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NORTH a
UNIVERSITY OF N C. AT CHAPEL HILL
00017483037
iiOLINA
Form No. A-369
THE LIBRARY OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF
NORTH CAROLINA
AT CHAPEL HILL
THE COLLECTION OF
NORTH CAROLINLANA
C917.05
N87m
1989-90
C.5
North Carolina
Manual
1989-1990
North Carolina
Manual
1989-1990
Issued by
Rufus L. Edmisten
Secretary of State
Edited by
John L. Cheney, Jr.
Editor
Raleigh
STATEMENT OF PUBLICATION COST
Five thousand (5,000) copies of the 1989-90 North Carolina Manual were printed at a cost
to the State of $58,241.00 (estimated), or $11.65 per volume.
C,5
TO THE
MEMBERS OF THE 1989 GENERAL ASSEMBLY
OF NORTH CAROLINA
TO THE
OFFICIALS OF OUR STATE, COUNTIES
AND MUNICIPALITIES
AND TO THE
PEOPLE OF THE OLD NORTH STATE
AT HOME AND ABROAD
THIS MANUAL IS RESPECTFULLY
DEDICATED
^iSLf^ i iJUijs^
Secretary of State
ytt»»»
Department of the Secretary of State
Raleigh, North Carolina
Dear Fellow North Carolinians:
It is a special delight for me to introduce to you this 25th edition of the North
Carolina Manual published by the Secretary of State's office. Since 1941, this
Department has striven to give the people of North Carolina an accurate,
thorough record of the state's activities. It is a great honor for me to inherit
this task from my predecessor, the HonorableThad Eure, as part of my new
responsibilities.
This Manual is the most comprehensive compilation of data, photographs and
tables about North Carolina that is humanly possible. It gives citizens infor-
mation about everything from our new official State Dog — the Plott Hound
— to the membership of our General Assembly to the judiciary of United
States courts in our state.
Our office has worked hard throughout the past 12 months to make this an
even better Manual than before. We have edited each section; various portions
have been streamlined to make them more accessible to researchers; we have
added a new narrative on the Electoral College. All of this is done with the
intent of giving you the best Manual ever.
It is my pleasure to introduce to you this valuable resource: the
North Carolina Manual for 1989-1990.
Rufus L. Edmisten
Secretary of State
Table of Contents
Dedication iii
Foreword, Rufus L. Edmisten, Secretary of State v
Parti
North Carolina: Then and Now
CHAPTER ONE
The North Carolina Electoral College
Development of the Electoral College 3
The Electoral College Today 14
CHAPTER TWO
Historical Miscellanea
An Early History of North Carolina 23
The State Capitol Building 33
The Capitol (composed by Edwin Gill) 40
The Executive Residences of North Carolina 41
The Mecklenburg Declaration 48
CHAPTER THREE
Our State Symbols
The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina 49
The State Flag 57
The State Bird, Flower, and Insect 63
The State Tree and Mammal 65
The State Shell and Salt Water Fish 67
The State Toast 67
The State Precious Stone 68
The State Reptile 69
The State Rock 70
The State Beverage 71
The State Historic Boat 72
The State Dog 73
Name of State and Nickname 74
The State Motto and Colors 74
The State Song 75
CHAPTER FOUR
Census and Population Statistics
Introduction 77
State Population Statistics 79
County Population Statistics ^0
Population of Incorporated Places of 10,000 or more 82
Population of Incorporated Places of 2,500-9,999 83
Population of Incorporated Places of 1,000-2,499 85
Population of Incorporated Places of less than 1,000 89
Part II
Constitutional Development of North Carolina
CHAPTER ONP]
The Constitution of North Carolina
Our Constitutions: An Historical Perspective 95
Constitution of North Carolina Ill
Constitutional Issues submitted to the people since 1970 143
Constitutional Propositions Voted on by the People since 1868 150
CHAPTER TWO
One Hundred and First Congress of the United States
The Senate 189
Officers 189
Committees 189
Jesse Helms 190
Terry Sanford 191
The House of Representatives 193
Officers 193
Committees 193
Walter B. Jones 194
I.T. Valentine, Jr 195
H. Martin Lancaster 196
David E. Price 197
Stephen L. Neal 198
John H. Coble 199
Charles G. Rose, III 200
W.G. (Bill) Hefner 201
Alex McMillan 202
Thomas C. Ballanger 203
James McClure Clarke 204
CHAPTER THREE
The United States Judiciary
The Supreme Court 205
Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals 205
United States District Court in North Carolina 207
Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals Judges (biographical sketches) 208
United States District Court Judges (biographical sketches) 211
Part IV
North Carolina State Government
CHAPTER ONE
The Legislative Branch
An Historical Overview 227
George R. Hall, Legislative Administrative Officer 232
The 1989 General Assembly 233
The 1989 North Carolina Senate
Officers 235
Senators 235
Speakers of the Senate (list) 237
President Pro Tempore of the Senate (list) 238
Henson P. Barnes, President Pro Tempore 241
Kenneth C. Royall, Jr., Deputy President Pro Tempore 242
Ian Theodore Kaplan, Majority Leader 244
Laurence A. Cobb, Minority Leader 245
Alexander P. Sands III, Majority Whip 247
Paul S. Smith, Minority Whip 248
Robert G. Shaw, Joint Caucus Leader 250
Senators (biographical sketches) 251
Sylvia M. Fink, Principal Clerk 298
Senate Committee Assignments 299
The 1989 North Carolina House of Representatives
Officers 303
Representatives 303
Speakers of the House of Representatives (list) 306
Josephus L. Mavretic, Speaker 311
R.D. Beard, Speaker Pro Tempore 312
Dennis A. Wicker, Majority Leader 313
Johnathan L. Rhyne, Jr., Minority Leader 314
Milton F. Fitch, Jr., Majority Whip 315
Charles L. Cromer, Minority Whip 316
Representatives (biographical sketches) 317
Grace A. Collins, Principal Clerk 445
House of Representatives Committee Assignments 446
How a Bill Becomes a Law 451
CHAPTER TWO
The Executive Branch
Organizational Chart of State Government 452
Introduction 453
The Council of State 457
The Office of the Governor 461
James G. Martin, Governor 467
Governors (list) 468
The Office of the Lieutenant Governor 479
James C. Gardner, Lieutenant Governor 481
Lieutenant Governors (list) '^""
XI
The Department of the Secretary of State 483
Rufus L. Edmisten, Secretary of State 489
Secretaries of State (hst) 490
The Department of the State Auditor 490
Edward Renfrow, State Auditor 497
State Auditors (Hst) 499
The Department of the State Treasurer 500
Harlan E. Boyles, State Treasurer 507
Treasurers (Hst) 508
The Department of Pubhc Instruction 512
Bob R. Etheridge, Superintendent of PubHc Instruction 515
Superintendents of PubHc Instruction (Hst) 516
The Department of Justice 517
Lacy H. Thornburg, Attorney General 525
Attorney Generals (Hst) 526
The Department of Agriculture 531
James A. Graham, Commissioner 543
Commissioners of Agriculture (list) 545
The Department of Labor 546
John C. Brooks, Commissioner 553
Commissioners of Labor (list) 555
The Department of Insurance 556
James E. Long, Commissioner 561
Commissioners of Insurance (list) 562
The Department of Administration 563
James S. Lofton, Secretary 568
Secretaries, Administration (list) 569
The Department of Correction 570
Aaron J. Johnson, Secretary 576
Secretaries, Correction (list) 577
The Department of Crime Control and Public Safety 578
Joseph W. Dean, Secretary 587
Secretaries, Crime Control and Public Safety (list) 588
The Deparment of Cultural Resources 589
Patric G. Dorsey, Secretary 597
Secretaries, Cultural Resources (historical list) 598
The Department of Economic and Community Development 599
James T. Broyhill, Secretary 606
Secretaries, Economic and Community Development (list) 607
The Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources 608
William W. Cobey, Jr., Secretary 617
Secretaries, Environment, Health and Natural Resources (list) 618
The Department of Human Resources 619
David T. Flaherty, Secretary 630
Secretaries, Human Resources (Hst) 632
The Department of Revenue 633
Helen A. Powers, Secretary 641
Secretaries, Revenue (list) 642
The Department of Transportation 643
James E. Harrington, Secretary 650
Secretaries, Transportation (Hst) 651
xii
Office of State Controller 653
Fred W. Talton, State Controller """"'"'^ 654
State Board of Elections 355
Alex K. Brock, Executive Secretary-Director 657
CHAPTER THREE
The Judicial Branch
The Court System in North Carolina 659
Administrative Office of the Courts 643
Franklin E. Freeman, Administrative Officer of the Courts 666
Office of Administrative Hearings 667
The Supreme Court
James G. Exum, Jr., Chief Justice 671
Associate Justices (biographical sketches) 672
The Court ofAppeals
Robert A. Hedrick, Chief Judge 678
Associate Judges (biographical sketches) 679
The Superior Court Judges (list) 690
The District Court Judges (list) 692
District Attorneys (list) 695
PartV
Higher Education in North Carolina
CHAPTER ONE
The University of North Carolina
The University of North Carolina System 699
CD. Spangler, Jr., President 703
Appalachian State University 704
East Carolina University 708
Elizabeth City State University 711
Fayetteville State University 714
North Carolina A & T State University 718
North Carolina Central University 722
North Carolina School of the Arts 727
North Carolina State University 730
Pembroke State University 735
University of North Carolina - Asheville 738
University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill 742
University of North Carolina - Charlotte 747
University of North Carolina - Greensboro 750
University of North Carolina - Wilmington 754
Western Carolina University 758
Winston-Salem State University 761
CHAPTER TWO
The Community Colleges
The Community College System ^^y
The Department of Community Colleges 766
Robert W. Scott, State President 769
xiii
State Presidents, Community College System (list) 770
Presidents, Community and Technical Colleges (list) 770
The Community Colleges
Anson Technical College 772
Asheville-Buncombo Technical ('ollege 772
Beaufort County Community College 773
Bladen Technical College 774
Blue Ridge Technical College 775
Brunswick Technical College 775
Caldwell Community College 775
Cape Fear Technical College 776
Carteret Technical College 776
Catawba Valley Technical College 777
Central Carolina Technical College 777
Central Piedmont Community College 778
Cleveland Technical College 778
Coastal Carolina Community College 779
College of the Albemarle 779
Craven Community College 780
Davidson County Community College 780
Durham Technical Institute 781
Edgecombe Technical College 781
Fayetteville Technical Institute 782
Forsyth Technical College 782
Gaston College 783
Guilford Technical College 783
Halifax Community College 784
Haywood Technical College 784
Isothermal Community College 785
James Sprunt Technical College 785
Johnston Technical College 786
Lenoir Community College 786
Martin Community College 787
Mayland Technical College 787
McDowell Technical College 788
Mitchell Community College 788
Montgomery Technical College 789
Nash Technical College 789
Pamlico Technical College 790
Piedmont Technical College 790
Pitt Community College 791
Randolph Technical College 791
Richmond Technical College 792
Roanoke-Chowan Technical College 792
Robeson Technical College 793
Rockingham Community College 793
Rowan Technical College 794
Sampson Technical College 794
Sandhills Community College 794
Southeastern Community College 795
XIV
Southwestern Community College 795
Stanly Technical College 796
Surry Community College 796
Technical College of Alamance 797
Tri-County Community College 797
Vance-Granville Community College 797
Wake Technical College 798
Wayne Community College 798
Western Piedmont Community College 799
Wilkes Community College 800
Wilson County Technical Institute 800
CHAPTER THREE
Private Colleges and Universities
Private Higher Education in North Carolina 801
Presidents, Private Colleges and Universities 804
Part VI
Political Parties
CHAPTER ONE
The Democratic Party
Plan of Organization 807
The Executive Council (Primary Officers) 841
County Chairmen 842
CHAPTER TWO
The Republican Party
Plan of Organization 845
Republican Executive Committee (Primary Officers) 866
Congressional District Committees 866
County Chairmen 868
Part VII
Voters, Voting, and Election Returns
CHAPTER ONE
Voting in North Carolina
Voter Registration ^'<^
Registration Statistics
Primary Election May 3, 1988 876
General Election, November 8, 1988 878
Primary Election, May 6, 1986 880
General Election, November 4, 1986 882
Primary Election, May 8, 1984 884
General Election, November 6, 1984 886
XV
Election Districts
Congressional Districts 888
Senatorial Districts 889
Representative Districts 890
CHAPTER TWO
Abstracts of Votes and Election Results
President of the United States 893
Democratic Preference Primary Election, March 8, 1988 894
Republican Preference Primary Election, March 8, 1988 896
General Election, November 8, 1988 898
Democratic Preference Primary Election, May 8, 1984 900
General Election, November 6, 1984 902
United States Congress 902
United States Senator
Democratic Primary Election, May 6, 1986 906
Republican Primary Election, May 6, 1986 908
General Election, November 4, 1986 910
Primary Elections, May 8, 1984 912
General Election, November 6, 1984 914
United States House of Representatives
Primary Elections, May 3, 1988 916
General Elections, 1984-1988 917
General Elections, 1982 921
North Carolina State Government 925
Governor
Democratic Primary Election, May 3, 1988 926
General Election, November 8, 1988 928
Democratic Primary Election, May 8, 1984 929
Republican Primary Election, May 8, 1984 931
Democratic Second Primary Election, June 5, 1984 932
General Election, November 6, 1984 933
Lieutenant Governor
Primary Elections, May 3, 1988 935
General Election, November 8, 1988 937
Council of State
Primary Elections, May 3, 1988 938
General Elections, November 8, 1988 945
Tabulation of Votes, Primary Elections Since 1964 949
Tabulation of Votes, General Elections Since 1964 957
Part VIII
Our Counties
CHAPTER ONE
County Government
Historical Perspective 967
xvi
CHAPTER TWO
The Counties of North Carolina
North Carolina Counties (map) 978
Alamance 979
Alexander 979
Alleghany 980
Anson 980
Ashe 981
Avery 981
Beaufort 981
Bertie 982
Bladen 982
Brunswick 982
Buncombe 983
Burke 983
Cabarrus 984
Caldwell 984
Camden 984
Carteret 985
Caswell 985
Catawba 986
Chatham : 986
Cherokee 987
Chowan 987
Clay 987
Cleveland 988
Columbus 988
Craven 988
Cumberland 989
Currituck 989
Dare 990
Davidson 990
Davie 990
Duplin 991
Durham 991
Edgecombe 992
Forsyth 992
Franklin 992
Gaston 993
Gates 993
Graham 994
Granville 994
Greene 994
Guilford 995
Halifax 995
Harnett ^^^
Haywood 996
Henderson 997
xvii
Hertford 997
Hoke 998
Hyde 998
Iredell 999
Jackson 999
Johnston 1000
Jones 1000
Lee 1000
Lenoir 1001
Lincoln 1001
Macon 1001
Madison 1002
Martin 1002
McDowell 1003
Mecklenburg 1003
Mitchell 1003
Montgomery 1004
Moore 1005
Nash 1005
New Hanover 1006
Northampton 1006
Onslow 1007
Orange 1007
Pamlico 1008
Pasquotank 1008
Pender 1009
Perquimans 1009
Person 1010
Pitt 1010
Polk 1011
Randolph 1011
Richmond 1012
Robeson 1012
Rockingham 1013
Rowan 1013
Rutherford 1014
Sampson 1014
Scotland 1015
Stanly 1015
Stokes 1015
Surry 1016
Swain 1017
Transylvania 1017
Tyrrell 1018
Union 1018
Vance 1019
Wake 1019
Warren 1019
Washington 1020
XVUl
Watauga 1020
Wayne 1021
Wilkes 1021
Wilson 1022
Yadkin 1023
Yancey 1023
XIX
PARTI
North Carolina:
Then and Now
CHAPTER ONE
The North Carolina Electoral College^
DEVELOPMENT OF THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE
The Electoral College originated with the Constitutional Convention held
in Philadelphia during the summer of 1787. One of the most difficult tasks
facing the delegates to the convention was the question of an executive
department. The colonial experience of a single powerful executive had
hardened many against allowing one man to head the country. Delegates
deliberated for a long time before agreeing on a singular head of the
executive. Their next problem was to decide how the president would be
selected. They had to consider checks and balances on the three branches of
government, the balance of power between the large and small states and
the role of the citizens in the democracy they were establishing.
Five basic plans were suggested and debated. One by one they fell as the
delegates debated the advantages and disadvantages of each. A plan recom-
mending that the governors of each state choose the president was rejected
because the large states felt it gave the small states a disproportionate share
of the vote in the selection process. Another idea called for Congress to select
the president. This plan was rejected because the delicate system of checks
and balances might be destroyed through corruption. A proposal to allow
the state legislatures to select the president was thrown out with little
debate. A fourth proposal providing for the direct election of the president
met with resistance from the delegates. These men viewed the average voter
as uneducated and uninformed; therefore, the voters could not be trusted to
make an informed decision. The people would be easily deceived by the
candidates or might just vote for the candidate from their state. It seemed
that no solution would be found.
Finally, James Wilson proposed a plan whereby the citizens in each state
would select a special group of people called electors who would then vote for
president. If the uninformed citizens selected the wrong person, the electors,
in their wisdom, could correct the mistake. Although the electoral college
system was a bit confusing, the founding fathers were confident that (hey
were leaving the final selection of the president to some of the most educated
and knowledgeable leaders of their country - the electors.
The operation of the electoral college is found in Article II of the Constitu
tion of the United States. Each state was given a number of electors equal to
'Written by Linda H. Gunter, U.S. Government teacher at Gary HiRli Schodl (Gary.
N.C.) and Seth B. Hinshaw, 1988 Republican Presidential Elector ior the Sixth
Congressional District.
4 North Carolina Manual
the number of senators and representatives in the United States Congress.
Tlie state legislatures in each state were given the power to determine how
its electors would be chosen. Senators, representatives, or other "Persons
holding an office of trust or prol'it under the United States" could not be
electors. Electors were to convene in their state to vote for two people. The
candidate receiving the most votes would become president, while the candi-
date with the second highest number of votes would become vice-president.
The electors were allowed to vote for only one candidate from their own
state. Each state sent their electoral votes to the President of the Senate.
These votes were totaled with those of the other states to determine the
winners.
Elections of 1789 and 1792
The electoral college as outlined in the United States Constitution worked
well in the first elections. In February of 1789, George Washington was
elected President of the United States by a unanimous vote of the 69 electors.
John Adams received the second highest number of votes, 34, and was
elected vice-president. The remaining 35 votes were divided among ten men.
New York could not decide how to select its electors, and Rhode Island and
North Carolina had not yet ratified the new Constitution; therefor, these
states did not participate.
Delegates to the Constitutional Convention meeting in Hillsborough to
discuss the new document decided in August of 1788 not to ratify the
Constitution until the adoption of a bill of rights. Finally, on November 21,
1789, delegates to a second Constitutional Convention in Fayetteville ratified
the amended version of the Constitution of the United State which included
the Bill of Rights.
One of the first items of business for the (North Carolina) General
Assembly when it met in 1792 was to determine a method for selection of
presidential electors for the 1792 elections. A district plan dividing the state
into four electoral districts was adopted. The state legislators from each
district would meet and select three people to serve as electors for the
district. The electors from all four districts would meet and cast their votes
for president and vice president. A $300 fine was threatened by the legislature
against any elector who failed to attend the meeting of the electoral college.
In December the twelve electors met in New Bern - the only time the North
Carolina Electoral College did not meet in Raleigh. President Washington
was a man characterized as one who "united the wishes of confidence of the
people""; therefore, there was no question who would receive the votes for
president. There was, however, a concern over the choice for vice president.
After much discussion about the two main candidates, Vice-President John
Adams and Governor George Clinton of New York, each elector gave his
second vote to Governor Clinton. After the votes from all the states had been
counted, George Washington had been re-elected to a second term as presi-
dent. John Adams again received the second highest number of electoral
votes and was re-elected vice-president.
The initial district plan adopted by the North Carolina General Assembly
was intended to be a temporary solution. Later that year, the assembly voted
The North Carolina Electoral College 5
to divide the state into twelve electoral districts with the citizens electing on
person from each district to serve in the electoral college. This plan resulted
in a split vote in the North Carolina Electoral College in three of the next
four elections.
Elections of 1796 and 1800
The advent of political parties created problems in the Election of 1796.
Opponents to the direct election of the president had expressed concern that
political factions might develop and split the country; however, they could
not have foreseen the origin of political parties or the effect they would have
on the selection process. George Washington had warned about the possibility
of political parties in his Farewell Address, but few paid any attention.
In 1796, the Federalists ran John Adams for president and Thomas
Pinckney for vice-president. The Anti-Federalists ran Thomas Jefferson and
Aaron Burr. Even though the parties had stipulated which office each man
was seeking, the Constitution did not provide for separate ballots for these
offices. When all the electoral votes were counted, Adams had 71 votes and
Jefferson 68, thus electing a president and vice-president with drastically
different political views.
The problem intensified in 1800. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr were
again the Democratic-Republican nominees. The Federalists put forth Presi-
dent John Adams with Charles C. Pinckney as his running mate. The Alien
and the Sedition Acts, passed under the Adams administration, and opposed
by Jefferson, became the primary issue. The Federalists appeared to be on
their way to victory until the legislatures of New York and Virginia locked
Adams out of their electoral colleges. When the final votes were counted,
Jefferson and Burr both had 73, Adams 65 and Pinckney 64. Article II of the
Constitution of the United States, provides that in the case of a tie, the
United States House of Representatives was to select the president. The
Federalist-controlled House tried to keep Jefferson from being elected; how-
ever, they failed. On February 17, 1801, after 36 ballots, Thomas Jefferson
was elected President of the United States - only 15 days before the new
president was to be sworn in.
Twelfth Amendment
The Elections of 1796 and 1800 revealed certain flaws in the electoral
process. When Congress assembled in 1803, the state legislatures of North
Carolina and four other states asked that action be taken to correct these
problems. Legislation for an amendment to the Constitution was proposed
on December 12, 1803. The bill called for separating the presidential and
vice-presidential balloting at the electoral college meeting. The amendment
bill was one vote short of the required two-thirds vote in the House of
Representatives when Speaker Nathaniel Macon of Warren County. North
Carolina, cast his vote for the bill. The amendment was declared ratified on
September 25, 1804, in time for the presidential election later that year.
The Twelfth Amendment directed electors to vote separately for president
and vice-president. The people and electors would vote for two candidates of
the same party, eliminating a repeat of the problems arising in 1796 and
6 North Carolina Manual
1800. Candidates no longer competed for the position of president, as some
sought the vice-presidency.
This amendment also changed the procedure for selecting the president if
no one received a majority. The United States House of Representatives was
given the power to select the president from the three candidates receiving
the most votes. The representatives in Congress from each state would vote
in caucus. The candidate receiving the majority of votes in each caucus
would receive the one vote of that State. If there was a tie vote in the state
caucus, then the state forfeited its vote. One vote more than half would be
needed to be elected as president. The vice-president was to be selected by
the United States Senate from the top two candidates. Again, one vote more
than half was necessary to win election. If the 12th Amendment were used
today, the people of the District of Columbia would have no voice because
they do not have voting representation in Congress.
Early Selection of Electors
The Constitution of the United States allowed each state legislature to
develop its own selection process for electors. In early elections, some state
legislatures reserved that power for themselves, thereby entrusting the office
of elector to the people whom they knew and trusted. However, as the people
began to demand more of a voice in selecting their electors, the states
gradually began to give up that power. The number of electors selected by
popular vote went from 53 of 138 (38%) in 1800 to 190 of 261 (73%) in 1824.
Political reforms during the administration of President Andrew Jackson
further encouraged this concept. By 1836, electors from South Carolina were
the only ones still chosen by their state legislature.
North Carolina legislatures selected the electors only in 1792 and 1812; the
people chose their electors from 1796 to 1808 and then after 1816. The 1815
Legislature, under the control of the Democratic-Republicans, chose to move
North Carolina to an "at-large" system. Debates in the general assembly
centered on the problem that the Federalists carried several districts in the
years of the district system, even though they did not carry the whole state.
Under the new system each of the fifteen electoral districts nominated their
electors. On election day in November the people would elect a slate through
the statewide vote. The presidential candidate who carried the State would
receive all of North Carolina's fifteen electoral votes.
Elections of 1824 and 1828
The Election of 1924 provided the next test of the electoral process. After
the caucus, the United States Congress nominated William H. Crawford of
Georgia for president. The state legislatures then nominated three other
men: Henry Clay of Kentucky, John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts, and
Andrew Jackson of Tennessee. When the votes were cast, no one had a
majority of the electoral votes; however, Jackson had received 43% of the
popular vote while Adams received the second largest number of votes.
Crawford and Clay were in a close race for third. The election of the
president went to the United States House of Representatives under the
provisions of the 12th Amendment.
The North Carolina Electoral College 7
The 12th Amendment called for the House to choose someone from among
the top three candidates. Clay was ehminated from consideration since he
had the fourth largest number of electoral votes. However, he used his
influence as the Speaker of the House to convince his western friends to
support Adams. When the vote was taken, Adams had the support of twelve
states, one short of a majority with New York as the swing state. Adams
had the support of 17 of the 34 New York Representatives, one short of a
majority. It is said that the presidency hinged on the vote of New York
Representative Stephen Van Rensselaer and that as he bowed his head in
prayer for guidance from above, he saw a piece of paper on the floor with the
word "Adams" written on it. Interpreting this to be a sign, he picked up the
piece of paper, put it in the ballot box, and John Quincy Adams was elected
the sixth President of the United States.
Andrew Jackson, claiming he had been cheated, advocated the abolition
of the electoral college. He resigned his seat in the United States Senate and
began his campaign for the 1828 Presidential Election. Jackson supporters
felt the same way and rallied behind their candidate. Jackson won the 1828
election.
The People's Ticket in North Carolina was a deviation from the political
norm and its success in 1824 resulted in half of the electors from 1824 being
reflected in 1828. Several important men were included among its members.
In fact, the Electoral Colleges of 1824 and 1828 read Hke a "who's who in
past, present, future politics in North Carolina."
Robert Love of Haywood County, who made a record six electoral college
appearances, served in every meeting of the College between 1808 and 1832,
except 1812 when the legislature did not select him. Although he was elected
in 1836 as well, he was unable to serve due to injuries sustained from a
kicking horse. His son, James R. Love, replaced him. Peter Forney of
Lincoln County served a total of five terms from 1804 to 1828. Other People's
Ticket electors were former United States Senator Montfort Stokes; former
United States representatives John Giles and Josiah Crudup; and future
governors Edward B. Dudley and John M. Morehead. Among the 1828
electors were future United States Senator Willie P. Mangum, future governor
Richard Dobbs Spaight, Jr., and well-known judge John Hall.
The Return of the Tw^o Party State
The election of 1832 brought forth the beginnings of a new political party
in North Carolina. State Democrats backed Andrew Jackson as their presi-
dential nominee, but were uncertain about the nomination of Martin Van
Buren as vice-president. This concern resulted in the nomination of an
opposition slate known as the "Whig Democratic Ticket." The ticket had
Andrew Jackson as the presidential nominee with Philip P. Barbour of
Virginia as the vice-presidential nominee. This ticket was a disaster, receiv-
ing a very small portion of the vote.
Opposition to President Jackson grew after the election of 1832. Ant^
Jackson sentiment brought about the emergence of the Whig Party m 1835.
The new party won several victories in the congressional races m North
Carolina. The Whigs were well organized and became strong enough to force
8 North Carolina Manual
the legislature to call a State Constitutional Convention in 1835. Several
major changes resulted from the convention including the popular election
of the governor. In the gubernatorial race of 1836, Whig Party nominee
Edward B. Dudley defeated the incumbent Democrat, Richard Dobbs
Spaight, Jr.
When the Whig Party began running candidates, there were some races in
which there was no acknowledged leader. In these cases the Whigs called
conventions to nominate a candidate. Included in the offices nominated by
these conventions were presidential electors. The party called Electoral
District Conventions for the selection of both electors and national conven-
tion delegates, giving the people the largest voice ever in North Carolina
politics. Soon thereafter, the Democratic Party adopted the Whig system of
nominating the electoral slate. The Whigs lost the presidential election of
1836 in North Carolina, but won in 1840, 1844, and 1848. Two party politics
had returned to North Carolina.
The Election of 1860 and The Formation of the Confederacy
In 1860, Abraham Lincoln won a majority in the Electoral College with
180 votes but only received 39% of the popular vote. He won in every
northern state except New Jersey, southern states were upset that Lincoln
had won the national election even though he had not been on many
southern ballots. Lincoln's three opponents - Stephen Douglas of Illinois,
John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky, and John Bell of Tennessee carried only
the Southern and border states. While these nominees together received
60.5% of the popular vote, they received only 125 electoral votes. These states
represented only one-third of the total white male population. Even if these
opponents had run on one slate, Lincoln would have carried the election.
Disturbed by the results of the election, the slavery expansion issue, and
the feeling that the federal government was infringing into the areas of
"state's rights," most of the southern states seceded from the Union early in
1861. North Carolina and several other southern states did not secede until
President Lincoln called for troops to help put down the rebellion.
The Confederate States of America, as those states that seceded were
called, wrote their own constitution. They chose to follow the Constitution of
the United States in electing their president and formed their own electoral
college. Jefferson Davis was elected President of the Confederate States,
receiving all of the 138 electoral votes.
The Election of 1876
The Election of 1876 once again brought attention to the electoral college.
Corruption during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant brought
forth calls for reform. In response, both political parties ran "reformer"
candidates. The Democratic nominee was Governor Samuel J. Tilden of New
York and former Governor Rutherford B. Hayes was the Republican.
Massive voter fraud prevailed on election day with both parties blaming
each other. Reconstruction was still in effect in three Southern states which
meant that the Republicans controlled the government and the election
The North Carolina Electoral College 9
machinery. Republicans were counting on large turnout of black voters to
win the election. When turnouts proved smaller than expected, the Democrats
were accused of preventing blacks from voting by threatening black voters
and placing cannons at polling places to intimidate them. Democrats charged
that Republicans were allowing nonresidents and unregistered citizens to
vote.
As the candidates were going to bed that night, news reports indicated
that Tilden had won with 203 electoral votes to 166 for Hayes. Hayes even
wrote in his diary that he had been defeated. However, the next morning the
Hayes campaign realized just how close the election really was and believed
they still had a chance to win. Tilden won the popular vote with 51% of the
votes, but the electoral vote was a different matter. Results showed that
Tilden had 184 and Hayes 164 with 21 undecided votes from Florida,
Louisiana, South Carolina, and Oregon. Republicans Knew that these 21
votes could give Hayes the victory so they took action to save the election.
Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina were still under reconstruction
governments, giving the Republicans a slight edge. They sent telegrams to
their leaders in those states telling them to ignore incomplete returns. A
million dollar bribe was extended by the Democrats for the certification of
one elector from Louisiana, since Tilden needed only one vote to win in the
Electoral College. These fraudulent activities resulted in two sets of returns
being sent to Washington from these three states - one indicating a Demo-
cratic victory, the other a Republican victory. The problem had to be dealt
with because the election hung in the balance. Congress could not just
ignore the disputed states as it had in 1872 with Arkansas.
Another problem was Oregon. One of the three electors was a postmaster
and under Article H of the Constitution of the United States was ineligible
to serve. Democratic Governor L. F. Glover considered that Republican
elector ineligible and certified the highest Democratic elector. Meanwhile the
Republican elector in question resigned as postmaster. The Democrat and
the two Republicans certified by the governor refused to meet together, and
each party chose additional electors (2 Democrats and 1 Republican) to fill
the vacancies. Each party claimed Oregon's 3 votes.
Congress was concerned about settling the dispute in a fair manner.
However, Senator George F. Edmunds of Vermont feared that if the election
went to Congress the House of Representatives would select Tilden and the
Senate would select Hayes. As Democrats called for "Tilden or blood,"
Congress assembled in December of 1876 and found a special compromise to
solve this constitutional crisis.
A special Electoral Commission of fifteen members was established. There
would be five United States Senators (two Democrats and three Republi-
cans), five United States Representatives (three Democrats and two Republi-
cans), and five Supreme Court Justices (two Democrats, two Republicans
and one Independent). The makeup of the commission (seven Democrats,
seven Republicans and one Independent) appeared to assure impartiality. In
the event of a tie, the independent, Justice David Davis of Illinois, could
serve as the deciding vote. An oath was even taken to study the returns and
make a fair and impartial decision. Just before the commission began its
10 North Carolina Manual
investigation, Davis was appointed to the Senate and resigned from the
United States Supreme Court. All of the remaining justices on the Supreme
Court were Republicans, so an Independent Republican, Justice Joseph
Bradley, was chosen. The Republicans now held an 8 to 7 advantage.
The commission gave all of the disputed electoral votes to Hayes. The one
vote of Justice Bradley decided an election in which over eight million
people voted. The result was announced only two days before the Inauguration.
Hayes then tried to appease the dissatisfied Democrats by making conces-
sions to them. He agreed to remove the Republican governments in South
Carolina and Louisiana and to appoint a Southerner to his Cabinet. He
provided federal aid for new railroads and to help control the floods of the
Mississippi. These efforts had very little impact on many newspapers of the
day as they still did not recognize him as the President.
Later, an investigative body called the Potter Committee was appointed
by the Democratically controlled United States House to thoroughly investi-
gate the election. The Potter Committee found that the Republicans had
indeed won the election. The more they searched for irregularities, the more
they found fraud in their own Democratic camp. The investigation took the
most embarrassing turn when coded telegrams from Tilden Headquarters
revealed key campaigners had discussed bribe money with southern canvass-
ing boards.
The election of 1876 showed that the Constitution failed to indicate who
was to count the electoral vote and how disputes could be resolved. The
American people for the first time were able to see that it was possible to win
a majority of the popular votes yet lose the electoral vote. In the 1970's,
Tilden's descendants sued the federal government for allowing the election
to be stolen from the "forgotten president."
Election of 1888
The year 1888 provided more ammunition for opponents of the electoral
college. Benjamin Harrison, the Republican nominee, was the grandson of
former President William Henry Harrison; the Democratic nominee was the
incumbent, Grover Cleveland. When the votes were counted, Harrison
received 48% of the popular vote and 233 electoral votes, winning the
election. Cleveland received 95,096 more popular votes than Harrison, but
received only 168 electoral votes. Cleveland ran again in 1892 and won,
becoming the only president to serve two terms not in succession.
Election of 1896
In 1896 the nation was split over the question of gold and silver coinage.
The Republican Party nominated William McKinley of Ohio, who favored
gold coinage over silver. The Democrats nominated William Jennings Bryan
of Nebraska, who favored silver coinage. Bryan was such a forceful pro-
ponent of silver that several other parties nominated him as well, including
the Populists and the Silver Republicans. Unfortunately, there were two
nominees for vice-president running with Bryan. The Democratic and Silver
Republican nominee was Arthur Sewall of Maine, while the Populist nominee
The North Carolina Electoral College
11
was Thomas E. Watson of Georgia. When the electoral college met, the
Bryan electors split over the vice-presidential candidate. Sewall received 149
of the 176 electors and Watson received 27. That was the last time the
electoral votes for vice-presidential candidates were divided between two
different people.
The Electoral College of North Carolina, 1901
Defecting Electors, 1948 to 1984
Since World War II there has been a tendency for one elector in each
election to cast his vote for someone who did not carry his state. This
phenomenon of defecting electors has occurred in seven of the last ten
elections.
In 1948 Preston Parks of Tennessee was elected on both the Democratic
and States Rights tickets. He chose to vote for the States Rights nominees
instead of the Democrats, who had carried Tennessee. Eight years later, W.
F. Turner of Alabama chose not to vote for the national Democratic nominee,
Adlai E. Stevenson, voting instead for Walter B. Jones, a local judge.
In 1960 Henry D. Irwin of Oklahoma tried to use the electoral college to
stop the national winner of the election from taking office. He was elected as
a Republican elector and wanted to stop John F. Kennedy from being
inaugurated. On November 20, 1960, Irwin telegraphed all of the Republican
electors nationwide:
12 North Carolina Manual
I am Oklahoma Republican Elector. The Republican electors
cannot deny the election of Kennedy. Sufficient conservative
Democratic electors available to deny labor socialist nominee.
Would you consider [Harry F.] Byrd President, [Barry M.] Gold-
water Vice President, or wire any acceptable substitute. All replies
strict confidence.
When about 40 responses to Irwin's telegram returned with the refusal to
support his plan because they were morally bound to vote for Nixon, Irwin
asked the National Committee to release the Nixon Electors. But only Irwin
bolted the Nixon ticket.
Nixon had two other electors to bolt his ticket - Lloyd W. Bailey of North
Carolina, in 1968 and Roger MacBride of Virginia in 1972.
Bailey, an ophthalmologist from Rocky Mount, was selected at the Second
District Republican Convention. "I did not seek this position, but I did not
decline it. No one else was proposed for Presidential Elector, so I was
nominated," he later stated. Bailey even forgot that he was a nominee for
the electoral college. He was selected before Nixon was nominated and did
not think that Nixon had a chance of carrying the State.
As a member of the John Birch Society, Bailey supported American Party
nominee George C. Wallace because he did not like the Republican nominee.
After the election Bailey became alarmed about the people Nixon was going
to appoint to office. He had supported and voted for Wallace, even though he
was a Republican elector. He realized he could not vote for Nixon. This left
him in an awkward position. Bailey would have resigned, but he felt that an
obligation to "make a decision based upon loyalty to my country rather than
to my political party." Bailey consulted with friends and family, including I.
Beverly Lake Sr. from whom Bailey asked for an opinion about the law and
the voting of electors. There was no penalty in North Carolina if someone
voted his own convictions. Dr. Bailey had a strong belief that the electoral
college envisioned by the writers of the constitution was one of the last
vestiges of state power still left. He believed it was up to the electors to cast
their votes for the person they thought best represented the wishes of the
people. With his convictions firmly in place, Bailey decided to cast his vote
for Wallace.
Word leaked out that Bailey was going to vote for Wallace, and a week
before the electors met the Rocky Mount Evening and Sunday Telegram ran
a story about it. News media from across the nation were soon clamoring for
a story. The New York Times ran a story entitled "The Defector Elector."
Bailey's telephone rang off the hook as local Republicans called to persuade
him to reconsider. The Rocky Mount police watched his office, which was
next to the police station. He was shocked by the interest in his vote, and the
threats on his life. He did not waver under the pressure to change his vote;
however, he did carry a pistol with him to Raleigh.
Upon his arrival in Raleigh, Bailey became the focal point for the national
news media. In an interview, he said he was "a proud member of the John
Birch Society, the Boy Scouts, the Rotary Club and the Medical Society."
Another elector characterized Bailey as an "all wet, publicity-hungry,
radical." Pressure from the other electors to change his vote did not phase
The North Carolina Electoral College 13
him. The meeting was delayed an hour and fifteen minutes while a judge
was sought to swear in the electors. When the nominations were made, the
electors did not try to stop Bailey's nomination by requiring a second.
Following the meeting, Bailey was interviewed by a New York radio station
and for a short time received calls and letters from all over the nation.
The end was not over for Bailey. In January of 1969, the United States
Senate Judiciary Committee held hearings on the electoral college, and he
was called to testify. Bailey was questioned by such leading United States
Senators as Samuel J. Ervin, Jr., J. Strom Thurmond, and Birch Bayh.
Bailey read a six page statement to the committee and answered questions.
Many expressed concern that Bailey's action cancelled part of North Caro-
lina's voting power in the electoral college and that it set a poor precedent
for future electors. Senator Muskie of Maine, the Democratic nominee for
vice-president raised an objection to the counting of his vote on January 6,
1969. But a resolution to take away Bailey's vote lost in both houses of
Congress, 33 to 58 against in the Senate and 170 to 228 against in the House
of Representatives. The vote against the resolution was made because
Bailey's vote had been properly certified by the State Board of Elections,
and the Constitution of the United States has no stipulation requiring
electors to vote in any particular way. The only way to guard against a
repeat in the future was through legislative action at the state level or
through a constitutional amendment.
The North Carolina General Assembly took the necessary action by
enacting a state law requiring electors to vote for the candidates who carried
the state in the national election or to resign. An Elector who does not vote
accordingly is, after being removed from office and replaced, fined $500 and
charged with a felony in Wake County Superior Court. Twenty-one states
and the District of Columbia now have similar laws; however, no constitu-
tional amendment has been passed to deal with this issue.
In 1976, Mike Pullen of Washington State chose to vote for Ronald Reagan
instead of Gerald R. Ford. The election of 1984 produced an Illinois elector
who attempted to vote for Reagan for president and Geraldine Ferraro, the
Democratic nominee for vice-president. The electors took another ballot and
the elector voted for George Bush, the party nominee.
14 North Carolina Manual
THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE TODAY
Organization
Each state is assigned a number of electors equal to the total number of
senators and representatives each has in the United States Congress. There
are 538 electors representing the 100 senators and the 435 representatives,
plus three for the District of Columbia. A total of 270 electoral votes is
needed to win the election. If no candidate receives a majority, the United
States House of Representatives selects the president and the United States
Senate selects the vice-president.
Selection of Electors
Today, each state selects its electors on a statewide basis except for Maine,
which uses a district plan. In 35 states, including North Carolina, electors
are nominated by party conventions. The state political committees choose
them in five states, and Arizona has a primary for presidential elector.
Pennsylvania calls for the national candidates to select 25 people to serve in
the college, and the other eight states use a combination of these methods.
In North Carolina, each party selects its thirteen electors in conventions.
Eleven electors, one chosen at each of the respective Congressional District
Conventions, are called district electors. Two others, representing the United
States Senators, are selected statewide at the State Conventions of each
political party and are called the at-large electors. Each political party
appearing on the ballot has a slate of thirteen electors.
Ballots
Voting methods have undergone many changes in North Carolina. In
1796 a voter went to the courthouse of any county in which he held land and
voted. From 1796 to 1808 either voice voting or signing by the voter beneath
the name of the nominee was used. The sheriff in each county was respon-
sible for conducting the election. Since there were usually only two candi-
dates, there were usually no problems unless a sheriff held the election on
the wrong day, as happened in Montgomery County in 1804 and in Chatham
County in 1808. In each of these cases, the winning candidate lost the
district election when that county's returns were thrown out.
After the legislature returned the election of the electors to the people in
1816, the ballot was much more complex. Each ballot consisted of the fifteen
statewide candidates for elector of one party. To cast a vote for a candidate
for president, a voter had to vote for all fifteen candidates for the electoral
college of their party.
Because newspapers had the only printing presses around, they printed
the paper ballots. Ballots were sold by the papers to the political leaders of
the counties, who in turn dispersed them to the voters they thought they
The North Carolina Electoral College 15
could trust to vote for that slate. Eventually, the newspapers printed ballots
in their editorial columns.
When the Republicans gained control of the state in 1868, they recognized
the need for a better system of voting. Most whites and practically all of the
newly freed blacks could not read and had trouble with whites who tricked
them into voting for the state Conservative ticket in the state elections of
April 1868. As a result, the legislature had the parties to print colored
ballots. All the voters had to know was that the Republican ticket was green.
A major problem was that the presidential candidates of the parties did
not appear on the ballots. In 1920, the Democrats were worried so much
about women voting for their candidate, James M. Cox, that they nominated
Albert L. Cox for elector.
The General Assembly of 1929 passed the Australian ballot. This ballot is
still in use today and lists the nominees of each party. Before this time
ballots had only the names of the candidates of the party which printed
them. A result of this ballot was the disappearance of the Socialist and
Prohibition Parties, which could not retain "ballot status." An additional
change occurred in North Carolina in 1936 when the names of the electors
were removed from the ballots. In their place was the statement "Electors
pledged to" the national ticket. Today, these words have also been removed
and only the names of each presidential nominee appear.
In some states the names of the electors do appear on the ballot. This
practice makes the voter more aware that he is voting for electors who will
in turn vote for president, as specified in the Constitution of the United
States. Ballots in Arizona, Idaho, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, New
York, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Tennessee,
and Virginia list the electors.
The Dual Office Holding Law
Article Six, Section 9 of the Constitution of North Carolina bars a person
from holding two offices in the state at one time. This includes both elected
and appointed offices in federal, state, or local government. There have been
four instances when an elector did not serve because of this dual office-
holding prohibition.
Because of a prohibition in the Constitution of the United States, John M.
Morehead had to resign his position of postmaster before he could cast his
electoral vote for Andrew Jackson in the Election of 1824. This event
occurred prior to the adoption of the 1868 Constitution of North Carolina
which contained a dual office-holding provision.
The first case resulting from the North Carolina law occurred in 1872
when Samuel F. Phillips, a member of the North Carolina House of Repre-
sentatives, could not serve as an elector because he had just been appointed
Solicitor General of the United States Treasury. He was replaced with State
Representative James H. Harris. Other similar situations have occurred.
In 1940, V. Buren Jurney would not have been allowed to serve as an
elector because he was a member of the State Industrial Commission with a
16 North Carolina Manual
salary of $r),r)()0 a year. However, he was sick when the college convened and
was replaced anyway.
In I9(i<S, R. (Curtis Ratcliff could not vote because he was the Clerk of
Sujx'rior Court in Buncombe County. His wife, Juanita, replaced him.
And in 1980 ,]. Reid Foovey was barred because of his service in the State
House. On the day of the meeting, the remaining electors voted to replace
him with the vote ending in a tie. State Republican Chair Jackson Lee
withdrew, allowing Catawba County Chair Tom Dlugos to serve.
There were two years in which electors were allowed to serve in violation
of the office holding law, 1868 and 1976. Abraham H. Galloway, the first
black to serve in the electoral college in North Carolina, was a State Senator
when he served in 1868. State Representative O. Richard Wright and District
Attorney H. W. Zimmerman were both seated although both already held
government offices and were not eligible under state law.
Counting the Vote
Office of the Federal Register, Washington D. C.
Long before the November election, the Office of the Federal Register
makes preparations for the handling of the electoral votes from all 50 states
and the District of Columbia. The first step is to update the book "The
Provisions of the Constitution and the United States Code Relating to
Presidential Elections." The book is used as a guide by all the executives in
handling the Electoral Vote. This is mailed out in October to each State and
the District of Columbia so they will know what their responsibilities are in
relation to the law.
After the November election, the Office of the Federal Register holds a
meeting with the Director of the Office of the Federal Register, the
Parliamentarian of the Senate, the Assistant Secretary of the Senate,
Assistant Clerk of the House, and the Assistant for Congressional Relations
in the Vice President's Office. Here the plans are laid and responsibilities
defined for these officials to assist with the counting of the electoral votes.
In the November general election, the people go to the polls and cast a vote
for the candidate of their choice. This election is the first Tuesday after the
first Monday in November. The Presidential nominee with the most popular
votes in each state will receive all of the electoral votes of that state.
Certificate of Ascertainment
After the November election, the governor of each state and the mayor of
Washington D. C. must prepare a "Certificate of Ascertainment" for his
state or city. Each one lists the vote of the winning candidate in that state
along with the list of electors who will cast the electoral votes of that State.
All of the other candidates for electors and their vote totals are listed. The
governor or mayor signs this document and fixes his seal. Each state has a
different form which it has designed; some are formal with ribbons, others
simple. An original copy of the Certificate of Ascertainment is delivered to
each Elector.
The North Carolina Electoral College 17
Voting Procedure
In each state, the party which wins the most popular votes for president
and vice-president in the November general election receives all of the
electoral votes of that state. The winning party then sends their set of
electors to the state capitol to cast their votes. For example, in 1988, George
Bush carried North Carolina, so the thirteen Republican electors met in the
state capitol in Raleigh. Electors in North Carolina are paid $44 a day and
$.17 a mile to travel to Raleigh to perform their duty.
According to N.C.G.S. 163-210, the electors are to meet at the "Old Hall of
the House of Representatives in the State Capitol in the city of Raleigh at
noon on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December after
their election." Each state is free to select its own meeting place but no one
can legally deviate from this date. The North Carolina Electoral College
used to meet in the Old Senate Chamber until 1976 except when the Capitol
burned in 1831, requiring different meeting places for the 1832 and 1836
meetings.
In North Carolina electors are bound to vote for the candidates of their
party. Failure to attend and vote properly would bring a felony charge in
Wake County Superior Court and a mandatory fine of $500 along with
removal from office. The remaining electors would fill all vacancies with
individuals who would vote properly.
Certificate of Vote
When the electors meet in December, they must first select a President and
Secretary of the Electoral College. The names of the substitute electors are
sent in with the Certificate of Vote to Washington. Nominations and second-
ing speeches are made for President of the United States. After the voting
for President, additional nominations and seconding speeches are made for
Vice President. In modern times, few major speeches have been given in
contrast with earlier meetings like those in the late 1800s. After the Electors
vote separately for President and Vice President, six copies of the Certificate
of Vote must be signed by each Elector. Minutes of the meeting are compiled
and signed by the President and Secretary of the College. The votes are then
sealed and immediately dispatched by a waiting postman to the President of
the Senate in Washington, D. C. Other copies are mailed to the District
Court Judge (1), the National Archives (2), and the North Carolina Secretary
of State (2). This is a check in case the ballots are lost or delayed on their
way to Washington.
The office of the Federal Register keeps one copy designated for the
National Archives in Washington, D. C. This is used by the government to
count the number of states sending their electoral votes in on time and for
the press to survey the official vote. The National Archives keeps one official
copy on file in its vault for historical and research purposes.
The Mahogany Boxes
On January 6, the envelopes are removed and placed in two special
mahogany boxes. These boxes are each required to be 18" long, 10" wide,
18 North Carolina Manual
and 8 Vv!' in height. Each box
is etched in gold on the top
and on four sides and has a
Hght brown leather strap. The
envelopes with the electoral
votes from Alabama through
Mississippi go in one box; the
returns from Missouri through
Wyoming go in the second
box. The law formerly called
for new boxes to be made every
four years by the Senate car-
penter. However, the same
boxes that were used in 1980 and 1984 were used in 1988. No longer will new
boxes be required to be made for future elections.
Announcing the Results
At a special joint session of Congress on January 6, the mahogany boxes
with the envelopes containing the electoral votes of each state are opened
and the results are announced. The President of the Senate, the Vice
President, is in charge and is assisted by four tellers, two from the House
and two from the Senate. The votes are tabulated and the winner is
announced.
Inauguration
The new President and Vice President take the oath of office on January
20 according to the 20th Amendment. The Chief Justice swears in the
President and an Associate Justice swears in the Vice President.
What Happens When there is No Winner?
The Twelfth Amendment defines the steps to be followed if no candidate
receives the required 270 votes. While it is possible to have a tie vote, 269 to
269, a strong third party candidate could result in no clear winner in the
November election.
When no one receives a majority of the electoral votes, the president and
the vice president are selected by the United States House of Representatives
and United States Senate. The House chooses the president from the top 3
candidates. Each member of a state's delegation votes to determine who the
state will support for President of the United States. The candidate who
receives the majority of the votes of the delegation gets the vote of that state.
If there is a tie, the state loses its vote. To win, a candidate must obtain a
majority of the 50 states, or 26 votes. Under this system the District of
Columbia would have no vote because they have no voting representation in
Congress. There is no limit to the number of ballots that could be taken by
the House. However, if they were unable to decide by the inauguration, the
20th Amendment provides for the vice president-elect to act as president
until a President has been selected. If no vice president-elect had been
The North Carolina Electoral College 19
chosen then the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
would act until either the president-elect or vice president-elect is qualified.
The vice president would be selected by the United States Senate in a
similar manner. Each senator would select from the top two vice presidential
candidates. A majority vote, or 51 of the 100 senators would be necessary to
win. The District of Columbia would not have a vote again because of its
lack of representation in the United States Senate. If no winner is determined
by time of the inauguration, the Succession Act provides for the Speaker of
the House to serve until a decision is made. The Speaker of the House
selected on January 3 would serve.
Weaknesses in the Electoral College System
Throughout the years, history has pointed out many weaknesses in the
electoral college system. In the past 200 years over 500 proposals (one as
early as 1797) have been made to improve it but only one, the 12th Amend-
ment has passed.
Many people call the electoral college system undemocratic because it
violates the principle of one-man-one-vote. The small states have a larger
voice than their population dictates giving the weight of a electoral vote in
Alaska more than in California; moreover, if the election is thrown into the
Congress, each state has an equal vote, regardless of population.
The "winner-take-all" theory is another area of concern. If a candidate
carries the state by one vote or one million, he gets all the electoral votes of
that state. This, in effect, does not even count or reflect the votes cast for the
minority candidate. The electoral vote does not reflect the popular vote as
exhibited by the past two elections. In 1984, President Reagan received 98%
of the electoral votes while obtaining only 58% of the popular votes in the
race against Walter Mondale, the Democratic candidate. In 1988, Vice
President George Bush won 79% of the electoral votes but got only 54% of the
popular votes.
A third area of concern rests with the electors themselves. In a majority of
the states, they are not bound to vote for the candidate that carries their
state. As a result, since 1848, there have been six faithless electors who did
not vote for their party's nominee. Twenty-one states and the District of
Columbia have taken action to make sure this will not happen in their
states. Fifteen states including Alaska, Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii,
Maine, Maryland, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma.
Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Wyoming and the District of Columbia
require their electors to vote according to the popular vote in their state.
Failure to do so results in fines in some states such as in North Carolina.
Three other states, California, Tennessee, and Wisconsin require the electors
to vote for the winner in their state if he is living. Massachusetts and
Oregon take it seriously enough to require their electors to make a pledge ot
support for the candidate they represent. South Carolina provides for the
unbinding of its electors if it deems it necessary. Needless to say, electors
who are not bound by law would be subject to bribes and corruption if no
candidate received a majority of the electoral votes. The thought tbat an
20 North Carolina Manual
elector could overturn the expressed wishes of the voting citizens of their
state is a possibility. The selection of the President would hinge on this if the
vote was close.
Finally, there is the problem of a nominee being able to win a majority of
the electoral votes but not get a majority of the popular votes. P^'act became
reality for Grover Cleveland in 1888 when he lost the presidency because of
this. Cleveland received 48.7% of the popular votes to 47.9% for Harrison, but
lost in the electoral college by a vote of 233 to 168. Other minority-vote
presidents include John (Juincy Adams and Benjamin Harrison. John Quincy
Adams was selected by vote in the United States House in 1824 over Andrew
Jackson. Rutherford B. Hayes won in 1876 after a special electoral commis-
sion decided the election in his favor over Samuel Tilden who had received
51% of the popular vote.
While the small states have a disproportionate share of the vote, a few
large states can also control the election of the President. If a Presidential
candidate wins in the 11 most populated states he would have 267 electoral
votes. Therefore, it is possible for a candidate to win in only 12 states and
become President while being rejected by the voters of the other 38 states
and the District of Columbia. In fact he would not even have to be on the
ballot in the other states.
Death of the Presidential Candidate
The death of the president-elect after the general election in November, but
before the meeting of the electors in December is not provided for in the
Constitution of the United States. The writer of our constitution did not
anticipate the president and vice president being elected until December
when the electors voted.
The political parties fill this gap by setting guidelines in their party rules
for the filling of this vacancy by their national committees. Under these
guidelines, political parties have the power to choose a new presidential
candidate. The electors since they are selected by their own political parties
would most likely vote for the person nominated.
Death of a President-Elect and Vice President-Elect
After the electors cast their votes at the electoral college meeting in
December and their sealed ballots are sent to the President of the Senate, the
vote is final. If the president-elect and the vice president-elect receive the 270
electoral votes necessary to win the election, they can only be replaced in
accordance with provisions outlined in the 20th Amendment if death should
occur.
If the president-elect dies between the meeting of the electoral college in
December and the Inauguration on January 20, the vice president-elect
becomes the president-elect. After the Inauguration, the new president
(formerly the vice president-elect) would then fill the office of Vice president
according to provisions found in the 25th Amendment. These provisions
allow the president to nominate a vice president who can take office after
being confirmed by a majority of the members of the United States Senate.
The North Carolina Electoral College 21
Proposed Changes to the Electoral College System
Any change in the electoral college system would require an amendment
to the Constitution of the United States. Any proposed amendment must
pass by a two thirds vote of each house of the United States Congress. Once
the amendment passes Congress, it must then receive approval by three
fourths of the states. Proposals for change seem to concentrate on four
plans: direct election, automatic crediting, proportional crediting, and district
crediting.
Under the direct election plan, the president and vice president would be
elected by popular vote. The plan would totally abolish the electoral college.
The popular vote received would be totaled up just as it is done in every
other elective office in the United States. This plan would correct the
criticism of one-man-one-vote and the inequality in the number of votes per
state. The chance of a nominee winning the popular vote, but losing the
electoral voted would be eliminated.
The automatic plan would automatically give the electoral votes of each
states to the nominee who carries that state. The position of elector would be
abolished and with it the possibility of the faithless elector.
A proportional plan would also abolish the office of elector by automati-
cally dividing the electoral vote for each state according to the percentage of
the popular vote received by each presidential nominee. This would eliminate
the winner-take-all principle.
Finally, under a district plan, each nominee who carried a congressional
district within a state would receive the electoral vote for district. In addition,
the nominee who won the popular vote in a state would received the
additional two votes allocated each state for their United States Senators.
This plan would insure widespread support for the nominee in all areas of
the state and nation; however, the tabulation of the results would certainly
be more involved on election night. This plan would also help to correct the
winner-take-all principle.
The electoral college has been a part of American politics for more than
two hundred years. Hundreds of changes as to how it operates have been
proposed, but few have become reality. Opponents criticize and will continue
to criticize its existence while proponents steadfastly defend the process. The
electoral college will be around for a while longer. How long depends entirely
on the politicians and the people.
St
o
CHAPTER TWO
Historical Miscellanea
AN EARLY HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA
The first known European exploration of North CaroHna occurred during
the summer of 1524. A Florentine navigator named Giovanni da Verrazano,
in the service of France, explored the coastal area of North Carolina between
the Cape Fear River area and Kitty Hawk. A report of his findings was sent
to Francis I, and published in Richard Hakluyt's Divers Voyages touching
the Discoverie of America. No attempt was made to colonize the area.
Between 1540 and 1570 several Spanish explorers from the Florida Gulf
region explored portions of North Carolina, but again no permanent settle-
ments were established.
Coastal North Carolina was the scene of the first attempt to colonize
America by English-speaking people. Two colonies were begun in the 1580's
under a charter granted by Queen Elizabeth to Sir Walter Raleigh. The first
colony, established in 1585 under the leadership of Ralph Lane, ended in
failure.
A second expedition under the leadership of John White began in the
spring of 1587 when 110 settlers, including seventeen women and nine
children, set sail for the new
world. The White Colony
arrived near Hatteras in
June, 1587, and went on to
Roanoke Island, where they
found the houses built by
Ralph Lane's expedition
still standing. Two signifi-
H cant events occurred shortly
;|| after the colonist's arrival-
two "friendly" Indians were
baptized and a child was
born. Virginia Dare, as the
baby was named, became
the first child born to
English-speaking parents in
the new world. The colonists faced many problems. As supplies ran short
White was pressured to return to England for provisions. Once in England,
White was unable to immediately return to Roanoke because of an impending
attack by the Spanish Armada. When he was finally able to return in 1590,
24 North Carolina Manual
he t'ouncl only tlu' remnants of what was once a settlement. There were no
signs of life, only the word "CROATAN" carved on a nearby tree. Much
speculation has been made about the fate of the "Lost Colony," but no one
has successfully explained the disappearance of the colony and its settlers.
The first permanent English settlers in North Carolina were immigrants
from the tidewater area of southeastern Virginia. These first of these "over-
tlow" settlers moved into the Albemarle area of northeast North Carolina
around 1650.
In 1663, Charles II granted a charter to eight English gentlemen who had
helped him regain the throne of England. The charter document contains
the following description of the territory which the eight Lords Proprietors
were granted title to:
All that Territory or tract of ground, situate, lying, and being
within our Dominions in America, extending from the North end
of the Island called Luck Island, which lies in the Southern
Virginia Seas and within six and Thirty degrees of the Northern
Latitude, and to the West as far as the South Seas; and so
Southerly as far as the River Saint Mathias, which borders upon
the Coast of F'lorida, and within one and Thirty degrees of
Northern Latitude, and West in a direct Line as far as the South
Seas aforesaid; Together with all and singular Ports, Harbours,
Bays, Rivers, Isles, and Islets belonging unto the Country afore-
said; And also, all the Soil, Lands, Fields, Woods, Mountains,
Farms, Lakes, Rivers, Bays, and Islets situate or being within the
Bounds or Limits aforesaid; with the Fishing of all sorts of Fish,
Whales, Sturgeons, and all other Royal Fishes in the Sea, Bays,
Islets, and Rivers within the premises, and the Fish therein
taken;
And moreover, all Veins, Mines, and Quarries, as well discovered
as not discovered, of Gold, Silver, Gems, and precious Stones, and
all other, whatsoever be it, of Stones, Metals, or any other thing
whatsoever found or to be found within the Country, Isles, and
Limits . . . ."
The territory was to be called Carolina in honor of Charles the First. In
1665, a second charter was granted in order to clarify territorial questions
not answered in the first charter. This charter extended the boundry lines of
Carolina to include:
All that Province, Territory, or Tract of ground, situate, lying,
and being within our Dominions of America aforesaid, extending
North and Eastward as far as the North end of Carahtuke River
or Gullet; upon a straight Westerly line to Wyonoake Creek,
which lies within or about the degrees of thirty six and thirty
Minutes, Northern latitude, and so West in a direct line as far as
the South Seas; and South and Westward as far as the degrees of
twenty nine, inclusive, northern latitude; and so West in a direct
line as far as the South Seas.
Historical Miscellanea
25
26 North Carolina Manual
Between 166;5 and 1729, North Carolina was under the control of the Lords
Proprietors and their descendents who commissioned colonial officials and
authorized the governor and his council to grant lands in the name of the
Lords Proprietors. In 1669, John Locke wrote the Fundamental Constitutions
as a model for the government of Carolina. Albemarle County was divided
into local governmental units called precincts. Initially there were three
precincts— Berkley, Carteret, and Shaftesbury— but as the colony expanded
to the south and west new precincts were created. By 1729, there were a total
of eleven precincts— six in Albemarle County and five in Bath County which
had been created in 1696. Although the Albemarle Region was the first
permanent settlement in the Carolina Area, another region was developed
around present-day Charleston, South Carolina. Because of the natural
harbor and easier access to trade with the West Indies, more attention was
given to developing the Charleston area than her nothern counterparts. For
a twenty-year period, 1692-1712, the colonies of North and South Carolina
existed as one unit of government. Although North Carolina still had her
own assembly and council, the governor of Carolina resided in Charleston
and a deputy governor was appointed for North Carolina.
In 1729, seven of the Lords Proprietors sold their interest in North Carolina
to the Crown and North Carolina became a royal colony. The eighth
proprietor. Lord Granville, retained economic interest and continued granting
land in the northern half of North Carolina. All political functions were
under the supervision of the crown until 1775.
Colonial government in North Carolina was essentially the same during
both the proprietory and royal periods, the only major difference being who
appointed colonial officials. There were two primary units of government:
the governor and his council, and the colonial assembly made up of persons
elected by the qualified voters of the county. There were also colonial courts;
however, unlike today's courts, they were rarely involved in the formulating
policy. All colonial officials were appointed by either the Lords Proprietors
prior to 1729, or by the crown afterwards. Members of the colonial assembly
were elected from the various precincts (counties) and from certain towns
which had been granted representation. The term "precinct" as a geographi-
cal unit ceased to exist after 1735. These areas became known as "counties"
and about the same time "Albemarle County" and "Bath County" ceased to
exist as governmental units.
The governor was an appointed official, as were the colonial secretary,
attorney general, surveyor general, and the receiver general. All officials
served at the pleasure of the Lords Proprietors or the crown. During the
proprietory period, the council was comprised of appointed persons who were
to look after the proprietors' interests in the new world. The council served
as an advisory group to the governor during the proprietary and royal
periods, as well as serving as the upper house of the legislature when the
assembly was in session. When vacancies occurred in colonial offices or on
the council, the governor was authorized to carry out all mandates of the
proprietors, and could make a temporary appointment until the vacancy was
filled by proprietory or royal commission. One member of the council was
Historical Miscellanea 27
chosen as president of the group, and many council members were also
colonial officials. If a governor or deputy governor was unable to carry on as
chief executive because of illness, death, resignation, or absence from the
colony, the president of the council became the chief executive and exercised
all powers of the governor until the governor returned or a new governor
was commmissioned.
The colonial assembly was made up of men elected from each precinct and
town where representation had been granted. Not all counties were entitled
to the same number of representatives. Many of the older counties had five
representatives each while those newer ones formed after 1696 were each
allowed only two. Each town granted representation was allowed one repre-
sentative. The presiding officer of the colonial assembly was called the
speaker and was elected from the entire membership of the house. When a
vacancy occurred, a new election was ordered by the speaker to fill it. On the
final day of each session, the bills passed by the legislature were signed by
both the speaker and the president of the council.
The colonial assembly could not meet arbitrarily, but rather convened
only when called into session by the governor. Being the only body
authorized to grant a salary to the governor or to be responsible for spending
tax monies, the legislature met on a regular basis until just before the
Revolutionary War. However, there was a constant battle for authority
between the governor and his council on the one hand and the general
assembly on the other. Two of the most explosive issues were the power of
the purse and the electing of the treasurer, both privileges of the assembly.
Another issue which raised itself was who had the authority to create new
counties. On more than one occasion elected representatives from counties
created by the governor and council, without consultation and proper legisla-
tive action by the lower house, were refused seats until the matter was
resolved. These conflicts between the executive and legislative bodies were to
have a profound effect on the organization of state government after
Independence.
North CaroHna, on April 12, 1776, authorized her delegates to the Con-
tinental Congress to vote for independence. This was the first official action
by a Colony calUng for independence. The 83 delegates present in Halifax at
the Fourth Provincial Congress unanimously adopted the Halifax Resolves,
which read as follows:
The Select Committee taking into Consideration the usurpations
and violences attempted and committed by the King and Parlia-
ment of Britain against America, and the further Measures to be
taken for frustrating the same, and for the better defence of this
province reported as follows, to wit,
"It appears to your Committee that pursuant to the Plan con-
certed by the British Ministry for subjugating America, the King
and Parliament of Great Britain have usurped a Power over the
Persons and Properties of the People unlimited and uncontrouled
and disregarding their humble Petitions for Peace, Liberty and
28
North Carolina Manual
,.">
m
^^^^^BIBS^B^&Sb^^^^^'^^^^^^' * -
- " ------
Joseph Hewes
North Carolina
Signers
of the
Declaration
of
Independence
William Hooper
John Penn
Historical Miscellanea 29
safety, have made divers Legislative Acts, denouncing War
Famine and every Species of Calamity daily employed in destroy-
ing the People and committing the most horrid devastations on
the Country. That Governors in different Colonies have declared
Protection to Slaves who should imbrue their Hands in the Blood
of their Masters. That the Ships belonging to America are declared
prizes of War and many of them have been violently seized and
confiscated in consequence of which multitudes of the people
have been destrlyed or from easy Circumstances reduced to the
most Lamentable distress.
And whereas the moderation hitherto manifested by the United
Colonies and their sincere desire to be reconciled to the mother
Country on Constitutional Principles, have procured no mitigation
of the aforesaid Wrongs and usurpations and no hopes remain of
obtaining redress by those Means alone which have been hitherto
tried, Your Committee are of Opinion that the house should enter
into the following Resolve, to wit
Resolved that the delegates for this Colony in the Continental
Congress be impowered to concur with the other delegates of the
other Colonies in declaring Independency, and forming foreign
Alliances, resolving to this Colony the Sole, and Exclusive right
of forming a Constitution and Laws for this Colony, and of
appointing delegates from time to time (under the direction of a
general Representation thereof) to meet the delegates of the other
Colonies for such purposes as shall be herefater pointed out.
The Halifax Resolves were not only important because they were the first
official action calling for independence, but also because they were not a
unilateral recommendation. They were instead recommendations directed to
all the colonies and their delegates assembled at the Continental Congress
in Philidelphia. Virginia followed with her own recommendations soon after
the adoption of the Halifax Resolution and eventually in July 4, the final
draft of the Declaration of Independence was signed. William Hooper,
Joseph Hewes, and John Penn were the delegates from North Carolina who
signed the Declaration of Independence.
In early December, 1776, delegates to the Fifth Provincial Congress adopted
the first constitution for North Carolina. On December 21, 1776, Richard
Caswell became the first governor of North Carolina under the new constitu-
tion. On November 21, 1789, the state adopted the United States Constitu-
tion, becoming the twelfth state to enter the Federal Union. In 1788, North
Carolina had rejected the Constitution because of the lack of necessary
amendments to ensure freedom of the people.
A Constitutional convention was held in 1835 and among several changes
made in the Constitution was the method of electing the governor. After this
change the governor was elected by the people for a term of two years
instead of being elected by the legislature for one year. Edward Bishop
Dudley was the first governor elected by the people.
In 1868, a second constitution which drastically altered North Carolina
Government was adopted. For the first time, all major state officers were
30
North Carolina Manual
Led by Mrs. Penelope Barker, wife of Thomas Barker who served as agent for North
Carolina in London, 51 ladies of Edenton gathered on October 25, 1774, to show their
support for the colony's opposition to the tea tax. These couragous women wore no
disguises as had the participants in the Boston Tea Party some ten months earlier, but
rather openly declared their patriotism by signing an agreement to support whatever the
men of the colony were doing for the peace and happiness of their country. This action was
one of the earliest known political efforts by women in America. The above caricature was
published in the London newspapers along with an account of the event.
Historical Miscellanea 31
elected by the people. The governor and other exeutive officers were elected
to four-year terms; while the justices of the supreme court and judges of the
superior court were elected to eight-year terms. The members of the general
assembly continued to be elected for two-year terms. Between 1868 and 1970
numerous amendments were incorporated into the 1868 constitution, so that
in 1970, the people voted to adopt a completely new constitution. Since then
several amendments have be ratified but one in particular is a break from
the past. In 1977, the people voted to allow the governor and lieutenant
governor to run for reelection successively for an additional term.
North Carolina has had two permanent capitals. New Bern and Raleigh,
and there have been three capitol buildings. Tryon's Palace in New Bern
was constructed in the period, 1767-1770, and the main building was
destroyed by fire February 27, 1798. The first capitol in Raleigh was com-
pleted in 1794 and was destroyed by fire on June 21, 1831. The present
capitol building was completed in 1840.
In 1790, North Carolina ceded her western lands which included Washing-
ton, Davidson, Hawkins, Greene, Sullivan, Sumner, and Tennessee counties,
to the Federal government. Between 1790 and 1796 the territory was known
as Tennessee Territory, but in 1796 it became simply Tennessee, the fifteenth
state in the Union.
32
North Carolina Manual
Historical Miscellanea 33
THE STATE CAPITOL BUILDING
The North Carohna State Capitol is one of the finest and best preserved
examples of a major civic building in the Greek Revival style of architecture.
Prior to 1792, North Carolina legislators met in various towns throughout
the state, gathering most frequently in Halifax, Hillsborough, and New
Bern. Meetings were held wherever there was a large empty space, such as
local plantation houses, court houses, and even churches. However, when
the City of Raleigh was established as the permanent seat of the Government
of North Carolina in 1792, a simple, two-story brick State House was built on
Union Square. The State House was completed in 1796.
The State House was enlarged between 1820 and 1984 by architect William
Nichols who added a third floor, eastern and western wings, and a domed
rotunda at the building's center. The rotunda housed a statue of President
George Washington by sculptor Antonio Canova's, acquired by the state in
1821. When the State House burned down on June 21, 1831, the statue was
damaged beyond repair.
The General Assembly of 1832-33 ordered that a new Capitol be built as an
enlarged version of the old State Capital. The new Capitol would be a cross-
shaped building with a central, domed rotunda. The sum of $50,000 was
appropriated, and a building commission appointed to initiate the plan. The
Commissioners for Rebuilding the Capitol first employed William Nichols,
Jr. to help them prepare plans for the building. In August of 1833, Nichols
was replaced by distinguished New York architects Ithiel Town and
Alexander Jackson Davis. Town and Davis greatly improved upon the
earlier design, and developed a plan which gave the Capitol an appearance
that has essentially remained the same to the present.
David Paton (1802-1882), an architect born in Edinburgh, Scotland and
who had worked for noted English architect John Seoane, was hired in
September, 1834, to superintend the construction of the Capitol. Paton
replaced Town and Davis as the Commissioners' architect in early 1835. The
Capitol was built under Paton's supervision except for the exterior stone
walls which were largely in place when he arrived in Raleigh.
Paton made several modifications to the Town and Davis plans for the
interior. Among the changes were the overhanging gallery at the second
floor level of the rotunda, the groined masonry vaulting of the first floor
offices and corridor ceilings, and the interior arrangement of the east and
west wings.
After clearing away the rubbish of the old State House, excavations were
made and a new foundation was laid. The cornerstone was set in place on
July 4, 1833. After the initial foundation was laid, work progressed slowly
and the original appropriations were soon exhausted. At the next session of
the Legislature, an additional appropriation of $75,000 was made in order to
begin on the stone and finer work. Many skilled artisans were brought over
from Scotland and other countries to carry out this phase of construction.
Most of the architectural details, including the columns, mouldings,
ornamental plasterwork, and ornamental honeysuckle atop the dome, were
34 North Carolina Manual
carefully patterned after features of particular Greek temples: the exterior
columns are Doric in style and are modeled after those of the Parthenon; the
chamher of the House of Representatives follows the semi-circular plan of a
Greek theater and its architectural ornamentation is in the Corinthian style
ot the Tower of the Winds; and the Senate Chamber is decorated in the Ionic
style of the Erechtheum. The only non-classical parts of the building are two
large rooms on the third floor which were finished in the Gothic style which
was just beginning to rise in popularity in American architectural circles.
The ornamental ironwork, chandeliers, hardware, and marble mantels of
the Capitol came from Philidelphia, as did the man who executed all of the
ornamental plasterwork. The desks and chairs in the House and Senate
Chambers were made by a Raleigh cabinetmaker, William Thompson.
The Capitol was completed in 1840 at a total cost (including furnishings)
of $532,682.34, or more than three times the yearly general income of the
State at that time.
Architect David Paton gave the following description of the new edifice:
The State Capitol is 160 feet in length from north to south by
140 feet from east to west. The whole height is 97Vl> feet in the
center. The apex of pediment is 64 feet in height. The stylobate is
18 feet in height. The columns of the east and west porticoes are 5
feet 2'/^ inches in diameter. An entablature, including blocking
course, is continued around the building 12 feet high.
The columns and entablature are Grecian Doric, and copied
from the Temple of Minerva, commonly called the Parthenon,
which was erected in Athens about 500 years before Christ. An
octagon tower surrounds the rotunda, which is ornamented with
Grecian cornices, etc., and its dome is decorated at top with a
similar ornament to that of the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates,
commonly called the Lanthorn of Demostheses.
The interior of the Capitol is divided into three stories: First,
the lower story, consisting often rooms, eight of which are appro-
priated as offices to the Governor, Secretary, Treasurer, and
Comptroller, each having two rooms of the same size — the one
containing an area of 649 square feet and four closets, the other
528 square feet — two committee rooms, each containing 200 square
feet and four closets: also the rotunda, corridors, vestibules, and
piazzas, contain an area of 4,370 square feet. The vestibules are
decorated with columns and antae, similar to those of the Ionic
Temple on the Ilissus, near the Acropolis of Athens. The re-
mainder is groined with stone and brick, springing from columns
and pilasters of the Roman Doric.
The second story consists of Senatorial and Representatives'
chambers, the former containing an area of 2,545 and the latter
2,849 square feet. Four apartments enter from the Senate
Chamber, two of which contain each an area of 169 square feet,
and the other two contain each an area of 154 square feet; also,
two rooms enter from Representatives' chamber, each containing
an area of 170 square feet; of two committee rooms, each contain-
Historical Miscellanea 35
ing an area of 231 square feet; of four presses and the passages,
stairs, lobbies, and colonnades, containing an area of 3,204 square
feet.
The lobbies and Hall of Representatives have their columns
and antae of the Octagon Tower of Andronicus Cyrrhestes and
the plan of the hall is of the formation of the Greek theatre and
the columns and antae in the Senatorial chamber and rotunda
are of the Temple of Erectheus, Minerva, Polias, and Pandrosus,
in the Acropolis of Athens, near the above named Parthenon.
The third, or attic story, consists of rooms appropriated to the
Supreme Court and Library, each containing an area of 693
square feet. Galleries of both houses have an area of 1,300 square
feet; also two apartments entering from Senate gallery, each 169
square feet; of four presses and the lobbies' stairs, 988 square feet.
These lobbies as well as rotunda, are lit with cupolas, and it is
proposed to finish the court and library in the florid Gothic style.
In 1970 the State acquired a duplicate of the original statue of Washington
by Canova which can be found in the rotunda of the Capitol. In niches
around the rotunda are busts of three North Carolina governors - John M.
Morehead, William A. Graham, and Samuel Johnson - and United States
Senator Matthew W. Ransom.
Stairways in the east and west wings give access to the second floor,
where the Senate and House Chambers and related offices are located.
Rooms in the east and west wings, built as legislative committee rooms,
have been converted to other uses. On the third floor are the galleries of the
Senate and House Chambers, and in the east and west wings are the
original State Supreme Court Chamber and State Library Room, both
decorated in the Gothic Style. The domed, top-lit vestibules of those two
rooms are especially noteworthy.
The Capitol housed all branches of state government until the lates 1880's.
Today the only official occupants of the Capitol are the Governor and the
Lieutenant Governor. The Supreme Court moved to its own building in 1888
and in 1963, the General Assembly moved into the newly constructed
Legislative Building. This was the first building erected by the State exclu-
sively for use by the general assembly.
The Legislative Building
In 1959,the General Assembly appropriated funds for the construction of a
new legislative building. The new facility was needed to accommodate a
growing Legislative Branch and to provide larger quarters for legislators
and staff. The act creating the building commission was passed on June 12,
1959. The Commission was made up of seven people - two who had served in
the State Senate to be appointed by the President of the Senate, two who had
served in the State House of Representatives to be appointed by the Speaker
of the House, and three appointed by the Governor. Lieutenant Governor
Luther E. Earnhardt, President of the Senate, appointed Archie K. Davis
and Robert F. Morgan. Speaker of the House Addison Hewlett appointed B.I.
36
North Carolina Manual
Historical Miscellanea 37
Satterfield and Thomas J. White. Governor Luther Hodges appointed A.E.
Finley, Edwin Gill, and Oliver Rowe. White was elected to serve as Chairman
of the Commission and Morgan was elected Vice-Chairman. In addition to
the appointed members, Paul A. Johnston, Director of the Department of
Administration, was elected to serve as Executive Secretary. When Mr.
Johnston resigned, State Property Officer Frank B. Turner was selected to
replacement him.
Edward Durell Stone of New York and John S. Holloway and Ralph B,
Reeves Jr. of Raleigh were selected by the Commission to serve as archi-
tectural consultants.
After a thorough study by the Commission, the site selected for construction
was a Sy^-acre area one block north of the Capitol. This site, encompassing
two blocks, is bounded by Jones, Salisbury, Lane and Wilmington Streets. A
section of Halifax Street between Jones and Lane was closed and made a
part of the new site. Bids on the new building were received in December,
1960, and construction in early 196L
The 1961 General Assembly appropriated an additional one million dollars
for furnishings and equipment bringing the total appropriation to $5.5
million, or $1.24 for each citizen of North Carolina based on 1960 census
figures
The consulting architects wrote the following description of the new
building:
The State Legislative Building, though not an imitation of
historic classical styles, is classical in character. Rising from a
340-foot wide podium of North Carolina granite, the building
proper is 242 feet square. The walls and the comlumns are of
Vermont marble, the latter forming a colonnade emcompassing
the building and reaching 24 feet from the podium to the roof of
the second floor.
Inset in the south podium floor, at the main entrance, is a 28-
foot diameter terrazo mosaic of the Great Seal of the State. From
the first floor main entrance (at Jones Street) the carpeted 22-foot
wide main stair extends directly to the third floor and the public
galleries of the Senate and House, the auditorium, the display
area, and the roof gardens.
The four garden courts are located at the corners of the building.
These courts contain tropical plants, and three have pools,
fountains, and hanging planters. The main floor areas of the
courts are located on the first floor, and mezzanines overlook the
courts from the second floor. The skylights which provide natural
lighting are located within the roof gardens overhead. The courts
provide access to committee rooms in the first floor, the legislative
chambers in the second floor, and to members' offices in both
floors.
The Senate and House chambers, each 5,180 square feet in
area, occupy the east and west wings of the second floor. Following
the traditional relationship of the two chambers in the Capitol,
the two spaces are divided by the rotunda; and when the main
38 North Carolina Manual
brass doors are open, the two presiding offiders face one another.
Each pair of brass doors weigh 1,500 pounds.
The five pyramidal roofs covering the Senate and House
chambers, the auditorium, the main stair, and the rotunda are
sheathed with copper, as is the Capitol. The pyramidal shape of
the rooves is visible in the pointed ceilings inside. The stuctura
ribs form a coffered ceiling; and inside the coffered patterns,
concentric patterns are outlined in gold. In each chamber, the
distance from the floor to the peak of the ceiling is 45 feet.
Chandeliers in the chambers and main stair are 8 feet in
diameter and weigh 625 pounds each. The 12 foot diameter
chandelier of the rotunda, like the others, is of brass, but its
weight is 750 pounds.
Because of the interior environment, the garden courts and
rotunda have tropical plants and trees. Outside, however, the
shrubs and trees are of an indigenous type. Amoung the trees on
the grounds and on the roof areas are sugar maples, dogwoods,
crabapples, magnolias, crepe myrtles, and pines.
Throughout the building, the same color scheme is maintained:
Walnut, white, gold and red, with green foliage. In general, all
wood is American walnut, metal is brass or other gold colored
material, carpets are red, and upholstery is gold or black.
The enclosed area consists of 206,000 square feet of floor area
with a volume of 3,210,000 cubic feet. Heating equipment provides
over 7,000,000 B.T.U. per hour; and the cooling equipment has a
capacity of 620 tones. For lighting, motors, and other electrical
equipment, the building has a connected service load of over
2,000,000 watts.
In the past decade additional renovations have been completed to create
more office space and improve on meeting room facilities needed for the
various committees of the general assembly. In 1982 the Legislative Office
Building opened and while the first occupants were the Department of the
Secretary of State on the third floor and the State Auditor on the second, the
majority of the space is used by the legislature. Nearly half of the members
of each house moved to new offices in the building as well as several of
support divisions of Legislative Services.
The Capitol Today
The Capitol Building has changed less in appearance than any major
American civic building of its era. The stonework, the ornamental plaster
and ironwork, the furniture of the legislative chambers, and all but one of
the marble mantels that visitor sees today are original, not restorations or
reprodutions. Yet continuous and heavy use since 1840 has left its marks on
the building, and to cope with this wear and tear, the Capitol periodically
undergoes careful rehabiltation through renovation. Work began in 1971
with the intention of preserving and enhancing the architectural spendor
Historical Miscellanea 39
and decorative beauty of the Capitol for future generations. Work done to
date includes replacing the leaky copper roof, cleaning and sealing the
exterior stone, and repainting the rotunda in colors similar to those originally
used. More recently completed phases include repairing plaster-work
damaged by roof-leaks, replacing obsolete wiring and plumbing, reworking
the heating and cooling systems in the upper floors to make them less
conspicious, replacing worn carpets and draperies, and repainting the rest of
the interior according to the original color scheme.
As our Nation celebrated its first 200 years in 1976, our State Capitol
building was enjoying a celebration of its own. Several years of renovation
work to the old senate and house chambers and the executive offices on the
first floor were completed and the Capitol was ready to once again received
occupants. Governor James B. Hunt and some parts of the his office moved
back in, as did long-time resident Secretary of State Thad Eure. Having first
served as a member of the State House of Representatives in 1929, then as
House Principal Clerk for the 1931, 1933, and 1935 sessions of the General
Assembly and finally as Secretary of State beginning in 1936, Mr. Eure had
served in the Capitol longer than anyone in its history - 60 years as of his
retirement in early 1989. The only executive heads of departments occupying
the Capitol at the present are Governor James G. Martin and Lieutenant
Governor James C. Gardner, although Secretary of State Rufus L. Edmisten
does have a ceremonial office on the second floor.
During late 1988 and early 1989 extensive landscape and grounds renovat-
ions were done to enhance the beauty of the Capitol and to improve its
visibility. In an effort to make the nearly renovated Capitol more accessible
to the people of North Carolina, the building has been opened to the public
on weekends with guided tours available for all visitors.
40 North Carolina Manual
THE CAPITOL'
I am the Capitol; upon my copper dome, I wear a crown. It if were gilded, it
would flash a signal to the sun. This crown is more than decoration. It is a
symbol of sovereignty.
When the sun is bright and the arch of heaven is clear, the greenish-blue
of my dome is bold against the sky. But sometimes, when the sun is veiled,
the grey of my dome appears to blend with infinity.
Between 1833 and 1840, I was constructed of stone quarried nearby, which
time has mellowed. These stones were precision cut and, nicely balanced.
The traffic of human feet has worn some stones, and, occasionally, I have
been roughly used. The edges of steps have been broken. But I am hale and
hearty and will, of course, endure.
The Court, the Legislature and the Auditor have left me for more modern
homes. It is rumored that others may go. However, I am assured I shall
become a shrine. Now what is a shrine? No one seems to know, except they
say it has something to do with memory and Glory.
I am complimented that many people are concerned about my condition.
Questions have been raised. Let me assure one and all that I am solid and
sound of body. My problems are mostly superficial.
My roof has leaked a bit, and inquiries should be made into the soundness
of the timbers that undergird it. Also, at appropriate intervals, my electrical
wiring should be carefully examined.
In fairness to the past, a sprinkler system was installed beneath my roof
in 1939, and my exterior was cleaned effectively in 1952.
But it is well to have the Governor, the Council of State and others
concerned about my future. It is good to know there are those who care — to
have a flutter of interest in my behalf. Even the pigeons and squirrels are
concerned!
Some time before the year is out, I am informed, we will dedicate, in an
appropriate ceremony, the receipt from Italy of the figure of Washington
carved in marble. It is meet and proper in anticipation of this event that I be
cleaned, refurnished and made in every way presentable. Incidentally, my
architect told me that in the original plans I was to have this statue. So, in a
sense, I am unfinished until it is in place.
There are those who think I should be restored to my former splendor. The
doctors of history suggest I should be arrayed in the mode of 1840. This, I
suppose has something to do with my ultimate status as a shrine.
I favor this restoration. But I doubt that such a project can be completely
achieved. After all, in recent times, I have become a creature of modern
conveniences, such as central heating, inside plumbing and electricity— all
unavailable in 1840. Whatever is done, my comfort should be considered.
Especially, I would like to have hot, as well as cold running water!
In my bosom laws were made. Through the decades, I have heard the
thunders of eloquence. I have been amused at the wit and tall tales of
statesmen.
Today my halls are silent. People come and go and look at me, and marvel
at the stories of the past. They say I am a symbol of all that has been
achieved within the borders of our State. So be it. I am a symbol.
^Composed by Edwin Gill, State Treasure of North Carolina, 1959-1977.
Historical Miscellanea 41
THE EXECUTIVE RESIDENCES OF NORTH CAROLINA
North Carolina has not always provided an official home for the governor
and his family. In 1770 the magnificent Governor's Palace in New Bern
which came to be known as "Tryon's Palace" was occupied by Royal
Governor William Tryon. Prior to this the chief executive lived wherever he
chose at his own expense. Tryon Palace was destined to serve as the formal
residence of governors for only a short time. Exposure to the threats of
enemy forces during the American Revolution resulted in its virtual abandon-
ment and in 1798 a fire destroyed all but the west wing.
The transient nature of North Carolina's first legislators and the lack of
no ''fixed" seat of government did not lend to the establishing of an
executive residence. In 1792, a capital "city" was planned and laid out in the
"hills of Wake" on Joel Lane's plantation. Raleigh, named in honor of Sir
Walter Raleigh, became the permanent seat of government. Shortly there-
after an act was passed by the legislature requiring the governor to reside at
the permanent seat of government. Samuel Ashe of New Hanover County,
the first governor to be affected by this edict, expressed his emphatic
opposition when he wrote ". . . it was never supposed that a Man annually
elected to the Chief Magistracy would commit such folly as to attempt the
building of a House at the seat of Government in which he might for a time
reside." The committee of the general assembly to whom Ashe's letter was
referred hastened to inform him that the law was enacted before his election
as governor and could be considered "as a condition under the encumbrance
of which he accepted the appointment."
Shortly thereafter, the general assembly took steps to provide a dwelling
for the chief executive. The State Treasurer was instructed to purchase or
lease a suitable house. In 1797 the governor was provided with a plain, two-
story, white frame building and an office on lot 131, the southwest corner of
Fayetteville and Hargett streets.
This first official residence of the governor proved helplessly inadequate,
most probably because of its size. The General Assembly of 1813 appointed a
committee to remedy the situation. Plans were made for the erection of a
more suitable dwelling and a site was selected at the foot of Fayetteville
Street facing the capitol. In 1816, the elaborate brick structure with white
columned porticoes was completed and Governor William Miller became the
first occupant of the new "Governor's Palace."
In traditional ante-bellum fashion, the twenty succeeding governors resided
in the Palace, as it was officially known, and much of the history of the state
centered there. General Lafayette was a visitor in 1825. Some sessions of the
general assembly were held in the Palace following the burning of the
Capitol in 1831. The last governor to occupy the Palace was Zebulon Baird
Vance, North Carolina's governor during the Civil War. Union leaders such
as General Sherman and other federal troops later occupied the dwelling,
but only injured the pride of the local citizens, not to the building itself.
However, years of neglect and the structural inadequacy of the house from
the very beginning made it unattractive to those governors coming into
office after the war. During Reconstruction and until the present mansion
42
North Carolina Manual
/'V«p(f^:
Historical Miscellanea 43
was built, the chief executives resided in Raleigh in rented houses, hotels, or
in their own homes. From 1871 until 1891 the Yarborough House, a noted
Raleigh hotel, served as the unofficial residence for several North Carolina
governors.
Governor Vance, the last occupant of the Palace, became governor in 1879.
In that year he presented the report of a commission appointed two years
earlier by the legislature to investigate the possibilities of providing a
suitable residence for the governor. The commission had also been charged
with the task of selling unused State land in and adjacent to the city of
Raleigh with proceeds from the sales earmarked for the construction of a
house and outbuildings appropriate for the governor.
Meanwhile the matter of hiring an architect was investigated and David
Paton, designer of the Capitol, naturally came to mind. He was an associate
of Ithiel Town of New York, the architect originally consulted in rebuilding
the Capitol. By the 1880's, however, Paton was in his middle seventies and
age and poor health made it necessary for him to decline the invitation to
visit Raleigh to help select a location and plan the house.
The decision to build the present governor's mansion was made by the
general assembly at the perseverance of Governor Thomas Jarvis. Under
the governor's prompting the legislature approached the problem of providing
adequate housing for the chief executive. A bill ratified in February 1883,
authorized construction of a house on Burke Square, provided for major
furnishings, and required the governor occupy it upon its completion. The
governor and Council of State were directed to use convict labor and such
materials as were "manufactured or prepared, either in whole or in part" at
the penitentiary, when such a procedure seemed feasible. To finance the
project, the governor was authorized to use money realized from the sale of
state lands (1877) and was instructed to sell the old Palace and grounds.
Expenditures were not to exceed the sum realized and an accurate accounting
was demanded. A record of the money spent by the governor and council
was to be entered in a journal and the auditor was instructed to check and
file itemized accounts before issuing warrants for payment.
Two months after passage of the bill, the Council of State met with
Governor Jarvis and instructed him to advertise the Palace and grounds for
immediate sale and to employ an architect to make sketches and specifi-
cations for the consideration by the Council. Governor Jarvis accordingly
wrote W.J. Hicks, architect and warden of the prison, suggesting a plan
which called for construction of the house under exclusive direction of the
penitentiary authorities and payment of a definite sum to that institution.
The law provided that the council and the governor might call upon the
penitentiary for all the labor and materials it could furnish "in whole or in
part." Jarvis felt there might be some differences of opinion as to the
meaning of the statement. He reasoned that with construction work then
being done at the penitentiary, by using the same material and labor in
building the mansion, a savings would be realized in buying in larger
quantities. From a practical standpoint Jarvis thought the State would
profit by having both projects under the same management, and exporioncod
businessmen advised such a plan might save the State as much as twenty
thousand dollars.
44 North Carolina Manual
Samuel Sloan of Philadelphia and his assistant, Gustavus Adolphus
Bauer, were chosen as architects. Sloan arrived in Raleigh on April 28, 1883,
with his designs for the residence. These were declared "very artistic,
representing an ornate building, in modern style, three stories in height,
with the ample porches, hallways, and windows which every house built in
this climate should have." On May 7 came the news that the designs
submitted by Sloan had been accepted, with some modifications suggested
by "able builders" of the city.
Officers at the penitentiary board making a report in 1882-1884 declared
the building handsome in design, constructed of the best materials by the
best workers, using pressed brick made at the prison and trimmed with
North Carolina sandstone which gave "a very happy relief to the external
appearance." They also expressed satisfaction with the artistry and con-
venience of the house's interior and wished to enhance it further by using an
"elaborate North Carolina hard-wood finish."
In another progress report a year later, Jarvis stated that the stone was
quarried in Anson County and most of the finishing had been done by
convicts. He also favored an interior of North Carolina hardwood, including
the ceiling, wainscotting, and woodwork of the halls and rooms of the first
floor.
Dreams of a beautiful mansion for the governor were in danger of being
lost as 1889 dawned. Money for its construction had run out. The Council of
State and the governor met to discuss the question of beginning work on the
house again and pushing it to completion. The decision was made to give the
governor the authority to sell the property in Raleigh belonging to the fund
as provided for by recent legislation. The proceeds would go to the work of
completing the mansion."
By the end of December, 1890, the house was nearly finished but Governor
Daniel Fowle did not move in until after the new year. He was particularly
anxious to occupy the house in view of the earlier attempts to abandon it as
a residence for the governor.
Following completion of the dwelling, the Council of State announced that
the Board of Public Buildings and Grounds would have charge of its
supervision beginning in December. However, repair and preservation work
had already begun the previous month with "certain exterior and interior
painting" of the woodwork. Most of the accounts emphasize the deplorable
condition of the "completed house." The plumbing was cheap and dirt was
laid between the floors to deaden sound. The third floor and basement were
left unfinished. On the lot were stables for "horses driven to the governor's
Carraige" and other outhouses. A pump provided drinking water for the
mansion and a little gas engine pumped water from the cisterns in the
basement to a tank on the top floor.
The earliest laws providing for the construction of a governor's residence,
as well as most of the later planning, called for the purchase of furnishings.
As the cost of construction mounted, only a small portion of money remained
for furniture; however, some purchases were made before the house was
furnished. An appropriation of $1500 in 1891 made additional purchases
possible. Other furnishings were bought by the individual occupants during
their stay in the mansion.
Historical Miscellanea 45
When Governor Fowle moved into the mansion, he brought his own
furniture to supplement what was already in the mansion. This precedent
was followed for many years before the house was adequately furnished.
Governor Fowle filed a list of furnishings in the treasurer's office to avoid
any confusion in the future as to who owned what.
Elias Carr was the first governor to live at the mansion for a full term of
four years (1893-1897). Like his predecessors he soon found the house in need
of furnishings and repairs. Funds were allocated by the legislature in
February for necessary furniture and for "completion and repairing the
mansion." Two years later another appropriation was made for work on the
grounds.
As frequently seemed the case with new governors, Governor Bickett's
residency began with as inspection of the mansion and recommendations in
keeping with the needs found there. Some time previously the attorney
general had ruled that the mansion and grounds, as public property, were
under the care of the Board of Public Buildings and Grounds and directly
under the supervision of the keeper of the capitol. The superintendent of
buildings and grounds made a detailed report in addition to the recommenda-
tions for improving the interior made by Mrs. Bickett and architect James
A. Salter. The repairs and improvements recommended for the exterior and
surrounding grounds were extensive, amounting to nearly ten thousand
dollars.
Mrs. Bickett wrote a letter to the joirjt committee on public buildings and
grounds of the legislature and attached estimates given by Salter. Her plea
received sufficient attention to merit the introduction of a bill for the
requested repairs and renovations with the provision that these be made up
to an expenditure of $65,000 out of any funds in the hands of the State
Treasurer not otherwise appropriated." This optimistic bill, however, failed
to pass and a substitute law was enacted in March, 1917, allowing $4,000 "to
renovate, equip, and properly furnish the Governor's Mansion and improve
the surrounding grounds." The succeeding legislature passed another act,
allowing an expenditure of $2,000 annually for the years 1919 and 1920.
As preparations were made for Governor Angus W. McLean's occupation
of the mansion, previous renovations were considered inadequate by the
incoming governor and citizens alike. Sentiment for abandoning the house
was aroused once more. The mansion was so obsolete and so uncomfortable,
public opinion in Raleigh favored scrapping the building and providing the
governor with a new house in one of the city's residential sections. Burke
Square could then be used as a public park.
Secretary of State W.N. Everett halted the movement. Rather than do
away with the mansion, he thought it should be repaired and furnished in
such a way as to provide a comfortable dwelling. With the support of
Governor McLean, Everett prevailed and is credited with not only saving
the mansion, but also making it a house in keeping with the dignity of the
governor and his office.
McLean's plans for renovating and refurbishing were based on information
beyond that gained through casual observation and the complaints of his
predecessors. Sometime earlier the legislature had passed a law requiring
the State Board of Health to inspect all state institutions for sanitation. The
46 North Carolina Manual
mansion which came under this category, was inspected in February, 1925,
shortly after McLean's inauguration.
The report from the Board of Health was startling. The mansion had been
inspected and rated in the same manner that hotels were appraised. It
received "the very low rating of 71." The report added that the management
of a hotel receiving such a rating would be subject to indictment, and further
added that the principal deductions in scoring were for uncleanliness.
Dr. W.S. Rankin, State Health Officer, after accompanying the sanitary
engineer on his tour of inspection of the mansion, was so impressed with the
necessity of making these improvements, he felt it his duty to bring the
matter before the general assembly.
Secretary of State Everett had made his own examination and reported
major repairs were needed for the sake of preservation. He suggested a sum
not exceeding $50,000 for these repairs and new furnishings. Although this
action was taken without McLean's knowledge, upon learning of it, he soon
became active in seeking authority to begin the much-needed repairs.
When money became available, the architectural firm of Atwood and
Nash were employed to carry out the renovations. H. Pier-Giavina, a
"decorative artist" from Wilmington helped in the interior decorating. Renova-
tions included painting throughout the mansion and modernizing the plumb-
ing and electrical facilities.
In working out a scheme of decoration and deciding on furniture, the
services of Elizabeth Thompson, a local interior decorator, and the experience
of Mrs. Mclean were employed. The first lady, whose efforts were bent
toward the simple and substantial, was eminently fitted for the task by her
own "excellent taste and wide observation." Cloak rooms and servants
quarters were added to the basement and the previously unfinished third
floor.
It was not until McLean's administration, in 1925, that the legislature
made a specific appropriation for maintaining the governor's mansion.
Previously, expenditures were made as needed out the general fund.
The renovation undertaken by Governor McLean was not actually com-
pleted while he was in residence. This was particularly true of the furnish-
ings. Governor-elect Gardner felt the home of the governor should preserve a
uniform appearance regardless of the temporary occupant. He asked the
Board of Public Buildings and Grounds to confer with the McLeans to
determine what was needed and to make provisions for these needs before he
came into office. McLean brought the matter to the attention of the board
and a "Special Furniture and Equipment Account Available for Incoming
Governor" was set up for this purpose.
The Gardners had not been in the mansion long before the legislature
passed an act authorizing the State Highway Commission to build and
maintain walkways and drives "within the Mansion Square. . . ." Included
in this project was a plan for a general landscaping of the mansion grounds.
For advice in landscaping, Thomas W. Sears, a landscape architect from
Philadelphia, was contacted. Blueprints were drawn and plans submitted.
Mrs. Gardner's concern for landscaping the grounds led to further interest in
Historical Miscellanea 47
the exterior appearance of the house and at their suggestion the outside
woodwork was painted brown to blend with the sandstone and brick.
The master plan drawn by Elizabeth Thompson in 1925, at Governor
McLean's request, provided a guide for succeeding residents and allowed
some consistency in furnishings and decoration. Governors of the past few
decades have witnessed further changes and improvements.
The question of continuing to use the Mansion as both an official residence
and as the domicile of the governor and his family during his term of office
has been raised more than once. The massive structure for all its beauty and
heritage has been questioned from a practical aspect. The 1971 General
Assembly created "The Executive Residence Building Commission" to study
the current needs of the Executive family and to make recommendations
regarding the future use of the Mansion. The commission was made up of
seven members, two appointed by Lieutenant Governor Patrick Taylor from
the membership of the Senate (John Church and J.J. Harrington), two
appointed by Speaker of the House Phil Godwin from the membership of the
House (Kenneth Royall and Dwight Quinn), and three appointed by Governor
Bob Scott (Wayne Corpening, Gladys Bullard, and Charles Bradshaw). An
advisory committee was also authorized to aid the Residence Commission on
technical aspects.
The work of the Commission covered nearly two years of study, including
periodic meetings and visits to other states to view Mansions and residences
"which they deemed most appropriate in design and suited to the needs of
the Governor of North Carolina." Following these visits, and after hearing
presentations from six architectural firms, recommendations were made to
the Capitol Building Authority, and the firm of Dodge and Beckwith was
commissioned to draw up the plans and to make cost estimates for a new
Executive Residence. The plans were accepted on October 5, 1972, and the
cost estimate given to the governor and Advisory Budget Commission on
October 30, for inclusion in the 1973-1975 budget proposals to the general
assembly.
Included in the report made to the 1973 General Assembly was an
addendum containing suggestions, made at the request of the commission,
from Mr. Carroll Mann, then State Property Officer, regarding the renovation
of the Mansion and the cost of such an undertaking. Also included in the
addendum were suggestions by the commission members for "modernizing
and restoring the Executive Mansion" if it was kept as the Executive
Residence. As a result of the Study Commission's report, the 1973 General
Assembly appropriated $575,000 for renovation and alterations of the Execu-
tive Mansion. Work began during the summer, 1973, and was completed in
late 1974. The plans for the constructing of a new executive mansion were
dropped.
Since these initial renovations in 1973 and 1974, additional renovation
and modernization work has been done to the Mansion to improve its energy
efficiency and liveability.
48 North Carolina Manual
THE MECKLENBURG DECLARATION OF 20TH MAY, 1775*
officp:rs
Abraham Alexander, Chairman
John McKnitt Alexander
DELEGATES
Col. Thomas Polk F^zra Alexander Waightsill Avery
Ephriam Brevard William Graham Benjamin Patton
Hezekiah J. Balch John Quary Mathew McClure
John Phifer Abraham Alexander Neil Morrison
James Harris John McKnitt Alexander Robert Irwin
William Kennon Hezekiah Alexander John Henniken
John Ford Adam Alexander David Reese
Richard Barry Charles Alexander Richard Harris, Sen.
Henry Downs Zacheus Wilson, Sen.
The following resolutions were presented:
1. Resolved. That whosoever directly or indirectly abetted or in any way
form or manner contenanced the unchartered and dangerous invasion of our
rights as claimed by Great Britain is an enemy to this country, to America,
and to the inherent and inalienable rights of man.
2. Resolved. That we the citizens of Mecklenburg County, do hereby
dissolve the political bonds which have connected us to the nother country
and herevy absolve ourselves from all allegiance to the British Crown and
abjure all political connections contract or association with that nation who
have wantonly trampled on our rights and liberties and inhumanly shed the
blood of American patriots at Lexington.
3. Resolved. That we do hereby declare ourselves a free and independent
people, are, and of right ought to be a sovereign and self-governing associa-
tion under the control of no power other than that of our God and the
General Government of the Congress to the maintenance of which in-
dependence we solemnly pledge to each other our mutual cooperation, our
lives, our fortunes, and our most sacred honor.
4. Resolved. That as we now acknowledge the existence and control of no
law or legal officer, civil or military within this County, we do hereby ordain
and adopt as a rule of life all, each and every of our former laws — wherein
nevertheless the Crown of Great Britain never can be considered as holding
rights, privileges, immunities, or authority therein.
5. Resolved. That it is further decreed that all, each and every Military
Officer in this County is hereby reinstated in his former command and
authority, he acting comformably to these regulations. And that every
member present of this delegation shall henceforth be a civil officer, viz., a
justice of the peace, in the character of a "committee man" to issue process,
hear and determine all matters of controversy according to said adopted
laws and to preserve peace, union and harmony in said county, and to use
every exertion to spread the love of Country and fire of freedom throughout
America, until a more general and organized government be established in
this Province.
*This document is found in Vol. IX, pages 1263-65 of the Colonial Records of North
Carolina; however, the authenticity of the declaration has become a source of con-
troversy among historians. The controversy arises because the text of the Resolves
was recalled from memory by the clerk some twenty years after the Mecklenburg
meeting. The original notes had been lost in a fire.
CHAPTER THREE
Our State Symbols
THE GREAT SEAL OF THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
A seal for important documents was used before the government was ever
implemented in North Carolina. During the colonial period North Carolina
used successively four different seals. Since independence six seals have
been used.
Shortly after King Charles II issued the Charter of 1663 to the Lords
Proprietors, a seal was adopted to use in conjunction with their newly
acquired domains in America. No official description has been found of the
seal but it can be seen in the British Public Record Office in London. The
seal had two sides and was three and three-eights inches in diameter. The
impression was made by bonding two wax cakes together with tape before
being impressed. The finished impression was about one-fourth inch thick.
This seal was used on all official papers of the Lords Proprietors of Carolina,
embracing both North Carolina and South Carolina.
Seal of the Lords Proprietors of Carolina
When the Government of Albemarle was organized in 1665, it adopted for
a seal the reverse side of the seal of the Lords Proprietors. Between the coats-
of-arms the word A-L-BE-M-A-R-L-E was fixed in capitols, beginning with
the letter "A" between the Craven arms and those of Lord John Berekeley.
The Albemarle seal was small, only one and seven-sixteenths inches in
diameter and had only one face. The seal was usually impressed on red wax,
but was occasionally seen imprinted on a wafer stuck to the instrument with
soft wax. The government for Albemarle County was the first to use the seal;
50
North Carolina Manual
Seal of the Government of Albemarle and Province
of North Carolina, 1665-1730
however, as the colony grew it became the seal of the entire Province of
North Carolina. It continued in use until just after the purchase of North
Carolina by the crown. During the troublesome times of the Cary Rebellion,
the Albemarle seal was not used. Instead, Cary used his family arms as a
seal for official papers. William Glover used his private seal during his'
presidency as well.
When North Carolina became a Royal Colony in 1729, the old "Albemarle"
seal was no longer applicable. On February 3, 1729/30, the Board of Trade
recommended that the king order a public seal for the Province of North
Carolina. Later that same month, the king approved the recommendations
and ordered that a new seal be prepared for the Governor of the of North
Carolina. On March 25, the Board of Trade presented the king with a draft
of the proposed seal for his consideration. The king approved proposed new
seal on April 10 with one minor change - "Georgius Secundus" was to be
substituted for the original "Geo. II." The chief engraver of seals, Rollos, was
ordered to "engrave a silver Seal according to said draught . . . ."
Seal of the Province of North Carolina, 1 730- 1 767
Our State Symbols
51
The arrival of the new seal in North Carohna was delayed, so when the
council met in Edenton on March 30, 1731, the old seal of the Colony was
ordered to be used till the new seal arrived." The new seal arrived in late
April and the messenger fetching the seal from Cape Fear was paid ten
pounds for his journey. The impression of the new seal was made by placing
two cakes or layers of wax together, and then interlacing ribbon or tape with
the attached seal between the wax cakes. It was customary to put a piece of
paper on the outside of three cakes before they were impressed. The complete
seal was four and three-eighths inches in diameter and from one-half to five-
eighths inches thick and weighed about five and one-half ounces.
Seal of the Province of North Carolina, 1767-1776
At a meeting of the council held in New Bern on December 14, 1767,
Governor Tryon produced a new Great Seal of the province with his Majesty's
Royal Warrant bearing date at the Court of St. James the 9th day of July,
1767. The old seal was returned to his Majesty's Council office at Whitehall
in England. Accompanying the warrant was a description of the new seal
with instruction that the seal was to be used in sealing all patents and
grants of lands and all public instruments passed in the king's name for
service within the province. It was four inches in diameter, one-half to five-
eighths thick, and weighed four and one-half ounces.
Sometimes a smaller seal than the Great Seal was used on commissions
and grants, such as a small heart-shaped seal, or a seal in the shape of an
ellipse. These impressions were evidently made by putting the wax far
enough under the edge of the Great Seal to take the impression of the crown.
The royal governors also used their private seals on commissions and
grants.
Lord Granville, who after the sale of the colony by the Lords Proprietors,
had retained the right to issue land grants. He used his private seal on the
grants he issued. The last reference found to the colonial seal is in a letter
from Governor Martin to the Earl of Hillsborough in November, 1771. in
which he recounts the broken condition of the seal. He states the seal had
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North Carolina Manual
been repaired and though "awkwardly mended ... [it was] in such manner
as to answer all purposes."
Following independence Section XVII of the new constitution adopted at
Halifax on December 18, 1776, provided "That there shall be a Seal of this
State, which shall be kept by the Governor, and used by him as occasion
may require; and shall be called the Great Seal of the State of North
Carolina, and be affixed to all grants and commissions." When a new
constitution was adopted in 1868, Article III, Section 16 provided for "... a
seal of the State, which shall be kept by the Governor, and used by him, as
occasion may require, and shall be called The Great Seal of the State of
North Carolina.' It also provided for the secretary of state to countersign
with the governor. When the people of North Carolina ratified the current
constitution in 1970, Article III, Section 10 contained provisions for "The
Great Seal of the State of North Carolina." However, the wording which
authorized the secretary of state to countersign documents was removed.
On December 22, 1776, the Provincial Congress at Halifax appointed
William Hooper, Joseph Hewes and Thomas Burke as commissioners to
procure a seal for the State; however, there is no record that a report was
ever made by this commission. The Congress provided for the governor to
use his "private seal at arms" until the Great Seal for the state was
procured. A bill calling for the procurement of a Great Seal was introduced
in the lower house of the general assembly on April 28, 1778. The bill became
law on May 2. The legislation provided that William Tisdale, Esq., be
appointed to cut and engrave a seal for the STate. On Sunday, November 7,
1779, the senate granted Tisdale 150 pounds to make the seal. The seal
procured under this act was used until 1794. The actual size of the seal was
three inches in diameter and one-fourth inch thick. It was made by putting
two cakes of wax together with paper wafers on the outside and pressing
them between the dies, thus forming the obverse and reverse sides of the
seal.
The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina, 1779-1794
Our State Symbols
53
An official description of this seal cannot be found, but many of the seals
are still in existence in an almost perfect state of preservation.
In January, 1792, the general assembly authorized a new State seal,
requiring that it be prepared with only one side. Colonel Abisha Thomas, an
agent of North Carolina commissioned by Governor Martin, was in
Philadelphia to settle the State's Revolutionary claims against the Federal
Government. Martin sent a design to Colonel Thomas for a new seal for the
State; however, after suggestions by Dr. Hugh Williamson and Senator
Samuel Johnston, this sketch was disregarded and a new one submitted.
This new sketch, with some modification, was finally accepted by Governor
Spaight, and Colonel Thomas had the seal made accordingly.
The seal press for the old seal must have been very large and unwieldy
probably due to the two-sided nature and large diameter of the seal. Governor
Richard Dobbs Spaight in a letter to Colonel Abisha Thomas in February,
1793, wrote: "Let the screws by which the impression is to be made be as
portable as possible so as it may be adapted to our present itinerant
government. The one now in use by which the Great Seal is a present made
is so large and unwieldy as to be carried only in a cart or wagon and of
course has become stationary at the Secretary's office which makes it very
convenient." The seal was cut some time during the summer of 1793, and
Colonel Thomas brought it home with him in time for the meeting of the
legislature in November, 1793, at which session it was "approbated." The
screw to the seal was two and one half inches in diameter and was used
until around 1835.
In the winter of 1834-35 the legislature enacted legislation authorizing the
governor to procure a new seal. The preamble to the act stated that the old
seal had been used since the first day of March, 1793. A new seal which was
The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina, 1794-1836
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North Carolina Manual
very similar to its predecessor was adopted in 1835 and continued in use
until 1893. In 1868 the legislature authorized the governor to procure a new
replacement Seal and required him to do so whenever the old one was lost or
so worn or defaced that it was unfit for use.
The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina, 1836-1893
In 1883, Colonel S. MCD. Tate introduced a bill that did not provide that a
new seal be procured but described in more detail what the seal should be
like. In 1893, Jacob Battle introduced a bill that made no change in the seal
except to add at the foot of the coat-of-arms of the state as part thereof the
motto Esse Quam Videri and to provide that the words "May 20, 1775," be
inscribed at the top of the coat-of-arms.
The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina, 1893-1971
Our State Symbols
55
By the late 19th and early 20th century, the ship that appeared in the
background of the early seals had disappeared. The North Carolina Moun-
tains were the only backdrop on the seal, while formerly both the mountains
and the ship had been depicted.
This brief history of the seals of our State illustrates the great variety and
the liberty that was taken in the design of the official State seal. The 1971
General Assembly, in an effort to "provide a standard for the Great Seal of
the State of North Carolina," passed the following Act amending the General
Statutes provision relative to the State Seal:
The Governor shall procure of the State a Seal, which shall be
called the great seal of the State of North Carolina, and shall be
two and one-quarter inches in diameter, and its design shall be a
representation of the figures of Liberty and Plenty, looking toward
each other, but not more than half-fronting each other and other-
wise disposed as follows: Liberty, the first figure, standing, her
pole with cap on it in her left hand and a scroll with the word
"Constitution" inscribed thereon in her right hand. Plenty, the
second figure, sitting down, her right arm half extended toward
Liberty, three heads of grain in her right hand, and in her left,
the small end of her horn, the mouth of which is resting at her
feet, and the contents of the horn rolling out.
The background on the seal shall contain a depiction of
mountains running from left to right to the middle of the seal. A
side view of a three-masted ship shall be located on the ocean and
to the right of Plenty. The date "May 20, 1775" shall appear
within the seal and across the top of the seal and the works "esse
quam videri" shall appear at the bottom around the perimeter. No
other words, figures or other embellishments shall appear on the
seal.
The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina, 1971-1984
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North Carolina Manual
It shall be the duty of the Governor to file in the office of the
Secretary of State an impression of the great seal, certified to
under his hand and attested to by the Secretary of State, which
impression so certified the Secretary of State shall carefully
preserve among the records of this Office.
The late Jullian R. Allsbrook, who served in the North Carolina Senate for
many years, felt that the adoption date of the Halifax Resolves ought to be
commemorated on the State seal as it was already on the State flag. This
was to "serve as a constant reminder of the people of this state's commitment
to liberty." Legislation adding the date "April 12, 1776" to the Great Seal of
the State of North Carolina was ratified May 2, 1983, with an effective date
of January 1, 1984. Chapter 257 of the Session Laws of North Carolina
included provisions that would not invalidate any Great Seal of the State of
North Carolina in use or on display. Instead replacement could occur as the
need arose.
The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina, 1984-
Our State Symbols 57
THE STATE FLAG
The flag is an emblem of antiquity and has commanded respect and
reverence from practically all nations from the earliest times. History traces
it to divine origin, the early peoples of the earth attributing to it strange,
mysterious, and supernatural powers. Indeed, our first recorded references to
the standard and the banner, of which our present flag is but a modified
form, are from sacred rather than from secular sources. We are told that it
was around the banner that the prophets of old rallied their armies and
under which the hosts of Israel were led to was, believing, as they did, that
the flag carried with it divine favor and protection.
Since that time all nations and all peoples have had their flags and
emblems, though the ancient superstition regarding their divine merits and
supernatural powers has disappeared from among civilizjcd peoples. The flag
now, the world over, possesses the same meaning and has a uniform
significance to all nations wherever found. It stands as the symbol of
strength and unity, representing the national spirit and patriotism of the
people over whom it floats. In both lord and subject, the ruler and the ruled,
it commands respect, inspires patriotism, and instills loyalty both in peace
and war. In this country we have a national flag which stands as the
emblem of our strength and unity as a nation, a living representation of our
national spirit and honor. In addition to our national flag, each of the states
in the Union has a "state flag" which is symbolic of its own individuality
and domestic ideals. The state also expresses some particular trait, or
commemorates some historical event of the people over whom it floats. The
flags of most of the states, however, consist of the coat of arms of that state
upon a suitably colored field. It is said that the first state flag of North
Carolina was built on this model but legislative records show that a "state
flag" was not established or recognized until 1861. The constitutional conven-
tion of 1861, which passed the ordinance of secession, adopted a state flag.
On May 20, 1861, the day the secession resolution was adopted. Col. John 0.
Whitford, a member of the convention from Craven County, introduced an
ordinance, which was referred to a select committee of seven. The ordinance
stated, that the flag of this State shall be blue field with a white V thereon,
and a star, encircling which shall be the words, Sirgit astrum, May 20,
1775."
Colonel Whitford was made chairman of the committee to which this
ordinance was referred. The committee secured the aid and advice of William
Jarl Browne, an artist of Raleigh. Browne prepared and submitted a model
to this committee and this model was adopted by the convention of June 22,
1861. The Browne model, was vastly different from the original design
proposed by Colonel Whitford. The law as it appears in the ordinance and
resolutions passed by the convention is as follows:
AN ORDINANCE IN RELATION TO A STATE FLAG
Be it ordained by this Convention, and it is hereby ordained by
the authority of the same. That the Flag of North Carolina shall
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North Carolina Manual
consist of a red field with a white star in the centre, and with the
inscription, above the star, in a semi-circuhir form, of "May 20th,
1775," and below the star, in a semi-circular form, of "May 20th,
1861." That there shall be two bars of equal width, and the length
of the field shall be equal to the bar, the width of the field being
equal to both bars: the first bar shall be blue, and second shall be
white: and the length of the flag shall be one-third more than its
width. [Ratified the 22nd day of June, 1861.]
This state flag, adopted in 1861, is said to have been issued to North
Carolina regiments of state troops during the summer of 1861 and borne by
them throughout the war. It was the only flag, except the national and
Confederate colors, used by North Carolina troops during the Civil War.
This Hag existed until 1885, when the Legislature adopted a new model.
"The North Carolina State Flag adopted in 1885"
Our State Symbols 59
As stated above the Legislature of 1885 adopted a new state flag. The bill,
which was introduced by General Johnstone Jones on February 5, 1885,
passed its final reading one month later after little debate. This act reads as
follows:
AN ACT TO ESTABLISH A STATE FLAG
The General Assembly of North Carolina do enact:
SECTION 1. That the flag of North Carolina shall consist of a
blue union, containing in the centre thereof a white star with the
letter N in gilt on the left and the letter C in the gilt on the right
of said star, the circle containing the same to be one-third the
width of the union.
SEC. 2. That the fly of the flag shall consist of two equally
proportioned bars; the upper bar to be red, the lower bar to be
white; that the length of the bars horizontally shall be equal to
the perpendicular length of the union, and the total length of the
flag shall be one-third more than its width.
SEC. 3. That above the star in the centre of the union there
shall be a gilt scroll in semi-circular form, containing in black
letters this inscription "May 20th, 1775," and that below the star
there shall be similar scroll containing in black letters the
inscription: "April 12th, 1776."
SEC. 4. That this act shall take effect from and after its
ratification. In the General Assembly read three times and ratified
this 9th day of March, A.D. 1885.
It is interesting to examine the significance of the dates found on the flag.
The first date, "May 20, 1775," refers to the Mecklenburg Declaration of
Independence, although many speculate the authenticity of this particular
document. The second date appearing on the state flag of 1861 is that of
"May 20th, 1861." This date commemorated the secession of the State from
the Union, but as the cause for secession was defeated this date longer repre-
sented anything after the Civil War. So when a new flag was adopted in
1885, this date was replaced with "April 12th, 1776." This date com-
memorates the Halifax Resolves, a document that places the Old North
State in the very front rank, both in point of time and in spirit, among those
that demanded unconditional freedom and absolute independence from any
foreign power. This document stands out as one of the great landmarks in
the annals of North Carolina history.
Since 1885 there has been no change in our state flag. For the most part, it
has remained unknown and a stranger to the good people of our State.
However, as we became more intelligent, and therefore, more patriotic and
public spirited, the emblem of the Old North State assumed a station of
greater prominence among our people. One hopeful sign of this increased
interest was the act passed by the Legislature of 1907, requiring the state
flag to be floated from all state institutions, public buildings, and court-
houses. In addition to this, many public and private schools, fraternal
orders, and other organizations now float the state flag. The people of the
60 North Carolina Manual
State should become acquainted with the emblem of that government to
which they owe allegiance and from which they secure protection, and to
ensure that they would, the legislature enacted the following:
AN ACT TO PROMOTE LOYALTY AND GREATER FOR
THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE STATE
The General Assembly of North Carolina do enact:
SECTION 1. That for the purpose of promoting greater loyalty
and respect to the state and inasmuch as a special act of the
Legislature has adopted an emblem of our government known as
the North Carolina State flag, that it is meet and proper that it
shall be given greater prominence.
SEC. 2. That the board of trustees or managers of the several
state institutions and public buildings shall provide a North
Carolina flag, of such dimensions and materials as they deem
best, and the same shall be displayed from a staff upon the top of
each and every such building at all times except during inclement
weather, and upon the death of any state officer or any prominent
citizen the flag shall be put at half-mast until the burial of such
person shall have taken place.
SEC. 3. That the Board of County Commissioners of the several
counties in this state shall likewise authorize the procuring of a
North Carolina flag, to be displayed either on a staff upon the
top, or draped behind the judge's stand, in each and every term of
court held, and on such other public occasions as the Commis-
sioners may deem proper.
SEC. 4. That no state flag shall be allowed in or over any
building here mentioned that does not conform to section five
thousand three hundred and twenty-one of the Revisal of one
thousand nine hundred and five.
SEC. S.That this act shall be in force from and after its
ratification.
In the General Assembly read three times, and ratified this 9th day of
March, A.D. 1907.
Many North Carolinians have questioned the legitmacy of having the
date of the Mecklenburg Declaration, May 20th, 1776, on the flag. Historians
have debated its authenticity because the lack of any original documenta-
tion. The only evidence of the Declaration is a reproduction from memory
many years later by one of the delegates attending the convention.
Historians' main argument, other than the non-existence of the original
document, is that the Mecklenburg Resolves, adopted just eleven days after
the Mecklenburg Declaration, are comparatively weak in tone, almost to the
point of being completely opposite. Many historians find it difficult to
believe that the irreconcilable tone of the Declaration could have been the
work of the same people who produced the Resolves. Efforts have been made
to have the date taken off the flag and the seal, but so far these efforts have
Our State Symbols 61
proved fruitless. Removal from the seal would be simple enough, for the date
of the Halifax Resolves could easily be substituted without changing the
basic intention of the date. The flag would prove to be more difficult, for
there is no other date of significance which could be easily substituted.
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:*>•«
Our State Symbols 63
THE STATE BIRD
The Cardinal was selected by popular choice as our State Bird on March 4,
1943. (Session Laws, 1943 c. 595; G.S. 145-2).
The Cardinal is sometimes called the Winter Redbird because it is most
noticeable during the winter when it is the only "redbird" present. A year-
round resident of North Carolina, the Cardinal is one of the most common
birds in our gardens, meadows and woodlands. The male Cardinal is red all
over, except for the area of its throat and the region around its bill which is
black; it is about the size of a Catbird only with a longer tail. The head is
conspicuously crested and the large stout bill is red. The female is much
duller in color with the red confined mostly to the crest, wings, and tail. This
difference in coloring is common among many birds. Since it is the female
that sits on the nest, her coloring must blend more with her natural
surrounding to protect her eggs and young from preditors. There are no
seasonal changes in her plumage.
The Cardinal is a fine singer, and what is unusual is that the female sings
as beautifully as the male. The male generally monopolizes the art of song
in the bird world.
The nest of the Cardinal is rather an untidy affair built of weed stems,
grass and similar materials in low shrubs, small trees or bunch of briars,
generally not over four feet above the ground. The usual number of eggs set
is three in this State and four further North. Possibly the Cardinal raises an
extra brood down here to make up the difference, or possibly the population
is more easily maintained here by the more moderate winters compared to
the colder North.
The Cardinal is by nature a seed eater, but he does not dislike small fruits
and insects.
THE STATE FLOWER
The General Assembly of 1941 designated the dogwood as the State
Flower. (Public Laws, 1941, c. 289; G.S. 145-1)
The Dogwood is one of the most prevalent trees in our State and can be
found in all parts of the State from the mountains to the coast. Its blossoms,
which appear in early spring and continue on into summer, are most often
found in white, although shades of pink (red) are not uncommon.
THE STATE INSECT
The General Assembly of 1973 designated the Honey Bee as the official
State Insect. (Session Laws, 1973, c. 55)
This industrious creature is responsible for the annual production of more
than $2 million worth of honey in the state. However, the greatest value of
Honey Bees is its role in the growing cycle as a major contributor to the
pollination of North Carolina crops.
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North Carolina Manual
i«^<
v \
Our State Symbols 65
THE STATE TREE
The long leaf pine was officially designated as the State tree by the
General Assembly of 1963. {Session Laws, 1963, c.41)
The pine is the most common of the trees found in North Carolina, as well
as the most important one in the history of our State. During the Colonial
and early Statehood periods, the pine was a vital part of the ecomony of
North Carolina. From it came many of the "naval stores" - resin, turpentine,
and timber - needed by merchants and the navy for their ships. The pine has
continued to supply North Carolina with many important wood products
particularly in the building industry.
THE STATE MAMMAL
The General Assembly of 1969 designated the Gray Squirrel as the official
State Mammal. (Session Laws, 1969. c.1207; G.S. 145-5).
The gray squirrel is a common inhabitant of most areas of North Carolina
from "the swamps of eastern North Carolina to the upland hardwood forests
of the piedmont and western counties." He feels more at home in an
"untouched wilderness" environment, although many squirrels inhabit our
city parks and suburbs. During the fall and winter months the gray squirrel
survives on a diet of hardwoods, with acrons providing carbohydrates and
other nuts protein. In the spring and summer their diet consists of "new
growth and fruits" supplemented by early corn, peanuts, and insects.
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North Carolina Manual
Our State Symbols 67
THE STATE SHELL
The General Assembly of 1965 designated the Scotch Bonnet (pronounced
bonay) as the State Shell. {Session Laws, 1965, c. 681).
A colorful and beautifully shaped shell, the Scotch Bonnet is abundant in
North Carolina coastal waters at depths between 500 and 200 feet. The best
source of live specimens is from offshore commercial fishermen.
THE STATE SALT WATER FISH
The General Assembly of 1971 designated the Channel Bass (Red Drum)
as the official State Salt Water Fish. ( Session Laws, 1971, c.274; G.S. 145-6)
Channel Bass usually occur in great supply along the Tar Heel coastal
waters and have been found to weigh up to 75 pounds although most large
ones average betwen 30 and 40 pounds.
THE STATE TOAST
The following toast was officially adopted as the State Toast of North
Carolina by the General Assembly of 1957 (Session Laws, 1957, c.777).
Here's to the land of the long leaf pine.
The summer land where the sun doth shine.
Where the weak grow strong and the strong grow great,
Here's to "Down Home," the Old North State!
Here's to the land of the cotton bloom white,
Where the scuppernong perfumes the breeze at night,
Where the soft southern moss and jessamine mate,'
Neath the murmuring pines of the Old North State!
Here's to the land where the galax grows.
Where the rhododendron's rosette glows.
Where soars Mount Mitchell's summit great.
In the "Land of the Sky," in the Old North State!
Here's to the land where maidens are fair.
Where friends are true and cold hearts rare.
The near land, the dear land, whatever fate.
The blest land, the best land, the Old North State!
*Composed in 1904 by Leonora Martin and Mary Burke Kerr.
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THE STATE PRECIOUS STONE
The General Assembly of 1973 designated the emerald as the official State
Precious Stone. {Session Laws, 1973, c. 136).
A greater variety of minerals, more than 300, have been found in North
Carolina than in any other state.
These minerals include some of the most valuable and unique gems in the
world. The largest Emerald ever found in North Carolina was 1,438 carats
and was found at Hiddenite, near Statesville. The "Carolina Emerald," now
owned by Tiffany & Company of New York was also found at Hiddenite in
1970. When cut to 13.14 carats, the stone was valued at the time at $100,000
and became the largest and finest cut emerald on this continent.
Our State Symbols
69
THE STATE REPTILE
The General Assembly of 1979 designated the Eastern Box Turtle as the
official State Reptile for North Carolina. {Session Laws, 1979, c. 154)
The turtle is one of nature's most useful creatures. Through its dietary
habits it serves to assist in the control of harmful and pestiferous insects
and as a clean-up crew, helping to preserve the purity and beauty of our
waters. At a superficial glance, the turtle appears to be a mundane and
uninteresting creature; however, closer examination reveals it to be most
fascinating, ranging from species well-adapted to modern conditions to
species which have existed virtually unchanged since prehistoric times.
Derided by many, the turtle is really a cullinary delight, providing the
gourmet food enthusiast with numerous tasty dishes from soups to entrees.
The turtle watches undisturbed as countless generations of faster "hares"
run by to quick oblivion, and is thus a model of patience for mankind, and a
symbol of our State's unrelenting pursuit of great and lofty goals.
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North Carolina Manual
THE STATE ROCK
The General Assembly of 1979 designated Granite as the official Rock for
the State of North Carolina. {Session Laws, 1979, c.906).
The State of North Carolina has been blessed with an abundant source of
"the noble rock," granite. Just outside Mount Airy in Surry County is the
largest open face granite quarry in the world measuring one mile long and
1,800 feet in width. The granite from this quarry is unblemished, gleaming
and without interfering seams to mar its splendor. The high quality of this
granite allows its widespread use as a building material, in both industrial
and laboratory applications where super smooth surfaces are necessary.
North Carolina granite has been used for many magnificent edifices of
government throughout the United States such as the Wright Brothers
Memorial at Kitty Hawk, the gold depository at Fort Knox, the Arlington
Memorial Bridge and numerous courthouses throughout the land. Granite is
a symbol of strength and stedfastness, qualities characteristic of North
Carolinians. It is fitting and just that the State recognize the contribution of
granite in providing employment to its citizens and enhancing the beauty of
its public buildings.
Our State Symbols
71
THE STATE BEVERAGE
The General Assembly of 1987 adopted milk as the official State Beverage.
{Session Laws, 1987, c. 347)
In making milk the official state beverage, North Carolina followed many
other states including our northern neighbor, Virginia, and Wisconsin, the
nation's number one dairy state.
North Carolina ranks 20th among dairy producing states in the nation
with nearly 1,000 dairy farmers producing 179 million gallons of milk per
year. The annual income from amounts to around $228 million. North
Carolinians consume over 143 million gallons of milk every year.
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North Carolina Manual
THE STATE HISTORIC BOAT
The General Assembly of 1987 adopted the shad boat the official State
Historical Boat. {Session Laws, 1987, c. 366).
The Shad Boat was developed on Roanoke Island and is known for its
unique crafting and manueverability. The name is derived from that of the
fish it was used to catch - the shad.
Traditional small sailing craft were generally ill-suited to the water ways
and weather conditions along the coast. The shallow draft of the Shad Boat
plus its speed and easy handling made the boat ideal for the upper sounds
where the water was shallow and the weather changed rapidly. The boats
were built using native trees such as cypress, juniper, and white cedar, and
varied in length between twenty-two and thirty-three feet. Construction was
so expensive that production of the shad boat ended in the 1930's, although
they were widely used into the 1950's. The boats were so well constructed
that some, nearly 100 years old, are still seen around Manteo and Hatteras.
Our State Symbols
73
THE STATE DOG
The Plott Hound was officially adopted as our State Dog on August 12,
1989. {Session Laws of North Carolina, 1989 c. 773; G.S. 145-13).
The Plott Hound breed originated in the mountains of North Carolina
around 1750 and is the only breed known to have originated in this State.
Named for Jonathan Plott who developed the breed as a wild boar hound,
the Plott hound is a legendary hunting dog known as a courageous fighter
and tenacious tracker. He is also a gentle and extremely loyal companion to
hunters of North Carolina. The Plott Hound is very quick of foot with
superior treeing instincts and has always been a favorite of big-game
hunters.
The Plott Hound has a beautiful brindle-colored coat and a spine-tingling,
bugle-like call. It is also only one of four breeds known to be of American
origin.
74 North Carolina Manual
NAME OF STATE AND NICKNAMES
In 1629, King Charles I of England "erected into a province," all the land
from Albemarle Sound on the north to the St. John's River on the south,
which he directed should be called Carolina. The word Carolina is from the
word Carolus, the Latin form of Charles.
When Carolina was divided in 1710, the southern part was called South
Carolina and the northern, or older settlement. North Carolina. From this
came the nickname the "Old North State." Historians have recorded that
the principal products during the early history of North Carolina were "tar,
pitch, and turpentine." It was during one of the fiercest battles of the War
Between the States, so the story goes, that the column supporting the North
Carolina troops was driven from the field. After the battle the North
Carolinians, who had successfully fought it out alone, were greeted from the
passing derelict regiment with the question: "Any more tar down in the Old
North State, boys?" Quick as a flash came the answer: "No, not a bit, old
Jeffs bought it all up." "Is that so; what is he going to do with it?" was
asked. "He is going to put it on you-uns heels to make you stick better in the
next fight." Creecy relates that General Lee, upon hearing of the incident,
said: "God bless the Tar Heel boys," and from that they took the name.
( — Adapted from Grandfather Tales of North Carolina by R.B. Creecy and
Histories of North Carolina Regiments, Vol. Ill, by Walter Clark).
THE STATE MOTTO
The General Assembly of 1893 (chapter 145) adopted the words "Esse
Quam Videri" as the State's motto and directed that these words with the
date "20 May, 1775," be placed with our Coat of Arms upon the Great Seal of
the State.
The words "Esse Quam Videri" mean "to be rather than to seem." Nearly
every State has adopted a motto, generally in Latin. The reason for mottoes
being in Latin is that the Latin language is far more condensed and terse
than the English. The three words, "Esse Quam Videri," require at least six
English words to express the same idea.
Curiosity has been aroused to learn the origin of our State motto. It is
found in Cicero's essay on Friendship (Cicero de Amnicitia, Chapter 26).
It is a little singular that until the act of 1893 the sovreign State of North
Carolina had no motto since its declaration of independence. It was one of
the few states which did not have a motto and the only one of the original
thirteen without one.
THE STATE COLORS
The General Assembly of 1945 declared Red and Blue of shades appearing
in the North Carolina State Flag and the American Flag as the official State
Colors. {Session Laws, 1945, c.878).
Our State Symbols
75
THE STATE SONG
The song known as "The Old North State" was adopted as the official
song of the State of North Carolina by the General Assembly of 1927
(Public Laws, 1927, c.26; G.S. 149-1).
THE OLD NORTH STATE
(Traditional air as tung in 1026)
WiLLUM GlSTOa
With spirit
COLLKCTED AVS 1XB4H0B
BT Hu. E. E. Rakdolts
i '4 I ml — r* *^
^^
5^
4:
^?3r2
i
1. Car - 0 - li - na! Car - o
2. Tho' she en - vies not
3. Then let al! those wlio
li - nal heav-en's ble$s-in{« at - fend her,
oth - ers, their mer • it - ed glo - ry,
love us. love the land that we live in,
)4 ^f r-
'^i-fc
4y^V T-
±^r-fc
S:::::^:
-r — :..
i
^^s
While we live we will cher - ish, pro
Say whose name stands the tore ■ most, in
As hap ■ py a re ■ gion as
feet and de -fend her. Tho' the
lib - er - ty's sto ■ ry, Tho too
on this side of heaven. Where
tr^rst
^
^MBt
m
-' — S — .'^JC
scorn • er Tiay sneer at and wit - lings de - fame her, SiiM our hearts swell with
true to her - self e er lo crouch to op ■ pres-sion, Who can yield to just
plen - ty and peace, love and joy smile be - fore us, Raise a-loud, rais; to-
■^ • ^ » ,-— * _ -» r-0-
:fc:
^d?:
ztz
1F=^
:f=±g
Chorus
T
mi
^
i^
glad
rule
geth
ness when ev • er we name her.
• more loy - al sub ■ mis-sion.
• er the heart thnll - ing chorus.
Hur • rah I
Hur - rahl
the
'^•^
B^
:3r:
3fS
t — ^
m
^
3f^S^^-.
'm
nt
* » *-*— "-r r—
:rtr:
Old North Slate for -ev
» « • .O-
fr,
Hur
rahl
■^i —
Hur - rahl the good Old NorlhSta'e
^-
76
North Carolina Manual
THE SPIRIT OF KITTY HAWK
CHAPTER FOUR
Census and Population Statistics
The first census of North CaroHna was taken in 1790, returning a popula-
tion of 393,751. Since then the population has shown an increase in every
census. The population passed 1,000,000 between 1860 and 1870; 2,000,000
between 1900 and 1910; 3,000,000 between 1920 and 1930; 4,000,000 between
1940 and 1950; and 5,000,000 between 1960 and 1970. Based on analysis of
births, deaths and other factors, North Carolina passed 6,000,000 sometime
in the mid-1980's.
The 1980 census, the Twentieth Census of the United States, was one of
the most accurate ever taken. While there have been many challenges to the
figures released by the Bureau of the Census, most were due to growth rates
being lower than anticipated by local governmental officials. This can be
explained in part by the fact the figures released for the 1970 census proved
higher than they actually were. This situation created a faulty base on
which to make initial projections during the decade of the seventies.
The final 1980 census figures showed North Carolina with a population of
5,880,415. This represented a growth rate of 15.7 percent, or nearly 800,000
people during the last decade, as opposed to a rate of approximately 12
percent, or half a million people, during the previous decade of the sixties.
Almost half (47.7 %) of the 1970-1980 change in population was due to net
migration. This is in contrast to the previous decade where all the growth
was due to natural increase (more births than deaths). In fact, natural
increase during the 1960's was greater than total growth, due to a net out-
migration of 70,319 persons during the decade. If the same high rate of
natural increase in the 1960's had continued during the 1970's the state
would have had more than one quarter of a million more people than was
reflected in the 1980 census. As it was, a tremendous increase in net
migration more than offset the decrease in birth rates. The net migration
increase exhibited during the decade of the seventies has continued into the
1980's and is due in large part to the rapid commercial and industrial
growth of North Carolina.
In North Carolina there were 42 incorporated places with a population of
10,000 or more in 1980. Four of these reached this plateau for the first time -
Boone in Watuaga County, Cary in Wake, Havelock in Craven, and
Laurinburg in Scotland. Of the incorporated places over 10,000, Charlotte
was the largest with 314,447 people, followed by Greensboro at 155,642 and
Raleigh with 150,255. Projected figures for July, 1987, indicated that Raleigh
with an estimated population of 213,879 had passed Greensboro with with
an estimate of only 184,098 for the number two spot. Much of the large
78 North Carolina Manual
growth in population can be attributed to annexations. During the 1970's
several of the incorporated urban areas annexed military bases which were
adjacent to them. This in part accounts for the dramatic increases in the
population of several incorporated places. Havelock is a good example. In
1970 the census figures showed Havelock with a population of 3,012; the
1980 figure, which included the Cherry Point Marine Station, increased to
17,718, a 488% increase.
According to the 1980 census, 97 of the 100 counties in North Carolina had
gained in population. This is quite a change from the previous census which
showed only 62 counties with gains while 38 had declines. Currituck County
showed the greatest percentage gain with an increase of 91.2%. Dare County
was a distant second with 59% and Brunswick was third with 47.7%).
North Carolina has a total area of 52,712 square miles of which 48,798 is
land area and 3,914 is water. The density of North Carolina increased by 15
persons per square mile from 1970 to 1980, up from 96.4 to 111.4 inhabitants
per square mile. Based on projected figures, the 1990 census will show
another substantial increase. It is estimated that the population in 1990 will
be around 6,613,400, an increase of 12.5% over 1980.
Census and Population Statistics
79
TABLE 1. STATE POPULATION STATISTICS
1-A. Components of Population Change.
Percent Percent
1960-1970 Change 1970-1980 Change
Growth 528,256 12.0 790,018 15.5
Births 1,011,061 22.0 861,157 17.0
Deaths 412,486 9.0 464,508 9.0
Natural Increase 598,575 13.0 396,649 8.0
Net Migration -70,319 -2.0 393,369 7.0
1-B. Regional Components of Growth.
Percent Percent
1960-1970 Change 1970-1980 Change
Growth:
Coastal Plain 72,788 4.47 230,888 13.58
Piedmont 366,352 17.05 410,636 16.33
Mountains 89,116 11.43 148,494 17.10
Births:
Coastal Plain 379,266 23.30 328,207 19.30
Piedmont 471,843 21.96 397,598 15.81
Mountains 159,964 20.52 135,368 15.58
Deaths:
Coastal Plain 146,280 8.99 157,489 9.26
Piedmont 192,378 8.95 222,830 8.86
Mountains 73,838 9.47 84,197 9.69
Natural Increase:
Coastal Plain 232,986 14.31 170,718 10.04
Piedmont 279,465 13.01 174,768 6.95
Mountains 86,126 11.05 51,171 5.89
Net Migration:
Coastal Plain -160,198 -9.84 60,170 3.50
Piedmont 86,887 4.04 235,868 9.38
Mountains 2,990 0.38 97,323 11.20
1-C. Statewide Census Figures.
Date of Data
April 1, 1960
April 1, 1970
April 1, 1980
April 1, 1990*
Population
4,556,155
5,084,411
5,880,415
6,613,391
Change from
Last Census
494,226
528,256
796,004
732,976
Change
in Rates
3.5
-5.0
0.0
-5.0
9.0
Change
in Kates
9.11
-0.72
5.67
-4.00
-6.15
-4.94
0.27
-0.09
0.22
-4.27
-6.06
-5.16
13.38
5.34
10.82
Percent
Change
12.2
11.6
15.7
12.5
* Projected Data
80
North Carolina Manual
TABLE 2. COUNTY POPULATION STATISTICS
Land Area
in Square
County Miles
Alamance 428
Alexander 259
Alleghany 225
Anson 533
Ashe 426
Avery 245
Beaufort 826
Bertie 698
Bladen 883
Brunswick 856
Buncombe 657
Burke 511
Cabarrus 363
Caldwell 469
Camden 239
Carteret 536
Caswell 428
Catawba 394
Chatham 709
Cherokee 452
Chowan 173
Clay 209
Cleveland 468
Columbus 945
Craven 699
Cumberland 654
Currituck 246
Dare 391
Davidson 549
Davie .>. 265
Duplin 815
Durham 295
Edgecombe 510
Forsyth 419
Franklin 491
Gaston 356
Gates 337
Graham 292
Granville 537
Greene 267
Guilford 655
Halifax 734
Harnett 603
Haywood 551
Henderson 378
Hertford 353
Hoke 389
Hyde 613
Iredell 572
Jackson 491
1970 Census
Total
Population
Density
1980 Census
Total
Population
Density
Percent
Change
1970-1980
Projected
1990
96,502
225.1
99,319
232.1
2.9
107,061
19,466
75.2
24,999
96.5
28.4
27,897
98,134
36.2
9,587
42.6
17.9
9,787
23,488
44.1
25,649
48.1
8.9
26,424
19,571
45.9
22,325
52.4
14.1
23,737
1 2,655
51.7
14,409
58.8
13.9
15,436
35,980
43.6
40,355
48.9
12.2
43,666
20,528
29.4
1,024
30.1
2.4
21,171
26,477
30.0
30,491
34.5
15.1
30,894
24,223
28.3
35,777
41.8
47.7
54,884
145,056
220.8
160,934
245.0
10.9
175,493
60,364
118.1
72,504
141.9
20.1
77,638
74,629
205.6
85,895
326.6
15.1
96,679
56,699
120.9
67,746
144.4
19.5
71,642
5,453
22.8
5,829
24.4
6.9
6,040
31,603
59.0
41,092
76.7
30.0
54,043
19,055
44.5
20,705
48.4
8.7
23,116
90,873
230.6
105,208
267.0
15.8
119,832
29,554
41.7
33,415
47.1
13.1
37,438
16,330
36.1
18,933
40.4
15.9
21,633
10,764
62.2
12,558
72.6
16.7
13,906
5,180
24.8
6,619
31.7
27.8
7,415
72,556
155.0
83,435
177.6
15.0
87,373
46,937
49.7
51,037
54.0
8.7
53,546
62,554
89.5
71,043
101.6
13.6
83,771
212,042
324.2
247,160
377.9
16.6
261,839
6,976
28.4
11,089
45.1
59.0
14,671
6,995
17.9
13,377
34.2
91.2
22,501
95,627
174.2
113,162
206.1
18.3
127,264
18,855
71.2
24,599
92.8
30.5
28,473
38,015
46.6
40,952
50.2
7.7
41,905
132,681
449.8
152,785
517.9
15.2
175,678
52,341
102.6
55,988
109.8
7.0
60,317
215,118
513.4
243,704
581.6
13.3
272,780
26,820
54.6
30,055
61.2
12.1
37,158
148,415
416.9
162,568
456.7
9.5
176,505
8,524
25.3
8,875
26.3
4.1
9,996
6,562
22.5
7,217
24.7
10.0
7,088
32,762
61.0
34,043
63.4
3.9
39,796
14,967
56.1
16,117
60.4
7.7
16,603
288,645
440.6
317,154
484.2
9.9
339,946
53,884
73.4
55,076
75.0
2.3
57,162
49,667
82.4
59,570
98.8
19.9
67,014
41,710
75.7
46,495
84.4
11.5
48,597
42,804
113.2
58,580
155.0
36.9
71,532
24,439
66.7
23,368
66.2
-4.4
24,051
16,436
42.3
20,383
52.6
24.0
25,309
5,571
9.1
5,873
9.6
5.4
5,771
72,197
126.2
82,538
144.3
14.3
92,667
21,593
44.0
25,811
52.6
19.5
27,227
Census and Population Statistics
81
TABLE 2. COUNTY POPULATION STATISTICS (Continued)
Percent
Change
1970-1980
Land Area 1970 Census 1980 Census
in Square Total Total
County Miles Population Density Population Density
Johnston 797 61,737 77!5 70,599 88^6 iTT
Jones 467 9,779 20.9 9,705 20 8 -0 8
Lee 256 30,467 119.0 36,718 143.4 20 5
Lenoir 400 55,204 138.0 59,819 149.5 8 4
Lincoln 297 32,682 110.0 42,372 142.7 29.6
McDowell 436 30,648 70.3 35,135 80.6 14 6
Macon 513 15,788 30.8 20,178 39.3 27 8
Madison 450 16,003 35.6 16,827 37.4 5.1
Martin 455 24,730 54.4 25,948 120.7 4.9
Mecklenburg 530 354,656 669.2 404,270 762.8 14.0
Mitchell 215 13,447 62.5 14,428 67.1 7.3
Montgomery 488 19,267 39.5 22,469 46.0 16.6
Moore 704 39,048 55.5 50,505 71.7 29.3
Nash 544 59,122 108.7 67,153 123.4 13.6
New Hanover 185 82,996 448.6 103,471 559.3 24.7
Northampton 536 23,099 43.1 22,195 42.1 -2.2
Onslow 765 103,126 134.8 112,784 147.4 9.4
Orange 400 57,567 143.9 77,055 192.6 33.9
Pamlico 338 9,467 28.0 10,398 30.8 9.8
Pasquotank 228 26,824 117.6 28,462 124.8 6.1
Pender 871 18,149 20.8 22,262 25.5 22.5
Perquimans 246 8,351 33.9 9,486 38.6 13.6
Person 401 25,914 64.6 29,164 72.7 12.5
Pitt 655 73,900 112.8 90,146 137.6 22.0
Polk 239 11,735 49.1 12,984 54.3 10.6
Randolph 798 76,358 95.7 91,728 114.9 20.1
Richmond 475 39,889 84.0 45,481 95.7 14.0
Robeson 949 84,842 89.4 101,610 107.0 19.8
Rockingham 569 72,402 127.2 83,426 146.6 15.2
Rowan 523 90,035 172.2 99,186 189.6 10.2
Rutherford 563 47,337 84.1 53,787 95.5 13.6
Sampson 945 44,954 47.6 49,687 52.6 10.5
Scotland 319 26,929 84.4 32,273 101.2 19.8
Stanly 398 42,822 107.6 48,517 121.9 13.3
Stokes 457 23,782 52.0 33,086 72.4 39.1
Surry 536 51,415 95.9 59,449 110.9 15.6
Swain 524 8,835 16.9 10,283 19.6 16.4
Transylvania 382 19,713 51.6 23,417 61.3 18.8
Tyrrell 390 3,806 9.8 3,975 10.2 4.4
Union 639 54,714 85.6 70,436 110.1 28.6
Vance 249 32,691 131.3 36,748 147.6 12.4
Wake 858 229,006 266.9 301,429 351.3 31.6
Warren 424 15,810 37.3 16,232 38.3 2.7
Washington 343 14,038 40.9 14,801 43.2 5.4
Watauga 317 23,404 73.8 31,666 99.8 35.3
Wayne 557 85,408 153.3 97,054 174.2 13.6
Wilkes 757 49,524 65.4 58,657 77.5 18.4
Wilson 375 57,486 153.3 63,132 168.4 9.8
Yadkin 336 24,599 73.2 28,439 84.6 15.6
Yancey 312 12,629 40.5 14,934 47.9 18.3
Projected
1990
82,509
10,234
43,166
60,535
49,353
36,805
24,283
17,586
27,144
489,877
14,636
24,919
60,197
74,316
121,218
22,265
130,520
89,722
10,990
31,226
27,803
11,198
31,678
103,190
15,097
103.977
46,106
109,332
86,825
106,850
58,396
51,030
35,150
51,263
37,370
63.072
10,808
26.908
4.208
86,169
40,027
402,330
16.683
ll.HOl
35,706
98,568
62,202
66.128
;io.52fi
16.311
82
North Carolina Manual
TABLE 3.
POPULATION OF INCORPORATED PLACES
OF 10,000 OR MORE
City or Town
Albemarle
Asheboro
Asheville
Roone
Burlington
Carrboro
Gary
Chapel Hill
Charlotte
Concord
Durham
Eden
Elizabeth City ..
Fayetteville
Garner
Gastonia
Goldsboro
Graham
Greensboro
Greenville
Havelock
Henderson
Hickory
High Point
Jacksonville
Kannapolis
Kinston
Laurinburg
Lenoir
Lexington
Lumberton
Mint Hill
Monroe
Morganton
New Bern
Raleigh
Reidsville
Roanoke Rapids
Rocky Mount ....
Salisbury
Sanford
Shelby
Southern Pines .
Statesville
Tarboro
Thomasville
Wilmington
Wilson
Winston-Salem ,
April 1
1970
County Census
Stanly 11,126
Randolph 10,797
Buncombe 57,820
Watauga 8,754
Alamance 35,930
Orange 5,058
Wake 7,640
Durham, Orange 26,199
Mecklenburg 241,420
Cabarrus 18,464
Durham 95,438
Rockingham 15,871
Pasquotank, Camden ... 14,381
Cumberland 53,510
Wake 4,923
Gaston 47,322
Wayne 26,960
Alamance 8,172
Guilford 144,076
Pitt 29,063
Craven 3,012
Vance 13,896
Burke, Catawba 20,569
Randolph, Guilford 63,229
Onslow 16,289
Cabarrss, Rowan —
Lenoir 23,020
Scotland 8,859
Caldwell 14,705
Davidson 17,205
Robeson 16,961
Mecklenburg 2,262
Union 11,282
Burke 13,625
Craven 14,660
Wake 122,830
Rockingham 13,636
Halifax 13,508
Edgecombe, Nash 34,284
Rowan 22,515
Lee 11,716
Cleveland 16,328
Moore 5,937
Iredell 20,007
Edgecombe 9,425
Davidson 15,230
New Hanover 46,169
Wilson 29,347
Forsyth 133,683
April 1
1980
Census
Percent
Change
July
1987
15,110
35.8
15,193
15,252
41.3
16,272
54,022
-7.3
60,429
10,191
16.4
11,418
37,266
3.7
38,798
7,336
48.6
11,375
21,763
184.9
39,094
32,421
23.7
37,688
314,447
30.23
388,995
16,942
-8.2
28,408
101,149
6.0
121,111
15,672
-1.3
15,649
14,004
-2.6
14,529
59,507
11.2
73,043
10,073
94.1
13,538
47,333
0.0
54,606
31,871
18.2
34,722
8,674
6.1
10,055
155,642
8.0
184,098
35,740
23.0
43,130
17,718
488.2
23,417
13,522
-2.7
16,300
20,757
0.9
27,840
63,479
0.2
67,060
18,237
8.0
29,547
30,303
32,431
25,234
9.6
27,400
11,480
29.6
12,256
13,748
-6.5
14,621
15,711
-8.7
16,269
18,340
8.1
20,087
7,915
—
12,882
14,555
25.0
16,371
13,763
1.0
14,579
14,557
-0.7
18,871
150,255
22.3
213,879
12,492
-8.4
12,389
14,702
8.8
15,747
41,526
20.4
49,191
22,677
0.7
23,966
14,773
26.1
17,032
15,310
-6.2
15,415
8,620
45.2
10,155
18,622
-6.9
19,755
8,741
-8.4
11,042
14,144
-7.1
17,256
44,000
-4.7
55,458
34,424
17.3
37,750
131,885
-1.3
150,246
Census and Population Statistics
83
TABLE 4. POPULATION OF INCORPORATED PLACES OF
2,500-9,999 INHABITANTS
City or Town
County
1970
Census
Ahoskie Hertford
Apex Wake
Archdale Randolph, Guilford
Beaufort Carteret
Belmont Gaston
Benson Johnston
Bessemer City Gaston
Black Mountain Buncombe
Brevard Transylvania
Canton Haywood
Cherryville Gaston ...
Clayton Johnston
Clinton Sampson
Conover Catawba
Dallas Gaston ...
Davidson Mecklenburg, Iredell
Dunn Harnett
Edenton Chowan
Elizabethtown Bladen
Elkin Surry, Wilkes
Elon College Town Alamance
Enfield Halifax ....
Erwin Harnett ....
Fairmont Robeson ...
Farmville Pitt
Forest City Rutherford
Franklin Macon
Fuquay-Varina Wake
Gamewell Caldwell
Gibsonville Guilford, Alamance
Granite Falls Caldwell
Hamlet Richmond
Hendersonville Henderson
Hillsborough Orange
Hope Mills Cumberland
Hudson Caldwell
Kernersville Forsyth
Kings Mountain Cleveland, Gaston
Kings Stokes
La Grange Lenoir
Lincolnton Lincoln
Longview Burke, Catawba
Louisburg Franklin
Lowell Gaston
Madison Rockingham
Maiden Catawba, Lincoln .
Marion McDowell
Maxton Robeson, Scotland
Mayodan Rockingham
Mebane Alamance, Orange
5,105
2,234
4,874
3,368
5,054
2,267
4,991
3,204
5,412
5,158
5,258
3,103
7,157
3,355
4,059
2,931
8,302
4,956
1,418
2,899
2,150
3,272
2,852
2,827
4,424
7,179
2,336
3,576
2,019
2,388
4,627
6,443
1,444
1,866
2,820
4,815
8,465
2,679
5,293
3,360
2,941
3,307
2,018
2,416
3,335
1,885
2,875
2,573
1980
Percent
Census
Change
4,887
-4.3
2,847
27.4
5,326
17.9
3,826
13.6
4,607
-8.8
2,792
23.2
4,787
-4.1
4,083
27.4
5,323
1.5
4,631
-10.2
4,844
-7.9
4,091
31.8
7,552
5.5
4,245
26.5
3,340
-17.7
3,241
10.6
8,962
7.9
5,264
6.2
3,551
150.4
2,858
-1.4
2,873
33.6
2,995
-8.5
2,828
-0.8
2,658
-6.0
4,707
6.4
7,688
7.1
2,640
13.0
3,110
-13.0
2,910
—
2,865
41.9
2,580
8.0
4,720
2.0
6,862
6.5
3,019
109.1
5,412
190.0
2,888
2.4
6,802
41.3
9,080
7.3
3,811
—
3,147
17.5
4,879
-7.8
3,587
6.8
3,238
10.1
2,917
-11.8
2,806
39.0
2,574
6.5
3,684
10.5
2,711
43.8
2,627
-8.6
2,782
8.1
84
North Carolina Manual
TABLE 4. POPULATION OF INCORPORATED PLACES OF
2,500-9,999 INHABITANTS (Continued)
Cilv or Town
County
1970
Census
1980
Census
Percent
Change
Mocksville Davie
Mooresville Irezdell ..
Morehcad City Carteret
Mount Airy Surry
Mount Holly Gaston ..
Mount Olive Duplin, Wayne
Murfreesboro Hertford
Nashville Nash
Newton Catawba
North Wilkesboro Wilkes
Oxford Granville
Pembroke Robeson
Plymouth Washington
Raeford Hoke
Red Springs Robeson
Rockingham Richmond .
Roxboro Person
Rutherfordton Rutherford
Scotland Neck Halifax
Selma Johnston ..
Siler City Chatham ..
Smithfield Johnston ..
Southport Brunswick
Spencer Rowan
Spindale Rutherford
Spring Lake Cumberland
Tabor City Columbus ....
