

Robeson  

Rockingham  . 
Rowan  

Rutherford  .... 

Sampson 

Scotland 

Stanly  

Stokes  

Surry  

Swain  

Transylvania 

Tyrrell  

Union  

Vance  

Wake  

Warren  

Washington  .. 
Watauga  

Wayne  

Wilkes  

Wilson  

Yadkin  

Yancey  

Totals  


DEMOCRATIC 


Robert  L. 
Hannon 


Harold  W. 
Hardison 


Parks 
Helms 


Frank 
Jordan 


Tony 
Rand 


REPUBLICAN 


Bill 
Boyd 


Jim 
Gardner 


Wendell  H 
Sawyer 


316 

35 

90 

141 

109 

291 

26 

74 

139 

683 

24 
221 
118 
253 
203 

254 
126 
156 
59 
220 

138 
114 

57 

478 

32 

93 
159 
681 
264 
117 

446 

158 

45 

92 

131 

142 
21 

130 
32 

154 

522 
336 
202 
50 
152 

174 

106 

129 

41 

98 


3,341 
1,468 
1,615 
6,938 
409 

598 
588 

2,128 
546 

1,901 

80 

613 

522 

2,811 

1,685 

1,310 

2,971 

865 

883 

937 

1,147 
945 
853 

6,276 
189 

556 

648 

4,130 

1,226 

349 

832 
1,847 
373 
601 
837 

671 
157 
378 
342 
582 

1,461 

5,767 

858 

611 

385 

3,952 
623 

1,825 
227 
391 


1,449 

94 

1,303 

496 

814 

358 

40 

519 

342 

15,671 

46 
743 

845 

1,171 

588 

411 
618 
1,291 
145 
292 

226 
213 

488 
1,047 

87 

692 

831 

2,214 

1,014 

1,017 


956 
318 
301 
,162 
371 


621 

45 

210 

106 

2,068 

1,461 

6,551 

606 

148 

736 

1,163 
617 
826 
219 
171 


788 
124 
318 

442 
211 

588 

67 

462 

282 
1,877 

36 
313 
216 
863 
456 

346 
342 
484 
186 
254 

333 
251 
366 
1,014 
106 

262 

1,016 

2,636 

771 

289 


335 
194 
191 
401 

487 
46 
296 
133 
465 

872 
896 
822 
167 
398 

,266 
290 
516 
155 
359 


3,205 
372 
1,717 
1,400 
1,178 

863 

140 

1,016 

673 

8,768 

134 
1,181 
1,224 
2,248 
5,440 

2,324 
2,797 
5,148 
686 
1,246 

2,068 

381 

1,262 

3,781 

267 

929 
2,647 
8,267 
2,518 
1,705 

1,509 
1,893 
1,525 
1,169 
1,429 

1,335 
217 
623 
365 

2,731 

2,150 
14,429 
2,209 
1,009 
1,132 

2,923 

1,063 

2,604 

491 

876 


79 
9 
71 
81 
87 

199 

28 

53 

78 

2,064 

425 
81 

461 
83 

484 


156 

149 

47 

63 

85 

10 

21 

164 

100 

1,812 

58 

120 

151 

302 

67 

85 

20 

149 

199 

113 

12 

190 

6 

221 

46 

1,060 

17 

22 

445 

113 

333 

58 

79 

190 


1,214 

59 

453 

763 

967 

512 
144 
223 
343 
10,263 

1,838 
431 
3,253 
1,595 
1,840 

60 
736 
847 
172 
289 

370 

70 

165 

1,335 

303 

1,715 
309 
554 
869 

2,485 

620 
1,526 

112 
1,402 
1,064 

782 

108 

449 

31 

1,133 

223 
6,242 

105 

76 

1,911 

950 
3,422 

577 
1,374 

612 


21 
11 
24 
82 
30 

73 

4 

22 

19 

1,010 

129 
30 

104 
22 

175 

1 
89 
51 
23 

28 

40 
13 
4 
82 
46 

82 
24 
32 
78 
102 

26 
27 
4 
21 
54 

20 
8 

56 
5 

74 

16 

305 

1 

5 

76 

29 
99 
41 
59 
112 


18,291  132,878  94,549  48,222  219,511 


19,802  107,171   7,905 


Election  Results 


937 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  8,  1988 


County 


(D) 
Tony 
Rand 


(R) 

Jim 

Gardner 


County 


(D) 
Tony 
Rand 


(R) 

Jim 

Gardner 


Alamance  . 

Alexander 

Alleghany 

Anson  

Ashe 


Avery  

Beaufort  ... 

Bertie  

Bladen  

Brunswick 

Buncombe 

Burke  

Cabarrus  .. 
Caldwell  ... 
Camden  .... 


Carteret  .. 
Caswell  ... 
Catawba  . 
Chatham 
Cherokee 


Chowan  ... 

Clay  

Cleveland 
Columbus 
Craven  


Cumberland 

Currituck 

Dare  

Davidson 

Davie  


Duplin 

Durham  

Edgecombe 

Forsyth  

Franklin  .... 


Gaston  .... 

Gates 

Graham  .. 
Granville 
Greene  .... 


Guilford  .... 

Halifax  

Harnett 

Haywood  .. 
Henderson 


Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde  

Iredell  ... 
Jackson 


15,437 
4,904 
2,261 
5,307 
4,451 

1,586 
6,580 
3,863 
5,484 
9,082 

30,619 

12,930 

14,591 

9,576 

1,281 

8,745 
4,719 
15,735 
8,460 
2,962 

2,284 

1,429 

12,460 

10,855 

9,535 

32,470 
1,792 
3,634 

16,594 
3,708 

6,831 
37,550 

9,949 
46,723 

6,124 

19,721 
2,158 
1,469 
6,244 
3,094 

60,604 
9,712 
8,532 
9,890 

10,426 

5,042 
3,588 
1,373 
12,625 
5,332 


20,326 
7,055 
1,966 
2,039 
5,567 

3,935 
6,998 
1,812 
3,054 
9,056 

31,445 
14,052 
18,370 
13,095 
913 

9,751 
2,305 
25,725 
6,391 
4,314 

1,611 
2,013 

12,135 
5,366 

10,757 

19,740 
2,149 
4,436 

24,970 
7,229 

5,436 
26,116 

5,874 
50,483 

4,661 

29,718 
1,112 
1,840 
4,334 
1,913 

53,612 
6,271 
8,506 
7,729 

18,139 

2,537 

1,504 

758 

19,009 

4,657 


Johnston 

Jones  

Lee  

Lenoir 

Lincoln  ... 


Macon  

Madison  

Martin  

McDowell 

Mecklenburg  . 

Mitchell  

Montgomery  .. 

Moore  

Nash  

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow  

Orange  

Pamlico 

Pasquotank  ... 


Pender 

Perquimans 

Person  

Pitt 

Polk  


Randolph  

Richmond  .... 

Robeson  

Rockingham 
Rowan  


Rutherford 
Sampson  ... 
Scotland  .... 

Stanly  

Stokes 


Surry  

Swain  

Transylvania 

Tyrrell  

Union  


Vance  

Wake  

Warren  

Washington 
Watauga  


Wayne  . 
Wilkes  . 
Wilson  . 
Yadkin 
Yancey 


10,527 
2,105 
5,404 
8,881 
7,643 

4,362 
3,245 
4,461 
5,261 
79,189 

1,508 

4,591 

8,857 

10,911 

19,190 

5,075 
8,847 
23,351 
2,351 
4,570 

4,888 
1,808 
3,932 
16,771 
2,834 

11,794 
8,245 
18,654 
13,929 
15,575 

7,991 
8,912 
4,280 
8,326 
6,310 

9,181 

1,874 

4,884 

821 

11,782 

6,883 
73,550 
4,557 
3,005 
6,793 

1 1 ,308 
8,243 
9,383 
3,613 
4,091 


13,610 
1,367 
6,235 
8,996 

10,321 

5,436 
2,955 
2,570 
5,854 
90,008 

4,426 

3,650 

13,160 

13,646 

20,067 

2,074 

10,482 

12,637 

2,005 

3,218 

4,397 
1,383 
3,998 
15,628 
3,650 

21,948 

4,055 

8,087 

12,450 

19,714 

9,351 
8,381 
2,246 
10,568 
7,899 

10,453 

1,775 

6,382 

516 

13,385 

4,613 
75,748 
1,808 
1,865 
7,897 

13,385 

14,318 

9,263 

7,251 

3,997 


Totals 


1,044,917 


1,072,002 


938 


North  Carolina  Manual 


COUNCIL  OF  STATE 
SECRETARY  OF  STATE  PRIMARY  ELECTIONS 

MAY  3,  1988 


('ounty 

Alamance  .. 
Alexander  ... 
Alleghany  ., 

Anson  

Ashe  

Avery  

Beaufort 

Bertie  

Bladen  

Brunswick  .. 

Buncombe  .. 

Burke  

Cabarrus  .... 

Caldwell  

Camden  

Carteret  

Caswell  

Catawba  

Chatham  .... 
Cherokee 

Chowan  

Clay 

Cleveland  ... 
Columbus  ... 
Craven  

Cumberland 
Currituck  .... 

Dare  

Davidson  .... 
Davie 

Duplin  

Durham  

Edgecombe  . 

Forsyth  

Franklin  

Gaston  

Gates 

Graham  

Granville  .... 
Greene 

Guilford  

Halifax  

Harnett 

Haywood  .... 
Henderson  .. 

Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde 

Iredell 

Jackson  


(D) 

(D) 

(D) 

(D) 

(R) 

(R) 

Dan 

Rufus  L. 

Wayne  S. 

Brad 

John  H 

Ray 

Bell 

Edmisten 

Hardin 

Miller 

Carrington 

Warren 

754 

4,297 

855 

704 

1,438 

682 

109 

932 

73 

101 

258 

364 

82 

1,227 

95 

204 

108 

69 

372 

2,898 

547 

520 

98 

54 

96 

2,254 

126 

214 

1,173 

662 

35 

462 

35 

26 

1,826 

504 

591 

2,823 

419 

469 

407 

187 

660 

1,701 

252 

230 

53 

20 

213 

1,342 

272 

291 

66 

20 

439 

3,577 

809 

761 

907 

555 

989 

5,462 

839 

720 

1,592 

904 

337 

3,062 

226 

228 

1,054 

592 

915 

3,853 

498 

526 

1,419 

782 

422 

1,677 

79 

162 

1,319 

646 

221 

784 

233 

166 

18 

12 

452 

3,247 

314 

471 

1,005 

567 

329 

2,328 

403 

534 

60 

24 

419 

2,729 

184 

272 

2,110 

1,232 

597 

3,094 

346 

826 

699 

296 

78 

431 

49 

96 

229 

97 

107 

803 

271 

125 

62 

32 

52 

255 

31 

39 

182 

96 

667 

4,362 

646 

473 

411 

212 

375 

3,313 

591 

480 

197 

95 

1,245 

2,853 

349 

377 

615 

406 

1,235 

12,136 

1.672 

4,813 

1,425 

832 

266 

934 

345 

230 

72 

48 

213 

1,382 

224 

182 

439 

310 

828 

4,367 

582 

840 

2,922 

1,114 

73 

1.372 

135 

228 

1,567 

784 

1 ,272 

4,116 

441 

555 

245 

105 

1.248 

5.764 

921 

7,430 

1.404 

471 

457 

6.394 

770 

820 

455 

137 

1,075 

9.135 

1,057 

2,516 

2.657 

1,655 

420 

2.530 

322 

551 

273 

110 

1,508 

6.046 

571 

611 

1,211 

834 

378 

512 

139 

213 

21 

5 

71 

369 

40 

26 

185 

220 

353 

4,012 

522 

915 

179 

38 

147 

1,997 

193 

173 

59 

35 

4,044 

11,352 

1,302 

2,174 

3,381 

2,380 

615 

4,729 

860 

1,210 

179 

65 

564 

4,841 

710 

1,011 

552 

202 

321 

1,901 

173 

236 

240 

119 

212 

1.191 

169 

216 

1,036 

658 

691 

1.897 

272 

352 

123 

63 

183 

1,615 

272 

654 

81 

39 

184 

1.021 

177 

167 

32 

26 

627 

3.759 

434 

465 

1,196 

721 

566 

2.068 

379 

285 

170 

178 

Election  Results 


939 


SECRETARY  OF  STATE  PRIMARY  ELECTIONS 
MAY  3,  1988  (Continued) 


County 


Johnston 

Jones  

Lee 

Lenoir  

Lincoln  ... 


Macon  

Madison 

Martin 

McDowell  

Mecklenburg  . 

Mitchell  

Montgomery  . 

Moore 

Nash  

New  Hanover 


Northampton 

Onslow 

Orange  

Pamlico 

Pasquotank  ... 


Pender 

Perquimans 

Person  

Pitt  

Polk  


Randolph 

Richmond  .... 

Robeson  

Rockingham 
Rowan  


Rutherford 
Sampson  ... 
Scotland  ... 

Stanly  

Stokes  


Surry  

Swain 

Transylvania 

Tyrrell 

Union  


Vance 

Wake  

Warren  

Washington 
Watauga  


Wayne  ... 
Wilkes  ... 
Wilson  ... 
Yadkin  .. 
Yancey  .. 

Totals 


(D) 
Dan 
Bell 


(D) 
Rufus  L. 
Edmisten 


(D) 
Wayne  S. 
Hardin 


L311 
159 
370 
967 
474 


41 
312 
384 
649 
820 

408 
615 
803 
183 
518 

294 

173 

406 

1,300 

63 

441 
436 
1,812 
713 
466 

495 
605 
256 

478 
125 

179 
67 

137 
98 

615 

589 
3,635 
291 
563 
264 

3,306 

157 

596 

99 

181 

62,918 


5,919 
1,489 
3,260 
6,702 
1,883 


207 
2,039 
1,765 
4,830 
4,248 

3,425 
4,479 
3,088 
1,276 
1,596 

2,617 

977 

1,793 

9,291 

467 

1,595 
3,839 
11,250 
3,760 
2,451 

2,573 
2,891 
1,403 
2,153 
2,497 

2,259 
323 

1,197 
597 

3,943 

4,435 

12,441 

2,718 

1,109 

2,577 

4,914 
2,202 
3,989 
854 
1,460 

317,970 


633 
164 
533 
619 
146 


312 

1,824 

286 

46 

621 

58 

234 

2,954 

280 

53 

1,545 

212 

7,312 

15,039 

1,995 

26 
323 
308 
656 
714 

241 
552 
539 
150 
302 

409 
324 
233 
945 
113 

212 
400 
2,546 
546 
216 

1,469 
295 
223 
221 
230 

301 
28 
177 
128 
471 

541 

1,482 

458 

141 

90 

591 
118 
390 
87 
125 

43,472 


(D) 
Brad 
Miller 


1,353 
164 
689 
635 
174 

256 
100 
362 
108 
1,984 


25 

335 

427 

1,062 

1,714 

426 
893 
3,047 
250 
209 

403 
361 
444 
968 
40 

213 
459 
1,818 
586 
333 

242 
464 

246 
289 
282 

464 
53 
125 
103 
674 

861 
9,273 
886 
154 
132 

653 
248 
690 
95 
132 

71,792 


(R) 

JohnH 

Carrington 


904 
43 
341 
589 
543 

434 

69 

155 

272 

4,073 

1,274 
355 
2,363 
1,088 
1,407 

52 
596 
563 
152 
220 

333 
51 
124 
918 
243 

2,194 
275 
477 
668 

1,915 

392 
830 

78 
887 
772 

544 
80 

426 
23 

727 

204 

4,735 

74 

68 

1,286 

678 
2,066 
430 
911 
376 

75,688 


(R) 

Ray 

Warren 


338 
32 
117 
248 
446 

330 
91 

97 
134 

7,648 

720 
145 
1,198 
322 
913 

11 
350 
383 

78 
100 

138 

35 

45 

554 

182 

830 
96 
199 
331 
691 

260 
658 
48 
477 
393 

218 
34 

245 
14 

558 

56 

2,518 

38 

30 

892 

317 
1,275 
169 
419 
460 

46,140 


940 


North  Carolina  Manual 


STATE  AUDITOR  PRIMARY  ELECTIONS  MAY  3,  1988 


C'ounty 

Alamance  

Alexander  

Allefihany  

Anson  

Ashe  

Avery  

Beaufort  

Bertie  

Bladen  

Brunswick  

Buncombe  

Burke  

Cabarrus  

t:aldwell  

Camden  

Carteret  

Caswell  

Catawba  

Chatham  

Cherokee  

Chowan  

Clay  

Cleveland  

Columbus  

Craven  

Cumberland  .. 

C'urrituck  

Dare  

Davidson  

Davie  

Duplin  

Durham  

Edgecombe  .... 

Forsyth  

Franklin  

Gaston  

Gates 

Graham  

Granville  

Greene  

Guilford  

Halifax  

Harnett 

Haywood  

Henderson  

Hertford  

Hoke 

Hyde  

Iredell   

-Jackson  


(I)) 

•John 

Koavill 


(D) 
Kdward 
Renfrow 


County 

Johnston  

-Jones  

Lee  

Lenoir 

I<incoln  

Macon  

Madison  

Martin  

McDowell  

Mecklenburg 

Mitchell  

Montgomery  . 

Moore  

Nash  

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow  

Orange  

Pamlico  

Pasquotank  .. 

Pender  

Perquimans  .. 

Person  

Pitt 

Polk  

Randolph  

Richmond  

Robeson  

Rockingham  . 
Rowan  

Rutherford  .... 

Sampson  

Scotland  

Stanly  

Stokes  

Surry  

Swain  

Transylvania 

Tyrrell  

Union  

Vance  

Wake  

Warren  

Washington  .. 
Watauga  

Wayne  

Wilkes  

Wilson  

Yadkin  

Yancey  

Totals  


(D) 

John 

Reavill 


(D) 
Kdward 
Renfrow 


,120 

;i()H 

■MVZ 

,()«.'". 

«74 

71 
fi87 

404 
,2H4 

,;)  1 4 
92;  i 
,i9;i 

X{2 

r,H\ 

,090 
7  if) 
811 
104 


141 

1 :2r-,2 
i,oo;j 

2,942 

49;{ 

.■{74 
1,6«2 

4;{H 

1,479 
1,081 
1 ,279 
2,B07 
r->\{) 

1  ,r,4  1 

;i88 

lOf) 

1,071 

.■il8 

2,881 

l,fir)l 

98H 

r,(YA 

■Am 

642 
44.1 
15 10 
9.'")1 


4,70.'". 

8i;! 

949 
2,867 
1,440 

.■569 

;},;{;{2 

1,.181 
1  ,.198 
.■i,70.1 

.■".,271 
2,642 
.■5,9.50 
1  ,.146 
90;5 

.•{,649 
1,964 
2,.1.12 
;{,4.11 

48;{ 

842 

28;{ 

4,086 

;{,676 

;{,0.18 

14,684 
1,109 
1 ,2.1.1 
4,281 
1,1  ;{4 

4, .■{89 
7,847 
1,892 

9,;{i;{ 

2,991 

6,2;{;{ 

199 

;{;{i 

;{,789 
2,017 

14, .109 

i,07;{ 

1,602 
1,879 

i,;{i2 

2,004 
2,019 
970 
:{,761 
2,182 


718 
•AH] 
469 
1 ,112 
177 

688 

74 

616 

389 

2,726 

.10 
6.1;  { 
4.18 
919 
97;  { 

729 

1 ,281 

918 

.i;{i 
.i;{i 

629 

;ii9 
;{();{ 

1 ,7.18 
79 

;{74 
924 

;{,888 

1,047 

7.11 

1,222 
481 
214 
.192 
840 

72;{ 
71 
;{40 
196 
949 

1.246 

2,627 

900 

;{19 

,140 

878 

1  ,.162 

611 

;{12 
;{20 


8,620 

1  ,;{.i2 
;{,65i 
6,;{8:i 

1,776 

1,661 

199 

2,488 

1,401 

18,429 

2:{1 
1 ,941 
2,2:]() 
1,178 
1,492 

;{,i6;{ 

4,291 
4,920 

1  ,o;{8 

1 ,902 
2,788 

1  ,;{oo 

1,971 

9,422 

116 

1,796 
;{,.1.14 
1  1 ,841 
;{,921 
2,401 

2,947 
;i,610 
1,491 
2,179 
1 ,908 

1,942 
;{20 

1,107 
117 

;{,860 

4,244 

20,617 
2,946 

1,478 
1,827 

7,176 

1  ,oi;{ 

4;{7 

67;{ 

1,169 


8;{,2;{4 


;{4;{,287 


Election  Results 


941 


SUPERINTENDENT  OF  PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION 
PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  3,  1988 


County 

(D) 

Bob 

Etheridge 

(D) 
Norman 
Jarrad 

(D) 

Henry 

McCarthy 

(R) 

Thomas  F. 

Paquin 

(R) 

Tom 

Rogers 

Alamance  

3,748 

605 

688 

2,374 

1,240 

240 
2,384 
1,883 
1,361 
2,781 

4,789 
2,189 
2,952 
1,322 
867 

3,360 
1,516 
2,033 
2,710 
369 

742 

240 

2,274 

3,118 

2,890 

10,475 
1,210 
1,356 
3,321 

857 

3,730 
8,711 
4,721 
5,416 

2,177 

5,053 

497 

257 

2,799 

1,505 

10,055 
4,647 
6,431 
1,533 
1,004 

1,799 
1,647 
667 
2,776 
1.718 

643 
175 
194 
596 
379 

70 
452 
216 
196 

772 

721 
525 
680 
292 
135 

290 
510 
502 
471 
126 

83 

58 
967 
429 
457 

2,523 
166 
142 
913 
249 

715 
959 
899 
1,787 
479 

902 
98 
67 

649 
241 

2.081 
681 
365 
309 
237 

224 
260 
186 
815 
422 

1,371 
291 
413 

1.024 
579 

124 
986 
437 
409 
1.340 

1,397 
827 

1,427 
478 
285 

487 

1,099 

716 

944 

95 

238 

54 

1.887 

765 

929 

3,998 
315 
207 

1,648 
486 

1.091 
3.009 
1.518 
4.924 
686 

1.699 
486 
114 

1,255 

477 

4,451 

1,470 

563 

598 

378 

540 
600 
430 
1,056 
756 

684 

190 

53 

44 

554 

544 

196 

25 

27 

719 

648 
472 
634 
608 
13 

574 

33 

1,048 

352 

102 

28 

92 

230 

105 

404 

751 

39 

306 

1.347 

576 

114 
444 
196 
1.907 
127 

595 
10 

166 
61 
38 

2,015 

83 

234 

101 

593 

67 

42 

22 

554 

137 

1,233 

Alexander 

Alleghany 

407 
115 

Anson  

101 

Ashe     

1,210 

Avery    

1,456 

Beaufort 

Bertie      

379 
39 

Bladen  

Brunswick  

Buncombe 

Burke  

51 

704 

1,530 
1,087 

Cabarrus                    

1.459 

Caldwell 

1,218 

17 

Carteret 

912 

Caswell                     

48 

2,072 

Chatham  

535 

Cherokee 

216 

Chowan              

62 

Clay 

188 

Cleveland  

368 

Columbus  

162 

573 

1,367 

Currituck  

81 

Dare               

439 

Davidson  

2,507 

Davie 

1.639 

Duplin  

218 

Durham      

1,164 

356 

Forsyth  

2,244 

235 

1,301 

Gates  

16 

242 

Granville  

141 

55 

Guilford  

3,260 

Halifax 

146 

Harnett  

475 

Haywood  

253 

1,018 

Hertford 

110 

Hoke  

77 

Hyde  

39 

Iredell  

1.243 

Jackson  

212 

942 


North  Carolina  Manual 


SUPERINTENDENT  OF  PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION 
PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  3,  1988  (Continued) 


County 

(D) 

Bob 

Etheridge 

(1)) 
Norman 
Jarrad 

(1)) 

Henry 

McCarthy 

(R) 

Thomas  F. 

Paquin 

(R) 

Tom 

Rogers 

Johnston 

Jones  

6,77;i 
1,162 
4,286 
5,203 
1,349 

1,451 

563 

2,316 

1,217 

12,576 

181 
1,219 
1,728 
4,873 
4,034 

3,105 
4,343 
3,308 
727 
2,102 

2,164 
1,206 
1,270 

7,575 
376 

1,181 
3,343 
7,363 
2,474 
1,973 

2,105 
2,559 
1,659 
1,864 
1,514 

1,400 
318 
668 
464 

2,454 

3,088 

17,629 

2,170 

815 

1.074 

6.521 

1,338 

3,670 

433 

849 

561 
217 
200 
861 
342 

396 

49 

244 

239 

2,259 

32 
633 
310 
545 
761 

86 
616 
552 
240 
147 

455 

139 

291 

1,102 

88 

313 
493 
2,408 
872 
454 

797 
431 
122 
360 
506 

520 
48 
299 
104 
723 

673 
1 ,330 
524 
140 
269 

660 
404 
346 
185 
299 

950 
444 
254 
1,632 
619 

546 

83 

544 

293 

5,470 

66 

690 

564 

952 

1,422 

405 
812 
2,392 
546 
352 

716 
321 
492 
1 ,963 
132 

648 

787 

5,951 

1 .404 

775 

1.123 
761 
175 
468 

727 

755 

55 

505 

220 

1,414 

1,272 
4.042 
1.141 
843 
1.283 

972 
666 
752 
375 
445 

367 
32 
152 
284 
292 

195 

50 

49 

134 

4,106 

611 
143 

1 ,938 
384 

1 ,056 

23 
373 
440 

65 
115 

184 
29 
40 

494 
92 

847 
166 
328 
315 

782 

239 
521 
35 
362 
369 

206 

37 
211 

8 
388 

63 

2,408 

38 

24 

630 

330 
1,055 
164 
313 
332 

796 
42 

Lee  

254 

Lenoir  

527 

Lincoln 

664 

Macon  

550 

Madison 

93 

Martin   

189 

McDowell   

259 

Mecklenburg  

5,894 

Mitchell 

1 ,252 

Montgomery         

332 

Moore  

1 ,454 

Nash  

New  Hanover 

910 
1 ,075 

Northampton          

34 

Onslow    

537 

Orange  

451 

Pamlico 

143 

Pasquotank  

171 

Pender  

Perquimans 

258 
57 

Perso  n  

124 

Pitt 

887 

Polk  

Randolph      

297 

1,847 

Richmond  

Robeson  

197 
354 

Rockingham 

630 

Rowan  

1,688 

Rutherford  

407 

Sampson  

807 

Scotland 

81 

Stanlv  

1,010 

Stokes  

763 

Surry  

474 

Swain  

78 

Transylvania  

430 

Tyrrell  

24 

Union      

782 

Vance  

183 

Wake  

3,891 

Warren  

70 

Washington 

72 

Watauga  

1,372 

Wayne  

598 

Wilkes  

2,039 

Wilson    

382 

Yadkin  

926 

Yancey  

492 

Totals  

277.070 

50.953 

101.576 

40.723 

71,817 

Election  Results 


943 


COMMISSIONER  OF  LABOR 
PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  3,  1988 


County 

(1)1 
Robert 
Bingham 

(1)) 
JohnC. 
Brooks 

(1)1 

Jack 

Weaver 

(R) 

Richard  1). 

Levy 

(Rl 

Joseph  R. 