Troy Montgomery
Valdese Burke
Wadesboro Anson
Wake Forest Wake
Wallace Duplin, Pender
Warsaw Duplin
Washington Beaufort
Waynesville Haywood
Whiteville Columbus
Williamston Martin
Wingate Union
Woodfin Buncombe
Wrightsville Beach New Hanover
2,529
2,637
4.3
8,808
8,575
-2.6
5,233
4,359
-16.7
7,325
6,862
-6.3
5,107
4,530
-11.3
4,914
4,876
-0.8
4,418
3,007
-31.0
1,670
3,033
80.0
7,857
7,624
-3.0
3,357
3,260
-2.9
7,178
7,603
5.7
1,982
2,698
36.1
4,774
4,571
-4.3
3,180
3,630
14.2
3,383
3,607
6.6
5,852
8,300
41.8
5,370
7,532
40.3
3,245
3,434
5.8
2,869
2,834
-1.2
4,356
4,762
9.3
4,689
4,446
-5.2
6,677
7,288
9.2
2,220
2,824
27.2
3,075
2,938
-4.5
3,848
4,246
10.3
3,968
6,273
58.1
2,400
2,710
12.9
2,429
2,702
11.2
3,182
3,364
5.7
3,977
4,119
3.6
3,148
3,780
20.1
2,905
2,903
-0.1
2,701
2,910
7.7
8,961
8,418
-6.1
6,488
6,765
4.3
4,195
5,565
32.7
6,570
6,159
-6.3
2,569
2,615
3,260
1.8
1,701
2,910
71.3
Census and Population Statistics 85
TABLE 5. POPULATION OF INCORPORATED PLACES
OF 1,000-2,499
Belhaven Beaufort ...
Bethel Pitt
Beaulaville Duplin
Biltmore Forest Buncombe
Bladenboro Bladen
Blowing Rock Caldwell, Watauga
Boiling Springs Cleveland
Boonville Yadkin
Bryson City Swain
Burgaw Pender
Burnsville Yancey
Cajah Mountain Caldwell
Carolina Beach New Hanover
Chadbourn Rowan
China Grove Rowan
Coats Harnett
Cornelius Mecklenburg
Clyde Haywood
Cramerton Gaston
Creedmore , Granville .,
Dobbins Heights Richmond
Dobson Surry
Drexel Burke ,
East Spencer Rowan
Ellerbe Richmond
Elm City Wilson
Fair Bluff Columbus
Four Oaks Johnston .,
Franklinton Franklin ...
Fremont Wayne
Garysburg Northampton
Granite Quarry Northampton
Grifton Lenoir, Pitt ...
Harrisburg Cabarrus
Haw River Alamance
Hazelwood Haywood
Hertford Perquimans .
Huntersville Mecklenburg
Jamestown Guilford
Jefferson Ashe
Jonesville Yadkin
Kenly Johnston, Wilson
Kill Devil Hills Dare
Lake Waccamaw Columbus
1970 1980
City or Town County Census Census
Aberdeen Moore
Andrews Cherokee
Angier Harnett
Aulander Bertie
Banner Elk Avery
1,592
1,945
1,383
1,621
1,431
1,709
947
1,214
754
1,087
2,259
2,430
1,514
1,825
1,156
1,060
1,298
1.499
783
1,385
801
1,337
2,284
2,381
687
1,028
1,290
1,556
1,744
1,738
1,348
1,452
—
1,884
1,663
2,000
2,213
1,195
1,788
2,081
1,051
1,385
1,296
1,460
814
1,008
2,142
1,869
1,405
1,641
—
1,237
933
1,222
1,431
1,392
2,217
2,150
913
1,415
1,201
1,561
1,039
1,095
1,057
1,049
1,459
1,394
1,596
1,736
231
1.434
1,344
1,294
1,860
2,179
—
1,433
2,117
2,057
1,811
2,023
1 ,94 1
1,538
1,294
1,297
2,148
943
1,086
1,659
1,752
1,370
1,433
357
1,671
924
1.133
86
North Carolina Manual
TABLE 5.
POPULATION OF INCORPORATED PLACES
OF 1,000-2,499 (Continued)
City or Town
County
1970
Census
1980
Census
Landis Rowan
Liberty Randolph .
I.illington Harnett
Locust Stanly
Long F^each Brunswick
Lucama Wilson
Mars Hill Madison
Marshville Union
Matthews Mecklenburg
Mount Gilead Montgomery
Mount Pleasant Cabarrus
Murphy Cherokee
Nags Head Dare
Newport Carteret
Norwood Stanly
Pilot Mountain Surry
Pinetops Edgecombe ..
Pineville Mecklenburg
Pittsboro Chatham
Princeton Johnston
Princeville Edgecombe ...
Ramseur Randolph
Randleman Randolph
Ranlo Gaston
Rich Square Northampton
Robbins Moore
Robbinsville Graham
Robersonville Martin
Rockwell Rowan
Roseboro Sampson
Rose Hill Duplin
Rowland robeson
Rural Hall Forsyth
Rutherford College Burke
St. Pauls Robeson ....
Snow Hill Greene
Sparta Alleghany
Spring Hope Nash
Spruce Pine Mitchell ....
Stallings Union
Stanley Gaston
Stoneville Rockingham
Swansboro Onslow
Sylva Jackson
Taylorsville Alexander ....
2,297
2,092
2,167
1,997
1,L5.5
1,948
—
1,590
493
1,834
610
1,070
1,623
2,126
1,405
2,011
783
1,648
1,286
1,423
1,174
1,210
2,082
2,070
414
1,020
1,735
1,883
1,896
1,818
1,309
1,090
1,379
1,465
1,948
1,525
1,447
1,332
1,044
1.034
654
1,508
1,328
1,162
2,312
2,156
2,092
1,774
1,254
1,057
1,059
1,256
777
1,370
1,910
1,981
999
1,339
1,235
1,227
1,448
1,508
1,358
1,841
—
1,336
—
1,108
2,011
1,639
1,359
1,374
1,304
1,687
1,334
1,254
2,333
2,282
—
1,826
2,336
2,341
1,030
1,054
1,207
976
1,561
1,699
1,231
1,103
Census and Population Statistics 87
TABLE 5. POPULATION OF INCORPORATED PLACES
OF 1,000-2,499 (Continued)
1970 1980
City or Town County Census Census
Trentwoods Craven
Troutman Iredell
Tryon Polk
Walkertown Forsyth
Walnut Cove Stokes
Waxhaw Union
Weaverville Buncombe
Weldon Halifax
Wendell Wake
Whispering Pines Moore
Wilkesboro Wilkes .
Windsor Bertie ..
Winterville Pitt
Yadkinville Yadkin
Zebulon Wake ...
719
1.177
797
1,360
1,951
1,796
—
1,321
1,213
1,147
1,248
1,208
1,280
1,495
2,304
1,844
1,929
2,222
362
1,160
2,038
2,335
2,199
2,126
1,437
2,052
2,232
2,216
1,839
2,055
88 North Carolina Manual
TABLE 6. POPULATION OF INCORPORATED PLACES
OF LESS THAN 1,000
1970 1980
City or Town County Census Census
Alexander Mills Rutherford
Alamance Alamance
Alliance Pamlico
Anson ville Anson
Arapahoe Pamlico
Arlington Yadkin
Ashwville Bertie
Atkinson Pender
Aurora Beaufort
Autryville Sampson
Ayden Pitt
Bailey Nash
Bakersville Mitchell
Bath Beaufort
Battleboro Edgecombe, Nash
Hayboro Pamlico
Beargrass Martin
Beech Mountain Avery, Watauga ...
Beville Brunswick
Belwood Cleveland
Black Creek Wilson
Boiling Spring Lakes Brunswick ,
Bolvia Brunswick ,
Bolton Columbus .,
Bostic Rutherford
Bridgeton Craven
Broadway Lee
Brookford Catawba ....
Brunswick Columbus ..
Bunn Franklin ....
Calabash Brunswick ....
Calypso Duplin
Cameron Moore
Candor Montgomery
Cape Carteret Carteret
Carthage Moore
Casar Cleveland .
Cashiers Jackson ....
Castalia Nash
Caswell Beach Brunswick
Catawba Catawba ...
Centerville Franklin ...
Cerro Gordo Columbus .
Chadwick Acres Onslow
Chocowinity Beaufort ...
Claremont Catawba
Clarkton Bladen ...
Cleveland Rowan ...
Cofield Hertford
Colerain Bertie
988
643
—
320
577
616
694
794
474
467
711
872
247
227
325
298
620
698
213
228
3,450
184
724
685
409
373
231
207
562
632
821
759
99
82
—
190
59
102
—
613
449
523
245
998
185
252
534
563
289
476
520
461
694
908
590
467
206
223
284
505
128
462
639
204
225
561
868
616
944
1,034
925
339
346
230
553
265
358
—
110
565
509
123
135
322
295
12
15
566
644
788
880
662
664
614
595
318
465
373
284
Census and Population Statistics
89
TABLE 6. POPULATION OF INCORPORATED PLACES
OF LESS THAN 1,000 (Continued)
City or Town
County
Columbia Tyrrell
Columbus Polk
Como Hertford
Conetoe Edgecombe ...
Conway Northampton
Cover City Craven
Creswell Washington
Crossnore Avery
Danbury Stokes
Dellview Gaston
Denton Davidson
Dillsboro Jackson ..
Dover Craven ....
Dortches Nash
Dublin Bladen ....
East Arcadia Bladen
Earl Cleveland
East Bend Yadkin
East Laurinburg Scotland ..
Elk Park Avery
Ellenboro Rutherford
Emerald Isle Carteret
Eureka Wayne
Everetts martin
Faison Rowan
Faith Cleveland
Fallstone Cleveland
Falcon Cumberland, Sampson
Falkland Pitt
Fountain Pitt
Foxfire Moore
Franklinville Randolph
Garland Sampson
Gaston Northampton
Gatesville Gates
Gibson Scotland
Glen Alpine Burke
Godwin Cumberland
Goldston Chatham
Greenevers Duplin
Grimesland Pitt
Grover Cleveland
Halifax Halifax ....
Hamilton Martin
Harmony Iredell
Harrells Duplin, Sampson
Harrellsville Hertford
Hassell Martin
Hayesville Clay
High Shoals Gaston, Lincoln ..
1970
Census
902
731
211
160
694
485
633
264
152
1,017
215
585
283
485
487
503
465
122
263
198
598
506
301
357
130
434
794
656
1,105
338
502
797
129
364
424
394
555
335
579
377
249
165
160
428
1980
Census
758
727
89
215
678
500
426
297
140
7
949
179
600
885
477
461
206
602
536
535
560
865
303
213
636
552
614
339
118
424
153
607
885
883
363
533
645
340
353
477
453
597
253
638
470
255
151
109
376
586
90
North Carolina Manual
TABLE 6. POPULATION OF INCORPORATED PLACES
OF LESS THAN 1,000 (Continued)
CilvorTown
County
1970
Census
1980
Census
Highl:m(U Macon
Hildt'hran Burke
Hi)l)g()()(l Halifax
Hoffman Richmond
Hoidcn F}(>acli F^run.swick
Holly Ridge Onslow
Holly Springs Wake
Hollyville Pamlico ....
Hookerton Greene
Hot Springs Madison ...
Indian Beach Carteret
Indian Trail Union
Jackson Northampton
Jamesville Martin
Kellford Bertie
Kenan.sville Duplin
Kittrell Vance
Knightdale Wake
Kure Beach New Hanover
Lake Lure Rutherford
Lansing Ashe
Lasker Northampton
Lattimore Cleveland
Laurel Park Henderson ....
Lawndale Cleveland
Leggett Edgecombe .
Lewiston Bertie
Lilesville Anson
Linden Cumberland
LinviJle Averv
Littleton Halifax
Love Valley Iredell
Lumber Bridge Robeson
Macclesfield Edgecombe
McAdenville Gaston
McDonald Robeson ..
McFarland Anson
Macon Warren ...
Maggie Valley Haywood
Magnolia Duplin ....
Manteo Dare
Marshall Madison .
Mayesville Jones
Mesic Pamlico ..
Micro Johnston
Middleburg Vance
Middlesex Nash
Milton Caswell
Minesott Beach Pamlico
Montreat Buncombe
583
653
481
628
530
483
434
389
136
232
415
465
697
688
—
100
441
460
653
678
54
405
811
762
720
533
604
295
254
762
931
427
225
815
985
394
611
456
488
283
194
114
96
257
237
581
764
544
469
120
99
327
459
641
588
205
365
—
244
903
820
40
55
117
171
536
504
950
947
80
117
140
133
179
153
—
202
614
592
547
902
982
809
912
877
—
390
300
438
149
185
729
837
235
235
—
171
581
741
Census and Population Statistics
91
TABLE 6. POPULATION OF INCORPORATED PLACES
OF LESS THAN 1,000 (Continued)
City or Town
County
Morrisville Wake
Moreven Anson
Mooresville Cleveland .
Navassa Brunswick
Newland Avery
New London Stanly
Newton Grove Sampson .
Norlina Warren ....
Norman Richmond
Oakboro Stanly
Oak City Martin
Ocean Isle Beach Brunswick
Old Fort McDowell .
Oriental Pamlico ....
Orrum Robeson
Pantego Beaufort ..
Parkton Robeson ...
Parmele Martin
Patterson Springs Cleveland
Peachland Anson
Pikesville Wayne ....
Pinebluff Moore
Pine Level Johnston
Pink Hill Lenoir
Pine Knoll Shores Carteret ..
Polkton Anson
Polkville Cleveland
Pollocksville Jones
Powellsville Bertie
Proctorville Robeson ...
Raynham Robeson
Red Oak Nash
Rennert Robeson
Rhodhiss Burke, Caldwell
Richfield Stanly
Richlands Onslow
Robbinsville Graham
Rolesville Wake
Ronda Wilkes
Roper Washington
Rosman Transylvania
Roxobel Bertie
Ruth Rutherford
Salemburg Sampson
Saluda Polk
Saratoga Wilson
Seaboard Northampton ....
Seagrove Randolph
Seven Devils Watauga, Avery
Seven Springs Wayne
1970
1980
Census
Census
209
251
562
765
—
405
—
439
524
722
285
454
546
564
696
901
157
252
568
587
559
475
78
143
676
752
445
536
162
167
218
185
550
564
373
484
—
731
556
506
260
662
570
935
983
953
522
e%\
—
646
845
762
494
528
456
318
247
320
157
205
83
359
314
—
178
784
727
306
373
935
825
—
814
533
381
465
457
649
795
407
512
347
278
360
381
669
742
546
607
391
381
611
687
354
294
—
21
188
166
92
North Carolina Manual
TABLE 6. POPULATION OF INCORPORATED PLACES
OF LESS THAN 1,000 (Continued)
City or Town
Severn
Shady Forest
Shallotte
Sharpsliurg
Simpson
Sims
Southern Shores .
Speed
Spencer Mountain
Staiey
Stanfield
Stantonhurg
Star
Stedman
Stem
Stonewall
Stovall
Sunset Beach
SurfCity
Swansboro
Tarheel
Teachey
Topsail Beach
Trenton
Turkey
Vanceboro
Vandermere
Vass
Waco
Wade
Wagram
Watstonburg
Warrenton
Washington Park
Watha
Webster
Weddington
West Jefferson
Whitakers
White Lake
Williamsboro
Winfall
Winton
Woodland
Woodville
Yaupon Beach
Youngsville
1970 1980
County Census Census
Northampton 356 309
Brunswick — 43
Brunswick 597 680
Kdgecomhe, Nash, Wilson 789 997
Kitt — 407
Wilson 205 192
Dare — 520
Edgecombe 142 95
Gaston 300 169
Randolph 239 204
Stanly 458 463
Wilson 869 920
Montgomery 892 816
Cumberland 505 723
Granville 242 222
Pamlico 335 360
Granville 405 417
Brunswick 108 304
Pender 166 421
Onslow 1,207 976
Bladen 87 118
Duplin 219 373
Pender 108 264
Jones 539 407
Sampson 329 417
Craven 758 833
Pamlico 379 335
Moore 885 828
Cleveland 245 322
Cumberland 315 474
Scotland 718 617
Greene 176 181
Warren 1,035 908
Beaufort 517 514
Pender 181 196
Jackson 189 200
Union - 848
Ashe 889 822
Edgecombe/Nash 926 924
Vance — 968
Vance — 59
Perquimans 581 634
Hertford 917 825
Northampton 744 861
Bertie 253 212
Brunswick 334 569
Frankhn 555 486
PART II
Constitutional Development
of North Carolina
CHAPTER ONE
The Constitution of North Carolina
OUR CONSTITUTIONS: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE'
North Carolina has had three constitutions in her history as a State; the
Constitution of 1776, the Constitution of 1868, and the Constitution of 1971.
Constitution of 1776
Drafted and promulgated by the Fifth Provincial Congress in December,
1776, without submission to the people, the Constitution of 1776 and its
separate but accompanying Declaration of Rights sketched the main outlines
of the new state government and secured the rights of the citizen from
governmental interference. While the principle of separation of powers was
explicitly affirmed and the familiar three branches of government were
provided for, the true center of power lay in the General Assembly. That
body not only exercised full legislative power; it also chose all the state
executive and judicial officers, the former for short terms and the judges for
life.
Profound distrust of the executive power is evident throughout the docu-
ment. The Governor was chosen by the legislature for a one-year term and
was eligible for only three terms in six years. The little power granted him
was hedged about in many instances by requiring for its exercise the
concurrence of a seven-member Council of State chosen by the legislature.
Judicial offices were established, but the court system itself was left to
legislative design. No system of local government was prescribed by the
Constitution, although the offices of justice of the peace, sheriff, coroner,
and constable were created.
The system of legislative representation was based on units of local
government. The voters of each county elected one Senator and two members
of the House of Commons, while six (later seven) towns each elected one
member of the House. It was distinctly a property owner's government, for
only landowners could vote for Senators until 1857, and progressive property
qualifications were required of members of the House, Senators, and the
Governor until 1868. Legislators were the only state officers who were
elected by the people until 1836.
'Written by John L. Sanders, Director of the Institute of Government, University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
96 North Carolina Manual
The Convention of 1835
Dissatisfaction with tlie legislative representation system, which gave no
direct recognition to population, resulted in the Convention of 1835. Exten-
sive constitutional amendments adopted by that Convention were ratified
by vote of the people, 26,771 to 21,606 on November 9, 1835. The Amendments
of 1835 fixed the membership of the Senate and House at their present
levels, 50 and 120. The House apportionment formula then devised gave one
seat to each county and distributed the remainder of the seats — nearly half
of them at that time — according to a mathematical formula favoring the
more populous counties. From 1836 until 1868, Senators were elected from
districts laid out according to the amount of taxes paid to the State from the
respective counties, thus effecting senatorial representation in proportion to
property values.
The Amendments of 1835 also made the Governor popularly elective for a
two-year term, greatly strengthening that office; relaxed the religious
qualifications for office holding; abolished free Negro suffrage; equalized the
capitation tax on slaves and free white males; prohibited the General
Assembly from granting divorces, legitimating persons, or changing per-
sonal names by private act; specified procedures for the impeachment of
state officers and the removal of judges for disability; made legislative
sessions biennial instead of annual; and provided methods of amending the
Constitution. Following the precedent established in amending the United
States Constitution, the 1835 amendments were appended to the Constitution
of 1776, not incorporated in it as is the modern practice.
The Convention of 1861-62
The Convention of 1861-62, called by act of the General Assembly, took the
State out of The Union and into the Confederacy and adopted a dozen
constitutional amendments. These were promulgated bj'^ the Convention
without the necessity of voter approval, a procedure that was permitted by
the Constitution until 1971.
The Convention of 1865-66
The Convention of 1865-66, called by the Provisional Governor on orders
of the President, nullified secession and abolished slavery, with voter
approval, in 1865. It also drafted a revised Constitution in 1866. That
document was largely a restatement of the Constitution of 1776 and the 1835
amendments, plus several new features. It was rejected by a vote of 21,770 to
19,880 on August 2, 1866.
Constitution of 1868
The Convention of 1868
The Convention of 1868, called upon the initiative of Congress but with a
popular vote of approval, wrote a new Constitution which the people ratified
in April of 1868 by a vote of 93,086 to 74,016. Drafted and put through the
Convention by a combination of native Republicans and a few Carpet-
baggers, the Constitution was highly unpopular with the more conservative
elements of the State. For its time it was a progressive and democratic
The Constitution of North Carolina 97
instrument of government. In this respect it differed markedly from the
proposed Constitution of 1866. The Constitution of 1868 was an amalgam of
provisions copied or adapted from the Declaration of Rights of 1776, the
Constitution of 1776 and its amendments, the proposed Constitution of 1866,
and the constitutions of other states, together with some new and original
provisions. Although often amended, a majority of the provisions of that
document remained intact until 1971, and the Constitution of 1971 brought
forward much of the 1868 language with little or no change.
The Constitution of 1868 incorporated the 1776 Declaration of Rights into
the Constitution as Article I and added several important guarantees. To the
people was given the power to elect all significant state executive officers, all
judges, and all county officials, as well as legislators. All property qualifica-
tions for voting and office holding were abolished. The plan of representation
in the Senate was changed from a property to a popular basis, and the 1835
House apportionment plan was retained. Annual legislative sessions were
restored.
The executive branch of government was strengthened by popular election
for four-year terms of office and the Governor's powers were increased
significantly.
A simple and uniform court system was established with the jurisdiction
of each court fixed in the Constitution. The distinctions between actions at
law and suits in equity were abolished.
For the first time, detailed constitutional provision was made for a system
of taxation, and the powers of the General Assembly to levy taxes and to
borrow money were limited. Homestead and personal property exemptions
were granted. Free public schools were called for and the maintenance of
penal and charitable institutions by the State was commanded. A uniform
scheme of county and township government was prescribed.
The declared objective of the Conservative Party (under whose banner the
older native political leaders grouped themselves) was to repeal the Constitu-
tion of 1868 at the earliest opportunity. When the Conservative Party gained
control of the General Assembly in 1870, a proposal to call a convention of
the people to revise the constitution was submitted by the General Assembly
to the voters and rejected in 1871 by a vote of 95,252 to 86,007.
The General Assembly thereupon resorted to the legislative initiative for
amending the Constitution. That procedure then called for legislative ap-
proval of each proposed amendment at two successive sessions, followed by
a vote of the people on the amendment. The 1871-72 legislative session
adopted an act calling for about three dozen amendments to the Constitution
which had the general purpose of restoring to the General Assembly the
bulk of the power over local government, the courts, and the pul)lic' schools
and the University that had been taken from it by the Constitution of 1868.
The 1872-73 session of the General Assembly approved for the second time
and submitted to the people only eight of those amendments, all of which
were approved by the voters in 1873 by wide margins. These amendments
restored biennial sessions of the General Assembly, transferred control of
the University of North Carolina from the State Board of Education to the
General Assembly, abolished various new state offices, altered the doutilc
98 North Carolina Manual
otiict'-lioldiiig prohibition, and rcpualt'd the prohibition against repudiation
of the state debt.
The Convention of 1875
In 1875, the Cieneral Asseml)ly called a convention of the people to
consider constitutional revision. No confirmation of that action by popular
referendum was had, and none was then constitutionally required. The
Convention of 1875 (the most recent in the State's history) sat for five weeks
in the fall of that year. It was a limited convention, certain actions — for
example, the reinstatement of property qualifications for office-holding or
voting — being forbidden to it.
The Convention of 1875 adopted and the voters on November 7, 1876,
approved by a vote of 120,159 to 106,554 a set of 30 amendments affecting 36
sections of the Constitution. These amendments (which took effect on
January 1, 1877) prohibited secret political societies, moved the legislative
convening date from November of even numbered years to January of odd-
numbered years, fixed in the Constitution for the first time the rate of
legislative compensation, called for legislation establishing a State Depart-
ment of Agriculture, abandoned the simplicity and uniformity of the 1868
court system by giving the General Assembly power to determine the
jurisdiction of all courts below the Supreme Court and to establish such
courts inferior to the Supreme Court as it might see fit, reduced the Supreme
Court from five to three members, required Superior Court judges to rotate
among all judicial districts of the State, disqualified for voting persons
guilty of certain crimes, established a one-year residency requirement for
voting, required non-discriminatory racial segregation in the public schools,
gave the General Assembly full power to revise or abolish the form and
powers of county and township governments, and simplified the procedure
for constitutional amendment by providing that the General Assembly
might by act adopted by three-fifths of each house at one legislative session
submit an amendment to the voters of the State (thus eliminating the former
requirement of enactment by two successive sessions of the General As-
sembly). The principal effect of the amendments of 1873 and 1875 was to
restore in considerable measure the former power of the General Assembly,
particularly as to the courts and local government.
The amendments framed by the Convention of 1875 seem to have satisfied
most of the need for constitutional change for a generation, for only four
amendments were submitted by the General Assembly to the voters through-
out the remainder of the nineteenth century. Three of them were ratified; one
failed.
In 1900 the suffrage article was revised to add the literacy test and poll tax
requirement for voting (the latter provision was repealed in 1920). A slate of
ten amendments prepared by a constitutional commission and proposed by
the General Assembly in 1913 was rejected by the voters in 1914. With the
passage of time and amendments, the attitude towards the Constitution of
1868 had changed from resentment to a reverence so great that until the
second third of the twentieth century, amendments were very difficult to
obtain. Between 1900 and 1933, the voters ratified 15 and rejected 20
The Constitution of North Carolina 99
amendments. During the first third of this century, nevertheless, amend-
ments were adopted lengthening the school term from four to six months,
prohibiting legislative charters to private corporations, authorizing special
Superior Court judges, further limiting the General Assembly's powers to
levy taxes and incur debt, and abolishing the poll tax requirement for voting
and reducing the residence qualification for voters. Amendments designed to
restrict the legislature's power to enact local, private and special legislation
were made partly ineffective by judicial interpretation.
The Proposed Constitution of 1933
A significant effort at general revision of the Constitution was made in
1931-33. A Constitutional Commission created by the General Assembly of
1931 drafted and the General Assembly of 1933 approved a revised Constitu-
tion. Blocked by a technicality raised in an advisory opinion of the State
Supreme Court, the proposed Constitution of 1933 never reached the voters
for approval. It would have granted the Governor the veto power; given to a
Judicial Council composed of all the judges of the Supreme and Superior
Courts power to make all rules of practice and procedure in the courts
inferior to the Supreme Court; required that the creation of inferior courts by
general laws only; removed most of the limitations on the taxing powers of
the General Assembly; required the General Assembly to provide for the
organization and powers of local governments by general law only;
established an appointive State Board of Education with general supervision
over the public school system; and set forth an enlightened policy of state
responsibility for the maintenance of educational, charitable, and refor-
matory institutions and programs.
Several provisions of the proposed Constitution of 1933 were later incor-
porated into the Constitution by individual amendments, and to a limited
extent it served as a model for the work of the 1957-59 Constitutional
Commission.
Between the mid-1930's and the late 1950's, greater receptiveness to constitu-
tional change resulted in amendments authorizing the classification of
property for taxation; strengthening the limitations upon public debt;
authorizing the General Assembly to enlarge the Supreme Court, divide the
State into judicial divisions, increase the number of Superior Court judges,
and create a Department of Justice under the Attorney General; enlarging
the Council of State by three members; creating a new, appointive State
Board of Education with general supervision of the schools; permitting
women to serve as jurors; transferring the Governor's power to assign judges
to the Chief Justice and his parole power to a Board of Paroles; permitting
the waiver of indictment in non-capital cases; raising the compensation of
the General Assembly and authorizing legislative expense allowances; iii
creasing the general purpose property tax levy limitation and the maximum
income tax rate; and authorizing the closing of public schools on a local
option basis and the payment of educational expense grants in certain
cases.
The increased legislative and public willingness to accept constitutional
change between 1934 and 1960 resulted in 32 constitutional amendments
being ratified by the voters while only six were rejected.
100 North Carolina Manual
The Constitutional Commission of 1957-58
At th(> rctiufst of Governor Luther H. Hodges, the General Assembly of
1957 authorized the Governor to appoint a fifteen-member Constitutional
Commission to study the need for changes in the Constitution and to make
recommendations to the Governor and the 1959 General Assembly.
That Commission recommended rewriting the whole Constitution and
submitting it to the voters for approval or disapproval as a unit, the changes
suggested being too numerous to be effected by individual amendments. The
proposed Constitution drafted by the Commission represented in large part
a careful job of editorial pruning, rearrangement, clarification, and moderni-
zation, but it also included several significant substantive changes. The
Senate would have been increased from 50 to 60 members and the initiative
(but not the sole authority) for decennial redistricting of the Senate would
have been shifted from the General Assembly to an ex-officio committee of
three legislative officers. Decennial reapportionment of the House of
Representatives would have been made a duty of the Speaker of the House,
rather than of the General Assembly as a whole. Problems of succession to
constitutional State executive offices and of determination of issues of
officers' disability would have been either resolved in the Constitution or
their resolution assigned to the General Assembly. The authority to classify
property for taxation and to exempt property from taxation would have been
required to be exercised only by the General Assembly and only on a
uniform, statewide basis. The requirement that the public schools constitute
a "general and uniform system" would have been eliminated, and the
constitutional authority of the State Board of Education reduced. Fairly
extensive changes were recommended in the judicial article of the Constitu-
tion, including the establishment of a General Court of Justice with an
Appellate Division, a Superior Court Division, and a Local Trial Court
Division. A uniform system of District Courts and Trial Commissioners
would have replaced the existing multitude of inferior courts and justices of
the peace, the creation of an intermediate Court of Appeals would have been
provided for, and uniformity of jurisdiction of the courts within each division
would have been required. Otherwise, the General Assembly would have
retained essentially its then-existing power over the courts, their jurisdiction,
and their procedures.
The General Assembly of 1959 also had before it a recommendation for a
constitutional amendment with respect to the court system that had
originated with a Court Study Committee of the North Carolina Bar
Association. In general, the recommendations of that Committee called for
more fundamental changes in the courts than those of the Constitutional
Commission. The principal difference between the two sets of recommenda-
tions lay in the extent of the proposed authority of the General Assembly
over the courts. The Constitutional Commission generally favored legisla-
tive authority over the courts and proposed only moderate curtailment of it;
the Court Study Committee accepted more literally the concept of an in-
dependent judiciary and its proposals would have minimized the authority
of the General Assembly over the courts of the State, though structurally, its
system would have been much like that of the Constitutional Commission.
The Constitution of North Carolina 101
The proposed Constitution received extended attention from the General
Assembly of 1959. The Senate modified and passed the bill to submit the
proposed Constitution to the voters, but it failed to pass the House, due
chiefly to the inability of the supporters of the two divergent approaches to
court revision to reach agreement.
As had bee , true of the proposed Constitution of 1933, the proposed
Constitution of 1959, though not adopted as a whole, subsequently provided
the material for several amendment proposals that were submitted in-
dividually to the voters and approved by them during the next decade.
In the General Assembly of 1961, the proponents of court reform were
successful in obtaining enactment of a constitutional amendment, approved
by the voters in 1962, creating a unified and uniform General Court of
Justice for the State. Other amendments submitted by the same session and
approved by the voters provided for the automatic decennial reapportionment
of the State House of Representatives, clarified the provisions for succession
to elective State executive offices and disability determination, authorized a
reduction in the residence period for voters for President, allowed increases
in the compensation of elected state executive officers during their terms,
and required that the power of the General Assembly to classify and exempt
property for taxation be exercised by it alone and only on uniform, statewide
basis.
The session of 1963 submitted two amendments: One to enlarge the rights
of married women to deal with their own property was approved by the
voters; one to enlarge the Senate from fifty to seventy members and allocate
one Representative to each county was rejected by the voters. The General
Assembly of 1965 submitted and the voters approved an amendment
authorizing the legislative creation of a Court of Appeals.
The 1967 General Assembly proposed and the voters approved amendments
authorizing the General Assembly to fix its own compensation and revising
the legislative apportionment scheme to conform to the judicially-established
requirement of representation in proportion to population in both houses.
Constitution of 1971
From 1869 through 1968, there were submitted to the voters of North
Carolina a total of 97 propositions for amending the Constitution of the
State. All but one of these proposals originated in the General Assembly. Of
those 97 amendment proposals, 69 were ratified by the voters and 28 were
rejected by them. The changing attitude of the voters toward constitutional
amendments is well illustrated by the fact that from 1869 to 1933, 21 of the
48 amendment propositions were rejected by the voters, a failure rate of
three out of seven. Between 1933 and 1968, only seven of 49 proposed
amendments were rejected by the voters, a failure rate of one out of seven.
After the amendments of the early 1960's, the pressure for constitutional
change seemed at the time to have abated. Yet while an increasingly
frequently used amendment process had relieved many of the pressures that
otherwise would have strengthened the case for constitutional reform, it had
not kept the Constitution current in all respects. Constitutional amendments
102 North Carolina Manual
usually were drafted in response to particular problems experienced or
anticipated and generally they were limited in scope so as to achieve the
essential goal, while arousing minimum unnecessary opposition. Thus
amendments sometimes were not as comprehensive as they should have
been to avoid inconsistency in result. Obsolete and invalid provisions had
been allowed to remain in the Constitution to mislead the unwary reader.
Moreover, in the absence of a comprehensive reappraisal, there had been no
recent occasion to reconsider constitutional provisions that might be
obsolescent but might not have proved so frustrating or unpopular in their
effect as to provoke curative amendments.
The Constitutional Study Commission of 1967
It was perhaps for these reasons that when Governor Dan K. Moore
recommended to the North Carolina State Bar in the fall of 1967 that it take
the lead in making a study of the need for revision of the State Constitution,
the response was prompt and affirmative. The North Carolina State Bar and
the North Carolina Bar Association joined to create the North Carolina
State Constitution Study Commission as a joint agency of the two organiza-
tions. The 25 members of that commission (fifteen attorneys and ten laymen)
were chosen by a steering committee representative of the sponsoring
organizations. The Chairman of the Commission was former state Chief
Justice Emery B. Denny.
The State Constitution Study Commission worked throughout most of
1968. It became clear early in the course of its proceedings that the amend-
ments the Commission wished to propose were too numerous to be submitted
to the voters as independent propositions. On the other hand, the Commission
did not wish to embody all of its proposed changes in a single document, to
be approved or disapproved by the voters on a single vote. The compromise
procedure developed by the Commission and approved by the General
Assembly was a blend of the two approaches. The Commission combined in
a revised text of the Constitution all of the extensive editorial changes that
it thought should be made in the Constitution, together with such sub-
stantive changes as the Commission deemed not to be controversial or
fundamental in nature. These were embodied in the document that came to
be known as the Constitution of 1971. Those proposals for change that were
deemed to be sufficiently fundamental or potentially controversial in
character as to justify it, the Commission set out as independent amendment
propositions, to be considered by the General Assembly and by the voters of
the State on their independent merits. Thus the opposition to the latter
proposals would not be cumulated. The separate proposals framed by the
Commission were ten in number, including one extensive revision of the
finance article of the Constitution which was largely the work of the Local
Government Study Commission, a legislatively-established group then at
work on the revision of constitutional and statutory provisions with respect
to local government. The amendments were so drafted that any number or
combination of them might be ratified by the voters and yet produce a
consistent result.
The General Assembly of 1969, to which the recommendations of the State
Constitution Study Commission were submitted, received a total of 28 pro-
The Constitution of North Carolina 103
posals for constitutional amendments. Constitutional revision was an active
subject of interest throughout the session. The proposed Constitution of
1971, in the course of seven roll-call votes (four in the House and three in the
Senate), received only one negative vote. The independent amendments
fared variously; ultimately six were approved by the General Assembly and
submitted to the voters. These were the executive reorganization amendment,
the finance amendment, an amendment to the income tax provision of the
Constitution, a reassignment of the benefits of the escheats, authorization
for calling extra legislative sessions on the petition of members of the
General Assembly, and abolition of the literacy test for voting. All but the
last two of these amendments had been recommended by the State Constitu-
tion Study Commission. At the election held on November 3, 1970, the
proposed Constitution of 1971 was approved by a vote of 393,759 to 251,132.
Five of the six separate amendments were approved by the voters; the
literacy test repeal was rejected.
The Constitution of 1971 took effect under its own terms on July 1, 1971
(hence its designation as the "Constitution of 1971"). So did the executive
reorganization amendment, the income tax amendment, the escheats amend-
ment, and the amendment with respect to extra legislative sessions, all of
which amended the Constitution of 1971 at the instant it took effect. The
finance amendment, which made extensive revisions in the Constitution of
1971 with respect to debt and local taxation, took effect on July 1, 1973. The
two-year delay in its effective date was occasioned by the necessity to
conform state statutes with respect to local government finance to the terms
of the amendment.
The Constitution of 1971, the State Constitution Study Commission stated
in its report recommending its adoption,
effects a general editorial revision of the constitution .... The
deletions, reorganizations, and improvements in the clarity and
consistency of language will be found in the proposed constitu-
tion. Some of the changes are substantive, but none is calculated
to impair any present right of the individual citizen or to bring
about any fundamental change in the power of state and local
government or the distribution of that power.
In the new Constitution, the old fourteen-article organization of the Con-
stitution was retained, but the contents of several articles — notably Articles
I, II, III, V, IX, and X — were rearranged in more logical sequence. Sections
were shifted from one article to another to make a more logical subjec-t-
matter arrangement. Clearly obsolete and constitutionally invalid matter
was omitted, as were provisions essentially legislative in character. Uni-
formity of expression was sought where uniformity of meaning was im-
portant. Directness and currency of language were also sought, togetbcM-
with standardization in spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and other
essentially editorial matters. Greater brevity of the Constitution as a whole
was a by-product of the revision, though not itself a primary objective.
The Declaration of Rights (Article I), which dates from 177(i with some
1868 additions, was retained with a few additions. The organization of the
104 North Carolina Manual
article was improved and the frequently used subjunctive mood was replaced
by the imperative in order to make clear that the provisions of that article
are commands and not mere admonitions. (For example, "All elections
ought to be free" became "All elections shall be free.") To the article were
added a guarantee of freedom of speech, a guarantee of equal protection of
the laws, and a prohibition against exclusion from jury service or other
discrimination by the State on the basis of race or religion. Since all of the
rights newly expressed in the Constitution of 1971 were already guaranteed
by the United States Constitution, their inclusion simply constituted an
explicit recognition by the State of their importance.
In the course of reorganizing and abbreviating Article III (the Executive),
the Governor's role as chief executive was brought into clear focus. The
scattered statements of the Governor's duties were collected in one section,
to which was added a brief statement of his budget powers, formerly merely
statutory in origin. No change was made in the Governor's eligiblity or term,
or in the list of state executives previously elected by the people. To the
Council of State (formerly seven elected executives with the Governor as
presiding officer) were added the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and
Attorney General as ex-officio members.
Having been entirely rewritten in 1962, the judicial article (Article IV) was
the subject of little editorial alteration and of no substantive change.
The editorial amendments to Article V, dealing with finance and taxation,
were extensive. Provisions concerning finance were transferred to it from
four other articles. The former finance provisions were expanded in some
instances to make clearer the meaning of excessively condensed provisions.
The only substantive change of note gave a wife who is the primary wage-
earner in the family the same constitutionally guaranteed income tax
exemption now granted a husband who is the chief wage-earner; she already
had that benefit under statute.
The revision of Article VI (voting and elections) added out-of-state and
federal felonies to felonies committed against the State of North Carolina as
grounds for denial of voting and office-holding rights in this State. The
General Assembly was directed to enact general laws governing voter
registration.
The provision that has been interpreted to mean that only voters can hold
office was modified to limit its application to popularly elective offices only;
thus it is left to the legislature to determine whether one must be a voter in
order to hold an appointive office.
The Constitution of 1971 prohibits the concurrent holding of two or more
elective state offices or of a federal office and an elective state office. It
expressly prohibits the concurrent holding of any two or more appointive
offices or places of trust or profit, or of any combination of elective and
appointive offices or places of trust or profit, except as the General Assembly
may allow by general law.
The power to provide for local government remains in the legislature,
confining the constitutional provisions on the subject to a general description
The Constitution of North Carolina 105
of the General Assembly's plenary authority over local government, a
declaration that any unit formed by the merger of a city and a county should
be deemed both a city and a county for constitutional purposes, and a
section retaining the sheriff as an elective county officer.
The education article (Article IX) was rearranged to improve upon the
former hodge-podge treatment of public schools and higher education,
obsolete provisions (especially those pertaining to racial matters) were elimi-
nated, and other changes were made to reflect current practice in the
administration and financing of schools.
The constitutionally-mandated school term was extended from six months
(set in 1918) to a minimum of nine months (where it was fixed by statute
many years earlier). The possibly restrictive age limits on tuition-free public
schooling were removed. Units of local government to which the General
Assembly assigns a share of responsibility for financing public education
were authorized to finance from local revenues education programs, including
both public schools and technical institutes and community colleges, without
a popular vote of approval. It was made mandatory (it was formerly permis-
sive) that the General Assembly require school attendance.
The Superintendent of Public instruction was eliminated as a voting
member of the State Board of Education but retained as the Board's
secretary. He was replaced with an additional at-large appointee. A potential
conflict of authority between the Superintendent and the Board (both of
which previously had constitutional authority to administer the public
schools) was eliminated by making the Superintendent the chief administra-
tive officer of the Board, which is to supervise and administer the schools.
The provisions with respect to the state and county school funds were
retained with only minor editorial modifications. Fines, penalties, and for-
feitures continue to be earmarked for the county school fund.
The former provisions dealing with The University of North Carolina
were broadened into a statement of the General Assembly's duty to maintain
a system of higher education.
The General Assembly was authorized by the changes made in Article X
(Homesteads and Exemptions) to set the amounts of the personal property
exemption and the homestead exemption (constitutionally fixed at $500 and
$1,000 respectively since 1868) at what it considers to be reasonable levels,
with the constitutional figures being treated as minimums. The provision
protecting the rights of married women to deal with their own property was
left untouched. The protection given life insurance taken out for the benefit
of the wife and children of the insured was broadened.
The provisions prescribing the permissible punishments for crime and
limiting the crimes punishable by death (Article XI) were left essentially
intact.
The procedures for constitutional revision (Article XIII) were made more
explicit.
The five constitutional amendments ratified at the same time as the
Constitution of 1971 deserve particular mention.
lOfi North Carolina Manual
The Constitutional Amendments of 1970-71
Wy the end of the HXiO's, North Carohna state government consisted of
over 200 state administrative agencies. The State Constitution Study Commis-
sion concluded on the advice of witnesses who had tried it that no governor
could effectively oversee an administrative apparatus of such disjointed
complexity. The Commission's solution was an amendment, patterned after
the Model State Constitution and the constitutions of a few other states,
requiring the General Assembly to reduce the number of administrative
departments to not more than 25 by 1975, and to give the Governor authority
to effect agency reorganizations and consolidations, subject to disapproval
by action of either house of the legislature if the changes affected existing
statutes.
The second separate constitutional amendment ratified in 1970 supple-
mented the existing authority of the Governor to call extra sessions of the
General Assembly with the advice of the Council of State. The amendment
provides that on written request of three-fifths of all the members of each
house, the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representa-
tives shall convene an extra session of the General Assembly. Thus the
legislative branch is now able to convene itself, notwithstanding the contrary
wishes of the Governor.
The most significant of the separate amendments and in some ways the
most important of the constitutional changes ratified in 1970 was the
finance amendment. The changes it effected are especially important in the
financing of local government. The amendment became effective on July 1,
1973. Its principal provisions are as follows:
(1) All forms of capitation or poll tax were prohibited.
(2) The General Assembly was authorized to enact laws empowering
counties, cities, and towns to establish special taxing districts
less extensive in area than the entire county or city in order to
finance the provision within those special districts of a higher
level of govermental service than is available in the unit at large,
either by supplementing existing services or providing services
not otherwise available. That provision eliminated the previous
necessity of creating a new, independent governmental unit to
accomplish the same result.
(3) For a century, the Constitution required that the levying of taxes
and the borrowing of money by local government be approved by
a vote of the people of the unit, unless the money were to be used
for a "necessary expense." The court, not the General Assembly,
was the final arbiter of what was a "necessary expense," and the
State Supreme Court took a rather restrictive view of the embrace
of that concept. The determination of what types of public
expenditures should require voter approval and what types should
be made by a governing board on its own authority was found by
the General Assembly to be a legislative and not a judicial
matter. In that conviction, the finance amendment provided that
the General Assembly, acting on a uniform, statewide basis,
should make the final determination of whether voter approval
The Constitution of North Carolina 107
must be had for the levy of property taxes or the borrowing of
money to finance particular activities of local government.
(4) To facilitate governmental and private cooperative endeavors,
the state and local governmental units were authorized by the
amendment to enter into contracts with and appropriate money
to private entities "for the accomplishment of public purposes
only."
(5) The various forms of public financial obligations were more
precisely defined than in the previous constitution, with the
general effect of requiring voter approval only for the issuance of
general obligation bonds and notes or for governmental
guarantees of the debts of private persons or organizations. The
General Assembly was directed to regulate by general law (per-
mitting classified but not local acts) the contracting of debt by
local governments.
(6) The amendments retained the existing limitation that the state
and local governments may not, without voter approval, borrow
more than the equivalent of two-thirds of the amount by which
the unit's indebtedness was reduced during the last fiscal period,
except for purposes listed in the Constitution. This list was
lengthened to include "emergencies immediately threatening
public health or safety."
(7) No change was made in the provisions with respect to the classifi-
cation and exemption of property for purposes of property taxation.
The limitation of 20<P on the $100 valuation previously imposed
on the general county property tax was omitted.
The fourth independent amendment also dealt with taxation. It struck out
a schedule of specified minimum exemptions from the constitutional provi-
sion on the state income tax, leaving those exemptions to be fixed by the
General Assembly. This change enabled the legislature to provide for the
filing of joint tax returns by husbands and wives and to adopt a "piggy-
back" state income tax to be computed on the same basis as the federal
income tax, thus relieving the taxpayer of two sets of computations. The
amendment retains the maximum tax rate at ten per cent.
The final amendment ratified in 1970 assigned the benefits of property
escheating to the State for want of an heir or other lawful claimant to a
special fund, to be available to help needy North Carolina students attend! iij,^
public institutions of higher education in the State. Property escheating
prior to July 1, 1971, continues to be held by The University of North
Carolina.
The one amendment defeated by the voters in 1970 would have repealed
the state constitutional requirement that in order to register as a voter, one
must be able to read and write the English language. That requirement was
already ineffective by virtue of federal legislation and therefore the failure of
repeal had no practical effect.
The General Assembly of 1971 submitted to the voters five state constitu-
tional amendments, all of which were ratified by the voters on November 7,
1972. Those amendments set the constitutionally-specified voting age at 18
108 North Carolina Manual
years, required the General Assembly to set maximum age limits for service
as justices and judges of the state courts, authorized the General Assembly
to prescribe procedures for the censure and removal of state judges and
justices, added to the Constitution a statement of policy with regard to the
conservation and the protection of natural resources, and limited the
authority of the General Assembly to incorporate cities and towns within
close proximity to existing municipalities.
The General Assembly at its 1973 session submitted and the voters in 1974
approved an amendment changing the title of the Solicitor to that of District
Attorney. The 1974 legislative session submitted an amendment authorizing
the issuance by state or county governments of revenue bonds to finance
industrial facilities, which the voters rejected.
In 1975, the General Assembly submitted two amendments authorizing
legislation to permit the issuance of revenue bonds (1) by state and local
governments to finance health care facilities and (2) by counties to finance
industrial facilities. Both received voter approval on March 23, 1976.
The constitutional amendments of 1835 had permitted the voters to elect a
Governor for two successive two-year terms. The Constitution of 1868
extended the Governor's term to four years but prohibited the Governor and
Lieutenant Governor from serving successive four-year terms of the same
office. The 1971 Constitution retained this limitation. An amendment to
empower the voters to elect both the Governor and Lieutenant Governor to
two successive terms of the same office was submitted by the 1977 General
Assembly and ratified by the voters on November 8, 1977. Four other
amendments were approved by the voters at the same time. They required
that the State operate on a balanced budget at all times, extended to
widowers (as well as to widows) the benefit of the homestead exemption,
allowed a woman (as well as a man) to insure her life for the benefit of her
spouse or children free from all claims of the insured's creditors or of her (or
his) estate, and authorized municipalities owning or operating electric power
facilities to do so jointly with other public or private power organizations
and to issue electric system revenue bonds to finance such facilities.
Only one amendment was proposed by the General Assembly of 1979.
Approved by the voters in 1980, it required that all justices and judges of the
State courts be licensed lawyers as a condition of election or appointment to
the bench.
The 1981 session of the General Assembly sent five amendments to the
voters for decision on June 29, 1982. The two ratified amendments ratified
by the voters authorized the General Assembly (1) to provide for the recall of
retired State Supreme Court Justices and Court of Appeals Judges to
temporary duty on either court and (2) to empower the Supreme Court to
review direct appeals from the Utilities Commission. The voters rejected
amendments (1) extending the terms of all members of the General Assembly
from two to four years; (2) authorizing the General Assembly to empower
public agencies to develop new and existing seaports and airports, and to
finance and refinance seaport, airport, and related commercial and industrial
facilities for public and private parties; and (3) authorizing the General
Assembly to empower a State agency to issue bonds to finance facilities for
private institutions of higher education.
The Constitution of North Carolina 109
At its 1982 session, the General Assembly submitted two amendments. On
November 2, 1982, the electorate ratified an amendment shifting the begin-
ning of legislative terms from the date of election to January 1 next after the
election, and rejected an amendment permitting the issuance of tax-incre-
ment bonds without voter approval.
On May 8, 1984, the voters ratified an amendment submitted by the
General Assembly of 1983 to authorize the General Assembly to create an
agency to issue revenue bonds to finance agricultural facilities. And on
November 6, 1984, the voters approved an amendment requiring that the
Attorney General and all District Attorneys be licensed lawyers as a condi-
tion of election or appointment.
An amendment to shift the elections for state legislative, executive, and
judicial officers and for county officers from even-numbered to odd-numbered
years (beginning in 1989 for legislators and 1993 for Governors and other
state executives) was submitted by the General Assembly of 1985 to the
voters, who rejected it on May 6, 1986. An amendment to revert to the pre-
1977 constitutional policy that barred the Governor and Lieutenant Governor
from election to two successive terms of the same office was proposed by the
1985 legislative session for a popular vote on November 4, 1986, but in the
meantime the 1986 adjourned session repealed the act proposing the amend-
ment.
In mid-1986, the General Assembly at its adjourned session voted to send
to the voters three constitutional amendments, all three of which were
approved on November 4, 1986. They (1) authorized legislation enabling
state and local governments to develop seaports and airports and to partici-
pate jointly with other public agencies and with private parties and issue
revenue bonds for that purpose; (2) authorized the State to issue tax-exempt
revenue bonds to finance or refinance private college facilities; and (3)
provided that when a vacancy occurs among the eight elected state executive
officers (not including the Governor and Lieutenant Governor) or the elected
judges and justices more than 60 days (was 30 days) before a general
election, the vacancy must be filled at that election.
Neither the General Assembly of 1987-88 nor the General Assembly of
1989 submitted a constitutional amendment to the voters.
Conclusion
The people of North Carolina have treated their constitution with con-
servatism and respect. The fact that we have adopted only three constitutions
in two centuries of existence as a state is the chief evidence of that attitude.
(Some states have adopted as many as five or ten constitutions in a like
period.) The relative fewness of amendments, even in recent years, is another
point of contrast to many states. It reflects the fact that North CaroHna has
been less disposed than have many states to write into its state constitution
detailed provisions with respect to transitory matters better left to legis-
lation. The Constitution has allowed the General Assembly wide latitude for
decision on public affairs, and legislators have been wilhng to accept
responsibility for and act on matters within their authority instead of
passing the responsibility for difficult decisions on to the voters in the form
of constitutional amendments.
110 North Carolina Manual
Constitutional draftsmen have not been so convinced of their own exclusive
iioUi on wisdom or so doubtful of the reliability of later generations of
legislators that they found it necessary to write into the Constitution the
large amount of regulatory detail often found in state constitutions. Delegates
to constitutional conventions and members of the General Assembly have
acted consistently with the advice of the late John J. Parker, Chief Judge of
the United States Court of Appeals for the P'ourth Circuit (1925-58), who
observed:
The purpose of a state constitution is two-fold: (1) to protect the
rights of the individual from encroachment by the State; and (2)
to provide a framework of government for the State and its
subdivisions. It is not the function of a constitution to deal with
temporary conditions, but to lay down general principles of govern-
ment which must be observed amid changing conditions. It
follows, then, that a constitution should not contain elaborate
legislative provisions, but should lay down briefly and clearly
fundamental principles upon which government shall proceed,
leaving it to the people's representatives to apply these principles
through legislation to conditions as they arise.
The Constitution of North Carolina m
CONSTITUTION OF NORTH CAROLINA
PREAMBLE
We, the people of the State of North Carolina, grateful to Almighty God,
the Sovereign Ruler of Nations, for the preservation of the American Union
and the existence of our civil, political and religious liberties, and acknowledg-
ing our dependence upon Him for the continuance of those blessings to us
and our posterity, do, for the more certain security thereof and for the better
government of this State, ordain and establish this Constitution.
ARTICLE 1
DECLARATION OF RIGHTS
That the great, general, and essential principles of liberty and free govern-
ment may be recognized and established, and that the relations of this State
to the Union and government of the United States and those of the people of
this State to the rest of the American people may be defined and affirmed,
we do declare that:
Section 1. The equality and rights of persons. We hold it to be self-evident
that all persons are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator
with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, the enjoy-
ment of the fruits of their own labor, and the pursuit of happiness.
Sec. 2. Sovereignty of the people. All political power is vested in and
derived from the people; all government of right originates from the people,
is founded upon their will only, and is instituted solely for the good of the
whole.
Sec. 3. Internal government of the State. The people of this State have the
inherent, sole, and exclusive right of regulating the internal government and
police thereof, and of altering or abolishing their Constitution and form of
government whenever it may be necessary to their safety and happiness; but
every such right shall be exercised in pursuance of law and consistently
with the Constitution of the United States.
Sec. 4. Secession prohibited. This State shall ever remain a member of the
American Union; the people thereof are part of the American nation; there is
no right on the part of this State to secede; and all attempts, from wbatev(>r
source or upon whatever pretext, to dissolve this Union or to sever tbis
Nation, shall be resisted with the whole power of the State.
Sec. 5. Allegiance to the United States. Every citizen of this State owes
paramount allegiance to the Constitution and government of the United
States, and no law or ordinance of the State in contravention or subversion
thereof can have any binding force.
Sec. 6. Separation of powers. The legislative, executive, and supreme
judicial powers of the State government shall be forever separate and
distinct from each other.
112 North Carolina Manual
Sec. 7. Suspending laws. All power of suspending laws or the execution of
laws by any authority, without the consent of the representatives of the
people, is injurious to their rights and shall not be exercised.
Sec. 8. Representation and taxation. The people of this State shall not be
taxed or made subject to the payment of any impost or duty without the
consent of themselves or their representatives in the General Assembly,
freely given.
Sec. 9. Frequent elections. For redress or grievances and for amending and
strengthening the laws, elections shall be often held.
Sec. 10. Free elections. All elections shall be free.
Sec. 11. Property qualifications. As political rights and privileges are not
dependent upon or modified by property, no property qualification shall
affect the right to vote or hold office.
Sec. 12. Right of assembly and petition. The people have a right to
assemble together to consult for their common good, to instruct their
representatives, and to apply to the General Assembly for redress of
grievances; but secret politial societies are dangerous to the liberties of a free
people and shall not be tolerated.
Sec. 13. Religious liberty. All persons have a natural and inalienable right
to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences,
and no human authority shall, in any case whatever, control or interfere
with the rights of conscience.
Sec. 14. Freedom of speech and press. Freedom of speech and of the press
are two of the great bulwarks of liberty and therefore shall never be
restrained, but every person shall be held responsible for their abuse.
Sec. 15. Education. The people have a right to the privilege of education,
and it is the duty of the State to guard and maintain that right.
Sec. 16. Ex post facto laws. Retrospective laws, punishing acts committed
before the existence of such laws and by them only declared criminal, are
oppressive, unjust, and incompatible with liberty, and therefore no ex post
facto law shall be enacted. No law taxing retrospectively sales, purchases, or
other acts previously done shall be enacted.
Sec. 17. Slavery and involuntary servitude. Slavery is forever prohibited.
Involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the parties
have been adjudged guilty, is forever prohibited.
Sec. 18. Courts shall be open. All courts shall be open; every person for an
injury done him in his lands, goods, person, or reputation shall have remedy
by due course of law; and right and justice shall be administered without
favor, denial, or delay.
Sec. 19. Law of the land; equal protection of the laws. No person shall be
taken, imprisoned, or disseized of his freehold, liberties, or privileges, or
outlawed, or exiled, or in any manner deprived of his life, liberty, or
property, but by the law of the land. No person shall be denied the equal
protection of the laws; nor shall any person be subjected to discrimination
by the State because of race, color, religion, or national origin.
The Constitution of North Carolina 1 13
Sec. 20. General warrants. General warrants, whereby an officer or other
person may be commanded to search suspected places without evidence of
the act committed, or to seize any person or persons not named, whose
offense is not particularly described and supported by evidence, are
dangerous to liberty and shall not be granted.
Sec. 21. Inquiry into restraints on liberty. Every person restrained of his
liberty is entitled to a remedy to inquire into the lawfulness thereof, and to
remove the restraint if unlawful, and that remedy shall not be denied or
delayed. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended.
Sec. 22. Modes of prosecution. Except in misdemeanor cases initiated in
the District Court Division, no person shall be put to answer any criminal
charge but by indictment, presentment, or impeachment. But any person,
when represented by counsel, may, under such regulations as the General
Assembly shall prescribe, waive indictment in non-capital cases.
Sec. 23. Rights of accused. In all criminal prosecutions, every person
charged with crime has the right to be informed of the accusation and to
confront the accusers and witnesses with other testimony, and to have
counsel for defense, and not be compelled to give self-incriminating evidence,
or to pay costs, jail fees, or necessary witness fees of the defense, unless
found guilty.
Sec. 24. Right of jury trial in criminal cases. No person shall be convicted
of any crime but by the unanimous verdict of a jury in open court. The
General Assembly may, however, provide for other means of trial for
misdemeanors, with the right of appeal for trial de novo.
Sec. 25. Right of jury trial in civil cases. In all controversies at law
respecting property, the ancient mode of trial by jury is one of the best
securities of the rights of the people, and shall remain sacred and inviolable.
Sec. 26. Jury service. No person shall be excluded from jury service on
account of sex, race, color, religion, or national origin.
Sec. 27. Bail, fines, and punishments. Excessive bail shall not be required,
nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishments inflicted.
Sec. 28. Imprisonment for debt. There shall be no imprisonment for debt in
this State, except in cases of fraud.
Sec. 29. Treason against the State. Treason against the State shall consist
only of levying war against it or adhering to its enemies by giving them aid
and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony
of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. No
conviction of treason or attainder shall work corruption of blood or
forfeiture.
Sec. 30. Militia and the right to bear arms. A well regulated militia bcinfx
necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and
bear arms shall not be infringed; and, as standing armies in time of peace
are dangerous to liberty, they shall not be maintained, and the military
shall be kept under strict subordination to, and governed by. the civil power.
Nothing herein shall justify the practice of carrying concealed weapons, or
prevent the General Assembly from enacting penal statutes against that
practice.
1 14 North Carolina Manual
Sec. 31. Quartering of soldiers. No soldier shall in time of peace be
quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war
hut in a manner prescribed by law.
Sec. 82. Exclusive emoluments. No person or set of persons is entitled to
exclusive or separate emoluments or privileges from the community but in
consideration of public services.
Sec. 33. Hereditary emoluments and honors. No hereditary emoluments,
privileges, or honors shall be granted or conferred in this State.
Sec. 34. Perpetuities and monopolies. Perpetuities and monopolies are
contrary to the genius of a free state and shall not be allowed.
Sec. 35. Recurrence to fundamental principals. A frequent recurrence to
fundamental principles is absolutely necessary to preserve the blessings of
liberty.
Sec. 36. Other rights of the people. The enumeration of rights in this
Article shall not be construed to impair or deny others retained by the
people.
ARTICLE II
LEGISLATIVE
Section 1. Legislative power. The legislative power of the State shall be
vested in the General Assembly, which shall consist of a Senate and a
House of Representatives.
Sec. 2. Number of Senators. The Senate shall be composed of 50 Senators,
biennially chosen by ballot.
Sec. 3. Senate districts: apportionment of Senators. The Senators shall be
elected from districts. The General Assembly, at the first regular session
convening after the return of every decennial census of population taken by
order of Congress, shall revise the senate districts and the apportionment of
Senators among those districts, subject to the following requirements:
(1) Each Senator shall represent, as nearly as may be, an equal number of
inhabitants, the number of inhabitants that each Senator represents being
determined for this purpose by dividing the population of the district that he
represents by the number of Senators apportioned to that district;
(2) Each senate district shall at all times consist of contiguous territory;
(3) No county shall be divided in the formation of a senate district;
(4) When established, the senate districts and the apportionment of
Senators shall remain unaltered until the return of another decennial census
of population taken by order of Congress.
Sec. 4. Number of Representatives. The House of Representatives shall be
composed of 120 Representatives, biennially chosen by ballot.
Sec. 5. Representative districts; apportionment of Representatives. The
Representatives shall be elected from districts. The General Assembly, at the
first regular session convening after the return of ever decennial census of
The Constitution of North Carolina 115
population taken by order of Congress, shall revise the representative
districts and the apportionment of Representatives among those districts,
subject to the following requirements:
(1) Each Representative shall represent, as nearly as may be, an equal
number of inhabitants, the number of inhabitants that each Representative
represents being determined for this purpose by dividing the population of
the district that he represents by the number of Representatives apportioned
to that district;
(2) Each representative district shall at all times consist of contiguous
territory;
(3) No county shall be divided in the formation of a representative district;
(4) When established, the representative districts and the apportionment
of Representatives shall remain unaltered until the return of another
decennial census of population taken by order of Congress.
Sec. 6. Qualifications for Senator. Each Senator, at the time of his election,
shall be not less than 25 years of age, shall be a qualified voter of the State,
and shall have resided in the State as a citizen for two years and in the
district for which he is chosen for one year immediately preceding his
election.
Sec. 7. Qualifications for Representative. Each Representative, at the time
of his election, shall be a qualified voter of the State, and shall have resided
in the district for which he is chosen for one year immediately preceding his
election.
Sec. 8. Elections. The election for members of the General Assembly shall
be held for the respective districts in 1972 and every two years thereafter, at
the places and on the day prescribed by law.
Sec. 9. Term of office. The term of office of Senators and Representatives
shall commence on the first day of January next after their election.
Sec. 10. Vacancies. Every vacancy occurring in the membership of the
General Assembly by reason of death, resignation, or other cause shall be
filled in the manner prescribed by law.
Sec. 11. Sessions.
(1) Regular Sessions. The General Assembly shall meet in regular session
in 1973 and every two years thereafter on the day prescribed by law. Neither
house shall proceed upon public business unless a majority of all of its
members are actually present.
(2) Extra sessions on legislative call. The President of the Senate and the
Speaker of the House of Representatives shall convene the General Assembly
in extra session by their joint proclamation upon receipt by the President of
the Senate of written requests therefor signed by three-fifths of all the
members of the Senate and upon receipt by the Speaker of the House of
Representatives of written requests therefor signed by three-fifths of all the
members of the House of Representatives.
116 North Carolina Manual
Sec. 12. Oath of members. Each member of the General Assembly, before
taking his seat, shall take an oath or affirmation that he will support the
Constitution and laws of the United States and the Constitution of the State
of North Carolina, and will faithfully discharge his duty as a member of the
Senate or House of Representatives.
Sec. 13. President of the Senate. The Lieutenant Governor shall be Presi-
dent of the Senate and shall preside over the Senate, but shall have no vote
unless the Senate is equally divided.
Sec. 14. Other officers of the Senate.
(1) President Pro Tempore - succession to presidency. The Senate shall
elect from its membership a President Pro Tempore, who shall become
President of the Senate upon the failure of the Lieutenant Governor-elect to
qualify, or upon succession by the Lieutenant Governor to the office of
Governor, or upon the death, resignation, or removal from office of the
President of the Senate, and who shall serve until the expiration of this term
of office as Senator.
(2) President Pro Tempore - temporary succession. During the physical or
mental incapacity of the President of the Senate to perform the duties of his
office, or during the absence of the President of the Senate, the President Pro
Tempore shall preside over the Senate.
(3) Other Officers. The Senate shall elect its other officers.
Sec. 15. Officers of the House of Representatives. The House of Repre-
sentatives shall elect its Speaker and other officers.
Sec. 16. Compensation and allowances. The members and officers of the
General Assembly shall receive for their services the compensation and
allowances prescribed by law. An increase in the compensation or allowances
of members shall become effective at the beginning of the next regular
session of the General Assembly following the session at which it was
enacted.
Sec. 17. Journals. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings,
which shall be printed and made public immediately after the adjournment
of the General Assembly.
Sec. 18. Protests. Any member of either house may dissent from and
protest against any act or resolve which he may think injurious to the public
or to any individual, and have the reasons of his dissent entered on the
journal.
Sec. 19. Record votes. Upon motion made in either house and seconded by
one fifth of the members present, the yeas and nays upon any question shall
be taken and entered upon the journal.
Sec. 20. Powers of the General Assembly. Each house shall be judge of the
qualifications and elections of its own members, shall sit upon its own
adjournment from day to day, and shall prepare bills to be enacted into
laws. The two houses may jointly adjourn to any future day or other place.
Either house may, of its own motion, adjourn for a period not in excess of
three days.
The Constitution of North Carolina 1 17
Sec. 21. Style of the acts. The style of the acts shall be: "The General
Assembly of North Carolina enacts:".
Sec. 22. Action on bills. All bills and resolutions of a legislative nature
shall be read three times in each house before they become laws, and shall
be signed by the presiding officer of both houses.
Sec. 23. Revenue bills. No laws shall be enacted to raise money on the
credit of the State, or to pledge the faith of the State directly or indirectly for
the payment of any debt, or to impose any tax upon the people of the State,
or to allow the counties, cities, or towns to do so, unless the bill for the
purpose shall have been read three several times in each house of the
General Assembly and passed three several readings, which readings shall
have been on three different days, and shall have been agreed to by each
house respectively, and unless the yeas and nays on the second and third
readings of the bill shall have been entered on the journal.
Sec. 24. Limitations on local, private, and special legislation.
(1) Prohibited subjects. The General Assembly shall not enact any local,
private, or special act or resolution:
(a) Relating to health, sanitation, and the abatement of nuisances;
(b) Changing the names of cities, towns, and townships;
(c) Authorizing the laying out, opening, altering, maintaining, or dis-
continuing of highways, streets, or alleys;
(d) Relating to ferries or bridges;
(e) Relating to non-navigable streams;
(f) Relating to cemeteries;
(g) Relating to pay of jurors;
(h) Erecting new townships, or changing township lines, or establishing
or changing the lines of school districts;
(i) Remitting fines, penalties, and forfeitures, or refunding moneys legally
paid into the public treasury;
(j) Regulating labor, trade, mining, or manufacturing;
(k) Extending the time for the levy or collection of taxes or otherwise
relieving any collector of taxes from the due performance of his
official duties or his sureties from liability;
(1) Giving effect to informal wills and deeds;
(m) Granting a divorce or securing alimony in any individual case;
(n) Altering the name of any person, or legitimating any person not born
in lawful wedlock, or restoring to the rights of citizenship any person
convicted of a felony.
(2) Repeals. Nor shall the General Assembly enact any such local, private,
or special act by partial repeal of a general law; but the General Assembly
may at any time repeal local, private, or special laws enacted by it.
(3) Prohibited acts void. Any local, private, or special act or resolution
enacted in violation of the provisions of this Section shall be void.
(4) General laws. The General Assembly may enact general laws regulat-
ing the matters set out in this Section.
118 North Carolina Manual
ARTICLE III
EXECUTIVE
Section 1. Executive power. The executive power of the State shall be
vested in the Governor.
Sec. 2. Governor and Lieutenant Governor: election, term, and qualifi-
cations.
(1) Election and term. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor shall be
elected by the qualified voters of the State in 1972 and every four years
thereafter, at the same time and places as members of the General Assembly
are elected. Their term of office shall be four years and shall commence on
the first day of January next after their election and continue until their
successors are elected and qualified.
(2) Qualifications. No person shall be eligible for election to the office of
Governor or Lieutenant Governor unless, at the time of his election, he shall
have attained the age of 30 years and shall have been a citizen of the United
States for five years and a resident of this State for two years immediately
preceding his election. No person elected to the office of Governor or
Lieutenant Governor shall be eligible for election to more than two consecu-
tive terms of the same office.
Sec. 3. Succession to office of Governor.
(1) Succession as Governor. The Lieutenant Governor-elect shall become
Governor upon the failure of the Governor-elect to qualify. The Lieutenant
Governor shall become Governor upon the death, resignation, or removal
from office of the Governor. The further order of succession to the office of
Governor shall be prescribed by law. A successor shall serve for the re-
mainder of the term of the Governor whom he succeeds and until a new
Governor is elected and qualified.
(2) Succession as Acting Governor. During the absence of the Governor
from the State, or during the physical or mental incapacity of the Governor
to perform the duties of his office, the Lieutenant Govenor shall be Acting
Governor. The further order of succession as Acting Governor shall be
prescribed by law.
(3) Physical incapacity. The Governor may, by a written statement filed
with the Attorney General, declare that he is physically incapable of perform-
ing the duties of his office, and may thereafter in the same manner declare
that he is physically capable of performing the duties of his office.
(4) Mental incapacity. The mental incapacity of the Governor to perform
the duties of his office shall be determined only by joint resolution adopted
by a vote of two-thirds of all of the members of each house of the General
Assembly. Thereafter, the mental capacity of the Governor to perform the
duties of his office shall be determined only by joint resolution adopted by a
vote of a majority of all the members of each house of the General Assembly.
In all cases, the General Assembly shall give the Governor such notice as it
may deem proper and shall allow him an opportunity to be heard before a
joint session of the General Assembly before it takes final action. When the
The Constitution of North Carolina 119
General Assembly is not in session, the Council of State, a majority of its
members concurring, may convene it in extra session for the purpose of
proceeding under this paragraph.
(5) Impeachment. Removal of the Governor from office for any other cause
shall be by impeachment.
Sec. 4. Oath of of f ice for Governor. The Governor, before entering upon the
duties of his office, shall, before any Justice of the Supreme Court, take an
oath or affirmation that he will support the Constitution and laws of the
United States and of the State of North Carolina, and that he will faithfully
perform the duties pertaining to the office of Governor.
Sec. 5. Duties of Governor.
(1) Residence. The Governor shall reside at the seat of government of this
State.
(2) Information to General Assembly. The Governor shall from time to
time give the General Assembly information of the affairs of the State and
recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall deem expedient.
(3) Budget. The Governor shall prepare and recommend to the General
Assembly a comprehensive budget of the anticipated revenue and proposed
expenditures of the State for the ensuring fiscal period. The budget as
enacted by the General Assembly shall be administered by the Governor.
The total expenditures of the State for the fiscal period covered by the
budget shall not exceed the total of receipts during that fiscal period and the
surplus remaining in the State Treasury at the beginning of the period. To
insure that the State does not incur a deficit for any fiscal period, the
Governor shall continually survey the collection of the revenue and shall
effect the necessary economies in State expenditures, after first making
adequate provision for the prompt payment of the principal of and interest
on bonds and notes of the State according to their terms, whenever he
determines that receipts during the fiscal period, when added to any surplus
remaining in the State Treasury at the beginning of the period, will not be
sufficient to meet budgeted expenditures. This section shall not be construed
to impair the power of the State to issue its bonds and notes within the
limitations imposed in Article V of this Constitution, nor to impair the
obligation of bonds and notes of the State now outstanding or issued
hereafter.
(4) Execution of laws. The Governor shall take care that the laws be
faithfully executed.
(5) Commander in Chief. The Governor shall be Commander in Chief of
the military forces of the State except when they shall be called into the
service of the United States.
(6) Clemency. The Governor may grant reprieves, commutations, and
pardons, after conviction, for all offenses (except in cases of inipeachmcnt),
upon such conditons as he may think proper, subject to regulations prescrilx'd
by law relative to the manner of applying for pardons. The terms reprieves,
commutations, and pardons shall not include paroles.
120 North Carolina Manual
(7) Extra sessions. The Governor may, on extraordinary occasions, by
and with the advice of the Council of State, convene the General Assembly
in extra session by its proclamation, stating therein the purpose or purposes
for which they are thus convened.
(8) Appointments. The Governor shall nominate and by and with the
advice and consent of a majority of the Senators appoint all officers whose
appointments are not otherwise provided for.
(9) Information. The Governor may at any time require information in
writing from the head of any administrative department or agency upon any
subject relating to the duties of his office.
(10) Administrative reorganization. The General Assembly shall prescribe
the functions, powers, and duties of the administrative departments and
agencies of the State and may alter them from time to time, but the
Governor may make such changes in the allocation of offices and agencies
and in the allocation of those functions, powers, and duties as he considers
necessary for efficient administration. If those changes affect existing law,
they shall be set forth in executive orders, which shall be submitted to the
General Assembly not later than the sixtieth calendar day of its session, and
shall become effective and shall have the force of law upon adjournment
sine die of the session, unless specifically disapproved by resolution of either
house of the General Assembly or specifically modified by joint resolution of
both houses of the General Assembly.
Sec. 6. Duties of the Lieutenant Governor. The Lieutenant Governor shall
be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote unless the Senate is
equally divided. He shall perform such additional duties as the General
Assembly or the Governor may assign to him. He shall receive the compensa-
tion and allowances prescribed by law.
Sec. 7. Other elective officers.
(1) Officers. A Secretary of State, an Auditor, a Treasurer, a Superintendent
of Public Instruction, an Attorney General, a Commissioner of Agriculture, a
Commissioner of Labor, and a Commissioner of Insurance shall be elected
by the qualified voters of the State in 1972 and every four years thereafter,
at the same time and places as members of the General Assembly are
elected. Their term of office shall be four years and shall commence on the
first day of January next after their election and continue until their
successors are elected and qualified.
(2) Duties. Their respective duties shall be prescribed by law.
(3) Vacancies. If the office of any of these officers is vacated by death,
resignation, or otherwise, it shall be the duty of the Governor to appoint
another to serve until his successor is elected and qualified. Every such
vacancy shall be filled by election at the first election for members of the
General Assembly that occurs more than 60 days after the vacancy has
taken place, and the person chosen shall hold the office for the remainder of
the unexpired term fixed in this Section. When a vacancy occurs in the office
The Constitution of North Carolina 121
of any of the officers named in this Section and the term expires on the first
day of Janaury succeeding the next election for members of the General
Assembly, the Governor shall appoint to fill the vacancy for the unexpired
term of the office.
(4) Interim officers. Upon the occurrence of a vacancy in the office of any
one of these officers for any of the causes stated in the preceding paragraph,
the Governor may appoint an interim officer to perform the duties of that
office until a person is appointed or elected pursuant to this Section to fill
the vacancy and is qualified.
(5) Acting officers. During the physical or mental incapacity of any one of
these officers to perform the duties of his office, as determined pursuant to
this Section, the duties of his office shall be performed by an acting officer
who shall be appointed by the Governor.
(6) Determination of incapacity. The General Assembly shall by law
prescribe with respect to those officers, other than the Governor, whose
offices are created by this Article, procedures for determining the physical or
mental incapacity of any officer to perform the duties of his office, and for
determining whether an officer who has been temporarily incapacitated has
sufficiently recovered his physical or mental capacity to perform the duties
of his office. Removal of those officers from office for any other cause shall
be by impeachment.
(7) Special Qualifications for Attorney General. Only persons duly
authorized to practice law in the courts of this State shall be eligible for
appointment or election as Attorney General.
Sec. 8. Council of State. The Council of State shall consist of the officers
whose offices are established by this Article.
Sec. 9. Compensation and allowances. The officers whose offices are
established by this Article shall at stated periods receive the compensation
and allowances prescribed by law, which shall not be diminished during the
time for which they have been chosen.
Sec. 10. Seal of State. There shall be a seal of the State, which shall be
kept by the Governor and used by him as occasion may require, and shall he
called "The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina." All grants and
commissions shall be issued in the name and by the authority of the State of
North Carolina, sealed with "The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina."
and signed by the Governor.
Sec. 11. Administrative departments. Not later than July 1, HlTf), all
administrative departments, agencies, and offices of the State and their
respective functions, powers, and duties shall be allocated by law among
and within not more than 25 principal administrative departments so as to
group them as far as practicable according to major purposes. Regulatory,
quasi-judicial, and temporary agencies may, but need not, he allocated
within a principal department.
122 North Carolina Manual
ARTICLE IV
JUDICIAL
Section I. Judicial power. The judicial power of the State shall, except as
provided in Section 3 of this Article, be vested in a Court for the Trial of
Impeachments and in a General Court of Justice. The General Assembly
shall have no power to deprive the judicial department of any power or
jurisdiction that rightfully pertains to it as a coordinate department of the
government, nor shall it establish or authorize any courts other than as
permitted by this Article.
Sec. 2. General Court of Justice. The General Court of Justice shall
constitute a unified judicial system for purposes of jurisdiction, operation,
and administration, and shall consist of an Appellate Division, a Superior
Court Division, and a District Court Division.
Sec. 3. Judicial powers of administrative agencies. The General Assembly
may vest in administrative agencies established pursuant to law such
judicial powers as may be reasonably necessary as an incident to the
accomplishment of the purposes for which the agencies were created. Appeals
from administrative agencies shall be to the General Court of Justice.
Sec. 4. Court for the Trial of Impeachments. The House of Representatives
solely shall have the power of impeaching. The Court for the Trial of
Impeachments shall be the Senate. When the Governor or Lieutenant
Governor is impeached, the Chief Justice shall preside over the Court. A
majority of the members shall be necessary to a quorum, and no person
shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the Senators
present. Judgment upon conviction shall not extend beyond removal from
and disqualification to hold office in this State, but the party shall be liable
to indictment and punishment according to law.
Sec. 5. Appellate division. The Appellate Division of the General Court of
Justice shall consist of the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals.
Sec. 6. Supreme Court.
(1) Membership. The Supreme Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and
six Associate Justices, but the General Assembly may increase the number
of Associate Justices to not more than eight. In the event the Chief Justice is
unable, on account of absence or temporary incapacity, to perform any of
the duties placed upon him, the senior Associate Justice available may
discharge those duties.
(2) Sessions of the Supreme Court. The sessions of the Supreme Court shall
be held in the City of Raleigh unless otherwise provided by the General
Assembly.
Sec. 7. Court of Appeals. The structure, organization, and composition of
the Court of Appeals shall be determined by the General Assembly. The
Court shall have not less than five members, and may be authorized to sit in
divisions, or other than en banc. Sessions of the Court shall be held at such
times and places as the General Assembly may prescribe.
The Constitution of North Carolina 123
Sec. 8. Retirement of Justices and Judges. The General Assembly shall
provide by general law for the retirement of Justices and Judges of the
General Court of Justice, and may provide for the temporary recall of any
retired Justice or Judge to serve on the court from which he was retired. The
General Assembly shall also prescribe maximum age limits for service as a
Justice or Judge.
Sec. 9. Superior Courts.
(1) Superior Court districts. The General Assembly shall, from time to
time, divide the State into a convenient number of Superior Court judicial
districts and shall provide for the election of one or more Superior Court
Judges for each district. Each regular Superior Court Judge shall reside in
the district for which he is elected. The General Assembly may provide by
general law for the selection or appointment of special or emergency Superior
Court Judges not selected for a particular judicial district.
(2) Open at all times; sessions for trial of cases. The Superior Court shall
be open at all times for the transaction of all business except the trial of
issues of fact requiring a jury. Regular trial sessions of the Superior Court
shall be held at times fixed pursuant to a calendar of courts promulgated by
the Supreme Court. At least two sessions for the trial of jury cases shall be
held annually in each county.
(3) Clerks. A Clerk of the Superior Court for each county shall be elected
for a term of four years by the qualified voters thereof, at the same time and
places as members of the General Assembly are elected. If the office of Clerk
of the Superior Court becomes vacant otherwise than by the expiration of
the term, or if the people fail to elect, the senior regular resident Judge of the
Superior Court serving the county shall appoint to fill the vacancy until an
election can be regularly held.
Sec. 10. District Courts. The General Assembly shall, from time to time,
divide the State into a convenient number of local court districts and shall
prescribe where the District Courts shall sit, but a District Court must sit in
at least one place in each county. District judges shall be elected for each
district for a term of four years, in a manner prescribed by law. When more
than one District Judge is authorized and elected for a district, the Cliief
Justice of the Supreme Court shall designate one of the judges as Chief
District Judge. Every District Judge shall reside in the district for whicli he
is elected. For each county, the senior regular resident Judge of the Superior
Court serving the county shall appoint for a term of two years, from
nominations submitted by the Clerk of the Superior Court of the county, one
or more Magistrates who shall be officers of the District Court. 'I'he number
of District Judges and Magistrates shall, from time to time, be determined
by the General Assembly. Vacancies in the office of District Judge shall l)e
filled for the unexpired term in a manner prescribed by law. Vacancies in
the office of Magistrate shall be filled for the unexpired term in the manner
provided for original appointment to the office.
124 North Carolina Manual
Sec. 1 1. Assignment of Judges. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court,
acting in accordance with rules of the Supreme Court, shall make assign-
ments of Judges of the Superior Court and may transfer District Judges
from one district to another for temporary or specialized duty. The principle
of rotating Superior Court Judges among the various districts of a division
is a salutary one and shall be observed. For this purpose the General
Assembly may divide the State into a number of judicial divisions. Subject
to the general supervision of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court,
assignment of District Judges within each local court district shall be made
by the Chief District Judge.
Sec. 12. Jurisdiction of the General Court of Justice.
(1) Supreme Court. The Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction to review
upon appeal any decision of the courts below, upon any matter of law or
legal inference. The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court over "issues of fact"
and "questions of fact" shall be the same exercised by it prior to the
adoption of this Article, and the Court may issue any remedial writs
necessary to give it general supervision and control over the proceedings of
the other courts. The Supreme Court also has jurisdiction to review, when
authorized by law, direct appeals from a final order or decision of the North
Carolina Utilities Commission.
(2) Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals shall have such appellate
jurisdiction as the General Assembly may prescribe.
(3) Superior Court. Except as otherwise provided by the General Assembly,
the Superior Court shall have original general jurisdiction throughout the
State. The Clerks of the Superior Court shall have such jurisdiction and
powers as the General Assembly shall prescribe by general law uniformly
applicable in every county of the State.
(4) District Courts; Magistrates. The General Assembly shall, by general
law uniformly applicable in every local court district of the State, prescribe
the jurisdiction and powers of the District Courts and Magistrates.
(5) Waiver. The General Assembly may by general law provide that the
jurisdictional limits may be waived in civil cases.
(6) Appeals. The General Assembly shall by general law provide a proper
system of appeals. Appeals from Magistrates shall be heard de novo, with
the right of trial by jury as defined in this Constitution and the laws of this
State.
Sec. 13. Forms of action; rules of procedure.
(1) Forms of Action. There shall be in this State but one form of action for
the enforcement or protection of private rights or the redress or private
wrongs, which shall be denominated a civil action, and in which there shall
be a right to have issues of fact tried before a jury. Every action prosecuted
by the people of the State as a party against a person charged with a public
offense, for the punishment thereof, shall be termed a criminal action.
(2) Rules of procedure. The Supreme Court shall have exclusive authority
to make rules of procedure and practice for the Appellate Division. The
The Constitution of North Carolina 125
General Assembly may make rules of procedure and practice for the Superior
Court and District Court Divisions, and the General Assembly may delegate
this authority to the Supreme Court. No rule of procedure or practice shall
abridge substantive rights or abrogate or limit the right of trial by jury. If
the General Assembly should delegate to the Supreme Court the rule-making
power, the General Assembly may, nevertheless, alter, amend, or repeal any
rule of procedure or practice adopted by the Supreme Court for the Superior
Court or District Court Divisions.
Sec. 14. Waiver of jury trial. In all issues of fact joined in any court, the
parties in any civil case may waive the right to have the issues determined
by a jury, in which case the finding of the judge upon the facts shall have
the force and effect of a verdict by a jury.
Sec. 15. Administration. The General Assembly shall provide for an
administrative office of the courts to carry out the provisions of this Article.
Sec. 16. Terms of office and election of Justices of the Supreme Court,
Judges of the Court of Appeals, and Judges of the Superior Court. Justices of
the Supreme Court, Judges of the Court of Appeals, and regular Judges of
the Superior Court shall be elected by the qualified voters and shall hold
office for terms of eight years and until their successors are elected and
qualified. Justices of the Supreme Court and Judges of the Court of Appeals
shall be elected by the qualified voters of the State. Regular Judges of the
Superior Court may be elected by the qualified voters of the State or by the
voters of their respective districts, as the General Assembly may prescribe.
Sec. 17. Removal of Judges, Magistrates and Clerks.
(1) Removal of Judges by the General Assembly. Any Justice or Judge of
the General Court of Justice may be removed from office for mental or
physical incapacity by joint resolution of two-thirds of all the members of
each house of the General Assembly. Any Justice or Judge against whom
the General Assembly may be about to proceed shall receive notice thereof,
accompanied by a copy of the causes alleged for his removal, at least 20
days before the day on which either house of the General Assembly shall act
thereon. Removal from office by the General Assembly for any other cause
shall be by impeachment.
(2) Additional method of removal of Judges. The General Assembly shall
prescribe a procedure, in addition to impeachment and address set forth in
this Section, for the removal of a Justice or Judge of the General Court of
Justice for mental or physical incapacity interfering with the performance of
his duties which is, or is likely to become, permanent, and for the censure
and removal of a Justice or Judge of the General Court of Justice for willful
misconduct in office, willful and persistent failure to perform his duties,
habitual intemperance, conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude, or
conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice that brings the judicial
office into disrepute.
(3) Removal of Magistrates. The General Assembly shall provide by
general law for the removal of Magistrates for misconduct or mental or
physical incapacity.
126 North Carolina Manual
(4) Removal of Clerks. Any Clerk of the Superior Court may be removed
from office for misconduct or mental or physical incapacity by the senior
regular resident Superior Court Judge serving the county. Any Clerk against
whom proceedings are instituted shall receive written notice of the charges
against him at least ten days before the hearing upon the charges. Any
Clerk so removed from office shall be entitled to an appeal as provided by
law.
Sec. 18. District Attorney and Prosecutorial Districts.
(1) District Attorneys. The General Assembly shall, from time to time,
divide the State into a convenient number of prosecutorial districts, for each
of which a District Attorney shall be chosen for a term of four years by the
qualified voters thereof, at the same time and places as members of the
General Assembly are elected. Only persons duly to practice law in the
courts of this State shall be eligible for election or appointment as a District
Attorney. The District Attorney shall advise the officers of justice in his
district, be responsible for the prosecution on behalf of the State of all
criminal actions in the Superior Courts of his district, perform such duties
related to appeals therefrom as the Attorney General may require, and
perform such other duties as the General Assembly may prescribe.
(2) Prosecution in District Court Division. Criminal actions in the District
Court Division shall be prosecuted in such manner as the General Assembly
may prescribe by general law uniformly applicable in every local court
district of the State.
Sec. 19. Vacancies. Unless otherwise provided in this Article, all vacancies
occurring in the offices provided for by this Article shall be filled by
appointment of the Governor, and the appointees shall hold their places
until the next election for members of the General Assembly that is held
more than 60 days after the vacancy occurs, when elections shall be held to
fill the offices. When the unexpired term of any of the offices named in this
Article of the Constitution in which a vacancy has occurred, and in which it
is herein provided that the Governor shall fill the vacancy, expires on the
first day of January succeeding the next election for members of the General
Assembly, the Governor shall appoint to fill that vacancy for the unexpired
term of the office. If any person elected or appointed to any of these offices
shall fail to qualify, the office shall be appointed to, held, and filled as
provided in case of vacancies occurring therein. All incumbents of these
offices shall hold until their successors are qualified.
Sec. 20. Revenues and expenses of the judicial department. The General
Assembly shall provide for the establishment of a schedule of court fees and
costs which shall be uniform throughout the State within each division of
the General Court of Justice. The operating expenses of the judicial depart-
ment, other than compensation to process servers and other locally paid
non-judicial officers, shall be paid from State funds.
Sec. 21. Fees, salaries, and emoluments. The General Assembly shall
prescribe and regulate the fees, salaries, and emoluments of all officers
provided for in this Article, but the salaries of Judges shall not be diminished
The Constitution of North Carolina 127
during their continuance in office. In no case shall the compensation of any
Judge or Magistrate be dependent upon his decision or upon the collection of
costs.
Sec. 22. Qualification of Justices and Judges. Only persons duly authorized
to practice law in the courts of this State shall be eligible for election or
appointment as a Justice of the Supreme Court, Judge of the Court of
Appeals, Judge of the Superior Court, or Judge of District Court. This
section shall not apply to persons elected to or serving in such capacities on
or before January 1, 1981.
ARTICLE V
FINANCE
Section 1. No capitation tax to be levied. No poll or capitation tax shall be
levied by the General Assembly or by any county, city or town, or other
taxing unit.
Sec. 2. State and local taxation.
(1) Power of taxation. The power of taxation shall be exercised in a just
and equitable manner, for public purposes only, and shall never be sur-
rendered, suspended, or contracted away.
(2) Classification. Only the General Assembly shall have the power to
classify property for taxation, which power shall be exercised only on a
State-wide basis and shall not be delegated. No class of property shall be
taxed except by uniform rule, and every classification shall be made by
general law uniformly applicable in every county, city and town, and other
unit of local government.
(3) Exemptions. Property belonging to the State, counties, and municipal
corporations shall be exempt from taxation. The General Assembly may
exempt cemeteries and property held for educational, scientific, literary,
cultural, charitable, or religious purposes, and, to a value not exceeding
$300, any personal property. The General Assembly may exempt from
taxation not exceeding $1,000 in value of property held and used as the place
of residence of the owner. Every exemption shall be on a State-wide basis
and shall be made by general law uniformly applicable in every county, city
and town, and other unit of local government. No taxing authority other
than the General Assembly may grant exemptions, and the Gonoral
Assembly shall not delegate the powers accorded to it by this subsection.
(4) Special tax areas. Subject to the limitations imposed by Section -4. the
General Assembly may enact general laws authorizing the governing body
of any county, city or town to define territorial areas and to levy taxes
within those areas, in addition to those levied throughout the county, city, or
town, in order to finance, provide, or maintain services, facilities, and
functions in addition to or to a greater extent than those financed, provided,
or maintained for the entire county, city, or town.
(5) Purposes of property tax. The General Assembly shall not authorize
any county, city or town, special district, or other unit of local government to
128 North Carolina Manual
levy taxes or property, except for purposes authorized by general law uni-
formly applicable throughout the State, unless the tax is approved by a
majority of the qualified voters of the unit who vote thereon.
(6) Income tax. The rate of tax on incomes shall not in any case exceed ten
per cent, and there shall be allowed personal exemptions and deductions so
that only net incomes are taxed.
(7) Contracts. The General Assembly may enact laws whereby the State,
any county, city or town, and any other public corporation may contract
with and appropriate money to any person, association, or corporation for
the accomplishment of public purposes only.
Sec. 3. Limitations upon the increase of State debt.
(1) Authorized purposes; two-thirds limitation. The General Assembly
shall have no power to contract debts secured by a pledge of the faith and
credit of the State, unless approved by a majority of the qualified voters of
the State who vote thereon, except for the following purposes:
(a) To fund or refund a valid existing debt;
(b) to supply an unforeseen deficiency in the revenue;
(c) to borrow in anticipation of the collection of taxes due and payable
within the current fiscal year to an amount not exceeding 50 per cent
of such taxes;
(d) to suppress riots or insurrections, or to repel invasions;
(e) to meet emergencies immediately threatening the public health or
safety, as conclusively determined in writing by the Governor;
(f) for any other lawful purpose, to the extent of two-thirds of the amount
by which the State's outstanding indebtedness shall have been reduced
during the next preceding biennium.
(2) Gift or loan of credit regulated. The General Assembly shall have no
power to give or lend the credit of the State in aid of any person, association,
or corporation, except a corporation in which the State has a controlling
interest, unless the subject is submitted to a direct vote of the people of the
State, and is approved by a majority of the qualified voters who vote
thereon.
(3) Definitions. A debt is incurred within the meaning of this Section when
the State borrows money. A pledge of the faith and credit within the
meaning of this Section is a pledge of the taxing power. A loan of credit
within the meaning of this Section occurs when the State exchanges its
obligations with or in any way guarantees the debts of an individual,
association or private corporation.
(4) Certain debts barred. The General Assembly shall never assume or pay
any debt or obligation, express or implied, incurred in aid of insurrection or
rebellion against the United States. Neither shall the General Assembly
assume or pay any debt or bond incurred or issued by authority of the
Convention of 1868, the special session of the General Assembly of 1868, or
The Constitution of North Carolina 129
the General Assemblies of 1868-69 and 1869-70, unless the subject is sub-
mitted to the people of the State and is approved by a majority of all the
qualified voters at a referendum held for that sole purpose.
(5) Outstanding debt. Except as provided in subsection (4), nothing in this
Section shall be construed to invalidate or impair the obligation of any
bond, note, or other evidence of indebtedness outstanding or authorized for
issue as of July 1, 1973.
Sec. 4. Limitations upon the increase of local government debt.
(1) Regulation of borrowing and debt. The General Assembly shall enact
general laws relating to the borrowing of money secured by a pledge of the
faith and credit and the contracting of other debts by counties, cities and
towns, special districts, and other units, authorities, and agencies of local
government.
(2) Authorized purposes; two-thirds limitation. The General Assembly
shall have no power to authorize any county, city or town, special district, or
other unit of local government to contract debts secured by a pledge of its
faith and credit unless approved by a majority of the qualified voters of the
unit who vote thereon, except for the following purposes:
(a) to fund or refund a valid existing debt;
(b) to supply an unforseen deficiency in the revenue;
(c) to borrow in anticipation of the collection of taxes due and payable
within the current fiscal year to an amount not exceeding 50 per cent
of such taxes;
(d) to suppress riots or insurrections;
(e) to meet emergencies immediately threatening the public health or
safety, as conclusively determined in writing by the Governor;
(f) for purposes authorized by general laws uniformly applicable through-
out the State, to the extent of two-thirds of the amount by which the
unit's outstanding indebtedness shall have been reduced during the
next preceding fiscal year.
(3) Gift or loan of credit regulated. No county, city or town, special district,
or other unit of local government shall give or lend its credit in aid of any
person, association, or corporation, except for public purposes as authorized
by general law, and unless approved by a majority of the qualified voters of
the unit who vote threon.
(4) Certain debts barred. No county, city or town, or other unit of local
government shall assume or pay any debt or the interest thereon contracted
directly or indirectly in aid or support of rebellion or insurrection afrainst the
United States.
(5) Definitions. A debt is incurred within the meaning of this Section whin
a county, city or town, special district, or other unit, authority, or agency of
local government borrows money. A pledge of faith and credit withni the
meaning of this Section is a pledge of the taxing power. A loan of crciht
130 North Carolina Manual
within the meaning of this Section occurs when a county, city or town,
special district, or other unit, authority, or agency of local government
exchanges its obligations with or in any way guarantees the debts of an
individual, association, or private corporation.
(6) Outstanding debt. Except as provided in subsection (4), nothing in this
Section shall be construed to invalidate or impair the obligation of any
bond, note, or other evidence of indebtedness outstanding or authorized for
issue as of July 1, 1973.
Sec. 5. Acts levying taxes to state objects. Every act of the General
Assembly levying a tax shall state the special object to which it is to be
applied, and it shall be applied to no other purpose.
Sec. 6. Inviolability of sinking funds and retirement funds.
(1) Sinking funds. The General Assembly shall not use or authorize to be
used any part of the amount of any sinking fund for any purpose other than
the retirement of the bonds for which the sinking fund has been created,
except that these funds may be invested as authorized by law.
(2) Retirement funds. Neither the General Assembly nor any public officer,
employee, or agency shall use or authorize to be used any part of the funds
of the Teachers' and State Employees' Retirement System or the Local
Governmental Employees' Retirement System for any purpose other than
retirement system benefits and purposes, administrative expenses, and
refunds; except that retirement system funds may be invested as authorized
by law, subject to the investment limitation that the funds of the Teachers'
and State Employees' Retirement System and the Local Governmental
Employees' Retirement System shall not be applied, diverted, loaned to, or
used by the State, any State agency. State officer, public officer, or public
employee.
Sec. 7. Drawing public money.
(1) State treasury. No money shall be drawn from the State Treasury but
in consequence of appropriations made by law, and an accurate account of
the receipts and expenditures of State funds shall be published annually.
(2) Local treasury. No money shall be drawn from the treasury of any
county, city or town, or other unit of local government except by authority of
law.
Sec. 8. Health care facilities. Notwithstanding any other provisions of this
Constitution, the General Assembly may enact general laws to authorize the
State, counties, cities or towns, and other State and local governmental
entities to issue revenue bonds to finance or refinance for any such govern-
mental entity or any nonprofit private corporation, regardless of any church
or religious relationship, the cost of acquiring, constructing, and financing
health care facility projects to be operated to serve and benefit the public;
provided, no cost incurred earlier than two years prior to the effective date of
this section shall be refinanced. Such bonds shall be payable from the
revenues, gross or net, of any such projects and any other health care
facilities of any such governmental entity or nonprofit private corporation
The Constitution of North Carolina 131
pledged therefore; shall not be secured by a pledge of the full faith and
credit, or deemed to create an indebtedness requiring voter approval of any
governmental entity; and may be secured by an agreement which may
provide for the conveyance of title of, with or without consideration, any
such project or facilities to the governmental entity or nonprofit private
corporation. The power of eminent domain shall not be used pursuant hereto
for nonprofit private corporations.
Sec. 9. Capital projects for industry. Notwithstanding any other provision
of this Constitution, the General Assembly may enact general laws to
authorize counties to create authorities to issue revenue bonds to finance,
but not refinance, the cost of capital projects consisting of industrial, manu-
facturing and pollution control facilities for industry and pollution control
facilities for public utilties, and to refund such bonds.
In no event shall such revenue bonds be secured by or payable from any
public moneys whatsoever, but such revenue bonds shall be secured by and
payable only from revenues or property derived from private parties. All
such capital projects and all transactions therefor shall be subject to taxation
to the extent such projects and transactions would be subject to taxation if
no public body were involved therewith; provided, however, that the General
Assembly may provide that the interest on such revenue bonds shall be
exempt from income taxes within the State.
The power of eminent domain shall not be exercised to provide any
property for any such capital project.
Sec. 10. Joint ownership of generation and transmission facilities. In
addition to other powers conferred upon them by law, municipalities owning
or operating facilities for the generation, transmission or distribution of
electric power and energy and joint agencies formed by such municipalities
for the purpose of owning or operating facilities for the generation and
transmission of electric power and energy (each, respectively, "a unit of
municipal government") may jointly or severally own, operate and maintain
works, plants and facilities, within or without the State, for the generation
and transmission of electric power and energy, or both, with any person,
firm, association or corporation, public or private, engaged in the generation,
transmission or distribution of electric power and energy for resale (each,
respectively, "a co-owner") within this State or any state contiguous to this
State, and may enter into and carry out agreements with respect to such
jointly owned facilities. For the purpose of financing its share of the cost of
any such jointly owned electric generation or transmission facilities, a unit
of municipal government may issue its revenue bonds in the manner pre-
scribed by the General Assembly, payable as to both principal and interest
solely from and secured by a lien and charge on all or any part of the
revenue derived, or to be derived, by such unit of municipal government
from the ownership and operation of its electric facilities; provided, however,
that no unit of municipal government shall be liable, either jointly or
severally, for any acts, omissions or obligations of any co-owner, nor shall
any money or property of any unit of municipal government be credited or
otherwise applied to the account of any co-owner or be charged with any
debt, lien or mortgage as a result of any debt or obligation of any co-owner.
132 North Carolina Manual
Sec. 1 1. Capital projects fur agriculture. Notwithstanding any other provi-
sion of the Constitution of the General Assembly may enact general laws to
authorize the creation of an agency to issue revenue bonds to finance the
cost of capital projects consisting of agricultural facilities, and to refund
such bonds.
In no event shall such revenue bonds be secured by or payable from any
public moneys whatsoever, but such revenue bonds shall be secured by and
payable only from revenues or property derived from private parties. All
such capital projects and all transactions therefor shall be subject to taxation
if no public body were involved therewith; provided, however, that the
General Assembly may provide that the interest on such revenue bonds
shall be exempt from income taxes within the State.
The power of eminent domain shall not be exercised to provide any
property for any such capital project.
Sec. 12. Higher Education Facilities. Notwithstanding any other provisions
of this Constitution, the General Assembly may enact general laws to
authorize the State or any State entity to issue revenue bonds to finance and
refinance the cost of acquiring, constructing, and financing higher education
facilities to be operated to serve and benefit the public for any nonprofit
private corporation, regardless of any church or religious relationship pro-
vided no cost incurred earlier than five years prior to the effective date of
this section shall be refinanced. Such bonds shall be payable from any
revenues or assets of any such nonprofit private corporation pledged there-
for, shall not be secured by a pledge of the full faith and credit of the State or
such State entity or deemed to create an indebtedness requiring voter
approval of the State or such entity, and, where the title to such facilities is
vested in the State or any State entity, may be secured by an agreement
which may provide for the conveyance of title to, with or without considera-
tion, such facilities to the nonprofit private corporation. The power of
eminent domain shall not be used pursuant hereto.
Section 13. Seaport and airport facilities. (1). Notwithstanding any other
provision of this Constitution, the General Assembly may enact general
laws to grant to the State, counties, municipalities, and other State and local
governmental entities all powers useful in connection with the development
of new and existing seaports and airports, and to authorize such public
bodies.
(a) to acquire, construct, own, own jointly with public and private parties,
lease as lessee, mortgage, sell, lease as lessor or otherwise dispose of
lands and facilities and improvements, including undivided interests
therein;
(b) to finance and refinance for public and private parties seaport and
airport facilities and improvements which relate to, develop or further
waterborne or airborne commerce and cargo and passenger traffic,
including commercial, industrial, manufacturing, processing, mining,
transportation, distribution, storage, marine, aviation and environ-
mental facilities and improvements; and
The Constitution of North Carolina 133
(c) to secure any such financing or refinancing by all or any portion of
their revenues, income or assets or other available monies associated
with any of their seaport or airport facilities and with the facilities
and improvements to be financed or refinanced, and by foreclosable
liens on all or any part of their properties associated with any of their
seaport or airport facilities and with the facilities and improvements
to be financed or refinanced, but in no event to create a debt secured
by a pledge of the faith and credit of the State or any other public
body in the State."
ARTICLE VI
SUFFRAGE AND ELIGIBILITY TO OFFICE
Section 1. Who may vote. Every person born in the United States and
every person who has been naturalized, 18 years of age, and possessing the
qualifications set out in this Article, shall be entitled to vote at any election
by the people of the State, except as herein otherwise provided.
Sec. 2. Qualifications of voter.
(1) Residence period for State elections. Any person who has resided in the
State of North Carolina for one year and in the precinct, ward, or other
election district for 30 days next preceding an election, and possesses the
other qualifications set out in this Article, shall be entitled to vote at any
election held in this State. Removal from one precinct, ward, or other
election district to another in this State shall not operate to deprive any
person of the right to vote in the precinct, ward, or other election district
from which that person has removed until 30 days after the removal.
(2) Residence period for presidential elections. The General Assembly may
reduce the time of residence for persons voting in presidential elections. A
person made eligible by reason of a reduction in time of residence shall
possess the other qualifications set out in this Article, shall only be entitled
to vote for President and Vice President of the United States or for electors
for President and Vice President, and shall not thereby become eligible to
hold office in this State.
(3) Disqualification of felon. No person adjudged guilty of a felony against
this State or the United States, or adjudged guilty of a felony in another
state that also would be a felony if it had been committed in this State, shall
be permitted to vote unless that person shall be first restored to the rijxhts of
citizenship in the manner prescribed by law.
Sec. 3. Registration. Every person offering to vote shall be at the time
legally registered as a voter as herein prescribed and in the manner provided
by law. The General Assembly shall enact general laws governing the
registration of voters.
Sec. 4. Qualifiation for registration. Every person presenting himself for
registration shall be able to read and write any section of the Constitution in
the English language.
134 North Carolina Manual
Sec. 5. Elections by people and General Assembly. All elections by the
people shall be by ballot, and all elections by the General Assembly shall be
viva voce. A contested election for any office established by Article III of
this Constitution shall be determined by joint ballot of both houses of the
General Assembly in the manner prescribed by law.
Sec. 6. Eligibility to elective office. Every qualified voter in North Carolina
who is 21 years of age, except as in this Constitution disqualified, shall be
eligible for election by the people to office.
Sec. 7. Oath. Before entering upon the duties of an office, a person elected
or appointed to the office shall take and subscribe the following oath:
"I, , do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and
maintain the Constitution and laws of the United States, and the Constitu-
tion and laws of North Carolina not inconsistent therewith, and that I will
faithfully discharge the duties of my office as , so help me
God."
Sec. 8. Disqualifications of office. The following persons shall be dis-
qualified for office:
First, any person who shall deny the being of Almighty God.
Second, with respect to any office that is filled by election by the people,
any person who is not qualified to vote in an election for that office.
Third, any person who has been adjuged guilty of treason or any other
felony against this State or the United States, or any person who had been
adjudged guilty of a felony in another state that also would be a felony if it
had been committed in this State, or any person who has been adjuged
guilty of corruption or malpractice in any office, or any person who has been
removed by impeachment from any office, and who has not been restored to
the rights of citizenship in the manner prescribed by law.
Sec. 9. Dual office holding.
(1) Prohibitions. It is salutary that the responsibilities of self-government
be widely shared among the citizens of the State and that the potential
abuse of authority inherent in the holding of multiple offices by an in-
dividual be avoided. Therefore, no person who holds any office or place of
trust or profit under the United States or any department thereof, or under
any other state or government, shall be eligible to hold any office in this
State that is filled by election by the people. No person shall hold concur-
rently any two offices in this State that are filled by election of the people.
No person shall hold concurrently any two or more appointive offices or
places of trust or profit, or any combination of elective and appointive
offices or places of trust or profit, except as the General Assembly shall
provide by general law.
(2) Exceptions. The provisions of this Section shall not prohibit any officer
of the military forces of the State or of the United States not on active duty
for an extensive period of time, any notary public, or any delegate to a
Convention of the People from holding concurrently another office or place
The Constitution of North Carolina 135
of trust or profit under this State or the United States or any department
thereof.
Sec. 10. Continuation in office. In the absence of any contrary provision,
all officers in this State, whether appointed or elected, shall hold their
positions until other appointments are made or, if the offices are elective,
until their successors are chosen and qualified.
ARTICLE VII
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Section 1 . General Assembly to provide for local government. The General
Assembly shall provide for the organization and government and the fixing
of boundaries of counties, cities and towns, and other governmental sub-
divisions, and, except as otherwise prohibited by this Constitution, may give
such powers and duties to counties, cities and towns, and other governmental
subdivisions as it may deem advisable.
The General Assembly shall not incorporate as a city or town, nor shall it
authorize to be incorporated as a city or town, any territory lying within one
mile of the corporate limits of any other city or town having a population of
5,000 or more according to the most recent decennial census of population
taken by order of Congress, or lying within three miles of the corporate
limits of any other city or town having a population of 10,000 or more
according to the most recent decennial census of population taken by order
of Congress, or lying within four miles of the corporate limits of any other
city or town having a population of 25,000 or more according to the most
recent decennial census of population taken by order of Congress, or lying
within five miles of the corporate limits of any other city or town having a
population of 50,000 or more according to the most recent decennial census
of population taken by order of Congress. Notwithstanding the foregoing
limitations, the General Assembly may incorporate a city or town by an act
adopted by vote of three-fifths of all the members of each house.
Sec. 2. Sheriffs. In each county a Sheriff shall be elected by the qualified
voters thereof at the same time and places as members of the General
Assembly are elected and shall hold his office for a period of four years,
subject to removal for cause as provided by law.
Sec. 3. Merged or consolidated counties. Any unit of local government
formed by the merger or consolidation of a county or counties and the cities
and towns therein shall be deemed both a county and a city for the purposes
of this Constitution, and may exercise any authority conferred by law on
counties, or on cities and towns, or both, as the General Assembly may
provide.
ARTICLE VIII
CORPORATIONS
Section 1. Corporate charters. No corporation shall be created, nor shall
its charter be extended, altered, or amended by special act, except corpora-
tions for charitable, educational, penal, or reformatory purposes that are to
136 North Carolina Manual
be and remain under the patronage and control of the State; but the General
Assembly shall provide by general laws for the chartering, organization,
and powers of all corporations, and for the amending, extending, and
forfeiture of all charters, except those above permitted by special act. All
such general acts may be altered from time to time or repealed. The General
Assembly may at any time by special act repeal the charter of any
corporation.
Sec. 2. Corporations defined. The term "corporation" as used in this
Section shall be construed to include all associations and joint-stock com-
panies having any of the powers and privileges of corporations not possessed
by individuals or partnerships. All corporations shall have the right to sue
and shall be subject to be sued in all courts, in like cases as natural persons.
ARTICLE IX
EDUCATION
Section 1. Education encouraged. Religion, morality, and knowledge being
necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools,
libraries, and the means of education shall forever be encouraged.
Sec. 2. Uniform system of schools.
(1) General and uniform system; term. The General Assembly shall provide
by taxation and otherwise for a general and uniform system of free public
schools, which shall be maintained at least nine months in every year, and
wherein equal opportunities shall be provided for all students.
(2) Local responsibility. The General Assembly may assign to units of
local government such responsibility for the financial support of the free
public schools as it may deem appropriate. The governing boards of units of
local government with financial responsibility for public education may use
local revenues to add to or supplement any public school or post-secondary
school program.
Sec. 3. School attendance. The General Assembly shall provide that every
child of appropriate age and of sufficient mental and physical ability shall
attend the public schools, unless educated by other means.
Sec. 4. State Board of Education.
(1) Board. The State Board of Education shall consist of the Lieutenant
Governor, the Treasurer, and eleven members appointed by the Governor,
subject to confirmation by the General Assembly in joint session. The
General Assembly shall divide the State into eight educational districts. Of
the appointive members of the Board, one shall be appointed from each of
the eight educational districts and three shall be appointed from the State at
large. Appointments shall be for overlapping terms of eight years. Appoint-
ments to fill vacancies shall be made by the Governor for the unexpired
terms and shall not be subject to confirmation.
(2) Superintendent of Public Instruction. The Superintendent of Public
Instruction shall be the secretary and chief administrative officer of the
State Board of Education.
The Constitution of North Carolina 137
Sec. 5. Powers and duties of Board. The State Board of Education shall
supervise and administer the free pubHc school system and the educational
funds provided for its support, except the funds mentioned in Section 7 of
this Article, and shall make all needed rules and regulations in relation
thereto, subject to laws enacted by the General Assembly.
Sec. 6. State school fund. The proceeds of all lands that have been or
hereafter may be granted by the United States to this State, and not
otherwise appropriated by this State or the United States; all moneys,
stocks, bonds, and other property belonging to the State for purposes of
public education; the net proceeds of all sales of the swamp lands belonging
to the State; and all other grants, gifts, and devises that have been or
hereafter may be made to the State; and not otherwise appropriated by the
State or by the terms of the grant, gift, or devise, shall be paid into the State
Treasury and, together with so much of the revenue of the State as may be
set apart for that purpose, shall be faithfully appropriated and used ex-
clusively for establishing and maintaining a uniform system of free public
schools.
Sec. 7. County school fund. All moneys, stocks, bonds, and other property
belonging to a county school fund, and the clear proceeds of all penalties
and forfeitures and of all fines collected in the several counties for any
breach of the penal laws of the State, shall belong to and remain in the
several counties, and shall be faithfully appropriated and used exclusively
for maintaining free public schools.
Sec. 8. Higher education. The General Assembly shall maintain a public
system of higher education, comprising The University of North Carolina
and such other institutions of higher education as the General Assembly
may deem wise. The General Assembly shall provide for the selection of
trustees of The University of North Carolina and of the other institutions of
higher education, in whom shall be vested all the privileges, rights,
franchises, and endowments heretofore granted to or conferred upon the
trustees of these institutions. The General Assembly may enact laws
necessary and expedient for the maintenance and management of The
University of North Carolina and the other public institutions of higher
education.
Sec. 9. Benefits of public institutions of higher education. The Genornl
Assembly shall provide that the benefits of The University of North Carolina
and other public institutions of higher education, as far as practicable, be
extended to the people of the State free of expense.
Sec. 10. Escheats.
(1) Escheats prior to July 1, 1971. All property that prior to .July I. \SM\.
accrued to the State from escheats, unclaimed dividends, or distributive
shares of the estates of deceased persons shall be appropriated to (he use of
The University of North Carolina.
(2) Escheats after June 30, 1971. All property that, after June .U), \\)1\,
shall accrue to the State from escheats, unclaimed dividends or distributive
shares of the estates of deceased persons shall be used to aid worthy and
138 North Carolina Manual
needy students who are residents of this State and are enrolled in public
institutions of higher education in this State. The method, amount, and type
of distribution shall be prescribed by law.
ARTICLE X
homp:steads and exemptions
Section 1. Personal property exemptions. The personal property of any
resident of this State, to a value fixed by the General Assembly but not less
than $500, to be selected by the resident, is exempted from sale under
execution or other final process of any court, issued for the collection of any
debt.
Sec. 2. Homestead exemptions.
(1) Exemption from sale; exceptions. Every homestead and the dwellings
and buildings used therewith, to a value fixed by the General Assembly but
not less than $1,000, to be selected by the owner thereof, or in lieu thereof, at
the option of the owner, any lot in a city or town with the dwellings and
buildings used thereon, and to the same value, owned and occupied by a
resident of the State, shall be exempt from sale under execution or other
final process obtained on any debt. But no property shall be exempt from
sale for taxes, or for payment of obligations contracted for its purchase.
(2) Exemption for benefit of children. The homestead, after the death of
the owner thereof, shall be exempt from the payment of any debt during the
minority of the owner's children, or any of them.
(3) Exemption for benefit of surviving spouse. If the owner of a homestead
dies, leaving a surviving spouse but no minor children, the homestead shall
be exempt from the debts of the owner, and the rents and profits thereof
shall insure to the benefit of the surviving spouse until he or she remarries,
unless the surviving spouse is the owner of a separate homestead.
(4) Conveyance of homestead. Nothing contained in this Article shall
operate to prevent the owner of a homestead from disposing of it by deed,
but no deed made by a married owner of a homestead shall be valid without
the signature and acknowledgement of his or her spouse.
Sec. 3. Mechanics' and laborers' liens. The General Assembly shall provide
by proper legislation for giving to mechanics and laborers an adequate lien
on the subject-matter of their labor. The provisions of Sections 1 and 2 of
this Article shall not be so construed as to prevent a laborer's lien for work
done and performed for the person claiming the exemption of a mechanic's
lien for work done on the premises.
Sec. 4. Property of married women secured to them. The real and personal
property of any female in this State acquired before marriage, and all
property, real and personal, to which she may, after marriage, become in
any manner entitled, shall be and remain the sole and separate estate and
property of such female, and shall not be liable for any debts, obligations, or
engagements of her husband, and may be devised and bequeathed and
The Constitution of North Carolina 139
conveyed by her, subject to such regulations and hmitations as the General
Assembly may prescribe. Every married woman may exercise powers of
attorney conferred upon by her husband, including the power to execute and
acknowledge deeds to property owned by herself and her husband or by her
husband.
Sec. 5. Insurance. A person may insure his or her own life for the sole use
and benefit of his or her spouse or children or both, and upon his or her
death the proceeds from the insurance shall be paid to or for the benefit of
the spouse or children or both, or to a guardian, free from all claims of the
representatives or creditors of the insured or his or her estate. Any insurance
policy which insures the life of a person for the sole use and benefit of that
person's spouse or children or both shall not be subject to the claims of
creditors of the insured during his or her lifetime, whether or not the policy
reserves to the insured during his or her lifetime any or all rights provided
for by the policy and whether or not the policy proceeds are payable to the
estate of the insured in the event the beneficiary or beneficiaries predecease
the insured.
ARTICLE XI
PUNISHMENTS, CORRECTIONS, AND CHARITIES
Section 1. Punishments. The following punishments only shall be known
to the laws of this State: death, imprisonment, fines, removal from office,
and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit
under this State.
Sec. 2. Death punishment. The object of punishments being not only to
satisfy justice, but also to reform the offender and thus prevent crime,
murder, arson, burglary, and rape, and these only, may be punishable with
death, if the General Assembly shall so enact.
Sec. 3. Charitable and correctional institutions and agencies. Such charit-
able, benevolent, penal, and correctional institutions and agencies as the
needs for humanity and the public good may require shall be established
and operated by the State under such organization and in such manner as
the General Assembly may prescribe.
Sec. 4. Welfare policy; board of public welfare. Beneficient provision tor
the poor, the unfortunate, and the orphan is one of the first duties of a
civilized and a Christian state. Therefore the General Assembly shall provide
for and define the duties of a board of public welfare.
ARTICLE XII
MILITARY FORCES
Section 1. Governor is Commander in Chief The (^.ovornor shall he
Commander in Chief of the military forces of the State and may call out
those forces to execute the law, suppress riots and insurrections, and rrpd
invasion.
140 North Carolina Manual
ARTICLE XIII
CONVENTIONS; CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT AND REVISION
Section I. Convention of the People. No Convention of the People of this
State shall ever be called unless by the concurrence of two-thirds of all the
members of each house of the General Assembly, and unless the proposition
"Convention or No Convention" is first submitted to the qualified voters of
the State at the time and in the manner prescribed by the General Assembly.
If a majority of the votes cast upon the proposition are in favor of a
Convention, it shall assemble on the day prescribed by the General As-
sembly. The General Assembly shall, in the act of submitting the convention
proposition, propose limitations upon the authority of the Convention; and if
a majority of the votes cast upon the proposition are in favor of a Conven-
tion, those limitations shall become binding upon the Convention. Delegates
to the Convention shall be elected by the qualified voters at the time and in
the manner prescribed in the act of submission. The Convention shall
consist of a number of delegates equal to the membership of the House of
Representatives of the General Assembly that submits the convention pro-
position and the delegates shall be apportioned as is the House of Representa-
tives. A Convention shall adopt no ordinance not necessary to the purpose
for which the Convention has been called.
Sec. 2. Power to revise or amend Constitution reserved to people. The
people of this State reserve the power to amend this Constitution and to
adopt a new or revised Constitution. This power may be exercised by either
of the methods set out hereinafter in this Article, but in no other way.
Sec. 3. Revision or amendment by Convention of the People. A Convention
of the People of this State may be called pursuant to Section 1 of this Article
to propose a new or revised Constitution or to propose amendments to this
Constitution. Every new or revised Constitution and every constitutional
amendment adopted by a Convention shall be submitted to the qualified
voters of the State at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Conven-
tion. If a majority of the votes cast thereon are in favor of ratification of the
new or revised Constitution or the constitutional amendment or amendments,
it or they shall become effective January first next after ratification by the
qualified voters unless a different effective date is prescribed by the
Convention.
Sec. 4. Revision or amendment by legislative initiation. A proposal of a
new or revised Constitution or an amendment or amendments to this
Constitution may be initiated by the General Assembly, but only if three-
fifths of all the members of each house shall adopt an act submitting the
proposal to the qualified voters of the State for their ratification or rejection.
The proposal shall be submitted at the time and in the manner prescribed by
the General Assembly. If a majority of the votes cast thereon are in favor of
the proposed new or revised Constitution or constitutional amendment or
amendments, it or they shall become effective January first next after
ratification by the voters unless a different effective date is prescribed in the
act submitting the proposal or proposals to the qualified voters.
The Constitution of North Carolina 1 4 ]
ARTICLE XIV
MISCELLANEOUS
Section 1. Seat of government. The permanent seat of government of this
State shall be at the City of Raleigh.
Sec. 2. State boundaries. The hmits and boundaries of the State shall be
and remain as they now are.
Sec. 3. General laws defined. Whenever the General Assembly is directed
or authorized by this Constitution to enact general laws, or general laws
uniformly applicable throughout the State, or general laws uniformly applic-
able in every county, city and town, and other unit of local government, or in
every local court district, no special or local act shall be enacted concerning
the subject matter directed or authorized to be accomplished by general or
uniformly applicable laws, and every amendment or repeal of any law
relating to such subject matter shall also be general and uniform in its effect
throughout the State. General laws may be enacted for classes defined by
population or other criteria. General laws uniformly applicable throughout
the State shall be made applicable without classification or exception in
every unit of local government of like kind, such as every county, or every
city and town, but need not be made applicable in every unit of local
government in the State. General laws uniformly applicable in every county,
city and town, and other unit of local government, or in every local court
district, shall be made applicable without classification or exception in every
unit of local government, or in every local court district, as the case may be.
The General Assembly may at any time repeal any special, local, or private
act.
Sec. 4. Continuity of laws; protection of office holders. The laws of North
Carolina not in conflict with this Constitution shall continue in force until
lawfully altered. Except as otherwise specifically provided, the adoption of
this Constitution shall not have the effect of vacating any office or term of
office now filled or held by virtue of any election or appointment made under
the prior Constitution of North Carolina and the laws of the State enacted
pursuant thereto."
Sec. 5. Conservation of natural resources. It shall be the policy of this
State to conserve and protect its lands and waters for the benefit of all its
citizenry, and to this end it shall be a proper function of the State of North
Carolina and its political subdivisions to acquire and preserve park, re-
creational, and scenic areas, to control and limit the pollution of our air and
water, to control excessive noise, and in every other appropriate way to
preserve as a part of the common heritage of this State its forests, wetlands,
estuaries, beaches, historical sites, openlands, and places of beauty.
To accomplish the aforementioned public purposes, the State and it.s
counties, cities and towns, and other units of local government may acquire
by purchase or gift properties or interests in properties which shall, upon
their special dedication to and acceptance by resolution adopted by a vote of
three-fifths of the members of each house of the General Assembly for tbose
142 North Carolina Manual
public purposes, constitute part of the "State Nature and Historic Preserve,"
and which shall not be used for other purposes except as authorized by law
enacted by a vote of three-fifths of the members of each house of the General
Assembly. The General Assembly shall prescribe by general law the condi-
tions and procedures under which such properties or interests therein shall
be dedicated for the aforementioned public purposes.
The Constitution of North Carolina 143
CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES SUBMITTED TO
THE PEOPLE SINCE 1970
CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES VOTED ON IN THE GENERAL
ELECTION HELD NOVEMBER 3, 1970
Ballot Tabulations of Volt*
Number Description of ConstitutionallssuelCitationI For Afiitut
1 Constitutional amendment for the revision and
amendment of the Constitution of North Carolina. 393,759 251.132
(Chapter 1258, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1969)
2 Constitutional amendment to require the General
Assembly to reduce number of state administrative
departments to 25 and to authorize the Governor to
reorganize administrative departments, subject to legis-
lative approval. 400,892 248,759
(Chapter 932, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1969)
3 Constitutional amendment permitting 3/5 of the mem-
bers of the General Assembly to convene extra sessions
ofthe General Assembly. 332,981 285,587
(Chapter 1270, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1969)
4 Constitutional amendment revising those portions of
the present or proposed state constitution concerning
state and local finance. 323,131 281,087
(Chapter 1200, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1969)
5 Constitutional amendment authorizing General Assem-
bly to fix personal exemptions for income tax purposes. 336,660 282,697
(Chapter 872, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1969)
6 Constitutional amendment providing that after June
30, 1971, the escheats shall be used to aid North Caro-
lina residents enrolled in any public institution of
higher education in this state. 362,097 248,451
(Chapter 827, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1969)
7 Constitutional amendment abolishing literacy require-
ment for voting. 279,132 355.34/
(Chapter 1004, Session Laws of North Carolina. 1969)
144 North Carolina Manual
CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES VOTED ON IN THE GENERAL
ELECTION HELD NOVEMBER 7, 1972
Ballot Tabulations of Votes
Number Description ofConstitutional Issue (Citation) For Against
1 Constitutional amendment reducing the voting age
to 18 years and providing that only persons 21 years of
age or older shall be eligible for elective office. 762,651 425,708
(Chapter 201, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1971)
2 Constitutional amendment to require the General
Assembly to prescribe maximum age limits for service
as a Justice or a Judge. 81 1,440 304,489
(Chapter 451, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1971)
3 Constitutional amendment authorizing the General
Assembly to prescribe procedures for the censure and
removal of Justices and Judges of the General Court of
Justice. 807,960 272,470
(Chapter 560, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1971)
4 Constitutional amendment to conserve and protect
North Carolina's natural resources. 976,581 146,895
(Chapter 630, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1971)
5 Constitutional amendment limiting incorporation of
cities and towns. 694,921 374,184
(Chapter 857, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1971)
CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES VOTED ON IN THE GENERAL
ELECTION HELD NOVEMBER 5, 1974
Ballot Tabulations of Votes
Number Description ofConstitutional Issue (Citation) For Against
1 Constitutional amendment changing the title of the
constitutional office of "solicitor" to "District Attor-
ney". 474,199 249,452
(Chapter 394, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1973)
2 Constitutional amendment to create jobs and employ-
ment opportunities and to protect the environment by
authorizing the issuance of revenue bonds to finance
industrial and pollution control facilities among others
for industry and the ratification, validation, confirma-
tion, and approval of Chapter 633 of the 1971 Session
Laws as amended by Chapter 476 of the 1973 Session
Laws of the General Assembly. 317,285 376,269
(Chapter 1222, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1973)
Regular Session, 1974)
The Constitution of North Carolina 145
CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES VOTED ON IN THE PRIMARY
ELECTION HELD MARCH 23, 1976
Ballot TabulalloniiofVotc*
Number Description ofConstitutional Issue (Citation) For AgiinK
1 Constitutional amendment to permit the General
Assembly to enact general laws to authorize the state,
counties, cities or towns, and other state and local
governmental entities to issue revenue bonds to finance
or refinance health care facihties. 382,093 3 1 1 ,300
(Chapter 641, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1975)
2 Constitutional amendment to permit the General
Assembly to enact general laws to authorize counties
to create authorities to issue revenue bonds to finance,
but not to refinance, the cost of capital projects consist-
ing of industrial, manufacturing and pollution control
facilities for industry and pollution control facilities
for public utilities. 373,033 304,938
(Chapter 826, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1975)
146 North Carolina Manual
CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES VOTED ON IN THE GENERAL
ELECTION HELD NOVEMBER 8, 1977
Ballot Tabulations of Votes
Number Description of Constitutional Issue (Citation) For Against
1 Constitutional amendment extending to a married
man (as a married woman now has) the right to receive
the homestead exemption, so that the homestead ex-
emption is available to the surviving spouse of the
owner of a homestead, if the owner dies leaving no
minor children and the surviving spouse does not own
a separate homestead. 517,366 59,714
(Chapter 80, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1977)
2 Constitutional amendment allowing every person the
right to insure his or her life for the benefit of his or
her spouse or children or both, free from all claims of
the representatives or creditors of the insured or his or
her estate. 513,526 57,835
(Chapter 115, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1977)
3 Constitutional amendment empowering the qualified
voters of the State to elect the Governor and Lieutenant
Governor to a second successive term of the same
office. 307,754 278,013
(Chapter 363, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1977)
4 Constitutional amendment to permit municipalities
owning or operating electric generation, transmission
or distribution facilities and joint agencies composed
of such municipalities to own, operate and maintain
generation and transmission facilities with any person,
firm, association or corporation, public or private,
engaged in the generation, transmission or distribution
of electric power and energy for resale (each, respective-
ly, "a co-owner") within this State or any state con-
tiguous to this State, and to issue electric revenue
bonds to finance the cost of the ownership share of
such municipalities or joint agencies, such bonds to be
secured by and payable only from the electric revenues
of such municipalities or joint agencies and providing
that no money or property of such municipalities or
joint agencies shall be credited or applied to the account
of any such co-owner. 349,935 180,624
(Chapter 528, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1977)
5 Constitutional amendment requiring that the total
expenditures of the State for the fiscal period covered
by the State budget shall not exceed the total of
revenues raised during that fiscal period and any sur-
plus remaining the State Treasury at the beginning of
the period, and requiring the Governor to effect the
necessary economies in State expenditures whenever
he determines that a deficit is threatened. 443,453 104,935
(Chapter 690 Session Laws of North Carolina, 1977)
The Constitution of North Carolina 147
CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUE VOTED ON IN THE GENERAL
ELECTION HELD NOVEMBER 4, 1980
Ballot
Number Description of Constitutional Issue (Citation)
Tabulations of Vot«a
For Against
Constitutional amendment requiring Justices and
Judges of the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals,
Superior Court and District Court to be duly authorized
to practice law prior to election or appointment. 888,634 352,7 1 4
(Chapter 638, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1979)
CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES VOTED ON IN THE PRIMARY
ELECTION HELD JUNE 29, 1982
.P^""' Tabulations of Vote*
Number Description of Constitutional Issue (Citation) For Againit
1 Constitutional amendment making the term of mem-
bers of the General Assembly four years, beginning
with members elected in 1982; and conforming amend-
ments concerning the election of other officers and the
filling of vacancies. 163,058 522,181
(Chapter 504, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1981)
2 Constitutional amendment authorizing General Assem-
bly to provide for temporary recall of retired Supreme
Court Justices or Court of Appeals Judges to serve
temporarily on either appellate court. 356,895 295,638
(Chapter 513, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1981)
3 Constitutional amendment giving the Supreme Court
authority to review, when authorized by law, direct
appeals from the N.C. Utihties Commission. 392,886 253,629
(Chapter 803, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1981)
4 Constitutional amendment to permit the General
Assembly to grant to appropriate public bodies addi-
tional powers to develop new and existing seaports
and airports, including powers to finance and refinance
for public and private parties seaport and airport and
related commercial, industrial, manufacturing, process-
ing, mining, transportation, distribution, storage,
marine, aviation and environmental facilities and im-
provements. 292,031 342,567
(Chapter 808, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1981)
5 Constitutional amendment to permit the General
Assembly to enact general laws to authorize the State,
or any state entity to issue revenue bonds to finance or
refinance the cost of acquiring, constructing and financ-
ing higher education facilities for any nonprofit private
corporation, regardless of any church or religious re-
lationship, such bonds to be payable from any revenues
or assets of any such nonprofit private corporation
pledged therefor. 303,292 338.650
(Chapter 887, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1981)
148 North Carolina Manual
CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES VOTED ON IN THE GENERAL
ELECTION HELD NOVEMBER 2, 1982
Ballol Tabulations of Votes
Numbfr Description of Constitutional Issue iCitationI For Against
1 Constitutional amendment to provide that terms of
legislators begin on January 1st following their elec-
tion. 690,218 276,432
(Chapter 1241, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1981,
1982 Session)
2 Constitutional amendment to permit the issuance of
tax increment bonds without voter approval. 182,147 810,565
(Chapter 1247, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1981,
1982 Session)
CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUE VOTED ON IN THE PRIMARY
ELECTION HELD MAY 8, 1984
Ballot Tabulations of Votes
Number Description of Constitutionallssue (Citation) For Against
1 Constitutional amendment to permit the General
Assembly to enact general laws to authorize the crea-
tion of an agency to issue revenue bonds to finance the
cost of capital projects consisting of agricultural facili-
ties, and to refund such bonds, such bonds to be secured
by and payable only from revenues or property derived
from private parties and in no event to be secured by or
payable from any public moneys whatsoever. 420,405 360,009
(Chapter 765, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1983)
CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUE VOTED ON IN THE GENERAL
ELECTION HELD NOVEMBER 6, 1984
Ballot Tabulations of Votes
Number Description of Constitutional Issue (Citation) For Against
1 Constitutional amendment requiring Attorney
General and District Attorneys to be duly authorized to
practice law prior to election or appointment. 1,159,460 357,791
(Chapter 298, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1983)
The Constitution of North Carolina 149
CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUE VOTED ON IN
THE PRIMARY ELECTION HELD MAY 6, 1986
BaUot Tabulations of Volt.
Number Description of Constitutional Issue (Citalion) For Afainit
1 Constitutional amendment providing for election of
state and county officers in odd-numbered years. 230,159 547,076
(Chapter 768, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1985)
CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES VOTED ON IN
THE GENERAL ELECTION HELD NOVEMBER 4, 1986
Ballot Tabulations of Votfi
Number Description of Constitutional Issue (Citation) For Againit
1 Constitutional Amendment to permit the General
Assembly to enact general laws to authorize the State,
or any State entity to issue revenue bonds to finance or
refinance the cost of acquiring, constructing and financ-
ing higher education facilities for any nonprofit private
corporation, regardless of any church or religious rela-
tionship, such bonds to be payable from any revenues
or assets of any such nonprofit private corporation
pledged therefor. 675,587 448,845
(Chapter 814, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1986)
2 Constitutional Amendment providing that an election
shall be held to fill the remainder of the unexpired
term if the vacancy occurs more than 60 days before
the next election, rather than 30 days as is presently
provided. 740,241 365,959
(Chapter 920, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1986)
3 Constitutional Amendment to assist in the develop-
ment of new and existing seaports and airports without
creating a debt secured by the faith and credit of the
State or any other public body by permitting the
General Assembly to grant to the State and other
public bodies additional powers to develop new and
existing seaports and airports, including powers to
finance and refinance for public and private parties
seaport and airport related commercial, industrial,
manufacturing, processing, mining, transportation, dis-
tribution, storage, marine, aviation and environmental
facilities and improvements. 688,911 391,908
(Chapter 933, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1986)
150 North Carolina Manual
CONSTITUTIONAL PROPOSITIONS
VOTED ON BY THE PEOPLE SINCE 1868
Year
of Vote
Ratified
Rejected
1868
1
0
1873
8
0
1876
1
0
1880
2
0
1888
1
0
1892
0
1
1900
1
0
1914
0
10
1916
4
0
1918
2
0
1920
2
0
1922
0
1
1924
3
1
1926
1
0
1928
1
2
1930
0
3
1932
1
3
1936
5
0
1938
2
0
1942
2
0
1944
5
0
1946
1
1
1948
1
3
1950
5
0
1952
3
0
1954
4
1
1956
4
0
1958
0
1
1962
6
0
1964
1
1
1966
1
0
1968
2
0
1970
6
1
1972
5
0
1974
1
1
1976
2
0
1977
5
0
1980
1
0
1982
3
4
1984
2
0
1986
3
1
Totals —
98
35
In the above table, each issue on which the people have voted is as one whether it involves only
a single section (as was often the case), a whole article (as in the case of the 1900 suffrage
amendment and the 1962 court amendment, or a revision of the entire Constitution (as in 1868 and
1970).
CHAPTER TWO
The Constitution of the United States
THE RATIFICATION OF THE
CONSTITUTION IN NORTH CAROLINA
On April 24, 1778, the North Carohna General Assembly ratified the
Articles of Confederation, the first "constitution" of the new United States.
It proved weak and ineffective in holding the nation together. A decade later
North Carolina was caught up in a bitterly divisive contest over a second
federal constitution. While the Articles of Confederation had been approved
in North Carolina with little debate, the Constitution engendered a two-year
war of words before its ratification at a convention in Fayetteville on
November 21, 1789.
In 1777, debate over the nature of the Articles of Confederation in tlu-
Continental Congress had been lackluster until the arrival of Thomas
Burke, a delegate from North Carolina. Burke was outraged at what he
found contained in the draft of the Articles— too much authority to a
national government and too little reserved to the states.
He wrote back to Governor Richard Caswell "[t]hat the more experience I
acquire, the stronger is my conviction that unlimited power cannot be safely
trusted to any man, or set of men, on earth." He feared seeing power coalesce
around a small number of men removed from the close supervision of their
electorate. Burke, then, argued convincingly for a "constitution" that secured
the states' powers against national encroachment and that created among
the states "a firm league of friendship."
Not quite a decade later, it was apparent to many that the combination of
the states in the Continental Congress was not "firm" and was decidedly
lacking in "friendship." During the summer of 1787, delegates from twelve
states including five gentlemen from North Carolina assembled in
Philadelphia to write a new constitution for the nation.
George Washington wrote a friend that it was his "wish . . . that (he
convention may adopt no temporizing expedients, but probe the defects of
the constitution to the bottom, and provide a radical cure, whether they are
agreed to or not." Others among the leaders in the states and anions' those
attending the Philadelphia convention concurred with Washington. ,\ll were
concerned that the nation's republican experiment would collapse before
Rob Sikorski formerly with the North CaroHna Bicentennial Conimis.^ioii for the
United States Constitution prepared the basic text for this article.
152 North Carolina Manual
having a chance to succeed. WiUiam Richardson Davie of North CaroHna
noted the "repeated and decisive proofs of the total inefficiency of our
general government."
Among those assembled in Philadelphia, most agreed with General
Washington on the nation's need for a "radical cure." From May 25 to
September 17, 1787, delegates debated the requirements of a "more perfect
union," always fearful that the nation was teetering on the brink of anarchy
and that their efforts would be too little, too late.
The document that emerged from the Philadelphia convention provided
for more latitude for national intervention into the affairs of the individual,
set limits on what states might do, and expanded the ability of the general
government to set and act upon a national agenda for the economy.
The history behind the choices made during those four months in
Philadelphia reflect the quick pace of development in the new nation in its
first decade from the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, to the
summer of 1787. It also presented the United States with the first opportunity
in history for a people to take the future in their own hands and mold it to
their own ideas of liberty and freedom.
North Carolina— Creating a First Government
For the people of North Carolina, the experiment in republican government
began with the creation of their state constitution in 1776. As all people then
realized, it was one thing to declare oneself independent and quite another to
determine how one would employ that independence.
In November 1776, the citizens of Mecklenburg County issued a series of
instructions to their delegates to the North Carolina Provincial Congress
that would meet in Halifax to draft the state's first constitution. They
required that their representatives endeavor "to establish a free government
under the authority of the people of the State of North Carolina and that the
government be a simple democracy or as near it as possible" and that the
document contain a bill of rights, a separation of powers provision, and a
supremacy clause. Most important, the constitution should recognize that
"[t]he principal supreme power is possessed by the people at large."
Although the North Carolina constitution as ratified on December 17-18,
1776 did not fully accord with the instructions to the Mecklenburg delega-
tion, it did recognize that political sovereignty rested ultimately in the
people and was prefaced with a declaration of rights, securing to citizens
freedom of the press, assembly and religion among other rights.
The North Carolina constitution contrasted sharply with the Articles of
Confederation. The latter had no bill of rights, rested sovereignty in the
states, and failed to establish the apparatus of a government. It lacked both
an executive and a judiciary (except in the limited area of admiralty law).
While the state government was often times ineffective and low to respond
to the needs of the Revolution, with the coming of peace it did provide an
adequate framework for governance. Some might complain — as many did —
that the General Assembly was too quick to issue paper money or place a
moratorium on suits for debt, it was able, though, to provide leadership and
direction for reconstructing the state's economy following the end of the
Revolution.
The Constitution of the United States 153
The Continental Congress, in contrast, was hamstrung. It was unable to
collect funds other than through loans or voluntary payment of requisitions
from the states; moreover, it was unable to effectively enforce the peace or to
make the states abide by the terms of the peace treaty with Great Britain.
Crisis of National Leadership— 1784-1787
While the Continental Congress brought the war to a successful end, it could
not manage the peace. Contrary to the Treaty of Paris signed between the
United States and Great Britain in 1783, states still refused to, honor debts
outstanding to English merchants and to return land or pay compensation
to loyalists whose properties were confiscated during the Revolution.
These failures led to the British maintaining troops on American territory
and preventing U.S. ships from carrying British products. Such international
problems were compounded by the inablity of the Continental Congress to
help resolve disputes among the states. During the Revolution, Vermont had
seceded from New Hampshire and New York without approval from either
state. Congress was unable to resolve the conflict successfully despite
repeated pleas from Governor Clinton of New York for help. Conflicts over
boundaries also developed between Delaware and Pennsylvania, Maryland
and Virginia, and North Carolina and Virginia. With the partial exception
of the dispute between Pennsylvania and Delaware, Congress failed to
mediate the conflicts.
Among the states there was also a growing concern over competition for
international trade, import duties that adversely affected states like North
Carolina that did not have adequate harbors, and the use of interstate
waterways. These issues were further compounded by problems faced by
states to their west, who were confronted by hostile English, Spaniards, and
Native Americans as well as settlers anxious to expand beyond the
recognized limits of the nation.
For example, in 1785 the Continental Congress negotiated the Treaty of
Hopewell with the Cherokees. North Carolina, on behalf of its western
interests, issued an official protest of the treaty "as containing several
stipulations which infringe and violate the legislative rights of the State."
Such dual interpretation reinforced the confusion of settlers as to who held
political authority in the western region.
Earlier, a group of western North Carolina citizens in what today is
Tennessee had assembled to address their relationship to the state and the
Continental Congress. In 1784, the North Carolina General Assembly had
ceded, but later revoked the its actions, the western territories of the state to
the national government. In anticipation of becoming a state, these citizens
had, on December 17, 1784, signed and ratified a constitution for the new
State of Franklin. Although they did so under the impression that they were
soon to be separated from North Carolina, they continued to assert their
autonomy even after the state had revoked its secession. The creation of the
State of Franklin under the leadership of John Sevier, a Revolutionary war
hero, represented widespread dissatisfaction in the west with the treatment
accorded them by the eastern dominate General Assembly. They felt
themselves ignored, excluded from the benefits of state government, yet
liable for taxes.
154 North Carolina Manual
Although dissatisfaction was widespread in North CaroHna and in the
other states, not everyone felt the need for major revisions of the Articles of
Confederation. Many state leaders were witnessing their states' emergence
from a post-war economic slump. Harbors were filling and farm goods were
reaching new price levels. By the eve of the Philadelphia convention, many
thought that the states were well on the road to political stability and
economic prosperity.
Yet many were concerned that the states exerted too much influence over
the national economy. A group of strong nationalists, including James
Madison of Virginia, Alexander Hamilton of New York, and James Wilson
and Gouverneur Morris of Pennsylvania, feared that the parochial economic
concerns of the states would always be permitted to outweigh the general
economic welfare of the nation. They felt greater direction must come from a
unified and powerful national government.
The first attempt to remedy some of the ills brought on by too much state
influence on the national economy was the Mount Vernon Conference in
March of 1785. Meeting at the home of George Washington, delegates from
Virginia and Maryland sat together to discuss their mutual problems concern-
ing harbor facilities and interstate waterways. These representatives resolved
to work together to overcome conflicts on fishing rights, navigational safety,
piracy, and interstate currency rates. Most important the delegates identified
the need for more states to participate in future discussions.
The Virginia House of Delegates, when it ratified the Mount Vernon
Accord in 1786, also called for a second meeting to be held in Annapolis to
discuss "such commercial regulations [as] may be necessary to their common
interest and their permanent harmony." The call went out to all the states to
send delegates to attend this second meeting.
In the end, representatives from only five states were in attendance at
Annapolis when the meeting convened in September, 1786. Some states like
North Carolina had appointed delegates. Hugh Williamson of North Carolina
apparently arrived in town the day the convention adjourned.
The lack of a quorum at the Annapolis convention resulted in no major
headway being made to resolve the commercial problems plaguing the new
nation. There was one significant proposal from the meeting — the delegates
agreed to Alexander Hamilton's proposal to call for yet another meeting,
this time in Philadelphia. The convention of state representatives was to
meet in May, 1787 "to take into consideration the situation of the United
States, to devise such further provisions as shall appear to them necessary
to render the constitution of the Federal Government adequate to the
existence of the Union. . . ."
The Confederation Congress agreed to issue a call for a convention in
Philadelphia and all the states but Rhode Island appointed delegations to
attend.
North Carolina and The Constitution
Although the meeting was scheduled to begin on May 14, 1787, a quorum of
seven states was not reached until May 25.
The Constitution of the United States 155
James Iredell, one of North Carolina's leading lawyers, was concerned for
the health of the nation and was very much aware of how things had
changed locally. He felt that if the nationalists were to succeed in strengthen-
ing the union they needed to move promptly; however, on May 25 he was in
New Bern, not Philadelphia. Why this was the case is unclear; nonetheless,
in less than four months Iredell was to take a commanding role in defending
the new Constitution before the people of North Carolina. Iredell was ready
with a quick pen and clear thinking to promote the need for a strenghtcned
union.
Four years earlier, Iredell had been the anonymous author of a set of
instructions to the Chowan County representatives in which he outlined the
requirements for a more effective state government within the context of a
national union. He had then called for payment of North Carolina's requisi-
tion to the Continental Congress; stringent controls over the printing and
redemption of the state's paper money; prohibition of legislative intrusion
into civil suits; better organization of the administration of the state; an
independent judiciary; and, support of trade, commerce, and manufacturing.
Many of these same issues faced the delegates from the states as they met in
Philadelphia to begin their deliberations. Among those delegates were
eventually five from North Carolina.
Back in November 1786, responding to the report from Annapolis, the
North Carolina General Assembly had selected five state leaders to partici-
pate in Philadelphia: Governor Richard Caswell, William Richardson Davie,
Willie Jones, Alexander Martin, and Richard Dobbs Spaight. Jones declined
to attend, some said because it would then free him to oppose any changes
emanating from Philadelphia. Governor Caswell also declined for reasons of
health. He then appointed William Blount and Hugh Williamson to complete
the North Carorlina delegation.
The first of North Carolina's delegation to reach Philadelphia was Richard
Dobbs Spaight on May 15. Spaight was also among the youngest and least
experienced of the delegates. He spoke little in the Convention but returned
home an ardent Federalist and supporter of the Constitution. He was among
the three North Carolina delegates who were able to remain at the convention
long enough to sign the Constitution on September 17.
William Richardson Davie was the second delegate to arrive in
Philadelphia. With Hugh Williamson, Davie was the leading spokesman for
the state at the convention. He was an early advocate of both state and
popular representation in the national legislature. He sat on the committee
that formulated the compromise between the Virginia plan that would have
conditioned national representation on population and the New Jersey plan
that would have relied upon the old Confederation formula of one state, one
vote. This first great compromise of the convention was worked out by the
committee over the Fourth of July recess. The committee reported out the
idea of Roger Sherman of Connecticut that representation in the House he
based on population, while that of the Senate reflected equal represrntati..n
among the states.
Davie was forced to leave the convention early to return to his law
practice. Throughout the next two years of debate in North ("arohna over
156 North Carolina Manual
the Constitution, Davie's voice stood out as one of the principal advocates
for the Constitution. Only he and Spaight of the five at Philadelphia,
participated in the first ratification convention in North Carolina.
When the convention opened on May 25, two more North Carolina
delegates were in attendance: Hugh Williamson and Alexander Martin. Both
settled into the Indian Queen Inn, where James Madison, George Mason,
Alexander Hamilton and other leading delegates were lodged.
William Pierce of Georgia, who wrote brief character sketches of the
delegates, characterized Williamson as "a worthy man, of some abilities,
and fortune" and not to be recognized for a stylish way of speaking.
Although not among the greats of the convention, Williamson contributed
his share to the debates. He participated in the committee of the states that
recommended the initial number of representatives in the House for each
state and it was he who proposed a decennial census to determine changes
in representation. Williamson was also greatly concerned over the powers
and limitations of the executive branch; he feared a single executive and
thought that the executive should be ineligible for a second term. On the
veto power of the executive, Williamson spoke in favor of a limited negative.
Both Williamson and Davie expressed strong approval of an impeachment
process, Williamson believing that impeachment was "an essential security
for the good behavior of the Executive."
Near the close of the convention, a series of essays authored by Williamson
under the pseudonym "Sylvius" was published. Although authored before
the convention, their contents spoke directly to some of the major concerns
about a strong national government. He examined in them the need for a
strong national government to take command of the economy and foreign
affairs as well as expounded upon the ills created by a paper money
economy.
Williamson was the second of North Carolina's delegates to sign the
Constitution.
Williamson did not attend the first ratification convention in Hillsborough
in July 1788, but rather stayed north to attend the Continental Congress
and protect the interests of the state. He remained there even after the new
government was formed in the Spring of 1789, without North Carolina's
official participation, returning only to take part in the Fayetteville Conven-
tion in November, 1789.
Alexander Martin, the fourth of the state's delegates, was a former
governor of North Carolina and a general during the American Revolution.
Judged a moderate and pratical politician, Martin stood midstream between
the federalists and antifederalist camps in North Carolina.
A fellow delegate of Martin's rather unkindly described his contribution to
the convention: "The great exertions of political wisdom in our late
Governor, while he sat at the helm of our State, have so exhausted his fund,
that time must be required to enable him again to exert his abilities to the
advantage of the nation." Needless to say, Martin contributed little to the
discussions. Like Davie, he was unable to stay to the close of the convention.
The last of North Carolina's delegation to arrive in Philadelphia was
William Blount, who reached the convention on June 20. He had been
The Constitution of the United States 157
involved in representing North Carolina's interests in the Continental
Congress meeting in New York. Although he took no part in the debates at
Philadelphia, he was there to sign the document— the third of the state's
signers.
Blount was not elected to the convention at Hillsborough but was involved
in the ratification convention at Fayetteville, where he may have played a
key role in securing the necessary votes for the Constitution in 1789.
The work of North Carolina's delegates and those from the other states
received a chilly response at home. A long battle began with leading
federaHsts like James Iredell of Edenton, and Archibald Maclaine of
Wilmington preparing lengthy defenses of the Constitution.
In a series of essays pubHshed in January 1788 under the name "Marcus,"
James Iredell sought to refute the criticisms of George Mason. Mason's
attack on the Constitution was especially threatening since he had been at
the convention (although he refused to sign) and was widely respected for
his disinterested attachment to the new nation. Mason opposed the Constitu-
tion on numerous grounds, but principally for its lack of a bill of rights.
Iredell responded to each point of Mason's attack, examining why the
Constitution did not need a bill of rights; why it was representative of the
people; why the Senate could amend money bills; why the country needed a
national judiciary; and, why the Constitution proposed a single executive
without a constitutional council.
His refutation of Mason was reasoned and measured; not as much can be
said concerning some other defenses of the Constitution. Archibald Maclaine
was particularly vitriolic. He referred to those who would oppose the Constitu-
tion as "petty tyrants."
The principal confrontation of ideas and interests came naturally, during
the convention that met in Hillsborough from July 21 to August 4, 1788. The
convention came after ten states had ratified the Constitution and assured
the formation of a new national government under its auspices. Even this
imminent inauguration of a new government was not persuasive enough to
convince a majority of the Hillsborough convention to approve, and the
Constitution was rejected by a 184 to 83 vote.
Two issues stood out above all others in the attack on the Constitution: the
lack of a bill of rights and the placing of too much authority to a distant
government. The ideas of Thomas Burke remained alive in the state.
At the convention, Willie Jones of Halifax, Samuel Spencer of Anson,
Thomas Person of Granville, David Caldwell of Guilford, and William
Lenoir of Wilkes helped lead the opposition to the Constitution. It would be a
mistake, however, to assume unity among this opposition. Some like Samuel
Spencer were most concerned about the loss of authority for the states. As
one of the three highest judges in the state, he appeared especially concerned
with having his authority overshadowed by that of the federal courts.
David Caldwell provides a notable contrast to Spencer. A Presbyterian
minister and renowned for the school he operated in Guilford county.
Caldwell was principally concerned about the lack of a fundamental
philosophical framework against which to judge and operate the Constitu
tion.
158 North Carolina Manual
And again, Willie Jones of Halifax seemed concerned, along with many
others, about the danger of removing power so far away from the people
without, in turn, safeguarding their interests with a bill of rights.
With such diversity of opposition, it is no wonder that those federalists
favoring the Constitution appear to have the better of the arguments, if not
the vote. The federalists appear to have given more advanced consideration
to their oposition in the convention with James Iredell taking on the role of
theorist, Governor Samuel Johnston acting as a mediator and accom-
modator, while Archibald Maclaine and William R. Davie functioned as the
proverbial "loose canons" at the convention. But despite all these gentlemen
could say, in and out of convention, the Constitution was doomed to defeat
from the outset.
Ratification waited another fifteen months, coming only in November
1789 at Fayetteville on a vote of 194 to 77.
Historians know quite a lot about the Hillsborough convention because
James Iredell and Samuel Johnston hired a secretary to record the debates.
Nothing like that was done for Fayetteville; explanations for acceptance are,
in consequence, far more conjectural than explanations for rejection at
Hillsborough. Congress's sending of a bill of rights to the states is one clear
candidate while fear of being outside the union is another. Also the concern
about a central government was apparently diminished with Washington
elected president. Whatever the reason, the convention took only seven days
to ratify and report out their vote. Then, one month later, the North Carolina
General Assembly became the second state to ratify the Bill of Rights.
The legacy of the debates in North Carolina has been a widespread
appreciation of the role of popular discussion of critical issues and how these
may balance among a nation, the states, and the people.
The Constitution of the United States
159
NORTH CAROLINA SIGNERS OF THE CONSTITUTION
OF THE UNITED STATES
WILLIAM BLOUNT
William Blount was born on March 26, 1749,
in Bertie County. With his brother, John Grey
Blount, he became a leading businessman after
Independence. His heavy speculation and
activities in western territories created
enormous problems for him later in life.
Blount was first elected to the General
Assembly in 1780 as a Town Representative
from New Bern. He was elected to the Con-
tinental Congress meeting in Philadelphia in
1782, 1783, and 1784. He returned to the legis-
lature representing Craven County and in
1783, 1784, and 1784-85; during the latter
session was elected Speaker.
On March 14, 1787, Blount was elected one of the delegates to go to
Philadelphia for the Constitutional Convention. In 1789 he went to the state
convention in Fayetteville and voted for ratification of the newly-written
Constitution. Blount returned to the state legislature, serving in the Senate
in 1788 and 1789.
On August 17, 1790, Blount was appointed Governor of the Territories
South of the Ohio River. He had autocratic authority in the territories. In
1791 Blount helped arrange the Treaty of Holston which resulted in the
Cherokee Indians ceding to the United States a large portion of land, much
of which was already occupied by whites. In 1794 when the territories were
large enough to call a territorial assembly, a bill was passed establishing
Blount College (a forerunner of the University of Tennessee).
On July 8, 1797, while serving as one of Tennessee's first two United
States Senators, Blount was expelled from the Senate for what was known
as Blount's Conspiracy. There was a rumor that Spain was going to cede
New Orleans and Louisiana to France. This would deny America's right to
the Mississippi River. Blount took charge of a plan that was underway to
recruit frontiersmen and Indians into fighting with Great Britain to take
those areas in war. (Great Britain was bound by the treaty of peace of 1 783
to permit free navigation of the Mississippi River to America and France.)
President John Adams had a letter fall into his hands that was written by
Blount concerning this. In July, 1797 President Adams turned the letter over
to Congress; Blount's expulsion followed. On December 17. the House of
Representatives opened Blount's impeachment trial. This was the first such
trial in United States history. In 1799 the proceedings were dismissed for
lack of jurisdiction.
The people still had faith in Blount, electing him to the Tennessee State
Senate in 1798; he was elected Speaker. He died in Tennessee in 1800.
160
North Carolina Manual
RICHARD DOBBS SPAIGHT, SR.
Richard Dobbs Spaight, Sr., the first native-
born governor of North Carohna, was born in
New Bern on March 25, 1758, to Richard and
Elizabeth Wilson Spaight.
He studied abroad, finishing at the Univer-
sity of Glasgow in Scotland. After returning to
America, Spaight served briefly as the military
aide de camp to General Richard Caswell.
Spaight served in the House of Commons as
a Town Representative from New Bern in the
Assemblies of 1779, 1781,1782, and 1783. In
1783 his seat was declared vacant following
his election to the Confederation Congress.
On December 13, 1783, Spaight took his seat at the Congress in Annapolis.
He also served as a delegate to the 1784 Congress in New York City.
In 1785 Spaight returned to the General Assembly representing Craven
County in the House of Commons, where he was elected Speaker. He
continued his legislative service in the assemblies of 1786-87 and 1787. He
was elected as one of North Carolina's representatives to the Federal Conven-
tion in Philadelphia, arriving there on May 15, 1787. He was the first of the
North Carolina delegates to arrive and stayed long enough to be one of the
signers of the constitution. After the Philadelphia meeting he returned to
North Carolina and attended the state convention in Hillsborough.
Spaight served in the General Assembly of 1792 as the Town Representa-
tive from New Bern, but resigned following his election as governor on
December 11, 1792. He was elected to serve as governor for two more terms.
He served one more term in the General Assembly as a state senator in 1801.
In 1798 Spaight was elected to the Fifth United States Congress as a
member of the House of Representatives following the death of Congressman
Nathan Bryan on June 4. He was elected to the 6th Congress but was
defeated for reelection to a third term by John Stanly.
The political differences between Spaight and Stanly caused bitter and
personal discussions. One of these resulted in Stanly challenging Spaight to
a duel. On September 5, 1802, Stanly's fourth discharge mortally wounded
Spaight, who died the next day. Criminal proceedings against Stanly began,
but he applied to the governor and was granted pardon. This prompted the
law making any participant in a duel ineligible for any office of "trust,
honor, or profit."
The Constitution of the United States 1 f, \
HUGH WILLIAMSON
Hugh Williamson was born in Chester
County, Pennsylvania, on December 5, 1735.
A doctor, natural scientist, preacher, merchant,
and politician, Williamson was frc(iuently
called the "Ben Franklin of North Carolina."
Graduating in the first class from the College
of Philadelphia (later the University of
Pennsylvania), Williamson went to Connecti-
cut to study theology. After two years he left
the ministry to be a math professor. While
teaching, he became interested in medicine,
which led him to the University of Edinburgh
and studies in London and Utrect. His poor
physical condition made him subject to contracting a fever from his patient
which led him to forego medicine.
His scientific interests and reputation, resulted in his appointment as a
commissioner to study the transit of Venus (June 3, 1769), and Mercury
(November 9, 1769). Afterwards, he published 'An Essay on Comets", for
which the University of Leyden awarded him an LL.D. degree.
Williamson was an eyewitness to the Boston Tea Party and was the first
to carry the news to England. He predicted the colonies' revolt and heard of
the Declaration of Independence while he was in Holland.
Upon returning to America, he offered his medical services to Governor
Caswell and was sent to New Bern to vaccinate troops against smallpox. He
crossed British lines to treat American prisoners of war and as well as the
British. He was a pioneer advocate in innoculation against diseases.
Williamson was a Town Representative for Edenton in the General
Assembly of 1782. On May 3, his seat was declared vacant following his
election to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia. Williamson took his
seat on July 19, 1782. Along with Thomas Jefferson he was one of only two
southern delegates who voted in favor of excluding slavery from the Western
Lands Ordinance of 1784.
Williamson returned to the House of Commons in 1785 representing
Chowan County. In 1787 he was appointed by Governor Caswell to rei)hu('
Willie Jones at the Federal Convention in Philadelphia. Williamson arrived
in time for its start and attended the entire convention. He also attended the
State Convention in Fayetteville where the Consitution was eventually
ratified by North Carolina.
The final years of Williamson's political career were spent in Congns,--. lie
served in the United States House of Representatives as a representative
from the Edenton and New Bern district from 1789-1793.
Williamson retired to New York City. He wrote one of the nation's first
ecological histories in his two-volume study of North ('arolina's early
history, published in 1812. He died in 1819.
162 North Carolina Manual
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES
Preamble
We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union,
establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common
defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to
ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the
United States of America.
ARTICLE I
Section 1 — All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a
Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and a House
of Representatives.
Sect. 2-1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members
chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors
in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most
numerous branch of the State Legislature.
2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the
age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States,
and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of the State in which he
shall be chosen.
3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several
States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective
numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free
persons, including those bound to service for a term of years and excluding
Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration
shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of
the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such
manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not
exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one
Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New
Hampshire shall be entitled to choose 3; Massachusetts, 8; Rhode Island and
Providence Plantations, 1; Connecticut, 5; New York, 6; New Jersey, 4;
Pennsylvania, 8; Delaware, 1; Maryland, 6; Virginia, 10; North Carolina, 5;
South Carolina, 5; and Georgia, 3.*
4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State the
Executive Authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such
vacancies.
5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other
officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment.
*See Article XIV, Amendments.
The Constitution of the United States 163
Sec. 3-1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two
Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years;
and each Senator shall have one vote.i
2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first
election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The
seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of
the second year; of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year; and
of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be
chosen every second year, and if vacancies happen by resignation, or
otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive
thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the
Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.*
3. No person shall be a Senator who shall have not attained to the age of
thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who
shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be
chosen.
4. The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the
Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.
5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro
tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the
office of the President of the United States.
6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When
sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the
President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; and
no person shall be convicted without the occurrence of two-thirds of the
members present.
7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to
removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of
honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the party convicted shall
nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punish-
ment, according to law.
Sec. 4-L The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators
and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the IvCgislature
thereof, but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such
regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators.
2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such
meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law
appoint a different day.
Sec. 5-L Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and
qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a
quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day.
and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such
manner and under such penalties as each House may provide.
2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its
members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of (wo thirds.
expel a member.
"See Article XVII, Amendments.
164 North Carolina Manual
3. Each House shall keep) a journal of its proceedings, and from time to
time punish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require
secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any
question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the
journal.
4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the
consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other
place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.
Sec. 6-1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation
for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of
the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach
of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session
of their respective Houses, and in going to and and returning from the same;
and for any speech or debate in either house they shall not be questioned in
any other place.
2. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was
elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United
States which shall have been created, or the emoluents whereof shall have
been increased during such time; and no persons holding any office under
the United States shall be a member of either House during his continuance
in office.
Sec. 7-1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of
Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments, as
on other bills.
2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and
the Senate shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the
United States; if he approves, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it,
with his objections, to that House in which it shall have originated, who
shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider
it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass
the bill, it shall be sent together with the objectives, to the other House, by
which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that
House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses
shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting
for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House
respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten
days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same
shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by
their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.
3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate
and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of
adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and
before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being
disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and
House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed
in the case of a bill.
Sec. 8. The Congress shall have the power:
1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts
and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United
The Constitution of the United States 165
States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throuKhuut the
United States.
2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States;
3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several
States, and with the Indian tribes;
4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on ihi-
subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;
5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix
the standards of weights and measures;
6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and
current coin of the United States;
7. To establish post offices and postroads;
8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for
limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective
writings and discoveries;
9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;
10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high
seas, and offenses against the law of nations;
11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules
concerning captures on land and water;
12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use
shall be for a longer term than two years;
13. To provide and maintain a navy;
14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and
naval forces;
15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the
Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions;
16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and
for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the
United States, reserving to the State respectively the appointment of the
officers and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline
prescribed by Congress;
17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such
district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may be cession of particular
States and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of Government ol"
the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by
the consent of the Legislature of the State, in which the same shall be, for
the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful
buildings;— and
18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying'
into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this
Constitution in the Government of the United States, or any department or
officer thereof.
Sec. 9-1. The migration or importation of such persons as any ol the
States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not he proliihifcd hy
the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eiglit, but a
tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars
for each person.
166 North Carolina Manual
2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended,
unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require
it.
3. No bill of attainer or ex post facto law shall be passed.
4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to
the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken.*
5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State.
6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue
to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to, or
from, one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another.
7. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury but in consequence of
appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the
receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to
time.
8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person
holding any office or profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of
the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind
whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.
Sec. 10-1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation;
grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make
anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill
of attainer; ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts,
or grant any title of nobility.
2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or
duties on imports or exports except what may be absolutely necessary for
executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imports,
laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the Treasury
of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and
control of the Congress.
3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of
tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any
agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage
in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not
admit delay.
ARTICLE II
Section 1-1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the
United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four
years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be
elected as follows:
2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may
direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and
Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but no
Senator or Representative or person holding an office of trust or profit under
the United States shall be appointed an elector.
*See Article XVI, Amendments.
The Constitution of the United States 167
3. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for
two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same
state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted
for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and
certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the Government of the United
States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate
shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives open all
the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the
greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a
majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be mcjre
than one who have such majority; and have an equal number of votes, then
the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them
for President; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest
on the Hst the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in
choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation
from each State having one vote; a quorum, for this purpose, shall consist of
a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the
States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the
President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors
shall be the Vice-President. But if there shall remain two or more who have
equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice President.*
4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors and the
day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be the same
throughout the United States.
5. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United
States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to
the office of President, neither shall any person be eligible to that office who
shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen
years a resident within the United States.
6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death,
resignation or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office,
the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by law
provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the
President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then act as
President, and such officer shall act accordingly until the disability be
removed, or a President shall be elected.
7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensa-
tion which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for
which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period
any other emolument from the United States, or any of them.
8. Before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take the
following oath or affirmation:
"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute (be office
President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve,
protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States."
*This clause is superseded by Article XII, Amendments.
168 North Carolina Manual
Sec. 2-1. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the Army and
Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when
called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the
opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive depart-
ments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; and
he shall have the power to grant reprieves, and pardons for offenses against
the United States, except in cases of impeachment.
2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,
to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he
shall nominate and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall
appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the
Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appoint-
ments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established
by law; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior
officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or
in the heads of departments.
3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen
during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire
at the end of their next session.
Section 3 — He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of
the State of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures
as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary
occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagree-
ment between them with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn
them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors
and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully
executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States.
Sec. 4 — The President, Vice President, and all civil officers of the United
States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of,
treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.
ARTICLE III
Section 1 — The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one
Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time
to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior
courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated
times, receive for their services a compensation which shall not be diminished
during their continuance in office.
Sec. 2-1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity,
arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties
made, or which shall be made, under their authority; — to all cases affecting
ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admirality
and maritime jurisdiction; — to controversies to which the United States
shall be a party; — to controversies between two or more States; — between
citizens of the same State, claiming lands under grants of different States,
and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or
subjects.
The Constitution of the United States 169
2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls,
and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have
original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned the Supreme
Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such
exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.
3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury,
and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have
been committed; but when not committed within any State the trial shall be
at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.
Sec. 3-1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying
war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and
comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of
two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.
2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason;
but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture
except during the life of the person attained.
ARTICLE IV
Section 1 — Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public
acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress
may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and
proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.
Sec. 2-1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and
immunities of citizens in the several States.
2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who
shall flee from justice and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the
Executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be
removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime.
3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof,
escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein,
be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered upon claim
of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.
Sec. 3-1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but
no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdication of any other
State; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, on
parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the State con
cerned, as well as of the Congress.
2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules
and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the
United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to
prejudice any claims of the United States or of any particular State.
Sec.4— The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a
republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against
invasion, and, on application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when
the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence.
170 North Carolina Manual
ARTICLE V
The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary,
shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the
Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for
proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents
and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures
of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths
thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the
Congress; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year
one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first
and fourth clauses in the Ninth Section of the First Article; and that no
State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the
Senate.
ARTICLE VI
L All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption
of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this
Constitution, as under the Confederation.
2. This Constitution and the laws of the United States which shall be
made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made,
under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the
land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the
Constitution or laws of any State the contrary notwithstanding.
3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members
of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both
of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or
affirmation to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be
required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United
States.
ARTICLE VII
The ratification of the Convention of nine States shall be sufficient for the
establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same.
Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the
Seventeenth Day of September, in the Year of Our Lord one thousand seven
hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of
America the Twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our
names.*
*The Constitution was declared in effect on the first Wednesday in March, 1789.
The Constitution of the United States
171
GEO[RGE] WASHINGTON,
President and deputy from Virginia
NEW HAMPSHIRE
John Langdon
Nicholas Gilman
MASSACHUSETTS
Nathaniel Gorham
Rufus King,
CONNECTICUT
W[illiai]m Sam[ue]l Johnson
Roger Sherman
Geo[rge] Clymer
Jared Ingersoll
Gouv. Morris
DELAWARE
Geo[rge] Read
John Dickinson
Jaco[b] Broom
Gunning Bedford, Jr.
Richard Bassett
MARYLAND
James McHenry
Dan[iel] Carroll
Dan[iel] of St. Thos. Jenifer
VIRGINIA
John Blair
NEW YORK
Alexander Hamilton
NEW JERSEY
Wilfliam] Livingston
David Brearley
W[illialm Patterson
Jona[than] Dayton
PENNSYLVANIA
B[enjamin] Franklin
Rob[erJt Morris
Tho[ma]s Fitzsimmons
James Wilson
Thomas Mifflin
Ja[me]s Madison, Jr.
NORTH CAROLINA
W[illia]m Blount
Hu[gh] Williamson
Rich[ar]d Dobbs Spaight
SOUTH CAROLINA
J[ames] Rutledge
Charles Pinckney
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
Pierce Butler
William
GEORGIA
William Few
Abr[aham] Baldwin
ATTEST:
Jackson, Secretary
172 North Carolina Manual
amp:ndments to the constitution
of the united states
the ten original amendments*
The following amendments to the Constitution, Article I to X, inclusive,
were proposed at the First Session of the First Congress, begun and held at
the City of New York, on Wednesday, March 4, 1789, and were adopted by
the necessary number of States. The original proposal of the ten amendments
was preceded by this preamble and resolution:
"The conventions of a number of the States having, at the time
of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to
prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further
declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added, and as extend-
ing the ground of public confidence in the Government will best
insure the beneficient ends of its institution:
"RESOLVED, By the Senate and House of Representatives of
the United States of America, in Congress assembled, two-thirds
of both Houses concurring that the following articles be proposed
to the Legislatures of the several States, as amendments to the
Constitution of the United States; all or any of which articles,
when ratified by three-fourths of the said Legislatures, to be valid
to all intents and purposes, as part of the said Constitution,
namely";
ARTICLE I
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of
the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition
the Government for a redress of grievances.
ARTICLE II
A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the
right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.
ARTICLE III
No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the
consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be prescribed by
law.
*These amendments known as The Bill of Rights, were declared in force December
15, 1791. North Carolina ratified those ten amendments on December 22, 1789 (Ch. 19,
Laws of 1789).
The Constitution of the United States 173
ARTICLE IV
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and
effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated,
and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or
affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the
persons or things to be seized.
ARTICLE V
No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases
arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service
in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same
offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in
any criminal case to be a witness against him, nor be deprived of life,
liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be
taken for public use, without just compensation.
ARTICLE VI
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy,
and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the
crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously
ascertained by law, and be informed of the nature and cause of the accusa-
tion; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory
process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of
counsel for his defense.
ARTICLE VII
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved and no fact tried
by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States
than according to the rules of the common law.
ARTICLE VIII
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel
and unusual punishments inflicted.
ARTICLE IX
The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed
to deny or disparge others retained by the people.
ARTICLE X
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor
prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the
people.
174 North Carolina Manual
SUBSEQUENT AMENDMENTS
ARTICLE XI
The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to
any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the
United States, by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any
foreign State.
(Proposed to the Legislatures of the several States by the Third Congress on the 5th
of March, 1794, and declared to have been ratified by Executive Proclamation,
January 8, 1798. It was ratified by North Carolina on F'ebruary 7, 1795.
ARTICLE XII
The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for
President and Vice President, one of whom at least shall not be an
inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their
ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the persons
voted for as Vice President; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons
voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice President, and of
the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and
transmit, sealed, to the seat of the Government of the United States, directed
to the President of the Senate; the President of the Senate shall, in the
presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certifi-
cates, and the votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest
number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a
majority of the whole number of electors appointed; if no person have such
majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding
three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives
shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the
President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each
State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member
or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States
shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not
choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them,
before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice President shall
act as President, as in the case of the death or any constitutional if such
number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no
person have a majority, from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate
shall choose the Vice President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of
two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole
number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally
ineligibility to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice
President of the United States.
[Proposed by the Eighth Congress on the 12 of December, 1803, declared ratified by
the Secretary of State, September 25, 1804. It was ratified by North Carolina on
December 21, 1803. It was ratified by all the States except Connecticut, Delaware,
Massachusetts, and New Hampshire.]
The Constitution of the United States 175
ARTICLE XIII
1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for
crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within
the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legis-
lation.
[Proposed by the Thirty-eighth Congress on the 1st of February, 1865, declared
ratified by the Secretary of State, December 18, 1865. It was ratified by North
Carolina on December 4, 1865 (Resolution, Public Laws of 1865. It was rejected by
Delaware and Kentucky; was conditionally ratified by Alabama and Mississippi; and
Texas took no action.]
ARTICLE XIV
1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the
jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State
wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall
abridge the privileges of immunities or citizens of the United States; nor
shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due
process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal
protection of the laws.
2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according
to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each
State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any
election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the
United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial of-
ficers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any
of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and
citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation
in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be
reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear
to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector
of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under
the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an
oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a
member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any
State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged
in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the
enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house,
remove such disability.
4. The vaHdity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law
including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services
in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. Rut neith(M-
the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt<)r obligation
incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any
claim for the loss of emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obliga-
tions, and claims shall be held illegal and void.
176 North Carolina Manual
5. The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation the
provisions of this article.
I'llu' Reconstruction Amendment, by the Thirty-ninth Congress on the 16th day of
June, lS(i6, was dechired ratified by the Secretary of State, July 28, 1868. The
amendment got the support of 23 Northern States; it was rejected by Delaware,
Kentucky, Maryland, and 10 Southern States. California took no action. Later it was
ratified by the 10 Southern States. North Carolina ratified it on July 4, 1868 (Resolution
2, Public Laws of 1868).]
ARTICLE XV
1. The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied
or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or
previous condition of servitude.
2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
legislation.
(Proposed by the Fortieth Congress the 27th of February, 1869, and was declared
ratified by the Secretary of State, March 30, 1870. It was not acted on by Tennessee; it
was rejected by California, Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland and Oregon; ratified by
the remaining 30 States. North Carolina ratified it on March 5, 1869 (Public Laws of
1868-69). New York rescinded its ratification January 5, 1870. New Jersey rejected it in
1870, but ratified it in 1871.)]
ARTICLE XVI
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from
whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States,
and without regard to any census or enumeration.
[Proposed by the Sixty-first Congress, July 12, 1909, and declared ratified February
25, 1913. The income tax amendment was ratified by all the States, except Connecticut,
Florida, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Utah, and Virginia. North Carolina ratified it
on February 11, 1911 (Resolution 11, Public Laws of 1911.)]
ARTICLE XVII
1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from
each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator
shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications
requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislatures.
2. When vacancies happen in the presentation of any State in the Senate,
the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such
vacancies; Provided, That the Legislature of any State may empower the
Executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the
vacancies by election as the Legislature may direct.
3. This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or
term of any Senator chosen before it become valid as part of the Constitu-
tion.
[Proposed by the Sixty-second Congress on the 16th day of May, 1912, and declared
ratified May 31, 1913. Adopted by all the States except Alabama, Delaware, Florida,
Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Rhode Island, South Carolina,
Utah and Virginia. North Carolina ratified it on January 25, 1913 (Resolution 10,
Public Laws of 1913).]
The Constitution of the United States 177
ARTICLE XVIII
1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale,
or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into^
or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to
the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.
2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to
enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an
amendment to the Constitution by the Legislatures of the several States as
provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the
submission hereof to the States by the Congress.
[Proposed by the Sixty-fifth Congress, December 18, 1917, and ratified by 36 States;
was declared in effect on January 16, 1920. It was ratified by North Carolina on
January 16, 1919 (Resolution 8, Public Laws of 1919).]
ARTICLE XIX
1. The rights of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or
abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.
2. Congress shall have power, by appropriate legislation, to enforce the
provisions of this article.
[Proposed by the Sixty-fifth Congress. On August 26, 1920, it was proclaimed in
effect, having been ratified by three-quarters of the States. It was ratified by North
CaroHna on May 6, 1971 (Ch. 327, Session Las of 1971). The Tennessee House," August
31st, rescinded its ratification, 47 to 24.]
ARTICLE XX
1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the
20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon
on the 3rd day of January of the years in which such terms would have
ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors
shall then begin.
2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such
meeting shall begin at noon on the 3rd day of January, unless they shall by
law appoint a different day.
3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the
President elect shall have died, the Vice President elect shall become Presi
dent. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the
beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify,
then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall
have been qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case
wherein neither President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have quali-
fied, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one
who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly, until a
President or Vice President shall have qualified.
4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the
persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President
whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and tor the
178 North Carolina Manual
case of the death of any of the persons for whom the Senate may choose a
Vice President when the right of choice shall have devolved upon them.
5. Section 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following
the ratification of this article.
6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an
amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the
several States within seven years from the date of its submission.
[Proposed by the 72nd Congress, F'irst Session. On F'ebruary 6, 1933, it was pro-
claimed in effect, having been ratified by thirty-nine states. It was ratified by North
Carolina on January 5, 1933 (Resolution 4, Public Laws of 1933).]
ARTICLE XXI
1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United
States is hereby repealed.
2. The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or posses-
sion of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors,
in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.
3. This article shall be inoperate unless it shall have been ratified as an
amendment to the Constitution by convention in the several States, as
provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the
submission hereof to the States by the Congress.
[Proposed by the 72nd Congress, Second Session. Proclaimed in effect on December
5, 1933, having been ratified by thirty-six States. North Carolina did not ratify this
Amendment. By proclamation of the same date, the President proclaimed that the
eighteenth amendment to the Constitution was repealed on December 5, 1933.)
ARTICLE XXII
1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice,
and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for
more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected
President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. But
this article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President
when this article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any
person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President
during the term within which this article becomes operative from holding
the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such
term.
2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an
amendment to the constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the
several States within seven years from the date of its submission to the
States by the congress.
[Proposed by the 80th Congress in 1947 and became effective on Feb. 26, 1951,
having been ratified by thirty-six states. It was ratified by North Carolina on January
28, 1951 (Ch. 136, Session Laws of 1951).]
The Constitution of the United States 179
ARTICLE XXIII
1. The District constituting the seat of Government of the United States
shall appoint in such manner as the Congress may direct:
A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole
number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District
would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least
populous State; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the States,
but they shall be considered, for the purpose of the election of President and
Vice President, to be electors appointed by a State; and they shall meet in
the District and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article of
amendment.
2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
legislation.
[Proposed by the 86th Congress in June of 1960 and ratified by tht- .J.Mh .Slate.
March 29, 1961 and proclaimed a part of the Constitution, April 3, 1961. North
Carolina did not ratify it.]
ARTICLE XXIV
1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or
other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or
Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall md be
denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to
pay any poll tax or other tax.
2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
legislation.
[Proposed by the 87th Congress, August 27, 1962 and ratified by the .'iSth State.
January 23, 1964. It was not ratified by North Carolina.]
ARTICLE XXV
1. In case of the removal of the President from office or of his deatli ur
resignation, the Vice President shall become President.
2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, ihr
President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon
confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.
3. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the
Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declara-
tion that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and
until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers
and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President.
4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal
officers of the executive departments or of such other body as ( "oo^mcs.s may
by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the .Senate and tlic
Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the
President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice
President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as
Acting President.
180 North Carolina Manual
Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of
the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written
declaration that no inabiHty exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of
his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal
officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may
by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of
the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written
declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties
of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within
forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within
twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress
is not in session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to
assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is
unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President
shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the
President shall resume the powers and duties of his office.
[Submitted to the Legislatures of the fifty States July 6, 1965. Ratified by the 38th
State (Nevada) February 10, 1967. It was ratified by North Carolina on March 22,
1967 (Ch. 77, Session Laws of 1967).]
ARTICLE XXVI
1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age
or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any
State on account of age.
2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appro-
priate legislation.
[Proposed to the States by Congress on March 23, 1971 and ratification completed
June 30, 1971. It was ratified by North Carolina on July 1, 1971 (Ch. 725, Session
Laws of 1971).]
PART III
Our National Government
CHAPTER ONE
The United States Executive Branch
George Herbert Walker Bush
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
(Republican)
Early Years: Born in Milton, Massachusetts, on June 12, 1924. His
father was the late Prescott Bush, a former United States Senator from Con-
necticutt (1952-1962).
Education: Phillips Academy (Andover, Mass.), 1942; Yale University,
B.A. (Economics; Phi Beta Kappa), 1948.
Professional Background: Co-founder, Zapata Petroleum Company
(President, 1954), 1953; Co-founder, Zapata Offshore Company (1954) - a
pioneer in experimental offshore drilling equipment (Today much of the
energy drilled for around the world is produced from rigs pioneered by this
company).
Political Activities: President of the United States, 1989- (Elected
November, 1988); Vice President of the United States, 1981-1989; Director,
Central Intelligence Agency, 1976; Chief of the U.S. Liaison Office, People's
Republic of China, 1974-1975; Chairman, Republican National Committee,
1973-1974; U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, 1971-1973; U.S. House of
Representatives (7th District, Texas), 1967-1971.
Military Service: U.S. Navy (naval aviation cadet and carrier pilot),
1942-1945 (awarded 3 air medals and the Distinguished Flying Cross).
Religious Activities: Member, St. Martins Episcopal Church (Houston,
Texas); former vestryman; Serves on board of the Episcopal Church
Foundation.
Family: Married Barbara Pierce of Rye, New York. Children: George, Jeb,
Neil, Marvin and Dorothy.
184
North Carolina Manual
'f>'
»•"•.«
The United States Executive Branch 185
PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES
No. Name Native State Born Inau.
1. George Washington (F) Va 1732 1789
2. John Adams (F) Mass 1735 1797
3. Thomas Jefferson (D-R) Va 1743 1801
4. James Madison (D-R) Va 1751 1809
5. James Monroe (D-R) Va 1758 1817
6. John Quincy Adams (N-R) Mass 1767 1825
7. Andrew Jackson (D) N. C 1767 1829
8. Martin Van Buren (WHIG) N. Y 1782 1837
9. Wilham H. Harrisonp (A) Va 1773 1841
10. John Tyler (W) Va 1790 1841
11. James Knox Polk (D) N. C 1795 1845
12. Zachary TaylorQ (WHIG) Va 1784 1849
13. Millard Fillmore (WHIG) N. Y 1800 1850
14. Franklin Pierce (D) N. H 1804 1853
15. James Buchanan (D) Pa 1791 1857
16. Abraham LincolnR (R) Ky 1809 1861
17. Andrew Johnsons (-) N. C 1808 1865
18. Ulysses S. Grant (R) Ohio 1822 1869
19. Rutherford B. Hayes (R) Ohio 1822 1877
20. James A. GarfieldT (R) Ohio 1831 1881
21. Chester A. Arthur (R) Vt 1830 1881
22. Grover Clevelandu (D) N.J 1837 1885
23. Benjamin Harrison (R) Ohio 1833 1889
24. Grover Clevelandv (D) N. J 1837 1893
25. William McKinleyw (R) Ohio 1843 1897
26. Theodore Roosevelt (R) N. Y 1858 1901
27. William H. Taft (R) Ohio 1857 1909
28. Woodrow Wilson (D) Va 1856 1913
29. Warren G. Hardingx (R) Ohio 1865 1921
30. Calvin Coolidge (R) Vt 1872 1923
31. Herbert C. Hoover (R) Iowa 1874 1929
32. Franklin D. RooseveltPY (D) N. Y 1882 1933
'Harrison died on April 4, 1841.
^Taylor died on July 9, 1850.
''Lincoln was shot April 14, 1865, and died the following day.
■•Andrew Johnson— a Democrat, nominated vice president by Republicans and elected with
Lincoln on National Union ticket.
''Garfield was shot July 2, 1881, and died September 19.
"According to a ruling of the State Dept., Grover Cleveland is counted twice, as the 22nd and the
24th President, because his two terms were not consecutive. Only 39 individuals have been
President.
"See footnote 6.
"McKinley was shot September 6, 1901, and died September 14.
•'Harding died on August 2, 1923.
'"Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945.
186 North Carolina Manual
No. Name Native State Born Inau.
33. Harry S. Truman (D) Missouri 1884 1945
34. Dwightl). P]isenhower(R) Texas 1890 1953
35. John F. Kennedypp (D) Massachusetts ... 1917 1961
36. Lyndon R. Johnson (I)) Texas 1908 1963
37. Richard M. Nixoni'Q (R) Cahfornia 1913 1969
38. Gerald R. Ford (R) Michigan 1913 1974
39. James Earl Carter (D) Georgia 1924 1977
40. Ronald Wilson Reagan (R) Illinois 1911 1981
41. George H.W. Bush (R) Texas 1924 1989
"Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963.
'-Nixon resifjned August 9, 1974 following several months of pressure over the "Watergate"
coverup and related issue.s.
PRESIDENTIAL CABINET
Vice President J. Danforth Quayle
Secretary of Agriculture Clayton K. Yeutter
Secretary of Commerce Robert A. Mosbacher
Secretary of Defense Richard B. Cheney
Secretary of Education Lauros F. Cavazos
Secretary of Energy Adm. James Watkins
Secretary of Health and Human Services Louis Sullivan
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Jack F. Kemp
Secretary of the Interior Manual Lujan, Jr.
Secretary of Labor* Elizabeth H. Dole
Secretary of State James A. Baker, III
Secretary of Transportation Samuel K. Skinner
Secretary of the Treasury Nicholas Brady
Attorney General Richard L. Thornburg
Ambassador to the United Nations Thomas Rickering
MAJOR APPOINTMENTS
White House Chief of Staff John H. Sununu
White House Counsel C Boyden Gray
National Security Adviser Frank Carlucci
Press Secretary M. Marlin Fitzwater
Director, Central Intelligence Agency William H. Webster
Director, Office of National Drug Control Policy William J. Bennett
Chairman, Council on Wage and Price Stability Alfred E. Kahn
Chairman, Federal Reserve Board Paul A. Volcker
Chairman, Securities and Exchange Co. Commission .... Richard C. Breeden
Director, Office of Management and Budget Richard G. Darman
Postmaster General Preston Pisch
*Native of North Carolina
The United States Executive Branch
187
Elizabeth Hanford Dole
SECRETARY
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Early Years: Born in Salisbury,
Rowan County, North Carolina, on
July 29, 1937, to John Van and Mary
(Cathey) Hanford.
Education: Duke University, B.A.
(Political Science); Harvard Univer-
sity, M.S. (Education and Govern-
ment); Harvard University School of
Law, J.D.
Professional Background: Secre-
tary, Department of Labor, 1989-;
Secretary, Department of Transporta-
tion, 1983-1989; Assistant to the Presi-
dent for Public Liaison, 1981-1983;
Federal Trade Commission, 1973-
1979; Deputy Director, Office of Consumer Affairs, 1971-1973; Executive
Director, Presidents Committee on Consumer Interests, 1969-1971; Staff
Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Boards: Duke University (Board of Trustees); Duke University Business
School (Board of Advisors); John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard
University (Overseers Committee); National Council of the Aging (former
Director); Wolf Trap Foundation for the Performing Arts (Director); Washing-
ton Opera Board (Director); American Council on Young Political Leaders
(Board of Directors).
Political Activities: Republican, Member of President's Cabinet (Secre-
tary of Labor, 1989-; Secretary of Transportation, 1983-1989); Chairman,
Voters for Reagan-Bush, 1980; National Advisory Council of the National
Federation of Republican Women.
Honors: "Faces of the Future," TIME MAGAZINE, 1974; Arthur S.
Fleming Award for Outstanding Government Service, 1972; Phi Beta Kappa
and President of the Student Body, Duke University.
Family: Married Robert J. Dole of Kansas, December 6, 1975.
CHAPTER TWO
One Hundred and First Congress of
The United States
THE SENATE
President of the Senate
J. Danforth Quayle (Indiana)
President Pro-Tempore of the Senate
Robert C. Byrd (West Virginia)
Secretary of the Senate
Jo Ann Coe
Majority Leader Minority Leader
George Mitchell (Maine) Robert Dole (Kansas)
Majority Whip Minority Whip
Alan Cranston (California) Alan K. Simpson (Wyoming)
SENATORS FROM NORTH CAROLINA
Jesse Helms Terry Sanford
STANDING COMMITTEES
Agriculture, Nutrition & Forestry Finance
Appropriations Foreign Relations
Armed Services Government Affairs
Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Judiciary
Budget Labor and Human Resources
Commerce, Science & Transportation Rules and Administration
Energy and Natural Resources Small Business
Environment & Public Works Veteran's Affairs
SELECT COMMITTEES
Aging Ethics Indian Affairs Intelligence
JOINT COMMITTEES
Economy Library Printing Taxation
190
North Carolina Manual
JESSE HELMS
UNITED STATES SENATOR
p]arly Years: Born in Monroe,
Union County, October 18, 1921, to
Jesse A. and Ethel Mae Helms.
Education: Monroe High School;
Wingate College; Wake Forest Uni-
versity.
Professional Background: For-
mer Executive Vice President, Vice-
Chairman of the Board, and As-
sistant Chief Executive Officer, Capi-
tol Broadcasting Company.
Organizations: Raleigh Rotary
Club (former President and Vice Pre-
sident); Raleigh Exchange Club (for-
mer President); United Fund of
Raleigh (former Director); Raleigh Chamber of Commerce (former Director);
Young Americans for Freedom (State Advisor); Mason, Raleigh Lodge No.
500; Grand Lodge of NC (Grand Orator, 196(o).
Boards: Former Trustee: Campbell LIniversity, Wingate College, Meredith
College, John F. Kennedy College, Douglas MacArthur Freedom Academy,
Deleware Law School, and Camp Willow Run; NC Tobacco Council.
Political Activities: U.S. Senator, 1973- (elected 1972; reelected 1978 and
1984); Raleigh City Council, 1957-1961; Administrative Assistant to United
States Senators Willis Smith and Alton Lennon; Director of radio-television
campaign for Richard B. Russell of Georgia (Democratic candidate for
President, 1952).
Honors: Honorary degrees. Grove City College and Bob Jones University;
Honorary Director, NC Cerebral Palsy Hospital; Freedom Foundation Award
(best television editorial); Taxpayer's Best Friend Award, National Tax-
payer's Union, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984; Watchdog of the Treasury Award,
Christian Action Council, 1983; Most Admired Conservative in Congress,
Conservative Digest, 1980, 1981; NC Public Service Award, 1980; National
Man of the Year in Politics, Christian Voice, 1980; Legislator of the Year,
Christians for a Better American.
Religious Activities: Member, Hayes Barton Baptist Church, Raleigh.
Family: Married Dorothy Jane Coble, October 31, 1942. Children: Jane
Helms Knox, Nancy Helms Stuart, and Charles Helms.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry
Committee on Foreign Affiars (Minority Leader)
Committee on Rules and Administration
Select Committee on Ethics
The United States Congress
191
TERRY SANFORD
UNITED STATES SENATOR
Early Years: Born in Laurinburg,
Scotland County, August 20, 1917, to
Cecil and Elizabeth (Martin) San-
ford.
Education: Presbyterian Junior
College; UNC-CH, A.B., 1939; School
of Law, UNC-CH, J.D., 1946.
Professional Background: Pres-
ident Emeritus, Duke University,
1985; President, Duke University
1969-85; Attorney, 1965-86; Special
Agent, Federal Bureau of Investiga-
tion, 1941-42.
Organizations: The Conference
Board, 1983; Board of N.C. Outward
Bound, 1981; Center for National Policy (Chairman, 1981-82); American
Council of Young Political Leaders, 1976-1986 (former Chairman); Council
on Foreign Relations; Board of National Municipal League; Southern
Regional Education Board, 1961-1965; Southern Growth Policies Board
(Founder, 1971); Appalachian Community Service Network, 1980-1986 (for-
mer Chairman); Americans for Clean Air and Water, 1983-1986; National
Urban League (Director), 1972-1975.
Boards: Public Governor, American Stock Exchange, 1977-1983; Director,
Cadmus Communications Corporation, 1979-1986; Fuqua Industries, 1982-
1986; ITT Corporation, 1976-1986; Prudential-Bache Mutual Funds, 1983-
1986; Golden Corral Corporation 1984-1986; Trustee, Methodist College; Board
of Advisors, School of Public Health, UNC-CH; Board of National
Humanities Center; Carnegie Commission on Educational Television, 1965-
1967; Trustee, National Council on Crime and Delinquency, 1969-1986.
Political Activities: U.S Senator, 1986- (elected to fill the unexpired term
of Senator John East on November 4, 1986; elected to a full term on same
date); Governor of N.C, 1961-1965; N.C. State Senator, 1953-1955; Chairman,
Democratic Charter Commission, 1972-1974; President, N.C. Young Demo-
cratic Clubs, 1949-50.
Political Achievements: While governor created the Community College
and Technical Institute System, Governor's School, Learning Institute of
N.C, N.C. School of the Arts, "The North Carolina Fund", N.C Good
Neighbor Council, Atomic Energy Safety Commission; and established the
first State Arts Council and Commission on the Status of Women.
Military Service: U.S. Army, First Lieutenant, Parachute Infantry,
1942-1946 (awarded: F^ive Battle Stars; The Bronze Star; The Purple Heart;
The Combat Infantryman Badge; The Presidential Unit Citation); N.C.
National Guard, 1948-60.
192 North Carolina Manual
Honors: Distinguished Elagle Scout; Boy Scouts Silver Beaver Award;
Golden Key Award, 1967; Torch of Liherty Award, 1967; N.C. Award, 1970;
The Brotherhood Award 1972; National Education Association Friend of
Education Award, 1975; Elected to National Academy of Public Administra-
tion, 1986.
Religious Activities: Member, Trinity Avenue United Methodist Church.
Familiy: Married Margaret Rose Knight of Hopkinsville, July, 1942.
Children: Terry Jr. and Betsee.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS:
Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs
(Subcommittee on International Finance and Monetary Policy)
(Subcommittee on Securities)
Committee on Budget
Committee on Foreign Affairs
(Subcommittee on International Economic Policy on Trade, Oceans,
and Environment)
(Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics, and International Operations)
(Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs)
Select Committee on Ethics
The United States Congress
193
THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Speaker of the House
Thomas S. Foley (Washington)
Clerk of the House
Donn Anderson
Majority Leader
Richard Gephardt (Missouri)
Majority Whip
William H. Gray, III (Pennsylvania)
Minority Leader
Robert H. Michel (Illinois)
Minority Whip
Newt Gingirch (Georgia)
REPRESENTATIVES FROM NORTH CAROLINA
Walter B. Jones (First District)
I. T. Valentine, Jr. (Second District)
H. Martin Lancaster (Third District)
David E. Price (Fourth District)
Stephen L. Neal (Fifth District)
J. Howard Coble (Sixth District)
Charles G. Rose (Seventh District)
W. G. Hefner (Eighth District)
J. Alex McMillan (Nineth District)
T. Cass Ballenger (Tenth District)
James M. Clarke (Eleventh District)
STANDING COMMITTEES
Agriculture
Appropriations
Armed Services
Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs
Budget
District of Columbia
Education and Labor
Energy and Commerce
Foreign Affairs
Government Operations
House Administration
Interior and Insular Affairs
Judiciary
Merchant Marine and Fisheries
Post Office and Civil Service —
Franking Commission
Public Works and Transportation
Rules
Science Space's Technology
Small Business
Standards of Official Conduct
Veterans' Affairs
Ways and Means
SELECT COMMITTEES
Ethics
Hunger
Economic
Intelligence
Aging
Narcotics Abuse and Control
Children, Youth & Families
JOINT COMMITTEES
Library Printing
Taxation
194
North Carolina Manual
Walter Beaman Jones
(Democrat - First Congressional
District)
(Counties: Beaufort, Bertie, Camden,
Carteret, Chowan, Currituck, Dare,
Gates, Greene, Hertford, Hyde, Lenoir,
Martin, Northampton, PamUco,
Pasquotank, Perquimans, Pitt, Tyrrell,
and Washington.)
Early Years: Bom in Fayetteville,
Cumberland County, August 19, 1913,
to Walter G. and Fannie M. (Ander-
son) Jones.
Education: Elise Academy, 1926-
1930; N.C. State College, B.S. (Educa-
tion), 1934.
Professional Background: Of
fice equipment dealer.
Organizations: Masonic Lodge; Scottish Rite; Rotary Club (President,
1949); Loyal Order of the Moose; Junior Order, Elks Lodge.
Boards: Director, Farmville Savings & Loan Association.
Political Activities: U.S. House of Representatives, 1966- (elected in a
special election in 1966 to fill the unexpired term of Herbert C. Bonner who
had died; elected to a full term in November, 1966; reelected in subsequent
elections; N.C. Senate, 1965-66; N.C. House of Representatives, 1955-1959;
Mayor, Town of Farmville, 1949-1953; Judge, Farmville Recorders Court,
1949-1953; Town Commissioner, 1947-1949 (Mayor Pro Tem).
Religious Activities: Baptist Church (Deacon since 1945).
Family: Married Elizabeth Fischer, November 7, 1984. Children: Dot Dee
Jones Moye and Walter B. Jones, Jr.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman, Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries
Committee on Agriculture
(Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Peanuts and Tobacco)
The United States Congress
195
Itimous T. Valentine, Jr.
(Democrat - Second Congressional
District)
(Counties: Durham, p]dgecombe,
Granville, Halifax, Johnston (part),
Nash, Person, Vance, Warren, and
Wilson.)
Early Years: Born in Nashville,
Nash County, March 15, 1926, to
Itimous T. and Hazel Valentine.
Education: The Citadel, A.B. (Poli-
tical Science), 1948; School of Law,
UNC-CH, J.D., 1967.
Professional Background: Attor-
ney (Senior member, Valentine,
Adams & Lamar).
Organizations: Nash-Edgecombe
(former President), Seventh Judicial, NC and American Bar Associations;
NC Academy of Trial Lawyers; Morning Star Lodge No. 85 A.F. & A.M.
(former Master); Nashville Lions Club (former President); Nashville Jaycees
(former President); Nashville Chamber of Commerce (former President).
Boards: NC Courts Commission; former Trustee, Nash General Hospital.
Political Activities: U.S. House of Representatives, 1983- (elected
November, 1982; reelected in subsequent elections; N.C. House of Representa-
tives, 1955-1960; Chairman, N.C. Democratic Executive Committee, 1966-
1968; Legislative Counsel to Governor Dan K. Moore, 1967; Legal Advison to
Governor Dan K. Moore, 1965.
Military Service: Served, U.S. Army Air Corps, 1944-1946.
Religious Activities: Member, Nashville Baptist Church; former Chair-
man, Board of Deacons.
Family: Married Elizabeth Salyer Carr of Rocky Mount. Children: Stephen
M., Mark L., Philip C. and Anna E. Valentine.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Committee on Public Works and Transportation
(Subcommittee on Aviation and Surface Transportation)
(Subcommittee on Water Resources)
Committee on Science and Technology
(Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agricultural Research and Environment)
(Subcommittee on Transporation, Aviation, and Materials, Chairman)
196
North Carolina Manual
H. Martin Lancaster
(Democrat
District)
Third Congressional
IC'ounties: Bladen, Duplin, Harnett,
Johnston (part), Jones, Lee, Moore (part),
Onslow, Pender, Sampson, and Wayne.]
Early Years: Born in Patetown,
Wayne County, March 24, 1943, to
Harold W. and Eva Madena (Pate)
Lancaster.
Education: Pikeville High School,
1958-1961; UNC-CH, A.B., 1965;
School of Law, UNC-CH, J.D., 1967.
Professional Background: Attor-
ney
L'W/fk I^K 9 Organizations: Wayne County,
''m. ^m m gth judicial District, NC Bar Associa-
tion (Board of Governors, 1984), and American Bar Associations; Mason;
Shriner; Elk; Goldsboro Kiwania; NC Society for Historic Preservation.
Boards: Advisory Board, Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation, 1984; Chair-
man, NC Arts Council, 1977-1981; Chairman, Wayne County Public Library,
1979-80; Chairman, Wayne County Chapter, American Red Cross, 1978-79;
Chairman, Goldsboro-Wayne County Bicentennial Commission, 1975-76;
President, Goldsboro Community Arts Council, 1973-74; President, Wayne
Community Concert Association, 1972-73.
Political Activities: U.S. House of Representatives, 1987- (elected
November 4, 1986; reelected 1988); N.C. House of Representatives, 1979-1986.
Military Service: Served, US Navy, 1967-1970 (Lieutenant); Air Force
Reserves, 1971-1982 (Major); Naval Reserves, 1982-(Commander).
Honors: Valand Award, NC Mental Health Association, 1985; NC Crime
and Justice Award, Governor's Crime Commission, 1984; Outstanding Legis-
lator Award, NC Association of School Counselors, 1983; Outstanding Legis-
lator Award, NC Academy of Trial Lawyers, 1981; Distinguished Service
Award, Goldsboro Jaycees, 1977.
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church; Elder, 1980-;
Deacon, 1972-1975.
Family: Married Alice Matheny, May 31, 1975. Children: Ashley
Elizabeth and Mary Martin.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Committee on Agriculture
(Subcommittee on Tobacco and Peanuts)
Committee on Armed Services
(Subcommittee on Military Personnel)
Committee on Small Business
(Subcommittee on Procurement, Tourism and Rural Development)
The United States Congress
197
David Eugene Price
(Democrat - Fourth Congressional
District)
(Counties: Chatham, Franklin, Orange,
Randolph and Wake)
Early Years: Born in Johnson
City, Washington County, on August
17, 1940, to Albert and Elna (Harrell)
Price.
Educational Background: Uni-
coi County High School (Erwin,
Tennessee); Mars Hill College; UNC-
CH, BA, 1961; Yale University, B.D.,
1964, Ph.D., 1969.
Professional Background: Pro-
fessor of Political Science and Public
Policy, Duke University, 1973-1986;
Assistant Professor of Political
Science and American Studies, Yale University, 1969-1973; American Politi-
cal Science Association; Society for Values in Higher Education.
Organizations: Chapel Hill Kiwanis Club.
Political Activities: U.S. House of Representatives, 1987- (elected
November 4, 1986; reelected 1988); Chairman, N.C. Democratic Party, 1983-
84; Executive Director, N.C. Democratic Party, 1979-80; Commission on
Presidential Nomination, Democratic National Committee; Staff Director,
1981-82; Legislative Aide to Senator E. L. Bartlett (D-Alaska), 1963-1967;
Member, Democratic National Committee, 1983-1986.
Religious Activities: Member, Binkley Memorial Baptist Church
(Moderator; Sunday School Teacher).
Family: Married Lisa Beth Kan wit of Fairfax, Virginia, July 27, 1968.
Children: Karen and Michael.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs
(Subcommittee on Financial Institutions Supervision, Regulation,
and Insurance)
(Subcommittee on Housing and Community Development)
(Subcommittee on Consumer Affairs and Coinage)
Committee on Science, Space and Technicology
(Subcommittee on Natural Resources,
Agriculture Research and Environment)
(Subcommittee on Science Research and Technology)
198
North Carolina Manual
Stephen Lybrook Neal
(Democrat - Fifth Congressional
District)
(Counties: Alexander, Alleghany, Ashe,
Forsyth, Rockingham, Stokes, Surry, and
Wilkes.)
Early Years: Born in Winston-
Salem, Forsyth County, November 7,
1934, to Charles Herbert and Mary
Martha (Lybrook) Neal.
Education: University of Cali-
fornia at Santa Barbara; University
of Hawaii, A.B. (Psychology), 1959.
Professional Background: For-
mer mortgage banker and newspaper
publisher (President and publisher,
Community Press, Inc).
Boards: Trustee, Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation; Board of Advisors,
Babcock Graduate School of Management; President, Sunbelt Research
Coalition; National Board of Advisors, Straight, Inc.; Washington Policy
Council, International Management Development Institute.
Political Activities: U.S. House of Representatives, 1975- (elected
November, 1974; reelected in subsequent elections); Chairman, Congressional
Sunbelt Council; Congressional Rural Caucus; Congressional Textile Caucus;
Export Task Force; Agriculture Exports Task Force; Democratic Trade Task
Force; Conservative Democratic Forum; Travel and Tourism Caucus; Con-
gressional Advisory Committee of the Tax Limitation Committee; Military
Reform Caucus; Congress for Peace through Law; United Democrats of
Congress; Congressional Alcohol Fuels Caucus; Congressional Clearinghouse
on the Future; Democratic Study Group.
Religious Activities: Presbyterian Church.
Family: Married Rachel Landis Miller, June 6, 1963. Children: Mary
Piper and Stephen L. Neal, Jr.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs
(Subcommittee on Domestic Monetary Policy, Chairman)
(Subcommittee on Housing and Community Development)
(Subcommittee on Financial Institution Supervision, Regulation,
and Insurance)
Committee on Government Operations
(Subcommittee on Legislation and National Security)
The United States Congress
199
John Howard Coble
(Republican - Sixth Congressional
District)
(Counties: Alamance, Davidson, and
Guilford.)
Early Years: Born in Greensboro,
Guilford County, March 18, 1931, to
Joe Howard and Johnnie E. (Holt)
Coble.
Education: Alamance High School,
1949; Appalachian State University,
A.B. (History), 1958; School of Law,
UNC-CH,J.D., 1962.
Professional Background: Attor
ney (Firm of Turner, Enochs & Spar-
row, 1979-1983).
Organizations: Greensboro, N.C.,
N.C. State Bar Associations; American Legion; Lions Club; Veterans of
Foreign Wars of the U.S.
Political Activities: U.S. House of Representatives, 1985- (Elected
November, 1984; reelected in 1986 and 1988); Secretary, N.C. Department of
Revenue, 1973-1979; Assistant U.S. Attorney, U.S. Middle District, 1969-1973.
Military Service: Served, U.S. Coast Guard and U.S. Coast Guard
Reserves, 1952- (Commanding Officer, Wilmington Unit).
Religious Activities: Member, Alamance Presbyterian Church.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Committee on the Judiciary
(Subcommittee on the Courts, Civil Liberities, Property,
and Administration of Justice)
(Subcommittee on Criminal Justice)
Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries
(Subcommittee on the Coast Guard)
(Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife)
200
North Carolina Manual
Charles G. Rose III
(Democrat - Seventh Congressional
District)
(Counties: Brunswick, ('olumbus, New
Hanover, and Robeson).
Early Years: Born in Fayetteville,
Cumberland County, August 10, 1939,
to Charles G. and P>ances (Duck-
worth) Rose.
Education: Fayetteville High
School, 1957; Davidson College, B.A.,
1969; School of Law, UNC-CH, LL.B.,
1964.
Professional Background: Attor-
ney.
Organizations: Cumberland Coun-
ty and N.C. State Bar Associations.
Political Activities: U.S. House of Representatives, 1973- (Elected in
November, 1972; reelected in subsequent elections); Chief District Court
Prosecutor, 12th Judicial District, 1967-1970.
Literary Works: Editor, Davidson College Yearbook.
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church, Fayetteville
(former Sunday School Teacher).
Family: Married Joan Teague, September 25, 1982. Children: Charles G.
Rose, IV and Sara Louse Rose.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Committee on Agriculture
(Subcommittee on Tobacco and Peanuts, Chairman)
(Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy and Poultry)
(Subcommittee on Cotton, Rice and Sugar)
(Subcommittee on Department Operations, Research, and Foreigh Agriculture)
Committee on House Administration
(Subcommittee on Elections)
(Subcommittee on Office Systems, Chairman)
Speaker's Advisory Committee on Broadcasting, Chairman
The United States Congress
201
W. G. (Bill) Hefner
(Democrat - Eighth Congressional
District)
[Counties: Anson, Cabarrus, Davie,
Hoke, Montgomery, Moore (part),
Richmond, Rowan, Scotland, Stanly,
Union, and Yadkin (part)]
Early Years: Born in Elora,
Tennessee, April 1, 1930.
Professional Background: Presi-
dent, WRKB Radio (Kannapolis);
Harvesters Quartet; Television Per-
former.
Political Activities: U.S. House
of Representatives, 1975-(Elected
November, 1974; reelected in sub-
sequent elections); Congressional Tex-
tile Caucus; Conservative Demo-
cratic Forum; Deputy Majority Whip; Sunbelt Caucus; Democratic Study
Group; Congressional Maritime Caucus; Clearinghouse of the Future.
Religious Activities: Member, North Kannapolis Baptist Church.
Family: Married Nancy Hill of Gadsden, Alabama. Children: Stacy and
Shelly Hefner.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Committee on Appropriations
(Subcommittee on Defense)
(Subcommittee on Military Construction, Chairman)
202
North Carolina Manual
Alex McMillan
(Republican - Ninth Congressional
District)
[Counties: Iredell, Lincoln, Mecklenburg,
and Yadkin (part).]
Early Years: Born in Charlotte,
Mecklenburg County, May 9, 1932,
to J. Alex E. and Mildred Elizabeth
(Shepherd) McMillan.
Education: Woodberry Forest
School, 1950; UNC-CH, B.A. (His-
tory), 1954; University of Virginia,
M.B.A., 1958.
Professional Background: Presi-
dent and Chief Executive Officer,
Ruddick Corporation (Vice President
for Finance and Treasurer, 1968-
1983); Officer and Liaison, Harris-Teeter Super Markets, Inc.; R.S. Dickson
& Company (Secretary and Vice President, 1963-1970); Sales and control,
Carolina Paper Board Corporation, 1958-1960.
Organizations: Charlotte City Club (Director), 1981-1984; Greater Char-
lotte Chamber of Commerce (Director), 1980-1982.
Boards: Union Theological Seminary (Trustee), 1978-1986; UNC Center
for Public Broadcasting, 1986- ; Woodberry Forest School (Trustee), 1978-
1985; Darden School of Business, University of Virginia (President, Alumni
Board, 1979-1981; Trustee, 1977 -); Board of Visitors, Davidson College, 1983-
84; Spirit Square Board, 1975-1984 (First President); United Community
Services Board, 1973-1984; Inroads, Inc. (Director), 1982-83; WTVI Public
Television, 1978-1983 (First Chairman); Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of
Education (Committee Vice Chairman), 1978-79; Charlotte-Mecklenburg Arts
and Science Council (Director), 1974-1979; Mecklenburg County Board of
Social Services (Director; Chairman, 1975-1977), 1974-1977; Charlotte Speech
and Hearing Center (Director), 1974-1977.
Political Activities: U.S. House of Representatives, 1985- (Elected
November, 1984; reelected 1986 and 1988); Board of County Commissioners,
Mecklenburg County, 1972-1974.
Military Service: Served U.S. Army, 1954-1956 (Counter-intelligence).
Religious Activities: Member, Myers Park Presbyterian Church, Char-
lotte (Elder); Mecklenburg Presbyterian Task Force on Hunger, 1975-76.
Family: Married Caroline Houston of Greenville, SC, November 21, 1959.
Children Elizabeth H. and John A. McMillan IV.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Committee on Energy and Commerce
(Subcommittee on Transportation and Hazzardous Materials)
(Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations)
The United States Congress
203
Thomas Cass Ballenger
(Republican - Tenth Congressional
District)
[Counties: Avery (part), Burke, Caldwell,
Catawba, Cleveland, Gaston, and
Watauga.]
Early Years: Born in Hickory,
Catawba County, December 6, 1926,
to Richard E. and Dorothy (Collins)
Ballenger.
Education: Episcopal High School,
1944; UNC-CH, 1944-45; Amherst
College, B.A., 1948.
Professional Background: Foun-
der and Chairman of the Board,
Plastic Packaging, Inc.
Organizations: Community
Ridge Day Care Center (Co-founder); N.C. School of the Arts (Sustaining
Member); N.C. Symphony; N.C. Arts Society; Hickory Rotary Club (Past
President); Greater Hickory United Fund (Past Chairman).
Boards: Lenoir Rhyne College Board of Development; Salvation Army;
Florence Critton Home; Greater Hickory Chamber of Commerce.
Political Activities: U.S. House of Representatives, 1987- (Elected
November, 1986; reelected in 1988); N.C. State Senate, 1977-1986 (Former
Minority Leader); N.C. House of Representatives, 1975-76; Catawba County
Board of Commissioners, 1966-1974 (Chairman, 1970-1974); Catawba County
Republican Party (Past Chairman); Jim Martin for Governor Steering Com-
mittee; N.C. Reagan-Bush Campaign (Western Co-Chairman, 1984); N.C.
Legislative Forum (Co-Founder and Former Chairman).
Military Service: Airman Cadet, U.S. Navy Air Corps, 1944-45.
Honors: N.C. County Commissioner of the Year, 1973; Most Effective
Republican Legislator, 1981; 100 % Rating by N.C. Conservative Union.
Religious Activities: Episcopal Church of the Ascension (Past Senior
Warden; Lay Reader).
Family: Married Donna Davis, June 14, 1952. Children: Cindy, Missy,
and Dorothy Ballenger.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Committee on Education and Labor
(Subcommittee on Labor-Management Relations)
(Subcommittee on Health and Safety)
(Subcommittee on Select Education)
Committee on Public Works and Transportation
(Subcommittee on Aviation)
(Subcommittee on Economic Development)
(Subcommittee on Water Resources)
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North Carolina Manual
James McClure Clarke
(Democrat - Eleventh Congressional
District)
(Counties: Avery (part), Buncombe,
Cherokee, Clay, Graham, Haywood,
Henderson, Jackson, McDowell, Macon,
Madison, Mitchell, Polk, Rutherford,
Swain, Transylvania, and Yancey.]
Early Years: Born in Manchester,
Vermont, June 12, 1917, to Dumont
and Annie Dixon (McClure) Clarke.
Education: Biltmore High School,
1931; Asheville School, 1932-35;
Princeton University, AB, 1939.
Professional Background: Farm
ers Federation Cooperative, 1939-42,
1945-59; Asheville Citizen Times,
1961-69; Warren Wilson College,
1971-82; James G. K. McClure Educational and Development Fund, Trustee
and Secretary, 1956-present.
Organizations: Asheville Civitan Club (former president); Warren Wilson
College (Trustee); Memorial Mission Hospital (Trustee); Thoms Rehabilitation
Hospital (Trustee); Fairview Volunteer Fire Dept. (Trustee).
Boards: Southeastern Council of Foundations (Former Member); N.C. His-
toric Sites Advisory Commission (Former Member and Former Chairman);
Governor's Crime Commission, 1978-1980.
Political Activities: U.S. House of Representatives, 1983-85, 1987- (Elected
in November, 1982; reelected in 1986 and 1988); N.C. Senate, 1981-82; N.C. House
of Representatives, 1977-1980.
Military: Served, U.S. Navy (Lt. SG), 1942-1945 (Awarded the Pacific Ribbon).
Religious Activities: Member, Warren Wilson Presbyterian Church (For-
mer Elder).
Family: Married Elspeth McClure of Fairview, February 17, 1945. Children:
Susie, James, Annie, Dumont, Mark, Ambrose (deceased), William and Douglas.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs
(Subcommittee on National Parks and Public Land)
(Subcommitte on Energy and the Environment)
(Subcommittee on Insular and International Affairs)
Committee on Foreign Affairs Committee
(Subcommittee on Arms Control)
(Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs)
Select Committee on Aging
(Subcommittee on Human Services)
(Task Force on Rural Elderly)
CHAPTER THREE
The United States Judiciary
THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist Arizona
Associate Justice William J. Brennan, Jr New Jersey
Associate Justice Bryon R. White Colorado
Associate Justice Thurgood Marshall New York
Associate Justice Harry A. Blackmun Minnesota
Associate Justice John P. Stevens, III New Jersey
Associate Justice Sandra Day O'Connor Arizona
Associate Justice Antonio Scalia District of Columbia
Associate Justice Anthony M. Kennedy California
FOURTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT,
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
(The Fourth Circuit is composed of Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina,
Virginia and West Virginia. Court sits at Richmond, Virginia the first full week
of each month, October through June.)
Circuit Justice William H. Rehnquist Arizona
Chief Judge Harrison L. Winter Maryland
Circuit Judge Donald S. Russell South Carolina
Circuit Judge H. Emory Widener, Jr Virginia
Circuit Judge Kenneth K. Hall Virginia
Circuit Judge James Dickson Phillips, Jr North Carolina
Circuit Judge Francis D. Murnaghan, Jr Maryland
Circuit Judge James M. Sprouse West Virginia
Circuit Judge Sam J. Ervin, HI North Carolina
Circuit Judge Robert F. Chapman South Carolina
Circuit Judge J. Harvie Wilkinson Virginia
Circuit Judge William W. Wilkins, Jr South Carolina
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North Carolina Manual
The United States Judiciary 207
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT IN NORTH CAROLINA
Eastern District
(Federal Building, Raleigh)
Chief Judge W. Earl Britt Fayetteville
Senior Judge Franklin T. Dupree, Jr Raleigh
Senior Judge John D. Larkins, Jr Trenton
Judge Terrence W. Boyle Elizabeth City
Judge James C. Fox Wilmington
Judge Malcolm J. Howard Greenville
Clerk J. Rich Leonard Raleigh
U.S. Attorney Margaret Person Currin Raleigh
Middle District
(U.S. Post Office and Courthouse, Greensboro)
Chief Judge Hiram H. Ward Winston-Salem
Senior Judge Eugene A. Gordon Greensboro
Judge Richard C. Erwin Winston-Salem
Judge Frank W. Bullock, Jr Greensboro
Judge Carlton Tilley, Jr Durham
Clerk Joseph P. Creekmore Greensboro
U.S. Attorney Robert H. Edmunds, Jr Greensboro
Western District
(Charles R. Jonas Federal Building, Charlotte)
Chief Judge Robert D. Potter Charlotte
Senior Judge Woodrow W. Jones Asheville
Judge James B. McMillan Charlotte
Judge Richard L Voorhees Asheville
Clerk Thomas J. McGraw Charlotte
U.S. Attorney Thomas J. Ashcraft Charlotte
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North Carolina Manual
UNITED STATES FOURTH CRICUIT
COURT OF APPEALS
James Dickson Phillips, Jr.
JUDGE
Early Years: Born in Scotland County,
September 23, 1922, to James Dickson
(deceased) and Helen (Shepherd) Phillips.
Education: Davidson College, 1943,
B.S., cum laude; UNC-Chapel Hill, School
of Law, 1945-48, J.D. with honors.
Professional Background: Judge,
U.S. Court of Appeals, 4th Circuit.
Organizations: NC Bar Association;
Director, NC Nature Conservancy; Kappa
Sigma.
Political Activities: Member, Demo-
cratic Party.
Military Services: Served, US Army, 1944-46 (1st Lieutenant); parachute
infantry.
Honors: John J. Parker Memorial Award; Thomas Jefferson Award; Dis-
tinguished Alumni Professor Award.
Religious Activities: Member, Presbyterian Church; former Elder and
Deacon. Member, University Presbyterian Church, Chapel Hill, 1970-76
(Chairman, 1971-74). Permanent Judicial Commission, Presbyterian
Churches in the US.
Family: Married, Jean Duff Nanalee, July 16, 1960. Children: Evelyn
(Phillips) Perry, James Dickson, HI, Elizabeth Duff and Ida Willis.
The United States Judiciary
209
Samuel James Ervin, III
JUDGE
Early Years: Born in Morganton,
Burke County, March 2, 1926, to Samuel
James and Margaret Bruce (Bell) Ervin,
Jr.
Education: Morganton Public Schools;
Morganton High School, 1943; Davidson
College, 1948, B.S.; Harvard Law School,
1951, LL.B.
Professional Background: Judge,
U.S. Court of Appeals, 4th Circuit; Judge,
N.C. Superior Court, 25th District, 1967-
80; legal practice, 1952-67; Solicitor,
Burke County Criminal Court, 1954-56.
Organizations: Burke County Bar Association; N.C. Bar Association;
Mason.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House of Representatives, 1965-67.
Military Service: Served, U.S. Army, 1944-46, 1951-52 (Colonel); infantry;
Judge Advocate General's Corps. Served, NC Army National Guard, 1955-59.
Honors: Young Man of the Year and Distinguished Service Award,
Morganton Chamber of Commerce, 1954.
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church; Elder; Deacon;
Sunday School teacher; advisor, Senior High Youth.
Family: Married, Elizabeth Crawford, October 25, 1952. Children: Samuel
James, IV, Elizabeth Fore, Robert Crawford and Margaret Bell.
The United States Judiciary 211
THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURTS
North Carolina, Eastern District
W. Earl Britt
CHIEF JUDGE
Early Years: Born in McDonald,
Robeson County, December 7, 1932, to
Dudley H. and Martha Mae (Hall) Britt.
Education: Rowland High School,
1950; Campbell College, 1950-52; Wake
Forest University, 1956, B.S.; Wake
Forest University, School of Law, 1958,
LL.B.
Organizations: N.C. Bar Association;
American Bar Associations.
Professional Background: Judge,
U.S. District Court, Eastern District.
Political Activities: Member, Democratic Party.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1953-55 (Corporal).
Honors: "Tar Heel of the Week," The News and Observer, 1981.
Religious Activities: Member, McDonald Baptist Church.
Family: Married, Judith Moore, April 17, 1976. Children: Clifford Paul,
Mark Earl and Elizabeth Carol.
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North Carolina Manual
James Carroll Fox
JUDGK
Early Years: Born in Atchinson,
Kansas, November 6, 1928, to Jared Cope-
land and Ethel (Carroll) Fox.
Education: Woodberry Forest School,
1946; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1950, B.S. (Busi-
ness Administration); UNC-Chapel Hill,
School of Law, 1957, LL.B. with honors.
Professional Background: Judge,
U.S. District Court, Eastern District,
1982-; New Hanover County Attorney,
1967-81; attorney [partner, firm of Murchi-
son. Fox & Newton, 1960- (associate,
1958-59)].
Organizations: N.C., Bar Association; American Bar Association; N.C.
Academy of Trial Lawyers; N.C. State Bar; Wilmington Civitan; legal
advisor, NC Jazz Fetival, Inc.; Director, New Hanover Workshop; Director,
First Union Bank, 1974- (Chairman, 1982-83).
Military Service: Served, US Army Reserves, 1951-59 (corporal); honor-
able discharge.
Religious Activities: Member, St. James Episcopal Church, Wilmington;
Senior Warden, 1979-82; Vestryman, 1974-75.
Family: Married, Katharine deRosset Rhett of Wilmington, December 30,
1950. Children: James C, Jr., Jane Haskell (Fox) Brown and Ruth Rhett
(F'ox) Jordan.
The United States Judiciary
213
Malcolm Jones Howard
JUDGE
Early Years: Born in Kinston, Lenoir
County, June, 24, 1939, to Clayton and
Thelma Lee (Jones) Howard.
Education: Deep Run School; The
Citadel (Charleston, S.C); U.S. Military
Academy (West Point, N.Y.), B.S., 1962;
School of Law, Wake Forest University,
J.D., 1970.
Professional Background: Judge,
U.S. District Court (Eastern District,
North Carolina), 1988- ; Attorney (Senior
Partner, Howard, Browning, Sams, and
Poole, 1975-1988); Counsel, Executive Office of the President (White House,
Washington, D.C.), 1974; Assistant U.S. Attorney (Raleigh, N. C), 1973-74..
Organizations: Rotary Club of Greenville; East Carolina Vocational
Center (Director).
Boards: Board of Visitors, Wake Forest Univiersity School of Law, 1988- .
Political Activities: Judge, U.S. District Court, Eastern District of North
Carolina (appointed by President Reagan in 1988); Member, Republican
Party; Chairman, 1st District Republican Party (3 terms), 1974-1980;
Delegate, Republican National Convention, 1976 & 1980; Candidate, U.S.
Congress, 1st District, 1972.
Military Service: Served in U.S. Army (Lt. Col), 1962-1972; Reserves,
1972-1982; Silver Star, Bronze Star of Valor (2), Meretorious Service Medal,
Purple Heart, Air Medal (2), Combat Infantryman's Badge, Parachute
Badge.
Religious Activities: Member, Memorial Baptist Church, Greenville;
Sunday School Teacher, Deacon; Director, N.C. Baptist Foundation.
Family: Married Eloise K. McGinty of Marshallton, Iowa, November 24,
1964. Children: Shannon Lea and Joshua Brian.
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North Carolina Manual
John Davis Larkins, Jr.
SENIOR JUDGE
Early Years: Born in Morristown,
Tennessee, June 8, 1909, to Charles H.
and Mamie (Dorset!) Larkins; foster son
of John Davis and Emma Cooper
Larkins.
Education: Wake Forest University,
1929, B.A.; Wake Forest University,
School of Law, 1929-30.
Professional Background: Senior
U.S. District Judge, Eastern District.
Organizations: N.C., American Bar
Association; Federal Bar Association.
Political Activities: Member, N.C, Senate, 1936-1944, 1949-1954; Chair-
man and Secretary, State Democratic Executive Committee, 1952, 1954,
1956, 1958; National Committeeman, 1958, 1960.
Military Service: Served, U.S. Army, 1945 (Private).
Honors: Distinguished Service Award, American Cancer Society; Dis-
tinguished Alumni Award, Wake Forest University.
Religious Activities: Baptist; former Chairman, Board of Deacons.
Family: Married, Pauline A. Murrell, March 13, 1930. Children: Emma
Sue (Larkins) Loften and Paulene (Larkins) Bearden.
The United States Judiciary
215
Franklin T. Dupree, Jr.
SENIOR JUDGE
Early Years: Born in Angier, Harnett
County, October 18, 1913, to Franklin T.
and Elizabeth Mason (Wells) Dupree.
Education: Angier High School, 1925-
28; Campbell College High School, 1928-
29; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1933, A.B.; UNC-
Chapel Hill, School of Law, 1936, LL.B.
Professional Background: Judge,
U.S. District Court, 1970-.
Organizations: Wake County, Bar
Association; N.C. and American Bar
Association; American Judicature
Society; Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks.
Political Activities: Member, Republican Party.
Military Service: Served, U.S. Navy, 1943-46 (Lieutenant).
Religious Activities: Member, Hayes Barton Baptist Church.
Family: Married, Rosalyn Dupree, December 30, 1939. Children: Elizabeth
(Dupree) Dement and Nancy (Dupree) Miller.
The United States Judiciary
217
North Carolina, Middle District
Hiram Hamilton Ward
CHIEF JUDGE
Early Years: Born in Thomasville,
Davidson County, April 29, 1923, to O. L.
Ward and Margaret A. (Lowdermilk)
Ward.
Education: Denton High School; Wake
Forest University; Wake Forest Univer-
sity, School of Law, 1950, J.D.
Professional Background: Judge,
U.S. District Court, Middle District,
1972-.
Organizations: American Bar Associa-
tion; N.C. Bar Association; American
Judicature Society; Mason; Phi Alpha Delta; Trustee, Wingate College.
Political Activities: Member, Democratic Party; N.C. State Board of
Elections, 1964-72; Chairman, Federal Land Condemnation Commission,
1964-65.
Military Service: Served, U.S. Air Force, 1940-45 (Lieutenant Colonel);
pilot; Civil Air Patrol.
Religious Activities: Member Baptist Church; Deacon, Sunday School
teacher. Liberty Baptist Association.
Family: Married, Evelyn McDaniel, June 1, 1947. Children: William M.
and James Randolph.
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North Carolina Manual
Richard Cannon Er^vin
JUDGE
Early Years: Born in Marion, August
23, 1923, to John Adams and Flora (Can-
non) Ervvin.
Education: McDowell County Public
Schools; Johnson C. Smith University,
1947, B.A.; Howard University, School of
Law, 1951, LL.B.
Professional Background: Judge,
U.S. District Court, Middle District;
Attorney (firm of Erwin and Beatty).
Organizations: Forsyth County (for-
mer President); N.C. State Bar Associa-
tion; Bar of the U.S. Supreme Court; Kappa Alpha Psi.
Political Activities: Judge, N.C. Court of Appeals, 1977-80; member,
N.C. House of Representatives, 1975-77.
Military Service: Served, U.S. Army, 1945-46 (1st Sergeant).
Honors: Silver Cup, Citizens Coalition of Forsyth County, 1974.
Religious Activities: Member, St. Paul's United Methodist Church;
National Methodist Layman.
Family: Married, Demerice Whitley, August 25, 1946. Children: Arelia
Whitley and Richard Cannon, Jr.
The United States Judiciary 219
Frank William Bullock, Jr.
JUDGE
Early Years: Born in Oxford, Gran-
ville County, November 3, 1938, to Frank
William and Wilma (Long) Bullock.
Education: Oxford High School, 1957;
Duke University; Univeristy of North
Carolina - Chapel Hill, BS (Business
Administration), 1961; School of Law,
UNC-CH, LL.B., 1963.
Professional Background: Judge,
U.S. District Court (Middle District,
North Carolina), 1982- ; Attorney (Private
practice, 1973-1982; 1964-1968;) Assistant
Director, N. C. Administrative Office of the Courts, 1968-1973; Law clerk to
Federal judge, 1963-64.
Organizations: Greensboro Bar Association; N.C. Bar Association;
American Bar Association; N.C. State Bar.
Political Activities: Judge, U.S. District Court, Middle District of North
Carolina (appointed by President Reagan in 1982).
Literary Works: Numerous articles in law reviews and legal publications.
Religious Activities: Member, Presbyterian Church.
Family: Married Frances D. Haywood of Raleigh, May 5, 1984. Children:
Frank William, III.
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North Carolina Manual
Eugene Andrew Gordon
SENIOR JUDGE
Early Years: Born in Brown Sum-
mitt, July 10, 1917, to Charles Robert
and Carrie (Scott) Gordon.
Education: Elon College, 1939, A.B.;
Duke University, School of Law, 1941,
LL.B.
Professional Background: Chief
Judge, U.S. District Court, Middle Dis-
trict, 1964-.
Organizations: N.C. Bar Association;
American Bar Association; Federal Bar
A.ssociation; American Judicature
Society; Phi Delta Phi.
Political Activities: Member, Democratic Party.
Military Service: Served, U.S. Army, 1942-46 (Captain); field artillery.
Religious Activities: Member, Starmount Presbyterian Church.
Family: Married, Virginia Stoner, January 1, 1943. Children: Eugene
Andrew and Rosemary Ann.
The United States Judiciary
221
North Carolina, Western District
Robert D. Potter
CHIEF JUDGE
Early Years: Born in Wilmington,
April 4, 1924.
Education: New Hanover High School,
1938-40; Duke University, 1940-43, 1947,
A.B. (Chemistry); Duke University, 1947-
50, LL.B.
Professional Background: Chief
Judge, U.S. District Court, Western Dis-
trict, 1984-; Judge, U.S. District Court,
Western District, 1981-84; Privatelegal
practice, 1951-81.
Military Service: Served, US Army,
1945-46 (2nd Lieutenant); infantry.
Family: Married, Kathleen Neilson, February 13, 1954. Children: Robert
D., Jr., Mary Louise and Catherine Ann.
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North Carolina Manual
James Bryan McMillan
JUDGE
Early Years: Born in Goldsboro,
December 19, 1916, to Robert Hunter and
Sarah (Outlaw) McMillan.
Education: Lumberton Public Schools;
Presbyterian Junior College (now St.
Andrews), 1932-34, A.A.; UNC-Chapel
Hill, 1937, M.A.; Harvard Law School,
1940, J.D.
Professional Background: Judge,
U.S. District Court, Western District.
Organizations: Mecklenburg County
Bar Association; (President, 1957-58),
N.C., American Bar Association; N.C. State Bar; American Judicature
Society; Omicron Delta Kappa; Order of the Golden Fleece.
Military Service: Served, US Navy, 1942-45.
Literary Works: Author of numerous case opinions and orders.
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church; Ruling Elder,
1963-71, 1975-; former Treasurer and Deacon.
Family: Married, Margaret Blair Miles, February 27, 1944. Children:
James Bryan, Jr. and Marjorie Miles (McMillan) Rodell.
The United States Judiciary
223
Richard Lesley Voorhees
JUDGE
Early Years: Born in Syracuse,
Onandoga County, New York, June 5,
1941, to Henry Austin and Catherine
Adeline (Fait) Voorhees.
Education: R.J. Reynolds High School
(Winston-Salem), 1959; Davidson College,
A.B. (French), 1963; School of Law, UNC-
Chapel Hill, J.D., 1968.
Professional Background: Judge,
U.S. District Court (Western District,
North Carolina), 1988- ; Attorney [Sole
practitioner, 1980-1988; Firm of Garland
and Alala, 1968-1979 (Partner, 1972-1979)].
Organizations: Gaston County Bar Association (President, 1984-86),
1968-1988; N.C. State Bar; N.C. Bar Association; N.C. Academy of Trial
Lawyers; American Bar Association; Gaston County Chamber of Commerce
(Board of Directors, 1985-1988); Gaston County Homebuilders Assn. (Board
of Directors, 1984-1988); Gaston Skills, Inc. (Director and General Counsel,
1980-1988).
Boards: Gaston County Board of Elections (Member, 1972-1974; Chair-
man, 1985-86).
Political Activities: Member, Republican Party; Chairman, Gaston
County Republican Party and Member, N.C. State Republican Executive
Committee, 1979-1983; Alternate Delegate, Republican National Convention,
1976; Candidate, N.C. House of Representatives, 44th District, 1986 (withdrew
following nomination for U.S. judgeship).
Military Service: Served in U.S. Army (1st Lieutenant), 1963-1965;
Reserves (Captain), 1965-1969.
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church, Gastonia
(Deacon, 1972-1975; Elder, 1983-1986); Sunday School Teacher.
Family: Married Barbara Holway Humphries, of Hollan Patent, N.Y.,
1968. Children: Martha Northrop and Steven Coerte.
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North Carolina Manual
Woodro^v Wilson Jones
SENIOR JUDGE
Early Years: Born in Rutherford
County, January 26, 1914, to Bernard B.
and Karl Jane (Nanney) Jones.
Education: Rutherford County PubHc
Schools, 1920-32; Mars Hill College, 1934,
A.S.; Wake Forest University, School of
Law, 1937, LL.B.
Professional Background: Judge,
U.S. District Court, Western District,
1967-.
Organizations: Rutherford County
(President, 1946), N.C. Bar Association;
American Bar Association; Trustee, Gardner-Webb College; Rutherfordton
Chamber of Commerce (former Director); former President, Rutherfordton
Kiwanis Club.
Political Activities: N.C. Democratic Executive Committee, 1938-60; mem-
ber, N.C. House of Representatives, 1947-49; Solicitor, Recorder's Court,
Rutherford County, 1941-43.
Honors: Outstanding Service Citation, Gardner-Webb College, 1965; Out-
standing Service Award, Rutherfordton Lions Club, 1950.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church, Rutherfordton;
teacher; Deacon.
Family: Married, Rachel Phelps, November 22, 1936. Children: W. Wilson,
Jr. and Michael A.
PART IV
North Carolina
State Government
CHAPTER ONE
The Legislative Branch
AN HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
The Colonial Experience
The General Assembly is the oldest governmental body in North Carolina.
According to tradition, a "legislative assembly of free holders"met for the
first time around 1666; however, there is no proof that this assembly
actually met. Provisions for a representative assembly in Proprietary North
Carolina can be traced to the Concessions and Agreements adopted in 1665
and did not exist prior to this document. The Concessions and Agreement
called for an unicameral body composed of the governor, his council, and
"twelve men . . . chosen annually" to sit as a legislature. This system of
representation prevailed until 1670 when Albemarle County was divided
into three smaller units called "precincts." Berkeley Precinct, Carteret
Precinct and Shaftsbury Precinct were apparently each allowed five repre-
sentatives. Around 1682, four new precincts were created from the original
three as the population grew and moved westward. The number of repre-
sentatives for new precincts was usually two, although some were granted
more. Beginning with the Assembly of 1723, several of the larger, more
important towns were allowed to elect their own representatives. Edenton
was the first town granted this privilege, followed by Bath, New Bern,
Wilmington, Brunswick, Halifax, Campbellton (now Fayetteville), Salisbury,
Hillsborough, and Tarborough. Around 1735 Albemarle and Bath Counties
ceased to exist and the geographical units known as "precincts" became
counties.
The unicameral form of the legislature continued until around 1697 when
a bicameral form was adopted. The "upper house" was composed of the
governor, or chief executive at the time, and his council. The "lower house,"
or House of Burgesses, was made up of representatives elected from the
various precincts. The lower house could adopt its own rules of procedure
and elect its own speaker and other officers; however, it could meet only
when called into session by the governor and only at a location designated
by him. Because the lower house held "the power of the purse" and was
responsible for paying the salary of the governor, regular meetings of the
legislature were held at least once during a biennium, and usually more
often. Throughout the colonial period, this control over the finances was a
source of controversy between the governor and the lower house. The House
of Burgesses used this power effectively to increase its influence and prestige.
228 North Carolina Manual
Early Statehood
When our first state constitution was adopted in 1776, the power struggle
between the governor and his council on the one hand, and the Colonial
Assembly on the other, had a profound effect on the structure of the new
government. The legislature became the primary organ of government with
control over all other areas of government. Its most important power was its
authority to elect all officials in the executive and judicial branches. A joint
ballot of the members of the state Senate and the state House of Commons
was held to elect the various officials. On many occasions substantial
amounts of time were used for these elections when a majority of votes was
not received by one candidate. The first break from this procedure came in
1835 when a constitutional amendment changed the method for electing the
governor. Instead of being elected by the legislature for a one-year term, the
governor was to be elected by the people for a two-year term. It would,
however, be another thirty-three years before the remaining executive and
judicial officials would be elected by the people. Provisions for this were
incorporated into the Constitution of 1868.
The Constitution of 1776 provided for a bicameral legislature with mem-
bers of both houses elected by the people. The Senate had one representative
from each county, while the House of Commons had two representatives
from each county and one from each of the towns given representative
status in the constitution. This format continued until 1835 when several
changes to the legislative branch were approved by the people. Membership
in the Senate was set at 50 with senators elected from districts. The state
was divided into districts with the number of senators based on the popula-
tion of the individual districts. Membership of the House of Commons was
set at 120 with representation based on the population of the county. The
more populous counties had more representatives; however, each county was
entitled to at least one representative. Provisions were made to adjust
representation in both houses. These adjustments would be based on the
federal census taken every ten years. The responsibility for adjusting districts
and representation was given to the General Assembly.
In 1868, a new constitution was adopted and several changes were made
regarding the legislative branch. The bicameral structure was retained, but
the name of the lower house was changed from the "House of Commons" to
the "House of Representatives." Also the unfair "property qualification"
provision for holding office was eliminated. For the first time since the
Colonial Period, the office of lieutenant governor appeared. The lieutenant
governor, elected by the people, would serve as president of the Senate, as
well as being the next in line should something happen to the governor.
Provisions were also made for the electing of a president pro tempore. The
president pro tern, elected from among the members of the Senate by his
peers, would take over in the absence of the president of the Senate.
In 1966, the House of Representatives adopted a district representation
similar to that of the Senate. Although the number of representatives stayed
at 120, every county was no longer guaranteed a representative. Instead, the
requirement to maintain a balance among districts in the constituent-
representative ratio, resulted in counties with lower populations losing their
The Legislative Branch 229
resident representative. The district format has left nearly one-third of the
counties with no resident legislator.
Meeting Places of the Legislature
Prior to the establishment of Raleigh in 1792 as the permanent capital of
North Carolina, the seat of government was moved from town to town with
each new General Assembly. This was also true during the colonial period.
Halifax, Hillsborough, Fayetteville, New Bern, Smithfield, and Tarborough
all shared the distinction of serving as the seat of government between 1776
and 1794. The Assembly of 1794-95 was the first legislature to meet in
Raleigh.
The buildings used as meeting places for the colonial and general
assemblies varied as much as the location. If the structure was big enough
to hold the legislators, it could be used. Courthouses, schools, and even local
residences served as "legislative buildings." Tryon Palace in New Bern, was
the State's first capitol building. It was completed in 1771, but was aban-
doned during the Revolutionary War because of its exposure to enemy
attack. When Raleigh was established as the capital, provisions were made
for the construction of a simple, two-story brick state house. This structure
was completed in 1796 and served as the home for the General Assembly
until it was destroyed by fire in 1831. A new capitol building was authorized
to be built and was completed in 1840. The first session to convene in the
Capitol was on November 16, 1840. Construction began on the current
legislative building in early 1961 and on February 6, 1963, the first session
was convened.
The Legislative Branch Today
The organizational structure established in the Constitution of 1868
remained basically unchanged with the adoption of the state's third constitu-
tion in 1971. As one of the three branches of government found in the
constitution, the legislative branch is equal with, but independent of, the
executive and judicial branches. It is composed of the General Assembly and
its administrative support units.
The Constitution of North Carolina gives the General Assembly the
legislative, or lawmaking, power for the state. According to the state's
Supreme Court, this means that the legislature has ". . . the authority to
make or enact laws; to establish rules and regulations governing the conduct
of the people, their rights, duties and procedures; and to prescribe the
consequences of certain activities." These mandates give the General
Assembly the power to make new laws and amend or repeal existing laws on
a broad range of issues that have statewide as well as local impact. The
legislature also defines criminal law, which declares certain acts illegal.
Election of Legislators
Legislators in both the Senate and House of Representatives are elected
every two years in the even numbered years from districts established by
law. Qualifications for election differ slightly for each house. For election to
either house, a person must reside in the district he wants to represent for at
230 North Carolina Manual
least one year prior to the election and be a registered voter of the state. To
qualify for the Senate, a person must also be at least 25 years old on the date
of the election and a resident of the state for two years immediately preceding
the election. To qualify for election to the House of Representatives, a person
must be at least 21 years old on the date of the election in addition to the
previously stated qualifications.
A constitutional amendment approved by the voters in 1982 set January 1,
following the November general elections as the date legislators officially
take office. Prior to this amendment, legislators took office immediately
following their election in November.
Legislative Sessions
Under the Constitution of North Carolina, the General Assembly is re-
quired to meet in regular session in every odd year. It normally convenes on
the first Wednesday after the second Monday in January; however, this date
may be changed by joint resolution of the two houses. Prior to 1973 the
General Assembly met only once during a biennium. The legislature may
also meet at other times when called into session by the presiding officers of
each house if three-fifths of the membership of each house request a special
session. In emergency, or extraordinary situations, the governor, with the
advice and consent of the Council of State, may call extra legislative
sessions.
Since the economic crisis of 1973-74, the General Assembly has met in
both odd and even years. The first session is open to all legislative business.
The second is usually limited to budgetary matters and provides an op-
portunity to review the adopted budget in light of economic changes, the
needs of the state, and other factors. Any other legislative action is limited
to items agreed upon by the two houses in the previous session.
The Organization of the General Assembly
Two equal houses, the Senate with its 50 members and the House of
Representatives with its 120 members, make up the General Assembly of
North Carolina. Each house elects a principal clerk, a reading clerk and a
sergeant-at-arms as well as its own officers. The President of the Senate
(lieutenant governor) presides over the Senate. A president pro tempore is
elected by the senators from among their membership. In the House of
Representatives, the speaker is elected by the representatives from among
their membership. Other officers in each respective house are elected either
by the membership as a whole or by the members from each party.
Much of the legislative work of the General Assembly is accomplished
through standing committees. Shortly after the start of the legislative
session, standing committees are formed and members of each house ap-
pointed to those in their respective houses. Beginning with the 1989 session,
the president pro tem will appoint senate committees, a duty traditionally
given the President of the Senate. The speaker appoints House committees.
These officers attempt to make committee assignments which match the
interest and expertise of legislators. There are 34 standing committees in the
Senate and 13 in the House for the current session. The House also has 50
subcommittees.
The Legislative Branch 231
Administrative authority for the General Assembly is vested in the Legisla-
tive Services Commission. The president pro tempore of the Senate and the
speaker of the House are ex officio chairmen of the Legislative Services
Commission and each appoints six members from his respective house to
serve on the Commission. The Commission employs a Legislative Administra-
tive Officer who serves as chief staff officer for the Commission. In addition
to an Administrative Division, there are four other support divisions, each
under a director appointed by the Legislative Services Commission. These
are the Legislative Automated Systems Division, the Legislative Bill Drafting
Division, the Fiscal Research Division and the General Research Division.
The Administrative Division is headed by the Legislative Administrative
Officer. Its primary role is to provide logistical support to the General
Assembly in a variety of areas including budget preparation and administra-
tion, building maintenance, equipment and supplies, mailing operations,
printing (including printed bills), and a host of other services.
The Automated Systems Division is responsible for designing, developing,
and maintaining a number of computer applications for use by the staff of
the General Assembly. Bill typing, legal document retrieval, bill status
reporting, fiscal information systems, office automation and electronic pub-
lishing are all functions of the division. Policies governing the operation of
the Division and access to the Legislative Computer Center are set by a
Legislative Services Commission's subcommittee.
The Bill Drafting Division is responsible for assisting legislators in the
preparation of bills for introduction. Staff attorneys draft the bills and make
sure they are entered into the computer, printed, and that the proper number
of copies are delivered to the introducing legislator. There are numerous
guidelines which must be followed to insure confidentiality.
The Fiscal Research Division serves as the research and watchdog arm for
the General Assembly on fiscal and compliance matters regarding state
government. The statutory duties include various responsibilities in the
areas of fiscal analysis, operational reviews and reporting.
The General Research Division has as its primary function the respon-
sibility of obtaining information and making legal and nonfiscal analyses
of subjects affecting and affected by state law and government when
requested to do so by a legislator or standing committee of the General
Assembly. To a lesser extent, they also answer questions from other North
Carolina and sister state agencies and private citizens.
232
North Carolina Manual
George Rubin Hall, Jr.
Legislative Services Officer
Early Years: Born in Raleigh, NC
April 14, 1939, to George Rubin, Sr. (de-
ceased) and Ludie Jane (Conner) Hall.
Education: Hugh Morson High School
1953-55; Needham Broughton High
School, 1955-57; Campbell College, 1964,
B.S.; Post-graduate work NC State Uni-
versity in Public Personnel Administra-
tion; Government Executives Institute,
UNC-Chapel Hill, 1982.
Professional Background: Legisla-
tive Services Officer, 1979-; 14 years, NC
Division of Vocational Rehabilitation; former Administrative Officer with
NC General Assembly; Licensed Building Contractor; Licensed Real Estate
Broker.
Organizations: National Rehabilitation Association; NC Rehabilitation
Association.
Boards: Fiscal Affairs and Government Operations, Southern Legislative
Conference; Legislative Organization and Management Committee, National
Conference of State Legislators; former member. Wake County School Board
Advisory Council; Manpower Area Planning Council, Region J, 1972-73.
Military Service: Served, NC Army National Guard, Staff Sgt., 1959-60,
(active), 1960-65, (reserves).
Religious Activities: Member, Longview Baptist Church, Raleigh, NC.
Family: Married, Carolyn Marie Young of Raleigh, June 26, 1960.
Children: George Rubin, HI, W. Gregory, and Carolyn Elizabeth.
The Legislative Branch 233
THE 1989 GENERAL ASSEMBLY
Convening of the Session
The 1989 General Assembly, the State's 138th, was convened in the
respective chambers of the Senate and House of Representatives in the
Legislative Building in Raleigh at Noon on January 11, by Lieutenant
Governor James C. Gardner, in the Senate and Principal Clerk of the House,
Grace Collins. Lt. Governor Gardner, a Republican, is the first member of
his party to be elected in this century. The convening of the House by the
principal clerk marked the first time since 1941 that the Secretary of State
was not afforded that role.
Prior to 1957, the General Assembly convened in January at a time fixed
by the Constitution of North Carolina. From 1957 through 1967, sessions
convened in February at a time fixed by the Constitution. The 1969 General
Assembly was the first to convene on a date fixed by law after elimination of
the constitutionally fixed date (Chapter 1181, Session Laws of North Caro-
lina, 1967 Session). This act set the "First Wednesday after the second
Monday in January after the election" as the convening date. The 1989
General Assembly convened on Wednesday, January 11, 1989, as directed by
law and did not adjourn until Saturday, August 12, 1989, 215 days later.
This was the longest session ever held, exceedng the previous record of 191
days set by the 1971 General Assembly.
Women in the General Assembly
The first woman to serve in the General Assembly was Lillian Exum
Clement of Buncombe County who serve in the 1921 House of Representa-
tives. Including this session, a total of seventy-five different women have
served in the General Assembly since that time. There are twenty-five
women in the 1989 General Assembly — four in the Senate and twenty-one in
the House of Representatives. This is a new record, breaking the old record
of 24 shared by several sessions.
Senator Lura S. Tally, a Democrat from Cumberland County, and Repre-
sentative Jo Graham Foster, a Democrat from Mecklenburg County, are in
their ninth terms, breaking the record for service previously held by former
Representative Nancy W. Chase of Wayne County who served eight terms -
all in the House. Senator Tally has served five terms in the House and four
in the Senate; Representative Foster has served all of her terms in the
House.
Minorities in the General Assembly
During Reconstruction after the Civil War, and particularly after the
adoption of the Constitution of 1868, minorities were elected to the General
Assembly. Fifteen blacks were elected to the House of Representatives and
two to the Senate in 1868. Under the leadership of Representative Parker D.
Robbins of Hertford County and Senators A. H. Galloway of New Hanover
County and John A. Hyman of Warren County, the 1868 General Assembly
234 North Carolina Manual
approved the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
which guaranteed citizenship for hlacks. As conservative democrats regained
power following reconstruction, black representation in the General Assembly
disappeared.
The first black to serve in the General Assembly during this century was
Henry E. Frye from Guilford County who served in the House of Representa-
tives in 1969. Seventeen blacks have been elected to serve in the 1989
legislature - four in the Senate and thirteen in the House of Representatives.
This is a new record breaking the old record of sixteen for the 1987-88
Session. Mr. Frye also holds the record for most terms served with seven -
six in the House of Representatives and one in the Senate.
Miscellaneous Facts and Figures
The oldest member of the 1989 Senate is R. L. Martin (11/8/18), a Democrat
from Pitt County. The youngest member of the 1989 Senate is Richard E.
Chalk, Jr. (7/3/52), a Republican from Guilford County.
The oldest member of the 1989 House of Representatives is Gordon H.
Greenwood (6/3/09), a Democrat from Buncombe County. The youngest
member of the 1989 House of Representatives is David G. Balmer (4/11/62),
a Republican from Mecklenburg County.
The Senator with the longest tenure is James D. Speed, a Democrat from
Franklin County, serving his thirteenth term - six in the House and seven in
the Senate. The Representative with the longest tenure is Liston B. Ramsey,
a Democrat from Madison County, serving his fourteenth term - all in the
House. The all-time record for service is held by former state Representative
Dwight Quinn, a Democrat from Cabarrus County, who served all of his
eighteen terms in the House.
Thirty of the 100 counties in North Carolina have no resident member in
the General Assembly. Thirty-two counties have representation in the House
of Representatives only; five counties, in the Senate only. Thirty-three
counties have representation in both the House and the Senate. Mecklenburg
has the largest representation with eleven — eight in the House and three in
the Senate.
Salaries of Legislators
The base salary of a member of the 1989 General Assembly is $11,124.00
per year with a monthly expense allowance of $465.00. Officers of the
respective houses get higher base salaries and expense allowances. The
Speaker of the House has a base salary of $31,224.00 per year and a monthly
expense allowance of $1,175. The President Pro Tempore of the Senate
receives $19,104.00 and $833.00 respectively; the Speaker Pro Tempore of the
House receives $17,592.00 and $694.00 respectively; and the Majority and
Minority Leaders of each house receive $16,080.00 and $554 respectively.
During the legislative session and when they are carrying out the state's
business, all legislators receive a subsistence allowance of $81.00 a day and
a travel allowance of $.25 per mile.
The Legislative Branch 235
1989 NORTH CAROLINA SENATE
Officers
President (Lieutenant Governor) James C. Gardner
President Pro Tempore Henson P. Barnes
Deputy President Pro Tempore Kenneth C. Royall, Jr.
Majority Leader Ted Kaplan
Minority Leader Laurence A. Cobb
Majority Whip A.P. Sands, III
Minority Whip Paul S. Smith
Joint Caucus Leader Robert G. Shaw
Principal Clerk Sylvia M. Fink
Reading Clerk LeRoy Clark, Jr.
Sergeant-at-Arms Gerda Pleasants
Senators
Name District County Address
Allran, Austin M. (R) 26th Catawba Hickory
Ballance, Frank W., Jr 2nd Warren Warrenton
Barker, Bill 3rd PamHco Oriental
Barnes, Henson P 8th Wayne Goldsboro
Basnight, Marc 1st Dare Manteo
Block, Frank 7th New Hanover Wilmington
Bryan, Howard (R) 26th Iredell Statesville
Carpenter, Robert (R) 29th Macon Franklin
Chalk, Richard (R) 32nd Guilford High Point
Cobb, Laurence A.' (R) 35th Mecklenburg Charlotte
Cochrane, Betsy L. (R) 23rd Davie Advance
Conder, J. Richard 17th Richmond Rockingham
Daniel, George B 21st Caswell Semora
Daughtry, N. Leo (R) 15th Johnston Smithfield
Ezzell, James E., Jr 10th Nash Rocky Mount
Goldston, W.D., Jr 24th Rockingham Eden
Guy, A.D 4th Onslow Jacksonville
Hardin, C.W. (R) 29th Haywood Canton
Harris, J. Ollie 25th Cleveland Kings Mountain
Hunt, Ralph A 13th Durham Durham
Hunt, Wanda H 16th Moore Pinehurst
Johnson, James C, Jr 22nd Cabarrus Concord
Johnson, Joseph E 14th Wake Raleigh
Kaplan, Ted 20th Forsyth Lewisville
Kincaid, Donald R. (R) 27th Caldwell Lenoir
Martin, R.L 6th Pitt Bethel
Martin, WilHam, N 31st Guilford Greensboro
Marvin, Helen Rhyne 25th Gaston Gastonia
Murphy, Wendell H 5th Duplin Rose Hill
Odom, T.L 34th Mecklenburg Charlotte
Parnell, David 30th Robeson Parkton
Plyler, Aaron W 17th Union Monroe
Rauch, Marshall A 25th Gaston Gastonia
Raynor, Joe B 12th Cumberland Fayetteville
Richardson, James F 33rd Mecklenburg Charlotte
Royall, Kenneth C, Jr 13th Durham Durham
Sands, A.P., III 24th Rockingham Reidsville
236 North Carolina Manual
Name District County Address
Shaw, Robert G. (R) 19th Guilford Greensboro
Sherron, J.K 14th Wake Raleigh
Simpson, Daniel R. (R) 27th Burke Morganton
Smith, Paul S. (R) 23rd Rowan Salisbury
Soles, R.C., Jr 18th Columbus Tabor City
Speed, James D 11th Franklin Louisburg
Staton, William W 14th Lee Sanford
Swain, Robert S 28th Buncombe Asheville
Taft, Thomas F 9th Pitt Greenville
Tally, Lura S 12th Cumberland Fayetteville
Walker, Russell G 16th Randolph Asheboro
Ward, Marvin M 20th Forsyth Winston-Salem
Wilson, Constance K.-' 35th Mecklenburg Charlotte
Winner, Dennis J 28th Buncombe Asheville
'Cobb resigned effective August 14, 1989, to assume a position on the Utilities
Commission.
-Wilson was appointed by Governor James G. Martin on September 1, 1989, to replace
Cobb.
The Legislative Branch 237
Speakers of the Senate
Assembly Senator County
1777 Samuel Ashe New Hanover
1778 WhitmelHill Martin
Allen Jones Northampton
1779 Allen Jones Northampton
Abner Nash Jones
1780 Abner Nash Jones
Alexander Martin Guilford
1781 Alexander Martin Guilford
1782 Alexander Martin Guilford
Richard Caswell Dobbs
1783 Richard Caswell Dobbs
1784 (April) Richard Caswell Dobbs
1784 (October) Richard Caswell Dobbs
1785 Alexander Martin Guilford
1786-87 James Coor Craven
1787 Alexander Martin Guilford
1788 Alexander Martin Guilford
1789 Richard Caswell Dobbs
Charles Johnston Chowan
1790 William Lenoir Wilkes
1791-92 William Lenoir Wilkes
1792-93 Wilham Lenoir Wilkes
1793-94 Wilham Lenoir Wilkes
1794-95 William Lenoir Wilkes
1795 Benjamin Smith Brunswick
1796 Benjamin Smith Brunswick
1797 Benjamin Smith Brunswick
1798 Benjamin Smith Brunswick
1799 Benjamin Smith Brunswick
1800 Joseph Riddick Gates
1801 Joseph Riddick Gates
1802 Joseph Riddick Gates
1803 Joseph Riddick Gates
1804 Joseph Riddick Gates
1805 Alexander Martin Guilford
1806 Joseph Riddick Gates
1807 Joseph Riddick Gates
1808 Joseph Riddick Gates
1809 Joseph Riddick Gates
1810 Joseph Riddick Gates
1811 Joseph Riddick Gates
1812 George Outlaw Bertie
1813 George Outlaw Bertie
1814 George Outlaw Bertie
1815 John Branch Halifax
1816 John Branch Halifax
1817 John Branch Halifax
Bartlett Yancey Caswell
1818 Bartlett Yancey Caswell
1819 Bartlett Yancey Caswell
1820 Bartlett Yancey Caswell
1821 Bartlett Yancey Caswell
1822 Bartlett Yancey Caswell
238 North Carolina Manual
Assembly Senator County
1823-24 Bartlett Yancey Caswell
1824-25 Bartlett Yancey Caswell
1825-26 Bartlett Yancey Caswell
1826-27 Bartlett Yancey Caswell
1827-28 Bartlett Yancey Caswell
1828-29 Jesse Speight Greene
1829-30 Bedford Brown Caswell
David F. Caldwell Rowan
1830-31 David F. Caldwell Rowan
1831-32 David F. Caldwell Rowan
1832-33 William D. Mosely Lenoir
1833-34 William D. Mosely Lenoir
1834-35 William D. Mosely Lenoir
1835 William D. Mosely Lenoir
1836-37 Hugh Waddell Orange
1838-39 Andrew Joyner Halifax
1840-41 Andrew Joyner Halifax
1842-43 Lewis D. Wilson Edgecombe
1844-45 Burgess S. Gaither Burke
1846-47 Andrew Joyner Halifax
1848-49 Calvin Graves Caswell
1850-51 Weldon N. Edwards Warren
1852 Weldon N. Edwards Warren
1854-55 Warren Winslow Cumberland
1856-57 WilUam W. Avery Burke
1858-59 Henry T. Clark Edgecombe
1860-61 Henry T. Clark Edgecombe
1862-64 Giles Mebane Alamance
1864-65 Giles Mebane Alamance
1865-66 Thomas Settle Rockingham
1866-67 Matthias E. Manly Craven
Joseph H. Wilson Mecklenburg
Presidents Pro Tempore of the Senate*
Assembly Senator County
1870-72 Edward J. Warren Beaufort
1872-74 James T. Morehead Guilford
1874-75
1876-77 .....James L. Robinson Macon
1879-80 Wilham A. Graham Lincoln
1881 William T. Dorch Buncombe
1883
1885 E. T. Boykin Sampson
1887
*With the adoption of a new constitution in 1868, the office of "Speai<er of the Senate" ceased to exist. A provision
in the constitution created the office of "lieutenant governor" whose duties and functions were similar to those
previously carried out by the speaker. The lieutenant governor presides over the senate and is called "The
President of the Senate" when serving in this capacity. The senators also elected one of their own to serve as
"President Pro Tempore" during periods when the lieutenant can not preside.
The Legislative Branch 239
Assembly Senator County
1889 [Edwin W. Kerr] Sampson
1891 William D. Turner Iredell
1893 John L.King Guilford
1895 E. L. Franck, Jr Onslow
1897
1899-1900 R.L. Smith Stanly
F. A. Whitaker Wake
1901 Henry A. London Chatham
1903 Henry A. London Chatham
1905 Charles A. Webb Buncombe
1907-1908 Charles A. Webb Buncombe
1909 Whitehead Klutz Rowan
1911 Henry N. Pharr Mecklenburg
1913 Henry N. Pharr Mecklenburg
1915 Oliver Max Gardner Cleveland
1917 Fordyce C. Harding Pitt
1919-20 Lindsey C. Warren Washington
1921 Wilham L.Long Halifax
1923-24 Wilham L.Long Halifax
1925 William S. H. Burgwyn Northampton
1927 William L. Long Halifax
1929 Thomas L. Johnson Robeson
1931 Rivers D. Johnson Duplin
1933 William G. Clark Edgecombe
1935 Paul D. Grady Johnston
1937-38 Andrew H. Johnston Buncombe
James A. Bell Mecklenburg
1939 Whitman E. Smith Stanly
1941 John D. Larkins, Jr Jones
1943 John H. Price Rockingham
1945 Archie C. Gay Northampton
1947 Joseph L. Blythe Mecklenburg
1949 James C. Pittman Lee
1951 Rufus G. Rankin Gaston
1953 Edwin Pate Scotland
1955-56 Paul E.Jones Pitt
1957 Claude Currie Durham
1959 Robert F. Morgan Cleveland
1961 William L. Crew Halifax
1963 Ralph H. Scott Alamance
1965-66 Robert B. Morgan Harnett
1967 Herman A. Moore Mecklenburg
1969 Neill H. McGeachy Cumberland
1971 Frank N. Patterson, Jr Stanly
Gordon P. Allen Person
1973-74 Gordon P. Allen Person
1975-76 John T.Henley Cumberland
1977-78 John T.Henley Cumberland
1979-80 W. Craig La wing Mecklenburg
1981-82 W. Craig Lawing Mecklenburg
1983-84 ...W. Craig Lawing Mecklenburg
1985-86 J.J.Harrington Bertie
1987-88 J. J. Harrington Bertie
1989-90 Hanson P. Barnes Wayne
240
North Carolina Manual
^-^W'
The Legislative Branch 241
Henson P. Barnes
PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE
(Democrat - Wayne County)
Eighth Senatorial District - Greene and Wayne Counties.
Early Years: Born in Bladen County, November 18, 1934, to Reverend
Lalon L. and Mable (Cumbee) Barnes.
Education: Garland High School, 1953; Wilmington College, 1958, A.A.;
UNC-Chapel Hill, 1959, A.B.; UNC-Chapel Hill School of Law, 1961, J.D.
Professional Background: Attorney; Farm owner.
Organizations: Wayne County, N.C., and American Bar Associations;
American Trial Lawyers Association; Masonic Order; Shrine; Elks; American
Legion; Moose Lodge; Civitan Club; National Trustee, Woodmen of the
World.
Boards: Energy Policy Council; Courts Commission; Board of Governors,
N.C. Bar Association; Board of Directors, N.C. Blueberry Association; Board
of Directors, N.C. Grape Growers Association.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. Senate, since 1977-; N.C. House of
Representatives, 1975-76; Chairman, Wayne County Democratic Party;
former President, Wayne County Young Democrats.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1953-56; Paratrooper.
Honors: US Great American Family of the Year Award, presented by
Nancy Reagan at the White House, 1985; National Environmental Award,
"Take Pride in America," presented by President Reagan at the White
House, 1987; Outstanding Legislator Award for Contribution to Trails, NC
Trails Association, 1987; Outstanding Legislator, NC Handicapped Associa-
tion, 1985-86; Outstanding Legislator, NC Parks Association, 1985-86; Out-
standing Legislator, Academy of Trial Lawyers, 1981-82; Legislative Award
of Excellence, Crime Commission, 1983-84; Woodmen of the World, Man of
the Year, 1985; Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters, William Carter College,
1979; Robert H. Futrell Good Environment Award, 1975; Outstanding Jaycee
President (Southeast Region), 1964; Outstanding Young Man, Goldsboro,
1963.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church, Goldsboro; Deacon;
Sunday School Teacher; Budget and Finance Board.
Family: Married, Kitty Allen Barnes, August 17, 1961. Children: Mrs.
David C. (Rebecca) Richards and Ms. Amy Barnes.
242
North Carolina Manual
^e^^^f^'-
Kenneth C. Royall, Jr.
DEPUTY PRESIDENT
PRO TEMPORE
(Democrat - Durham County)
Thirteenth Senatorial District - Durham,
Granville, Orange (part) and Person
Counties.
Early Years: Born in Warsaw,
Duplin County, September 2, 1918, to
Kenneth Claiborne and Margaret
Pierce (Best) Royall, Sr.
Education: Goldsboro High
School, 1932-34; Episcopal High
School, 1936; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1940,
A.B.; UVA, School of Law, 1940-41;
Wake Forest University School of
Law, 1941-42.
Professional Background: Furniture retailer (owner, Style Craft In-
teriors)
Organizations: Director, American Red Cross; Director, YMCA; Director,
NC Merchant's Association, 1975-76; Rotary Club; Elks Club; Delta Kappa
Epsilon; Director, Training for Hearing Impaired Children, 1971-76; Vice-
President, NC Committee for Prevention of Blindness, 1973-76; Durham
Chamber of Commerce, 1962-72 (Director and Vice President, 1972);
Boards: Board of Directors, Keep North Carolina Beautiful, 1985-90;
Chairman, Council of state Governments, 1981-82; Chairman, Southern
Leadership Conference, 1977-83; Legislative Building Commission, 1971-72;
Board of Higher Education, 1971-72; Executive Residence Building Commis-
sion, 1972; Chairman, Mental Health Study Commission, 1972-83; Govern-
mental Operations System, 1974-90; Director, Eckerd Wilderness Educational
System of NC, 1978-81; Durham Advisory Board, Duke Hospital, 1975-89;
director, Triangle Service Center, Inc., 1974-89; Executive Committee, NCSL,
1976-78, 1980-81, 1984-; NCSL Legislative Leaders, 1985-86.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1973-present, (9 terms); Senate
Majority Leader, 1973-74, 1977-86; Legislative Services Commission, 1973-;
NC House of Representatives, 1967, 1969, 1971; Chairman, Advisory Budget
Commission, 1981-.
Military Service: Served, US Marine Corps, 1942-45 (Major); Platoon
Leader, South Pacific, World War II; Bronze Star with Combat V.
Honors: Certificate of Appreciation and Recognition, NC Psychology
Association, 1983; Honorary L.L.D, NCCU, 1982; Honorary L.L.D., Duke
University, 1985; Legislator of the Year, NCSEA, 1980; Outstanding State
Legislator, NCSGEA, 1980, and Assembly of Government Employees, 1980;
The Legislative Branch 243
Most Influential Member of NC Senate, 1979-88; Distinguished Service
Award for Outstanding Legislative Service, NC Mental Health Center
Association, 1978; Civic Honor Award, Durham Chamber of Commerce,
1977; Valand Award (outstanding service to mental health), 1976; Dis-
tinguished Service Award, NC Public Health Association, 1975; Certificate
of Commendation, National Association of Mental Health, 1974; Dis-
tinguished Service Medal, UNC Alumni, 1985; NC Citizens for Industry,
Distinguished Service Award, 1989; Distinguished Legislator Award, DSLLA,
1988.
Religious Activities: Member, St. Philhp's Episcopal Church, Durham;
Senior Warden, 1964; Junior Warden, 1959; Vestry, three terms.
Family: Married, Julia Bryan Zollicoffer, February 10, 1945. Children:
Kenneth C, III, Jere Zollicoffer and Julia Bryan.
COMMITTEE ASSIGMNENTS:
Chairman: Appropriations
Vice Chairman: Higher Education
Member: Finance; Human Resources; Pensions and Retirement; Public
Utilities; Rules and Operation of the Senate; State Government; Ways and
Means.
244
North Carolina Manual
Ian Theodore Kaplan
MAJORITY LEADER
(Democrat - F'orsyth County)
Twentieth Senatorial District - P'orsyth
County (Part).
Early Years: Born in Greensboro,
Guilford County, December 26, 1946,
to Leon and Renee (Myers) Kaplan.
Education: Riverside Military
Academy, 1962-64; R.J. Reynolds
High School, 1965; Guilford College.
Professional Background: Presi-
dent, Kaplan Press.
Political Activities: Member, NC
Senate, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989- ; NC
House of Representatives, 1977-78,
1979-80, 1981-82.
Military Service: Served, US Navy, 1969-71; Reserves, 1968-69 (E-3).
Religious Activities: Member, Temple Emanuel, Winston-Salem.
Family: Married, Vivian Deanna Frazier, February 20, 1988. Children:
Sarah Elizabeth.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Rules and Operations of the Senate
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations on General Government; Banks
and Thrift Institutions; Base Budget; Constitution; Election Laws; Finance;
Transportation; Ways and Means.
The Legislative Branch
245
Laurence Arthur Cobb
MINORITY LEADER
(Republican - Mecklenburg County)
Thirty-fifth Senatorial District -
Mecklenburg County.
Early Years: Born in Teaneck,
New Jersey, May 20, 1933, to
Gardiner and Georgette (Robedee)
Cobb.
Education: Freeport High School,
1951; Rutgers University, 1951-52;
UNC-Chapel Hill, 1955 (Business
Administration, Banking); Washburn
University, School of Law, 1955-57;
UNC-Chapel Hill, School of Law,
1958, J.D. with honors.
Professional Background: Attor-
ney (partner in firm of Waggoner, Hamrick, Hasty, Monteith, Kratt, Cobb
and McDonnell).
Organizations: Mecklenburg County, N.C. State, N.C. and American Bar
Associations (Former Chairman, Public Relations Committee, N.C. Bar);
Commercial Law League of America (member , fellow) N.C. Association of
Trial Lawyers; Former President and Director, Lawyers of N.C, Inc; Di-
rector, Alpha Sigma of Chi Psi, Inc.; Charlotte Chamber of Commerce; N.C.
Citizens for Business and Industry; Former Director, N.C. Chapter American
Cancer Society; Mecklenburg Chapter, American Cancer Society, Former
Vice President, Director, Executive Board, Former Crusade Chairman;
Kidney Foundation of Mecklenburg County (first President, former Director);
N.C. Epilepsy Association, Former Director; UNC Law School Association,
Former Director.
Boards: Board of Governors, University of N.C, 1977-85; Auditorium-
Coliseum-Civic Center Authority, City of Charlotte, 1983-88; Former Member,
Charlotte Review Commission; Committee of 100, Charlotte; UNC-Charlotte
Athletic Foundation, Former President and Director; Former Chairman,
Governors's Highway Safety Commission; Chairman, Governor's Crime
Commission; Citizens Criminal Justice Commission; Advisory Budget
Commission.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. Senate 1985-present, Senate Minority
Leader; N.C House of Representatives, 1971-72, 1973-74, 1975-76, former
House Minority Leader; NC Chairman, Bush for President, 1980 and 1988;
Chairman, Republican Victory '88, 1988; .
Military Service: Served, U.S. Air Force, 1959-62; Reserves, 1962-present,
(Colonel), Judge Advocate General Corps.
Religious Activities: Member, Christ Episcopal Church.
246 North Carolina Manual
Family: Married, Edna Faye Pugh of Asheboro, January 30, 1960.
Children: Laura and Glenn.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Ranking Minority Member: Appropriations on Justice and Public
Safety; Higher Education; Judiciary II; Rules and Operation of the Senate.
Vice Chairman: Higher Education
Member: Appropriations; Base Budget; Public Utilities; State Govern-
ment, Ways and Means.
The Legislative Branch
247
Alexander P. Sands, III
MAJORITY WHIP
(Democrat-Rockingham County)
Twenty-Fourth Senatorial District-
Alleghany, Ashe, Rockingham, Stokes,
Surry, and Watauga.
Early Years: Born in Reidsville,
Rockingham County, October 26,
1945, to A. Paul and Kathryn
(Jenkins) Sands, Jr.
Education: Reidsville Senior High
School, 1963; Duke University, AB,
Political Science, 1967; University of
North Carolina School of Law, JD
(with honors) 1971.
Professional Background: Attor-
ney, Partner, Bethea and Sands; NC Bar Association; NC Academy of Trial
Lawyers, Rockingham County Bar Association, (president, 1984-85); Associa-
tion of Trial Lawyers of America.
Organizations: Reidsville Rotary Club, President, 1983; Rockingham
County Farm Bureau; Reidsville Jaycees, President, 1974-75.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1987-88, 1989-, Majority Whip
1989-, Chairman, Senate Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee 1989-.
Military: Served, NC National Guard, (sp.5), 1968-74.
Religious Activities: Member Woodmont United Methodist Church;
Administrative Board; Sunday School Teacher.
Family: Married, Virginia Lee Coffield, of High Point, August 15, 1970.
Children: Andy and Anna.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Local Government and Regional Affairs
Vice Chairman: Children and Youth, Judiciary II
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations-Justice and Public Safety; Base
Budget; Manufacturing and Labor; Marine Resources and Wildlife; Small
Business; State Personnel
248
North Carolina Manual
Paul Sanders Smith
MINORITY WHIP
(Republican-Rowan County)
Twenty-Third Senatorial District-
Davidson, Davie and Rowan Counties.
Early Years: Born in Salisbury,
Rowan County, March 16, 1927, to
Karl F. and Mary (Sanders) Smith.
Education: Boyden High School,
1948; Catawba College, 1948-49;
Management Institute, UNC-Chapel
Hill, 1966-70.
Professional Background: Exe
cutive Vice President, Marketing and
Operations, Holding Brothers, Inc.
>'^i^saii^i^^^« Organizations: Salisbury Sales
and Marketing Executives (President, 1975-76); Salisbury-Rowan Merchants
Association (President, 1975); Lexington Retail Merchants Association;
Rowan Oil Dealers Association (President, 1966-67); NC Merchants Associa-
tion, Advisory Board, 1982-present; Boy Scouts of America (Scoutmaster;
Advisory Board, Central N.C. Council, 1983-present); Coach (Little League
Baseball and YMCA Basketball); Salisbury Chamber of Commerce (Presi-
dent, 1976); Lexington Chamber of Commerce; Salisbury Rotary (Director,
1970-71;); Salvation Army Advisory Board, 1979-present; Davidson County
Art Guild; Catawba College Alumni Association; Friends of the Library
Association for Retarded Citizens; North State Football Officials Associa-
tion; Tri-County Mental Health Board; LInited Way (Budget Chairman,
1976).
Political Activities: Member, N.C. Senate, 1981-82, 1985-86, 1987-88;
1989-90; Senate Minority Whip, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-; Southern Regional
Education Board 1986-; Rowan County Republican Party, Chairman, 1983-
84; GOP Presidential Elector, 8th District, 1984; Chairman, Rules and
Resolutions, GOP 8th District, 1984; State Executive Committee 1981-84;
Chairman, Rowan County Board of Commissioners, 1978-79; Advisory
Budget Commission; Emergency Medical Services Advisory Council; Energy
Comittee of Southern Legislative Conference; Utilities Review Board Joint
Select Committee on Low-Level Radioactive Waste.
Military: Served, U.S. Navy, 1943-45 (Seaman 1st Class).
Honors: Friend of the Library, 1983; Oil Industry Award, N.C. Oil
Jobbers; Order of the Arrow; Scouter's Key; Man of the Year, 1976; Citizen of
the Year, 1975; Boss of the Year, 1971; PYiend of the Boy, 1965.
Religious Activities: Member, St. John's Lutheran Church, Salisbury;
Church Council; Pulpit Committee; Men of the Church; Vice President, J. L.
Fisher Bible Class; Chairman, Education Committee.
The Legislative Branch 249
Family: Married, Alda Olivia Clark of Salisbury, September 4, 1950.
Children: Paula, Charles, and Amy.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Finance (Ranking Minority Member); Human Resources.
Member: Public Utilities (Ranking Minority Member); Transportation
(Ranking Minority Member); Higher Education (Ranking Minority Member);
Insurance, Manufacturing and Labor
250
North Carolina Manual
Robert G. Shaw^
JOINT CAUCUS LEADER
(Republican - Guilford County)
Nineteenth Senatorial District - Forsyth
(part) and Guilford (part) Counties.
Early Years: Born in Erwin,
Harnett County, November 22, 1924,
to R.G.B. and Annie (Byrd) Shaw.
Education: Campbell College;
UNC-Chapel Hill.
Professional Background:
Restauranteur.
Boards: Chairman, NC Council on
Community and Economic Develop-
ment, 1975-77; Member, Natural and
Economic Resources Board, 1975-77;
Member, NC Advisory Budget Com-
mittee; Member, Joint Legislative Committee on Governmental Operations.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989- ; NC
Republican Party Chairman, 1975-77; Republican National Committee, 1975-
77; County Commissioner, Guilford County, 1968-76, (former Chairman).
Military Service: Served, US Army Air Corps, 1943-46.
Religious Activities: Member, Presbyterian Church, Greensboro.
Family: Married, Linda Owens of High Point, 1981. Children: Ann (Shaw)
Hewett and Barbara (Shaw) Twining. Grandsons: Robert C. Hewett; John
Christopher Hewett, James V. Twining, Jr., John Robert Twining.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Ranking Minority Member: Local Government and Regional Affairs
(Vice Chairman); Environment and Natural Resources; Small Business;
Ways and Means.
Member: Banks and Thrift Institutions; Finance; Marine Resources and
Wildlife; Transportation.
The Legislative Branch
251
Austin Murphy Allran
(Republican - Catawba County)
Twenty-sixth Senatorial District -Alexander,
Catawba, Iredell and Yadkin Counties.
Early Years: Born in Hickory,
Catawba County, December 13, 1951, to
Albert M. and Mary Ethel (Houser)
Allran.
Education: Hickory High School,
1970; Duke University, 1974, B.A.; South-
ern Methodist University, School of Law,
1978, J.D.
Professional Background: Attorney.
Organizations: N.C. State Bar;
Catawba County Bar Association; Catawba County Chamber of Commerce;
Hickory Museum of Art; Catawba County Historical Association; Duke
University Alumni Association; Hickory Landmarks Society.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. Senate 1987-88, 1989- ; Member, N.C.
Representatives, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-86; Legislative Assistant, Governor
James Holshouser, 1974; Congressional Intern on the Washington staff of
Congressman James T. Broyhill, 1973; Member, Catawba County Young
Republican Club; Catawba County Republican Men's Forum.
Religious Activities: Life long member, Corinth Reformed United Church
of Christ, Hickory.
Family: Married, Judy Mosbach, September 27, 1980. Children: Elizabeth
Austin Allran and Catherine Houser Allran.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Agriculture; Children and Youth; Finance; Judiciary III; Local
Government and Regional Affairs; Manufacturing and Labor; State Per-
sonnel; Small Business; Joint Senate and House Committee on Legislative
Ethics.
252
North Carolina Manual
Frank W. Ballance, Jr.
(Democrat - Warren County)
Second Senatorial District - Warren (Part),
Bertie (Part), Edgecombe (Part), Gates (Part),
Halifax (Part), Hertford, Martin (Part), and
Northhampton Counties.
Early Years: Born in Windsor, Bertie
County, February 15, 1942, to Frank
Winston and Alice (Eason) Ballance.
Education: W.S. Etheridge High
School, 1959; North Carolina Central Uni-
versity, 1963; North Carolina Central
Law School, 1965.
Professional Background: Attorney
(Ballance and Reaves, 1985-; Frank W. Ballance, Jr., 1979-1984; Clayton and
Ballance, 1966-1979); Librarian and Professor, South Carolina State College
School of Law, 1965-66.
Organizations: Chairman, Warren County Chapter NAACP 1988; N.C.
State Bar, 1965-; N.C. Association of Trial Lawyers; N.C. Association of
Black Lawyers.
Boards: Board of Trustees, Elizabeth City State University; Board of
Trustees, North Carolina Central University.
Political Activities: Member, N. C. Senate, 1989- ; Member, N. C. House
of Representatives 1983-84, 1985-86; Vice-Chairman, Warren County Political
Action Council; Chairman, 2nd Congressional District Black Caucus.
Military Service: North Carolina National Guard, 1968; Reserves,
1968-71.
Religious Activities: Member, Greenwood Baptist Church, Warrenton;
Board of Deacons.
Family: Married, Bernadine Smallwood, 1969. Children: Garey Malcolm,
Angela Denise, and Valerie Michelle.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Alcoholic Beverage Control
Vice-chairman: Election Laws
Member: Agriculture, Appropriations, Appropriations of Justice and
Public Safety, Base Budget, Constitution, Judiciary I, Manufacturing and
Labor.
The Legislative Branch
253
William H. Barker
(Democrat-Pamlico County)
Third Senatorial District-Carteret, Craven,
and Pamlico Counties.
Early Years: Born in Oriental,
Pamlico County, April 6, 1944, to Gradon
L. and Evelyn Neal (Beacham) Barker,
Sr.
Education: Pamlico County High
School, 1958-62; UNC Chapel Hill, 1968,
BA; UNC Chapel Hill Law School, 1969,
JD.
Professional Background: Attorney;
Farmer; Self-Employed; Craven County
Bar Association.
Organizations: Oriental Rotary Club; Masonic Order; Scottish Rite; NC
Wildlife Foundation; NRA, life member; Craven County Commission of 100.
Boards: Trustee, Craven County College, 1982 to present.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate 1987-88, 1989-; Pamlico Demo-
crat Party, Chairman, 1985-86; Delagate to National Convention, 1982.
Military Service: Served, Navy, SN-2; Reserves, 1962-68.
Religious Activities: Member, Methodist Church, Oriental.
Family: Married, Jorja L. Davenport, of Oriental, September 1, 1964.
Children: Mary, Jorja and Virginia.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Marine Resources & Wildlife
Vice-Chairman: Appropriations on Natural & Economic Resources
Member: Judiciary III, Appropriations; Base Budget; Constitution; En-
vironment & Natural-Resources; Finance; Human Resources; Local Govern-
ment and Regional Affairs; Public Utilities
254
North Carolina Manual
Marc Basnight
(Democrat - Dare County)
First Senatorial District - Beaufort (part)
Bertie (part) Camden, Chowan, Currituck,
Dare, Gates (part), Hyde, Pasquotank,
Perquimans, Tyrrell, and Washington
Counties.
Early Years: Born in Manteo, Dare
County, May 13, 1947, to St. Clair and
Cora Mae (Daniels) Basnight.
Education: Manteo High School, 1966
Professional Background: Con-
struction
Political Activities: Member, N. C.
Senate, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-.
Religious Activities: Member, Methodist Church.
Family: Married Sandy Tillett, March 23, 1968. Children: Vick and
CaroHne.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Base Budget
Vice Chairman: Transportation
Member: Agriculture, Appropriations; Education; Environment and
Natural Resources; Finance; Local government and Regional Affairs; Marine
Resources and Wildlife; Pensions and Retirement; Ways and Means.
The Legislative Branch
255
Franklin Lee Block
(Democrat-New Hanover County)
Seventh Senatorial District-New Hanover and
Pender (part) Counties.
Early Years: Bom in Wilmington, New
Hanover County, November 24, 1936, to
Charles M. and Hannah (Soloman)
Block.
Education: Admiral Farragut
Academy, 1954; The Citadel, BS 1959;
Wake Forest University, JD, 1976.
Professional Background: Attorney;
US Magistrate (part-time), 1977-86; Ameri-
can Bar Association; NC Bar Associa-
tion; NC Academy of Trial Lawyers.
Organizations: Cape Fear Area United Way (Vice-President of Planning),
1982; Campaign Chairman, 1983; President, 1985.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1987-88, 1989-.
Military Service: Served, Army, (Captain, 1959-61); Reserves, 1966.
Religious Activities: B'nai Israel Synagogue Church; President, 1977-78.
Family: Married, Wendy H. Barshay, of Summerville, June 14, 1959.
Children: Steven, Amy and Ellen.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Pensions and Retirement.
Vice Chairman: Manufacturing and Labor.
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations-General Government; Educa-
tion; Judiciary III; Marine Resources and Wildlife; Veterans Affairs, Law
Enforcement, and Senior Citizens.
256
North Carolina Manual
Howard Franklin Bryan
(Republican-Iredell County)
Twenty-sixth Senatorial District: Alexander,
Catawba, Iredell, and Yadkin Counties
Early Years: Born in Bladenboro,
Bladen County, December 13, 1942, to
Allen B. and Anna Belle (Hester) Bryan.
Education: Pantego High School, 1961
(Valedictorian, Senior Class President);
Mount Olive College, 1963, A.A.; David-
son College, 1966, B.A.; Lee Institute of
Real Estate, 1972.
Professional Background: Presi-
dent, Piedmont Realty of Statesville;
Bryan Construction Company.
Organizations: Greater Statesville Chamber of Commerce, 1980; National
Federation of Independent Businessmen, 1982; Heart Fund City Chairman,
1969; Statesville Rotary Club, 1970-72; Iredell County Civic Center Authority
Chairman, 1974-75; Former Jaycee, 1966-71.
Boards: President, Mount Olive College Alumni Association, 1968-69;
North Carolina Manpower Services Council, 1974-75.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. Senate, 1987-88, 1989- (appointed
March 11, 1987, by Gov. James G. Martin to replace William Redman);
Statesville City Council, 1985-87 (Mayor Pro Tern, 1985-87); Iredell County
Republican Party (Chairman, 1973-75; Vice Chairman, 1975-77; Executive
Committee, 1977-87;) Ninth District Republican Party Chairman, 1985-87;
Republican Party State Committee, 1985-87; Iredell County Campaign
Manager for Ninth District Congressman J. Alex McMillan, 1984-86.
Military Service: U.S. Army Reserves, 1969-1973 (2nd Lieutenant); N.C.
National Guard, 1966-1969 (2nd Lieutenant).
Honors: Named in Outstanding Young Men of America and Personalities
of the South.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church, Statesville; Deacon,
1985; Building Feasibility Study Committee, 1985; Building Committee
Chairman, 1985; Business Management Committee, 1985-86; LIsher, 1980;
Sunday School Teacher, 1974,
Family: Married, Mary Wooten of Statonsburg, April 19, 1969. Children:
Cindy, Kathy, and Andy.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Agriculture; Finance; Pensions and Retirement; Election Laws;
Local Government II; Transportation; Human Resources; Appropriations.
The Legislative Branch
257
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Robert C. Carpenter
(Republican - Macon County)
29th Senatorial District - Cherokee, Clay,
Graham, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson,
Macon, Polk, Swain, and Transylvania
Counties.
Early Years: Born in Franklin, Macon
County, June 18, 1924, to Edgar J. (de-
ceased) and Eula D. (deceased) Car-
penter.
Education: Franklin High School,
1942; Western Carolina University; UNC-
Chapel Hill Pre-flight School; Purdue Uni-
versity, LUTC; University of Virginia
School of Consumer Banking.
Professional Background: Retired, Vice President and City Executive,
First Union National Bank, Franklin.
Organizations: Director, Franklin Rotary Club (President, 1959); Ameri-
can Legion Post 108; Franklin AARP; Franklin Investment Club; St-Micheals
Council of Knights of Columbus; Former member: Asheville Optimist Club,
(1962-71; President, 1965); Optimist International (Zone Governor, 1966;
President); Rotary District 767, (District Secretary /Treasurer, 1975); Franklin
Jaycees (President, 1960-61); Angel Community Hospital (Vice Chairman);
Operation Heartbeat, (Chairman); Group 10, NC Bankers Association (Chair-
man, 1965); Group 6, N.C. Bankers Association, (Chairman, 1974); NABAC,
(President, 1967).
Boards: Member: Macon County Economic Development Commission;
Board of Trustees, Southwestern Community College; Chairman, Franklin
First Union Board of Directors. Former member: Macon County Board of
County Commissioners, (1978-82); N.C. Association of Community College
Trustees (Past President); Developmental Disabilities Board; Governor
Martin's Literacy Commission, (1987-88).
Military Activities: Served, U.S. Navy, Aviation Cadet, 1943-45.
Religious Activities: Member, Saint Francis Catholic Church, Franklin;
Eucharist Minister; Parish Council, 1982-86.
Family: Married, T. Helen Edwards, January 18, 1986. Children: Elizabeth,
Jane, Christine, Robert D. Dale, Thomas, and Edgar.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Alcoholic Beverage Control; Appropriations; Appropriations on
Human Resources; Banks and Thrift Institutions; Base Budget; Finance;
Pensions and Retirement; Transportation; Veteran Affairs, Law Enforce-
ment, and Senior Citizens.
258
North Carolina Manual
Richard Eugene Chalk, Jr.
(Republican-Guilford County)
Thirty-second Senatorial District-Guilford
(part) County.
Early Years: Born in Columbia, South
Carolina, July 3, 1952, to Richard E. and
Louise (Craps) Chalk, Sr.
Education: Airport High School, 1970,
The Citadel, 1974, B.A. (Political Science);
New Orleans Baptist Theological Semi-
nary, 1979, M.C.M. (Church Music).
Professional Background: Owner,
Specialty Wood Products.
Organizations: Boy Scouts of America; High Point Chamber of Com-
merce; Kiwanis Club of High Point.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. Senate, 1989-; N.C. House of Repre-
sentatives, 1985-86, 1987-88.
Honors: Eagle Scout; Outstanding Young Men of America; Vigil member.
Order of the Arrow.
Religious Activities: Member, Community Bible Church, High Point.
Family: Married, Maelda Miranda of New Orleans, Louisiana, December
22, 1979. Children: Cristina, Richard and Mollie.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Ranking Minority Member: Appropriations/Education; Education;
Insurance;
Member: Appropriations; Constitition; Election Laws; Judiciary III;
Pensions & Retirement; Ways & Means
The Legislative Branch
259
Betsy Lane Cochrane
(Republican - Davie County)
Twenty-Third Senatorial District -Davidson,
Davie and Rowan Counties.
Early Years: Born in Asheboro,
Randolph County, to William Jennings
and Brodus Inez (Campell) Lane.
Education: Asheboro Grammar
Schools and High School; Meredith
College, B.A. with honors (Elementary
Education).
Professional Background: Teacher
and housewife.
Organizations: Kappa Nu Sigma;
Vice President, Mocksville Women's Club; Director, Neighborhood Property
Owners Association; N. C. Symphony; N. C. Museum Association; N. C.
Museum of Art; ALEC; NCSL; Federation of Republican Women.
Boards: Piedmont Health Systems Agency; N. C. Advisory Council on
Teacher Education; Republican Education Commission for the 80's; Retail
Merchants Advisory Board; Public School Forum of N. C; N. C. Parks and
Recreation Commission; Governor's Programs of Excellence in Education;
Commission on the Future of the South; Yadkin-PeeDee River Basin Com-
mittee, 1981-present; Davie County Hospital Trustee; Southern Regional
Education Board; Legislative Services Commission.
Political Activities: Member, N. C. Senate 1989-; House of Representa-
tives, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88; Vice Chariman, Davie County Re-
publican Party; Executive Committee, N. C. Republican Republican Party;
N. C. delegate, National Convention, 1976; House Minority Leader, 1985-89;
N. C. Delegate, GOP National Convention 1976, 1988; GOP National Platform
Committee 1988; N. C. Republican Credentials Committee, 1979; N. C.
Republican Rules and Resolutions, 1981.
Honors: N. C. Jaycees, Women's Outstanding Woman in Government,
1985; Outstanding Freshman Representative (GOP), 1981; "Who's Who for
American Women"; "Who's Who in American Colleges and Universities";
yearbook editor, college and high school; One of ten Outstanding Legislators
in Nation, 1987; Distinguished Women in North Carolina Nominee, 1987,
1989; Meredith College Founder's Day Speaker, 1987.
Religious Activities: Member, Knollwood Baptist Church; President,
Women's WMU; Nominating Committee; Sunday School Teacher, 1960-77.
Family: Married, Joe Kenneth Cochrane. Children: Lisa and Craig.
Committee Assignments
Ranking Minority Member: Appropriations on Human Resources;
Constitution.
Member: Appropriations; Base Budget; Children and Youth; Environment
and Natural Resources; Higher Education; Human Resources; Public
Utilities; Rules and Operation of Senate; Ways and Means.
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North Carolina Manual
James Richard Conder
(Democrat — Richmond County)
Seventeenth Senatorial District — Anson,
Montgomery, Richmond, Scotland, Stanly
and Union Counties.
Early Years: Born in Hamlet, Rich-
mond County, July 20, 1930, to Parks
Holms and Ona Lee (Crow) Conder.
Education: Hamlet High School, 1949;
ECU, 1958, B.S. (Business); LSU,
Graduate School of Banking, 1968; UNC-
Chapel Hill, NC Bankers Association
School.
Professional Background: Vice
President, First Union National Bank.
Organizations: Hamlet Rotary Club (President, 1963); Rockingham
Rotary Club (President, 1970).
Boards: Former chairman, Richmond County Industrial Development
Commission, 1970-82.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1985-; Commissioner, Richmond
County, 1962-84 (Chairman, 1964-1984); President, National Association of
Counties, 1981-82; President, NC Association of County Commissioners,
1972-1973.
Military Service: Served, US Air Force, 1951-55; Reserves, 1955-59.
Honors: Outstanding Alumnus, ECU, 1982; "Tar Heel of the Week," The
News and Observer, 1982; NC Distinguished Citizens Award, 1982; President
Reagan's Private Sector Initiative, 1981-82.
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church, Rockingham;
Elder, 1965-1974, 1983-.
Family: Married, Barbara Ann Speight, June 16, 1956. Children: Rebecca
Anne, Mary Elizabeth and James Richard, Jr.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairnian:Education
Vice Chairman: Appropriations on Education
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations — Education; Base Budget;
Children and Youth; Higher Education; Local Government; Pensions and
Retirement.
The Legislative Branch
261
George Berkley Daniel
(Democrat - Caswell County)
Twenty-First Senatorial District -Alamance
and Caswell Counties.
Early Years: Born in Raleigh, Wake
County, April 1, 1951, to George C. and
Florence Anne (Taylor) Daniel.
Education: Bartlett Yancey High
School, 1969; North Carolina State Uni-
versity, B.S., 1973; Wake Forest Univer-
sity (School of Law), J.D., 1976.
Professional Background: Attorney
Organizations: N.C. State Bar;
Caswell County Bar Association; 17-A
Judicial District Bar Association; N.C.
Academy of Trial Lawyers; N.C. Bar Association; American Bar Association;
American Academy of Trial Lawyers; Charter Board Member of Big
Brothers/Big Sisters (Chairman, 1983); Caswell County Chamber of Com-
merce; Dan River Rugby Club; Caswell County Lions Club (President, 1980).
Boards: Caswell County Lions Club, President, 1980; Caswell County
Industrial Facilities and Pollution Control Financing Authority, (Chairman,
1977-present); Caswell County Industrial Development Team.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. Senate, 1987-88, 1989- ; Member Demo-
cratic party of Caswell County; Henry B. Toll Fellow, class of 1987; and
Fellow of the NC Institute of Politics, class of 1989.
Religious Activities: Member, New Hope Methodist Church; Member of
the Board of Trustees.
Family: Married, Cynthia Gail Long, of Prospect Hill, June 27,
Children: Jacob and Taylor.
1981.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Manufacturing and Labor.
Vice Chairman: Appropriations; Base Budget; Judiciary I.
Member: Alcoholic Beverage Control Committee; Appropriations on
Education; Constitution; Finance; Insurance; Rules and Operation of the
Senate and Small Business.
262
North Carolina Manual
Naition Leo Daughtry
Republican - Johnston County
15th Senatorial District- Johnston and
Sampson Counties.
Early Years: Born in Newton Grove,
Sampson County, December 3, 1940, to
Namon Lutrell and Annie Catholeen
(Thornton) Daughtry.
Education: Hobbton High School,
1958; Wake Forest University, B.A., 1962;
Wake Forest University School of Law,
L.L.B., 1965.
Professional Background: Attorney,
(Daughtry, Woodard, and Lawrence);
Partner, (Johnston County Hams); Owner/Operator, (Farmers Tobacco Ware-
house, Smithfield).
Organizations: Johnston County Bar Association; Past President, 11th
Judicial Bar Association; N.C. State Bar; N.C. Bar Association; N.C.
Acadamy of Trial Lawyers; President, Eastern Belt Warehouse Association.
Boards: Board of Directors, Florence Crittenton; Smithfield-Selma
Chamber of Commerce; Board of Directors, Johnston County Social Services;
Board of Directors, Bright Belt Warehouse Association; Board of Directors,
Triangle Bank and Trust Company, Government Agricultural Advisory
Committee; Federal Flue-Cured Tobacco Advisory Committee; N.C. Re-
assurance Facility.
Political Activities: Member, N. C. Senate, 1989- ; Past President,
Johnston County Republican Party; Board of Directors, 3rd Congressional
District.
Military Activities: Captain, U.S. Air Force, 1966-70.
Religious Activities: Member, St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Smithfield;
Vestry, 1985-88.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Ranking Minority Leader: Alcoholic Beverage Control
Member: Agriculture; Appropriations; Appropriations on Natural and
Economic Resources; Base Budget; Education; Environment and Natural
Resources; Finance; Judiciary II; State Government.
The Legislative Branch
263
James Earl Ezzell, Jr.
(Democrat — Nash County)
Tenth Senatorial District — Edgecombe
(part), Halifax (part), Nash, Warren (part)
and Wilson (part) Counties.
Early Years: Born in Rocky Mount,
Edgecombe County, September 6, 1936,
to James Earl and Edith (Batchelor)
Ezzell, Sr.
Education: Rocky Mount Senior High
School, 1956; Wake Forest University,
1960, B.A.: Wake Forest University,
School of Law, 1963, LL.D.
Professional Background: Attorney.
Organizations: NC Bar Association; Masonic Order; Shrine.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1985-; NC House of Representa-
tives, 1977-78, 1979-80; District Court Judge, 1980-83; SoHcitor, Recorders
Court, 1964-68.
Religious Activities: Member, Englewood Baptist Church.
Family: Married, Patsy Wall, February 5, 1966. Children: Mark, James E.,
Ill and Stanton.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Constitution
Vice Chairman: Human Resources
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations - Human Resources, Banks and
Thrift Institutions; Base Budget, Insurance; Judiciary I, Rules and Opera-
tions of the Senate
264
North Carolina Manual
William D. Goldston, Jr.
(Democrat — Rockingham County)
Twenty-fourth Senatorial District —
Alleghany, Ashe, Rockingham, Stokes, Surry
and Watauga Counties.
Early Years: Born in Charlotte,
Mecklenburg County, December 26, 1925,
to William D. and Rose (Hinson)
Goldston.
Education: Leaksville Public Schools;
Oak Ridge Military Institute, 1942-44;
UNC-Chapel Hill, 1945; High Point
College, 1947, B.S.; (Business); UNC-
Chapel Hill, 1966-67 (Executive Pro-
gram).
Profession: Retired business executive, 1984; President, Goldston, Inc.,
1952-83; Marshall Field & Co., 1948-52; Goldston Transfer, 1947-48); Vice
President, Standard Holding Co. (Director).
Organizations: American Trucking Association (Former Director); NC
Motor Carriers Association (President, 1972-73); Eden Chamber of Com-
merce; Masonic Order; Shrine; UNC Chancellor's Club. Former member:
Jaycees; Rotary (President); Tri City Chamber of Commerce (Chairman,
New Industry Committee).
Boards: Rockingham Community College Foundation; UNC Educational
Foundation; Local Board, NCNB; former Chairman, Leaksville School
Board, 1961-1969 (Chairman, 1967).
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1985-86; 1987-88, 1989-.
Military Service: Served, US Air Force, 1944-45; pilot training. Served,
NC National Guard, 1947-50; (2nd Lieutenant).
Honors: Citizen of the Year, 1984 (Eden Chamber of Commerce), NC Boss
of the Year, 1971; Boss of the Year, Eden Jaycees, 1970; Eden Man of the
Year, 1967.
Religious Activities: Member, Leaksville Methodist Church, Eden;
Administrative Board; Chairman, Foundation Committee.
Family: Married, Beverly M. Burton, August 25, 1946. Children: William
D., III.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Alcohol Beverage Control; Appropriations; Appropriations on
Natural and Economic Resources; Base Budget; Higher Education; Manu-
facturing and Labor; Ways and Means; Base Budget; Commerce; Higher
Education; Judiciary IV; Transportation.
The Legislative Branch
265
Alexander Duke Guy
(Democrat-Onslow County)
Fourth Senatorial District-Onslow County
Early Years: Born in Calypso, Duplin
County, November 20, 1918, to Alexander
Buck and Elizabeth (Faust) Guy.
Education: Graduated, Calypso High
School, 1935; N.C. State College, NYA
Program 1936; Institute of Government,
University of NC-Chapel Hill, 1958-59.
Professional Background: Insur-
ance; Real Estate Investments.
Organizations: Member, Independent
Insurance Agents of N.C, Inc.; N.C.
Association of Realtors; Professional Producers Council; Member, Loyal
Order of the Moose; Jacksonville Toast Masters (Charter Member, 1955);
Founder, Jacksonville Municipal Court, 1958; Founder, First Biracial Com-
mittee, City of Jacksonville, 1963; Past President, Jacksonville Rotary Club,
1962-63; Charter President, Onslow County Chapter American Cancer
Society, 1958; Past Campaign Chairman, American Red Cross Society, 1956.
Boards: National Association for Real Estate Boards; Jacksonville Board
of Realtors; Onslow Memorial Hospital Authority, 1977-79; Board of Di-
rectors, N.C. League of Municipalities, 1962-65; Board of Directors, Home
Federal Savings & Loan Association; Governor's, Mayor's Co-Operating
Committee, 1964; Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commissions; Committee
on Commerce, Labor, Regulation of National Conference of State Legisla-
tures State-Federal Assembly; Member, Board of Directors, NC Retail
Merchants Association.
Political Activities: Served in the N.C. Senate, 1983-84, 1985-86; 1987-88;
in the N.C. House of Representatives, 1979-80 and 1981-82; Jacksonville City
Council, six years (Mayor, two years; Mayor Pro Tern, two years); Onslow
County Board of County Commissioners, 1969-70.
Religious Activities: Member, Trinity United Methodist Church; Board
of Trustees, 1976-81; Administrative Board, 1968-78; Chairman, Fund Raising
Campaign-Christian Higher Education, 1959; Staff Parish Relations Com-
mittee, currently serving.
Family: Married, Margaret Holmes, January 31, 1975; Children:
Alexander Duke Guy, II; Bundage Humphrey Guy and Douglas Bryan Guy.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Public Utilities
Vice-Chairman: Appropriations on General Government
Member: Appropriations; Banks and Thrift Institutions; Base Budget;
Human Resources; Joint Legislative Utility Review; Manufacturing and
Labor; Transportation; Veterans Affairs, Law Enforcement, and Senior
Citizens.
266
North Carolina Manual
Charles W. Hardin
(Republican - Haywood County)
Twenty-ninth Senatorial District - Cherokee,
Clay, Graham, Haywood, Henderson,
Jackson, Macon, Polk, Swain and
Transylvania Counties.
Early Years: Born in Canton, Hay-
wood County, June 25, 1926 to Charles
and Mable (Myers) Hardin.
Education: Canton High School, 1947;
attended Western Carolina University.
Professional Background: Retired
(formerly with Champion International -
Communications).
Organizations: Canton Civitan Club (Vice President); former member,
Varner Rhinehart American Legion Post 61 (Commander).
Boards: Board of Trustees, Haywood Community College, 1986- ; N.C.
League of Municipalities Risk Management, 1986- ; Board of Directors, N.C.
League of Municipalities, 1983-1985.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1989-; District Representative
for Congressman Bill Hendon, 1985-1986; Mayor, Town of Canton; Alder-
man, Town of Canton.
Military Service: Served, U.S. Navy (Seaman 1st Class on U.S.S.
Houston), 1943-1946; Presidential Citation.
Religious Activities: Member, Central United Methodist Church,
Canton; Lay Leader and Sunday School teacher; member, Gideons Inter-
national.
Family: Married Mary Frances Howell of Canton, May 17, 1952. Chil-
dren: Charles and Rebecca.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Agriculture; Appropriations; Appropriations on General Govern-
ment; Base Budget; Constitution; Education; Marine Resources and Wildlife;
Pensions and Retirement; State Personnel.
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267
J. Ollie Harris
(Democrat-Cleveland County)
Twenty-fifth Senatorial District-Cleveland,
Gaston, Lincoln, and Rutherford Counties.
Early Years: Born in Anderson, South
Carolina, September 2, 1913, to J. Frank
and Jessie (Hambright) Harris.
Education: Shelby High School, 1931,
Gupton-Jones College of Embalming,
1935.
Professional Background: Funeral
Director and embalmer (President and
Treasurer, Harris Funeral Home, Inc.).
Organizations: NC Funeral Directors Association (former President);
National Funeral Directors Association; National Selected Morticians; for-
mer President, NC Coroners Association; Mason; Shriner.
Boards: N.C. Funeral Directors and Embalming Board, (former presi-
dent); Legislative Service Commission, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-90; Legislative
Research Commission, 1985-86; former Trustee, Gardner-Webb College; NC
Mental Health Study Commission, 1977-1990.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1971-72, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-
80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-; Coroner, Cleveland County ,
1946-70.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1943-46, 65th Field Hospital;
European theatre; Bronze Star.
Honors: Award of Appreciation and Recognition, NC Psychological
Association, 1985; Better Life Award, NC Health Care Facilities, 1979;
Valand Award, NC Mental Health Association, 1979; Legislator of the Year,
NC Health Department Association, 1979.
Religious Activities: Member, Baptist Church.
Family: Married, Abbie Jane Wall, May 4, 1934. Children: John Jr. and
Becky (Harris) Hambright.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Human Resources
Vice Chairman: Manufacturing and Labor
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations on Human Resources; Banking;
Base Budget; Finance; Judiciary I; Rules and Operations of the Senate;
State Government; Ways and Means
268
North Carolina Manual
Ralph Alexander Hunt
(Democrat - Durham County)
Thirteenth Senatorial District - Durham,
Granville, Orange (part), and Person
Counties.
Early Years: Born in Oxford, Gran-
ville County, to Johnnie and Amanda
(Harris) Hunt.
Education: Mary Potter High School,
1950; Orange Street Elementary School,
1945; Johnson C. Smith University, 1956,
B.A.; NCCU, 1964, M.A.
Professional Background: Inde-
pendent retail merchant (convenience
stores)
Organizations: Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989- ; Mayor
Pro Tern, City of Durham, 1981-1984; Durham City Council, 1973-1984.
Military Service: Served, U.S. Army, 1953-55 (Corporal)
Religious Activities: Member, White Rock Baptist Church; Trustee.
Family: Married, Elvira Rebecca Cooke, June 17, 1961. Children: Ralph
A., Jr., Reginald C, and Regina C.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Small Business
Vice Chairman: Local Government and Regional Affairs
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations on Human Resources; Base
Budget; Education; Election Laws; Pensions and Retirement; Rules and
Operations of the Senate; State Government; State Personnel.
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269
Wanda H. Hunt
(Democrat — Moore County)
Sixteenth Senatorial District — Chatham,
f. ^^^^B Moore, Orange (part), and Randolph Counties.
*^ l^'^W^^F Early Years: Born in Bakersville,
mm Mitchell County, March 22, 1944, to
Farrall and Jane (Ledford) Holder.
Education: Southwest High School;
Appalachian State University.
^ \ ^^^^^^^ Professional Background: Legis-
^^^^B V ^^^^^^H lator; Former account executive. Resorts
^^^^^ ^^^^^^^1 of Pinehurst, Inc.; former state govern-
^^L^ "" ^^^^^^^^^k ment and public school employee; former
— „_i.-i„ .^h^^^^^^^H corporate secretary, private industry
(small computer business).
Organizations: SGEA; NC School Board Association; NC Social Services
Board Association (former chairman); Women in State Government; NC
Status of Women; NC Heart Fund Association; certified judge, "Junior
Miss" and "Miss" Pageants; former President, Cystic Fibrosis; former Vice
President, Southern Pines Jaycettes; former Chairman, Moore County Bi-
centennial Ball; former Education Chairman, Southern Pines Junior
Women's Club; former Chairman, Moore County Heart Fund Ball.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1983-84, 1985-86; 1987-88, 1989-;
Legislative Organization & Management Committee, National Conference
of State Legislatives, 1989; Pensions Committee, National Conference of
State Legislators, 1985; NC General Assembly Women's Caucus; Legislative
Committee, Travel Council of NC, Inc.; Southern Legislative Conference;
State Legislators' Network, Women's Network; Precinct Chairman, Moore
County Democratic Women; Moore County Democratic Executive Committee;
YDC, Appalachian State University; NC Assembly on Women and the
Economy; American Council of Young Political Leaders (former delegate)
delegate, Miami Conference on the Carribean; Moore County Board of
Education, 1976-1983.
Honors: Volunteer Service Award, National Cystic Fibrosis; Certificate of
Appreciation and Founders Award, Heart Fund; Golden Mountaineer Award,
Appalachian State University; Distinguished Service Award, Moore County
Board of Education; Social Services Award, 1978-81.
Religious Activities: Member, Pinehurst Community Church; Youth
Coordinator.
Family: Children: Donna Lynn.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: State Personnel
Vice Chairman: Veterans Affairs; Law Enforcement and Senior Citizens.
Member: Education; Finance; Judiciary III; Appropriations-Natural and
Economic Resources; Ways and Means, Local Government, Base Budget.
270
North Carolina Manual
James Calvin Johnson, Jr.
(Republican — Cabarrus County)
Twenty-second Senatorial District — Cabarrus
and Mecl<lenburg (part) Counties.
Early Years: Born in Greensboro,
Guilford County, June 5, 1935, to James
Calvin and Juanita (Hill) Johnson, Sr.
Education: Spartanburg High School,
1954; Spartanburg Junior College, 1956;
East Tennessee State University, 1958,
B.S.; Wake Forest University, School of
Law, 1962; LL.B.
Professional Background: Attorney;
owner, Fort Johnson Military Museum,
Inc.
Organizations: Cabarrus County and NC State Bar Associations; NC
Academy of Trial Lawyers; American Judicature Society; NC Juvenile Court
Judges Association (former President); Concord Jaycees (former NC Vice
President and National Regional Director); Phi Delta Phi. Chairman of
Cabarrus Citizens for Philip Morris.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-90; NC
House of Representatives, 1967, 1969, 1971; Attorney, Cabarrus County,
1966-70; Judge; Domestic Relations and Juvenile Court, 1963-66; Attorney,
US District Court, NC, 1962-63.
Military Service: Active Reserves. U.S. National Guard, 51st Division,
South Carolina, 1953-56; 30th Armor Division, Tennessee, 1956-58; 30th
Infantry Division, North Carolina, 1956-62.
Honors: Who^s Who in American Politics, 1967-68; Outstanding Per-
sonalities of the South, 1967; Outstanding Young Men of America, 1967; one
of three Outstanding Young Men of NC, 1966.
Literary Works: Editor, The Guardian, 1964-65 (selected as the most
outstanding publication of its kind in the US by the National Council of
Juvenile Court Judges).
Religious Activities: Member, Central Methodist Church; Sunday School
Teacher.
Family: Children: James Calvin, III, Kay Lynn and Jen Cherise.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Appropriations-General Government; Banks and Thrift Institu-
tions; Base Budget; Children and Youth; Constitution; Environment; Judi-
ciary I; Rules; Veterans Affairs, Law.
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271
Joseph Edward Johnson
(Democrat — Wake County)
Fourteenth Senatorial District — Harnett,
Lee, and Wake (part) Counties.
Early Years: Born in Raleigh, Wake
County, October 17, 1941, to Ira Edward
and Grace (Ivey) Johnson.
Education: Raleigh Public Schools,
1946-59; NCSU, 1959-61; Wake Forest
University, 1964, B.A.; Wake Forest Uni-
versity, School of Law, 1966, J.D.
Professional Background: attorney
(LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby & MacRae).
Organizations: Wake County, NC and
American Bar Associations; Alpha Kappa Psi; Phi Delta Phi.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-
88, 1989-90; NC House of Representatives, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1967-69 (1st Lt.); Military Police
Corps; Army Commendation Medal.
Religious Activities: Member, Edenton Street United Methodist Church,
Raleigh.
Family: Married, Jane Francum, January 31, 1964. Children: Jane
Elizabeth, Kathryn Ivey and Susan Briles.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Judiciary III.
Vice Chairman: Insurance.
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations on Natural and Economic
Resources; Banks and Thrift Institutions; Base Budget; Manufacturing and
Labor; Public Utilities; Rules and Operations of the Senate; State Govern-
ment; State Personnel
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North Carolina Manual
Donald R. Kincaid
(Republican — Caldwell County)
Twenty-seventh Senatorial District — Avery,
Burke, Caldwell, Mitchell, and Wilkes
Counties.
Early Years: Born in Caldwell Coun-
ty, June 2, 1936, to Hugh T. and Myrtle
(McCall) Kincaid.
Education: Gamewell High School,
1954; Appalachian State Teachers College,
1959, B.S.
Professional Background: School
teacher; owner, Kincaid Insurance
Agency.
Organizations: Lenoir Lions Club (Lion Tamer, former Secretary); Lenoir
Rotary Club; NC Cattlemen's Association; Carolina Association of Mutual
Insurance Agents; Caldwell County Chamber of Commerce. Former member:
NCAE, Gamewell Ruritan Club.
Boards: Legislative Advisory Board, CAPIA; Board of Trustees, Gardner-
Webb College; Director, Carolina Association of Professional Insurance
Agents. Former member: NC Board of Agriculture.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1973-74, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-
80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-; Senate Minority Leader, 1977-78,
1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84; NC House of Representatives, 1967, 1969, 1971.
Military Service: Served, NC National Guard, nine years (5-E).
Religious Activities: Member, Lower Creek Baptist Church, Lenoir.
Family: Married, Syretha Weatherford, June 30, 1956; four children.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Appropriations; Base Budget..
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations — Natural and Economic Re-
sources; Base Budget; Human Resources; Insurance; Manufacturing and
Labor; Rules and Operation of the Senate; Banks and Thrift Institutions;
Marine Resources and Wildlife; Ways and Means; Advisory Budget Com-
mission.
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273
Robert Lafayette Martin
(Democrat — Pitt County)
Sixth Senatorial District — Edgecombe (part),
Martin (part), Pitt (part), and Wilson (part)
Counties.
Early Years: Born in Bethel, Pitt
County, November 8, 1918, to John
Wesley and Lena (Sessums) Martin.
Education: Oxford Orphanage High
School; School of Electricity, Oxford
Orphanage.
Professional Background: President,
Farmers Mutual Fire Insurance Associa-
tion; farmer.
Organizations: Shriner; 32nd Degree Mason.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1985-86, 1987-88, 89-90; Com-
missioner, Pitt County, 1956-1984; Mayor, Town of Bethel, 1951-1956; Com-
missioner, Town of Bethel, 1941.
Religious Activities: Member, Bethel Missionary Baptist Church; Chair-
man, Board of Deacons; Superintendent, Sunday School; Sunday School
teacher.
Family: Married, Sue Cooper, June 29, 1940. Children: Lynda and Bobbe
Sue.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Appropriations on Natural & Economic Resources.
Vice Chairman: Banks & Thrift Institutions.
Member: Agriculture; Appropriations; Base Budget; Environment &
Natural Resources; Marine Resources & Wildlife; Public Utilities; State
Government; Ways & Means.
274
North Carolina Manual
William Nelson Martin
(Democrat — Guilford County)
Thirty-first Senatorial District — Guilford
County (part).
Early Years: Born in Eden, Rock-
ingham County, May 25, 1945, to Thomas
William and Carolyn (Henderson)
Martin.
Education: Douglas High School
(Eden), 1962; N.C. A & T State Univer-
sity, 1966, B.S. (Economics); George
Washington University, School of Law,
1973, J.D.