Overby 

Alamance  

1,104 
275 
510 
771 

l,i;il 

224 
850 
771 
453 
l,2fi9 

1,435 

1,055 

1,497 

656 

496 

904 
764 
901 

957 
187 

189 

51 

1,810 

2,103 

1,704 

4,303 
617 
535 

2,305 

755 

1,136 
1,059 
1,667 
2,784 
686 

2,454 

481 

84 

927 

409 

2,530 

1,395 

1,389 

573 

460 

1,116 
533 
456 

1,077 
667 

3,810 
714 
696 

2,330 
896 

195 
2,690 
1,174 
1,327 
3,199 

4,344 

2,187 

2,820 

1,250 

580 

2,682 
1,744 
1,992 
2,959 
348 

659 

246 

3,019 

1,988 
2,183 

9,693 
676 
802 

3,124 
745 

3,831 
11,627 

4,881 
7,570 
2,460 

4,419 

459 

314 

3,502 

1,667 

12,660 

4,911 

4,267 

1 ,648 

942 

1,181 
1,622 
624 
2,889 
1 ,905 

1,027 
148 
148 
794 
286 

39 
433 
223 
196 
580 

1,198 
378 
857 
224 
166 

574 
583 
405 
407 

72 

126 
54 
633 
462 
607 

2,795 
266 
229 
545 
150 

747 

935 

1,034 

1,496 

388 

854 
162 
55 
578 
219 

1,972 
633 
878 
227 
212 

241 

373 
221 
667 
325 

859 

374 

91 

90 

1,087 

1,191 

290 

35 

44 

813 

1,182 

987 

1,177 

1,003 

19 

851 

40 

2,035 

500 

183 

46 
150 
376 
169 
406 

1,199 

67 

415 

2,089 

1,021 

164 
846 
325 
2,179 
161 

1,082 

14 

207 

95 

42 

3,186 
132 
367 
205 

848 

103 
60 

37 

1 ,026 

180 

978 

Alexander  

Alleghany 

225 

78 

Anson            

54 

Ashe  

A very  

676 

751 

Beaufort 

Bertie  

285 
30 

Bladen  

33 

Brunswick  

547 

Buncombe 

Burke  

993 
556 

Cabarrus 

Caldwell    

800 
791 

Camden  

12 

Carteret 

609 

Catawba  

43 
1,093 

Chatham  

Cherokee 

Chowan  

391 
134 

42 

Clay               

126 

Cleveland  

209 
93 

Craven  

Cumberland          

568 
889 

Currituck  

Dare 

Davie 

47 

308 

1,694 

1,175 

Duplin  

163 

Durham 

742 

Pjdgecom  be  

227 

1,879 

Franklin          

196 

Gaston                      .    . 

769 

12 

Graham  

178 

102 

Greene 

47 

Guilford  

2,193 

Halifax 

104 

Harnett         

355 

141 

Henderson  

734 

Hertford  

70 

Hoke  

54 

Hyde 

20 

Iredell  

718 

Jackson  

160 

944 


North  Carolina  Manual 


COMMISSIONER  OF  LABOR 
PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  3,  1988  (Continued) 


County 


(D) 

(D) 

(D) 

(R) 

(R) 

Robert 

JohnC. 

Jack 

Richard  D. 

Joseph  R. 

jingham 

Brooks 

Weaver 

Levy 

Overby 

2,955 

4,878 

607 

747 

458 

345 

1,229 

227 

33 

42 

683 

2,961 

418 

212 

216 

1,474 

6,020 

744 

407 

399 

751 

1,372 

269 

592 

315 

852 

1,212 

336 

405 

331 

136 

485 

81 

82 

52 

658 

2,067 

416 

113 

106 

571 

951 

266 

227 

146 

4,595 

13,773 

2,224 

6,263 

3,361 

80 

164 

41 

1,149 

610 

735 

1,495 

531 

270 

201 

611 

1,712 

337 

2,166 

1,177 

1,233 

4,595 

751 

657 

615 

1,945 

3,771 

732 

1,215 

861 

1,317 

2,492 

270 

40 

19 

1,378 

3,168 

816 

495 

377 

1,007 

4,924 

494 

481 

393 

437 

867 

270 

87 

121 

964 

1,221 

250 

18 

98 

774 

2,252 

402 

212 

223 

484 

886 

240 

46 

38 

306 

1,803 

239 

67 

89 

1,986 

8,251 

1,301 

822 

547 

116 

390 

106 

197 

188 

454 

1,587 

230 

1,515 

1,227 

1,389 

2,661 

536 

177 

170 

3,920 

11,302 

1,395 

412 

246 

1,397 

3,003 

518 

469 

464 

1,083 

1,720 

359 

1,392 

1,025 

1,594 

2,147 

523 

401 

223 

879 

2,469 

437 

781 

533 

411 

1,264 

272 

69 

46 

669 

1,949 

205 

859 

415 

1,080 

1,509 

293 

468 

675 

831 

1,616 

329 

315 

398 

102 

265 

62 

69 

43 

474 

859 

165 

374 

270 

232 

398 

137 

21 

12 

2,442 

747 

1,403 

734 

424 

1,195 

3,747 

519 

114 

127 

4,201 

17,489 

2,145 

2,794 

3,582 

759 

2,749 

466 

40 

62 

767 

914 

179 

50 

43 

2,010 

741 

137 

1,140 

815 

1,201 

5,566 

1,081 

402 

530 

964 

1,340 

202 

1,766 

1,349 

819 

3,453 

579 

253 

275 

305 

568 

133 

538 

700 

486 

729 

378 

458 

337 

Johnston 

Jones  

Lee  

Lenoir 

Lincoln 

Macon  

Madison 

Martin  

McDowell 

Mecklenburg  . 

Mitchell 

Montgomery  .. 

Moore  

Nash 

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow  

Orange  

Pamlico 

Pasquotank  ... 

Pender  

Perquimans  ... 

Person  

Pitt 

Polk  


Randolph  

Richmond  

Robeson  

Rockingham  .. 
Rowan  

Rutherford 

Sampson 

Scotland 

Stanly  

Stokes  

Surry  

Swain  

Transylvania 

Tyrrell  

Union  

Vance  

Wake  

Warren  

Washington  ... 
Watauga  

Wayne  

Wilkes  

Wilson  

Yadkin  

Yancey  


Totals 


108,522 


278,182 


51,873 


62,824 


48,068 


Election  Results 


945 


COUNCIL  OF  STATE 
GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  8,  1988 


County 


Secretary  of  State 

(D)  (R) 

Rufus  L.  John  H. 

Edfflisten         Carrington 


Attorney  General 
(D)  (R) 

Lacy  H.  Sam 

Thornburg  Wilson 


Commissioner  of  Labor 

(D)  (R) 

John  C.  Richard  D. 

Brooiis  (Dicii)  Levy 


State  Treasurer 

(D|  IR) 

Harlan  E.        Nancy  Lake 

Boyies  Coward 


Alamance . 

Alexander 

Alleghany 

Anson 

Ashe 


Avery 

Beaufort  .... 

Bertie 

Bladen  

Brunswick . 

Buncombe  . 

Burke 

Cabarrus  ... 
Caldwell  .... 
Camden 


Carteret  .. 
Caswell ... 
Catawba . 
Chatham 
Cherokee 


Chowan  ... 

Clay 

Cleveland 
Columbus 
Craven 


Cumberland . 

Currituck 

Dare 

Davidson 

Davie 


Duplin  

Durham 

Edgecombe 

Forsyth  

Franklin 


Gaston 

Gates  

Graham  ... 
Granville . 
Greene 


Guilford 

Halifax 

Harnett 

Haywood  ... 
Henderson 

Hertford  .... 

Hoke  

Hyde 

Iredell  

Jackson  


15,971 
5,051 
2,432 
5,465 
4,922 

1,840 
7,015 
3,935 
5,434 
9,072 

30,994 
13,916 
15,396 
10,331 
1,471 

9,087 
4,756 
16,461 
8,764 
3,076 

2,312 

1,456 

14,067 

11,384 

10,082 

30,633 
2,251 
3,645 

17,517 
4,072 

7,718 
37,454 
11,090 
49,320 

6,673 

21,899 
2,324 
1,493 
6,847 
3,393 

58,582 
10,425 
9,248 
10,592 
10,947 

5,368 
3,714 
1,432 
13,981 
5,247 


19,096 
6,859 
1,755 
1,781 
5,077 

3,657 
6,526 
1,493 
2,907 
8,877 

29,330 
12,986 
17,322 
12,170 
675 

9,444 
2,121 
24,861 
6,007 
4,091 

1,386 
1,970 
10,321 
4,676 
9,903 

20,974 
1,720 
4,308 

23,892 
6,706 

4,521 
25,369 

4,686 
46,724 

4,133 

27,252 

852 

1,806 

3,773 

1,534 

54,079 
5,362 

7,784 

6,878 

17,214 

2,023 

1,303 

698 

17,805 

4,361 


18,250 
5,089 
2,402 
5,500 
4,730 

1,818 
7,521 
4,016 
5,785 
9,909 

34,071 
14,538 
15,877 
10,466 
1,448 

9,477 
4,821 
17,661 
9,400 
3,199 

2,349 

1,495 

15,120 

11,921 

10,315 

33,476 
2,194 
3,940 

18,077 
4,049 

8,159 
32,920 
11,336 
51,073 

7,325 

24,833 
2,331 
1,538 
7,278 
3,556 

63,144 
11,429 
10,270 
11,565 
12,230 

5,286 
3,843 
1,463 
14,934 
6,277 


15,553 
6,740 
1,708 
1,706 
5,121 

3,529 
5,702 
1,157 
2,310 
.  7,700 

25,940 
12,306 
16,056 
11,724 
656 

8,595 
1,827 
23,258 
5,087 
3,954 

1,208 
1,934 
9,074 
3,767 
8,546 

17,199 
1,672 
3,805 

22,852 
6,555 

3,748 
20,653 

4,043 
41,943 

3,235 

23,702 

815 

1,755 

2,814 

1,335 

46,324 
4,347 
6,434 
5,868 

15,833 

1,761 

1,075 

544 

16,151 

3,795 


15,805 
4,907 
2,445 
5,431 
4,633 

1,471 
6,654 
4,050 
5,444 
9,767 

30,469 

13,615 

14,740 

9,773 

1,422 

9,191 

4,755 

15,806 

8,994 

3,070 

2,316 

1,477 

13,880 

11,887 

9,983 

30,830 
2,169 
3,716 

17,216 
3,842 

8,215 
30,678 
11,548 
47,832 

7,088 

20,979 
2,302 
1,485 
7,242 
3,542 

52,601 
11,211 
9,913 
10,704 
10,582 

5,250 
3,756 
1,465 
13,860 
5,312 


17,119 
6,857 
1,625 
1,640 
5,128 

3,692 
5,310 
1,112 
2,261 
7,540 

27,600 
12,744 
16,590 
12,027 
633 

8,717 
1,841 
24,504 
5,255 
3,973 

1,203 
1,944 
9,681 
3,627 
8,592 

18,275 
1,615 
3,898 

23,485 
6,661 

3,648 
21,382 

3,761 
43,276 

3,318 

25,876 

821 

1,795 

2,732 

1,308 

55,026 
4,185 
6,544 
6,332 

16,716 

1,750 

1,101 

531 

16,734 

4,236 


17,153 
4,855 
2,349 
5,330 
4,569 

1,571 
7,252 
3,982 
5,664 
9,379 

29,852 

13,290 

14,210 

9,316 

1,435 

8,939 
4,701 
15,602 
8,658 
3,009 

2,337 

1,450 

13,737 

11,548 

9,932 

29,736 
2,118 
3,586 

16,774 
3,764 

8,000 
29,238 
11,009 
46,665 

6,909 

20,501 
2,304 
1,471 
7,062 
3,493 

57,957 
10,975 
9,530 
10,301 
10,520 

5,258 
3,680 
1,433 
13,683 
5,231 


15,848 
6,943 
1,693 
1,732 
5,185 

3,646 
5,755 
1,149 
2,320 
7,967 

28,598 
13,197 
17,347 
12,484 
640 

9,078 
1,890 
24,900 
5,553 
4,041 

1,277 
1,972 
10,012 
4,005 
8,634 

19,548 
1,696 
4,102 

24,054 
6,773 

3,883 
21,969 

4,161 
45,196 

3,498 

26,623 

829 

1,812 

2,880 

1,369 

49,498 
4,430 
6,848 
6,786 

16,966 

1,831 

1,156 

563 

17,020 

4,476 


946 


North  Carolina  Manual 


COUNCIL  OF  STATE 
GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  8,  1988  (Continued) 


County 


Secretary  of  State 

(D)         ■         (R) 

Rufus  L.  John  H. 

Edmisten         Carrington 


Attorney  General 
(D)  (R) 

Lacy  H.  Sam 

Thornburg  Wilson 


Commissioner  of  Labor 

(D)  (R) 

John  C.  Richard  D. 

Brooks  (Dick)  Levy 


State  Treasurer 

(D)  (R) 

Harlan  E.        Nancy  Lake 

Boyles  Coward 


Johnston 

Jones  

Lee  

Lenoir 

Lincoln  ... 


Macon 

Madison  

Martin 

McDowell 

Mecklenburg .. 

Mitchell 

Montgomery  .. 

Moore 

Nash 

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow 

Orange  

Pamlico 

Pasquotank  ... 


Pender 

Perquimans 

Person  

Pitt 

Polk 


Randolph  

Richmond  .... 

Robeson 

Rockingham 
Rowan 


Rutherford 
Sampson  ... 
Scotland  .... 

Stanly 

Stokes  


Surry 

Swain  

Transylvania 

Tyrrell  

Union  


Vance  

Wake 

Warren  

Washington 
Watauga 


Wayne  . 
Wilkes  .. 
Wilson  . 
Yadkin , 
Yancey 


12,313 
2,244 
5,903 

10,174 
7,995 

4,680 
3,201 
4,870 
6,082 
75,046 

1,677 

4,458 

8,735 

12,478 

17,831 

5,326 
9,901 
22,403 
2,541 
4,768 

5,011 
1,956 
4,353 
18,744 
2,808 

11,731 
8,487 
19,956 
15,040 
16,564 

9,210 
9,404 
4,249 
8,547 
6,999 

9,897 

1,894 

5,217 

872 

11,767 

7,584 
73,656 
4,804 
3,244 
7,725 

11,903 
9,482 

10,106 
3,939 
4,113 


11,767 
1,216 
5,548 
7,775 
9,833 

4,812 
2,791 
2,091 
4,903 
85,719 

4,179 

3,621 

13,047 

11,922 

20,775 

1,683 
9,207 
12,893 
1,772 
2,806 

4,165 
1,158 
3,214 
13,484 
3,474 

21,710 

3,737 

6,650 

11,137 

18,551 

7,950 
7,793 
1,985 
10,240 
7,155 

9,591 

1,658 

5,897 

448 

13,008 

3,940 
73,824 
1,530 
1,612 
6,946 

12,308 

12,979 

8,381 

6,838 

3,889 


13,858 
2,287 
6,124 

10,770 
8,445 

4,739 
3,346 
4,674 
6,328 
82,575 

1,759 

4,634 

9,240 

13,767 

20,905 

5,301 

10,424 

24,465 

2,555 

4,781 

5,393 
1,957 
4,346 
20,542 
2,914 

11,825 
8,679 
20,333 
15,288 
16,542 

9.663 
9,844 
4,374 
8,662 
6,852 

9,620 

2,002 

5,613 

900 

12,750 

'  8,085 

83,168 

4,980 

3,265 

7,392 

12,798 
9,239 

10,914 
3,874 
4,172 


9,595 
1,032 
4,594 
6,486 
9,180 

4,658 
2,642 
1,646 
4,563 
75,409 

4,044 
3,416 

12,271 
9,929 

16,369 

1,388 
7,712 
10,092 
1,603 
2,542 

3,554 
1,105 
2,536 
10,650 
3,418 

20,810 

3,244 

5,870 

10,075 

17,758 

7,362 
7,191 
1,515 
9,848 
7,090 

9,281 

1,595 

5,482 

365 

13,384 

3,033 
59,595 
1,191 
1,481 
6,797 

10,313 

12,772 

6,649 

6,752 

3,829 


13,242 
2,311 
6,021 

10,970 
71967 

4,639 
3,184 
4,732 
5,951 
70,411 

1,537 

4,559 

8,806 

13,022 

19,635 

5,222 
9,926 
23,025 
2,552 
4,639 

5,387 
1,934 
4,147 
20,156 
2,826 

11,296 
8,560 
19,937 
14,592 
15,591 

9,109 
9,469 
4,195 

8,441 
6,730 

9,338 

1,870 

5,086 

901 

11,615 

8,047 
77,067 
4,938 
3,285 
6,685 

12,414 
8,686 

10,638 
3,700 
4,074 


9,873 
1,019 
4,389 
6,329 
9,278 

4,893 
2,679 
1,567 

4,827 
78,984 

4,170 

3,432 

12,480 

10,280 

16,908 

1,389 
7,855 
10,587 
1,581 
2,547 

3,481 
1,101 
2,496 
10,755 
3,414 

21,081 

3,216 

5,236 

10,323 

18,335 

7,655 
7,419 
1,548 
9,965 
7,092 

9,322 

1,613 

5,807 

352 

11,872 

2,998 
61,704 
1,171 
1,441 
7,108 

10,375 

13,094 

6,518 

6,824 

3,868 


12,864 
2,248 
5,713 

10,612 
8,187 

4,567 
3,133 
4,656 
5,721 
70,533 

1,606 

4,516 

8,974 

12,557 

19,121 

5,186 
9,445 
22,051 
2,506 
4,652 

5,281 
1,927 
3,991 
18,854 
2,802 

11,181 
8,355 
20,409 
14,491 
15,168 

9,026 
9,368 
4,128 
8,227 
6,606 

9,279 

1,842 

4,901 

883 

11,297 

7,808 
76,739 
4,924 
3,235 
6,703 

12,132 
8,430 

10,388 
3.601 
4,075 


10,232 
1,072 
4,672 
6,619 
9,282 

5,005 
2,736 
1,608 
4,963 
79,977 

4,119 

3,480 

12,403 

10,705 

17,776 

1,405 
8,387 
11,359 
1,645 
2,562 

3,620 
1,111 
2,307 
12,078 
3,458 

21,240 

3,473 

5,516 

10,625 

19,023 

7,820 
7,548 
1,648 
10,215 
7,230 

9,430 

1,654 

6,024 

379 

12,315 

3,199 
62,406 
1,184 
1,498 
7,249 

10,590 

13,429 

6,928 

6,956 

3,854 


Totals 


1,082,533   1,004,660 


1,146,777    887,132 


1,069,358    918,475 


1,056,215   938,374 


Election  Results 


947 


COUNCIL  OF  STATE 
GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  8,  1988 


County 


State  Auditor 

(D)  (R) 

Edward  Edward 

Renfrow        Gardner,  Jr. 


Commissioner  of  Agriculture 

(D|  (R) 

James  A.  (Jin)  Leo 

Graham  Tew 


Commissioner  of  Insurance 
(D)  (R) 

Jim  H.L.  (Pete) 

Long  Rednour 


Superintendent  of 

Public  Instruction 

(D)  (R) 

Bob  Tom 

Ehteridge  Rogers 


Alamance . 

Alexander 

Alleghany 

Anson 

Ashe 


Avery 

Beaufort  .... 

Bertie 

Bladen  

Brunswick , 

Buncombe  . 

Burke 

Cabarrus  .., 
Caldwell  .... 
Camden 


Carteret .. 
Caswell ... 
Catawba . 
Chatham 
Cherokee 


Chowan  .... 

Clay 

Cleveland  , 
Columbus  . 
Craven  


Cumberland . 

Currituck 

Dare 

Davidson 

Davie 


Duplin  

Durham 

Edgecombe 

Forsyth 

Franklin 


Gaston 

Gates  

Graham  ... 
Granville . 
Greene 


Guilford 

Halifax 

Harnett 

Haywood  ... 
Henderson 

Hertford  .... 

Hoke  

Hyde 

Iredell 

Jackson  


16,573 
4,769 
2,343 
5,195 
4,449 

1,422 
7,223 
3,992 
5,647 
9,135 

29,271 

12,725 

12,995 

9,004 

1,425 

9,105 
4,651 
14,639 
8,751 
3,010 

2,278 

1,447 

12,836 

11,373 

9,786 

30,108 
2,027 
3,538 

15,971 
3,611 

7,805 
29,377 
11,112 
42,895 

7,067 

18,929 
2,261 
1,461 
6,934 
3,517 

56,913 
10,920 
9,811 
10,121 
10,262 

5,353 
3,677 
1,442 
12,745 
5,239 


16,296 
6,981 
1,707 
1,784 
5,306 

3,755 
5,746 
1,163 
2,528 
8,214 

28,759 
13,666 
18,317 
12,683 
661 

8,880 
1,960 
25,633 
5,479 
4,021 

1,219 
1,964 
10,628 
4,188 
8,715 

19,272 
1,787 
4,123 

24,665 
6,868 

4,076 
28,511 

4,056 
48,504 

3,379 

27,808 

851 

1,811 

3,011 

1,348 

50,313 
4,466 
6,719 
6,836 

17,139 

1,871 

1,170 

554 

17,737 

4,239 


19,239 
5,087 
2,641 
5,518 
5,053 

1,748 
8,577 
4,341 
6,026 
10,580 

32,928 
14,751 
16,866 
10,387 
1,598 

10,196 
4,992 

17,366 
9,724 
3,188 

2,474 

1,496 

15,588 

12,764 

11,107 

34,195 
2,501 
4,188 

19,727 
4,353 

8,985 
31,409 
12,165 
53,471 

7,786 

24,529 
2,458 
1,514 
8,196 
3,791 

62,173 
12,006 
10,853 
11,514 
12,209 

5,703 
3,879 
1,550 
16,476 
5,506 


14,327 
6,699 
1,516 
1,561 
4,818 

3,496 
4,701 
1,040 
2,092 
6,987 

25,697 
11,682 
14,530 
11,253 
518 

7,893 
1,708 
22,690 
4,812 
3,872 

1,122 
1,918 
8,149 
3,079 
7,988 

15,768 
1,354 
3,473 

21,236 
6,247 

3,125 
21,480 

3,295 
37,925 

2,913 

22,429 

741 

1,763 

2,088 

1,175 

45,639 
3,616 
5,981 
5,669 

15,334 

1,533 

992 

496 

14,505 

4,123 


19,756 
5,010 
2,400 
5,485 
4,789 

1,634 
7,971 
4,149 
5,986 
10,157 

31,943 
13,960 
15,385 
10,215 
1,530 

9,642 
5,102 
16,783 
9,523 
3,127 

2,334 

1,484 

14,524 

12,195 

10,568 

32,953 
2,345 
3,964 

18,522 
4,106 

8,536 
39,739 
11,738 
53,752 

7,441 

21,846 
2,376 
1,491 
7,619 
3,764 

64,314 
11,777 
10,396 
11,074 
11,621 

5,480 
3,814 
1,495 
14,793 
5,417 


14,340 
6,787 
1,624 
1,606 
5,025 

3,584 
5,206 
1,045 
2,070 
7,374 

26,511 
12,549 
16,158 
11,681 
562 

8,297 
1,728 
23,716 
4,864 
3,941 

1,147 
1,934 
9,341 
3,499 
8,228 

16,940 
1,468 
3,646 

22,353 
6,464 

3,411 
19,888 

3,578 
38,666 

3,097 

25,909 

765 

1,788 

2,387 

1,247 

44,854 
3,764 
6,219 
6,150 

16,014 

1,587 

1,047 

517 

16,063 

4,162 


17,578 
4,841 
2,392 
5,401 
4,629 

1,467 
7,322 
3,943 
5,766 
9,556 

31,097 

13,017 

13,949 

9,579 

1,532 

9,689 
4,730 
15,745 
9,017 
3,081 

2,346 

1,464 

13,232 

11,798 

10,118 

31,459 
2,344 
4,012 

16,718 
3,778 

8,130 
37,068 
11,109 
47,215 

6,904 

20,771 
2,326 
1,490 
6,782 
3,514 

57,941 
11,055 
11,091 
10,405 
10,942 

5,270 
3,730 
1,470 
13,622 
5,348 


15,186 
6,916 
1,680 
1,659 
5,147 

3,716 
5,577 
1,142 
2,236 
7,761 

26,912 
13,281 
16,978 
12,100 
549 

8,339 
1,857 
24,445 
5,297 
3,923 

1,154 
1,947 
10,202 
3,631 
8,399 

17,928 
1,468 
3,595 

23,779 
6,721 

3,651 
21,399 

3,988 
43,005 

3,477 

26,037 

784 

1,788 

2,999 

1,330 

48,721 
4,283 
5,817 
6,630 

16,450 

1,722 

1,096 

527 

16,873 

4,214 


948 


North  Carolina  Manual 


COUNCIL  OF  STATE 
GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  8,  1988  (Continued) 


County 

Johnston  

Jones  

Lee  

Lenoir 

Lincoln 

Macon 

Madison  

Martin  

McDowell 

Mecklenburg . 

Mitchell 

Montgomery  . 

Moore 

Nash 

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow  

Orange  

Pamlico  

Pasquotank  .. 

Pender 

Perquimans  .. 

Person  

Pitt 

Polk 

Randolph  

Richmond  

Robeson  

Rockingham  . 
Rowan  

Rutherford  .... 

Sampson  

Scotland 

Stanly 

Stokes  

Surry 

Swain  

Transylvania 

Tyrrell  

Union  

Vance  

Wake 

Warren  

Washington  .. 
Watauga 

Wayne  

Wilkes 

Wilson  

Yadkin 

Yancey  

Totals 


State  Auditor 

(1)1  (R) 

Edward  Kdward 

Renfrow        Gardner,  Jr. 