Professional Background: Attorney.
Organizations: One Step Further, Inc., 1982- (Co-founder and first
President; Board of Directors); National Black Child Development Institute,
1979-1981; Phi Beta Sigma, 1965- (former President and Vice President of
graduate chapter based in Greensboro); Congress of Racial Equality, 1967-
1973 (Chairman, Bridgeport, CT Chapter, 1968-69; Special Assistant to
Northeastern Regional Director, 1969-1973); Charlotte Hawkins Brown
Historical Foundation, 1983- (Co-founder; Board of Directors); N.C. Public
School Policy Forum, 1986- (Board of Directors; Chairman, Subcommittee on
Early Childhood Education, 1987-88).
Boards: N.C. At-Risk Children and Youth Task Force (Chairman, 1988-
89); Interstate Migrant Education Council (represented N.C), 1989; UNC
Center for Public Television Program Advisory Committee, 1988- ; N.C.
Historic Sites Advisory Committee, 1985-86; City of Greensboro Housing
Commission, 1979-1982; Social Concerns Committee of the Council of
Churches of Greater Bridgeport, Connecticutt (former Co-Chairman; active
member, 1967-1969).
Political Activities: Member, N.C. Senate, 1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88,
1989- ; National Conference of State Legislatures, N.C. representative to the
Education Committee, 1989-90; Southern Legislative Conference, N.C.
representative to the Education Committee; Chairman, North Carolina
Democratic Party Platform Committee, 1986.
Religious Activities: Member, Providence Baptist Church, Greensboro.
Family: Married, Patricia Yancey; Children: Thomas William and William
Nelson, Jr.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Appropriations - General Government.
Vice-Chairman: Ways and Means.
Member: Appropriations; Base Budget; Children and Youth; Constitution;
Education; Higher Education; Human Resources; Judiciary II; Manufactur-
ing and Labor; Special Committe on Prisons.
The Legislative Branch
275
Helen Rhyne Marvin
(Democrat - Gaston County)
Twenty-fifth Senatorial District -Cleveland,
Gaston, Lincoln, and Rutherford Counties.
Early Years: Born Gastonia, Gaston
County, November 30, 1917, to Dane S.
and Tessie (Hastings) Rhyne.
Education: Gastonia High School,
1934; Furman University, 1938, B.A.
Magna Cum Laude (History, Political
Science); LSI), 1939, M.A. (Government);
Post Graduate Studies, Winthrop College;
UNC-Chapel Hill; UNC-Charlotte; Univer-
sity of Colorado; University of Vermont;
University of Oslo.
Professional Background: Realtor (President, Marvin Rhyne Realty
Company); Former College Instructor, Gaston College.
Organizations: Southern and N.C. Political Science Association, Former
President; Rho Chapter Delta Kappa Gamma; Altrusa Club of Gastonia;
N.C. Retired School Personnel Associations.
Boards: Director, Gaston County Mental Health Association; Gaston
County Family Service; Gaston County Children's Council; Gaston County
Council for Exceptional Children; N.C. Equity ,Trustee, INC.;Flatrock Play-
house, Vagabond Players; Trustee, N.C. Child Support Council; Trustee, NC
Child Advocacy Institute.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. Senate, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82,
1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989- ; NCSL Committee on Children, Youth and
Families;Gaston County Democratic Women (Former President); N.C. Unity
Party Committee, 1980; Vice Chairman, N.C. Democratic Party Platform
Committee, 1984; Delegate National Democratic Convention, 1972, 1984;
Democratic Legislative Policy Committee.
Honors: Valedictorian, College Graduating Class, Outstanding Educator,
Gaston College, 1975; Woman of the Year, Gastonia Evening Civitan Club,
1978; Valand Award (outstanding legislator in mental health), 1980; N.C.
Council Community, MH/MR/SA Program Award 1985; Ham Stevens Award
for services to Public Health in NC, 1987; Ellen Winston Award for Social
Services Legislation, 1988; NC Distinguished Women Award, 1988; NCAE
Friend of Education Award.
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church, Gastonia;
Former Sunday School Teacher; Deacon; Elder.
Family: Married, Ned I. Marvin, November 21, 1941. Children: Kathryn,
Richard and David.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Appropriations-Justice and Public Safety Committee.
276 North Carolina Manual
Vice Chairman: Pensioiis and Retirement Committee; Commission on
Exceptional Children.
Member: Appropriations; Base Budget; Children and Youth; Education;
Human Resources; Judiciary III; Agriculture; Constitution; Special Com-
mittee on Prisons; MIH Study Commission; CR and Youth Study Commis-
sion; .
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277
Wendell Holmes Murphy
(Democrat - Duplin County)
Fifth Senatorial District - Duplin, Jones,
Lenoir, and Pender Counties.
Early Years: Born in Rose Hill,
September 23, 1938, to Holmes and Lois
(King) Murphy.
Education: Rose Hill High School,
1956; NC State University, B.S. (Agri-
cultural Education), 1960.
Professional Background: Farming
and agri-business interests (President
and CEO, Murphy Farms, Inc.); Former
teacher.
Organizations: Former Vice-President and Director, NC Pork Producers
Association.
Boards: NC General Assembly Advisory Budget Commission; NCSU
Alumni Association; NCSU Student Aid Association; Research Triangle
World Trade Association; NC Retail Merchants Association; NC Veterinary
Medical Foundation, Inc.; NC Community Colleges Foundation; New East
Bancorp.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1989- ; Member, NC House of
Representatives, 1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88.
Honors: Order of Long Leaf Pine, 1988; Tar Heel of the Week, News and
Observer, 1987; NC Outstanding Pork Producer, 1980; Pork Ail-American,
1975.
Religious Activities: Member, Rose Hill Baptist Church.
Family: Married, Linda Godwin, June, 1979. Two children: Wendell H.,
Jr., Wendy Deanne. Two step-children: Cindy Hairr and Wesley Hairr.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Higher Education.
Vice Chairman: Agriculture, Appropriations, and Base Budget.
Member: Appropriations on Education; Banks and Thrift Institutions;
Election Laws; Environment and Natural Resources; Public Utilities;
Transportation.
278
North Carolina Manual
Thomas LaFontine Odom
(Democrat - Mecklenburg County)
Thirty-fourth Senatorial District -
Mecltlenburg County (part).
Early Years: Born in Rocky Mount,
Nash County, April 18, 1938.
Education: West Mecklenburg High
School, 1956; attended Charlotte College,
1957; UNC-Chapel Hill, B.A., 1960;
School of Law, UNC-CH, LL.D., 1962.
Professional Background: Attorney
(Senior Partner in law firm of Weinstein
& Sturges, P. A.; member of firm since
1964); Assistant City Attorney, Charlotte,
1963-64); Research Assistant, N.C. Supreme Court, 1962-63).
Organizations: American and North Carolina Associations; N.C. State
Bar; N.C. Academy of Trial Lawyers; Steele Creek Masonic Lodge (past
Secretary); Red Fez Shrine Club (past member. Board of Directors); West
Charlotte Rotary Club; Greater Charlotte Chamber of Commerce; Former
Scout Leader; Little League Baseball Coach.
Boards: Board of Commissioners, Charlotte Memorial Hospital and
Medical Center, 1987- ; Board of Directors, Salvation Army Adult Rehabilita-
tion Center, 1984- ; Board of Visitors, UNC-Charlotte; Former member,
Mecklenburg County Parks and Recreation Commission, 1975-1980 (Past
Chairman).
Political Activities: Member, N.C. Senate, 1989- ; Mecklenburg Board of
County Commissioners, 1980-1986 (Chairman, 1982-84; Vice-Chairman,
1980-82).
Honors: American Red Cross Certificate of Merit; Presidential Citation;
National Association of County Commissioners National Award of Merit,
1986; Mecklenburg County Environmental Award, 1980; West Mecklenburg
High School Hall of Fame.
Religious Activities: Member, Pleasant Hill Presbyterian Church (former
Elder and Deacon); Sunday School Teacher; Past President, Synod of North
Carolina; Past President, Mecklenburg, Presbytery Men; Commissioner to
Presbyterian Church General Assembly, 1975 and 1988.
Family: Married Jane Lowe of Charlotte; Children: Tommy, David, Amy,
Matt.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Local Government and Regional Affairs; Transporta-
tion.
Member: Alcoholic Beverage Control; Appropriations; Appropriations on
Justice and Public Safety; Base Budget; Education; Environment and
Natural Resources; Judiciary I; Marine Resources and Wildlife; State
Personnel.
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279
David Russell Parnell
(Democrat-Robeson County)
Thirtieth Senatorial District-Hoke and
Robeson Counties
Early Years: Born in Parkton,
Robeson Couty, November 16, 1925, to
John Quincy and Clelia (Britt) Parnell.
Education: Parkton Public Schools,
1931-41; Oak Ridge Military Institute,
1941-44; Wake Forest University, 1949,
B.S.
Professional Background: Mer-
chant; Farmer.
Organizations: N.C. Merchants Association, Director; N.C. Oil Jobbers
Association; Director, N.C. Plant Food Association; N.C. State Humanities
Foundation 1975-1981.
Boards: Robeson County Industrial Development Commission, 1963-1985;
Trustee, Meredith College, 1977-; N.C. State Highway Commission, 1969-72;
Board of Directors, First Union National Bank, 1957-present.
Political Activies: Member, N.C. Senate, 1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-;
N.C. House of Representatives, 1975-76, 1977-78; 1979-80, 1981-82; Mayor,
Town of Parkton, 1964-69.
Military: Served, U.S. Army, 1945-46 (Corporal)
Religious Activies: Member, Parkton Baptist Church; Sunday School
Teacher, 1950-; Board of Deacons, 1952-present; Treasurer, 1959-72.
Family: Married, Barbara Johnson, June 11, 1948. Children: David, Anne
and Timothy.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Insurance.
Vice Chairman: Appropriations Base Budget; Appropriations-Justice &
Public Safety.
Member: Manufacturing and Labor; Agriculture, Judiciary I, Finance,
Public Utilities, Transportation, Veteran Affairs, Law Enforcement & Senior
Citizens.
280
North Carolina Manual
Aaron W. Plyler
(Democrat-Union County)
Seventeenth Senatorial District-Anson,
Montgomery, Richmond, Scotland, Stanly,
and Union Counties.
Early Years: Born in Union County,
October 1, 1926, to Isom F. and Ida
(Foard) Plyler.
Education: Attended Benton Heights
School; Florida Military Academy.
Professional Background: Independ-
ent Businessman (President — Owner
Plyler Grading and Paving, Inc.; Presi-
dent, Hill Top Enterprises); Farming and
real estate interests.
Organizations: Member/Past President, Wingate College Patron Club;
Member/Past President Monroe-Union County Chamber of Commerce;
Member, North Carolina Restaurant Association; North Carolina Citizens
Association; Associated General Contractors of America; National Federation
Independent Business; Rolling Hills Country Club.
Boards: Member, General Board of Directors, United Carolina Bank;
Board of Directors, North Carolina Restaurant Association; Hill Top Enter-
prises; Yadkin-Pee Dee River Basin; Mecklenburg-Union County United
Way; Board of Advisors, University of North Carolina-Charlotte.
Political Activities: Served in N.C. Senate, 1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88,
1989-; N.C. House of Representatives, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82; Pre-
cinct Chairman 10 years; Past Chairman, Union County Democratic Party.
Honors: 1970, Monroe-Union County Leadership Award; 1971, Union
County "Man of the Year" Award; 1971, Wingate College Patron Club
Award; 1973, Union County Leadership Award; 1980 Andrew Jackson
Award.
Religious Activities: Member, Benton Heights Presbyterian Church
(Ruling Elder); Past Chairman, board of Deacons.
Family: Married, Dorothy Moser Plyler, May 22, 1948; Children: Barbara
Plyler Faulk; Dianne Plyler Hough; Aaron W. Plyler, Jr.; Alan Plyler; and
Alton Plyler.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Ways & Means.
Vice Chairman: Appropriations; Base Budget; ABC.
Member: Agriculture; Finance; Pensions & Retirement; Rules and Opera-
tions of Senate; Small Business; Transportation; Government Operations.
The Legislative Branch
281
Joseph Bryant Raynor, Jr.
(Democrat-Cumberland County)
Twelth Senatorial District: Cumberland (part)
County
Early Years: Born in Fayetteville,
Cumberland County, January 26, 1923,
to Joseph Bryant and Beatrice (Owen)
Raynor, Sr.
Education: HGraduated, Seventy-First
High School, 1940; Electronic and
Engineering School, 1944; Certified
Hypnosis Investigator; Law Enforcement
Institute of Hypnosis.
Professional Background: Owner,
Raynor Supply Company.
Organizations: Member, Seventy-First Ruritan Club; Member, Cumber-
land County Young Democrats Club; Member, Cumberland County Mental
Health Association; Member and Past t*resident, Carousel Club; Member,
Cumberland County Wildlife Association; Member, Knights of Pythias;
Member, Loyal Order of the Moose, Member, Legion of the Moose; Member,
Ancient Mystic Order of Bagment of Bagdad; Vice President, TIHE (The
Study of Human Ecology); Member, United Brotherhood of Magicians;
Member, Society of Investigative and Forensic Hypnosis; Former Member,
Fayetteville Exchange Club; Fayetteville Optimist Club; Grand Counselor,
United Commercial Travelers of America; Former President, Cumberland
County Chapter of the N.C. Society for Crippled Children and Adults.
Boards: Board of Directors, Cumberland County Cancer Society; Chair-
man, Governor's Advisory Commission of Military Affairs; Former Member,
Legislative Ethics Committee; Criminal Standards and Judicial Committee;
Mental Retardation Study Commission; Mental Health Study commission;
Board of Directors, Miss United Teenager; Legislative Serices Commission
and Commission on Exceptional Children; Study Commission on
Alcoholism; Commission on Migrant Workers.
Political Activities: N.C. Senate, 1972, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1989-;
N.C. House Representative, 1965-66, 1967, 1969, 1971, 1987-88.
Religious Activities: Member, Methodist Church
Family: Married Mildred Home, January 15, 1944.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Veterans Affairs, Law Enforcement and Senior Citizens.
Vice Chairman: Human Resources.
Member: Agriculture, Finance, Insurance, Judiciary II, Rules and Opera-
tions of the Senate, Transportation.
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North Carolina Manual
Marshall Arthur Rauch
(Democrat — Gaston County)
Twenty-fifth Senatorial District — Cleveland,
Gaston, Lincoln, and Rutherford Counties —
Three Senators.
Early Years: Born in New York, New
York, February 2, 1923, to Nathan A.
and Tillie P. (Wohl) Rauch.
Education: Woodmere High School,
1950; Duke University.
Profession: Corporate executive
(Chairman and President, Rauch In-
dustries, Inc.; Director and Treasurer,
E.P. Press, Inc.; Director, Magic, Ltd.;
Director and President, P.D.R. Trucking, Inc.; Director and Pres. S.L. Rauch,
Inc.
Organizations: Director, Holy Angels Nursery, 1960-73; Director,
Gastonia YMCA, 1959-62, 1967-72 (Vice President, 1970; President, 1971);
Salvation Army Boys Club, 1963-71; Gastonia Boys Club, 1947-71 (Senior
Advisor, 1943-63; Director, 1964-71); Gastonia Chamber of Commerce.
Boards: Former Commission member: Wildlife Tax Study (Chairman,
1979-80); Legislative Services, 1977-1980; Governmental Evaluation (Vice
Chairman, 1977-80); Legislative Tax Study (Chairman, 1977-1980); Sports
Facility, 1977-80; Governmental Incentive (Vice Chairman, 1977-79); In-
tangibles Tax Study, 1978. Trustee, NC Land Conservance, 1978-80; Board
of Advisors, Gardner-Webb College, 1969-77; Trustee, UNC-Chapel Hill,
1969-73; NC Citizens for Dental Health, 1968-73; Advisory Committee, NC
Vocational Textile School, 1970-71.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1967-Present (11 terms);
Advisory Budget Commission, 1973-74, 1977-80; Gastonia City Council, 1953-
54, 1961-65 (Mayor Pro Tem, 1952-1954, 1961-1963).
Military Service: Served, US Army, World War II, Combat Infantry
Award.
Honors: Who's Who in World Jewry; Who's Who in the South and
Southwest; Who's Who in Israel; Who's Who in American Politics; Leading
Men in the United States; The National Register of Prominent Americans
Human Services Award, NC Association of Jewish Men and State of NC
Man of the Year, (Gastonia Red Shield Club, 1970; NC Health Department
Gaston County Omega Psi Phi, 1966; Gastonia Junior Women's Club, 1964
Gastonia Junior Chamber of Commerce, 1957); National Council of
Christians and Jews Award, 1969; National Recreation Association Citation,
1965; 1986 Award, Multiple Sclerosis Hope Award.
Religious Activities: President, Temple Emanuel, Gastonia (Former
President and Sunday School Teacher) and Temple Israel, Charlotte. Chair-
The Legislative Branch 283
man, Gaston Jewish Welfare Fund; Vice President, NC Association of
Jewish Men; President, Frank Goldberg Lodge, B'Nai B'Rith; Governor, NC
Jewish Home Board; Cabinet member, NC United Jewish Appeal, Chairman
Lubavitch of N.C.
Family: Married, Jeanne Girard, May 18, 1946. Children: John, Ingrid,
Marc, Peter and Stephanie.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Finance.
Vice Chairman: Ways and Means.
Member: Banks and Thrift Institutions; Constitution; Higher Education;
Manufacturing and Labor; Pensions and Retirement; Public Utilities; Rules
and Operations of the Senate.
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North Carolina Manual
James Franklin Richardson
(Democrat-Mecklenburg County)
Thirty-third Senatorial District-Mecklenburg
(part) County.
Early Years: Born in Charlotte,
Mecklenburg County, May 20, 1926, to
Sam and Addie (Pickens) Richardson.
Education; Second Ward High School,
1943; Johnson C. Smith University, 1949,
B.S.
Professional Background: Retired
(former postmaster).
Organizations: Masons; NAACP;
Omega Psi Phi Sigma Pi Phi.
Boards: Director, WTVI Public Television; Director, Charlotte Mint
Museum; former Director, Charlotte Housing Authority; former Chairman,
NC Social Services Commission and Mecklenburg Social Services Depart-
ment.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. Senate, 1987-88, 1989-90; N.C. House
of Representatives, 1985-86.
Military Service: Served, US Navy, 1944-46 (Aviation Metal Smith 1st
Class).
Religious Activities: Member, Memorial Presbyterian church, Charlotte;
Elder, Social Action Committee.
Family: Married,, Mary E. Nixon of Columbia, South Caorlina, April 16,
1964. Children: Gregory and James Franklin, Jr.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Children & Youth.
Vice Chairman: Base Budget.
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations on Human Resources; Children
and Youth; Education; Human Resources; Local Government H; Manufactur-
ing and Labor; Insurance, State Government (Veteran Affairs, Law Enforce-
ment, and Senior Citizens); Governmental Operations.
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285
Jim Kemp Sherron, Jr.
(Democrat-Wake County)
Fourteenth Senatorial District-Harnett, Lee,
and Wake (part) Counties.
Early Years: Born in Fuquay Varina,
Wake County, September 26, 1931, to Jim
K. and Maggie (Grady) Sherron, Sr.
Education: Fuquay Springs High
School, graduated, 1950; North Carolina
State University, BS, 1959.
Professional Background: Com-
mercial Investment Real Estate, Owner/
Partner; Capital Equity Corporation,
President, 1985-present; Registered
Broker-Dealer, NASD.
Organizations: Mason, Millbrook Lodge, NO. 97; Shriner, Amran
Temple; Exchange Club, life member; Exchange Club, New Hope/Wilders
Grove, President, 1977-78; Wilders Grove Youth Center, 1976; Little League
Football Coach, 1965-75; Raleigh Board of Realtors; NC Association of
Realtors; National Association of Security Dealers; Real Estate Securities
and Syndication Institute.
Boards: Board of Directors of Learning Together, 1984-present; NC State
Humanities Foundation, 1986; Raleigh Planning Commission, 1977-81;
Fayetteville Street Mall Authority, 1979; Capital Planning Commission,
1989.
Politicial Activities: Member, NC Senate 1987-88, 1989-; Capital Plan-
ning Commission, 1989-; Young Democrats of NC, 1955-1971, Wake County
Young Democrats, (President, 1962-club was voted outstanding Young Demo-
cratic Club of America); Precinct Chairman, (sixteen years), County and
District Executive Committee; Deputy Secretary of Administration, 1981-84;
Director of Purchasing and Contract, 1981; Director of State Property,
1977-81.
Military: Served US Navy, AM-3, 1951-55; Korean Service Ribbon; Good
Conduct Ribbon.
Honors: Gertrude Carrawan Award for Historical Preservation, 1982;
Wake County Democrat of the Year, 1982; Outstanding Young Democrat of
N.C., 1962;
Religious Activities: Member, Millbrook Baptist Church.
Family: Married, Carolyn Honeycutt, of Salemburg, January 19, 1958.
Children: Jim and Annie.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: State Government.
286 North Carolina Manual
Vice Chairman: Public Utilities.
Member: Agriculture, Banks and Thrift Institutions, Environment and
Natural Resources, Finance, Judiciary III, Local Government and Regional
Affairs, Marine Resources and Wildlife, Pensions and Retirement, State
Personnel.
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287
Daniel Reid Simpson
(Republican — Burke County)
Twenty-seventh Senatorial District — Avery,
Burke, Caldwell, Mitchell, and Wilkes
Counties.
Early Years: Born in Morganton,
Burke County, February 20, 1927, to
James Reid and Ethel Margaret (Newton)
Simpson.
Education: Glen Alpine Public Schools,
1932-43; University of Mississippi;
Auburn University; Lenoir Rhyne Col-
lege; Wake Forest University, 1949, B.S.;
Wake Forest University, School of Law,
1951, LL.B.
Professional Background: Attorney (President and senior member in
firm of Simpson, Aycock, Beyer, and Simpson, P. A.); former Attorney: Town
of Glen Alpine, Burke County and Burke County Schools; Former Criminal
Court Judge.
Organizations: Burke County, NC, NC State, and American Bar Associa-
tions; Catawba Valley Lodge No. 217 (former Grand Master) Free and
Accepted Masons. Former member: Lions Club; Junior Chamber of Com-
merce; Sigma Chi; Phi Delta Phi.
Boards: Director: Western Steer — Mom 'n' Pops, Inc.; SouthEastern
Forest Fire Protection Compact Committee. N.C. Courts Commission;
Environmental Oversight Commission.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-90; NC
House of Representatives, 1957, 1961, 1963; Chairman, Joint Caucus; former
Chairman, Burke County Republican Executive Committee; former President
and Vice President, Burke County Young Republicans Club; former Mayor
and Councilman, Town of Glen Alpine; former Vice-Chairman, NC Young
Republicans.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1945-46 (T/5); South Pacific theater.
Honors: Who's Who in American Law.
Religious Activities; First Baptist Church, Morganton.
Family: Married, Mary Alice Leonard of Glen Alpine, September 16, 1951.
Children: Mary Alma (Simpson) Beyer, James Reid, II and Ethel Barie
(Simpson) Todd.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations-Education; Base Budget; (Rank-
ing Minority Member); Education; Judiciary I; Manufacturing & Labor;
Rules and Operation of the Senate; State Government, (Ranking Minority
Member); State Personnel, (Ranking Minority Member); Finance.
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North Carolina Manual
Robert Charles Soles, Jr.
(Democrat — Columbus County)
Eighteenth Senatorial District — Bladen,
Brunswick, Columbus, and Cumberland (part)
Counties — One Senator.
Early Years: Born in Tabor City,
December 17, 1934, to Robert C. and
Myrtle (Norris) Soles.
Education: Tabor City High School;
Wake Forest University, 1956, B.S.; UNC-
Chapel Hill, School of Law, 1959, J.D.
Profession: Attorney.
Organizations: American and NC Bar
Associations; American Trial Lawyers
Association; NC Association of County Attorneys; Phi Alpha Delta; Rotary
Club (former President).
Boards: President, Southeastern Community College Foundation;
Southern Growth Policies Board; Trustee, UNC-Wilmington; former Trustee,
UNC-Chapel Hill.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1977-Present (7 terms); NC
House of Representatives, 1969, 1971, 1973-74, 1975-76.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1957-67 (Captain).
Religious Activities: Member, Tabor City Baptist Church.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Judiciary II.
Vice Chairman: Constitution.
Member: Agriculture; Banks and Thrift Institutions; Finance; Insurance;
Public Utilities; Rules and Operations of the Senate; Ways and Means.
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289
James Davis Speed
(Democrat-Franklin County)
Eleventh Senatorial District-Franklin, Vance
and Wake (part) Counties.
Early Years: Bom in Louisburg, Frank-
lin County, January 30, 1915, to Henry
Plummer and Addie (Jeffreys) Speed.
Education: Gold Sand High School;
NCSU.
Professional Background: Farmer;
Tobacco Warehouseman.
Organizations: Farm Bureau (Past
President); Agri-Business Council; Mason
(Past Master) Shriner.
Boards: N.C. Tobacco Foundation Board of Directors; N.C. State Univer-
sity Veterinary School Foundation Board; N.C. Local Government Advocacy
Council; Former Member, N.C. Board of Agriculture; Franklin Memorial
Hospital, Board of Directors, former Chairman; former member, N.C. State
Farm Bureau Board; former Chairman, Franklin County Democratic Party;
Franklin County Board of Health, former member.
Honors: Outstanding Service Award by N.C. Association of Rescue
Squads, 1971; District Tree Farmer of the Year, 1974; Conservation Farmer
of the Year, 1975; Cited by N.C. State University for Outstanding Service to
the Tobacco Industry, 1982; Louisburg-Franklin County Chamber of Com-
merce Achievement Award, 1980; Louisburg College Medallion Award, 1983.
Political Activities: N.C. Senate, 1977-Present (7 terms). Member, N.C.
House of Representatives, 1961, 1963, 1965, 1967, 1969, 1971 Sessions;
Member.
Religious Activities: Member, Baptist Church.
Family: Married, Martha Matthews, November 29, 1947. Children:
Claudia, Tommy and James.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Agriculture
Vice Chairman: Insurance
Member: Appropriations on General Government; Base Budget; Finance;
Children and Youth; Human Resources; Pensions and Retirement; Small
Business; Transportation.
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North Carolina Manual
William Wayne Staton
(Democrat — Lee County)
Fourteenth Senatorial District — Harnett,
Lee, and Wake (part) Counties.
Early Years: Born in Olive Branch,
Union County, October 11, 1917, to Oscar
M. and Mae (Young) Staton.
Education: Mt. Ulla High School;
Wake Forest University, 1938, B.S.;
WFU, School of Law, 1941, LL.B. and
J.D.
Professional Background: Attorney
(senior member in firm of Staton, Perkin-
son. West Doster and Dost); Former
Attorney: Sanford Board of Education, 1956-72; Central Carolina Tech.
College, 1960-72; Town of Carrboro, 1971-72.
Organizations: Eleventh Judicial District Bar Association (President);
American Bar Association; BPO Elks; Royal Order of Moose; Veterans of
Foreign Wars; American Legion; Disabled American Veterans; Woodmen of
the World. Former member: Sanford Chamber of Commerce (President);
United Fund of Lee County (President); Sanford Cotillion Club (President);
Lee District Boy Scouts (Chairman); Occoneechee Council, BSA (Vice Presi-
dent); Cape Fear Basin Development Association (President, 1948-1950);
Sanford Executive Club (President).
Boards: Director, Mid-South Bank & Trust Company, 1974-; Golden Corral
Corporation, 1974-; Investors Management Corporation, 1974-85. Former
member, NC Commission for Improved Courts.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1969, 1971, 1973-74, 1975-76,
1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-; NC House of Representatives, 1967; Demo-
cratic National Committee, 1960-1964; NC Democratic Executive Committee,
1951-1952, 1960-1964; President, Young Democrats of NC, 1951-1952; Lee
County Democratic Executive Committee, 1948-1949.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1942-1946; Reserves, 1948-68
(Colonel); Judge Advocate Corps; Battle Stars (3) European Theatre; Purple
Heart, Battle of the Bulge; Bronze Star Ordennes Campaign of 1945.
Honors: NC Legion of Merit; Sanford Community Service Award, 1982.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church, Sanford Board of
Deacons; Chairman, Board of Trustees; teacher. Men's Bible Class, 27 years.
Family: Married, Ellen Boone of Jackson, June 28, 1947. Children: William
Wayne, Jr. and Allyn Moore.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Banks and Thrift Institutions.
Vice Chairman: Finance.
Member: Higher Education; Judiciary II; Rules and Operations of the
Senate; State Personnel; Transportation.
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291
Robert Stringfield Swain
(Democrat — Buncombe County)
Twenty-eighth Senatorial District —
Buncombe, McDowell, Madison, and Yancey
Counties — Two Senators.
Early Years: Born in Asheville, July
25, 1921, to John Edward and Mozelle
Brewster (Stringfield) Swain.
Education: Lee H. Edwards High
School, 1939; Mars Hill College (Wake
Forest-Meredith summer school), 1939;
UNC-Chapel Hill 1939-40; Biltmore Col-
lege, 1940; University of New Mexico,
1941-42; UNC-Chapel Hill, School of
Law, 1946-49, LL.B.
Professional Background: Attorney.
Organizations: Buncombe County and NC Bar Associations; NC Trial
Lawyers Association; Moose International; Phi Alpha Delta; York Rite
Mason; Shrine.
Boards: Chairman, Criminal Justice Commission of SLC; Governor's
Crime Commission.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1977-Present (7 terms); Solici-
tor, 19th District, Buncombe and Madison Counties, 1955-67.
Military Service: Served, US Army Air Corps, 1943-1946 (1st Lieutenant).
Religious Activities: Member, Methodist Church; Board of Stewards;
Sunday School Teacher.
Family: Children: Jennifer Ellen, Barbara Giffen, Patricia Ann, Robert
Edward and Katherine Anne.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Judiciary I.
Vice Chairman: State Government.
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations on Education; Base Budget;
Election Laws; Local Government and Regional Affairs; Small Business;
Veterans Affiars, Law Enforcement, and Senior Citizens.
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North Carolina Manual
Thomas Fleming Taft
(Democrat - Pitt County)
Ninth Senatorial District — Beaufort (part),
Martin (part), and Pitt (part) Counties.
Early Years: Born in Greenville, Pitt
County, December 29, 1945, to Edmund
Hoover and Helen Irene (Fleming) Taft,
Jr.
Education: J. H. Rose High School,
1964; Duke University, 1968, A.B.; Unl-
dersidadibero-Americana, Mexico City,
summer, 1965; UNC-Chapel Hill, School
of Law, J.D.; Hague Academy of Inter-
national Law, 1970; City of London, 1970,
Certificate of International Law.
Professional Background: Attorney (managing partner, firm of Taft,
Taft, and Haigler); President, Eastern Millwork and Supply Company;
President, Hardware Suppliers of America, Inc.; President, Mercer Glass
Company; Inc.; President, Lake Placid Development Company, Inc.; Presi-
dent, University Medical Park, Inc.
Organizations: Pitt County, NC and American Bar Associations; NC
Academy of Trial Lawyers; American Trial Lawyers Association; NC Home
Builders Association; Ptt-Greenville Chamber of Commerce; NC Citizens for
Business and Industry; University City Kiwanis Club; Master Mason; Pitt
County Farm Bureau.
Boards: ECU Medical Foundation; NC State Ports Authority (Chairman,
1977-85); Southern Growth Policies Board, 1978-79.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989; Legal
Counsel to James B. Hunt, Lt. Governor, 1972-1974.
Honors: Jaycee Distinguished Service Award; President's Cup, Pitt County
United Way; Outstanding Young Men of America; Eagle Scout.
Military Service: Served, LIS Army Reserves, 1968-74 (Specialist 4th
Class), Field Artillery and Forward Area Air Defense.
Religious Activities: Member, Jarvis Memorial United Methodist Church;
Official Board 1980-83 (Co-Chairman, 1981), Finance Committee 1989-1990.
Family: Married, Kathy Arnold, January 30, 1982. Children: Jessica,
Paige, Thomas and Jonathan.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Election Laws.
Vice Chairman: Agriculture; State Personnel.
Member: Appropriations, Appropriations on Education, Base Budget, Edu-
cation, Environmental and Natural Resources, Finance, Higher Education,
Insurance, Judiciary, III.
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293
Lura Self Tally
(Democrat — Cumberland County)
Twelfth Senatorial District — Cumberland
(part) County.
Early Years: Born in Statesville,
December 9, 1921, to R.O. and Sara
Sherrill (Cowles) Self.
Education: Raleigh Public Schools and
Needham Broughton High School, 1938;
Peace College; Duke University, A.B.,
1942; NCSU School of Education, 1970
M.A.
Professional Background: Teacher
and guidance counselor, Fayetteville City
Schools; teacher. Adult Education, Fayetteville Technical Institute.
Organizations: NEA; NC Association of Educators; NC Personnel and
Guidance Association; American Association of University Women; Business
and Professional Women's Club; NC Federation of Women's Clubs; NC
Society for Preservation of Antiquities (former President); Fayetteville
Women's Club (former President); President, Cumberland County Mental
Health Association; Coordinator of Volunteers, Cumberland County Mental
Health Center; Kappa Delta.
Boards: Fayetteville Recreation Commission; NCSU Foundation Board;
Fayetteville Technical Community College Board, 1983; Juvenile Code
Revision Commission, 1977-79; Mental Health Study Commission, 1986-87.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88; 1989-;
NC House of Representatives, 1973-74, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82.
Honors: Business and Professional Woman of the Year, Fayetteville,
1978, Distinguished Alumni N.C. State, 1988. Doctor of Humanities,
Methodist College, Fayetteville 1989.
Religious Activities: Member, Hay Street Methodist Church, Fayette-
ville.
Family: Children: Robert Taylor and John Cowles.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Environment and Natural Resources.
Vice Chairman: Marine Resources and Wildlife.
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations on Natural and Economic Re-
sources; Base Budget; Children and Youth; Education; Higher Education;
Judiciary II.
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North Carolina Manual
Russell Grady Walker
(Democrat - Randolph County)
Sixteenth Senatorial District - Chatham,
Moore, Orange, and Randolph Counties.
Early Years: Born in Conetoe, August
26, 1918, to Ashley and Alleen (Bryant)
Walker.
Education: High Point High School;
US Army Air Corps Pilot Training
School.
Professional Background: Retired
Chain Super Market Operator; Former
President, Food Line Super Markets, Inc.
Organizations: Member, Masonic
Order, Balfour Lodge (Asheboro); Asheboro Kiwanis Club (Past President,
Asheboro Club; Past Lt. Gov. Carolinas District); North Carolina Food
Dealers Association (Past President).
Boards: Commission on Children with Special Needs; Mental Health
Study Commission; Commission on Environmental Agency Consolidation
(Co-Chairman); Social Services Study Commission (Co-Chairman); Asheboro
Airport Authority (Chairman); Human Resources Appropriations Committee
(Chairman).
Political Activities: Member, N.C. Senate, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80,
1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-; Chairman, NC Democratic Party,
1979-1983; Asheboro City Council, 1961-1965 (2 terms).
Military Service: Served, US Army Air Corps, 1941-46 (Pilot); US Air
Force Reserve, 1947-55 (Captain).
Honors: Air Medal, 1945.
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church, Asheboro.
Family: Married, Ruth Brunt Walker, July 13, 1941; Children: Russell G.,
Jr., Mrs. Susan Walker Smith, and Stephen Allen.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Appropriations on Human Resources.
Vice Chairman: Human Resources.
Member: Appropriations; Banks and Thrift Institutions; Base Budget;
Election Laws; Environment and Natural Resources; Finance; Higher
Education; Ways and Means.
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295
Marvin Martin Ward
(Democrat - Forsyth County)
Twentieth Senatorial District - Forsyth
County (part).
Early Years: Born in Morrison,
Virginia, Febuary 10, 1914, to Charles
Tilden and Nora Belle (Martin) Ward.
Education: East Bend High School,
1930; Appalachian State University,
1934, B.A.; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1940, M.A.
Professional Background: Retired
educator (former Superintendent of Win-
ston-Salem/Forsyth County Schools).
Organizations: American Association
of School Administrators; NC Division of Superintendents; Mid-Urban
Superintendents (former President and Director); life member, PTA; life
member, National Education Association; Lions Club; Ardmore Community
Club (former President); Winston-Salem Automobile Club (Director); Win-
ston-Salem Chamber of Commerce.
Boards: Government Operations Committee; Mental Health Study Com-
mission; Public School Forum of North Carolina; Education Commission of
the States-Steering Committee; National Conference of State Legislators
(Vice Chairman, Education Committee); Redistricting Task Force); Southern
Legislative Conference (Education Committee)
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-
86, 1987-88, 1989-.
Honors: Distinguished Service Award, Winston-Salem Lions Club, 1976;
Valand Award, 1982 (for outstanding service in the field of mental health);
Outstanding Support of Public Education Award, North Carolina Association
of Educators, 1985; Legislative Award, North Carolina School Psychology
Association, 1985; Outstanding Service Award, North Carolina Mental
Health Association, 1986; Distinguished Alumni Award, Appalachain State
University, 1986; Bell Award, Forsyth County Mental Health Association,
1987; For Outstanding Leadership and Contributions to Education Award,
Southeastern Council of Elementary School Principals, 1988-89; Leadership
Award — Outstanding Senator for Mental Health Services in North Carolina,
North Carolina Council of Mental Health, Mental Retardation, and Sub-
stance Abuse Programs, 1989; "The Educator" Award, Winston-Salem
Chapter of A. Philip Randolph Institute, 1989; Outstanding Legislator
Award, North Carohna Alliance for the Mentally 111, 1989.
Religious Activities: Member, Methodist Cetenary Church, Winston-
Salem; Administrative Board; Budget and Finance Committee; Sunday
School teacher; Chairman, Staff Parish Committee, 1974-77; Sunday School
Superintendant, 1958-61.
296 North Carolina Manual
Family: Married, Mary June Darden, August 23, 1941. Children: Elizabeth
(Ward) Cone and Marvin Thomas.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Appropriations on Education.
Vice-Chairman: Education.
Member: Appropriations; Base Budget; Children and Youth; Finance;
Human Resources; Rules and Operation of the Senate; Transportation; Ways
and Means.
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297
Dennis Jay Winner
(Democrat — Buncombe County)
Twenty-eighth Senatorial District —
Buncombe, McDowell, Madison, and Yancey
Counties — Two Senators.
Early Years: Born in Canton, Bun-
combe County, March 29, 1942, to Harry
and Julienne (Marder) Winner.
Education: Lee H. Edwards High
School, 1960; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1963,
A.B.; UNC-Chapel Hill, School of Law,
1966, J.D. with honors.
Professional Background: Attorney
(firm of Erwin and Winner, P.A.).
Boards: Board of Directors: Asheville Chamber Music Association; UNC
Law Alumni Association, 1982-; UNC Board of Visitors, 1976-; Asheville Art
Museum. Former member: NC Judicial Council, 1973-74; NC Courts Commis-
sion, President, Buncombe County Bar Association, 1982.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-;
Superior Court Judge, 1972-1975; District Court Judge, 1970-1972; President,
Buncombe County Young Democrats Club, 1968.
Military Service: Served, NC Air National Guard, 1966-1972 (Sergeant).
Religious Activities: Member, Congregation Beth Ha Tephila, Asheville.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Rules and Operation of the Senate.
Vice Chairman: Environment and Natural Resources.
Member: Constitution; Education; Finance; Judiciary II; Marine Resources
and Wildlife; Ways and Means.
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North Carolina Manual
Sylvia Morris Fink
PRINCIPAL CLERK
Early Years: Born in Charlotte, August 8,
1936, to Warren Reid (deceased) and Effie
(Howard) Morris.
Education: Mount Holly High School, 1954;
Pfeiffer College, 1955-56.
Profession: Principal Clerk, NC Senate, 1976-
(first woman); Senate staff, 1967, 1973-76; Deputy
Clerk, NC Court of Appeals, 1967-68; formerly
employed by Duke Power Company, Cannon Mills
Company and Charlotte Chamber of Commerce.
Organizations: American Society of Legislative Clerks and Secretaries
Executive Committee, Wake Democratic Women.
Political Activities: Elected Principal Clerk, NC Senate, 1976 to present,
Journal Clerk, NC Senate, 1975-76; Assistant Journal Clerk, NC Senate,
1973-74; Committee Clerk, NC Senate, 1967.
Religious Activities: Member, Benson Memorial United Methodist
Church; life member, Women's Society of Christian Service (former President
and Vice President). Former MYF counselor, Sunday School teacher, organist,
choir member.
Family: Children: Paige Elizabeth.
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Senate Committee Assignments
AGRICULTURE COMMITTEE
Speed (Chairman); Murphy and Taft (Vice Chairmen): Bryan (Ranking
Minority Member); Allran, Ballance, Basnight, Daughtry, Hardin, Martin of
Pitt, Marvin, Parnell, Plyler, Raynor, Sherron, and Soles.
ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE CONTROL COMMITTEE
Ballance (Chairman); Plyler (Vice Chairman); Daughtry (Ranking Minority
Member); Carpenter, Daniel, Goldston, and Odom.
APPROPRIATIONS COMMITTEE
Royall (Chairman); Daniel, Murphy, Parnell, Plyer (Vice Chairmen); Kincaid
(Vice Chairman, and Ranking Minority Member); Ballance, Barker,
Bansight, Block, Bryan, Carpenter, Chalk, Cobb, Cochrance, Conder,
Daughtry, Ezzell, Goldston, Guy, Hardin, Harris, Hunt of Durham, Hunt of
Moore, Johnson of Cabarrus, Johnson of Wake, Kaplan, Martin of Pitt,
Martin of Guilford, Marvin, Odom, Richardson, Sands, Simpson, Speed,
Swain, Taft, Tally, Walker, and Ward.
APPROPRIATIONS-EDUCATION COMMITTEE
Ward (Chairman); Conder (Vice Chairman); Chalk (Ranking Minority
Member); Daniel, Murphy, Simpson, Swain, and Taft.
APPROPRIATIONS-GENERAL GOVERNMENT COMMITTEE
Martin of Guilford (Chairman); Guy (Vice Chairman); Johnson of Cabarrus
(Ranking Minority Member); Block, Hardin, Kaplan, and Speed.
APPROPRIATIONS-HUMAN RESOURCES COMMITTEE
Walker (Chairman); Richardson (Vice Chairman); Cochrane (Ranking
Minority Member); Carpenter, Ezzell, Harris, and Hunt of Durham.
APPROPRIATIONS-JUSTICE AND PUBLIC SAFETY COMMITTEE
Marvin (Chairman); Parnell (Vice Chairman); Cobb (Ranking Minority
Member); Ballance, Bryan, Odom, and Sands.
APPROPRIATIONS-NATURAL AND
ECONOMIC RESOURCES COMMITTEE
Martin of Pitt (Chairman); Barker (Vice Chairman); Kincaid (Ranking
Minority Member); Daughtry, Goldston, Hunt of Moore, Johnson of Wake,
and Tally.
300 North Carolina Manual
BANKS AND THRIFT INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE
Staton (Chairman); Martin of Pitt (Vice Chairman); Kincaid (Ranking
Minority Member); Carpenter, Ezzell, Guy, Harris, Johnson of Cabarrus,
Johnson of Wake, Kaplan, Murphy, Rauch, Shaw, Sherron, Soles, and
Walker.
BASE BUDGET COMMITTEE:
Basnight (Chairman); Daniel, Kincaid, Murphy, Parnell, Plyler (Vice Chair-
men); Simpson (Ranking Minority Member); Ballance, Barker, Block, Bryan,
Carpenter, Chalk, Cobb, Cochrane, Conder, Daughtry, Ezzell, Goldston,
Guy, Hardin, Harris, Hunt of Durham, Hunt of Moore, Johnson of Cabarrus,
Johnson of Wake, Kaplan, Martin of Pitt, Martin of Guilford, Marvin,
Odom, Richardson, Sands, Speed, Swain, Taft, Tally, Walker, and Ward.
CHILDREN AND YOUTH COMMITTEE
Richardson (Chairman); Sands (Vice Chairman); Allran (Ranking Minority
Member); Cochrane, Conder, Johnson of Cabarrus, Martin of Guilford,
Marvin, Speed, Tally, and Ward.
CONSTITUTION COMMITTEE
Ezzell (Chairman); Soles (Vice Chairman); Cochrane (Ranking Minority
Member); Ballance, Barker, Chalk, Daniel, Hardin, Johnson of Cabarrus,
Kaplan, Martin of Guilford, Marvin, Rauch, and Winner.
EDUCATION COMMITTEE
Conder (Chairman); Ward (Vice Chairman); Chalk (Ranking Minority
Member); Basnight, Block, Daughtry, Hardin, Hunt of Durham, Hunt of
Moore, Martin of Guilford, Marvin, Odom, Richardson, Simpson, Taft, Tally,
and Winner.
ELECTION LAWS COMMITTEE
Taft (Chairman); Ballance (Vice Chairman); Bryan (Ranking Minority
Member); Chalk, Hunt of Durham, Kaplan, Murphy, Swain, and Walker.
ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES COMMITTEE
Tally (Chairman); Winner (Vice Chairman); Shaw (Ranking Minority
Member); Barker, Basnight, Cochrane, Daughtry, Hunt of Moore, Johnson
of Cabarrus, Martin of Pitt, Murphy, Odom, Sherron, Taft, and Walker.
FINANCE COMMITTEE
Rauch (Chairman); Goldston, Staton (Vice Chairman); Smith (Vice Chairman
and Ranking Minority Member); Allran, Barker, Basight, Bryan, Carpenter,
Daniel, Daughtry, Harris, Hunt of Moore, Kaplan, Parnell, Plyler, Raynor,
Royall, Shaw, Sherron, Simpson, Soles, Speed, Taft, Walker, Ward, and
Winner.
The Legislative Branch 301
HIGH EDUCATION COMMITTEE
Murphy (Chairman); Royall (Vice Chairman); Cobb (Vice Chairman and
Ranking Minority Member); Cochrane, Conder, Goldston, Martin of Guilford,
Rauch, Smith, Staton, Taft, Tally, and Walker.
HUMAN RESOURCES COMMITTEE
Harris (Chairman); Ezzell, Raynor, Walker (Vice Chairmen); Smith (Ranking
Minority Member); Barker, Bryan, Cochrane, Guy, Kincaid, Martin of
Guilford, Marvin, Richardson, Royall, Speed, and Ward.
INSURANCE COMMITTEE
Parnell (Chairman); Johnson of Wake, Speed (Vice Chairmen); Chalk (Rank-
ing Minority Member) Daniel, Ezzell, Kincaid, Raynor, Richardson, Smith,
Soles, and Taft.
JUDICIARY I COMMITTEE
Swain (Chairman); Daniel (Vice Chairman); Johnson of Cabarrus (Ranking
Minority Member); Ballance, Ezzell, Harris, Odom, Parnell, and Simpson.
JUDICIARY II COMMITTEE
Soles (Chairman); Sands (Vice Chairman); Cobb (Ranking Minority
Member); Daughtry, Martin of Guilford, Raynor, Staton, Tally, and Winner.
JUDICIARY III COMMITTEE
Johnson of Wake (Chairman); Barker (Vice Chairman); Allran (Ranking
Minority Member); Block, Chalk, Hunt of Moore, Marvin, Sherron, and Taft.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND REGIONAL AFFAIRS COMMITTEE
Sands (Chairman); Hunt of Durham, Odom (Vice Chairmen); Shaw (Vice
Chairman and Ranking Minority Member); Allran, Barker, Basnight, Bryan,
Conder, Hunt of Moore, Sherron, and Swain.
MANUFACTURING AND LABOR COMMITTEE
Daniel (Chairman); Block, Harris (Vice Chairmen); Allran (Ranking Minority
Member); Ballance, Goldston, Guy, Johnson of Wake, Kincaid, Martin of
Guilford, Parnell, Rauch, Richardson, Sands, Simpson, and Smith.
MARINE RESOURCES AND WILDLIFE COMMITTEE
Barker (Chairman); Tally (Vice Chairman); Kincaid (Ranking Minority
Member); Basnight, Block, Hardin, Martin of Pit, Odom, Sands, Shaw,
Sharron, and Winner.
PENSIONS AND RETIREMENT COMMITTEE
Block (Chairman); Marvin (Vice Chairman); Bryan (Ranking Minority
Member); Barnes, Basnight, Carpenter, Chalk, Conder, Hardin, Hunt of
Durham, Plyler, Rauch, Royall, Sherron, and Speed.
302 North Carolina Manual
PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMITTEE
Guy (Chairman); Sherron (Vice Chairman); Smith (Ranking Minority
Member); Barker, Cobb, Cochrane, Johnson of Wake, Martin of Pitt, Murphy,
Parnell, Rauch, Raoyall, and Soles.
RULES AND OPERATION OF THE SENATE COMMITTEE
Winner (Chairman); Kaphin (Vice Chairman); Cobb (Ranking Minority
Member), Cochrane, Daniel, Ezzell, Harris, Hunt of Durham, Johnson of
Cabarrus, Johnson of Wake, Kincaid, Marvin, Plyler, Rauch, Raynor, Royall,
Simpson, Soles, Staton, and Ward.
SMALL BUSINESS COMMITTEE
Hunt of Durham (Chairman); Goldson (Vice Chairman); Shaw (Ranking
Minority Member); Allran, Daniel, Plyler, Sands, Speed, and Swain.
STATE GOVERNMENT COMMITTEE
Sherron (Chairman); Swain (Vice Chairman); Simpson (Ranking Minority
Member), Cobb, Daughtry, Harris, Hunt of Durham, Johnson of Wake,
Martin of Pitt, Richardson, and Royall.
STATE PERSONNEL COMMITTEE
Hunt of Moore (Chairman); Taft (Vice Chairman); Simpson (Ranking
Minority Member); Allran, Hardin, Hunt of Durham, Johnson of Wake,
Odom, Sands, Sherron, and Staton.
TRANSPORTATION COMMITTEE
Goldston (Chairman), Basnight, Odom (Vice Chairmen); Smith (Ranking
Minority Member); Bryan, Carpenter, Guy, Kaplan, Murphy, Parnell, Plyler,
Raynor, Shaw, Speed, Staton, and Ward.
VETERAN AFFAIRS, LAW ENFORCEMENT,
AND SENIOR CIZITENS COMMITTEE
Raynor (Chairman); Hunt of Moore (Vice Chairman); Johnson of Cabarrus
(Ranking Minority Member); Block, Carpenter, Guy, Parnell, Richardson,
and Swain.
WAYS AND MEANS COMMITTEE
Plyler (Chairman); Martin of Guilford, Rauch (Vice Chairmen); Shaw (Rank-
ing Minority Member); Basnight, Clark, Cobb, Cochrane, Goldston, Harris,
Hunt of Moore. Kaplan, Kincaid, Martin of Pitt, Marvin, Royall, Sols,
Walker Ward, and Winner.
The Legislative Branch 303
1989 NORTH CAROLINA HOUSE
OF REPRESENTATIVES
Officers
Speaker Josephus L. Mavretic
Speaker Pro Tempore R.D. Beard
Majority Leader Dennis A. Wicker
Minority Leader Johnathan L. Rhyne, Jr.
Majority Whip Milton F. Fitch, Jr.
Minority Whip Charles L. Cromer
Principal Clerk Grace A. Collins
Reading Clerk Sam J. Burrow, Jr.
Sergeant-at-Arms Larry P. Eagles
Representatives
Name Dist. County Address
Abernethy, J. Vernon, Jr. (R) 44th Gaston Belmont
Albertson, Charles W 10th Duphn Beulaville
Anderson, Gerald L 3rd Craven New Bern
Arnold, Steve (R) 28th Guilford High Point
Balmer, David G. (R) 55th Mecklenburg Charlotte
Barbee, Bobby H., Sr., (R) 34th Stanly Locust
Barnes, Anne C 24th Orange Chapel Hill
Barnhill, Howard C 60th Mecklenburg Charlotte
Beall, Charles M 52nd Haywood Clyde
Beard, R.D 18th Cumberland Fayetteville
Blue, Daniel T., Jr 21st Wake Raleigh
Bowen, Edward C 12th Sampson Harrells
Bowie, Joanne W. (R) 27th Guilford Greensboro
Bowman, J. Fred 25th Alamance Burlington
Brawley, C. Robert, Jr. (R) 43rd Iredell Mooresville
Brown, John Walter (R) 41st Wilkes Elkin
Brubaker, Harold J. (R) 38th Randolph Asheboro
Buchanan, Charles F. (R) 46th Mitchell Green Mountain
Burke, Logan 67th Forsyth Winston-Salem
Chapin, Howard B 2nd Beaufort Washington
Church, John T 22nd Vance Henderson
Colton, Marie W 51st Buncombe Asheville
Cooper, Roy A., HI 72nd Nash Rocky Mount
Craven, James M. (R) 31st Moore Pinebluff
Crawford, James W., Jr 22nd Granville Oxford
Crawford, Narvel J., Jr 51st Buncombe Asheville
Creech, Billy J. (R) 20th Johnston Wilson's Mills
Cromer, Charles L. (R) 37th Davidson Thomasville
Gulp, Arlie F., Jr. (R) 30th Randolph Ramseur
Cunningham, W. Pete 59th Mecklenburg Charlotte
Dawkins, Donald M 32nd Richmond Rockingham
Decker, Michael P. (R) 29th Forsyth Walkertown
DeVane, Daniel H 16th Hoke Raeford
Diamont, David H 40th Surry Pilot Mountain
Dickson, W.W.i(R) 44th Gaston Gastonia
Diggs, Lawrence E. (R) 36th Mecklenburg Charlotte
304 North Carolina Manual
Name Dist. County Address
Duncan, Ann Q. (R) 39th Forsyth Pfafftown
Easterling, Ruth M 58th Mecklenburg Charlotte
Edwards, C.R 17th Cumberland Fayetteville
Esposito, Theresa H. (R) 39th Forsyth Winston-Salem
Etheridge, Larry E. (R) 71st Wilson Wilson
Ethridge, Bruce 4th Carteret Beaufort
Fitch, Milton F., Jr 70th Wilson Wilson
Flaherty, David T., Jr. (R) 46th Caldwell Lenoir
Fletcher, Ray C 47th Burke Valdese
Foster, Jo Graham 56th Mecklenburg Charlotte
Fussell, Aaron E 65th Wake Raleigh
Gardner, Charlotte A. (R) 35th Rowan Salisbury
Gibson, Pryor A., Ill 33rd Anson Wadesboro
Gist, Herman C 26th Guilford Greensboro
Grady, Robert (R) 4th Onslow Jacksonville
Greenwood, Gordon H 51st Buncombe Black Mountain
Grimmer, Harry C. (R) 57th Mecklenburg Matthews
Hackney, Joe 24th Orange Chapel Hill
Hall, Alex M 13th New Hanover Wilmington
Hardaway, Thomas C 7th Halifax Enfield
Hasty, John C 16th Robeson Maxton
Hege, Joe H., Jr. (R) 37th Davidson Lexington
Holmes, George M. (R) 41st Yadkin Hamptonville
Holt, Bertha M 25th Alamance Burlington
Howard, JuHa C. (R) 37th Davie Mocksville
Huffman, Doris R. (R) 45th Catawba Newton
Hunt, John J 48th Cleveland Lattimore
Hunt, Judy F 40th Watauga Blowing Rock
Hunt, R. Samuel, HI 25th Alamance Burlington
Hunter, Howard J., Jr 5th Hertford Murfreesboro
Hunter, Robert C 49th McDowell Marion
Hurley, John W 18th Cumberland Fayetteville
Isenhower, W. Stine (R) 45th Catawba Conover
James, Vernon G 1st Pasquotank Elizabeth City
Jeralds, Luther R 17th Cumberland Fayetteville
Jones, Walter B., Jr 9th Pitt Farmville
Justus, Larry T. (R) 50th Henderson Hendersonville
Kennedy, Annie B 66th Forsyth Winston-Salem
Kerr, John H., HI 11th Wayne Goldsboro
Kimsey, Marty E. (R) 53rd Macon Franklin
Lail, Doris L. (R) 44th Lincoln Lincolnton
Ligon, Bradford V. (R) 35th Rowan Salisbury
Lilley, Daniel T 3rd Lenoir Kinston
Lineberry, Albert Sr., 27th Guilford Greensboro
Locks, Sidney A 16th Robeson Lumberton
Loflin, H. Clayton (R) 34th Union Monroe
Lutz, Edith L 48th Cleveland Lawndale
Mavretic, Josephus L 8th Edgecombe Crisp
McLaughlin, John B 54th Mecklenburg Newell
Mercer, Leo 15th Columbus Chadbourn
Michaux, Henry M., Jr 23rd Durham Durham
Miller, George W., Jr 23rd Durham Durham
Mills, W.D 4th Onslow Maysville
Nesbitt, Martin L 51st Buncombe Asheville
Nye, Edd 12th Bladen Elizabethtown
The Legislative Branch 305
Name Dist. County Address
Payne, Harry E., Jr 13th New Hanover Wilmington
Perdue, Beverly M 3rd Craven New Bern
Pope, James A. (R) 61st Wake Raleigh
Privette, Coy C. (R) 34th Cabarrus Kannapolis
Ramsey, Liston B 52nd Madison Marshall
Red wine, E. David 14th Brunswick Shallotte
Rhodes, Frank E. (R) 39th Forsyth Winston-Salem
Rhyne, Johnathan L., Jr. (R) 44th Lincoln Lincolnton
Robinson, George S. (R) 46th Caldwell Lenoir
Rogers, Richard E 6th Martin Williamston
Sizemore, Frank J., HI (R) 27th Guilford Greensboro
Stam, Paul B., Jr. (R) 62nd Wake Apex
Stamey, Peggy 63rd Wake Raleigh
Stewart, Clarence P 19th Harnett Lillington
Tallent, Timothy N. (R) 34th Cabarrus Concord
Tart, John L 11th Wayne Goldsboro
Thompson, Raymond M 1st Chowan Edenton
Thompson, Sharon A 23rd Durham Durham
Walker, Lois S. (R) 42nd Iredell Statesville
Warner, Alex 18th Cumberland Hope Mills
Warren, Edward N 9th Pitt Greenville
Watkins, Wilham T.2 22nd Granville Oxford
Weatherly, John H. (R) 48th Cleveland Kings Mountain
Wicker, Dennis A 19th Lee Sanford
Wilson, Peggy Ann (R) 25th Rockingham Madison
Wilson, William E. (R) 40th Watauga Boone
Windley, Walter H., nP(R) 44th Gaston Gastonia
Wiser, Betty H 64th Wake Raleigh
Wood, Steve W. (R) 28th Guilford High Point
Woodard, Barney Paul 20th Johnston Princeton
'Dickson was appointed by Governor Martin on January 6, 1989, to replace Walter H. Windley.
'^Watkins died August 26, 1989.
'Windley was sworn in as a member of the 1989 General Assembly on January 2, 1989. He
resigned later that same day.
806 North Carolina Manual
Speakers of the House of Representatives
Lower House of the Colonial Assembly
Assembly Representative County
1666 George Catchmaid Albemarle
1672 Valentine Bird [Pasquotank]
1673 [Valentine Bird] [Pasquotank]
1675 Thomas Eastchurch
1677 Thomas Cullen [Chowan]
1679 George Durant [Currituck]
1689 John Nixon [Chowan]
1697/98 John Porter [Bath]
[1703] William Wilkison [Chowan]
1707 Thomas Boyd
1708 Edward Mosely [Chowan]
1709 Richard Sanderson [Currituck]
1711 William Swann [Currituck]
1711/12 Thomas Snoden [Perquimans]
1715/16 Edward Moseley [Chowan]
1720 [Edward Moseley] [Chowan]
1722 Edward Moseley [Chowan]
1723 Edward Moseley [Chowan]
1725-26 Maurice Moore [Perquimans]
John Baptista Ashe Beaufort
1727 [John Baptista Ashe] [Beaufort]
1729 Thomas Swann [Pasquotank]
1731 Edward Moseley Chowan
1733 Edward Moseley Chowan
1734 Edward Moseley Chowan
1735 William Downing Tyrrell
1736-37 William Downing Tyrrell
1738-39 William Downing Tyrrell
1739/40-1740 John Hodgson Chowan
1741 John Hodgson Chowan
1742/43-1744 Samuel Swann Onslow
1744-45 Samuel Swann Onslow
1746 Samuel Swann Onslow
1746/47-1752 Samuel Swann Onslow
1753-54 Samuel Swann Onslow
1754-60 John Campbell Bertie
Samuel Swann Onslow
1760 Samuel Swann Onslow
1761 Samuel Swann Onslow
1762 Samuel Swann Onslow
John Ashe New Hanover
1764-65 John Ashe New Hanover
1766-68 John Harvey Perquimans
1769 John Harvey Perquimans
1770-71 Richard Caswell Craven
1773 John Harvey Perquimans
1773-74 John Harvey Perquimans
1775 John Harvey Perquimans
The Legislative Branch 307
House of Commons
Assembly Representative County
1777 Abner Nash Craven
1778 John Williams Granville
Thomas Benbury Chowan
1779 Thomas Benbury Chowan
1780 Thomas Benbury Chowan
1781 Thomas Benbury Chowan
1782 Thomas Benbury Chowan
1783 Edward Starkey Onslow
1784 (April) Thomas Benbury Chowan
1784 (October) William Blount Craven
1785 Richard Dobbs Spaight Craven
1786-87 John B.Ashe Halifax
1787 John Sitgreaves Craven
1788 John Sitgreaves Craven
1789 Stephen Cabarrus Chowan
1790 Stephen Cabarrus Chowan
1791-92 Stephen Cabarrus Chowan
1792-93 Stephen Cabarrus Chowan
1793-94 John Leigh Edgecombe
1794-95 Timothy Bloodworth New Hanover
1795 John Leigh Edgecombe
1796 John Leigh Edgecombe
1797 Musendine Matthews Iredell
1798 Musendine Matthews Iredell
1799 Musendine Matthews Iredell
1800 Stephen Cabarrus Chowan
1801 Stephen Cabarrus Chowan
1802 Stephen Cabarrus Chowan
1803 Stephen Cabarrus Chowan
1804 Stephen Cabarrus Chowan
1805 Stephen Cabarrus Chowan
1806 John Moore Lincoln
1807 Joshua Grainger Wright New Hanover
1808 Joshua Grainger Wright New Hanover
William Gaston Craven
1809 Thomas Davis Cumberland
1810 William Hawkins Granville
1811 William Hawkins Granville
1812 WilHam Miller Warren
1813 William Miller Warren
1814 William Miller Warren
1815 John Craig Orange
1816 Thomas Ruffins Orange
James Iredell Chowan
1817 James Iredell, Jr Chowan
1818 James Iredell, Jr Chowan
1819 Romulus M. Saunders Caswell
1820 Romulus M. Saunders Caswell
1821 James Mebane Orange
1822 John D. Jones New Hanover
1823-24 Alfred Moore Brunswick
1824-25 Alfred Moore Brunswick
1825-26 John Stanly Craven
1826-27 John Stanly Craven
1827-28 James Iredell, Jr Chowan
308 North Carolina Manual
Assembly Representative County
1828-29 Thomas Settle Rockingham
1829-30 WiUiam J. Alexander Mecklenburg
1830-31 Charles Fisher Rowan
1831-32 Charles Fisher Rowan
1832-33 Louis D. Henry Cumberland
1833-34 William J. Alexander Mecklenburg
1834-35 William J. Alexander Mecklenburg
1835 William D. Haywood, Jr Wake
1836-37 William H. Haywood, Jr Wake
1838-39 William A. Graham Orange
1840-41 William A. Graham Orange
Robert B. Gilliam Granville
1842-43 Clavin Graves Caswell
1844-45 Edward Stanly Beauford
1846-47 Edward Stanly Beauford
Robert B. Gilliam Granville
1848-49 Robert B. Gilliam Granville
1850-51 James C. Dobbs Cumberland
1852 John Baxter Henderson
1854-55 Samuel P. Hill Caswell
1856-57 Jesse G. Shepherd Cumberland
1858-59 Thomas Settle, Jr Rockingham
1860-61 William T. Dortch Wayne
Nathan N. Fleming Rowan
1862-64 Robert B. GilUam Granville
Richard S. Donnell Beaufort
Marmaduke S. Robbins Randolph
1864-65 Richard S. Donnel Beaufort
1865-66 Samuel F. Phillips Orange
1866-67 Rufus Y. McAden Alamance
House of Representatives*
Assembly Representative County
1868 Joseph W. Holden Wake
1869-70 Joseph W. Holden Wake
1870 Thomas J. Jarvis Tyrrell
1872 James L. Robinson Macon
1874-75 James L. Robinson Macon
1876-77 Charles Price Davie
1879 John M. Moring Chatham
1881 Charles M. Cooke Franklin
1883 George M. Rose Cumberland
1885 Thomas M. Holt Alamance
1887 John R. Webster Rockingham
1889 Augustus Leazar Iredell
1891 Rufus A. Doughton Alleghany
1893 Lee S. Overman Rowan
1895 ZebV. Walser Davidson
1897 A.F. Hileman Cabarrus
1899-1900 Henry G. Connor Wilson
1901 Walter E. Moore Jackson
1903 S. M. Gattis Orange
The Legislative Branch 309
Assembly Representative County
1905 OwenH. Guion Craven
1907 E. J. Justice Guilford
1909 A.W.Graham Granville
1911 W. C. Dowd Mecklenburg
1913 George Connor Wilson
1915 Emmett R. Wooten Lenoir
1917 Walter Murphy Rowan
1919 Dennis G. Brummitt Granville
1921 Harry P. Grier Iredell
1923-24 John G. Dawson Lenoir
1925 Edgar W. Pharr Mecklenburg
1927 Richard T. Fountain Edgecombe
1929 A. H. Graham Orange
1931 Willis Smith Wake
1933 R. L. Harris Person
1935-36 Robert Johnson Pender
1937 R. Gregg Cherry Gaston
1939 D.L.Ward Craven
1941 0. M. Mull Cleveland
1943 John Kerr, Jr Warren
1945 Oscar L. Richardson Union
1947 Thomas J. Pearsall Nash
1949 Kerr Craig Ramsay Rowan
1951 W. Frank Taylor Wayne
1953 Eugene T. Bost, Jr Cabarrus
1955-56 Larry L Moore, Jr Wilson
1957 James K. Doughton Alleghany
1959 Addison Hewlett New Hanover
1961 Joseph M. Hunt, Jr Guilford
1963 H. Clifton Blue Moore
1965-66 H. Patrick Taylor, Jr Anson
1967 David M.Britt Robeson
1969 Earl W. Vaughn Rockingham
1971 Philip P. Godwin Gates
1973-74 James E. Ramsey Person
1975-76 James C.Green Bladen
1977-78 Carl J. Stewart, Jr Gaston
1979-80 Carl J. Stewart, Jr Gaston
1981-82 Liston B. Ramsey Madison
1983-84 Liston B. Ramsey Madison
1985-86 Liston B. Ramsey Madison
1987-88 Liston B. Ramsey Madison
1989-90 Josephus L. Mavretic Edgecombe
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North Carolina Manual
%
The Legislative Branch 311
Josephus Lyman Mavretic
SPEAKER
(Democrat - Edgecombe County)
Eighth Representative District - Edgecombe (part) and Nash (part) Counties.
Early Years: Born in Powells Point, Currituck County, July 29, 1934, to
Joseph M. (deceased) and Virginia (Bateman) Mavretic.
Education: New Bern High School; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1956, A.B.
(English); George Washington University, 1972, M.S. (Political Science,
International Affairs); Naval War College, distinguished graduate, 1972.
Professional Background: Retired military officer.
Organizations: Rotary Club of Tarboro; Retired Officers Association;
American Legion Post 58; Marine Corps Aviation Association; Director,
Edgecombe County chapter, American Red Cross; Phi Gamma Delta; Loyal
Order of the Moose; Scouting Coordinator, Cub Scout Pack 96; Director,
American Cancer Society (NC division); Director, Edgecombe County
Historic Preservation Fund; Director, NC Museum of History Associates.
Boards: Director, NC Council on Alcoholism; Steering Committee, NC
Educational Policy Seminars; former Chairman, Laurel Bay School Board;
former Director, First Carolina Bank.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1980 (ap-
pointed to fill vacancy created by resignation of James Ezzell), 1981-82,
1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989 (elected Speaker January 11, 1989.)
Military Service: Served, US Marine Corps, 1956-77 (Lieutenant Colonel);
300 combat missions in Vietnam; 3000 flight hours in fighter aircraft;
Bronze Star with Combat "V".
Religious Activities: Member, St. James United Methodist Church;
(President, Methodist Men's Club, 1981; Administrative Board, 1981; Finance
Committee, 1980.)
Family: Married, Laura Kranifeld, of Greenville, Tennessee, June, 1988.
Child: Michael.
312
North Carolina Manual
Rayford Donald Beard
SPEAKER PRO TEMPORE
(Democrat - Cumberland County)
Eighteenth Representative District -
Cumberland (part) County.
Early Years: Born in Beard, Cum-
berland County, March 24, 1923, to
William A. and Lola (Maxwell)
Beard.
Education: Central High School,
1942; Advanced Business and In-
surance Studies.
Professional Background: In-
surance (Retired).
Organizations: Lions Club;
Masonic Order; Shriner; Scottish
Rite; Past member and officer of
Insurance Professional Associations; Past President of National Conference
of Insurance Legislators.
Boards: Governmental Operations Commission.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1975-Present
(8 Terms); Speaker Pro Tem, 1989-90.
Religious Activities: Member, Snyder Memorial Baptist Church; Sunday
School Teacher; Deacon 1950-; former Chairman, Deacon, Church Moderator,
1960.
Family: Married, Katherine Smith, July 30, 1944. Children: Linda B. Kay,
Kathy B. Allen and Don, Jr. Grandchildren: Dave Kay, Jennifer Kay,
Brooke Allen, Lynn Allen.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Ethics.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base Budget and Expansion
Budget on Capital Outlay and Special Programs); Commerce (Subcommittee
on Insurance).
The Legislative Branch
313
Dennis Alvin Wicker
MAJORITY LEADER
(Democrat - Lee County)
Nineteenth Representative District -
Harnett and Lee Counties.
Early Years: Born in Sanford, Lee
County, June 14, 1952, to J. Shelton
and Clarice (Burns) Wicker.
Education: UNC-Chapel Hill,
1974, B.A.; Wake Forest University,
1978, J.D.
Profession: Attorney (firm of Love
and Wicker, P.A.).
Organizations: NC, NC State and
American Bar Associations; Academy
of Trial Lawyers; Rotary Club.
Political Activities: Member, NC
House of Representatives, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88; 1989 (Majority
Leader).
Religious Activities: Member, St. Luke Methodist Church, Sanford;
Administrative Board.
Family: Married Alisa O'Quinn of Mamers, North Carolina on November,
1982. Children: Quinn Edward and Jackson Dennis (Twins).
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Infrastructure Subcommittee on Solid Waste.
Vice Chairman: Infrastructure.
Member: Ethics; Finance (Subcommittee on Way and Means); Judiciary
(Subcommittee on Law and Public Safety).
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North Carolina Manual
Johnathan L. Rhyne, Jr.
MINORITY LEADER
(Republican - Lincoln County)
Forty-fourth Representative District -
Gaston and Lincoln Counties.
Early Years: Born in Charlotte,
Mecklenburg County, June 6, 1955,
to Johnathan L. and Marian Lavinia
(Stowe) Rhyne, Sr.
Education: Lincolnton High
School, 1973; Davidson College, 1977,
B.A. (Sociology); Campbell University
SchoolofLaw, 1981, J.D.
Professional Background: Attor-
ney (partner, firm of Jonas, Jonas
and Rhyne).
Organizations: Lincoln County,
NC, NC State and American Bar Associations; Secretary-Treasurer, Judicial
District 27B, 1984.
Boards: N.C. Courts Commission 1985-, (Chairman, 1986-); Joint Legisla-
tive Commission on Governmental Operations.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-86,
1987-88, 1989-; Minority Leader 1989; Lincoln County Republican Party
(Secretary, 1984).
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church, Lincolnton;
Board of Deacons, 1971-73, 1982-84 (Chairman, 1984). Elder (1985-)
Family: Married, Martha Jayne Cameron of Dunn, August 2, 1980.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice-Chairman: Rules, Appointments, and the Calendar..
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Natural and Economic Resources); Finance (Subcommittee on Revenue
Laws.)
The Legislative Branch
315
Milton F. Fitch, Jr.
MAJORITY WHIP
(Democrat-Wilson County)
Seventieth Representative District-
Edgecombe (part), Nash (part), and
Wilson (part) Counties.
Early Years: Born in Wilson,
Wilson County, October 20, 1946, to
Milton Frederick and Cora (Whitted)
Fitch.
Education: C.H. Darden High
School, 1964; NC Central University,
1968, B.S.; NC Central University,
SchoolofLaw, 1972, J.D.
Professional Background: Attor-
ney.
Political Activities: Member, NC
House of Representatives, 1985-86, 1987-88 and 1989-.
Religious Activities: Member, Jackson Chapel Baptist Church, Wilson.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Public Employees.
Member: Ethics; Finance (Subcommittee on Ways & Means); Human Re-
sources, (Subcommittee on Housing & Social Services); Pensions & Retire-
ment; Rules, Appointments and the Calendar.
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North Carolina Manual
^^^
Charles Lemuel Cromer
MINORITY WHIP
(Republican - Davidson County)
Thirty-seventh District - Davidson, Davie
and Iredell (part) Counties.
Early Years: Born in High Point,
Guilford County, January 27, 1939,
to Charles Norman and Wilma
(Duggins) Cromer.
Education: High Point High
School, 1957; Sandhills Community
College, 1972, A. A. with honors;
UNC-Chapel Hill, 1972, B.A. with
honors; Wake Forest University,
School of Law, 1975, J.D., cum
laude.
Professional Background: Attor-
ney, 1977-; law teacher, Davidson Com-
munity College, 1975-82; associate, firm of Morgan, Post Herring & Morgan,
1975-77; insurance adjustor, 1967-71.
Organizations: NC and 22nd Judicial Bar Associations; Director and
charter member. Parent to Parent; Director, Association for Retarded Citizens;
Director, High Point Rescue Squad; Director, High Point Kindergarten for
the Handicapped; Thomasville Rotary; Legislative Study Commissions:
Medical Malpractice and Liability; Adolescent Pregnancy and Prematurity
Prevention; Children With Special Needs. Statewide Family Planning Coun-
cil; Adolescent Pregnancy and Prematurity Prevention Advisory Board;
State Task Force on Services.
Political Acitivities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-86,
1987-88, 1989-. (Republican Whip); RepubHcan National Convention, 1988.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1962-65 (Sp-4).
Honors: American Jurisprudence awards and Law Review invitation,
School of Law , Wake Forest University; 1985 Legislator of the Year (High
Point, Assoc, for Retarded Citizens).
Religious Activities: Member, First United Methodist Church, High
Point; Chairman, Estate Committee; Finance Committee; class president,
1980.
Family: Married, Sheila Sue Whitlow of High Point. Children: Tonja
Dawn and Ashley Nicole.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Judiciary Subcommittee on Courts & Administrative Hearings
Vice-Chairman: Judiciary
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Human Resources); Finance
(Subcommittee on State Revenue); Human Resources (Subcommitte on Health
& Disease Prevention); Rules, Appointments and the Calendar.
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317
Jack Vernon Abernethy
(Republican - Gaston County)
Forty-fourth Representative District -Gaston
and Lincoln Counties.
Early Years: Born in Charlotte,
Mecklenburg County, February 25, 1945,
to Jack V. and Vilanta (Jackson)
Abernethy.
Education: Graduated Belmont High
School, 1963; Western Carolina Univer-
sity, B.S., 1974 (Business Administration,
Accounting Concentration); Certified
Public Accountant, 1984.
Professional Background: Certified
Public Accountant
Organizations: NC Association of CPA'S, 1984-; National Association of
Accounting, 1974- (Administrative VP, Gaston Chapter, 1984-85).
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1987-88,
1989-.
Military: Served, U.S. Navy, E-4, 1968-71; Reserves, 1971-73; Honorable
Discharge.
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church.
Family: Married, Marcia Tarpley, of Mount Holly, June 23, 1973.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Infrastructure (Subcommittee on Railways, Airports & Water-
ways).
Vice Chairman: Infrastructure.
Member: Basic Resources (Subcommittee on Water, Air and Soil); Com-
merce (Subcommittee on Business, Labor & Employment); Finance (Subcom-
mittee on Revenue Laws).
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North Carolina Manual
Charles W. Albertson
(Democrat - Duplin County)
Tenth Representative District - Duplin and
Jones Counties
Early Years: Born in Beulaville,
Duplin County, January 4, 1932, to James
Edward and Mary Elizabeth (Norris)
^^^^^^ Albertson.
f ^^\ ^I^^^^H Education: Beulaville Elementary and
^H ^^^^^^^^ High School, 1938-1950; attended James
^H fl^^^^^^l Sprunt Community College.
^H ^fe^^^^^H Professional Background: Farmer;
^m ^K^^^m Retired PPQ officer of USDA; Profes-
^^" ^^^^^^^^* sional musician; Songwriter and
publisher.
Organizations: Beulaville Investors Club; North Carolina Farm Bureau;
Co-coordinator Yokefellow Prison Ministry, 1978-80; Chairman, Duplin
County Red Cross Fund Drive, 1980; Duplin Rural Development Panel (Food
and Agriculture Council), 1980-87; Duplin County Fair Committee, 1982.
Boards: James Sprunt Community College, Board of Trustees, 1977-,
Chairman of Board 1986-; James Sprunt Community College Foundation,
Board of Directors, 1980-; Duplin County Agriculture-Business Council, 1980-
(President, 1981); Duplin County Arts Council Board of Directors, 1977-79;
Chairman, James Sprunt Community College Foundation; 1983-86.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1989-.
Military Service: Served, US Air Force, 1951-52.
Honors: Two Certificates of Esteem from US Defense Department for
entertaining troops in 26 countries; Duplin County Board of Commissioners
proclaimed Charlie Albertson Day, May 25, 1975; Long Leaf Pine Award;
Award for writing song for USDA APHIS.
Literary Works/Publications: Has written and published several
songs; Wrote promotional song for NCDA, "Goodness Grows in North
Carolina."
Religious Activities: Member, Beulaville Presbyterian Church; Deacon,
1972-77; Elder, 1978-83, 1984-86, 1988-; Sunday school teacher; Choir member;
Former President, Wilmington Presbyterian Men's Council; Former Vice-
President, NC Synod Men's Council.
Family: Married, Elma, "Grace" Sholar, February 15, 1953. Children:
Randy Lee and Pamela (Albertson) Darnell.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Basic Resources (Subcommittee on Agriculture, Forestry and
Horticulture); Finance (Subcommittee on State Revenue); Human Resources
(Subcommittee on Aging, Medicaid & Facility Services).
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319
Gerald L. Anderson
(Democrat - Craven County)
Third Representative District - Craven,
Lenoir, and Pamlico Counties.
Early Years: Born in Craven County,
June 29, 1939, to Noah L. and Hazel
(Rowe) Anderson.
Education: New Bern High School,
1958; Deaver Realty Institute, 1974;
Realtors Institute, Chapel Hill.
Profession: Businessman (Forestry,
logging and real estate interests).
Boards: Director, Craven County Com-
mittee of 100; New Bern-Craven County
Chamber of Commerce; New Bern Board of Realtors; North Carolina
National Bank Board; Board of Trustees, Mount Olive College.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1980-Present
(6 Terms); Commissioner, Craven County, 1978-80.
Religious Activities: Member, Tabernacle Baptist Church.
Family: Married, Marie Stilley, January 25, 1959. Children: Teresa, Tina,
Jerry, Lisa and Josh.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Justice and Public Safety);
Basic Resources (Subcommittee on Marine Fisheries); Government (Subcom-
mittee on Local Government I)..
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North Carolina Manual
Stephen George Arnold
Republican - Guilford County
Twenty-Eighth Representative District -
Guilford County
Early Years: Born in Chicago, Illinois,
July 12, 1961, to Dr. Gordon and Rosalie
(Fowler) Arnold.
Education: Andrews High School,
1979; Capernwray Bible School, 1980
(England); UNC-Greensboro, 1984, B. A.
Professional Background: Land-
scape contractor; Land Developer; Owner,
Arnold Landscaping.
Political Activities: Member, N. C.
House of Representatives, 1989-; City of High Point City Council 1985-1988.
Honors: Eagle Scout.
Religious Activities: Member, Westover Presbyterian Church, Greens-
boro.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairnian:Public Employees Subcommittee on Benefits.
Member:Education (Subcommittee on Educational Activities of State
Agencies); Finance (Subcommittee on Local Revenues); Government (Sub-
committee on Local Government H).
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321
David Gregory Balmer
(Republican - Mecklenbury County)
Fifty-F'ifth Representative District -
Mecklenburg County.
Early Years: Born in Charlotte,
Mecklenburg County, April U, 1962, to
John Morrison and Diane (Foster)
Balmer.
Education: The Hill School, 1981
(Pottstown, PA); UNC-Chapel Hill, 1984,
BA; Wake Forest Law School, 1988, JD.
Professional Background: Attorney
Organizations: Member, American
Cancer Society; Former member. Delta
Upsilon Fraternity, (Vice President, 1982-83).
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives 1989- ; NC
Federation of College Republications, (State Vice Chairman, 1984); Students
for Jim Martin for Congress, (Statewide Director, 9th District, 1982); Students
for Jim Martin for Governor, (Statewide Chairman, 1984); Assistant Press
Secretary, Governor Jim Martin, 1985.
Religious Activities: Member, Calvary Church, Charlotte.
Family: Married, Mary Kay Smith, July 30, 1988.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Judiciary Subcommittee on Law Enforcement & Public
Safety.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Highway Fund); Infrastructure (Subcommittee on Utilities).
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North Carolina Manual
Bobby Harold Barbee, Sr.
(Republican - Stanly County)
Thirty-F'ourth Representative District -
Cabarrus, Stanly, and Union Counties.
Early Years: Born in Locust, Stanly
County, November 24, 1927, to Relus W.
and Joy (Hartsell) Barbee.
Education: Locust Elementary; Stan-
field High School, Graduated 1945.
Professional Background: Barbee
Insurance and Associates, Owner.
Organizations: West Stanly Colt
Club, President, 1982-1985; West Stanly
High School Advisory Board Member,
1986-87; Stanly County Community Schools Advisory Board Member, 1986-
87; Former Member, Locust Elementary P.T.A., President, 1964-66, 1984-85.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1987-88,
1989-; Stanly County Republican Men's Club.
Military: Served, Army Air Force, 1945-47; Basic Training, Sharp Shooter.
Religious Activities: Member, Carolina Presbyterian Church; Deacon,
1985-present; Music Director for Congregation; Missionary Trips (Africa,
Indonesia and Martinique).
Family: Married, Jacqueline Pethel, of Kannapolis, August 12, 1962.
Children: Tammy, Michelle, Crystal, Julie and Bobby, Jr..
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion
Budget on Highway Fund); Government (Subcommittee on State Govern-
ment & Properties).
Member: Public Employees (Subcommittee on Benefits); Rules, Appoint-
ments and the Calendar.
The Legislative Branch
323
Anne Craig Barnes
(Democrat - Orange County)
(Twenty-fourth Representative District -
Chatham (part) and Orange Counties.
Early Years: Born in Gaston County,
March 29, 1932, to George Hoyle Craig
and Jessie Tarlton.
Education: Mount Holly High School,
1950.
Professional Background: Legis-
lator, homemaker, former ballet in-
structor.
Organizations: NC Merchants
Association (Board of Directors);
Women's Forum of NC; NC Equity Inc.
Boards: Chairman, Special Committee on Prisons; Juvenile Law Study
Commission; NC Child Support Enforcement Council; Orange County Board
of Social Services, 1978-81; National Association of Counties, 1978-81; Orange
County Council on Aging, 1978-80; Chapel Hill Charter Commission, 1973-
74; Chapel Hill Recreation and Parks Commission, 1969-72 (Chairman, 1970-
82); Southern Legislative Conference Committee member since 1983.
Political Activites: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1981 -present
(Five terms); Orange County Democratic Party (Executive Committee, 1969-
76; Chairman 1974-76; Vice Chairman, 1972-74); delegate to county, district
and state conventions, 1969-82; Commissioner, Orange County 1978-81;
Carter-Mondale campaign staff, 1980; Executive Committee, NC Democratic
Party, 1974-78; delegate, National Convention, 1974.
Honors: Orange County "Distinguished Democrat", 1976; 1989 President's
Award, NC Child Support Council, 1989; Leadership Award, NC Alternative
Sentencing Award.
Religious Activities: Deacon, 1977-80.
Family: Married, Billy Ebert Barnes, July 19, 1952. Children: Billy, Jr.
and Betsy.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice-Chairman: Judiciary Subcommittee on Corrections.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Justice and Public Safety); Education (Subcommittee on The University
of North Carolina); Human Resources (Subcommittee on Mental Health,
Exceptional and Gifted People).
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North Carolina Manual
Howard Clinton Barnhill
(Democrat - Mecklenburg County)
Sixtieth Representative District -
Mecklenburg (part) County.
Early Years: Born in Greenville, Pitt
County, February 7, 1916, to Lonnie C.
and Josephine (Staton) Barnhill.
Education: Epps High School, 1934;
NC A&T State University, 1938, B.S.;
NC Central University, 1948, M.S (Public
Health); UNC- Chapel Hill, School of
Public Health, graduate studies.
Professional Background: Retired
educator (former Clinical Professor,
School of Public Health, UNC-Chapel Hill); public health educator,
Mecklenburg County Health Department; Director, Health Education Centers
Program, School of Public Health, UNC-Chapel Hill.
Organizations: Charlotte-Mecklenburg Community Relations Committee,
1983-; Charlotte Club, 1983-; Marketing Task Force, Charlotte Drug Education
Center, 1984-; Charlotte Medical Society, 1957-; Dimensions for Charlotte-
Mecklenburg Committee, 1973-74; Citizens Advisory Committee on Urban
Renewal and Community Improvement, Charlotte, 1965-72.
Boards: Member, Charlotte Area Fund, Inc., 1984-; Charlotte-Mecklenburg
School Health Advisory Council, 1984-; Mecklenburg County Health and
Hospital Council Board, 1973-76; Board of Governors, UNC System of
Higher Education, 1972-73; Trustee, NC A&T State University, 1969-72;
Trustee, Florence Crittenton Services, 1965-71.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-86,
1987-88, 1989-; Governor's Task Force on Organization for the Delivery of
Primary Health Services, 1969-70.
Military Service: Served, US Air Force, 1942-46 (Staff Sergeant);
American Theatre Service Medal; Pacific Service Medal; Good Conduct
Medal; World War II Victory Medal.
Honors: Laurel Wreath, Kappa Alpha Psi; Distinguished Service to
Higher Education, NC A&T State University, 1980; Merit Award, 1976 and
Twenty -five Years Service Award, 1977, NC Public Health Association;
Excellence Award, 1973 and Twelve Years Service Award, 1965, NC A&T
State University Alumni Association; Religious and Civic Service Award,
St. Paul's Baptist Church, 1965; Outstanding Service in the Field of Health
Education, Scorpian Club, 1965; Meritorious Community Service Award,
Opportunity Foundation, Inc., 1965.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist-West Church, Charlotte;
Sunday School Teacher, 1972-; Board of Directors, 1967-76.
The Legislative Branch 325
Family: Married, Lois Clay of Roxboro, March 27, 1948. Children: Howard
C, Jr. and Angela C.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Public Employees Subcommittee on Benefits.
Vice-Chairman: Public Employees.
Member: Appropriations, (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on General Government); Education (Subcommittee on Elementary and
Secondary); Human Resources (Subcommittee on Housing and Social
Services); New Licensing Board.
326
North Carolina Manual
Charles Millwee Beall
(Democrat - Haywood County)
Fifty-second Representative District -Graham
(part), Haywood, Jackson, Madison and
Swain Counties.
Early Years: Born in Asheville,
Buncombe County, October 20, 1920, to
Charles M. and Nina P. (Morgan) Beall.
Education: Bethel High School, 1936;
Brevard College, 1937-38; Haywood Com-
munity College.
Professional Background: Inven-
tory controller. Champion Paper.
Organizations: Pigeon River Lodge
No. 386, Mason (Past Master); Asheville Consistory Scottish Rite, 32nd
Degree; Vaner-Rhinehart Post, American Legion; Canton Chapter, York Rite
Masons (past High Priest).
Boards: Commission on the Future of N.C., 1982; Commission on Manu-
factured Housing, 1982; Revenue Laws Committee, 1981; Judicial Nominating
Committee, 1981; Committee for a Comprehensive Study of the Property Tax
System in N.C., 1983-85; Member of the Legislative Research Commission's
Study Committee on the Insurance Laws and Regulation of Insurance
Industry, 1983; Local Government Advocacy Council 1983-86; Emergency
Medical Services Advisory Council, 1985-88; Liaison from 11th Congressional
District to Southern Legislative Conference of the Council of State Govern-
ments 1985; House Co-Chairman of the Legislative Research Commission's
study on Itinerant Merchants 1985; House Co-Chairman of the Legislative
Research Commission's study on Outdoor Advertising, 1985; Special Com-
mittee to Study the Department of Transportation 1985-87; House Co-chair-
man of the Legislative Research Commission's study on Uniform System of
Voting Machines, 1986; Cafeteria-Style Benefits Study Commission, 1985;
Member of the Legislative Research Commission's study on Veterans
Cemeteries, 1986; North Carolina Farmworker Council 1986-87; Subcom-
mittee of the House of Representatives to determine agricultural needs of the
farmers of NC 1986; House Subcommittee to study Utilities Commission
Staff, 1986; Committee on Employee Hospital and Medical Benefits, 1987;
Alternate Representative of the North Carolina House of Representatives to
the State-Federal Assembly Committee on Commerce, Labor & Regulation of
the National Conference of State Legislatures, 1987; Rural Economic Develop-
ment Center, Inc.'s Board of Directors, 1987; Joint Select Committee on
Economic Growth, 1987; Chairman, Haywood County Board of Elections,
eight years; Co Chairman, Property Tax Appraisal Study Commission, 1987;
NC Advisory Council, Eastern Band of the Cherokee, 1988.
The Legislative Branch 327
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1981-present
(five terms); Chairman, Haywood County Democratic Executive Committee,
six years; delegate. National Democratic Convention, 1980; Chairman,
Vance-Aycock Banquet, 1980; Board of Alderman, Town of Canton, two
terms.
Military Service: Served, USAAF (Corporal); Air Transport Command;
World War II; Good Conduct Medal; American Theater Operations Medal.
Honors: NC State AFL-CIO "A Friend of the Working People" Award,
1989.
Religious Activities: Member, Central United Methodist Church; Sunday
School Teacher; Chairman, Administrative Board, 1978-88; former Finance
Chairman; former Lay Leader and Treasurer, 1988-.
Family: Married, Margaret Jewell Rhinehart, January 19, 1954. Children:
Anna K., Cynthia H. (Beall) Hyatt and Margaret F. (Beall) Pollock.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on General Government); Basic Resources (Subcommittee on Water, Air and
Soil); Government (Subcommittee on Local Government II).
328
North Carolina Manual
Daniel Terry Blue, Jr.
(Democrat - Wake County
Twenty-First Representative District -Wake
County.
Early Years: Born in Lumberton,
Robeson County, April 18, 1949, to Daniel
Terry and Allene (Morris) Blue, Sr.
Education: Oak Ridge High School,
1966; NCCU, 1970, B.S. (Mathematics);
Duke University, School of Law, 1973,
J.D.; certificate. National Institute for
Trial Advocacy, 1977.
Professional Background: Attorney
(managing partner, firm of Thigpen,
Blue, Stephens & Fellers, 1976-; associate, firm of Sanford, Adams,
McCullough & Beard, 1973-76); faculty. National Institute for Trial Advocacy,
1983.
Organizations: American, NC and Wake County (former member. Execu-
tive Committee) Bar Associations; American Associations of Trial Lawyers;
Board of Governors, NC Academy of Trial Lawyers; NC Association of
Black Lawyers; Duke Law Alumni Council; Raleigh-Wake Citizens Associa-
tion; Kiwanis; Alpha Phi Alpha; former President, Triangle Chapter, Ameri-
can Red Cross.
Boards: East Raleigh Citizens Advisory Council; Director, East Central
Community Legal Services, (past President); Wake County Council on Aging;
Director, NC Center for Public Policy Research; NC Courts Commission; NC
Criminal Code Commission; Board of Visitors, Duke University Law School;
Director, NCNB Community Development Corporation; Z Smith Reynolds
Foundation (Advisory Board).
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1981-82,
1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-; Wake YDC; NC Democratic Black Leader-
ship Caucus; Chairman, NC Legislative Black Caucus, 1984-; former mem-
ber, State Democratic Executive Committee; former Committeeman, Raleigh
Precinct 39; former Chairman, Raleigh Precinct 28; permanent Chairman,
Wake County Democratic Convention, 1979; Chairman, Wake County Demo-
cratic Campaign, 1978; active in Democratic politics on all levels; NC
campaign coordinator for Mondale-Farrero, 1984; Chairman, NC Jackson
campaign, 1988; NC Co-Chairman, Dukakis-Bensen, 1988.
Honors: Humanitarian Award, Sigma Gamma Rho Sorority, 1977; Man
of the Year Award, Boyer Consistory, Prince Hall Masons, 1980; distinguish-
ed Public Service Award, Shaw University, 1981; Man of the Year Award,
Omega Psi Phi Fraternity, 1981; Citizen of the Year Award, Kappa Alpha
Psi Fraternity, 1981; Third Annual Heritage Award, Shaw University, 1981;
Outstanding Legislator Award, North Carolina Association of Trial
The Legislative Branch 329
Lawyers, 1985; Outstanding Legislator Award, Lawyers; Outstanding Com-
munity Service Award, 1985, North Carolina Black Lawyers Association;
Outstanding State Representative Community Mental Health, Mental Re-
tardation and Substance Abuse Programs, 1985; Distinguished Service
Award, Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, 1985; Marjorie Lee Brown Distinguished
Alumni Lecturer, North Carolina Central University Department of Mathe-
matics, 1986; Special Recognition Award, North Carolina Association for
Home Care, 1986; Outstanding Service Award, North Carolina Society for
Autistic Adults & Children, 1986; Kelly Alexander, Sr., Humanitarian
Award, NC Conference of Branches of NAACP, 1986; Appreciation Award,
NC Alliance for the Mentally 111, 1986; Outstanding Public Service Award,
Vance County Black Caucus, 1987; Outstanding Service Award, Garner
Road YMCA, 1987; Annual Achievement Award, North CaroHna A. Philip
Randolph Institute, 1987; Recognition Award, Martin Street Baptist Church,
1987; Recognition Award, Martin Luther King Celebration Committee, 1987;
Man of the Year Award, Mid Atlantic Region Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority,
1987.
Religious Activities: Member, Davie St. Presbyterian Church, Elder.
Family: Married, Edna Earle Smith, January 26, 1972. Children:Daniel
Terry, III, Kanika and Dhamian.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Judiciary Subcommittee on Law Enforcement & Public Safety.
Vice Chairman: Judiciary.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Education); Infrastructure (Subcommittee on Highways); Rules, Appoint-
ments and the Calendar.
330
North Carolina Manual
Edward C. Bowmen
Democrat-Sampson County)
Twelfth Representative District-Bladen,
Sampson and Pender (part) Counties.
Early Years: Born in Sampson Coun-
ty, June 15, 1923, to Allie Deen Bowen
and Sadie Florence Peterson.
Education: Graduated Franklin High
School, 1940.
Professional Background: Legis-
lator.
Boards: Sampson County Planning
Development Board, 1978-80; Franklin
High School Board, fl950-54; Union High
School Board, 1968-72.
Political Activities: Served, NC House of Representatives, 1982 (ap-
pointed September 22, 1982 to replace Ron Taylor), 1983-84, 1987-88, 1989-.
Military Service: Served in Merchant Marines, 1944-46.
Family: Married, Lola M. Owen, November 25, 1948; Children: Kathryn
Bowen Thutt; John Graham Bowen; Lola Elizabeth Bowen; and William
Lloyd Bowen.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Basic Resources (Subcommittee on Wildlife, Natural and Scenic
Areas); Finance (Subcommittee on Revenue Laws); Government (Subcom-
mittee on Local Government I); Public Employees (Subcommittee on Per-
sonnel Polices).
The Legislative Branch
331
Joanne Walker Bowie
(Republican - Guilford County)
Twenty-Seventh Representative District -
Guilford County
Early Years: Born in Terre Haute,
Indiana, June 18, to Phillip and lona
(Brown) Walker.
Education: West Virginia University,
B.A. (Journalism & English); West
Virginia University. M.S. (Communica-
tion-Visual Aides).
Professional Background: Public
Relations Specialist; Extension News
Editor, West Virginia University; Com-
munications Specialist, U. S. Department of Agriculture; Former School
Teacher.
Organizations: Former member, Guilford County Medical Auxiliary,
(President, 1982); Greensboro Chamber of Commerce (Board of Directors,
1986); Mother's March, March of Dimes (Chairman of Local March, 1974-75).
Boards: Former member. State Board of Community Colleges, 1985;
Former member. National League of Municipalities Administration Commis-
sion; Former member, Guilford County Convention and Visitors Board;
Former Trustee, Guilford Technical and Community College, 1978-1985.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives 1989-; Former
member, Greensboro City Council, 1977-1988; Member, Guilford County
Republican Women's Club.
Religious Activities: Member, Saint Paul the Apostle Catholic Church,
Greensboro.
Family: Children: Michelle Elizabeth (Bowie) Gray and Amy Jo.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Government Subcommittee on Local Government II.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Highway Fund); Basic Resources (Subcommittee on Cultural Resources
and Parks); Commerce (Subcommittee on Tourism).
332
North Carolina Manual
James Fred Bo\vman
(Democrat - Alamance County)
Twenty-fifth Representative District -
Alamance, Rockingham, and Stokes (part)
Counties.
Early Years: Born in Kimesville, N.C.
February 13, 1927, to William Daniel and
Nannie (Neese) Bowman.
Education: Nathaniel Green High
School, 1944; Elon College, 1951, A.B.
(Business, Math, Physics); Duke Univer-
sity, M.S.E.E. (Engineering); UNC-Greens-
boro, 1975, M.S. (Business Management).
Professional Background: N.C. li-
censed professional engineer and land surveyor; engineer, AT&T Tech-
nologies (formerly Western Electric Company), 1946; retired farm manager,
1944-46.
Organizations: Burlington-Graham Engineers Club (President, 1981; Vice
President, 1981-82); Alamance Executive Club (President and Vice President,
1981-82); N.C. Educational Foundation for Commerce and Industry (Presi-
dent, 1974-76); Alamance Art Council; Private College Committee; Director,
Burlington Civitan Club, 1979, 1983, 1989; President and Vice President,
Burlington City Schools PTA, 1975-76; Director, N.C. Society of Engineers,
1970-74.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House of Representatives, 1985-86,
1987-88, 1989-90; Democratic State Executive Committee, 1972-1984;
Alamance County Democratic Party (Chairman, 1978-82, Treasurer, 1975-
77); Supervisor, Alamance Conservation Soil and Water, 1982-84; County
Chairman, Candidates Campaigns for President, Governor and Attorney.
Honors: Valedictorian, Nathaniel Green High School, 1944; Statue of
Liberty Award from Constituents Alamance, Rockingham, and Stokes, 1985.
Religious Activities: Member, Beverly Hills United Church of Christ,
Burlington; Deacon Board of Christian Education; Finance Chairman, Build-
ing Committee, 1966-85; Adult Sunday School Teacher, 1955-present; Sunday
School Superintendent.
Family: Married, Dr. Betty Lynch of Elon College, June 30, 1946.
Children: J. Thomas, Zebulon, Nan, and Freda.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Education Subcommittee on Community Colleges.
Vice Chairman: Education.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Justice and Public Safety); Commerce (Subcommittee on Business, Labor
& Employment); Ethics; Human Resources (Subcommittee on Aging, Medi-
caid and Facility Services).
The Legislative Branch
333
Clyde Robert Brawley, Jr.
(Republican - Iredell County)
Forty-third Representative District -
Alexander (part), Catawba (part), and Iredell
(part) Counties.
Early Years: Born in Mooresville,
Iredell County, April 10, 1944, to Clyde
R. and Sarah (Goodnight) Brawley.
Education: Mooresville Senior High,
1959-62; NC State University, 1968, B.S.
(Engineering Operations).
Professional Background: Insurance
agent.
Organizations: National Association
of Life Underwriters; Rotary Club.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1981-82,
1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-.
Military Service: Served, US Army National Guard, 1967-(Major).
Religious Activities: Member, Triplett Methodist Church; President,
Men's Club; Sunday School Teacher.
Family: Married, Mary Kipka, March 31, 1972. Children: Woody, Shelly,
Edward, Sarah and Susan.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Finance Subcommittee on Revenue Laws.
Vice-Chairman: Finance; Commerce Subcommittee on Insurance.
Member: Human Resources (Subcommittee on Families, Children and
Youth).
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North Carolina Manual
John Walter Brown
(Republican - Wilkes County)
Forty-first Representative District - Alexander
(part), Wilkes, and Yadkin Counties.
Early Years: Born in Traphill, Wilkes
County, September 12, 1918, to James
Walter and Nora Blackburn Brown.
Education: Virginia Trade School,
1940; Appalachian State University,
1937.
Professional Background: Farmer
(beefcattle, poultry and tobacco).
Organizations: NC Cattlemen's As-
sociation; Woodmen of the World; Farm
Bureau.
Political Activites: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1971, 1973-
74, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-86; 1987-88, 1989-.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1944-46 (Private); Engineer Corps;
World War II.
Religious Activities: Member, Charity United Methodist Church; Chair-
man, Official Board; Trustee; Church School Superintendent; Teacher, Young
Adult Class; Church Lay Speaker.
Family: Married, Ruth Hanks, September 14, 1941. Children: Betty Ruth
Brown and Johnsie Charles (Brown) Brown.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Basic Resources Subcommittee on Agriculture, Forestry and
Horticulture.
Vice-Chairman: Basic Resources.
Member: Finance (Subcommittee on Revenue Laws); Infrastructure (Sub-
committee on Highways).
The Legislative Branch
335
Harold James Brubaker
(Republican - Randolph County)
Thirty-eighth Representative District -
Randolph (part) County.
Early Years: Born in Mount Joy,
Pennsylvania, November 11, 1946, to
Paul N. and Verna Mae (Miller) Bru-
baker.
Education: Pennsylvania State Uni-
versity, 1969, B.S. (Agricultural Eco-
nomics); NC State University, 1971,
Masters (Economics).
Professional Background: President,
Brubaker & Associates, Inc. (real estate
appraisals, and consultant).
Organizations: Randolph County Farm Bureau; Grange; NC Holstein
Association; 4-H Club leader (former President, NC Development Fund); Di-
rector, Salvation Army; former Director: Westside Volunteer Fire Depart-
ment, Randolph Technical College Foundation, National Conference on
Citizenship; former Vice President, National FFA.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1977-78,
1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-86; 1987-88, 1989-; House Minority Leader,
1981-82, 1983-84; Joint Caucus Leader, Republican Members of the NC
General Assembly, 1979-80; Executive and Central Committees, NC Republi-
can Party (former Assistant Secretary); Executive Committee, Randolph
County Republican Party; Executive Committee, National Association for
Republican Legislators; former Executive Committee member, 4th District
Republican Party; Co-Chairman, NC Reagan-Bush Committee, 1980; delegate
at large. National Republican Convention, 1980; Chairman, Randolph Coun-
ty Young Republicans, 1971; State Chairman, American Legislative Ex-
change Council, 1982-1989. Member of National Board of Directors of the
American Legislative Exchange Council, 1988-Present.
Honors: Outstanding Young Men in NC, 1981; Outstanding 4-H Alumni
of NC, 1981; Distinguished Service Award, 1981.
Religious Activities: Member, St. John's Lutheran Church; Congregation
Chairman; Past Vice Chairman, Deacon Board.
Family: Married, Geraldine Baldwin, November, 1972. Children: Jonathon
Nissley and Justin Andrew.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Commerce Subcommittee on Banks and Thrift Instititions.
Vice Chairman: Commerce.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Justice and Public Safety) Education, (Subcommittee on Community
Colleges); Human Resources (Subcommittee on Health and Disease
Prevention).
336
North Carolina Manual
Charles Franklin Buchanan
(Republican - Mitchell County)
Forty-sixth Representative District -
Alexander (part), Avery, Burke (part),
Caldwell, Mitchell and Watauga (part)
Counties.
Early Years: Born in Poplar, Mitchell
County, October 5, 1936, to Robert and
Hattie Mae (Garland) Buchanan.
Education: Poplar School, 1942-49;
North Side School, 1949-51; GED - High
School US Air Force.
Organizations: Bakersville Lions Club
(President, 1983); Spruce Pine Mountaineer
Shrine Club; Scottish Rite and York Rite, Asheville; OASIS Temple, Char-
lotte; Master of Bakersville Masonic Lodge n357.
Boards: Former Director: Northwestern Housing Authority; Mitchell
County Finance Committee; Region D Council of Governments; WAMY
Community Action; Mitchell County EDC; Region D SBA; NC Labor Train-
ing Action; Mitchell County Social Services; NC Council on Aging; Personnel
Committee, Mitchell County; Mitchell County Transportation Authority
(former Chairman); Association of Social Services; Tennessee Valley
Authority, 1978-82; NC Association of County Commissioners, 1978-82.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-86;
1987-88, 1989-; former Commissioner, Mitchell County (Chairman, two
years); White House Conference on Aging, 1981.
Military Service: Served, US Air Force, 1958-62; Reserves, 1962-64
(A/lc).
Religious Activities: Member, Poplar Free Will Baptsit Church.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Pensions and Retirement
Member: Finance (Subcommittee on Highways); Government (Subcom-
mittee on Local Government I); Public Employees (Subcommittee on Bene-
fits).
The Legislative Branch 337
Logan Burke
(Democrat - Forsyth County)
Sixty-Seventh Representative District -
Forsyth (part)
Early Years: Born in Winton, Hert-
ford, October 26, 1933, to Selma and
Lillian E. (Weaver) Burke.
Education: C. S. Brown High School,
1953; Winston Salem State University,
1960, B.S; N.C. A&T State University,
1964, M.S; Elizabeth City State Univer-
sity, 1953-54.
Professional Background: Teacher,
Principal, Winston Salem, Forsyth
Schools; Division of Youth Services; Special Assistant for Institutional Ser-
vices; Present Instructor, Recourse Specialist, Winston Salem State Univer-
sity; Local, State and National Educational Association; N.C. Juvenile
Association; Secretary of N.C. Correctional Association, 1982.
Organizations: Member, NAACP; Omega Psi Phi Fraternity; Former,
State Democratic Executive Committee; Precinct Committee.
Boards: Board of Directors of Experiment in Self-Reliance; Former
Member, President, Board of Directors of Experiment in Self Reliance;
Winston Salem Human Relations Council; Region IV Citizens Council; N.C.
Juvenile Association.
Political Activities: N.C. House of Representatives, 1987-88, 1989; Con-
ducted Three Winning Elections as Campaign Manager for Vivian H. Burke
(wife).
Military: Served, U.S. Army, Sp-4, 1954-57.
Religious Activities: Member, Grace Presbyterian Church.
Family: Married, Vivian M. Harris, of Charlotte, August 29, 1954.
Children: Logan.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Education (Subcommittee on Educational Activities of State
Agencies).
Vice Chairman: Education.
Member: Finance (Subcommittee on Local Revenues); Human Resources
(Subcommittee on Families, Children & Youth).
338
North Carolina Manual
Howard B. Chapin
(Democrat - Beaufort County)
Second Representative District - Beaufort,
Hyde and Washington (part) Counties.
Early Years: Born in Ahoskie, Hert-
ford County, December 9, 1921, to Henry
B. and Lavenia (Howard) Chapin (both
deceased).
Education: PubHc Schools of Weldon
and Aurora; Kinston High School;
Atlantic Christian College, 1947, A.B.;
Civic Institute of Government, UNC-
Chapel Hill; ECU, additional studies in
political science.
Profession: Retired educator.
Organizations: Member, Belhaven Lions Club (past president); Washing-
ton Kiwanis Club (past president) VFW; Belhaven Chamber-Washington
Chamber.
Boards: Former member, Washington Planning Board.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1975-76,
1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-90.
Military Service: Served, US Army Air Force, 1943-45 (Sergeant); 8th Air
Force.
Religious Activities: Member, First Christian Church, Washington.
Family: Married, Mary Alice Beasley, January 29, 1948. Children: J.
Michael and Kenneth E. Grandchildren — Tonia and Mikki.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Public Employees Subcommittee on Salaries.
Vice Chairman: Base Resources Subcommittee on Marine Fisheries;
Public Employees.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Education).
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339
John Trammell Church
(Democrat - Vance County)
Twenty-second Representative District -
Caswell, Granville, Halifax (part), Person,
Vance and Warren.
Early Years: Born in Raleigh, Wake
County, September 22, 1917, to Charles
R. and Lela (Johnson) Church.
Education: Boyden High School, 1935;
Catawba College, 1936-37; UNC-Chapel;
Hill, 1942, B.S. (Pharmacy).
Professional Background: Chairman
Emeritus of the Board, Roses Stores, Inc.
Organizations: Executive Committee,
Director and past President; N.C. Merchants Association; Director, N.C.
Citizens Association; N.C. Agri-Business Council; Director, National Retail
Merchants Association; UNC-Chapel Hill Business Foundation; Association
of General Merchandise Concerns (Secretary, Past President); Henderson-
Vance Chamber of Commerce; Henderson-Vance United Fund (former
Trustee and Executive Committee, Carolina's United), Past President;
Rotary, Past President; Henderson Country Club, Past President; Mason;
Shriner; Elk; American Legion; Newcomers Society of N.C; Vanwarco and
North District Occoneechee Council, BSA; Kappa Alpha; Chi Beta Phi;
Tarheel Lung Association; National Society to Prevent Blindness, President.
Boards: Former Director, People's Bank (former Chairman, Advisory
Board); Advisory Boards, SE Regional Council, BSA and Salvation Army,
Trustee; Louisburg College (Vice Chairman) and Vance-Granville Community
College (Secretary, Vice President); Board of Visitors, UNC-Chapel Hill;
Former Secretary, N.C. Ports Authority and N.C. Railroads; Committees,
State Revenue Sharing, Morehead Scholarship Selection, NC-VA Water
Management, Chairman, Commissions; Kerr Lake, UNC Utilities Study
(Chairman), Executive Residence Building, N.C. Tax Study, N.C. Legislative
Services, N.C. Research, State Art Museum Building, N.C. Agency for
Telecommunications.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House of Representatives, 1967-69,
1977-78. 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84; 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-; N.C. Senate, 1971;
delegate. National Democratic Convention, 1972, Democratic National Com-
mittee, 1972; Chairman, N.C. Democratic Executive Committee, 1972; Chair-
man, Democratic Executive Committee, Vance County, 1966, 1976. Henderson
City Council, 1966-67.
Military Service: Served, U.S. Marine Corp Reserves, 1942-45 (Captain);
naval aviator, combat veteran. Awarded 3 Distinguished, Flying Crosses, 10
Air Medals; Asiatic-Pacific Theater, 2 Bronze Stars; Phillipine Liberation, 1
Bronze Star.
340 North Carolina Manual
Honors: Man of the Year, Henderson-Vance Chamber of Commerce;
Businessman in the News, N.C. Citizens Association; "Tar Heel of the
Week," The News and Observer; Silver Beaver and Distinguished Citizen
Awards, BSA; Distinguished Alumnus, Catawba County, 1973.
Religious Activities: Member, First United Methodist Church, Hender-
son; Chairman of the Board (former President); Trustee; former Chairman,
Finance Committee.
Family: Married, Emma Thomas Rose of Henderson, December 31, 1943.
Children: John and Elizabeth.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Infrastructure Subcommittee on Highways.
Vice Chairman: Commerce Subcommittee on Business, Labor & Employ-
ment; Infrastructure.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Highway Fund).
The Legislative Branch
341
Marie Waiters Colton
(Democrat - Buncombe County)
Fifty-first Representative District -Buncombe,
Henderson (part) and Transylvania Counties.
Early Years: Born in Charlotte,
Mecklenburg County, October 20, 1922,
to John Piper and Sarah Thomas
Watters.
Education: Chapel High School, 1939;
St. Mary's Junior College; UNC-Chapel
Hill, 1943, B.A. (Spanish); Mars Hill
College and UNC-Asheville, post
graduate studies.
Professional Background: Legis-
lator.
Organizations: Business and Professional Women; League of Women
Voters; American Association of University Women; Sir Walter Cabinet;
Children's Welfare League.
Boards: Director, Vagabond School of Drama; Board of Directors, Brevard
Music Center; Board of Advisors, NC Historic Preservation Foundation; The
NC Institute of Medicine; Director, General Alumni Association UNC-Chapel
Hill.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1979-80,
1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-86; 1987-88, 1989-.
Religious Activities: Trinity Episcopal Church; Former Vestry Woman.
Family: Married, Henry E. Colton. Children: Elizabeth, Marie (Colton)
Pelzer; Sarah (Colton) Villeminot; Walter Colton; 7 grandchildren.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Pensions and Retirement.
Vice Chairman: Human Resources Subcommittee on Health and Disease
Prevention.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Natural and Economic Resources); Basic Resources (Subcommittee on
Wildlife, Natural and Scenic Areas); Commerce (Subcommittee on Tourism).
342
North Carolina Manual
Roy Asberry Cooper, III
(Democrat - Nash County)
Seventy-Second Representative District -
Edgecombe (part) and Nash (part).
Early Years: Born in Nashville, Nash
County, June 13, 1957, to Roy A. and
Beverly Cooper, Jr.
Education: Northern Nash Sr. High
School, 1973-75; UNC Chapel Hill, 1979
(Batchelor of Arts); UNC Chapel Hill,
1982 (Juris Doctor).
Professional Background: Attorney;
N.C. Bar Association; N.C. Academy of
Trial Lawyers.
Organizations: Rocky Mount Jaycees; Chamber of Commerce; Tar River
Chorus and Orchestra Society, Board of Directors; United Way, Board of
Directors; American Heart Association, Board of Directors; Red Cross.
Boards: Former, State Goals and Policy Board, 1979-84; State Interim
Balanced Growth Board, 1979-84; Commission on the Future of N.C. (N.C.
2000), 1981-84; N. C. Courts Commission, 1988-present.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House of Representatives, 1987-88,
1989-; N.C. College Democrats (President-UNC Chapel Hill Club), 1978; N.C.
Young Democrats (2nd District Chairman), 1980; Democratic Party (Precinct
Officer, Delegate to County, District and State Conventions).
Honors: Morehead Scholar; UNC Order of Golden Fleece, Grail, and Old
Well; Order of the Long Leaf Pine State Honor Society; Freedom Guard
Award (N.C. Jaycees); Distinguished Service Award (Rocky Mount Jaycees).
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church; Deacon, 1983-
86; Youth Group Advisor, Various Committees.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Judiciary
Member: Finance (Subcommittee on Highways); Rules, Appointments
and the Calendar.
The Legislative Branch
343
James M. Craven
(Republican - Moore County)
Thirty-first Representative District - Moore
County.
Early Years: Born in Pine Bluff,
Moore County, July 17, 1930.
Education: Ellerbe High School, 1948.
Professional Background: Chairman
of the Board, New South Industries, (a
division of Erico Corporation).
Organizations: Roman Eagle Lodge
No. 550; Aberdeen A&A; Scottish Rite;
Moore County Shrine Club.
Political Activities: Member, N.C.
House of Representatives, 1981-82, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-; Commissioner,
Moore County, 1980-82; former Chairman, Moore County Republican Party.
Military Service: Served, U.S. Army, 1948-69 (M/Sergeant); Airborn
Infantry.
Religious Activities: Member, Pine Bluff Methodist Church; Administra-
tive Board.
Family: Married, Kathleen Freeman of Eagle Springs, September 8, 1950.
Children: Richard, Donna, Steve and Jennifer.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Education (Subcommittee on Private Schools); Finance (Subcom-
mittee on State Revenue); Infrastructure (Subcommittee on Solid Waste);
Judiciary (Subcommittee on Corrections).
344
North Carolina Manual
James W. Craw^ford, Jr.
(Democrat - Granville County)
Twenty-second Representative District -
Caswell, Granville, Halifax (part), Person,
Vance and Warren (part) Counties.
Early Years: Bom in Durham, Durham
County, October 4, 1937, to James Walker
and Julia Brent (Hicks) Crawford.
Education: Public Schools of Oxford,
Oxford High School, 1956; UNC-Chapel
Hill, 1960, B.S. (Industrial Relations).
Professional Background: Retail
Merchant; Developer; Cost Accountant
Harriet Henderson Cotton Mills; John-
son's; Guys and Dolls; The Fabric Shop; Crawford Properties; A & P True
Value, Inc.; Coble Blvd. Investments.
Boards: Roanoke Island Historical Association; Granville Medical Center
Foundation; Vance-Granville Community College Foundation; UNC Board
of Visitors; Saint Andrews Presbyterian College Trustees. Oxford Zoning
Board of Adjustment.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House of Representatives, 1983-84,
1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-; Oxford City Council, 1964-68.
Military Service: Served, U.S. Navy, 1960-62 (Lieutenant j.g.).
Honors: Distinguished Service Award, Jaycees; Carroll V. Singleton
Award; Valand Award; NC Psychological Association's Appreciation and
Recognition Award.
Religious Activities: Member, Oxford Methodist Church; Chairman,
Board of Trustees, 1980; Sunday School Teacher; Pastoral Parish Relations
Committee.
Family: Married, Harriet C. Cannon, February 11, 1961. Children: James,
Julia, and Harriet.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Co Chairman: Appropriations Subcommittee on Base and Expansion
Budget on Education.
Member: Education (Subcommittee on Private Schools); Human Resources
(Subcommittee on Mental Health, Exceptional & Gifted People); Rules,
Appointments and the Calendar.
The Legislative Branch
345
Narvel J. Crawford, Jr.
(Democrat - Buncombe County)
Fifty-First Representative District -Buncombe
County.
Early Years: Born in Asheville, Bun-
combe County, November 9, 1929, to
Narvel J. and Tymah (Phillips)
Crawford.
Education: Lee Edwards High School,
1946-48; Duke University, A. B., 1952;
UNC-Chapel Hill, 1959-60, graduate
studies in history.
Professional Background: Property
Management.
Organizations: V.F.W. Post 789; Asheville Civitan Club; Legislative
Task Force, Industrial Relations and Economic Development Committees,
Asheville Chamber of Commerce; Director, American Lung Association of
NC (western region); Director, NC Hemophilia Foundation; Director, Epilepsy
Association of NC; Director, American Foundation for the Deaf; Director,
Meals on Wheels.
Boards: Director, NC State Theater at Flat Rock; Director, Thomas
Rehabilitation Hospital; Director, Buncombe County Social Services, State
Parks Study Commission (co-chairman).
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1981-82,
1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-; Democratic State Executive Committee,
third term; Secretary, Buncombe County Executive Committee, 1978-79;
Chairman, Asheville Precinct No. 3, 1972-78; President, Democratic Forum
of Buncombe County, 1972-78; campaign manager, Asheville City Council,
1977; representative. Eleventh Congressional District, State Democratic Plat-
form Committee, 1976.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1954-1956, (Counter Intelligence
Corps).
Honors: Phi Beta Kappa; Distinguished Service Award, Western North
Carolina Alzheimer Organization.
Religious Activities: Member, All Souls Episcopal Church, Asheville;
Chalice Administrator; Director, National Council, American Church Union.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Basic Resources Subcommittee on Cultural Resources and
Parks.
Vice Chairman: Basic Resources.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on General Government); Judiciary (Subcommittee on Election Laws &
Constitutional Amendments).
346
North Carolina Manual
Billy James Creech
(Republican - Johnston County)
Twentieth Representative District -Johnston
County
Early Years: Born in Smithfield,
Johnston County, March 25, 1943, to
Worley Nevelle and Geraldine (Godwin)
Creech.
Education: Wilson's Mills High
School, 1962; Mount Olive College.
Professional Background: Owner -
operator. Specialty Lumber Company.
Organizations: Southeastern Lumber-
man's Manufacturing Association; Mem-
ber, Ducks Umlimited; Member, Keep Johnston County Beautiful, Inc.
Boards: Community Resource Council, Johnston County Prison Unit;
Farmers Home Administration (Chairman, 1985-86).
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives 1989- ;
Member, Johnston County GOP; Former precinct registrar.
Military Service: US Army Reserve
Religious Activities: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Wilson's
Mills.
Family: Married, Donna Arrants of New Ellenton, SC, 1977.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Infrastructure Subcommittee on Highways.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Highway Fund); Basic Resources (Subcommittee on Marine Fisheries);
Judiciary (Subcommittee on Courts and Administrative Hearings).
The Legislative Branch
347
r ^ f
Arlie Franklin Gulp, Jr.
(Republican - Randolph County)
Thirtieth Representative District -Randolph
W*1^!V -^^ _/" County
|^^_^/T jUf W^M Early Years: Born in Badin, Stanley
^ — ^ ^^™ County, April 9, 1926, to Arlie Franklin
and Mary Eula (Smith) Culp, Sr.
Education: Badin Public Schools,
1932-42; Catawba College, 1950, AB;
A&T State University, 1976, BS.
Professional Background: District
Conservationist, Soil Conservation Ser-
vice USDA, 1961-1986; Public Health
Sanitarian, Randolph County, 1951-61;
teacher, 1950-51.
Organizations: Member, Soil and Water Conservation Society; Randle-
man Rotary Club (President, 1964-65); Life member, Asheboro Jaycees (VP,
1954); Member, Randolph Livestock Improvement Association; Member,
Randolph County Forest Resources Association.
Boards: Board of Supervisors, Randolph County Soil & Water Conserva-
tion District 1987-, Secretary - Treasurer); Chairman, North Central Pied-
mont Resource Conservation & Development Council, 1987-; Member,
Randolph County Planning Board.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives 1989- ;
Member, Randolph County Republican Party, L951-.
Military Service: Served, US Navy, 1944-46, Seaman First Class; Good
Conduct Medal.
Honors: Distinguished Service Award, Asheboro Jaycees, 1959.
Religious Activities: Member, Jordan Memorial United Methodist
Church; Chief Usher, 1987-; Member, Men's Sunday School Class; Member,
Administrative Board.
Family: Married, Daisy Mae Farlow, June 22, 1950.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Basic Resources Subcommittee on Water, Air and Soil.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on General Government); Infrastructure (Subcommittee on Water & Waste-
water); Public Employees (Subcommittee on Salaries).
348
North Carolina Manual
William Cunningham
(Democrat - Mecklenburg County)
Fifty-Ninth Representative District -
Mecklenburg (part) County.
Early Years: Born in Monroe, Union
County, November 11, 1929, to John
Wallace and Johnnie Mae (Patterson)
Cunningham.
Education: Winchester Avenue High
School; Coyne Electronic Institute, 1950,
A.E. Certificate; Johnson C. Smith Uni-
versity, 1950-52; Business Law Florida
Extension, Charleston A.F.B.
Professional Background: President
and Co-Owner, Hatchett and Cunningham Associates, 1973-84; Professional
and Technical Recruiting Firm; Owner, Affordable Used Cars, 1984-present,
1984-87, 1987-present; HKL Inc. CEO.
Organizations: Life Member, NAACP (NAACP Legal Defense Fund)
Charlotte Business League (Board of Directors), Former President, 1979
Member, VFW; American Legion Post 212; United Negro College Fund
Compassion International; Johnson C. Smith Alumni (100 Club), 1979-85.
Boards: Charlotte Chamber of Commerce, Board of Directors, 1980-82.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House of Representatives, 1987-88,
1989-; Member, State Black Leadership Caucus; Member, Charlotte, Mecklen-
burg Black Caucus.
Military: Served, U.S. Navy, Radioman, 1st Class, Retired, 1972; Good
Conduct Medal, ETO (American Defense), Outstanding Sailor of the Month,
Leadership Certificates.
Religious Activities: Member, Parkwood CME Church; Present Chair-
man, Trustee Board, 1973-present; Vice Chairman, Development Fund Board
Christian Education, 1980-present.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Finance (Subcommittee on Revenue Laws).
Member: Commerce (Subcommittee on Authorities, Boards & Commis-
sions); Government (Subcommittee on Military, Veterans & Indian Affairs).
The Legislative Branch
349
Donald Martin Dawkins
(Democrat - Richmond County)
Thirty-second Representative District -
Richmond and Scotland (part) Counties.
Early Years: Born in Rockingham,
Richmond County, June 28, 1938, to
Eugene Dennis and Myrtle Eunice
(Blake) Dawkins.
Education: Rockingham High School,
1956; NCSU, 1960, B.S. (Mechanical and
Aeronautical Engineering); University of
Southern California, 1970, Masters (Man-
agement); St. Mary's University, School
of Law, 1973, J.D.
Professional Background: Attorney; lay pastor.
Organizations: Richmond County, NC, NC State, American, Texas and
Florida Bar Associations; American Trial Lawyers Association; NC Academy
of Trial Lawyers.
Political Activites: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-86,
1987-88, 1989-.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1960-71 (Major); helicopter pilot;
Signal Corps; Distinguished Flying Crosses (2); Meritorious Service Medal;
Bronze Star for Achievement; Bronze Star for Valour; Army Commendation
Medal; Air Medals (17); Air Medal with "V"; various campaign medals.
Religious Acitivities: Member, Tabernacle United Methodist Church,
Hamlet; lay pastor, 1978-; Sunday School Teacher.
Family: Married, Patricia Ellen Settle of Rockingham, September 11,
1960.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Government.
Member: Finance (Subcommittee on Ways & Means); Judiciary, (Subcom-
mittee on Courts and Administrative Hearings); Rules, Appointments and
the Calendar.
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North Carolina Manual
Michael Decker
; (Republican - Forsyth County)
i Twenty-ninth Representative District -
i Forsyth (part) and Guilford (part) Counties.
Early Years: Born in Red Bud,
Illinois, December 18, 1944, to Harvey
and Margaret (Parvin) Decker.
Education: Piedmont Bible College,
1969-74; Winston-Salem State University,
1976, B.S. (Education). Attended NCSU.
Professional Background: Teacher
(Gospel Light Christian School, 1976-
; 1986). Guilford Co. PubUc School (1987-Present).
Organizations: Little League Base-
ball (Board of Director, 1981-84, Secretary, 1982-83, coach, 1979-81).
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-86;
1987-88, 1989-; Forsyth County Republican Party (Vice Chairman, 1981-83);
Chairman, Belews Creek Precinct, 1979-84.
Military Service: Served, US Navy, 1962-68 (E-5); submarine services;
National Defense, Good Conduct Medals.
Religious Activities: Member, Gospel Light Baptist Church, Walker-
town; Sunday School Teacher.
Family: Married, Marlene Allen of Creston, June 4, 1966. Children:
Michael, Jr., Mark,and Michelle.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Education Subcommitte on Private Schools.
Vice-Chairman: Education; Appropriations Subcommittee on Base and
Expansion Budget on General Government.
Member: Government (Subcommittee on ABC); Judiciary (Subcommittee
on Law enforcement and Public Safety).
The Legislative Branch
351
Daniel Howard DeVane
(Democrat - Hoke County)
Sixteenth Representative District - Hoke,
Robeson and Scotland (part) Counties.
Early Years: Born in Elizabethtown,
Bladen County, June 4, 1945, to Junie
Franklin and Duel (Strickland) DeVane.
Education: White Oak High School,
1964; Missouri Auction School, 1975.
Professional Background: Real
estate executive and auctioneer (owner,
DeVane Realty & Auction); owner,
DeVane's Men's Clothing, 1972-82;
Raeford Department Store, 1969-72;
Fayetteville Police Department, 1966-69.
Organizations: Former member: Raeford Kiwanis Club; Hoke County
Rescue Squad (Commander, 1972-75); Hillcrest Volunteer Fire Department;
Jaycees; member, Raeford Fire Department.
Boards: Trustee, Flora Macdonald Academy (Chairman, 1981-82).
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1983-84,
1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-90; Council of Government, Region N, 1976-82 (Chair-
man, 1980); Hoke County Commissioner, 1976-82.
Military Service: Served, NC National Guard, 1965 (6 months); Reserves,
5 1/2 years.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church; Deacon.
Family: Married, Alice Smith, July 6, 1968. Children: Daniel Howard, II.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Basic Resources.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budgets
on Natural and Economic Resources); Infrastructure (Subcommittee on Solid
Waste).
352
North Carolina Manual
David Hunter Diamont
(Democrat - Surry County)
Fortieth Representative District -Alleghany,
Ashe, Stokes (part), Surry and Watauga (part)
Counties.
Early Years: Born in Greensboro,
Guilford County, February 9, 1946, to
David Elijah and Hyacinth Cleo (Hunter)
Diamont (both deceased).
Education: East Surry High School,
1961-63; Frank L. Ashley High School,
1963-64; Wake Forest University, 1968,
B.A.; Appalachian State University,
1972, M.A.
Professional Background: History teacher and head varsity football
coach. East Surry High School, 1977- (varsity coaching record: 77 wins and
51 losses; state play offs, 1979-81, 1982-83, 1985-86, 1988-); history teacher
and assistant football coach. Mount Airy Senior High School, 1968-1977.
Organizations: N.C. Coaches Association; Lambda Chi Alpha; Sierra
Club; Surry County Historical Society; Deacon Club, Wake Forest Univer-
sity; former member. Pilot Mountain Jaycees.
Boards: Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and Health, 1979-80;
Director, Pilot Mountain Foundation, Inc.; N.C. High Coaches Association.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House of Representatives, 1975-pre-
sent (8 terms).
Honors: Assistant coach, East-West All Star Football Game, 1985; Coach
of the Year, Northwest 3- A Conference, 1979, 1983.
Religious Activities: Member, First United Methodist Church, Pilot
Mountain; Lay Leader.
Family: Married, Debby Severs of Greensboro. Children: Ashley.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Appropriations.
Member: Education (Subcommittee on Elementary & Secondary Educa-
tion).
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353
Walter W. Dickson
(Republican - Gaston County)
Forty-Fourth Representative District - Gaston
County
Early Years: Born in Rock Hill, S.C.,
July 11, 1927, to Brice T. and Louise
(Flowers) Dickson.
Education: Gastonia Public School; 1
and V'l years Erskine College; UNC-
Chapel Hill; Bachelor of Science in
Animal Industry from NC State Univer-
sity; Doctor of Veterinary Medicine from
U of Georgia.
Professional Background: Practiced
Veterinary Medicine in Gastonia, 1954 until retiring in 1988.
Organizations: Past President, Piedmont Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion; Past President, Greater Charlotte Veterinary Medical Association; Past
President, North Carolina Veterinary Medical Association; Member, The NC
State College of Veterinary Medicine Foundation; member. The American
Veterinary Medical Association (PAC); Past President, Gaston Country
Club; Past Member, Gastonia Kiwanis Club, Board of Directors; Vice Chair-
man, Lena and Carie Glenn Foundation; Former Member, Junior Chamber
of Commerce; Member, Gaston County Chamber of Commerce.
Boards: Member, Board of Trustees of NC State University, 1972-1976;
Member, NC Health Services Commission; Member, NC Board of Veterinary
Examiners; Chairman, Board of Directors of First American Savings Bank,
Greensboro; Former Member, Salvation Army Boys Club Advisory Board;
Co Founder, Covenant Village Retirement Community; Vice Co Chairman,
Gastonia Citizens Transportation Advisory Committee; Former Member,
Board of Directors of the Schiele Museum.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1989-; Past
Chairman, Tenth District of NC Republican Party; Past Chairman, Gaston
County for Senator Broyhill; Past Co Chairman, Gaston County for Congress-
man Ballenger.
Military Service: US Navy, 1944-1946; Tours of Duty, Bainbridge, MD;
Great Lakes Naval Training Station; Radio Technician School of Herzl Jr.
College, Chicago; Fort Pierce Florida in Naval Scouts and Raiders Training;
Nine Months as Electrician Aboard the USS ATA 188 in the Pacific.
Family: Married Ruth (Michael) of Gastonia, August 19, 1950. Children:
Ruth (Dickson) Dalton, Walter Michael, Amy (Dickson) House, David Watt
and Lillian Louise.
354 North Carolina Manual
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Education (Subcommittee on The University of North
Carolina).
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Capital Outlay and Special Programs); Infrastructure (Subcommittee on
Highways; Public Employees (Subcommittee on Salaries).
The Legislative Branch
355
Lawrence Edward Diggs
(Republican - Mecklenburg County)
Thirty-Six Representative District -
Mecklenburg County
Early Years: Born in Midland,
Cabarrus County, November 26, 1947, to
Millard Thomas and Evelyn Clara
(Morgan) Diggs.
Education: Harding High School,
1965; Central Piedmont Community
College.
Professional Background: Part
Owner, Innovative Printing and Design,
Inc.
Organizations: Former member, Boy Scouts SME Program; Former
director, Minthill Matthews Rotary Club; Vice President, Matthews Chamber
of Commerce
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives 1989- .
Military Service: Served, US Airforce, E-4, 1965-68; Vietnam Veteran.
Literary Works/Publications: Editor, Matthews Chamber of Commerce
Bi-Annual Publication; Editor, Matthews Chamber Newsletter.
Religious Activities: Member, Minthill Baptist Church; Usher.
Family: Married, Carol Moreland Miller, August 31, 1973. Children:
Allison Lynn, Jeffrey Todd and Bradley Christopher.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Education Subcommittee on Educational Activities of
State Agencies.
Member: Finance (Subcommittee on Local Revenues); Infrastructure (Sub-
committee on Railways, Airports & Waterways); Judiciary (Subcommittee
on Law Enforcement & Public Safety).
356
North Carolina Manual
Ann Quarterman Duncan
(Republican - Forsyth County)
Thirty-Ninth Representative District -Forsyth
His ^^^^B (part) County
fM \, ^^ ^ Early Years: Born in Waycross,
/% .-^' aMm Georgia, April 15, 1938, to John H. (de-
ceased) and Jessie Elizabeth (Smith)
Quarterman.
Education: Waycross High School,
1956; University of Georgia, 1956-59;
Jacksonville University, B.S. (education);
UNC-Greensboro, MPA (Masters Degree
in Public Administration and Public
Affairs).
Professional Background: Former, School Teacher; Social Worker.
Organizations: Forsyth County Social Services Board; Winston-Salem
Arts Council Advisory Committee on Public Affairs; Family Violence
Advisory Committee; Small Business & Technology Advisory Board; N.C.
Agricultural Advisory Committee; Experiment in Self-Reliance; Yadkin Pee-
Dee River Basin Advisory Committee; Cricket's Nest Advisory Committee;
N.C. Coalition on Adolescent Pregnancy.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House of Representatives, 1985-88,
1989-; Forsyth County Republican Women's Club; National Federation of
Republican Women.
Honors: Educator of the Year; Elks Leadership Award; Senior Superla-
tive; 1989 Planned Parenthood Perry Clark Award.
Religious Activities: Member, Centenary Methodist Church; Circle;
Active Youth Fellowship.
Family: Children: Stephanie.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Co-Chairman: Appropriations Subcommittee on Base and Expansion
Budget on Human Resources.
Member: Commerce (Subcommittee on Insurance); Infrastructure (Subcom-
mittee on Water and Wastewater).
The Legislative Branch
357
Ruth M. Easterling
(Democrat - Mecklenburg County)
Fifty-eighth Representative District -
Mecklenburg (part) County.
Early Years: Born in Gaffney, South
Carolina, December 26, 1910, to Benjamin
Harrison and Lillie Mae (Crawley) Moss.
Education: Centralized High School,
1929; Limestone College, 1932 (EngUsh,
Math, History); Queens College, post
graduate studies in Business Law, Per-
sonnel and Business Administration.
Professional Background: Executive
Assistant to the President, Radiator
Specialty Co., 1947-85.
Organizations: Legislative Committee, International Business and Profes-
sional Women, 1981-; Women's Equity Action League; Women Executives of
Charlotte; Women's Forum of NC; Professional Secretaries International
(Chairman, PubHc and World Affairs, 1975-76); Business and Professional
Women's Club (national President, 1970-71); League of Women Voters;
American Association of University Women; Trustee, Wildacres Retreat.
Boards: Governors Advocacy Council for Persons with Disability;
Advisory Council on OSHA; Legislative Study Committee on Physicians'
Assistants; Research and Education Committee, National Business and
Professional Women's Foundation, 1978-1981. Legislative Services Commis-
sion, 1987-88.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1977-78,
1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-86; 1987-88, 1989-; NC Women's Political
Caucus (NC President, 1974); Charlotte City Council, 1972-73; Governor's
Commission on the Status of Women, 1964. Chairman, Women's Legislative
Caucus, 1989-.
Honors: Personalities of the South; Certificate of Achievement, NC As-
sociation of Women Attorneys, 1982; Outstanding Career Woman, NC
Federation of Business and Professional Women, 1980; Charlotte's Outstand-
ing Career Woman, 1971; Woman of the Year, WBT Radio, 1964.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church, Charlotte; Associate
Superintendent: Training; Sunday School Intermediate Department; Library,
Financial Planning and Personnel Committees. President, Baptist Business
Women, First Baptist Church and Mecklenburg Baptist Associations.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Co-Chairman: Appropriations Subcommittee on Base and Expansion
Budget on General Government.
Member: Commerce (Subcomittee on Business, Labor & Employment);
Human Resources (Subcommittee on Families, Children & Youth).
358
North Carolina Manual
Chancy Rudolph Edwards
(Democrat - Cumberland County)
Seventeenth Representative District-
Cumberland (part) County.
Early Years: Born in Nash County,
February 28, 1925, to B.H. and Lucy
(Kearney) Edwards (both deceased).
Education: Nash County Training
Schools; Shaw University, 1946, B.A.;
Shaw University Divinity School, 1949,
M.Div.; Union Theological Seminary and
Southeastern Theological Seminary, addi-
tional studies.
Professional Background: Pastor
(First Baptist Church, Fayetteville, 1953-;
Spring Garden Baptist Church, Washington, 1948-53).
Organizations: Chairman, Cumberland County Community Action
Program; Chairman, QIC Organization.
Boards: State Board of Education; Trustee, Shaw University; Chairman,
Fayetteville City Board of Education; National Sunday School Board;
Mayor's Council for Human Relations.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1983-84,
1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-; Precinct Chairman; delegate, National Democratic
Convention.
Honors: Distinguished Public Service Award, Shaw University, 1982;
Distinguished Citizens Award, Occoneechee Council, BSA, 1980; Human
Relations Award, Cumberland County, 1971; Award of Honor, City of
Fayetteville, 1967.
Religious Activities: Pastor, First Baptist Church, Fayetteville, 1953-.
President, General Baptist State Convention of NC, Inc.; President, Lott
Carey Baptist Foreign Mission Convention; Executive Committee, Baptist
World Alliance; National Sunday School Board.
Family: Married, Luella Dickens, August 30, 1947. Child: Jewyl Anita
(Edwards) Dunn.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Education.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budgets
on Capital Outlay and Special Programs).
The Legislative Branch
359
Theresa Harlow Esposito
(Republican - Forsyth County)
Thirty-ninth Representative District -Forsyth
(part) County.
Early Years: Born in Washington,
DC, November 17, 1930, to H. Richard
and Marie Theresa (Burke) Harlow (both
deceased).
Education: Saint Cecelia's Academy,
1948; National Institute of Practical Nurs-
ing, 1957, G.P.N.; Prince George Com-
munity College and Salem College, addi-
tional studies.
Professional Background: Retired
federal government employee; Corporate Executive (Secretary, American
Council, Inc.); former. Federal Government Employee.
Organizations: Officers' Wives Club; Winston-Salem Tennis, Inc.; N.C.
Tennis Association; N.C. Museum Association; Winston-Salem Symphony;
N.C. School of the Arts Associates; Sir Walter Cabinet.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House of Representatives, 1985-86,
1987-88, 1989-; Delegate, RepubHcan National Convention, 1988; Delegate at
Large, Republican National Convention, 1984; National Federation of
Republican Women; N.C. Federation of Republican Women; Forsyth County
Republican Women's Club (President, 1982-83); Marion Martin Republican
Women's Club (D.C.); American Legislative Exchange Council (V-C/N.C);
National Order of Women Legislators; National Conferation of State Legis-
lators; Southern Republican Exchange; National Republican Legislators
Association.
Boards: State Health Coordinating Commission; Small Business Tech-
nology Centers; National Commission on Children; Council on Status of
Women (Domestic Violence/Sexual Assault).
Honors: Various outstanding performance awards as a Federal Govern-
ment Employee.
Religious Activities: Member, St. Leo's Catholic Church, Winston Salem;
Member, Parish Council.
Family: Married, Brigadier General Alfred L. Esposito, November 18,
1972. Children: Sharon, Carolyn, and Carol Ann.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Human Resources Subcommittee on Health & Disease Preven-
tion.
Vice Chairman: Human Resources.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Natural and Economic Resources); Government Operations; Judiciary
(Subcommittee on Civil & Criminal Justice); Rules, Appointments and the
Calendar.
360
North Carolina Manual
Larry Eugene Etheridge
(Republican - Wilson County)
Seventy-First Representative District -Nash
(part) and Wilson (part) Counties.
Early Years: Born in Wilson, Wilson
County, May 9, 1959, to Andrew J. and
Evelyn (Bunch) Etheridge, Jr.
Education: Ralph L. Fike High
School, 1977; Wilson County Technical
Institute, 1980.
Professional Background: Partner,
C&E Enterprises; Owner, Branigan's Re-
staurants; President, Vebco Builders, Inc.
Organizations: Wilson Jaycees;
Moose Lodge; CFRG (Citizens for Responsible Government); NRA (National
Rifle Association; ARC (Association for Retarded Citizens; HBA (Home
Builders Association).
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-86,
1987-88, 1989-.
Religious Activities: Member, Five Points Missionary Baptist Church,
Wilson; Deacon.
Family: Married, Beverly Vick of Wilson, June 29, 1985. Children:Hillary
Lynn.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Co-Chairman: Appropriations Subcommittee on Base and Expansion
Budget on Human Resources.
Member: Basic Resources (Subcommittee on Marine Fisheries); Commerce
(Subcommittee on Authorities, Boards & Commissions); Human Resources
(Subcommittee on Aging, Medicaid & Facility Services).
The Legislative Branch
361
Wilbur Bruce Ethridge
(Democrat - Carteret County)
Fourth Representative District - Carteret and
Onslow Counties.
Early Years: Born in Rocky Mount,
Nash County, April 17, 1938, to Wilbur
Henry and Virginia (Sellers) Ethridge.
Education: Rocky Mount High School,
1956; NCSU; Fayetteville Technical
Institute.
Professional Background: Owner/
Operator, Beaufort Inn; Engineer, Caro-
lina Telephone & Telegraph Company.
Organizations: NCSU Alumni;
Jacksonville Rotary Club; NC Society of Engineers.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1978-Present
(7 Terms).
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church; former Deacon;
Sunday School Teacher; staff committee.
Family: Married, Katie Tyner, August 9, 1958. Children: Kitty Dare and
Mark Bruce.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Co-Chairman: Appropriations Subcommittee on Base and Expansion
Budget on Natural and Economic Resources.
Member: Basic Resources (Subcommittee on Water, Air and Soil); Com-
merce (Subcommittee on Tourism); Infrastructure (Subcommittee on Water
and Wastewater).
362
North Carolina Manual
David T. Flaherty, Jr.
(Republican - Caldwell County)
Forty-Sixth Representative District -Caldwell
County
Early Years: Born in Boston, Mas-
sachusetts, June 17, 1953, to David
Thomas and Nancy Ann (Hamill)
Flaherty.
Education: Culver Military Academy,
1967-71; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1974, BS; UNC-
Chapel Hill, School of Law, 1978, JD.
Professional Background: Attorney
Organizations: Member, American
Bar Association; Member, Association of
Trial Lawyers of America; Member, NC Bar Association; Member, Caldwell
County Bar Association; Member, 25th Judicial District Bar (Executive
Committee, 1988); Former member, Jaycees, Jaybird, 1979.
Boards: Former member, Caldwell County Council on Alcoholism, 1980.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives 1989- ;
Republican Nominee for 25th Judicial District Court Judge (1982); Member,
Caldwell County Republican Party (Executive Committee, 1986, 1988);
Member, Young Republicans; Member, NCGOP.
Honors: Who's Who in American Law; Who's Who in South and South-
west; Outstanding Young Men in American.
Religious Activities: Member, First United Methodist Church, Lenoir.
Family: Married Lynn (Hoyle), October 2, 1986. Children: Alexandra
Lynn.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Human Resources Subcommittee on Aging, Medicaid
and Facility Services.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base Expansion Budget on
Capital Outlay and Special Programs); Basic Resources (Subcommittee on
Water Air and Soil); Human Resources; Judiciary (Subcommittee on Courts
& Administrative Hearings).
The Legislative Branch
363
Ray Charles Fletcher
(Democrat - Burke County)
Forty-Seventh Representative District -Burke
(part) County.
Early Years: Born in Forest City,
Rutherford County, May 4, 1931, to Troy
L. and Geneva (Beddingfield) Fletcher,
Sr.
Education: Drexel High School; UNC-
Chapel Hill.
Professional Background: Secre-
tary-Treasurer, Fletcher Pontiac, Inc.
Organizations: President, Rotary
Club; Burke County Chamber of Com-
merce; former President, Valdese Merchants Association; former President,
Lovelady United Fund; former President, Valdese Jaycees; former Chairman,
Valdese Parks and Recreation.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1983-84,
1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-; Mayor, Town of Valdese; Burke County Democratic
Party; Former President and Chairman, Burke County Young Democrats
Club.
Military Service: Served, US Navy, 1951-54.
Honors: Rotarian of the Year, 1965; Young Man of the Year, Valdese
Jaycees, 1961.
Religious Activities: Member, Walkensian Presbyterian Church, former
Deacon.
Family: Married, Mary Beth Goodman, November 29, 1980. Children:
Raye Lynn, Randy, Ruthie and Christie (Fletcher) Traylor.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Basic Resources Subcommittee on Water, Air & Soil.
Vice Chairman: Basic Resources.
Member: Finance (Subcommittee on Revenue Laws); Government (Sub-
committee on Local Government I); Public Employees (Subcommittee on
Benefits).
364
North Carolina Manual
Jo Graham Foster
(Democrat - Mecklenburg County)
Fifty-Sixth Representative District -
Mecklenburg (part) County.
Early Years: Born May 22, 1915, to
Reverend Joseph Alexander and Queen
(McDonald) Graham.
Education: McBee High School, 1927-
28; Spring Hill Central High School,
1928-31; Columbia College, 1935.
Professional Background: Retired
(former Administrative Assistant to the
Superintendent, Charlotte-Mecklenburg
Schools).
Organizations: National Education Association; NC Association of
Educators (former President); PACE: PENC; Charlotte-Mecklenburg Educa-
tors; National Association, Secondary School Principals; Delta Kappa
Gamma; Gamma Sigma; Sigma Tau Delta; International Platform Associa-
tion.
Boards: Education Commission of the States; Board of Visitors, Johnson
C. Smith University; Board of Visitors, Boys Town; Board of Relatives,
Mental Health Board and Total Care Board, E.C.O. Board; National Com-
mittee for Citizenship and Social Studies, State-Federal Assembly.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1973-74,
1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-1984, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-; Prescient
Committee.
Honors: Who's Who of American Platform; Legislator Psychologist
Award; Outstanding Educator, Elementary School Principals; World Gideon
Bible, 1979; National Legislator of the Year, American School Counselors,
1979; nominee. Salute to Working Women, 1968; Psychiatric Award, 1986;
School Social Worker Award, 1986, B.P.N.; Woman of the Year, 1986; School
Social Worker, 1988-; State Career Woman of the Year (B.P.W.); Certificate of
Appreciation for Meritorious Service to Public Schools in N.C. in 1986, April
16, 1987; Columbia College Alumnae Association Career Achievement
Award, June 8, 1985; First Honorary Member, Charlotte Women's Traffic
Club, May 10, 1984; Outstanding Contribution to Drivers Traffic Safety in
N.C. (1984); The Council for Exceptional Children 1985-1986; Recognition of
Your Continuing Support to Arthritis Patient Services, January 10, 1988;
Services rendered to Charlotte-Mecklenburg School System 1946-1980;
Recognition and Sincere appreciation for your Effort, Care & Consideration
to all N.C, Teaching Assistants, Charlotte-Mecklenburg Teacher Assistants
Association, August 29, 1985; Outstanding Contribution to Education, State
of N.C, 1983; Classroom Teachers Association Certficate of Appreciation-
for Consistent and Devoted service to the Youth of Charlotte Mecklenburg;
The Legislative Branch 365
Interest in the Welfare of the Teaching Profession and Loyalty to the
Classroom Teachers Association, September 19, 1980.
Religious Activities: Member, Dilworth Methodist Church, Charlotte;
Board of Stewards; Adult Sunday School Teacher; Lay Speaker.
Family: Married, James Benjamin Foster, June 4, 1937. Children: Mary
Jo (Foster) McClure.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Government Subcommittee on State Government and Pro-
perties.
Vice Chairman: Government.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Highway Fund); Basic Resources (Subcommittee on Cultural Resources
and Parks); Ethics; Rules, Appointments and the Calendar.
366
North Carolina Manual
Aaron Eleazar Fussell
(Democrat - Wake County)
Sixty-fifth Representative District - Wake
(part) County.
Early Years: Bom in Rose Hill, Duplin
County, July 5, 1923, to C.T. and Myra
Blake (Cavenaugh) Fussell.
Education: Rose Hill High School
1940; Atlantic Christian College, 1946,
A.B., cum laude; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1952,
M.Ed.; Duke University and NCSU, post
graduate studies.
Professional Background: Retired
educator (Superintendent, Wake County
Public Schools, 35 years).
Organizations: Educational Chamber; Educational Fraternity; Mason;
Scottish Rite; North Raleigh Lions Club, 30 years (former President); various
civil and political organizations.
Boards: Chairman, Capital Area Visitor Services Committee; Local
Government Advocacy Council.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1979-80,
1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-86; 1987-88, 1989-.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1943-45, 5 major campaign decora-
tions.
Honors: Author, "Teacher Evaluation Legal Residence."
Religious Activities: Member, Millbrook United Methodist Church; Past
Chairman of the Board; Past President, Men's Club; Lay Leader; teacher;
Trustee.
Family: Married, Polly Batts, August 14, 1949; four children.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Education Subcommittee on Elementary and Secondary
Education; Government Subcommittee on Local Government I.
Member: Finance (Subcommittee on State Revenue.)
The Legislative Branch
367
Charlotte A. Gardner
(Republican - Rowan County)
(Thirty-fifth Representative District -Rowan
County)
Early Years: Born in Baltimore, Mary-
land, November 14, 1931, to Marcel and
Charlotte (Knapp) Ancher.
Education: St. Anne's, 1943; St.
Anthony's, 1945; Rockwell High School,
1949; Catawba College, 1952, A.B., Cum
Laude.
Professional Background: Former
high school teacher.
Organizations: Leader, Boy Scouts
and Girl Scouts of America; NC Right to Life; Rowan County Humane
Society; MADD (Director, 1984-85; Vice President, 1982-84); Trustee, Vice-
president, Rowan Advocates for Mentally 111; Board of Directors, Pregnancy
Counseling Center; Chairman, Salisbury-Rowan Mayors' Council for Persons
with Disabilities; Board of Directors, Families in Action for Drug Free
Youth; Choral Society, 1974.
Boards: Director, Community Life Council, 1980-81; Community Resource
Council for Piedmont Correctional Center.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-86,
1987-88, 1989-; NC Republican Women (District Representative, 1983-84);
Salisbury-Rowan Republican Women (Vice-president, 1982-84); Central Com-
mittee, Rowan Republican Party (Vice Chairman, 1981-83); Women's Task
Force, 8th District, 1983-84.
Religious Activities: Member, Sacred Heart Catholic Church, Salisbury;
Church choir; President, Sacred Heart PTA; Treasurer, Church Women
United, 1982-84; Grand Regnant Catholic Daughter, 1975.
Family: Married, Lester Gardner of Bellwood, Pennsylvania June 7, 1952.
Children: Jeanne Dianne, Terrence Lee, Leslie Eugenia, Timothy Andrew,
Thomas Alan and Ted Alexander.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Public Employees Subcommittee on Personnel Policies.
Vice Chairman: Education Subcommittee on Community Colleges; Public
Employees.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Natural and Economic Resources);Human Resources (Subcommittee on
Mental Health, Exceptional & Gifted People).
368
North Carolina Manual
Pryor Allan Gibson, III
(Democrat - Anson County)
Thirty-Third Representative District -Anson
County
Early Years: Born in Winston-Salem,
Forsyth County, October 12, 1957, to
Pryor A. (deceased) and Mary Janette
(Pharr) Gibson, II.
Education: Anson County Public
Schools, 1975; UNC-Wilmington, 1978,
BA; UNC-Charlotte; University of Okla-
homa-Norman.
Professional Background: Presi-
dent, Pee-Dee Company, General Con-
tractors; Director, Wadesboro Main Street, Downtown Development Pro-
gram; President, 5-Star Limited; Project Manager/Personnel Director, Myrick
Construction.
Organizations: NC General Contractor; Member, Southern Industrial
Development Council; President, Friend of Town Creek; Ansonville Lions
Club (Former President, secretary, treasurer, vice chairman, Deputy District
Governor); Committee Chair, Wadesboro Rotary Club.
Boards: Board of Directors, Cape Fear Museum; Former Vice Chairman,
Anson County Planning Board.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives 1989- ; Eighth
District treasurer; Ansonville precinct chair (6 years); Anson County Party
Chairman.
Honors: Outstanding Young Man of America
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Commerce Subcommittee on Tourism.
Vice Chairman: Commerce.
Member: Finance (Subcommittee on Highways); Infrastructure (Subcom-
mittee on Utilities); Rules, Appointments and the Calender.
The Legislative Branch
369
Herman Colridge Gist
(Democrat - Guilford County)
Twenty-sixth Representative District -
Guilford (part) and Randolph (part) Counties.
Early Years: Born in Spartanburg,
South Carolina, December 12, 1923, to
Arthur and Louie (Casey) Gist.
Education: Highland Grade School,
1929-36; Carver High School, 1936-40; NC
A&T State University, 1964, B.S.
(Biology).
Professional Background: Coffee,
herbs and tea distributor.
Organizations: Chairman, Political
Awareness; Greensboro Citizens Forum, 1979-; Omega Psi Phi, 1942-.
Boards: Alcoholic Beverage Control Board, 1980-; Co-Chairman. Guilford
Delegation, 1987-88.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1983-84,
1985-6; 88, 1989-.
Military Service: Served, US Army (Corporal); Quartermaster Corps;
Good Conduct Medal.
Religious Activities: Member, St. Matthews Church.
Family: Married, Grace Grant, November, 1968; three children.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Appropriations (Subcommitte on Base and Expansion Budget
on Capital Outlay and Special Programs); Infrastructure (Subcommittee on
Railroads, Airports And Waterways); Public Employees (Subcommittee on
Benefits).
370
North Carolina Manual
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Robert Grady
(Republican - Onslow County)
F'ourth Representative District - Carteret and
Onslow Counties.
Early Years: Born in Jacksonville,
Onslow County, April 30, 1950, to William
R. and Minnie (Hurst) Grady.
Education: Jacksonville Senior High,
1968; University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill, 1972.
Professional Background: Business-
man.
Boards: North Carolina Zoological
Park, Board of Directors, 1984-86; Onslow
County Arts Council Board of Directors, 1983-86; Onslow County Council on
Aging, Board of Directors, 1984-86.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House of Representatives, 1987-88,
1989-; Jacksonville City Council, 1981-87; Mayor Pro-tern, City of Jack-
sonville, 1983-86.
Religious Activities: Member, Southern Baptist Church.
Family: Married, Neta Lucas of Benson, November 27, 1973.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Basic Resources Subcommittee on Marine Fisheries
Vice Chairman: Basic Resources
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Justice & Public Safety); Commerce (Subcommittee on Tourism); Infra-
structure (Subcommittee on Solid Waste).
The Legislative Branch
371
Gordon Hicks Green^vood
(Democrat - Buncombe County)
Fifty-first Representative District -Buncombe,
Henderson (part) and Transylvania Counties.
Early Years: Born in Black Mountain,
Buncombe County, July 3, 1909, to James
Hicks and Louella (Ray) Greenwood.
Education: University of Illinois,
1941, B.S. (Journalism); University of
London, 1945.
Professional Background: College
administrator and former professor
(Assistant to the President, Montreat-
Anderson College; Director of Admis-
sions, Montreat-Anderson College, 1973-76; Assistant Professor of Jour-
nalism, Boston University, 1951-52; manager. New England Press Associa-
tion).
Organizations: Black Mountain Lodge No. 663, A.F.&A.M., Asheville
Chapter No. 25; Black Mountain Lions Club; Chamber of Commerce; V.F.W.;
American Legion; D.A.V.; Sons of the American Revolution; Sons of Con-
federate Veterans; Western NC Development Association (original
organizer).
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1959, 1961,
1963, 1965-66, 1967, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-;
Town Board, Black Mountain, 1973-76; Commissioner, Buncombe County,
1968-72.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1943-45; (European Theater of
Operations).
Honors: Outstanding Alumnus, UNC-Asheville, 1981; NC Commissioner
of the Year, 1971.
Religious Activities: Member, Black Mountain United Methodist
Church; Official Board.
Family: Married, Garnet EHzabeth Carder, March 8, 1941, Children: G.
Gordon and Ricky Eugene.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Viee-Chairman: Education Subcommittee on Private Schools.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Highway Fund); Government (Subcommittee on Local Government II).
372
North Carolina Manual
Harry Clinton Grimmer
(Republican - Mecklenburg County)
Fifty Si'vonth Representative District -
Mecklenburg (part) County.
Early Years: Born in Pitt County,
December 6,1935, to Harry Albert (de-
ceased) and Bercha (Gilbert) Grimmer.
Education: Penderlea School, 1945-54;
N.C. State University, 1960, BSIE, with
Honors (voted one of the top ten outstand-
ing engineering students); six months
post-graduate technical school; heating
and air conditioning, The Trane Com-
pany.
Professional Background: Meteorologist; Plant Industrial Engineer;
Manufacturer's Representative, Sales Manager and Executive Vice Presi-
dent and Owner, Harry Grimmer and Company, INC.; President, Home
Builders Association of Charlotte, 1983; Board of Directors, F^xecutive Com-
mittee N.C. Home Builders Association, 1982-84; Vice President, Region VI,
N.C. Home Builders Association, 1982; Co-Chairman NCHBA, Legislative
Committee, 1985-86; Vice President Home Owner's Warranty Program, 1983.
Organizations: South Mecklenburg Interim District Plan Committee,
1986; United Way Strategic Planning Committee, 1986; F'ive Years Leader-
ship, YMCA Indian Guides; Boy Scout Counselor, 1981-82; Coach, Little
League Basketball; Housing Cost Task Force, Mecklenburg County and
State Level; Mayoral Appointments; Capital Improvement Program, 1982;
Citizens Advisory Committee-Country, 1983; "F]veryone Step Forward" Bond
Referendum Committee; Char/Mecklenburg Residential Ordinance, Re-zon-
ing Review Committee; United Way; Community Resource Board, 1985-86.
Boards: United Carolina Bank Advisory Board, 1982-89; Board of Di-
rectors, Greater Providence Area Home Owners Association, 1983-84, Vice
President, 1985-86; Chairman, United Way, Christmas Bureau, 1985; Alloca-
tion and Review Board, 1984; Chairman, Mecklenburg County Zoning Board
of Adjustment, 1980-82; President of Lansdowne P.T.A., 1974.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1987-88,
1989-.
Military Service: Served, U.S. Navy, Meteorologist, 1954-56.
Honors: Phi Kappa Phi, Honorary Fraternity, 1959; Broyhill Fund
Scholarship, 1959; Charlotte Home Builder of the Year, 1981; N.C. "Home
Builder of the Year", 1983; Life time Director, National Association Home
Builders, 1989.
Religious Activities: Member, Calvary ('hurch, Building Program Fund
Raising Committee; Calvary Church, 51 Committee.
The Legislative Branch 373
Family: Married, Elise Rackley, of Willard, September 7, 1957. Children:
Janet and Craig.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Finance Subcommittee on Highways; Infrastructure
Subcommittee on Solid Waste
Member: Commerce (Subcommittee on Business, Labor & Employment);
Education (Subcommittee on The University of North Carolina); Ethics.
374
North Carolina Manual
Joe Hackney
(Democrat - Orange County)
Twenty-fourth Representative District -
Chatham (part) and Orange Counties.
Early Years: Born in Siler City,
Chatham County, September 23, 1945, to
Herbert Harold and Ida LilHan (Dorsett)
Hackney.
Education: Silk Hope High School,
1963; N.C. State University, 1963-64;
UNC-Chapel Hill, 1964-67, A.B. with
Honors (Political Science); UNC-Chapel
Hill, School of Law, 1970, J.D.
Professional Background: Attorney
(partner, firm of Epting & Hackney); Assistant District Attorney, 15th
District, 1971-74; research assistant, J. Frank Huskins, Associate Justice,
N.C. Supreme Court, 1970-71.
Organizations: Orange County (former President), N.C. and American
Bar Associations; N.C. Academy of Trial Lawyers; Committee on Legis-
lation and Law Reform, N.C. Bar; former President, 15th District Bar;
former President, Orange-Chatham Legal Services; Conservation Council of
N.C; Sierra Club; N.C. Nature Conservancy; Appalachian Trail Conference;
N.C. Cattlemen's Association.
Boards: Joint Orange-Chatham Community Action, Inc., former member;
Conservation Foundation of N.C; Served, Citizens Commission on Alterna-
tives to Incarceration; Governor's Crime Commission, former member;
Southern Legislative Conference, Environmental Quality Committee, Chair-
man; Southern Legislative Conference Ad Hoc Committee on Hazardous
Wastes, Chairman; Natural Resources Committee; Southern States Energy
Board.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House of Representatives, 1981-pre-
sent (4 terms).
Honors: American Planning Association, NC Chapter, Legislative
Award, 1989; Sierra Club, NC Chapter, Outstanding Service Award, 1988;
NC Consumers Council, Consumer Advocate of the Year, 1987; Governor's
Conservation Award as Legislator of the Year, N.C. Wildlife F'ederation,
1985; Triangle J. Council of Governments Award of Excellence for Service to
the Environment, 1985; N.C. Bar Association, Family Law Section, Apprecia-
tion Plaque, 1981.
Religious Activities: Member, Hickory Mountain Baptist Church.
Family: Married, Betsy Strandberg, September 15, 1979. Children: Daniel
and Will.
The Legislative Branch 375
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Judiciary Subcommittee on Civil & Criminal Justice.
Vice Chairman: Judiciary.
Member: Basic Resources (Subcommittee on Water, Air and Soil); Finance
(Subcommittee on State Revenue); Infrastructure (Subcommittee on Solid
Waste).
376
North Carolina Manual
Alexander Morton Hall
(Democrat-New Hanover County)
Thirteenth Representative District-New
Hanover (part) County.
Early Years: Born in Wilmington, New
' Hanover County, July 20, 1948, to James
M. and Edith (Morton) Hall, Jr.
^ Education: New Hanover High School,
W 1967; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1971, B.A.
. • J (Zoology); South Texas College of Law,
M ^^ i«-»BH^ 19^'^' ^•^- ^^^^ honors.
^^^^^M |Hr JHHH Professional Background: Attorney.
^^^^^H ^^ ^^^^1 Organizations: NC State Bar, N.C.
Bar Association, NC Academy of Trial
Lawyers; President, 5th District Judicial Bar; Transportation Committee,
Wilmington Chamber of Commerce, 1981-; Wilmington Industrial Develop-
ment, Inc.; Trustee, Wilmington Kiwanis Club, 1978-82; NC Jaycees, 1969-73.
Boards: Mayor's Transportation Task Force; Trustee, Brigade Boys Club.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-86,
1987-88, 1989-; Precinct Chairman, New Hanover County Democratic Party,
(1980).
Religious Activities: Member, St. Andrews Covenant Presbyterian
Church, Wilmington; Deacon, 1980-.
Family: Married, Maria Clontz of Wilmington, August 15, 1971. Children:
Sarah Elizabeth.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Finance.
Member: Judiciary (Subcommittee on Law Enforcement & Public Safety).
The Legislative Branch
377
Thomas C. Hardaway
(Democrat - Halifax County)
Seventh Representative District - Halifax
(part), Martin (part), Warren (part) Counties.
Early Years: Bom in Durham, Durham
County, March 12, 1957, to Dr. Ernie and
Attorney Claudette (Cofield) Hardaway,
II.
Education: Hillside High School,
1975; Howard University, 1979 (Bachelor
Business Administration); N.C. Central
University, School of Law, 1982, J.D.
Professional Background: Attorney
(partner, Hardaway and Hardaway); Co-
field Funeral Home, Inc. Director; Cofield Mutual Burial Association,
President; Cofield Realty and Company, Director; N.C. Bar; N.C. Bar Associa-
tion; Halifax County Bar; Sixth Judicial Bar; N.C. Academy of Trial Lawyers;
Association of Trial Lawyers of America; N.C. Association of Black Lawyers
(is admitted to practice before the Eastern District of the U.S. District
Court).
Organizations: N.A.A.C.P.; Second Congressional District Black Leader-
ship Caucus.
Boards: Director, Halifax County Economic Development Commission;
Member, Enfield Medical Advisory Board; Member, Halifax Community
College, Small Business Advisory Board.
Political Activities: N.C. House Representatives, 1987-88, 1989-; Former,
Vice Chairman, Halifax County Democrat Party; Former, Precinct Chairman
Enfield, No. 2.
Honors: Outstanding Young Man of America, 1984,
Religious Activities: Member, New Bethel Baptist Church.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Finance Subcommittee on Highways.
Vice Chairman: Finance.
Member: Education (Subcommittee on Community Colleges); Government
(Subcommittee on ABC); Judiciary (Subcommittee on Law Enforcement &
Public Safety).
378
North Carolina Manual
John Calvin Hasty
(Democrat - Robeson County)
Sixteenth Representative District - Hoke,
Robeson and Scotland (part) Counties.
Early Years: Born in Maxton, Robe-
son County, March 9, 1930, to William
Howard and Flora (Belle) Currie Hasty.
Education: Maxton Public Schools;
Maxton High School, 1948; Presbyterian
Junior College, 1950, A.S.; UNC-Chapel
Hill, 1953, B.S.
Professional Background: Insurance
and real estate agent (President, Pace-
Henderson Finance Co., Inc.; President,
Future Agency of Laurinburg, Inc.; Hasty Realty Inc. Vice-Pres.).
Organizations: Independent Insurance Agents Association; NC Associa-
tion of Premium Finance Companies (Secretary, 1981-82; Director, 1978-82);
Mormax Club (President, 1971); Director, Cape Fear Area Council, Boy
Scouts of America, 1967-(President, 1973-75); Laurinburg-Scotland Area
Chamber of Commerce (Director, 1976); former President, Maxton Historical
Society; former President, Maxton Junior Chamber of Commerce.
Boards: Laurinburg-Maxton Airport Commission (Chairman, 1980-82);
Trustee and Executive Committee, Scotland Memorial Hospital; local Di-
rector, Southern National Bank; Maxton Planning Commission; Maxton
Zoning Board.
Political Activites: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1983-84,
1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-; Mayor and City Council, Town of Maxton.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1953-55 (Sergeant); 101st Airborne
Division.
Religious Activities: Member, St. Paul's United Methodist Church;
Chairman, Administrative Board, 1976-77; Chairman, Building Committee,
1972; Chairman, Finance; national conference delegate.
Family: Married, Betty Anne Upchurch, October 22, 1955. Children: John
Calvin, Jr., Flora Anne (Hasty) McCook and Elizabeth Upchurch.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Commerce.
Member: Finance (Subcommittee on State Revenue); Infrastructure (Sub-
committee on Public Utilities).
The Legislative Branch
379
Joe H. Hege, Jr.
(Republican - Davidson County)
Thirty-seventh Representative District -
Davidson, Davie and Iredell (part) Counties.
Early Years: Born in Lexington,
Davidson County, January 28, 1926, to
Joe H. and Ellen J. (Hilliard) Hege, Sr.
Education: Pilot High School, 1943;
Institute of Government, UNC-Chapel
Hill, 1969, Certificate of Police Admini-
stration; Oklahoma University, 1975.
Professional Background: Realtor-
Broker, National Realty, Inc.; Assistant
Director, Services for the Blind, State of
N.C., 1973-77; Vice-President, Siceloff Mfg. Co., Inc., 1953-68; Veterans Serv-
ice Officer, Davidson County, 1948-50.
Organizations: Lexington Board of Realtors; Amvets; Veterans of Foreign
Wars; Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association; Kiwanis; Lions International;
American Legion.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House of Representatives, 1967, 1969,
1971, 1973-74, 1981-82, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-; Minority Whip, 1969, 1971;
Secretary, Joint House-Senate GOP Caucus, 1973; State Republican Execu-
tive Committee; Treasurer, 5th District Republican Executive Committee,
1979-80; Sheriff, Davidson County, 1969-70.
Military Service: Served, U.S. Army, 1944-46 (Sergeant); European
theater; European-African-Middle East ServiceMedal with Two Bronze Stars;
Good Conduct Medal; World War II Victory Medal; Army Occupation Medal.
Honors: Republican of the Year, Davidson County, 1984.
Religious Activities: Member, Pilgrim Reformed United Church of
Christ, Lexington; Audit Committee (former President, Treasurer, Chair-
man); Elder; Deacon of Consistory; Chairman, Cemetery Committee; Sunday
Teacher.
Family: Married, Jane Owen of Davidson County, November 27, 1948.
Children: Joe, Karen and Edwin.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Government Subcommittee on Local Government I.
Vice Chairman: Government.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Education); Commerce (Subcommittee on Banks & Thrift); Education
(Subcommittee on Elementary & Secondary Education).
380
North Carolina Manual
George Milton Holmes
(Republican - Yadkin County)
Forty-First Representative District -
Alexander (part), Wilkes and Yadkin
Counties.
Early Years: Born in Mount Airy,
Surry County, June 20 1929, to John
William and Thelma Elizabeth (Dobie)
Holmes.
Education: Mount Airy High School,
1944; Western High School, 1945-48;
Appalachian State University, 1954;
Travelers Multiple Line Insurance
School, 1959.
Professional Background: Real Estate Broker.
Organizations: Yadkin Lodge 162, F'. & A. M.; Winston-Salem Con-
sistory, Scottish Rite of Free Masonru' Shriner; Oasis Temple.
Boards: Governor's Crime Study Commission, 1976; Fire and Casualty
Rate Study Commission, 1976; Board of Directors, First Union National
Bank, Yadkinville.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1975-76,
1979-80,1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-; Minority Whip, 1981-82;
Advisory Budget Commission; 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-; Minority Party Joint
Caucus Leader, 1983-84; Yadkin County Republican Executive Committee;
Eighth District Republican Executive Committee; State Republican Executive
Committee, 1975-76, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84; State Republican Central
Committee, 1983-84; Joint Legislative Commission on Governmental Opera-
tions, 1989-.
Religious Activities: Member, Flat Rock Baptist Church; Deacon, 1956-
70; Trustee, 1970-; Superintendent, 1968-72; F'ormer Secretary and Sunday
School Teacher.
Family: Married, Barbara Ann Ireland, June 30, 1956. Children: Jennifer
(Holmes) Crawley.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Co-Chairman: Appropriations Subcommittee on Base and Expansion
Budget on Capital Outlay and Special Programs.
Vice Chairman: Infrastructure Subcommittee on Utilities.
Member: C'ommerce (Subcommittee on Banks & Thrifts); Rules, Appoint-
ments and the Calendar.
The Legislative Branch 381
Bertha Merrill Holt
(Democrat - Alamance County)
Twenty-fifth Representative District -
Alamance, Rockingham and Stokes (part)
Counties.
Early Years: Born in Eufaula,
Alabama, August 16, 1916, to William H.
and Bertha H. (Moore) Merrill.
Education: Eufaula High School;
Agnes Scott College, 1938, B.A.; UNC-
Chapel Hill, School of Law, 1939-40; Uni-
versity of Alabama, School of Law, 1941,
LL.B; George Washington University,
1942, graduate studies.
Professional Background: Legislator and attorney; former attorney,
U.S. Treasury and Dep^irtment of the Interior.
Organizations: N.C. Bar Association; Pi Beta Phi; English Speaking
Union; Les Amis du Vin; N.C. Historical Society; N.C. Women's Forum.
Boards: Former, Board of Directors of Hospice; Joint Commission on
Governmental Operations; Advisory Committee, Archaeology, 1979-84; Board
of Directors, Alunmi Association, UNC-Chapel Hill, School of Law 1978-80;
Board of Directors, State Council on Social Legislation, 1978-86, Alamance
County; Social Services Board, Chairman; Joint Commission School Salary
Schedules.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House of Representatives, 1975-pre-
sent (8 terms); former President, Alamance County Democratic Women
(Chairman, Headquarters Committee, 1962,64; Democratic Executive commit-
tee, 1964-75; Vice Chairman, Alamance County Democratic Executive Com-
mittee, 1964-66; Century Book Club; AAUW Women's Political Caucus.
Honors: Outstanding Alumna (1978) and Community Service Award,
Agnes Scott College; "Who's Who of American Women"; Legislative Award-
Nurses Association, 1979; Legislative Award; Family Care N.C. Facilities
Association, 1982; Hospice of North Carolina, 1984; Legislative Award, N.C.
Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 1984; Legisla-
tive Award, N.C. Association of Non-Profit Homes for Aging, 1985; F'aith
Active in Public Life Award, N.C. Council of Churches, 1987.
Religious Activities: Member, Episcopal Church of Holy Comforter,
Burlington; teacher. High School Sunday School Class; Diocesan Council,
1971-73, 1984-86; Chairman, Diocese Grant Committee, 1974-80, Member,
1974-79; Standing Committee of Diocese, 1974-77; Senior Warden, Vestry,
1974; Chairman, Finance Committee, Diocese of N.C. 1973-; former President,
Episcopal Church Women; Elected 1st alternate, General Convention-Epis-
copal Church, 1987-.
382 North Carolina Manual
Family: Married, Winfield Clary Holt, March 14, 1942. Children: Harriet,
William and Winfield.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Justice and Public Safety); Government (Subcommittee on ABC); Public
Employees (Subcommittee on Personnel Policies).
The Legislative Branch
383
Julia Craven Howard
(Republican - Davie County)
Thirty-Seventh Representative District -Davie
County
Early Years: Born Salisbury, Rowan
County, August 20, 1944, to Allan Leary
and Ruth Elizabeth (Snider) Craven.
Education: Davie High School, 1962;
American Institute of Real Estate Ap-
praisors, RM; NC Association of Realtors,
GRI.
Professional Background: Realtor/
Appraiser; President, Howard Realty &
Insurance Agency, Inc.; Vice President,
Davie Builders, Inc.
Organizations: Sertoma Club; Realtors Association; Davie County Board
(President, 1972, State Director, 1973-85); AIREA-Southeastern Regional/
Review Appraiser.
Boards: Davie County Hospital Board of Trustees, (Former chairman,
1978-85).
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives 1989- ; Com-
missioner, Town of Mocksville, 1981-88.
Religious Activities: Member, First United Methodist Church, Mocks-
ville; council of Ministries (Chairman, 1979-81); Youth Council, 1974-84;
Sunday School Teacher.
Family: Married, Abe Nail Howard, Jr., August 26, 1962. Children: Amedia
Paige and Abe Nail, III.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Human Resources Subcommittee on Housing Social
Services.
Member: Basic Resources (Subcommittee on Wildlife, Natural and Scenic
Areas); Finance (Subcommittee on Ways and Means); Public Employees
(Subcommittee on Personnel Policies).
384
North Carolina Manual
Doris Rogers Huffman
(Republican - Catawba County)
Forty-fifth Representative District -Burke
(part) and Catawba (part) Counties.
Early Years: Born in Burke County,
August 3, to Bradus K. and Myrtle (Deal)
Rogers.
Education: Hickory City Schools,
1953; Catawba Valley Technical College,
1973 (Accounting and Tax).
Professional Background: Home
maker.
Organizations: Hickory-Catawba
Valley Home Builders Association;
charter member, HBA Auxiliary (membership award, 1979); Red Cross
Blood Mobile; Salvation Army; Board, Project "Happen"-Western Carolina
Center.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House of Representatives, 1985-86,
1987-88, 1989-; Catawba County Republican Women's Club; Executive Com-
mittee, N.C. GOP; Catawba County Republican Party (Secretary, 1980, Vice
Chairman, 1981, Chairman 1982); N.C. Delegate-Southern Republican Ex-
change, 1986-87.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church, Newton; Leader,
Bible Drill Team; Church Constitution Commission.
Family: Married, L. Wiburn Huffman of Hickory, Children: Sandra.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Co-Chairman: Appropriations Subcommittee on Base and Expansion
Budget on Justice and Public Safety.
Member: Government (Subcommittee on Military, Veterans & Indian
Affairs); Judiciary (Subcommittee on Corrections; Rules, Appointments and
the Calendar).
The Legislative Branch
385
John Jackson Hunt
(Democratic - Cleveland County)
Forty-eighth Representative District -
Cleveland, Polk and Rutherford Counties.
Early Years: Born in Lattimore,
Cleveland County, November 27, 1922, to
Robert Lee and Alma (Harrill) Hunt.
Education: Wake Forest University,
1943, B.S.; Emory Universtiy, 1946,
D.D.S.
Professional Background: Dentist,
merchant and farmer.
Organization: ADA; NCDS; Isother-
mal Dental Society; Mason; Shriner.
Boards: Legislative Research Committee; National Conference of State
Legislative; Governmental Operations; Legislative Services Commission.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1973-74,
1975-76, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-; Speaker Pro Tem,
1985-86 and 1987-88, Alderman, City of Lattimore, 1958-64.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1943-48, 1950-52 (Major).
Honors: Honorary member, NC National Guard; USS NC Battleship
Award, AMVETS.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church.
Family: Married, Ruby Cowder, June 22, 1946. Children: Judy Hunt,
Penny (Hunt) Corn, Libby (Hunt) Sarazen, Sally Hunt and Cindy (Hunt)
Martin.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Appropriations Subcommittee on Base and Expansion
Budget on Justice and Public Safety.
Member: Commerce (Subcommittee on Tourism); Human Resurces (Subcom-
mittee on Families, Children & Youth).
386
North Carolina Manual
Judy Frances Hunt
(Democrat - Watauga County)
Fortieth Representative District -Alleghany,
Ashe, Stokes (part), Surry, and Watauga
(part) Counties.
Early Years: Born in Shelby, Cleve-
land County, May 16, 1949, to John Jack-
son and Ruby (Crowder) Hunt.
Education: Shelby High School, 1964-
67; Meredith College, 1971, B.A.;
Appalachian State University, 1976,
M.A.
Professional Background: Real
Estate Broker.
Organizations: Past Member, Blowing Rock Planning Board, 1980-86.
Political Activities: N.C. House Representatives, 1987-88, 1989-; Watauga
County Commissioner.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church.
Family: Married, William Hansel Kohler, of Blowing Rock, July 10, 1978.
Children: Jackie.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Commerce Subcommitte on Authorities, Boards and Commis-
sions.
Vice Chairman: Commerce; Human Resources Subcommittee on Mental
Health, Exceptional & Gifted People.
Member: Basic Resources (Subcommittee on Cultural Resources and
Parks); Finance (Subcommittee on Ways and Means).
The Legislative Branch
387
Rector Samuel Hunt, III
(Democrat - Alamance County)
Twenty-Fifth Representative District -
Alamance, Rockingham, and Stokes (part)
Counties.
Early Years: Born in Burlington,
Alamance County, September 1, 1941, to
Rector S. and Mildred Rachel (Wester)
Hunt, Jr.
Education: Williams High School,
1955-59; East Carolina University,
Graduated 1965, A.B.
Professional Background: Presi-
dent, Hunt Electric Supply Company;
Member, National Association of Electrical Distributors; National Executive
Committee of Affiliated Independent Distributors.
Organizations: Past Director, Alamance Chamber of Commerce.
Political Activities: N.C. House of Representatives 1985-86 (appointed
November 7, 1985, to replace Tim McDowell), 1987-88, 1989- .
Military: Served, U.S. Army, First Lieutenant, 1966-69; Served, Reserves,
1970.
Religious Activities: Member, First Christian United Church of Christ.
Family: Married, Vicky Silek, of Front Royal. Children; Sam.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Infrastructure.
Member: Finance (Subcommittee on Highways).
388
North Carolina Manual
Howard J. Hunter, Jr.
(Democrat - Hertford County)
Fifth Representative District - Hertford
County
Early Years: Born in Washington, DC
on December 16, 1946, to Howard and
Madge (Watford) Hunter, Sr.
Education: C. S. Brown High School,
1964; North Carohna Central University,
1971, MS.
Professional Background: Vice Pre-
sident, Hunters Funeral Home, Inc.
Organizations: Life member, Aholkie
Alumni Chapter, Kappa Alpha Psi;
Former Scoutmaster.
Boards: Hertford County Commissioner, 1978-1988.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives 1989- ; Hert-
ford County Commissioner.
Awards & Honors: Outstanding Young Men of America; Personalities of
the South; Order of the Long Leaf Pine; Distinguished Service, Murfreesboro
Jaycees; Outstanding Citizen in NC in Human Relations.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church, Murfreesboro;
Trustee.
Family: Married, Vivian Flythe, December 31, 1986. ChildreniHoward, HI
and Chyla Toye.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Justice and Public Safety); Education (Subcommittee on Educational
Activities of State Agencies); Human Resources (Subcommittee on Housing
& Social Services); Pensions and Retirement; Public Employees (Subcommit-
tee on Salaries).
The Legislative Branch
389
Robert Carl Hunter
(Democrat - McDowell County)
Forty-Ninth Representative District -
McDowell and Yancy Counties.
Early Years: Born in McDowell
County, January 14, 1944, to L. Penn
and Lucy (Turner) Hunter.
Education: Glenwood School; Marion
City Schools; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1966,
B.A.; UNC-Chapel Hill, School of Law,
1969, J.D.
Professional Background: Attorney;
former Assistant District Attorney, 29th
Judicial District.
Organizations: Member, McDowell County Bar Association, past Presi-
dent; N. C. Bar Association; American Bar Association; 29th Judicial District
Bar, past President; N. C. Academy of Trial Lawyers; Marion Rotary Club,
past President; Marion Jaycees, past Secretary; Alumnus of Sigma Phi
Epsilon Social Fraternity; Alumnus of Delta Theta Phi Legal Fraternity;
Member, University of North Carolina Board of Visitors; former Assistant
District Attorney; former Director, McDowell County United Fund; former
Director, McDowell County Chamber of Commerce; past President, N. C.
County Attorney's Association; Director, UNC Law Alumni Association.
Boards: Member, Board of Directors, McDowell Committee of 100; Board
of Directors, McDowell Arts & Crafts Association; McDowell County Citizen
of the Year - 1984; Chairman-Elect, Southern Legislative Conference;
Southern Legislative Conference Executive Committee; Chairman, Organiza-
tional Planning and Coordinating Committee of the Council of State Govern-
ments; former Member, North Carolina Advisory Council on the Eastern
Band of the Cherokee; Former Member, North Carolina Judicial Council;
Former Member, North Carolina Courts Commission; Co-Chairman, Legisla-
tive Highway Study Commission.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1981-82,
1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-; N. C. State Democrat Executive Committee.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church, Marion; Trustee.
Family: Married, Nancy Hinson, August 22, 1970. Children. Megan, Allen
and Claire Alise.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Commerce (Subcommittee on Banks & Thrift); Finance (Subcom-
mittee on Highways); Infrastructure (Subcommittee on Railways, Airports &
Waterways).
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North Carolina Manual
John William Hurley
(Democrat - Cumberland County)
Eighteenth Representative District -
Cumberland County
Early Years: Bom in Murfreesboro,
Hertford County, June 22, 1933, to John
Bascom and Daisy (Fuqua) Hurley.
^^^^^■jjjpr- Education: Littleton High School,
^^^^ K 1951; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1951-52; Louis-
^^Hf W y burg College, 1952-53; UNC-Chapel Hill,
^Km} m I 1953-55; American College, 1976 (CLU
^^HV MR I Designation).
^^^^B ^Kt -.^mm^ I Professional Background: Owner,
^^K^m ^^ ^^^K / Olde Fayetteville Financial Service.
Organizations: Fayetteville Association of Life Underwriters (President,
1963); MDRT; CLU Society; Kiwanis Club; Life member, Jaycees.
Boards: Board of Directors, International Association of Financial Plan-
ners (Fayetteville Chapter); Board of Trustees, Highsmith-Rainey Memorial
Hospital, 1988; Co-chairman, Fayetteville Bicentennial Celebration, 1989.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1989- ;
Mayor, City of Fayetteville, 1981-1987; Member, Fayetteville City Council,
1977-1981; Member, State Study Commission on the Cape Fear River Basin;
Member, North Carolina League of Municipalities; Chairman, Community
and Economic Development Committee, 1984-86.
Honors: Realtors Cup Award, 1985; E. J. Wells Cup, 1978; Life member,
Jaycees, 1970-.
Religious Activities: Member, Haymount United Methodist Church;
Trustee, 1979-80; Chairman, Council of Ministries, 1977-80; Lay Leader,
Fayetteville District of the United Methodist Church, 1976-77; Member
Pastor-Parish Relations Committee.
Family: Married Sandra Gail Huggins, May 15, 1970. Children:Charles
Mark, John Bradley and Todd H.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Government Subcommittee on Military, Veterans & Indian
Affairs.
Vice Chairman: Government.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on General Government); Judiciary (Subcommittee on Corrections); Pensions
& Retirement.
The Legislative Branch
391
Walter Stine Isenhower
(Republican - Catawba County)
Forty-Fifth Representative District - Burke
(part) and Catawba (part) Counties.
Early Years: Born in Conover,
Catawba County, April 10, 1927, to John
Abel and Susie (Jordan) Isenhower.
Education: Newton-Conover High
School, 1941-44; Fishburne Military
School, 1944-46; Lenoir Rhyne College,
1950, B.S.
Professional Background: Presi-
dent, Owen United Insurance Agency,
INC. (until merger with Cline Southern
Ins. Agency in 1985); Sales Executive, Owen-United; President, Carolina's
Association of Professional Insurance Agents; Member, Board of Directors
of Professional Insurance Agents of America; Member, Catawba Valley
Insurance Agency Association.
Organizations: Conover Lions Club, Past President; Catawba County
Chamber of Commerce, Past President, 1984; Former Member, Conover
Volunteer Fire Department; Catawba Science Center; Eastern Catawba
County Chamber of Commerce; Y.M.C.A. Board of Directors; Troop Commit-
tee Boy Scouts; American Red Cross Local Board.
Boards: Catawba County Industrial Development Board; Western Pied-
mont Council of Government Regional Board; Old Stone Savings and Loan,
Local Board; First Citizens Bank, Local Board; Former Member, First
Federal Savings and Loan, now Old Stone; Northwestern Bank, now First
Citizens.
Political Activities: N.C. House Representative, 1986 (Appointed De-
cember 26, 1986, by Governor Martin to replace Allran), 1987-88, 1989-;
Chairman, Catawba County Board of Commissioners, 1966-70; Former, N.C.
Highway Commissioner, 1972; N.C. Insurance Advisory Board; President,
Young Republicans of Catawba County, 1953.
Military Service: Served, U.S. Army, Corporal, 1950-52.
Religious Activities: Member, Concordia Lutheran Church; Secretary of
Congregation; Chairman, Board of Elders, 1981; Stewardship Board; Mem-
ber, Lutheran Television Board; Member, Board of Laymen's League; Former
Chairman, International Lutheran Hour Committee.
Family: Married, Carolyn Vaughn, of Murray, June 23, 1951. Children:
Charles and Ann.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Human Resources Subcommittee on Mental Health, Ex-
ceptional & Gifted People.
Vice Chairman: Appropriations Subcommittee on Base and Expansion
Budget on Natural and Economic Resources; Human Resources.
Member: Commerce (Subcommittee on Insurance).
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North Carolina Manual
Vernon Grant James
(Democrat - Pasquotank County)
First Representative District - Camden,
Chowan, Currituck, Dare, Gates (part),
Pasquotank, Perquimans, Tyrrell and
Washington (part) Counties.
Early Years: Born in Pasquotank
County, July 11, 1910, to John Calvin
and Fannie (Coppersmith) James (both
deceased).
Education: Graduated, Weeksville
High School, 1930; North Carolina State
University, 1930-31.
Professional Background: (Retired)
Farmer and Produce Supply Business (President and Manager James
Brothers, Inc.).
Organizations: Member, N.C. and National Fresh Fruits and Vegetable
Growers Association; Secretary and Treasurer, State 4-H Club Council 1930,
Delegate, International Member, State 4-H Honor Club, 1931; President
National Potato Council, 1966; Member, National Potato Steering Committee
since 1966; Potato Advisory Committee (appointed by U.S. Secretary of
Agriculture, Orville Freeman, 1961-68, re-appointed by Earl Butz 1968-71);
Chairman National Potato Board 1977-78; Served, Board of Directors,
Elizabeth City Chamber of Commerce; Member, Masonic Lodge 317 and
Sudan Temple Shriners.
Boards: Chairman, Board of Education for Weeksville High School, 1943-
44; Member, Board of Trustees, Greater University of N.C, 1947-55; Member,
Ehzabeth City Airport Commission, 1963; Founder and Co-Chairman, Study
Commission for Promotion of Agriculture, Seafood and Forestry, 1983-84,
1985-86; Member, COA Board of Trustees since 1960; Chairman, Southern
States Legislative Division of Agriculture and Rural Development 1983-1984;
Member, Study Commission on Local Government Financing; Member,
North Carolina Commission on the Bicentennial of the U.S. Constitution;
Member, Thirteen Member House Special Fact-Finding Committee on
Agriculture.
Political Activities: Served, N.C. House of Representatives, 1945-1947,
1973-present (11 terms).
Honors: "Tarheel of the Week", December, 1965; Recipient of Commission
of Agriculture's Award for Promotion of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables, 1971;
Governors Award from N.C. Wildlife Federation for air conservation, 1981;
Recipient of Award for Outstanding Contributions to the N.C. Soybean
Association, 1983; Recipient of N.C. Farm Bureau Federation Award for
Distinguished Service to Agriculture, 1983; Award from N.C. Association of
County Commissioners for Distinguished Service to County Government
The Legislative Branch 393
and North Carolina Citizens, 1984; Southern Legislative Conference Award
for Service to Agriculture and Rural Development to North Carolina and
throughout the South, 1984; Award from N.C. School Boards Association for
Service to Public Education in N.C, 1984; Governor's Award from N.C. Agri-
business Council for Distinguished Service to Agri-business 1985; 4-H Club
Outstanding Alumni Award, 1985; N.C. Association of County Agricultural
Agents Award 1985; "State Friend of Extension" Award from the National
Honorary Extension Fraternity, Epsilon Sigma Phi, 1985; Recipient of Col-
lege of the Albemarle 25th Anniversary Award, 1985; N.C. School Boards
Association "True Friend of Public Education" Award, 1986; N.C. Association
of County Commissioners Distinguished Service Award, 1987.
Religious Activities: Member, Salem Baptist Church; Former, Sunday
School Teacher.
Family: Married Thelma L. James, April 1, 1978. Children: John (de-
ceased) and Vernon (deceased)
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Basic Resources Subcommittee on Agriculture, Forestry
and Horticulture.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Natural and Economic Resources); Human Resources (Subcommittee on
Mental Health, Exceptional & Gifted People).
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North Carolina Manual
Luther Reginald Jeralds
(Democrat - Cumberland County)
Seventeenth Representative District
-Cumberland (part) County.
Early Years: Born in Orrum, Robeson
County, August 20, 1938, to Winnie B.
and Amy Lee (McMillan) Jeralds.
Education: Newbold Elementary
School, 1943-51; St. Emma Military
Academy, 1952-54; E.E. Smith Senior
High School, 1955-56; NC State College,
1961, B.S. (Accounting).
Professional Background: Realtor
and small businessman.
Organizations: Fayetteville Business and Professional League; NC
Association of Minority Businesses; Knights of Columbus.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1983-84,
1985-86, 1987-88; 1989-; Advisory Budget Commission.
Religious Activities:: Member, St. Ann's Catholic Church.
Family: Married, Jo Ann Fuller, May 7, 1958. Children: Adonis, Dominic
and Minikki.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Human Resources Subcommittee on Families.
Vice-Chairman: Human Resources; Public Employees Subcommittee on
Personnel Policies.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Human Resources); Education (Subcommittee on Elementary and
Secondary Education).
The Legislative Branch
395
Walter B. Jones, Jr.
(Democrat - Pitt County)
Ninth Representative District - Greene and
Pitt (part) Counties.
Early Years: Born in Farmville, Pitt
County, February 10, 1943, to Walter B.
and Doris (Long) Jones.
Education: Farmville Public Schools;
Hargrave Military Academy; NCSU;
Atlantic Christian College, 1967, A.B.
(History).
Professional Background: Business
Consultant.
Boards: Mid-East Commission; Farm-
ville Housing Authority; Advisory Council, Rural Education Institute, ECU;
Director, Pitt County Mental Health Association; Foundation Board, Eastern
Carolina Vocational Center; Eastern Carolina Health Education Center
Development Corporation (Edcuation-for-Health Center); Director, Pitt Coun-
ty Family Violence Program (member, Task Force on Family Violence).
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1983-84,
1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-.
Family: Married, Joe Anne Whitehurst, June 26, 1966. Child: Ashley.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Judiciary Subcommittee on Election Laws and Constitutional
Amendments.
Vice Chairman: Judiciary.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Capital Outlay and Special Projects); Rules, Appointments and the
Calendar.
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North Carolina Manual
Larry T. Justus
(Republican - Henderson County)
Fiftieth Representative District -Henderson
(part) County.
Early Years: Born in Hendersonville,
Henderson County, April 30, 1932, to
Brownlow and Helen (Stepp) Justus (de-
ceased).
Education: Dana High School, 1950;
UNC-Chapel Hill, 1954; U.S. Air Force,
(Navigation Might School, Squadron Of-
ficers School, Defense Preparedness Staff
College, Nuclear and Chemical Warfare
School, Hazardous Waste and Spill
School).
Professional Background: Retired Businessman; Real Estate Broker;
retired Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. A.P'.R.; Formerly, owner and operator,
Justus Sand and Stone (1957-78); apple orchardist; U.S. Census technical
officer.
Organizations: American Legion; VFW; AARP; WNC Retired Officers
Association; Henderson County String Parents; NRA; Former Director, N.C.
Apple Festival Beauty Pageant; President, WNC Waste Water Treatment
Association, Cub Scouts.
Boards: Chairman, Council on Developmental Disabilities, Vagabond
School of Drama Board of Directors; National Board Member, ALLiance for
the Handicapped; Henderson County Emergency Preparedness Board; Felony
Alternative Sentencing Program 29th Judicial District; Former, Henderson
County Board of Elections; Henderson County Energy Council; Governor's
Committee on Better Roads; National Task Force for Youth at Risk.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House of Representatives, 1985-86,
1987-88, 1989-; Delegate, Republican National Convention, 1980; Chairman,
Henderson County Republican Party, (three terms); Chairman, Eleventh
Congressional District; State Executive Committee; Former, State Central
Committee; Chairman, North Blue Ridge Precinct; P'ormer, Finance Officer
nth Congressional District; Former, Campaign Manager for County Congres-
sional Campaign, City Campaign, GOP Gubernatorial Campaign; Member,
Henderson County Board of Elections, 3 terms.
Military Service: U.S. Air Force 1954-1982 (Lieutenant Colonel); Navi-
gator; Squadron Commander; Executive Officer; Disaster Preparedness Of-
ficer; Information Officer; Protocol Officer; Awards and Decorations; (Com-
mendation Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster, Presidential Unit Citation, Combat
Readiness Ribbon, National Defense, Vietnam Service Ribbon, Reserve, and
Expert Marksman Medals).
The Legislative Branch 397
Religious Activities: Member, Refuge Baptist Church.
Family: Married, Carolyn King of Brevard. Children: Scott, Chris, Ron
and Seth.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Co-Chairman: Appropriations Subcommittee on Base and Expansion
Budget on Justice and Public Safety.
Member: Government (Subcommittee on Military, Veterans & Indian
Affairs); Judiciary (Subcommittee on Election Laws & Constitutional Amend-
ments).
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North Carolina Manual
Annie Brown Kennedy
(Democrat - Forsyth County)
Sixty-sixth Representative District - Forsyth
(part) County.
Early Years: Born in Atlanta,
Georgia, October 13, 1924, to Mancy
(deceased) and Mary Louise (Sheats)
Brown.
Education: David T. Howard Ele-
mentary and Junior High Schools, 1930-
38; Booker T. Washington High School,
1983-41; Spelman College, 1945, A.B.
(Economics); Howard University School
of Law, 1951, J.D.
Professional Background: Attorney (firm of Kennedy, Kennedy,
Kennedy & Kennedy).
Organizations: Forsyth County (former President), NC and National
Bar Associations; Forsyth County Association of Women Attorneys; NC
Academy of Trial Lawyers; NC Association of Black Attorneys; Altrusa
Club of Winston-Salem (President, 1979-80); YWCA (former Director);
NAACP; Women's Forum of NC; former member. League of Women Voters;
United Way of Forsyth County, 1972-77, 1979-83.
Boards: County Morehead Scholarship Selection Committee; Clinical
Research Practices Committee, Bowman Gray School of Medicine; National
Council of Negro Women; Director, Winston-Salem State University Founda-
tion, Inc.; Board of Visitors, UNC-Chapel Hill; local Director, Southern
National Bank; Advisory Board, Amercian Federal Savings & Loan Associa-
tion of Greensboro; NC Criminal Code Commission; Former member, Winston-
Salem Bicentennial Commission; former Director; Winston-Salem Housing
Foundation, Legal Aid Society of Forsyth County and Forsyth Tuberculosis
Association; Member, NC General Statues Commissions; NC Human Relea-
tions Council; County and District Morehead Scholarship Selection
Committee.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1979-80,
1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-; Joint Legislative Ethics Committee; Demo-
cratic Women of Forsyth County, 1964-(President, 1970-71); NC Executive
Committee; delegate. Democratic National Convention, 1984 & 1988 (alter-
nate delegate, 1972); Presidential and Vice Presidential Democratic Elector,
1976; NC Commission on the Status of Women, 1964.
Honors: Distinguished Alumni Leadership, National Association for
Equal Opportunity in Higher Education, 1984; Outstanding Business Woman
of the Year, Iota Phi Phi, 1981; Citizen of the Year, Omega Psi Phi, 1979.
Distinguished Citizen Award, Sophisticated Gents; Pioneer Black Legislative
Award, Coalition for Progressive Legislation, 1985; The Larry Shaw Award
The Legislative Branch 399
for Outstanding Service, N.C. Association of Minority Business, 1985; The
Kelly M. Alexander Award for Outstanding, Loyal and Dedicated Service,
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 1986; Outstand-
ing Achievement Award, N.C. Asosciation of Women Attorneys.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church; Board of Trustees,
1974-.
Family: Married, Harold L. Kennedy, Jr., December 23, 1950. Children:
Harold L., Ill, Harvey L. and Michael D.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Judiciary (Subcommittee on Courts and Administrative
Hearings).
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base Budget and Expansion
Budget on Human Resources); Education (Subcommittee on The University
of North Carolina); Government (Subcommittee on State Government and
Properties).
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North Carolina Manual
John Hosea Kerr, III
(Democrat - Wayne County)
Eleventh Representative District - Wayne
County
Early Years: Born in Richmond,
Virginia, February 28, 1936, to John H.
and Mary Hinton (Duke) Kerr, Jr.
Education: John Graham High School,
1954; University of North Carohna, A.B.,
1958; University of North Carolina, J.D.
with Honors, 1961.
Professional Background: Attorney,
Partner in Warren, Kerr, Walston and
Hollowell; N.C. Bar Association; N.C.
State Bar; Wayne County Bar Association; Eighth Judicial Bar Association,
Past President; Lawyers of N.C, Inc., Past President.
Organizations: Goldsboro Rotary Club; Wayne County Chamber of Com-
merce; Goldsboro Jaycees, 1962-71, Vice President; Wayne County Public
Library Trustees, 1966-78, Chairman; Wayne County Chapter American Red
Cross, Chairman.
Boards: Southern National Bank of N.C; Goldsboro Advisory Board,
Chairman, 1979-80; Wayne County Boys Club; Morehead Foundation,
District II Committee; Wayne County Community Building Trustees, Past
Chairman; N.C National Bank; Goldsboro Advisory Board, Past Chairman.
Political Activities: N.C. House Representative; Wayne County Demo-
cratic Executive Committee, Chairman, 1980-85, Precinct Chairman; Wayne
County Young Democrats, Past President.
Military: Served, N.C. National Guard, Sergeant, 1954-62.
Honors: Goldsboro Charter Chapter American Business Women; Boss of
the Year, 1978; Jaycee Key Man Award; Phi Beta Kappa; Order of Coif;
Recipient of Bob Futrelle Good Government Award, Wayne County. 1989.
Religious Activities: Member, Madison Avenue Baptist Church; Past
Member, Board of Deacons.
Family: Married, Sandra Edgerton Kerr of Goldsboro, December 21, 1960.
Children: John and James.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Infrastructure Subcommittee on Utilities.
Vice Chairman: Finance Subcommittee on Local Revenues; Infrastruc-
ture.
Member: Judiciary (Subcommittee on Election Laws & Constitutional
Amendments).
The Legislative Branch
401
Marty E. Kimsey
(Republican - Macon County)
Fifty-Third Representative District - Macon
County)
Early Years: Born in Franklin, Macon
County, September 9, 1958, to Harold
Martin and Caroline (Reece) Kimsey.
Education: Franklin High School,
1976; Hiawassee Junior college; South
Western Technical College; Western Caro-
lina University.
Professional Background: Real
Estate Owner - Kimsey & Company
Realtors.
Organizations: Member, Franklin Board of Realtors (Vice President,
1984, President, 1985); Member, Franklin Chamber of Commerce, (Director,
1985); Member, NC Association of Realtors, (State Director, 1985-1986);
Member, Franklin Jaycees (Director, Secretary, 1984-85); Franklin Optimists
Club.
Boards: Member, Macon County Economic Development Commission,
1986-1989; Former member, Macon County Board of Elections, 1985-86.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives 1989- ;
Former member, Macon County Republican Mens Club, 1984-.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church, Franklin.
Family: Married, Jane Cansler, May 22, 1982. Children: Sarah, and
Reece.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Commerce Subcommittee on Tourism
Member: Basic Resources (Subcommittee on Cultural Resources and
Parks); Finance (Subcommittee on Ways and Means); Human Resources
(Subcommittee on Housing and Social Services).
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North Carolina Manual
Doris Leonhardt Lail
(Republican - Lincoln County)
Forty-F'ourth Representative District -Lincoln
County
Early Years: Born in Lincoln County,
May 7, 1937, to Mr. Stowe and Annie
(Taylor) Leonhardt.
Education: North Brook High School,
1955; Howard Business School.
rM^_«^K> Professional Background: Secretary/
CB^f^jE''' Treasurer, Jim Lail and Associates, Inc.;
Jm^^ ^^'^^Ser, Cato Stores.
^■Br Organizations: Member, Work and
Garden Club, 1985-88; Member, Home
Makers Extension (President of Local Club, 1981-83); County Council Home-
makers Ext. Club, (Vice President, 1988); Former member, Lincoln County
Agriculture Extension Service Advisory Board, 1985-88; NC Museum of
History, 1988; Former member, Pilot-Club, 1986-87; Former area chairman.
Community Concerts, 1985-87; Member, Work & Gras Garden Club.
Boards: Lincoln County Domestic and Nursing Home Advisory Board,
1987-88; Member, State Board Tarheel Prison ministries, 1988.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives 1989- ; Lincoln
County Republican Women's Club, (President, 1985-87).
Honors: Outstanding Homemaker, Lincoln County, 1986.
Religious Activities: Member, First United Methodist Church, Lincoln-
ton.
Family: Married, Jim Lail, 1956. Children:Robin (Lail) Goins and Kristen.
Vice Chairman:
and Parks.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Basic Resources Subcommittee on Cultural Resources
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on General Government); Human Resources (Subcommittee on Aging, Medi-
caid & Facility Services); Rules, Appointments and the Calendar.
The Legislative Branch
403
f-^"
Bradford Verdize Ligon
(Republican - Rowan County)
Rowan
Thirty-fifth Representative District
County.
Early Years: Born in Buffalo, South
Carolina, January 17, 1922, to William
H. Ligon and Lola (Collins) Ligon.
Education: Union High School, 1940;
Medical University of South Carolina,
College of Pharmacy, 1950, B.S. (Phar-
macy).
Professional Background: Pharma-
cist, (Retired).
Organizations: NC Pharmacy Associa-
tion; Piedmont Pharmacy Association; Andrew Jackson Masonic Lodge;
American Legion, Harold B. Jarrett Post; Veterans of Foreign Wars.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1981-82,
1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-; Rowan County Commissioner, 1979-80.
Military Service: Served, US Marine Corp, 1942-45 (Corporal).
Religious Activities: Member, New Hope Baptist Church; Sunday School
Teacher, Adult Class; former Deacon.
Family: Married, Jemelle Huckabee, January 20, 1945. Children: Bradford
Gene and Michael Dennis.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Infrastructure Subcommittee on Water and Wastewater.
Vice Chairman: Infrastructure; Finance Subcommittee on State Revenues;
Basic Resources Subcommittee on Wildlife, Natural and Scenic Areas.
Member: Commerce (Subcommittee on Authorities, Board and Commis-
sions); Pensions and Retirement.
404
North Carolina Manual
Daniel T. Lilley
(Democrat - Lenoir County)
Third Representative District - Craven, Lenoir
and Pamlico Counties.
Early Years: Born in Martin Coun-
ty, August 15, 1920, to Alfred Tom and
Ethel Grace (Gurkin) Lilley (both
deceased).
Education: Farm Life High
School; Spartan School of Aero-
nautics; School of Flight (airline main-
tenance course); College of Life Under-
writers, 1967, C.L.U.
Professional Background: Life
insurance salesman (Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company).
Organizations: Lenoir County Life Underwriters Association; Kinston
Rotary Club; Paul Harris Fellow; Former President, Kinston Junior Chamber
of Commerce; Member, Lenoir County Chamber of Commerce.
Boards: Greene Lamp, Inc.; Fiscal Affairs and Oversight standing com-
mittee of the Assembly on the Legislature. Member, State Aeronautics
Council.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House of Representatives, 1969- (11
terms); Commissioner, Lenoir County, 1964-68.
Military Service: Served, U.S. Air Force, 6 years (Colonel); World War II;
LI.S. Air Force Reserve; Meritorious Service Award, 1980.
Honors: National Quality Award, National Association of Life Under-
writers, 1985; Governor's Award (Conservation Legislator of the Year), N.C.
Wildlife Federation, 1975; Citizen of the Year, Kinston Chamber of Com-
merce; 1963; Distinguished Service Award, Kinston Junior Chamber of
Commerce, 1954.
Religious Activities: Member, Northwest Christian Church, Kinston;
Elder.
Family: Married, Jean Hites of McPherson, Kansas, July 7, 1944. Chil-
dren: Eileen and Dan, Jr.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Finance Subcommittee on State Revenues.
Vice Chairman: Finance; Infrastructure Subcommittee on Railways,
Airports & Waterways.
Memiber: Basic Resources (Subcommittee on Marine Fisheries); Rules,
Appointments and the Calendar.
The Legislative Branch
405
Albert S. Lineberry, Sr.
(Democrat - Guilford County)
Twenty-seventh Representative District -
Guilford (part) County
Early Years: Born in Memphis,
Tennessee, April 13, 1918.
Education: Cumberland University
Army Air School; Gupton-Jones College
of Mortuary Law and Science; National
Foundation School of Management,
Evanston, Illinois; Associate member,
Thanatology Department, Columbia Uni-
versity; Certified Member of the College
of Funeral Service Practice; Member,
Board of Center Association, Center for Creative Leadership.
Professional Background: Chairman of the Board, Hanes-Lineberry
Funeral Service; President, Westminster Gardens; President, Gaines Corpora-
tion; Member of the Board, First Home Federal Bank of North Carolina;
Partner, J.A.S.E. Properties; Board Member, Boren Clay Products Company
(served for a number of years); Board Member, First Union National Bank,
Greensboro (served for a number of years); Board Member, United Family
Life Insurance Company, Atlanta (served for a number of years).
Organizations: Wake Forest Deacon's Club; Greensboro Sport Council;
A.M.F.M. PP Turner Lodge 746; Eastern Star; White Shrine; Shrine Oasis
Temple; Scottish Rite Bodies (32nd, KCCH Degrees); Greensboro Country
Club; Roaring Gap Country Club; Director, Greensboro City Club; Member,
Rhododendron Royal Brigade of Guards (Asheville); Life Member, YMCA;
President, Greensboro Symphony Orchestra; North Carolina Congress of
Parents and Teachers; Chamber of Commerce (Past President); Boy Scouts
of America National Advisory Board; Executive Committee of General
Greene Council (past President); International of NSM; National Chairman,
Association of Baptist for Scouting, (6 years); Member, Rules and Regulations
on Liquor By the Drink in North Carolina, Governor's Commission; Member
1986, Seniors Challenge Masters Cup, National Golf Tournament; Executive
Committee, Southern Legislative Conference Committee of Economic Develop-
ment, Trade, and Commerce; Chairman, U.S. Naturalization Committee;
Greensboro. Board of Directors, American Cancer Society; Member, Board of
Directors, Blandwood Historical Association; President, Greensboro Kiwanis
Club; Lieutenant Governor, Kiwanis International; Local Chapter, served as
President, National Conference of Christians and Jews; President, National
Selected Morticians International; Chairman, N.C. for Guilford County,
Operation 2000, Government Committee; Member, N.C. Economic Develop-
ment Board; Member, Board of Directors, United Community Service of
Greensboro; United Way of Greater Greensboro.
406 North Carolina Manual
Boards: Board of Visitors of Wake Forest University; Board of Visitors of
Guilford College; Trustee, Greensboro College; Director, Greater Greensboro
Foundation; Past Chairman, Greensboro City School Systems; Trustee,
Wingate College; Past Chairman, Greensboro War Memorial Foundation;
President, C.I.B. Consumer Information Bureau, Evanston, IL.; Member,
Economic Development Commission of the Dept. of Commerce; Member,
Board of NC Rural Economics Development Corp. Center Inc.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House of Representatives, 1985-86,
1987-88, 1989-.
Military Service: Served, U.S. Army Air Corps World War II, Air Pilot.
Honors: Greensboro Business Leader Hall of Fame, 1984; Lineberry-
Adams Award Southeast Seminary, 1982; Uncle Joe Cannon Award &
Distinguished Citizens Award, Greensboro Chamber of Commerce; Silver
Beaver and Silver Antelope Awards, Boy Scouts of America; Outstanding
Citizen Award from Greensboro Inter Club Council; Boss of the Year, Dolly
Madison Chapter, American Business Women, 1974; Outstanding Citizen,
National Conference of Christians and Jews, 1972; Book of Golden Deed
Award, Exchange Club, 1969; Man of the Year, Asheville, 1949; Honorary
Degree, Guilford Technical Community College.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church; Chairman of the
Board of Deacons; Departmental Superintendent, Finance Committee; Chair-
man and Charter Member, Developmental Council, Southeastern Seminary;
President's Cabinet, Pan-American Union of Baptist Men; Vice President,
Southern Baptist North Carolina Convention; Director, Bill Glass
Evangelistic Association.
Family: Married Helen Howerton. Five Children.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Commerce (Subcommittee on Business, Labor & Employment);
Finance (Subcommittee on Local Revenues); Infrastructure (Subcommittee
on Water & Wastewater).
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407
Sidney Alvin Locks
(Democrat - Robeson County)
Sixteenth Representative District - Hoke,
Robeson and Scotland (part) Counties.
Early Years: Born in Lafayette,
Louisiana, February 5, 1949, to Sidney
A. and Gloria Jean (Harris) Locks.
Education: J.C. Clark High School
(Opelousas, Louisiana); Wiley College,
1972, B.A.; Morehouse School of Religion,
1975, Master of Divinity.
Professional Background: Minister;
day care administrator.
Organizations: Operation Sickle Cell,
Robeson Democratic Party; Alpha Phi Alpha; Golden Leaf Lodge #124; Car-
penters Consistory 164; NAACP of Robeson County; former Chairman,
Alpha Phi Omega; Robeson County Church and Community Center; Ouda
Temple #147.
Boards: Mental Health Study Commission. NC Energy Policy Council;
former Chairman, Lumberton Human Relations Commission.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1983-84,
1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-; Lumberton Board of Education.
Honors: Outstanding Young Men of America, 1981. Mental Health Assn.
Valand Award 1988.
Religious Activities: Minister, Sandy Grove Baptist Church; Progressive
National Baptist Convention, Inc.
Family: Married, Carol Ann Freeman, June 2, 1973. Children: Sidney
Alvin Edward, Frederick Douglas Maynard; Odetta Tandawi Carol; James
Weldon Attucks.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Human Resources Subcommittee on Aging, Medicaid and
Facility Services.
Vice Chairman: Appropriations Subcommittee on Base and Expansion
Budget on Human Resources.
Member: Public Employees Subcommittee on Benefits.
408
North Carolina Manual
'fr'^^V
H. Clayton Loflin
(Republican - Union County)
Thirty-Fourth Representative District -Union,
Stanly and Cabarrus Counties.
Early Years: Born in Thomasville,
Davidson County, September 23, 1943, to
John Ray and Gertrude (Carr) Loflin.
Education: Thomasville High School,
1962; Attended High Point and Guilford
Colleges, 1962-64; School of Mortgage
Banking, Northwestern University, 1964-
1967.
Professional Background: Owner
and Manager, Feed Ingredient Broker-
age.
Organizations: Monroe/Union County Chamber of Commerce; Duck Un-
limited; Former member. Rotary Club, Jaycees and United Way; Former
coach, T-Ball, Little League Baseball, Football, Babe Ruth Baseball and
Senior High Church Basketball; Carolina's Feed Industry Association,
(President, 1974-1986); Former member, NC Home Builders Association.
Wildlife Federation. A.L.E.C.
Boards: Advisory Council, NC State University Agricultural Institute;
Board of Directors, NC Poultry Federation. Yadkin-Pee Dee River Basin
Commission.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives 1989- ; Chair-
man, Union County Jim Martin Committee, 1984-; Chairman, Union County
Republican Party (2 terms).
Awards & Honors: Spoke Award, 1965 (US Junior Chamber of Com-
merce).
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church, Monroe;
Former Sunday school teacher and activities coach.
Family: Married, Peggy McNeal, April 6, 1963. Children:Mark Clayton
and Bradley Carr.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Basic Resources (Subcommittee on Agriculture, Forestry and
Horticulture); Commerce (Subcommittee on Banks & Thrift); Finance (Sub-
committee on Local Revenues); Government (Subcommittee on Local Govern-
ment I).
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409
Edith Ledford Lutz
(Democrat - Cleveland County)
Forty-eighth Representative District -
Cleveland, Polk, and Rutherford Counties.
Early Years: Born in Lawndale,
Cleveland County, October 20, 1914, to
Thomas Curtis and Annie (Hoyle) Led-
ford.
Education: Belwood High School.
Professional Background: Farmer
and fruit grower.
Organizations: Director, Cleveland
County Farm Bureau; Director, Upper
Cleveland County Chamber of Com-
merce; NC Apple Growers' Association; Sheltered Workshops of Rutherford
County; American Association of Business Women.
Boards: Southern Legislative Conference; Mental Health Study Commis-
sion; Agriculture, Forestry and Seafood Awareness Study Commission; Fact
Finding Agriculture Study Commission; Adoption Study Commission;
Property Tax Study Commission.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1976, 1977-
78, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-.
Honors: Who's Who of American Women; "Farm Woman of the Year,"
Southwestern District.
Religious Activities: Member, Kadish Methodist Church; Sunday School
Teacher; Treasurer, Women's Organization; counselor. Youth Fellowship.
Family: Married, M. Everett Lutz, October 25, 1933. Children: E.Jacob.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Government Subcommittee on Local Government 11.
Vice Chairman: Government.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Human Resources); Commerce (Subcommittee on Insurance); Basic Re-
sources (Subcommittee on Agriculture, Forestry and Horticulture).
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North Carolina Manual
John Bell McLaughlin
(Democrat - Mecklenburg County)
Fifty-fourth Representative District -
Mecklenburg (part) County.
Early Years: Born in Mecklenburg
County, September 1, 1925, to John and
Maude (Utley) McLaughlin.
Education: Newell Public Schools.
Professional Background: Retired
(former postmaster, farmer, merchant and
businessman).
Organizations: American Legion Post
287; Newell - UNC-Charlotte Lions Club.
Boards: Former member, Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, (10
years).
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-86,
1987-88, 1989-.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1950-52 (Corporal).
Religious Activities: Member, Back Creek Associate Reformed Presby-
terian Church; Elder.
Family: Married, Margaret Alexander of Mecklenburg County, June 20,
1954. Three children.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Co-Chairman: Appropriations Base and Expansion Budget Subcommittee
on Highway Fund.
Member: Infrastructure (Subcommittee on Highways); Education, (Sub-
committee on Private Schools).
The Legislative Branch
411
Leo Mercer
(Democrat - Columbus County)
Fifteenth Representative District -Columbus
County
Early Years: Born in Chadbourn,
Columbus County, March 20, 1926, to
Bailey and Lottie (Hinson) Mercer.
Education: Chadbourn High School,
1943
Professional Background: Retired
Postmaster; Mercer - Worthington
Funeral Home; President, Mercer - Worth-
ington Mutual Burial Association;
Farmer.
Organizations: Member, Columbus County Committee of 100; NC
Chapter of National Association of Postmasters in the US (President, 1975);
Former Master, Chadbourn Masonic Lodge 607; 32 Degree Scotish Rite
Mason; PTA (Former President); Chadbourn Civitan Club, (Former President
and Secretary); Chadbourn Merchants Association (Former President).
Boards: Member, Southeastern Economic Development Commission;
Former member, Chadbourn School Board; Former member, Westside School
Board; Columbus County Board of Education (Chairman, 1986-87; 2 terms).
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives 1989- ;
Mayor, Chadbourn, (5 terms); Columbus County School Board.
Honors: NC Postmaster of the year, 1978.
Military Service: Served, Navy, 1943.
Religious Activities: Member, Chadbourn Baptist Church; Former
superintendent, Sunday School; served. Board of Deacons.
Family: Married, Helen Irene Bullard, April 25, 1943. Children:Kenneth
Leo, Kipling Sherrill, and Gwendolyn (Mercer) Houser.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Capital Outlay and Special Programs); Basic Resources (Subcommittee
on Agriculture, Forestry and Horticulture); Commerce (Subcommittee on
Insurance); Infrastructure (Subcommittee on Railways, Airports & Water-
ways).
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North Carolina Manual
Henry M. Michaux, Jr.
(Democrat - Durham County)
Twenty-third Representative District -
Durham (part) County.
Early Years: Born in Durham, Durham
County, September 4, 1930, to Henry
McKinley and Isadore (Coates) Michaux,
Sr.
Education: Palmer Memorial Insti-
tute, 1948; NC Central University, 1952,
B.S.; NC Central University, School of
Law, 1964, J.D.; Rutgers University and
NC Central University, graduate
studies.
Professional Background: Attorney and business executive (Executive
Vice President and Director: Union Insurance and Realty Company; Glenview
Memorial Park, Inc.; Washington Terrace Apartments, Inc.; Terrace
Insurance and Realty Company).
Organizations: NC, NC State and National Bar Associations; NC As-
sociation of Black Lawyers; George H. White Bar Association; National
Association of Real Estate Brokers (General Counsel, 1966-77).
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1973-74,
1975-76, 1977, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-. Speaker, Democratic Convention, 1984;
United States Attorney, Middle District of N.C., 1977-1981, Delegate, Demo-
cratic Convention, 1976; District Solicitor, 1969.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1952-54; Reserves, 1954-60 (Ser-
geant).
Honors: Honorary Doctor of Law, NC Central University and Durham
College.
Religious Activities: Member, St. Joseph's AME Church, Durham;
Steward Board.
Family: Children: Jocelyn (Winston) Simeon.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Co-Chairman: Appropriation Subcommittee on Base and Expansion
Budgets on General Government.
Vice-Chairman: Government Subcommittee on Alcoholic Beverage
Control.
Member: Judiciary Subcommittee on Courts and Administrative Hearings.
The Legislative Branch
413
George W. Miller, Jr.
(Democrat - Durham County)
Sixty-ninth Representative District - Durham
(part) County.
Early Years: Bom in Spencer, Rowan
County, May 14, 1930, to George W. and
Blanche M. (Iddings) Miller.
Education: Spencer Elementary and
High School, 1936-48; UNC-Chapel Hill,
B.S. (Business Administration); UNC-
Chapel Hill, School of Law, 1954-57,
LL.B.
Professional Background: Attorney
(firm of Haywood, Denny & Miller).
Organizations: Durham County, NC and American Bar Associations;
International Association of Insurance Counsels; Phi Alpha Delta; Sertoma
Club.
Boards: Board of Visitors, NC Central University School of Law; Utility
Review Commission.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1971, 1973-
74, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88; 1989-; NC
Young Democrats Club (President, 1964-65).
Military Service: Served, US Marine Corps, 1951-53 (Sergeant).
Religious Activities: Member, Duke Memorial Methodist Church,
Durham; former Chairman, Duke Memorial Week Day School Committee;
former member. Official Board.
Family: Married, Eula Hux, June 21, 1958. Children: EHzabeth Ann,
Blanche Rose and George, III.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Finance Subcommittee on Ways & Means.
Vice Chairman: Finance Committee.
Member: Education (Subcommittee on Educational Activities of State
Agencies); Infrastructure (Subcommittee on Highways); Judiciary (Sub-
comittee on Courts & Administrative Hearings).
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North Carolina Manual
William Donald Mills
(Democrat - Onslow County)
Fourth Representative District - Onslow
County
Early Years: Born in Maysville, Jones
County, on October 8, 1932, to Leo &
Mildred (Jones) Mills.
Education: White Oak High School;
attended East Carolina University.
Professional Background: President,
Seashore Investments; store owner.
Organizations: Jacksonville Break-
fast Rotary (President); Carolina's
Association of Professional Insurance
Agents (President, 1985-86; Board of Directors, 1977-86); Jacksonville Cham-
ber of Commerce (President, 1970); NC Merchants Association; Seaside
Lodge n429; Sudan Temple; Loyal Order of Moose; Jacksonville Board of
Realtors; Eastern Star; White Oak PTA (past President); White Oak Com-
munity Service Association (past President).
Boards: NC Ports Authority, 1981-82; NC University Board of Governors,
1977-78; NC Advisory Budget Commission, 1975-76; Coastal Carolina Com-
munity College, (Trustee, 1964-77; State President, 1975-76).
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1965-66,
1967, 1989-; NC Senate, 1971, 1973-74, 1975-76, 1979-80, 1981-82; Onslow
County Commissioner, 1959-1964.
Military Service: Served, US Army (Corporal, 1951-52); Reserves, 1953.
Religious Activities: Member, Belgrade United Methodist Church,
Belgrade; President, Methodist Men; Superintendent, Sunday School; Mem-
ber, Board of Trustees; Chairman, Pastoral Committee.
Family: Married, Donniere Morton of Jacksonville, January 25, 1951.
Children: William D., Jr., Robert and Kathy (Mills) Daugherty.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Commerce Subcommittee on Insurance.
Vice Chairman: Commerce; Infrastructure Subcommittee on Water and
Wastewater.
Member: Finance (Subcommittee on Highways).
The Legislative Branch
415
Martin L. Nesbitt, Jr.
(Democrat - Buncombe County)
Fifty-First Representative District -
Buncombe, Henderson (part) and
Transylvania Counties.
Early Years: Born in Asheville, Bun-
combe County, September 25, 1946, to
Marion L. and Mary (Cordell) Nesbitt,
Sr.
Education: Reynolds High School,
1964; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1970, B.A.; UNC-
Chapel Hill, School of Law, 1973, J.D.
Professional Background: Attorney.
Organizations: Buncombe County
Bar Association; NC State Bar Associations; N.C. Academy of Trial
Lawyers.
Boards: House Small Business Committee, Chairman, 1983-84; House
Insurance Committee, Chairman, 1985-86; House Appropriations Subcom-
mittee on Education Chairman, 1987-88; American Cancer Society, Bun-
combe County Unit, Director, 1983; Buncombe Alternatives, Director, 1984-
86; Mediation Center, Director, 1985-86; Buncombe County Board of Educa-
tion, Attorney, 1977-79; N. C. 2,000 Commissions, Member, 1981; Alternatives
for Asheville Commissions, Member, 1985-86.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1979-80,
(appointed to fill unexpired term created by the death of Mary C. Nesbitt),
1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-; Member Southern Legislative Con-
ference 1987-88; National Legislative Conference, Member, 1987-88; Director,
Buncombe County Democratic Men's Club, 1983-; Democratic Legislative
Campaign Committee, Chairman, 1989-90.
Religious Activities: Member, St. Luke's Episcopal Church.
Family: Married, Deanne Seller, September 28, 1979. Children: William
Martin and Chad Sellers.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Education); Human Resources (Subcommittee on Health & Disease Pre-
vention); Judiciary (Subcommittee on Civil & Criminal Justice); Rules,
Appointments and the Calendar.
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North Carolina Manual
Edd Nye
(Democrat - Bladen County)
Twelfth Representative District - Bladen,
Pender (part) and Sampson Counties.
Early Years: Born in Gulf, Chatham
County, to Joseph Burke and Vera (John-
son) Nye.
Education: Clarkton High School;
Southeastern Community College;
NCSU.
Profession: Insurance executive.
Organizations: Elizabethtown
Chamber of Commerce; Bladen Masonic
Lodge; former member, Jaycees and
Lions Club.
Boards: Former Trustee, Bladen Technical College.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1977-78,
1979-80, 1981-82, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-; NC Senate, 1975-76.
Military Service: Served, US Air Force, 1952-56.
Religious Activities: Member, Elizabethtown Baptist Church; Board of
Deacons. Former member: Bladen Baptist Association (Moderator) and NC
Baptist State Convention.
Family: Married, Peggy McKee of Clarkton. Children: Shannon, Edward
and Allison.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budgets
on Human Resoures); Government (Subcommittee on State Government and
Properties); Public Employees (Subcommittee on Salaries); Education (Sub-
committee on Private Schools).
The Legislative Branch 417
Harry Eugene Payne, Jr.
(Democrat - New Hanover County)
Thirteenth Representative District - New
Hanover (part) County.
Early Years: Born in Wilmington, New
Hanover County, September 11, 1952, to
Harry Eugene and Margaret (Tucker)
Payne.
Education: New Hanover High School,
1967-70; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1970-74, A.B.
(Political Science, Psychology); Wake
Forest University, School of Law, 1974-
77, J.D.
Professional Background: Attorney
(private practice).
Organizations: New Hanover County, NC, NC State and American Bar
Associations; NC Academy of Trial Lawyers.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1981-82,
1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-.
Religious Activities: Member, Grace United Methodist Church.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Rules, Appointments and the Calendar.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budgets
on Natural and Economic Resources); Judiciary (Subcommittee on Civil and
Criminal Justice).
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North Carolina Manual
Beverly Moore Perdue
(Democrat - Craven County)
Third Representative District - Craven,
Lenoir, and Pamilico Counties.
Early Years: Born in Grundy,
Virginia, January 14, 1947, to Alfred P.
and Irene E. (Morefield) Moore.
Education: Grundy High School, 1965,
University of Kentucky, 1969, (B.S. in
History); University of Florida, M.Ed.
Community College Administration,
1974; University of Florida, 1976 (PhD in
Administration); Fellow: University of
Florida Center of Gerontology Geriatrics
Specialist.
Professional Background: Former Director, Geriatric Services, Craven
County Hospital; Consultant, Robert W. Johnson Foundation; Neuse River
Council of Governments; Director of Human Services; Gerontology Society;
National Council on Aging; American Hospital Association.
Organizations: Chamber of Commerce; Committee of 100; Historical
Society; Arts Council; A. B.C. Board, Chairman, 1983-86; Chairman, United
Way, 1985.
Boards: Member, N.C.N.B. Board; Member, United Way Board; Craven
County Home Health Hospice Board; Council on Women; Social Services
Board, Chairman, 1979-85.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House of Representatives, 1987-88,
1989-; Craven County Democratic Party, Precinct Chairman, Treasurer,
First Vice-President; N.C. Democratic Party, Executive Committee & Execu-
tive Council.
Religious Activities: Member, Christ Episcopal Church; Bible School,
Co Principal, 1981; Sunday School, Teacher; Bible School, Teacher.
Family: Married, Gary R. Perdue, Sr. of Louisville, KY, 1970. Children:
Garrett and Emmett.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Highway Fund); Human Resources (Subcommittee on Aging, Medicaid &
Facility Services); Judiciary (Subcommittee on Election Laws & Constitu-
tional Amendments).
The Legislative Branch
419
James Arthur Pope
(Republican - Wake County)
Sixty-First Representative District -Wake
County
Early Years: Born in Fayetteville,
Cumberland County, May 5, 1956, to John
W. and Joyce (Wilkins) Pope.
Education: Asheville School, 1974;
UNC-Chapel Hill, BA "with honors",
1978; Duke University School of Law,
JD, 1981.
Professional Background: Retailer,
Senior VP, Variety Wholesalers, Inc.;
Attorney.
Organizations: Member, NC State Bar; Member, NC Bar Association;
Member, Wake County Bar Association; Member, American Bar Association.
Boards: Member, State Goals and Policy Board, 1985-1989; Member,
Board of Directors, Institute of Humane Studies at George Mason University,
1987-; Member, Educational Foundation, UNC-Chapel Hill; Member, The
Chancellor's Club, UNC-Chapel Hill; Former Special Counsel to the
Governor, State Boards, Commissions and Agencies, 1985.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives 1989- ;
General Counsel to NC Republican Party, 1987; Republican Chairman, NC
House District 61, 1986-89; Wake County Republican Executive Committee,
1985-89; State Co Chairman, Jack Kemp for President, 1988; Steering Com-
mittee, Rhoda Billings for NC Supreme Court, 1986; State Director of Organi-
zation for Jim Martin for Governor, 1984.
Religious Activities: Member, White Memorial Presbyterian Church,
Raleigh.
Family: Married Alexandra M. Hightower, September 29, 1984. Children:
Joyce Laurene and Earle James Arthur.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Judiciary Subcommittee on Election Laws & Constitu-
tional Amendments.
Member: Education (Subcommittee on Elementary & Secondary Educa-
tion); Finance (Subcommittee on Highways); Government (Subcommittee on
State Government and Properties).
420
North Carolina Manual
»*c-„^H
Coy Clarence Privette
(Republican - Cabarrus County)
Thirty-fourth Representative District -
Cabarrus, Stanly and Union Counties.
Early Years: Born in Statesville,
Iredell County, January 31, 1933, to
Clarence and Carrie (Harmon) Privette.
Education: Wake Forest University,
1955, B.A.; Southeastern Baptist
Theological Seminary, 1958, M.Div.;
School of Pastoral Care, Bowman Gray
School of Medicine; Walter Reed Army
Medical Center, clinical pastoral studies;
US Army Command and Staff College.
Professional Background: Executive Director, Christian Action League
ofNC, Inc.
Associations: Kannapolis Chamber of Commerce. Stanly Co. CC; Union-
Monroe C.C. Concord-Cabarrus Chamber of Commerce.
Boards: American Council on Alcoholic Problems, Inc.; Board of
Ministers, Gardner-Webb College; Committee of Ministers, Campbell Univer-
sity; National Leadership Team, National Consultation on Pornography;
Trustee, Wingate College, 1963-66, 1973-76, 1977-81.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-86,
1987-88, 1989-.
Military Service: Served, US Army Reserves, 1953-. (Colonel).
Honors: Alumnus of the Year, Men's Residence Council, Wake Forest
University, 1977; Man of the Year, NC Baptist Men, 1974; Kannapohs
Young Man of the Year, 1966; Student Body President, Wake Forest Univer-
sity, 1954-55; Omnicron Delta Kappa.
Literary Works: Editor, Tomorrow, a monthly journal concerning moral
and ethical issues.
Religious Activities: Member, North Kannapolis Baptist Church,
Kannapolis, pastor, 1962-76. Christian Life Commission, Southern Baptist
Convention; Baptist State Convention (President, 1975-77; First Vice Presi-
dent, 1973-75); Moderator, Cabarrus Baptist Association, 1968; President,
Kannapolis Ministerial Association, 1965.
Family: Married, Betty Frances Shoaf of Kannapolis, June 21, 1958.
Children: Denise Elaine, Lori Elizabeth, Amy Lynn and Melanie Ann.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Government Subcommittee on ABC.
Vice Chairman: Government.
Member: Basic Resources (Subcommittee on Wildlife, Natural and Scenic
Areas); Finance (Subcommittee on Highways); Judiciary (Subcommittee on
Civil and Criminal Justice).
The Legislative Branch
Listen Bryan Ramsey
(Democrat - Madison County)
Fifty-second Representative District - Graham
(part), Haywood, Jackson, Madison and
Swain Counties.
Early Years: Born in Marshall,
Madison County, February 26, 1919, to
John Morgan and Delia Lee (Bryan)
Ramsey.
Education: Mars Hill College, 1938.
Professional Background: Retired
merchant.
Organizations: Elk; Mason; American
Legion (former Commander); Veterans of
Foreign Wars.
Boards: Co-Chairman, Governmental Operations Commission, 1981-1988,
member 1973-1976; Co-Chairman, Joint Committee on Separation of Powers,
1982; Advisory Budget Commission, 1973-1980; Blue Ribbon Study Commis-
sion on Transportation, 1979-80. Co-Chairman Legislative Services Commis-
sion 1981-1988, Member 1971-76; Co-Chairman Legislative Research Commis-
sion 1981-88, Member 1975-76.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1961, 1963,
1967-Present (14 Terms); Speaker of the House, 1981-1988 (4 Terms); 1987-88;
Executive Committee, Southern Legislative Conference, 1981-1988, Chair-
man, 11th Congressional District Democratic Executive Committee, 1972,
1974, 1976, 1980; delegate. Democratic National Convention, 1968; County
Chairman, Democratic Executive Committee, 1958-60, 1962; Board of Alder-
man, Town of Marshall, 1949-61. Executive Committee, NCSL 1981-1988;
NCSL Legislative Leaders 1981-88.
Military Service: Served, Army Air Corps, World War II.
Honors: NC Pubhc Service Award, 1985; Friend of Education, NCAE,
1985; honorary member, NC AFL-CIO, 1985; first annual Roy A. Taylor
Service Award, 1978. Distinguished Service Award for Outstanding Alumni
-Mars Hill College 1979; Received Honorary Doctors Degrees Mars Hill
College May 1988; Liston B. Ramsey Regional Activity Center, Western
Carolina University, April 1987;
Religious Activities: Baptist.
Family: Married, Florence McDevitt. Children: Martha (Ramsey) Geouge.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNEMTNS
Vice-Chairman: Appropriations Subcommittee on Base and Expansion
Budgets on Capital Outlay and Special Programs.
Member: Commerce (Subcommittee on Authorities, Boards and Commis-
sions); Government (Subcommittee on ABC); Pensions and Retirement.
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North Carolina Manual
Edward David Redwine
(Democrat - Brunswick County)
F'ourteenth Representative District -
Brunswick, New Hanover (part) and Pender
(part) Counties.
Early Years: Bom in Wilmington, New
Hanover County, September 12, 1947, to
Edward Henry and Doris (F'rink) Red-
wine.
Education: Shallottee High School,
1965; ECU, 1972, A.B. (Political Science,
History).
Professional Background: Vice Presi-
dent and partner, Coastal Insurance and
Realty, Inc.
Organizations: Independent Insurance Agents of NC; Carolina Associa-
tion of Professional Insurance Agents; South Brunswick Chamber of Com-
merce (President and Director, 1976-82); Shallotte Lions Club; Board of
Advisors, Cape Fear Council, BSA; Mason, 1976; Shrine Sudane Temple,
1976.
Boards: NC Student Legislative Advisory Council; Board of Advisors,
Cape Fear Substance Abuse; Vice Chairman, Brunswick County Parks and
Recreation; NC Battleship Memorial Commission, 1982-83; Trustee,
Brunswick Technical College, 1982.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-86,
1987-88, 1989-; Executive Board, 7th Congressional District; Brunswick
County Democratic Party (Chairman, 1979-82; Treasurer, 1976; Young Demo-
crats of Brunswick County (President, 1978).
Honors: Young Agent of the Year, 1984; Mr. Chairman Award, IIANC,
1982; Who's Who in American Politics, 1982; Outstanding Young Man of the
Year, 1982.
Religious Activities: Member, Shallotte Presbyterian Church.
Family: Married, Margaret Penelope Taylor of Monroe, September 23,
1972. Children: Erin Elizabeth and Amanda Fletcher, David Austin.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Co-Chairman: Appropriations Subcommittee on Base and Expansion
Budgets on Natural & Economic Resources; Pensions and Retirement.
Member: Basic Resources (Subcommittee on Marine F'isheries); Infrastruc-
ture (Subcommittee on Waster and Wastewater); Judiciary (Subcommittee on
Corrections).
The Legislative Branch
423
Frank Edwin Rhodes
(Republican - P\)rsyth County)
Thirty-ninth Representative District -
Forsyth, (part) County.
Early Years: Born in Worcester,
Massachusetts, August 2, 1914, to Frank
and Alberta (Stoddard) Rbodes.
Education: Columbia University (Ad-
vertising and Management); Rutgers Uni-
versity (Sales Management).
Professional Background: Retired
real estate executive (former President,
Frank E. Rhodes, Inc.).
Organizations: Winston-Salem Board
of Realtors; NC Association of Realtors; National Association of Realtors;
Winston-Salem Kiwanis Club; Salem Masonic Lodge 289; Oasis Shrine
Temple; Winston-Salem Shrine.
Boards: Forsyth Zoning Board of Adjustment, 1969-75 (Chairman,
1972-75).
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1981-82,
1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1944-45; OCS; Infantry; Expert
Infantryman; F]xpert Sharpshooter; Good Conduct Medal.
Honors: Realtor of the Year, 1968.
Religious Activities: Member, Centenary United Methodist Church,
Winston-Salem; Administrative Board.
F'amily: Married, Fernande Gagne of Quebec City, Canada, 'July I, 1960.
Children: Ruthann, Frank, III, I'ina and Nelson.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Finance Subcommittee on Local Government Revenues.
Vice-Chairman: Finance
Member: Government (Subcommittee on Local Government 11); Educa-
tion (Subcommittee on Educational Activities of State Agencies).
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North Carolina Manual
George S. Robinson
(Kopuhlican - (yuldwell County)
Forty Sixth Kepn'scntativc District -
Alexander (part) Avery, Burke (part)
(Caldwell, Mitchell and Watauj^^a (part)
('ounties.
Early Years: Born in Lenoir, Cald-
well County, November 15, 1945, to
Charles M. and Lorraine M. Robinson.
Education: Oak Ridge Military In-
stitute, 196.'5-64; University of Tennessee,
1964-HH, 1972-7;5.
Professional Background: Lumber
Executive (President: Robinson Lumber
Company, Inc.; Southeastern Lumber
Company; Robinson Frugie Lumber Company).
Organizations: Lenoir Rotary Club; Alpha Tau Omega; President, Lenoir
Little League; District Commissioner, BSA.
Boards: Lenoir Housing Authority.
Political Activities: Member, NC' House of Representatives, 1981-82,
198:5-84, 1985-86, 1989-.
Military Service: Served, US Air P'orce, 1968-72 (Sergeant).
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church, Lenoir.
Family: Married, Ann P. Robinson, April 14, 1974. Child:Ricky.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Commerce Subcommittee on Business, Labor and Employ-
ment.
Vice Chairman: Commerce.
Member: Finance (Subcommittee on Ways and Means); Infrastructure
(Subcommittee on Utilities, Pensions and Retirement); Rules, Appointments
and the Calendar.
The Legislative Branch
425
Richard Eugene Rogers
(Democrat - Martin County)
Sixth Representative District - Bertie (part),
Hertford (part), Martin (part), and Pitt (part)
Counties.
Early Years: Born in Williamston,
Martin County, December 12, 1929, to
Javan and Effie (Green) Rogers (both
deceased).
Education: Bear Grass High School,
1943-45; WilHamston High School, 1945-
46; Oak Ridge Military Institution, 1946-
47; UNC, Chapel Hill, 1955, B.S., Masters
Education, 1957.
Professional Background: Superintendent, Martin, County Schools,
1965-85 (retired); Farming; Insurance; Real Estate; N.C. Association of
School Administrations; Martin County Chamber of Commerce.
Organizations: President, Williamston Kiwanis Club, 1982; Local District
Committee, BSA, 1965-85; St. Pauls Jaycees, 1959-63 (President, 1962).
Boards: District Committee, Boy Scouts of America, 1986; Board of
Directors, EastCarolina Vocational Center, 1980-85; Board of Directors, N.C.
High School Athletic Association, 1981-84; Board of Health, Martin Wash-
ington, Tyrrell District, 1965-84; Board of Directors, N.C. Superintendents
Division, NCAE, 1975-78; NC State Capital Planning Commission.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House of Representatives.
Military Service: Served, U.S. Coast Guard, 1950-53; Honorable Dis-
charge.
Honors: Distinguished Service Award; Boss of the Year Award; Super-
intendent Contributing Most to Athletics, Region 1.
Religious Activities: Member, Memorial Baptist Church; Board of
Deacons, 1966-70, 1972-76, 1978-82.
Family: Married, Jean Carole Griffin, of Williamston, August 18, 1956.
Children: Jeanette, Laura and Richard.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Commerce Subcommittee on Banks & Thrift.
Member: Finance (Subcommittee on Ways and Means); Government (Sub-
committee on State Government & Properties).
426
North Carolina Manual
Frank J. Sizemore, III
(Republican - Guilford County)
Twenty-Seventh Representative District
Guilford (part) County.
Early Years: Born in High Point,
Guilford County, July 25, 1946, to Frank
Julian and Jane (Cameron) Sizemore, Jr.
Education: Ferndale Junior High
School, 1958-61; Central High School,
1964; Duke University, 1968, B.A.; Duke
University, 1971, J.D.; Managing Editor,
Duke Law Journal.
Professional Background: Counsel.
Organizations: Greensboro, NC, DC
and American Bar Associations; Christian Legal Society.
Boards: Governor's Commission on the Family; Special Committee on
Prisons; National Commission on the Future of High Point College.
Political Activities: Member of the NC House of Representatives, 1985-
86, 1987-88, 1989-; Chairman, Guilford County Legislative Delegation.
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian, Greensboro.
Family: Married, Laura C. Frazier of Greensboro, May 26, 1979. Children:
Sara Frazier, Anna Laura, Frank Julian IV and Jane Cameron.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Judiciary Subcommittee on Corrections.
Vice Chairman: Appropriations Subcommittee on Base and Expansion
Budget on Education; Judiciary.
Member: Ethics; Infrastructure (Subcommittee on Railways, Airports &
Waterways).
The Legislative Branch
427
Paul Bowman Stam, Jr.
(Republican - Wake County)
Sixty-Second Representative District -Wake
County
Early Years: Born in Princeton, New
Jersey, September 5, 1950, to Paul Bow-
man and Jane Duncan (Levring) Stam.
Education: Eastern Christian High
School, 1968; Michigan State University,
1972, BS; UNC-Chapel Hill School of
Law, 1975, JD.
Professional Background: Attorney;
Holleman, Stam & Reed.
Organizations: Member, NC Bar
Association; Member, Wake County Bar Association; Member, NC State
Bar; Member, NC Academy of Trial Lawyers; Member, Christian Legal
Society of North Carolina (Executive Committee, 1987-89); Member, Wake
County Right to Life (Chairman, 1980-83; Vice Chairman, 1983-88); Member,
Christian Action League of North Carolina, (Trustee, 1982-89).
Boards: Member, Board of Trustees, Southern Baptist Theological
Seminary; Former messenger, Raleigh Baptist Association, Chairman of
Constitution Committee, 1982-84.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives 1989- ; Co
Chairman, Cobey for Congress, 1984 and 1986.
Military Service: Served, US Marine Corp, corporal, 1968-70; Reserves,
1970-74.
Religious Activities: Member, Apex Baptist Church, Apex; Chairman of
Deacons, 1981-82, 1987-88; Sunday School Teacher.
Family: Married, Dorothy Electa (Mills), May 19, 1973. Children:
Nathaniel Edward and Jana Ariel.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Co-Chair: House Select Committee on Reproductive Issues
Vice Chairman: Judiciary Subcommittee on Civil & Criminal Justice.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Human Resources); Education (Subcommittee on Private Schools); Human
Resources (Subcommittee on Housing & Social Services).
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North Carolina Manual
Margaret Ann Stamey
(Democrat - Wake County)
Sixty-Third Representative District -Wake
County
Early Years: Born in Asheville, Bun-
combe County, March 17, 1932, to Chester
Frankhn and Sudie (Aiken) Mcintosh.
Education: Plonk School of Creative
Arts, 1948-51; Brevard College, 1951;
Fridan School of Data Systems, 1959-60;
University of Maryland, 1958.
Professional Background: Legis-
lator.
Organizations: National Association
of Women Business Owners; Cary Women's Club; NC Kidney Foundation;
Cary Chamber of Commerce; Women's Forum of NC; National Order of
Women Legislators.
Boards: Member, South Atlantic Fishery Council, Chairman, 1980;
Member, Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission; Charter member,
NC Child Advocacy Council; NC Capitol Planning Commission, Governors
Council on Physical Fitness; Governmental Operations Committee of the
NC General Assembly; NC Human Relations Council.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1983-84,
1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-; National Association of Women Legislators; Charter
member, Democratic Women of Wake County, YDC, 1977-79; Wake County
Democratic Party (Chairman, 1977; Vice Chairman, 1972-76); National Com-
mitteewomen, YDC, 1968; former Committeewoman, National Democratic
Committee.
Honors: Citation, Wake County SPCA, 1984; Thad Eure Award, 1978; NC
Democratic Party Appreciation Award, 1977; Citation, Kidney Foundation,
1977; Jim Hunt Campaign Award, 1976; Outstanding Young Democrat; NC
Young Democrats Club, 1968.
Religious Activities: Member, White Plains Methodist Church.
Family: Married, James H. Stamey, January 3, 1953. Children: Dianna
Dee Stamey-Fulmer, James Franklin Stamey, Susan Alice Stamey-Steinhoff
and Melissa Jane Stamey-Lennon.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Basic Resources (Subcommittee on Cultural Resources and
Parks); Finance (Subcommittee on Revenue Laws); Government (Subcommit-
tee on Local Government II); Public Employees (Subcommittee on Salaries).
The Legislative Branch
429
Clarence Poe Stewart
(Democrat - Harnett County)
Nineteenth Representative District - Harnett
County
Early Years: Born in Broadway,
Harnett County, May 4, 1922, to William
M. & Lizzie Jane (Wicker) Stewart.
Education: Boone Trail High School,
1940; NC State University, 1955, BS.
Professional Background: Farmer;
Teacher, 1955-61; County Executive Di-
rector, Harnett County ASCS, 1961-77;
State Director, ASCS, 1977-81; Public
Information Officer, Harnett County
Schools, 1981-1987.
Organizations: Ruritan, 1947-, (Served Charter Vice President, President
and District Governor); Mason (Shriner); VFW American Legion.
Boards: Charter Chairman, Golden Leaf Boy Scout District; Charter
Chairman, Harnett County Crime Stoppers, 1986, member Board of Di-
rectors, Harnett County Crime Stoppers; Director, Harnett County Industrial
Facility and Pollution Control Financial Authority; Member, Harnett County
Planning Board, 1961-68.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives 1989- ;
Former director, NCASCS.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1941-43 (Sergeant, tank commander);
Silver Star Medal.
Honors: Recognized for outstanding administration of farm programs by
US Secretary of Agriculture, Freeman; Merit Award from Governor Hunt for
outstanding leadership in education.
Religious Activities: Member, Spring Hill Methodist Church; Chairman,
Administrative Board; Sunday School teacher; served. Parsonage and church
building committees; chairman, finance committee.
Family: Married, Elsie Stewart, December 4, 1946. Children: Randall and
David.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Basic Resources (Subcommittee on Wildlife, Natural and Scenic
Areas); Commerce (Subcommittee on Authorities, Boards & Commissions);
Finance (Subcommittee on Local Revenues); Government (Subcommittee on
Military, Veterans & Indian Affairs).
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North Carolina Manual
Timothy Norton Tallent
(Republican - Cabarrus County)
Thirty-fourth Representative District -
Cabarrus, Stanly and Union Counties.
Early Years: Born in Concord, Cabar-
rus County, November 9, 1949, to Johnny
and Margaret (Weaver) Tallent.
Education: Concord High School; Uni-
versity of South Carolina.
Profession: Owner, Tallent Properties
& Investments. Owner, Zion Music Ser-
vices, Inc.
Organizations: Fellowship of
Christian Athletes; Gideons (former
President); President, Christian Businessmen.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-86,
1987-88, 1989-.
Honors: Outstanding Lay Person of Cabarrus County.
Religious Activities: Member, Concord Bible Church, Concord.
Family: Married, Dianne Cox of Concord, August 3, 1974. Children:
Angela, Andrew.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Commerce Subcommittee on Authorities, Board &
Commissions; Ethics.
Member: Finance (Subcommittee on State Revenue); Human Resources
(Subcommittee on Families, Children & Youth).
The Legislative Branch
John L. Tart
(Democrat - Wayne County)
Eleventh Representative District - Wayne
County
Early Years: Born in Grantham,
Wayne County, October 30, 1927, to
Lisker and Minnie Mae (Denning) Tart.
Education: Grantham High School,
1944; N.C. State, 1950, B.S., Agriculture
Education; N.C. State, 1956, M.S., Agri-
culture Education; N.C. State, 1969,
Ed.D.
Professional Background: Teacher,
Wayne County Schools; Teacher, Mount
Olive College; President, Johnson Community College; Farmer.
Organizations: Mill Creek Masonic Lodge; Farm Bureau; Grange; Wayne
County Industrial Commission; Former President, Wayne County Unit,
American Cancer Society; Former, Master Masonic Lodge; Former President,
N.C. Pork Producer Association; Former, Secretary-Treasurer N.C. Hamp-
shire Breeders Association.
Boards: Former, N.C. State Board of Education; Former, Local Govern-
ment Commission; Director, First Citizens Bank.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House Representative 1987-88, 1989- ;
Wayne County President, Y.D.C.
Religious Activities: Member, Selah Christian Church; Elder; Sunday
School Teacher; Lay Speaker.
Family: Married, Marjorie Stevens, from Grantham, December 18, 1948.
Children: John, Denny, and Dianne.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Co-Chairman: Appropriations Subcommittee on Base and Expansion
Budget on Education.
Member: Education (Subcommittee on Community Colleges); Government
(Subcommittee on Military, Veterans & Indian Affairs).
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North Carolina Manual
Raymond M. Thompson, Sr.
(Democrat - Chowan County)
First Representative District - Camden,
Chowan, Currituck, Dare, Gates (part),
Pasquotank, Perquimans, Tyrrell, and
Washington (part) Counties.
Early Years: Born in Weeksville,
Pasquotank County, September 17, 1925,
to Wallace L. and Minnie (Markham)
Thompson, Sr.
Education: Elizabeth City High
School, 1939-43; North Carolina State Uni-
versity, 1950 (B.S. in Agricultural
Education).
Professional Background: Taught Vocational Agriculture, 1950-51; As-
sistant County Agent, 1951-54; County Agent, 1954-70; County Extension
Chairman, 1970-81; Consultant with Peoples Bank, 1981-83; Manager, Chowan
Storage, 1983.
Organizations: County Agents Association; Epsilon Sigma Phi; Hertford
Lions Club; Edenton Lions Club; American Legion Post (40); V.F.W.; Un-
animity Lodge No. 7 (Masonic Order); Ruritan, 1954-70.
Boards: Peoples Bank Board, 1975; Chowan Hospital Board, 1977-82;
Chowan Planning Board, 1970-81; Chairman, Finance Committee, 1980-82.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House of Representatives, 1987-88,
1989-.
Military: Served, United States Coast Guard, Signalman, third class,
1943-46.
Religious Activities: Member, Edenton United Methodist Church; Sunday
School Teacher, 1972-83.
Family: Married, Carolyn Pemberton Thompson of Raleigh, June 9, 1949.
Children: Raymond, Gayle, and Sharon.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Basic Resources Subcommittee on Wildlife, Natural and Scenic
Areas.
Vice Chairman: Basic Resources.
Member: Finance (Subcommittee on Local Revenues); Human Resources
(Subcommittee on Health & Disease Prevention); Public Employees (Subcom-
mittee on Personnel Policies).
The Legislative Branch
433
Sharon A. Thompson
(Democrat - Durham County)
Twenty-Third Representative District -
Durham (part) County.
Early Years: Born in New Bedford,
Massachusetts, on May 31, 1948, to
Russell E. and Elma (Andreasen)
Thompson.
Education: Michigan State University,
1970, B.S. (in retailing); Antioch School
ofLaw, 1976, J.D.
Professional Background: Attorney;
N.C. Academy of Trial Lawyers; Board
of Governors; N.C. Association of Women
Attorneys, Governing Board and President-Elect; N.C. Bar Association Mem-
ber, Family Law and Real Property Sections.
Organizations: Former member, Hayti Development Corporation, Board
of Directors, Former Member, Durham Dispute Settlement Center Board of
Directors; Women's Forum of N.C, 1987 to date.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House of Representatives, 1987-88,
1989-; Democratic State Executive Committee, 1985-1989.
Honors: Recipient of M.S. Foundation Grant, 1979; Who's Who in Ameri-
can Law, 4th Ed.; Citation for Architectural Conservation of Office Building
from Historic Preservation Society of Durham, 1983; Annual Award from
N.C. Association of Women Attorneys, 1987.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Human Resources Subcommittee on Housing & Social Ser-
vices.
Vice Chairman: Human Resources; Rules, Appointments and the
Calendar.
Member: Finance (Subcommittee on State Revenue); Judiciary (Subcom-
mittee on Civil & Criminal Justice).
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North Carolina Manual
Lois Simmons Walker
(Republican - Iredell County)
F'orty-second Representative District - Iredell
(part) County.
Early Years: Born in Mount Airy,
Surry County, August 8, 1930, to John
Alexander (deceased) and Flossie (Burge)
Simmons.
Education: Pilot Mountain High
School, 1947; Appalachian State Univer-
sity, 1951, B.S.; Duke University,
graduate studies, 1956; Appalachian
State Univeristy, 1978, M.A.
Professional Background: Teacher,
athletic director and counselor, Statesville Senior High School.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-86,
1987-88, 1989-.
Organizations: NCAE; NAE; American Association of Physical Educa-
tion, Health and Recreation; NC Personnel and Guidance Association; NC
School Counselors Association; Statesville Tennis Team, 1978-84; Sir Walnut
Cabinet; Statesville Woman's Club.
Boards: President and Life Member, Junior Service League; former
Secretary and Vice President, Statesville Recreation Commission, 1958-72,
Board Member Iredell Sports and Fitness Center.
Religious Activities: Member, First Associate Reformed Presbyterian
Church, Statesville; President, Sunday School; Vice President, choir.
Family: Married, William L. Walker, PhD. of Statesville, June 28, 1951.
Children: Bo and Enid; Grandchildren: Alex and Tracy.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Education Subcommittee on Elementary and Secondary
Education.
Vice Chairman: Education
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
for Education); Government: (Subcommittee on Alcoholic Beverage Control).
The Legislative Branch
435
Ed>vard A. Warner, Jr.
(Democrat - Cumberland County)
Eighteenth Representative District -
Cumberland (part) County.
Early Years: Born in Fayetteville,
Cumberland County, November 11, 1942,
to Edward A. and Mae Pearl (Green)
Warner, Sr.
Education: Campbell College, 1965,
A.B. English; East Carolina University,
1973, M.A.ed.
Professional Background: Country-
side Furniture Company, Inc. Board of
Directors, President.
Organizations: Lebanon Lodge, No. 391, A.F. and AM; Phi Delta Kappa;
Hope Mills Optimist Club.
Boards: Cumberland County Board of Education.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House of Representatives 1987-88,
1989- ; Cumberland County Board of Education.
Honors: Jaycees Man of the Year, 1987; Fayetteville State University
School of Education Award; Assistant Principal of the Year, 1977; North
Carolina Congress of Parents and Teachers, Honorary Life Membership
Award.
Religious Activities: Member, Faymont Baptist Church; Usher.
Family: Married, Jacquelyn Fredda Smith, of Anderson, S.C. on October
13, 1979. Children: Blekley, Teddy and Molly.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Education Subcommittee on The University of North Caro-
lina.
Vice Chairman: Education.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Education); Infrastructure (Subcommittee on Solid Waste); Rules, Appoint-
ments and the Calendar.
436
North Carolina Manual
Ed Nelson Warren
(Democrat - Pitt County)
Ninth Representative District - Greene and
Pitt (part) Counties.
Early Years: Born in Stokes, Pitt
County, November 29, 1926, to Elmer
Edward and Daisy (Cox) Warren.
Education: Campbell University,
A. A.; Atlantic Christian College, A.B.;
East Carolina University, M.A.; Duke
University, doctoral program.
Professional Background: Investor,
Farmer, Real Estate.
Organizations: Greenville Rotary
Club (Paul Harris Fellow), Trustee Salvation Army, Pitt County Heart
Association (Former Chairman), Board of Directors Greenville Chamber of
Commerce, United Fund Board, Greenville Golf and Country Club. (Former
President).
Boards: Former Chairman Board of Trustees, Pitt County Memorial
Hospital, Former Chairman, Pitt County Health Board; Pitt County Airport
Authority; Board of Directors, BB&T Bank.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House of Representatives, 1981-
present (5 terms); Former Chairman, Pitt County Board of County Commis-
sioners.
Military Service: United States Air Force.
Honors: Pitt County Citizen of the Year Award, 1987.
Religious Activities: Member, First Christian Church; Former Deacon;
Finance Committee.
Family: Married, Joan Braswell.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Commerce (Subcommittee on Banks & Thrift); Education (Subcom-
mittee on The University of North Carolina); Finance (Subcommittee on
Local Revenues); Infrastructure (Subcommittee on Utilities).
The Legislative Branch
437
William Thomas Watkins
(Democrat - Granville County)
Twenty-second Representative District -
Caswell, Granville, Halifax (part), Person,
Vance and Warren Counties.
Early Years: Born in Granville Coun-
ty, July 1, 1921, to John Stradley and
Belle (Norwood) Watkins.
Education: Oak Hill High School,
1927-39; Mars Hill Junior College, 1942;
Wake Forest College, 1939-41, 1946-48,
1949, B.S.; Wake Forest Law School,
1949-52, LL.B.
Professional Background: Attorney.
(Attorney, Granville County, 1955-1968).
Organizations: : Granville County, 9th Judicial District and NC Bar
Associations; Pi Kappa Alpha.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1969, 1971,
1973-74, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1942-46 (Staff Sergeant).
Religious Activities: Member, Oxford Baptist Church, Oxford; former
Sunday School teacher.
Family: Married, Louie Marie Best, November 18, 1944. Children: Alma
Marie (Watkins) Brown and Annabell (Watkins) Barker.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Education (Educational Activities of State Agencies); Judiciary
(Subcommittee on Corrections); Finance (Subcommittee on Revenue Laws).
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North Carolina Manual
John Hugh Weatherly
(Republican - Cleveland County)
Forty-Eighth Representative District -
Cleveland, Rutherford, and Polk Counties.
Early Years: Born in McColl South
Carolina, April 5, 1924, to Rufus & Rosa
(Riley) Weatherly.
Education: McColl High School, 1942;
University of Georgia, 1950, BS.
Professional Background: Indus-
trial Forestry, 35 yrs.
Organizations: N.C. Forestry As-
sociation (President, 1969); Society of
American Foresters, 1950- (Chairman, NC
Division, 1975); Former Member, Rotary Club, 1958-1983; Former member,
Newton - Conover Club (President, 1973); Former member. United Fund
(President Newton Conover, 1968); Former member, YMCA - Catawba County
(Secretary, Board of Directors, 1970); Former adult leader. Boy Scouts (Silver
Beaver, Woodbadge).
Boards: Vice Chairman, NC Board of Registration for Foresters, 1987-;
Former trustee, Catawba County Community College, 1970-71; Former
member. Forestry Council, NC Department of Natural and Economic Re-
sources, 1974-76.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House of Representatives 1989- ;
Former member, Catawba County Board of Commissioners, 1970-74 (Vice
Chairman, 1974); Member, County Executive Committee, Republican Party,
1958-: Former member. District & State Executive Committees, 1977-88.
Military Service: Served, US Marines; Major; Fighter Pilot; 1942-1945;
1951-53.
Honors: Distinguished flying cross with gold star; air medal with eight
gold stars.
Religious Activities: Member, Shelby Presbyterian Church, Elder
(ordained for life); church school teacher.
Family: Married, Georgia Willette Hipp, of Richburg, South Carolina,
April 27, 1946. Children:Keith, Karl and Kim.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Public Employees Subcommittee on Salaries.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on General Government); Basic Resources (Subcommittee on Agriculture,
Forestry and Horticulture); Government (Subcommittee on State Government
& Properties).
The Legislative Branch
439
Peggy Ann Wilson
(Republican - Rockingham County)
Twenty-Fifth Representative District -
Rockingham County
Early Years: Born in Anamosa, Iowa,
September 9, 1945, to Marvin L. and Buirl
(Gill) Thomsen.
Education: Kirkwood Community Col-
lege (Cedar Rapids, Iowa), associate de-
grees in science & nursing.
Professional Background: Owner/
Manager, SASCO Body Toning and Prod-
uct Center, 1982-; School Nurse, 1984-;
Operating/Surgical Nurse, 1978-82;
Regional Manager Insurance Company, 1975-78.
Organizations: President, Pilot International, 1982-83; Member, NC
Nurses Association; 1985-; Member, American Nurses Association, 1985-;
Member, Rotary International, 1987-; Member, NC Rockingham County
Community Task Force on Substance Abuse Prevention; Member, NC
Chapter of the National Committee for the Prevention of Child Abuse; 4-H
Club.
Boards: Member, Board of Rockingham County Social Services, 1986-.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives 1989- ; Presi-
dent, Rockingham County Republican Women, 1986-87; Member, Rockingham
County Republican Executive Committee.
Honors: Woman of the Year, 1986 (Rockingham County Republican
Women); "Tribute to Women".
Religious Activities: Member, First United Methodist Church, Madison;
Vice Chairman, United Methodist Women, 1986-87; Church administrative
officer, 1982-87; Choir, I976-; Sunday school teacher, 1977.
Family: Married, Larry "Woody" Wilson, July 14, 1973. Children:Thomas
Tad, Gina (Wilson) Beckley, Christine Renee'.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Human Resources Subcommittee on Families, Children
& Youth.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Expansion Budget on Educa-
tion); F]ducation (Subcommittee on The University of North Carolina);
Human Resources; Public Employees (Subcommittee on Personnel Policies).
440
North Carolina Manual
William Eugene Wilson
(Republican - Watauga County)
Fortieth Representative District -Watauga
County
Early Years: Born in Banner Elk,
Avery County to Calvin Ray and Myrtle
Ray (Barlow) Wilson.
Professional Background: Restaurant
Entrepreneur; President, Daniel Boone
Restaurant; President, Watauga Food Ser-
vices; President, W.K.P., Inc., Food Ser-
vices; Vice President, Lenoir Food Sys-
tems; Vice President, Quenset Food
Services.
Organizations: Boone Rotary Club, 1974-; Optimist Club; P.T.A., (past
President); Boy Scouts and Cub Scouts Leader; Social Services.
Boards: NC Restaurant Association Board; Watauga County Board of
Commissioners, Chairman; Chairman, New River Mental Health and Sub-
stance Abuse; Former member, Boone Chamber of Commerce; Former NC
Board member of Association of County Commissioners; Former member.
Local Prison Board; Former member. Board of Directors, Local Health
Department; Caldwell Community College Board of Directors.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives 1986, 1989- ;
Member, National Republican Party.
Honors: Boss of the Year; "Lifetime Career Achievement Award", NC
Council of Mental Health.
Religious Activities: Greenway Baptist Church, Boone; Deacon;
Teacher.
Family: Married, Gretta Little, August 13, 1950. Children: Tim, Keva,
Travis, and Odenia.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Co-Chairman: Appropriations Subcommittee on Base and Expansion
Budget on Capital Outlay and Special Programs.
Vice Chairman: Appropriations.
Member: Human Resources (Subcommittee on Mental Health, Exceptional
and Gifted People); Pensions and Retirement.
The Legislative Branch
441
Walter H. Windley, III
(Republican - Gaston Conty)
Forty-fourth Representative District -Gaston
and Lincoln Counties.
Early Years: Born in Columbia, South
Carolina, December 15, 1955, to Walter
Harold and Betty Lou (Elmore) Windley,
Jr.
Education: Ashbrook High School,
1974; Appalachian State University,
1978, B.S. (Business Administration,
Economics); Appalachian State Univer-
sity, 1979, M.B.A.
Professional Background: Vice
President, W.J. Barlowe Tank Services, Inc.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-86,
1987-88, 1989 (Resigned on January 2, 1989).
Family: Married, Debra Lynn Ramsey of Morganton, June 2, 1979.
Children: Walter Harold, IV; Amanda Michelle, and William Davenport.
442
North Carolina Manual
Retirement Planning Associates,
Council on Aging, Inc., 1975-81;
Betty Hutchinson Wiser
(Democrat - Wake County)
^^^^^ -m^^^^^^^^^^ Sixty-fourth Representative District -Wake
^^^^Khl4v j^K- ^P^^H^^^^H (part) County.
^^^H^^\i|^, j^^Mj^^^^B Early Years: Born in Shelby, Ohio,
^^^^^^. -jLr ^Bp^^^l May 12, 1931, to Roscoe David and Mary
^^^B^^^ I ik Jfw^ mm Louise (Stine) Hutchinson.
^^V^ i V ^(iirJk Education: College of Wooster, 1949-
l"*"! / \U^^ ^^' ^^^° ^^^^® University, 1954, B.S.,
1958, M.S. (Home Economics) NCSU,
1961, M.S. (Sociology); Andrus Gerontology
Center, University of Southern California;
NCSU, 1982, Ed.D. (Adult Education).
Professional Background: President,
Inc.; Executive Director, Wake County
Director and founder. Retired Senior
Volunteer Program of Raleigh-Wake County, 1973-74; Director, Volunteer
Training and Volunteer Services projects, 1970-75, N.C. State University,
1961-69; former high school and nursery school teacher; home economist.
International Voluntary Services, Iraq, 1955-57.
Organizations: League of Women Voters of N.C, former State President;
National Association of Women Business Owners; American Business
Women Association; American Association of University Women; Older
Women's League; N.C. Adult Education Association; N.C. Association of
Aging; Zonta Club of Raleigh (former President); Delta Kappa Gamma
International (former President); Phi Kappa Phi; NC Senior Citizens Associa-
tion (2nd Vice President).
Boards: Director, N.C. Center for Public Policy Research; N.C. Council on
the Status of Women, 1977-81; N.C. Conference for Social Services, Director,
1980-83; N.C. Council of Women's Organizations, President, 1977-79; Con-
venor, Women's Forum of N.C; North Carolina Family Life Council, 1986;
Capitol Planning Commission.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House of Representatives, 1985-86;
1987-88, 1989-; Democratic Women of Wake County; Wake County Unity
Campaign Committee, 1982; Chairman, Wake County Precinct n2, 1982-84.
Religious Activities: Member, Unitarian Church, Raleigh; former
Secretary and Program Chairman on Board.
Family: Married, Edward H. Wiser of Raleigh, December 21, 1957.
Children: Carla and Conrad.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Human Resources.
Member: Appropriations (Subcommittee on Base and Expansion Budget
on Human Resources); Pensions & Retirement; Rules, Appointments and the
Calendar; Joint Legislature Commision on Governmental Operations.
The Legislative Branch
443
Stephen Wray Wood
(Republican - Guilford County)
Twenty-eighth Representative District -
Guilford (part) County.
Early Years: Born in Winston-Salem,
Forsyth County, October 6, 1948, to Dock
Wesley Richard Thomas Edmund and
Annie (Harris) Wood.
Education: North Forsyth High
School, 1966; John Wesley College, Th.B.,
1970; Asbury College, B.A., 1973; UNC-
Greensboro, M.A., 1980; Luther Rice
Seminary, D.Min., 1982; Princeton Semi-
nary, UNC-Greensboro and Earlham
School of Religion, Appalachian State University, additional studies.
Professional Background: Pastor; Gospel Singer, songwriter and record-
ing artist; President, Remnant Associates, Real Estate Consultants and
Management, 1977- ; former Professor and Assistant Academic Dean, John
Wesley College; Veterans Services Officer, N.C. Division of Veterans Affairs,
1987-1989.
Organizations: American Historical Association; Society of American
Church History; Southern Historical Assocaition; High Point Jaycees
(Chaplain, 1982); American Legislative Exchange Council, American Legion.
Boards: Steering Committee, Friends Center, Guilford College; Trustee,
John Wesley College; Director and President, Triad Christian Counseling
Center.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-86,
1989-; Vice Chairman, Guilford County Republican Party, 1983-1985.
Military Service: Served, US Army (E-3).
Literary Works: Composer and recording artist: Albums include "Love
and Devotion, Travelin Troubadour, Titus Overture"; Contributor to the
Dictionary of North Carolina Biography.
Religious Activities: Member, NC Friends; Pastor, Friends Union-Pilot
Mountain P>iends, 1984-; Associate Pastor, Glenwood Friends, 1979-1981;
Battle Forest Friends, Greensboro, 1986- ;Pastor, Deep River Friends, 1981-
1984; Pastor, NC Yearly Meeting of Friends, 1980.
Family: Married, Starr Smith, June 18, 1978. Children: Allyson Wray and
Joshua Fleming Harris.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman:Finance Subcommittee on Ways and Means; Government
Subcommittee on Military, Veterans and Indian Affairs.
Member:Education (Subcommittee on Community Colleges); Judiciary
(Subcommittee in Election Laws and Constitutional Amendments); Govern-
ment; Finance.
444
North Carolina Manual
Barney Paul Woodard
(Democrat - Johnston County)
Twentieth Representative District - Franklin
and Johnston Counties.
Early Years: Born in Princeton,
November 23, 1914, to John Richard and
EHzabeth (Wall) Woodard.
Education: Princeton High School;
UNC-Chapel Hill, 1938, Pharmacy
degree.
Professional Background: Phar-
macist; (owner, Woodard Pharmacy).
Organizations: National Association
of Retail Druggists; Princeton Lions Club
(former President); Johnston County Shrine Club; Johnston County Mental
Health Association; Johnston County Drug Club; Keep Johnston County
Beautiful; NC Pharmaceutical Association, 1978; Fund Chairman, Mental
Helath Association, 1971-72; Chairman, Princeton School Advisory Com-
mittee, 1969-71.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1967, 1973-
74, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-.
Honors: Bowl of Hygea Award for outstanding Community Service in
Pharmacy, 1978. 1988 Pharmacist of the year of the North Carolina Phar-
maceutical Association.
Religious Activities: Member, United Methodist Church; Trustee,
Administrative Board; teacher, 1969-71.
Family: Married, Annie Louise Sugg, September 6, 1941. Children: Barney
Paul, Jr., Dianne Louise (Woodard) Taylor, Michael/Sugg, and Joy (Woodard)
McLeod.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Co-Chairman: Appropriations Subcommittee on Base and Expansion
Budgets on Highway Funds.
Member: Education (Subcommittee on Community Colleges); Human
Resources (Subcommittee on Health and Disease Prevention).
The Legislative Branch
445
Grace Averette Collins
PRINCIPAL CLERK
Early Years: Born in Fuquay-Varina, Wake
-J County, to Alonzo Beams and Minnie Lee
-j2L (Helms) Averette.
^^^ Education: Fuquay-Varina High School, 1949;
^H Kings Business College, 1951; additional studies,
^ ^K Raleigh School of Commerce and Hardbarger
^k l^k Business College.
^^ ^i Profession: Principal Clerk, NC House of
Representatives, 1974-; General Assembly staff,
1969-73.
Organizations: Executive Committee, National Conference of State
Legislators; Executive Nominating Committte, NCSL; Legislative Manage-
ment Committee, NCSL Assembly on the Legislature; Chairman, all standing
committees, American Society of Legislative Clerks and Secretaries (Presi-
dent, 1981-82; Vice President, 1980-81; Secretary-Treasurer, 1979-80).
Political Activities: Principal Clerk, NC House of Representatives, 1974,
1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88; 1989-; Chairman,
Middle Creek-Fuquay Precinct, 1971-73; First Vice Chairman, Middle Creek-
Fuquay Precinct, 1969-71.
Honors: Who's Who in State Government, 1976; Outstanding Leadership
Award, American Society of Legislative Clerks and Secretaries, 1975 and
1976.
Religious Activities: Member, Fuquay-Varina Methodist Church; Board
of Mission; Chancel Choir; former Sunday School teacher.
Family: Married, John Nolan Collins, October 4, 1952. Children: John N.,
Jr., Joseph A., James D. and Laurie E.
446 North Carolina Manual
House of Representatives Committee Assignments
APPROPRIATIONS
Diamont, Chairman
Base and Expansion Budget on Capital Outlay and Special Programs
Subcommittee
Holmes and W. Wilson, Co-Chairmen; Ramsey, Vice Chairman; Beard
Dickson, Edwards, Flaherty, Gist, Jones, and Mercer.
Base and Expansion Budget on Education Subcommittee
J. W. Crawford and Tart, Co-Chairmen; Sizemore, Vice-Chairman; Blue,
Chapin, Hege, Nesbitt, Walker, Warner, and P. Wilson
Base and Expansion Budget on General Government Subcommittee
Easterling and Michaux, Co-Chairmen; Decker, Vice-Chairman; Barnhill,
Beall, N.J. Crawford, Culp, Hurley, Lail, and Weatherly.
Base and Expansion Budget on Highway Fund Subcommittee
McLaughlin and Woodard, Co-Chairmen; Barbee, Vice-Chairman; Balmer,
Bowie, Church, Creech, Foster, Greenwood, and Perdue.
Base and Expansion Budget on Human Resources Subcommittee
L. p]theridge and Redwine, Co-Chairmen; Isenhower, Vice-Chairman; Colton,
DeVane, Esposito, Gardner, James, Payne, and Rhyne.
BASIC RESOURCES
DeVane, Chairman;
Fletcher, Brown, Grady, R. Thompson,
and N.J. Crawford, Vice-Chairmen.
Water, Air and Soil Subcommittee
Fletcher, Chairman; Culp, Vice-Chairman; Abernethy, Beall, B. Ethridge,
Flaherty, and Hackney.
Agriculture, Forestry and Horticulture Subcommittee
Brown, Chairman; James, Vice-Chairman; Albertson, Loflin, Lutz, Mercer,
and Weatherly.
Marine Fisheries Subcommittee
Grady, Chairman; Chapin, Vice-Chairman; Anderson, Creech, L. Etheridge,
Lilley, and Redwine.
Wildlife, Natural and Scenic Areas Subcommittee
R. Thompson, Chairman; Ligon, Vice-Chairman; Bowen, Colton, Privette,
Howard, and Steward.
Cultural Resources and Parks Subcommittee
N.J. Crawford, Chairman; Lail, Vice-Chairman; Bowie, Foster, Judy Hunt,
Kimsey, and Stamey.
The Legislative Branch 447
COMMERCE
Hasty, Chairman
Robinson, Brubaker, Mills, Gibson,
and Judy Hunt, Vice-Chairman
Business, Labor and Employment Subcommittee
Robinson, Chairman; Church, Vice-Chairman, Abernethy, Bowman, Easter-
ling, Grimmer, and Lineberry.
Banks and Thrift Subcommittee
Brubaker, Chairman; Rogers, Vice-Chairman; Hege, Holmes, R. Hunter,
Loflin, and Warren.
Insurance Subcommittee
Mills, Chairman; Brawley, Vice-Chairman; Beard, Duncan, Isenhower, Lutz,
and Mercer.
Tourism Subcommittee
Gibson, Chairman; Kimsey, Vice-Chairman; Bowie, Colton, B. Ethridge,
Grady, and Jack Hunt.
Authorities, Board and Commissions Subcommittee
Judy Hunt, Chairman; Tallent, Vice-Chairman; Cunningham, L. Etheridge,
Ligon, Ramsey, and Stewart.
EDUCATION
Edwards, Chairman;
Walker, Bowman, Warner, Decker, and Burke, Vice-Chairmen
Elementary and Secondary Education Subcommittee
Walker, Chairman; Fussell, Vice-Chairman; Barnhill, Diamont, Hege, Jeralds,
and Pope.
Community Colleges Subcommittee
Bowman, Chairman; Gardner, Vice-Chairman; Brubaker, Hardaway, Tart,
Wood, and Woodard.
The University of North Carolina Subcommittee
Warner, Chairman; Dickson, Vice-Chairman; Barnes, Kennedy, Grimmer,
Warren, and P. Wilson
Private Schools Subcommittee
Decker, Chairman; Greenwood, Vice-Chairman; Craven, J.W. Crawford,
McLaughlin, Nye, and Stam.
Educational Activities of State Agencies Subcommittee
Burke, Chairman; Diggs, Vice-Chairman; Arnold, H. Hunter, Miller, Rhodes,
and Watkins.
ETHICS
Beard, Chairman;
Tallent, Vice-Chairman;
Bowman, Grimmer, Fitch, Foster, Sizemore, and Wicker.
448 North Carolina Manual
FINANCE:
Hall, Chairman;
Brawley, Miller, Hardaway, Lilley, and Rhodes, Vice-Chairmen.
Ways and Means Subcommittee
Miller, Chairman; Wood, Vice-Chairman; Dawkins, Fitch, Judy Hunt,
Howard, Kimsey, Robinson, Rogers, and Wicker.
Highways Subcommittee
Hardaway, Chairman; Grimmer, Vice-Chairman; Buchanan, Cooper,
Gibson, R. Hunter, S. Hunt, Mills, Pope, and Privette.
State Revenue Subcommittee
Lilley, Chairman; Ligon, Vice-Chairman; Albertson, Craven, Cromer,
Fussell, Hackney, Hasty, Tallent, and S. Thompson.
Local Revenues Subcommittee
Rhodes, Chairman; Kerr, Vice-Chairman; Arnold, Burke, Diggs, Lineberry,
Loflin, Stewart, R. Thompson, and Warren.
Revenue Laws Subcommittee
Brawley, Chairman; Cunningham, Vice-Chairman; Abernethy, Bowen,
Brown, Fletcher, Rhyne, Stamey, and Watkins.
GOVERNMENT
Dawkins, Chairman;
Hege, Lutz, Foster, Privette and Hurley, Vice-Chairmen
Local Government I Subcommittee
Hege, Chairman; Fussell, Vice-Chairman; Anderson, Bowen, Buchanan,
Fletcher, and Loflin.
Local Government II Subcommittee
Lutz, Chairman; Bowie, Vice-Chairman; Arnold, Beall, Greenwood, Rhodes,
and Stamey.
State Government and Properties Subcommittee
Foster, Chairman; Barbee, Vice-Chairman; Kennedy, Nye, Pope, Rogers,
and Weatherly.
ABC Subcommittee
Privette, Chairman; Michaux, Vice-Chairman; Hardaway, Decker, Holt,
Ramsey, and Walker.
Military, Veterans and Indian Affairs Subcommittee
Hurley, Chairman; Wood, Vice-Chairman; Cunningham, Huffman, Justus,
Stewart, and Tart.
The Legislative Branch 449
HUMAN RESOURCES
Wiser, Chairman;
Esposito, S. Thompson, Jeralds, Locks,
and Isenhower, Vice-Chairmen.
Health and Disease Prevention Subcommittee
Esposito, Chairman; Colton, Vice-Chairman; Brubaker, Cromer, Nesbitt, R.
Thompson, and Woodard.
Housing and Social Services Subcommittee
S. Thompson, Chairman; Howard, Vice-Chairman; Barnhill, Fitch, H.
Hunter, Kimsey, and Stam.
Families, Children and Youth Subcommittee
Jeralds, Chairman; P. Wilson, Vice-Chairman; Brawley, Burke, Easterling,
Jack Hunt, and Tallen.
Aging, Medicaid and Facility Services Subcommittee
Locks, Chairman; Flaherty, Vice-Chairman; Albertson, Bowman, L.
Etheridge, Lail, and Perdue.
Mental Health, Exceptional and Gifted People Subcommittee
Isenhower, Chairman; Judy Hunt, Vice-Chairman; Barnes, J.W. Crawford,
Gardner, James, and W. Wilson.
INFRASTRUCTURE
S. Hunt, Chairman;
Church, Ligon, Abernethy, Kerr and Wicker, Vice-Chairmen.
Highw^ays Subcommittee
Church, Chairman;, Creech, Vice-Chairman; Blue, Brown, Dickson, Mc-
Laughlin, and Miller.
Rail>vays, Airports and Waterways Subcommittee
Abernethy, Chairman; Lilley, Vice-Chairman; Diggs, Gist, R. Hunter,
Mercer, and Sizemore.
Utilities Subcommittee
Kerr, Chairman; Holmes, Vice-Chairman; Balmer, Gibson, Hasty, Robinson,
and Warren.
Solid Waste Subcommittee
Wicker, Chairman; Grimmer, Vice-Chairman; Craven, DeVane, Grady, Hack-
ney, and Warner.
Water and Wastewater Subcommittee
Ligon, Chairman; Mills, Vice-Chairman; Culp, Duncan, B. Ethridge, Line-
berry, and Redwine.
450 North Carolina Manual
JUDICIARY
Cooper, Chairman;
Blue, Cromer, Hackney, Jones, and Sizemore, Vice-Chairmen.
Civil and Criminal Justice Subcommittee
Hackney, Chairman; Stam, Vice-Chairman; S. Thompson, Payne, Nesbit
Privette, and Esposito.
Election Laws and Constitutional Amendments Subcommittee
Jones, Chairman; Pope, Vice-Chairman, Decker, Diggs, Hall, Hardaway,
and Wicker.
Courts and Administrative Hearings Subcommittee
Cromer, Chairman; Kennedy, Vice-Chairman; Creech, Dawkins, Flaherty,
Michaux, and Miller.
Corrections Subcommittee
Sizemore, Chairman; Barnes, Vice-Chairman; Craven, Huffman, Hurley,
Redwine, and Watkins.
PENSIONS AND RETIREMENT
Colton, Chairman;
Buchanan, Vice-Chairman;
Redwine, Fitch, H. Hunter, Hurley, Ligon,
Robinson, W. Wilson, Wiser, and Ramsey.
PUBLIC EMPLOYEES
Fitch, Chairman; Gardner, Chapin, and Barnhill, Vice-Chairmen.
Personnel Policies Subcommittee
Gardner, Chairman; Jeralds, Vice-Chairman; Bowen, Holt, Howard, R.
Thompson, and P. Wilson.
Salaries Subcommittee
Chapin, Chairman; Weatherly, Vice-Chairman; Gulp, Dickson, H. Hunter,
Nye, and Stamey.
Benefits Subcommittee
Barnhill, Chairman; Arnold, Vice-Chairman; Barbee, Buchanan, Fletcher,
Gist, and Locks.
RULES, APPOINTMENTS AND THE CALENDAR
Payne, Chairman;
Rhyne, and S. Thompson, Vice-Chairmen;
Barbee, Blue, Cooper, J.W. Crawford, Cromer, Dawkins,
Esposito, Fitch, Foster, Gibson, Holmes, Huffman, Jones,
Lail, Lilley, Nesbitt, Robinson, Warner, and Wiser.
The Legislative Branch
451
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CHAPTER TWO
The Executive Branch
INTRODUCTION
Under provisions in the Constitution of North CaroHna, the three major
branches of state government— legislative, executive and judicial— are "dis-
tinct and separate from each other" (Article I, Section 6). This separation of
powers has been a primary principal of government since our independence.
In the nearly two hundred years since the forming of the State of North
Carolina, many changes have occurred in her governmental organization.
North Carolina's state and local governments have grown from a small, ill-
funded endeavor of a few hundred "employees" in 1776, to a multi-billion
dollar enterprise of thousands of public servants and programs. Along with
this growth has come problems. In 1970 there were over 200 independent
state agencies making up the executive branch. Recognizing this problem,
the General Assembly took steps toward reorganizing state government,
particularly by beginning to define the executive branch.
State Government Reorganization
In his October 27, 1967 speech, Governor Dan K. Moore urged the North
Carolina State Bar to take the lead in sponsoring a study to determine the
need for revising or rewriting the Constitution of North Carolina. The
Council of the North Carolina State Bar and the North Carolina Bar
Association joined in appointing a steering committee which selected twenty-
five persons to constitute the North Carolina State Constitution Study
Commission. The report of the commission, submitted on December 16, 1968,
contained a proposed amendment which would require the General Assembly
to reduce the administrative departments of state government to 25 and
authorize the Governor to reorganize the administrative departments subject
to legislative approval.
The 1969 General Assembly submitted the proposed constitutional amend-
ment to a vote of the people and also authorized the Governor to begin a
study of consolidation of state agencies and to prepare recommendations for
the General Assembly. Governor Robert W. Scott established the State
Government Reorganization Study Commission in October of 1969. Later, in
May 1970, a fifty-member citizen's Committee on State Government Re-
organization was appointed by the Governor to review the study and make
specific recommendations.
The constitutional proposal requiring the reduction of the number of state
administrative departments to not more than 25 by 1975 was adopted in the
454 North Carolina Manual
general election on November 3, 1970, and the Committee on State Govern-
ment Reorganization submitted its recommendations to the Governor on
February 4, 1971.
The committee recommended implementation of the amendment in two
phases. Phase I would be the grouping of agencies together in a limited
number of functional departments. This was accomplished in 1971 through
legislative action. Phase II began in 1971 and continued into 1973 as
agencies began to work together. Evaluations of agency and department
organizations were done and bills prepared that would revise existing
statutes on the basis of these evaluations and experience. Drafted proposals
were presented to the 1973 General Assembly and legislative implementation
began.
With strong support from Governor Scott, the Executive Organization Act
of 1971 was ratified July 14, 1971. It created 19 principal offices and
departments consisting of ten offices and departments headed by elected
officials and nine other departments formed by the grouping of agencies
along functional lines. The act provided for two types of transfers to ac-
complish the first phase of reorganization. Under the act, a Type I transfer
meant the transferring of all or part of an agency, including its statutory
authority, powers and duties, to a principal department. A Type II transfer
meant the transferring intact of an existing agency to a principal department
with the transferring agency retaining its statutory authority and functions,
which would be performed under the direction and supervision of the head of
the principal department.
All offices and departments called for by the Executive Organization Act
of 1971 were created by executive order of Governor Scott prior to the July 1,
1972, deadline set by the Act. The principal offices and departments created
were the following: Office of the Governor, Office of the Lieutenant Governor,
Department of the Secretary of State, Department of the State Auditor,
Department of State Treasurer, Department of Public Education (now the
Department of Public Instruction), Department of Justice, Department of
Agriculture, Department of Labor, Department of Insurance, Department of
Administration, Department of Transportation and Highway Safety (now
the Department of Transportation), Department of Natural and Economic
Resources (now the Department of Environment, Health, and Natural
Resources), Department of Human Resources, Department of Social Re-
habilitation and Control (now the Department of Correction), Department of
Commerce (now the Department of Economic and Community Development),
Department of Revenue, Department of Art, Culture and History (now
Department of Cultural Resources), and Department of Military and Veterans'
Affairs (which no longer exists). By executive order issued June 26, 1972, an
Executive Cabinet was formed consisting of the heads of these departments.
Meetings of the Cabinet were very important in solving the Phase II
problems of reorganization.
Between 1972 and 1977, some additional alterations were made which
further implemented reorganization of state government in North Carolina.
In 1973, the Legislature passed the Executive Organizations Act of 1973
which affected four of the newly created departments — Cultural Resources,
Human Resources, Military and Veterans Affairs and Revenue. Broadly
The Executive Branch ' 455
speaking, the 1973 law vested final administrative and managerial powers
for the Executive Branch in the hands of the Governor and gave him powers
to appoint a secretary for each of the departments named. The law also set
forth the powers of the secretaries, but left intact specifically designed areas
and decisions already vested in various commissions — these cannot be
countermanded by either the governor or departmental secretary.
Specifically, the 1973 act changed the name of the Department of Art,
Culture and History to the Department of Cultural Resources. Various
Boards, Commissions, Councils, and Societies which relate to a cultural
orientation were brought under the umbrella of the Department of Cultural
Resources.
Two previously created Departments, Human Resources and Revenue,
were recreated making some technical changes not found in the original
law. Specifically, in the Department of Human Resources, a Board of Human
Resources was created to serve as an Advisory Board to the Secretary on
any matter which might be referred to it by the Secretary.
In the 1973 Act, the Department of Military and Veterans was specifically
charged with providing National Guard troops trained to Federal Standards;
being responsible for military and civil preparedness; and assisting veterans
and their families and dependents. A new Veterans' Affairs Commission
was created to assist the Secretary with veterans services programs.
Reorganization was to have been completed by the end of 1975. Most of
the aims were achieved; however, several additional legislative reorganiza-
tional changes were sought by the Governor. Most of the proposals affected
four departments— Commerce, Military and Veterans Affairs, Natural and
Economic Resources, and Transportation. The 1977 General Assembly
enacted several laws implementing the new proposals. The old Department
of Military and Veteran's Affairs has been replaced by a new Department of
Crime Control and Public Safety. The Veterans Affairs Commission formerly
in MVA is now under the Department of Administration. All the State
Highway Patrol, formerly in the Division of Motor Vehicles, Department of
Transportation, has been transferred by a Type I transfer to the new
department. A newly created Governor's Crime Commission is also part of
the new department.
In reorganizing the old Department of Military and Veterans Affairs, the
Energy Division and the Energy Policy Council were transferred to the
Department of Commerce. Also transferred to the Department of Commerce
were three agencies previously under the Department of Transportation—
the State Ports Authority, and two commissions on Navigation and Pilotage.
Other legislative changes were enacted to further reorganize the Department
of Commerce by transferring to it the Economic Development Division of the
Department of Natural and Economic Development and to create a new
council— the Labor Force Development Council— to coordinate the needs of
Industry with the programs offered in our educational institutions. There
was some opposition to moving Economic Development from Natural and
Economic Resources because the setup at that time allowed new prospective
industry to deal with only one department in finding economic opportunities
within the state and what environmental requirements and restrictions
there might be.
456 North Carolina Manual
Reorganization is an ongoing happening in state government as efforts
are made to reduce the bureaucracy and avoid confusion and duphcation.
Since that first effort in the early 1970's, department names have been
changed, a new department created — the Department of Community
Colleges — and some agencies given autonomous status, as in the case of the
Office of the State Controller.
The most recent reorganization occurred in 1989 with major changes
among and within the Departments of Commerce, Human Resources, and
Natural Resources and Community Development. The results were the renam-
ing of two departments and the restructuring of all three. The Department of
Natural Resources and Economic Development became the Department of
Environment, Health, and Natural Resources with primary responsibilities
in the areas of environmental and natural resources management and
public health protection. The Department of Commerce was renamed the
Department of Economic and Community Development. This department
acquired the community development activities of old NRCD and added
them to the commercial and industrial activity of the old Department of
Commerce. The Department of Human Resources lost its Division of Health
Services and several sections from other divisions relating to environmental
and health management.
The Executive Branch 457
THE COUNCIL OF STATE
Origin and Composition
The Council of State is composed of the elected officials enumerated in
Article III of the Constitution of North Carolina. Each of these officials are
executive heads of departments of state government. When acting as one
body, they advise the Governor on certain important administrative matters
of state. This body is also charged by statute with other specific duties and
responsibilities.
The Council of State had its origin in the Constitution of 1776. Drafted
and promulgated by the Fifth Provincial Congress in December, 1776, this
document was created without submission to the people. Its separate, but
accompanying declaration of rights, sketched the main outlines of the new
state government and secured the rights of the citizen from governmental
influence. While the principle of separation of powers was explicitly affirmed
and the three familiar branches of government provided for, the true center
of power lay in the General Assembly.
Profound distrust of the executive power is evident throughout the Con-
stitution of 1776 as evidences by allowing the Governor only a one year term
with a limit of only three terms in any six years. The little power granted to
the Governor was further limited by requiring, in many instances, the
concurrence of the Council of State before power could be exercised by the
Governor.
Having just declared their independence from the bonds of an English
king who exercised dictatorial executive authority, the patriots of North
Carolina were understandably reluctant to establish a strong central execu-
tive. So, the Council of State was created as one of the checks and balances
to prevent the Governor from having too much power. The Council of State
consisted of seven men elected by joint vote of the two houses of the General
Assembly. They were elected for a one year term and could not be members
of either the state Senate or the state House of Commons. If a vacancy
occurred, it was filled at the next session of the General Assembly. The
Council was created to "advise the governor in the execution of his office,"
but was independent of the Governor.
The role of our Council of State today is similar to what is was two
centuries ago. While no longer a separate and distinct body elected by the
General Assembly, the functions of advising the Governor and making
decisions which are important to the operation of government and our state
have survived. The importance of this body is evident by its inclusion in the
Constitution of 1868 and in our current constitution adopted in 1970.
Constitutional Basis
Article III, Section 7, of the Constitution of North Carolina provides for
the election of the following state officers other than the Governor and
458 North Carolina Manual
Lieutenant Governor: the Secretary of State, State Auditor, State Treasurer,
Superintendent of Public Instruction, Attorney General, Commissioner of
Labor, the Commissioner of Agriculture, and the Commissioner of Insurance.
All of these officers, including the Governor and Lieutenant Governor, are
elected by the citizens of North Carolina at the same time that votes are cast
for president and vice president — November of every other even numbered
year. They are elected to four-year terms, and except for the Governor and
Lieutenant Governor who can be elected to only one additional consecutive
term, there is no limit on the number of times each may be elected. In the
event of vacancy due to death, resignation or otherwise, the Governor has
the authority to appoint someone to serve until a successor is elected at the
next general election for members of the General Assembly. Section 8,
Article III of the constitution provides that these elected officials shall
constitute the Council of State.
Duties and Responsibilities
The duties and responsibilities of the Council of State, as prescribed in the
General Statutes of North Carolina are to:
L advise the Governor on calling a special session of the legislature;
2. advise the Governor and State Treasurer on investment of
assurance fund;
3. approve transfers from state property fire insurance fund to
agencies suffering losses;
4. approve the purchase of insurance for reinsurance;
5. control internal improvements and require the chief executive of
public works to report on improvements to the council and the General
Assembly;
6. approve the sale, lease, and mortgage of corporate property in
which the state has an interest;
7. investigate public works companies;
8. approve the Governor's determination of competitive positions;
9. allot contingency & emergency funds for many purposes;
10. approve survey of state boundaries;
11. sign bonds in lieu of treasurer;
12. authorize the treasurer on replacing bonds and notes;
13. authorize the Treasurer to borrow in emergency and report such
to the state legislature;
14. approve the issuance of bonds, set interest rate and approve the
manner of sale;
15. request cancellation of highway bonds in sinking fund if
necessary;
16. approve borrowing in anticipation of collection of taxes;
17. approve the issuance of bonds;
18. approve parking lot rules;
19. participate in lease, rental, purchase and sale of real property;
20. approve motor pool rules;
21. approve general service rules and regulations;
The Executive Branch 459
22. approve property and space allocations;
23. approve war and civil defense plans;
24. approve banks and securities for state funds; and
25. approve all state lands transaction.
Meetings
The Council of State meets monthly, at a time agreed upon by the
members. Currently they meet the first Tuesday of each month. At these
meetings, debate with the Governor and each other is conducted on the
many important issues faced by state government. Prior to 1985, Council of
State meetings were exempted from the State Open Meetings Law by act of
the General Assembly; however, there was so much uproar over this practice
that since 1985 the meetings have been open.
The Council of State is a vital part of the operations of state government
today as it continues a tradition established over two hundred years ago.
The Executive Branch 461
THE OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR
The office of Governor is the oldest governmental office in North Carolina.
The first Governor was Ralph Lane, who served as Governor of Sir Walter
Raleigh's first colony on Roanoke Island (1585). The first permanent Governor
was William Drummond, appointed by William Berkeley, Governor of Virginia
and one of the Lords Proprietors, at the request of his colleagues. During the
colonial period Governors were appointed by the Lords Proprietors prior to
1729, and the crown after 1730. These people served at the pleasure of their
appointors, usually until a Governor died or resigned, although there were
several instances where other factors were involved. When a regularly
appointed Governor, for whatever reason, could no longer perform his
functions as chief executive, either the president of the council, or the deputy, or
Lieutenant Governor, took over until a new Governor was appointed and
qualified. Following our independence in 1776, and the adoption of our first
state constitution, the Governor was elected by the two houses of the General
Assembly. He was elected to serve a one-year term and could serve no more
than three years in any six.
In 1835 with clamors for a more democratic form of government being felt in
Raleigh, a constitutional convention was called to amend certain sections of
the constitution. One of the amendments provided for the popular election of
the Governor every two years; however, little was done to increase his
authority in areas other than that of appointments. In 1868 North Carolinians
adopt their second constitution. The Constitution of 1868 contained many of
the amendments that had been added to the originally 1776 Constitution, but
also included changes resulting from the Civil War and new attitudes towards
government. Provisions in this new constitution increased the Governor's term
of office from two to four years and some of his duties and powers.
Today North Carolina is governed by her third constitution; however, few
changes dealing with the executive branch, and the Governor in particular,
were changed when ratified by the people in 1970. Two omissions from the
Constitution of 1971 which were found in most other state constitutions were
the right of a Governor to succeed himself and the power of gubernatorial veto
over legislation passed by the General Assembly. The citizens of North
Carolina addressed the issue of gubernatorial succession in 1977 and voted to
allow the Governor and lieutenant Governor to run for a second consecutive
term. Following his reelection in 1980, Governor James B. Hunt became the
first North Carolina Governor since 1866 to be elected to two consecutive terms
and the first elected to two consecutive four-year terms.
In recent years there has been a growing concern over gubernatorial veto.
North Carolina is the only state that does not allow its Governor veto power
over legislation passed by the General Assembly. During the 1989 session of
the General Assembly, several bills providing for veto power for the Governor
were introduced. Although a bill to submit the proposal to a vote of the people
was not enacted during the 1989 session, the issue is still alive and can be
considered in the short session in 1990.
462 North Carolina Manual
In 1972, the Office of the Governor was created as one of the 19 departments
in the Executive Branch of state government. Under his immediate jurisdiction
are such assistants and personnel as he may need to carry out the functions as
chief executive of the State. The Governor of North CaroHna is not only the
state's chief executive, but also the director of the budget, with responsibilities
for all phases of budgeting from the initial preparation to final execution; he is
commander-in-chief of the state military; and he is chairman of the Council of
State which meets regularly and which he may convene at any time for
emergencies. He also has the authority to convene the general assembly into
extra session should affairs of the State dictate such a move. The Governor is
directed by the North Carolina Constitution to "take care" that all state laws
are faithfully executed. He has the power to grant pardons and to commute
sentences; to issue extradition warrants and requests; to join interstate
compacts; and to reorganize and consolidate state agencies. The Governor has
final authority over expenditures of the state, and he is also responsible for the
administration of all funds and loans from the federal government. At the start
of each regular session of the General Assembly, the Governor delivers
legislative and budgetary messages to the legislators. To help him carry out his
administrative duties and run his office the Governor has several assistants.
The Chief of Staff
The chief of staff for the Governor oversees and manages the various
divisions within the Office of the Governor. He monitors policy development
and duties of the cabinet agencies and serves as the Governor's link to cabinet
members. He advises the Governor on legislative matters. The chief of staff
also represents the Governor in matters of state, sometimes serving as
representative for the Governor at events the Governor cannot attend.
The Legal Counsel
The legal counsel is appointed by the Governor and monitors all legal
issues relating to the Governor and his cabinet. He advises the Governor
when policy developments involve legal issues and investigates the merits of
pardon requests, commutations, reprieves, extraditions, rewards and pay-
ments of legal fees charged the State.
The Office of Budget and Management
The Governor is responsible for the State Budget. He appoints a State
Budget Office to assist him in carrying out his fiscal responsibilities. This
individual directs preparation of the state budget and advises the Governor
on policy decisions related to the biennial budget. In addition, he advises the
Governor on legislative issues and the management of state government. He
also serves as the Governor's liaison to the business efforts in North
Carolina and reports to the Governor on concerns of the business com-
munity.
The Appointments Office
The Appointments Office is responsible for reviewing applications and
submitting recommendations to the more than 400 statutory and non-
The Executive Branch 463
statutory bodies to which the Governor makes appointments. The Appoint-
ments Office also advises the Governor on development of policy by the
boards and commissions. In addition, the Appointments Office researches
qualifications and requirements, maintains records and provides liaison
with associations, agencies and interested individuals and groups.
The Communications Office
The director of communications serves as the head of the Governor's
information center — the Communications Office — as well as being the pri-
mary spokesman for the Governor concerning statements on policy and
procedure. The director serves as a liaison between the Governor and his
staff, the working press, and the public, keeping them informed on matters
of interest and importance which affect the state. The Communications
Office is also responsible for preparing any speeches, proclamations, letters
of greeting, and public service announcements issued by the Governor.
The Office of Citizen Affairs
The Office of Citizen Affairs is responsible for promoting greater citizen
awareness of and participation in state and local government programs,
services, and activities. The Citizen Help Section handles citizen inquiries
and casework while the Correspondence Unit routes mail to appropriate
departments throughout state government. The office also promotes
volunteerism through citizen referral, recognition ceremonies, and a quarterly
newsletter.
Legislative Affairs Counsel
The legislative affairs counsel is responsible for establishing and maintain-
ing a working relationship with members of the General Assembly on all
legislative matters but particularly those which are important to the
Governor. He is also responsible for tracking and reporting to the Governor
the status of legislation as it moves through the General Assembly.
The Eastern Office of the Governor
The Eastern Office of the Governor is primarily responsible for fostering
congenial governmental-private sector-civic partnership. Representing the
Governor in these capacities, the Eastern Office serves as a conduit between
the people of Eastern North Carolina and the Governor's main office in
Raleigh. The Eastern Office also represents the Governor at civic, business,
and social events. They also investigate inquiries received from citizens of
the area, staying abreast of the concerns of eastern North Carolinians and
generally serving as the Governor's liaison in the eastern area.
The Western Office of the Governor
The Western Office of the Governor has operated for more than thirteen
years. Its primary function is to foster a governmental-private sector-civic
partnership in Western North Carolina. The Western Office serves as a
4(S4 North Carolina Manual
coiuluit hctwccii the pt'opic ol' Western North Carolina in twenty-eight
counties and the (lovernor's main ofTiee in Raleigh. The Western Oft'iee also
schedules use of the Covernor's western residence and assists in coordinating
the (iovernors schedule during visits to Western North Carolina. The office
represents the Covernor at civic, husiness, and social events and investigates
iiuiuiries received from citizens ol' the area, l^y staying ahreast of the
concerns of western North C'arolinians, the office serves as the "eyes and
ears' for the Covernor in the western area.
Tho North Carolina Washington Office
The North Carolina Washington Office was established in 1975 by
Governor James E. Holshouser, Jr. This office serves as a liaison between
the federal and state government. The office is responsible for researching,
analyzing, and monitoring vital issues of concern to North Carolina. The
North Carolina Washington Office accomplishes these goals by attending
congressional hearings and briefings with federal agencies and alerting the
appropriate staff contact on the need for, or effect of, various regulations
and legislative proposals. The location of the office makes it possible to
immediately obtain any necessary documents or information for state
officials. In addition to these services, the office responds directly to con-
stituent requests for information and is proud to serve as a home base for
the state.
Boards and Commissions
Governors Advisory Council on Agriculture, F'orestry, and the Seafood
Industry (Executive Order 5 (March 29, 1977))
Governor's Task Force on Domestic Violence (Executive Order .55)
North Carolina F^arm worker Council (G.S. 148B-426.30)
State Goals and Policy Board (G.S. 148B-371)
Governor's Advisory Commission on Military Affairs (Executive Order 1 1)
Interstate Cooperation Council (G.S. 14HB-379)
Local Government Advocacy Council (G.S. 143-506.14)
Council on the Status of Women (G.S. 143B-393)
466
North Carolina Manual
The Executive Branch 467
James Grubbs Martin
Governor
Early Years: Born in Savannah, Georgia, December 11, 1935, to the
Reverend Arthur M. and Mary (Grubbs) Martin.
Education: Mt. Zion Institute (Public School), Winnsboro, S.C., 1953;
Davidson College, 1957, B.S. (Chemistry); Princeton University, 1960, Ph.D.
(Chemistry).
Professional Background: Governor of North CaroHna, 1985-present
(elected, 1984— the second RepubHcan Governor elected in this century);
former associate professor of chemistry, Davidson College, 1960-72; U.S.
Congress, 1973-84.
Organizations: Member, Beta Theta Pi, National President, 1975-78;
Mason, Shriner; Charlotte Symphony (tuba), 1957 and 1962-66.
Boards: President of NC Association of County Commissioners, 1970-71;
Founder and First Chairman, Centralina Council of Governments (COG),
1968-71; Vice President, National Association of Regional Councils, 1969-71.
Political Activities: Governor of North Carolina, 1985-; Member, US
House of Representatives, 1973-84 (six terms); member. Board of County
Commissioners, Mecklenburg County, 1966-72 (Chairman, 1966-68 and 1971);
Delegate to the National Republican Convention, 1968; member. House
Interior and Insular Affairs Committee, 1973-74; member. House Ways and
Means Committee, 1975-84; member, House Budget Committee, 1980-82;
Chairman, House Republican Search Committee, 1982-83; Chairman, Re-
publican Task Force on Health Policy, 1975-82; Republican Party.
Honors: American Chemical Society's Charles Lathrop Parsons Award
(first to a public official); Omicron Delta Kappa.
Literary Works: "Stereochemistry of the Diels-Alder Reaction," Chemi-
cal Reviews, 1961.
Religious Activities: Presbyterian (Deacon, 1969-71); Choir.
Family: Married, Dorothy Ann McAulay of Charlotte, June 1, 1957.
Children: James, Jr., Emily, and Benson.
468 North Carolina Manual
GOVERNORS OF NORTH CAROLINA
GOVERNORS OF "VIRGINIA"
Name Qualified Term
Ralph Lane' [April 9], 1585 1585-1586
John White-^ [April 26], 1587 1587
PROPRIETARY CHIEF EXECUTIVES*
Name Qualified Term
(Samuel Stephens)^ [1622-1664]
William Drummond^ February 23, 1665 1665-[1667]
Samuel Stephens^ , 1667 [1667-1670]
Peter Carteret^ March 10, 1670 1670-1671
Peter Carteret" , 1671 1671-1672
John Jenkins*^ [May _], 1672 1672-1675
Thomas Eastchurch9 October _, 1675 1675-1676
[Speaker-Assembly]io [Spring, 1676] 1676
John Jenkins'i March _ , 1676 1676-1677
Thomas Eastchurch'^
Thomas Miller^^ July _ , 1677 1677
[Rebel Council]!^ December _ , 1677 1677-1679
Seth Sothel's
John Harvey'^ July _ , 1679 1679
John Jenkins'^ December _ , 1679 1679-1681
Henry Wilkinson'*^
Seth Sothel'9 , [1682] [1682]-1689
John Archdale-o December _ , 1683 1683-1686
John Gibbs^i November _ , 1689 1689-1690
Phillip LudwelP^ May _ , 1690 1690-1691
Thomas Jarvis'^^ July _ , 1690 1690-1694
Phillip Ludwell24 November _, 1693 1693-1695
Thomas Harvey25 July _ , 1694 1694-1699
John Archdale^e j^^e _ , 1695 1695
John Archdale" January _ , 1697 1697
Henderson Walker^s July _ , 1699 1699-1703
Robert Danieps July _ , 1703 1703-1705
Thomas Cary^^o March 21, 1705 1705-1706
William Glover'i July 13, 1706 1706-1707
Thomas Cary32 August _ , 1707 1707
William Glover^^ October 28, 1707 1707-1708
Thomas Cary^4 July 24, 1708 1708-1711
[William Glover]35 [1709-1710]
Edward Hyde36 January 22, 1711 1711-1712
Edward Hyde" May 9, 1712 1712
Thomas Pollock^s September 12, 1712 1712-1714
*The names indented first are those who served as chief executive, but were
appointed either deputy or lieutenant governor. Those indented second served while
president of the council.
The Executive Branch 469
Name Qualified Term
Charles Eden^^ May 28, 1714 1714-1722
Thomas Pollock^o March 30, 1722 1722
WilHamReed^i September 7, 1722 1722-1724
George Burrington^s January 15, 1724 1724-1725
Edward Moseley^^ October 31, 1724 1724
Sir Richard Everard^" July 17, 1725 1725-1731
ROYAL CHIEF EXECUTIVES^s
Name Qualified Term
George Burrington^^ February 25, 1731 1731-1734
Nathaniel Rice^^ April 17, 1734 1734
Gabriel Johnston^s November 2, 1734 1734-1752
Nathaniel Rice^s July 17, 1752 1752-1753
Matthew Rowan^o February 1, 1753 1753-1754
Arthur Dobbs^i November 1, 1754 1754-1765
James Haselpa October 15, 1763 1763
William Tryon53 April 3, 1765 1765
William Tryon54 December 20, 1765 1765-1771
James Haselps July 1, 1771 1771
Josiah Martinis August 12, 1771 1771-1775
James Hasell" Octobers, 1774 1774
ELECTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY^s
Name Residence Qualified Term
Richard Caswell^^ Dobbs December 21, 1776 1776-1777
Richard Caswell Dobbs April 18, 1777 1777-1778
Richard Caswell Dobbs April 20, 1778 1778-1779
Richard Caswell Dobbs May 4, 1779 1779-1780
Abner Nash^o Craven April 21, 1780 1780-1781
Thomas Burke^i Orange June 26, 1781 1781-1782
Alexander Martin62 Guilford October 5, 1781 1781-1782
Alexander Martin Guilford April 22, 1782 1782-1783
Alexander Martin Guilford April 30, 1783 1783-1784
Alexander Martin Guilford May 3, 1784 1784-1785
Richard Caswell Dobbs December 12, 1785 1785-1786
Richard Caswell Dobbs December 23, 1786 1786-1787
Samuel Johnston Chowan December 20, 1787 1787-1788
Samuel Johnston Chowan November 18, 1788 1788-1789
Samuel Johnston^a Chowan November 18, 1789 1789
Alexander MartinS" Guilford December 17, 1789 1789-1790
Alexander Martin Guilford December 9, 1790 1790-1792
Alexander Martin Guilford January 2, 1792 1792
Richard Dobbs Spaight .... Craven December 14, 1792 1792-1793
Richard Dobbs Spaight .... Craven December 26, 1793 1793-1795
Richard Dobbs Spaight .... Craven January 6, 1795 1795
Samuel Ashe New Hanover November 19, 1795 ... 1795-1796
Samuel Ashe New Hanover December 19, 1796 .... 1796-1797
Samuel Ashe New Hanover December 5, 1797 1797-1798
William R. Daviess Halifax December 7, 1798 1798-1799
470
North Carolina Manual
Name Residence Qualifled Term
Benjamin Williams Moore November 23, 1799 ... 1799-1800
Benjamin Williams Moore November 29, 1800 ... 1800-1801
Benjamin Williams Moore November 28, 1801 ... 1801-1802
John Baptiste Ashe'^^ Halifax
James Turner*^ ' Warren Decembers, 1802 1802-1803
James Turner Warren Decembers, 1803 1803-1804
James Turner^" Warren November 29, 1804 ... 1804-1805
Nathaniel Alexander Mecklenburg December 10, 1805 .... 1805-1806
Nathaniel Alexander Mecklenburg December 1, 1806 1806-1807
Benjamin Williams Moore December 1, 1807 1807-1808
David Stone Bertie December 12, 1808 .... 1808-1809
David Stone Bertie December 13, 1809 .... 1809-1810
Benjamin Smith Brunswick December 5, 1810 1810-1811
William Hawkins Warren December 9, 1811 1811-1812
WilHam Hawkins Warren December 8, 1812 1812-1813
WilHam Hawkins Warren December 7, 1813 1813-1814
William Miller Warren December 7, 1814 1814-1815
William Miller Warren December 7, 1815 1815-1816
WilHam Miller Warren December 7, 1816 1816-1817
John Branch Halifax December 6, 1817 1817-1818
John Branch Halifax December 5, 1818 1818-1819
John Branch Halifax December 7, 1819 1819-1820
Jesse Franklin Surry December 7, 1820 1820-1821
Gabriel Holmes Sampson December 7, 1821 1821-1822
Gabriel Holmes Sampson December 7, 1822 1822-1823
Gabriel Holmes Sampson December 6, 1823 1823-1824
Hutchings G. Burton Halifax December 7, 1824 1824-1825
Hutchings G. Burton Halifax December 6, 1825 1825-1826
Hutchings G. Burton Halifax December 29, 1826 .... 1826-1827
James Iredell, Jr.*^9 Chowan December 8, 1827 1827-1828
John Owen Bladen December 12, 1828 .... 1828-1829
John Owen Bladen December 10, 1829 .... 1829-1830
Montford Stokes^" Wilkes December 18, 1830 .... 1830-1831
Montford Stokes Wilkes December 13, 1831 .... 1831-1832
David L. Swain Buncombe December 6, 1832 1832-1833
David L. Swain Buncombe December 9, 1833 1833-1834
David L. Swain Buncombe December 10, 1834 .... 1834-1835
Richard Dobbs Spaight, Jr. ... Craven December 10, 1835 .... 1835-1836
ELECTED BY THE PEOPLE^i - TWO-YEAR TERM
Name
Residence
Qualified
Term
Edward B. Dudley
New Hanover ..
... December 31, 1836
... 1836-1838
Edward B. Dudley
New Hanover ..
... December 29, 1838
... 1838-1841
John M. Morehead
Guilford
... January 1, 1841 ....
... 1841-1842
John M. Morehead
Guilford
... December 31, 1842
... 1842-1845
William A. Graham
Orange
... January 1, 1845 ....