Commissioner  of  Agriculture 

(D)  (R) 

James  A.  (Jim)  Leo 

Graham  Tew 


Commissioner  of  Insurance 
(D)  (R) 

Jim  H.L.(Pete) 

Long  Rednour 


Superintendent  of 

Public  Instruction 

(D)  (R) 

Bob  Tom 

Ehteridge  Rogers 


15,060 
2,254 
5,756 

10,402 
7,435 

4,503 
3,132 
4,651 
5,508 
69,632 

1,453 

4,459 

8,791 

12,180 

18,361 

5,142 
9,372 
22,474 
2,517 
4,201 

4,998 
1,899 
3,863 
19,198 
2,763 

10,627 
8,249 
20,080 
13,913 
14,100 

8,403 
9,586 
3,974 
7,895 
6,324 

9,008 

1,852 

4,867 

878 

10,967 

7,644 
77,519 
4,866 
3,208 
6,315 

12,364 
8,136 

10,361 
3,536 
4,052 


8,818 
1,058 
4,691 
6,791 
9,794 

5,061 
2,739 
1,655 
5,172 
80,803 

4,282 

3,518 

12,575 

10,583 

18,245 

1,441 
8,576 
10,931 
1,612 
2,976 

3,873 
1,145 
2,722 
11,638 
3,481 

21,589 

3,507 

4,799 

11,083 

19,917 

8,347 
7,486 
1,707 
10,388 
7,424 

9,567 

1,640 

6,003 

373 

12,404 

3,306 
61,208 
1,244 
1,495 
7,414 

10,546 

13,725 

6,954 

6,885 

3,903 


15,258 
2,427 
6,743 

11,551 
8,766 

4,876 
3,320 
5,143 
6,456 

77,127 

1,754 

4,739 

9,581 

14,088 

21,931 

5,564 

11,437 

23,636 

2,708 

5,015 

5,882 
2,075 
4,427 
22,345 
2,882 

12,107 
9,063 
22,032 
16,598 
20,313 

9,901 
10,196 
4,621 
9,096 
7,411 

10,080 

1,916 

5,660 

968 

13,318 

8,881 
85,637 
5,288 
3,476 
7,503 

13,302 
9,885 

11,363 
4,167 
4,115 


8,551 
959 
4,032 
5,921 
8,608 

4,683 
2,608 
1,417 
4,220 
73,021 

3,965 
3,275 

11,870 
8,943 

14,738 

1,249 
6,552 
10,498 
1,491 
2,392 

3,056 
1,019 
2,234 
9,277 
3,372 

20,335 
2,830 
4,252 
8,745 

14,471 

6,808 
6,955 
1,368 
9,272 
6,563 

8,761 

1,584 

5,292 

328 

10,426 

2,376 

57,188 

979 

1,316 

6,364 

9,935 
12,082 
6,450 
6,492 
3,853 


14,360 
2,404 
6,272 

11,386 
8,310 

4,784 
3,244 

4,847 
6,268 

74,547 

1,653 

4,736 

9,420 

14,034 

21,268 

5,352 

10,867 

24,012 

2,621 

4,771 

5,586 
2,002 
4,554 
21,163 
2,863 

12,242 
8,852 
21,288 
16,430 
17,229 

9,396 
9,764 
4,287 
8,580 
7,155 

9,805 

1,897 

5,250 

908 

12,521 

8,488 
82,913 
5,094 
3,361 
7,022 

13,070 
9,118 

11,072 
3,917 
4,132 


9,047 
959 
4,157 
6,009 
9,125 

4,802 
2,671 
1,448 
4,524 
76,422 

4,073 
3,305 

12,028 
9,464 

15,981 

1,303 
7,136 
9,770 
1,536 
2,485 

3,355 
1,066 
2,342 
9,960 
3,397 

20,367 
3,035 
4,806 
9,243 

16,986 

7,317 
7,142 
1,532 
9,768 
6,797 

9,025 

1,590 

5,670 

346 

11,305 

2,594 
56,940 
1,161 
1,381 
6,720 

9,925 
12,701 
6,395 
6,706 
3,841 


13,554 
2,322 
7,035 

10,772 
7,859 

4,656 
3,191 

4,677 

5,814 

68,434 

1,528 

4,601 

8,911 

12,896 

18,514 

5,185 

10,956 

22,889 

2,567 

4,848 

5,126 
2,013 
3,724 
19,910 
2,795 

11,073 
8,608 
20,593 
14,303 
15,194 

8,759 
9,581 
4,443 
8,058 
6,633 

9,255 

1,896 

5,016 

904 

10,949 

7,706 
76,434 
4,819 
3,297 
6,607 

12,871 
8,368 

10,622 
3,593 
4,074 


1,035,768    958,551 


1,182,800    830,045 


1,151,049    864,459 


1,076,216 


Election  Results  949 

TABULATION  OF  VOTES  FOR  STATE  OFFICERS 
IN  PRIMARY  ELECTIONS  SINCE  1964 

1964 

First  Primary 

FOR  GOVERNOR 

L.  Richardson  Preyer   281,430 

Dan  K.  Moore 257,872 

I.  Beverly  Lake    217,172 

Kidd  Brewer 8,026 

Bruce  Burleson    2,445 

R.  J.  Stansbury    2,145 

Robert  L.  Gavin  (R) 53,145 

Charles  W.  Strong  (R) 8,652 

Don  Badgley  (R)    2,018 

FOR  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR 

Robert  W.  Scott    308,992 

H.  Clifton  Blue 255,424 

John  R.  Jordan,  Jr 140,277 

Clifton  Lee  Bell  (R)   40,143 

Robert  A.  Flynt  (R)   14,640 

FOR  COMMISSIONER  OF  LABOR 

Frank  Crane    348,453 

Frank  Castlebury    140,350 

John  B.  Warden,  Jr 116,676 

FOR  COMMISSIONER  OF  INSURANCE 

Edwin  S.  Lanier    398,428 

John  B.  Whitley 135,384 

John  N.  Frederick 83,970 

John  C.  Clifford  (R)    41,238 

Ralph  B.  Pfaff  (R)   13,943 

Second  Primary 

FOR  GOVERNOR 

Dan  K.  Moore 480,431 

L.  Richardson  Preyer    293,863 

FOR  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR 

Robert  W.  Scott    373,027 

H.  CHfton  Blue 359,000 


950  North  Carolina  Manual 

TABULATION  OF  VOTES  FOR  STATE  OFFICERS 
IN  PRIMARY  ELECTIONS  SINCE  1964  (Continued) 

1968 

FOR  GOVERNOR 

Robert  W.  Scott 337,368 

J.  Melville  Broughton,  Jr 233,924 

Reginald  Hawkins  129,808 

James  C.  Gardner  (R)  113,584 

John  L.  Stickley  (R)  42,483 

FOR  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR 

H.  Patrick  Taylor,  Jr 481,035 

Mrs.  James  M.  Harper,  Jr 148,613 

Frank  M.  Matlock  52,686 

Trosper  Noland  Combs  (R)  33,268 

Don  H.  Garren  (R) 98,437 

FOR  ATTORNEY  GENERAL 

Robert  Morgan  353,522 

WadeBruton  240,975 

FOR  STATE  TREASURER 

Edwin  Gill  405,650 

SneedHigh 187,625 

FOR  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION 

A.  Craig  Phillips  220,473 

Raymond  A.  Stone  186,647 

Everette  Miller 95,835 

William  D.  Harrill  49,880 

Wendell  W.  Smiley  28,640 

FOR  COMMISSIONER  OF  INSURANCE 

Edwin  S.  Lanier  337,331 

George  A.  Belk 88,485 

John  B.  Whitley 86,863 

Fred  Benton  76,479 

Everett  L  Peterson  (R)  77,697 

Carl  W.  Rice  (R)  49,775 

FOR  COMMISSIONER  OF  LABOR 

Frank  Crane  363,671 

John  B.  Waddell  180,099 


Election  Results  951 

TABULATION  OF  VOTES  FOR  STATE  OFFICERS 
IN  PRIMARY  ELECTIONS  SINCE  1964  (Continued) 

1972 

First  Primary 

FOR  GOVERNOR 

Hargrove  Bowles 367,433 

Zebulon  V.  K.  Dickson 4,470 

Reginald  Hawkins  65,950 

Wilbur  Hobby  58,990 

Gene  Leggett 6,352 

Hoyt  P.  Taylor,  Jr 304,910 

Thomas  E.  Chappell  (R) 957 

James  C.  Gardner  (R)  84,906 

Leroy  Gibson  (R)  1,083 

James  E.  Holshouser,  Jr.  (R)  83,637 

Bruce  E.  Burleson  (A)  251 

Arlis  F.  Pettyjohn  (A)  335 

FOR  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR 

Allen  C.  Barbee  51,602 

Reginald  L.  Frazier 43,228 

Margaret  Harper  151,819 

James  B.  Hunt,  Jr 329,727 

Roy  Sowers,  Jr 177,016 

Norman  H.  Joyner  (R)  51,354 

John  A.  Walker  (R)  99,361 

FOR  SECRETARY  OF  STATE 

ThadEure  471,848 

Louis  M.  Wade  212,278 

FOR  STATE  TREASURER 

Edwin  Gill  494,498 

JackTurney  145,711 

FOR  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION 

John  H.  O'Connell  215,740 

A.  Craig  Phillips  436,970 

FOR  COMMISSIONER  OF  LABOR 

John  S.  Blanton,  Jr 69,413 

John  C.  Brooks  145,059 

William  C.  Creel  298,124 

Phillip  Ellen  ; 27,586 

Robert  C.  Folger  60,558 

John  B.  Waddell  42,401 


952  North  Carolina  Manual 

TABULATION  OF  VOTES  FOR  STATE  OFFICERS 
IN  PRIMARY  ELECTIONS  SINCE  1964  (Continued) 

FOR  COMMISSIONER  OF  INSURANCE 

George  A.  Belk  132,070 

George  B.  Cherry,  Jr 104,490 

Johnny  R.  Clark  72,041 

Cecil  Duncan  37,853 

John  R.  Ingram  156,463 

E.  Russell  Secrest  161,966 

Second  Primary 

FOR  GOVERNOR 

Hargrove  Bowles  336,034 

Hoyt  P.  Taylor,  Jr 282,345 

James  C.  Gardner  (R)  68,134 

James  E.  Holshouser,  Jr.  (R)  69,916 

FOR  COMMISSIONER  OF  LABOR 

John  C.  Brooks  251,293 

William  C.  Creel  297,339 

FOR  COMMISSIONER  OF  INSURANCE 

John  R.  Ingram  283,810 

E.  Russell  Secrest  270,809 

1976 

First  Primary 

FOR  GOVERNOR 

Jeter  Barker,  Jr 5,003 

James  B.  Hunt,  Jr 362,102 

Edward  M.  O'Herron,  Jr 157,815 

Thomas  E.  Strickland  31,338 

George  Wood  121,673 

J.  F.  Alexander  (R)  16,149 

David  T.  Flaherty  (R)  57,663 

Wallace  E.  McCall  (R)  4,467 

Coy  C.  Privette  (R)  37,573 

FOR  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR 

Waverly  Akins  75,647 

C.  A.  Brown,  Jr 23,078 

James  C.  Green  174,764 

Herbert  L  Hyde 58,775 

John  M.  Jordan  89,959 

Howard  N.  Lee 177,091 

Kathryn  M.  McRacken  25,926 


Election  Results  953 

TABULATION  OF  VOTES  FOR  STATE  OFFICERS 
IN  PRIMARY  ELECTIONS  SINCE  1964  (Continued) 

FOR  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR  -  continued 

E.  Frank  Stephenson 13,833 

William  S.  Hyatt  (R)  61,830 

Odell  Payne  (R)  38,145 

FOR  SECRETARY  OF  STATE 

George  W.  Breece 288,858 

ThadEure  323,578 

C.  Y.  Nanney  (R)  34,304 

Asa  T.  Spaulding,  Jr.  (R)  58,778 

FOR  STATE  AUDITOR 

Henry  L.  Bridges  270,751 

Walter  E.  Fuller  72,126 

Lillian  Woo 245,697 

FOR  STATE  TREASURER 

Harlan  E.  Boyles  320,751 

Lane  Brown  227,480 

Jack  P.  Jurney 29,223 

J.  Howard  Coble  (R) 62,437 

George  B.  McLeod  (R)  34,160 

FOR  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION 

Benjamin  Currin  230,160 

A.  Craig  Phillips  357,136 

FOR  COMMISSIONER  OF  INSURANCE 

John  Ingram  353,697 

Joseph  E.  Johnson  228,866 

Jerry  L  Waters 35,344 

FOR  COMMISSIONER  OF  LABOR 

John  C.  Brooks  191,160 

R.  J.  Dunnagan  106,925 

Virgil  McBride 58,720 

Jessie  Rae  Scott 210,984 

Second  Primary 

FOR  GOVERNOR 

David  T.  Flaherty  (R)  45,661 

Coy  C.  Privette  (R)  29,810 

F^OR  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR 

James  C.  Green  292,362 

Howard  N.  Lee 229,195 


954  North  Carolina  Manual 

TABULATION  OF  VOTES  FOR  STATE  OFFICERS 
IN  PRIMARY  ELECTIONS  SINCE  1964  (Continued) 

FOR  STATE  AUDITOR 

Henry  L.  Bridges 251,615 

Lillian  Woo 228,813 

FOR  COMMISSIONER  OF  LABOR 

John  C.  Brooks  240,579 

Jessie  Rae  Scott 231,578 

1980 

First  Primary 

FOR  GOVERNOR 

James  B.  Hunt,  Jr 524,844 

Robert  W.  Scott 217,289 

Harry  J.  Welsh  11,551 

C.  J.  Carstens  (R)  28,354 

I.  Beverly  Lake,  Jr.  (R)  119,255 

FOR  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR 

James  C.  Green  367,964 

Clyde  Pulley  13,192 

Carl  J.  Stewart,  Jr 341,257 

FOR  SECRETARY  OF  STATE 

ThadEure  397,782 

George  W.  Breece 267,360 

FOR  STATE  AUDITOR 

Edward  Renfrow  247,993 

W.  S.  Chestnut  172,965 

J.  E.  B.  Davis  157,849 

FOR  ATTORNEY  GENERAL 

Harold  Covington  (R)  56,017 

Keith  S.  Snyder  (R)  72,201 

FOR  COMMISSIONER  OF  INSURANCE 

John  Ingram  370,204 

James  E.  Long 155,126 

Roy  H.  Rabon,  Jr 50,963 

W.  Kenneth  Brown 116,367 

FOR  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION 

Trosper  N.  Combs  118,374 

Craig  PhilHps  525,128 

FOR  ASSOCIATE  JUSTICE  OF  SUPREME  COURT 

J.  Phil  Carlton  145,142 

Ottway  Burton 430,701 

FOR  STATE  AUDITOR 

Edward  Renfrow  119,629 

W.  S.  Chestnut  71,919 


Election  Results  955 

TABULATION  OF  VOTES  FOR  STATE  OFFICERS 
IN  PRIMARY  ELECTIONS  SINCE  1964  (Continued) 

1984 

First  Primary 

FOR  GOVERNOR 

J.A.  Barker 3,148 

Rufus  Edmisten  295,051 

D.M.  Faircloth  153,210 

Thomas  O.  Gilmore 82,299 

James  C.  Green  80,775 

Robert  L.  Hannon  9,476 

John  Ingram  75,248 

H.  Edward  Knox  249,286 

Glenn  Miller 5,790 

J.D.  Whaley 1,516 

Ruby  T.  Hooper  (R)  11,640 

James  G.  Martin  (R)  128,714 

FOR  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR 

Robert  B.  Jordan,  III  450,487 

Stephen  S.  Miller 37,573 

Carl  J.  Stewart,  Jr 393,018 

John  H.  Carrington  (R)  35,106 

Wiliam  S.  Hiatt  (R)  27,600 

Frank  Jordan  (R)  40,257 

Erick  Little  (R) 3,406 

Barbara  S.  Perry  (R)  24,355 

FOR  SECRETARY  OF  STATE 

ThadEure  491,162 

Betty  Ann  Knudsen  340,046 

FOR  COMMISSIONER  OF  INSURANCE 

James  E.  Long 501,076 

Billy  Martin  260,555 

FOR  COMMISSIONER  OF  LABOR 

Richard  W.  Barnes  295,286 

John  C.  Brooks  358,651 

Donald  E.  Wiseman  96,803 

1984 
Second  Primary 

FOR  LIEUTENAN  r  GOVERNOR 

John  H.  Carrington  (R)  23,648 

Franklin  Jordan  (R) 17,502 

FOR  COMMISSIONER  OF  LABOR 

Richard  W.  Barnes 257,683 

John  C.  Brooks  311,426 


956  North  Carolina  Manual 

TABULATION  OF  VOTES  CAST  IN 
THE  PRIMARY  ELECTIONS  SINCE  1964  (Continued) 

1988 
First  Primary 

FOR  GOVERNOR 

Carroll  W.  Crawford  21,844 

Bruce  A.  Friedman 9,876 

Robert  B.  Jordan,  III  403,145 

James  Lloyd 10,438 

Billy  Martin  60,770 

FOR  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR 

Robert  L  Hannon  18,291 

Harold  W.  Hardison 132,878 

Parks  Helms  94,549 

Frank  Jordan 48,222 

Tony  Rand  219,511 

Bill  Boyd  (R)  19,802 

Jim  Gardner  (R)  107,171 

Wendell  H.  Sawyer  (R)  7,905 

FOR  SECRETARY  OF  STATE 

Dan  Bell 62,918 

Rufus  L  Edmisten  317,970 

Wayne  S.  Hardin  43,472 

Brad  Miller 71,792 

John  H.  Carrington  (R)  75,688 

Ray  Warren  (R) 46,140 

FOR  STATE  AUDITOR 

JohnReavill 83,234 

Edward  Renfrow  343,287 

FOR  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION 

BobEtheridge 277,070 

Norman  Jarrad  50,953 

Henry  McCarthy  101,576 

Thomas  F.  Paquin  (R)  40,723 

Tom  Rogers  (R) 71,817 

FOR  COMMISSIONER  OF  LABOR 

Robert  Bingham 108,512 

John  C.  Brooks  278,182 

Jack  Weaver 51,873 

Richard  D.  Levy  (R)  62,824 

Joseph  R.  Overby  (R) 48,068 


Election  Results  957 

TABULATION  OF  VOTES  CAST  IN 
THE  GENERAL  ELECTIONS  SINCE  1964 

1964 

Governor 

Dan  K.  Moore  (Democrat) 790,343 

Robert  L.  Gavin  (Republican)  606,165 

Lieutenant  Governor 

Robert  W.  Scott  (Democrat)  815,994 

Clifford  Lee  Bell  (Republican)  526,727 

Secretary  of  State 

Thad  Eure  (Democrat)  809,990 

Edwin  E.  Butler  (Republican)  503,932 

Auditor 

Henry  L.  Bridges  (Democrat)  789,721 

Everett  L.  Peterson  (Republican)  503,488 

Treasurer 

Edwin  Gill  (Democrat)  801,958 

Charles  J.  Mitchell  (Republican)  502,977 

Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 

Charles  F.  Carroll  (Democrat)  828,608 

Attorney  General 

Wade  Bruton  (Democrat)  792,902 

T.  Worth  Coltrane  (Republican)  506,878 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture 

James  A.  Graham  (Democrat)  803,373 

Van  S.  Watson  (Republican)  498,364 

Commissioner  of  Labor 

Frank  Crane  (Democrat)  824,693 

Commissioner  of  Insurance 

Edward  S.  Lanier  (Democrat)  804,459 

John  C.  Clifford  (Republican)  501,349 


958  North  Carolina  Manual 

TABULATION  OF  VOTES  CAST  IN 
THE  GENERAL  ELECTIONS  SINCE  1964  (Continued) 

1968 

Governor 

Robert  W.  Scott  (Democrat) 821,233 

James  C.  Gardner  (Republican)   737,075 

Lieutenant  Governor 

H.  Patrick  Taylor,  Jr.  (Democrat)    801,955 

Don  H.  Garren  (Republican)   646,643 

Secretary  of  State 

Thad  Eure  (Democrat)    792,406 

John  East  (Republican)     637,095 

State  Auditor 

Henry  L.  Bridges  (Democrat)    777,672 

Theodore  C.  Conrad  (Republican)    625,052 

State  Treasurer 

Edwin  Gill  (Democrat) 788,602 

Clyde  R.  Greene  (Republican) 623,527 

Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 

Craig  Phillips  (Democrat)    795,402 

Joe  L.  Morgan  (Republican)    621,488 

Attorney  General 

Robert  Morgan  (Democrat)    798,160 

Warren  H.  Coolidge  (Republican) 616,372 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture 

James  A.  Graham,  Jr.  (Democrat)   787,179 

Claude  L.  Greene,  Jr.  (Republican)    621,032 

Commissioner  of  Labor 

Frank  Crane  (Democrat)   781,547 

R.  K.  Ingle  (Republican)    620,901 

Commissioner  of  Insurance 

Edwin  S.  Lanier  (Democrat)   794,081 

Everett  L.  Peterson  (Republican)   625,592 


Election  Results  959 

TABULATION  OF  VOTES  CAST  IN 
THE  GENERAL  ELECTIONS  SINCE  1964  (Continued) 

1972 

Governor 

Hargrove  Bowles  (Democrat)  729,104 

James  E.  Holshouser  (Republican)  767,470 

Arlis  F.  Pettyjohn  (American)  8,211 

Lieutenant  Governor 

James  B.  Hunt,  Jr.  (Democrat)  812,602 

John  A.  Walker  (Republican)  612,002 

Benjamin  G.  McLendon  (American)  8,865 

Secretary  of  State 

Thad  Eure  (Democrat)  765,386 

Grace  J.  Rohrer  (Republican) 603,226 

State  Auditor 

Henry  L.  Bridges  (Democrat)  743,827 

L.  Norman  Schronce  (Republican)  586,522 

State  Treasurer 

Edwin  Gill  (Democrat)  748,846 

Theodore  C.  Conrad  (Republican)  612,691 

Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 

A.  Craig  Phillips  (Democrat)  771,328 

Carl  Eagle  (Republican)  589,486 

Attorney  General 

Robert  Morgan  (Democrat)  813,545 

Nicholas  A.  Smith  (Republican) 565,296 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture 

James  A.  Graham,  Jr.  (Democrat)  761,734 

Kenneth  H.  Roberson  (Republican)  580,628 

Commissioner  of  Labor 

William  C.  Creel  (Democrat)  756,384 

Frederick  R.  Weber  (Republican)  585,059 

Commissioner  of  Insurance 

John  R.  Ingram  (Democrat)  771,846 

L.  W.  Douglas  (Republican) 573,129 

Michael  Murphy  (American) 11,055 


960  North  Carolina  Manual 

TABULATION  OF  VOTES  CAST  IN 
THE  GENERAL  ELECTIONS  SINCE  1964  (Continued) 

1974 

Attorney  General 

Rufus  L.  Edmisten  (Democrat)  618,046 

James  Carson  (Republican)  390,626 

Marion  Porter  (American)  13,318 


Election  Results  961 

TABULATION  OF  VOTES  CAST  IN 
THE  GENERAL  ELECTIONS  SINCE  1964  (Continued) 

1976 

Governor 

James  B.  Hunt,  Jr.  (Democrat)  1,081,293 

David  T.  Flaherty  (Republican) 564,102 

H.  F.  Seawell,  Jr.  (American)  13,604 

Lieutenant  Governor 

James  C.  Green  (Democrat)  1,033,198 

William  S.  Hiatt  (Republican) 521,923 

Arlis  F.  Pettyjohn  (American)  9,152 

Secretary  of  State 

Thad  Eure  (Democrat)  1,031,472 

Asa  T.  Spaulding,  Jr.  (Republican) 508,108 

T.  M.  Long  (American) 11,125 

State  Auditor 

Henry  L.  Bridges  (Democrat)  1,037,090 

Michael  A.  Godfrey  (Republican)  466,350 

State  Treasurer 

Harlan  E.  Boyles  (Democrat) 1,037,156 

J.  Howard  Coble  (Republican)  489,768 

Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 

Craig  Phillips  (Democrat)  1,007,318 

Evelyn  S.  Tyler  (Republican)  524,691 

Arthur  G.  Nuhrah  (American)  8,076 

Attorney  General 

Rufus  L.  Edmisten  (Democrat)  1,066,036 

Edward  L.  Powell  (Republican)  489,132 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture 

James  A.  Graham  (Democrat)  1,053,650 

Kenneth  H.  Roberson  (Republican)  460,735 

Edwin  B.  Drury  (American)  9,017 

Commissioner  of  Insurance 

John  Ingram  (Democrat)  1,048,527 

Edwin  Tenney  (Republican) 500,222 

Commissioner  of  Labor 

John  C.  Brooks  (Democrat)  900,317 

T.  Avery  Nye  (Republican)  645,891 

Robert  W.  Bennett  (American) 7,487 


962  North  Carolina  Manual 

TABULATION  OF  VOTES  CAST  IN 
THE  GENERAL  ELECTIONS  SINCE  1964  (Continued) 

1980 

Governor* 

James  B.  Hunt,  Jr.  (Democrat)  1,143,143 

Beverly  Lake  (Republican)  691,449 

Bobby  Y.  Emory  (Libertarian)  9,951 

Lieutenant  Governor 

James  C.  Green  (Democrat)  942,549 

William  Cobey,  Jr.  (Republican) 814,082 

Craig  Franklin  (Libertarian)  14,998 

Secretary  of  State 

Thad  Eure  (Democrat)  983,888 

David  T.  Flaherty  (Republican) 709,374 

State  Auditor 

Edward  Renfrow  (Democrat)  952,157 

James  F.  Mclntyre  (Republican)  684,538 

State  Treasurer 

Harlan  E.  Boyles  (Democrat) 1,067,205 

Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 

Craig  Phillips  (Democrat)  1,087,166 

Attorney  General 

Rufus  Edmisten  (Democrat)  1,067,080 

Keith  S.  Snyder  (Republican) 636,168 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture 

James  A.  Graham  (Democrat)  1,102,719 

Commissioner  of  Insurance 

John  Ingram  (Democrat)  1,007,012 

Edwin  W.  Tenney,  Jr.  (Republican)  714,308 

Commissioner  of  Labor 

John  C.  Brooks  (Democrat)  1,067,679 


^Socialist  Worker  candidate  Douglas  A.  Cooper  received  2,887  votes. 


Election  Results  963 

TABULATION  OF  VOTES  CAST  IN 
THE  GENERAL  ELECTIONS  SINCE  1964  (Continued) 

1984 

Governor 

Rufus  Edmisten  (Democrat)  1,011,209 

James  G.  Martin  (Republican) 1,208,167 

H.  Fritz  Prochnow  (Libertarian)  4,611 

Gregory  McCartan  (Socialist  Worker)  2,740 

Lieutenant  Governor 

Robert  B.  Jordan  (Democrat)  1,149,214 

John  H.  Carrington  (Republican)  990,728 

Secretary  of  State 

Thad  Eure  (Democrat)  1,166,538 

Patric  Dorsey  (Republican)  910,249 

State  Auditor 

Ed  Renfrow  (Democrat)  1,094,147 

James  E.  Hicks  (Republican)  922,623 

State  Treasurer 

Harlan  E.  Boyles 1,235,060 

Attorney  General 

Lacy  H.  Thornburg  (Democrat)  1,114,767 

C.  Allan  Foster  (Republican)  920,665 

Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 

A.  Craig  Phillips  (Democrat)  1,133,306 

Gene  S.  Baker  (Republican)  900,546 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture 

James  A.  Graham  (Democrat)  ., 1,202,951 

Leo  Tew  (Republican) .' 842,729 

Commissioner  of  Labor 

John  C.  Brooks  (Democrat)  1,114,863 

Margaret  F.  Plemmons  (Republican) 908,636 

Commissioner  of  Insurance 

James  E.  Long  (Democrat)  1,103,587 

Richard  T.  Morgan  (Republican) 934,902 


964  North  Carolina  Manual 

TABULATION  OF  VOTES  CAST  IN 
THE  GENERAL  ELECTIONS  SINCE  1964  (Continued) 

1988 

Governor 

Robert  B.  Jordan,  III  (Democrat)  957,687 

James  G.  Martin  (Republican) 1,222,338 

Lieutenant  Governor 

Tony  Rand  (Democrat)  1,044,917 

Jim  Gardner  (Republican)  1,072,002 

Secretary  of  State 

Rufus  L.  Edmisten  (Democrat)  1,082,533 

John  H.  Carrington  (Republican)  1,004,660 

State  Auditor 

Edward  Renfrow  (Democrat)  1,035,768 

Edward  Gardner,  Jr.  (Republican)  958,551 

State  Treasurer 

Harlan  E.  Boyles  (Democrat)  1,056,215 

Nancy  Lake  Coward  (Republican)  938,374 

Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 

Bob  Etheridge  (Democrat) 1,076,216 

Tom  Rogers  (Republican)  910,494 

Attorney  General 

Lacy  H.  Thornburg  (Democrat)  1,142,777 

Sam  Wilson  (Republican)  887,132 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture 

James  A.  Graham  (Democrat)  1,182,800 

Leo  Tew  (Republican) 830,045 

Commissioner  of  Labor 

John  C.  Brooks  (Democrat)  1,069,358 

Richard  D.  Levy  (Republican)  918,475 

Commissioner  of  Insurance 

Jim  Long  (Democrat)  1,151,049 

H.L  Rednour  (Republican) 864,459 


PART  VIII 


North  Carolina 
County  Government 


CHAPTER  ONE 
County  Government 

HISTORICAL  PERSPECTIVE 

Early  Beginnings 

In  pre-Revolutionary  North  Carolina  the  county  was  the  primary  pohtical, 
as  well  as  geographical  unit.  The  colony  relied  heavily  upon  the  county  for 
administration  of  local  government.  Justices  of  the  peace,  as  a  body  or  court, 
administered  the  affairs  of  the  county.  These  were  men  of  standing  and  most 
often  men  of  substance,  and  generally  the  leaders  in  their  communities. 
Independence  from  England  brought  no  major  changes  in  this  system.  In  the 
early  days  of  statehood,  justices  were  appointed  by  the  governor  to  serve  for 
good  behavior;  however,  in  making  his  appointments  the  governor  relied  on 
recommendations  from  the  General  Assembly.  The  members  of  the  legislature 
from  a  given  county  had  a  powerful  voice  in  the  selection  of  justices  of  the  peace 
for  their  county.  This  appointment  input  also  gave  legislators  a  good  deal  of 
influence  in  the  government  at  the  county  level. 

As  a  group  justices  of  the  peace  in  a  county  formed  a  court  known  as  the 
Court  of  Pleas  and  Quarter  Sessions.  Any  three  justices,  sitting  together, 
constituted  a  quorum  for  the  transaction  of  business.  It  was  common  practice 
for  the  justices  to  meet  each  January,  select  a  chairman,  then  elect  five  of  their 
number  to  hold  the  regular  sessions  of  the  court  for  the  year.  During  its  early 
existence,  the  Court  of  Pleas  and  Quarter  Sessions  appointed  the  county 
sheriff,  the  coroner,  and  constables.  Later  these  offices  became  elective 
positions  with  the  sheriff  and  coroner  elected  from  the  county  at  large  and 
constables  from  captain's  districts  (a  militia-mustering  area).  Justices  of  the 
peace  were  also  responsible  for  appointing  a  clerk  of  court,  a  register  of  deeds,  a 
county  attorney,  a  county  trustee  (treasurer),  a  surveyor,  and  overseers  or 
wardens  of  the  poor. 

The  Court  of  Pleas  and  Quarter  Sessions  had  dual  responsibilities;  it 
performed  judicial  as  well  as  administrative  functions. 

The  administrative  duties  of  the  justices  of  the  peace  included  the  assessing 
and  levying  of  taxes;  the  establishing  and  maintaining  of  roads,  bridges,  and 
ferries;  the  granting  of  licenses  to  taverns  and  controlling  the  prices  charged 
for  food;  and  the  erecting  and  controlling  of  mills.  Through  their  power  of 
appointment,  justices  supervised  the  work  of  the  law  enforcement  officers,  the 
administrative  officers  of  the  court,  the  surveyor,  and  the  wardens  of  the  poor. 
Taxes  were  collected  by  the  sheriff. 

In  its  judicial  capacity,  the  Court  of  Pleas  and  Quarter  Sessions  heard  civil 
cases  (except  those  assigned  by  law  to  a  single  justice  or  to  a  higher  court).  The 


968  North  Carolina  Manual 

court  was  responsible  for  probate,  dower,  guardianships,  and  the  administra- 
tion of  estates  and  had  jurisdiction  in  criminal  cases  in  which  the  punishment 
did  not  extend  to  life,  limb,  or  member. 

The  county  itself  was  a  single  political  unit;  there  were  no  townships;  and  the 
Court  of  Pleas  and  Quarter  Sessions,  through  its  appointive  and  administrative 
powers,  exerted  strong  control  over  county  affairs.  However,  it  should  be 
emphasized  that  at  this  time  the  voters  had  no  direct  control  over  the  court  and 
thus  no  direct  control  over  county  government.  Such  was  the  situation  until  the 
end  of  the  Civil  War. 

When  the  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  was  rewritten  in  1868,  the  drafters, 
many  of  whom  were  acquainted  with  local  government  systems  in  other  parts 
of  the  country,  devised  a  new  and  more  democratic  plan  of  organization  for  the 
counties. 

Although  the  position  of  justice  of  the  peace  was  retained,  the  old  Court  of 
Pleas  and  Quarter  Sessions  was  eliminated.  Its  judicial  responsibilities  were 
distributed  between  the  justices  and  the  North  Carolina  superior  court.  Its 
administrative  work  was  assigned  to  a  board  of  county  commissioners 
composed  of  five  members  elected  at  large  by  the  voters  of  the  county. 

The  county  commissioners  were  made  responsible  for  public  buildings, 
schools,  roads  and  bridges,  and  the  financial  affairs  of  the  county,  including 
taxation.  The  wide  appointive  powers  of  the  Court  of  Pleas  and  Quarter 
Sessions  were  not  transferred  to  the  board  of  county  commissioners.  Instead, 
the  voters  of  the  county  elected  the  sheriff,  coroner,  clerk  of  court,  register  of 
deeds,  surveyor,  and  treasurer.  The  sheriff  continued  to  serve  as  tax  collector. 

Each  county  was  divided  into  townships  -  a  distinct  innovation  -  and  the 
voters  of  each  township  elected  two  justices  of  the  peace  and  a  clerk  who  served 
as  the  governing  body  of  the  township.  Under  the  county  commissioner's 
supervisor,  the  township  board  was  responsible  for  roads  and  bridges  and  for 
the  assessment  of  property  for  taxation.  Each  township  had  a  constable  and 
each  had  a  school  committee. 

This  long  ballot  system  was  consciously  constructed  to  favor  the  Republican 
Party.  The  support  of  this  party  lay  in  the  newly  enfranchised  blacks  who  had 
been  slaves  only  three  years  before,  from  native  whites  of  small  means  who 
had  opposed  secession  and  remained  loyal  to  the  Union  throughout  the  Civil 
War,  and  from  a  relatively  small  number  of  prominent  citizens  who  believed 
that  the  state's  shattered  fortunes  could  be  recovered  only  through  cooperation 
and  understanding  between  the  races  and  accommodation  with  the  dominant 
national  political  party.  The  ballot  was  intended  to  destroy  forever  the  political 
power  of  the  landowners,  professional  people,  and  merchants  who  had 
dominated  state  government,  and  thus  local  government  under  the  old  system, 
for  nearly  a  century.  Although  most  of  the  people  were  disenfranchised  by  the 
Fourteenth  Amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  because  they 
had  "engaged  in  insurrection  or  rebellion  against  the  United  States,  or  given 
aid  or  comfort  to  the  enemies  thereof  by  actively  supporting  the  Confederacy, 
they  formed  a  new  political  party  called  the  Conservative  Party  devoted  to 
restoring  as  much  of  the  pre-war  social  and  governmental  system  as  was 
possible  under  the  circumstances.  The  new  system  of  county  government 
contained  in  the  Constitution  of  1868  became  one  of  their  targets. 


History  of  County  Government  in  North  Carolina         969 

Seven  years  after  the  Constitution  of  1868  established  the  county  com- 
missioners and  township  systems,  pohtical  control  shifted  to  the  conserva- 
tives. At  a  constitutional  convention  in  1875,  the  Constitution  of  North 
Carolina  was  amended  to  authorize  the  General  Assembly  to  modify  the  plan 
of  county  government  established  in  1868.  The  legislature  was  quick  to  exercise 
its  authority  in  this  matter.  The  board  of  county  commissioners  was  not 
abolished,  but  members  were  to  be  chosen  by  the  justices  of  the  peace  of  the 
county  rather  than  by  the  people  at  large.  While  the  commissioners  retained 
their  responsibilities,  decisions  on  matters  of  substance  could  not  be  put  into 
effect  without  the  concurrence  of  a  majority  of  the  justices  -  all  of  whom  were 
elected  by  the  legislature.  The  justices  were  made  responsible  for  conducting  all 
elections.  In  more  than  a  few  counties,  the  board  of  commissioners  was  also 
made  subject  to  legislative  appointment. 

This  bobbing  arrangement  lasted  for  twenty  years.  In  1895,  the  right  of  the 
people  to  elect  county  commissioners  was  restored  in  most  counties,  and  the 
necessity  for  approval  of  the  board's  decisions  by  the  justices  of  the  peace  was 
repealed.  Townships  were  stripped  of  their  powers,  but  they  were  retained  as 
convenient  administrative  subdivisions,  primarily  for  road  building  and 
maintenance  purposes.  Finally,  in  1905  the  people  of  all  100  counties  regained 
direct  control  over  the  board  of  commissioners  through  the  ballot  box. 


The  County  as  a  Body  Politic  and  Corporate 

A  county,  as  a  defined  geographic  subdivision  of  the  state,  serves  many 
purposes.  Churches,  civic  clubs,  and  other  societal  institutions  use  counties  as 
convenient  subdivisions  for  their  own  purposes.  The  business  world  may 
assign  sales  territories  and  franchises  to  areas  composed  of  one  or  more 
counties.  The  county  may  play  a  role  in  the  psychology  of  people  born  and 
raised  "in  the  country"  -  it  serves  to  establish  where  they  are  from  and  who  they 
are,  thus  becoming  a  part  of  their  personal  identity.  But  the  county  was  created 
in  the  first  instance  by  the  state  as  a  political  unit,  and  this  remains  its  primary 
purpose. 

More  than  forty  years  ago,  the  North  Carolina  Supreme  Court  was  called 
upon  to  define  a  county  from  a  legal  point  of  view.  (In  the  case  Wake  County 
was  a  litigant  and  the  court  spoke  in  terms  of  that  county,  but  what  the  Court 
had  to  say  is  equally  true  of  the  other  ninety-nine  counties): 

Wake  County  is  a  body  politic  and  corporate,  created  by  the  General 
Assembly  of  North  Carolina  for  certain  public  and  political  purposes.  Its 
powers  as  such,  both  express  and  implied,  are  conferred  by  statutes, 
enacted  from  time  to  time  by  the  General  Assembly,  and  are  exercised  by 
its  Board  of  Commissioners  ....  In  the  exercise  of  ordinary  government 
functions,  [counties]  are  simply  agencies  of  the  State,  constituted  for  the 
convenience  of  local  administration  in  certain  portions  of  the  State's 
territory,  and  in  the  exercise  of  such  functions  they  are  subject  to  almost 
unlimited  legislative  control,  except  when  the  power  is  restricted  by 
constitutional  provisions. 


970  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  language  used  by  the  court  is  important  as  it  estabhshed  the  definition  of 
a  county.  A  county,  according  to  the  court,  is  a  "body  poHtic  and  corporate."  A 
body  poHtic  is  a  civil  division  of  the  state  for  purposes  of  governmental 
administration.  A  body  corporate  is  a  legal  entity.  In  private  law,  a  corporation 
is  a  legal  person.  A  county  is  a  legal  entity  or  corporation  of  a  special  sort  and 
with  a  public  function.  As  such,  it  can  buy  and  hold  property,  sue  and  be  sued, 
and  enter  into  contracts  -  all  functions  necessary  to  make  its  work  as  a  body 
politic  effective. 

In  O'Berry,  State  Treasurer  v.  Mecklenburg  County,  (198  N.C.  357, 151  S.E. 
880  (1930)],  the  court  stated  that  "the  weight  of  authority  is  to  effect  that  all  the 
powers  and  functions  of  a  county  bear  reference  to  the  general  policy  of  the 
State,  and  are  in  fact  an  integral  portion  of  the  general  administration  of  State 
policy.  Historically,  the  primary  purpose  for  erecting  a  county  was  to  serve 
state  purposes  and  to  perform  state  functions  in  a  given  area  rather  than  to 
serve  the  purposes  of  a  particular  geographic  community.  (By  way  of  contrast, 
a  city  was  primarily  formed  at  the  request  of  the  people  within  its  jurisdiction  to 
serve  the  needs  of  the  inhabitants.) 

For  the  Supreme  Court  to  say  that  "all  the  powers  and  functions  of  a  county 
bear  reference  to  the  general  policy  of  the  State  and  are  in  fact  an  integral 
portion  of  the  general  administration  of  State  policy"  is  not  as  restrictive  as 
might  at  first  reading  appear.  "State  policy"  is  a  very  broad  frame  of  reference; 
it  can  touch  any  aspect  of  local  government.  Thus,  the  truly  significant  nugget 
in  the  Supreme  Court's  definition  of  the  role  of  counties  is  its  statement  that  in 
the  exercise  of  their  functions  counties  "are  subject  to  almost  unlimited 
legislative  control,  except  when  the  power  is  restricted  by  constitutional 
provisions."  In  effect,  if  the  General  Assembly  can  be  persuaded  to  assign 
counties  any  given  power  or  responsibility,  and,  if  the  Constitution  does  not 
prohibit  it,  that  assignment  becomes  state  policy  for  county  administration. 

The  court's  phrases  should  not  be  drained  of  meaning,  but  they  must  be  read 
in  the  light  of  the  freedom  the  General  Assembly  has  in  withholding, 
assigning,  withdrawing,  and  supervising  the  specific  powers  of  any  agency  of 
government  -  state,  county,  municipality,  or  special  district.  The  development 
of  "state  policy"  with  regard  to  the  allocation  of  functions  among  governmental 
units  and  agencies  is  necessarily  determined  by  successive  legislatures' 
changing  ideas  of  what  is  best  calculated  to  achieve  desired  results. 

Experience  plays  a  major  role  in  the  determination  of  state  policy.  Frequently 
financial  emergency  and  stress  have  produced  a  climate  favorable  to  re- 
examination of  the  allocation  of  governmental  responsibilities.  Until  Governor 
McLean's  administration,  the  state  allowed  counties,  cities,  and  other  local 
units  almost  unlimited  freedom  in  borrowing  money  and  issuing  bonds.  With 
no  one  to  advise  or  warn  them  in  marketing  their  securities,  many  counties 
overextend  their  obligations  and  saw  their  credit  ratings  drop  to  the  point 
where  they  had  to  pay  crippling  rates  of  interest.  Eventually,  some  faced 
bankruptcy.  In  1927,  on  the  basis  of  this  experience,  and  recognizing  a 
statewide  concern,  the  legislature  established  the  County  Government  Advisory 
Commission  and  gave  it  the  supervisory  powers  necessary  to  correct  the 
situation.  This  commission  effected  a  reversal  in  local  government  financing, 
and  its  successor,  the  Local  Government  Commission  remains  one  of  the 
bulwarks  of  North  Carolina  government  today. 


History  of  County  Government  in  North  Carolina         971 

Experience  with  various  local  arrangements  for  road  building  and  mainte- 
nance had  a  comparable  effect  on  state  policy.  It  is  not  accidental  that  North 
Carolina  counties  are  no  longer  responsible  for  this  work.  Reflecting  the 
concern  of  the  people  of  the  state,  the  legislature  recognized  a  community  of 
interest  in  roads  wider  than  the  single  county  and  defined  state  policy  on  roads 
accordingly.  Comparable  re-definitions  of  the  area  of  concern  have  affected 
governmental  responsibility  for  operating  schools,  conducting  elections,  hous- 
ing the  state's  system  of  lower  courts  and  their  records,  maintaining  property 
ownership  and  mortgage  records,  enforcing  much  of  the  state's  criminal  law, 
administering  public  health  and  public  welfare  programs,  and  carrying  on 
state  programs  designed  to  promote  the  development  of  agriculture.  Some  of 
these  functions  are  the  responsibility  of  the  boards  of  county  commissioners, 
and  some  are  assigned  to  other  boards  with  varying  relationships  to  the  board 
of  county  commissioners.  Thus,  apart  from  the  role  played  by  the  commis- 
sioners in  any  of  these  fields,  it  is  the  policy  of  the  state  to  make  extensive  use  of 
its  counties  in  carrying  out  a  large  number  of  essential  governmental 
operations. 

From  the  beginning,  the  county  has  been  used  as  the  basic  local  unit  in  the 
judicial  system  and  for  law  enforcement  -  there  one  finds  the  court,  the 
courthouse,  the  sheriff,  the  j  ail,  the  clerk,  and  the  court  records.  But  the  court  is 
not  a  county  court;  it  is  a  unit  of  the  state's  judicial  system.  The  judge,  the 
solicitor,  the  clerk,  and  the  magistrates  are  state  officials  who  administer  state 
law,  not  county  law. Until  1966,  the  county  was  the  accepted  unit  for  popular 
representation  on  the  General  Assembly.  Each  county  was  guaranteed  at  least 
one  member  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  although  legislative 
representation  must  now  be  allocated  among  districts  designed  to  achieve 
equitable  distribution  of  population,  those  districts  do  not  cross  county  lines.  In 
this  way  the  county  retains  some  significance  as  a  unit  in  the  state's  legislative 
system. 

The  General  Assembly  expresses  and  codifies  its  state  policy  decisions  by 
enacting  statutes.  In  assigning  duties  and  powers  to  counties,  the  legislature 
sometimes  speaks  in  terms  of  mandate  or  command  and  sometimes  in  terms  of 
permission  and  discretion.  Thus,  for  example,  counties  are  required  to  provide 
adequate  housing  for  public  schools,  while  they  are  given  discretionary 
authority  to  exercise  planning  and  zoning  powers. 

The  General  Assembly  makes  two  kinds  of  laws— it  enacts  general  statutes 
that  apply  statewide,  but  it  also  enacts  local  or  special  laws  that  apply 
exclusively  within  named  counties  or  cities.  Our  State  Constitution  contains 
limitations  on  legislative  authority  to  enact  local  laws  dealing  with  a 
substantial  list  of  topics,  but  in  the  absence  of  constitutional  restriction,  the 
legislative  is  free  to  permit  local  variety  and  experiment,  a  freedom  once 
denounced  by  students  of  government  but  now  seen  as  a  useful  device  for 
demonstrating  new  ideas  and  approaches  to  governmental  problems.  Given 
this  legislative  freedom,  any  discussion  of  county  powers  and  responsibilities 
must  always  be  prefaced  with  a  caution  that  what  is  being  said  about  counties 
in  general  may  not  be  true  for  a  particular  county. 


972  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  Board  of  County  Commissioners 

We  have  seen  that  the  county,  as  a  body  poHtic  and  corporate,  is  a  legal 
person  capable  of  holding  and  managing  property  and  possessed  of  many 
powers  conferred  on  it  by  law.  The  county  exercises  its  powers  and  discharges 
its  responsibilities  through  its  board  of  commissioners.  G.  S.  153A-12  states 
that  "except  as  otherwise  directed  by  law,  each  power,  right,  duty,  function, 
privilege  and  immunity  of  the  corporation  [i.e.,  the  county]  shall  be  exercised 
by  the  board  of  commissioners."  This  statute  goes  on  to  say  that  the  county's 
legal  powers  shall  be  carried  into  execution  as  provided  by  the  laws  of  the  state, 
but  if  a  power  is  "conferred  or  imposed  by  law  without  direction  or  restriction  as 
to  how  it  is  to  be  exercised  or  performed,"  the  power  or  responsibility  "shall  be 
carried  into  execution  as  provided  by  ordinance  or  resolution  of  the  board  of 
commissioners." 

Each  county  in  the  state  has  a  board  of  commissioners,  but  no  two  boards  are 
exactly  alike.  In  many  states,  general  laws  prescribed  a  form  of  government  for 
all  counties,  or  for  all  counties  in  classes  defined  by  population.  In  these  states, 
one  would  expect  to  find  essentially  the  same  form  of  government  in  counties  of 
comparable  size.  Not  so  in  North  Carolina.  Our  boards  of  county  commissioners 
vary  in  size,  term  of  office,  method  of  election,  method  of  selecting  the 
chairman,  and  administrative  structure.  And  these  variations  bear  no  correla- 
tion to  the  population  of  the  county  or  any  other  objective  criteria. 

The  number  of  county  commissioners  in  each  county  will  vary  from  a 
minimum  of  three  to  a  maximum  of  nine.  As  of  1989,  most  counties  (75)  had  five 
members,  while  a  growing  number  (17)  had  seven  members.  Only  four  counties 
have  members  that  serve  two-year  terms,  and  seven  counties  have  a  combina- 
tion of  four  and  two-year  terms.  Most  counties  (89)  serve  straight  four-year 
terms,  with  most  of  these  on  a  staggered  basis  so  that  not  all  commissioners' 
terms  expire  at  the  same  time. 

Fifty  counties  have  boards  elected  at-large,  with  another  31  requiring  board 
members  to  meet  district  residency  requirements  but  still  elected  at-large. 
Three  counties  actually  require  nomination  by  district  residency  while  electing 
at-large.  A  growing  number  of  counties  have  either  a  combination  of  at-large 
and  district  elected  seats  (11)  or  solely  district  elected  seats  (5). 

In  nearly  all  counties,  the  chairman  of  the  board  is  chosen  by  the  board 
members  themselves.  However,  in  two  counties  Jackson  and  Haywood,  the 
chairman  is  elected  separately  by  the  voters. 

The  county  manager  form  of  government  is  very  strong  in  North  Carolina, 
with  all  but  one  county  appointing  someone  to  serve  as  the  county  manager  or 
administrator.  The  manager/administrator  supervises  all  county  departments 
as  the  board's  chief  administrative  officer. 

All  county  commissioners  are  elected  by  the  people  in  partisan  elections  held 
in  November  of  even-numbered  years  at  the  same  time  as  the  elections  for 
members  of  the  General  Assembly  and  other  state  officers.  But  not  every 
county  elects  all  members  of  its  board  every  two  years.  Because  of  the  interplay 
of  staggered  four-year  terms,  two-year  terms,  and  straight  four-year  terms, 
about  half  of  the  state's  county  commissioners  are  elected  at  each  general 
election.  Newly  elected  commissioners  take  office  on  the  first  Monday  in 
December  following  their  election  by  taking  the  oath  of  office.  There  is  no 


History  of  County  Government  in  North  Carolina         973 

requirement  that  a  person  be  nominated  as  the  candidate  of  a  political  party  in 
order  to  run  for  the  office  of  county  commissioner,  but  this  is  almost  invariably 
the  practice.  After  the  1988  elections,  364  of  the  521  county  commissioners  were 
Democrats  and  157  were  Republicans.  This  resulted  in  68  of  the  100  board  being 
Democrat  controlled  while  32  were  Republican  controlled. 

Vacancies  in  the  board  of  commissioners  are  filled  by  appointment  of  the 
remaining  members.  A  person  appointed  to  fill  a  vacancy  must  be  a  member  of 
the  same  political  party  as  the  person  he  replaced  (if  that  person  was  elected  as 
the  nominee  of  a  political  party),  and  the  executive  committee  of  that  party  has 
the  right  to  be  consulted  before  the  appointment  is  made,  although  the  board  is 
not  bound  to  follow  any  advice  the  committee  may  give.  If  the  vacancy  occurs 
in  a  two-year  term  or  in  the  last  two  years  of  a  four-year  term,  the  appointment 
is  for  the  remainder  of  the  unexpired  term.  If  the  vacancy  occurs  in  the  first  two 
years  of  a  four-year  term,  the  appointment  runs  only  until  the  next  general 
election,  when  an  election  is  held  to  fill  the  office  for  the  remainder  of  the 
unexpired  term. 

Occasionally,  a  board  of  commissioners  finds  itself  deadlocked  and  unable  to 
fill  a  vacancy.  Since  nearly  all  of  the  boards  of  commissioners  have  an  odd 
number  of  members,  one  vacancy  means  that  the  remaining  members  can  be 
equally  divided  between  two  candidates,  so  that  neither  candidate  can  receive 
a  majority  vote.  Recognizing  this  problem,  the  law  provides  that  when  a  board 
of  commissioners  fails  to  fill  a  vacancy  in  its  membership  for  60  days,  the  clerk 
to  the  board  of  commissioners  must  report  the  vacancy  to  the  clerk  of  superior 
court,  who  must  fill  the  vacancy  within  10  days  after  the  day  the  vacancy  is 
reported  to  him.The  law  also  provides  for  another  contingency  that  has  not  yet 
occurred.  If  the  number  of  vacancies  on  the  board  is  such  that  a  quorum  cannot 
be  obtained,  the  chairman  of  the  board  must  appoint  enough  members  to  make 
up  a  quorum  and  the  board  then  proceeds  to  fill  the  vacancies.  If  this  situation 
exists  and  the  office  of  the  chairman  is  also  vacant,  the  clerk  of  superior  court 
may  act  in  the  chairman's  stead  on  petition  of  any  remaining  member  of  the 
board  or  any  five  registered  voters  of  the  county.  Whoever  makes  appointments 
to  the  board  is  bound  by  the  rules  that  each  appointee  must  be  a  member  of  the 
same  political  party  as  the  person  he  is  to  replace  and  that  the  party  executive 
committee  must  be  consulted. 

A  newly  elected  or  appointed  county  commissioner  assumes  the  powers  and 
duties  of  his  office  by  taking  the  oath  of  office  prescribed  by  the  Constitution  of 
North  Carolina  as  follows: 

I, do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I  will  support  and  maintain 

the  Constitution  and  laws  of  the  United  States,  and  the  Constitution  and 
laws  of  North  Carolina  not  inconsistent  therewith,  and  that  I  will 
faithfully  discharge  the  duties  of  my  office  as  County  Commissioner  of . . . 
County,  so  help  me  God. 

The  law  gives  to  several  public  officials  the  authority  to  administer  oaths, 
but  in  most  counties  it  is  customary  to  have  the  oath  of  office  for  members  of  the 
board  of  commissioners,  the  sheriff,  and  the  register  of  deeds  administered  by 
theresidentsuperiorcourtjudge,  the  chief  district  judge,  or  the  clerk  of  superior 
court. 


974  North  Carolina  Manual 

A  person  elected  to  public  office  may  take  the  oath  of  office  at  any  time  on  or 
after  the  date  fixed  by  law  for  him  to  do  so.  For  a  newly  elected  county 
commissioner,  that  date  is  the  first  Monday  in  December  following  his  election. 
This  is  also  the  regular  meeting  date  for  the  board  in  most  counties.  If  a  newly 
elected  commissioner  is  unable  to  take  the  oath  then  due  to  illness  or  for  some 
other  reason,  he  may  take  it  at  a  later  time.  However,  the  Constitution  provides 
that  public  officers  continue  to  hold  office  until  their  successors  are  chosen  and 
qualified.  Thus,  a  member  of  the  board  of  commissioners  who  was  defeated  in 
the  election  or  chose  not  to  seek  re-election  retains  his  office  until  his  successor 
takes  the  oath  of  office. 

In  all  but  two  counties,  the  chairman  of  the  board  of  commissioners  is 
selected  by  the  board  itself.  In  Jackson  County  and  Haywood  County,  the 
chairman  is  elected  separately  by  the  people.  A  referendum  held  in  November, 
1988,  in  Haywood  County  will  end  the  county's  elected  chairmanship  position 
as  of  November,  1990.  In  all  counties,  the  board  itself  must  choose  a  vice- 
chairman  to  act  in  the  absence  or  disability  of  the  chairman.  Except  in  the  nine 
counties  mentioned,  the  board  designates  its  chairman  at  its  first  regular 
meeting  in  December  for  a  term  of  one  year.  Customs  vary  as  to  how  the 
selection  is  made.  In  most  counties,  it  is  customary  for  the  chairman  to  serve  as 
long  as  he  is  re-elected  and  retains  the  confidence  of  his  colleagues.  In  others, 
the  member  elected  with  the  highest  vote  is  usually  designated  the  chairman. 
In  still  others,  the  chairmanship  rotates  among  the  members. 

The  chairman  of  the  board  presides  at  all  meetings.  By  law,  he  has  not  only 
the  right  but  also  the  duty  to  vote  on  all  questions  before  the  board  unless  he  is 
excused  by  a  standing  rule  of  the  board  or  by  consent  of  the  remaining 
members.  However,  he  may  not  vote  to  break  a  tie  vote  in  which  he 
participated.  He  is  generally  recognized  by  law  as  the  chief  executive  officer  of 
the  county  and  may  acquire  considerable  prestige  and  influence  by  virtue  of  his 
position.  Although  as  a  general  rule  he  has  no  more  legal  power  than  other 
members  of  the  board,  he  does  now  haw  special  authority  to  declare  states  of 
emergency  under  the  state  laws  governing  riots  and  civil  disorders.  He  also  has 
authority  to  call  special  meetings  of  the  board  on  his  own  initiative. 

The  board  is  required  by  law  to  hold  at  least  one  meeting  each  month, 
although  it  may  meet  as  frequently  as  necessary.  Many  counties  have  found  in     j 
recent  years  that  two  regular  meetings  each  month  are  needed.  The  board  may     | 
select  any  day  of  the  month  and  any  public  place  within  the  county  for  its     ' 
regular  meetings,  but  in  the  absence  of  a  formal  resolution  of  the  board     . 
selecting  some  other  time  and  place,  the  law  requires  the  board  to  meet  on  the     I 
first  Monday  of  the  month  at  the  courthouse.  Ten  o'clock  in  the  morning  is  the 
customary  time  of  day  for  commissioners'  meetings,  although  the  law  has    j 
never  specified  the  time  of  day.  In  recent  years,  some  boards  have  begun  to  hold 
some  of  their  regular  meetings  in   the  evening  to  allow  greater  public 
attendance.  i 

Special  board  meetings  may  be  called  the  chairman  or  by  a  majority  of  the 
other  board  members.  The  law  lays  down  specific  rules  for  calling  special 
meetings.  A  special  meeting  must  be  called  by  written  notice  stating  time,  j 
place,  and  subjects  to  be  considered.  The  notice  must  be  posted  on  the 
courthouse  bulletin  board  and  delivered  to  each  member  of  the  board  at  least  48 


History  of  County  Government  in  North  Carolina         975 

hours  before  the  meeting.  Unless  all  members  attend  or  sign  a  written  waiver, 
only  business  related  to  the  subjects  stated  in  the  notice  may  be  transacted  at  a 
special  meeting.  The  usual  rules  do  not  apply  to  special  meetings  called  to  deal 
with  an  "emergency"  which  is  not  defined  by  the  law,  but  even  then  the  persons 
who  call  the  meeting  must  take  "reasonable  action  to  inform  the  other 
members  and  the  public  of  the  meeting." 

The  board  of  commissioners  is  subject  to  the  Open  Meetings  Statute,  enacted 
in  1971.  This  law  forbids  most  public  bodies,  both  state  and  local,  to  hold 
meetings  that  are  not  open  to  the  public.  The  law  is  broadly  worded  and  often 
difficult  to  interpret.  In  general,  it  prohibits  a  majority  of  the  members  of  a 
board  of  commissioners  from  gathering  together  in  closed  or  secret  session  for 
a  purpose  of  "conducting  hearings,  participating  in  deliberations  or  voting 
upon  or  otherwise  transacting  public  business,"  except  when  the  subject  of 
discussion  falls  within  one  of  the  exceptions  set  out  in  the  statute.  The 
exceptions  are: 

(1)  Acquisition,  lease,  or  sale  of  property; 

(2)  Negotiations  with  county  employees  or  their  representatives  or 
independent  contractors  as  to  the  terms  or  conditions  of  employment; 

(3)  Matters  concerning  hospital  management,  operation,  and  dis- 
cipline; 

(4)  Any  matter  coming  within  the  physician-patient  or  lawyer-client 
privilege; 

(5)  Conferences  with  legal  counsel  and  other  deliberations  concerning 
court  actions  or  proceedings; 

(6)  Matters  relating  to  the  location  or  expansion  of  industries  or  other 
businesses;  and 

(7)  Matters  relating  to  contingency  plans  for  riots,  civil  disorders  or 
other  emergencies  of  to  criminal  misconduct. 