... 1845-1847
William A. Graham
Orange
...January 1, 1847 ....
... 1847-1849
Charles Manly
Wake
...January 1, 1849 ....
... 1849-1851
David S. Reid'^
Rockingham ...
... January 1, 1851 ....
... 1851-1852
David S. Reid' '
Rockingham ...
... December 22, 1852
... 1852-1854
Warren Winslow"^
Cumberland ....
... December 6, 1854 ..
... 1854-1855
The Executive Branch 471
Name Residence Qualified Term
Thomas Bragg Northampton January 1, 1855 1855-1857
Thomas Bragg Northampton January 1, 1857 1857-1859
John W. ElHs Rowan January 1, 1859 1859-1861
John W. ElHs^s Rowan January 1, 1861 1861
Henry T. Clark^^ Edgecombe July 7, 1861 1861-1862
Zebulon B. Vance Buncombe September 8, 1862 .... 1862-1864
Zebulon B. Vance Buncombe December 22, 1864 .... 1864-1865
WilHam W. Holden" Wake May 29, 1865 1865
Jonathan Worth Randolph December 15, 1865 .... 1865-1866
Jonathan Worth Randolph December 22, 1866 .... 1866-1868
ELECTED BY THE PEOPLE - FOUR- YEAR TERM^^
Name Residence Qualified Term
William W. Holden^^ Wake July 1, 1868 1868-1870
Tod R. Caldweliso Burke December 15, 1870 .... 1870-1873
Tod R. Caldwelpi Burke January 1, 1873 1873-1874
Curtis H. Brogden Wayne July 14, 1874 1874-1877
Zebulon B. Vance^^ Buncombe January 1, 1877 1877-1879
Thomas J. JarvisS^ Pitt February 5, 1879 1879-1881
Thomas J. Jarvis Pitt January 18, 1881 1881-1885
James L. Robinson^^ Macon September 1, 1883 1883
Alfred M. Scales Rockingham January 21, 1885 1885-1889
Daniel G. Fowle^^ Wake January 17, 1889 1889-1891
Thomas M. Holt Alamance April 8, 1891 1891-1893
Elias Carr Edgecombe January 18, 1893 1893-1897
Daniel L. Russell Brunswick January 12, 1897 1897-1901
Charles B. Aycock Wayne January 15, 1901 1901-1905
Robert B. Glenn Forsyth January 11, 1905 1905-1909
William W. Kitchin Person January 12, 1909 1909-1913
Locke Craig Buncombe January 15, 1913 1913-1917
Thomas W. Bickett Franklin January 11, 1917 1917-1921
Cameron Morrison Mecklenburg January 12, 1921 1921-1925
Angus W. McLean Robeson January 14, 1925 1925-1929
Oliver Max Gardner Cleveland January 11, 1929 1929-1933
John C. B. Ehringhaus Pasquotank January 5, 1933 1933-1937
Clyde R. Hoey Cleveland January 7, 1937 1937-1941
John Melville Broughton ...Wake January 9, 1941 1941-1945
Robert Gregg Cherry Gaston January 4, 1945 1945-1949
William Kerr Scott Alamance January 6, 1949 1949-1953
William B. Umstead^e Durham January 8, 1953 1953-1954
Luther H. Hodges Rockingham November 7, 1954 1954-1957
Luther H. Hodges Rockingham February 7, 1957 1957-1961
Terry Sanford Cumberland January 5, 1961 1961-1965
Daniel K. Moore Jackson January 8, 1965 1965-1969
Robert W. Scott Alamance January 3, 1969 1969-1973
James E. Holshouser, Jr.^^ .... Watauga January 5, 1973 1973-1977
James B. Hunt, Jr Wilson January 8, 1977 1977-1981
James B. Hunt, Jr.^s Wilson January 10, 1981 1981-1985
James G. Martin Iredell January 5, 1985 1985-1989
James G. Martin Iredell January 7, 1989 1989
472 North Carolina Manual
Governors of "Virginia"
'Lane was appointed by Sir Walter Raleigh and left Plymouth, England on April 9,
1585. His expedition reached the New World in July; however a colony was not
established until August.
-White was appointed by Sir Walter Raleigh and departed from Portsmouth, England
on April 26, 1587; however, the expedition made stops at Isle of Wight and Plymouth
before setting sail for "Virginia" on May 5. They reached the area to be settled on July 22,
but Governor White wanted to make some preliminary explorations before allowing the
remainder of his party to go ashore. Three days later the colonists left the ships. Food
shortages and the absence of other needed supplies forced White to leave for England on
August 27, 1587. Delayed in England because of war with Spain, White did not return to
North Carolina until 1590. Leaving England on March 20, he arrived in August, but
found no evidence of life. On a nearby tree he found the letters C.R.O. and on another
CROATAN. White never did find his missing colony and the mystery of the "Lost
Colony" is still unsolved.
Proprietory Chief Executives
""Stephens was appointed "commander of the southern plantations" by the council in
Virginia. The geographical location of the "southern plantations" is that area in
northeastern North Carolina where "overflow" settlers from Virginia lived. William S.
Powell suggests that his "presence in Carolina removed any urgency for a prompt
appointment" of a Governor for Carolina when Berkeley was instructed to do so by the
Lords Proprietors and explains why Drummond was not appointed until 1664.
■•Drummond was appointed by William Berkeley, Governor of Virginia and one of the
Lords Proprietors, at the request of the Lords Proprietors in England. He began serving
prior to the delivery of his commission by Peter Carteret in February, 1665. Since other
commissions issued to Carteret bear the date December, 3, 1664, it is possible that
Drummond's commission was also issued on that date. Records show that he was still
Governor in December, 1666, and that a successor was not appointed until October, 1667.
He supposedly moved to Virginia sometime during 1667.
'Stephens was appointed by the Lords Proprietors to replace Drummond and began
servingpriorto the delivery of his commission in April, 1668. He died while still in office
sometime before March 7, 1670.
"Carteret had been commissioned Lieutenant Governor by the Lords Proprietors on
December 3, 1664 and was chosen President by the North Carolina Council upon the
death of Stephens. He was later appointed Governor by the Lords Proprietors. He left the
colony for England sometime after May 10, 1672.
"See footnote 6.
"Jenkins was commissioned by Carteret to act as deputy governor when he left the
colony. The authority of Carteret to make this appointment rested in commissions issued
by the Lords Proprietors in October, 1670, but which expired "at the end of four years"
according to provisions in the Fundamental Constitutions, Carteret had not returned to
the colony when his commission to Jenkins officially expired; however, Jenkins
continued to serve. When the general assembly met, following elections in September,
1675, opposition had formed against Jenkins and he was imprisoned on charges of
"several misdemeanors".
''Eastchurch was elected speaker of the assembly and assumed the role of governor
following the imprisonment of Jenkins. He seems to have remained in this position until
the spring of 1676 when the departed the colony for England.
'"Eastchurch "apparently left someone else as speaker, for the assembly remained in
session". However, Jenkins was forceably released from prison by friends "at some date
before late March, 1676." He exercised enough control to hold a court and for a period
prior to the departure of Eastchurch for England, both he and Jenkins exercised control
over the province. In October, 1976, Jenkins, backed by an armed force, dissolved the
assembly and resumed the role of governor.
"See footnote 10.
The Executive Branch 473
^ ^Eastchurch was commissioned governor by the Lords Proprietors. Upon his return to
the colony he stopped at Nevis in the West Indies and sought the attention of a wealthy
lady. Deciding to remain in Nevis for a while, he appointed Thomas Miller deputy
governor until his return. (Eastchurch never returned to North Carolina — he died in
Virginia while on his way back to the colony). Because he had not offically qualified as
governor in Albemarle, Eastchurch had no legal authority to appoint Miller; however,
when Miller reached Albemarle he was able to secure his position with little initial
trouble. The policies used by Miller to quiet opposition and his general handling of the
government soon put him in conflict with the populace. This conflict erupted into ]a
political upheaval which became known as "Culpeper's Rebellion."
i^See footnote 12.
1 ^Tradition is that John Culpepper was elected governor by the Assembly when they
rebelled against Miller; however, there is no documentary evidence to substantiate the
claim that he held any post other than that of customs collector. Dr. Lindley Butler
suggests that it is possible that John Jenkins, the last de jure executive of the colony,
acted as de facto government and evidence exists that a "rebel" council meeting was held
in early 1678 at his home.
i^Sothel was appointed governor in 1678, but was captured "by the Turkes and carried
into Argier ..." and did not take office. "Afidavitt of John Taylor" and Lords Proprietors
to the "Governor and Councell of the County of Albemarle in the Province of Carolina".
"'Harvey's commission instructed him to act as "President of the Council and execute
the authority of the government until the arrival of Mr. Sothell". Other details are not
known. He died whie still in office.
'Jenkins was elected president of the council following the death of Harvey and died
on December 17, 1681 while still in office.
'^Wilkinson was appointed by the Lords Proprietors but never left England — "he was
arrested and imprisoned in London while preparing to sail".
^^Sothel, following his purchase of the "Earl of Clarendon's share of Carolina",
became governor under a provision of the Fundamental Constitution which "provided
that the eldest proprietor that shall be in Carolina shall be Governor . . . ." The date of
Sothel's assumption of Governorship is not known. Extant records tell nothing about the
government of Albemarle in the year following Jenkins' death. It is possible that Sothel
reached the colony and took office before Jenkins died or soon afterwards; it is possible
that for a time there was an acting governor, chosen by the council; or there may have
been a period of chaos. Nothing is known except that Sothel arrived in Albemarle at some
time prior to March 10, 1682, when he held court at Edward Smithwick's house in
Chowan Precinct. Sothel actions and policies soon became intolerable to the people of
Albemarle and at the meeting of the assembly in 1689, thirteen charges of misconduct
and irregularties were brought against him. He was banished from the colony for 12
months and was prohibited from ever again holding public office in Albemarle. On
December 5, 1689, the Lords Proprietors offically suspended Sothel as governor because
he abused the authority granted him as a proprietor.
2°Archdale was in the colony by December, 1683, to collect quitrents and remained in
Albemarle until 1686. While Governor Sothel was absent from the county, Archdale
served on many occasions as acting governor.
^'The Fundamental Constitutions provided that the eldest proprietor living in the
colony would be governor and that if there were none, then the eldest cacique was to act.
"Gibbs, a relative of the Duke of Albemarle, had been made a cacique of Carolina in
October, 1682, and had been granted a manor in the southern Carolina colony a few
months later. Gibbs came to Albemarle at some date before November, 1689, by which
time he was known as 'governor'. His claim to the governorship seems to have been
recognized in the colony for a time; an assembly appears to have been held while he was
governor'. It is probable that Albemarle inhabitants recognized his claim until word
arrived of Ludwell's appointment, which was made in December, 1689." Even after
Ludwell arrived in Albemarle Gibbs continued to claim his right to the office. In July,
1690 both were advised by the Virginia governor to carry their dispute to the proprietors
in England, which was apparently done. On November 8, 1691 a proclamation was
issued by the proprietors to the inhalDitants of Albemarle reaffirming Sothel's suspension
and repudiating the claim of Gibbs. They also suspended the Fundamental Constitutions
474 North Carolina Manual
which stripped Gibbs of any further legal basis for his actions. (The actions of the
Proprietors on November 8, 1691 did in fact suspend the Fundamental Constitutions
even though formal announcement of their suspension was not made until May 11, 1693.)
--^Ludwell was originally commissioned governor by the Lords Proprietors on December
5, 1689 following the suspension of Sothel, but his dispute with Gibbs led to the issuance
of a second commission on November 8, 1691. He served as governor until his
appointment as governor of all Carolina.
^^Jarvis acted as deputy governor while Ludwell was in Virginia and England. He was
officially appointed deputy governor upon Ludwell's acceptance of the governorship of
Carolina and served until his death in 1694.
^^Ludwell served as acting governor, possibly by appointment of Thomas Smith
governor of Carolina; however, the authority under which he acted is not known. In
October, 1694 it is apparent that the Proprietors did not know of his position as the
proprietors refer to him as "our late Governor of North Carolina." He issued a
proclamation on November 28, 1693 and land grant records indicate that he acted as
chief executive intermittantly throughout 1694 and as late as May of 1695. Records show
that he was residing in Virginia by April and had been elected to represent James City
County in the Virginia Assembly.
'^Harvey became president of the council upon the death of Jarvis in 1694. He was
presiding over the council on July 12, 1694 and signed several survey warrants the same
day. He continued serving until his death on July 3, 1699.
'-'•^Archdale stopped in North Carolina a few weeks and acted as chief executive on his
way to Charleston to assume office as Governor of Carolina. He was in Virginia enroute
to Charleston on June 11, 12, and 13, 1695and was in Charleston by August 17, 1695, the
date on which he took the oath of office at Charleston.
^■'Archdale's authority to act as governor rested with his previous commission which
was still valid. The problem of gubenatorial succession at this time is due to the death of
Lord Craven and the confusion over the tenure of Lord Bath. Since no one other than the
Lord Palatine could commission a new governor, there had been no "regular" governor
appointed for Carolina.
-'^Walker, as president of the council, assumed the role of chief executive shortly after
the death of Harvey and relinquished it upon the arrival of Robert Daniel (sometime
between June 20, 1703 and July 29, 1703).
^^Daniel was appointed deputy governor of Carolina by Sir Nathaniel Johnson,
Governor of Carolina, and was acting in this capacity by July 29, 1703. Conflicts with
minority religious groups, primarily the Quakers, led to his supension in March 1705.
'"Cary was appointed by Sir Nathaniel Johnson, Governor of Carolina, to replace
Daniel, and arrived in North Carolina on March 21, 1705. Dissenters were pleased
initially with the appointment, because Cary was related by marriage to John Archdale,
the Quaker proprietor; however, this initial feeling soon changed. When he arrived in
North Carolina, Cary found Anglicans in most places of power and therefore, cast his lot
with them. Although the law requiring oaths of allegiance was still on the statutes books,
dissenters had assumed that Cary would not enforce it. However, when the General
Court met on March 27, the oath act was read and put into execution. At the General
Assembly meeting in November, 1705, Quaker members were again required to take
oaths; they refused and were excluded. Then Cary and his allies passed a law which
voided the election of anyone found guilty of promoting his own candidacy. This loosely
defined bill gave the majority faction in the lower house the power to exclude any
undesirable member and was designed to be used against troublesome non-Quakers (who
had no convictions against oath swearing).
The dissenters and some disgruntled Anglicans now decided to send an agent to
England to plead for relief. In October, 1706, their chosen representative, John Porter,
left Albemarle for London — it is almost certain that Porter was not a Quaker and, in fact,
may have been an Anglican. Although he did not take the oaths of office with his fellow
justices at the October-November 1 705 session of the General Court, he had taken them in
March, 1705. In England, Porter received the support of John Archdale, who persuaded
the Lords Proprietors to issue orders to Porter, suspending Sir Nathaniel Johnson's
authority over North Carolina, removing Cary as deputy governor, naming five new
councillors, and authorizing the council to elect a chief executive.
The Executive Branch 475
Returning to Albemarle in October, 1 707, Porter found William Glover and the council
presiding over the government because Gary had left for a visit to South Garolina. This
arrangement appeared satisfactory to Porter, who called the new lords deputies together
and nominated Glover as president of the council. Glover was elected, but the vote was
illegal since Porter's instructions required that Gary and the former councillors be
present for the voting. Porter knew exactly what he was doing, however, and later used
the illegality of the election to force Glover out of office.
On November 3, 1707, Glover convened the general assembly at John Hecklfield's
house at Little River. Joining him in the upper house as lords deputies were Porter,
Foster, Newby, Hawkins, and Thomas Gary, recently returned from South Garolina.
After requesting that the lower house send its list of members to him, the president
proposed dissolution of the assembly without further business. Gary objected, but the
following day Glover and the rest of the council dissolved the General Assembly.
Although he had been required to convene the assembly in compliance with the biennial
act which specified that a legislative session be held every two years, Glover apparently
did not want Gary to use the gathering a a forum.
At some point between the close of the assembly in November, 1707, and the summer of
1708, Glover turned on the dissenters. Apparently, he decided to revive the oath of office
and force the Quaker councillors to take it. Seeing the turn of events, Gary moved to join
Porter and the dissenters in the hope of regaining the chief executive's office. After
receiving assurances of toleration from Gary, Porter moved decisively. Late in the
summer of 1708, he called together both Gary's old councillors and the new ones, as he
was originally supposed to have done in October, 1707, and announced that Glover's
election as president had been illegal. Glover, joined by Thomas Pollock, protested
vigorously and armed violence broke out between the two factions. Soon though, both
sides agreed to let the General Assembly determine the validity of their rival claims.
Gary and Glover each issued separate writs of election to every precinct which then
proceeded to elect two sets of burgesses — one pledged to Gary and one to Glover. Gary
men predominated in Bath Gounty and Pasquotank and Perquimans precincts; Glover
men controlled Gurrituck precinct, and Ghowan was almost evenly divided. In the
critical maneuvering for control of the assembly which met October 11,1 708, Gary forces
scored an early, ultimately decisive victory. Edward Moseley, an Anglican vestryman,
was chosen speaker of the house. Despite his religious affiliation, he was a Gary
supporter. Through Moseley's careful management, Gary delegates were seated from
every precinct except Gurrituck. When news of the Gary victory in the lower house
reached Glover, he departed for Virginia. (There is evidence that Glover continued to act
in the capacity of president of a council during 1709 and 1710 — land grant records
indicate several grants throughout each year bear his name and the names of his
councillors. The general assembly nullified the test oaths, and the council officially
elected Gary presdient.
The Lords Proprietors were slow to intervene in the situation in North Garolina. In
December, 1 708, they appointed Edward Tynte to be governor of Garolina and instructed
him to make Edward Hyde deputy governor of North Carolina. Arriving in the colony
early in 1711, Hyde had no legal claim on the deputy governorship because Tynte had
died before commissioning him. However, he was warmly received in Albemarle, and his
position as a distant kinsman of the queen was so impressive that the council elected
Hyde to the presidency. He called a general assembly for March, 1711, where he
recommended harsh legislation against dissenters and the arrest of Gary and Porter.
From his home in Bath, Gary rallied his supporters to resist, and the armed conflict
known as the Gary Rebellion began.
■^^See footnote 30.
^^See footnote 30.
33See footnote 30.
s-iSee footnote 30.
^^See footnote 30.
^^Edward Hyde served first as president of the council and later as governor by
commission from the Lords Proprietors. When Gary challenged his authority, armed
conflict erupted between the two. The event, known as Gary's Rebellion, ended with the
arrest of Gary — he was later released for lack of evidence. Hyde continued as governor
until his death on September 8, 1712.
476 North Carolina Manual
^"See fotnote 36.
''^Pollock, as president of the council, became governor following the death of Hyde and
served in that capacity until the arrival of Charles Eden.
'^^Eden was commissioned by the Lords Proprietors and served until his death on
March 22, 1722.
^"Pollock, as presdient of the council, became chief executive after Eden's death, and
served until his own derath in Septebmer, 1722.
^'Reed ws elected president of the council, to replace Pollock and as such served until
the arrival of George Burrington.
^-Burrington was commissioned governor of North Carolina by the Lords Proprietors
and served until he was removed from office. Why he was removed is not officially
known.
^■'Moseley, as president of the council, was sworn in as acting governor when
Burrington left the colony to travel to South Carolina. By November 7, 1724 Burrington
had returned to North Carolina.
"•^Everard was commissioned by the Lords Proprietors following the removal of
Burrinton, who continued to create problems for Everard after he had taken office.
Everard remained governor during the period of transition when North Carolina became
a royal colony.
Royal Chief Executives
■^^In 1 729, the Lords Proprietors gave up ownership of North Carolina and with it the
right to appoint governors and other officials.
^''Burrington was the first governor commissioned by the crown, and the only man to
be appointed by both the Lords Proprietors and the crown. He qualified before the council
in 1731. His political enemies succeeded in securing his removal from office in 1734.
^''Rice served as chief executive while Burrington was out of the colony.
■•^Johnston was commissioned by the crown and served as governor until his death on
July 17, 1752.
^^Rice, as presdient of the council, became Chief executive following the death of
Johnston; however, he too was advanced in age and soon died.
^''Rowan was elected president following the death of Rice and served as chief
executive until the arrival of Dobbs.
5'Dobbs was commissioned by the crown and arrived in North Carolina in late
October, 1754. He qualified before the chief justice and three members of the council who
had met him in Bath. He continued serving until his death in March, 1765.
^-Hassel served as chief executive during the absence of Dobbs from the colony. Dobbs
had returned by December 19, 1763.
^■^Tryon, who had been commissioned lieutenant governor under Dobbs, served as
chief exectutive, first under his commission as lieutenant governor, and then under a
new commission as governor. He served in this capacity until 1711 when he was
appointed governor to New York.
^^See footnote 53.
55 James Hasell, as president of the council, acted as interim governor until the arrival
of Josiah Martin.
56Josiah Martin was appointed by the crown and served as the last royal governor of
North Carolina. The date of his actual relinguishing of authority has been one of
controversy among historian. Some cite the day he left North Carolina soil in July, 1775
as the termination date, others accept July 4, 1776. Martin considered himself to be
governor throughout the Revolution since his commission had not been rescinded.
^''Hasell, as president of the council, acted as temporary governor during the absence of
Martin who had left the colony for New York for reasons of health.
Governors Elected by the General Assembly
58The Constitution of 1776 provided that the general assembly "elect a governor for one
year, who shall not be eligible to that office longer than three years, in six successive
years."
^^Caswell was appointed by the Provincial Congress to act "until [the] next General
Assembly." He was later elected by the general assembly to regular term and to two
additional terms.
The Executive Branch 477
^°The House and Senate Journals for 1780 are missing; however, loose papers found in
the North Carolina Archives provided the necessary information. Nash requested that
his name be withdrawn from nomiation in 1781.
•''On September 12, 1781, Burke and several other state officials and continental
officers were captured by the British. Burke was sent to Sullivan's Island near
Charleston, South Carolina and later transferred to James Island. After several
attempts, he was able to obtain a parole to return to North Carolina in late January, 1782.
General Alexander Leslie who issued the parole, later changed his mind and wrote
General Nathaniel Greene requesting the immediate return of Burke. Feeling that it was
more important for him to remain in North Carolina, Burke refused to comply with the
request despite urgings from several men of importance who questioned the legality, as
well as the prudency of his actions. The adversity which developed, prompted Burke to
have his name withdrawn from the list of nominees for governor in 1 782. He retired from
public life to his home near Hillsborough where he died the following year.
•'^Martin, as speaker of the senate, was qualified as acting governor upon receiving
news of Burke's capture. He served in this capacity until Burke returned to North
Carolina in late January, 1782.
''''On November 26, 1789 Johnston was elected as United States Senator after having
already qualified as governor. A new election was held on December 5, and Alexander
Martin was elected to replace him.
''^See footnote 63.
''SDavie served only one term as governor due to his appointment in 1799 by President
Adams to a special diplomatic mission to France. Crabtree, North Carolina Governors,
57.
^^Ashe died before he could qualify, and Turner was elected to replace him.
^"See footnote 66.
^^Turner was elected to the United States Senate on November 21, 1805 to fill a vacancy
created by the resignation of Montford Stokes.
^^Iredell resigned on December 1, 1828 following his election to the United States
Senate to fill the seat vacated by the resignation of Nathaniel Macon.
"°Stokes was appointed by President Jackson in 1832 as "chairman of the Federal
Indian Comission to supervise the settlement of southern Indians west of the
Mississippi."
Governors Elected by the People — Two- Year Term
"'The Constitutional Convention of 1835 approved an amendment to the constitution
which provided for the popular election of governor. The Terms of office for governor was
lengthen to two years; however, he could only serve two terms in a six year period.
''■^Manly was defeated for re-election by Reid in 1850.
''''On November 24, 1854, Reid was elected by the general assembly to complete the
unexpired term of Willie P. Mangum in the United States Senate. He resigned as
governor following the resignation of Reid.
"^Winslow, as speaker of the house, qualified as governor following the resignation of
Reid.
'•'Ellis died on July 7, 1861.
''^Clark, as speaker of the senate, became governor following the death of Ellis.
"'Holden was appointed provisional governor on May 9, 1865 by the occupation
commander. He was defeated by Worth in the popular election of 1865.
"•^The North Carolina Constitution of 1868 was extended the term of office for governor
from two years to four years, but prohibited him from seeking re-election for the following
term.
Governors Elected by the People — Four- Year Term
''^The efforts of the conservatives in keeping blacks away from the polls during the
election of 1870 resulted in a substantial majority of the seats in the general assembly
being won by conservative candidates. On December 9, 1870, a resolution of impeachment
against Holden was introduced in the House of Representatives by Frederick N.
Strudwick of Orange. In all, eight charges were brought against Governor Holden. The
trial lasted from February 2, 1871 to March 23, 1871, and Holden was found guilty on six
of the eight charges. He was immediately removed from office.
478 North Carolina Manual
^^''Caldwell became governor following the removal of Holden from office and was
elected governor in the general elections of 1872. He died in office July 11, 1874.
«iSee footnote 80.
"^^Vance was elected governor in 1876. On January 21, 1879 he was elected to the United
States Senate by the general assembly and resigned as governor effective February 5,
1879.
**'Jarvis became governor following the resignation of Vance, and was elected
governor in the general elections of 1880.
**^Robinson was sworn in as governor on September 1 , 1883 to act while Jarvis was out
of the state. He served from September 1 through September 28.
sspowle died April 7, 1891.
^^Umstead died on November 7, 1854.
^"Holshouser was the first Republican, elected Governor since 1896 when Daniel
Russell was elected.
'''^Hunt became the first governor elected to a four year term to be elected to another
term. A constitutional amendment adopted in 1977 permitted the governor & lieutenant
governor to run for re-election.
''^Martin was elected in 1984 becoming only the second Republican elected in this
century. He was relected in 1988.
The Executive Branch 479
THE OFFICE OF THE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR
The origin of the office goes back to 16th century England, when the
Enghsh Crown estabhshed the office of the Lord Lieutenant, a county
official who represented the king in the management of local affairs.
Although several early American colonial charters referred to a "deputy
governor," the phrase "Lieutenant Governor" was used for the first time in
the Massachusetts Charter of 169L That charter also made it clear that the
Lieutenant Governor would become governor in the event of a vacancy. The
office of the Lieutenant Governor in colonial times seems to have been
established expressly to cope with the problem of gubernatorial absence.
The concept of the Lieutenant Governor presiding over the upper house of
the state legislature may have had its roots in the colonial practice of
making the Lieutenant Governor the chief member of the Governor's
council.
The North Carolina Constitution of 1776 made no provision for a
Lieutenant Governor. However, the constitutional convention of 1868,
brought together to frame a new constitution provided for an elective office
of the Lieutenant Governor.
Between 1868 and 1970, the Lieutenant Governor was a parttime official
with very limited authority. He served only when the General Assembly was
in session or in the absence of the Governor. His primary responsibility was
that of presiding officer of the Senate, and in that capacity, he appointed
senators to committees, and oversaw legislation as it passed through the
Senate. Today, the office of Lieutenant Governor is a full time position and
is no longer limited to one four-year term — he may be elected to one addi-
tional, consecutive four-year term.
In 1989, the Senate Rules Committee stripped the Lieutenant Governor of
his powers to make appointments to standing committees and to assign bills
to committees. He retained the authority to make appointments to more than
40 boards and commissions within the executive branch. He also serves on
many boards and commissions including the State Board of Education, the
North Carolina Internship Council, the Board of Economic Development,
the State Board of Community Colleges and the North Carolina Capital
Planning Commission. The Lieutenant Governor is a member of the Council
of State and serves as chairman of the Governmental Operations Committee,
which has the authority to scrutinize the expenditure of tax dollars by State
government agencies.
Unlike any other state official, the Lieutenant Governor straddles the
executive and legislative branches, vested with constitutional and statutory
powers in both branches. Under the constitution he is first in line to succeed
to the governorship should that office become vacant.
The Lieutenant Governor has a staff to help him carry out his duties.
Much of the work of this staff involves responding to citizen inquiries and
problems, developing policy initiatives, and working with other state
agencies. While the legislature is in session the Lieutenant Governor is
served by a legislative counsel who acts as liaison to members of the
General Assembly.
480
North Carolina Manual
The Executive Branch 481
James Carson Gardner
Lieutenant Governor
Early Years: Born in Rocky Mount, Nash County, April 8, 1933, to
James Cuthrell Gardner (deceased) and Sue Trenholm.
Education: Rocky Mount City Schools; North Carolina State University.
Professional Background: Executive Vice President and Co-Founder,
Hardee's Food Systems, Inc.; President, Gardner Foods, Inc.
Organizations: Former member, Junior Chamber of Commerce.
Boards: NC Board of Education; NC Board of Community Colleges;
Chairman, Bi-Centennial Commission; member. Economic Development
Board; Chairman, NC Teaching Fellows Commission; member, Capitol
Planning Commission; Chairman, NC Drug Cabinet.
Political Activities: Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina, 1989-;
Member, US Congress, 1966; Chairman, NC Republican Party, 1965; Republi-
can Party.
Military Service: United States Army, Private First Class, 1953-55.
Literary Works: "A Time to Speak."
Religious Activities: Member, St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, Rocky
Mount.
Family: Married, Mary Elizabeth Tyler, October 5, 1957. Children: Beth
(Gardner) Strandberg, Terry (Gardner) Noble, and Christopher.
482 North Carolina Manual
LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS OF NORTH CAROLINA^
Name Residence Term
Tod R. Caldwell'^ Burke 1868-1870
Curtis H. Brogden' Wayne 1873-1874
Thomas J. Jarvis^ Pitt 1877-1879
James L. Robinson^ Macon 1881-1885
Charles M. Stedman New Hanover 1885-1889
Thomas M. Holt« Alamance 1889-1891
Rufus A. Doughton Alleghany 1893-1897
Charles A. Reynolds Forsyth 1897-1901
Wilfred D. Turner Iredell 1901-1905
Francis D. Winston Bertie 1905-1909
Wilham C. Newland Caldwell 1909-1913
Elijah L. Daughtridge Edgecombe 1913-1917
Oliver Max Gardner Cleveland 1917-1921
William B. Cooper New Hanover 1921-1925
Jacob E. Long Durham 1925-1929
Richard T. Fountain Edgecombe 1929-1933
Alexander H. Graham Orange 1933-1937
Wilkins P. Horton Chatham 1937-1941
Reginald L. Harris Person 1941-1945
Lynton Y. Ballentine Wake 1945-1949
Hoyt Patrick Taylor Anson 1949-1953
Luther H. Hodges" Rockingham 1953-1954
Luther E. Barnhardt Cabarrus 1957-1961
Harvey Clovd Philpott^ Davidson 1961
Robert W. Scott Alamance 1965-1969
Hoyt Patrick Taylor, Jr Anson 1969-1973
James B. Hunt, Jr Pitt 1973-1977
James C. Green^ Bladen 1977-1985
Robert B. Jordan, HI Montgomery 1985-1989
James C. Gardner^" Nash 1989-
'The office of lieutenant governor was created by the North Carolina Constitution of
1868.
^Caldwell became governor following the removal of Holden from office in 1870.
^Brogden became governor following the death of Caldwell.
••Jarvis became governor following the resignation of Vance.
^Robinson resigned from office on October 13, 1884.
''Holt became governor following the death of Fowle.
^Hodges became governor following the death of Umstead.
sPhilpott died on August 18, 1961.
^Green was the first lieutenant governor elected to a second term.
'"Gardner was elected in 1988, becoming the first Republican elected lieutenant
governor this century.
The Executive Branch 483
THE DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE
The office of secretary is the second oldest governmental office in North
Carolina. Shortly after the Lords Proprietors were granted their charter in
1663, the first secretary was appointed to maintain the records of the colony.
The office continued after the purchase of North Carolina from the Lords
Proprietors by the crown in 1728. After independence the office of Secretary
of State was included in the Constitution of 1776.
Prior to 1868, the Secretary of State was elected by the General Assembly
in joint session for a term of one year prior to 1835 and two years following
constitutional amendments that changed the meetings of the General
Assembly from annually to biennially. Individuals elected to the office were
usually reelected on a regular basis. Only seven men held the office during
its first 92 years and only 21 individuals have held the office since its
creation in 1776. William Hill who was Secretary of State from 1811 until his
death in 1857, served a total of 46 years. This record of service seemed an
unbreakable mark until the election of 1936 when a young politician from
Hertford County was elected Secretary of State. On December 22, 1982, Thad
Eure broke the record. In 1989, the "oldest 'rat in the democratic barn"
retired from office after more than 52 years as North Carolina's "Mr.
Secretary."
The Secretary of State is a constitutional officer elected to a four-year term
by the citizens of North Carolina at the same time as other elected executive
officials. He heads the Department of the Secretary of State which was
created by the Executive Organization Act of 1971. The Secretary of State is
a member of the Council of State and is an ex-officio member of the Local
Government Commission and Capital Planning Commission. He also serves
on the Information Technology Commission (formerly the Computer Com-
mission) and is chairman of the Constitutional Amendments Publications
Committee.
By statute he receives all ratified bills of the General Assembly as well as
the original journals of the state Senate and state House of Representatives.
The Secretary of State is empowered by law to administer oaths to any
public official of whom an oath is required. He is frequently called upon to
administer oaths to officers of the Highway Patrol, judges and other elected
officials.
The Secretary of State is required to faithfully perform the duties assigned
him by the Constitution and laws of North Carolina. The Department of the
Secretary of State, under the direction of the Secretary of State, is charged
with maintaining certain records pertaining to state and local government
actions and the commercial activities of private business. This duty is
imposed by many widely distributed sections of the General Statutes of
North Carolina and involves varying degrees of responsibility from reviewing
of documents for conformity to statutory requirements prior to filing to
enforcement authority. The Department has responsibility under approxi-
mately fifty separate statutes which may be divided into categories dealing
484 North Carolina Manual
with custodianship of the Constitution and laws of the State, administrative
comniercial hiw, the elective process, the General Assembly and public
information.
General Administration Division
The General Administration Division, under the supervision of the
Secretary of State and his chief deputy, is responsible for all administrative
and management functions including budget, personnel, planning and co-
ordination. In addition, the Division handles miscellaneous statutory duties
and responsibilities not assigned to one of the other departmental divisions.
Included among these are the registration of lobbyists, the registration of
trademarks, and the recording of municipal annexation ordinances.
Corporations Division
The Corporations Division is responsible for filing corporation and limited
partnership documents as required by the laws of North Carolina. The
various corporation and limited partnership laws are enabling statutes
under which these organizations are created. The responsibility of the
Secretary of State is to ensure uniform compliance with such statutes, record
information required as a public record, prevent duplication of corporate
names and furnish information to the public. In 1989 a complete rewrite of
the Corporation Laws of North Carolina was enacted by the General
Assembly.
The division is responsible for maintaining records on approximately
150, ()()() current corporations and limited partnerships. The Information
Services Group handles more that 700 inquiries daily regarding the records
and the unit processes more that 50,000 documents each year.
Notary Public Division
The function of issuing commissions to notaries public was transferred to
the Department of the Secretary of State from the Office of the Governor
under the Executive Organization Act of 1971. The primary purpose of the
Notary Public Division is to provide a means for establishing the authenticity
of signatures. This is accomplished through the issuing of commissions to
notaries public in all of the counties in North Carolina.
In 1983, the Department of the Secretary of State, in cooperation with the
Department of Community Colleges, developed and implemented a Notary
Public Education Program. The purpose of this program is to educate
notaries about the legal, ethical and technical requirements of performing a
notarial act. North Carolina is recognized as first in the nation for this
program.
In order to be a notary in North Carolina, an individual must meet certain
eligibility requirements as prescribed in G.S. 10. These include:
(1) satisfactory completion of a course of study approved by the
Secretary of State consisting of not less than three hours nor more
than six hours of classroom instruction (practicing attorneys at law
are exempt);
The Executive Branch 485
(2) applying for appointment on a form provided by the Secretary of
State and made available by the instructor upon the satisfactory
completion of the required course work;
(3) being at least 18 years of age;
(4) purchasing a manual approved by the Secretary of State that
describes the duties, authority and ethical responsibilities of notaries
public;
(5) possessing a high school diploma or its equivalent; and
(6) obtaining a recommendation as to character and fitness from one
publicly elected official in North Carolina.
The office of notary public is one of the oldest in history, having existed as
far back as the days of the Greek and Roman Empires. There are notaries in
every one of the 50 United States and in most of the countries around the
world.
Publications Division
The Publications Division is primarily responsible for the compiling and
publishing of information which will be useful to the General Assembly, to
state agencies, and to the people of North Carolina. In addition, it is also
responsible for maintaining for public inspection, certain records for which
the Secretary of State is custodian. The division publishes such useful items
as the Directory of State and County Officials of North Carolina, the North
Carolina Manual, and other smaller publications.
Questions concerning the duties and responsibilities of state agencies, the
organizational structure of government, and the general inquiries about
North Carolina have increased, particularly from our school-age citizens.
Because of this a major emphasis is placed on providing our school children
with educational materials necessary to help them become more informed
citizens. Many informational pamphlets and publications are available
upon request and "school information packets" for both the elementary and
secondary grade levels are prepared and distributed.
Within the Publications Division is the Land Grants Section where the
historical land grants for North Carolina dating from the 1660's are found.
Also in this section are the original ratified acts of the General Assemblies
of North Carolina, as well as primary and general election voting results for
recent elections. Over 1,000 people visit the Land Grants Section each year
in search of some clue to a family tie or to use election returns and other
records. In an effort to preserve and protect these valuable records, the
Publications Division is working with the state Archives to microfilm the
land grant records and transfer them to the state Archives for permanent
keeping.
The Securities Division
The Securities Division is responsible for administering the state's
securities laws. These "blue sky" laws, as they are known, are provided for
in Chapters 78A, 78B, 78C, and 78D of the General Statutes. The intent of
these laws is to protect the investing public by requiring a satisfactory
486 North Carolina Manual
investigation of both the people who offer securities and of the securities
themselves. The laws provide for significant investigatory powers and for
due process in any administrative, civil or criminal action. The Securities
Division is the appropriate state agency for addressing investor complaints
concerning securities brokers, stockbrokers, investment advisors, or com-
modity dealers, and for inquiring about offerings of particular securities or
commodities. Although the division cannot represent an investor in a claim
for monetary damages, the staff can investigate alleged violations and
suspend or revoke a license, issue stop orders against securities offerings,
issue cease and desist orders, seek court ordered injunctions, or refer the
matter to the appropriate district attorney for criminal prosecution. Con-
viction of willfully violating the "blue sky" laws carries a penalty of a Class
I felony.
The Secretary of State, as the state's securities administrator, is a member
of the North American Securities Administrators Association (NASAA).
Through this organization the division's staff assists in the adoption of
nationwide, uniform policies on securities. The Division works with other
state securities agencies, various federal agencies (including the Securities
and Exchange Commission), and with various industry groups such as the
National Association of Securities Dealers.
Uniform Commercial Code Division
The Uniform Commercial Code Division is required under Article 9 of the
Code to provide a method of giving notice of security interests in personal
property to interested third parties. The method adopted is a "notice" filing
system. Recorded information in the UCC Division is public record.
The Secretary of State, as central filing officer, receives and files financing
statements and related "notice" statements and furnishes information to the
public regarding such statements.
It is the responsibility of the secured party to file a statement showing the
name and address of the debtor, the name and address of the secured party
and a brief description of the collateral. These documents are indexed by the
debtor's name. A search of the records on a particular debtor will produce a
list of all active creditors who have filed statements with this office.
Interested parties are given information sufficient to contact the creditors
for further information regarding the lien.
Financing statements are generally effective for a five year period. Within
six months prior to their expiration date, the statements may be continued
for an additional five years.
The Secretary of State is also central filing officer for federal tax liens
which are handled in the same manner as UCC filings.
Large financial transactions are affected daily through information
received from the UCC Division.
The Business License Information Office
The newest addition to the Department of the Secretary of State is the
Business License Information Office. Created in 1987 by the General
The Executive Branch 487
Assembly, this office grew out of the recognition of the business community's
need for reHef from an often confusing Hcensing system, and the recognition
that the time and energy of prospective business owners could be better
spent in other areas. There are hundreds of business related licenses and
permits issued by the State of North Carolina with hundreds of applications
and related forms to be completed to obtain them. This experience can be
very frustrating.
The purpose of the Business License Information Office is:
(1) to offer new and existing businesses an accessible central informa-
tion source;
(2) to assist potential business owners to secure the necessary state
issued licenses, permits, and/or other authorizations in order to operate
a business in North Carolina;
(3) to monitor the license application review process; and
(4) to act as an advocate for regulatory reform.
Assistance is available to all businesses regardless of size, type or location.
There are no fees for the services provided and assistance is available by
telephoning or by visiting the office. A toll free telephone number has been
established for the convenience of the users. The number is 1-800-228-8443.
A directory, the North Carolina State Directory of Business Licenses and
Permits has been published by the office. This publication contains up-to-
date information on over 600 state required licenses and permits.
488
North Carolina Manual
The Executive Branch 489
Rufus L. Edmisten
Secretary of State
Early Years: Born in Boone, Watauga County, July 12, 1941, to Walter
F. and Nell (Hollar) Edmisten.
Education: Appalachian High School, 1959; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1963, B.A.
with Honors; George Washington University, 1967, J.D. with Honors; Law
Review, 1966.
Professional Background: Attorney; (Senior Partner, Edmisten and
Weaver, 1985-89); Attorney General of North Carolina, 1974-84; Aide to US
Senator Sam J. Ervin (served as Counsel, Senate Subcommittee on Constitu-
tional Rights; Chief Counsel and Staff Director, Senate Subcommittee on
Separation of Powers; Deputy Chief Counsel, Senate Select Committee on
Presidential Campaign Activities — Watergate Committee), 1963-74.
Organizations: NC Bar Association; NC State Bar; District of Columbia
Bar Association; American Bar Association; Phi Delta Phi Legal Fraternity;
Estey Hall Foundation; Southern Appalachian Historical Association (Presi-
dent); Established Attorney General's Committee on Local and Historic
Preservation Law, 1978; Scottish Rite Bodies and York Rite Masonic Bodies
of Raleigh; Amran Temple, Shriners; Wake County SPCA; Co-Chairman,
South Square Motors Golf Tournament to benefit Duke University Medical
Center..
Boards: Council of State; NC Capitol Planning Commission; Constitution
Publications Committee (Chairman); Information Technology Commission
Local Government Commission; Board of Trustees, Flat Rock Playhouse, the
State Theatre of North Carolina; Lees-McRae College Board of Advisors;
National Association of Secretaries of State (Washington Oversight Com-
mittee; Business, Government and Licensing); Honorary Committee Chair-
man, Arthritis Foundation Annual Gala.
Political Activities: Secretary of State of North Carolina, 1989-; Attorney
General, 1974-1984; General Advisor, Charter Commission of Democratic
National Committee; Deputy Chief of Security, Democratic National Conven-
tion, 1980 and 1988; Democratic Party.
Honors: Visiting lecturer in Political Science (Constitutional Law), Greens-
boro College, 1985; Guest Lecturer, North Carolina State University, 1986.
Religious Activities: Member, Three Forks Baptist Church, Boone, N.C.
Family: Married, Linda Harris, December, 1983. Children: Martha Moretz
Edmisten of Washington D.C.
490 North Carolina Manual
SECRETARIES OF NORTH CAROLINA
COLONIAL SECRETARIES
Name Term
Richard Cobthrop^
Peter Carteret2 1665-[1672]
Robert Holden' 1675-1677
[Thomas Miller]^ 1677-[1679]
Robert Holdens 1679-[1683]
Woodrowe^ [1683-1685]
Francis Hartley^ [1685-1692]
Daniel Akerhurst« [1692-1700]
Samuel Swanns [1700]-1704
Tobias Knight^o 1704-1708
George Lumley^i 1704
George Lumley 1708
Nevil Lowi2
Tobias Knighti3 1712-1719
JohnLovicki^ 1719-1722
JohnLovickis 1722-1731
Joseph Anderson!^ 1731
Nathaniel Ricei^ 1731-1753
James Murray 18 1753-1755
Henry McCullochi9 1755
Richard Spaight^o 1755-1762
Thomas Faulkner^^
Richard Spaight22 1762
Benjamin Heron23 1762-1769
JohnLondon^^ 1769-1770
Robert Palmer25 1770-1771
Samuel Strudwick26 1772-[1775]
SECRETARIES OF STATE^?
Name Residence Term
James Glasgow28 1777-1798
WilHam White29 1798-1811
William Hilpo 1811-1857
Rufus H. Page^i 1857-1862
John P. H. Russ^2 1862-1864
Charles R. Thomas^^ 1864-1865
Robert W. Best^^ 1865-1868
Henry J. MenningerS^ Wake 1868-1873
William H. Howerton Rowan 1873-1877
Joseph A. Engelhard^e New Hanover 1877-1879
William L. Saunders^^ Wake 1879-1891
Octavius Coke38 Wake 1891-1895
Charles M. Cooke^^ Franklin 1895-1897
Cyrus Thompson Onslow 1897-1901
John Bryan Grimes^o Pitt 1901-1923
William N. Everett^i Richmond 1923-1928
James A. Hartness^^ Richmond 1928-1933
Stacey W. Wade^^ Carteret 1933-1936
Charles G. Powell^^ Granville 1936
Thad A. Eure^^ Hertford 1936-1989
Rufus L. Edmisten Watauga 1989-
The Executive Branch 491
Colonial Secretaries
'Cobthrop was apparently chosen by the Lords Proprietors, but never sailed to
Albemarle.
-Carteret was commissioned by the Lords Proprietors and arrived in Albemarle on
February 23, 1665. He was presumably qualified shortly after his arrival. Following the
death of Governor Stephens in early 1670, Carteret was chosen his successor, but
apparently continued serving as secretary. It is possible that he acted in both capactities
until his departure for England in 1672.
'Little is known concerning Holden's appointment of dates of service. He was serving
as secretary on July 26, 1675, where he verified a sworn statement and seems to have
continued until the arrival of Miller in July, 1677. It is possible that he was appointed
secretary prior to this date since he had been in the colony since 1671.
^When Eastchurch appointed Miller to act in his stead until he returned to North
Carolina, he apparently appointed him secretary as well as deputy governor. On October
9, 1677, he attested to the granting of a power of attorney, however this could have been in
the capacity of acting governor rather than as secretary.
''Holden was appointed by the Lords Proprietors and apparently arrived in Albemarle
in July, 1679. A warrant appointing him Receiver General of North Carolina was issued
by the Lords Proprietors in February, 1679, and it is possible that a similar warrant was
issued about the same time for secretary. Records indicate that he was acting as
secretary on November 6, 1679. Sometime between March, 1681 and July 1682, Holden
was imprisoned on charges of "gross irregularities in the collection of Customs" —
another office which he held. Extant records do not indicate what became of him. His
name does not appear in council records after 1681 and in 1682, John Archdale was
issued a blank commission to appoint a new receiver-general. It is possible that he was
released from prison or acquited of the charges, and continued serving as secretary.
Some sources indicate he served until 1684; however other references indicate that
someone else was acting as secretary in 1684 or earlier.
^Little is known about Woodrowe. The only mention of him in extant records is in a
letter written by the Lords Proprietors in February, 1684, which leaves the impression
that he had been serving for some time. It is possible he was appointed as early as 1682.
^Hartley was commissioned by the Lords Proprietors, but no date of when he qualified
could be found. According to one source he died in January, 1691/92, probably while still
secretary.
'^When Akehurst took office is not known; he was apparently acting by June 26, 1693
when he acknowledged a land grant. It is possible that he was appointed as early as 1692
and presumably served until his death sometime in late 1699 or early 1700. (His will was
proved in Virginia in 1700).
■'Swann may have been appointed to replace Akehurst; however, when he took office is
not known. He was serving by September, 1700 and probably served until Knight took
over 1704.
' "Knight was apparently appointed to replace Swann and according to one source was
in the office in 1704. The earliest documentary evidence of Knight acting in his certifying
to a court proceeding on February 20, 1705. There is no evidence that he served during
this span after 1708; however he was again serving in 1712.
"Lumley was appointed by Knight to act as Secretary on two occasions, once in
October, 1704 and again in 1708 during Knight's absence due to an illness. It is not
known who served between 1708 and 1712 because of the chaotic conditions in
government.
'•^Two commissions were issued to Low by the Lords Proprietors, the first on January
31, 1711 and a second on June 13, 1711; however, there is no record of him serving.
'■'Knight was commissioned by the Lords Proprietors, and qualified before the
governor and council. In 1719 he was called before the council to answer charges of
conspiracy with pirates but was acquitted. He apparently died in late June, 1719 since a
successor was appointed on June 30, and his will probated on July 7, 1719.
'^Lovick was appointed by the governor and council following Knight's death.
^^Lovick was commissioned by the Lords Proprietors and qualified before the
Governor and Council. He served until 1731.
'"Anderson was appointed by Governor Burrington as "acting" secretary until Rice
arrived.
492 North Carolina Manual
' 'Rice was commissioned by the crown and qualified before the governor and council.
He served until his death on January 28, 1753.
'^Murray was appointed by the Council upon the death of Rice and served until the
arrival of McC'ulloch in 175.'"). Land grant records indicate that he was acting as late as
March ;U, 1755.
' "A warrant was issued on June 21,1 754 for McCulloch's appointment as secretary and
his commission was certified by Dobbs on July 1, while both were still in England. He
qualified as a council member on March 25, 1755 but does not appear to have acted as
secretary until April. He continued serving until his death in 1755.
^"A letter was sent from Governor Dobbs to Spaight on October 2, 1 755 appointing him
"Secretary of the Crown." (A commission in the Secretary of State's records, however,
bears the date, October 27, 1755.) He qualified before Dobbs on October 30.
-'F'aulkner's name was proposed to King on March 17 by the Board of Trade and on
April 1 a commission was ordered prepared. He rented his commission to Samuel
Strudwick.
--Spaight was reappointed by Dobbs and served until his death sometime during July
or early August, 1672.
- 'Heron was appointed by Dobbs to replace Spaight. On March 6, 1769, Heron was
granted a leave of absence to return to England where he apparently died.
^^London was already a deputy secretary under Heron and acted in this capacity until
news of Heron's death was received. London was appointed by Tryon upon the death of
Heron and served until he "declined acting any longer. . . ."
'-''Palmer was appointed by Tryon to replace London. On July 8, 1771 he was granted a
leave of absence to return to England for reasons of health.
-''Strudwick was appointed by Martin after Strudwick had produced "sufficient
evidence that he had rented the Secretary's Office in this Province of Mr. Faulkner. . ." He
apparently continued serving until the Revolution.
Secretaries of State
-'The Secretary of State was elected by the General Assembly at its annual (biennial,
after 1835) meeting for a term of one year. The Constitutional Convention of 1835
extended the term but the power of election remained in the hands of the General
Assembly until 1868 when a new constitution was adopted. Since 1868, the Secretary of
State has been elected by the people and serves for a four year term. He can run for
re-election.
-^Glasgow was appointed by the provincial congress to serve until the next meeting of
the general assembly. He was later elected by the General Assembly to a regular term
and continued serving until 1798 when he resigned because of his involvement in a land
scandel. His resignation was received by the General Assembly on November 20.
-■'White was elected to replace Glasgow and served until his death sometime in late
September, or early November, 1811.
"'Hill died on October 29, 1857.
"Page was appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the council. He
was later elected by the general assembly to a regular term, but he was defeated for
re-election in 1862 by Russ.
'-Russ requested that his name be withdrawn at the end of the first round of balloting
in 1864.
"Thomas, who was first elected by the general assembly, took office on January 3,
1865 and served until the end of the Civil War. He was then appointed secretary in the
provisional government headed by William W. Holden, but resigned on August 12, 1865.
"Best may have been appointed earlier by Holden following the resignation of
Thomas since his name appears beneath that of Thomas in the Record Book; however,
only the date 1865 is given. He was later elected by the general assembly and served until
the new consitution was put into effect in 1868.
' 'Menninger was elected in the general election in April, 1868 but declined to run for
re-election in 1982.
"•Engelhard died February 15, 1879.
The Executive Branch 493
^^Saunders was appointed by Governor Jarvis on February 18, 1879 to replace
Engelhard. He was elected to a full term in the general elections in 1880 and served
following subsequent re-elections until his death on April 2, 1891.
^^Coke was appointed by Governor Fowle on April 4, 1891 to replace Saunders. He was
elected to a full term in the general elections in 1892 and served until his death on August
30, 1895.
''^Cooke was appointed by Governor Carr on September 3, 1895 to replace Coke. He was
defeated in the general elections in 1896 by Thomas.
^"Grimes died January 16, 1923.
^ ' Everett was appointed by Governor Morrison on January 16, 1923 to replace Grimes.
He was elected in the general elections in 1924 and served until his death February 7,
1928.
^■^Hartness was appointed by Governor McLean on February 13, 1928 to replace
Everett. He was elected in the general elections in 1928, but declined to run in 1932.
"•^Wade resigned in November, 1936.
^^Powell was appointed by Governor Ehringhaus on November 17, 1936 to replace
Wade and resigned in December.
^^Eure had been elected in the general elections of 1936 and was appointed by Governor
Ehringhaus on December 21, 1936, to replace Powell. On January 7, 1937, he took office
for his regular term and subsequent re-elections. He served longer than any other state
official. Served following subsequent re-elections until his retirement effective January
7, 1989.
^^Edmisten was elected in November, 1988, when Eure declined to run for reelection.
494 North Carolina Manual
DEPARTMENT OF THE STATE AUDITOR
The Office of State Auditor was created by the Constitution of 1868,
although an "auditor of pubHc accounts" had existed since 1862.
Today, the State Auditor is a constitutional officer elected by the people
every four years. It is the duty of this office to conduct audits of the financial
affairs of all state agencies and he may conduct such other special audits as
may be requested by the governor, legislature, or when he feels an audit is
warranted. The State Auditor is responsible for annually auditing the Com-
prehensive Annual Financial Report and rendering an opinion on such. He
also conducts operational audits of state agencies and programs to determine
their economy, efficiency and effectiveness. Also under his jurisdiction is the
administration of the Firemen's and Rescue Squad Workers' Pension Fund.
In addition to being the financial watchdog for the state, the State Auditor
has several other duties assigned to him by virtue of his office. He is a
member of the Council of State, the Capitol Planning Commission, the Local
Government Commission, and is vice chairman of the Information Tech-
nology Commission (formerly the Computer Commission). He also serves as
chairman of the Firemen's and Rescue Squad Workers' Pension Fund.
The Department of State Auditor is divided into several divisions: the
General Administration Division, the Auditing Division, and the Firemen's
and Rescue Squad Worker's Pension Fund Division. The State Auditor is
responsible to the Joint Legislative Commission on Governmental Opera-
tions, the General Assembly and the people of North Carolina for the
efficient and faithful exercise of his responsibilities.
The General Administration Division
This division, under the direct supervision of the State Auditor, his chief
deputy and special assistant, handles all administrative matters including
personnel, budget, overall planning, and the coordination of activities for all
functions assigned to the State Auditor by statute or under any reorganiza-
tion of state government.
The Auditing Division
The Auditing Division conducts financial audits of each state agency to
determine compliance with good accounting principles, strengths and weak-
nesses of internal control, accuracy in financial reports and compliance by
agencies with state laws, regulations and policies. In addition to the annual
audit, the employees of this division conduct operational audits of selected
programs administered by state agencies as directed by the State Auditor.
The purpose of these operational audits is to determine that programs are
being administered as intended and that they are accomplishing the desired
results in an effective manner. The Auditor may also conduct special in-
vestigations upon written requests from the Governor, the General Assembly,
or whenever he deems such an examination is necessary. These special
The Executive Branch 495
investigations are normally related to embezzlements or misuse of state
property. In addition, the State Auditor's Office has established a "Hot
Line" telephone number enabling state employees to register complaints
concerning the fraud, waste, and abuse of state resources. The federal
government now requires that audits of agencies receiving federal funds be
reviewed under the "single audit" concept. Accordingly, the Auditor must
coordinate the financial and compliance examination of federal contracts
and grants received by state agencies. Upon the completion of each audit or
investigation, the auditor reports his findings and recommendations to the
General Assembly, the Governor, and the department head. The managerial
structure of the audit division includes a deputy, director of audits and five
audit managers who report to the director. These managers are charged with
auditing the major functions in state government. Audits are directly super-
vised by audit supervisors based in Raleigh and in branch offices. These
supervisors report to different audit managers depending on which area of
government is being audited. Branch offices are located in Asheville,
Morganton, Charlotte, Greensboro, Winston-Salem, Fayetteville and
Greenville.
Firemen's and Rescue Squad Workers' Pension Fund Division
The Firemen's and Rescue Squad Workers' Pension Fund operates under
the provisions of G.S. 118-33-49. The fund has a board of trustees which is
responsible for formulating rules and regulations within the framework of
the statutes, for the efficient and effective operation of the fund. The State
Auditor is responsible for day to day operation of the fund.
The fund was created to provide firemen and rescue squad workers with a
small monthly pension. Membership is open to all firemen and rescue squad
workers, both paid and volunteer, of a certified fire department or rescue
squad. Each member pays into the fund $5.00 per month to help finance the
pension program. In addition to the member's contribution, the state appro-
priates approximately over $4,000,000 annually. This, plus the interest the
fund receives from its investments, finances the program.
At age 55 with 20 years service a fireman or rescue squad worker may
retire and receive a monthly pension of $100.00.
Boards and Commissions
Firemen's and Rescue Squad Workers' Pension Fund (G.S. 118-34)
496
North Carolina Manual
The Executive Branch 497
Edward Renfrew^
State Auditor
Early Years: Born in Johnston County, September 17, 1940, to Donnie T.
and Illamae (Lewis) Renfrow.
Education: Graduated Clayton High School, 1958; Hardbargers Junior
College of Business, Associate degree in Business Administration with
Accounting Major; continued education through courses at Atlantic Christian
College, Duke University and East Carolina University through Johnston
Technical College.
Professional Background: State Auditor; State Senator (1974-1980);
Accountant, Edward Renfrow & Co. 1962-1980.
Organizations: State Employees Association of North Carolina, advisor.
National State Auditors Association (Past President, 1985-1986); National
Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers (1st Vice
President 1989-90); Governmental Finance Officers Association; National
Intergovernmental Audit Forum; Southeastern Intergovernmental Audit
Forum (Past Chairman 1987-88); NC Society of Accountants (President,
1972-73; First President, Scholarship Fund, 1973-74); National Society of
Public Accountants (seminar speaker); Phi Theta Phi Fraternity. Member:
Raleigh Hosts Lions Club; American Legion Post n71; Former Member
Smithfield-Selma Chamber of Commerce (First Vice President, 1974); Life-
time Honorary Member NC Retired Peace Officers Association.
Boards: NC Council of State; Capitol Planning Commission; Local Govern-
ment Commission;Vice Chairman, State Computer Commission; Past
Member Board of Directors, NC Wildlife Federation; Member Governmental
Accounting Standards Board (GASB) Task Force on Pension Accounting
and Reporting (1984- ); Member US General Accounting Office's Auditing
Standards Advisory Council (1985-88); Chairman of Board of Trustees, Fire-
men's & Rescue Squad Workers' Pension Fund; Past Member: Discrimination
Study Committee, 1975; Community College Advisory Council, 1977-78; Study
Committee to Rewrite NC Game Laws, 1977-1979; NC Wildlife Commission,
1977-79; Study Commission to Recodify Community College Laws, 1977-79;
Commission on Public School Laws 1977; Governor's Commission on Public
School Finance, 1978; NC Criminal Justice Education and Training
Standards Commission, 1978-80.
Political Activities: State Auditor, 1981- (elected 1980, reelected 1984,
1988); Served in NC Senate 1975-80; Treasurer, NC Democratic Executive
Committee, 1973-1974; NC Chairman, Democratic National Telethon, 1972-
73. Democratic Party.
Military Service: Served NC National Guard, Specialist 4th Class, 1962-
66; Honorary member at present.
Honors: Received Distinguished Service Award, Smithfield Jaycees, 1974;
Boss of the Year Award, 1975; NC Wildlife Federation's Governor's Award
498 North Carolina Manual
for Conservation Legislator of the Year, 1977 and 1979; Community Leader
of America Award, 1971; Tar Heel of the Week, March 10, 1985.
Religious Activities: Member, Smithfield First Baptist Church; Former
Member Sharon Baptist Church; Chairman, Deacon Board, (two terms);
Sunday School Teacher; Member, General Board of Baptist State Conven-
tion, 1970-74; Past Treasurer, Johnston Baptist Association.
Family: Married Rebecca (Becky) Stephenson, December 4, 1960; Chil-
dren: Candace Elaine and Elizabeth Paige.
The Executive Branch
499
AUDITORS OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS
Name Residence
Samuel F. Phillips^ Orange ...
Richard H. Battle2 Wake
Qualified
1862-1864
1864-1865
Name
Henderson, Adams^
STATE AUDITORS
Residence
John Reilly Cumberland
Samuel L. Love Haywood
William P. Roberts Gates
George W. Sandlin Lenoir
Robert M. Furman Buncombe
Hal W. Ayer Wake
Benjamin F. Dixon"" Cleveland
Benjamin F. Dixon, Jr.^ Wake 1910-1911
William P. Wood^ Randolph 1911-1921
Baxter Durham Wake 1921-1937
George Ross Pou^ Johnston 1937-1947
Henry L. Bridges^ Guilford 1947-1981
Edward Renfrow^ Johnston 1981-
Term
1868-1873
1873-1877
1877-1881
1881-1889
1889-1893
1893-1897
1897-1901
1901-1910
Auditors of Public Accounts
^Phillips resigned effective July 10, 1864.
^Battle was appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the council to
replace Phillips. He was later elected by the General Assembly to a regular term, and
served until the oftice was abolished in 1865.
State Auditors
^Adams was elected in the general elections in April, 1868.
^Dixon died September 26, 1910.
^Benjamin F. Dixon, Jr. was appointed by Governor Kitchen on September 30, 1910 to
replace his father, Benjamin F. Dixon, Sr.
•'Wood was elected in the general elections in 1910 to complete the senior Dixon's
unexpired term. He was elected to a full term in 1912.
^Pou died February 9, 1947.
^Bridges was appointed by Governor Cherry on February 15, 1947 to replace Pou. He
was elected in the general election in 1948 and served until his retirement in 1981.
^Renfrew was elected in 1980 and is still serving following subsequent reelections.
500 North Carolina Manual
THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE TREASURER
Beginning in 1669, a Treasurer's Court was responsible for the public
money of the colony. The office of Treasurer was formally created in 1715
and appointments to that office were made by the lower house of the
Colonial Assembly. Between 1740 and 1779 there was one Treasurer each for
Northern and Southern North Carolina. Four additional Treasurers were
added in 1779 for a total of six, each serving a defined geographical area
called a district. In 1782 another district with its own Treasurer was created.
This multiple Treasurer concept continued until 1784 when the General
Assembly eliminated multiple Treasurers and assigned the duties of the
office to a single individual elected by joint vote of the two houses of the
legislature for a two-year term. This setup continued until 1868 when a new
constitution was adopted. The Constitution of 1868 provided for a Treasurer
elected by the people for a four-year term. These provisions continued in
place following the approval by the people of a new constitution in 1970.
Many of the current duties and functions which are charged to the State
Treasurer had their beginnings in the Constitution of 1868. This constitution
served to formalize the more important fiscal and financial aspects of the
office. Before that time, the functions varied widely from time to time and
from administration to administration.
Since 1868, only twelve men have been elected and occupied the office of
the State Treasurer. The longest tenure by one person from 1901 to 1929 by
Benjamin R. Lacy of Wake County. The second longest tenure was by the
late Edwin Gill of Scotland County who served from 1953 until his retirement
in 1977.
The men who have occupied the office have earned and maintained a
nationwide reputation for fiscal integrity and financial responsibility. The
fact that the State Treasurer is able to operate in an atmosphere of political
freedom is contributory to the influence of the office throughout the state.
One interesting incident occurred in 1843, shortly after the election of the
Treasurer by the General Assembly. A spirited situation developed between
Governor Morehead and the Treasurer-elect John Hill Wheeler over the
terms of a fidelity bond which at that time was required of the Treasurer.
The bond was ultimately presented at the Governor's office; the Governor,
however, refused to accept the bond as it was written. His action was too
late, because at that very moment, Wheeler was taking the oath of office as
Treasurer in another part of the capitol. A strained relationship between
Governor Morehead and Wheeler was inevitable. The magnitude became
clear some ten days later when the Treasurer refused to pay the Governor
$3.00 per diem for his services on a board. Wheeler denied the claim saying
that "this is part of the governor's regular duties and is included in his
annual salary of $2,000.00." Wheeler proved to be a very colorful and
resourceful individual during his tenure of office.
During the formative years of the office, there were many functions which
the Treasurer regularly performed. In recent years, many of these have been
The Executive Branch 501
either discontinued or transferred to other State agencies. Modern times
have brought about substantive changes in the duties of the Treasurer, the
majority of which are currently along conventional functional lines.
The Treasurer is a constitutional officer elected by the people of North
Carolina. In addition to his traditional duties, he serves as an ex-officio
member of many state boards and commissions. He is chairman of many of
the commissions and boards which affect the state fiscal policy or the
expenditure of state funds. He is a member of the Council of State, the Local
Government Commission and the Information Technology Commission
(formerly the Computer Commission).
The Treasurer serves as advisor to monetary committees of the General
Assembly. His primary fiscal duties are to assure that all public funds are
utilized in conformity with the mandates of the General Assembly, to invest
surplus funds wisely and prudently, and to satisfy the bonded indebtedness
of the State.
The Department of State Treasurer is organized along conventional lines
with three operating divisions and one support division.
Operations of the Department of State Treasurer
The operations of the Department are carried out by the four divisions
under the supervision of the State Treasurer.
The Retirement and Health Benefits Division
A reorganization of State government in 1971 established the present
duties of the State Treasurer. One of the more important changes was the
shifting of the administration of the state authorized retirement systems to
the Department of State Treasurer. Since that time a number of public
employee retirement systems have been blended into the total system.
The Treasurer is chairman of the Board of the Teachers' and State
Employees' Retirement System and the several other retirement systems
which operate under its jurisdiction. More than 400,000 active and retired
public employees, their beneficiaries, and dependents owe a large part of
their security to this well developed and well run system.
The primary purpose of each retirement system is to provide payments of
salary for past services which have been rendered. Each State employee
contributes 6% of his salary during his years of work and the State makes a
significant contribution. Beginning July 1, 1982, the employee's contributions
became tax-sheltered, meaning they were subtracted from an employees
gross pay prior to calculating the tax owed. The amount received at retire-
ment is based on a formula which takes into consideration the annual
salary and the years of State service of each employee. Essentially the
program is designed to guarantee freedom from want during old age or
disability. The program is an incentive for good employees to make a career
of public service. Long service is the best means of guaranteeing an adequate
retirement income. All systems have been declared actuarial sound.
The Retirement Division oversees the collection of all social security
payments for the state and all of its political subdivisions. This fulfills an
502 North Carolina Manual
agreement between the state and the social security agency which was
consumated on July 16, 1951. Social security payments are collected from
the employees of over 1200 state and local units of government. The funds
are remitted to the social security agency on a monthly basis.
Another important function of the Retirement Division is the administra-
tion of the salary continuation plan. This is a program to provide each
disabled employee an income of up to 60% of his salary during the duration
of his disability. The program was initiated in 1972 by the General Assembly
to meet the special needs of the State employees.
The Investment and Banking Division
The Investment and Banking Division is organized to carry out three of
the State Treasurer's primary functions. The first of these is acting as the
State's banker in receiving and disbursing all state monies. The second is
administering the state's cash management program and serving as the
custodian of and investment officer for various state trust funds. The third is
arranging for the prompt payment of the principal and interest on the
state's general obligation debt as it matures. These functions are both
constitutional and statutory in origin.
Investment of Monies. In order to mobilize daily statewide receipts, the
Accounting Section of the Division of Investment and Banking daily drafts
into the central clearing accounts in Raleigh all monies deposited throughout
the state. The funds at each depository location have little impact of their
own, but all of them added together and invested form the basis of an
important source of non-tax revenue. The total averages more than
$1,661,000,000 every working day. The Investment Management Section
computes daily this "idle cash" which is available for investment. This
figure is determined by using the ending balance on the previous day, plus
or minus the net difference between the certified deposits and the disbursing
warrants for the current day. The funds remaining, if any, are the Treasurer's
cash balances and they are invested in highly liquid, short-term securities as
are permitted by law. Because all funds are ultimately subject to disburse-
ment upon presentation of valid warrants, the primary consideration in
making such investments is liquidity and safety; the second is income.
While there is a constant flow of funds in and out, there is a core of deposits
that is not subject to immediate withdrawal. Thus, a reasonable amount can
be placed in certificate of deposits and savings certificates issued by North
Carolina banks and savings and loan associations. While these investments
are not highly liquid, they must by law produce a rate of return equal to
United States government or agency securities of comparable maturity. In
addition, this type of investment keeps the funds working in and for the
State and its people.
The Trust Fund Investment Program. All retirement systems are a
part of the state trust funds. Among others in the trust funds are the
Employee Disability Fund, the Public School Fire Insurance Fund, the
Escheat Fund, and the State Property Fire Insurance Fund. The objective of
all trust funds is to earn the highest yield consistent with safety of the
principal. These investments are usually long term, but are constantly
The Executive Branch 503
reviewed so that opportunities to improve the quaHty of the investments are
not ignored or passed up. There is a special legal provision for holding
inviolate the funds of the retirement systems. It is Article 5, Section 6 of the
North Carolina Constitution. It states that such funds may not be used "for
any purpose other than retirement system benefits and purposes, administra-
tive expenses and refunds". It further states that such funds "shall not be
applied, diverted, loaned to or used by the state, any state agency, state
officer, public officer or public employee".
Investment Pooling Program.. The 1979 General Assembly ratified
"an act to consolidate and recodify those portions of the General Statutes
concerning the State Treasurer's investment programs." Some fourteen
separate laws were combined. In addition, new United States government
and agency obligations became eligible, and the pooling of funds under the
investment management program was authorized. At the direction of the
State Treasurer, the Investment Management Division has established four
investment funds:
(1) the Short-Term Fixed Income Investment Fund,
(2) the Long-Term Fixed Income Investment Fund,
(3) the Equity Investment Fund, and
(4) the Liquid Asset Fund.
State Local Government Finance Division
The State and Local Government Finance Division was organized to
provide the State Treasurer with staff assistance in such areas as he
requests and to provide the staff required by the Local Government Commis-
sion to fulfill its statutory functions. The division is organized along
functional lines to provide two major groups of services to the State and to
the local units of governments: Debt Management and Fiscal Management.
In addition, the deputy Treasurer-division director serves as the secretary of
the Local Government Commission.
The Local Government Commission approves the issuance of the indebted-
ness of all units of local governments and assists these units in the area of
fiscal management. The commission is composed of nine members: the State
Treasurer, the secretary of state, the state auditor, the secretary of revenue,
and five others by appointment (three by the governor, one by the lieutenant
governor, and one by the speaker of the state House of Representatives). The
State Treasurer serves as chairman and selects the secretary of the commis-
sion, who heads the administrative staff serving the commission.
Assistance to State Agencies
Debt Management. The State Treasurer is responsible for the issuance
and servicing of all state debts secured by a pledge of the taxing power of
the state. After approval of a bond issue, the division assists in determining
the cash needs and most appropriate time for scheduling sales after consulta-
tion with other state agencies; the planning for repayment of the debt
(maturity schedules); preparing, with the advice and cooperation of bond
counsel and the assistance of other state agencies, the official statement
504 North Carolina Manual
describing the bond issue and other required disclosures about the state; and
in the actual sale and delivery of the bonds. The staff of the division
maintains the state bond records and register of bonds and initiates the debt
service payments when they become due. In addition, the division is
responsible for she issuance of revenue bonds for the North Carolina Medical
Care Commission, the North Carolina Housing Finance Agency, and North
Carolina's two power agencies.
Fiscal Management. The staff of the division provides technical as-
sistance in financial matters within the Department of State Treasurer and
to other departments of the state as may be required. A project may also
include work on the national level if it concerns generally accepted account-
ing principles for government.
Assistance to Local Governments
Assistance is rendered to local governments and public authorities in
North Carolina on behalf of the Local Government Commission.
Debt Management. A major function is the approval, sale and delivery
of all North Carolina local government bonds and notes upon the recom-
mendation of the staff of the division. Before any unit can incur debt, the
proposed issue must be approved by the commission. The statutes require
that, before giving its approval, the commission must make affirmative
determination in the areas of necessity and expediency, size of the issue, the
unit's debt management policy, taxes needed to service the debt and the
ability of the unit to repay.
Fiscal Management A second key function is monitoring certain fiscal
and accounting standards prescribed for the units by the Local Government
Budget and Fiscal Control Act. In addition, the division furnishes, upon
request, on-site assistance to local governments concerning existing financial
and accounting systems as well as aid in establishing new systems. Also,
the Division strives to ensure that the local units follow generally accepted
accounting principles, systems and practices. The division staff counsels the
units in treasury and cash management, budget preparation, and investment
policies and procedures. Educational programs, in the form of seminars or
classes, are also provided by the staff. The monitoring of the units' financial
system is accomplished through the examination and analysis of the annual
audited financial statements and other required reports. The Local Govern-
ment Budget and Fiscal Control Act requires each unit of local government
to have its accounts audited annually by a certified public accountant or by
an accountant certified by the commission as qualified to audit local govern-
ment accounts. A written contract must be submitted to the secretary of the
commission for his approval prior to the commencement of the audit.
Continued assistance is also provided to the independent auditors through
individual assistance and continuing professional education.
The State and Local Finance Division is continuously working in all areas
concerning improved fiscal management and clarity of reporting in order to
better serve the State Treasurer, the local units of governments, public
authorities, school administrative units and their independent auditors.
The Executive Branch 505
Administrative Services Division
The Administrative Services Division provides administrative, technical
and speciaHzed support to the Department and to three operating divisions.
The functions which are performed can better be accompHshed on a
centraHzed basis rather than independently by the various divisions. These
include various housekeeping functions such as supply and mail operations,
personnel, forms management, printing, generalized training and budget
matters. On a selective basis, several of the functions and sub-functions
carried on within the Department have been placed on the internal computer.
Of major significance are those programs having a bearing on the various
retirement systems and the Treasurer's investment processes. Vital functions
are performed by the word processing center. Approximately 95% of the
original and repetitive departmental correspondence is accomplished by the
center. In addition, through the utilization of a photocomposer, camera-
ready copies for all departmental printing requirements are satisfied
internally. Significant cost savings have been realized through the use of
these closely coordinated systems of document production. The division
monitors the operation and the progress of the Escheat Fund for the State
Treasurer. All abandoned and unclaimed properties whose owners cannot be
located become the property of the state and is placed in the fund. Such
property may consist of abandoned banking accounts, uncashed checks, and
contents of safety deposit boxes. As a trust activity, escheat monies are
invested in high quality securities. The return on the investments is used
within the State supported institution of higher learning to aid needy and
worthy students.
Boards and Commissions
Law Enforcement Officers Benefit and Retirement Fund (G.S. 143-166B)
Local Government Commission (G.S. 159-3)
Local Government Employees Retirement System, Board of Trustees (G.S.
128-21 through 128-38)
Tax Review Board (G.S. 105-269.2)
Teachers and State Employees Retirement System, Board of Trustees
506
North Carolina Manual
The Executive Branch 507
Harlan Edward Boyles
State Treasurer
Early Years: Born in Vale, Lincoln County, May 6, 1929, to Curtis E.
and Kate Schronce Boyles.
Education: North Brook Schools, Lincoln County, 1935-45; Crossnore
School, Avery County 1945-47; University of Georgia, 1947-48; UNC at
Chapel Hill, 1948-51, B.S.
Professional Background: Certified Public Accountant.
Organizations: Municipal Finance Officers Association; NC Association
of Certified Public Accountants (past president. Triangle Chapter); National
Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers (President,
Treasurer and Executive Director); Rotary Club of Raleigh (Director, Presi-
dent); Raleigh Chamber of Commerce (past director); Raleigh Salvation
Army Advisory Board.
Boards: Council of State; State Board of Education; Capitol Planning
Commission; State Computer Commission; Board of Directors, NC Art
Society; John Motley Morehead Memorial Commission; State Board of Com-
munity Colleges. Chairman: Local Government Commission; Tax Review
Board; State Banking Commission; Board of Trustees, Teachers' and State
Employees' Retirement Systems. Member: Board of Trustees, Local Govern-
mental Employees' Retirement System; Board of Commissioners, Law En-
forcement Officers' Benefit and Retirement Fund. Former member: U.S.
Securities and Exchange Commission's Municipal Securities Rulemaking
Board.
Political Activities: State Treasurer, 1977- (elected 1976; reelected, 1980,
1984 and 1988); Democratic Party.
Religious Activities: Member, Westminister Presbyterian Church;
Deacon; Elder; Treasurer and Clerk.
Family: Married Frances (Frankie) Wilder of Johnston County, May 17,
1952. Children: Phyllis Godwin, Lynn Boyles Butler, and Harlan Edward
Boyles, Jr.
508 North Carolina Manual
TREASURERS OF NORTH CAROLINA
COLONIAL TREASURER!
Name Term
Edward Moseley- 1715-1735
William Smith '
William Downing^ 1735-1739
Edward Moseley"^ 1735-1749
William Smith'' 1739-1740
John Hodgson' 1740-1748
Thomas Barker" 1748-1752
Eleazer Allen^* 1749-1750
John Starkeyi" 1750-1765
John Haywood" 1752-1754
Thomas Barker! 2 1754-1764
Joseph Montfordi^ 1764-1775
Samuel Swann'4 1765-1766
John Ashe'-' 1766-1773
Richard Caswelpe 1773-1775
Samuel Johnston^^ 1775
Richard Caswelp8 I775
STATE TREASURER
Name Residence Term
Samuel Johnstoni^ Chowan 1775-1777
Richard Caswelpo Dobbs 1775-1776
John Ashe-' New Hanover 1777-1779
William Skinner^s Perquimans 1777-1784
Green Hill Franklin 1779-1784
Richard Cogdell Craven 1779-1782
William Cathey [Rowan] 1779-1781
John Ashe New Hanover 1779-1781
Matthew Jones Chatham 1779-1782
Timothy Bloodworth Surry 1780-1784
Robert Lanier New Hanover 1780-1783
Memucan Hunt--^ Granville 1782-1784
John Brown Wilkes 1782-1784
Benjamin Exum Dobbs 1782-1784
Joseph Cain [New Hanover] 1783-1784
WilHam Locke [Rowan] 1784
Memucan Hunt Granville 1784-1787
John HaywoodQS Edgecombe 1787-1827
WilHam Robards Granville 1827-1830
William S. Mhoon Bertie 1831-1835
Samuel F. Patterson25 Wilkes 1835-1837
Daniel W. Courts^e Surry 1837-1839
Charles L. Hinton Wake 1839-1843
John H. Wheeler Lincoln 1843-1845
Charles L Hinton Wake 1845-1851
Daniel W. Courts Surry 1851-1862
Jonathan Worth" Randolph 1862-1865
The Executive Branch 509
Name Residence Term
William Sloan Anson 1865-1866
Kemp P. Battlers Wake 1866-1868
David A. Jenkinses Gaston 1868-1876
John M. Worth^o Randolph 1876-1885
Donald W. Bain^i Wake 1885-1892
Samuel McD. Tate'^'^ Burke 1892-1895
William H. Worth Guilford 1895-1901
Benjamin R. Lacy^^ Wake 1901-1929
Nathan O'BerryS" Wayne 1929-1932
John P. Stedman35 Wake 1932
Charles M. Johnson36 Pender 1933-1949
Brandon P. Hodges^^ Buncombe 1949-1953
Edwin M. GilP^ Scotland 1953-1977
Harlan E. Boyles^^ Wake 1977-
Colonial Treasurer
^The right to appoint colonial treasurers was reserved for the lower house. This policy
along with the extensive control exercised by the Assembly over other financial matters
was a constant source of friction between the governor and the lower house.
Treasurers were usually appointed in conjunction with money bills during the early
years of the office, but later were appointed on bills passed specifically for the purpose of
appointing treasurers. Treasurers were apparently first appointed by the assembly
during the Tuscarora War in 1711 when several commissioners were appointed to issue
paper currency. This practice continued until 1731 when George Burrington, the first
royal governor, questioned the right of the Assembly and tried to appoint his own
treasurer. The lower house resisted this infringement upon their rights, and Burrington
sought supported from royal authorities in England. Crown officials were not anxious to
upset the lower house and hesitated supporting Burrington and those who followed him.
In 1 729 the complexity of financial matters which concerned the treasurer was so great
that the Assembly created the office of precinct treasurer. Perhaps the most significant
practice regarding the appointments of these precinct treasurers was the practice of
submitting a list of two or three nominees to the governor for final decision. However, the
practice of "filling the offices of precinct treasurer seems to have fallen into disuse" by
1735 when there apparently are only two treasurers for the entire province — one for the
northern district and one for the southern. This division continued for the remainder of
the colonial period.
^Moseley was appointed as one of the commissioners to issue paper currency in 1711
and was apparently appointed as public treasurer in 1715. He seems to have continued
serving until 1735 when the office was divided into two positions with a treasurer
appointed for the northern district and another appointed for the southern. Moseley was
appointed treasurer of the southern district and continued in that capacity until his
death in 1749.
^Smith was appointed by Governor Burrington and the council, but there is no
evidence that he ever served — probably due to th response of the lower house.
^Downing was appointed by the legislature as treasurer for the northern district and
served until his death in 1739.
^See footnote 2.
''Smith was appointed on November 21, 1739 by the governor and council to act as
temporary treasurer, following the death of Downing.
^Hodgson was apparently appointed by the assembly in August, 1740 to replace
Downing and served until 1748.
510 North Carolina Manual
**Barker was appointed by the assembly in April, 1848 and served until he resigned in
1752.
■'Allen was appointed by the general assembly in November, 1749 to replace Moseley
and served until his death in 1750.
'"Starkey was appointed in July, 1750 to replace Eleazer Allen and served until his
death in 1765.
' ' Haywood was appointed to replace Barker and served until he apparently resigned in
1754.
'-Barker was appointed in 1754 to replace Haywood and served until he apparently
resigned in 1764.
' 'Montford was appointed in February, 1764 to replace Barker and served until 1775.
'^Swann was appointed by Governor Tryon in 1765 to act as a temporary replacement
for the deceased Starkey.
'"'Ashe was appointed in November 1766 to replace Starkey and served until he was
replaced by Caswell in 1733.
'''Caswell was appointed in 1733 to replace Ashe and served until the "end" of royal
government in 1775. "An Act for appointing Public Treasurers, and directing their Duty
in office," Chapter V, Laws of North Carolina, Clark, State Records, XXHI, 904-906.
'"Johnston and Caswell were appointed treasurers of the northern and southern
districts respectively on September 8, 1775 by the provincial congress. Caswell served
until his election as governor in 1776. Johnston served until 1777 when ill health forced
him to decline his re-election.
'*^See footnote 17.
State Treasurer
'^See footnote 17.
2"See footnote 17.
2'Ashe was elected to replace Caswell.
'•^-'Skinner was appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the council to
replace Johnston. He was later elected by the general assembly to a regular term and
continued serving until the district system was abandoned in 1784.
'-'Hunt was the first singular treasurer elected by the general assembly. In 1786
charges of misconduct were brought against him by a "Secret Committee of the General
Assembly." Statements concerning the matter were given before a joint meeting of the
House and Senate on December 28, and each member was allowed to draw his own
conclusions. Two days later he was defeated for re-election by John Haywood.
2^Haywood died on November 18, 1827 while still in office, having served for thirty
years as State Treasurer.
-"■Patterson was election in 1834 to replace Mhoon and was re-elected in 1835, but failed
to give bond within the prescribed fifteen day time period which voided his election. He
was then appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the council. He
declined to run for re-election in 1836. Council Minutes, January 13, 1836, Council
Journal, 1835-1836, GO 122.1, North Carolina Department of Archives and History,
Raleigh, hereinafter cited as Council Journal, 1835-1836.
-''Court's resignation was presented to the council on April 15, 1839.
-''Worth served until the end of the war. When the provisional government took over, he
was appointed treasurer by Holden. He resigned on November 15, 1865. State Appoint-
ments, Treasurer, Record Book Relative to the Provisional Government, 1865, 120.
-"^Sloan was appointed by Holden to replace Worth and served until the new
government took over. State Appointments, Treasurer, Record Book Relative to the
Provisional Government, 1865, 120.
-■'Battle was elected by the new general assembly and began serving on January 1,
1866. He continued serving until the new constitution went into effect in 1868.
-^Jenkins was elected in the general elections in April, 1868 and served following
re-election in 1872 until his resignation on November 6, 1876.
^"Worth was appointed by Governor Brogden on November 10, 1876. He had already
been elected in the general elections in 1876.
The Executive Branch 511
3iBain died November 16, 1892.
^^Tate was appointed by Governor Holt on November 19, 1892 to replace Bain. He was
defeated by Worth in a special election in 1894.
3^Lacy died February 21, 1929.
3^0'Berry was appointed by Governor Gardner on February 23, 1929 to replace Lacy
and served until his death on January 6, 1932.
^'^Stedman was appointed by Governor Gardner on January 7, 1932 to replace O'Berry
and resigned effective November 21, 1932.
^''Johnson was appointed by Governor Gardner on November 7, 1932 — to take office
November 21; however, he failed to qualify at that time. He had already been elected in
the general elections in 1932.
^''Hodges resigned in June, 1953.
^^Gill was appointed by Governor Umstead on June 29, 1953 to replace Hodges. He was
elected in the general elections in 1954 to complete Hodges' unexpired term. He was
elected to a full term in 1956 and served until his retirement in 1977.
^^^Boyles was elected in November, 1976, when Gill declined to run for reelection. He is
still serving following subsequent reelections.
512 North Carolina Manual
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
The Department of Public Instruction is headed by the State Board of
Education, which is charged with estabHshing overall policy for North
Carolina's system of public schools. The State Superintendent of Public
Instruction, a constitutional officer, is charged with organizing the depart-
ment and administering the funds provided for its support. Consistent with
other laws enacted by the General Assembly, the Board adopts rules and
regulations for the public school system. Board membership includes the
Lieutenant Governor, the State Treasurer, and eleven gubernatorial ap-
pointees, who are subject to confirmation by the General Assembly in joint
session. The State Superintendent of Public Instruction is secretary to the
Board.
The North Carolina Department of Public Instruction was formed in
December, 1852, although the current title and specific delineation of re-
sponsibilities were first set forth in the Constitution of 1868. The head of the
Department originally went by the title "superintendent of common schools,"
but that office was abolished in 1865. Today the superintendent of public
instruction is elected by the people to a four-year term. He is a member of the
Council of State.
State Department of Public Instruction Organization
The purpose of the Department of Public Instruction is many faceted. The
department allocates to local education agencies money appropriated by the
General Assembly or provided by the Federal government for public educa-
tion, monitors the expenditure of that money, promulgates rules and regula-
tions, collects statistical data of a general and specific nature on schools,
expenditures, and student progress, and provides consultant services in both
fiscal and curriculum areas. The State Board of Education and the State
Department of Public Instruction are literally involved in every area of
public education in North Carolina.
The Department is organized under the state superintendent into five
program areas, each headed by an assistant state superintendent and each
reporting directly to the state deputy superintendent. The five program areas
are Program Services, Research and Development Services, Personnel Ser-
vices, Auxiliary Services, and Financial Services. In addition, divisions
representing communications, external relations, state Board relations, the
internal auditor, and the omsbudsman report directly to the state
superintendent.
The Program Services Area
The Program Services unit includes the Divisions of Curriculum and
Instruction Services, the Division of Vocational Education Services, the
Division of Media and Technology Services, the Division of Exceptional
Children's Services, and the Division of Student Services.
I
I
The Executive Branch 513
The Research and Development Area
The Research and Development Unit includes the Division of Account-
ability Services which is charged with administering testing programs,
assuring accreditation, and with conducting research. Also in this service
area is the Division of Development Services which is charged with develop-
ment and demonstration and with grants and assistance.
The Personnel Services Area
The Personnel Services unit is composed of the Division of Local Education
Agency Personnel Services and the Division of Teacher Education and
Certification Services.
The Financial Services Area
The Financial Services unit is composed of the Divisions of School Busi-
ness Services, the Division of State Accounting Services, and the Division of
Fiscal Control Services.
The Auxiliary Services Area
The Auxiliary Services unit is composed of the Division of School Services
which deals with transportation, child nutrition, and student safety services,
and also the Division of School Facility Services which deals with plant
operation, school planning and insurance.
The State Department of Public Instruction's primary purpose — to assure
that a "general and uniform system of free public schools shall be provided
throughout the State, wherein equal opportunities shall be provided for all
students . . ." is always the overriding goal of employees of the Department.
Boards and Commissions within the Department
State Board of Education (G.S. 155C-12, 115C-10 to 115C-13, and 115C-408
to 115C-416; Article IX, Section 4, North Carolina Constitution)
Annual Testing Commission (G.S. 115C-191 and 115C-192)
Competency Testing Commission (G.S. 115C-176 and 115C-177)
Education Council (G.S. 115C-105)
Exceptional Children's Educational Services (G.S. 115C-121)
State School Health Advisory Committee (G.S. 115C-81(e) (6))
State Textbook Commission (G.S. 115C-87)
514
North Carolina Manual
The Executive Branch 515
Bob R. Etheridge
Superintendent of Public Instruction
Early Years: Born in Sampson County, August 7, 1941, to John P. and
Beatrice (Coats) Etheridge.
Education: Cleveland School, 1947-59; Campbell University, 1965, B.S.
(Business Administration).
Professional Background: Owner, Layton Supply Company; Director,
North Carolina National Bank, Lillington; Licensed Realtor.
Organizations: Member, Industrial Management Club (past President);
Lillington Lions Club (past President); American Legion; Harnett Cystic
Fibrosis Campaign (past Chairman); Land Use Advisory Council, 1976;
Harnett Youth Advisory Council (past Chairman); Harnett Sheltered Work-
shop (past Chairman); Lillington Chamber of Commerce (President, 1977);
Lillington Rotary Club; Lillington Masonic Lodge.
Boards: Formerly served on: Harnett Mental Health Board, NC Law and
Order Commission, Cape Fear District Occoneechee Boy Scout Council
(Chairman).
Political Activities: N.C. Superintendent of Public Instruction, 1989-;
N.C. House of Representatives, 1979-1988 (five terms); Harnett County
Commissioner, 1973-1976 (Chairman, 1974-76). Served on: Rural Economic
Development Center Board of Directors; Fiscal Affairs and Oversight Com-
mittee of the National Conference of State Legislatures; Fiscal Affairs and
Government Operations Committee of the Southern Legislative Conference
of the Council of State Governments; N.C. Legislative Governmental Opera-
tions Commission; Advisory Budget Commission; Democratic Party.
Military Activities: Served, U.S. Army, December, 1965-67.
Honors: Lillington Jaycees Distinguished Service Award, 1975; Lillington
Community Service Award, 1976; Outstanding Men of America; Honored
Distinguished Alumnus Campbell University; Boy Scout District Award of
Merit, 1980 and 1984; Boy Scout Silver Beaver Award, 1987; honorary
member. Phi Kappa Phi.
Religious Activities: Member, Leaflet Presbyterian Church; Sunday
School Teacher; Sunday School Superintendent; President, Fayetteville
Presbytery Men, 1975-76; President, Presbyterian Synod Men of N.C, 1977-
78; Elder, Leaflet Church, 1987.
Family: Married, Faye Cameron, November 25, 1965. Children: Brian,
Catherine and David.
516 North Carolina Manual
Superintendent of Common Schools
Name Residence Elected Qualified
Calvin H. Wiley' Guilford December 13, 1852 1852-1865
Superintendent of Public Instruction
Name Residence Term
Samuel S. Ashley^ New Hanover 1868-1871
Alexander Mclver^ Guilford 1871-1875
Kemp P. Battle^ Wake 1873
Stephen D. PooP Craven 1875-1876
John PooP Pasquotank 1876-1877
John C. Scarborough Johnston 1877-1885
Sidney M. Finger Catawba 1855-1893
John C. Scarborough Hertford 1893-1897
Charles H. Mebane Catawba 1897-1901
Thomas F. Toon^ Robeson 1901-1902
James Y. Joyner^ Guilford 1902-1919
Eugene C. Brooks^ Durham 1919-1923
Arch T. Allenio Alexander 1923-1934
Clyde A. Erwin" Rutherford 1934-1952
Charles F. CarrolP^ Duplin 1952-1969
Andrew Craig Phillips'^ Guilford 1969-1989
Bob R. Etheridge" Sampson 1989-
'Wiley served until the office was abolished in 1865.
-Ashley was elected in the general elections in April, 1868 and resigned effective
October 1, 1871.
'Mclver was appointed by Governor Caldwell on September 21, 1871 — to take office
October 1 — to replace Ashley.
^Battle, who was appointed by Governor Caldwell on January 14, 1873 to replace Reid,
took the oaths of office on January 15; however, his right to hold office was challenged by
Alexander Mclver who was still serving under a previous appointment. The conflict was
argued before the North Carolina Supreme Court in 1873 at its January term and was
decided in favor of Mclver. Justice Reade, who gave the opinion of the court, stated that
since Mclver had been duly appointed and qualified, and that since the officer-elect could
not qualify, Mclver was entitled to remain in office until the next election. (August, 1874).
■^Pool resigned effective June 30, 1876.
•'John Pool, who was appointed by Governor Brodgen on June 30, 1876 to replace
Stephen D. Pool, took office July 1.
"Toon was elected in the general elections in 1900 and served until his death on
February 19, 1902.
yoyner was appointed by Governor Aycock on February 24, 1902 to replace Toon. He
was elected in a special election in 1902 to complete Toon's unexpired term. He was
elected to a full term in 1904 and served following subsequent re-elections until his
resignation effective January 1, 1919.
''Brooks was appointed by Governor Bickett on December 21, 1918 — to take office
January 1, 1919 — to replace Joyner. He was elected in the general elections in 1920 and
served until bis resignation on June 11, 1923.
'"Allen was appointed by Governor Morrison on June 11, 1923 to replace Brooks. He
was elected in the general elections in 1 924 and served following subsequent re-elections
until his death on October 20, 1934.
"Erwin was appointed by Governor Ehringhaus on October 23, 1934 to replace Allen.
He was elected in the general elections in 1936 and served following subsequent re-
elections until his death on July 19, 1952.
'^Carroll was appointed by Governor Scott on August 20, 1952 to replace Erwin. He was
elected in the general elections in 1952 and served following subsequent reelections until
1969 when be declined to run for reelection.
'"'PhiUips was elected in 1968 and served following subsequent reelections until his
retirement in 1989.
^''Etheridge was elected in November, 1988.
The Executive Branch 517
THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
THE OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
The Attorney General of North CaroHna heads both the Department of
Justice and the Office of the Attorney General. The office is one of the oldest
continuous office in government having originated during colonial times.
When the first North Carolina constitution was written in 1776, the Attorney
General was made part of its framework. When the General Assembly began
reorganizing state government in the early 1970's they created the Depart-
ment of Justice as one of the major departments in the Executive Branch.
The 1971 revision of the state constitution deleted all reference to the
Department of Justice and the State Bureau of Investigation. Instead, it
simply states that there shall be an Attorney General whose duties "shall be
prescribed by law" [Article III, Section 7(2)). Article III, Section 7(1)] of the
Constitution of North Carolina provides that the Attorney General, along
with other elected department heads, "shall be elected by the qualified voters
of the State in 1972 and every four years thereafter, at the same time and
places as members of the General Assembly are elected. Their term of office
shall be four years and shall commence on the first day of January next
after their election and continue until their successors are elected and
qualified." Also this revision made the Attorney General a full, voting
member of the Council of State whereas before he had served only as legal
advisor to the Council.
The Attorney General is a constitutional officer elected by the people of
North Carolina to a four-year term. His powers and duties are set out in the
General Statutes of North Carolina. The variety of powers and duties held
by the Attorney General may be seen by examining the Constitution and
statutory references, as well as by studying the many state and federal court
cases in which he is involved. The Office of the Attorney General includes
the North Carolina Department of Justice, the State Bureau of Investigation,
the Justice Academy, the Criminal Justice Standards Division, and the
Sheriffs' Standards Division.
Historical Development
As far back as the Middle Ages, the English crown conducted its legal
business through attorneys, sergeants, and solicitors. One Lawrence Del
Brok is known to have pursued the King's legal business in the courts
during the middle of the thirteenth century. At that time, the crown did not
act through a single attorney at all. Instead, the King appointed numerous
legal representatives and granted each authority to appear only in particular
courts, on particular matters, or in the courts of particular geographical
areas. Gradually, the number of attorneys representing the crown decreased
as individual attorneys were assigned broader duties. By the latter part of
the fifteenth century, the title Attorney General was used to designate one
William Husee. It may have been as late as 1530, however, before the title of
Attorney General was held by a single attorney. The Attorney General in
the sixteenth century still shared his role as legal representative of the
518 North Carolina Manual
crown with other types of legal agents. It was not until the seventeenth
century that the office assumed its modern form and the Attorney General
became, at least in practice, the preeminent legal representative of the
Sovereign.
Although the early attorneys and other legal representatives of the crown
occupied much the same position as comparable legal representatives of
individuals, their development soon diverged from that of private counsel
because of the peculiar role of the crown in legal proceedings. The king was
"praerogative" and in theory was always present in his courts. As the king
could not appear in his own court personally, the function of the Attorney
General and his predecessors was to protect the king's interests. Conse-
quently, the king's counsel had superior status to that of attorneys for
individuals. Unlike an attorney representing a private party, the Attorney
General or king's attorney was not an officer of the courts and was therefore
not subject to the usual disciplinary authority of the courts over an attor-
ney. As a representative of the crown, the Attorney General was subject only
to the control of the crown.
The office of Attorney General was transported from the parent country of
England to the American colonies. There, the attorneys general of the
colonies in effect served as delegates or representatives of the Attorney
General of England. Not surprisingly, these colonial attorneys general were
viewed as possessing the common law powers or then current powers of the
Attorney General in England. During the early colonial period. North Caro-
lina was joined with South Carolina to comprise a single colony and shared
with South Carolina an Attorney General. Certainly, by 1767, North Carolina
did have an Attorney General who was selected from among the lawyers
practicing in North Carolina and possessed all the powers, authority, and
trusts within the colony that the Attorney General and Solicitor General
possessed in England. Thus, when the American Revolution brought this
country into being, the office of Attorney General was firmly established in
the American states as part of the heritage brought over from England and
continued in the colonial period.
After the American Revolution, the newly formed states continued to
provide for Attorney General with virtually the same powers and duties as
their English and colonial predecessors, except the people, and not a king,
became sovereign. The office has, in one form or another, been carried forth
into the modern American states with many of the same duties and powers
as existed in Attorney General at common law. Indeed, most commentators
and most decisions dealing with the powers of state Attorney General have
recognized that the majority of American states continue to vest their
Attorney General with many, if not all, of the powers of the Attorney
General of England and the American colonies.
North Carolina is among those states in which the constitution provides
that the duties of the Attorney General "shall be prescribed by law." As far
back as 1715 and continuing up to the present time, North Carolina has
been governed by the common law "or so much of the common law as is not
destructive of, or repugnant to, or inconsistent with, the freedom and
independence of this State and the form of government therein established
and which has not been otherwise provided for in whole or in part, not
The Executive Branch 519
abrogated, repealed, or become obsolete." The "common law" as used in
North Carolina General Statutes 4-1 refers to the common law of England.
The common law as adopted by statute may also be modified or repealed by
statute except where the Constitution of North Carolina has incorporated
the common law into its provision. From these principles, it might be
concluded that the Attorney General of North Carolina should be vested
with all common law powers of the Attorney General representing the
crown at the time of the American Revolution except where specific constitu-
tional or statutory provisions dictate otherwise. In 1985, the General As-
sembly reaffirmed the common law powers of the Attorney General.
The Department of Justice
The Attorney General is responsible for representing the State of North
Carolina in all actions in the Appellate Court Division in which the State is
either interested or a party. When requested by the governor or either House
of the General Assembly, the Attorney General appears for the state before
any other court or tribunal in any case or matter, civil or criminal, in which
the state may be a party or interested. Also, the Attorney General, when
requested by the governor, secretary of state, treasurer, auditor. Utilities
Commission, Banking Commission, insurance commissioner or superin-
tendent of public instruction prosecutes or defends all suits related to matters
concerning their departments. The Attorney General represents all state
institutions whenever requested to do so by the official head of that
institution.
The Attorney General consults with and advises judges, district attorneys,
magistrates and municipal and county attorneys, magistrates and municipal
and county attorneys whenever they request such assistance. Attorney
General's opinions are rendered, either formally or informally, upon all
questions of law submitted by the General Assembly, the governor or any
other state officer.
The Attorney General, in the public interest, may intervene in proceedings
before any courts, regulatory officers, agencies or bodies, either state or
federal, on behalf ofthe consuming public of the State. Also, the Attorney
General has the authority to institute and originate proceedings before these
courts, officers, agencies or bodies on behalf of the state, its agencies or its
citizens in any and all matters which are in the public interest.
Functions of the Office of Attorney General
The Attorney General's responsibilities lie in two main areas: The Legal
Services Area and The Law Enforcement Area.
The Legal Services Area is organized into four divisions: Criminal, Civil,
Trade and Commerce, and Administrative. The Law Enforcement Area
consists of the State Bureau of Investigation, which also oversees the
Division of Criminal Information, and the Training and Standards Division,
which oversees the North Carolina Justice Academy, the Criminal Justice
Standards Commission, the Sheriffs Education and Training Standards
Commission, and the Law Enforcement Liaison Section.
520 North Carolina Manual
The Legal Services Area
Criminal Division.
This Division includes all sections of office dealing with criminal matters.
Its staff advises and represents state agencies such as Department of
Corrections and Crime Control and Public Safety. The Division is broken
down into several sections in order to provide specialized support.
The Special Prosecutions Section prosecutes or assists in the prosecution
of criminal cases upon request of district attorneys and upon the approval of
the Attorney General. It also serves as legal advisor to the State Bureau of
Investigation.
The Corrections Section represents the Department of Corrections by
providing legal counsel and representation on matters involving prison
regulations, personnel and statutory interpretations.
The Crime Control Section represents the Highway Patrol and the Depart-
ment of Crime Control and Public Safety, and also serves as legal advisor to
victim and justice services.
The Federal Habeas Sectionrepresents the North Carolina in appeals of
criminal convictions to the federal courts.
The Appellate Section supervises and/or prepares criminal briefs in all
appeals to which the state is a party.
Civil Division.
The Division handles civil claims and litigation involving the state, its
officials and employees. It is also divided into smaller services sections.
The Property Control Section represents the Department of Administra-
tion, the State Auditor, the North Carolina Ports Authority, the Railway
Commission, the Art Museum, the Building Commission and other agencies.
Its staff advises state agencies on real property, public building construction
law, and public procurement.
The Education Section represents the University of North Carolina
system, the superintendent of public instruction, and Department of Com-
munity Colleges in all areas of law except tort claims and revenue. Staff
members also advise attorneys and administrators in the public schools.
The Revenue Section provides legal counsel to the Department of Revenue
and representation in state and federal litigation, as well as providing tax
counsel to other state agencies.
The Labor Section acts as legal advisor to the commissioner of labor and
handles cases arising from enforcement of labor laws and occupational
safety and health matters.
The Motor Vehicles Section furnishes legal assistance to the Division of
Motor Vehicles.
The Highway Section acts as legal advisor to the secretary of transporta-
tion and the State Board of Transportation and provides legal representation
to the Department of Transportation in such matters as condemnation
litigation, bids for highway construction, and contracts.
The Executive Branch 521
Trade and Commerce Division.
Represents the using and consuming public's interest in maintaining a
free, fair and competitive marketplace, and protection of the natural environ-
ment.
The Anti-Trust Section protects the public against price fixing, price
gouging, restraint or trade and other anti-competitive practices.
The Consumer Protection Section protects the public from fraud, deception
and other unfair deceptive trade practices.
The Energy and Utilities Section represents the using and consuming
public in utility rate hearings where adversarial trials are a substitute for
competition as a means to protect the public's right to high quality utility
services at fair and reasonable prices.
The Environmental Section protects public interest in maintaining an
environment conducive to public health and safety.
The Insurance Section represents the using and consuming public in
insurance rate matters to ensure quality utility services at fair costs.
Special Litigation Section - Handles complex litigation in which the public
has a vital stake in the outcome.
Administrative Division.
Furnishes legal support and services to the departments of state govern-
ment to assure their fulfilling of constitutional and statutory respon-
sibilities.
The State Agency Services Sectionis the principal legal advisor to a wide
variety of state departments, boards and commissions, giving legal repre-
sentation in state and federal litigation and administrative proceedings.
The Collections Section primarily assists in the collection of delinquent
student loan accounts for state universities and community colleges.
The Elections Section is legal counsel to the State Board of Elections on
all matters of election law.
The Human Resources Section represents the Department of Human
Resources and its major divisions for litigation and counsel.
The Real Estate Section represents the Real Estate Commission as legal
counsel and advises on complaints and inquiries from the real estate industry
and consumers.
The Tort Claims Section defends the state and its agencies in worker's
compensation cases involving personal injury and property damage.
The Law Enforcement Area
State Bureau of Investigation.
The State Bureau of Investigation was established to provide a more
effective administration of the criminal laws of the state, to prevent crime,
and to ensure the speedy apprehension of criminals. The Bureau assists
local law enforcement in the identification of criminals, the scientific
analysis to the evidence of crimes, and the investigation and preparation of
evidence to be used in court. Whenever requested by the Attorney General,
522 North Carolina Manual
the governor, sheriffs, poHce chiefs, district attorneys or judges, the State
Bureau of Investigation lends its assistance.
The State Bureau of Investigation is divided into three major areas of
operation: Field Investigations, the Crime Laboratory and the Division of
Criminal Information. The bureau has also developed and maintained one
of the best and most complete crime laboratories in the nation.
The Division of Criminal Information was established in order to devise,
maintain and operate a system for receiving, correlating, storing and dis-
seminating, to participating law enforcement agencies, information that will
help them in the performance of their duties and in the administration of
justice in North Carolina. Examples of the variety of information stored
include motor vehicle registrations, driver's licenses, wanted and missing
persons, stolen property, warrants, stolen vehicles, firearms registration,
drug trafficking, and parole and probation histories. The Division introduced
the computer to the state's law enforcement community and provides an up-
to-the-minute computer filing system, information retrieval, and communica-
tions network with qualified law enforcement agencies throughout North
Carolina.
The North Carolina Justice Academy.
The Justice Academy was created in 1973 by an act of the General
Assembly. The Academy provides professional education and training to
members of the criminal justice system.
In 1974, the Board of Trustees of the Southwood College and the Sampson
County Board of Commissioners donated the Southwood Complex to the
state for its use as a site for the Academy. Salemburg has maintained a
facility for higher education and training since 1875 when Salem Academy,
a military school, was established.
The purpose of the Justice Academy is to develop and conduct training
courses for local criminal justice agencies and to provide the resources and
facilities for training courses to various State criminal justice agencies.
The needs of the local agencies are the first priority in the Academy's
efforts. Emphasis is directed toward specialized training for the local law
enforcement officer. However, the Academy has a responsibility to embrace
every aspect of the criminal justice system by providing programs and
working with other agencies in the criminal justice system to upgrade the |
existing standards for law enforcement in the State.
The Sheriffs' Standards Division. !
f
The Sheriffs' Standards Division administers the programs of the North
Carolina Sheriffs' Education and Training Standards Commission. It is ,
responsible for the establishment and enforcement of minimum employment I
and training standards for sheriffs' deputies and jailers throughout the
State. The Division also establishes and implements procedures by which
officers are certified as either deputy sheriffs or jailers. I
The Executive Branch 523
Criminal Justice Standards Division.
The Criminal Justice Standards Division administers the programs of the
Criminal Justice Education and Training Standards Commission. The divi-
sion administers seven criminal justice officer certification programs encom-
passing some 20,000 certified officers. Eight other specialty certification
programs are also administered by the Division, including the Radar Opera-
tion Certification Program. Also, the Division administers programs of the
Company and Railroad Police Commission.
524
North Carolina Manual
The Executive Branch 525
Lacy Herman Thornburg
Attorney General
Early Years: Born in Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, December 20,
1929, to Jesse Lafayette and Sarah Ann (Zigeler) Thornburg.
Education: Huntersville High School, 1947; Mars Hill College, 1950,
AA.; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1951, BA.; UNC-Chapel Hill, School of Law, 1954,
J.D.
Professional Background: Attorney.
Organizations: Mason; Shriner.
Boards: Chairman, 4-H Ambassador Steering Committee, 1987-; Board of
Visitors: Peace College, 1986-, North Carolina Central School of Law, David-
son College. Roanoke Island Historical Association, 1985-; Co-Chairman,
Law Enforcement Coordinating Committee, 1985-; Governor's Crime Commis-
sion, 1985-; Capitol Planning Commission, 1985-; Tryon Palace Commission,
1985-; chairman, Jackson County Board of Health, 1968-1984. Former
member: NC Courts Commission; NC Criminal Code Commission; NC
Judicial Council.
Political Activities: Attorney General, State of North Carolina, 1985-
(elected, 1984); Superior Court Judge, 1967-1983; Member, NC House of
Representatives, 1961, 1963, 1965-66; Staff member. Congressman David
Hall, 1959-60; NC Young Democrats Club, 1954; Democratic Party.
Military Service: Served in US Army 1947-48 (PFC).
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church, Sylva; Sunday
School Teacher, Superintendent, Deacon.
Family: Married Dorothy Frances Todd, September 6, 1953. Children:
Sara (Thornburg) Evans, Lacy Eugene, Jesse Todd, Alan Ziegler.
526 North Carolina Manual
ATTORNEY GENERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Colonial
Name Term
George Durante 1677-1681
William Wilkison^ 1694
John Porter, Jr.^ 1694-[1695]
Henderson Walker 1695
Thomas Abington^ 1696
Richard Plater^ 1696-[1703]
Christopher Gale6 1704-1705
Thomas Snoden^ 1705-1708
Christopher Gales 1708-[1710]
Edward Bonwicke^ 1711-1714
Daniel Richardson i'^ 1714-1724
[JohnWorley]!!
James Stanaway^'-^
[John Montgomery ]i^
William Littlei^ 1724
Thomas Boyd^s 1724-1725
William Little 1725-1731
John Connor^*^ 1731
John Montgomery^"' 1731-1741
John Hodgson'« 1734
Joseph Anderson 'f* 1741-1742
John Montgomery 1742-1743
Joseph Anderson^" 1743-1747
Thomas Child^i 1747-1752
George Nicholas" 1752-1756
Charles Elliot^^ 1756
Robert Jones, Jr.^^ 1756-1759
Thomas Child^s 1759-1761
Robert Jones, Jr.^e 1761-1766
Marmaduke Jones^^ 1766-1767
Thomas McGuire^s 1767-[1776]
State
Name Residence Term
Waightstill Avery^9 Burke 1777-1779
James Iredell'" Chowan 1779-1782
Alfred Moore" Brunswick 1782-1791
John Haywood, Jr.32 Halifax 1792-1795
Blake Baker^^ Edgecombe 1795-1803
Henry SeawelP^ Wake 1803-1808
Oliver Fitts'^ Warren 1808-1810
WilHam Miller^^ Warren 1810
Hutching G. Burton^^ Warren 1810-1816
William P. Drew'^ Halifax 1816-1824
James F. Taylor^s Wake 1825-1828
Robert H. Jones'"^ Warren 1828
Romulus M. Saunders^' Caswell 1828-1834
The Executive Branch
527
Name Residence Term
John R. J. Daniel Halifax 1835-1841
Hugh McQueen''2 Chatham 1841-1842
Spier Whitaker
Edward Stanley'*^
Bartholomew F. Moore^^
William Eaton, Jr.^^
Matthew W. Ransom^'^
Joseph B. Batchelor''^
Halifax 1842-1846
Beaufort 1846-1848
Halifax 1848-1851
Warren 1851-1852
Northampton 1853-1855
Warren 1855-1856
WilHam H. Bailey"^ Mecklenburg
WilUam A. Jenkins''^
Sion H. Rogers^°
William M. Coleman^'
Lewis P. 01ds52
William M. Shipp53
Tazewell L. Hargrove
Thomas S. Kenan
Theodore F. Davidson
Frank I. Osborne
Zebulon V. Walser^^
Robert D. Douglas^^
Robert D. Gilmer
Thomas W. Bicket^e
James S. Manning
Dennis G. Brummitt^^
Aaron A. F. Seawell^**
Harry McMullan^s
William B. Rodman, Jr.^o
1857
Warren 1857-1862
Wake 1863-1868
1868-1869
Wake 1869-1870
Lincoln 1870-1873
Granville 1873-1877
Wilson 1877-1885
Buncombe 1885-1893
Mecklenburg 1893-1897
Davidson 1897-1900
Guilford 1900-1901
Haywood 1901-1909
Franklin 1909-1917
Wake 1917-1925
Granville 1925-1935
Lee 1935-1938
Beaufort 1938-1955
Beaufort 1955-1956
George B. Patton^i Macon 1956-1958
Malcom B. SeawelP^
Wade Bruton^^
Robert Morgan^"
James H. Carson,^^ Jr.
Rufus L. Edmisten^^ ...
Lacy H. Thornburg^^ ..
Robeson 1958-1960
Montgomery 1960-1969
Harnett 1969-1974
Mecklenburg 1974-1975
Wake 1975-1985
.Jackson 1985-
Colonial
^Durant was probably appointed by Jenkins, possibly as early as 1673 or 1674; he was
serving by 1676. When the conflict between Eastchurch and Jenkins broke out, Durant
went to England to plead Jenkin's case — he was not very successful since Eastchurch
was commissioned. Durant did not return to the colony until December, 1677, but
apparently once again served as attorney general. He was still serving in November,
1679 and probably continued serving until 1681 or later.
^Little is known of Wilkinson's service as attorney general except that he was
suspended from office in 1694 by Governor Harvey for "Misdemeanors."
■'Porter was appointed by Harvey to replace Wilkinson and qualified before the court.
He probably served until Walker took office in 1695.
^Abington served for two indictments during the February, 1696 court.
''Plater was appointed by Governor Harvey and qualified before the court. He was still
serving in October, 1703.
'^Wben Gale was appointed is not known. The first record of service is at the General
Court for July, 1704 and be was still serving in October, 1705.
528 North Carolina Manual
^Snoden began serving during the Fall term of the general court for 1705 and was still
serving in 1708.
'^Gale was again acting as attorney general by October, 1708. There are not court
records available for 1709 and 1710 and the records for the First Court in 1711 indicate
that Bonwicke was attorney general.
■'Bonwicke was serving by March, 1711 and records from the Receiver General's office
indicate that he was still serving in June, 1714; however, by October he was no longer in
office.
'"Richardson was apparently appointed by Governor Eden sometime during the
summer of 1714. He qualified before the General Court on October 26, 1714 and served
until 1724 when he was replaced by Little.
' ' Worley 's name appears in Hawks' list of attorney generals with the date, August 2,
1716, following it. Since there are no records which indicate that he served, it is assumed
that this is an appointment date. Hawks, History of North Carolina, II, 140.
'-Instructions issued to Governor Burrington by the Lords Proprietors indicate that
James Stanaway was appointed attorney general; however, there is no evidence to
indicate that he served.
' 'Montgomery is reported to have been appointed attorney general in 1723; however,
no evidence could be found to indicate that he served at this time.
'^Little was appointed by Governor Burrington to replace Richardson and qualified
before the Council. His resignation was announced at a council meeting on November 7,
1724.
'"■Boyd was appointed by Governor Burrington to replace Little and qualified before
the council. He served until Little took over in 1725.
"^Connor was appointed by Governor Burrington and qualified before the council. He
served only until Montgomery arrived.
'^Montgomery was appointed by the crown and qualified before the council. He was
suspended by Burrington on September 29, 1734, but was either restored to office by
Johnston or never left as he is considered the attorney general in November. He
Continued serving until 1741 when he was appointed acting chief justice.
' ^Hodgson was appointed by Burrington following the suspension of Montgomery and
apparently qualified before the council. He served only until Governor Johnston took
office in November, 1734.
'■'Anderson was appointed acting attorney general by Governor Johnston when
Montgomery became chief justice. He served until Montgomery returned to service in
1742.
-"Anderson was appointed permanent attorney general by Governor Johnston when
Montgomery was commissioned chief justice. He qualified before the council and
continued serving until Child took office in 1747.
-'Child was appointed by the crown and qualified on May 16, 1747. He served until he
returned to England in 1752.
--Nicholas was apparently appointed to serve when Child left North Carolina to go to
England. He was reported ill in October, 1755; there is no evidence that anyone else was
appointed until 1756.
-'Elliot was appointed by Governor Dobbs to replace Nicholas, and apparently
qualified before Dobbs. He only served a few months before he died.
-^ Jones was appointed by Governor Dobbs to replace Elliott and presumably qualified
before him. He served until Child took over in 1761. Commission to Robert Jones, Jr.,
October 4, 1756, Commissions, 1754-1767, 5, 60.
-"'Child was commissioned by the crown and apparently qualified before Governor
Dobbs. He served until he resigned in 1761.
-"Jones was appointed by the crown and apparently qualified before Governor Dobbs.
He served until his death on October 2, 1 766. Warrant appointing Robert Jones Attorney
General of North Carolina, April 14, 1761, CO 324/40, English Records, ER 15-22;.
Commission to Robert Jones, July 25, 1761, Commission Book, 1761-1772, 1; Letter from
Governor Tryon to Earl of Shelburne, January 12, 1767, Saunders, Co/onm/ .Records, VII,
425-426.
-^Jones was appointed by Governor Tryon to replace Jones and served until McQuire
took office in 1767.
The Executive Branch 529
28McGuire was commissioned by the crown to replace Jones and qualified before the
council. He presumably served until the Revolution.
29Avery resigned on May 8, 1779.
^^Iredell was apppointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the council to
replace Thomas McQuire who had declined to serve. He was later elected by the general
assembly.
""Moore's resignation was presented to the council on April 9, 1791, but no one was
immediately appointed to fill the vacancy.
'-Haywood was elected to replace Moore and resigned following his elections as judge
of the Superior Court of Law and Equity on January 28, 1795.
3'^Baker was elected to replace Haywood and resigned on November 25, 1803.
^''Seawell was elected to replace Baker and resigned on November 30, 1808.
35Fitts was elected to replace Seawell and resigned on July 6, 1810.
^''Miller was appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the Council to
replace Fitts.
3^Burton resigned November 21, 1816.
38Drew was elected to replace Burton and resigned in November, 1824.
39Taylor was elected to replace Drew and died in late June, or ealy July, 1828.
''"Jones was appointed by governor with the advice and consent of the council to
replace Taylor.
"Saunders was elected to replace Taylor. On December 16, 1834 a resolution was
passed in the House of Commons declaring that the office of Attorney General was
vacant because Saunders held a commission from the federal government, which was
violation of Chapter 6 of the Laws of 1790— the law prohibited dual office holding by a
public official except in special cases. Saunders wrote to Alexander Williams, the
Speaker of the House, the following day requesting that he be given "permission to be
heard at the bar of the House upon the subject of the Resolution." The request was
granted. Despite testimony by Saunders on his own behalf, the House voted 68-60 to
uphold the resolution. On December 31, 1834, Saunders sent in his resignation.
^^McQueen's resignation was received by the House of Commons on November 25,
1942.
"Stanley resigned on May 8, 1848.
''''Moore was appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the council to
replace Stanley. He was later elected by the general assembly to a regular term and
resigned in May, or June, 1851.
^^Eaton was appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the council to
replace Moore.
'"'Ransom was elected by the general assembly to replace Moore and resigned on May
2, 1855.
^^Batchelor was appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the council
to replace Ransom. He resigned November 26, 1856. Council Minutes, May 25, 1855,
Council Journal, 1855-1889; Batchelor to Bragg, November 26, 1856, Bragg Letter Book,
1855-1857, 600.
"Bailey was elected by the general assembly to fill the unexpired term of Batchelor.
Commission dated January 5, 1857, Commission Book, 1841-1877.
^^Jenkins was elected to replace Ransom; however, the office was declared vacant on
December 8, 1862 because Jenkins had accepted a commission in the Confederate Army.
^"Rogers was elected to replace Jenkins and served until the Constitution of 1868 went
into effect. Commission dated January 6, 1866, Commission Book, 1841-1877.
""Coleman was elected in the general elections in April, 1868 and served until his
resignation on May 29, 1869.
"■^Olds was appointed by Governor Holden on June 1, 1869 to replace Coleman. At the
State Republican Party Convention in 1870 he was defeated for nomination by Samuel F.
PhiUips.
'' 'Shipp was elected in the general elections in 1870 to complete Coleman's unexpired
term but was defeated for re-election in 1872.
■'^Walser was elected in the general elections in 1896. He resigned effective November
24 following his defeat for re-election by Gilmer in 1900.
530 North Carolina Manual
^^Douglas was appointed by Governor Russell on November 24, 1900 to complete
Walser's term.
"^fiBickett was elected in the general elections in 1 908 and served following re-election in
1912 until 1916 when he was elected governor of North Carolina.
s^Brummitt was elected in the general elections in 1924 and served following
subsequent re-elections until his death on February 5, 1935.
s^Seawell was appointed by Governor Ehringhaus on January 16, 1935 to replace
Brummitt. He was elected in the general elections in 1936 and served until April, 1938
when he was appointed to the State Supreme Court.
^^McMullan was appointed by Governor Hoey on April 30, 1938 to replace Seawell. He
was elected in the general elections in 1938 to complete Seawell's unexpired term. He was
elected to a full term in 1940 and served following subsequent re-elections until his death
on June 24, 1955.
•^"Rodman was appointed by Governor Hodges on June 1, 1955 to replace McMullan
and served until he resigned in August, 1956 when he was appointed to the Supreme
Court.
6'Patton was appointed by Governor Hodges on August 21, 1956 to replace Rodman. He
was elected in the general elections in 1956 and served until his resignation effective
April 15, 1958.
•^^Seawell was appointed by Governor Hodges on April 15, 1958 to replace Patton. He
was elected in the general elections in 1958 to complete Patton's unexpired term and
served until his resignation effective February 29, 1960.
e^Bruton was appointed by Governor Hodges on February 27, 1960 — to take office
March 1 — to replace Seawell. He was elected in the general elections in 1960.
<^^Morgan resigned August 26, 1974, to run for United States Senator.
e^Carson was appointed by Governor Holshouser on August 26 to replace Morgan.
66Edmisten defeated Carson in a special election to complete Morgan's term held in
1974. He was elected to a full term in 1976 and served following subseuqent reelections
until 1985.
•^'Thornburg was elected in the general elections in 1984.
The Executive Branch 531
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
The Civil War devastated the economy of North Carolina. Agriculture, the
mainstay of the state's slightly more than one million people, was severely
stricken. The crops that were produced were poor and prices were low. After
the war a system of farm tenancy developed leading to smaller farms and
decreased efficiency.
In an effort to combat these and other problems, farmers joined organi-
zations such as the Patrons of Husbandry (the Grange) and the Farmers'
Alliance. While these organizations did give farmers a united voice for
sounding their grievances, they did not solve many of the existing problems.
To the majority of farmers, the most feasible solution seemed to be the
establishment of an agricultural department as part of the state government.
As early as 1860 Governor John E. Ellis had urged the General Assembly
to establish a Board of Agriculture, but the request was ignored by legislators
who were concerned primarily with the oncoming war.
In 1868 the foundation for the establishment of a Department of Agri-
culture was laid when North Carolinians approved the state constitution.
The constitution provided: "There shall be established in the office of the
Secretary of State a Bureau of Statistics, Agriculture, and Immigration
under such regulations as the General Assembly may provide." However
this agency did not provide for the real needs of agriculture, and thus failed
to receive the favor of farmers who still wanted an independent department.
The cries of the farmers did not fall on deaf ears and in 1875 at a con-
stitutional convention a provision was approved which called upon the
General Assembly to". . . establish a Department of Agriculture, Immigra-
tion, and statistics under such regulations as may best promote the agri-
cultural interests of the state and shall enact laws for the adequate protection
and encouragement of sheep husbandry."
In March of 1877, a bill establishing such a department was introduced in
the General Assembly and passed.
The original law provided for a seven-member Board of Agriculture to
supervise the department's activities. The board was to be composed of the
Governor as ex-officio chairman; the State Geologist; the Master of the State
Grange; the president of the State Agricultural Society; the president of the
state university at Chapel Hill, and two agriculturists. One of the board's
first tasks was to select a Commissioner to act as administrative head of the
department.
Colonel Leonidas LaFayette Polk of Anson County who had been a
moving spirit in the establishment of the new department was chosen to
serve as its first Commissioner. Polk, an outstanding agricultural leader and
spokesman, was an obvious choice. For a salary of $2,000 a year, Polk was
charged to carry out the following duties:
(1) to find a means of improving sheep husbandry and curb high
mortality rates caused by dogs;
532 North Carolina Manual
(2) to seek the causes of diseases among domestic animals, to
quarantine sick stock, and to regulate transportation of all animals;
(3) to seek to check insect ravages;
(4) to foster new crops suited to various soils of the state;
(5) to collect statistics on fences in North Carolina, with the object of
altering the system in use;
(6) to work with the United States Fish Commission in the protection
and propagation offish;
(7) to send a report to the General Assembly each session;
(8) to seek cooperation of other states on such matters as obstruction
of fish in interstate waters; and
(9) to make rules regulating the sale of feeds and fertilizers.
In addition, the Department of Agriculture was to establish a chemical
laboratory at the University of North Carolina for testing fertilizers and to
work with the geological survey in studying and analyzing the state's
natural resources.
The young department saw a number of changes in staff organization and
Board of Agriculture representation. One of the most significant board
changes occurred in 1883 when members were first chosen from each con-
gressional district to represent the state's major agricultural interests. The
last "non-farmer" was removed from the board in 1889, when a board
member and not the Governor, became chairman.
In 1899, the legislature provided for election of a Commissioner by the
people of the state, not by the board. The first commissioner elected was
Samuel L. Patterson of Caldwell County. Patterson had served earlier by
board appointment.
The first official home of the Department of Agriculture was the second
story of the Briggs Building on Fayetteville Street in downtown Raleigh.
With the office staff came the entire State Museum and Geological Survey.
Other department employees were located at the Agricultural Experiment
Station in Chapel Hill and in other office buildings in Raleigh.
In 1881 the Board of Agriculture decided to bring all the divisions of the
department together and bought the National Hotel property for $13,000.
The hotel was on Edenton Street, the present site of the Agriculture Biiilding.
The building was later enlarged and remained the home of the department
until 1923 when the Edenton and Halifax streets part of the building were
torn down and the present neo-classic building erected. A five-story annex
was added to the main building in 1954 to provide new quarters for the
Natural History Museum and space for laboratories and offices.
Fertilizer Analysis
Much deception and fraud were being practiced in the sale of fertilizers at
the time the department was established. Dr. Albert Ledoux, the Department
of Agriculture's first chemist, said that of the 108 brands of fertilizer sold in
North Carolina in 1876, some were "miserable stuff, others down-right
swindles." He reported that one brand had been found to contain as much as
60 percent sand. It was natural then that one of the first responsibilities of
The Executive Branch 533
the newly created Department of Agriculture would be fertilizer inspection
and analysis.
The original law provided that there should be an annual privilege tax of
$500 for each brand sold. For several years, this tax was the sole source of
revenue for all the programs of the department. However, the privilege tax
was later contested and the courts ruled it unconstitutional. In its place, an
inspection fee was levied by the legislature of 1891, with the stipulation that
the revenue could be used only to support the fertilizer control program.
Experiment Station
The actual analysis of fertilizers was to be carried out by the Experiment
Station in Chapel Hill. In addition, the Experiment Station was directed to
conduct experiments on the nutrition and growth of plants, to ascertain
which fertilizers were best suited to the crops of the state and if other crops
would be grown on its soils, and to conduct any other investigations the
department might propose.
Created in 1877 by the same act that created the Department of Agriculture,
the station was the first in the South and the second in the nation.
The initial movement to set up field testing stations began in 1885 when
the General Assembly directed the Board of Agriculture to secure prices on
lands and machinery. The board obtained 35 acres on the north side of
Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, and the job of clearing land, laying out test
plots, and constructing buildings began.
The station was transferred from the NCDA to the newly created North
Carolina College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts in 1889. The Hatch Act,
which had provided funds of $15,000 to each state for agricultural research,
had specified that the money be directed to the land grant college. In
establishing the A & M College, the General Assembly had provided that the
college would receive all land-grant benefits.
While the Department of Agriculture maintained its association with the
station, it shifted its efforts to establishing test farms in various locations
across the state. The purpose was to experiment with different crop-fertilizer-
soil combinations to find the most suitable for certain locations. The first
two research stations were in Edgecombe and Robeson counties.
State Museum
As a result of legislation of 1851, a State Geologist was appointed by the
Governor to retain samples of the minerals of the State. This collection,
known as the Cabinet of Minerals, was housed on the third floor of the
capitol prior to the Civil War. It formed the nucleus of the State Museum.
After the museum was transferred to the Department of Agriculture, the
legislature expanded its responsibilities to include the illustration of North
Carolina's agricultural and other resources and its natural history.
Much of the department's time and interest in the early days was directed
toward immigration. The goal was to encourage the settling of good citizens
in the rural sections of the state and to advertise to the world the advantages
of the soil, natural resources, and climate of the state. The department staff
534 North Carolina Manual
produced a number of creditable exhibits of resources and products of the
state in Vienna, 1873; Atlanta, 1881; Boston, 1883; New Orleans, 1884;
Raleigh, 1884; Chicago, 1893; Paris, 19004907; Charleston, 1901; St. Louis,
1904; Boston, 1906; and Jamestown, 1907. Many of these exhibits eventually
became permanent displays in the State Museum.
Entomology
Among the original duties given to the department were "investigations
relative to the ravages of insects." However, until the late 1880's, depart-
ment reports declared a "remarkable exemption of the crops of the State"
from insect pests.
The situation changed considerably around 1900 when pests, such as the
San Jose Scale in orchards, began to move in. The San Jose Scale was called
the "worst enemy of the deciduous fruits."
The department responded by hiring an entomologist to work in conjunc-
tion with the already existing Commission for the Control of Crop Pests. A
program of inspection was begun, including inspection of the state's
nurseries. Nurseries found to have no pest problems were certified as pest
free.
Another task of the entomologist's office was the establishment of an
insect collection. The collection documented the specimens found in the state
and served as a useful tool in identifying pests for the public.
The office was often successful in prescribing remedies to combat pest
problems as illustrated in this letter from a North Carolina apple grower:
I had more matured apples than I have had in one season for the past
ten years .... All trees sprayed are as green, (or) nearly as green, now
(October 14, 1901) as they were in summer .... I sprayed one side of a
large fall apple tree. The side sprayed is green today, while the other
side has no leaves. To be brief, all trees sprayed are full of leaves, while
those not sprayed are destitute .... I am very well pleased with my
spraying, and next year will spray again more thoroughly than I did j
the past spring. |
I
The honey and bee program began in 1916 with authority from the j
legislature to conduct investigations to promote the improvement of the |
honey bee industry and especially investigations relating to diseases of bees. I
Farmers Institutes j
1
In 1887, the General Assembly had instructed the Board of Agriculture to 1
"cooperate and aid in the formation of Farmers' Institutes in all the counties
of the State." These institutes were an early attempt at educating the farmer j
in areas such as conserving the nutrients of the soil, diversification of crops, j
and modern methods of dairying.
To carry out the institutes, the board was to send the Commissioner of
Agriculture and other agricultural representatives to every county in the
state at least once every two years.
The Executive Branch 535
In 1906 the first institutes for women were begun, with the purpose of
upgrading farm conditions and farm Hfe. North Carolina was the first
southern to offer such a program for women.
While the institutes that were held proved to be quite effective, the agri-
cultural leaders who were charged to conduct them found if difficult to meet
the heavy travel schedule. The most successful organization therefore
developed from individuals on the local level who banded together to form
ongoing educational programs. These institutes were the forerunners of the
Agricultural Extension program in the state.
North Carolina College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts
The North Carolina College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts was an
offspring of the Department of Agriculture. In 1887 the board began seeking
donations for the establishment of an industrial college and looking for
sites. A 3 y2-acre in the northwest part of Raleigh was purchased for $2,100.
Subsequently, R. Stanhope Pullen donated a sixty-acre site near the park,
and the gift was gratefully accepted. The college opened in 1889 with eighty-
five students. All the funds for building, equipment, and maintenance were
furnished by the board. In 1892, the General Assembly separated the college
from the Department of Agriculture and made it a distinct corporation.
Veterinary
Even though the original act establishing the Department of Agriculture
called for animal health protection, it was 1898 before a State Veterinarian
was appointed. Chosen for the position was Dr. Cooper Curtice of Columbia
Veterinary College. Dr. Curtice launched an investigation of the cattle tick
and was able to show that the tick was a carrier of Texas fever.
Not only was this the first step toward eradication of the fever, but it was
also the first time that anyone had proven that parasites are capable of
transmitting diseases in mammals. Curtice's work set the pattern for similar
investigations into human diseases.
Another threat to livestock at the time the veterinary program was begun
when hog cholera, which had first been reported in the state in 1859. By
1877, it was killing one out of every nine hogs each year, and many years
were to pass before control efforts would be successful.
In the early days, the State Veterinarian was not only concerned with
animal protection but also with promotion of livestock. The idea was that
more livestock would improve soil fertility and better livestock would increase
profit. Eventually this responsibility was given to a separate division in the
department.
In 1925 the department was charged with the supervision of slaughtering
and meat packing estalishments in the state. This service was not com-
pulsory at that time, but it did enable any establishment that chose to use it,
to sell anywhere within the state without further inspection by a city or
town.
536 North Carolina Manual
Food Protection
Under the first elected Commissioner, Samuel L. Patterson, the department
was given more regulatory duties. One of these was the administration of
the Pure Food Law, passed by the General Assembly in 1899. The purpose of
this law was to prevent the adulteration and misbranding of food and drink
for both humans and animals.
The food program was placed under the Chemistry Division with B. W.
Kilgore as State Chemist. In the beginning Dr. Kilgore sought to study
existing conditions and to education manufacturers so they could comply
with the law. In 1900 a survey across the state revealed that over 50 percent
of all canned vegetables were adulterated with harmful preservatives. With
the enforcement of the Pure Food, however, the percentage of adulteration
with harmful preservatives. With the enforcement of the Pure Food Law,
however, the percentage of of adulteration decreased to 17 percent in four
years.
Cattle and stock feeds were also inspected and found to be of a low grade.
A few even contained poisonous substances. The first analyses showed a
large amount of worthless material used in the stock feeds as a filler. In
reference to the success of the stock feed program, Commissioner Patterson
said, "It has already worked beneficial results, for shameful frauds had been
practices upon our brute friends, who had no voice to protest against them."
Gasoline and Oil Inspection
The first laws relating to petroleum products were passed in 1903, at
which time heating oil, "kerosene," was being used primarily for lighting.
Some of this product contained such large amounts of sulphur that it was
found to be a health hazard as well as causing deterioration of various
fabrics and other materials.
By 1917 the department was also given the responsibility of enforcing the
Gasoline Law. This law applied to gasoline and other liquids used for
heating or power purposes. According to an official of the department at
that time, the law was "enforced with considerable difficulty." At the time
the program began, many companies were trying to sell low grades for the
same price as higher grades.
Seed Testing
The testing of seeds for germination and purity actually began with the
early work of the Experiment Station. However, it was 1909 before a seed
law was passed and a program established for seed analysis.
To assist in the seed program, Miss O. L. Tillman, a seed specialist, was
sent to Raleigh by the United States Department of Agriculture. Every firm
selling seeds in the state was required to pay a license of $25.00 to defray the
costs of inspection. The law specified which weed seeds could not be sold in
seed mixtures.
Of the first seed samples collected, 70 percent of the dealers were found to
be handling seeds below state standards. By 1914 the testing service had
gained respect and farmers were voluntarily sending in their seeds for purity
and germination tests.
The Executive Branch 537
A guiding force in the operation of the seed laboratory was Miss Suzie D.
Allen who was laboratory supervisor for forty years. During her tenure, the
seed testing program was removed from the Division of Botany and became
a separate division.
Markets
The marketing service began in 1913 as the "Division of Cooperative
Marketing." Its early work involved compiling lists of dealers of farm
products and finding markets for North Carolina sweet potatoes, butter, and
apples. A market news service was begun for cotton and cottonseed.
A few years later the division began putting much time into helping local
farmers organize into cooperative marketing organizations.
A very popular project of the Markets Division in the early 1900's was the
publication of the Farmer's Market Bulletin, later called the Market News.
This publication included articles on the marketing conditions of certain
crops as well as agricultural items for sale.
By 1924 Market News reported that the division had eight branches:
livestock and poultry; fruits and vegetables; farm crops; statistical reports;
market news service; rural organization; farm financing through cooperative
banks; and a state warehouse system.
Information Office
The need for communication between the Department of Agriculture and
the agricultural public it served was evident from the beginning. In 1877,
Commissioner Polk started a weekly farm paper called The Farmer and
Mechanic.
This paper eventually became independent and was replaced by The
Bulletin of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture. The Biennial
Report of 1891 referred to the Bulletin as "the mouthpiece of the Board
which goes to the homes of the people". The first purpose of the Bulletin was
to inform farmers of fertilizer analyses so they could judge their money
value.
Soon, however, the Bulletin expanded into all areas of agricultural
production, and it became necessary to hire a bulletin superintendent. In
1914 an information office was set up to coordinate a news service for the
Department of Agriculture and the State Agricultural and Engineering
College. This arrangement ended in 1925 when the agricultural extension
service, which had been a joint program of the department and the college,
was moved entirely to the college.
In that same year the Publications Division began to publish the Agri-
cultural Review, a semi-monthly paper which is still serving farmers and
agri-business interests today.
State Warehouse System
At the beginning of World War I, cotton was difficult to sell and could not
be used as collateral for borrowing. There were few warehouses to store it in
until market prices improved. The limited number that did exist were in
large cities and inaccessible to most farmers. To protect the financial
538 North Carolina Manual
interests of cotton growers, the legislature of 1919 passed a law creating a
state warehouse system. The system established a guarantee fund so that a
warehouse receipt would be universally accepted as collateral. The Ware-
house Act was later amended to benefit other commodities including grain
and sweet potatoes.
Crop Statistics
Even though the original title of the department included "statistics," the
intent was mainly to collect statistics relating to farm fences. Commissioner
Polk did try sending forms to farmers, asking them to list their taxable
assets and their crop production, but most forms were never returned and
the few that came in were incomplete.
By 1887, it was apparent to Commissioner John Robinson that a statistical
service was needed. In the Biennial Report he wrote: "The means of acquiring
statistical information are very inadequate. Such information is one of the
necessities of the times. There are frequent calls upon this office for such
statistics, the applicants thinking that we had the information for distribu-
tion, and they were warranted in expecting to find correct information in
regard to agricultural products in this office."
In 1916, Frank Parker, a representative of the Federal Crop Reporting
Service began statistical work in cooperation with the State Department of
Agriculture. Three years later he moved his office to the Agriculture Building
and became the director of the Agricultural Statistics Division.
The Farm Census was begun on a voluntary basis in 1918 and became law
in 1921.
Dairy Products
Because the wholesomeness of dairy products was of vital importance to
each citizen of the state, a law was passed in 1921 giving the Department of
Agriculture authority to inspect dairy products and plants. The Food and Oil
Division was designated to carry out this law by checking plants for
sanitation and products for purity. The division was also made responsible
for checking the butterfat tests used in the purchase of milk and cream from
producers by creameries and factories.
Between 1928 and 1930, a separate dairy division was created to assume
these activities. It was 1947, however, before the division gained the real
authority it needed to provide stability to the dairy industry and to insure a
wholesome milk supply for consumers. In that year, the Board of Agriculture
adopted statewide standards for milk and other dairy products. This was an
important step in eliminating local trade barriers and making production
and processing more uniform.
Weights and Measures Inspection
The department's involvement with the inspection of weighing and measur-
ing devices began with the enactment of the Uniform Weights and Measures
Law in 1927. It was felt at that time that the regulations of weights and
measures should be directly under an elected official. The 1927 law provided
that the inspection program be funded by fees collected from those inspected,
but opposition led to an amendment in 1931 that provided for the inspection
The Executive Branch 539
work to be supported by an appropriation from the General Assembly. The
change made it possible to conduct inspections more than once a year, in
order to more efficiently eliminate fraudulent practices.
Among the early responsibilities of this division were the approval of all
weighing and measuring devices as to type and operation before they could
be distributed to use; regulation of the sale of ice; regulation of the sale and
distribution of coal, coke, and charcoal; insuring that all scales were placed
in plain view of the consumer; and the standardizing of fruit and vegetable
barrels.
North Carolina State Fair
The first State Fair, held in November, 1853, was sponsored by the State
Agricultural Society. The site was about 10 blocks east of the Capitol in
Raleigh. In 1873 the fair was moved to a 53-acre lot in Hillsboro Road, near
the present Raleigh Little Theatre. The Society poured approximately $50,000
into the development of the grounds.
In all, the Agricultural Society sponsored the State Fair for 73 years, with
interruptions during the Civil War and Reconstruction period. Among the
most famous guests of the fair during the Society's sponsorship were
Theodore Roosevelt in 1905 and William Jennings Bryan in 1907.
By 1924, the Society asked for aid from the State and the City of Raleigh.
A State Fair Board was appointed, and in a few years the fair was moved to
its present site on the west side of Raleigh.
In 1930 the State Fair was first placed under the Department's administra-
tion. For a few years the department leased out the operation commercially,
but in 1937, Commissioner Kerr Scott decided that the management should
be directly under the department. Dr. J. S. Dorton was chosen as manager,
and the fair first began to show profits.
Soil Testing
The Department of Agriculture demonstrated an interest in soils from its
earliest years. Much of the soil work was conducted by the office of the State
Chemist. This office worked with the United States Bureau of Soils in
surveying the soils of each county and collecting samples for analysis. In
addition to chemical analysis, the office set up plot tests on each important
soil type in the state. These plots demonstrated to the people of the state the
benefits of various types of fertilizers and crop rotation.
It was 1938, however, before the General Assembly passed a law establish-
ing a Soil Testing Division in the department. This division was set up to
accept soil samples from growers and homeowners across the state for
analysis and to furnish them with information on their fertilizer needs.
Much time had to be spent in educating the public on the availability of the
service. In the first year, 70,000 different tests were made on approximately
6,500 soil samples.
Food Distribution
In 1944, the department began a cooperative effort with the United States
Department of Agriculture to receive and distribute surplus agricultural
commodities. Such commodities as evaporated milk, potatoes, beets, eggs.
540 North Carolina Manual
and grapefruit juice were sent to public schools for supplementing meals.
Not only did the schools benefit by being able to serve low cost meals, but
the program helped hold agricultural prices at or above levels acceptable to
producers.
In a few years, the distribution of the products were expanded to other
recipients such as camps, child care centers, and charitable institutions.
Pesticides
In the 1940's pesticides began to appear in larger numbers and in broader
effectiveness. Added to the agricultural insecticides and fungicides already
on the market were various weed and grass poisons, defoliating chemicals,
chemicals to control the premature falling of fruits, and new and more
powerful insect and rodent poisons. It was obvious that these products
needed special attention to assure reasonable effectiveness, safety, and
fair-dealing.
The General Assembly responded to these needs by passing the Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1947. Under this law, the Department of
Agriculture was charged with the registration of all pesticide brands to
prevent misbranding and adulteration. Examinations were made of pesticide
labels to insure that the percentage of each active ingredient and total inert
matter were indicated and that other label statements were acceptable. In
1953 the department began licensing contractors and pilots for the aerial
application of pesticides.
Structural Pest Control
Public concern for the unethical practices of some structural pest control
operators in the state led to the enactment of the North Carolina Structural
Pest Control Law by the 1955 General Assembly. The intention of the law
was to protect consumers and the pest control industry since the fraudulent
practices of a few operators could reflect harmfully on the many honest
operators in business.
The law created a policy-making board called the Structural Pest Control
Commission and gave the Department of Agriculture the responsibility for
the inspection of the work of structural pest control operations.
In 1967 the law was revised, abolishing the commission and creating a
Structural Pest Control Division to the department with the responsibility of
administering the law under the Commissioner of Agriculture. A structural |
pest control committee was set up to make necessary rules and regulations !
and to hold hearings relating to violators of the law.
State Farmers Market ,
Prior to 1955, fruit and vegetable dealers were scattered all across Raleigh.
To improve this situation, a large market facility was established in a 18.5-
acre site near U. S. 1 in Raleigh. The market, which was at that time
privately owned, provided room for both individual farmers and wholesalers.
In 1958, the farmers' portion of the market was taken over by the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, State College, and the Department of Conservation and
Development. In 1961, the NCDA purchased the facility to be run as a state
market.
The Executive Branch 541
Within the first year, the market was operating entirely on its own receipts
and had paid the first annual installment on the purchase price, as well as
paying for extensive repairs and some additions.
The market, located at a central point between the mountains and the
coast, promised farmers a profitable outlet for their produce and consumers
fresh produce year around.
State Farms
Until 1974 a number of farms were owned and operated by the departments
of Human Resources and Correction. The legislature then transferred the
farm lands to the Department of Agriculture for operation until the best use
of the land could be ascertained.
The purpose of the farms is twofold: to provide a good supply of food,
economically produced, for residents of institutions and to provide facilities
and animals for research conducted by North Carolina State University.
There are currently five large farms and seven small farms. Most of the
food produced goes to state mental health centers.
The Department Today
The Department of Agriculture has 15 service, regulatory and administra-
tive divisions whose programs safeguard the health, welfare and economic
interests of North Carolina citizens. Departmental policy is made by the
State Board of Agriculture, which adopts regulations under powers conferred
by the General Assembly. The board has ten members, with the Commis-
sioner of Agriculture serving as ex-officio chairman. New programs are
constantly being added, and existing programs improved and expanded, to
better serve the farming community and the citizens of our State.
Boards and Commissions
Board of Agriculture (G.S. 106-2)
Agricultural Finance Authority (G.S. 122D-4)
Agricultural Hall of Fame (G.S. 106-568.4)
Board of Crop Seed Improvement (G.S. 106-269)
Gasoline and Oil Inspection Board (G.S. 119-26)
Grape Growers Council (G.S. 106-750)
Museum of Natural Sciences Advisory Commission (G.S. 143-370)
North Carolina Plant Conservation Board (G.S. 106-202.14)17
North Carolina Plant Conservation Scientific Committee (G.S. 106-202.17)
Northeastern North Carolina Farmers Market Commission (G.S. 106-719)
Northeastern Farmers Market Advisory Board (G.S. 106-721)
Pesticide Board (G.S. 143-436)
Pesticide Advisory Committee (G.S. 143-439)
Public Livestock Market Advisory Board (G.S. 106-407.1)
Rural Rehabilitation Corporation, Board of Directors (G.S. 137-31.3)
Southeastern North Carolina Farmers Market Commission (G.S. 106-726)
Southeastern Farmers Market Advisory Board (G.S. 106-728)
State Farm Operations Commission (G.S. 106-26.13)
Structural Pest Control Committee (G.S. 106-65.23)
542
North Carolina Manual
The Executive Branch 543
James Allen Graham
Commissioner of Agriculture
Early Years: Born in Cleveland, Rowan County, April 7, 1921, to James
Turner and Laura Blanche (Allen) Graham.
Education: Cleveland High School, 1938; NC State College, 1942, B.S.
(Agriculture Education).
Professional Background: Farmer (owner and operator of commercial
livestock farm in Rowan County); former Manager, Dixie Classic Livestock
Show and Fair; Head, Beef Cattle and Sheep Department, NC State Fair,
1946-1952; Teacher, Vocational Agriculture, Iredell County, 1942-1945;
Superintendent, Upper Mountain Research Station, 1946-1952; Manager,
Raleigh Farmers Market, 1957-1964.
Organizations: Member; Phi Kappa Phi Honorary Fraternity; NC
Grange; Farm Bureau, NC Farm Managers and Rural Appraisers; NC
Cattlemen's Association; National Association of Producer Market Managers
(Board of Directors; Past President); NC Soil Conservation Society; NC
Branch, United Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Association (Board of Directors,
secretary, 1959-1964); NC Sheep Breeders Association (Board of Directors,
1949-1953); National Association of State Departments of Agriculture
(President, 1979; Board of Directors, 1969-70; 1976-1981); President, Southern
Association of State Departments of Agriculture, 1969; 32nd degree Mason;
President, Raleigh Kiwanis Club, 1965; WOW (Board of Directors; Executive
Committee); Raleigh Chamber of Commerce (Board of Directors); President,
Northwest Association, NC State Alumni Association (Vice President, Wake
County Association); President, Jefferson Rotary Club, 1951-1952; Executive
Secretary, Hereford Cattle Breeders Association, 1948-1956 (first full-time
Secretary, 1954-1956).
Boards: Council of State Member: Robert Lee Doughton Memorial Com-
mission; Board of Trustees, A & T College (1956-1960, 1962-1969); NC Board
of Farm Organizations and Agriculture Agencies; Director, Agricultural
Foundations (NCSU); Zoological Garden Study Commission; Governor's
Council on Occupational Health; Governor's Council for Economic Develop-
ment; State Committee on Natural Resources; State Emergency Resources
Management Planning Committee; Governor's State-City Cooperative Com-
mittee; FCX Advisory Committee; Presidential Board of Advisors, Campbell
University; Governor's Advisory Committee on Forestry, Seafood and Agri-
culture.
Political Activities: Commissioner of Agriculture, 1964- (appointed Com-
missioner on July 29, 1964, by Governor Sanford to fill term of the late L. Y.
Ballentine; elected, 1964; reelected 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980,1984 and 1988);
Democratic Party.
Honors: State 4-H Alumni Award, 1965; National 4-H Alumni Award,
1974; NC Yam Commission Distinguished Service Award; NC Citizens
544 North Carolina Manual
Association Distinguished Service Award; Man of the Year in NC Agri-
culture, 1969; National Future Farmers of America Distinguished Service
Award, 1972; NC Dairy Products Association Distinguished Service Award,
1981. Honorary member: NC Vocational Agricultural Teachers Association;
NC Farm Writers Association; State Future Farmers of America: Permanent
Class President, Class of '42, NCSU.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church; Deacon, 1960-1964,
1969-.
Family: Married Helen Ida Kirk, October 30, 1942; Children: Ahce Kirk
Graham Underbill and Laura Constance Graham Brooks; seven grand-
children.
The Executive Branch 545
COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE^
Name Residence Term
Leonidas L. Polk^ Anson 1877-1880
Montford McGhee^ Caswell 1880-1887
John Robinson^ Anson 1887-1895
Samuel L. Patterson^ Caldwell 1895-1897
James M. Mewborne^ Lenoir 1897
John R. Smith^ Wayne 1897-1899
Samuel L Patterson^ Caldwell 1899-1908
William A. Graham^ Lincoln 1908-1923
WilHam A. Graham, Jr.io Lincoln 1923-1937
William Kerr Scott" Alamance 1937-1948
David S. Coltrane^^ Wake 1948-1949
Lynton Y. Ballentine^^ Wake 1949-1964
James A. Grahami"* Rowan 1964-
'The Department of Agriculture was created by the General Assembly of 1876-77. In
the bill creating the department, provisions were made for a Board of Agriculture whose
members were to be appointed by the governor. The Board's membership was then to
elect a Commissioner of Agriculture, who would serve as head of the department. This
continued until 1900 when the commissioner was elected by the general assembly. In the
General Assembly of 1899, a bill was passed which provided for the electing of the
Commissioner of Agriculture in the general elections.
2Polk was chosen by the Board of Agriculture on April 2, 1877 and served until his
apparent resignation in 1880.
^McGehee was apparently chosen by the Board of Agriculture to replace Polk and
served until 1887.
^Robinson was elected by the Board of Agriculture on April 22, 1887 and served
following subsequent re-elections by the board until 1895.
^Patterson was elected by the Board of Agriculture on June 13, 1895.
•^Mewborne was elected by the Board on March 23, 1897 — to take office June 15, 1897 —
and served until his resignation effective January 1, 1898.
^Smith was elected by the board on December 14, 1897 — to take office January 1, 1899
— to complete the term of Mewborne.
^Patterson was elected by the general assembly on March 6, 1899. He was elected in the
general elections in 1900 and served following re-election in 1904 until his death on
September 14, 1908.
^Graham was appointed by Governor Glenn on September 16, 1908 to replace
Patterson. He was elected in the general elections in 1908 and served following
subsequent re-elections until his death on December 24, 1923.
'"William A. Graham, Jr. was appointed by Governor Morrison on December 26, 1923
to replace his father. He was elected in the general elections in 1924.
"Scott was elected in the general elections in 1936 and served following subsequent
re-elections until his resignation in February, 1948.
'•^Coltrane was appointed by Governor Cherry on February 14, 1948 to replace Scott.
He was elected in the general elections in 1948 to complete Scott's unexpired term.
' *Balletine was elected in the general elections in 1948 and served following subsequent
re-elections until his death on July 19, 1964.
'^Graham was appointed by Governor Sanford on July 30, 1964 to replace Ballentine.
He was elected in general elections in 1964 and is still serving following subsequent
reelections.
546 North Carolina Manual
THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
The Constitution of North Carolina provides for the election by the people
every four years of a Commissioner of Labor, whose term of office runs
concurrently with that of the governor. The Commissioner is the administra-
tive head of the Department of Labor and also serves as a member of the
Council of State.
The original "Bureau of Labor Statistics" — historical precursor of the
present Department of Labor — was created by the General Assembly of
1887, with provision for appointment by the governor of a "Commissioner of
Labor Statistics" for a two-year term. In 1899 another act was passed
providing that the Commissioner, beginning with the General Election of
1900, be elected by the people for a four-year term. For three decades, the
Department over which this elected Commissioner presided remained a very
small agency of state government with limited duties and personnel. In
1925, the Department employed a total of 15 people.
In a general reorganization of the state's labor administration functions
in 1931, the General Assembly laid the broad groundwork for the Department
of Labor's subsequent gradual development into an agency with laws and
programs affecting a majority of North Carolina citizens.
Today, the North Carolina Department of Labor is charged by statute
with the responsibility of promoting the "health, safety and general well-
being" of the state's more than three million working people. The many laws
and programs under its jurisdiction affect virtually every person in the state
in one way or another. The General Statutes provide the Commissioner with
broad regulatory and enforcement powers with which to carry out the
Department's duties and responsibilities to the people.
The principal regulatory, enforcement and promotional programs of the
Department are carried out by 11 divisions, each headed by a director. These
include the Apprenticeship and Training Division, the Arbitration, Concilia-
tion and Mediation Division, the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Division, the
Elevator and Amusement Device Division, the Mine and Quarry Division,
the Occupational Safety and Health Division, the Pre-Apprenticeship Divi-
sion, the Private Personnel Service Division, the Research and Statistics
Division, the Right-to-Know Division, and the Wage and Hour Division.
Support services are handled by the Budget, Personnel, Publications, and
Communications Division, and the department library.
Five statutory boards and one other advisory group assist the Commis-
sioner with policy development and program planning. These are the
Apprenticeship Council, the Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Rules, the
Mine Safety and Health Advisory Council, the State Advisory Council on
Occupational Safety and Health, the Private Personnel Service Advisory
Council and the Industry Advisory Board. The Occupational Safety and
Health Review Board is a separate unit independent from the Department of
Labor which hears appeals of citations and penalties imposed by the OSHA
Division and whose members are appointed by the Governor.
The Executive Branch 547
Apprenticeship and Training
The Apprenticeship and Training Division promotes and monitors a broad
range of apprenticeship programs designed to train journeyman-level craft-
workers to meet the demands of industries for high-skilled workers. In 1989
about 2,000 citizens were enrolled in these private industry supported pro-
grams, which are authorized under a 1939 state law enacted "to related the
supply of skilled workers to employment demands." Apprenticeship programs
are established with private employers or under the sponsorship of joint
labor-management committees. The division encourages high school
graduates to pursue apprenticeship training as a means to acquire steady,
fulfilling employment at excellent wages and with career-development
potential. Apprentices begin at a fixed percentage of journeyman pay and
receive planned wage increases as they learn new skills. Apprenticeships
combine structured on-the-job training with related technical training
furnished by the individual employer or at a community college or technical
institute. The division is the administrator in North Carolina of the National
Apprenticeship Act of 1937 which created the mechanism to establish uniform
standards for quality training under approved apprenticeship agreements.
The division establishes standards, approves apprenticeship programs which
meet established criteria, is a records depository and issues completion
certificates to citizens who complete apprenticeship training.
Pre- Apprenticeship
In addition to apprenticeship, the Department of Labor promotes opportu-
nities for skills training through on-the-job training programs, skills upgrad-
ing training, classroom work, and special training projects. These programs
are funded in various counties in North Carolina through the Job Training
Partnership Act (JTPA). Labor Department representatives meet with em-
ployers to design training programs tailored to their needs. Employers
willing to employ individuals eligible under guidelines of JPTA may qualify
for financial assistance as well as for assistance with program design. In
1989, 1,879 participants were enrolled in JPTA-supported programs developed
by the Pre-Apprenticeship Division.