The  law  leaves  most  procedural  matters  to  the  discretion  of  the  board,  but  it 
does  set  out  a  few  rules  that  must  be  followed.  The  board  may  take  no  action 
unless  a  quorum  is  present,  and  the  law  defines  a  quorum  as  a  majority  of  the 
full  membership  of  the  board  without  regard  to  vacancies.  For  example,  a 
quorum  of  a  five-member  board  is  always  three  members  even  though  there 
may  be  two  vacancies.  Once  a  quorum  is  present  at  a  meeting,  a  member 
cannot  destroy  the  quorum  by  leaving  the  room  without  the  consent  of  the 
remaining  members.  The  law  provides  that  if  a  member  withdraws  from  the 
meeting  room  without  being  excused  by  a  majority  of  the  members  remaining, 
he  is  counted  as  present  for  quorum  purposes.  The  board  also  has  the  legal 
power  to  command  the  sheriff  to  take  absent  members  into  custody  and  bring 
them  to  the  meeting  place.  However,  such  action  can  be  taken  only  when  a 
quorum  is  already  present. 

The  law  places  a  duty  on  each  member  to  vote  on  each  question  before  the 
board  unless  he  is  excused  by  his  colleagues,  and  excuses  are  permitted  only 
when  the  matter  before  the  board  concerns  the  financial  interest  or  official 
conduct  of  the  member  requesting  the  excuse.  Although  this  duty  is  clearly 
present  in  the  law,  there  are  no  enforcement  provisions  for  it. 


976  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  board  must  see  to  it  that  the  clerk  to  the  board  keeps  full  and  accurate 
minutes  of  its  proceedings.  The  minute  book  must  be  open  to  public  inspection, 
and  the  results  of  each  vote  taken  by  the  board  must  be  recorded  in  it.  Each 
member  has  the  right  to  demand  a  roll-call  vote  on  any  question  put  to  the 
board;  and  when  such  a  demand  is  made  the  names  of  those  voting  on  each  side 
of  the  question  must  be  recorded. 

The  board  has  the  power  to  adopt  its  own  written  rules  of  procedure.  The  only 
legal  restraint  on  these  rules  is  that  they  must  be  "in  the  spirit  of  generally 
accepted  principles  of  parliamentary  procedure." 

Except  for  the  few  special  powers  held  by  the  chairman  of  the  board,  the  legal 
powers  and  duties  of  county  commissioners  are  vested  in  the  board  of 
commissioners  acting  as  a  body.  An  individual  commissioner  has  no  power  of 
his  own;  but  when  he  meets  with  his  fellow  commissioners  in  a  validly  called 
and  held  meeting,  a  majority  of  the  board  has  and  may  exercise  control  of  those 
functions  of  county  government  confided  to  the  care  of  the  board  of  commis- 
sioners. The  board  takes  formal  action  in  one  of  three  forms:orders,  resolutions, 
and  ordinances.  Although  these  terms  are  often  used  interchangeably,  their 
definitions  may  be  useful  to  illustrate  how  the  board  acts. 

An  order  is  usually  a  directive  to  a  county  administrative  officer  to  take  or 
refrain  from  taking  a  specified  action.  For  example,  a  board  of  commissioners 
may  enter  an  order  directing  the  county  manager  to  advertise  for  bids  for  a  new 
office  building.  An  order  may  also  formally  declare  the  existence  of  a  given 
state  of  fact,  such  as  an  order  declaring  the  results  of  a  bond  election.  Finally, 
an  order  may  sometimes  be  used  to  decide  a  question  before  the  board,  such  as 
an  order  awarding  a  construction  contract  to  the  lowest  responsible  bidder. 

A  resolution  usually  expresses  the  sense  of  the  board  on  a  question  before  it. 
For  example,  the  board  may  adopt  a  resolution  requesting  the  county's 
legislative  delegation  to  introduce  a  local  bill,  or  it  may  resolve  to  petition  the 
State  Department  of  Transportation  to  pave  a  rural  road. 

An  ordinance  is  an  action  of  the  board  taken  in  its  capacity  as  the  county's 
legislative  body.  As  such,  an  ordinance  is  analogous  to  an  act  of  the  General 
Assembly.  The  board  of  commissioners  may  adopt  ordinances  relating  to  such 
varied  matters  as  zoning,  subdivision  control,  dogs  running  at  large,  use  of 
county  parking  lots,  street  numbers  on  rural  roads,  use  of  the  county  landfill, 
and  so  forth. 

The  law  does  not  regulate  the  manner  in  which  orders  and  resolutions  are 
adopted  by  a  board  of  commissioners,  beyond  the  minimum  requirements  of  a 
valid  meeting  at  which  a  quorum  is  present,  but  there  are  several  laws 
governing  the  adoption  of  ordinances.  An  ordinance  may  be  adopted  at  the 
meeting  which  it  is  introduced  only  if  it  receives  a  unanimous  affirmative  vote, 
all  members  of  the  board  present  and  voting.  If  it  passes  but  with  less  than  this 
unanimous  vote,  it  may  be  finally  passed  by  a  majority  vote  at  any  time  within 
100  days  after  its  introduction.  This  rule  does  not  apply  to  the  budget  ordinance 
(which  may  be  passed  at  any  meeting  at  which  quorum  is  present),  or  to  a  bond 
ordinance  (which  always  requires  a  public  hearing  before  passage  and  in  most 
cases  approval  by  the  voters  as  well),  or  to  any  ordinance  on  which  the  law 
requires  a  public  hearing  before  adoption  (such  as  a  zoning  ordinance). 

Once  an  ordinance  is  adopted  it  must  be  filed  in  an  ordinance  book,  separate 
from  the  minute  book.  The  ordinance  book  must  be  indexed  and  made  available 


History  of  County  Government  in  North  Carolina         977 

for  public  inspection.  The  budget  ordinance,  bond  ordinances,  and  ordinances 
of  "limited  interest  or  transitory  nature"  may  be  omitted  from  the  ordinance 
book,  but  the  book  must  contain  a  section  showing  the  caption  of  each  omitted 
ordinance  and  the  page  in  the  minute  book  at  which  it  appears.  The  board  of 
commissioners  has  authority  to  adopt  and  issue  a  code  of  ordinances. 

In  the  course  of  a  normal  year,  a  board  of  commissioners  will  hold  several 
public  hearings.  Some  hearings  will  be  required  by  law,  such  as  the  hearing  on 
the  budget  ordinance,  or  on  a  bond  ordinance,  or  on  a  zoning  ordinance  or 
amendment  thereto.  Some  of  them  may  be  held  on  the  board's  own  initiative  to 
give  interested  citizens  an  opportunity  to  make  their  views  known  to  the  board 
on  controversial  issues  such  as  a  dog-control  ordinance.  Laws  requiring  public 
hearings  do  not  set  out  how  the  hearing  must  be  conducted;  they  only  require 
that  one  be  held.  However,  the  law  does  allow  the  board  itself  to  adopt 
reasonable  rules  governing  the  conduct  of  public  hearings.  These  rules  may 
regulate  such  matters  as  the  time  allotted  to  each  speaker,  designating 
spokesmen  for  groups,  selecting  delegates  from  groups  when  the  hearing  room 
is  to  small  to  hold  everyone  who  wants  to  attend,  and  maintaining  order  and 
decorum. 

The  law  dictates  many,  if  not  most,  features  of  how  the  county  government 
will  be  organized.  The  sheriff  and  register  of  deeds  are  elected  by  the  people. 
There  is  a  board  of  education,  a  board  of  health,  a  board  of  social  services,  and 
a  board  of  elections  for  each  county  and,  in  many  counties,  a  board  of  alcoholic 
beverage  control.  The  tax  supervisor,  tax  collector,  county  attorney,  county 
manager,  and  clerk  to  the  board  of  commissioners  are  appointed  directly  by  the 
commissioners.  Yet  in  every  county  there  are  a  number  of  county  departments, 
agencies,  or  offices  that  are  directly  under  the  administrative  jurisdiction  of 
the  board.  With  respect  to  these  agencies,  the  board  of  commissioners  has 
authority  to  organize  the  county  government  in  any  way  it  sees  fit. 

Except  two  counties  in  which  the  chairman  of  the  board  is  a  full-time 
administrative  officer,  each  board  of  commissioners  has  discretionary 
authority  to  adopt  the  county  manager  form  of  government  by  appointing  a 
manager. 

The  board  of  commissioners  must  have  a  clerk,  who  is  responsible  for 
keeping  the  minute  book  and  the  ordinance  book.  The  clerk  also  has  a  wide 
variety  of  miscellaneous  duties,  all  directly  related  to  official  actions  of  the 
board  of  commissioners.  In  the  past,  the  register  of  deeds  usually  acted  a  clerk 
to  the  board,  but  this  custom  is  passing.  A  few  boards  now  have  a  clerk  who  has 
no  other  duties,  but  most  boards  have  designated  some  county  official  or 
employee  such  as  the  manager  or  finance  officer  to  act  as  clerk  to  the  board. 
The  clerk  is  appointed  directly  by  the  board  and  serves  as  its  pleasure. 

The  board  of  commissioners  must  appoint  a  county  attorney,  who  serves  as 
the  boards  legal  adviser.  The  exact  nature  of  the  county  attorney's  duties 
varies  from  county  to  county,  as  does  the  amount  and  method  of  his 
compensation.  A  few  counties  have  established  a  full-time  position  of  county 
attorney,  and  in  those  counties  the  county  attorney  may  provide  legal  services 
to  nearly  all  county  agencies  except  the  board  of  education  (which  always 
employs  its  own  attorney .)The  county  attorney  is  not  appointed  to  a  definite 
term;  he  serves  at  the  pleasure  of  the  board. 


CHAPTER  TWO 


The  Counties 


ALAMANCE 


Alamance  was  formed  in  1849 
from  Orange.  The  name  is  sup- 
posedly derived  from  the  Indian 
word  meaning  "blue  clay."  The 
county  gets  its  name  from  the 
Alamance  Creek  on  the  banks  of 
which  was  fought  the  battle 
between  the  colonial  troops  under  Governor  Tryon  and  the  Regulators  on  May 
17,  1771.  It  is  in  the  central  part  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  Orange, 
Chatham,  Randolph,  Guilford,  and  Caswell  counties.  The  present  area  is  428 
square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  105,700.  The  first  court  was  ordered 
to  be  held  at  Providence  Meeting  House  until  a  courthouse  could  be  erected, 
provided  the  justices  of  the  peace  at  the  first  session  did  not  select  some  other 
place  for  all  subsequent  courts  until  the  buildings  were  completed.  Commis- 
sioners were  named  to  select  a  site  in  the  center  of  the  county,  acquire  land, 
erect  a  courthouse,  and  lay  out  a  town  by  the  name  of  Graham.  Graham  was 
established  in  1851  and  is  the  county  seat. 


ALEXANDER 


Alexander  was  formed  in  1847 
from  Iredell,  Caldwell,  and 
Wilkes  counties.  It  was  named 
in  honor  of  William  J.  Alexander 
of  Mecklenburg  County,  several 
times  a  member  of  the  Legisla- 
ture and  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons.  It  is  in  the  west  central  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by 
Iredell,  Catawba,  Caldwell,  and  Wilkes  counties.  The  present  area  is  259  square 
miles  and  the  population  is  around  27,400.  The  court  was  ordered  to  be  held  at 
James's  Cross  Roads  until  the  county  seat  could  be  established.  Commissioners 
were  named  to  select  a  site  for  the  county  seat  as  near  the  center  as  possible,  to 
acquire  land,  lay  off  the  town  of  Taylorsville,  and  erect  public  buildings. 
Taylorsville  is  the  county  seat. 


980 


North  Carolina  Manual 


ALLEGHANY 


Alleghany  was  formed  in  1859 
from  Ashe.  It  was  named  for  an 
Indian  tribe,  and  the  name  is 
derived  from  "a  corruption  of 
the  Delaware  Indian  name  for 
the  Alleghany  and  Ohio  Rivers 
and  is  said  to  have  meant  "a 
fine  stream."  It  is  the  northwestern  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  the 
state  of  Virginia  and  Surry,  Wilkes  and  Ashe  counties.  The  present  area  is  225 
square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  9,700.  The  act  creating  the  county 
ordered  the  court  to  be  held  at  Shiloah  Church  until  the  public  buildings  were 
erected  unless  otherwise  directed  by  the  justices  of  the  peace.  Commissioners 
were  named  to  locate  a  site  for  the  county  seat  at  the  geographical  center  of  the 
county,  acquire  the  land,  establish  the  town  of  Sparta,  and  erect  the  courthouse. 
Sparta  is  the  county  seat. 


ANSON 


Anson  was  formed  in  1750 
from  Bladen.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  George,  Lord  Anson,  a 
celebrated  English  admiral  who 
circumnavigated  the  globe.  It  is 
in  the  south  center  section  of  the 
State  and  is  bounded  by  the 
state  of  South  Carolina  and  Union,  Stanly,  and  Richmond  counties.  Its  area  is 
533  square  miles  and  its  population  is  around  26,300.  From  1755  to  1780  the 
county  seat  was  called  Anson  Court  House.  In  1782  and  1783  laws  were  passed 
concerning  the  courthouse.  In  the  latter  year  New  Town  was  authorized  to  be 
established.  In  1787,  Newton,  the  county  seat,  was  changed  to  Wadesboro. 
Wadesboro  is  the  county  seat. 


Histories  of  the  North  Carolina  Counties 


981 


ASHE 


Ashe  was  formed  in  1 799  from 
Wilkes.  It  was  named  in  honor 
of  Samuel  Ashe,  a  Revolutionary 
patriot,  a  superior  court  judge, 
and  Governor  of  the  State.  It  is 
in  the  northwestern  section  of 
the  State  and  is  bounded  by  the 
states  of  Tennessee,  Virginia,  Alleghany,  Wilkes  and  Watauga  counties.  The 
present  area  is  426  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  23,500.  In  1803 
the  town  of  Jefferson  was  laid  out  and  the  public  buildings  erected.  Jefferson  is 
the  county  seat. 


AVERY 


Avery  County  was  formed  in 
1911  from  Mitchell,  Watauga, 
and  Caldwell.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  Colonel  Waightstill 
Avery,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolu- 
tion and  Attorney  General  of 
North  Carolina.  It  is  in  the 
northwestern  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  the  state  of  Tennessee  and 
the  counties  of  Watauga,  Caldwell,  Burke,  McDowell  and  Mitchell.  The  present 
area  is  245  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  15,300.  Commissioners 
were  named  in  the  act  establishing  the  county  who  were  to  select  two  or  more 
sites  for  the  county  seat  after  which  the  county  would  vote  on  the  sites. 
Newland  is  the  county  seat. 


BEAUFORT 


Beaufort  was  first  called 
Pamptecough,  the  name  being 
changed  about  1712.  It  was 
named  for  Henry  Somerset,  Duke 
of  Beaufort,  who  in  1 709  became 
one  of  the  Lords  Proprietors.  It 
is  in  the  eastern  section  of  the 
State  and  is  bounded  by  Craven,  Hyde,  Martin,  Pamlico,  Pitt,  and  Washington 
counties.  The  present  area  is  826  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around 
43,200.  Bath,  incorporated  in  1705,  was  the  first  county  seat.  Washington  was 
made  the  county  seat  in  1785. 


982 


North  Carolina  Manual 


BERTIE 


Bertie  was  formed  in  1722  from 
Chowan.  It  was  named  in  honor 
of  James  Bertie,  a  Lords  Pro- 
prietor. It  is  in  the  northeastern 
section  of  the  State  and  is  bound- 
ed by  Albemarle  Sound,  Chowan 
River,  and  Washington,  Martin, 
Halifax,  Northampton  and  Hertford  counties.  Its  area  is  698  square  miles  and 
its  population  is  around  21,200.  An  act  of  1743  provided  that  the  courthouse, 
etc.,  "shall  be  built  between  Cushy  Bride  and  Will's  Quarter  Bridge."  Windsor 
was  established  in  1766  and  was  made  the  county  seat  in  1774. 


BLADEN 


Bladen  was  formed  in  1734 
from  New  Hanover.  It  was 
named  in  honor  of  Martin 
Bladen,  one  of  the  members  of 
the  Board  of  Trade  which  had 
charge  of  colonial  affairs.  It  is  in 
the  southeastern  section  of  the 
State  and  is  bounded  by  Sampson,  Pender,  Columbus,  Robeson  and  Cumber- 
land counties.  The  present  area  is  883  square  miles  and  its  population  is  around 
31,800.  The  county  seat  was  first  called  Bladen  Court  House.  Elizabethtown, 
established  in  1773,  is  the  county  seat. 


BRUNSWICK 


Brunswick  was  formed  in  1764 
from  New  Hanover  and  Bladen. 
It  was  named  in  honor  of  the 
town  of  Brunswick,  which  was 
named  for  King  George  I,  Duke 
of  Brunswick  and  Lunenberg.  It 
is  in  the  southeastern  section  of 
the  State  and  is  bounded  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  the  Cape  Fear  River,  the  state 
of  South  Carolina,  and  Columbus,  Pender  and  New  Hanover  counties.  The 
present  area  is  856  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  51,600. 
Brunswick,  established  in  1745,  was  made  a  borough  town  in  1754,  and  when 
Brunswick  County  was  established  in  1764  it  was  made  the  county  seat.  In 
1779  the  county  seat  was  authorized  to  be  moved  to  the  plantation  of  John  Bell 
near  Lockwood's  Folly  Bridge.  In  1784  Walkersburg,  named  in  honor  of  John 


Histories  of  the  North  Carolina  Counties 


983 


Walker  on  whose  land  it  was  situated,  was  established.  Provisions  were  made 
in  the  act  for  a  courthouse  and  other  public  buildings  to  be  established  there,  it 
was  located  to  Deep  Water  Point.  This  act  specified  that  the  courts  to  be  held  at 
the  most  convenient  place  until  the  courthouse  was  completed. 

It  is  doubtful  that  the  act  was  put  into  effect  because  in  1808  an  act  was 
passed  authorizing  the  removal  of  the  courthouse  from  Lockwood's  Folly  to 
Smithville.  Court  was  held  at  the  courthouse  from  1805-1810.  The  record  does 
not  indicate  where  the  courthouse  was.  From  April  1810  to  1858  court  was  held 
at  the  courthouse  in  Smithville.  This  town,  established  in  1792,  was  named  in 
honor  of  Benjamin  Smith,  Governor  of  North  Carolina,  1810-1811.  In  1879  an 
effort  to  move  the  courthouse  failed.  In  1887  Smithville  was  changed  to 
Southport.  Southport  served  as  the  county  seat  until  1977  when  the  county  seat 
was  moved  to  Bolivia  following  a  referendum  on  the  question. 


BUNCOMBE 


Buncombe  was  formed  in  1791 
from  Burke  and  Rutherford.  It 
was  named  in  honor  of  Colonel 
Edward  Buncombe,  a  Revolu- 
tionary soldier,  who  was  wound- 
ed and  captured  at  the  Battle  of 
Germantown,  October  4,  1777, 
and  in  May,  1778,  died  a  paroled  prisoner  in  Philadelphia.  It  is  in  the  western 
section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  McDowell,  Henderson,  Haywood, 
Madison,  and  Yancey  counties.  The  present  area  is  657  square  miles  and  the 
population  is  around  173,100.  Asheville,  named  in  honor  of  Samuel  Ashe, 
Governor  of  North  Carolina,  1796-1798,  is  the  county  seat. 


BURKE 


Burke  was  formed  in  1 777  from 
Rowan.  The  act  was  to  become 
effective  June  1,  1777.  It  was 
named  in  honor  of  Dr.  Thomas 
Burke,  a  member  of  the  Con- 
tinental Congress  and  governor 
of  North  Carolina,  1781-1782.  It 
is  in  the  west  central  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  Catawba, 
Cleveland,  Rutherford,  McDowell,  Avery  and  Caldwell  counties.  The  present 
area  is  511  square  miles  and  the  population  is  76,800.  The  act  establishing 
Burke  specified  that  the  first  court  was  to  be  held  at  a  place  the  justices  should 
decide  until  they  selected  a  permanent  place  for  the  courthouse  and  had  the 
same  erected.  In  1784  Morgansborough  was  established  and  made  the  county 
seat.  Morganton  is  the  present  county  seat. 


984 


North  Carolina  Manual 


CABARRUS 


Cabarrus  was  formed  in  1792 
from  Mecklenburg.  It  was  named 
in  honor  of  Stephen  Cabarrus  of 
Edenton,  several  times  a  member 
of  the  Legislature  and  four  times 
speaker  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. It  is  in  the  south  central 
section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  Stanly,  Union,  Mecklenburg,  Iredell  and 
Rowan  counties.  The  present  area  is  363  square  miles  and  the  population  is 
94,800.  In  1795  an  act  was  passed  naming  commissioners  to  erect  a  courthouse 
on  the  land  of  Samuel  Hugey  which  had  already  been  selected  as  a  proper  place 
for  the  county  seat.  They  were  to  lay  out  the  town  of  Concord.  Concord  was 
incorporated  in  1806,  and  is  the  county  seat. 


CALDWELL 


Caldwell  was  formed  in  1841 
from  Burke  and  Wilkes.  It  was 
named  in  honor  of  Joseph  Cald- 
well, the  first  president  of  the 
University  of  North  Carolina. 
He  strongly  advocated  a  public 
school  system  and  a  railroad 
across  the  center  of  the  State  from  Morehead  City  to  Tennessee.  It  is  in  the  west 
central  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  Alexander,  Catawba,  Burke, 
Avery,  Watauga  and  Wilkes  counties.  The  present  area  is  469  square  miles  and 
the  population  is  71 ,100.  The  court  was  ordered  to  be  held  at  the  store  of  George 
Powell  near  the  house  of  George  Smith,  Jr.,  until  a  courthouse  was  erected. 
Commissioners  were  named  to  select  a  site  as  near  the  center  as  possible, 
acquire  land  and  a  town,  and  erect  a  courthouse.  Lenoir,  named  in  honor  of 
William  Lenoir,  is  the  county  seat. 


CAMDEN 


Camden  was  formed  in  1777 
from  Pasquotank.  It  was  named 
in  honor  of  Charles  Pratt,  Earl 
of  Camden,  who  was  one  of  the 
staunchest  friends  of  the  Ameri- 
cans in  the  British  Parliament. 
It  is  in  the  northeastern  section 
of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  the  state  of  Virginia,  and  Albemarle  Sound. 
Pasquotank,  Gates,  and  Currituck  counties.  The  present  area  is  239  square 
miles  and  the  population  is  6,100.  Camden  is  the  county  seat. 


Histories  of  the  North  Carolina  Counties 


985 


CARTERET 


Carteret  was  formed  in  1722 
from  Craven.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  Sir  John  Carteret,  after- 
wards (1744)  Earl  of  Granville, 
one  of  the  Lords  Proprietors.  It 
is  in  the  eastern  section  of  the 
State  and  is  bonded  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  and  Onslow,  Jones  and  Craven  counties  and  on  the  banks  by 
Hyde  County.  The  present  area  is  536  square  miles  and  the  population  is 
around  51,800.  Beaufort,  established  in  1723  and  named  in  honor  of  Henry 
Duke  of  Beaufort,  is  the  county  seat. 


CASWELL 


Caswell  was  formed  in  1777 
from  Orange.  The  act  was  to 
become  effective  June  1, 1777.  It 
was  named  in  honor  of  Richard 
Caswell,  member  of  the  first  Con- 
tinental Congress,  first  governor 
of  North  Carolina  after  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  and  Major  General  in  the  Revolutionary  army.  It 
is  in  the  north  central  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  Person,  Orange, 
Alamance  and  Rockingham  counties,  and  by  the  state  of  Virginia.  The  present 
area  is  428  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  22,700.  The  act  creating 
the  county  authorized  the  first  court  to  be  held  at  the  home  of  Thomas  Douglas; 
it  also  named  commissioners  to  select  a  location  and  have  the  courthouse, 
prison,  and  stocks  erected.  In  1783  Leesburg  was  estabhshed  "adjoining  to 
where  the  Caswell  Court  House  now  stands."  In  1791,  when  Person  was 
formed,  the  court  was  ordered  to  be  held  at  Joseph  Smith's.  Also,  commissioners 
were  named  in  the  act  to  erect  the  courthouse  as  near  the  center  of  the  county  as 
possible.  The  courthouse  at  Leesburg  was  ordered  sold  by  the  commissioners  of 
Caswell  and  Person.  In  1829  an  act  was  passed  directing  the  justices  to  enlarge 
the  public  square,  or  buy  some  land  elsewhere  and  erect  a  new  courthouse.  In 
1833  Yanceyville  was  established  at  the  courthouse.  It  was  named  in  honor  of 
Bartlett  Yancey  and  is  the  county  seat. 


986 


North  Carolina  Manual 


CATAWBA 


Catawba  was  formed  in  1842 
from  Lincoln.  It  named  for  an 
Indian  tribe  which  lived  in  that 
section  of  the  State.  It  is  in  the 
west  central  section  of  the  State 
and  is  bounded  by  Iredell, 
Lincoln,  Burke,  Caldwell  and 
Alexander  counties.  The  present  area  is  394  square  miles  and  the  population  is 
around  117,300.  The  act  establishing  the  county  named  commissioners  to 
acquire  land  within  two  miles  of  the  center  of  the  county,  lay  out  a  town  by  the 
name  of  Newton,  and  erect  a  courthouse.  Controversy  developed  over  the 
location.  Consequently  in  1845  an  act  was  passed  authorizing  the  erecting  of 
the  courthouse  in  Newton,  which  is  now  the  county  seat. 


CHATHAM 


Chatham  was  formed  in  1771 
from  Orange.  The  act  became 
effective  April  1,  1771.  It  was 
named  in  honor  of  William  Pitt, 
Earl  of  Chatham  who  was  a 
most  eloquent  defender  of  the 
American  cause  in  the  English 
Parliament  during  the  Revolution.  It  is  in  the  central  section  of  the  State  and  is 
bounded  by  Wake,  Harnett,  Lee,  Moore,  Randolph,  Alamance,  Orange  and 
Durham  counties.  The  present  area  is  709  square  miles  and  the  population  is 
around  36,800.  The  act  establishing  the  county  provided  for  the  courts  to  be 
held  at  the  home  of  Stephen  Poe.  It  also  named  commissioners  to  have  a 
courthouse,  prison  and  stocks  erected.  In  1778  a  town  was  established  on  the 
land  formerly  belonging  to  Ambrose  Edwards  where  the  courthouse  was.  This 
town  was  named  Chatham.  Chatham  Court  House  is  mentioned  in  corre- 
spondence, 1776-1782.  In  1785  a  law  establishing  Pittsboro  on  Miles  Scurlock's 
land  on  which  the  courthouse  stood  was  enacted.  In  1787  an  act  was  passed 
stating  that  the  heirs  of  Scurlock  would  not  allow  a  town  to  be  established  on 
their  land.  Therefore,  the  trustees  of  the  town  were  advised  to  purchase  land 
from  William  Petty  adjoining  the  Scurlock  tract  and  lay  of  a  town.  It  was 
named  Pittsboro  in  honor  of  William  Pitt,  the  younger.  In  1787  Pittsboro  was 
made  the  county  seat. 


Histories  of  the  North  Carolina  Counties 


987 


CHEROKEE 


Cherokee  was  formed  in  1839 
from  Macon.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  the  Indian  tribe  who 
still  live  in  the  western  part  of 
the  State.  It  is  in  the  western 
section  of  the  State  and  is  bound- 
ed by  the  states  of  Georgia  and 
Tennessee  and  Graham,  Swain,  Macon  and  Clay  counties.  The  present  area  is 
452  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  21,200.  The  courts  were  ordered 
to  be  held  at  one  of  the  houses  at  Fort  Butler  until  a  courthouse  could  be  erected. 
Fort  Butler  was  in  the  town  of  Murphy.  Murphy  is  the  county  seat. 


CHOWAN 


Chowan  was  formed  in  1670 
as  a  precinct  in  Albemarle  Coun- 
ty. It  was  named  in  honor  of  an 
Indian  tribe,  Chowan  or,  which 
lived  in  the  northeastern  part  of 
the  Colony.  It  is  in  the  north- 
eastern section  of  the  State  and 
is  bounded  by  Albemarle  Sound,  Chowan  River,  and  Bertie,  Hertford,  Gates 
and  Perquimans  counties.  The  present  area  is  173  square  miles  and  the 
population  is  around  13,700.  In  1720,  Edenton,  which  was  named  in  honor  of 
Governor  Charles  Eden,  was  established.  In  1722  it  was  designated  and  has 
continued  to  be  the  county  seat. 


CLAY 


Clay  was  formed  in  1861  from 
Cherokee.  It  was  named  in  honor 
of  Henry  Clay.  It  is  in  the 
western  section  of  the  State  and 
is  bounded  by  the  state  of 
Georgia,  Cherokee  and  Macon 
counties.  The  present  area  is  209 
square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  7,300.  Commissioners  were  directed 
to  hold  their  first  meeting  in  the  Methodist  Church  near  Fort  Hembree.  Special 
commissioners  were  named  to  select  a  site  for  the  courthouse  and  lay  out  a  town 
by  the  name  of  Hayesville.  Hayesville,  named  in  honor  of  George  W.  Hayes,  is 
the  county  seat. 


988 


North  Carolina  Manual 


CLEVELAND 


Cleveland  was  formed  in  1841 
from  Rutherford  and  Lincoln.  It 
was  named  in  honor  of  Colonel 
Benjamin  Cleveland,  a  noted 
partisan  leader  of  the  western 
Carolina  frontier  and  one  of  the 
heroes  at  Kings  Mountain.  It  is 
in  the  southwestern  section  of  the  state  and  is  bounded  by  the  state  of  South 
Carolina  and  Rutherford,  Burke,  Lincoln,  and  Gaston  counties.  The  present 
area  is  468  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  86,700.  The  first  court 
was  ordered  to  be  held  at  the  home  of  William  Weathers.  At  this  court  the 
justices  were  to  obtain  a  place  to  hold  future  courts  until  a  courthouse  was 
erected.  Commissioners  were  named  to  acquire  land  and  lay  out  a  town  by  the 
name  of  Shelby  where  the  courthouse  and  jail  were  to  be  located.  In  1887  an  act 
was  passed  changing  the  spelling  of  Cleveland  from  "Cleaveland  county"  to 
"Cleveland  county."  Shelby  was  incorporated  in  1843  and  is  the  county  seat. 


COLUMBUS 


Columbus  was  formed  in  1808 
from  Brunswick  and  Bladen.  It 
was  named  in  honor  of  the  dis- 
coverer of  the  New  World.  It  is  in 
the  southeastern  section  of  the 
State  and  is  bounded  by  the 
state  of  South  Carolina  and 
Robeson,  Bladen,  Pender  and  Brunswick  counties.  The  present  area  is  945 
square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  53,200.  In  1810  Whitesville  was  laid 
out  on  James  B.  White's  land  and  the  public  buildings  were  ordered  to  be 
erected  there.  Whiteville  is  the  county  seat. 


CRAVEN 


Craven  was  first  created  as 
Archdale  Precinct  of  Bath  Coun- 
ty in  1705.  The  name  was 
changed  about  1712.  It  was 
named  in  honor  of  William  Lord 
Craven,  one  of  the  Lords  Pro- 
prietors of  Carolina.  It  is  in  the 
eastern  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  Carteret,  Jones,  Lenoir,  Pitt, 
Beaufort  and  Pamlico  counties.  The  present  area  is  699  square  miles  and  the 
population  is  around  81,600.  The  county  seat  was  first  called  Chattawka,  or 
Chattoocka,  and  later,  in  1 723,  Newbern.  New  Bern  -  the  law  fixed  the  spelling 
in  1897  -  is  the  county  seat. 


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989 


CUMBERLAND 


Cumberland  was  formed  in 
1754  from  Bladen.  It  was  named 
in  honor  of  William  Augustus, 
Duke  of  Cumberland,  third  son 
of  King  George  II.  Cumberland 
was  the  commander  of  the 
English  Army  at  the  Battle  of 
Culloden,  in  which  the  Scotch  Highlanders  were  so  badly  defeated  in  1746. 
Many  of  them  came  to  America,  and  their  principal  settlement  was  in 
Cumberland  County.  Cumberland  was  changed  to  Fayette  County  in  early 
1784,  but  the  act  was  repealed  at  the  next  General  Assembly,  which  met  in 
November,  1784.  It  is  in  the  southeastern  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by 
Sampson,  Bladen,  Robeson,  Hoke,  Harnett  and  Johnston  counties.  The 
present  area  is  654  square  miles  and  its  population  is  around  259,300.  The 
county  seat  was  first  called  Cumberland  Court  House.  In  1762  Campbellton 
was  established  at  Cross  Creek  with  provisions  for  the  public  buildings.  In 
1778  Cross  Creek  and  Campbellton  were  joined  and  the  courthouse  was  ordered 
to  be  erected  in  that  part  of  the  town  known  as  Cross  Creek.  In  1783 
Campbellton  was  changed  to  Fayetteville  in  honor  of  Lafayette.  Fayetteville  is 
the  county  seat. 


CURRITUCK 


Currituck  was  formed  as  early 
as  1668  as  a  precinct  of  Albe- 
marle County.  It  is  "traditionally 
said  to  be  an  Indian  word  for 
wild  geese;  Coratank."  It  is  in 
the  northeastern  section  of  the 
State  and  is  bounded  by  the 

Atlantic  Ocean,  Albemarle  Sound,  Camden  County,  and  the  state  of  Virginia. 

The  present  area  is  246  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  14,100. 

Currituck  Court  House,  mentioned  as  early  as  1755,  was  the  name  of  the  county 

seat.  Today  the  words  "Court  House"  have  been  dropped  and  only  Currituck  is 

used. 


990 


North  Carolina  Manual 


DARE 


Dare  was  formed  in  1870  from 
Currituck,  Tyrrell,  and  Hyde.  It 
was  named  in  honor  of  Virginia 
Dare,  the  first  child  born  of 
English  parents  in  America.  It 
is  in  the  eastern  section  of  the 
State,  and  is  bounded  by 
Pamlico,  Croatan  and  Albemarle  Sounds,  Hyde  and  Tyrrell  counties  (and  on 
the  banks  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean).  The  present  area  is  391  square  miles  and  the 
population  is  around  20,900.  Manteo,  named  in  honor  of  an  Indian  Chief,  is  the 
county  seat. 


DAVIDSON 


Davidson  was  formed  in  1822 
from  Rowan.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  General  William  Lee 
Davidson,  a  gallant  soldier  of 
the  Revolution,  who  was  killed 
at  Cowan's  Ford.  When  General 
Greene  retreated  across  North 
Carolina  before  Cornwallis  in  1781  he  stationed  troops  under  Davidson  at 
Cowan's  Ford  on  the  Catawba  River  to  delay  the  British  army.  The  British 
attacked  the  Americans,  killing  General  Davidson,  and  forced  a  passage.  The 
United  States  government  has  erected  a  monument  in  his  honor  on  Guilford 
Battle  Ground.  The  county  is  in  the  central  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded 
by  Randolph,  Montgomery,  Rowan,  Davie,  Forsyth,  and  Guilford  counties. 
The  present  area  is  549  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  124,800. 
Lexington  is  the  county  seat. 


DAVIE 


Davie  was  formed  in  1836  from 
Rowan.  It  was  named  in  honor 
of  William  Richardson  Davie,  a 
distinguished  Revolutionary 
soldier,  a  member  of  the  Federal 
Convention  of  1 787,  Governor  of 
North  Carolina,  special  envoy 
extraordinary  and  minister  plenipotentiary  to  France,  and  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  University  of  North  Carolina.  It  is  in  the  central  section  of  the  State  and 


Histories  of  the  North  Carolina  Counties 


991 


is  bounded  by  Davidson,  Rowan,  Iredell,  Yadkin,  and  Forsyth  counties.  The 
present  area  is  265  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  27,800.  In  1837 
the  court  was  ordered  to  be  held  at  Mocksville.  Mocksville,  incorporated  in 
1839,  is  the  county  seat. 


DUPLIN 


Duplin  was  formed  in  1750 
from  New  Hanover.  It  was 
named  in  honor  of  Thomas  Hay. 
Lord  Duplin,  an  English  noble- 
man. It  is  in  the  eastern  section 
of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by 
Jones,  Onslow,  Pender,  Sampson, 
Wayne,  and  Lenoir  counties.  The  present  area  is  815  square  miles  and  the 
population  is  around  41,700.  From  1755  to  1780  the  county  seat  was  called 
Duplin  Court  House,  but  the  location  was  not  specified.  The  county  court 
minutes  merely  say  that  the  court  was  held  at  the  court  house.  In  1816 
Kenansville  was  laid  out  on  the  public  lands  and  a  new  courthouse  ordered  to 
be  erected.  On  and  after  January,  1819,  the  court  was  held  in  the  courthouse  in 
Kenansville.  Kenansville  is  the  county  seat. 


DURHAM 


Durham  was  formed  in  1881 
from  Orange  and  Wake.  It  was 
named  for  the  city  of  Durham 
which  was  named  in  honor  of 
Dr.  Bartlett  Snipes  Durham  who 
donated  the  land  on  which  the 
railroad  station  was  located.  The 
building  of  the  railroad  station  was  the  beginning  of  the  town  of  Durham.  It  is 
in  the  central  section  of  the  State  and  bounded  by  Wake,  Chatham,  Orange, 
Person,  and  Granville  counties.  The  present  area  is  295  square  miles  and  the 
population  is  around  171,600.  Durham,  incorporated  in  1866  as  the  Town  of 
Durham  in  Orange  County,  is  the  county  seat. 


992 


North  Carolina  Manual 
EDGECOMBE 


Edgecombe  was  formed  in  1741 
from  Bertie,  although  deeds 
begin  in  1732  and  one  will  dates 
from  1733.  [No  action  had  been 
taken  on  a  bill  to  establish  the 
county  in  1734.]  It  was  named 
in  honor  of  Richard  Edgecombe, 
who  became  Baron  Edgecombe  in  1742,  an  English  nobleman  and  a  lord  of  the 
Treasury.  It  is  in  the  eastern  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  Martin,  Pitt, 
Wilson,  Nash,  and  Halifax  counties.  The  present  area  is  510  square  miles  and 
the  population  is  around  59,600.  The  first  county  seat  was  Edgecombe  Court 
House.  Tarboro  was  established  in  1760  and  was  made  the  county  seat  in  1764. 


FORSYTH 


Forsyth  was  formed  in  1849 
from  Stokes.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  Colonel  Benjamin 
Forsyth,  a  native  of  Stokes  Coun- 
ty who  fell  on  the  northern 
frontier  in  the  second  war  with 
England.  It  is  in  the  central 
section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  Guilford,  Davidson,  Davie,  Yadkin,  and 
Stokes  counties.  The  present  area  is  419  square  miles  and  the  population  is 
around  267,700.  The  act  establishing  the  county  ordered  the  first  court  to  be 
held  at  the  town  hall  of  Salem,  at  which  time  the  justices  were  to  select  a  place 
for  future  courts  until  a  courthouse  could  be  erected.  Commissioners  were 
named  to  select  a  place  for  the  public  buildings,  acquire  the  land,  and  lay  out  a 
town.  In  1851  an  act  was  passed  naming  the  county  seat  Winston.  In  1879  an 
act  was  passed  authorizing  that  Winston  and  Salem  be  combined,  provided  the 
people  voted  for  the  same.  In  1913  Winston  and  Salem  were  incorporated  as  one 
town  and  Winston-Salem  became  the  county  seat. 


FRANKLIN 


>^) 


Franklin  was  formed  in  1779 
from    Bute.    It  was   named  in 
honor  of  Benjamin  Franklin.  It 
is  in  the  northeastern  section  of 
the  State  and  is  bounded  by  | 
Nash,  Wake,  Granville,  Vance,  ; 
and  Warren  counties.  The  pre- 
sent area  is  491  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  35,900.  The  act  ; 
establishing  the  county  authorized  that  the  first  court  be  held  at  the  home  of  i 


Histories  of  the  North  Carolina  Counties 


993 


Benjamin  Seawell.  The  justices  were  to  determine  where  subsequent  courts 
were  to  be  held  until  the  courthouse  could  be  erected.  In  1779  Lewisburg  was 
established  on  land  purchased  by  the  commissioners  for  the  erection  of  the 
courthouse.  Louisburg  is  the  county  seat. 


GASTON 


Gaston  was  formed  in  1846 
from  Lincoln.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  William  Gaston,  a  mem- 
ber of  Congress  and  a  Justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  North  Caro- 
lina. It  is  in  the  southwestern 
section  of  the  State  and  is 
bounded  by  the  state  of  South  Carolina  and  Cleveland,  Lincoln  and  Mecklen- 
burg counties.  The  present  area  is  356  square  miles  and  the  population  is 
around  173,100.  The  court  was  ordered  to  be  held  at  the  home  of  Jesse  Holland 
until  a  courthouse  could  be  erected.  Commissioners  were  named  to  select  a  site 
for  the  county  seat  as  near  the  center  of  the  county  as  possible  provided  it  was 
within  two  miles  of  Long  Creek  Baptist  Meeting  House.  They  were  to  acquire 
land,  lay  out  a  town  by  the  name  of  Dallas,  and  erect  a  courthouse.  Dallas 
continued  to  be  the  county  seat  until  1909  when  Gastonia  was,  by  popular  vote, 
selected  as  the  county  seat. 


GATES 


Gates  was  formed  in  1779  from 
Chowan,  Hertford,  and  Per- 
quimans counties.  It  was  named 
in  honor  of  General  Horatio 
Gates,  who  commanded  the 
American  Army  at  the  Battle  of 
Saratoga.  At  this  battle  an  entire 
British  Army  was  captured,  but  General  Gates  contributed  nothing  to  that 
success.  It  is  in  the  northeastern  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by 
Camden,  Pasquotank,  Perquimans,  Chowan  and  Hertford  counties,  and  the 
state  of  Virginia.  The  present  area  is  337  square  miles  and  the  population  is 
around  9,800.  The  act  estabhshing  the  county  provided  that  commissioners  be 
appointed  to  select  a  site  centrally  located  for  the  erection  of  a  courthouse,  etc., 
and  to  have  the  building  erected.  In  1781,  an  act  was  passed  to  levy  an 
additional  tax  for  the  completion  of  the  public  buildings.  The  Legislature  of 
1830-31  passed  an  act  which  said  that  the  place  now  known  as  Gates  Court 
House,  in  the  county  of  Gates,  shall  in  the  future  be  known  and  described  by  the 
name  of  Gatesville.  Gatesville  is  the  county  seat. 


994 


North  Carolina  Manual 


GRAHAM 


Graham  was  formed  in  1872 
from  Cherokee.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  WiUiam  A.  Graham, 
United  States  Senator,  Governor 
of  North  CaroHna,  secretary  of 
the  navy,  and  a  Confederate 
States  Senator.  It  is  in  the 
western  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  the  state  of  Tennessee  and 
Cherokee  and  Swain  counties.  The  present  area  is  292  square  miles  and  the 
population  is  around  7,200.  The  first  meeting  of  the  county  commissioners  was 
ordered  to  be  held  at  King  &  Cooper's  store;  commissioners  were  named  to  lay 
out  a  town  as  a  county  seat.  The  county  seat  is  Robbinsville. 


GRANVILLE 


Granville  was  formed  in  1746 
from  Edgecombe.  It  was  named 
in  honor  of  John  Carteret,  Earl 
of  Granville,  who  owned  the 
Granville  District.  It  is  in  the 
northeastern  section  of  the  State 
and  is  bounded  by  Vance,  Wake, 
Durham  and  Person  counties  and  the  state  of  Virginia.  The  present  area  is  537 
square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  38,800.  The  first  county  seat  was 
called  Granville  Court  House.  In  1748  the  location  selected  became  unsatis- 
factory. Therefore,  it  was  ordered  that  the  courthouse  be  located  on  a  branch  of 
Tar  River  called  Tabb's  Creek.  Oxford  was  made  the  county  seat  in  181 1 .  It  was 
incorporated  in  1816  and  is  the  county  seat. 


GREENE 


Greene  County  was  formed  in 
1799  from  Glasgow.  The  county 
was  originally  named  for  James 
Glasgow,  but  when  he  became 
publicly  involved  in  land  frauds 
it  was  changed  to  Greene  in 
honor  of  Nathaniel  Greene, 
Washington's  right-hand-man.  Greene  is  regarded  as  second  only  to  Washing- 
ton as  the  greatest  soldier  of  the  Revolution.  He  fought  the  Battle  of  Guilford 


Histories  of  the  North  Carolina  Counties 


995 


Court  House  which  saved  North  CaroHna  from  the  British.  It  is  in  the  eastern 
section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  Pitt,  Lenoir,  Wayne  and  Wilson  counties. 
The  present  area  is  267  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  16,600.  In 
1811  Snow  Hill  was  laid  out  as  the  courthouse  and  is  the  county  seat. 


GUILFORD 


Guilford  was  formed  in  1771 
from  Rowan  and  Orange.  The 
act  creating  Guilford  became 
effective  April  1,  1771.  It  was 
named  in  honor  of  Francis  North 
who  was  Earl  of  Guilford,  and 
an  English  nobleman.  He  was 
the  father  of  Lord  North  who  was  Prime  Minister  under  George  III  during  the 
Revolution.  Lord  North  afterward  succeeded  his  father  as  Earl  of  Guilford.  It  is 
in  the  north  central  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  Alamance, 
Randolph,  Davidson,  Forsyth  and  Rockingham  counties.  The  present  area  is 
655  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  336,100.  The  first  court  was 
ordered  held  at  the  home  of  Robert  Lindsay  and  provided  for  the  commissioners 
to  buy  the  land  of  John  Campbell  for  the  courthouse  site.  In  1785  Martinsville 
was  laid  out  as  the  courthouse.  It  was  named  in  honor  of  Alexander  Martin, 
governor  of  North  CaroHna,  1782-1785  and  1789-1792.  The  courthouse  had  been 
called  Guilford  Court  House  until  the  passage  of  this  act.  Commissioners  were 
named  by  the  act  of  1807  to  select  a  place  at  the  center  of  the  county  for  the 
erection  of  a  new  courthouse,  as  the  old  one  was  badly  in  need  of  repair  and  not 
conveniently  located.  Commissioners  were  also  named  to  purchase  30  acres  of 
land  and  have  the  new  courthouse  erected.  They  were  to  sell  the  old  courthouse. 
In  1808  the  new  county  seat  was  named  Greensborough  in  honor  of  Nathaniel 
Greene.  Today  Greensboro  is  the  county  seat. 


HALIFAX 


Halifax  was  formed  in  1758 
from  Edgecombe.  The  act  was  to 
become  effective  in  January, 
1759.  It  was  named  in  honor  of 
George  Montague,  Second  Earl 
of  Halifax.  It  is  in  the  north- 
eastern section  of  the  State  and 
is  bounded  by  Bertie,  Martin,  Edgecombe,  Nash,  Warren  and  Northampton 
counties.  The  present  area  is  734  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around 
56,800.  The  first  court  was  held  at  Enfield.  Halifax  was  made  the  county  seat  by 
an  act  passed  in  1758.  It  is  the  county  seat. 


996 


North  Carolina  Manual 


HARNETT 


Harnett  was  formed  in  1855 
from  Cumberland.  It  was  named 
in  honor  of  Cornelius  Harnett, 
an  eminent  Revolutionary 
patriot,  president  of  the  Pro- 
vincial Council,  president  of  the 
Council  of  Safety,  delegate  to 
the  Continental  Congress,  and  author  of  the  Halifax  Resolutions  of  April  12, 
1776.  It  is  in  the  eastern  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  Chatham, 
Cumberland,  Hoke,  Moore,  Lee,  Wake,  Johnston  and  Sampson  counties.  The 
present  area  is  603  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  65,800.  The 
courts  were  ordered  to  be  held  at  Summerville  until  a  courthouse  was  erected 
unless  otherwise  directed  by  a  majority  of  the  justices  of  the  peace.  It  also 
named  commissioners  to  locate  the  geographical  center  of  the  county,  acquire 
the  land,  lay  out  a  town  and  erect  the  public  buildings.  The  town  was  called 
Toomer  in  honor  of  John  D.  Toomer  of  Cumberland,  a  judge  of  the  superior  and 
of  the  supreme  court.  Many  people  became  dissatisfied  with  the  location,  and  in 
1859  an  act  was  passed  to  allow  the  voters  to  decide  whether  Toomer  should 
remain  the  county  seat  or  a  new  location  be  selected.  If  a  new  site  was  selected, 
it  should  be  called  Lillington.  Lillington  was  named  in  honor  of  Alexander 
Lillington.  It  is  the  county  seat. 


HAYWOOD 


Haywood  was  formed  in  1808 
from  Buncombe.  It  was  named 
in  honor  of  John  Haywood,  Trea- 
surer of  North  Carolina,  1787- 
1827.  It  is  in  the  western  section 
of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by 
the    state    of  Tennessee    and 
Madison,  Buncombe,  Transylvania,  Jackson  and  Swain  counties.  The  present 
area  is  551  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  48,300.  The  first  court 
was  ordered  to  be  held  at  Mount  Propsect,  at  which  time  the  justices  could    ; 
decide  on  some  other  place  for  holding  court  until  a  courthouse  could  be  erected,    j 
In  1809  the  justices  of  the  peace  were  authorized  to  appoint  commissioners  to 
erect  the  courthouse.  "In  the  erection  of  the  public  buildings  at  Mount  Propsect 
there  was  laid  the  foundation  of  the  little  city  of  Waynesville...  In  the  record  of    j 
the  court  of  pleas  and  quarter  sessions  the  name  of  Waynesville  occurs  first  in  • 
1811."  Waynesville  was  confirmed  as  a  town  by  legislative  act  in  1810. 
Waynesville  is  the  county  seat.  ! 


Histories  of  the  North  Carolina  Counties 


997 


HENDERSON 


Henderson  was  formed  in  1838 
from  Buncombe.  It  was  named 
in  honor  of  Leonard  Henderson, 
Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  North  CaroHna.  It  is  in 
the  western  section  of  the  State 
and  is  bounded  by  the  state  of 
South  Carolina  and  Transylvania,  Haywood,  Buncombe,  McDowell,  Ruther- 
ford and  Polk  counties.  The  present  area  is  378  square  miles  and  the  population 
is  around  69,300.  The  first  court  was  to  be  held  at  the  home  of  Hugh  Johnston, 
at  which  time  the  justices  were  to  decide  on  a  place  for  future  courts  until  a 
courthouse  was  erected.  Commissioners  were  named  to  acquire  land,  lay  out  a 
town,  and  erect  a  courthouse.  This  town  was  to  be  named  Hendersonville.  The 
commissioners  selected  a  site  which  is  now  called  Horse  Shoe,  but  much 
dissatisfaction  developed  over  the  selection  and  two  factions  arose,  one  called 
the  River  party  and  the  other  the  Road  party.  The  River  party  favored  the 
Horse  Shoe  site.  In  1839  the  Road  party  enjoined  the  sale  of  lots  of  the  site 
selected  at  the  Horse  Shoe  and  the  controversy  soon  waxed  so  warm  that  the 
Legislature  ordered  an  election  to  be  held  to  determine  the  location  by  popular 
vote.  The  Road  party  was  successful.  In  1840  Hendersonville  was  laid  out  on 
land  deeded  by  Michael  King  of  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  for  that  purpose. 
Hendersonville  is  the  county  seat. 


HERTFORD 


Hertford  was  formed  in  1759 
from  Chowan,  Bertie  and 
Northampton.  The  act  was  to 
become  effective  May  1, 1760.  It 
was  named  in  honor  of  Francis 
Seymour  Conway,  Earl  of  Hert- 
ford, a  nobleman.  He  was  a 
brother  of  General  Conway,  a  distinguished  British  soldier  and  member  of 
Parliament,  who  favored  the  repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act.  It  is  in  the  northeastern 
section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  Gates,  Chowan,  Bertie  and  Northampton 
counties.  The  present  area  is  353  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around 
24,000.  The  first  court  was  held  at  Cotton's  Ferry  on  the  side  of  Chowan  River. 
Winton,  established  in  1766,  is  the  county  seat. 


998 


North  Carolina  Manual 


HOKE 


Hoke  was  formed  in  191 1  from 
Cumberland  and  Robeson.  It  was 
named  in  honor  of  Robert  F. 
Hoke,  a  major-general  in  the 
Confederate  States  Army.  It  is 
in  the  southeastern  section  of 
the  State  and  is  bounded  by 
Cumberland,  Robeson,  Scotland,  Moore  and  Harnett  counties.  The  present 
area  is  389  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  24,500.  Raeford  is  the 
county  seat. 


HYDE 


Hyde  was  first  called  Wick- 
ham,  the  name  being  changed 
about  1712.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  Edward  Hyde,  Gov- 
ernor of  North  Carolina  and  a 
grandson  of  the  Earl  of 
Clarendon.  It  is  in  the  eastern 
section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  Pamlico  Sound  and  Beaufort,  Washing- 
ton, Tyrrell  and  Dare  counties  (and  on  the  banks  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and 
Dare  and  Carteret  counties).  The  present  area  is  613  square  miles  and  the 
population  is  around  5,800.  The  courts  were  held  in  the  courthouse  in  Bath  until 
1729.  In  that  year  an  act  was  passed  separating  the  precincts  of  Beaufort  and 
Hyde  and  authorizing  a  courthouse  to  be  built  on  the  land  of  William  Webster. 
In  1738  a  town  by  the  name  of  Woodstock  was  laid  out  on  Webster's  land.  The 
courthouse  at  Woodstock  burned  about  1789,  and  in  1790  an  act  was  passed 
moving  the  courthouse  to  Bell's  Bay  or  Jasper's  Creek.  The  county  seat  was  on 
Jasper's  Creek,  during  1791-1792.  A  law  was  passed  in  1791  establishing  a 
town  on  the  land  belonging  to  Germain  Bernard  "where  the  courthouse 
stands."  This  town  was  called  German-town.  In  1820  the  old  courthouse  was 
authorized  to  be  sold  and  a  new  one  erected  at  Lake  Landing  or  within  two 
miles  of  it.  In  1836  commissioners  were  named  to  purchase  land  from 
Zacheriah  Gibbs  for  a  county  seat,  or  within  one-forth  mile  of  the  place  called 
Swan  Quarter,  and  erect  a  courthouse.  Swan  Quarter  is  the  county  seat. 


Histories  of  the  North  Carolina  Counties 


999 


IREDELL 


Iredell  was  formed  in  1788 
from  Rowan.  It  was  named  in 
honor  James  Iredell  of  Edenton. 
He  was  one  of  the  leaders  in  the 
State  advocating  the  adoption 
of  the  Federal  Constitution. 
Washington  appointed  him  a 
judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  in  1790.  It  is  in  the  central 
section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  Rowan,  Cabarrus,  Mecklenburg, 
Lincoln,  Catawba,  Alexander,  Wilkes,  Yadkin  and  Davie  counties.  The  present 
area  is  572  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  90,900.  Statesville, 
established  in  1789,  is  the  county  seat. 


JACKSON 


Jackson  was  formed  in  1851 
from  Haywood  and  Macon.  It 
was  named  in  honor  of  Andrew 
Jackson,  who  won  an  over- 
whelming victory  from  the 
British  at  New  Orleans  in  1815 
and  who  was  twice  President  of 
the  United  States.  It  is  in  the  western  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  the 
states  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  and  Macon,  Swain,  Haywood  and 
Transylvania  counties.  The  present  area  is  491  square  miles  and  the  population 
is  around  27,100.  The  first  court  was  ordered  to  be  held  at  the  home  of  Daniel 
Bryson,  Sr.,  and  after  that  session  the  courts  were  held  at  Allen  Fisher's  store 
until  the  courthouse  was  erected.  In  1852  an  act  was  passed  authorizing  an 
election  to  be  held  to  decide  on  moving  the  county  seat  from  Webster  to  Sylva. 
The  election  was  held  May  8, 1913,  and  was  carried  by  a  majority  of  675.  Sylva 
furnished  the  site  and  $10,000  in  cash  for  the  new  courthouse.  Sylva  is  the 
county  seat. 