Arbitration, Conciliation, and Mediation
The Arbitration, Conciliation and Mediation Division directs the Depart-
ment's efforts to resolve conflicts between employees and management in
the workplace. Created by the General Assembly in 1941, the division has
sought to effect voluntary, amicable and expeditious settlement of disputes
between employers and employees which otherwise are likely to result in
strikes, work slowdowns or lockouts.
— Mediation: Upon application by both parties, the Commissioner
of Labor will assign a mediator to assist the parties in their collective
bargaining process. This effort is voluntary and does not bind the
parties in any way.
— Conciliation: when there is an imminent or existing labor dis-
pute, the Commissioner may assign a conciliator to help adjust and
548 North Carolina Manual
settle the differences between the parties. The concihation effort has no
binding effect upon the parties.
— Arbitration: In 1927, North CaroHna was one of the first states
to enact the Uniform Arbitration Act, which establishes a formal
procedure for voluntary, binding arbitration of questions in controversy
between two or more parties. In 1945, the General Assembly established
an arbitration service administered by the Commissioner of Labor,
who appoints and maintains a voluntary arbitration panel. The panel
is composed of highly qualified and experienced individuals who have
agreed to make themselves available to arbitrate controversies and
grievances relating primarily to wages, hours and other conditions of
employment. Assignment or selection of an arbitrator is made pursuant
to provisions of a contract or voluntary agreement between the parties.
In the event the parties cannot agree on the selection of an arbitrator,
the N.C. Administrative Code authorizes the Commissioner to appoint
an arbitrator.
Boilers and Pressure Vessels
The Boiler and Pressure Vessel Division enforces the Uniform Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Act of North Carolina. The law, which became effective in
1976, expanded coverage of earlier statutes that had existed since 1935. The
division regulates the construction, installation, repair, alteration, inspection,
use and operation of vessels subject to the law. The division conducts
periodic inspections of vessels under its jurisdiction and monitors inspection
reports by certified insurance company inspectors. The division maintains
records concerning the ownership, location and condition of boilers and
pressure vessels being operated, and issues operating certificates to boiler
owners and operators whose equipment is found to be in compliance with
the act. More than 114,000 boilers and pressure vessels currently are on
record with the division.
Elevator and Amusement Rides j
The Elevator and Amusement Ride Division is responsible for the proper
installation and safe operation of all elevators, escalators, workman's hoists, j
dumbwaiters, moving walks, aerial passenger tramways, amusement rides, i
incline railways and lifting devices for persons with disabilities that operate '
in public establishment (except federal buildings) and private places of
employment. Nearly 10,000 inspections are conducted annually by this i
division, which first undertook its periodic safety code inspection program in
1938. It now operates under a law passed by the General Assembly in 1986. |
Any company or persons wanting to erect any equipment under this divi- |
sion's jurisdiction, except amusement rides, must submit prints and applica- '
tions for approval before any installation is begun. Any company or person
wanting to operate amusement devices is required to submit a location
notice in writing to the division's Raleigh office at least five (5) days prior to j
the intended date of operation. The division will issue an installation permit,
which must be posted on the job site. All new installations, as well as all j
The Executive Branch 549
alterations to existing equipment, are inspected. In addition, division per-
sonnel conduct regular, periodic inspections of all such operating equipment
in the state and inspect amusement rides before they operate at each
location. Employers, institutions such as churches, and private individuals
who desire technical assistance in selecting and installing safe lifting
devices for persons with disabilities may acquire help from the division. The
division also offers architects and builders a service of reviewing plans for
code compliance on proposed installations of elevators and related equip-
ment.
Migrant Housing
The 1989 General Assemby enacted into law a new program for the
registration and inspection of housing provided to migrant agricultural
workers. Beginning in 1990, everyone who owns migrant housing must
notify the Department of Labor about the housing 45 days before migrants
are to arrive, and the Migrant Housing Division of the department will
conduct a pre-occupancy inspection of the housing. Migrant housing must
meet the OSHA standards plus specific standards for heat, fire protection,
and kitchen sanitation. Owners of migrant housing which does not meet the
standards are subject to fines.
Mines and Quarries
The Mine and Quarry Division enforces the 1976 Mine Safety and Health
Act of North Carolina and conducts a broad program of inspections, educa-
tion and training, technical assistance and consultations to implement
provisions of the act. Previous North Carolina laws on the operations and
inspection of mines and quarries in the state date back to 1897. In 1977 the
U.S. Congress enacted the federal Mine Safety and Health Act, requiring
mine and quarry operators to meet specific standards designed to achieve
safe and healthful working conditions for the industry's employees. The
Mine and Quarry Division assists operators to comply with the provisions of
the federal act which require them to train their employees in safe working
procedures. Some 480 private sector mines, quarries, and sand and gravel pit
operations employing more than 4,500 citizens are under the division's
jurisdiction. There also are approximately 300 public sector mines in North
Carolina, which are operated by the N.C. Department of Transportation.
These are not under Department of Labor jurisdiction, but personnel from
public sector mines do participate in training programs conducted by the
Mine and Quarry Division.
Occupational Safety and Health
The Occupational Safety and Health Division administers and enforces
the 1973 Occupational Safety and Health Act of North Carolina, a broadly
inclusive law which applies to most private sector employment in the state
and to all agencies of state and local government. North Carolina currently
conducts one of 23 state-administered OSHA programs in the nation. The
550 North Carolina Manual
Occupational Safety and Health Division conducts about 3,000 inspections a
year. The division conducts investigations of complaints made by workers,
investigations of work-related accidents and deaths, general schedule in-
spections of randomly picked firms, and follow-up inspections of firms
previously cited for OSHA violations. Worker complaints about unsafe or
unhealthy working conditions should be made in writing to the Occupational
Safety and Health Division.
In addition to enforcing state OSHA safety and health standards, the
North Carolina program offers free consultative services, education and
training opportunities, and engineering assistance to the 138,000 private
businesses and the public employers which are under its jurisdiction. By
making full use of these non-enforcement services, employers may bring
their establishments into full compliance with OSHA standards. Employers
may contact the division's Consultative Services Bureau and receive free
assistance with technical assistance or on-site visits. The North Carolina
Occupational Safety and Health standards parallel the federal OSHA
standards. The North Carolina standards may be more strict than the
federal standards, but they may not be less strict. Serious violations of
OSHA standards can result in monetary fines; dates by which the violations
must be abated accompany the citations.
Private Personnel and Job Listing Services
The Private Personnel Service Division licenses and regulates private
personnel and job listing service operating in North Carolina. This activity
was conducted pursuant to a 1929 statute until 1979, when a completely new
act was adopted by the General Assembly. With the new law came additional
protections for job applicants who use personnel and job listing services
which charge fees to applicants. The law specifies certain contract require-
ments between an applicant and a service and authorizes the department to i
inspect licensed services upon receipt of a formal consumer complaint. All
services charging a fee to applicants must be licensed by the department.
Currently 187 of the 393 services in the state are under departmental
jurisdiction. Services which are solely employer-paid need not be licensed by
the Department.
Research and Statistics
The Research and Statistics Division compiles and publishes compre-
hensive data on occupational injuries and illnesses in North Carolina for
use in the department's state-administered Occupational Safety and Health
Program and for use by industry as a reference guide in conducting their
own safety and health activities. These data provide reliable measures for
evaluating the incidence, nature and causes of injuries and illnesses in the
workplace. They are obtained by compiling and analyzing the annual
reports provided by some 13,000 cooperating North Carolina employers. The
division also assembles and publishes monthly data on building activity —
number of units authorized, dollar-volume and type of construction — in
North Carolina by 45 cities of more than 10,000 population and by county.
The division provides computer support services required by other divisions
The Executive Branch 551
of the department for data processing. The division also serves as the
department's research facihty, developing information upon a variety of
subjects as needed.
Right-to-Know
The Right-to-Know Division administers the North Carolina Right to
Know Act of 1985. The law requires all North Carolina employers who
manufacture, process, use, store, or produce hazardous chemicals in amounts
of at least 55 gallons or 500 pounds to maintain a Hazardous Substance List.
This list shall include: the chemical name, the approximate quantity of the
chemical, and the area in which the chemical is stored. This list shall be
provided to local fire chiefs, and also must be provided to citizens when a
request is made in writing. Provisions are included in the law to protect
trade secrets. Complaints about violations of the law's requirements should
be filed in writing the the North Carolina Commissioner of Labor.
Wages and Hours
The Wage and Hour Division administers and enforces the 1979 North
Carolina Wage and Hour Act, which consolidated four previously separate
state laws covering minimum wage, maximum hours, wage payment and
child labor. Minimum wage, overtime and youth employment provisions
generally apply to all North Carolina businesses which are not subject to the
U.S. Fair Labor Standards Act. Wage payment provisions, which include
the payment of promised vacation, sick pay, or other benefits, cover all
employees in North Carolina except those employed in federal, state, and
local government. Since 1986, the state minimum wage has been $3.35 an
hour. An employee must work for more than 45 hours in any work week to
qualify for overtime under state laws. Youth employment certificates are
required for workers aged 14 through 17. This age group is prohibited from
being employed in certain hazardous occupations. There are daily and
weekly hours restrictions, break requirements, and additional work limita-
tions for 14-and 15-year-old workers. Youth aged 12 and 13 may be employed
for newspaper delivery only, for which a youth employment certificate is not
required. Employment for youth under age 12 is not permitted. Full and
partial exemptions from the youth employment requirements under the act
are granted for certain occupations, such as those in agriculture and domestic
work. The division investigates worker complaints and collects back wages
due employees.
Boards and Commissions
Safety and Health Review Board (G.S. 95-135)
Private Personnel Service Advisory Council (OS 95-47.7)
Mine and Quarry Advisory Council (GS 74-24.6)
State Advisory Council on Occupational Safety and Health (GS 95-134)
Apprenticeship Council (GS 94-2)
North Carolina Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Rules (GS 95-69.13)
552
North Carolina Manual
The Executive Branch 553
John Charles Brooks
Commissioner of Labor
Early Years: Born in Greenville, Pitt County, January 10, 1937, to
Frederick P. and Octavia H. (Broome) Brooks.
Education: Graduated Greenville High School, 1955; UNO— Chapel Hill,
1959, A.B. (Political Science); University of Chicago School of Law, 1962,
J.D.; Fifth Government Executives Institute, UNC— Chapel Hill (Board of
Directors, chairperson), 1980; Program for Senior Managers in Government,
John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 1984.
Professional Background: Commissioner of Labor, 1977- (Dean of U.S.
Governmental Labor Officials, July 1, 1989); Attorney; Law clerk to Chief
Justice William H. Bobbitt, N.C. Supreme Court, Raleigh, N.C. (September,
1962— September 1963); Special assistant on race relations to Governor
Terry Sanford and administrator of the N.C. Mayors' Cooperating Com-
mittee, Raleigh, N.C. (September, 1963 — February, 1965); Staff legal counsel,
N.C. Fund, a private, non-profit, anti-poverty program financed primarily by
The Ford Foundation, Durham, N.C. (February, 1965— November, 1965);
Executive director, Maryland Constitutional Convention Commission, Balti-
more, Md. (November, 1965 — September, 1967); Chief of Staff, Constitutional
Convention of Maryland, Annapolis, Md. (September, 1967— June, 1968);
Administrative officer and director of legislative research of the 1969 Session
of the N.C. General Assembly, Raleigh, N.C. Also served simultaneously as
enrolling clerk, editor of publications, and director of computer services
(September, 1968 — January, 1970); Executive assistant to the president, the
Sixth Illinois Constitutional Convention, Springfield, 111. (January, 1970 —
December, 1970).
Organizations: Member: N.C. State Bar; N.C. Bar Association; American
Bar Association (Committees on Agency Rulemaking, Section of Administra-
tive Law; Occupational Safety and Health Law, Section of Labor and
Employment Law; State Labor Law, Section of Labor and Employment
Law, public co-chairman, 1985-1989; Access to Civil Justice, and Inter-
national Human Rights, Section of Individual Rights and Responsibilities;
Judicial Compensation, Lawyers' Conference, Judicial Administration Divi-
sion; International Institutions, Section of International Law and Practice);
(Section of Urban, State and Local Government Law); American Judicature
Society; American Society of International Law (life member); Phi Delta Phi
Legal Fraternity. Member: American National Standards Institute, Inc.,
Government Member Council; International Association of Governmental
Labor Officials (Executive Committee, 1977-1979), National Association of
Governmental Labor Officials (Host, 1982 National Convention; Board of
Directors, 1978-1980, 1984-1989; Vice President, 1985-1986; President, 1986-
1987; Secretary-Treasurer, 1988- ); National Apprenticeship Program (Board
of Directors, 1980-1989; Vice President, 1982-1983; President, 1983-1984;
Secretary, 1984-1986); National Occupational Safety and Health State Plan
Association (Chairperson, 1980; Executive Committee, 1981); Committee on
554 North Carolina Manual
Constitutional Integrity; UNC— Chapel Hill Alumni Association (life
member); Wake County Chapter of N.C. Symphony Society; Wake County
Meals on Wheels, Inc., 1977-1980; ReEntry Board of Directors, 1979-1986.
Boards: Currently member: N.C. Council of State; N.C. Emergency
Response Commission; N.C. Farmworker Council; N.C. Fire Commission;
N.C. State Commission of Indian Affairs; N.C. Indian Cultural Center, Inc.
(Board of Directors, 1986-; Treasurer, 1986-1989); N.C. Information Tech-
nology Commission; N.C. Planning Commission; N.C. Radiation Protection
Commission; Governor's Advisory Council on Aging; Governor's Advocacy
Council for Persons with Disabilities; Governor's Management Council;
Standing Committee on Job Training Coordination and Economic Develop-
ment. Currently chairman: N.C. Apprenticeship Council; N.C. Board of
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Rules; N.C. Department of Labor Industry Ad-
visory Board; N.C. Mine Safety and Health Advisory Council. Previously
member: N.C. State Government Computer Commission, 1983-1989; N.C.
Interim Balanced Growth Board, 1977-1978; N.C. Corrections Planning Com-
mittee, 1977-1984; Governor's Council on Employment of the Handicapped,
1977-1979; N.C. Employment and Training Council, 1977-1983; Committee
on Inaugural Ceremonies, 1980, 1984, 1988; N.C. Job Training Coordinating ,
Council, 1983-1985; State Manpower Services Council, 1977; N.C. Governor's |
Oversight Committee for Official Labor Market Information, 1982-1983; City j
of Raleigh Charter Revision Commission, 1975-1977.
Political Activities: Commissioner of Labor, 1977- (Elected 1976; reelected 1
1980, 1984, and 1988); Delegate, Mini-Democratic Convention, 1978 j
(Memphis, Tenn.); Democratic Statewide Elected Officials Convention, 1982
(Philadelphia, Penn.); N.C. State Democratic Party Executive Committee; i
Platform Committee, 1986. |l
Honors: Mangum Medal, UNC— Chapel Hill; Pi Sigma Alpha (Honorary j
Fraternity in Political Science). I
Literary Works: Co-author, North Carolina and the Negro, 1964;
"Modernizing Commercial Law for a Commercially Growing State," Bar j
Notes, N.C. Bar Association, February, 1965; Editor, Report of the Constitu-
tional Convention Commission on Constitutional Convention Enabling Act,
(Maryland), January, 1967; Editor, Interim Report of the Constitutional j
Convention Commission, (Maryland), May. 1967; Editor, Report of the Con- j
situtional Convention Commission, (Maryland), August, 1967; Editor, Consti- )
tutional Revision Study Documents, June, 1968; Editor, Session Laws of]
North Carolina, 1969; Author, The Authority, Credibility, Integrity, In-
dependence and Development of Student Government at the University of
N.C. at Chapel Hill, October, 1971. '
Religious Activities: Member, Edenton Street United Methodist Church;
Member, Administrative Board, 1975-1978, 1985-1989; Chairperson for Health'
and Welfare Workarea, 1985-1987; Delegate, N.C. Annual Conference, Fayette-
ville, N.C. 1976-1979; Delegate, Jurisdictional Conference, 1976; Advisor on.
international affairs to the Board of Church and Society, N.C. Conference,'
1972-1976; Member, Task Force on the Bishops' Call for Peace and the Self-j
Development of Peoples, N.C. Conference, 1972-1977; Member, CommissisonI
on the Status and Role of Women, N.C. Conference, 1976-1984, 1985-1989. I
Family: Married Nancy Jane Carroll, October 22, 1977. Children: Charlesi
Philip and Lewis Carroll.
The Executive Branch 555
COMMISSIONERS OF LABORS
Name Residence Term
Wesley N. Jones2 Wake 1887-1889
John C. Scarborough3 Hertford 1889-1892
William I. Harris^ 1982-1893
Benjamin R. Lacy^ Wake 1893-1897
James Y. Hamricke Cleveland 1897-1899
Benjamin R. Lacy^ Wake 1899-1901
Henry B. Varner^ Davidson 1901-1909
Mitchell L. Shipman Henderson 1909-1925
Franklin D. Grist Caldwell 1925-1933
Arthur L. Fletcher^ Ashe 1933-1938
Forest H. Shufordio Guilford 1938-1954
Frank Craneii Union 1954-1973
William C. Creeli2 Wake 1973-1975
Thomas A. Nye, Jr.i^ Rowan 1975-1977
John C. Brooksi^ Wake 1977-
'The General Assembly of 1887 created the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In the act
establishing this agency, provision was made for the appointment of a commissioner, by
the governor, to a two year term. In 1899 another act was passed by the general assembly
which provided that the commissioner would be elected by the general assembly during
that session, and that future commissioners would be elected in the general elections
—beginning in 1900 — for a four year term.
yones was appointed by Governor Scales on March 5, 1887 for a two year term.
^Scarborough was appointed by Governor Fowle on February 15, 1889 for a two year
term. He was apparently re-appointed in 1891 and resigned in December, 1892.
''Harris was appointed by Governor Holt on December 20, 1892 to replace Scarborough.
^Lacy was appointed by Governor Carr on March 2, 1893 for a two year term. He was
re-appointed on March 13, 1895.
^Hamrick was appointed by Governor Russell on March 8, 1897 for a two year term.
^Lacy was elected by the general assembly on March 6, 1899.
^Varner was elected in the general elections in 1900.
^Fletcher was elected in the general elections in 1932. He resigned effective September
12, 1938.
'"Shuford was appointed by Governor Hoey on September 12, 1938 to replace Fletcher.
He was elected in the general elections in 1938 and served following subsequent re-
elections until his death on May 19, 1954.
''Crane was appointed by Governor Umstead on June 3, 1954 to replace Shuford. He
was elected in the general elections in 1954.
•^Creel died August 25, 1975.
"Nye was appointed by Governor Holshouser to fill the unexpired term of Creel.
'■•Brooks was elected in 1976 and is still serving following subsequent reelections.
556 North Carolina Manual
DEPARTMENT OF INSURANCE
Before March 6, 1899, the Hcensing and supervision of insurance companies
doing business in North CaroHna was delegated to the Secretary of State.
The 1899 General Assembly established the Department of Insurance and
gave it the responsibility of admitting, licensing, and generally regulating
insurance companies.
The first Commissioner of Insurance was to be elected by the General
Assembly and subsequently appointed by the Governor, by and with the
consent of the state Senate. This would occur in January of 1901, and the
appointed Commissioner would serve four-year terms. In 1907, however, the
General Assembly authorized a referendum to amend the constitution of
North Carolina on to provide that the office of Commissioner of Insurance
would be a constitutional office and that the Commissioner would be elected
by the people every four years.
The Commissioner and Department of Insurance regulate the various
kinds of insurance sold in this state and the companies and agents that sell
it. All authority to regulate the business of insurance is delegated to the
Commissioner by the General Assembly.
Specifically, the Commissioner and Department oversee the formation and
operation of insurance companies; enforce the minimum financial standards
for licensing and continued operations of insurers; regulate the premium
rates insurers charge, the language in their insurance policies, and their risk
classification systems; require periodic financial disclosures by insurers and
agents; provide for audits of insurers in order to monitor their solvency; ]
license and regulate agents, brokers, and claims adjusters; prescribe and ;
define what kind of insurance may be sold in this state; provide information
to insurance consumers about their rights and responsibilities under their
policies; and prohibit unfair and deceptive trade practices by or among ,
persons in the business of insurance. J
The Commissioner and Department also license and regulate bail bonds-
men, motor clubs, premium finance companies, and collection agencies.
Other responsibilities include providing staff support to the North Carolina
State Building Code Council, the Manufactured Housing Board, the State
Fire Commission, the Public Officers' and Employees' Liability Insurance I
Commission, the Arson Awareness Council, and the (Building) Code Officials
Qualifications Board. j
Other important functions of the Commissioner and Department that
affect many citizens of the State are the training of firemen and rescue
squad workers and the certification of fire departments for fire insurance
rating purposes. '
The Department encompasses the following entities:
Administration Division
This division works hand-in-hand with the Commissioner in research, I
policy-making decisions, and the setting of goals and priorities for the j
The Executive Branch 557
Department of Insurance as well as administering budget and personnel for
the department.
Public Services Group
The Agents Services Division regulates and revises licenses for every
agent, adjuster, broker and appraiser doing business in North Carolina as
well as nonresident brokers and nonresident life agents, reviews all applica-
tions for examinations, oversees agents' and adjusters' examinations, and
maintains a file on each licensed individual and each company's agents and
representatives.
The Consumer Services Division was established to help North Carolina
consumers by helping them get answers to their insurance questions and by
working to solve their insurance problems. The division strives to acquaint
consumers with alternatives and courses of actions they may pursue to solve
their particular insurance problem.
Company Services Group
The responsibilities of the Financial Evaluation Division are to monitor
the solvency of all insurance companies under the supervision of the Commis-
sioner of Insurance; to review and recommend for admission out-of-state,
domestic, and surplus lines companies seeking to transact business in the
state; to examine and audit domestic and foreign insurance organizations
licensed in North Carolina; and to assure the financial solvency and
employee stability of serf-insured workers' compensation groups in the state.
The Actuarial Services Division assists in the review of rate, form, and
statistical filings. In addition, this division provides actuarial studies in
financial evaluation work and is involved in special projects and studies.
The Information Systems Division has the responsibility for all depart-
mental data processing, word processing, office automation, data communi-
cations, and voice communications.
Technical Services Group
The Fire and Casualty Division reviews homeowners, farmers, automobile,
workers' compensation and other personal, commercial property or casualty
insurance policies, rates and rules.
The primary responsibility of the Life, Accident and Health Division is the
review of rate, rule and policy form filings made by life and health insurance
companies.
The Market Conduct Section conducts field examinations of the market
practices of domestic and foreign insurers and their representatives.
Regulatory Services Group
The Special Services Division is responsible for licensing and regulating
insurance premium finance companies, professional bail bondsmen and
runners, collection agencies and motor clubs, and investigating all com-
plaints involving these entities.
558 North Carolina Manual
The Investigations Division is responsible for investigating violations of
North Carolina's insurance laws. Requests for investigations come from
within the department, from consumers, law enforcement agencies, local,
state and federal agencies, and insurance companies.
Safety Services Group
The Engineering Division has primary responsibility for administering
the state building code. The division also serves as staff to the North
Carolina Building Code Council and the North Carolina Code Officials
Qualifications Board. The division is divided into seven sections: code
consultation, electrical, mechanical, modular, inspector certification, accessi-
bility and code council.
The Building Code Administration provides code interpretations to city
and county inspection officials, architects, engineers, contractors, material
suppliers and manufacturers, other state agencies, attorneys and the general ;
public, administers certification of code officials, reviews building plans and 1
inspects electrical systems in new or renovated state-owned buildings.
The Manufactured Housing Division works to assure that construction
standards for manufactured homes are maintained and that warranty |
obligations under state law are met. The division monitors handling of |
consumer complaints by manufacturers; licenses the makers of manufactured |
homes, dealers, and set-up contractors; and acts as staff for the Norht I
Carolina Manufactured Housing Board. |
The State Property Fire Insurance Fund division is primarily responsible j|
for the operation and maintenance of the State Property Fire Insurance
Fund. The division collects premiums from those state agencies responsible i
for payment, investigates claims, adjusts losses and pays losses with the |
approval of the council of state. I
The Risk Management Division assists local government with property i
and casualty insurance programs, provides staff, administration, and re- |
search services to the Public Officers and Employees' Liability Insurance I
Commission, and is charged with making available a plan of professional
liability coverages for law enforcement officers, public officials and em- |
ployees of any political subdivision of the state. |
The Fire and Rescue Services Division administers the Firemen's Relief I
Fund, develops and carries out training for fire departments and rescue
squads, and works to improve fire and rescue protection in the state in |
association with the North Carolina Firemen's Association and North Care- \
lina Association of Rescue Squads. I
i
Seniors' Health Insurance Information Program |
The SHIIP program is designed to train older adult volunteers to counsel \
other older adults in the areas of Medicare regulations. Medicare supplement
insurance, long-term care insurance and claims procedures. The volunteers
go through an extensive training course designed to teach them Medicare i
and private insurance benefits and options, as well as claims procedures and '
counseling/advocacy skills. I
The Executive Branch 559
Boards and Commissions
Public Officers' and Employees' Liability Insurance Commission (G.S. 2B-58)
Self-Insurance Guaranty Association
Code Officials Qualifications Board (G.S. 143-151.9)
Building Code Council (G.S. 143-136)
Manufactured Housing Board
North Carolina Health Insurance Trust Commission (G.S. 759)
North Carolina Medical Database Commission (G.S. 131E-211)
North Carolina Fire Commission
North Carolina Arson Awareness Council
560
North Carolina Manual
The Executive Branch 561
James Eugene Long
Commissioner of Insurance
Early Years: Born in Burlington, Alamance County, March 19, 1940, to
George Attmore and Helen (Brooks) Long.
Education: Burlington City Schools; Walter M. Williams High School,
1958; North Carolina State University, 1958-1962; University of North Caro-
lina-Chapel Hill, 1963, A.B.; University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill,
SchoolofLaw, 1966, J.D.
Professional Background: Attorney; Counsel to Liston B. Ramsey,
Speaker of NC House of Representatives, 1980-84; Partner, Long & Long,
1976-1984; Chief Deputy Commissioner of Insurance, 1975-76; Partner, Long,
Ridge, & Long, 1967-1975; Associate, Long, Ridge, Harris & Walker, 1966-67.
Organizations: NC State Bar, Inc., 1966-present; Secretary and Director,
NC Special Olympics, Inc., 1967-75; Burlington-Alamance Chamber of Com-
merce, 1968-74.
Boards: Chairman, NC Arson Awareness Council, 1985-; Chairman, NC
Manufactured Housing Board, 1985-; Member: Firemen's Relief Fund; Law
Enforcement Officers Retirement Board; NC Fire Commission; Capital
Planning Commission; Council of State; Vice President and Chairman,
Executive Committee, National Association of Insurance Commissioners,
1989; Chairman, NC Property Tax Commission, 1981-84. State Fire Marshal,
1986-.
Political Activities: Insurance Commissioner, 1985- (elected, 1984);
Member, NC House of Representatives, 1971, 1973, 1975; Democratic Party.
562 North Carolina Manual
COMMISSIONERS OF INSURANCE^
Name Residence Term
James R. Young^ Vance 1899-1921
Stacey W. Wade' Carteret 1921-1927
Daniel C. Boney^ Surry 1927-1942
William P. Hodges^ Martin 1942-1949
Waldo C. Cheeke Moore 1949-1953
Charles F. Gold^ Rutherford 1953-1962
Edwin S. Lanier« Orange 1962-1973
John R. Ingram^ Randolph 1973-1985
James E. Long'" Alamance 1985-
'The General Assembly of 1899 created the Department of Insurance with provisions
that the first commissioner would be elected by the current general assembly with future
commissioners appointed by the governor for a four year term. (Public Laws, 1899,
Chapter 54.) Then in 1907, the general assembly passed a bill which provided for the ;
election of the commissioner in the general elections, beginning in 1908. (Public Laws, j
Chapter 868).
•^Young was elected by the general assembly on March 6, 1899. He was appointed by i
Governor Aycock in 1901 and served following reappointment in 1905 until 1908 when he |
was elected in the general elections.
'Wade was elected in the general elections in 1920 and served following re-election in
1924 until his resignation on November 15, 1927.
^Boney was appointed by Governor McLean on November 15, 1927, to replace Wade.
He was elected in the general elections in 1928 and served following subsequent re-
elections until his death on September 7, 1942.
^Hodges was appointed by Governor Broughton on September 10, 1942, to replace |
Boney. He was elected in the general elections in 1944 and served following re-election in
1948 until his resignation in June, 1949.
^Cheek was appointed by Governor Scott on June 14, 1949, to replace Hodges. He was \
elected in the general elections in 1950 to complete Hodges' unexpired term. He was j
elected to a full term in 1952 and served until his resignation effective October 15, 1953. j
^Gold was appointed by Governor Umstead on November 16, 1953, to replace Cheek, j
He was elected in the general elections in 1954 to complete Cheek's unexpired term. He
was elected to a full term in 1956 and served following re-election in 1960 until his death
on June 28, 1962.
"Lanier was appointed by Governor Sanford on July 5, 1962 to replace Gold. Lanier
was elected in the general elections in 1962 to complete Gold's unexpired term. He was
elected to a full term in 1964 and served until he declined to run for reelection in 1972.
^Ingram was elected in 1972 and served until 1984 when he ran for another office.
'^'Long was elected in 1984 and was reelected in 1988.
The Executive Branch 563
DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION
The Department of Administration was created in 1957 to serve as the staff
agency for the Governor and to provide services for other state government
agencies. Often referred to as the "state's business manager," the Department
of Administration also serves various segments of North CaroHna's population
that have traditionally been underrepresented.
The Department of Administration was re-created and re-established by the
Executive Organization Act of 1971, which was an attempt to bring more
efficient and effective management to state government. Prior to its enactment,
over 300 agencies reported directly to the Governor. Some of this reorganization
has been reversed recently as several agencies lobbied successfully to move out
of the department and to report, once again, directly to the Governor.
Because of its unique role as manager of the state's internal operations, the
Department of Administration works to ensure that the taxpayers' dollars are
used wisely and that good management is pervasive, making the department a
model for all of state government. A number of efforts are underway to improve
management and increase productivity in the department and throughout
state government. Some efforts include the Government Executive Institute for
top-level management, which trains executive-level managers in skills and
knowledge needed to perform their unique duties, and the State Employee
Suggestion System, which awards employees a percentage of money saved
through their suggestions.
The department also administers the Outer Continental Shelf Program and
the three North Carolina Aquariums through its Office of Marine Affairs and
assists veterans and their dependents through its Division of Veterans Affairs.
As the "state's business manager," the department handles such diverse
areas as state construction, energy management, motor vehicle coordination
and maintenance, purchase of goods and services used throughout state
government, the state courier system, federal and state surplus property, state
printing office. State Capitol Police, landscaping and maintenance of state-
owned grounds in the State Government Complex, and the acquisition and
disposition of all real state property.
There are several programs that serve special populations within the State of
North Carolina: the Governor's Advocacy Council for Persons with Dis-
abilities, the N.C. Human Relations Council, the N.C. Commission of Indian
Affairs and the Youth Advocacy and Involvement Office. These programs,
each having a citizen council appointed by the Governor as well as the state
staff, advocate for the disabled, blacks, Indians, and children and youth within
and outside of state government.
Office of the Secretary
The department is headed by the Secretary of Administration, an appointee
of the Governor.
564 North Carolina Manual
Office of Administrative Analysis
The Office of Administrative Analysis provides cost-free consulting services
to state agencies to help make improvements in organization, methods,
eciuipment use, staffing levels, cost reduction and procedures. OAA also helps
agencies determine the needs for copiers and other office automation. This
office administers the Employee Suggestion System.
Office of Fiscal Management
The Office of Fiscal Management accounts for all fiscal activity of the
department in conformity with requirements of the Office of State Budget and
Management, the Department of State Auditor and federal funding agencies.
It files timely financial reports, invoices user agencies for central services and
recommends and administers fiscal policy within the department.
DOA Personnel
DOA Personnel is responsible for recruitment, hiring, grievance and appeal
procedures, classification of positions to ensure equitable compensation for all
employees, monitoring the departmental affirmative action plan and im-
plementation of the State Personnel System within the department. It also has
the responsibility for the administration of the Employee Assistance Program
and other state and department employee benefits.
Personnel is responsible for the training, management and organizational
development of employees and divisions within the department. It is also
responsible for developing ways of improving productivity and the quality of
work life of the department's employees. |
Public Information Office i
The Public Information Office provides technical, artistic and journalistic |
resources for the entire department and, on occasion, for the Office of the j
Governor. The duties include preparation of news releases, the editing of and '
supervision overproduction of official publications, the design and production
of visual aids, and the counsel and advice on ways communication with the j
people of this state can be enhanced. |
Division of Veterans Affairs j
The Division of Veterans Affairs assists veterans, their dependents and the |
dependents of deceased veterans in obtaining and maintaining those rights
and benefits to which they are entitled by law.
Government Operations
Auxiliary Services Division
Courier Service. A receipt-supported operation. Courier Service provides
courier mail and inter-office mail to local state government offices and 89
counties in North Carolina.
Federal Surplus Property. Federal Surplus Property acquires and distri-
butes available federal surplus property needed by the eligible recipients in the
state and funds costs for operations through receipts from sales.
The Executive Branch 565
Motor Fleet Management. Motor Fleet Management is responsible for
approximately 4,000 vehicles owned by state government. Aside from purchas-
ing and maintenance of state vehicles, this office enforces state regulations
relating to their use.
Physical Plant. Physical Plant oversees the maintenance of public build-
ings, provides necessary and adequate cleaning services, elevator operation
service and other operational maintenance services for state buildings. It is
also responsible for landscaping and maintenance of state-owned grounds in
the State Government Complex and in outlying areas.
State Capitol Police. This law enforcement agency, with police powers
throughout the city of Raleigh, provides security and property protection
functions for state government facilities within the Capitol City. This agency
is also responsible for enforcement of regulations in state-operated parking
lots.
State Government Printing Office. A receipt-supported operation, the
State Government Printing Office provides typesetting and printing services
throughout state government.
State Surplus Property. State Surplus Property is responsible for the sale
of all supplies, materials and equipment owned by the state and considered to
be surplus, obsolete or unused.
State Construction Office
State Construction is responsible for the administration of planning, design
and construction of all state facilities, including the university and community
college systems. It also provides the architectural and engineering services
necessary to carry out the capital improvement program for all state institu-
tions and agencies.
State Property Office
State Property is responsible for state government's acquisition and disposi-
tion of all interest in real property whether by purchase, sale, exercise of power
of eminent domain, lease or rental. This office also prepares and keeps current
a computerized inventory of all land and buildings owned or leased by the state
or any state agency.
Division of Purchase and Contract
Purchase and Contract serves as the central purchasing activity for state
government and certain other entities. Contracts are established for the
purchase, lease and lease-purchase of the goods and services required by all
state agencies, institutions, public school districts, community colleges and the
university system, totaling $750 million annually. In addition, local govern-
ments, nonprofit corporations operating charitable hospitals, local nonprofit
community sheltered workshops, volunteer nonprofit fire departments and
lifesaving and rescue squads who elect to participate may use the services of
Purchase and Contract.
566 North Carolina Manual
Programs
Governor's Advocacy Council for Persons with Disabilities
The Governor's Advocacy Council for Persons with Disabilities pursues
appropriate remedies, including legal ones, on behalf of disabled citizens who
feel they have been discriminated against. The council also offers technical
assistance regarding disability issues, promotes employment opportunities for
disabled persons, and reviews policies and legislation relating to these
persons. North Carolina Human Relations Council. The Human Relations
Council provides services and programs aimed at improving relationships
among all citizens of this state, while seeking to ensure equal opportunities in
the areas of employment, housing public accommodation, recreation, educa-
tion, justice and governmental services. The council also enforces the North
Carolina Fair Housing Law.
North Carolina Commission of Indian Affairs
The Commission of Indian Affairs is responsible for bringing local, state and
federal resources into focus for the implementation or continuation of meaning-
ful programs for the Indian citizens of North Carolina. The commission is also
charged with assisting Indian communities in social and economic develop-
ment and the promotion of unity among all Indians of this state.
Youth Advocacy and Involvment Office
The Youth Advocacy and Involvement Office (YAIO) seeks to tap the
productivity of the youth of North Carolina through their participation in
community services and the development of youth leadership capabilities. The
office provides case advocacy to individuals in need of services for children and
youth. YAIO also researches the needs of children and youth in this state and
makes recommendations to the Governor, the General Assembly and other
policy-making groups.
504 Steering Committee
The 504 Steering Committee, appointed by the Governor, oversees the state's
compliance with Section 504 of the Federal Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Federal
funding requirements have been established for the accessibility for state
government facilities and programs.
Office of Marine Affairs
The Office of Marine Affairs advocates and promotes public awareness,
appreciation and wise utilization of the natural and cultural resources of
coastal North Carolina. The three North Carolina Aquariums provide
educational opportunities to over one million people annually; the Marine
Science Council recommends state ocean policies and encourages marine
research; and the Outer Continental Shelf Resources Recovery Program
ensures stewardship while providing state participation in regional and
federal resource utilization efforts.
The Executive Branch 567
Boards and Commissions
Alcoholism Research Authority, N.C. (G.S. 122-120)
Capital Building Authority (G.S. 129-40)
Capital Planning Commission (G.S. 143B-373)
Children and Youth, Governor's Advocacy Council on (G.S. 143B-414)
Contract Appeals, Board of State (G.S. 143-135.10)
Deferred Compensation Plan, N.C. Public Employee, Board of Trustees (G.S.
143B-426.24)
Disabilities, Governor, Advococy P.L. 94-103, Sec. 141; G.S. 143B-403.1)
Energy Development Authority, N.C. (G.S. 159F-4)
Farmworkers Council, N.C.
Goals and Policy Board, State
Human Relations Council (G.S. 143B-391,392)
Indian Affairs, Commission of (G.S. 143B-404)
Indian Housing Authority (G.S. 157-66)
Internship Council (G.S. 143B-417)
Interstate Cooperation Council (G.S. 143B-379)
Management Council, Governor's (G.S. 143B-426.22)
Marine Science Council, N.C. (G.S. 143B-389)
Public Radio Advisory Committee (G.S. 143B-426.12)
Racial, Religious and Ethnic Violence and Intimidation, Governor's Task
Force on (Executive Order 29, (October 2, 1986)
Sciency and Technology, N.C. Board of (G.S. 143B-440)
Veterans Affairs Commission (G.S. 143B-399)
Veterans Affairs Commission, Advisory Committee (G.S. 143B-399)
Veterans Committee, Governor's Jobs for (G.S. 143B-420)
Youth Advisory Council (G.S. 143B-385)
Youth Council, State (G.S. 143B-387)
Women, Council on the Status of
568
North Carolina Manual
James Shepherd Lofton
Secretary of Administration
Early Years: Born
Mecklenburg, March
Helen Carter and
Lofton.
Education
in Charlotte,
22, 1943, to
Thomas Stark
Oak Hill Academy,
1961; Lees-McRae College.
Professional Background:
Secretary of the N.C. Department of
Administration 1987-; Executive As-
sistant to Governor James G. Martin
1985-1987; Administrative Assistant
to U.S. Congressman James G.
Martin 1973-85; Marketing Officer,
First Union National Bank (1969-73);
Civic Affairs Manager, Charlotte
Chamber of Commerce 1966-69;
Buyer, Belk Brothers Company, Charlotte 1963-66.
Organizations: Phalanx Lodge No. 31 A.F. and A.M.; Scottish Rite of
Freemasonry 32nd Degree KCCH and Oasis Temple, Charlotte; Parents
Council, Elon College.
Boards and Commissions: Chairman, N.C. Public Employees Deferred
Compensation Plan; Secretary, Information Technology Commission;
Secretary, N.C. Board of Science and Technology; Ex Officio Member,
Committee on Art in State Buildings; Ex Officio Member, N.C. Commission
on Indian Affairs; Ex Officio Member, Internship Council; Ex Officio
Member, Board of Public Telecommunications; Member, Governor's N.C.
Drug Cabinet; Member, N.C. Fund for Children and Families Commission;
Member, Governor's Working Group on Off-Shore Drilling; Member,
Governor's Blue Ribbon Commission on Coastal Initiatives; Ex Officio
Member, Western N.C. Environmental Council; Member, N.C. Capital Plan-
ning Commission; Member, N.C. Advisory Council on the Eastern Band of
the Cherokees.
Political Activities: Member, Republican Party.
Family: Married, Sarah Clarinda Knight. Children: Sarah Clarinda, Mary
Melissa, James Shepherd, Jr.
The Executive Branch 569
SECRETARIES
DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION
Name Residence Term
Paul A. Johnston! Orange 1957-1960
David S. Coltrane^ Wake 1960-1961
Hugh Cannon Wake 1961-1965
Edward L. Rankin, Jr. ' Wake 1965-1967
Wayne A. Corpening^ Forsyth 1967-1969
William L. Turner Wake 1969-1973
William L. Bondurant^ Forsyth 1973-1974
Bruce A. Lentz« Wake 1974-1977
Joseph W. Grimsley Wake 1977-1979
Jane S. Patterson (acting)' Wake 1979-1980
Joseph W. Grimsleys Wake 1980-1981
Jane S. Patterson^^ Wake 1981-1985
Grace J. Rohrerio Orange 1985-1987
James S. Lofton" Wake 1987-
'Johnston was appointed by Governor Hodges and served until his resignation
effective August 31, 1960.
-'Coltrane was appointed by Governor Hodges to replace Johnston. He was reappointed
by Governor Sanford on January 6, 1961 and served until November, 1961 when he was
appointed chairman of the Advisory Budget Commission.
'Rankin was appointed by Governor Moore to replace Coltrane and served until his
resignation effective September 30, 1967.
^Corpening was appointed by Governor Moore to replace Rankin and served until the
end of the Moore Administration. Press Release, September 14, 1967, Moore Papers,
Appointments, 1965-1968.
^Bondurant was appointed on January 5, 1973, by Governor Holshouser to replace
Turner and resigned effective June 21, 1974.
'•Lentz was appointed by Governor Holshouser to replace Bondurant. Copy of
Commission to Lentz, July 1, 1974, Division of Publications, Department of the Secretary
of State, Raleigh.
'Patterson served as acting departmental secretary when Grimsley took a leave of
absence to serve as campaign manager of Governor Hunt.
"Grimsley resigned effective August 1, 1981 , following his appointment as secretary for
the Department of Natural Resources and Community Development.
**Patterson was appointed by Governor Hunt to replace Grimsley.
'oRohrer was appointed by Governor Martin.
"Lofton was appointed by Governor Martin.
570 North Carolina Manual
THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTION
The Department of Correction is responsible for the care, custody, and
supervision of all individuals sentenced after the conviction of a felony or
serious misdemeanor in North Carolina. Sentences may vary from proba-
tionary terms served in the community to active prison sentences served in one
of the eighty-plus prison facilities. The General Statutes direct the Department
to provide adequate custodial care, educational opportunities, and medical and
psychological treatment services to all incarcerated persons while at the same
time providing community-based supervision and some needed social services
to clients on probation or after parole.
The Department was established in 1972 by authority of the Executive
Reorganization Act of 1971 as the Department of Social Rehabilitation and
Control. The Act provided for the Parole Commission, the Advisory Board of
Corrections, and the Department made up of the Divisions of Prisons, Adult
Probation and Parole and Youth Development. The Secretary of the Depart-
ment is appointed by the Governor and serves at his pleasure. The Secretary is
responsible for the supervision and administration of all Department functions
except that the Parole Commission has the sole authority to release incarcerated
offenders prior to the expiration of their sentence.
In July, 1974, the Department was renamed the Department of Correction,
the Parole Commission was expanded from three to five members, and further
consolidation of responsibilities and functions occurred. In 1975, the Division
of Youth Development was transferred administratively to the Department of
Human Resources, leaving the Department of Correction its current administra-
tive configuration.
The history of corrections in North Carolina must reflect the continued
development and refining of the prison, probation and parole segments of the
Department.
The Division of Prisons was organized in the late 1860's-early 1870's with
the opening of a large prison farm in Wake County and the construction of
Central Prison in Raleigh. This reorganization was a result of the "Reconstruc-
tion" constitution of North Carolina which was accepted by the United States
Congress in 1868. In 1899, Caledonia Prison Farm was purchased from Halifax
County. This arrangement continued until 1933 when the General Assembly
transferred supervision of the three state prisons and the various county
prisons to the supervision of the State Highway and Public Works Commission.
This merger of the highway and prison systems was motivated by the steadily
worsening economic and social conditions caused by the depression. Under
this arrangement, prisons were supported by appropriations from the Highway
Fund while prisoners were extensively employed on road work.
The Division of Prisons remained under total administrative control of the
Highway and Public Works commission until 1955 when the Director of
Prisons was granted the ability to set divisional rules, regulations and policies
to include the hiring, promotion, and dismissal of employees. At the same time,
the General Assembly formed the Prison Reorganization Commission to study
The Executive Branch 571
the relationship between prisons and the highway system. The Commission
recommended that a separate prison department be formed and legislation
was enacted forming the Prison Department in 1957.
Also in 1957, landmark legislation was enacted authorizing a statewide
system of Work Release. North Carolina thus became the first state prison
system to allow inmates to work at private employment during the day,
returning to confinement in the evening. Today, North Carolina has the
nation's largest Work Release population with approximately 1500 individuals
employed.
The Prison Department remained a separate entity under the Prison
Commission until the Department of Social Rehabilitation and Control was
formed in 1972.
Probation first began in the United States in 1878 in Massachusetts. In 1919
North Carolina enacted its first probation laws but limited probation to first
offender female prostitutes and certain juveniles under the supervision of
female officers. In 1937, legislation was enacted forming the Probation
Commission to supervise a statewide network of male and female offenders
reporting to Probation Officers. In 1972, the Commission was disbanded when
the Division of Adult Probation and Parole was formed within the newly
created Department. At first, Probation Officers retained a strictly probation
supervision caseload, but by mid-1974, separate supervision of probation and
parole clients ended. Currently each Probation/Parole Officer supervises both
categories of offenders on a geographic basis.
Parole began as a system of pardons and commutations granted by the
Governor in the original Constitution of North Carolina in 1776. This system
was maintained in the Reconstruction Constitution of 1868. In 1919, the
General Assembly established an Advisory Board of Paroles which made
recommendations to the Governor. This Board was reduced to the Commis-
sioner of Pardons in 1925, the Officer of Executive Counsel in 1929, and the
Commissioner of Paroles in 1935. It was this 1935 legislation that created the
position of Parole Officers under the supervision of the Commissioner.
The 1953 session of the General Assembly abolished the Office of Commis-
sioner and established the Board of Paroles consisting of three members,At the
same time a Constitutional Amendment granted the Board full authority to
grant, revoke or terminate paroles. The amendment was approved in the 1954
general election.
The 1974 General Assembly enlarged the Board members to five full-time
members and transferred administration and supervision of Parole Officers to
the Division of Adult Probation and Parole. Shortly thereafter, the functioning
of the field based Parole Officers merged with that of the Probation Officer.
Currently, each officer supervises both parolees and probationers.
Pre-Release and Aftercare Centers (PRAC) were formed in 1974. These
Centers work with those inmates who previously had been denied regular
parole and who are within one year of release. The PRAC program allows these
individuals to attend highly structured Community Readiness Training
sessions, develop adequate job and home plans, and participate in various
counseling sessions. Ninety day re-entry paroles are granted with continued
opportunities for counseling up to one year following successful termination of
parole.
572 North Carolina Manual
The General Statutes establishing the Department of Correction direct the
Secretary to provide for the general safety of North Carolina's citizens by
operating and maintaining prisons, supervising probationers and parolees,
and providing certain rehabilitative and educational programs to individuals
supervised by the Department. The Department is divided into three major
administrative sections: the Office of the Secretary, the Divisions of Prisons,
and Adult Probation and Parole Division.
Office of the Secretary
The Secretary of the Department of Correction is appointed by the Governor
and serves at his pleasure. The secretary and his immediate administrative
staff are responsible for the major planning, fiscal, personnel and records
keeping functions of the department.
Planning
The planning functions include policy development, federal grant develop-
ment and administration, liaison with the General Assembly, commissions
and councils of government, and other state agencies.
Federal Grants. The Federal Grants Section provides for the budgeting and
management of the many federal grants administered by the Department.
This section works directly with grant staff to insure administration, evaluation
and continuity for each grant, as well as providing fiscal administration and
accounting services.
Fiscal Operations
The Fiscal Section includes budget development and administration, regular
and grant accounting, work release and Inmate Trust Fund accounting, and
internal auditing procedures.
Personnel
The Personnel section is responsible for normal personnel functions including
payroll, maintenance of employee records, and other matters associated with
personnel management. It also includes the development of staff positions, the
posing of position vacancies, and the actual hiring of new staff.
Staff Development and Training. This section administers and provides
basic training and certification for all new staff, advanced training in
particular skill areas, and in-service training where needed for re-certification
or continuing education.
Management Information and Research. The orderly maintenance of
inmate records including conviction data, sentence information and individual
inmate/probation/parolee data is the responsibility of the Management
Information and Research Section. The section through its computerized
Management Information and Data Retrieval System provides all individual
and group statistics necessary for planning and for inmate record manage-
ment.
The Executive Branch 573
Inmate Grievance Commission
The Inmate Grievance Commission advises the Secretary concerning the
varied and many complaints and grievances filed by inmates. The finding of
the Commission may be affirmed in whole or in part, modified or rejected by the
Secretary as necessary.
Parole Commission
Also, the secretary is an ex-officio member of the Parole Commission. The
Commission is charged by the State Constitution and General Statutes with
the responsibility for deciding which inmates may be released from prison at
some date prior to the expiration of their sentence to the supervision of the
Division of Adult Probation and Parole. The Commission also advises the
Governor concerning potential commutations and/or pardons.
Division of Prisons
The Division of Prisons is charged with the direct care and supervision of
inmates. Currently, the division operates more than 80 prison institutions and
units, smaller treatment facilities for women, and has other institutions under
construction.
The Division receives felons and misdemeanants sentenced by the Court to a
period of active incarceration. Sentences range from a minimum of six months
for certain misdemeanor to life for serious crimes such as murder or arson.
Classification within the system depends upon the seriousness of the crime, the
willingness of the inmate to obey rules and regulations, and the perceived
potential for escape.
Maximum custody male prisoners have demonstrated through their
behavior that they are a clear and present danger to society and other inmates.
Privileges are limited and security precautions are strict and very controlled.
Close custody inmates need extra security but do not need the more
stringent security of maximum custody. Basic education, counseling and work
programs are available to inmates in close custody.
Medium custody units have all programs and activities operating within
the unit are under the supervision of armed personnel, except for certain work
assignments. Programs available to inmates include academic and vocational
education, drug and alcohol abuse treatment, psychological and other counsel-
ing programs, and varied work assignments. Minimum custody units
provide a wide variety of programs for inmates ranging from on-site academic
and vocational schools to off-site work or study release. Minimum custody
inmates are misdemeanants and those selected felons that have either little
time remaining on their sentence or who have been determined not to present a
high security or escape risk. These units do not have manned gun towers or
other security devices. Several of the Advancement Centers do not have fences.
Inmates are allowed to participate in the work in the community for the
prevailing wage. They help their families by sending money home, pay taxes
and otherwise lessen the financial burden of incarceration.
Programs at Minimum Custody Units. Study release inmates attend
classes on the campus of selected universities, colleges, or community/
technical colleges. Minimum custody inmates are also allowed to participate in
574 North Carolina Manual
the Community Volunteer and Home Leave programs. Screened and selected
volunteers are allowed to sponsor inmates for 3-hour passes to attend approved
community programs such as religious meetings, AA and drug treatment
sessions. The Home Leave program allows specially screened and approved
inmates to visit their families for periods of time up to 48 hours. The purpose of
this program is to allow inmates prior to release to rebuild family ties and to
plan for the future. Normally this program is limited to Work/Study Release
inmates who are within one year of release or parole eligibility.
The Division of Prisons also operates several specialized programs within
the various institutions. An extension program for mentally retarded youth
between the ages of 18-20 is operated at Cameron Morrison Youth Center.
Using funds from the Council on Developmental Disabilities, this program
provides case management, pre- and post- release services, and direct counsel-
ing to this specialized population.
Another program offered at the various youthful offender prisons is a wide
range of special education services for those youth defined as exceptional.
Significant advances have been made in the provision of educational services
for emotionally disturbed, mentally retarded, medically handicapped, deaf
and those youthful inmates with specific learning disabilities. This education
program making use of state and federal resources is one of the few prison
programs in the country attempting to provide full and appropriate educational
services to incarcerated youth.
A wide range of vocational education programs are offered to the adult
prisoners. Using a combination of resources, including various CETA
programs, the Department of Correction, in conjunction with the Department
of Community Colleges, offers welding, carpentry, brick masonry, auto
mechanics, and other programs designed to permit incarcerated individuals to
gain and hold steady employment after release.
Division of Adult Probation and Parole
The Division of Adult Probation and Parole is responsible for the community
supervision of over 60,000 parolees and probationers. Most of these individuals
have been sentenced by the court to probated sentences and are supervised by
Divisional Officers who offer counseling and job development services. Pre-
trial and pre-sentenced services are also offered at the request of the court when
further information is needed prior to sentence disposition.
The Division is also responsible for supervising those individuals released
from prison by the Parole Commission. Divisional Officers are responsible for
supplying information to the Commission regarding home and job placements,
specialized programing if needed, and any other community oriented services
that a potential parolee may need and could benefit from.
The Division of Adult Probation and Parole also offers a range of specialized
programs to selected groups of offenders. The Pre-Release and Aftercare
Program offers intensive community orientation training to those prisoners
who are within one year of release and who, for some reason, cannot be placed
on regular parole. These centers also provide long-term supervision and
intensive counseling services to the program graduates upon release under
specialized parole conditions.
The Executive Branch 575
The Division offers intense Community Readiness Training (CRT) services
to those inmates who have graduated from speciaHzed vocational programs
offered at various prison units. CRT is designed to prepare inmates for re-entry
into society after a period of incarceration. Classes teach inmates how to
prepare for job interviews, how to open savings and checking accounts, how to
budget their salaries, and how to benefit from community resources such as the
local community colleges. Finally, a joint program offered by the Division of
Prisons, the Division of Adult Probation and Parole, and the Parole Commis-
sion, allows inmate participation in program and release planning.
The Mutual Agreement Parole Program involves a binding contractual
agreement between the inmate, the two Divisions and the Parole Commission.
The agreement oriented about a specified release date, allows the inmate to
participate in long-range vocational training knowing that he/she will be
released on a given date. The inmate agrees to participate in the training,
agrees to an infraction/escape free record and agrees to participate in any
other Parole Commission suggested rehabilitative program such as alcohol
abuse treatment. In return, the Division of Prisons agrees to offer the necessary
vocational training and specialized programming and the Parole Commission
agrees to release the inmate on the requested date. This contractual period,
often 12 to 18 months, allows all parties to make specific plans while allowing
the inmate to learn a solid, marketable vocation tied to a specific release date.
Release planning is made more specific, allowing the Parole Commission and
Division of Adult Probation and Parole to offer more specialized pre-release
programming to the selected MAP program participants.
Boards and Commissions
Area Inmate Labor Commissions (G.S. 148-26.2)
Corrections, Board of (G.S. 143B-265)
Inmate Grievance Commission (G.S. 148-101)
Inmate Labor Commission, State (G.S. 148-26.3)
Parole Commission (G.S. 143B-267)
576
North Carolina Manual
Aaron Johnson
Secretary of Corrections
Early Years: Born in Willard,
Pender County, March 6, 1933.
Education: Shaw University,
1957, B.A. (Social Studies); Shaw Uni-
versity, School of Religion, 1960;
Southeastern Theological Seminary,
Post Graduate Studies.
Professional Background: Pas-
tor, Mount Sinai Baptist Church, 25
years.
Organizations: President, Fayet-
teville Ministerial Association; Presi-
dent, Fayetteville Civic Association.
Boards and Commission: Presi-
dent, Shaw University Divinity
School; NC Good Neighbors Council, 8 years.
Political Activities: Secretary, Department of Corrections, 1985-; Presi-
dent, Minority Affairs Committee for Jim Martin; Fayetteville City Council,
1979- (Mayor Pro Tem, 1983-); delegate. Republican National Convention,
1980; NC Minority Committee to elect Ronald Reagan, 1980.
Religious Activities: Pastor, Mount Sinai Baptist Church, 25 years.
Family: Married, Mattie Johnson. Children: Dezette and Jamale.
The Executive Branch 577
SECRETARIES
DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTION^
Name Residence Term
George W. Randall2 Wake 1972
Ralph D. Edwards^ Wake 1972-1973
David L. Jones" Cumberland 1973-1977
Amos E. Reedss Wake 1977-1981
James C. Woodard^ Johnston 1981-1985
Aaron J. Johnson'' Cumberland 1985-
'The Executive Organization Act of 1971 created the "Department of Social Rehabilitation and
Control" with provision for a "Secretary" appointed by the governor. In 1974 the name was changed
to the Department of Correction.
^Randall was appointed by Governor Scott and served until his death on December 4, 1972.
■''Edwards was appointed by Governor Scott to replace Randall.
"Jones was appointed on January 5, 1973, by Governor Holshouser to replace Edwards.
^Reed was appointed on January 17, 1977, by Governor Hunt to replace Jones.
^Woodard was appointed January 12, 1981, to replace Reed.
"^Johnson was appointed on January 7, 1985 by Governor Martin to replace Woodard.
578 North Carolina Manual
DEPARTMENT OF CRIME CONTROL AND PUBLIC SAFETY
The 1977 General Assembly passed legislation to restructure and rename the
Department of Military and Veterans Affairs as the Department of Crime
Control and Public Safety.
The department was created April 1, 1977, by transferring law enforcement
and pubHc safety agencies from the Department of Military and Veterans
Affairs, the Department of Transportation, the Department of Commerce and
the Department of Natural Resources and Community Development.
The duties of the department are to provide law enforcement and emergency
services to protect against crime and against natural and manmade disasters,
to serve as the state's chief coordinating agency to control crime and protect
the pubhc, to assist local law enforcement and public safety agencies and to
work for a more effective and efficient criminal justice system. In addition, the
department coordinates state response to any emergency when that emergency
requires the response of more than one sub-unit of state government. In 1980,
the department was given the authority to direct the allocation of any or all
available state resources from any state agency to respond to an emergency.
The department is made up of the Office of the Secretary; two commissions,
the Governor's Crime Commission, the Governor's Advisory Commission on
Military Affairs; and nine divisions: Alcohol Law Enforcement, Butner Public j
Safety, Civil Air Patrol, Crime Prevention, Emergency Management, Cover- j
nor's Crime Commission, N.C. National Guard, State Highway Patrol and (
Victim and Justice Services.
Alcohol Law Enforcement Division I
As a result of legislation in 1977, the Enforcement Division of the State |
Board of Alcoholic Beverage Control was transferred from the Department of |
Commerce to the newly formed Department of Crime Control and Public i
Safety. The primary responsibihty of the Alcohol Law Enforcement Division is |
to enforce the AlcohoHc Beverage Control laws of the state.
Agents provide licensed outlets with the latest information on ABC laws and
regulations, inspect premises and examine books and records. They prepare
criminal and regulatory cases, present evidence in court and administrative I
hearings, conduct permit applicant investigations, execute ABC Commission j
orders, and conduct undercover investigations. Agents are sworn peace j
officers and have the authority to arrest and take other investigatory and j
enforcement actions for any criminal offense. j
Public education is also an important part of the job of an Alcoholic Law
Enforcement agent. Agents routinely conduct seminars regarding the irrespon- !
sible service of alcohol, present classes to youth groups and civic organizations, '
and teach ABC laws at local and state law enforcement schools.
New agents are trained during a 20-week ALE Basic School which was j
designed and certified specifically for ALE agents. This training includes j
physical conditioning and defensive tactics, instruction in constitutional and j
The Executive Branch 579
criminal laws, court procedures, search and seizure, criminal investigation,
alcoholic beverage control laws, firearms and vehicle operations.
The division is commanded by a director, headquarters' staff, field super-
visors and their assistants. For administrative purposes, the field organization
is divided into twelve districts, each with a headquarters' office readily
accessible to the public.
Butner Public Safety Division
The Butner Public Safety Division traces its roots back to the Camp Butner
Fire Department set up in 1942 when Camp Butner was established as a U.S.
Army Training Camp. In 1947, John Umstead, brother of Governor William B.
Umstead, led a move in the General Assembly to build a new facility for the
mentally ill, and Camp Butner was purchased from the government for $1 as
the site for this complex.
The Camp Butner Fire Department became part of the John Umstead
Hospital in the Department of Human Resources. The staff consisted of 18
men. As the Butner complex and the community grew, the staff was trained as
firefighters and policemen; and the department became known as the Public
Safety Department. The department was transferred to the Department of
Crime Control and Public Safety in 1981, and its name was changed to the
Butner Public Safety Division.
Butner Public Safety Officers provide police and fire protection for the state
hospitals at Butner; other state facilities there, including the 4,600-acre
National Guard Training Range; the Butner Federal Correctional Facility and
the residential, business and industrial community of Butner. In keeping with
the growth and development of the town of Butner, facilities for the Butner
Public Safety Division were expanded. On January 29, 1985, the new 15.000-
square-foot Butner Public Safety Division was dedicated by Governor Martin.
The division is commanded by a public safety director, chief of fire services
and chief of police services. The four platoons are commanded by captains,
with master fire officers and master police officers as support staff. Including
the investigative, support, communications and logistics sections, Butner's
total force is 44.
The duties of these officers are unique. One hour, they may be called on to
fight a raging fire; and the next hour, these same officers may be called on to
capture a bank robber.
Civil Air Patrol Division
The Civil Air Patrol (CAP) was estabHshed nationally on December 1, 1941
as an auxiliary of the United States Army Air Corps. It was a part of the Civil
Defense structure and shortly thereafter became involved in the war effort. In
1948, Congress made the Civil Air Patrol an official auxiliary of the United
States Air Force.
The North Carolina Wing of the Civil Patrol became a state agency in 1953,
and it was transferred to the Department of Military and Veterans Affairs in
1971. In 1977, it was transferred from the Department of Military and Veterans
Affairs to the newly formed Department of Crime Control and Public Safety.
580 North Carolina Manual
There are 39 squadrons in the North CaroHna Wing. Although the Wing is
partially funded by the state, the department has no operational control over it.
Many members operate their own airplanes and fly at their own expense;
however, membership dues, donations, grants, estates, state funds and Air
Force reimbursements account for a large portion of the Wing's budget.
The Civil Air Patrol fulfills three primary functions: emergency services,
aerospace education and training, and a cadet training program.
Emergency Services
Emergency Services is a function with which the Civil Air Patrol is most
involved. It entails air search and rescue and local disaster relief. The Civil Air
Patrol is an integral part of state disaster relief. The Civil Air Patrol is an
integral part of state disaster emergency preparedness plans, providing fixed,
mobile or airborne communications during emergencies.
Aerospace Education and Training
Aerospace Education and Training is designed to inform the public about
aerospace activities, the CAP supports aerospace education workshops for
teachers at colleges and universities throughout the United States. These
programs prepare teachers to teach aerospace education courses in their
schools or to use the information to enrich traditional classroom subjects.
Scholarships are awarded to deserving cadets and senior members for study in
engineering, the humanities, education, science and other fields related to
aerospace.
Cadet Training Program
The Cadet Training Program provides young people, ages 13 through 18,
with opportunities for leadership and education. The program teaches the
cadets aviation, search and rescue, individual and group discipline and
personal development, giving them the opportunity to serve themselves and
their communities, state, nation and all humanity to the fullest extent of their
capabilities.
Crime Prevention Division
In 1979, the Crime Prevention Division was created to motivate citizens in
every home and community to join actively in the fight against crime. Staff
and funding were drawn from the Governor's Crime Commission Division and
from other division of the department. It was an exciting attempt to deal with
one of the oldest problems of society.
The Crime Prevention Division's mission is to assist local law enforcement
agencies and other groups to get citizens involved in crime prevention
activities. These activities are designed to reduce not only the incidence of
crime, but also the fear of crime. Staff members keep track of changing crime
trends and stay abreast of the latest state and national crime prevention
programs.
Crime Prevention programs promoted or coordinated by the division include:
Think Smart, Youth Awards Programs, Athletes Against Crime, Public
Housing, Community Watch, Ham Watch, Crime Stoppers, Crimes Against
The Executive Branch 581
Business, Crimes Against Older Adults, Crimes Against Women, Domestic
Violence, Crimes Against Children and Child Safety. The division provides
technical assistance and develops crime prevention awareness materials free
of charge to citizens, local law enforcement agencies and other groups.
Emergency Management Division
The evolution of emergency management in North Carolina began with the
creation of the Emergency Management Act of 1977. Prior to that, the division
went through two transition: from Civil Defense to Civil Preparedness. Both
Civil Defense and Civil Preparedness focused primarily on war-related
disasters, but also supported local law enforcement and fire departments in the
event of a major catastrophe. With the increased exposure of people and
property to extremely high-risk situations due to our technological advance-
ment, the need for a central coordinating agency to preserve and protect the
citizens of North Carolina from all types of disasters, natural and manmade,
soon became apparent.
The State Civil Defense Agency was transferred to the Department of
Military and Veterans Affairs in 1971, and transferred again in 1977 to the
newly formed Department of Crime Control and Public Safety where it was
named the Division of Emergency Management. Under the direction of the
Department of Crime Control and Public Safety, Emergency Management
coordinates response and relief activities in the event of a major emergency or
disaster using a four-phase approach to emergency situations: preparedness,
response, recovery, and mitigation.
The division's major emergency response functions are carried out by the
State Emergency Response Team (SERT). The SERT is composed of top-level
management representatives from each state agency involved in response
activities. During an emergency, the Secretary of Crime Control and Public
Safety is the Governor's authorized representative to call and direct any state
agency to respond to the emergency. The SERT directs on-site response
activities when two or more state agencies are involved and will, upon request,
direct the total response including local, state, federal and private resources.
By providing support to local governments through response efforts, planning
and training, the Division of Emergency Management carries out its theme of
cooperation, coordination, and unity.
Governor's Crime Commission
The Governor's Crime Commission embodies the former Law and Order
Committee created in 1968 in the Department of Natural and Economic
Resources. The Law and Order Committee was transferred to the newly formed
Department of Crime Control and Public Safety in 1977. The Governor's Crime
Commission serves by statute as the chief advisory board to the Governor and
the Secretary of Crime Control and Public Safety on crime and justice issues
and policies.
The 40-member commission has representatives from all parts of the
criminal justice system, local government, the legislature and other citizens.
The commission is supported by a state staff in the Governor's Crime
Commission Division. The commission has been a unique forum for criminal
r)H2 NoR'iii Okoijna Manual
justice in North (Carolina. Throuf^hout its history, the Governor's Crime
('ommission has served in a leadership roh' in eriminal justice planning, issue
analysis, {)rogram (Jevelopment and coordination. The Crime Commission has
heen a force h(!hind many succ;essful statewide programs such as driving while
impaired l(;gislation, c:ommunity service restitution, crime prevention and
community watch, rape victim assistance, victim compensation and sentencing
reform.
The commission currently oversees four federal grant programs for the state,
'i'hese programs include the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Program, the Justice Assistance Program, the Victim of Crime Act Program
and the Drug p]nforcement Program. The programs hring approximately $7.5
million in federal dollars to North Carolina for criminal justice improvement
programs.
Governor's Crime Commission Division
I'he Governor's Crime Commission Division serves as staff to the 40-memher
Governor's Crime Commission. The staff is responsible for researching the
issues under review by the commission and writing the resulting reports to the
Governor. The staff also administers four federal grant programs for the state.
Highway Patrol Division
In 1929, theGeneral Assembly of North Carolina created the State Highway
Patrol. Chapter 218 of the Public Laws of 1929 provides: "That the State
Highway Commission of North Carolina is hereby authorized and directed to
create under its control and supervision a division of the State Highway Patrol,
consisting of one Captain with headquarters in the State Highway Building at
Raleigh, and one Lieutenant and three patrolmen in each of the nine State
Highway Division Districts of the State." The Highway Patrol was given
statutory responsibility to patrol the highways of the state, enforce the motor
vehicle laws and assist the motoring public.
The commission appointed a captain as commanding officer of the State
Highway Patrol and nine lieutenants. These ten men were sent to Harrisburg,
Pennsylvania, to attend a two-week training school for state police. The
captain and the nine lieutenants returned to North Carolina and made plans
for recruiting the 27 patrolmen, three for each of the nine highway districts in
the state.
The year 1929 was the first time in North Carolina history that all members
of a law enforcement unit were required to go through a training school to study
the laws they would be called on to enforce. Of the original 400 applicants who
applied for admission, only f)7 were ordered to report to Camp Glenn, an
abandoned army encampment near Morehead City. The school ran for six
weeks, and the names of the 27 men with thehighestrecords were posted on the
bulletin board as the first State Highway Patrolmen. Others who had come
through the training course with credit were put on a reserve list to be called
into service as openings occurred. The Chairman of the State Highway
Commission came to Camp Glenn, inspected the men of the Patrol, liked what
he saw, and told them something they never forgot, "On your shoulders rests
the responsibility for the success or failure of the State Highway Patrol."
The Executive Branch 583
On July 1 , 1929, 37 members of the Patrol took the oaths of office in the hall of
the House of Representatives in the Capitol, and the example of these men is an
inspiring legacy to the men and women of the State Highway Patrol today.
P>om this original authorized strength of 37, the State Highway Patrol's
membership has increased, reflecting growth in population, interstate and
state highways, registered vehicles and licensed drivers; however, there is still
a shortage in what is really needed to combat the growing problems facing the
patrol.
Throughout its long history, the State Highway Patrol has had many homes.
In 1933, the State Highway Patrol was transferred from the State Highway
Commission to the State Revenue Department. On July 1, 1941, the General
Assembly created the Department of Motor Vehicles, and the State Highway
Patrol was transferred from the State Revenue Department to the Department
of Motor Vehicles. The Patrol was transferred from the Department of Motor
Vehicles in 1973 to the Department of Transportation. Then, in 1977, the Patrol
was transferred from the Department of Transportation to the newly formed
Department of Crime Control and Public Safety.
As the primary traffic law enforcement agency in North Carolina, the chief
responsibility of the State Highway Patrol is safeguarding life and property on
the state's highways. The duties and responsibilities of the Patrol are governed
by the General Statutes and consist of regularly patrolling the highways and
enforcing all laws and regulations pertaining to travel and use of vehicles upon
the highways.
Additional duties may be assigned by the Governor and the Secretary of
Crime Control and Public Safety, such as providing manpower and support for
civil disturbances, nuclear accidents, chemical spills and natural disasters.
The Patrol also handles security for the Governor and his family.
The year 1977 also brought a change in location and facilities for the Patrol's
training schools. Camp Glenn was the site for training the first class of
Highway Patrol recruits, but there was not a permanent training site until
1946, when classes were held to the Institute of Government at the University
of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. However, when the Patrol outgrew that site,
several locations throughout the state were considered as possible training
sites, and the Governor Morehead School for the Blind located at 3318 Garner
road in Raleigh was selected. Today, the training center is a modern facility
that provides the perfect atmosphere for training. The Patrol is very proud of
this facility and its training program which is essential to a modern law
enforcement agency.
In fall of 1982, the Highway Patrol State Auxiliary, an organization of Patrol
wives and widows, decided to place a monument at the training center in
memory of the troopers killed in the line of duty, and after a fund-raising
campaign to pay for its construction, on May 18, 1986, Governor James G.
Martin accepted the memorial on behalf of the state during dedication
ceremonies. The moving inscription on the monument was written by Latish
Williams, an employee of the Patrol Headquarters staff, and it reflects the
dedication and devotion to duty of all the men and women of the State
Highway Patrol.
584 North Carolina Manual
In memory of those who lost their Hves in the hne of duty, we hope you
see their faces and hearts in this stone of beauty. In dedication and honor
to those who die through the years, we stand before this memorial and
hold back the tears. Over the years, we lost brave troopers who were our
comrades and friends. We dedicate this monument in their honor
knowing that when one dies, life begins.
Governor's Advisory Commission on Military Affairs
Executive Order Number 11 created the Governor's Advisory Commission
on Military Affairs on June 28, 1985. Members are appointed by the Governor
and consist of commanders of the five major military installations in North
Carolina, state and local government officials and citizens who have an
interest in or relationship to the military community. The commission meets
regularly at the call of the Chairman or the Secretary of the Department of
Crime Control and Public Safety. Department employees serve as staff to the
commission and provide administrative support, draft legislation and coordi-
nate meetings.
The commission provides a forum for the discussion of issues concerning
major military installations in the state and active and retired military
personnel and their families. The commission collects and studies information
related to supporting and strengthening the military presence in the state.
Commission members recommend and review proposed military affairs
legislation, and advise the Governor on measures and activities that would
support and enhance defense installations and military families within the
state.
The commission promotes the involvement of the state's industries in the
state military procurement system, and encourages potential employers to
recruit soon-to-retire soldiers whose military skills would be useful in the
private sector. Another mission of the commission is to enhance the state's
attractiveness as a home for retiring service personnel by proving an easy
channel of communication between the military and state government. The
commission has provided the unforeseen benefit of serving as the only meeting
ground for the commanders of the major military installation in the state to
discuss ideas and problems.
National Guard Division j
Since the Colonial era of this nation's history, there have been citizen-
soldiers who worked at their trades, jobs, farms, professions and other
livelihoods, who were also members of organized militia units. When needed,
these citizen-soldiers assisted in the defense of life, property and their
community. The North Carolina National Guard has its roots in this tradition.
The National Guard today is the organized militia of the state, and the i
Governor is the commander-in-chief. The National Guard is also a part of the
Armed Forces' reserve force structure with the President as commander-in- j
chief, which gives the Guard a federal as well as a state mission. j
As the State Militia, the Guard has a long history of proud service to the j
people fo the state. On numerous occasions, the Guard has provided assistance '
to state and local authorities when natural disasters such as hurricanes, I
The Executive Branch 585
floods, fires and tornadoes occurred and for civil disturbances and other law
enforcement needs requiring additional trained and capable manpower to
supplement state and local resources. As a part of the reserve forces of the
United States Armed Forces, the Guard has been called or ordered to active
federal service to defend the nation. Early militia or modern Guard units have
responded to this need since the Revolutionary War.
In 1806, following the War for American Independence, under the authority
of the Militia Acts of 1792 and 1795 passed by Congress, the Legislature passed
a law establishing the Adjutant General's Department, the militia then began
to become better organized and trained.
For many years the State Guard, as it was then know, had no federal
recognition; and at the time of the Spanish-American War in 1898, it was
discovered that the President of the United States had no authority to order the
Guard into federal service. Under the Acts of Congress of June 3, 1916, a
definite place in the National Defense was created for the Guard; and the State
Guard became the National Guard.
Since this change in the federal laws, the National Guard has become an
integral part of the country's first line of defense. With the backing of the
federal government and laws passed by the respective states based upon the
National Defense Acts, the National Guard has continuously, through its
training, developed a high standard of efficiency. Today it is recognized as an
important part of the Army of the United States.
In 1947, the Army Air Corps was designated the United States Air Force nd
became a separate component of the armed services. At the same time,t he
National Guard of the United States was divided into the army National
Guard and the Air National Guard.
The Department of Defense continues to expand the role of the Guard in the
national defense plan and to develop a "One Army" concept of active and
reserve forces. Today the North Carolina Army and Air Guard consists of more
than 14,000 soldiers and airmen. It is a modern, well-trained force which
continues to distinguish itself in peacetime and to fulfill both its federal and
state missions.
Guard troops are equipped with some of the most modern military equipment:
the Ml Abrams Tank, the M2 Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicle, the M60-A3
Main Battle Tank, the AH 60 Black Hawk Helicopter and the AH 64A Apache
Attack Helicopter.
The North Carolina Army National Guard continues the tradition begun in
Colonial times. Many units today have lineages going back 100 years or more.
Not only is the Guard an important source of pride and community involve-
ment, but it stands ready to protect and serve its citizens.
Victim and Justice Services Division
The Victim and Justice Services Division formerly was a section of the
Governor's Crime Commission Division. The community services alternative
punishment programs for persons sentenced under the Safe Roads Act became
the responsibility of the Department of Crime Control and Public Safety in
1983, and the department saw the need to create a new division to administer
these programs. This new division was called the Victim and Justice Services
586 North Carolina Manual
Division. Staff and funding for the division were drawn from the Governor's
Crime Commission Division and other divisions of the department.
Through field offices located in each of the state's 34 judicial districts, the
Community Service Work Program places and supervises convicted offenders
who have been ordered by the court to make restitution in the form of free labor
to charitable organizations and government agencies.
During its first three years of operation, the Community Service Work
Program admitted 91,631 clients who gave the state of North Carolina
2,645,745 hours of free labor with an estimated monetary value of $8,863,245.
Not only does the state benefit from this free labor by offenders, it had collected
more than $4,225,904 in fees which go to the General Fund for schools and
other vital services. The combined total of services and money to the state
exceeds $15 million.
In addition to being an efficient and cost-effective punishment alternative,
other programs have evolved from the Community Service Work Program.
These programs are administered in whole or in part by the division: Deferred
Prosecution, Community Service Parole and Community Penalties.
The division also operates programs that provide direct services to victims
and to justice system agencies, such as the North Carolina Center for Missing
Persons. The Center, formerly the North Carolina Center for Missing Children
and Child Victimization, was established in 1984 as the state clearinghouse for
information about missing persons. Trained staff members provide technical
assistance and training to citizens, law enforcement officials, school personnel
and human services professionals. The Center's staff gives assistance and
support to both the families of missing persons and to the law enforcement
officials investigating missing person cases. Staff members also participate in
emergency operations and searches for persons who are missing and
endangered.
The Rape Victim Assistance Program provides financial assistance to
victims of sex offenses by reimbursing the cost of emergency medical
treatment and evidence collection. This program has served more than 3,500
victims since its inception in 1981.
Division staff members also conduct workshops for law enforcement officers
on managing occupational stress, using the services of a licensed psychologist
to counsel police officers.
Boards and Commissions
Governor's Crime Commission (G.S. 143B-478-480)
Juvenile Justice Committee (G.S. 143B-480)
Military Affairs, Governor's Advisory Commission on
The Executive Branch
587
Joseph Wayne Dean
Secretary of Crime Control and
Public Safety
Early Years: Born in Nashville,
Tennessee, October 19, 1944, to
Joseph Mavon and Ann Bell (Stin-
son) Dean.
Education: Hamlet High School,
1962; The Citadel, 1966, B.A.; School
of Law, Wake Forest University,
1969, J.D.
Professional Background :
Attorney (Firm of Dean and Dean,
1977-85); Assistant to U.S. Attorney,
1971-77.
Organizations: Association of
Citadel Men; NC Bar Association,
NC State Bar; NC Academy of Trial Lawyers; International Association of
Chiefs of Police.
Boards and Commissions: NC Drug Cabinet; Governor's Crime Commis-
sion; Eastern District Law Enforcement Coordinating Committee; Governor's
Commission for the Family; the NC Fund for Children and Families Commis-
sion; NC Victims Compensation Commission; the Governor's Advisory
Commission on Military Affairs; the State Emergency Response Commis-
sion.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1969-71; (Captain); Bronze Star with
V; Vietnam Cross of Gallantry; Combat Infantry Badge.
Political Activities: Secretary, Department of Crime Control and Public
Safety, 1985-; Legal Counsel, Wake County Republican Party.
Honors: Assistant US Attorney Award, 1974; Special Commendation for
US Attorney General, 1976; Who's Who in American Law (all editions);
Babock Scholar, School of Law, Wake Forest Univeristy; Crime Prevention
Officers of NC President's Award; NC Criminal Justice Association Outstand-
ing Criminal Justice Professional Background Award; NC Emergency
Management Association's James F. Buffaloe Award.
Religious Activities: Member, Christ Episcopal Church, Raleigh.
Family: Married, Christine Witcover of Fayetteville, May 22, 1977. Chil-
dren: Joseph Jefferson and Katherine Briggs.
588 North Carolina Manual
SECRETARIES
DEPARTMENT OF CRIME CONTROL
AND PUBLIC SAFETY'
Name Residence Term
J. Phillip Carlton ' Wake 1977-1978
Herbert L. Hyde' Buncombe 1979
Burley B. Mitchell' Wake 1979-1982
Heman R. Clark- Cumberland 1982-1985
Joseph W. Dean'^ Wake 1985-
'The General Assembly i>l 1977 abolished the Department of Military and Veterans' affairs and
created the Department of ("rime Control and Public Safety.
-Carlton was appointed on April I, 1977, by Governor Hunt. He resigned effective January 1, 1979,
following his appointment to the N.C. Court of Appeals.
'Hyde was appointed on January 2, 1979, by Governor Hunt to replace Carlton.
'Mitchell was appointed on August 21, 1979, to replace Hyde. He resigned in early 1982 following his
appointment to the N.C. Supreme C^ourt.
'CLark was appointed in February 2, 19H2, by Governor Hunt to replace Mitchell.
'Dean was appointed January 7, UtKf) by Governor Martin.
The Executive Branch 589
DEPARTMENT OF CULTURAL RESOURCES
The North CaroUna Department of Cultural Resources was the first cabinet-
level cultural affairs department to be established in any of the United States.
The department was created under the State Government Reorganization Act
of 1971 as the Department of Art, Culture and History. The name was changed
a few years later.
The purpose of the department is to enhance the cultural life of the citizens of
North Carolina and to provide access to excellence in the arts, historical
resources and libraries. The department interprets "culture" as an inclusive
term for the many ways people have of understanding their history, values and
natural creativity. The functions of the Department of Cultural Resources are
all concerned with exploration and interpretation of our culture and ways in
which its products can be made increasingly available to the public. The
department assists in the preservation, protection and continuation of our
heritage for future generations through an emphasize on the richness of our
traditions and our history.
The department has three divisions: Archives and History, the Arts Council
and the State Library. In addition, the Office of the Secretary administers a
number of special programs. In addition, there are numerous boards and
commissions with responsibilities associated with the department. The North
Carolina Symphony and the North Carolina Museum of Art are semi-
autonomous agencies of the department.
Division of Archives and History
The Department (now Division) of Archives and History was created in 1903
to chart our state's history and preserve its records and historic places for
posterity. From its inception it has been in the forefront of state historical
activity. Within the division are many diverse sections: the Museum of History,
Archives and Records, Historical Publications, Historic Sites, Archaeology
and Historic Preservation, and the Tryon Palace.
Museum of History
While the culture of North Carolina is found in every community, the state
administers a number of museums and sites so that visitors might enjoy a
concentration of art or history in one visit to any of them. These museums and
sites are not just for those who are knowledgeable about history or who have a
particular, or professional interest in the many forms of art. Instead they have
been designed to excite the interest of any child or adult and to stimulate the
historical and creative perspective in us all.
The North Carolina Museum of History, since its founding in 1902, has been
the state agency most involved in the collection and preservation of objects
significant to the history of North Carolina. The museum collection, currently
containing over 350,000 items (of which only 10% are presently displayed),
reflects the political, economic, and social history of our state. The comprehen-
sive collection is used by the central museum and its two branches, twenty-
three State Historic Sites, the Executive Mansion, and the Capitol. The
590 North Carolina Manual
museum also loans items from its collection to other nonstate historical
museums throughout the state which meets standards of security and interpre-
tive usage as established by the museum.
The collection is particularly strong in the areas of North Carolina currency
and gold coins, dolls, Civil War uniforms, flags, North Carolina silver, and
North Carolina crafts. The museum holds one of the outstanding collections of
Confederate uniforms in the nation in addition to a collection of costumes (over
6,000) ranging from 1775-1980. Its collection of historic flags (350) range from
the Revolutionary War (the Guilford Battle flag) to flags from the Vietnamese
War. The museum has the largest known collection of Bechtler gold coins (154).
The Bechtlers operated a private mint in North Carolina from 1831 to 1846
during the North Carolina gold rush. The Museum of History's collections are
used in an average of twelve special exhibitions annually which are visited by
over 170,000 school children and adults.
Despite its space constraints, the Museum of History has mounted several
important and critically acclaimed exhibitions in the past years. Enriching
and complementing the exhibition program are lectures, movies, touch talks,
demonstrations, and a 186-chapter Tar Heel Junior Historian Program in the
schools.
The North Carolina Museum of History has an expanded mission to reach
out to citizens throughout the state. In the 1940's, the museum began three
extension services still active today: the Tar Heel Junior Historian Association
which promotes the study of state and local history in the public schools; the
Mobile Museum of History, today a tractor-trailer unit which travels the state
with a variety of exhibitions; and an extensive series of slide programs on
various aspects of North Carolina history which can be borrowed by schools
and clubs without charge.
In 1982, the museum in conjunction with its support group, the North
Carolina Museum of History Associates, began offering a variety of educa-
tional programs in communities throughout the state. These programs,
together with the interest generated all over North Carolina by the Associates,
have greatly enhanced the appeal of the museum thereby creating a greater
demand form North Carolina Museum of History services.
Given the very great need for a new museum facility, the Museum of History
engaged in a campaign to build a new building across from the State Capitol.
$9.1 million was appropriated by the 1985 General Assembly. Construction has
begun on a multi-purpose museum building with a completion date sometime
in the early 1990's.
Archives and Records
An important form of written history is to be found in public records and
documents. The Archives and Records section of Cultural Resources is i
responsible for administering the North Carolina State Archives and for
conducting records management programs for state and local governments.
As the state archival agency, it arranges, describes, preserves and makes j
available for use the permanently valuable public records of the state and of i
counties and municipalities. It also preserves other records of permanent '
historical interest including private manuscripts, maps and photographs.
The Executive Branch 591
The Archives and Records Section maintains over 35,000 cubic feet of records
(more than 100 milHon pieces of paper), 800,000 photographs, and 30,000 reels
of microfilm. The State Archives is nationally known and serves as a model for
the nation and other states. If we know our history by what we leave behind,
then the state Archives is indispensable in this knowledge. A courthouse may
be torn down, a church may burn, and records of great value may perish with
them. Often those records already have been preserved by the Archives.
Anyone interested in family genealogy will come to know its programs.
Historical Publications
The Historical Publications Section is responsible for the publication of
documentary volumes, periodicals, pamphlets, leaflets, maps and other
materials on North Carolina history. The section publishes a volume of
addresses and public papers of each North Carolina governor at the close of his
administration. Two major ongoing projects are the publication of The
Colonial Records of North Carolina (second series) and North Carolina Troops,
1861-1865, a comprehensive Civil War roster.
The North Carolina Historical Review, published quarterly, is one of the
most respected publications of its kind in the United States.
Historic Sites
Deeply involved with the state's heritage, the Division of Archeology and
Historical Preservation seeks to preserve properties, artifacts and archaeologi-
cal sites important to our state. Through its archaeological program the
Division identifies hundreds of historic and prehistoric sites each year, from
Indian encampments to industrial sites and from gold mines to sunken sea
going crafts.
You can pan for gold, examine a Confederate ironclad or visit Blackbeard's
hometown as you relive three centuries of North Carolina and American
history at the historic sites administered by the Department of Cultural
Resources. The Department's Historic Sites section conducts its program to
plan, preserve, develop, interpret, operate and maintain this statewide section.
A typical site contains one or more restored or reconstructed structures as well
as a modern visitor center including exhibits, artifacts and an audiovisual
presentation.
Beautiful and historic Tryon Palace, the colonial capitol of North Carolina,
has been reconstructed after its destruction in a 1798 fire to provide an
exceptional experience for the visitor. Regular tours are conducted by costumed
hostesses. An annual symposium on the decorative arts is a nationwide
attraction each spring. There is an admission charge.
The North Carolina State Capitol on Raleigh's Capitol Square is one of the
nation's finest and best preserved civic buildings of the Greek Revival style.
With its original furnishing, the Capitol is still used for ceremonies and
contains offices for the Governor, Lieutenant Governor and an office used by
the Secretary of State for swearing in public officials.
The Capitol Area Visitor Center is invaluable to visitors looking for the
many cultural attractions and other points of interest near the Capitol in
Raleigh. The Center is at 301 North Blount Street.
592 North Carolina Manual
Archeology and Historical Preservation
There are a number of efforts underway to examine different elements of the
North CaroHna heritage. The Archaeology and Historic Preservation section
of the Department of Cultural Resources conducts a continuing statewide
survey of historic, architectural and archaeological resources. Some of these
properties such as certain homes, office buildings and neighborhoods, for
example, are nominated to the National Register of Historic Places, where
there are now more than 600 North Carolina entries.
A cooperative venture of the Department of Cultural Resources and the
Stagville Center Corporation, Stagville Preservation Center is America's first
state-owned center for the teaching and development of historic preservation
and its related technology. Located on the historically rich Stagville Plantation
in the northern part of Durham County, Stagville is a living laboratory for
research into techniques that will aid efforts in historic preservation.
Through its Historic Preservation Program the division surveys and tries to
protect these unique and valuable historic properties throughout the state by
nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. Some properties are
selected for restoration by the state and are open to the public as historical,
educational and recreational attractions. They range from the elaborate and
lavish restoration of Tryon Palace in New Bern to the simplicity of the
mountain-surrounded birthplace of Gov. Zebulon Vance at Weaverville.
Division of the State Library
The Division of the State Library is the official agency of state government
charged by law with providing the state's library program, coordinating
library planning for total library services and serving the information needs of
the state. It is made up of the State Library Committee, the Interstate Library
Compact, the Public Librarian Certification Commission, and the following
sections: Information Services, Public Library Development, Special Services,
and Technical Services.
From the Special Services Section come services that benefit a whole
segment of the population richly deserving of assistance. Here assistance is
provided to the visually and physically handicapped wherein are sent, free of
charge, large-print books; talking books, including cassettes and records; and
braille books. Selections fitting individual tastes are made by carefully
studying the information and biographical sketches sent in by patrons.
An information "Hotline" is just one of many services offered by the Library.
Anyone can go to his local library and get answers to almost any question.
If a local library cannot answer the question by using its own materials, a
librarian can call the North Carolina information network in In-Wats, the
inward wide area telephone service, (the "Hotline") to the State Library. There
a reference librarian will search for the answer in the State Library's extensive
collections, and when necessary, call on other libraries in the state to help.
Books not in a local library can also be obtained on interlibrary loan, through
this same system.
Any individual can borrow films free through the State Library. Enrichment
films including comedy, art, travel, features and problems such as drug abuse
are available. Local libraries can provide details.
The Executive Branch 593
The State Library has a Public Library Development Section that provides
consultant service to librarians, trustees, public officials and interested
citizens throughout the state.
State agencies can request assistance in setting up and maintaining
departmental libraries. The State Library has staff for these purposes, and the
State Library's broad collection of books, periodicals, newspapers, documents,
etc., provide reference services and bibliographies to all state agencies, as well
as providing library service to the State Legislature while it is in session.
The Special Services Section offers free public library service to those unable
to hold or read ordinary printed library materials because of physical or visual
impairment. Special library materials are provided through the Library of
Congress for the Blind and the Physically Handicapped, and the United States
Postal Service provides free mailing privileges for materials. The materials
include books and magazines for all ages, and of all kinds, recorded on long
playing records, on magnetic or cassette tape, in large type or braille. Many
thousands of titles are available, along with the equipment for using them.
Both the State Library and the Division of Archives and History of the
Department of Cultural Resources provide genealogical services that attract
hundreds of people from all over the country. The Library has secondary
sources such as books, family and county histories, newspapers and census
records. Archives and History has primary sources - the original documents.
A Technical Services Section in the Library is responsible for the acquisition
and preparation of books, documents and related materials which comprise the
material resources of the Library. The Technical Services Section also operates
a Processing Center for libraries in the state, making it possible for local
libraries to get books easily and at less expense, all ready to go on the shelves
when delivered.
Division of the Arts Council
The purpose of the North Carolina Arts Council is to represent and support
the highest quality in the arts, to assist in the further development of the
individual art forms, to foster a broader understanding of the role of the arts in
the total society and to provide opportunities for every North Carolinian to
participate in the creative process. The council works primarily with the 450
arts organizations in North Carolina through a variety of programs and grant
categories. The council also is involved with many individual artists through
its fellowship and residency programs.
The North Carolina Arts Council was established in 1964 by executive order
and made a statutory agency in 1967. It is recognized nationally for its
aggressive and innovative leadership in arts programming. The division is
divided into several sections including the Community Section, the Folklife
Section, the Music/Dance Section, the Theatre Arts Section, and the Visual/
Literary Arts Section.
The division encourages, promotes and provides assistance for the cultural
enrichment of all North Carolinians by supporting the development of the arts
at the community level with cash grants and special programs with money
from Legislative appropriation and the National Endowment for the Arts.
594 North Carolina Manual
The Council helps bring artists into schools and communities. Community
arts festivals are encouraged. Poets, artists, craftsmen and dance and theatre
companies are brought to the small towns and the largest urban areas of the
state.
North Carolina Theatre Arts was established by the 1973 General Assembly
to foster and encourage the development of theatre in the state. Theatre Arts
works to upgrade the quality of professional theatre in the state by strengthen-
ing existing and developing companies through funding and consultation and
developing new statewide professional theatre programs to give more employ-
ment to professional theatre artists from both within and outside the state.
North Carolina was the first state to establish a separate agency to promote
and assist professional theatre. Theatre Arts is now a section of the Division of
the Arts Council.
Since the opening of Paul Green's outdoor drama, The Lost Colony, in
Manteo in 1937, North Carolina has established an outstanding national
reputation in the creation and presentation of this unique form of theatre.
North Carolina is also the home of more than half a dozen indoor resident
professional companies, which present both summer and winter seasons.
The North Carolina Museum of Art
One of the nation's top-ranked art museums, the North Carolina Museum of
Art boasts the finest collection in the southeast extending over western and
ancient art and primitive cultures. The new Art Museum opened its doors in
Raleigh in April, 1983, and by the end of 1984 some 350,000 people had viewed
its collections, particularly in renaissance and baroque. Special exhibits and
showings add to its prestige.
Along with its extensive educational programs, a special feature of the
Museum is the Mary Duke Biddle Gallery for the Blind, noted internationally
for its original approach to the exploration of art through "touch".
The North Carolina Symphony
When the 1943 General Assembly passed the "Horn-Tootin' Bill," North
Carolina became one of the first states to support its own orchestra. The North
Carolina Symphony now stands as one of only 31 major orchestras in the
country, presenting the finest in classical and symphonic music.
The North Carolina Symphony has long been known through its concerts
before hundreds of thousands of school children each year. In the last ten
years, however, the orchestra has become one of the best ensembles in the
nation, playing not only in North Carolina, but at Carnegie Hall and Kennedy
Center. Under its noted conductor, Gerhardt Zimmerman, and now with a
37-week season, a tow-track series of concerts, and an enlarged operating
budget, the Symphony compares favorably with the nation's other major
orchestras.
Though its performances in Washington, Chicago and New York City have
earned it unanimous praise from critics and audiences, the North Carolina
Symphony has all the feel of a community orchestra, for it is in the state's cities
and towns that it performs, traveling about 22,000 miles and presenting some
375 educational and adult concerts in more than 1 25 communities each season.
The Executive Branch 595
Of particular pride to the orchestra is its educational program, in which more
than 200,000 schools children each year enjoy performances given especially
for them.
North Carolinians for years have shown justifiable pride in the range and
depth of arts opportunities offered throughout the state, and they have
contributed generously with time, money and other support. The result is an
arts environment that steadily becomes more exciting. Many of the state's
cities have shown exceptional energy in this area, and local symphonies, art
galleries, theatres and other arts enterprises are to be found wherever you look.
Special Programs
The development of the arts and humanities in North Carolina has brought
about new demands on government and the citizen, on private groups, schools
and businesses. Accordingly, there are a number of special programs conducted
within the Department of Cultural Resources and other state government
agencies to meet these changing requirements.
The Cultural Advisory Council, for example, is comprised of a group of
citizens appointed by the Secretary of the Department to act as advisors in
policy matters pertaining to the arts, libraries and historical resources in the
state.
The Governor's Business Council on the Arts and Humanities, seeks to
enhance business support of cultural affairs. It is the first such state-level effort
in the nation.
A special emphasis in the Department of Cultural Resources is given to arts
in the schools. The priority is addressed by the Office of the Secretary and by
agencies in the Department. The Arts Council's Artists-in-School program, for
example, provides residences in public schools for artists who have shown
excellence in their work and the ability to communicate skills to young people.
The Folklife Office has a similar program. Folk Arts in North Carolina
Schools. The Museum of Art and Museum of History are very much involved
with students providing special tours and in-school programs.
The Department also conducts programs designed to provide cultural
opportunities and outlets to specific population groups such as minority
artists, handicapped people and residents of correctional facilities.
The culture of North Carolina is an organic extension of its people,
something shared by all who live here. The availability of richness in cultural
activities should not be withheld from any citizen a fact basic to the work of the
Department of Cultural Resources.
Other Department activities included such things as the America's 400th
Anniversary Committee, created to plan, conduct, and direct observances of
the commemoration of the landing of Sir Walter Raleigh's colonists on
Roanoke Island, and the support of exciting ventures like "Operation Raleigh",
a program to involve 4,000 young people from all over the world in service
projects around the globe.
The culture of North Carolina is an organic extension of its people,
something shared by all who live here. The availability of richness in cultural
activities should not be withheld from any citizen, a fact basic to the work of the
Department of Cultural Resources.
596 North Carolina Manual
Board and Commissions
Archeological Advisory Committee (G.S. 143B-66)
Art, Board of Trustees for the N.C. Museum of (G.S. 140-1-6)
Arts Council (G.S. 143B-88)
Art Museum Building Commission (G.S. 143B-59)
Art Society, Board of Directors (G.S. 143B-89)
Awards Committee (G.S. 143B-84)
Historic Bath Commission (G.S. 143B-102)
Battleship Commission (G.S. 143B-74)
Abandoned Cemeteries
Edenton Historical Commission (G.S. 143B-98)
Executive Mansion Fine Arts Committee (G.S. 143-80)
Historic Hillsborough Commission (G.S. 143B-106)
Historical Commission (G.S. 1443B-63)
State Library Commission (G.S. 143B-90-91)
John Motley Morehead Memorial Commission (G.S. 143B-115)
Historic Murfreesboro Commission (G.S. 143B-110)
Public Librarian Certification Commission (G.S. 143B-68)
State Historical Record Advisory Board
Roanoke Island Association, Board of Directors (G.S. 143B-92)
Symphony Society (G.S. 143B-94)
Tryon Palace Commission (G.S. 143B-72)
U.S.S. Monitor Research Council
Vagabond School of Drama, Board of Directors
The Executive Branch
597
Patric Griffee Dorsey
Secretary of Cultural Resources
Early Years: Bom in El Reno,
Oklahoma, August 30, 1924 to
Charles Galileo and Mary Sue
(Sowers) Griffee (both deceased).
Education: Penn Hall School,
1937; Wayne State University, 1943-
46; University of Southern California,
1953-55; University of Maryland,
1960.
Professional Background:
Owner and Manager: Whitford Gal-
leries, Mulberry Boutique, Mulberry
Antiques.
Organizations: Art Advisory
Committee, Craven County Com-
munity College; New Bern Historic Preservation Foundation; Design thai
(IBEC) Bangkok, Thailand, 1964-69; Royal Thai Art Society; Craven County
NC Symphony Association (former President — two terms).
Political Activities: Secretary, Department of Cultural Resources, 1985-;
Chairman, 1985 Gubernatorial Inaugural Committee, 1984-85; Chairman,
GOP 1st Congressional District, 1983-85 (Vice Chairman, 1981-83); Republi-
can National Platform Committee, 1980; Chairman, Reagan for President
Committee, Craven County, 1976; Delegate, Republican National Conven-
tion, 1976-80; Campaign Manager, Craven County, Helms for Senate, 1978;
GOP Candidate, NC House of Representatives, 1980; GOP Candidate, NC
Secretary of State, 1984.
Religious Activities: Member, First Church of Christ Scientist, New
Bern; Board of Directors, 1976-85; Literature Distribution Chairman; Lecture
Chairman.
Family: Married, Commander P.C. Dorsey of New Bern, August 31, 1951.
Children: Sam Brian Dorsey, Jonathan Boyce Jones, Robert Bruce Jones.
598 North Carolina Manual
SECRETARIES
DEPARTMENT OF CULTURAL RESOURCESi
Name Residence Term
Samuel T. Ragan-' Moore 1972-1973
Grace J. Rohrer^ Forsyth 1973-1977
SaraW. Hodgkins'' Moore 1977-1985
Patric G. Dorsey"' Craven 1985-
'The Executive Organization act, of 1971 created the "Department of Art, Culture and History,"
with provisions for a "Secretary" appointed by the governor. The Organization Act of 1973 changed
the name to the "Department of Cultural Resources."
^Ragan was appointed by Governor Scott.
^Rohrer was appointed on January 5, 1973, by Governor Holshouser to replace Ragan.
^Hodgkins was appointed on January 10, 1977, by Governor Hunt to replace Rohrer.
^Dorsey was appointed January 7, 1985, by Governor Martin to replace Hodgkins.
The Executive Branch 599
THE DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
The Department of Commerce was established as a part of the State
Government Reorganization Act of 1971. At that time, the department
consisted almost entirely of regulatory agencies and the Employment Security
Commission.
The 1989 General Assembly passed legislation (HB 381) changing the name
of the department from the Department of Commerce to the Department of
Economic and Community Development. This legislation also created a new
division — the Division of Housing — with provisions for an Assistant Secretary
for Community Development and Housing. Another piece of legislation, HB
480, created two additional divisions by transferring the Division of Community
Assistance and the Division of Employment and Training, previously assigned
to the Department of Natural Resources and Community Development, to the
Department.
The Department of Economic and Community Development serves North
Carolina and its citizens by assisting in all areas of our state's economic and
community development. The scope includes industry recruitment, business
retention and expansion of existing industries, foreign reverse investment and
enhancing import and export opportunities. With the addition of the two new
divisions, the department is in a position to serve the state by adding
community development and planning, as well as recruitment and training, to
the functions previously indicated. All of the functions are carried out through
the many divisions and agencies within the department which can be grouped
under the following categories: the Office of the Secretary, The Deputy
Secretary, the Assistant Secretary for Economic Development, the Assistant
Secretary for Community Development and Housing, the Employment
Securities Commission, and Regulatory Agencies.
Administrative operations of the department are handled by the Deputy
Secretary of Economic and Community Development and include such
traditional functions as fiscal and personnel management, information
services (publications, etc.) and legislative liaison work. Also under the
jurisdiction of the deputy secretary is the Science and Technology Research
Center. The Center provides businesses in our state with a broad array of
research and information services including computer aided literature searches
and document location services. As one of only seven research centers of its
kind in the country, the Center receives a portion of its funding from the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
The Department also has several agencies that are related through budget
pass through only. The Biotechnology Center of North Carolina and Micro-
electronics Center of North Carolina are two science and research focused
agencies associated with the Department. In addition, the North Carolina
Industrial Commission receives financing through the Department's budget.
The Rural Economic Development Center, which focuses on the continued
economic development of rural communities, is also funded through the
Department.
600 North Carolina Manual
Office of the Secretary
The Department of Economic and Community Development is headed by a
Secretary who is appointed by the Governor and serves at his pleasure. Within
the Office of the Secretary is the Existing Industries Division, Public Affairs,
and an Agricultural Advisor to the Governor who specializes in Agribusiness.
Existing Industries Division
One of the primary concerns of the department is the retention and
expansion of our traditional industries. The Existing Industries Division is
headed by an assistant secretary. The division works with businesses in these
industries through existing industry visits, improvements in response services
to troubled companies, exploration of early warning forecasting opportunities
for plant layoffs, and continued assistance to companies on environmental
matters.
Public Affairs
Public Affairs is the communications arm of the department and keeps the
media and public informed about changes and happenings in the many areas
of interest of the department.
Assistant Secretary for Community Development and Housing
Division of Community Assistance
The Division of Community Assistance provides aid to North Carolina's
counties and municipalities in the areas of community development, land use,
public management and economic development planning. The division works
to accomplish goals through the administration of the federally financed
Community Development Block Grant program, the Main Street program and
through direct technical assistance to local governments.
Division of Employment and Training
The Division of Employment and Training is charged with the task of
administering the Job Training Partnership Act, a federally funded program.
The division supports the Private Industry Councils and oversees all programs
being operated at the local level by the Service Delivery Areas. The division is
the designated Dislocated Worker Unit and administers the dislocated worker
program for the state.
Energy Division
The Energy Division is a national leader in many areas of energy manage-
ment and conservation. The division engages in emergency planning in the
event of an energy crisis, administers a weatherization grant program which is
federally funded, and provides technical assistance for industrial, commercial
and agriculture needs. In addition, the Energy Division manages numerous
energy conservation programs including one for schools and hospitals, as well
as the formation of energy policies for the state.
The Executive Branch 601
Assistant Secretary for Economical Development
Business/Industry Development Division
The Business/Industry Development Division is North CaroHna's lead
division for business and industrial recruitment. Its staff works closely with
other public and private development organizations to attract new industries
to the state. The Division operates a statewide office in Raleigh and eight
regional field offices. This division also oversees the Business and Industry
Retention Program to encourage the growth and expansion of North Carolina's
existing businesses and companies.
Commerce Finance Center
The Finance Center administers a variety of economic development related
financing programs including Industrial Revenue Bonds, the state Industrial
Renovation Fund and a Basic Building Fund. Another program is the Job
Creation Tax Credit, designed to assist in the creation of jobs in the state's
designated economically distressed counties.
Film Division
The Film Office was established in 1980 to encourage and assist motion
picture and television production activity throughout the state. The office
operates as a specialized unit of economic development under the direction of
the Secretary. Primary targets of the office's recruitment program are major
Hollywood studio productions, television commercials, and independent
theatrical and television films.
International Trade Division
As its name implies, the department's International Trade Division is
primarily responsible for North Carolina's foreign trade and industrial
recruitment activities. With representatives in Tokyo, Japan and Dusseldorf,
West Germany, the division helps foreign firms interested in establishing new
business operations in North Carolina, and assists Tar Heel firms in marketing
products and services overseas.
Small Business Development Division
While the Business/Industry Development Division works with existing
firms, the Small Business Development Division acts to encourage the growth
and development of new businesses and smaller firms that are already
operational. Under the direction of an assistant secretary, the division
operates a clearinghouse for small business information and referrals, and
serves as an advocate for small business concerns in government policy
making. The division has an Office of Minority Business Development which
helps minority-owned firms and certifies firms for the state's purchasing
program to assist minority-, women-, and disabled-owned enterprises.
Division of Travel and Tourism
The Division of Travel and Tourism operates as a chamber of commerce for
the entire state. Travel is one of the largest and most important industry in our
state. From convention and visitors bureaus, to welcome centers, to providing
602 North Carolina Manual
information about North Carolina to interested travelers all across the nation,
the division promotes North Carolina as a vacation destination. The purpose
of the division is to increase travel expenditures in North Carolina, create
additional employment and personal income for those employed by the Travel
Industry, and to strengthen the overall economy of the state. This is achieved
by conducting the state travel advertising campaign, servicing travel inquiries,
and producing a public relations program on behalf of the state.
State Ports Authority
North Carolina operates state ports at Wilmington and Morehead City and
leases operation of a small harbor at Southport as well as the Charlotte
Intermodal Terminal in Charlotte. Ships from most of the world bring or pick
up goods at the Morehead City and Wilmington Ports. Under the direction of
the Secretary and The State Ports Authority Board, the State Ports Authority
promotes the use of North Carolina's ports, oversees construction of facilities
at the ports, and operates ports services, such as cranes to unload the goods off
the ship.
Technological Development Authority
The Technological Development Authority provides direct seed capital
financing for North Carolina small businesses developing new or improved
products and processes. The authority also provides direct grants to nonprofit
community-based organizations establishing small business 'incubator'
facilities designed to house and support new small businesses in their earliest
stages of development.
Employment Security Commission
The Employment Security Commission administers the North Carolina
Employment Service, North Carolina's unemployment insurance program,
and prepares labor market information.
The Employment Service Division
Employment Service provides job placement services to all members of the
public, including interviewing, counseling, testing, job development, and
referral. Specialized services are available to the handicapped, the aged, youth, '
veterans, and to migrant and seasonal farm workers. The Employment Service
is also involved in the administration of such federal programs as Work |
Incentive (WIN), Veterans Employment Service (VES), and the Job Training i
Partnership Act (JTPA). ■
The Unemployment Insurance Program i
The Unemployment Insurance Program provides benefits to workers un-
employed through no fault of their own. The ESC determines entitlement to
benefits and makes payments to eligible claimants. The agency also ad- !
ministers federal unemployment insurance programs such as Federal Supple-
mental Benefits (FSB); Special Unemployment Assistance (SUA); Unemploy- 1
ment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE), and others.
The Executive Branch 603
The Labor Market Information Division
The Labor Market Information Division of ESC compiles figures on
unemployment and employment in wages, projected occupational needs, and
other data. This information is used by federal and state officials, planners,
and prospective employers for a variety of purposes.
Regulatory Agencies
The regulatory agencies use their authority independently of the Department
of Economic and Community Development, including holding hearings and
engaging in rule making; however, the Department does provide administrative
services for the regulatory agencies.
Alcoholic Beverage Control Commission
The ABC Commission is responsible for controlling all aspects of the sale
and distribution of alcoholic beverages in North Carolina. The State's system
is unique among the 50 states because of more than 150 separate county and
municipal ABC Boards which are responsible for the sale of alcoholic
beverages in the counties or cities of the State. In each case a vote of the people
was required to establish the system.
Banking Commission
The Banking Commission regulates and supervises the activities of the
banks and their branches chartered under the laws of North Carolina. The
Commission is responsible for the safe conduct of business; the maintenance of
public confidence; and the protection of the banks' depositors, debtors,
creditors, and shareholders. The staff of the Office of Commissioner of Banks
conducts examinations of all state-chartered banks and consumer finance
licensees; processes applications for new banks, applications for branches of
existing banks, and all applications for licenses. In addition, the Office of
Commissioner of Banks supervises the state's bank holding companies, Sale
of Checks Act licensees, and pre-need burial trust fund licensees.
Burial Commission
The Burial Commission supervises and audits the nearly 300 North Carolina
mutual burial associations, which have approximately one-half million
members. A mutual burial association is a nonprofit corporation that pays a
limited amount toward burial expenses.
Cemetery Commission
The Cemetery Commission regulates and supervises the activities of
cemeteries, cemetery management organizations, cemetery sales organiza-
tions, cemetery brokers, and individual pre-need cemetery sales people licensed
under the laws of North Carolina. Its principal function is to conduct
examinations of all licensed cemeteries. It also authorizes the establishment of
and licenses cemeteries, cemetery sales organizations, cemetery management
organizations, cemetery brokers, and pre-need salespeople.
Credit Union Commission
The Credit Union Commission supervises and regulates the operations of
over 200 state chartered credit unions, which serve over nearly half-a-million
604 North Carolina Manual
members. Its staff conducts annual examinations of all credit unions to insure
proper bookkeeping and compliance with the law.
Industrial Commission
The Industrial Commission administers the Workers' Compensation Act;
the State Tort Claims Act; and the Law Enforcement Officers', Firemen's and
Rescue Squad Workers' Death Benefit Act. Additionally, the Commission has
been charged with the responsibility for administering the Childhood Vaccine-
Related Injury Compensation Program, effective October 1, 1986.
Milk Commission
The Milk Commission was formed in 1953 and has the primary responsibility
of assuring that an adequate supply of wholesome milk is available to the
state's citizens. To accomplish this, the Commission has been given the
authority to regulate the production, marketing, and distribution of milk. The
Commission establishes the minimum prices milk producers are paid for raw
milk.
Rural Electrification Authority
The Rural Electrification Authority supervises the electric membership
corporations and telephone membership corporations in the state to see that
they apply their rules and regulations on a non-discriminatory basis to
individual North Carolinians. It also acts as an ombudsman for member
complaints and as the liaison between the membership corporations and the
United States Rural Electrification Administration for federal loans. All loan
applications must first have the approval of the North Carolina Rural
Electrification Authority Board before they can be considered by the federal
Rural Electrification Administration.
Savings and Loan Commission
The Savings and Loan Commission regulates and supervises savings and
loan associations chartered under the laws of North Carolina. Its principal
functions are to supervise and to examine all state-chartered savings and loan
associations and to process applications for new charters, branches, mergers,
and acquisitions.
Utilities Commission
The Utilities Commission regulates rates of various utilities. It also investi-
gates customer complaints regarding utility operations and services. The
seven member Commission has jurisdiction over public electric, telephone,
natural gas, water and sewer companies, passenger carriers, freight carriers,
and railroads.
Utilities Commission Public Staff
The Utilities Commission Public Staff was created by the 1977 General
Assembly. The Public Staff represents customers in rate cases and other
utilities matters. This independent staff appears before the Commission as an
advocate of the using and consuming public.
The Executive Branch 605
Boards and Commissions
Alcoholic Beverage Control Commission (G.S. 18B-200, 18B-203)
Banking Commission, State (G.S. 53-92)
Burial Association Commission, N.C. Mutual (G.S. 58-241.8)
Cape Fear River Navigation and Pilotage Commission (G.S. 76-1)
Cemetery Commission (G.S. 65-50)
Community Development Council (G.S. 143B-305, 306)
Credit Union Commission (G.S. 143B-439)
Economic Development Board (G.S. 143B-434)
Employment Security Commission (G.S. 96-3)
Employment Security Commission, Advisory Council [G.S. 96-4(e)]
Energy Policy Council (G.S. 113B-3)
Hazardous Waste Treatment Commission (G.S. 143B-470)
Industrial Commission (G.S. 97-1; G.S. 143-291; G.S. 143-166.1)
Job Training Coordinating Council (G.S. 143B-344.14)
Milk Commission (G.S. 106-266.7)
Morehead City Navigation and Pilotage Commission (G.S. 76-1)
National Park, Parkway and Forest Development Council, N.C. (G.S. 143B-447)
Ports Authority, State, (G.S. 143B-452)
Ports Railway Commission (G.S. 143B-469)
Rural Electrification Authority (G.S. 117-1)
Savings and Loan Commission (G.S. 54-24-1)
Seafood Industrial Park Authority (G.S. 113-315.25)
Technological Development Authority (G.S. 143B-471)
Utilities Commission (G.S. 62-10)
606
North Carolina Manual
James Thomas Broyhill
Secretary of Economic and
Community Development
Early Years: Born in Lenoir,
Caldwell County, August 19, 1927 to
J.E. and Satie (Hunt) Broyhill.
Education: Lenoir High School,
1946; UNC-Chapel Hill, B.S., (Busi-
ness Administration), 1950.
Professional Background :
Former Vice President, Broyhill Fur-
niture Industries, Lenoir, N.C.
Organizations: Former member,
Lenoir Chamber of Commerce (Presi-
dent, 1955-57).
Boards and Commissions: North
Carolina Economic Development
Board (past Chairman, 1987-89); Member, Board of Directors, Carolina
Freight Corporation, 1987-.
Political Activities: Secretary, N.C. Department of Economic and Com-
munity Development; 1989-; Member, Executive Cabinet; Member, Executive
Cabinet Secretaries, 1989-; United States Senate, 1986-87; United States
House of Representatives, 1963-1987; Member, Republican Party.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church, Lenoir.
Family: Married, Louise Horton Robbins of Durham, June 2, 1951. Chil-
dren: Marylin (Broyhill) Beach, James Edgar, II, Philip R.
The Executive Branch 607
SECRETARIES
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT^
Name Residence Term
George Irving Aldridge^ Wake 1972-1973
Tenney I. Deane, Jr.^ Wake 1973-1974
Winfield S. Harvey^ Wake 1973-1976
Donald R. Reason^ Wake 1976-1977
Duncan M. Fairclothe Wake 1977-1985
Howard Haworth^ Guilford 1985-1987
Claude E. Pope^ Wake 1987-1989
James T. BroyhilP Caldwell 1989-
'The Executive Organization Act of 1971 created the "Department of Commerce," with provisions
for a "Secretary" appointed by the Governor. The Department of Commerce was reorganized and
renamed by legislative action of the 1989 General Assembly.
^Aldridge was appointed by Governor Scott.
^Deane was appointed on January 5, 1973, by Governor Holshouser to replace Aldridge. He resigned
in November, 1973.
^Harvey was appointed on December 3, 1973, by Governor Holshouser to replace Deane.
^Beason was appointed on July 1, 1976, by Governor Holshouser to replace Harvey.
^Faircloth was appointed on January 10, 1977, to replace Reason.
'Haworth was appointed January 5, 1985, to replace Faircloth.
•^Pope was appointed by Governor Martin to replace Haworth.
'Broyhill was appointed by Governor Martin to replace Pope.
608 North Carolina Manual
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH
AND NATURAL RESOURCES
The Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources has a long
and diverse history. When North Carolina began enforcing game laws in 1738,
acting years before statehood became a fact, the process began to form what we
know today as the Department of Environment, Health, and Natural
Resources.
Two hundred and thirty years later when the state's character was shifting
from rural to urban, community development programs emerged to set the
stage for eventual inclusion into the department's field of responsibility. The
need for a geological survey with public funds prompted the earliest state
governmental activity in the natural resources area. A professor at the
University of North Carolina was paid the handsome sum of $250 per year on a
four-year grant from the Legislature to survey the state's geology and mineral
resources.
By 1850 the state had embarked on an ambitious earth sciences program to
include not only physical sciences but also agricultural and silvicultural
functions, as well. In 1891, the North Carolina Geological Survey was formed,
later expanded, and in 1905 renamed the N. C. Geological and Economic
Survey — the forerunner organization to the Department of Envrironment
Health, and Natural Resources.
State direction on environmental matters picked up speed as the 20th
Century dawned. As early as 1899, the State Board of Health was given some
statutory powers over water pollution affecting sources of domestic water
supply. The power to control and the pollution of our waters has remained
constant since.
The state employed its first graduate forester in June of 1909, leading to the
creation of the North Carolina Forest Service (known today as the Division of
Forest Resources) in 1915 with a single purpose — to prevent and control
wildfires.
1915 also was the year the system of state parks was born, when Governor
Locke Craig moved the Legislature to save Mount Mitchell before loggers could
emasculate it. The legislators created Mount Mitchell State Park in response.
That same year, federal and state laws were passed to protect watersheds and
streams. And the legislature established the North Carolina Fisheries Commis-
sion Board, charging it the with stewardship and management of the state's
fishery resources. With that creation came the power to regulate fisheries,
enforce laws and regulations, operate hatcheries, and carry out shellfish
rehabilitation activities.
By 1925 the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey moved another
step in its eventual progression to the present-day organization. It became the
Department of Conservation and Development, consolidating and encompass-
ing many natural resource functions. The focus was on geology, but many
other associated natural resource functions also grew. Although the depression
slowed business at all levels, the public programs, such as the Civilian I
The Executive Branch 609
Conservation Corps (CCC), were a boon to the natural resource programs of the
state. More than 76,000 CCC workers fanned out across the state, constructing
fire towers, bridges, erosion control dams, buildings, planting trees and
fighting forest fires. Many of the facilities in our state parks built by the CCC
are still in use today.
The Division of Forest Resources established its nursery seedling program in
1924, adding its management branch in 1937 and creating a State Parks
Program as a branch operation in 1935. A full-time Superintendent of State
Parks was hired and the stage was set for parks to develop into Division status
by 1948.
All across the spectrum of state government, growth was evident in the first
three decades of the 1900's. Interest declined in geology and mineral resources
which had begun the organizational push in the first place. Geological and
mineralogical investigations at both federal and state levels were poorly
supported financially. From 1926-1940, the Division of Mineral Resources was
literally a one-man show, operated by the State Geologist.
The war years (1938-1945) provided new impetus for that segment of the
environment. The need for minerals to meet wartime shortages gave new
lifeblood to geological and mineral resources in North Carolina.
An ambitious cooperative effort was undertaken by the state and the U.S.
Geological Survey in 1941, beginning with a ground water resources study.
That effort continued through 1959, when the Department of Water Resources
was formed. 1941 had also witnessed a far-ranging study by the state of
geology and mineral resources in the western regions of North Carolina in
cooperation with the Tennessee Valley Authority.
A long legislative struggle that lasted three full sessions of the General
Assembly brought the state's first comprehensive, modern water pollution
control law in 1951. The cornerstone of North Carolina's early 19th Century
effort to affect our environmental lifestyle — water and geology — were coming
into focus at the same time.
The 1951 State Stream Sanitation Act (renamed in 1967 as the Water and Air
Resources Act) became the bedrock for today's complex and inclusive efforts to
affect our water resources and an important part of the legal basis for today's
water pollution control program. It established a pollution abatement and
control program based on classifications and water quality standards applied
to the surface waters of the state.
By 1959, the General Assembly had created the Department and Board of
Water Resources, moving the State Stream Sanitation Committee and its
programs into the new Department. By 1967, it had become the Department of
Water and Air Resources, remaining active in water pollution control and
adding a new air pollution control program.
The Division of F'orest Resources expanded its comprehensive services
during the 1950-1970's, as did many of the state agencies concerned with the
growing complexity of environmental issues. The nation's first Forest Insect
and Disease Control Program was set up within the Division in 1950, the Tree
Improvement Program began in 1963, the Forestation Program was added in
1969, and the first Educational State Forest became operational in 1976.
For the first half of this century, our state parks grew simply by the
generosity of public spirited citizens. Appropriations for operations were
610 North Carolina Manual
minimal until the State Parks Program was established within the N.C. F'orest
Service in 1935. The parks were busy sites for military camps in the 1940's, but
isolated leisure spots for most of the years.
The growth in attendance, and a corresponding need for more appropriations
to serve that growth, surfaced in the early 1960's and continues today. The 1963
State Natural Areas act guaranteed that future generations will have pockets
of unspoiled nature to enjoy. The 1965 Federal Land and Water Conservation
Fund required the state to have a viable plan for park growth.
The General Assembly pumped new financial life into the state park system
with major appropriations in the 1970's for land acquisition and operations. By
the mid-1980's, park visitation was surpassing six million a year, facilities
were being taxed to the limit, and a new era of parks expansion and
improvements was beginning.
In the 1960's, the need to protect fragile resources was evident on several
fronts. The Division of Geodetic Survey began in 1959, the Dam Safety Act was
passed by the General Assembly in 1967, and North Carolina became the first
state to gain federal approval of its Coastal Management Program with the
1974 passing of the Coastal Area Management Act. By the early 1970's, the
state's involvement in natural resource and community lifestyle protection
bore little resemblance to the limited structure of state organizations of the late
1800's.
The Executive Organization Act of 1971 placed most of the environmental
functions under the Department of Natural and Economic Resources. That Act
transferred 18 different agencies, boards and commissions to the department,
including the functions of the old Department of Conservation and Develop-
ment. As some of the titles changed and some of the duties of old agencies were
combined or shifted, the stage was set for the 1977 Executive Order which
created the Department of Natural Resources and Community Development.
That brought together not only the growing community development pro-
grams, but pulled the always popular North Carolina Zoological Park (created
in 1969 and expanded continuously since) and the Wildlife Resources Com-
mission under the Natural Resources and Community Development umbrella.
During the mid-1980's however, a growing need developed to combine the
interrelated natural resources, environmental and public health regulatory
agencies into a single department. With the support of the Administration the
General Assembly passed legislation in 1989 to combine elements of the
Department of Human Resources and the Department of Natural Resources
and Community Development into a single Department of Environment,
Health, and Natural Resources.
Three of the old NRCD divisions (Community Assistance, Economic Op-
portunity, and Employment and Training) transferred to other departments.
The remaining divisions were combined with the Health Services Division
from the Department of Human Resources to form the new agency.
Office of the Secretary
Perhaps no other state agency equals the complexity of responsibilities nor
deals more directly with the public than does the Department of Environment,
Health, and Natural Resources. Its day-to-day operations touch the lives of
The Executive Branch 611
North Carolinians constantly, from the quality of water coming out of a faucet
to how many campsites are available at a state park.
The Department's work is carried out by nearly 3,600 employees, many of
whom work "in the field." Personnel from such divisions as Forest Resources,
Wildlife Resources, Parks and Recreation, and Marine Fisheries, must be
stationed at specific sites in order to serve the public and protect our State's
natural resources.
Policy and administrative responsibility for the far-flung operations of the
Department rests with a Secretary, appointed by the Governor. Working with
the Secretary to oversee the Department's divisions and offices are two deputy
secretaries — a Deputy Secretary for Environment and Natural Resources and
a Deputy Secretary for Health and Administration — and four assistant
secretaries, each one heading up one of four broad service areas. These service
areas are Environmental Protection, Natural Resources, Health, and Ad-
ministration. Also within the Office of the Secretary is the Governor's Waste
Management Board and the Personnel Division.
Governor's Waste Management Board. The Governor's Waste Manage-
ment Board plans and oversees the safe and effective management of
hazardous and low-level radioactive wastes in North Carolina.
Personnel Division. The Personnel Division is responsible for all per-
sonnel management functions within the department includingcompliance
with all state and federal laws and regulations and promoting a quality
workforce of permanent and temporary employees.
Deputy Secretary for Environment and Natural Resources
Office of Public Affairs
Public Affairs provides graphic art, publication, photographic and writing/
editing services for the department and its divisions, and informs the public
about the programs of the department and the services available.
Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine Study
The Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine Study was created to evaluate the water
quality of the sounds, their living resources, and to develop strategies for
managing and improving the environmental quality of the sounds.
Pollution Prevention Pays Program
Pollution Prevention Pays program promotes effective means of reducing,
preventing, recycling and eliminating wastes prior to their becoming
pollutants.
Regional Offices
Seven strategically located regional offices serve as home base for staff
members from several other divisions, such as Environmental Management,
Land Resources, Water Resources, and Coastal Management. The regional
office concept allows the Department to deliver its program services to citizens
in a comprehensive and coordinated manner at the community level. Regional
offices are in Asheville, Fayetteville, Mooresville, Raleigh, Washington,
Wilmington, and Winston-Salem.
612 North Carolina Manual
Deputy Secretary for Health and Administration
Office of Chief Medical Examiner
The Medical Examiner System is a statewide public service organization
providing health benefits to the state's citizens. The problems addressed by the
Medical Examiner System is death, whether by criminal act or default, by
suicide, while an inmate of any penal institution, or under any suspicious,
unusual or unnatural circumstances, and without medical attendance.
Office of the Chief Nurse
The Office of the Chief Nurse coordinates public health nursing services with
Local Health Departments and the statewide public health nursing programs
to ensure safe, legal practices by qualified public health nurses.
Office of Health Education
Health Education provides department-wide services in developing health
education strategies for environmental, community, and personal health
programs. This unit has graphic art and media specialist capabilities.
Office of Legislative Affairs
Legislative Affairs is the department's liaison with the North Carolina
General Assembly. Part of its role is to monitor proposed legislation and the
work of the legislative study and research committees and commissions to
ensure adequate representation of the department's interest.
Assistant Secretary for Environmental Protection
Coastal Management Division
Coastal Management is responsible for carrying out the provisions of the
N.C. Coastal Area Management Act. It processes major development permits,
reviews all dredge and fill permit applications, and determines consistency of
state and federal grants and projects which are part of the N.C. Coastal
Management Program.
Environmental Management Division
Environmental Management is responsible for the comprehensive planning
and management of the state's air, surface water and groundwater resources.
The division issues permits to control sources of pollution, monitors permitted
facility compliance, evaluates environmental quality, and pursues enforcement
actions for violations of environmental regulations.
Land Resources Division
Land Resources is responsible for protecting and conserving the state's land,
minerals and related resources. Its programs relate to sedimentation pollution
control, mine land reclamation, dam safety, land records management,
geodetic survey, and mineral resources conservation and development.
Marine Fisheries Division
Marine Fisheries establishes and enforces rules governing coastal fisheries.
It conducts scientific research as a basis for regulatory and development
The Executive Branch 613
decisions and conducts programs to improve the cultivation, harvesting and
marketing of shellfish and finfish.
Radiation Protection Division
Radiation Protection administers a statewide radiation surveillance and
control program. Their goal is to assess and control radiation hazards to the
public, workers, and the environment through licensing, regulating, registering
and monitoring radiation facilities.
Solid Waste Management Division
Solid Waste Management administers programs to regulate and manage
hazardous and solid waste disposal to protect the public health. Programs
consists of Hazardous Waste, Solid Waste, and the Superfund.
Water Resources Division
Water Resources conducts programs for river basin management, water
supply, water conservation, navigation, stream clearance, flood control, beach
protection, aquatic weed control, hydroelectric power and recreational uses of
water.
Assistant Secretary for Natural Resources
Forest Resources Division
Forest Resources is the lead agency in managing, protecting and developing
the forest resources of the state. The division carries out programs of forest
management, assistance to private landowners, reforestation, forest fire
prevention and suppression, and insect and disease control.
Parks and Recreation Division
Parks and Recreation administers a statewide system of park and recreation
resources. It manages state parks, state natural areas, state recreation areas,
state trails, state lakes, and natural and scenic rivers.
Soil and Water Conservation
Soil and Water Conservation administers a statewide program for conserva-
tion of the state's soil and water resources. It serves as staff for the state's Soil
and Water Conservation Commission and assists the 94 local soil and water
conservation districts and their state association.
Zoological Park Division
The North Carolina Zoo displays representative species of animal and plant
life from the various land and sea masses of the world. It provides educational
and research opportunities. The Zoo maintains a program for the conservation,
preservation and propagation of endangered and threatened plant and animal
species.
Assistant Secretary for State Health (State Health Director)
Adult Health Services Division
Adult Health Services' responsibility is to decrease premature morbidity and
mortality among adult North Carolinians by fostering health promotion and
614 North Carolina Manual
disease prevention activities. A few of the programs include Kidney Disease
and Cancer Treatment, Migrant Health, and environmental, community and
personal health strategies.
Dental Health Services Division
Dental Health provides preventive dental and educational services to the
citizens of N.C. It stresses that primary care should be provided by private
providers. When such care is not available, the office assists local con munities
to initiate programs to provide dental services. Program activities range from
school water fluoridation to preventive dental health for children.
Environmental Health Division
Environmental Health (Public Water Supply, Pest Management, Environ-
mental Community Health) is responsible for the protection of the public
health through the control of environmental hazards which cause human
illnesses and disease or which may have a cumulative adverse effect on human
health. Its programs include the protection of the public water supplies,
wastewater management, and shellfish sanitation.
Epidemiology Division
Epidemiology deals with the incidences, distributions and control of disease
in a population. It monitors environmental and other factors that affect the
public health and develops measures to reduce or eliminate these factors.
Programs examples include communicable disease control, tuberculosis control
and occupational health.
Laboratory Service Divisions
Laboratory Services provides testing services and is the primary laboratory
support for local health departments. Its tests include Clinical Chemistry,
Hematology, Cancer Cytology, Environmental Microbiology and Chemistry.
Maternal and Child Care Division
Maternal and Child Care is responsible for assuring, promoting and
protecting the health of families. The emphasis is on women of child-bearing
age, on children and on youth. Program examples include Family Planning,
Maternal and Child Care, and Developmental Disabilities. ,
Assistant Secretary for Administration
Computer Systems Division
Computer Systems supports the department's mainframe computer applica- j
tions, manages the communication network, serves as the liaison to the State '
Information Processing Services for mainframe application development, and
provides end-user support for personal computers and mainframe end-user
applications. j
i
Fiscal Management Division
Fiscal Management administers the department's budget policy and provides i
support and services to the divisions in travel, invoice processing, budget I
management, capital projects, payroll and timesheet reporting.
The Executive Branch 615
General Services Division
General Services is responsible for the department's procurement policy. It
provides support services to the divisions on purchases and contracts, real
property matters and other administrative services.
Office of the General Council
The Office of the General Council provides legal opinions and advice to
divisions in the department, negotiates settlement agreements, reviews and
evaluates the legal aspects of department activities and programs, conducts all
personnel case appeals, and administers enforcement actions taken by the
department.
Planning and Assessment Division
Planning and Assessment supports department with issue development,
long-range planning and policy coordination through information gathering
and research.
Statistics and Information Services Division
Statistics and Information Services is the state's focal point for developing
and maintaining statewide health and environmental statistics. Data on
births, deaths, fetal deaths and hospital resources are available through
annual publications, special research and statistical reports. It also houses the
State's geographic information system which maintains a database of natural
and cultural resource information.
Wildlife Resources Commission
The Wildlife Resources Commission is a semi-autonomous agency that
manages and protects all wildlife in the state, conducting restoration programs
for endangered species of wildlife and restocking game fish in state waters. It is
responsible for boating safety and boat registration, construction of boat access
areas on lakes and rivers, and hunter safety programs. The Commission
conducts an extensive environmental education program for the state's school-
age population. A cadre of wildlife officers patrols the state's waters, and the
Commission issues permits to hunt and fish in the state's water and land areas.
Boards and Commissions
Air Quality Council (G.S. 143B-317)
Anatomy, Commission of (G.S. 130-33.30)
Coastal Resources Advisory Council (G.S. 113A-105)
Coastal Resources Commission (G.S. 113A-104)
Environment, Health and Natural Resources, Board of [G.S. 143B-280 (1973)]
Environmental Management Commission (G.S. 143B-282)
Fire Commission, State (G.S. 58-27.30)
Forestry Council (G.S. 143B-308, 143B-309)
Health Services, Commission for (G.S. 130A-29)
John H. Kerr Reservoir Committee [G.S. 143B-328, 143B-329]
Land Policy Council, N.C. (G.S. 113A-153)
Land Records, Advisory Committee on
Marine Fisheries Commission (G.S. 143B-286, 143B-287, 143B-288)
616 North Carolina Manual
Mining Commission, N.C. (G.S. 143B-291)
Parks and Recreation Council (G.S. 143B-311, 143B-312)
Perinatal Health Care Programs Advisory Council
Physical Fitness and Health, Governor's Council on (G.S. 130A-33.40)
Radiation Protection Commission (G.S. 104E-8)
Recreation and Natural Trust Fund, Board of Trustees of
Sedimentation Control Commission (G.S. 143B-298, 143B-299)
Sickle Cell Syndrome, Council on (G.S. 143B-188)
Soil and Water Conservation Commission (G.S. 143B-294, 143B-295, 143B-296)
Trails Committee, N.C. (G.S. 143B-333)
Governor's Waste Management Board
Wastewater Treatment Operators Certification Commission (G.S. 143B-300,
143B-301)
Water Treatment Facility Operators Board of Certification
Wildlife Resources Commission (G.S. 143B-281, 143-240, 143-241)
Zoological Park Council (G.S. 143B-335)
The Executive Branch
617
William W. Cobey, Jr.
Secretary of Environment,
Health, and Natural Resources
Early Years: Born in Washing-
ton, D.C., May 13, 1939, to William
Wilfred and Mary Gray (Munroe)
Cobey.
Education: Northwestern High
School, 1954-57; Severn School, 1957-
58; Emory University, B.A. (Chemis-
try), 1962; University of Pennsylvania,
MBA (Marketing), 1964. University
of Pittsburgh, M.Ed. (Health and
Physical Education), 1968.
Professional Background:
Management Consultant, 1982-84;
Athletic Director, UNC, 1976-80; As-
sistant Athletic Director, UNC, 1971-
76; Assistant Business Manager, UNC, 1969-71; Academic Counselor, UNC,
1967-68; Salesman, Dow Chemical Co., 1965-66; Administrative Assistant,
Suburban Trust Co., 1964-65.
Organizations: Former member: Chapel Advisory Board, Home Savings
and Loan Association; 1981 State Finance Chairman, Fellowship of Christian
Atheletes; Chairman, Chapel Hill District Sustaining Membership Enroll-
ment, Boy Scouts of America, 1979; Taxpayers Education Coalition, 1980-82.
Boards and Commissions: Member: Board of Directors, NC Association
for the Emotionally Troubled, Inc.; NC Job Training Coordinating Council;
Advisory Commission for Museum of Natural History; Blue Ribbon Commis-
sion of Coastal Initiatives; Board of Public Telecommunication Commis-
sioners. Former board member: United Fund of Chapel Hill-Carrboro
(Assistant Campaign Chairman, 1971); Chapel Hill - Carrboro YMCA
(President, 1975, 1976, 1981); Former board member Chapel Hill Chapter of
AFS.
Political Activities: Secretary, NC Department of Environment, Health
and Natural Resources, 1989-; Secretary, NRCD, 1989; Deputy Secretary, NC
Department of Transportation, 1987-89; US House of Representatives, 1985-
87, 4th District; Chairman, NC Republican Party (Resolutions Committee,
1981).
Military Service: Served, US Army, (Private E-1), Summer, 1957 (medical
discharge).
Awards and Honors: "Distinguished Service Award," Chapel Hill -
Carrboro Jaycees, 1977.
Religious Activities: Member, Chapel Hill Bible Church; Member, Board
of Deacons, 1988-.
Family: Married, Nancy Lee Sullivan, February 20, 1965. Children:
Catherine, William.
618 North Carolina Manual
SECRETARIES
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH
AND NATURAL RESOURCESi
Name Residence Term
Roy G. Sowers-^ Lee 1971
Charles W. Bradshaw, Jr. ' Wake 1971-1973
James E. Harrington' Avery 1973-1976
George W. Little'' Wake 1976-1977
Howard N. Lee« Orange 1977-1981
Joseph W. Grimsley' Wake 1981-1983
James A. Summer" Rowan 1984-1985
S. Thomas Rhodes^ New Hanover 1985-1988
William W.Cobey, Jr. 1" Rowan 1989-
'The Executive Organization Act, passed by the 1971 General Assembly, created the "Department
of Natural and Economic Resources" with provisions for a "Secretary" appointed by the governor.
The 1977 General Assembly took further steps in government reorganization. The former Department
of Natural and Economic Resources became the Department of Natural Resources and Community
Deveopment. NRCD was reorganized and renamed by legislative action in the 1989 General
Assembly.
'Sowers was appointed by Governor Scott and served until his resignation effective November 30,
1971.
'Bradshaw was appointed by Governor Scott and served until his resignation effective November
30, 1971.
'Harrington was appointed on January 5, 1973, by Governor Holdshouser to replace Bradshaw. He
resigned effective F'ebruary 29, 1976.
■'Little was appointed on March 1, 1976, by Governor Holshouser to replace Harrington.
•"Lee was appointed on January 10, 1977, by Governor Hunt to replace Little. He resigned effective
July 31, 1981.
"Grimsley was appointed on August 1, 1981, to replace Lee. He resigned effective December 31, 1983.
'^Summers was appointed on January 1, 1984, by Governor Hunt. He resigned effective January 5,
1985.
''Rhodes was appointed January 7, 1985, by Governor Martin to replace Grimsley.
'"Cobey was appointed by Governor Martin in January, 1989.
The Executive Branch 619
DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES
The Department of Human Resources helps individuals, families and
communities in their efforts to achieve adequate levels of health, social and
economic well-being. The services of the Department are provided by over 500
programs, many of which are delivered on a local level by various county-
operated agencies. Closely related programs are organized within divisions at
the state level. The functions of the divisions are described in the next section.
One of the goals of the department working through its divisions is to offer
prevention services and early intervention programs to reduce cost in both
human suffering and dollars and cents. At the same time, the Department is
dedicated to providing appropriate quality care for individuals in need of
assistance.
Office of the Secretary
The chief executive officer of the Department is the Secretary of Human
Resources, who is appointed by the Governor. The Secretary is supported by
the Deputy Secretary of Human Resources, the Assistant Secretary for
Administration and Liaison Services, the Assistant Secretary for Children
and Families and the Assistant Secretary for Budget and Management. The
division directors in the Department also provide direct support to the
Secretary.
Staff to the Office of the Secretary provide support and assistance to the
division and to the Secretary in several important areas including intergovern-
mental relations, personnel, fiscal management, volunteer services, public
information, program analysis, legal and citizens referral.
Office of Volunteer Services
The Office of Volunteer Services is organized to promote volunteerism
through effective Volunteer Program Management. The office provides tech-
nical assistance, consultation, and training to local human resources units,
while developing policy for volunteer services within the department. This is
provided to any Department of Human Resources unit requesting this service.
Up to date statistical information on volunteer involvement is collected from
programs in each division by this office. Statewide recognition is provided
annually. All matters related to volunteering are referred to this office.
Office of Information and Referral
The Office of Information and Referral provides reliable information and
accurate referrals regarding available human services in North Carolina to the
general public, organizations and governmental agencies through the state-
wide toll-free telephone service known as the CARE-LINE. The program serves
as the departmental ombudsman by receiving and investigating complaints
against the department and responding to requests for services. Information
and Referral also acts as the contact within the department for the Governor's
Office of Citizen Affairs, members of the North Carolina Legislature, members
of the Washington delegation, and the general public. It assists agencies and
620 North Carolina Manual
organizations across the state which are interested in developing or enhancing
an Information and Referral operation by providing technical assistance and
consultation and educates the general public and agency staff. This program
provides statistical information on calls and ombudsman cases to the DHR
divisions for program evaluation and agency planning.
Assistant Secretary for Administration and Liaison Services
Office of Boards, Commissions and Legislative Affairs
Responsible for keeping track of Departmental board and commission
vacancies and obtaining recommendations. Also responsible for aiding in the
development of Department Legislative policy and keeping track of all
legislative action which affects the Department.
Office of Governmental Liaison Services
The Office of Governmental Liaison Services is a state office in the
Secretary's office. This office is responsible for monitoring the day-to-day
operations between the Department and relevant governmental bodies at the
interstate levels. Moreover, this office will keep abreast of positions taken by
key organizations including, but not limited to, the National Governors'
Association and the North Carolina Association of County Commissioners in
order to support the Secretary in the analysis of human resource policy
formulation.
In addition to other assignments given by the Secretary, the director of
Office of Governmental Liaison Services is responsible for review of federal
legislation and grants; for the coordination of transportation planning within
the Department; for monitoring long-term care policy information; and for
liaison with provider associations that have an interest in the programs
administered by the Department.
Office of Public Affairs
The Office of Public Affairs is the Department's public link with the citizens
of North Carolina providing information through mass media and printed
material on available services and preventive health information. It also edits
documents for public dissemination.
Assistant Secretary for Budget and Management ,
Division of Budget and Analysis
The Division of Budget and Analysis is a staff division in the Secretary's ■
Office. The Division Director is responsible to the Assistant Secretary for-
Budget and Management. The Division addresses the needs of the Department ;
for in-depth and on-going monitoring and analysis of program operations and ^
budget utilization. The Division manages the development and operation of:
the Department's budget and provides Departmental services in the area of
purchasing and contracts, property management and control, and manage-:
ment of special reports. i
I
Office of the Controller i
The Office of the Controller is a staff office in the Secretary's Office. Thej
Controller is responsible to the Assistant Secretary for Budget and Manage-i
The Executive Branch 621
ment. The Controller's Office was established to improve accountability and
increase credibility of Departmental accounting operations. This office
manages all accounting and financial reporting functions in the Department,
including payroll, cash receipts, cash disbursements, accounts receivable,
accounts payable, fixed assets accounting, cost allocation and reimbursement,
cash management, accounting systems development, internal accounting
controls and resolution of financial audits. The Controller is the Department's
liaison with the Office of the State Controller and Office of the State Auditor.
Assistant Secretary for Children and Family
Office of Children and the Family
The Office of Children and the Family is responsible for facilitating and
expanding services for children and their families through long-range plan-
ning, networking, and mobilizing the resources of public and private organiza-
tions. The assistant secretary serves as liaison between the major divisionsin
the Department, other state departments, and other governmental agencies,
including the Department of Public Instruction, to advocate and support
programs for children and families. An inter-agency approach is used to focus
on such prevention and treatment issues as infant mortality, homeless
families, needs of children in specialized foster care, as well as needs of
handicapped children and their families.
Council on Development Disabilities
The Council is a planning body which works to ensure that the state of North
Carolina responds to the needs of individuals with developmental disabilities
(severe, chronic mental or physical impairments which begin at an early age
and substantially limit major life activities). The purpose of the council is to
promote prevention of developmental disabilities; to identify the special needs
of people with developmental disabilities; and to help meet those needs through
interagency coordination, legislative action, public awareness, and advocacy.
North Carolina Parent-to-Parent Office
The North Carolina Parent-to-Parent Office is working to reduce adolescent
substance abuse in our state by stimulating local communities to implement
and conduct a substance abuse prevention program for parents. This program
is the National Parents' Resource Institute for Drug Education to Parent-to-
Parent Program.
Parent-to-Parent is a video-based workshop for parents of preteens and
teens. Its goal is to train the participants in the skills and abilities necessary to
get their children through the adolescent years without drug and alcohol use.
In the event that their child does develop an alcohol or drug program, the
participant is present with a framework for recognizing the program and
dealing with it effectively.
The goal of the North Carolina Parent-to-Parent Program is to create a
statewide network of volunteers to conduct this training. By using trained local
facilitators, Parent-to-Parent can be tailored to each community's specific
needs.
622 North Carolina Manual
Divisions of the Department of Human Resources
Division of Personnel Management Services
The Division of Personnel Management Services provides personnel manage-
ment services to the approximately 34,600 state, local and contractual
employees under the jurisdiction of the Department. This includes providing
administrative support on personnel matters to the Department's state
agencies and local mental health, health services and social services agencies.
These services include position management, salary and pay administration,
organization and management development, employee benefits, personnel
policy administration, employee relations, affirmative action, occupational
safety and health and general consultation on all personnel related matters.
Division of Aging
The Division of Aging funds programs for older adults in North Carolina
with federal and state grants, and advocates for the special needs of all older
North Carolinians. The organization is directed by the Assistant Secretary on
Aging who is appointed by the Secretary of Human Resources. It includes a
central office staff which administers its programs through 18 lead regional
organizations and a network of local service providers. The major thrust of the
Division is to assist older adults in maintaining their independence and to
have lifestyle choices.
Division of Services for the Blind
The Division's objectives are to prevent blindness, restore vision and to
provide services which compensate for the loss of vision. The principal officer
of the Division is the Director, who is appointed by the Secretary of the
Department of Human Resources.
The Division's Medical/Eye Care Program provides examinations, glasses,
surgery and/or treatment to eligible individuals throughout the State. For
those whose vision cannot be restored, services are provided so they may
continue to live in their home or community. These services include orientation
and mobility, braille, typing, homemaking and personal adjustment instruc-
tion.
Those blind and visually impaired individuals who desire employment are
provided Vocational Rehabilitation services which include skills that enable a
person to enter the job market. These skills include instruction in operating
concession stands and making products in the home. When a person cannot
work and needs care, financial assistance is available to meet rest home costs.
The Division operates the N.C. Rehabilitation Center for the Blind which
provides adjustment services to help compensate for the loss of vision. The
Division also operates a comprehensive Evaluation Unit for prevocational and
vocational evaluations. Another program, the Multi-handicapped Program, is
designed for children with significant visual impairments as well as other
conditions.
The Governor Morehead School in Raleigh is a residential/day school
program for the visually impaired. The academic program is designed for
legally blind students who cannot receive appropriate instruction in there
The Executive Branch 623
home communities. The Governor Morehead School also functions as a
regional resource center to public school programs and the community. The
school offers evaluation and diagnostic services, in service training, and
general consultation and works in conjunction with local education agencies to
ensure appropriate educational placement of children.
Division of Services for the Deaf and the Hard of Hearing
The Division of Services for the Deaf and the Hard of Hearing is responsible
for the operation of six regional community service center offices strategically
located in Asheville, Charlotte, Morganton, Greenville, Raleigh, and
Wilmington. The Division is also responsible for the operation of three
residential/day school programs for the deaf located in Morganton, Greens-
boro, and Wilson.
The Regional Community Service Center offices provide individual and
group counseling, contact services, information and referral services, technical
assistance to other agencies and organizations, orientation to deafness
training, advocacy for persons who are deaf and hard of hearing and those who
are deaf with one or more other handicaps, and for interpreter services to
access local services. The Centers also promote public awareness of the needs
of, and resources and training opportunities available to agencies and persons
who are deaf and hard of hearing.
The residential/day school programs for the deaf provide preschool through
high school education for students up to 21 years of age. Each of the schools
also operates preschool satellite programs which serve hearing impaired
children under five years of age in a network of community based classes
throughout the state. Additionally, the schools for the deaf have developed
special services for multi-handicapped students. These students have one or
more handicaps in addition to being hearing impaired.
The Multi-handicapped Program is designed for children with significant
hearing impairments and some degree of mental retardation or other handi-
capping conditions such as cerebral palsy, behavioral or emotional problems
or physical handicaps.
The N.C. Schools for the deaf also function as regional resource centers to
public school programs and the community. The schools offer evaluation and
diagnostic services, inservice training, and general consultation. All three
schools work in accord with local education agencies to ensure appropriate
educational placement of hearing impaired children.
The Division has an early detection of deafness system through its
Beginnings for Parents of Hearing Impaired Children Program, intermediate
parents training in the preschool program, and a continuum of services after
school straight into the community services program.
The Division is responsible for the management of the Telecommunications
Devices for the Deaf (TDD) special equipment distribution program to eligible
hearing and speech impaired persons ages 7 and over. Such equipment
includes TDD communication units which allow deaf and speech impaired
persons to communicate over the telephone with others who have similar units,
telephone ring signal units, and special telephone amplifiers for hard of
hearing persons.
624 North Carolina Manual
The Division is in the process of developing and implementing an interpreter
assessment program to evaluate the competencies of such interpreters and to
certify them according to such competencies so they may serve as interpreters
for persons who are deaf or hard of hearing covering a wide range of situations.
The Division provides staff and administrative support to the N.C. Council
for the Deaf and the Hard of Hearing which has responsibility in reviewing
existing state and local programs for persons who are deaf or hard of hearing
and to make recommendations to the Department of Human Resources and the
Division of improvements of such programs or the need for new programs or
services.
The principal officer of the Division is the Director, who is appointed by the
Secretary of the Department of Human Resources.
Division of Facility Services
The Division of Facility Services is composed of eight major sections:
licensure, certification, construction, radiation protection, certificate of need,
emergency medical services, health resources development and child day care.
The Licensure Section program licenses health and social service facilities,
including hospitals, nursing homes, home health agencies, and various types
of group homes, the latter of which are licensed in cooperation with the State
Division of Social Services and local departments of social services. The
program is also responsible for the licensure of agencies soliciting charitable
contributions, for the semiannual inspection of local confinement facilities
and registration of bingo games.
The Construction Section is responsible for reviewing plans of and in
inspecting health and social services facilities, assuring that they are safe and
functional.
The Certificate of Need Section reviews proposals under the certificate of
need statute submitted by certains types of health care facilities for any capital
expenditure currently in excess of $2,000,000 or for any new institutional
health services with an annual operating cost of $1 ,000,000. This review has an
expressed intent to control costs to ensure that only needed facilities and/or
health care services are offered. Without an approved certificate of need, new
construction, renovation, establishment of a new health services, or purchase
of equipment cannot take place.
The Emergency Medical Services Section has established and maintains
programs for the improvement and upgrading of prehospital emergency
medical care throughout the state.
The Health Resources Development Section is an effort to provide available
and accessible everyday medical care to the State's rural citizens. An
international model, its primary goal has been the establishment of rural
health centers in medically deprived areas of the state. The Office also includes
a statewide physician recruitment program.
Other primary responsibilities include providing staff to the State Health
Planning Coordinating Council and developing the State Health Plan which is
produced annually.
The Certification Section certifies various health care facilities and services
for reimbursement for the Medicare and Medicaid programs. This is done, in
The Executive Branch 625
part, through various contacts from the federal government. This Section also
reviews the records of patients who are reimbursed to insure that they are
properly placed in beds which provide the level of care needed.
The Child Day Care Services Section is responsible for the licensing,
reimbursement, and training of personnel who work in child day care
programs and plans throughout the state. This includes the operation of a
special unit which investigates allegations of child abuse and neglect involving
child day care facilities.
The Division also develops the State Medical Facilities Plans.
The Division provides staff and administrative support to the Medical Care
Commission which has responsibility for promulgating rules for the licensure
of hospitals, nursing homes, ambulatory surgical facilities, and other health
care facilities and to the Radiation Protection Commission which has rulemak-
ing authority for the regulation of x-ray and radioactive materials and to the
Child Day Care Commission which has rulemaking authority for the regulation
of child day care programs and plans. Under the Health Care Facilities
Finance Act, effective in 1976, the Medical Care Commission approves the
issuance of tax-exempt revenue bonds for construction of an equipment
acquisition by health care facilities. This Act provides a financing vehicle
whereby a facility may undertake capital financing at a relatively low cost,
and ultimately, hold down the cost of medical care to its patients.
Division of Medical Assistance
The Division of Medical Assistance is responsible for managing the state's
Medicaid program. This includes policy development, eligibility requirements,
provider enrollment, fraud and abuse, quality control, claims processing and
utilization review. The claims processing function is performed under contract
by a fiscal agent secured via competitive bid process. Counties perform the
eligibility determination functions under state supervision.
To qualify, a citizen must meet financial need requirements and must also
meet categorical conditions. Categorical conditions include residence in the
state, United States citizenship or residence under provisions of immigration
laws, and sufficient membership in one of the state's coverage groups. The
groups covered include Medicare A enrollees, persons age 65 and above,
persons who are disabled or blind, dependent children under age 21 , children in
foster care or adoptive placements, caretaker relatives of children under age 18
and pregnant women.
Medicare A enrollees are entitled to Medicaid payment for their Medicare
and/or B premiums, deductibles and coinsurance charges. A pregnant woman
may receive prenatal care services and other Medicaid services needed for
conditions that may complicate her pregnancy. Other Medicaid eligibles are
entitled to all Medicaid services covered by the program including physician
services, eye care, dental, home health, inpatient hospital as well as outpatient,
nursing home and prescriptions.
Federal, State and County governments share in the costs of this program.
In the 1988 Fiscal Year, approximately 404,000 Medicaid recipients received
medical services at a cost of $983 million.
626 North Carolina Manual
Division of Mental Health, Mental Retardation and
Substance Abuse Services
This Division provides services for the mentally ill, the developmentally
disabled, the alcoholic and the drug abuser. Programs are under the supervision
of the Director of the Division, who is appointed by the Secretary of Human
Resources.
The organization includes a central office staff and four regional offices.
Residential care and treatment are offered at four regional psychiatric
hospitals, five centers for developmentally disabled, three alcoholic rehabilita-
tion centers, a special care facility, and two re-education programs for
emotionally disturbed children and adolescents.
A major thrust of this Division's programs is community services. There are
forty-one (41) area mental health developmentally disabled and substance
abuse programs serving all one hundred ( 1 00) counties in the state and offering
a wide variety of services — out-patient treatment, day programs, emergency
care, partial hospitalization, local inpatient services, and consultation and
education. Additional group homes for the developmentally disabled and
emotionally disturbed continue to be developed. Sheltered workshops provide
training opportunities and day activity programs, and halfway houses help to
serve people in their home communities. These programs are operated by local
area boards, a group of citizens appointed by county commissioners and
charged with planning and operating services to meet local needs.
The Commission for Mental Health, Mental Retardation and Substance
Abuse Services, consisting of 25 members, 21 appointed by the Governor and 4
by the Legislature, has the power and duty to adopt rules and regulations to be
followed in the conduct of Division programs. Also the Commission reviews
Division plans and advises the Secretary of Human Resources.
Its programs are administered through a network of unit, sub-unit, and
facility offices throughout the State.
Division of Social Services
The Division of Social Services works to promote and deliver services to
children to help them become productive citizens, to enhance community
alternatives to institutional care so the elderly may remain in their homes as
long as possible, and to provide public assistance to eligible persons who need
help with obtaining shelter, food, energy and personal needs.
North Carolina has a state-supervised/county-administered social services
system. The Division supervises the administration of public assistance
programs including Aid to Families with Dependent Children, Food Stamps,
Low Income Energy Assistance, State-County Special Assistance, and Foster
Care and Adoption Assistance payments. The Division also administers social
services programs. These include the provision of in-home services, protective
services for adults and children, adoptions, foster care, and many other
supportive services.
The major priority for services to children is prevention of problems.
Emphasis is on strengthening protection for children vulnerable to de-
pendency, neglect and abuse with continuing emphasis on permanency
planning for foster children to ensure permanent homes for them. In addition,
The Executive Branch 627
emphasis is placed on the provision of services to families to reduce out-of-
home placement for children and enable families to remain intact. For adults,
the priority is in-home services, including chore, homemaker, home-delivered
or congregate meals, and adult day care. There is increasing demand for
protective services for the frail elderly and other disabled adults.
The Division also serves North Carolina in other ways. The Child Support
Enforcement program collects money from absent parents for support of their
minor children. The federal Job Corps Recruitment Program offers deprived
young people between the ages of 16 and 21 the opportunity to receive skills
training, basic education and counseling. The Work Incentive Program and
the community Work Experience Program enable AFDC recipients to get jobs
and develop skills. The Division is the agency responsible for implementing in
North Carolina the provisions of the federal Family Support Act of 1988 which
is designed to promote greater self-sufficiency for AFDC clients and prevent
long-term welfare dependency. Finally, through an agreement with the Social
Security Administration, Disability Determination Services makes medical
decisions on disability applicants for Social Security Disability and Supple-
mental Security Income.
Division of Vocational Rehabilitation Services
The Division has responsibility for vocational rehabilitation of individuals
who have a substantial physical, emotional, or mental handicap that prevents
them from becoming employed. There must be a reasonable expectation the
vocational rehabilitation services may benefit the individual in terms of
employability.
An individual may refer himself to Vocational Rehabilitation, or may be
referred by doctors, schools, or other agencies or individuals.