1000 


North  Carolina  Manual 


JOHNSTON 


&\I^^^^ 


Johnston  was  formed  in  1746 
from  Craven.  It  was  named  in 
I  honor    of   Gabriel    Johnston, 

Governor  of  North  Carohna, 
1734-1752.  It  is  in  the  eastern 
section  of  the  State  and  is  bound- 
ed by  Wilson,  Wayne,  Sampson, 
Cumberland,  Harnett,  Wake  and  Nash  counties.  The  present  area  is  797  square 
miles  and  the  population  is  around  80,500.  The  first  court  was  held  at  the  home 
of  Francis  Stringer  at  the  Ferry  of  Neuse  River.  Court  was  held  at  Hinton's 
Quarter  on  the  south  side  of  Neuse  River,  1759-1760,  and  probably  before  that 
date.  In  August,  1771,  it  was  held  at  John  Smith's.  From  1771  to  1776  the 
county  seat  was  called  Johnston  Court  House.  In  1771  Smithfield  was 
established  "where  the  Court  House,  prison  and  stocks  now  stand."  Smithfield 
is  the  county  seat. 


JONES 


Jones  was  formed  in  1 779  from 
Craven.  It  was  named  in  honor 
of  Willie  Jones  of  Halifax  who 
was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
Revolution,  president  of  the  Coun- 
cil of  Safety  and  an  opponent  of 
the  adoption  of  the  Constitution 
of  the  United  States.  It  was  due  chiefly  to  his  influence  that  the  Convention  of 
1 788  refused  to  ratify  the  Federal  Constitution.  It  is  in  the  eastern  section  of  the 
State  and  is  bounded  by  Craven,  Carteret,  Onslow,  Duplin  and  Lenoir  counties. 
The  present  area  is  467  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  10,200.  The 
first  court  was  directed  to  be  held  at  the  home  of  Thomas  Webber  at  Trent 
bridge,  and  to  continue  there  until  the  courthouse  was  built  unless  some  other 
place  was  selected.  In  1784  an  act  was  passed  authorizing  a  town  by  the  name 
of  Trenton  to  be  laid  out  where  the  courthouse  stood.  Trenton  is  the  county  seat. 


LEE 


Lee  was  formed  in  1907  from 
Moore  and  Chatham.  The  act 
was  to  become  effective  April  1, 
1908.  It  was  named  in  honor  of 
Robert  E.  Lee.  It  is  in  the  central 
section  of  the  State  and  is 
bounded   Harnett,   Moore   and 

Chatham  counties.  The  present  area  is  256  square  miles  and  the  population  is 

around  42,100.  Sanford  is  the  county  seat. 


Histories  of  the  North  Carolina  Counties 


1001 


LENOIR 


Lenoir  was  formed  in  1791 
from  Dobbs.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  William  Lenoir,  one  of 
the  heroes  of  Kings  Mountain.  It 
is  in  the  eastern  section  of  the 
State  and  is  bounded  by  Craven, 
Jones,  Duplin,  Wayne,  Green  and 
Pitt  counties.  The  present  area  is  400  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around 
61,000.  When  Kinston  was  established  in  1762  it  was  in  Dobbs  County.  It  was 
made  the  county  seat  of  Dobbs  in  1764,  and  when  Dobbs  was  established  in 
1791  Kinston  became  the  county  seat  of  Lenoir. 


LINCOLN 


Lincoln  was  formed  in  1779 
from  Try  on.  It  as  named  in  honor 
of  General  Benjamin  Lincoln,  a 
distinguished  general  of  Revolu- 
tion whom  George  Washington 
appointed  to  receive  the  sword 
of  Cornwallis  when  he  sur- 
rendered at  Yorktown.  It  is  in  the  southwestern  section  of  the  State  and  is 
bounded  by  Mecklenburg,  Gaston,  Cleveland,  Catawba  and  Iredell  counties. 
The  present  area  is  297  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  48,200.  The 
act  establishing  the  county  appointed  commissioners  to  select  a  convenient 
and  central  place  and  to  erect  a  courthouse  and  prison.  In  1782  and  in  1 784  new 
commissioners  were  appointed,  as  the  previously  appointed  commissioners 
had  failed  to  act.  In  1785  Lincolnton  was  established  on  land  selected  for  the 
county  seat.  It  is  the  present  county  seat. 


MACON 


Macon  was  formed  in  1828 
from  Haywood.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  Nathaniel  Macon, 
speaker  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, United  States 
Senator,  and  president  of  the 
Constitutional  Convention  of 
1835.  It  is  in  the  western  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  the  state  of 
Georgia  and  Clay,  Cherokee,  Swain  and  Jackson  counties.  The  present  area  is 
513  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  23,600.  The  first  court  was 
ordered  to  be  held  in  the  town  of  Franklin.  Franklin  is  the  county  seat. 


1002 


North  Carolina  Manual 


MADISON 


Madison  was  formed  in  1851 
from  Buncombe  and  Yancey.  It 
was  named  in  honor  of  James 
Madison,  the  fourth  President 
of  the  United  States.  It  is  in  the 
western  section  of  the  State,  and 
is  bounded  by  Yancey,  Bun- 
combe and  Haywood  counties  and  the  state  of  Tennessee.  The  present  area  is 
450  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  17,500.  The  first  court  was 
ordered  to  be  held  at  the  tavern  house  of  Adolplus  Baird  at  which  time  the 
majority  of  the  justices  could  adjourn  to  any  other  place  they  determined  until  a 
courthouse  could  be  erected.  Seven  commissioners  were  named  to  select  a  site 
for  the  county  seat.  When  the  place  was  finally  decided  on,  the  commissioners 
were  to  acquire  a  tract  of  land,  lay  out  a  town  by  the  name  of  Marshall,  and 
erect  a  courthouse.  Marshall,  named  in  honor  of  John  Marshall,  is  the  county 
seat. 


MARTIN 


Martin  was  formed  in  1774 
from  Halifax  and  Tyrrell.  It  was 
named  in  honor  of  Josiah 
Martin,  the  last  Royal  Governor 
of  North  Carolina.  It  is  probable 
that  this  county's  name  would 
have  been  changed  like  those  of 
Dobbs  and  Tryon  but  for  the  popularity  of  Alexander  Martin,  who  was 
governor,  1782-1785  and  1789-1792.  It  is  in  the  eastern  section  of  the  State,  and 
is  bounded  by  Washington,  Beaufort,  Pitt,  Edgecombe,  Halifax  and  Bertie 
counties.  The  present  area  is  455  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around 
27,100.  The  act  establishing  the  county  made  no  provision  for  the  courthouse, 
prison  and  stocks.  However,  a  law  was  passed  making  provision  for  levying 
special  taxes  for  the  county  seat.  There  is  nothing  to  indicate  the  location.  In 
1779  Williamston,  first  called  Squhawky,  was  laid  out  on  the  land  of  Thomas 
Hunter.  Williamston  is  the  county  seat. 


Histories  of  the  North  Carolina  Counties 


1003 


MCDOWELL 


McDowell  was  formed  in  1842 
from  Rutherford  and  Burke.  It 
was  named  in  honor  of  Colonel 
Joseph  McDowell,  an  officer  of 
the  Revolution.  It  is  in  the  west 
central  section  of  the  State  and 
is  bounded  by  Burke,  Ruther- 
ford, Henderson,  Buncombe,  Yancey,  Mitchell  and  Avery  counties.  The  present 
area  is  436  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  36,600.  The  court  was 
ordered  to  be  held  at  the  home  of  Jonathan  L.  Carson  until  the  county  seat 
could  be  established.  The  act  also  named  commissioners  to  select  a  site  as  near 
the  center  of  the  county  as  possible,  acquire  land,  lay  out  a  town  by  the  name  of 
Marion,  and  erect  a  courthouse.  Marion  is  the  county  seat. 


MECKLENBURG 


Mecklenburg  was  formed  in 
1 762  from  Anson.  The  act  was  to 
become  effective  February  1, 
1763.  It  was  named  in  honor  of 
Princess  Charlotte  Sophia  of 
Mecklenburg-Strelitz,  the  Queen 
of  George  III  who  was  King  of 
England.  It  is  in  the  south  central  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  the 
state  of  South  Carolina  and  Gaston,  Lincoln,  Iredell,  Cabarrus  and  Union 
counties.  The  present  area  is  530  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around 
474,900.  Charlotte,  named  for  Princess  Charlotte  and  established  in  1 766,  is  the 
county  seat. 


MITCHELL 


Mitchell  was  formed  in  1861 
from  Yancey,  Watauga,  Cald- 
well, Burke  and  McDowell  coun- 
ties. It  was  named  in  honor  of 
Dr.  Elisha  Mitchell,  a  professor 
in  the  University  of  North  Caro- 
lina.   While   on    an   exploring 

expedition  of  Mt.  Mitchell,  the  highest  peak  east  of  the  Mississippi  River,  Dr. 

Mitchell  fell  and  was  killed.  He  was  buried  on  the  top  of  this  lofty  mountain.  It 


1004  North  Carolina  Manual 

is  in  the  western  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  the  state  of  Tennessee 
and  Avery,  McDowell  and  Yancey  counties.  The  present  area  is  215  square 
miles  and  the  population  is  around  14,600.  The  first  court  was  ordered  to  be  held 
at  Eben  Child's.  Commissioners  were  named  to  acquire  the  land,  establish  a 
town  by  the  name  of  Calhoun,  and  erect  a  courthouse  in  Calhoun.  They 
maintained  it  was  inconvenient  to  three-fourths  of  the  citizens.  They  said  the 
matter  should,  therefore,  be  referred  to  the  Assembly.  In  1862  an  act  was 
passed  authorizing  the  people  to  decide  by  ballot  for  Calhoun,  or  for  Davis  as 
the  county  seat.  In  1863  an  act  was  passed  which  stipulated  that  the  county 
seat  should  be  located  at  the  geographical  center  of  the  county  by  actual  survey 
and  measurements.  In  1863  the  justices  met  and  unanimously  agreed  that 
Norman's  Hill  should  be  selected  as  the  county  seat.  From  1861-1866  commis- 
sioners were  appointed  to  acquire  the  land  and  lay  out  a  town.  At  the  regular 
September  term,  1866,  held  at  Davis,  the  commissioners  reported  that  they  had 
acquired  29  acres  of  land  and  sold  the  lots.  In  1868  the  county  seat  was  changed 
from  Davis  to  Bakersville.  Bakersville  was  incorporated  in  1870  and  is  the 
county  seat. 


MONTGOMERY 


Montgomery  was  formed  in 
1779  from  Anson.  It  was  named 
in  honor  of  Richard  Montgomery 
who,  in  1775  lost  his  life  at  the 
battle  of  Quebec  in  the  attempt 
to  conquer  Canada.  It  is  in  the 
south  section  of  the  State  and  is 
bounded  by  Moore,  Richmond,  Stanly,  Davidson  and  Randolph  counties.  The 
present  area  is  488  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  24,500.  The  act 
establishing  the  county  specified  that  the  first  court  should  be  held  at  the  home 
of  Henry  Munger,  and  all  subsequent  courts  were  to  be  held  where  the  justices 
of  the  peace  decided  until  a  courthouse  could  be  erected.  Another  act  was 
passed  that  same  year  naming  commissioners  to  select  fifty  acres  of  land 
centrally  located  and  erect  a  courthouse,  prison  and  stocks.  By  1783  there  had 
developed  dissatisfaction  among  many  of  the  inhabitants  as  to  the  location  the 
commissioners  had  selected.  However,  the  Assembly  that  year  authorized  the 
courthouse  to  be  constructed  on  the  land  purchased.  The  act  provided  for 
adequate  ferries  across  the  Yadkin  and  Uwharrie  Rivers  on  the  court,  public 
and  election  days.  In  1785  the  General  Assembly  was  petitioned  to  authorize 
the  removal  of  the  courthouse.  In  1791  an  act  was  passed  directing  that  the 
center  of  the  county  be  located  by  actual  survey,  at  which  place  Stokes  was  to  be 
established.  The  commissioners,  however,  failed  to  act,  and  in  1792  new 
commissioners  were  named.  The  courts  were  to  be  held  at  the  home  of  Mark 
Kennet  unless  the  justices  decided  on  some  other  place  more  convenient.  In 
that  year,  Henderson  was  established  at  the  confluence  of  the  Yadkin  and 
Uwharrie  rivers.  In  1795  the  courthouse,  on  the  land  formerly  belonging  to 


Histories  of  the  North  Carolina  Counties 


1005 


James  Tindall,  was  authorized  to  be  sold.  Tindallsville  had  been  estabHshed  in 
that  year.  In  1815  commissioners  were  named  to  locate  the  center  of  the  county, 
purchase  land,  and  erect  a  courthouse.  They  were  authorized  to  sell  the  old 
courthouse  and  lot  in  the  town  of  Henderson  and  apply  the  proceeds  to  the 
erection  of  the  new  buildings.  In  1816  Laurenceville  was  named  under  the 
authority  of  a  law  enacted  in  1815  establishing  a  town  at  the  courthouse.  In 
1843  the  courthouse  was  ordered  to  be  moved  from  Laurenceville  to  the 
geographical  center.  Commissioners  were  named  to  locate  the  center,  to 
acquire  land,  to  lay  out  a  town  and  erect  the  public  buildings.  In  1844  Troy  was 
established  as  the  county  seat. 


MOORE 


Moore  was  formed  in  1784  from 
Cumberland.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  Captain  Alfred  Moore 
of  Brunswick,  a  soldier  of  the 
Revolution  and  afterwards  a 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  United  States.  It  is  in  the 
south  central  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  Cumberland,  Harnett, 
Hoke,  Scotland,  Richmond,  Montgomery,  Randolph,  Chatham  and  Lee  coun- 
ties. The  present  area  is  704  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  58,600. 
The  act  establishing  the  county  provided  for  the  erection  of  the  public 
buildings.  In  1795  an  act  was  passed  which  stated  that  the  location  of  the 
courthouse  was  inconvenient;  it  named  commissioners  to  purchase  land  near 
the  center  of  the  county  and  erect  a  new  courthouse.  In  1796  an  act  was  passed 
establishing  Carthage  on  land  where  the  courthouse  was  to  stand.  In  1803  an 
act  was  passed  naming  commissioners  to  lay  out  a  town  and  build  a  courthouse 
as  directed  in  the  1796  act.  In  1806  Carthage  was  changed  to  Fagansville.  In 
1818,  Fagansville  was  changed  to  Carthage.  Carthage  is  the  county  seat. 


NASH 


Nash  was  formed  in  1 777  from 
Edgecombe.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  General  Francis  Nash, 
who  was  mortally  wounded 
while  fighting  under  George 
Washington  in  Germantown.  It 
is  in  the  northeastern  section  of 
the  State  and  is  bounded  by  Edgecombe,  Wilson,  Johnston,  Franklin  and 
Halifax  counties.  The  present  area  is  544  square  miles  and  the  population  is 


1006 


North  Carolina  Manual 


around  73, 100.  The  act  establishing  the  county  provided  that  the  first  court  be 
held  at  the  home  of  Micajah  Thomas,  and  all  subsequent  courts  at  a  place  to  be 
decided  upon  by  the  justices  of  the  peace  until  the  courthouse  could  be  erected. 
The  act  also  named  commissioners  to  select  a  site  for  the  county  seat.  The  first 
courthouse  was  to  be  on  "Peach  Tree."  In  1782  the  funds  for  constructing  the 
public  buildings  were  inadequate  and  additional  taxes  were  levied.  The  county 
seat  was  called  Nash  Court  House.  In  1815  an  act  was  passed  naming 
commissioners  to  locate  the  center  of  the  county  and  purchase  fifty  acres  of 
land  on  which  to  erect  a  courthouse.  Other  commissioners  were  named  to  lay 
out  the  town  of  Nashville  and  to  have  the  courthouse  erected.  Court  was 
ordered  held  at  the  old  courthouse  until  the  new  building  was  finished.  There 
was  much  bickering  and  dissatisfaction  among  the  citizens  concerning  the 
location  of  the  courthouse  between  1815  and  1825.  Finally,  Nashville  was 
satisfactorily  agreed  upon  and  has  continued  to  be  the  county  seat. 


NEW  HANOVER 


mM. 


New  Hanover  was  formed  1729 
from  Craven.  It  was  named  in 

[^K)\l^l\  /  V,l\  V  f<(  J-«^:^',J  honor  of  the  ™yal  family  of 

'-^— ^-"-  'n    n^  V  \   (    1   ic-it  „A<..'  England,  members  01  the  House 

of  Hanover.  It  is  in  the  south- 
eastern section  of  the  State  and 
is  bounded  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  the  Cape  Fear  River,  and  Brunswick  and  Pender  counties.  The  present 
area  is  185  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  118,200.  New  Town  or 
Newton  was  its  first  county  seat.  It  was  changed  to  Wilmington  in  1739. 
Wilmington  is  the  county  seat. 


NORTHAMPTON 


Northampton  was  formed  in 
1741  from  Bertie.  It  was  named 
in  honor  of  James  Crompton. 
Earl  of  Northampton,  an 
English  nobleman.  It  is  in  the 
northeastern  section  of  the  State 
of  Virginia.  The  present  area  is 
536  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  22,300.  In  1806  Atherton  was 
established  as  the  courthouse.  Jackson  is  currently  the  county  seat. 


Histories  of  the  North  Carolina  Counties 


1007 


ONSLOW 


Onslow  was  formed  1731  from 
New  Hanover.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  Arthur  Onslow,  who 
for  more  than  thirty  years  was 
speaker  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons in  the  British  Parliament. 
It  is  in  the  southeastern  section 
of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  Pender,  Duplin,  Jones 
and  Carteret  counties.  The  present  area  is  765  square  miles  and  the  population 
is  around  127,500.  The  act  creating  the  county  ordered  the  justices  to  select  a 
site  for  a  courthouse.  The  act  also  validated  all  acts  of  the  court  held  in 
accordance  with  a  commission,  issued  (November  23,  1731)  by  Governor 
Burrington  for  that  purpose.  From  July,  1734,  to  January,  1735,  court  was  held 
"at  the  court  house  on  New  River."  In  January,  1735,  it  was  held  at  Joseph 
Howard's.  In  July  of  that  year  it  was  held  at  Christian  Heidleberg's  and  from 
then  until  1 737  it  was  held  at  Joseph  Howard's.  After  April  1737,  it  was  held  "at 
the  courthouse  on  New  River."  The  courthouse  was  burned  between  January 
and  April  1744.  Between  April,  1744,  and  January,  1753,  court  was  held  "at 
Johnston  on  New  River."  Johnston  was  established  in  1741.  It  is  evident  that 
for  a  while  court  was  held  in  private  homes,  as  James  Foyle  and  Thomas  Black 
were  paid  for  allowing  the  court  to  sit  at  their  homes.  In  January,  1753,  the 
court  met  at  Jonathan  Melton's  on  North  East  New  River,  a  storm  having 
destroyed  Johnston  in  September,  1752.  In  July,  1757,  court  was  held  at  the 
new  courthouse  at  Wantland's  Ferry  on  New  River.  In  1819  a  new  courthouse 
was  authorized  to  be  established  within  one-half  mile  from  the  old  courthouse 
and  on  the  same  side  of  the  river.  In  1842  Jacksonville  was  authorized,  but  it 
was  not  laid  out  until  after  1849.  It  is  the  county  seat. 


ORANGE 


Orange  was  formed  in  1752 
from  Johnston,  Bladen  and 
Granville.  It  was  named  in  honor 
of  the  infant  William  V  of 
Orange.  It  is  in  the  central  section 
of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by 
Durham,  Chatham,  Alamance, 
Caswell  and  Person  counties.  The  present  area  is  400  square  miles  and  the 
population  is  around  87,600.  The  first  courthouse  was  authorized  to  be 
established  in  1 754  where  the  western  path  crossed  the  Eno  River  on  the  land  of 
James  Watson.  Childsburg  was  established  in  1759  and  was  changed  to 
Hillsborough  in  1766.  Hillsborough  is  the  county  seat. 


1008 


North  Carolina  Manual 


PAMLICO 


Pamlico  was  formed  in  1872 
from  Craven  and  Beaufort.  It 
was  named  after  the  sound  of 
the  same  name.  PamHco  was 
the  name  of  an  Indian  tribe  in 
Eastern  North  CaroHna.  There 
was  a  Pamptecough  Precinct  in 
North  CaroHna  as  early  as  1705,  but  it  was  changed  to  Beaufort  about  1712.  It 
is  in  the  eastern  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  Pamlico  Sound,  Neuse 
River  and  Craven  and  Beaufort  counties.  The  present  area  is  338  square  miles 
and  the  population  is  around  10,900.  Court  was  held  at  an  old  store  in 
Vandimere  until  1876.  In  that  year,  an  act  was  passed  authorizing  the 
commissioners  to  submit  to  a  vote  of  the  people  the  question  of  moving  the 
county  seat  from  Vandimere  to  some  other  place.  Bayboro  was  made  the 
county  seat.  It  was  incorporated  in  1881. 


PASQUOTANK 


Pasquotank  was  formed  as 
early  as  1668  as  a  precinct  of 
Albemarle  County.  Its  name  is 
derived  from  an  Indian  word 
pasketanki  which  meant  "where 
the  current  of  the  stream  divides 
or  forks."  It  is  in  the  northeastern 
section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  Albemarle  Sound  and  Perquimans, 
Gates,  and  Camden  counties.  The  present  area  is  228  square  miles  and  the 
population  is  around  30,800.  It  is  not  known  when  the  first  courthouse  was 
built,  but  from  1737  to  1757  the  courthouse  was  at  Brook  Field.  In  1758  it  was 
moved  to  Belfe's  Point.  It  remained  there  until  1762  or  probably  a  little  later. 
From  1765  until  1785  the  courthouse  was  at  Winfield.  In  1784  the  Assembly 
directed  that  it  be  moved  to  Nixonton,  and  from  1 785  to  1800  Nixonton  was  the 
county  seat.  In  1799  Elizabeth  (City)  Town  was  named  the  county  seat  and  on 
June  6,  1800,  the  first  court  was  held  there.  Elizabeth  City  was  first  called 
Redding,  which  was  established  in  1793.  Redding  was  changed  to  Elizabeth 
Town  in  1794,  and  Elizabeth  Town  was  changed  to  Elizabeth  City  in  1801.  It  is 
the  county  seat.  There  is  no  description  of  the  precinct  when  it  was  first 
established. 


Histories  of  the  North  Carolina  Counties 


1009 


PENDER 


Pender  was  formed  in  1875 
from  New  Hanover.  It  was 
named  in  honor  of  General 
William  D.  Pender  of  Edge- 
combe, a  Confederate  soldier 
who  was  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Gettysburg.  It  is  in  the  south- 
eastern section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  New 
Hanover,  Brunswick,  Columbus,  Bladen,  Sampson,  Duplin  and  Onslow 
counties.  The  present  area  is  871  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around 
26,900.  The  county  commissioners  were  ordered  to  hold  their  first  meeting  at 
Rocky  Point.  The  act  provided  for  the  establishment  of  the  town  of  Cowan  as 
the  county  seat.  In  1877  an  act  was  passed  repealing  that  section  of  the  law 
relative  to  the  town,  and  another  law  was  enacted  whereby  the  qualified  voters 
were  to  vote  on  the  question  of  moving  the  county  seat  to  South  Washington  or 
any  other  place  which  the  majority  of  the  voters  designated.  Whatever  place 
was  selected,  the  town  should  be  called  Stanford.  In  1879  Stanford  was 
changed  to  Burgaw,  which  was  by  that  law  incorporated.  It  is  the  county  seat. 


PERQUIMANS 


Perquimans  was  formed  as 
early  as  1668  as  a  precinct  of 
Albemarle  County.  It  was  named 
in  honor  of  an  Indian  tribe.  It  is 
in  the  northeastern  section  of 
the  State  and  is  bounded  by 
Albemarle  Sound  and  Chowan, 
Gates  and  Pasquotank  counties.  The  present  area  is  246  square  miles  and  the 
population  is  around  10,900.  Hertford,  established  in  1758  on  the  land  of 
Jonathan  Phelps,  is  the  county  seat. 


1010 


North  Carolina  Manual 


PERSON 


Person  was  formed  in  1791 
from  Caswell.  The  act  was  to 
become  effective  February  1, 
1792.  It  was  named  in  honor  of 
General  Thomas  Person,  a 
Revolutionary  Patriot,  a  member 
of  the  Council  of  Safety  and  a 
trustee  of  the  University  of  North  Carolina.  He  gave  a  large  sum  of  money  to 
the  University,  and  a  building  was  erected  in  his  honor,  which  is  called  Person 
Hall.  It  is  in  the  north  central  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  Granville, 
Durham,  Orange  and  Caswell  counties,  and  the  State  of  Virginia.  The  present 
area  is  401  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  31,300.  In  1792  Pittman's 
was  mentioned  in  an  act  as  the  place  where  the  courthouse  was  to  be 
established.  In  1793  Roxboro  was  established  as  the  courthouse  and  is  now  the 
county  seat. 


PITT 


Pitt  was  formed  in  1760  from 
Beaufort.  The  act  was  to  become 
effective  January  1, 1761.  It  was 
named  in  honor  of  William  Pitt. 
It  is  in  the  eastern  section  of  the 
State  and  is  bounded  by  Beaufort, 
Craven,  Lenoir,  Greene,  Wilson, 
Edgecombe  and  Martin  counties.  The  present  area  is  655  square  miles  and  the 
population  is  around  100,900.  The  act  establishing  the  county  authorized  the 
courts  to  be  held  at  the  home  of  John  Hardy  until  a  courthouse  could  be  built.  It 
also  directed  the  justices  to  contract  for  the  construction  of  the  courthouse, 
prison  and  stocks  of  John  Hardy's  land  on  the  south  side  of  Tar  River,  near  the 
Chapel  known  as  Hardy's  Chapel.  In  1771  Martinsboro  was  established  on 
Richard  Evans's  land,  and  in  1774  the  courthouse,  prison  and  stocks  were 
moved  to  Martinsboro.  Court  was  held  at  the  home  of  John  Lessley  until  the 
new  courthouse,  prison  and  stocks  were  completed.  In  1787  Martinsborough 
was  changed  to  Greenville.  Greenville  is  the  county  seat. 


Histories  of  the  North  Carolina  Counties 


1011 


POLK 


Polk  was  formed  in  1855  from 
Rutherford  and  Henderson.  It 
was  named  in  honor  of  Colonel 
William  Polk  "who  rendered 
distinguished  service  in  the 
Battles  of  Germantown,  Brandy- 
wine  and  Eutaw,  in  all  of  which 
he  was  wounded."  It  is  in  the  southwestern  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded 
by  the  State  of  South  Carolina  and  Henderson  and  Rutherford  counties.  The 
present  area  is  239  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  14,800.  The  act 
directed  that  the  court  and  records  should  be  kept  at  the  home  of  J.  Mills  until  a 
courthouse  could  be  erected.  It  also  named  commissioners  to  obtain  a  site  for 
public  buildings,  lay  out  a  town  by  the  name  of  Columbus,  and  erect  a 
courthouse.  Columbus  is  the  county  seat. 


RANDOLPH 


Randolph  was  formed  in  1779 
from  Guilford.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  Peyton  Randolph  of 
Virginia,  who  was  president  of 
the  Continental  Congress.  It  is 
in  the  central  section  of  the  State 
and  is  bounded  by  Chatham, 
Moore,  Montgomery,  Davidson,  Guilford  and  Alamance  counties.  Its  present 
area  is  798  square  miles  and  its  population  is  around  101,800.  The  act 
establishing  the  county  authorized  the  first  court  and  all  subsequent  courts  to 
be  held  at  the  home  of  Abraham  Reese  unless  otherwise  decided  upon  by  the 
justices  of  the  peace  until  a  courthouse  could  be  built.  Commissioners  were 
named  to  select  a  site  for  the  county  seat.  In  1783  the  commissioners  were 
named.  This  act  directed  that  court  be  held  at  the  home  of  William  Bell  until  the 
courthouse  was  completed.  In  1 785  an  act  was  passed  removing  the  court  from 
the  house  of  William  Bell  and  allowing  the  justices  at  each  court  to  decide 
where  the  next  court  would  meet  until  the  courthouse  was  completed.  In  1788  a 
town  was  established  at  the  courthouse  on  the  land  of  Thomas  Dauggan.  This 
town  was  named  Johnstonville  in  honor  of  Samuel  Johnston.  In  1791  an  act 
was  passed  authorizing  the  construction  of  a  prison  at  the  courthouse.  In  1792 
an  act  was  passed  authorizing  commissioners  to  select  a  site  in  the  center  of  the 
county  and  have  a  new  courthouse  erected,  as  the  old  courthouse  was  not  in  the 
center  of  the  county.  In  1796  Asheborough  was  established  as  the  county  seat 
on  the  land  of  Jesse  Henley.  In  1819  a  new  courthouse  was  authorized  to  be 
built  in  Asheborough.  Asheboro  is  the  county  seat. 


1012 


North  Carolina  Manual 


RICHMOND 


Richmond  was  formed  in  1779 
from  Anson.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  Charles  Lennox,  Duke 
of  Richmond  and  a  principal 
secretary  in  William  Pitt's  second 
administration.  He  was  a 
staunch  friend  of  the  American 
colonies  and  made  a  motion  in  the  House  of  Lords  that  the  colonies  be  granted 
their  independence.  It  is  in  the  south  central  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded 
by  the  State  of  South  Carolina  and  Anson,  Stanly,  Montgomery,  Moore  and 
Scotland  counties.  It  present  area  is  475  square  miles  and  the  population  is 
around  46,100.  The  county  seat  was  first  called  Richmond  Court  House  but  in 
1784  a  town  was  established  there  by  the  name  of  Rockingham.  Rockingham  is 
the  county  seat. 


ROBESON 


Robeson  was  formed  in  1787 
from  Bladen.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  Colonel  Thomas 
Robeson,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolu- 
tion. He  was  one  of  the  leaders 
at  the  battle  of  Elizabethtown 
which  was  fought  in  September, 
1781.  By  this  battle  the  Tories  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State  were 
crushed.  It  is  in  the  southeastern  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  the 
state  of  South  Carolina  and  Scotland,  Hoke,  Cumberland,  Bladen  and 
Columbus  counties.  The  present  area  is  949  square  miles  and  the  population  is 
around  108,100.  The  courthouse  was  erected  on  land  which  formerly  belonged 
to  John  Willis.  A  lottery  was  used  to  dispose  of  the  lots  and  to  establish  the 
town.  In  1788,  Lumberton  was  established  and  is  the  county  seat. 


Histories  of  the  North  Carolina  Counties 


1013 


ROCKINGHAM 


Rockingham  was  formed  in 
1785  from  Guilford.  It  was  named 
in  honor  if  Charles  Watson-Went- 
worth,  Second  Marquis  of  Rock- 
ingham, who  was  a  leader  of  a 
party  in  the  British  Parliament 
which  advocated  American 
independence.  He  was  Prime  Minister  when  the  Stamp  Act  was  repealed.  It  is 
in  the  north  central  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  Caswell,  Guilford 
and  Stokes  counties  and  the  State  of  Virginia.  The  present  area  is  569  square 
miles  and  the  population  is  around  86,300.  The  first  court  was  held  at  the  home 
of  Adam  Tate,  at  which  time  the  justices  were  to  decide  on  the  place  for  holding 
future  courts  until  the  courthouse  could  be  erected.  In  1787  an  act  was  passed 
which  directed  the  courthouse  to  be  erected  on  the  land  of  Charles  Mitchell  on 
the  east  side  of  Big  Rock  House  Creek.  In  1796  an  act  was  passed  authorizing 
the  purchase  of  land  from  Robert  Galloway  &  Company,  where  the  public 
buildings  were  situated,  and  the  laying  out  of  Wentworth.  In  1797  an  act  was 
passed  suspending  operations  on  the  Wentworth  courthouse.  In  1798  commis- 
sioners were  named  to  establish  Wentworth  on  land  given  by  Robert  Galloway 
for  that  purpose.  The  first  court  was  held  at  Wentworth  in  May,  1799. 
Wentworth  is  the  county  seat. 


ROWAN 


Rowan  was  formed  in  1753 
from  Anson.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  Matthew  Rowan  who 
was  a  prominent  leader  before 
the  Revolution  and  who  for  a 
short  time  after  the  death  of 
Governor  Gabriel  Johnston  was 
acting  governor.  It  is  in  the  central  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by 
Davidson,  Stanly,  Cabarrus,  Iredell  and  Davie  counties.  Its  present  area  is  523 
square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  105,600.  The  county  seat  was  first 
called  Rowan  Court  House.  It  has  been  called  Salisbury  since  about  1755. 
Salisbury  is  the  county  seat. 


1014 


North  Carolina  Manual 


RUTHERFORD 


Rutherford  was  formed  in  1 779 
from  Tryon.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  Griffith  Rutherford,  one 
of  the  most  prominent  of  the 
Revolutionary  patriots.  He  led 
the  expedition  that  crushed  the 
Cherokees  in  1776,  and  rendered 
other  important  services  both  in  the  Legislature  and  on  the  battlefield.  It  is  in 
the  southwestern  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  the  state  of  South 
Carolina  and  Polk,  Henderson,  McDowell,  Burke  and  Cleveland  counties.  Its 
present  area  is  563  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  57,600.  The  act 
establishing  the  county  provided  that  the  first  court  be  held  at  the  home  of 
Joseph  Walker  and  the  justices  were  to  decide  on  the  most  convenient  place  to 
hold  succeeding  courts  until  a  courthouse  could  be  erected.  Commissioners 
were  named  to  select  a  place  for  the  county  seat.  In  1781  an  act  was  passed 
stating  that  the  original  act  had  not  been  fully  carried  out  and  that  the  previous 
commissioners  had  failed  to  erect  a  courthouse  even  though  they  had  selected 
the  land  of  James  Holland  in  the  fork  of  Shepard's  Creek.  The  act  authorized 
the  commissioners  to  purchase  fifty  acres  of  land  from  James  Holland  and 
erect  the  buildings.  In  1784  an  act  was  passed  which  stated  that  the  place 
selected  by  the  commissioners  was  not  convenient;  therefore,  new  commis- 
sioners were  named  to  survey  the  county,  locate  the  center,  purchase  land  and 
erect  the  public  buildings.  The  courthouse,  prison  and  stocks  were  not  finished 
in  1785.  In  1787  Rutherford  was  established  on  the  land  purchased  for  the 
county  seat.  Two  acres  were  reserved  for  the  public  buildings.  Rutherfordton 
was  incorporated  in  1793  and  is  the  county  seat. 


SAMPSON 


Sampson  was  formed  in  1784 
from  Duplin.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  Colonel  John  Sampson, 
who  was  a  member  of  Josiah 
Martin's  council.  It  is  in  the 
eastern  section  of  the  State  and 
is  bounded  by  Wayne,  Duplin, 
Pender,  Bladen,  Cumberland,  Harnett  and  Johnston  counties.  The  present 
area  is  945  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  50,800.  The  act 
establishing  the  county  directed  that  the  first  court  be  held  at  the  home  of 
James  Myhand,  at  which  place  the  justices  were  to  decide  where  all  subsequent 
courts  were  to  be  held  until  a  courthouse  could  be  erected.  Commissioners  were 
named  to  select  a  central  location,  purchase  land,  and  erect  the  public 
buildings.  It  is  probable  that  the  courthouse  was  called  Sampson  Court  House 
on  the  public  lands  of  the  county.  Clinton  is  the  county  seat. 


Histories  of  the  North  Carolina  Counties 


1015 


SCOTLAND 


Scotland  was  formed  in  1899 
from  Richmond.  It  was  named 
for  the  country  of  Scotland,  the 
northern  portion  of  the  British 
Isles.  It  is  in  the  southeastern 
section  of  the  State  and  is 
bounded  by  the  state  of  South 
Carolina  and  Richmond,  Moore,  Hoke  and  Robeson  counties.  The  present  area 
is  319  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  34,700.  Laurinburg  is  the 
county  seat. 


STANLY 


Stanly  was  formed  from 
Montgomery.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  John  Stanly  who  for 
many  years  was  a  member  of 
the  Legislature  and  several  times 
speaker  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. It  is  in  the  central  section 
of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  Montgomery,  Richmond,  Anson,  Union, 
Cabarrus  and  Rowan  counties.  The  present  area  is  398  square  miles  and  the 
population  is  around  50,800.  Albemarle  is  the  county  seat. 


STOKES 


Stokes  was  formed  in  1789 
from  Surry.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  Captain  John  Stokes,  a 
soldier  of  the  Revolution,  who 
was  seriously  wounded  at  the 
Waxhaw  Massacre  when  Colo- 
nel Buford's  Regiment  was  cut 
to  pieces  by  Tarlton.  After  the  war  Washington  appointed  him  a  judge  of  the 
United  States  District  Court  of  North  Carolina.  It  is  in  the  north  central  section 
of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  Rockingham,  Forsyth  and  Surry  counties.  The 
present  area  is  457  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  36,700.  When 
Stokes  was  taken  from  Surry  the  old  courthouse  was  ordered  to  be  sold,  and  the 
proceeds  were  to  be  equally  divided  between  Surry  and  Stokes  and  applied 
towards  the  erection  of  new  courthouses.  The  act  ordered  the  first  court  to  be 
held  at  the  home  of  Gray  Bynum,  and  all  subsequent  courts  were  to  be  held 


1016 


North  Carolina  Manual 


where  the  justices  designated  until  the  courthouse  could  be  erected.  Commis- 
sioners were  named  to  select  the  site  and  have  the  public  building  erected.  In 
1 790  Germantown  was  laid  out  on  land  deeded  to  the  county  from  Michael  and 
Henry  Fry.  Germantown  remained  the  county  seat  until  1849  when  Forsyth 
was  taken  from  Stokes.  The  act  establishing  Forsyth  county  directed  that  the 
first  court  of  Stokes  after  the  passage  of  the  act  be  held  at  Germantown,  at 
which  time  the  justices  were  to  determine  a  location  for  the  new  courthouse  and 
jail.  In  1851  Crawford  was  established  as  the  county  seat.  In  1852  Crawford 
was  changed  to  Danbury.  Danbury  is  the  county  seat. 


SURRY 


Surry  was  formed  in  1771  from 
Rowan.  The  act  became  effective 
April  1,  1771.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  the  county  of  Surrey  in 
England,  birthplace  of  the  then 
Governor  William  Tryon.  It  is  in 
the  north  central  section  of  the 
State  and  is  bounded  by  the  state  of  Virginia  and  Stokes,  Yadkin,  Wilkes  and 
Alleghany  counties.  The  present  area  is  536  square  miles  and  the  population  is 
around  62,500.  The  act  erecting  the  county  provided  for  the  court  to  be  held 
"constantly"  at  Gideon  Wright's  until  the  courthouse  could  be  constructed. 
Commissioners  were  named  to  select  the  place  and  have  the  courthouse,  prison 
and  stocks  erected.  By  1774  some  of  the  commissioners  were  named  to  finish 
the  building.  In  1779  the  courthouse  was  established  at  Richmond  on  land  of 
Colonel  Martin  Armstrong  and  William  Sheppard.  In  1789  Surry  was  divided 
and  Stokes  was  formed  from  it.  When  this  was  done  the  old  courthouse  was 
inconvenient  for  either  county.  Therefore,  the  act  dividing  the  county  specified 
that  the  court  was  to  be  held  at  the  home  of  Richard  Horn  until  a  courthouse, 
prison  and  stocks  could  be  erected  at  a  central  place.  Another  act  passed  that 
year  directed  the  old  courthouse  to  be  sold  and  the  money  be  equally  divided 
between  Surry  and  Stokes,  the  proceeds  to  be  used  on  their  respective 
courthouses.  In  1790  Rickford  was  established  on  fifty -three  acres  of  land 
deeded  by  Thomas  and  Moses  Ayres  for  that  purpose.  Commissioners  were 
named  to  erect  public  buildings.  In  1851,  when  Yadkin  was  formed  from  Surry, 
the  act  named  and  directed  commissioners  to  locate  the  center  of  the  county 
and  fix  the  county  seat.  It  also  named  commissioners  to  acquire  fifty  acres  of 
land  by  purchase  of  donation  and  erect  the  courthouse.  The  law  also  stipulated 
that  the  town  was  to  be  named  Dobson.  Dobson  is  the  county  seat. 


Histories  of  the  North  Carolina  Counties 


1017 


SWAIN 


Swain  was  formed  in  1871  from 
Jackson  and  Macon.  It  was 
named  in  honor  of  David  L. 
Swain,  Governor  of  North  Caro- 
lina and  president  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  North  CaroHna.  It  is 
in  the  western  section  of  the 
State  and  is  bounded  by  the  state  of  Tennessee  and  Haywood,  Jackson,  Macon, 
Cherokee,  and  Graham  counties.  The  present  area  is  524  square  miles  and  the 
population  is  around  10,700.  The  first  court  was  ordered  to  be  held  at  Cold 
Spring  Meeting  House.  Special  commissioners  were  named  to  select  a  site  for 
the  courthouse,  provided  all  the  commissioners  could  agree  on  a  certain  place. 
If  they  could  not  agree,  the  county  commissioners  were  to  submit  the  question 
of  selecting  a  place  to  the  voters.  The  county  commissioners  were  to  lay  out  a 
town  by  the  name  of  Charleston  which  was  to  be  the  county  seat.  In  1889 
Charleston  was  changed  to  Bryson  City  in  honor  of  Colonel  Thad  Dillard 
Bryson.  Bryson  City  is  the  county  seat. 


TRANSYLVANIA 


mwrm. 


Transylvania  was  formed  in 
1861  from  Henderson  and  Jack- 
son. It's  name  is  derived  from 
the  Latin  words,  trans  meaning 
"across"  and  sylua  meaning 
"woods."  It  is  in  the  western 
section  of  the  State  and  is 
bounded  by  the  State  of  South  Carolina  and  Jackson,  Haywood  and  Henderson 
counties.  The  present  area  is  382  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around 
26,300.  The  first  court  was  to  be  held  at  the  home  of  B.  C.  Langford. 
Commissioners  were  named  to  select  a  site  for  the  public  buildings  within  five 
miles  of  W.  P.  Poor's  store  and  to  acquire  land  and  lay  out  Brevard.  Brevard  is 
the  county  seat. 


1018 


NoKTH  Carolina  Manual 


TYRRELL 


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Tyrrell  was  formed  in  1729 
from  Chowan,  Currituck  and 
Pasquotank.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  Sir  John  Tyrrell,  who 
at  one  time  was  one  of  the  Lords 
Proprietors.  It  is  in  the  eastern 
section  of  the  State  and  is 
bounded  by  Dare,  Hyde  and  Washington  counties  and  in  the  Albemarle  Sound. 
The  present  area  is  390  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  4,200.  It  is 
quite  evident  that  a  courthouse  was  not  built  until  some  time  between  1740  to 
1 75 1 .  Prior  to  this  date  courts  were  held  in  private  homes,  but  generally  at  the 
home  of  William  PVayley,  (also  spelled  Frailes,  Frylies  or  Fryleys).  In  1751, 
court  was  held  at  the  courthouse  on  Kindrck's  Creek.  Between  1774  and  1776, 
court  was  held  at  the  home  of  Benjamin  Spruill.  Between  1777  and  1800  court 
was  held  at  the  courthouse  on  Scuppernong  River.  In  1799,  commissioners  were 
named  to  erect  the  public  buildings  in  Elizabeth  Town.  On  July  28,  1800,  the 
first  court  was  held  in  Elizabeth  Town.  In  1801,  Elizabeth  Town  was  changed 
to  Columbia,  which  was  recorded  as  the  county  seat  in  1802.  Columbia  is  the 
county  seat. 


UNION 


fi 


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Union  was  formed  in  1842  from 
Anson  and  Mecklenburg.  At  the 
time  the  county  was  formed  there 
was  a  dispute  between  local 
Whigs  and  Democrats  as  to 
whether  it  should  be  named  Clay 
or  Jackson.  The  name  Union 
was  suggested  and  adopted  as  a  compromise  because  the  new  county  was 
created  from  parts  of  two  others.  It  is  in  the  south  central  section  of  the  State 
and  is  bounded  by  the  state  of  South  Carolina  and  Mecklenburg,  Cabarrus, 
Stanly  and  Anson  counties.  The  present  area  is  639  square  miles  and  the 
population  is  around  83,500.  Commissioners  were  named  in  the  act  to  select  a 
site,  lay  out  a  town  by  the  name  of  Monroe,  and  erect  a  courthouse.  Monroe  is 
the  county  seat. 


Histories  of  the  North  Carolina  Counties 


1019 


VANCE 


Vance  was  formed  in  1881  from 
Granville,  Warren,  and  Frank- 
lin. It  was  named  in  honor  of 
Zebulon  Baird  Vance,  a  member 
of  Congress,  Governor  of  North 
Carolina,  and  a  United  States 
Senator.  It  is  in  the  northeastern 
section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  Warren,  Franklin,  and  Granville 
counties  and  the  state  of  Virginia.  The  present  area  is  249  square  miles  and  the 
population  is  around  39,500.  The  act  directed  the  county  commissioners  to 
select  a  site  in  Henderson  for  the  erection  of  the  courthouse.  Henderson  is  the 
county  seat. 


WAKE 


Wake  was  formed  in  1771  from 
Johnston,  Cumberland  and 
Orange.  The  act  became  effective 
March  12, 1771.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  Margaret  Wake,  wife  of 
William  Tryon.  It  is  in  the  east 
central  section  of  the  State  and 
is  bounded  by  Johnston,  Harnett,  Chatham,  Durham,  Granville  and  Franklin 
counties.  The  present  area  is  858  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around 
384,700.  The  first  courthouse  was  erected  at  what  is  known  as  Bloomsbury.  It 
was  called  Wake  County  Court  House  until  1792,  when  Raleigh  was  established 
and  was  made  the  capital  of  the  State,  Raleigh  is  the  county  seat. 


WARREN 


Warren  was  formed  in  1779 
from  Bute.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  Joseph  Warren,  a 
soldier  of  Massachusetts  who 
fell  while  fighting  at  Bunker 
Hill.  It  is  in  the  northeastern 
section  of  the  State  and  is 
bounded  by  Northampton,  Halifax,  Franklin,  and  Vance  counties  and  the 
state  of  Virginia.  The  present  area  is  424  square  miles  and  the  population  is 
around  16,700.  The  act  establishing  the  county  specified  that  the  first  court  was 


liYZi)  North  Caromna  Manual 

to  he  held  at  tho  courthouse  of  Bute;  it  also  provided  that  suhsequent  courts 
were  to  he  held  at  a  phice  decided  upon  hy  the  justices  of  the  peace  until  a 
courthouse  could  he  erected.  Commissioners  were  named  to  select  a  site  at  the 
center  of  the  county,  purchase  land  and  have  the  courthouse,  prison  and  the 
stocks  erected.  In  1779  another  act  was  passed  establishing  Warrenton.  This 
act  provided  that  the  courts  were  to  be  held  at  the  home  of  Thomas  Christmas 
until  the  courthouse  was  built.  Warrenton  is  the  county  seat. 


WASHINGTON 


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lit'/  '  '  \!^  "'^\  Washington    was   formed    in 

'"'iU-^    I  M  '  I       ■  V     /  /  ''' ' -M' (TK  1799  from  Tyrrell.  It  was  named 


'"/,' V>'.i'  J  •,  !\/.> 


/  i' 1  )•  ;,v,.,./   I  in  honor  of  George  Washington. 

I  •    ^  ''•<^  '     '      '  ''•i    I  ",  >  ',   ?    1   <■'  /,','%'''  It  is  in  the  eastern  section  of  the 

;     .;     \^*^'^*'^  State  and  is  bounded  by  Tyrrell, 

'/  Hyde,    Beaufort,    Martin    and 

Bertie  counties,  and  the  Albe- 
marle Sound.  The  present  area  is  343  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around 
14,700.  The  courts  were  ordered  to  beheld  at  Lee's  Mill  until  a  courthouse  could 
be  erected.  Plymouth,  already  was  in  existence  when  the  county  was 
established,  was  incorporated  in  1807.  In  1823  the  courthouse  was  moved  from 
Lee's  Mill  to  Plymouth.  In  1873  the  General  Assembly  authorized  that  the 
county  seat  be  moved  from  Plymouth  to  McKey's  Ferry  provided  the  people 
approved  the  same  by  popular  vote.  Plymouth  is  the  county  seat. 


WATAUGA 


ly  (    \  I  1  [)  /  '  /';ff^^^  Watauga  was  formed  in  1849 

'X>    )'i  I  1  i   ■     /  r^^^'-jftX  ^*-'»'^  Afihp    WilUpfi    CnlHwplland 


/t)Vn,^ 


I  V'i  )'{ff\  from  Ashe,  Wilkes,  Caldwell  and 

X7-^\  i)  {  / 1  /')  '    •/  \  )  iV^'i^-''  J  Yancey.  It  was  named  for  the 

C^\/>'  '^       ■'■'*))<'   UY'f'%'"  Watauga    River,    which    name 

<    ;   V    \\'^^  camefrom  an  Indian  word  mean- 


'^y  ing  "beautiful  water."  Itis  in  the 

north  western  section  of  the  State 
and  is  bounded  by  the  State  of  Tennessee  and  Ashe,  Wilkes,  Caldwell  and 
Avery  counties.  The  present  area  is  217  square  miles  and  the  population  is 
around  35,100.  The  first  court  was  ordered  to  be  held  at  the  home  of  George 
Council,  at  which  time  justices  of  the  peace  were  to  decide  upon  a  place  for  the 
future  courts  until  the  courthouse  was  erected.  Commissioners  were  named  to 
select  a  site  for  a  county  seat  "which  site  shall  be  between  Reuben  Bartley 's  and 
a  point  one-half  mile  west  of  Willie  McGee's  east  and  west  direction,  and 
between  John  Pennell's  and  Howard's  Knob  north  and  south  direction."  They 


Histories  of  the  North  Carolina  Counties 


1021 


were  to  acquire  the  land  and  lay  out  a  town  and  erect  the  public  buildings.  In 
1851  a  superior  court  was  established  for  Watauga,  and  it  directed  that  court 
was  to  be  held  in  the  courthouse  at  Boone.  Boone,  named  in  honor  of  Daniel 
Boone,  is  the  county  seat. 


WAYNE 


Wayne  was  formed  in  1779 
from  Dobbs.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  Anthony  Wayne,  one  of 
Washington's  most  trusted 
soldiers.  His  courage  amounted 
to  rashness,  and  the  soldiers 
called  him  "Mad  Anthony 
Wayne."  It  is  in  the  eastern  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  Greene, 
Lenoir,  Duplin,  Sampson,  Johnston  and  Wilson  counties.  The  present  area  is 
557  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  98,400.  The  act  establishing  the 
county  provided  that  the  first  court  should  be  held  at  the  home  of  Josiah  Sasser 
at  which  time  the  justices  were  to  decide  on  a  place  for  all  subsequent  courts 
until  a  courthouse  could  be  erected.  By  1 782  the  commissioners  were  named.  In 
1787  an  act  was  passed  establishing  Waynesborough  on  the  west  side  of  the 
Neuse  on  the  land  of  Andrew  Bass  "where  the  courthouse  now  stands."  In  1845, 
and  again  in  1847,  acts  were  passed  moving  the  courthouse  from  Waynes- 
borough  to  Goldsboro  provided  the  people  voted  for  the  same.  Goldsboro  is  the 
county  seat. 


WILKES 


Wilkes  was  formed  in  1777 
from  Surry  and  the  District  of 
Washington.  The  act  was  to 
become  effective  February  15, 
1778.  It  was  named  in  honor  of 
John  Wilkes  who  was  a  violent 
opponent  of  the  Tory  party  in 
England.  He  was  not  allowed  to  take  his  seat  in  Parliament  to  which  he  had 
been  elected.  The  Americans  imagined  that  he  was  suffering  in  the  cause  of 
liberty  and  named  this  county  in  his  honor.  It  is  in  the  northwestern  section  of 
the  State  and  is  bounded  by  Yadkin,  Iredell,  Alexander,  Caldwell,  Watauga, 
Ashe,  Alleghany  and  Surry  counties.  The  present  area  is  757  square  miles  and 
the  population  is  around  61,600.  The  act  establishing  the  county  stipulated 
that  the  first  court  was  to  be  held  at  the  home  of  John  Brown.  Commissioners 


1022  North  Cakouna  Manual 

were  named  to  select  a  place  centrally  located  for  the  erection  of  the  courthouse, 
prison  and  stocks.  The  second  court  was  held  June  1 ,  1 778,  in  the  "bent  of  the 
Yadkin."  The  next  day  it  was  held  at  Mulberry  Field  Meeting  House.  On  June  3 
the  commissioners  who  were  to  select  a  site  for  the  county  seat  reported  as 
follows:  "We,  the  commissioners  appointed  by  act  of  Assembly  to  lay  out  and 
appoint  pillory  and  stocks  of  the  said  county,  have  met  and  materially 
considered  the  same,  do  adjudge  and  appoint  the  place  where  the  Mulbury 
Meeting  House  stands  as  the  most  central,  suitable  and  proper  place  whereon 
to  locate  public  buildings."  In  September,  1778,  court  was  held  at  the 
courthouse  of  Wilkes.  In  1795  an  act  was  passed  naming  new  commissioners  to 
select  a  site  for  the  erection  of  a  courthouse,  pillory  and  stocks.  It  also  named 
commissioners  to  purchase  fifty  acres  of  land  on  which  to  lay  out  a  town  and  to 
erect  public  buildings.  By  1801  Wilkesborough  had  been  laid  out  at  the 
courthouse.  In  1823  an  act  was  passed  authorizing  a  new  courthouse  to  be 
erected  on  the  public  square  in  Wilkesboro.  Wilkesboro  is  the  county  seat. 


WILSON 

Wilson  was  formed  in  1855 
from  Edgecombe,  Nash, 
Johnston  and  Wayne.  It  was 
named  in  honor  of  Louis  D. 
Wilson,  many  times  a  member 
of  the  Legislature  from  Edge- 
combe County,  a  soldier  of  the 
Mexican  War  who  died  near  Vera  Curz  of  fever,  and  the  benefactor  of  the  poor 
of  his  native  county.  It  is  in  the  east  central  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded 
by  Pitt,  Greene,  Wayne,  Johnston,  Nash  and  Edgecombe  counties.  The  present 
area  is  375  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  65,700.  The  court  was 
ordered  to  be  held  at  Benjamin  Barden's  store  in  Wilson,  a  village  already 
established,  until  a  courthouse  could  be  built.  Commissioners  were  to  acquire  a 
site  within  one-fourth  of  a  mile  of  the  town  of  Wilson  and  erect  a  courthouse. 
The  caption  "corporate  Tisnot  (Toisnot)  Depot,  and  Hickory  Grove  in  the 
county  of  Edgecombe  into  a  town  by  the  name  of  Wilson."  Wilson  is  the  county 
seat. 


Histories  of  the  North  Carolina  Counties 


1023 


YADKIN 


Yadkin  was  formed  in  1850 
from  Surry.  Its  name  is  derived 
from  the  Yadkin  River  which 
runs  through  it.  It  is  supposed  to 
be  an  Indian  name.  It  is  in  the 
north  central  section  of  the  State 
and  is  bounded  by  F\)rsyth, 
Davie,  Iredell,  Wilkes  and  Surry  counties.  The  present  area  is  336  square  miles 
and  the  population  is  around  30,200.  The  first  court  was  ordered  to  be  held  at 
Dowellton,  at  which  time  the  justices  were  to  adjourn  to  any  place  they  wished 
until  a  courthouse  could  be  erected.  Commissioners  were  named  to  select  a  site 
for  the  courthouse  as  near  of  the  center  of  the  county  as  possible.  Also,  they 
were  to  acquire  land  and  lay  off  a  town  by  the  name  of  Wilson.  In  1852  an  act 
was  passed  changing  Wilson  to  Yadkinville.  Yadkinville  is  the  county  seat. 


YANCEY 


/  >  / 


.1^^ 


n 


P^ 


J 


^^  Yancey  was  formed  in  1833 

from  Burke  and  Buncombe.  It  is 
named  in  honor  of  Bartlett 
Yancey,  and  eloquent  orator, 
many  times  a  member  of  the 
Legislature,  speaker  of  the  State 
Senate,  and  member  of  Congress. 
He  was  also  one  of  the  earliest  advocates  of  the  public  school  system  in  North 
Carolina.  It  is  in  the  western  section  of  the  State  and  is  bounded  by  the  state  of 
Tennessee  and  Mitchell,  McDowell,  Buncombe  and  Madison  counties.  The 
present  area  is  312  square  miles  and  the  population  is  around  16,100.  The  act 
establishing  the  county  named  and  authorized  commissioners  to  purchase 
land,  lay  out  a  town,  and  erect  a  courthouse.  Burnsville,  named  for  Captain 
Otway  Burns  of  Beaufort  North  Carolina,  who  won  fame  in  the  War  of  1 8 1 2,  is 
the  county  seat. 


NORTH   C 


OLINA 


ili'=';ii^iiii!if!«^ 


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