For those eligible, Vocational Rehabilitation provides a comprehensive
program of diagnosis, medical treatment, restoration, prosthetic and hearing
aid appliances, counseling, training at colleges, technical schools and sheltered
workshops, and job placement. The Division also has a staff of specially
trained rehabilitation engineers to deal with accessibility, job and home
modification, and transportation problems. Practically any goods and services
necessary to render a handicapped person employable can be provided. The
division also administers and independent living rehabilitation program for
severely handicapped individuals who cannot necessarily achieve a vocational
goal, but who need services in order to live independently.
Division of Youth Services
The Division of Youth Services is responsible for operating the state's five
training schools for delinquent children (ages 10-17), and four state-owned
detention centers; for providing funding and technical assistance to com-
munity-based programs; for developing a one-on-one volunteer program; and
for managing the Eckerd Wilderness Camp. The principal officer of the
division is the director, who is appointed by the Secretary of the Department of
Human Resources.
The emphasis of the division is prevention, treatment and therapy. Com-
munity-based alternative programs serve as options to training schools for
628 North Carolina Manual
children 10-17 who are in trouble with the law, or in danger of getting into
trouble. These options include alternative school programs, specialized foster
care, emergency shelter care, group homes, counseling, volunteer and re-
creational therapeutic counseling.
The division's One-on-One Volunteer Program is designed to provide an
opportunity for each youth (ages 10-17) who comes to the attention of the courts
to have a caring adult volunteer with whom he or she can develop and
maintain a meaningful relationship.
The four Eckerd Wilderness Camps provide treatment for children ages 10-15
who have behavioral problems, and/or who are in conflict with the law. This
program serves children who cannot function in a normal community, school
or family setting.
The division's five training schools serve children ages 10-17. Four of the
schools are regional centers and accept youths found to be delinquent by the
courts. They include Dobbs School in Kinston, Stonewall Jackson School in
Concord, the Juvenile Evaluation Center in Swannanoa, and Samarcand
Manor in Eagle Springs. The fifth school, C.A. Dillon in Butner, is the most
secure campus.
The Juvenile Evaluation Center, Samarcand Manor, and C.A. Dillon are
co-educational while the other training schools work with males.
Boards and Commissions
Aging, Governor's Advisory Council on (G.S. 143B-181)
Alcohol and Drug Abuse Among Children and Youth, Governor's Council
(Executive Order 23)
Blind, Commission for the (G.S. 143B-158)
Blind Professional Advisory Commission, Commission for the (G.S. 143B-162)
Blind, Consumer and Advocacy Advisory Committee for thel8
Child Day Care Commission (G.S. 143B-168)
Developmental Disabilities, Council on (G.S. 143B-177-179)
Emergency Medical Services Advisory Council
Family Planning Advisory Council (G.S. 143B-10)
Rehabilitation Centers for the Physically Disabled, Advisory Committee on
Hearing Impaired Council (G.S. 143B-214)
Health Coordinating Council, N.C. State (Public Law 93-641; as amended
96-79)
Holocaust, N.C. Council on
Human Rights Commission for State Psychiatric Hospitals, State Mental
Retardation Centers and State Alcoholi Rehabilitation Centers (G.S. 131E-67;
143B-147)
Independent Living, Advisory Committee on Comprehensive Services for (P.L.
34CFR 365.9)
Injury Prevention, Governor's Task Force on (Executive Order 78)
Medical Care Commission (G.S. 143B-165-166)
Medical Care Advisory Commission, State (G.S. 142-lB)
Mental Health Study Commission [Resolution 80 (1974); Chapter 792 (Part
VIII), Session Laws of 1985]
The Executive Branch 629
Mental Health, Mental Retardation, and Substance Abuse Services, Commis-
sion for (G.S. 143B-147)
Governor Morehead School, Board of Directors
New County Managers Advisory Committee
Nursing Home Administrators, Board of Examiners for (G.S. 90-277)
Penalty Review Committee (G.S. 143B-10 131D-34; 131E-129)
Perinatal Care Advisory Council, Statewide (G.S. 130-257)
Refugee Program Advisory Council, State (G.S. 143B-10)
Sickle Cell Syndrome Council (G.S. 143B-188)
Social Services Commission (G.S. 143B-154)
630
North Carolina Manual
David Thomas Flaherty
Secretary of Human Resources
Early Years: Born in Boston,
Massachusetts on December 9, 1928
to Thomas and Mabel Flaherty.
Education: Boston University,
June 1955, B.S. (Business Administra-
tion).
Professional Background: Secre-
tary, Department of Human Re-
sources.
Organizations: Former member,
NC State Educational Foundation;
Boston University Alumni Council;
Lenoir Optimist Club. Former Chair-
man: Trustees for Fort Defiance;
Lenoir Beautification Committee;
Legislative Committee for NC Cystic
Fibrosis Research Foundation. Former President: Lenoir High School Band
Boosters; Lenoir Youth Activities. Former Commander, Post 60 of the Dis-
abled American Veterans; Founder and First President of the Bunny
Maynard Midget Football League; Former Council Training Chairman,
Council Commissioner, National Convention Delegate, District Scout Chair-
man, Cubmaster, and Vice-Chairman for Organization and Extension and
recipient of the Silver Beaver Award, Boy Scouts of America.
Boards and Commissions: Chairman, 1987 State Employees Combined
Campaign Member of the Following: Governor's Advocacy Council for
Persons with Disabilities; NC Center for Public Television; Advisory Council
on Community Support Services; Governor's Commission for the Family;
Cooperative Planning Consortium of Special Ed; Governor's Crime Commis-
sion; Governor's Drug Cabinet; Council on Developmental Disabilities, Dis-
ability Review Commission; Domiciliary Home Advisory Council; Human
Resources and Human Rights Education; Farm Workers Council; Fetal
Alcohol Syndrome Task Force; NC Fund for Children and Families Commis-
sion; Head Injury Task Force; Health Insurance Trust Committee; Commis-
sion on Indian Affairs; Interagency Comprehensive Preschool Planning
Committee; Interagency Advisory Team on Alcohol and Drug Abuse; NC
Job Training Council; Joint Conference Committee, NC Medical Society;
Governor's Commission on Literacy; Medical Database Commission; Respite
Care Services; State Board of Sanitarian Examiners and Governor's Waste
Management Board.
Political Activities: Secretary, Department of Human Resources, 1987-;
Chairman, Employment Security Commission, 1985-87; Chairman, NC
Republican Party, 1981-83; Republican Candidate for Governor, 1976;
The Executive Branch 631
Secretary, Department of Human Resources, 1973-76; State Senator, 1968,
re-elected 1970; Republican National Committee member; Member, Site Com-
mittee and Vice-Chair for Housing, 1984 Republican National Convention;
Caldwell Co. Precinct Chairman; Co-Chairman, Broyhill for Congress Com-
mittee; Chairman, Caldwell County Republican Party; Former State Chair-
man, National Committeeman, National Co-Chair for Campaigns, State
Vice-Chairman, and County Chairman for the NC Federation of Young
Republicans; Outstanding Young Republican, 1964.
Military Service: United States Army, 1949-52.
Religious Activities: Member, United Methodist Church, Raleigh, N.C.
Family: Married to the former Nancy Hamill of Boston. Children: David,
Jr., Debbie, Steve, Jon, Bobby.
61VZ NoKTH Carolina Manual
SECRETARIES
DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES'
Nanu- Residenoe Term
Lenox D. Baker-^ Durham 1972-1973
David T. Flaherty' Wake 1973-1976
Phillip J. Kirk, Jr.' Rowan 1976-1977
Sarah T. Morrow'- Guilford 1977-1985
LucvH. Rode'' Wake 1985
Phillip J. Kirk, Jr.' Rowan 1985-
'Tho Kxocutivc Organization Act of 1971 created the "Department of Human Resources" with
provisions for a "Secretary" appointed by the governor
-Baker was appointed hy Governor Scott.
'Flaherty was appointed on -January ">, 197.'!, hy Governor Holshous<'r to replace Baker, he resigned
in April, 197(S.
'Kirk was appointed on A|)ril (i, 197(i, hy (lovernor Holshouser to re|)lace Flaherty.
'Morrow was appointed on , January 10, 1977, liy Cioveror Hunt to replace Kirk.
''fiode was appointed effective January 1, UtKf) and served until Kirk was appointed.
■ Kirk was appointed -January 7, UtSf), by ( lovernor Martin. He resigned elfective March '2. 19S7 to
heconu' ( 'hief of Staff to the (lOvernor.
■^Kayye served as interim secretary between March 'J. and April S, 19S7.
''J''laherfy was appointed April H, 1987 to replace Kirk.
The Executive Branch 633
DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE
Considerable public dissatisfaction with the tax structure of North Carolina
over a period of years and recommendations for substantial changes or
reforms by at least two study groups culminated in a constitutional amendment
in 1920 authorizing the enactment of a net income tax and providing for the
elimination of the property tax as a source of state revenue. The General
Assembly enacted a comprehensive net income tax in 1921, which was
effective for the 1921 income year.
Prior to the enactment of the income tax, the administration of the state tax
laws was dispersed among several state agencies. The state general property
tax was administered by county officials, subject to the supervision of the Tax
Commission. The Tax Commission also assessed the tangible property of
railroads and public service companies and the "corporate excess" of all
corporations with the values certified to counties for local taxes and to the State
Auditor for state taxes. The State Auditor billed each corporation for the
property tax due the State based on these values and for the franchise tax due.
The taxes due from corporations were paid directly to the State Treasurer. If
payments were not made by the due date, the Treasurer notified the Auditor,
who was responsible for taking the necessary legal steps to enforce payment,
the inheritance tax was administered by clerks of Superior Court under the
supervision of the Tax Commission. Fees for automobile licenses were collected
by the Secretary of State.
The experience of other states had demonstrated that an income tax such as
that enacted in 1921 could not be effectively enforced without centralized
administration. In recognition of this, the new law was assigned to the Tax
Commission for administration.
The principal function of members of the Tax Commission was to serve as
the Corporation Commission, which regulated public utilities. Because of the
bifurcation of the Commission's responsibilities, the General Assembly in the
closing days of the 1921 Session created the Department of Revenue, headed by
a Commissioner of Revenue, to assume the responsibility of State revenue
administration, enforcement and collection. The new Department had the
distinction of being the first such department in the United States. The
inheritance tax unit and the franchise and corporation tax assessment units
were transferred from the Tax Commission, and the Department became
responsible for administering the new income tax.
The Department of Revenue was organized in May 1921, with only sixteen
persons on the payroll. An income tax unit was organized in October. The
average number of employees for the 1921-22 fiscal year was only thirty. The
cost of operation was $87,125 and collections amounted to $3,120,064 from
income and inheritance taxes.
In 1923 the assessment and collection of the franchise tax were transferred
from the State Auditor and the Treasurer to the Department of Revenue, and
collection of Schedule B license taxes became the responsibility of the
Department. Previously, the license taxes had been collected by the county
634 North Carolina Manual
sheriffs or tax collectors. A license tax division and a field forces division were
organized.
Two acts of the General Assembly in 1925 further expanded the Department.
The Motor Vehicle Bureau of the Department of State, which administered
automobile license taxes, the gasoline tax, and the bus and truck franchise tax,
was transferred to the Department of Revenue. In addition, the collection of
taxes on insurance companies was transferred to the Department, although
the tax liability was determined by the Commissioner of Insurance.
The Motor Vehicle Bureau was placed under a deputy commissioner and
remained separate from the rest of the Department of Revenue. The Bureau
was composed of the registration unit, the theft unit, the gasoline tax unit, and
branch offices. The division of accounts, the supplies office, and the cashier's
office served both the Motor Vehicle Bureau and the revenue units. The cost of
operating the Bureau was paid from the Highway Fund and the remainder of
the Department of Revenue was financed from the General Fund.
No further changes of any significance were made until 1933 when a general
sales tax and a beverage tax were enacted. A new unit was created to
administer the sales tax and the administration of the beverage tax was placed
in the license tax unit. The Highway Patrol was transferred from the Highway
Department to the Revenue Department and assigned to the Motor Vehicle
Bureau. The gasoline and oil inspection unit of the Department of Agriculture
was moved to the Department of Revenue.
In 1935 the Highway Patrol was expanded, a driver's license law was
enacted, and the Motor Vehicle Bureau was divided into two divisions-a
Division of Highway Safety (including the Highway Patrol, the Driver's
License Unit, and a Radio Unit) and the Motor Vehicle Bureau. Each division
had a director who reported directly to the Commissioner of Revenue.
The General Assembly enacted the intangible personal property tax in 1937
pursuant to a constitutional amendment adopted in 1936, permitting classifica-
tion of property by the General Assembly, with different classes of property
being treated differently. Intangible property was the only classification made
initially. Such property was to be taxed exclusively by the State. Half of the
proceeds were to be distributed to counties, cities, and towns. (The local share
has been increased over the years until, at present, over 93 percent is
distributed to local governments.) A gift tax was also enacted to complement
the inheritance tax. The intangibles tax was placed in the franchise tax unit
and later a separate intangibles tax division was created.
Prior to 1939 a new revenue act was adopted each biennium. A permanent act
was enacted in 1939, requiring no action by subsequent sessions of the General
Assembly unless the existing act was amended. The 1939 act, as amended,
remained in effect until 1989 when major changes were made by the General
Assembly. As enacted, the permanent Revenue Act of 1939 included a use tax to
corriplement the sales tax.
During the 1930's the Department of Revenue grew rapidly because of the
acquisition of new units, notably the Highway Patrol, and the increase in the
number of tax returns handled.
The Highway Safety Division was engaged in law enforcement and its
activities were unrelated to the collection of revenue. As the size of this activity
The Executive Branch 635
increased, it became apparent that these diverse functions should be housed in
separate agencies. In 1941 on the recommendation of the Governor, a
Department of Motor Vehicles was established. The new department received
the Division of Highway Safety and all of the activities and agencies of the
Motor Vehicles Bureau except the gasoline tax unit. The Department of
Revenue and the Department of Motor Vehicles continued to share certain
services. The Accounting Division of the Department of Revenue served both
departments as did the supply and service unit of the Department of Motor
Vehicles, which handled purchasing, mailing, and mimeographing. Although
the gasoline tax unit was part of the Department of Revenue, its operating
costs were charged to the Department of Motor Vehicles which was financed
out of the Highway Fund.
Another act of the 1941 General Assembly authorized the separation of a
statistical and research unit from the Department of Revenue and the
establishment of the Department of Tax Research. The Governor did not act
on this authority for more than a year, establishing the Department of Tax
Research on July 1, 1942. After this separation, the Department of Revenue
was reduced in size from almost 800 permanent employees to an average of 312
in the 1942-43 fiscal year.
No significant changes were made in the responsibilities or organization of
the Department for several years after the changes were enacted in 1941. Tax
rates, deductions and exemptions were altered, but these changes did not
materially affect the operations of the Department. The only new taxes enacted
were an excise tax on banks adopted in 1957 as part of a package of changes in
the Revenue Act recommended by a Tax Study Commission, and a cigarette
tax and soft drink excise tax enacted in 1969 as revenue measures. A local
option sales and use tax was also enacted with the tax being administered by
the Department of Revenue. The cigarette and soft drink taxes were assigned to
the Privilege and Beverage Tax Division. The local sales tax was assigned to
the Sales and Use Tax Division to be administered in conjunction with the
State sales tax as a "piggyback" tax; and the bank excise tax was placed in the
Corporate Income and Franchise Tax Division.
Office space has been a problem of the Department for most of its history.
When first organized, the Department occupied the Senate Chamber of the
Capitol, using the chamber proper, the Senate clerk's office, and some small
committee rooms on the third floor. The Department had to move when the
General Assembly met in 1923 and again during the special session of 1924.
The Department moved to the Agriculture Building before the 1925 legislative
session. A new building, known as the Revenue Building, was authorized by
the General Assembly during the 1924 Special Session, and was occupied in
1926. Space problems continued, however, as various other State agencies
moved into the building, and as numbers of tax schedules, duties, returns and
employees continued to increase. To annexes were occupied in 1948 and a third
in 1969. Short-term space is frequently rented to accommodate large numbers
of temporary employees during a major tax filing periods, and in 1985, the
Brown-Rogers Building adjacent to the Revenue Building was acquired to
house the Property Tax Division, and a number of other offices of the
Department.
636 North Carolina Manual
Critical space problems and the need for substantial modernization were
addressed by the 1986 General Assembly, which appropriated funds pre-
liminary to the construction of a new building. As of January 1987, an architect
and tentative site had been selected. It is anticipated that the new building may
be ready for occupancy in 1990.
In 1947 a small data processing unit was set up in the Sales and Use Tax
Division. The unit used punch cards to provide a mailing list of registered
merchants, to check the monthly returns for delinquency, to address letters for
all delinquent accounts, and to compile statistical data from monthly returns.
In 1949 a larger unit was added to the Income Tax Division. It provided mailing
lists of individual income taxpayers from which forms were mailed to
taxpayers the following year, provided a register used to locate returns which
were then put in "stack" files which did not require hand alphabetizing, and
aided enforcement of individual income tax collections by matching amounts
of income reported by employers against amounts shown on tax returns. This
device proved very effective in discovering cases of failure to file returns and
instances of understated income. However, for several years the psychological
impact was probably of greater importance than the actual performance of the
data processing unit in improving taxpayer compliance. In 1958 the two data
processing units were consolidated into a single unit and established as a new
division — the Division of Planning and Processing.
In 1960, the Division began processing individual income tax refunds on
automated equipment. Additional changes were implemented in 1970 with the
introduction of disk storage and in 1972, twenty data entry terminals were
added, introducing online systems to the division. Online inquiry systems were
implemented for the Individual Income Sales and Use, Intangibles and
License and Excise Tax Divisions between 1973 and 1980. An optical character
reader was acquired in 1977 to scan hand coded auditor adjustment sheets for
input to tax files. The first remote terminal was installed in a Revenue Field
Office in 1984, with micro-computers coming into use at about the same time. In
1985, an automated withholding and individual income tax accounts receivable
system was implemented, followed in 1986 by a remittance processing unit
which collects data from tax remittances and transfers it to the Revenue
computer center for processing. During 1986, the Motor Fuels, Corporate
Income and Franchise, and Inheritance Tax Divisions began using online
inquiry in their operation, and the Planning and Processing Division was
reorganized and renamed the Management Information Services Division.
During the past two years integrated data base technology had been introduced
to the department to redesign all assembler systems, and to introduce office
automation and end-user computers through the installation of a departmental
mini-computer system.
Changes continue to be made in the Department's internal organization. In
1953, separate divisions were created to administer corporate and individual
income taxes. A few years later the Franchise and Intangibles Tax Division
was divided, with the franchise tax function being assigned to the Corporate
Income and Franchise Tax Division, and with the intangibles tax function
remaining in the Intangibles Tax Division, this Division also provided staff to
the State Board of Assessment until 1967, when the Board was assigned a staff
independent of the Department of Revenue.
The Executive Branch 637
Following a Constitutional amendment, legislation was enacted in 1971 to
reorganize State government. In that year, the Department of Tax Research
became a division of the Department of Revenue, the staff of the State Board of
Assessment was returned to the Department as the Ad Valorem Tax Division,
and the Commissioner of Revenue became the Secretary of Revenue. In 1986,
the Intangibles Tax Division and the Ad Valorem Tax Division were merged
and denominated the Property Tax Division, with separate Intangibles and Ad
Valorem Tax Sections.
The Secretary is appointed by the Governor, and serves ex officio as a
member of the Tax Review Board in matters pertaining to corporate allocation
formulas only, and as a member of the Local Government Commission.
The principal duty of the Department of Revenue is to collect revenue for the
State's General and Highway Funds. The Department also collects and
distributes the intangibles tax and local sales and use tax on behalf of local
governments. It accounts for all these funds and seeks uniformity in the
administration of tax laws and regulations. The Department's activities are
divided into two broad areas: Tax Schedules and Administrative Services. The
former is divided into seven division: Corporate Income and Franchise Tax,
Individual Income Tax, Inheritance and Gift Tax, License and Excise Tax,
Motor Fuels Tax, Property Tax and Sales and Use Tax. The latter is divided
into five divisions: Accounting, Field Services, General Services, Management
Information Services and Tax Research.
Tax Schedule Area
Corporate Income and Franchise Tax Division
The Corporate Income and Franchise Tax Division administers the corporate
income and franchise tax schedules, gross earnings tax on freight car line
companies and forestry products tax. The division makes assessments or
refunds of taxes as the result of examinations. It initiates action to effect
collection of delinquent accounts and disseminates information to taxpayers
and field forces regarding the interpretation of statutes that relate to the
corporate income and franchise tax schedules. The division also conducts
conferences with taxpayers on controversial matters which have not reached
the level of the Secretary; and representatives of the division appear in
hearings before the Secretary, before the Tax Review Board and in court.
Individual Income Tax Division
The Individual Income Tax Division administers the individual income tax,
including income tax withheld by employers and estimated income tax paid by
individuals on income not subject to withholding at the source. The Divisions
issue refunds for overpayments of tax and assessments for tax shown due on
returns received without payment. Assessments are also issued for additional
tax resulting from compliance examinations of returns by auditors. The
Division provides assistance to personnel of the Field Services Division in the
assessment and collection of delinquent tax from individuals and employers.
Division personnel conduct conferences with taxpayers, accountants, and
attorneys on disputed tax issues and representatives of the division appear in
hearings before the Secretary of Revenue, before the Tax Review Board, and in
638 North Carolina Manual
court. The Division also publishes the Individual Income Tax Bulletins, a
compilation of the Division's interpretation of income tax statutes and
administrative policy.
Inheritance and Gift Tax Division
The Inheritance and Gift Tax Division processes reports of qualification
from Clerks of Superior Court, notifies qualified personal representatives of
duties in inheritance tax matters, and processes inventories of estates. It also
examines inheritance and gift tax returns for accuracy, audits returns by field
investigation, makes appraisals, examines corresponding federal returns to
insure consistent estate calculation and assesses any unpaid tax. It examines
reports by Clerks of Superior Court to determine compliance with the law by
qualified estate representatives, advises taxpayers and collectors on legal
interpretations and liability, assists in filing returns; issues waivers required
for transfer of intangible properties of estates; concludes tax cases and files
releases with Clerks of Superior Court to be recorded as official records. The
division conducts conferences with taxpayers on protested assessments and
controversial matters, and representatives of the division appear in hearings
before the Secretary, before the Tax Review Board, and in court.
License and Excise Tax Division
The License and Excise Tax Division administers the Privilege License,
Beer, Wine, Liquor, Cigarette and Soft Drink Tax Schedules. It advises
taxpayers, attorneys, accountants, and field forces on interpretation of the
laws, issues legal documents necessary to effect collection, and receives,
audits, and processes excise tax reports and applications for licenses. It
conducts conferences with taxpayers on protested assessments and con-
troversial matters and representatives of the division appear in hearings
before the Secretary, the Tax Review Board, and in court.
Motor Fuels Tax Division
The Motor Fuels Tax Division collects motor fuels taxes and inspection fees,
audits tax reports and taxpayer records, and examines and approves applica-
tions for refunds. The Division issues licenses to distributors of motor fuels
(gasoline and special fuels) and to users and sellers of special fuels and receives
and approves bonds to cover motor fuels tax liability. It also issues registration
cards and identification markers to motor carriers. It conducts conferences on
protested assessments and other controversial matters, and representatives of
the division appear in hearing before the Secretary, the Tax Review board and
in court.
Property Tax Division
The Property Tax Division is composed of the Ad Valorem Tax Section and
the Intangibles Tax Section. The duties and responsibilities these two sections
are as follows:
Ad Valorem Tax Section. The Ad Valorem Tax Section exercises general
and specific supervision over the valuation and taxation of real and tangible
The Executive Branch 639
personal property by counties and municipalities, and furnishes advice and
technical assistance to local taxing authorities. It appraises and values the
property of public service companies; determines the value to be apportioned to
North Carolina; and then allocates this value to the counties and municipalities
of the State. The Ad Valorem Tax Section also serves as staff to the Property
Tax Commission in investigating appeals and in scheduling and arranging
hearings before the Commission.
Intangibles Tax Section. The Intangibles Tax Section administers the
intangible tax schedule. It receives and audits intangible tax returns and make
assessments or refunds of taxes as a result of audits in the office or in the field.
Taxpayers are advised on interpretation of the law and are assisted in the
filing of returns. The office conducts conferences with taxpayers on protests of
assessments and controversial matters; handles the distribution of intangible
taxes to counties, cities and town and representatives of the division appear in
hearing before the Secretary, the Tax Review Board, and in court.
Sales and Use Tax Division
The Sales and Use Tax Division administers the State and local sales and
use tax laws. It establishes and maintains records on consumers, retail and
wholesale merchants, and issues notices to taxpayers on reports not filed. It
audits monthly sales and use tax reports, reviews field audit reports for
accuracy, and issues appropriate assessments from these reports. This division
also conducts conferences on protested assessments and recommends adjust-
ments where justified. Representatives of the division appear in hearings
before the Secretary of Revenue, the Tax Review Board, and in court.
Administrative Services Area
Accounting Division
The Accounting Division is responsible for cash management for the
Department of Revenue and in that capacity receives and distributes incoming
mail; deposits all remittances; itemizes each tax payment; proves total receipts
with returns; and accurately accounts for funds received. The Division also
corresponds with taxpayers on improperly drawn and undesignated re-
mittances; oversees collection of returned checks; maintains records of receipts
tendered to the department; and performs all budgetary controls for the
department including time and pay records.
Field Services Division
The Field Services Division maintains 66 revenue offices and 14 audit offices
throughout the State, one unit which audits taxpayers located outside North
Carolina and a unit which investigates criminal violation. The Division also
maintains a regional audit office in California. The Division helps insure
taxpayer compliance with North Carolina revenue laws by collecting
delinquent taxes, obtaining delinquent returns, examining taxpayer's records
for accuracy and assisting taxpayers by disseminating information and
preparing returns.
640 North Carolina Manual
General Services Division
The General Services Division orders, receives, maintains and accounts for
the inventory of all supplies, equipment and printing, and furnishes the same
to the Division and field offices throughout the State. It also handles all
outgoing mail.
Management Information Services Division
The Management Information Services Division is the focal point within the
Department of Revenue for information management, data processing, office
automation, and end user computing. The Division applies project manage-
ment and software engineering principles when developing systems, is very
sensitive to security issues, and applies quality controls to projects and
processes. The Division provides the Department a central computer service,
central systems design and maintenance, data entry support, network support
services, technical support for remittance processing, office automation
administration, micro-computer support, and information center services.
Services provided to various divisions include: data entry and/or audit
verification; preparation of refund checks, licenses, statistical reports, distribu-
tion reports for returning certain taxes to local governments, and delinquent
payment notices; and maintenance of online inquiry systems. Over 2.1 million
refund checks are written, 6.3 million documents entered through data entry
services, and 5.5 million addresses are processed for mailing tax forms to North
Carolina taxpayers annually.
Tax Research Division
The Tax Research Division compiles statistical data on State and local
taxation and publishes a biennial statistical report. The Division estimates the
revenue effect of proposed changes in the revenue laws and revenues from new
sources. Upon request, members of the General Assembly and the general
public are provided with tax information, and industrial prospects are
provided with tax brochures, hypothetical tax bills, and conferences to explain
tax laws. Technical assistance and special studies from compiled data are
made available for study commissions.
Boards and Commissions
Property Tax Commission (G.S. 143B-223)18
The Executive Branch
641
Helen Ann Powers
Secretary of Revenue
Early Years: Born in Marshall,
Madison County, June 18, 1925, to
Robert L. and Bertha (Randall)
Powers.
Education: Western Carolina Uni-
versity; School of Bank Administra-
tion, University of Wisconsin; Stonier
Graduate School of Banking, Rutgers
University.
Professional Background:
Senior Vice President, Cashier and
Director, The Bank of Asheville;
Senior Vice President and Director,
NCNB National Bank, Asheville;
Financial Consultant, Robinson
Humphrey / American Express.
Boards and Commissions: North Carolina Banking Commission, 1981-
85; Former Director, NC Bankers Association; American Bankers Associa-
tion; Government Relations Council, 1979-80; ABA Insurance and Protection
Committee, 1971-74; Director, Better Business Bureau of Western NC; Ashe-
ville Chapter, American Red Cross; NC Governor's Residence Association;
Memorial Mission Hospital Auxiliary; Asheville Chamber of Commerce;
Asheville-Buncombe Insurance Advisory Committee; Financial Advisor to
Asheville Junior League
Honors: Who's Who Among American Women; Outstanding Women of
N.C., 1987.
Political Activities: Secretary, Department of Revenue, 1985-.
Religious Activities: Member, Grace Episcopal Church, Asheville, NC;
Vestry, Altar Guild and Finance Chairman.
642 North Carolina Manual
SECRETARIES
DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE'
Namt* Rt'sidt'nce Term
Alston I). Watts- Iredell 1921-1923
Rufus A. Doughton ' Alleghany 1923-1929
Allen J. Maxwell' Wake 1929-1942
Edwin M. Gill ' Wake 1942-1949
Eugene G. Shaw'' Guilford 1949-1957
James S. Currie' Wake 1957-1961
William A. Johnson" Harnett 1961-1964
Lewis Sneed High-' Cumberland 1964-1965
Ivie L. Clayton'" Wake 1965-1971
Gilmer Andrew Jones, Jr." Wake 1972-1973
Mark H. Coble'^ Guilford 1973-1977
Mark G. Lynch' '■ Wake 1977-1985
Helen Ann Powers Madison 1985-
''Vhv Dcpartmentof Revcnut' wascroated by the 1921 (u'ni'ral Assembly with provision for thi' first
"C'ommissioner of Rovonue, to be appointed by tbe governor, by and with the advice and consent of
the Senate" for a four year term, and the succeeding one to be "nominated and elected" in 1924 "in the
manner provided for. . . other state officers." In 1929 the provision for electing a commissioner was
repealed and a provision which called for appointment of the commissioner by the governor,
substituted. The Kxecutive Organization Act of 1971 established the Department of Revenue as one of
the nineti'cn major departments. In 197.5 the title "C'ommissioner" was changed to "Secretary".
'Watts was appointed by Governor Morrison and served until his resignation on January 29, 192.'i.
'Doughton was appointed by (iovernor Morrison to replace Watts. He was elected in the general
elections in 1924 and served following re-election in 192?< until March, 1929.
'Maxwell was appointed by (lovi'rnor (Jardner to replace Doughton and served following
sul)sec|uent reappointments until -luni', 1942.
("lill was appointed by Governor Hroughlon to replace Maxwell and served following his
ri'appointment until his resignation effective July 1, 1919.
''Shaw was appointed by Governor Scott to replace Gill and served following his reappointment
until his resignation in August, 19r)7.
Currie was appointed by (H)vernor Hodges to replace Shaw and served until his resignation in
January, 19(il .
%lohnson was appointed by Governor Sanford to replace ('urrie and served until April, I9(i 1, when
he was appointed to the Superior ("ourt.
''High was appointed by Governor Sanford to replace Johnson and served until his resignation in
January, 19(ir).
'"Clayton was appointi'd by (iovernor Moore to serve as acting commissioner. Hi' was later
appointed commissioner and served following reappointment l)y Governor Scott on July 21, If)(i9
until his resignation effective December .il, 1971.
' 'Jones was appointed by Governor Scott to replace Clayton and continued serving until Coble took
office.
'-'Coble was appointed on June.S, 197.i, by Governor Holshouser to replace Jones.
' 'Lynch was appointed on -lanuary 10, 1977, to replace Coble.
''I'owers was a[)|)ointe(l -lanuary 7, I9<S,'"), by Governor Martin to replace Lynch.
The Executive Branch 643
THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
The Department of Transportation and Highway Safety was created by the
Executive Organization Act of 1971. The Department of Motor Vehicles and
the State Highway Commission were consolidated into the new department
and the newly designated Board of Transportation. In 1 977, the term "Highway
Safety" was dropped with the creation of a new Department of Crime Control
and Public Safety.
The department is headed by an executive secretary appointed by the
governor. Legislation passed in 1978 designates the secretary as an ex officio
member of the Board of Transportation he chairs. In 1977 the old Board of
Transportation was revamped and the Secondary Roads Council abolished by
forming one central body-the new Board of Transportation-to oversee trans-
portation development an problems in North Carolina.
With this reorganization, all transportation responsibilities, aviation and
mass transit as well as highways have been grouped into one department
under single administrative control.
The departmental staff manages the programs, subprograms, and allied
boards and commissions so that all are working toward the common goal of
providing optimum facilities and services to meet the present and future
transportation and highway safety needs of the people of North Carolina.
Initial efforts have been directed toward creating a program orientation rather
than a project or task approach to meeting departmental goals.
Division of Highways
The Division of Highways is responsible for accomplishing the highway
program as established by the Board of Transportation. The purpose of the
highway program is to construct, maintain, and operate an efficient,
economical, and safe transportation network consisting of roads, streets,
highways, and ferried commensurate with the resources available and the
goals and needs of the State. This division is also responsible for maintaining
the largest State Highway System in the country. This division utilizes both
state and federal funds in its road building program.
The Good Roads State
As they approached the 20th Century, the need for better roads became
increasingly apparent to most North Carolinians. Railroads simply could not
provide the internal trade and travel connections required by an ambitious
people in an expanding economy.
The beginning of the "Good Roads" movement in the state was hesitant and
seemingly inept, but it was the basis of a transportation revolution that would
bring fame to North Carolina and pride to her people.
Modern road-building in the state may have begun in 1879 with the passage
by the (general Assembly of the Mecklenburg Road Law. The statute was
intended as a general state law, but as worded, applied only to Mecklenburg. It
644 North Carolina Manual
allowed the county to build roads with financing from a property tax, and with
four days labor required of all males between the ages of 18 and 45.
The author of the legislation, Captain S.B. Alexander, saw his bill repealed,
the reenacted in 1883 as growing numbers of people acknowledged the need for
better roads. By 1895, most of the state's progressive counties had established
tax based road building plans.
As the new century dawned, interest in better roads spread from the
mountains to the coast. A Good Roads Conference in 1893 had attracted more
than 100 business and government leaders through the state. They organized
the North Carolina Road Improvement Association and promoted meetings
the following year in Chapel Hill, Raleigh and Charlotte.
Macadamized roads, which had made their appearance much earlier in the
state, became more abundant. Rural Free Delivery mail service began in 1896,
creating more interest in good roads. The Good Roads Association of Asheville
and Buncombe County was established in 1899. It was followed two years later
by the state-wide North Carolina Good Roads Association. Then Came the
automobile and a campaign for better roads that has not ceased to this day.
Before 1900, most decisions concerning transportation were dictated by
immediate needs, with little thought given to long-range goals. The planning
that went into those decisions was local-or, at best, regional. The concept of a
state-wide system existed only in the minds of a few visionary people. Well into
the new century, state policy was limited to assisting counties in meeting
transportation needs.
Fortunately, these emerging leaders who could look beyond county
boundaries were practical people who had the conviction, the determination
and the know-how to match their vision.
There was Dr. C.P. Ambler of Asheville, who campaigned for improved roads
in the western counties. There was Charles B. Aycock, the "Education
Governor" who said good roads were needed if the state was to have good
schools. There was Senator Furnifold Simmons in the east who said, "Educate
the people and there is no power in the world that will keep them from building
roads. Build roads and you cannot keep the people from becoming educated."
There was Locke Craig, the first "Good Roads" governor, who administered
the establishment of the first Highway Commission with state-wide respon-
sibilities. There was Cameron Morrison, the first governor to advocate that the
state borrow money to build roads.
There were other individuals whose contributions were lastingly significant.
There was W.C. Boren, who drove Guilford County to match Mecklenburg's
earlier effort. There was Colonial T.L. Kirkpatrick of Charlotte, who organized
the Citizen's Good Road Association and campaigned in 1920 for the issuance
of $50 million in bonds to build roads. There was Frank Page, the Highway
Commission chairman from 1919 to 1929, whose bold leadership brought the
first measure of maturity to the state's road building program.
There are countless others who labored for better roads. Three, whose names
would rank high on any "honor roll" of North Carolina transportation
pioneers were Dr. J. A. Holmes, Colonel Joseph Hyde Pratt and Harriet Berry.
Each was associated with the North Carolina Economic and Geological
Survey-described as the "cutting edge" of the roads movement in the state. And
The Executive Branch 645
each headed the North CaroHna Good Roads Association during the two
critical decades in which that Association led the struggle for better roads
across the state.
Holmes was a driving force behind the good roads movement long before
development of organized efforts to promote the cause. He was a prime mover
in establishing the Good Roads Association and served as its first executive
secretary.
Pratt succeeded Holmes as head of both the Geological Survey and the Good
Roads Association. He preached road building at reasonable cost and urged
counties to borrow money for that purpose. The advice was followed. $84.5
million was borrowed before the issuance of bonds by counties and road
districts stopped in 1927. Pratt's most important contribution to North
Carolina may have been the bringing Harriet M. "Hattie" Berry of Chapel Hill
into the association of good roads advocates.
Miss Berry quickly became an uncompromising force in the campaign. She
pushed for establishment of a State Highway Commission and, in 1915, helped
draft legislation designed to establish and maintain a state-wide highway
system. The bill was defeated, but Hattie Berry was not. She mounted a
campaign that carried into 89 counties and, in 1929, when the bill was
reintroduced. Miss Berry appeared before the legislature to answer any
lingering questions. When the final vote came, the decision was not whether to
build roads, but what kind of roads to build. The foundation had been laid. The
"Good Roads State" would now become a reality.
This pivotal point in the state's transportation history came with the
decision to accept debt as a means of getting better highways. It began slowly
at the county level in New Hanover, Mecklenburg and Guilford Counties and
spread across the state.
The time of building roads with the money at hand and a day of labor from
each able-bodied man faded. In its place rose a gigantic business enterprise, a
maze of funding and complex engineering, of building and maintaining, of
laying roads today while planning far into the future.
The road fever raged through the mid-1920's. F'ollowing passage of the
Highway Act of 1921, almost 6,000 miles of highway were built in a four-year
period. This building was a product of aggressive leadership and public
approval of a $50 million bond issue.
During the Depression years of the late 1920's and early 1980's, highway
construction stopped; moreover, some state leaders began looking to the
Highway Fund for use in meeting other public service needs. Had this
happened, it would have been devastating to the highway system. It was at
this critical time that the state, under the leadership of Governor O. Max
Gardner, assumed responsibility for all roads. An allocation of $6 million was
made for maintenance.
By 1933, the Depression had reached its climax and this, coupled with the
assumption by the state of financial responsibility for the public schools,
prompted use of highway funds for non-highway purposes. Some funds were
diverted during the Ehringhaus administration and Governor Hoey kept them
available for limited diversion.
^46 NoKTH Carolina Manual
The General Assembly of 1 935, njcognizing the damage done to the highway
system of negleet during the Depression years, made an emergency allocation
of $.5 milHon for bridge repair. Later in the session, more comprehensive action
was taken to restore the financial stability of the road program.
For the next five years, North ('arolina measured up fully to its growing
reputation as the "(iood Roads" State. Stretches of a new highway were
constructed throughout the state as revenues continued to rise.
The outbreak of World War II in 19.'{9, and United States entry into the
conflict in 1941, again brought a halt to construction. But, in a sense, the
Highway Program in North ('arolina benefitted from the moratorium. The
state, led by Governors J. Melville Broughton and Gregg Cherry, used funds
produced by the accelerated wartimeeconomy to pay off highway debts. When
Cherry left office, all debts had either been eliminated or money had been set
aside, irrevocably, to meet obligations as they came due.
Despite the interruption of the war years. North Carolina's road building
progress through the Hoey, Broughton and Cherry administrations was
dramatic. Road mileage during the period rose from 58,000 to 64,000.
It was generally conceded, however, that one important area of transportation
had been neglected-secondary roads. In the state that was leading the nation in
school bus operations, and ranked second in the number of small, family
farms, there was little cause for pride in the condition of his school bus routes
and farm-to-market roads.
In his campaign for governor in 1948, Kerr Scott rebuked his Democratic
primary opponent, Charles Johnson, for advocating a $100 million secondary
roads bond issue. After defeating Johnson, Scott reassessed the situation and
again concluded that his opponent had been wrong in suggestion a $100
million bond issue. That amount would not be enough, so Governor Scott went
after $200 million .
I )espite strong opposition from urban leaders, the bond issue was approved.
Work began immediately hard surfacing thousands of miles of rural roads that
previously had been impassable in bad weather. By the end of the Scott
Administration, pledged construction was 94 percent complete.
Neither the proposal to borrow money for road building nor the people's
support of the proposal was surprising. Borrowing money and repaying the
debt with road-use taxes had become a tradition in North Carolina.
In the 1920's the state passed four bond issues totalling $16.8 million. The
Scott bond issue added $200 million to that total. In the Dan Moore administra-
tion, the people enthusiastically approved a $300 million issue. In 1977, a
second $300 million bond issue was proposed by Governor Jim Hunt and
overwhelmingly approved by the voters.
It was this bold leadership through the years, coupled with the people's
confidence in themselves and their determination to build for the future, that
brought North Carolina the title of the "Good Roads" State. It was this I
audacity-drawn from the example of the past-that enabled North Carolina to
build the vast highway system that serves its people today.
The North Carolina highway system today is a highly complex structure. It
involves labor of thousands of people and the expenditure of vast sums of
money. It is a many-faceted system reaching into every corner of the state and
affecting every citizen.
The Executive Branch 647
It is a system dominated today by efforts to eliminate the last vestiges of
sectionalism and promote balance economic growth throughout a state that,
for a time, appeared hopelessly divided and devoid of purpose and direction.
State and local leaders are agreed today that North Carolina's growth
potential demands an economy-oriented system that is responsive to rapidly
changing needs in all areas of transportation.
To meet that demand, the General Assembly, in 1971, placed the State
Highway Commission in the newly-established Department of Transportation.
To facilitate this responsiveness through closer contact with he people, the
General Assembly, in 1 977, approved Governor Hunt's request that membership
of the agency's policy and decision-making board be increased from 13 to 24.
The highway system has grown from its original 5,000 miles in 1921 to the
present 76,459 miles-the largest state maintained system in the nation.
Significantly, construction and maintenance of the system, from the begin-
ning, has been supported exclusively by highway-user tax revenues.
The one cent per gallon tax, authorized in 1921, reached the present 15 and
three-quarters cent per gallon rate in 1986. To carry out the total transportation
program, including financing of the State Highway Patrol, state funds
available have grown from $15 million in 1921 to about $975 million annually
today.
At the beginning of the century. North Carolina was a state of relatively few,
and incredibly poor roads. Today it boasts 12,106 miles of primary highways
(US-NS-Interstate), 59,263 miles of secondary roads and 5,005 miles of urban
highways (State routes in cities).
Current construction needs for this system are estimated in excess of $10
billion. The Transportation Improvement Program makes available about $3.1
billion over the next nine years to address those needs.
The Transportation Improvement Program is a planned and programmed
schedule of highway construction that balances projected construction costs
against anticipated revenues. The Program is updated annually to add new
projects and adjust priorities.
Final decisions on new projects and priorities are made each year following a
statewide series of public meetings at which local officials and interested
citizens express views and make recommendations on their future highway
needs.
This approach to the state's transportation needs has been expanded to
include aviation and public transportation projects.
The major problem confronting transportation officials in North Carolina
today is one of sharply rising construction and maintenance costs and
dwindling revenues with which to meet those costs.
The 1986 General Assembly passed Governor James G. Martin's "Roads to
the Future" program that was designed to produce $240 million a year in
additional revenues by fiscal year 1991-1992. These funds were to be used to
bolster or improve the maintenance and safety on the state's highways. In
addition $30 million was set aside as part of the program for a state funded
construction program.
A struggling economy and poor revenue projection figures caused the 1989
General Assembly to take a hard look at the transportation needs of North
Carolina. After much debate between the state Senate and state House of
648 North Carolina Manual
Representatives, the most aggressive, long-range highway construction plan
ever adopted, was approved by the General Assembly. The $9.6 billion plan
calls for major construction in nearly all areas of the transportation needs of
our state. Funding will come from major changes to the fees and tax system
which has historically supported highway needs.
The Division of Motor Vehicles
The Division of Motor Vehicles is responsible for vehicle registration, the
issuance of driver licenses, a variety of driver education programs, the active
promotion of highway safety, vehicles safety inspection, police information
services and school bus driver training. Recently, the division has placed
greater emphasis on efficiency and accuracy to keep pace with the healthy
economy and low interest rates.
The Division of Aviation
The state that gave birth to modern aviation has kept pace with advance-
ments in that important field through the Department of Transportation.
Today there are more than 13,000 licensed pilots and 6,172 aircraft, not
including the military in North Carolina.
The Division of Aviation is the state agency designated to handle matters
relating to developing and improving public airports including funding and
technical assistance, enhancing air transportation services, and increasing
aviation safety across North Carolina. The Division works with over 70
publicly owned airports and estimates a need for at least 10 additional airports
to provide adequate state-wide coverage through the Year 2000. An integral
part of the aviation program is the Aeronautics Council, appointed by the
Governor with one representative from each Congressional District, which
serves as North Carolina's Aviation Policy and Review Board.
The Division of Public Transportation
In North Carolina, where the population is widely disbursed and the
majority live in small cities and rural communities, public transportation is
increasingly important. To meet this need, the Department is taking full
advantage of available federal matching funds for urban projects, and has, at
the direction of the Governor, undertaken to improve the coordination and
cost-effectiveness of county wide human services transportation in the state.
The Department is also heavily involved in the promotion of carpooling and
vanpooling and is working with the intercity bus industry to improve public
awareness of this travel option.
State Rail Program
It is surprising to many North Carolinians to learn that the Department of
Transportation is responsible for ensuring adequate rail service for the state.
Toward this end, the state had developed and is maintaining a state wide rail
plan while, at the same time, has administered a state and federal Railroad
Revitalization Program designed to preserve service on light-density
branch lines.
The Executive Branch 649
Bicycle Program
One of the fastest growing modes of travel in the state and nation is the
bicycle. Recognizing this fact, the 1974 General Assembly established the
State Bicycle and Bikeway Program and placed that program in the Depart-
ment of Transportation. Since that time, the North Carolina Bicycle Program
has become the leader in the nation in setting up bike programs and mapping
bike trails.
Basically, the Program is designed to ensure the safety of increasing
numbers of cyclists on the state's highways and provide technical assistance
for bikeway development across the state. The majority of the state's
communities with over 2,000 population have become participants in this
program-and interest is increasing.
The Division of Ferries
One of the oldest and, easily, one of the most important services provided by
the Department is the operation of ferries at seven strategic locations along the
coast. Given division status on July 1, 1974, the operation involves 15
vehicle/passenger ferries, one hydraulic dredge and supporting tugs and work
boats. Maintenance of the fleet is conducted at the marine repair facility at
Manns Harbor.
North Carolina Clean
North Carolina Clean is an innovative program which focuses on reducing
litter in cities, towns and counties, in parks and other facilities and along
highways. Community participation is encouraged through the Keep America
Beautiful system designed to change peoples attitudes about handling waste.
In addition, each year volunteer support is solicited for a spring and fall
cleanup campaign, traditionally thousands of miles of roadside are cleaned up
by highway crews, inmates, community service defendants and numerous
interested groups.
Boards and Commission
Aeronautics Council (G.S. 143b-357)
North Carolina Railroad Board of Directors (G.S. 147-12(7) and 126-4)
Ridesharing Task Force (Executive Order 50, May 15, 1980)
Transportation Board (G.S. 143B-350(c))
650
North Carolina Manual
James E. Harrington
Secretary of Transportation
Early Years: Born in Bethlehem,
New Hampshire, December 14, 1927
to James E. and Bernice (Morrill)
Harrington.
Education: Southern Pines High
School, 1944; Virginia Military Insti-
tute, 1949, B.S. (Chemistry).
Professional Background: Presi-
dent, Cambridge Properties, Inc.,
1976-1985; Sugar Mountain Co., 1972-
73; Pinehurst, Inc., 1952-72 (President,
1967-72).
Boards and Commissions:
Trustee, NC Nature Conservatory,
1977-84; Chairman, NC Board of
Transportation, 1985-present; NC
Environment Management Commission, 1977-82.
Political Activities: Secretary, Department of Transportation, 1985-;
Secretary, NC Department of Natural and Economic Resources, 1973-76;
Moore County Chairman, 8th Congressional District; Secretary, NC Republi-
can Party.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1949-52; NC National Guard, 1953-
74; Lieutenant Colonel; NC Distinguished Service Medal.
Family: Children: Nancy Enloe, Mary Tomasiewicz, Harry "Zan,"
Michael, and Mollie.
The Executive Branch 651
SECRETARIES
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT ATION^
Name Residence Term
Fred M. Mills, Jr.2 Anson 1971-1973
Bruce A. Lentz^ Wake 1973-1974
Troy A. Doby^ 1974-1975
Jacob F. Alexander, Jr.^ Rowan 1975-1976
G. Perry Greene, Sr.^ Watauga 1976-1977
Thomas W. Bradshaw, Jr.^ Wake 1977-1981
William R. Roberson, Jr." Beaufort 1981-1985
James E. Harrington^ Wake 1985-
'The Executive Organization Act of 1971 created the "Department of Transportation and Highway
Safety" with provision for a "Secretary" appointed by the governor. In 1977 "Highway Safety" was
dropped.
^Mills was appointed by Governor Scott.
^Lentz was appointed on January 5, 1973, by Governor Holshouser to replace Mills. He resigned
June 30, 1974, following his appointment as Secretary of Administration.
"■Doby was appointed on July 1, 1974, by Governor Holshouser to replace Lentz. He resigned April
25, 1975.
"■Alexander was appointed on April 25, 1975, by Governor Holshouser to replace Doby. He resigned
effective April 20, 1976.
^Greene was appointed on April 20, 1976, by Governor Holshouser to replace Alexander.
^Bradshaw was appointed on January 10, 1977, by Governor Hunt to replace Greene. He resigned
effective June 30, 1981.
^Roberson was appointed July 1, 1981, to replace Bradshaw.
^Harrinton was appointed January 7, 1985, by Governor Marton to replace Roberson.
Thk Kxkcutivk Branch Hf).'}
OFFICE OF THE STATE CONTROLLER
The Office of the State Controller (OSC) is a state agency created by the 1986
General Assembly. The OSC is headed by the State Controller who is
appointed by the Governor and confirmed in the General Assembly for a seven
year term.
The State ('ontroller is the chief financial officer of the state and is
responsible for the executive management of the State Accounting System
(SAS). In this capacity as specified in G.S. 14;}H-426 the State Controller has
the authority to prescribe policies and procedures which support the State
Accounting System and are incorporated into the system to accomplish
financial reporting and management for the state's financial entity that
includes more than 80 agencies. The OSC is organiz.ed into four major
divisions: The Financial Systems Division, The State Accounting System
Division, the Agency Accounting System Division and the State Information
Processing Services Division.
The Financial Systems Division
The Financial Systems Division has the responsibility of providing account-
ing systems development, maintenance, production, and documentation sup-
port for the State Accounting System and related subsystems.
The State Accounting System Division
The State Accounting System Division has the responsibility of operating
the SAS and related subsystems, which maintain timely, reliable, accurate,
consistent an complete accounting information on North Carolina State
government for central and agency management purposes.
The Agency Accounting System Division
The Agency Accounting System Division has the responsibility of ad-
ministering statewide cash management policies, statewide appropriation/
allotment control, operating a central payroll system, and providing agency
accounting and disbursing services for selected agencies.
The State Information Processing Services Division
The State Information Processing Services Division (SIPS) provides service,
direction, coordination and consultation to state government agencies in the
productive use of data processing, telecommunications and electronic office
automation.
Agency for Public Telecommunications Services
The Agency for Public Telecommunications offers media production services,
satellite and audio teleconferencing, and production and distribution of radio
and television public service announcements for state agencies. APT produces
public service telecasts such as ()PFN/NP]T.
654
North Carolina Manual
Fred Wesley Talton
STATE CONTROLLER
Early Years: Born in Clayton,
Johnston County, March 18, 1927, to
the late John Thomas and Ruth
(Barnes) Talton.
Education: Johnston County
Schools (Clayton); Oak Ridge Military
Institute, 1944; University of North
Carolina - Chapel Hill, 1950, B.S.
(Commerce).
Professional Background: State
Controller, 1988- ; Certified Public
Accountant; W. M. Russ & Company,
1950-1951; Sears, Roebuck & Com-
pany, 1952; Williams, Urquhart &
Ficklin, 1953-1965; Peat, Marwick,
Mitchell & Company, 1965-1987
(Partner).
Organizations: American Institute of Public Accountants; N.C. Associa-
tion of Certified Public Accountants; Triangle Area Chapter of Certified Public
Accountants; United Way of Wake County (various positions including Board
of Directors, Chairman of Fund Distribution Committee and Chairman of
Community Resources Council).
Religious Activities: Member, Trinity Baptist Church, Raleigh; served on
Board of Deacons for Trinity Baptist and Forest Hills Baptist Church
(Raleigh).
Family: Married Margaret Baucom of Raleigh, August 22, 1954. Children:
Josh; David B.; Fred W., Jr.; and Ann Talton Rudd.
The Executive Branch 655
STATE BOARD OF ELECTIONS
The framework of North CaroHna's election laws was constructed in 1901;
the statute governing primary elections dates from 1916. North Carolina's
version of the Australian Ballot was enacted in 1929; the Corrupt Practices Act
was adopted in 1931. In 1933 there was substantial revision of our state's
elections laws, but since 1933 there have been no significant or general
revisions or recodification.
The 1965 General Assembly authorized a seven member commission to study
and analyze the state's election procedures and mandated that the commission
prepare and draft legislation necessary to recodify the chapter of the General
Statutes dealing with elections laws in the interest of clarity and simplification.
The changes recommended by the 1965 commission were adopted, almost
without alternation, by the 1967 General Assembly.
After the 1967 recodification the State moved on to a much bolder revision -
the enactment, also in 1967, of North Carolina's 'uniform loose leaf registration
system' which replaced the old unmanageable bound book system. Along with
these new sophistications came the important audit trail to ensure the voters
that elections were virtually free from fraud.
In 1969 the General Assembly enacted a requirement that all 100 counties in
North Carolina adopt 'full time' registration offices. This accomplishment
provided, for the first time, that all counties operate an office for the specific
purpose of proper administration of the elections laws as well as the registration
of voters. Under this new system individuals would be able to register only on
three successive Saturdays every other year.
In 1971 a significant change was implemented when North Carolina put into
effect what is generally called the 'Uniform Municipal Election Code'. Simply
put, this act guaranteed for the first time that a person need only register one
time at one place to qualify to vote in any election in which he was eligible to
vote. Previously it was necessary that a citizen be registered on as any as five
different sets of books.
The State Board of Elections was declared an independent agency by the
General Assembly in 1974. The North Carolina State Board of Election is said
to be one of the most authoritative boards of its kind in the country. As an
independent state agency, it does not come under the jurisdiction of any other
department headed by an elected official.
All members on the State Board of Elections are appointed by the Governor
for a term of four years. Law prescribes that not more than three of the boards
five members be from the same political party; therefore, making it the only
agency where a bipartisan membership is mandated by law.
The State Board appoints all 100 county boards of elections which are
comprised of three members; both major political parties must be represented.
Each county board has a supervisor of elections who serves as the administra-
tive head of the board of elections and oversees the election process in each
county. The supervisor is selected by nomination to the State Board's executive
officer who must approve both the hiring and dismissal of each supervisor.
656 North Carolina Manual
It is the duty of the State Board of Elections to conduct annual training
sessions for members and supervisors of county boards of elections to prepare
them to conduct training sessions within their respective counties for precinct
officials.
The State Board supervises all elections conducted in any county, special
district or municipality located in the state. There are 100 counties, nearly 500
municipalities and 1200 special districts in North Carolina. Supervision of all
elections includes the requirement for the State Board to promulgate rules and
regulation setting forth the procedures for processing protests and complaints
resulting either before or after an election. A protest must first be filed with the
county board of elections of the county in which the protest originates after
which a public hearing is conducted and a decision rendered. Any party to the
original complaint may appeal a decision rendered by a county board of
elections to the State Board of Elections for review or further proceedings.
In addition to its jurisdiction over all types of elections conducted throughout
the state, the Board of Elections also administers the Campaign Reporting Act.
Enacted into law and effective 1 July 1974, this law limits contributions and
expenditures to and by political candidates, political parties and political
action committees.
The Campaign Reporting Division of the State Board of Elections is
responsible for receiving registration applications from political action
committees, political parties, candidates and all others involved in making
contributions to or making expenditures on behalf of political parties and
candidates.
Periodic reports as prescribed by statute must be filed with the Campaign
Reporting Division after which they must be audited. Late fillers are assessed a
daily penalty. After five days if the report is still delinquent the Campaign
Office submits all relevant material to the appropriate District Attorney who is
required toiprosecute the violator.
The Executive Branch 657
Alex K. Brock
EXECUTIVE SECRETARY-DIRECTOR
Early Years: Born in Winston-Salem, Forsyth County, December 26, 1923,
to the late Judge Walter E. and Elizabeth (Ashcraft) Brock.
Education: Attended Raleigh Public Schools; The Citadel; University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Hartford School of Insurance and the American
University, Paris.
Political Activities: Executive Secretary-Director, State Board of Elec-
tions, 1965- (Appointed in 1965 by Governor Dan K. Moore and has served
continuously since).
Military Service: U.S. Army (Sgt. Major), European Theatre of Operations,
World War II, 75th Infantry Division.
Religious Activities: Member, Saint Timothy's Episcopal Church,
Raleigh; Senior Warden; Vice-President, Hale Episcopal High School.
Family: Married Doris Poole Greene. Children: Kenan Ashcraft and Walter
Daniel.
CHAPTER THREE
The Judicial Branch
THE COURT SYSTEM IN NORTH CAROLINA
The court system of North Carolina has historically had many levels.
Statewide, there was the Supreme Court and the Superior Court. At the local
level were hundreds of Recorder's Courts, Domestic Relations Courts, Mayor's
Courts, County Courts and Justice of the Peace Courts created by the General
Assembly and individually tailored for the towns and counties. Some of these
courts were in session nearly full time, others only an hour or two a week. Some
were presided over by a full-time judge, although most were not. Some courts
had judges who were lawyers, but many had judges who were layman and
spent most of their time at other pursuits. The salaries for judges varied
depending on the court and the cost of court varied from court to court,
sometimes differing even within the same county.
As early as 1955, certain citizens recognized that something should be done
to bring uniformity to the court system in North Carolina . At the suggestion of
Governor Luther Hodges and Chief Justice M.V. Barnhill, the North Carolina
Bar Association sponsored an in-depth study which ultimately resulted in the
restructuring of the court system. Any changes, however, required amending
Article IV of the State Constitution. In November of 1962 the citizens of North
Carolina approved an amendment which authorized making the changes;
however, there was not enough time between the passage of the amendment
and the convening of the 1963 General Assembly to prepare legislation to
implement the changes. The General Assembly of 1963 created a Courts
Commission and charged it with the responsibility of preparing the new
legislation. The Courts Commission began its study soon after the adjournment
of the session. Legislation was introduced in the 1965 General Assembly to
establish a new court system. This legislation created an Administrative
Office of the Courts and established the framework for the District Court
Division.
The 1965 General Assembly also recommended that Article IV of the
Constitution be further amended to allow for the creation of an intermediate
court of appeals. This court would relieve some of the pressure of the Supreme
Court by sharing the appellate caseload. The people of North Carolina
overwhelmingly approved this recommendation in November, 1965, and the
1967 General Assembly enacted the necessary legislation establishing the
North Carolina Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals became operational on
October 1, 1967.
These constitutional changes and the implementing legislation created in
North Carolina a multi-level court system. At the lower level is the District
660 North Carolina Manual
Court and above it is the Superior Court. These two courts make up what is
known as the trial division. Above the District and Superior Courts is a two-
level Appellate Division consisting of the Court of Appeals and the Supreme
Court. The Administrative Office of the Courts, which began its operations on
July 1 , 1965, was to assist with the administrative functions of the system at all
levels.
The Supreme Court of North Carolina
As the highest court in our state, the Supreme Court has functioned as an
appellate court since 1805, although prior to 1819 the members also acted as
trial judges, holding terms in the different counties. The Supreme Court does
not hear witnesses, nor does it have juries, as it does not pass on questions of
fact. The Supreme Court is not a trial court, but rather hears oral arguments on
questions of law only. Such arguments presented are based upon records and
briefs of cases previously tried by the Superior Courts, District Courts, and
certain administrative agencies and commissions.
During the late 1950's and early 1960's, the Supreme Court of North Carolina
had been one of the busiest in the country. Faced with an increasing number of
cases dealing with its customary judicial business and a number of post-
conviction appeals based on constitutional issues resulting from recent United
States Supreme Court decisions, the court was becoming overburdened. This
situation led the 1965 General Assembly to submit a proposed constitutional
amendment authorizing the creation of an intermediate court of appeals. The
court would relieve the pressure on the Supreme Court by sharing the appellate
case load. The people overwhelmingly approved this recommendation in the
November 1965 election, and the 1967 General Assembly enacted the necessary
legislation establishing the North Carolina Court of Appeals.
The new appellate plan provided that all cases, except capital and life
imprisonment cases, would be appealed to the Court of Appeals. The Supreme
Court could also "certify" certain cases for hearing, bypassing the Court of
Appeals; however, this procedure would occur only in a minority of instances.
After the case had been heard and decided by the Court of Appeals, the
Supreme Court would again have the opportunity to hear it for the same
reasons. Moreover, if the case as decided by the Court of Appeals involved a
constitutional issue or was a Utilities Commission general rate-making case or
was decided by a split Court of Appeals, the Supreme Court would have to grant
this case a second appellate hearing. Thus, the Supreme Court remained the
court entrusted with the final decision on all important questions of law.
Since 1937 the Court has consisted of the Chief Justice and six Associate
Justices. Originally, the court had only three members (1818-1868; 1875-1889),
however, there were times when there were five members (1868-1875; 1889-
1937). The Chief Justice and the associate justices are elected by the people,
each for eight-year terms. If a vacancy occurs during a term, the Governor fills
the vacancy until the next general election.
All sessions of the Court are held in the Justice Building in Raleigh. There
are two terms each year — the Spring Term which begins in February, and the
Fall Term which begins in late August. Each term continues until the cases
docketed have been determined or continued. All cases appealed from the
The Judicial Branch 661
various court districts of the state are heard in each half-year term. The Chief
Justice presides. In his absence the senior ranking Justice presides. The
Justices are seated, to the right or left of the Chief Justice, according to their
seniority in years of service on the Court.
Officials of the Supreme Court are the Clerk, the Librarian, and the Reporter.
Each is appointed by the Court, the Clerk for a term of eight years and the
others to serve at the Court's pleasure.
The North Carolina Court of Appeals
The constitutional amendment adopted in 1965 establishing the Court of
Appeals and the legislation implementing it, provided for a total of nine judges,
elected for terms of eight years, the same as for members of the Supreme Court.
In 1977, the General Assembly created three additional seats on the court,
bringing the total number of judges to twelve. The court sits in panels of three
judges, thus allowing arguments in separate cases at the same time. The Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court designates one of the judges of the Court of
Appeals as Chief Judge. Member judges are assigned by the Chief Judge to sit
in panels in such a fashion that each will sit, as nearly as possible, an equal
number of times with every other member. The Court sits primarily in Raleigh,
but as need is demonstrated and facilities become available, it may be
authorized by the Supreme Court to sit in other places throughout the state.
The Court of Appeals appoints a clerk to serve at its pleasure. The Appellate
Division Reporter prepares an official "report" of opinions of the Court of
Appeals just as he does for the Supreme Court.
The Superior Court
The Superior Court is the trial court of general jurisdiction in North
Carolina. The constitution provides that there shall be a term of Superior Court
in each county at least twice a year. A schedule of the terms of courts for the
various counties is established by the Supreme Court with the aid of the
Administrative Office of the Courts. Some counties have only two one-week
terms per year. In the larger counties several terms of court are in almost
continuous session except for holidays. The counties are grouped into judicial
districts. A regular judge elected for an eight-year term resides in each district.
Additional resident judges are provided in the larger districts. The judicial
districts are grouped into four judicial divisions. Each resident judge presides
for a period of six months in each court of each district within his division, thus
rotating throughout all the districts in the division.
Some districts have more courts scheduled than the regular presiding judge
can hold. Furthermore, there is a provision for the calling of special terms by
the Chief Justice. Special judges are provided primarily to take care of such
situations. These judges are appointed by the Governor for a four-year term
and serve in any county within the state upon assignment by the Chief Justice.
North Carolina is divided into prosecutorial districts with a district attorney
elected for each district. Elected for a four-year term, he represents the state in
all criminal cases tried within his district.
662 North Carolina Manual
Each county furnishes and maintains a courthouse with a courtroom and
related facihties. A Clerk of Superior Court is elected to a four-year term in each
county. The clerk has custody of the records in all cases, including District
Court cases. The clerk also serves as ex-officio judge of probate, and has other
numerous quasi-judicial, ministerial, and administrative duties.
The Sheriff of each county, or one of his deputies, performs the duties of
bailiff. He opens and closes courts, carries out directions of the judge in
maintaining order, takes care of jurors when they are deliberating on a case
and otherwise assists the judge. A court reporter is required to record the
proceedings in most of the cases tried in the Superior Court. Jurors are drawn
for each term of court. Since January 1, 1968, North Carolina has had a new
jury selection law which is intended to eliminate many of the inequities of the
old system. The new system required an independent three-man jury commis-
sion to select names at random from the tax rolls, the voter registration books,
and any other sources deemed reliable. Each name is given a number, and the
Clerk of Superior Court draws a number of prospective jurors at random from a
box. The numbers are matched with the names which are held by the Register
of Deeds, and the resulting list of names is summoned by the Sheriff. No
occupation or class of person is excused from jury service. In fact, the law
specifically declares that jury service is an obligation of citizenship to be
discharged by all qualified citizens. Excuses from jury service can be granted
only by a trial judge.
The District Court
The Judicial Department Act of 1965 provided for the establishment of a
uniform system of District Courts in three phases throughout the State: In
December of 1966, the District Court was activated in 22 counties; in December
of 1968, the District Court was established in an additional 61 counties; and in
December of 1970, in the remaining 17 counties. As the District Court was
established in a judicial district, all courts inferior to the Superior Court were
abolished, all cases pending in the abolished court were transferred to the
dockets of the District Court for trial, and all records of the abolished court were
transferred to the office of the Clerk of Superior Court, who is required to
maintain a system of consolidated records of both the Superior Court and the
District Court. Upon the establishment of a District Court in a county, the
county was relieved of all expenses incident to the operation of the courts
except the expense for providing adequate physical facilities.
The District Court has exclusive original jurisdiction of misdemeanors, and
concurrent jurisdiction of civil cases where the amount in controversy is $5,000
or less, and of domestic relations cases regardless of the amount in controversy.
Jury trial is provided, upon demand, in civil cases regardless of the amount in
controversy. Jury trial is provided, upon demand, in civil cases. An appeal in a
civil case is to the Court of Appeals on questions of law only. No jury is
authorized in criminal cases. Upon appeal in criminal cases, trial de novo will
be had in the Superior Court, where a jury is available.
District Court judges are elected for four-year terms. In multi-judge districts,
the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court designates one of the judges as Chief
District Court Judge. District Court judges serve full time.
The Judicial Branch 663
Magistrates
With the estabUshment of the District Court in the counties, the office of
justice of the peace was aboHshed. Under the new system, magistrates replaced
the old justices of the peace. Magistrates are appointed by the Senior Resident
Superior Court Judge, upon recommendation of the Clerk of Superior Court, to
serve a term of two years. Magistrates operate with less authority and
discretion than old justices of the peace, and with much more supervision. They
act in certain minor civil and criminal matters. They are on a salary and can
accept guilty pleas only, and then only for the most petty offenses. The law
gives the Chief District Judge general supervisory authority over the
Magistrates.
664 North Carolina Manual
THE ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE OF THE COURTS
Prior to the reforming and reorganizing of the court system in North
CaroHna, there was no unified court system, centraHzed administration,
statewide financing, and many other structural and operational characteristics.
The decisions made by the various Bar Association study committees and
subsequently by the people, and the implementing legislation recommended by
the Courts Commission, charted new ground in court systems and established
a model which was later followed in many other states.
A key element in the court reform process was the idea that the system could
not operate without centralized administration or management. Thus, the
constitutional amendment and implementing legislation called for establish-
ment of an Administrative Office of the Courts to accomplish this purpose. The
statutes provide for a director and an assistant director, both appointed by the
Chief Justice, to serve at his pleasure. Therefore, judges are relieved of the
conduct of the business affairs of the Judiciary so that they can concentrate
their efforts on the processing of cases.
Some specific statutory duties are outlined below, but the function of the
Administrative Office of the Courts can be grouped into several major
headings including fiscal management, personnel direction, information
services, juvenile services, trial court management services, and administrative
services.
All operating costs of The Judicial Branch are paid from state appropria-
tions. Consequently, the Administrative Office of the Courts is responsible for
preparing the budget, as well as managing appropriations, for the Judicial
Branch. In addition to managing the budget and expenditures, the Fiscal
Management Division also has established and supervises the method of
accounting for the hundreds of millions of dollars which flow annually
through the offices of the Clerk of Superior Court. All equipment and supplies
used in the court system are centrally purchased and distributed. Forms are
designed, printed, and provided to the various Clerk's offices. The payroll and
travel expenses for Judicial Department personnel are handled in this
division.
As a separate branch of government, the Judiciary is not subject to the State
Personnel Office which serves the Executive Branch of government. Instead,
they administer their own personnel system. Thus, the responsibility of
classifying jobs and administering the personnel system of the Judicial
Branch is vested in the Administrative Office of the Courts.
The Administrative Office of the Courts has designed and implemented a
record keeping system and a statistical reporting system by which it maintains
a case by case inventory of the more than 1 .5 million cases which flow through
the system each year. In the specific area of juvenile justice, the Office is
responsible for administration of the juvenile intake, probation, and aftercare
services on a statewide basis. To perform this service, there are nearly 300
professional court counselors.
North Carolina is moving into trial court management which involves case
calendar supervision, jury utilization management, and other services designed
The Judicial Branch 665
to make the work of the trial courts more efficient. Coordination of these
services designed to make the work of the trial courts more efficient and this
coordination is a responsibility of the Administrative Office of the Courts.
The Administrative Services Division prepares the schedule of superior
courts and assigns judges to the various court sessions. They also coordinate
the program to provide counsel for indigent defendant. A continuing and
overriding responsibility of the Office is to study the operation of the court
system and make recommendations for improvements. Used in this process
are the membership or staffing for various agencies such as the Courts
Commission, the Judicial Planning Committee, the Judicial Council, the
Governor's Crime Commission, and the Judicial Information System Advisory
Committee.
Although the operations of the Administrative Office of the Courts are
generally outlined above, a specific statutory listing of duties include the
following:
(1) collecting and compiling statistical data on the judicial and
financial operations of the courts
(2) determining the state of dockets and evaluating the practice and
procedures of the courts, and making recommendations for the efficient
administration of justice
(3) prescribing uniform administrative and business methods and
systems to be used in the office of the Clerks of Superior Court
(4) preparing budget estimates of State appropriations necessary for
the operation of the Judicial Department
(5) investigating and making recommendations concerning the secur-
ing of adequate physical accommodations
(6) procuring and distributing such equipment, forms, and supplies as
are required
(7) making recommendations for the improvement of the operation of
the Judicial Department
(8) preparing an annual report on the work of the Judicial Department
(9) assisting the Chief Justice in performing his duties relating to the
transfer of the District Court Judges for temporary or specialized duty
(10) performing such additional duties and exercising such additional
powers as may be prescribed by statute or assigned by the Chief Justice.
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North Carolina Manual
Franklin E. Freeman, Jr.
DIRECTOR
Early Years: Born in Dobson,
Surry County, May 5, 1945, to Frank-
lin E. and Clara E. (Smith) Freeman.
Education: Graduated, Surry Cen-
tral High School, Dobson, 1963; Uni-
versity of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill, 1967, B.A.; UNC-CH School of
Law, 1970, J.D.
Professional Background: Ad-
ministrative Officer of the Courts,
1981-; District Attorney, 17th Judicial
District, 1979-81; Assistant Director,
Administrative Office of the Courts
and Administrative Assistant to
Chief Justices William Bobbitt and
Susie Sharp, 1973-78; Assistant District Attorney, 17th Judicial District,
1971-1973: Research Assistant, Associate Justice Dan K. Moore, 1970-71.
Organizations: Surry Count and Rockingham County Bar Associations;
17th District Bar; North Carolina State Bar; Delta Upsilon Fraternity;
Conference of State Court Administrators.
Honors: Service awards from Conference of Superior Court Judges, Con-
ference of District Court Judges, N.C. Clerks of Superior Court Association,
and N.C. Magistrates Association; "TarHeel of the Week," News and
Observer (Raleigh, N.C).
Literary Works: "The Indigent Defendant Program. A Review of Sub-
Chapter 9 of Chapter 7A of the General Statutes," The North Carolina Bar
Quarterly, Volume 24, 1977, Number 4; "The Role of the Administrative
Office of the Courts," The North Carolina State Bar Quarterly, Vol. 36,
No. 1, Winter 1989; "An Assessment: The AOC Looks at Indigent Repre-
sentation," Bar Notes, February March, 1989.
Religious Activities: Member, Main Street LInited Methodist Church,
Reidsville; Chairman, Administrative Board, 1981; Chairman, Every Member
Canvas, 1980; Sunday School Teacher, 1972-81.
Family: Married, Katherine Lynn Lloyd, August 1978. Children: Margaret
Elizabeth, Nancy Lorrin, Katherine Ann, Franklin Edward, III, and
Alexander Lloyd and Mary Clare.
The Judicial Branch 667
THE OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE HEARINGS
During the 1985 Session of the General Assembly, House Bill 52, ratified as
Chapter 746, rewrote the State Administrative Procedure Act (APA). This act is
now codified as Chapter 150B of the General Statutes. Enacted in 1974, the
Administrative Procedure Act (then Chapter 150A) was intended to safeguard
citizens' interests by establishing for most state administrative agencies
uniform procedures for:
(1) adopting, centrally filing, and publishing their rules;
(2) hearing and deciding contested cases before those agencies; and
(3) judicially reviewing those agency decisions. The Administrative
Procedure Act is not the source of agencies' rule-making and decision-
making powers; rather, it restricts and regularizes the exercise of powers
granted by the numerous statutes that create those agencies and define
their functions or direct them to carry out specified activities.
The action of the General Assembly in 1985 reflected the legislative opinion
that state administrative agencies too often had exceeded the powers given
them by the General Assembly by adopting rules not authorized by statute and
by imposing through their rules criminal penalties not legislatively authorized.
The action also demonstrated that merging in a single administrative agency
the roles of investigator, prosecutor, and judge of a contested case (as Chapter
150A had done) is fundamentally unjust. Thus the General Assembly sought to
curtail agency powers substantially and placed the exercise of those powers
(which are, in fact, a delegation of legislative authority) under closer scrutiny
by rewriting the Administrative Procedures Act significantly.
The Director is appointed to a four-year term by the Chief Justice and serves
as Chief Administrative Law Judge. The Director appoints the Administrative
Law Judges who may be removed only for just cause under the State Personnel
Act.
Organization and Administration
The Office of Administrative Hearings is an independent agency equivalent
to a principal department of state government, as provided for by the
Constitution of North Carolina. As it is independent of all other agencies the
Office must carry out all of the administrative functions of any governmental
agency, including personnel, budget, payroll, purchase and contract, and
computer systems operation, as well as its operating missions. The administra-
tion and operations of the Office are performed by seven sections.
The Administrative Staff
The Administrative Staff performs ministerial activities involved in
personnel, purchasing, payroll, budget, and public relations.
The Agency Legal Staff
The Agency Legal Staff provides Counsel or renders opinions to OAH staff
and outside agencies on questions of law within the purview of OAH.
668 North Carolina Manual
The Adjudicative Staff
The Adjudicative Staff consists of the Chief Administrative Law Judge, who
is also the Director of the Agency, and eight Administrative Law Judges
responsible for conducting hearings on various grievable issues covered by
administrative law.
The Hearings Staff
The Hearings Staff administers the contested case hearing provisions, the
processing of cases and the collection, coding and tabulation of data related to
cases.
The Rules Publications Staff
The Rules Publications Staff performs administrative and technical work in
the compilation, production and publication of the North Carolina Register
and the North Carolina Administrative Code (NCAC).
The Mediations Staff
The Mediations Staff conducts investigations and seeks resolutions of
discrimination cases deferred by the Equal Employment Opportunity Com-
mission.
The Administrative Rules Review Staff
The Administrative Rules Review Staff provides professional and administra-
tive support to the Administrative Rules Review Commission.
In addition to the above administrative secions, there is a Deputy Director
and an Assistant Director. The Deputy Director is responsible to the Director
for all functions of the agency except adjudications. The Assistant Director is
responsible for the operation of the Hearings Section, the Rules Section, and all
computer systems.
Hearings
One of the duties assigned to the Office of Administrative Hearings is to
provide a source of independent hearing officers to preside in administrative
cases and to thereby prevent the commingling of legislative, executive, and
judicial functions in the administrative process. It is given the judicial power
necessary to carry out these functions.
By creating a group of independent administrative law judges to serve as
hearing officers. North Carolina was the tenth state to adopt what is known as
a "central panel system." Its predecessors were California, Colorado, Florida,
Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, Tennessee, and Washing-
ton. Wisconsin subsequently became the eleventh state to create a central
panel.
When a dispute with a state agency involving a person's rights, duties, or
privileges, including a license or a monetary penalty, cannot be resolved
informally, then the person (natural person, partnership, agency or other body
politic, corporation or association) may file a "contested case." There are
twenty-five primary state departments and thirty -eight occupational licensing
boards. Except for a few agencies that are exempted from the Administrative
Procedures Act, Chapter 150B applies to all agencies, boards, and commissions
of state government (not county or municipal governments).
The Judicial Branch 669
Adoption, Amendment, and Repeal of Rules
An agency intending to adopt, amend or repeal an administrative rule must
first publish notice of the proposed action in the North Carolina Register. The
notice must include a reference to the statutory authority for the action, the
time and place of the public hearing, a statement of how public comments may
be submitted to the agency either at the hearing or otherwise, the text of the
proposed rule or amendment, and the proposed effective date.
Following publication of the proposal in the Register, at least 60 days must
elapse before the agency may take action on the proposed adoption, amendment
or repeal.
When final action is taken, the promulgating agency must submit any
adopted or amended rule to the Administrative Rules Review Commission.
Once approved by the Administrative Rules Review Commission, the rule may
be filed with the Office of Administrative Hearings for codification in the
North Carolina Administrative Code. If it differs substantially from the
proposed form published as part of the public notice, the adopted version will
again be published in the Register.
North Carolina Register
The North Carolina Register is published monthly and contains information
relating to agency, executive, legislative and judicial actions required by or
affecting Chapter 150B of the General Statutes including all proposed
administrative rules and amendments.
North Carolina Administrative Code
The North Carolina Administrative Code is a compilation and index of the
administrative rules of 25 state departments or agencies and 38 occupational
licensing boards. The North Carolina Administrative Code comprises approxi-
mately 16,000 pages of regulations of which approximately 35% is changed
annually.
Mediations
The General Assembly designated the Office of Administrative Hearings as
the state's agency for deferral of cases under Section 706 of the federal Equal
Employment Opportunity Act.
The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) has Hkewise
designated the Office of Administrative Hearings as the 706 deferral agency.
A Worksharing Agreement between the Office of Administrative Hearings
and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission sets forth the respon-
sibilities of the respective agencies in the handHng of deferred discrimination
charges.
The role of the Mediations ^Section is to investigate and attempt to resolve by
negotiation allegations of discrimination against state employees or applicants
for state employment.
Boards and Commissions
The Administrative Rules Review Commission
670
North Carolina Manual
The Judicial Branch 671
THE SUPREME COURT
James Gooden Exum, Jr.
CHIEF JUSTICE
Early Years: Born September 14, 1935, to James G. and Mary Wall (Bost)
Exum. Grew up in Snow Hill, N.C.
Education: Snow Hill High School, 1953; University of North Carolina
-Chapel Hill, 1957, A.B. (English); New York University School of Law, 1960,
LL.B; National Judicial College, 1969; Senior Appellate Judges Seminar, New
York University School of Law and Institute of Judicial Administration, 1976.
Professional Background: Chief Justice, N.C. Supreme Court, 1986- ;
Associate Justice, N.C. Supreme Court, 1975-1986 (elected 1974, reelected 1982);
Resident Superior Court Judge, 18th Judicial District, 1967-1974 (appointed,
July 1, 1967, by Governor Dan K. Moore to a newly created judgeship; elected,
1968); law clerk, Associate Justice Emery B. Denny, N.C. Supreme Court,
1960-61; practicing attorney (firm of Smith, Moore, Smith, Schell and Hunter,
Greensboro, N.C), 1961-1967; visiting lecturer. University of North Carolina -
Chapel Hill School of Law, 1978-1985.
Organizations: American Bar Association (chairman. Ad Hoc Committee
on Death Penalty Costs; Member, Criminal Justice Section Council, 1981-
1985); N.C. Bar Association (Vice Chairman, Task Force on Alternatives to
Litigation, 1984-1986); member. Central Selection Committee, Morehead
Scholarship Foundation, 1975-1988; President, General Alumni Association,
UNC-CH, 1987-88; Mason; Shriner; Sigma Nu; Phi Delta Phi; Watauga Club;
Milburnie Fishing Club; Capitol City Club.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House of Representatives, 1967.
Military Service: U.S. Army Reserves, 1961-1967 (Captain); U.S. Army
Information School, 1961 (honor graduate).
Honors: Valedictorian, 1953; Distinguished Service Award, Psi chapter,
Sigma Nu Fraternity, 1974; Distinguished Service Award, Greensboro Jaycees,
1968; Root Tilden Scholar, 1957-1960; Benjamin F. Butler Memorial Award,
1960; Morehead Scholar, 1953-1957; Algernon Sydney SulUvan Award, 1957;
Phi Eta Sigma, 1954; President, Phi Beta Kappa, 1956.
Religious Activities: Member, Christ Church, Raleigh; Former Senior
Warden, Vestryman, and Sunday School Teacher, Holy Trinity Church,
Greensboro and Christ Church, Raleigh; Member and Chalice Bearer, Christ
Church, Raleigh; Former Parliamentarian, Episcopal Diocese of North Caro-
lina.
Family: Married Judith Jamison, June 29, 1963. Children: James Gooden,
Steven Jamison, and Mary March (Exum) Williams.
672
North Carolina Manual
Louis B. Meyer, Jr.
ASSOCIATE JUSTICE
Early Years: Born in Marion,
McDowell County, July 15, 1933, to
Louis B. and Beulah V. (Smith) Meyer,
Sr.
Education: Enfield Public Schools;
Wake Forest University, 1955, B.A.;
Wake Forest University School of
Law, 1960, J.D.
Professional Background: As-
sociate Justice, N.C. Supreme Court,
1981- (appointed January, 1981; elected,
November, 1982; re-elected, 1986); for-
mer attorney (private practice, 18
years); former special agent, FBI;
former Adjunct Professor of Business
Law, Atlantic Christian College; law clerk, N.C. Supreme Court, 1960.
Organizations: Wilson County Bar Association (former President); 7th
Judicial Bar Association (former President); N.C. Bar Association (former Vice
President); Masons.
Boards : Board of Trustees, Wake Forest University; Board of Visitors,
Wake Forest University School of Law.
Military Service: U.S. Army, 1955-1957 (1st Lieutenant).
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church, Wilson; Sunday
School Teacher; Deacon and Former Trustee.
Family: Married Evelyn Spradlin, December 29, 1956. Children: Louis B.,
Ill; Patricia Shannon; and Adam Burden.
The Judicial Branch
673
Burley B. Mitchell, Jr.
ASSOCIATE JUSTICE
Early Years: Born December 15,
1940, to Burley Baynard and Dorothy
Ford (Champion) Mitchell, Sr.
Education: Raleigh Public
Schools; N.C. State University, 1967,
B.A.; University of North Carolina-
Chapel Hill School of Law, 1969, J.D.;
Senior Appellate Judges Seminar, New
York University School of Law and
Institute of Judicial Administration,
1984 and 1988.
Professional Background: As-
sociate Justice, N.C. Supreme Court,
1982- (appointed, 1982; elected 1982;
re-elected, 1984, 1988); Secretary, N.C.
Department of Crime Control and Public Safety, 1979-1982; Judge, N.C. Court
of Appeals, 1977-1979; District Attorney, Tenth Judicial District, 1972-1977;
Assistant Attorney General of N,C., 1969-1972; admitted to practice before the
U.S. Supreme Court, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, and all State
and Federal Courts in N.C.
Organizations: Institute of Judicial Administration; American Bar As-
sociation; N.C. Bar Association (Vice President, 1986-87); Wake County Bar
Association; Delta Theta Phi; International Mensa Society; Raleigh Kiwanis
Club; State Government Employees Combined United Fund Campaign;
former Chairman, Triangle March of Dimes Drive.
Boards: Governor's Crime Commission, 1977- ; N.C. Courts Commission,
1983- ; N.C. News Media Administration of Justice Council, 1976-.
Military Service: U.S. Navy (7th Fleet, Asia), 1958-1962.
Honors: Outstanding Young Man of the Year, City of Raleigh, 1975;
Freedom Guard Award for Community, Religious, and Governmental
Activities, N.C. Jaycees, 1974-75; N.C. National Guard Citizenship Award,
1982; Who's Who in America, 1984-.
Religious Activities: Member, Hayes-Barton United Methodist Church,
Raleigh; President, United Methodist Men, 1984; Sunday School Teacher,
1975-.
Family: Married Mary Lou Willet, August 3, 1962. Children: David Baynard
and Catherine Morris.
674
North Carolina Manual
Harry Corpening Martin
ASSOCIATE JUSTICE
p]arly Years: Born in Lenoir,
Caldwell County, January 13, 1920, to
Hal C. (deceased) and Johnsie Har-
shaw Martin.
Flducation: Lenoir Public Schools;
John B. Stetson University, 1937-38;
UNC-Chapel Hill, 1942, A.B.; Harvard
Law School, 1948, LL.B; National Col-
lege of the State Judiciary, 1969;
Judicial Administration course. Na-
tional College of the State Judiciary,
1973; University of Virginia School of
Law, 1982 LL.M; Legal Studies of
American Judges, Oriel College (Ox-
ford, England), 1984.
Professional Background: Associate Justice, N.C. Supreme Court, 1982-
(appointed, August, 1982; elected, 1982; re-elected, 1986,1988); Judge, N.C.
Court of Appeals, 1978-1982; Senior Resident Superior Court Judge, 28th
Judicial District, 1975-1978; Resident Superior Court Judge, 1967-1974; Special
Superior Court Judge, 1962-1967; practicing attorney, 1948-1962; Adjunct
Professor, UNC-Chapel Hill School of Law.
Organizations: Buncombe County Bar Association; Wake County Bar
Association; N.C. Bar Association (Vice President, 1972-73); P^ourth Circuit
Judicial Conference; President, N.C. Conference of Superior Court Judges,
1972-73.
Boards: Chairman, State Judicial Center Commission, 1985-87; Founder
and Chairman, Judges Bench Book Committee, 1977; Chairman, P^air^Sentenc-
ing Committee, 1980; Governor's Brown Lung Study Committee, 1979; former
trustee, University of the South.
Military Service: U.S. Army Air Corps, 1942-1945 (Corporal).
Religious Activities: Member, Christ Episcopal Church, Raleigh.
Family: Married Nancy Dallam, April, 1955. Children: John A., Matthew,
and Mary D.
The Judicial Branch
675
Henry E. Frye
ASSOCIATE JUSTICE
Early Years: Born in Ellerbe, Rich-
mond County, August 1, 1932, to
Walter A. and Pearl (Motley) Frye
(both deceased).
Education: Mineral Springs
School; North Carolina A & T State
University, 1953, B.S.; UNC-Chapel
Hill School of Law, 1959, J.D. with
honors.
Professional Background: As-
sociate Justice, N.C. Supreme Court,
1983- (appointed, February, 1983 to
replace J. Phil Carlton; elected, 1984;
re-elected, 1988); practicing attorney,
1959-1963, 1967-1983; former profes-
sor, N.C. Central University Law School, 1965-1967; Assistant U.S. Attorney,
Middle District of North Carolina, 1963-1965.
Organizations: Greensboro Bar Association; N.C. Bar Association;
American Bar Association; National Bar Association; Kappa Alpha Psi;
American Judicature Society.
Boards: Board of Directors, N.C. Mutual Life Insurance Company, 1973-
1983; Board of Directors, Greensboro National Bank, 1971-1983 (President,
1971-81).
Political Activities: Member, N.C. Senate, 1981-82; member, N.C. House of
Representatives, 1969-1980.
Military Service: U.S. Air Force, 1953-1955 (Captain)
Honors: Alumni Excellence Award, North Carolina A & T State University,
1972; Doctor of Laws, Shaw University, 1971, N.C. A & T State University,
1983; Charles D. Mclver Medal, UNC - Greensboro, 1986; Distinguished
Alumnus Award, UNC - Chapel Hill, 1986.
Religious Activities: Member, Providence Baptist Church, Greensboro;
Deacon; former Sunday School Teacher.
Family: Married Edith Shirley Taylor, August 25, 1956. Children: Henry
Eric and Harlan Elbert.
67G
North Carolina Manual
John Webb
ASSOCIATE JUSTICE
Early Years: Born in Rocky Mount,
Nash County, September 18, 1926, to
William Devin and Ella (Johnson)
Webb.
Education: Charles L. Coon High
School, 1944; UNC - Chapel Hill;
Columbia University School of Law,
1952, LL.B.
Professional Background: As-
sociate Justice, N.C. Supreme Court,
1987- (elected 198(S); Judge, N.C. Court
of Appeals, 1977-1986 (appointed
December 2, 1977 by Governor Hunt
as one of three new judges; elected,
1978; re-elected 1984); Judge, Superior
Court, 1971-1977.
Organizations: N.C. Bar Association; Phi Delta Phi; Phi Beta Kappa.
Military Service: U.S. Navy, 1944-1946 (Third Class Petty Officer).
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church; Sunday School
Teacher, 1955-1979; Deacon, 1958-1967.
Family: Married, Carolyn Harris, September 13, 1958. Children: Caroline
(Webb) Smart and William Devin.
The Judicial Branch
677
Willis Padgett Whichard
ASSOCIATE JUSTICE
Early Years: Born in Durham,
Durham county, May 24, 1940, to Willis
Guilford (deceased) and Beulah
(Padgett) Whichard.
Education: Durham City Schools;
UNC - Chapel Hill, 1962, A.B.; UNC -
Chapel Hill School of Law, 1965, J.D.;
University of Virginia, LL.M., 1984.
Professional Background: As-
sociate Justice, N.C. Supreme Court,
1987- (elected 1986); Judge, N.C. Court
of Appeals, 1980-1986; practicing
attorney, 1966-1980; Law Clerk,
William H. Bobbitt, former Chief
Justice, N.C. Supreme Court, 1965-66.
Organizations: American Bar Association; N.C. Bar Association; Durham
County Bar Association; Phi Beta Kappa; Phi Alpha Delta; Phi Delta Phi;
Order of the Coif; Kiwanis Club of Tobaccoland, 1974-1985; UNC Law Alumni
Association (President, 1978-79); Director, Durham County Chapter, American
Red Cross, 1971-1979; Director, Transition of Youth, Inc., 1971-1978; Southern
Growth Policies Board, 1971-1980 (Vice Chairman, 1975-1978); Director,
Durham YMCA, 1973-1977; Durham Jaycees, 1966-1975; Chapter Chairman,
National P'oundation, March of Dimes, 1969-1974.
Boards: Senior Citizens Coordinating Council, 1972-1975; Governor's
Advisory Committee on Youth Development, 1972-73.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House of Representatives, 1970-1974;
member, N.C. Senate, 1974-1980; Legislative Research Commission, 1971-1973,
1975-1977.
Military Service: U.S. Army National Guard, 1966-1972; life member,
National Guard Association.
Honors: Outstanding Appellate Judge, N.C. Acadamy of Trial Lawyers,
1983; Outstanding Youth Service, N.C. Juvenile Correctional Association,
1975; Outstanding Legislator, N.C. Academy of Trial Lawyers, 1975; Young
Man of the Year, Durham, 1971.
Family: Married, Leona Irene Paschal, June 4, 1961. Children: Jennifer
Diane and Ida Gilbert.
678 North Carolina Manual
THE COURT OF APPEALS
Robert Alfred Hedrick
CHIEF JUDGE
Early Years: Born in Statesville, Iredell County, August 28, 1922, to Horace
E. (deceased) and Sarah E. (Morrow) Hedrick.
Education: Scotts Elementary School; Governor Morehead School, 1936-43;
UNC - Chapel Hill, 1946, A.B.; UNC - Chapel Hill School of Law, LL.B.
Professional Background: Chief Judge, N.C. Court of Appeals, 1985- ;
Associate Judge, N.C. Court of Appeals, 1969-1984; Judge, Iredell County
Court, 1958-1969; Solicitor, Iredell County Court, 1950-1958.
Organizations: Iredell County Bar Association (former President and
Chancellor); N.C. Bar Association; N.C. State Bar Association (former Chan-
cellor); American Bar Association; Phi Alpha Delta; Delta Psi; State Bar
Council, 22nd Judicial District.
Boards: Director, Governor Morehead School.
Political Activities: Young Democrats Club; State Democratic Executive
Committee (two terms).
Religious Activities: Hudson Memorial Presbyterian Church, Raleigh.
Family: Married Patricia Joanne Owen, December 31, 1955. Children:
Jeffrey Miles, Martha Jean, Joanne Rose, and John Alfred.
The Judicial Branch
679
Stanley Gerald Arnold
JUDGE
Early Years: Born in Harnett County,
November 14, 1940, to Arlie D. and
Gertrude (Blanchard) Arnold.
Education: Lafayette High School; Oak
Ridge Military Institute, 1958-59; East
Carolina University, 1963, A.B.; UNC -
Chapel Hill School of Law, 1966, LL.B.;
Eagleton Institute of Politics, 1972.
Professional Background: Judge, N.C.
Court of Appeals, 1975- (elected 1974, to
complete unexpired term of William E.
Graham, Jr.; elected to full term, 1976;
reelected 1984).
Organizations: N.C. Bar Association; N.C. State Bar Association; American
Bar Association; Phi Alpha Delta.
Boards: Chairman, Judicial Standards Commission, 1982-; Commission on
Solid Waste Disposal, 1974; Southern Legislative Conference Commission on
Energy, 1971-1974; Southern Legislative Conference Committee on Consumer
Protection, 1971-1974; Vice Chairman, N.C. Study on Medical Manpower; N.C.
Local Government Study Commission, 1971-1973.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. House of Representatives, 1971,1973-74;
Chairman, Harnett County Democratic Executive Committee, 1968.
Honors: Outstanding Alumni Award, East Carolina University, 1981;
Outstanding Young Men of America, 1970-1973; Distinguished Service Award,
1970-1973; Member, Phi Kappa Phi, 1986.
Religious Activities: Member, Lillington Baptist Church.
Family: Married Paula Sue Johnson, June 26, 1963. Children: Lisa Dawn
and Stanley Gerald, Jr.
680
North Carolina Manual
Hugh Albert Wells
JUDGE
Early Years: Born in Shelby, Cleveland
County, June 8, 1922, to Charles H. and
Tonce (Walker) Wells.
Education: Shelby High School, 1938;
UNC - Chapel Hill, 1949; UNC - Chapel
Hill School of Law, 1952, LL.B.
Professional Background: Judge,
N.C. Court of Appeals, 1979- (appointed
August 20, 1979 by Governor James B.
Hunt; elected to complete unexpired term,
i 1980; elected to full term, 1982); Executive
^ Director, Public Staff, N.C. Utilities Com-
mission, 1977-1979; Counsel, Utilities Review Committee, N.C. General
Assembly, 1 977-79; private law practice (Shelby, N.C, 1952-1960; Atlanta, Ga.,
1960-1963; Raleigh, N.C, 1963-1969).
Organizations: N.C Bar Association; American Bar Association; and N.C.
State Bar Association; American Legion.
Boards: N.C. Utilities Commission, 1969-1975.
Military Service: U.S. Army Air Corps, 1942-1945.
Religious Activities: Member, Methodist Church.
Family: Married Anne Hubner. Children: Kathleen, Hugh, Jr., and Joe.
The Judicial Branch
681
Charles L. Becton
JUDGE
Early Years: Born in Morehead City,
Carteret County, on May 4, 1944.
Education: Howard University, 1966,
B.A.; Duke University School of Law,
1969, J.D.; University of Virginia School
of Law, 1986, LL.M.
Professional Background: Judge,
N.C. Court of Appeals, 1981- (appointed,
January 19, 1981); Senior Lecturer in Law,
Duke University School of Law, 1980-;
John Scott Cansler Lecturer in Trial
Advocacy, UNC - Chapel Hill School of
Law, 1976-; attorney (firm of Chambers, Stein, Ferguson and Becton, P. A.),
1970-1980; attorney, NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, Inc., 1969-70.
Organizations: American Bar Association: N.C. State Bar Association;
Orange County Bar Association (Vice President, 1979); N.C. Association of
Black Lawyers (President, 1980; Membership Chairman, 1979; Program
Chairman, 1977-1979); local advisor, N.C. Fellows Program, 1974-75.
Boards: Board of Governors, N.C. Academy of Trial Lawyers; Director,
Orange-Chatham Legal Services, 1976-77; N.C. Courts Commission, 1980;
Chairman, Board of Law Examiners' Bar Candidate Committee, 15th District,
1976; Director, Chapel Hill Drug Action Committee, 1975-76; Legislative
Research Study Committee to Study the Laws of Evidence and Comparative
Negligence, 1979-80; N.C. Department of Public Instruction Law Related
Education Advisory Committee, 1981-; N.C. State Bar Plan for Interest on
Lawyers Trust Account (lOLTA), Board of Trustees, 1983- ; American Bar
Association Special Committee on Youth Education of Citizenship, 1986-;
American Bar Association Criminal Justice Standards Committee, 1988-.
Honors: Justice William J. Brennon, Jr. Trial Advocacy Award, 1988;
Smithsonian Folklife Festival Participant: one of 32 lawyers selected to
demonstrate Trial Advocacy skills at Smithsonian Folklife Festival, Washing-
ton, D.C., June 1986; N.C. Appellate Judge of the Year, 1985; Outstanding Trial
Advocate, N.C. Academy of Trial Lawyers, November 1984; Citizenship and
Community Service Award, NAACP, April 1983; Tar Heel of the Week, The
News and Observer. May 17, 1981; Lawyer of the Year, N.C. Association of
Black Lawyers, 1981
Family: Married Brenda Brown. Children: Nicole, Kevin and Michelle.
682
North Carolina Manual
^[ Clifton E. Johnson
JUDGE
Early Years: Bom in Williamston,
Martin County, December 9, 1941, to
Charlie M. (deceased) and Willie (McNair)
Johnson.
Education: E.J. Hayes High School,
1961; N.C. Central University, 1964, B.A.;
N.C. Central University School of Law,
1967, LUB.
Professional Background: Judge,
N.C. Court of Appeals, 1982- ; Chief Judge,
District Court 1974-1977; Judge, District
Court, 1969-1974; Assistant District Attor-
ney, Mecklenburg County, 1969.
Organizations: Mecklenburg County Bar Association; N.C. State Bar
Association; N.C. Bar Association; N.C. Association of Black Lawyers; Rotary
International; Omega Psi Phi; N.C. Central University Alumni Association,
NAACP.
Boards: Former member, Board of Visitors, N.C. Central University School
of Law; Board of Visitors, Johnson C. Smith University; former member,
Mecklenburg County State Employees Credit Union (Advisory Board); mem-
ber, N.C. Courts Commission; member. Administration of Justice Study
Committee, N.C. Bar Association.
Religious Activities: Member, Cornerstone Baptist Church.
Family: Married Brenda J. Wilson of Williamston, December 26, 1963.
Children: Yulonda, Clifton, Khiva and Clinton.
The Judicial Branch
683
Sidney Smith Eagles, Jr.
JUDGE
Early Years: Born in Asheville, Bun-
combe County, August 5, 1939, to Sidney
S. and Mildred T. (Brite) Eagles, Sr.
Education: Gordon Military College,
1957; Wake Forest College, 1961, B.A.
(History); Wake Forest School of Law,
1964, J.D.
Professional Background: Judge,
N.C. Court of Appeals, 1983-; attorney in
private practice (firm of Eagles, Hafer &
Hall, 1981-82; sole practitioner, 1976-1980);
Assistant Deputy Attorney General, 1967-
1976; Counsel to House Speaker, 1976-1980.
Organizations: Wake County Bar Association (former Chairman, Execu-
tive Committee); N.C. Bar Association (Vice President, 1989-90); N.C. State
Bar; American Bar Association; Wake County Academy of Criminal Defense
Attorneys; American Law Lnstitute; Executives Club of Raleigh (President
1986); Raleigh Kiwanis Club (President, 1987); Director, Wake Chapter, N.C.
Symphony Society, 1978-1982 (Chairman, 1976-1980, 1982); Member, Wake
Forest University School of Law Board of Visitors, 1983-.
Political Activities: Democratic Men of Wake County, 1980-1982; Demo-
cratic Senate Nominating Committee, 1979-1981; House Creek Precinct Chair-
man, 1976-1980; State Campaign Manager, U.S. Senator Robert Morgan Re-
election Campaign, 1980.
Military Service: U.S. Air Force, 1964-1976; Reserves, 1967- (Colonel); Air
Force Commendation Medal, 1966; Meritorious Service Medal, 1980.
Religious Activities: Member, Hillyer Memorial Christian Church of
Raleigh; former Deacon; Elder, Trustee; Chairman of the Board, 1980-81, 1989;
Chairman of the Board of Elders, 1985; Sunday School Attendant, Nursery
Class.
Family: Married Rachel Phillips of Nashville, Tennessee, May 22, 1965.
Children: Virginia Brite and Margaret Phillips.
684
North Carolina Manual
Eugene Harold Phillips
JUDGE
Early Years: Bom in Barnardsville,
Buncombe County, September 5, 1919, to
Reverend Napoleon B. and Zenora
(Hunter) Phillips (both deceased).
Education: Flat Rock High School,
1935; Wake Forest College, 1940, LL.B.
cum laude; Duke University, 1946, LL.M.
Professional Background: Judge,
N.C. Court of Appeals, 1983-; private law
practice, 1946-1982.
Organizations: Forsyth County Bar
Association (former President); N.C. State
Bar Association; Association of Trial Lawyers of America (Director, 1960-1962,
1965-66, 1975-1981); founder and President Emeritus, N.C. Academy of Trial
Lawyers (Secretary, 1963-1971); Wake Forest College Lawyer Alumni Associa-
tion (former President); Law and Science Academy of America; Forsyth
County Deacons Club (former President); Winston Elks Lodge (former Exalted
Ruler); N.C. State Elks Association (former President); Winston-Salem Sports-
men's Club (former President); Forsyth County Chapter, America Cancer
Society (President, 1970-1972).
Boards: Wake Forest University Alumni Council; Governor's Commission
to Study Automobile Insurance and Rates, 1969-1971.
Military Service: U.S. Air Force, 1941-1945 (Major).
Literary Works: Editor, N.C. Academy of Trial Lawyers Newsletter, 1963-
1973; Associate Editor, American Trial Lawyers Association Law Journal,
1958-1968; author of numerous law articles.
Religious Activities: Member, Wake Forest Baptist Church, Winston-
Salem.
Family: Married Barbara Miller of Cleveland, Ohio, January 14, 1946.
Children: Randel E. and Suzanne.
The Judicial Branch
685
Sarah Elizabeth Parker
JUDGE
Early Years: Born in Charlotte,
Mecklenburg County, August 23, 1942, to
Augustus and Zola Elizabeth (Smith)
Parker (deceased).
Education: Garinger High School,
Charlotte, 1960; Meredith College, 1960-
1962; UNC -Chapel Hill, 1964, B.A.; UNC-
Chapel Hill School of Law, 1969, J.D.;
Harvard Institute for Lawyers, 1982;
Institute of Judicial Administration Ap-
pellate Judges Seminar, 1987.
Professional Background: Judge,
N.C. Court of Appeals, 1985- (appointed, December 28, 1984; elected, November
4, 1986); attorney in private practice, 1969-1984; volunteer, U.S. Peace Corps
(Ankara, Turkey), 1964-1966.
Organizations: N.C. Bar Association (Vice President, 1987-88); American
Bar Association; Mecklenburg County Bar Association (Secretary-Treasurer,
1982-1984; Executive Committee, 1976-1978); N.C. Association of Women
Attorneys; Raleigh Executive Club; League of Women Voters, 1970-1972.
Boards: Former member. Advisory Council, N.C. Correctional Center for
Women; Director, Charlotte YWCA.
Political Activities: Past member. Executive Committee, State Democratic
Party; Mecklenburg County Democratic Women's Club (President, 1973);
Charlotte Women's Political Caucus.
Religious Activities: Member, Christ Episcopal Church, Charlotte.
686
North Carolina Manual
Jack Lowell Cozort
JUDGE
Early Years: Born in Valdese, Burke
County, January 9, 1950, to Stuart Lee
and Margaret Mae (Keever) Cozort, Sr.
Education: Drexel High School, 1968;
NCSU, 1972, B.A. (Political Science); Wake
Forest University School of Law, 1975,
J.D.
Professional Background: Judge,
N.C. Court of Appeals, 1985- ; legal coun-
sel. Governor James B. Hunt, 1977-1985;
Associate Attorney General, N.C. Depart-
ment of Justice, 1975-1977.
Organizations: Wake County Bar Association; N.C. Bar Association; N.C.
State Bar Association; Phi Delta Phi; NCSU Alumni Association; Raleigh
Rotary Club, 1976-1980; Advisory Committee, NCSU Fellows Program; NCSU
Student Aid Association.
Boards: Southeast Interstate Low Level Radioactive Waste Management
Commission, 1983-84; N.C. Capital Building Authority, 1977-1982; N.C.-S.C.
Boundary Commission, 1977; Wake Forest University School of Law Board of
Visitors, 1986-.
Honors: Outstanding Young Men in American, 1982; Outstanding Senior,
NCSU Liberal Arts Faculty, 1972.
Religious Activities: Member, White Memorial Presbyterian Church,
Raleigh.
Family: Married, Kathryn Elder Kornegay of Greensboro, November 12,
1977. Children Jackson Lowell, Jr. and Kathryn Kornegay.
The Judicial Branch
687
Uk.
Robert Flynn Orr
JUDGE
Early Years: Born October 11, 1946, in
Norfolk, Virginia, to Robert K. and Minnie
Sue Orr.
Education: Hendersonville High, 1964;
UNC - Chapel Hill, 1971, A.B.; UNC -
Chapel Hill School of Law, 1975, J.D.
Professional Background: Judge,
North Carolina Court of Appeals.
Organizations: American Bar Associa-
tion; N.C. Bar Association; 28th Judicial
District Bar Associations (Treasurer,
1977); N.C. Academy of Trial Lawyers;
Preservation Society of Asheville and Buncombe County (President, 1976-
1978); Historical Preservation Society of N.C, Inc. (Board of Directors, 1980-
1984); Trout Unlimited; Asheville Revitalization Commission (Vice Chairman,
1977-1981).
Boards: N.C. Alcoholic Beverage Control Commission, January, 1985 -
August, 1986.
Political Activities: Buncombe County Republican Party Chairman, 1983-
1985; Executive Committee, N.C. Republican Party, 1983-1985
Military Service: U.S. Army, June, 1968 - March, 1971.
Religious Activities: Member, Grace Covenant Presbyterian Church;
Elder, 1979-80; Sunday School Teacher.
Family: Married, Ann S. Babock of Charlotte, April 5, 1969. Children: Kelly
Ann, Robert J., and Alexander.
688
North Carolina Manual
K. Edward Greene
JUDGE
Early Years: Born in Biscoe, Mont-
gomery County, June 27, 1944, to Jonah
and Helen (Latham) Greene.
Education: East Montgomery High
School, 1962; East Carolina University,
A.B. (Political Science), 1966; UNC -
Chapel Hill School of Law, J.D., 1969.
Professional Background: Judge,
N.C. Court of Appeals, 1986-; District
Court Judge, Eleventh Judicial District,
1979-1986; Attorney, 1969-1979; Professor,
Juvenile Law, Campbell University
School of Law, 1985-.
Boards: Former member. Board of Trustees, East Carolina University.
Military Service: US Army Reserves, 1969-85.
Literary Works: Co-Author, Youth and the Law.
Family: Married Joan Powell of Dunn, August 6, 1966. Children: Kelly and
Regan.
The Judicial Branch
689
John Baker Lewis, Jr.
JUDGE
Early Years: Born in Farmville, Pitt
County, September 21, 1936, to John B.
and Mary Anderson (Lamar) Lewis.
Education: Farmville High School,
1954; UNC - Chapel Hill, 1958, A.B.
(European History); UNC -Chapel Hill
School of Law, 1961, LL.B.
Professional Background: Judge,
N.C. Court of Appeals, 1989- (elected
November, 1988); Special Superior Court
Judge, 1982-1988 (appointed by Governor
James B. Hunt; re-appointed by Governor
James G. Martin, 1987).
Organizations: N.C. State Bar Association; N.C. Bar Association; 3rd
District Bar Association; Wake County Bar Association; Pitt County Bar
Association (President, 1971).
Boards: Former Member: N.C. Property Tax Commission, 1978-1981
(Chairman); Board of Directors, N.C. Arts Council, 1981-1987; President,
Farmville Child Developmental Center (Charter Member).
Military Service: U.S. Navy, 1961-1966, (Captain); Reserves, 1966- ;
Military Judge.
Honors: Man of the Year, Farmville, 1979.
Religious Activities: Member, Presbyterian Church of Farmville; Deacon.
Family: Married Kay Ellen Isler of Burlington, February 25, 1967. Children:
Benjamin May II and John Thomas Carlysle.
690 North Carolina Manual
THE SUPERIOR COURT
(as of September 1, 1989)
Regular Judges
District Judge Address
1st J. Herbert Small* Elizabeth City
Thomas S. Watts Elizabeth City
2nd William C. Griffin, Jr.* Williamston
3rd-A David E. Reid, Jr.* Greenville
3rd-B Herbert O. Phillips, III* Morehead City
4th-A Henry L. Stevens, HI* Kenansville
4th-B James R. Strickland* Jacksonville
5th Napoleon B. Barefoot* Wilmington
Earnest B. Fullwood Wilmington
6th-A Richard B. Allsbrook* Roanoke Rapids
6th-B Cy Anthony Grant* Windsor
7th-A Charles B. Winberry* Rocky Mount
7th-B George K. Butterfield, Jr Wilson
7th-C Frank R. Brown* Tarboro
8th-A James D. Llewellyn* Kinston
8th-B Paul M. Wright* Goldsboro
9th Robert H. Hobgood* Louisburg
Henry W. Hight, Jr Henderson
lOth-A George R. Green Raleigh
lOth-B Robert L. Farmer* Raleigh
Henry V. Barnette, Jr Raleigh
lOth-C Howard E. Manning, Jr Raleigh
lOth-D Donald W. Stephens Raleigh
nth Wiley F. Bowen* Dunn
12th-A Darius B. Herring, Jr.* Fayetteville
12th-B Gregory A. Weeks Fayetteville
12th-C E. Lynn Johnson Fayetteville
Coy E. Brewer, Jr Fayetteville
13th Giles R. Clark* Elizabethtown
14th-A Orlando F. Hudson, Jr Durham
14th-B Anthony M. Brannon* Durham
James R. Read, Jr Durham
Albert L. Stanback, Jr Durham
15th-A J. B. Allen Jr.* Burlington
15th-B F. Gordon Battle* Hillsborough
16th-A B. Craig Elhs* Laurinburg
16th-B Joe Freeman Britt* Lumberton
Dexter Brooks Pembroke
"Senior Resident Judge
The Judicial Branch 691
District Judge Address
17th-A Melzer A. Morgan, Jr.* Wentworth
17th-B James M. Long* Pilot Mountain
18th-A William S. Allen, Sr Greensboro
18th-B Howard R. Greeson, Jr Greensboro
18th-C W. Douglas Albright* Greensboro
ISth-D Thomas W. Ross Greensboro
ISth-E Joseph R. John Greensboro
19th-A James C. Davis* Concord
19th-B Russel G. Walker, Jr.* Asheboro
19th-C Thomas W. Seay, Jr.* Spencer
20th-A F. Fetzer Mills* Wadesboro
20th-B William H. Helms* Monroe
21st-A James J. Booker Winston-Salem
21st-B Judson D. DeRamus, Jr.* Winston-Salem
21st-C William H. Freeman Winston-Salem
21st-D James A. Beaty, Jr Winston-Salem
22nd Preston Cornelius* Mooresville
Lester P. Martin, Jr Mocksville
23rd Julius A. Rousseau, Jr.* North Wilkesboro
24th Charles C. Lamm, Jr.* Boone
25th-A Claude S. Sitton* Morganton
25th-B Forrest A. Ferrell* Hickory
26th-A Shirley L. Fulton Charlotte
W. Terry Sherrill Charlotte
26th-B Kenneth A. Griffin* Charlotte
26th-C Chase B. Saunders Charlotte
Robert M. Burroughs Charlotte
27th-A Robert W. Kirby* Gastonia
Robert E. Gaines Gastonia
27th-B JohnM. Gardner* Shelby
28th Robert D. Lewis* Asheville
C. Walter Allen Asheville
29th Hollis M. Owens, Jr.* Rutherfordton
30th-A James U. Downs* Franklin
SOth-B Janet Marlene Hyatt* Waynesville
Special Judges
Samuel T. Currin Raleigh
Marvin K. Gray Charlotte
I. Beverly Lake, Jr Raleigh
(i92 North ('akoijna Manual
THE DISTRICT COURT
(as of September 1, 1989)
District Judges
f)istrict Judge Address
Ist (Iraf'ton G. Beaman Elizabeth City
John Richard Parker Manteo
2nd rJames W. Hardison WilHamston
Samuel (i. Grimes Washington
.'5rd David A. Leech Greenville
H. Horton Rountree Greenville
James hi. Martin Grifton
James E. Ragan, III Oriental
Willie L. Lumpkin, III Morehead City
Wilton R. Duke, Jr Greenville
4th Leonard W. Thagard Clinton
Wayne Kimble, Jr Jacksonville
William M. Cameron, Jr Jacksonville
Stephen M. Williamson Kenansville
r)th Charles K. Rice, III Wilmington
Jacquelin Morris-Goodson Wilmington
Elton G. Tucker Wilmington
John W. Smith, II Wilmington
6th Harold P. McCoy, Jr Scotland Neck
Robert K. Williford Lewiston-Woodville
7th Albert S. Thomas, Jr Wilson
Allen W. Harrell Wilson
Quentin T. Sumner Rocky Mount
Sarah F. Patterson Rocky Mount
Hth Arnold O. Jones Goldsboro
Kenneth R. Ellis Goldsboro
Rodney R. Goodman, Jr Kinston
Joseph K. Setzer, Jr Goldsboro
9th Charles W. Wilkinson Oxford
J. Larry Senter Franklinton
H. Weldon Lloyd, Jr Henderson
10th Donald W. Overby Raleigh
Stafford G. Bullock Raleigh
William A. Creech Raleigh
Joyce A. Hamilton Raleigh
Russell G. Sherrill, III Raleigh
Fred N. Morelock Raleigh
Lewis W. Payne, Jr Raleigh
Jerry W. Leonard Raleigh
James R. F'ullwood Raleigh
The Judicial Branch 693
District Judge >■ Address
11th Edward H. McCormick Lillington
Owen Willis, Jr Dunn
Samuel S. Stephenson Angier
Tyson Y. Dobson, Jr Smithfield
12th Anna EHzabeth Keever Fayetteville
John S. Hair, Jr Fayetteville
P. A. Timmons Goodson Fayetteville
James F. Ammons, Jr Fayetteville
13th David G. Wall Elizabethtown
D. Jack Hooks, Jr Whiteville
Jerry A. Jolly Tabor City
14th Carolyn D. Johnson Durham
Richard G. Chaney Durham
Kenneth C. Titus Durham
William Y. Manson Durham
15th-A James K. Washburn Burlington
Spencer B. Ennis Burlington
15th-B Lowry M. Betts Pittsboro
Patricias. Hunt Chapel Hill
16th-A WilHam C. Mcllwain, HI Wagram
16th-B Gary L. Locklear Pembroke
Herbert L. Richardson Lumberton
James S. Carmical Lumberton
Robert F. Floyd, Jr Fairmont
17th-A Phillip W. Allen Yanceyville
Robert R. Blackwell Yanceyville
17th-B Clarence W. Carter King
18th Edmund Lowe High Point
Lawrence C. McSwain Greensboro
William L. Daisy Greensboro
Robert E. Bencini, Jr High Point
Sherry Alloway Greensboro
William A. Vaden Greensboro
Joseph E. Turner Greensboro
Thomas G. Foster, Jr Greensboro
19th-A Clarence E. Horton, Jr Kannapolis
19th-B Richard M. Toomes Asheboro
Vance B. Long Asheboro
19th-C Robert M. Davis Salisbury
20th Kenneth W. Honeycutt Monroe
Ronald W. Burris Albemarle
Michael Earl Beale Southern Pines
Tanya T. Wallace Rockingham
21st James A. Harrill, Jr Winston-Salem
R. Kason Keiger Winston-Salem
William B. Reingold Winston-Salem
Roland H. Hayes Winston-Salem
Loretta C. Biggs Kernersville
Margaret L. Sharpe Winston-Salem
694 North Carolina Manual
District Judge Address
22nd George T. Fuller Lexington
Samuel A. Cathey Statesville
William G. Ijames, Jr Mocksville
Kimberly T. Harbinson Taylorsville
23rd Edgar B. Gregory Wilkesboro
Michael E. Helms Wilkesboro
24th Roy Alexander Lyerly Banner Elk
Charles Philip Ginn Boone
25th Jonathan L. Jones Valdese
Timothy S. Kincaid Newton
Ronald E. Bogle Hickory
Nancy L. Einstein Lenoir
Robert E. Hodges Valdese
26th Daphene L. Cantrell Charlotte
Robert P. Johnston Charlotte
William H. Scarborough Charlotte
L. Stanley Brown Charlotte
Resa L. Harris Charlotte
William G. Jones Charlotte
Marilyn R. Bissell Charlotte
Richard A. Elkins Charlotte
H. Brent McKnight Charlotte
Richard D. Boner Charlotte
H. William Constangy, Jr Charlotte
27th-A Catheine C. Stevens Gastonia
Timothy L. Patti Gastonia
Harley G. Gaston, Jr Belmont
Daniel J. Walton Gastonia
27th-B James T. Bowen, HI Lincolnton
John K. Fonvielle Shelby
28th Gary S. Cash Asheville
Robert L. Harrell Asheville
Peter L. Roda Asheville
29th Roberts. Cilley Brevard
Thomas N. Hix Mill Spring
Stephen F. Franks Hendersonville
30th Danny E. Davis Waynesville
Steven J. Bryant Bryson City
The Judicial Branch 695
DISTRICT ATTORNEYS
(as of September 1, 1989)
District Judge Address
1st Herschel P. Williams, Jr Elizabeth City
2nd Mitchell D. Norton Washington
3rd-A Thomas D., Haigwood Greenville
3rd-B William D. McFadyen, Jr New Bern
4th William H. Andrews Jacksonville
5th Jerry Lee Spivey Wilmington
6th David H. Beard, Jr Murfreesboro
7th Howard S. Boney, Jr Tarboro
8th Donald Jacobs Goldsboro
9th David R. Waters Oxford
10th C. Colon Willoughby, Jr Raleigh
nth John W. Twisdale Smithfield
12th Edward W. Grannis, Jr Fayetteville
13th Michael F. Easley BoHvia
14th Ronald L. Stephens Durham
15th-A Steve A. Balog Graham
15th-B Carl R. Fox Pittsboro
16th-A Jean E. Powell Raeford
16th-B John R. Townsend Lumberton
17th-A Thurman B. Hampton Wentworth
17th-B H. Dean Bowman Dobson
18th Horace M. Kimel, Jr Greensboro
19th-A James E. Roberts Concord
19th-B Garland N. Yates Asheboro
20th Carroll Lowder Monroe
21st W. Warren Sparrow Winston-Salem
22nd H. W. Zimmerman, Jr Lexington
23rd Michael A. Ashburn Wilkesboro
24th James T. Rusher Boone
25th Robert E. Thomas Hickory
26th Peter S. Gilchrist Charlotte
27th-A Calvin B. Hamrick Gastonia
27th-B WilHam C. Young Shelby
28th Robert W. Fisher Asheville
29th Alan C. Leonard Rutherfordton
30th Roy H. Patton, Jr Waynesville
PARTY
Higher Education
in North Carolina
CHAPTER ONE
The University of North Carolina System
The University of North CaroHna consists of sixteen institutions, all
governed by a single Board of Governors but each having its own board of
trustees and each with its distinctive history and mission.
The institution now known as The University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill was chartered in 1789 and opened its doors to students in 1795, the first
state university in the United States to do so. Throughout most of its history, it
has been governed by a board of trustees chosen by the Legislature and
presided over by the Governor. During the period 1917-1972, the board
consisted of one hundred elected members and a varying number of ex officio
members.
By act of the General Assembly of 1931, without change of name, it was
merged with The North Carolina College for Women at Greensboro and the
North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering at Raleigh to
form a multicampus institution designated The University of North Carolina.
In 1963 the General Assembly changed the name of the campus at Chapel
Hill to The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and that at Greensboro
to The University of North Carolina at Greensboro and, in 1965, the name of
the campus at Raleigh was changed to North Carolina State University at
Raleigh.
Charlotte College was added as The University of North Carolina at
Charlotte in 1965, and, in 1969, Asheville-Biltmore College and Wilmington
College became The University of North Carolina at Asheville and The
University of North Carolina at Wilmington respectively.
On October 30, 1971, the General Assembly in special session merged,
without changing their names, the remaining ten state-supported senior
institutions into the University as follows: Appalachian State University
(Boone), East Carolina University (Greenville), Elizabeth City State University
(Elizabeth City), Fayetteville State University (Fayetteville), North Carolina
Agricultural and Technical State University (Greensboro), North Carolina
Central University (Durham), North Carolina School of the Arts (Winston-
Salem), Pembroke State University (Pembroke), Western Carolina University
(Cullowhee), and Winston-Salem State University (Winston-Salem). This
merger, which resulted in a statewide multicampus university of sixteen
constituent institutions, became effective on July 1, 1972.
The constitutionally authorized Board of Trustees, composed of 100 mem-
bers, was designated the board of Governors. The number was reduced to
thirty-two members elected by the General Assembly, with authority to choose
their own chairman and other officers.
700 North Carolina Manual
The l^oard of (lovcrnors is assigned five major categories of powers and
duties:
1 . Witli reference to the constituent institutions of The University
of North CaroHna, the Board of Governors has comprehensive
duties and powers for the control, supervision, management, and
governance of all affairs of the constituent institutions, together
with the responsibility to develop, prepare, and present a single,
unified budget for all of public senior higher education, and to
approve the establishment of any new public senior institution.
2. With reference to the State Board of Education and the
Department of Community Colleges, the Board of Governors is to
maintain liaison through appropriate and regularized consultative
processes, in accordance with the intent to develop a coordinated
system.
3. With reference to Statewide State or federal programs that
provide aid to institutions or students in post-secondary education
through a state agency, except for those related exclusively to the
community colleges, the Board of Governors is to administer such
programs in accordance with State or federal statute to insure that
such activities are consonant with the development of a coordinated
system of higher education.
4. With reference to the private colleges and universities, in the
interest of developing a coordinated system of higher education, the
Board is: to assess the contributions and needs of those institutions
and to give advice and recommendations to the General Assembly
to the end that their resources may be utilized in the best interest of
the State: to license to confer degrees to non-public institutions,
established in the State after April 15, 1923; to approve the
appointment by the President of an advisory committee of presi-
dents of private colleges and universities; and to maintain liaison
and consult with the private institutions through that advisory
committee or other appropriate mechanisms.
5. With further reference to all of higher education in North
Carolina, the Board of Governors is: to collect and disseminate data
and to prescribe uniform reporting practices and policies for the
constituent institutions; to give advice and recommendations to the
Governor, the General Assembly, the Advisory Budget Com-
mission, and the Board of Trustees of the constituent institutions;
and to prepare and from time to time revise a long-range plan for a
coordianted system of higher education.
University-wide administration and execution of Board policy is the re-
sponsibility of the President of the University. The President, the officers of the
University, and their supporting staffs constitute the General Administration
of the University.
The Administrative Council, consisting of the president, the 16 Chancellors,
and the principal members of the President's staff meets monthly as a forum
for the exchange of information and advice on matters of multicampus
concern. Advice to the President from the faculty perspective is provided by the
The University of North Carolina System 701
Faculty Assembly, whose members are drawn from the faculties of the sixteen
constituent institutions. Advice to the President from the student perspective is
provided by the Student Advisory Council, which consists, ex officio, of the
student body president of each of the 16 institutions.
An Advisory Council, consisting of eight private institutional presidents
elected by the Board of Governors on nomination by the President, meets on
call of the president and advises him on matters of mutual concern.
In 1976, by agreement among the President of The University, the State
President of the Community College System, and the Chairman of the Board of
Directors of the North Carolina Association of Independent Colleges and
Universities, a new three-part liaison committee was formed to provide a forum
where matters of mutual concern to the three sectors may be discussed and
advice thereon formulated. The committee consists of four members chosen by
the President of The University, four chosen by the State President of
Community College System, and four chosen by the President of the Associa-
tion. A similiar liaison committee composed of four representatives designated
by the President of the University and four designated by the State President of
the Community College System meets periodically to discuss and develop
advice to the two Presidents on matters of mutual concern to the Community
College System and The University.
The University Television Network is a public service activity which
provides television programs throughout the State for educational purposes,
information dissemination, and cultural enrichment. The broadcasting
facilities owned by The University are licensed by the Federal Communications
Commission to operate in the public's interest. To achieve that goal, the staff is
involved in ascertaining of community problems and needs followed by the
acquisition and/or development and production of programs, scheduling for
maximum viewing, providing information to potential audiences, assisting in
reception of programs, and evaluating the effectiveness of the process.
The 1979 General Assembly authorized and directed the Board of Governors
to establish "The University of North Carolina Center for Public Television" in
order to enhance the uses of television for public purposes. The Board was
authorized and directed to establish the Board of Trustees for the Center and to
delegate to the Board of Trustees such powers and duties as the Board of
Governors deemed necessary or appropriate. Members of the Board of Trustees,
whose terms are for four years, are selected as follows: eleven persons
appointed by the Board of Governors; four persons appointed by the governor;
one Senator appointed by the President of the Senate; one member of the House
of Representatives appointed by the Speaker of the House; and ex officio, the
Secretary of the Department of Cultural Resources, the Secretary of the
Department of Human Resources, the Superintendent of Public Instruction,
the State President of the Community College System, and the President of The
University of North Carolina.
North Carolina Memorial Hosptial is the principal teaching hospital for the
School of Medicine at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and is
operated by a Board of Directors consisting of twelve members, nine of whom
are appointed from the public-at-large by the Board of Governors for five-year
terms. Three are ex officio members: The University of North Carolina Vice
702 North Carolina Manual
ChancoUor for Health Sciences, University of North Carolina Vice Chancellor
for Business and Finance, and the Dean of The University of North Carolina
Medical School.
Each constituent institution has its own board of trustees of thirteen
members, eight of whom are appointed by the Board of Governors, four by the
Governor, and with the elected president of the study body, serving as an ex
officio member. The principal powers of each institutional board are exercised
under a delegation from the Board of Governors. The North Carolina School of
the Arts has two additional ex officio members.
Each institution has its own faculty and student body, and each is headed by
a chancellor as its chief administrative officer. Unified general policy and
appropriate allocation of function are effected by the Board of Governors and
by the President with the assistance of other administrative officers of The
University. The General Administration office is located in Chapel Hill.
The chancellors of the constituent institutions are responsible to the
President as the chief administrative and executive officer of The University of
North Carolina.
The University of North Carolina System
703
Clemmie D. Spangler, Jr.
PRESIDENT
Early Years: Born in Charlotte,
Mecklenburg County, April 5, 1982, to
CD. and Veva (Yelton) Spangler, Sr.
Education: Charlotte Public
Schools, 1938-47; Woodberry Forest
School, 1947-50; University of North
Carolina-Chapel Hill, 1950-54, B.S.;
Harvard Business School, 1954-56,
M.B.A.
Professional Background: Presi-
dent, University of North Carolina,
1986-present; President, CD. Spangler
Construction Co., 1958-86; President,
Golden Eagle Industries, Inc., 1968-86.
Organizations: Former Board Mem-
ber, Charlotte Nature Museum; Charlotte Symphony Orchestra; Former,
Chairman, Salvation Army, Charlotte Advisory Board; Vice Chairman,
Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 1972-76; Former Board Member,
Y.M.C.A.; former Board President, Mint Museum of Art, 1982.
Boards: Board Director, Jefferson-Pilot Corporation, 1987-1989; Board
Director, Bell South Corporation, 1987-present; Board of Directors, The
Equitable Life Assurance Society; Trustee, National Humanities Center, 1986-
present; former Board Chairman, Bank of North Carolina, 1973-82; former
Chairman, N.C State Board of Education, 1982-86; former Board Director,
Hammermill Paper Company, 1982-86; former Board Director, NCNB Corpora-
tion, 1983-86; former Board Director, Aeronca, Inc., 1983-86; Crozer Theological
Seminary, previous member. Board of Trustees; University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Board of Visitors, 1985; Union Theological Seminary, NYC,
Board of Directors, 1985-present.
Military: United States Army, 1956-58.
Awards: Eagle Scout; Liberty Bell Award, Mecklenburg County Bar
Association, 1985; Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters, Queens College, 1985;
Honorary Doctor of Laws, Davidson College, 1986.
Religious Activities: Member, Myers Park Baptist Church; Deacon.
Family: Married, Meredith Riggs, of Bronxville, June 25, 1960. Children:
Anna and Abigail.
704
North Carolina Manual
APPALACHIAN STATE UNIVERSITY
N
23
',i
^HIAH ST^E i
APPALAi
FoundedasWata.^,^^
emy. Mate -supported
since 1903. A part of
The University of Harih
Carolma since 1972.
fif-
Appalachian State University, founded
in 1899 as Watauga Academy, is located
in Boone, North Carolina, in the heart of
the Blue Ridge of the Appalachian moun-
tains, close to the borders of Virginia and
Tennessee and less than two hours from
the region's major airports and population
centers.
Growing steadily through its transforma-
tions as Appalachian State Normal School
in 1925 to Appalachian State Teachers'
College in 1929 to Appalachian State Uni-
versity in 1967 and a part of the con-
solidated University of North Carolina in
1971, the campus has come to occupy some 48 buildings on its 75-acre main
campus as well as several new buildings on the new 180-acre west campus. The
University has a master plan for an enrollment of 10,000 students with future
expansions concentrated on some 330 acres of outlying land owned by the
University.
Appalachian maintains two campuses away from Boone for experiential
studies. The New York Loft, begun in 1974, consists of some 3,000 square feet of
carefully designed living space for ten to twelve visitors at a time. Located at 67
Vestry Street in the SoHo district of New York City, the loft is within easy
walking distance of the World Trade Center, Chinatown, Little Italy, and all
SoHo art galleries.
The Appalachian House, a satellite campus in Washington, D.C., opened in
1977. The 150-year-old house is in the heart of the Capitol Hill Historic District.
It is next door to the Folger Shakespeare Library, only minutes away from the
U.S. Senate and House chambers. Congressional offices, the Library of
Congress, and the Supreme Court. The Appalachian House and Loft, supervised
by the Associate Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs, are not open to the
general public, but are reserved for use by ASU faculty, students and staff.
The University welcomes and encourages prospective students, alumni, and
friends to visit the campus and to tour the surrounding area which encompasses
six ski resorts, nine golf courses, and several major tourist attractions.
Founded in 1899 as Watauga Academy, Appalachian State University soon
evolved into a state teacher's college was later broadened its purpose to include
the liberal arts, and became a part of the consolidated University of North
Carolina in 1971. From its beginnings as a small local institution, Appalachian
has grown to an enrollment of approximately 10,000 students from every
section of North Carolina, as well as from other states and nations. Throughout
its rapid growth, the University has consistently maintained a student-
centered environment and has been responsive to the changing needs of its
constituency.
The University of North Carolina System
705
Satie Hunt Broyhill Music Center
Appalachian State University is a comprehensive university, offering some
130 academic majors at the master's and intermediate levels. As a comprehen-
sive university whose major clientele is the traditional undergraduate student,
Appalachian's primary mission will continue to be that of instruction. To
prepare a diverse constituency for productive lives in society, the University
will provide each student with a well-rounded liberal education and the
opportunity to participate in a wide range of educational experiences and
professional programs. It will maintain a strong commitment to excellence in
instruction, as well as its tradition of attention to the individual needs of
students.
At Appalachian, research and service are supportive of the instructional
mission. The major purposes of research, scholarship and other creative
activities are to serve as a basis for instruction, to ensure a vital and
intellectually engaged faculty, and to provide a means for the advancement of
knowledge. Professional and public service is provided in the form of continuing
education programs and activities, consultation services, the extension into
the community of the professional knowledge and skills of the faculty, staff
and students, and the sharing of its special responsibilities to the region, the
University seeks to contribute to the understanding, appreciation and pre-
servation of the unique culture of the Appalachian region.
Within the framework of higher education established by the State of North
Carolina, Applalchian State University seeks to nurture an intellectual
climate in which truth is sought and respected, critical thinking is encouraged,
cultural horizons are broadened, and ethical and aesthetic values are ap-
preciated. It maintains an academic environment conducive to learning,
sensitive to individual, community and regional needs; and alert to the new
70f) North Carolina Manual
ideas and challenf^es of a complex and changing world. To prepare a diverse
constituency for productive lives in society, the university provides each
student with a well-rounded liberal education and the opportunity to participate
in a wide range of educational experiences and professional programs. The
university's faculty and administration are dedicated to excellence in teaching,
research, and service. Within the limits of its resources, Appalachian State
University serves the educational needs of the people within its sphere of
influence.
The University of North Carolina System
707
John E. Thomas
CHANCELLOR
Early Years: Born in Fort Worth,
Texas, April 23, 1931, to John L. and
Dorothy Frazee Thomas.
Education: University of Kansas, 1953,
B.S.E.E.; University of Missouri at Kansas
City, 1961, J.D.; Florida State University,
1965, M.S. (R&D Management); Florida
State University, 1970, D.B.A.
Professional Background: Chan-
cellor, Appalachian State University,
1979-; Vice Chancellor for Academic
Affairs, 1974-79; Dean of the College of
Sciences and Technology, East Texas State University, 1972-74; Dean, General
Business Department, East Texas State University, 1970-72; manager, NASA,
1963-70; Registered Engineer; (former manager, electrical Apparatus Division
of the Wagner Electric Corporation of Atlanta, 1953-63).
Organizations: Georgia State Bar, 1963—; Federal Bar Association, 1964-;
Boone Ki wanis Club; Past Cub Master; Past Executive Volunteer, United Way.
Boards and Commissions: Past Chairman, NC Agency for Public Tele-
Communications, 1979-; Chairman, Regional Energy Institute, 1978-79; Former
Member: Executive Council, Southern Association of Colleges and Univer-
sities; President, NC Association of Colleges and Universities; NC Commission
for Economic Growth, 1983.
Military Service: Served in U.S. Marine Corps, 1953-55; and in the US
Navy.
Honors: Received award for "Superior Achievement/Contributions to the
Apollo Program," Dr. Kurt Debus, Director John F. Kennedy Space Center,
Florida, 1969; NDEA Fellow, 1968-69; "Outstanding Performance Award," Dr.
Kurt Debus, Director, John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida, 1967; Bancroft-
Whitney Award (Outstanding Achievement in the Field of Law), 1960; member
of numerous honorary fraternities and societies.
Religious Activities: Member, United Methodist Church; (Chairman,
Administrative Board, 1981-1982); Sunday School Teacher.
Family: Married, Janice Winzinek, January 29, 1967. Children: John L.,
Christa J. Cooper, Scott A., and Brandon F.
708 North Carolina Manual
EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY
East Carolina University is located
adjacent to downtown Greenville (Popula-
4 5 ^^**^H ^^^^ 38,000) a business, medical and univer-
LAC!) 1 CAP IB ^^^^ center on the coastal plain, 80 miles
^NlVFR^i i Y ^S east of Raleigh and a little over an hour's
^" wm drivefroma variety of coastal resorts and
^taDlisned i; m recreation areas.
a state -supports M Under Governor Charles Brantley
mal school. A tour g Aycock the state of North Carohna em-
it vear college since l^'^^ 5 barked in the early 20th century upon an
university sincp ' 3 ambitious and unprecedented program of
progress in public education. During its
first decade, new schools were being opened
at the remarkable rate of one a day. It was
an educational program designed to lift North Carolina from the abyss of
illiteracy and ignorance.
To supply the teachers, it was decided that a new public normal school
should be established in the mostly rural, agriculturally-rich eastern half of the
state. That decision marked the beginning of the institution of higher learning
that is now East Carolina University.
East Carolina University, chartered in 1907 as a teacher training school, has
moved in a rapid and orderly transition from normal school to liberal arts
college to multi-faceted university and has become the focal point for higher
education, professional training, service and cultural development, including
the fine arts and music, for eastern North Carolina. In 1941, the General
Assembly authorized East Carolina to institute a liberal arts program of equal
standing with its teacher education program. By the 1960's, the college had
become the third largest institution of higher learning in the state. In 1967, the
General Assembly elevated East Carolina College to the status of a state-
supported university with a mandate to expand programs in all areas. In 1972,
ECU became a constituent institution of the University of North Carolina
system. During the 1970's, ECU won authorization to establish a school of
medicine which with Pitt County Memorial Hospital has become the center of a
major regional complex of medical training, treatment and health care. At
present, ECU consists of the College of Arts and Sciences with 18 academic
departments, nine professional schools, the Graduate School, the General
College, two library divisions, the Division of Continuing Education which
operates off-campus centers and the University College evening program, the
Regional Development Institute for Coastal and Marine Resources, and Center
for Applied Technology.
East Carolina University is accredited by the Southern Association of
Colleges and Schools; its programs are fully accredited by state and national
accrediting agencies. The University is a member of or accredited by nearly 30
associations.
The estimated total enrollment for the fall semester of 1989 was over 14,500.
In addition to the main campus, there are satellite units at Cherry Point and
The University of North Carolina System
709
Flanagan Building
Camp Lejeune. ECU students came from nearly all of North Carolina's
counties, most of the 50 states and nearly 50 foreign countries.
The University offers undergraduate degrees in nearly 100 bachelor's degree
program tracks. The Graduate School has 91 master's degree program tracks
and PhD programs in the basic medical sciences. The MD degree is offered
through the School of Medicine.
There are more than 50,000 living alumni. They reside in each of the 50 states
and in some 30 other countries. Alumni are informed of campus and alumni
activities through alumni publications, and the ECU Alumni Association
offers a wide range of programs and activities for former students.
710
North Carolina Manual
Richard Ronald Eakin
CHANCELLOR
Early Years: Born in New Castle,
Pennsylvania, August 6, 1938, to Everett
Glenn and Mildred (Hammerschmidt)
Eakin.
Education: Shenango High School;
Geneva College, 1960, A.B.; Washington
State University, 1962-64, MA., Ph.D.
Professional Background: Chan-
cellor, East Carolina University, 1987-
present; Vice President, Planning and
Budgeting, Bowling Green State Univer-
sity, 1983-87; Executive Vice Provost,
Planning and Budgeting, Bowling Green State University, 1980-83; Vice
Provost, Institutional Planning and Budgeting, Bowling Green State Univer-
sity, 1979-80; Vice Provost, Student Affairs, Bowling Green State University,
1972-79; Inter-University Council (State Universities in Ohio: Fiscal Officers,
1983-1987; Chairman, 1984-85; Student Affairs Committee Chairman, 1974-75;
Secretary, 1972-1974); Ohio Board of Regents, Subsidy Formula Review
Committee, 1979-80, 1983, 1984, 1986;
Organizations: Former member. Wood County, Ohio Community Mental
Health Board, 1984-87, Chairman, 1986, vice Chairman, 1985; Bowling Green,
Ohio Town & Gown Club, 1970-87.
Boards: Chairman, Board of Directors and Vice President, Administration
and Finance, National Hemophilia Foundation, 1984-1987; Vice President and
member of the Board of Directors, 1983-84.
Honors: William T. Jerome III Award, 1982-83 (presented by the Under-
graduate Student government. Bowling Green State University, in recognition
of extraordinary service to the Student Body); Mortarboard National Honorary
Society, 1982; BetaTau Chapter of Omicron Delta Kappa, National Leadership
Honor Society, 1978; Institute for Educational Management, Harvard Univer-
sity, 1978; Institute for Student Personnel Officers, sponsored by the American
Council on Education, Office of Leadership Development in Higher Education,
1976.
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church, Elder, Deacon.
Family: Married, Jo Ann McGeehan, of Beaver, Pennsylvania August 23,
1960. Children: Matthew and Maridy.
The University of North Carolina System
711
ELIZABETH CITY STATE UNIVERSITY
•N«^
,,■ K-' ^.j.^^"^ , c Elizabeth City State University is a
constituent institution of The University
of North Carolina and serves as a
baccalaureate university of Liberal Arts
and Sciences dedicated to educating all
students regardless of race, creed, color, or
sex.
In the ninety-four years since its humble
but proud beginning, Elizabeth City State
University has made monumental ad-
vancements in growth and development
in its ongoing quest to meet the needs and
to provide the services for our community,
state, and nation.
When the Honorable Hugh Cale, a black representative to the North
Carolina General Assembly from Pasquotank County, introduced House Bill
383 in the 1891 session, little did people realize that the establishment of a
normal school for the educating and training of teachers of the black race to
teach in the common schools of North Carolina would have the impact seen
today.
Enacted into law on March 3, 1891, the State Colored Normal School began
operation on January 4, 1892 in a rented downtown Elizabeth City location
with a budget of $900.00, a faculty of two, a student body of twenty-three, and a
curriculum consisting of elementary and secondary school courses. Under the
leadership of Dr. Peter Weddick Moore, the school expanded its curriculum to
two-year "normal" courses and moved to its present location in 1912.
Following the retirement of Dr. Moore in 1928, Dr. John Bias became
president and supervised the change from a two-year normal school to a
four-year teachers college. In 1939, the General Assembly officially changed
the school's name to Elizabeth City State Teachers College and the first
baccalaureate degrees were conferred upon twenty-six Elementary Education
graduates.
Dr. Harold Leonard Trigg and Dr. Sidney David Williams served Elizabeth
City State Teachers College effectively and efficiently from 1939-1958 as the
third and fourth presidents, respectively. During their capable administration,
improvements and additions were made in the physical plant and in curricular
offerings.
During the decade of leadership provided by Dr. Walter N. Ridley, the
school's fifth president, the institution made significant and noteworthy
progress. Curricular offerings were expanded with the approval of additional
majors, minors, and concentrations. Full membership in the Southern Associa-
tion of Colleges and Schools was granted and subsequently reaffirmed. The
name of the school was officiallly changed to Elizabeth City State College, and
sobriquet "Vikings" was adopted for intercollegiate athletic teams. Student
enrollment broke the one thousand mark for the first time.
712
North Carolina Manual
Lane Hall
Following the resignation of Dr. Ridley in 1968, Dr. Marion Dennis Thorpe
became the sixth president, and one year later, Elizabeth City State College
became Elizabeth City State University. In 1972 the school became one of the
sixteen constituent institutions of the University of North Carolina, and Dr.
Thorpe became its first chancellor. During Dr. Thorpe's administration, the
faculty/staff doubled in number; the student enrollment neared the fifteen
hundred mark; and additional degree-granting were approved and im-
plemented. The annual budget approached $9,000,000, and the school's
physical assets grew to include over fifty buildings and approximately eight
hundred and thirty acreas of land. The concept of communiversity gained
wide-spread acceptance.
Following the tragic death of Dr. Thorpe, Dr. Jimmy Raymond Jenkins
became the seventh individual to serve as head of the institution and the
second chancellor. No other alumnus had previously held this office at any
institution of higher learning. The selection of Dr. Jenkins by the University of
North Carolina Board of Govenors marked the first time that this Board had
named an Elizabeth City State University chief executive.
With over 8,000 graduates to its credit, Elizabeth City State University has
proven its utility and its dedication to a mission and philosophy established
almost a century ago. Through capable leaderhsip and guidance of Chancellor
Jenkins, Elizabeth City State University will continue to prosper and grow
until all the dreams of all those who have given so much of themselves are
brought to fruition.
The University of North Carolina System
713
Jimmy R. Jenkins Sr.
CHANCELLOR
Early Years: Born in Selma, to Willie
(deceased) and Alma Jenkins.
Education: Purdue University, 1970,
M.S. (Biology); Purdue University, 1972,
Ph.D. (Science Education); St. Augustine's
College, Biology Institute, 1967, Radio-
active Materials from Atomic Energy Com-
mission Certificate; University of Wis-
consin, Institute for Academic and Non-
Academic Administrators Certificate.
Professional Background: Chan
cellor, Elizabeth City State University,
1983-; Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs, Elizabeth City State University,
1977; Professor, of Biology, Elizabeth City State University, 1977; Assistant
Academic Dean of Administration and Associate Professor of Biology,
Elizabeth City State University, 1973.
Organizations: NC State Advisory Team of Examiners for College Licens-
ing; American Association of Higher Education; National Science Teachers
Association; American Biology Teachers Association; National Alliance of
Black School Educators; Association for Supervision and Curriculum Develop-
ment; National Caucus for Black Aged; Director, Elizabeth City Boys Club;
Omega Psi Phi.
Boards and Commissions: Director, Pasquotank Credit Union; Pas-
quotank County and Elilzabeth City ABC Board; Elizabeth City/Pasquotank
School Redistricting Study Committee; NC Humanities Committee; Committee
on Public Understanding of Science and Technology for NC; NC Advisory
Panel for Women Administrators in Higher Education.
Political Activities: Governor's Oversight Committee for Official Labor
Market Information, 1983; NC Humanities Committee, 1980 (Executive Com-
mittee, 1981); NC Governor's Board of Science and Technology, 1981; Electronic
Town Hall Task Force, 1981.
Honors: Distinguished Alumni Award, National Association for Equal
Opportunity, 1983; Outstanding Young Men of America; Outstanding Per-
sonalities in the South.
Religious Activities: Member, The Howell Chapel Disciples of Christ
Church, Selma and St. Galilee Disciples Church of Christ, Elizabeth City.
Family: Married, Faleese Moore of Darden. Children: Lisa, Ginger, and
Jimmy Raymond Jr.
714 North Carolina Manual
FAYETTEVILLE STATE UNIVERSITY
Fayetteville State University is the most
'^^^^^'^^HKI^ ^ recent name given to an institution with a
1 >^i^3l ^"^J^g^yM long and interesting history.
FAYETTFVII 1 p PIH At the close ofthe Civil War, the need for
ISTATE UNlVFDciT ^«i provisions for the schooling of black
lEsi IftfiT — " — P!^ children was a crucial problem over the
c , ■ ?~j! ^s HoAvardC South. In 1867, seven progressive black
ocnool btate-supportedfe citizens - David Bryant, Nelson Carter,
Th tl • ^ ^^^* °^m ^^^*^^^ N- Leary, A.J. Chesnutt, Robert
I ne University of North MfiiJ Simmons, George Grainer, and Thomas
[Carolina Since 1972. £ Lomax- paid $140.00 for a lot on Gillespie
Street in Fayetteville and converted them-
selves into a self-perpetuating Board of
Trustees to maintain this property perman-
ently as a site for the educating of black children in Fayetteville. One ofthe first
known friends of black education, General 0.0. Howard erected a building on
this site, thus the institution became known as the Howard School. Robert
Harris was chosen as the first principal and served until his death in 1880.
By legislative act in 1877, the North Carolina General Assembly provided for
the establishment of a Normal School for the education of black teachers.
Because of the small amount of the appropriation, it was felt that the money
could be used more effectively if given to an existing school. Several areas of
the state competed to become this first state-supported school, but the
Legislature chose the Howard School as the most promising because of its
success record during the previous ten years. It was designated a teacher
training institution and its name was changed to the State Colored Normal
School. Charles Waddell Chesnutt formerly assistant to Principal Harris,
became the second principal ofthe institution in 1880.
In 1883, Principal Chesnutt resigned and Dr. Ezekiel Ezra Smith was elected
to fill the vacancy. On two occasions, Dr. Smith was called to serve the U.S.
government. During his first absence between 1888 and 1895, George Williams
was chosen to guide the destiny of the institution. During Smith's second
absence from 1898 to 1899, Reverend L.E. Fairley became acting principal of
State Normal School.
When Dr. Smith retired as President ofthe State Normal School in 1933, the
institution had moved to its present location on Murchison Road in Fayette-
ville. The size of the new campus had expanded by 42 acres, and there were
eight brick buildings and several cottages on the campus grounds.
In 1929, all high school work was discontinued at the Normal School. In May
of 1937, the State Board of Education authorized the extension of the course of
study to four years with authority to grant the Bachelor of Science degree in
Elementary Education. In 1939, the name ofthe institution was changed to
Fayetteville State Teachers College under the leadership of Dr. James Ward
Seabrook who served as president from 1933 unitl his retirment in 1956.
Dr. Rudolph Jones was elected President in 1956. During his administration,
the curriculum was expanded to include majors in Secondary Education and
The University of North Carolina System 715
programs leading to degrees outside the teaching field. The name of the
institution was changed to Fayetteville State College in 196.'5.
Under Dr. Jones' leadership, six additions to the physical plant were
provided to accomodate a rapidly expanding enrollment . When Dr. Jones
resigned in 1969, a new Administration Building was under construction and
the Rudolph Jones Student Center was on the drawing board.
In 1969, the institution acquired its present name - Fayetteville State
University -and Dr. Charles "A" Lyons, Jr. was elected President of the newly
designated "regional university". By legislative act, on July 1, 1972, P^SU
ecame a constituent institution of the University of North Carolina and Dr.
Lyons became its first Chancellor.
Hallmarks of progress attributed to the present administration's building
program are the Rudolph Jones Student Center, the George L. Butler Learning
Center, and the New Residence Hall. A $4.8 million ultramodern Science
Complex named for Chancellor Lyons was completed and occupied in the
Spring of 1981 . In the Fall of that same year, construction of the Administration
Building Annex was completed.
The Center for Continuing Education Building represents a part of the first
private philanthropic grant of over one-million dollars to the University given
by the Kellogg Foundation. A new library is now under construction which will
provide stacking space for over 350,000 volumes and meet the needs of the
University for some years to plex. The institution's facilities have improved
from a one-building school, 118 years ago, to a campus of 156 acres and 36
buildings with a current value of over $35 million.
In addition to physical facilities, the quality of the faculty is an area in which
there has been steady improvement. During the administration of Dr. Lyons,
the percentage of faculty with doctorate degrees has increased from 25% to over
60%. Academically, FSU seeks to provide an atmosphere that encourages
intellectual creativity and rewards outstanding scholarship by providing
excellent graduate and undergraduate programs. The basic philosophy at the
institution is development of the whole person.
Educational opportunity for military personnel and others with full-time
jobs is provided through the University's P\)rt Bragg/Pope Air Force Base
Extension Center and through the Weekend and Evening College. Through
these programs, students are able to further their education without interrupt-
ing their professional responsibilities.
No longer exclusively a teacher training institution, F'SU now offers the
Bachelor of Arts Degree in eleven (11) desciplines, the Bachelor of Science
Degree in twenty-four (24) disciplines, and the Master's Degree in four
disciplines including the areas of education and business administration.
Fayetteville State University is a proud institution with an outstanding
history. It is the second oldest state-supported institution in North Carolina
and one of the oldest teacher education institutions in the South.
Located in the fourth largest urban population center in North Carolina, in
one of the ten fastest growing counties in the South, and in a recently
designated All-American City - F'ayetteville State University's future growth is
assured.
No longer a small, neglected, predominantly black institution, FSU is a
full-fledge university where students, faculty, trustees and administrators are
as cosmopolitan as the population that surrounds the campus.
716
North Carolina Manual
r
Lloyd V. Hackley
CHANCELLOR
Early Years: Born in Roanoke,
Roanoke County, Virginia, June 14, 1940,
to David W. and Ernestine (Parker)
Hackley (both deceased).
Education: Ludy Addison High School
(Roanoke, Virginia), 1958; Michigan State
University, 1965, BA.; UNC -Chapel Hill,
1976, Ph.D.; Government Executives In-
stitute, UNC - CH, School of Business,
1980.
Professional Background: Chan-
cellor, Fayetteville State University, 1988-;
Vice President for Student Services and Special Programs, UNC General
Administration (Chapel Hill, N.C.), 1985-1988; Chancellor, University of
Arkansas at Pine Bluff (Pine Bluff, Ark.), 1981-1985; Associate Vice President
for Academic Affairs, UNC General Administration (Chapel Hill, N.C.),
1979-1981.
Organizations: Member: Strategic Planning Team, Cumberland County
Board of Education (May, 1989); Fayetteville Area Economic Development
Corporation; LEAP Advisory Board; Cape Fear Chapter, SERTOMA, Inc.;
Fayetteville Area Chamber of Commerce (Board of Directors). Past Member:
Pine Bluff Rotary Club (Pine Bluff, Ark.).
Boards: Member: Board of Directors, Southern National Bank (Fayetteville,
N.C.); Board of Trustees, Hollins College (Roanoke, Va.), 1988- ; USS North
Carolina Battleship Commission (appointed May, 1989, by Gov. Martin);
Council of Chief State School Officers' School/Collegiate Collaboration
Advancing Effective Teaching for At Risk Youth (N.C. Collegiate Representa-
tive). Past Member: Arkansas Advisory Committee to United States Commis-
sion on Civil Rights (Chairman), 1985; Arkansas Endowment for the
Humanities (President; Board of Directors); Arkansas Quality Higher Educa-
tion Study Committee (Chairman, Subcommittee on Curriculum and Student
Matters).
Military Service: U.S. Air Force, 1958-1978 (Major); Meritorious Service
Medal, USAF, Europe, 1971; Man of the Hour, HQ, USAF, Europe, 1970;
Bronze Star for Meritorious Service in Combat with Valor, Vietnam, 1968;
Vietnam Cross for Gallantry, Vietnam, 1968.
Honors: Tar Heel of the Week, News and Observer (Raleigh, N.C), 1987
Presented Key to the City of Roanoke, Virginia by Mayor, May, 1987
Resolution of Commendation by Arkansas Legislature, September, 1985
Resolution of Tribute by Michigan Legislature, 1984; Presented Key to the City
of Flint, Michigan by Mayor, 1984; Listed in Who's Who in the South and
The University of North Carolina System 717
Southwest, 1979; Listed in Community Leaders and Noteworthy Americans,
1978.
Religious Activities: High Street Baptist Church (Roanoke, Va.).
Family: Married Brenda L. Stewart of Roanoke, Va., June 12, 1960.
Children: Dianna Hackley-Apphn and Michael R. Hackley.
718
North Carolina Manual
A. 5 T_COLLEGE
The Agricultural and
Technical College of
North Carolina, char-
tered 189L for Negroes.
Maintained by state,
federal funds. Coed.
NORTH CAROLINA AGRICULTURAL AND
TECHNICAL STATE UNIVERSITY
North Carolina Agricultural and Techni-
cal State University was established as
the A. and M. College for the "Colored
Race" by an act of the General Assembly
of North Carolina ratified March 9, 1891.
The act read in part: That the leading
object of the institution shall be to teach
practical agriculture and the mechanic
arts and such branches of learning as
relate thereto, not excluding academical
and classical instruction.
The College began operation during the
school year of 1890-91, before the passage
of the state law creating it. This curious
circumstance arose out of the fact that the Morrill Act passed by Congress in
1890 earmarked the proportionate funds to be allocated in bi-racial school
systems to the two races. The A. and M. College for the White Race was
established by the State Legislature in 1889 and was ready to receive its share
of funds provided by the Morrill Act in th Fall of 1890. Before the college could
receive these funds, however, it was necessary to make provisions for Colored
students. Accordingly, the Board of Trustees of the A. and M. College in
Raleigh was empowered to make temporary arrangments for these students. A
plan was worked out with Shaw University in Raleigh where the College
operated as an annex to Shaw University during the years 1890-1891, 1891-92,
and 1892-1893.
The law of 1891 also provided that the College would be located in such city or
town in the State as would make to the Board of Trustees a suitable proposition
that would serve as an inducement for said location. A group of interested
citizens in the city of Greensboro donated fourteen acres of land for a site and
$1 1,000 to aid in constructing buildings. This amount was supplemented by an
appropriation of $2,500 from the General Assembly. The first building was
completed in 1893 and the College opened in Greensboro during the fall of that
year.
In 1915 the name of the institution was changed to The Agricultural and
Technical College of North Carolina by an Act of the State Legislature.
The scope of the college program has been enlarged to take care of new '
demands. The General Assembly authorized the institution to grant the i
Master of Science degree in education and certain other fields in 1939. The first
Master's degree was awarded in 1941. The School of Nursing was established
by an Act of the State Legislature in 1953 and the first class was graduated in j
1957.
The University of North Carolina System
719
Dudley Memorial Building
The General Assembly repealed previous acts describing and the purpose of
the College in 1957, and redefined its purpose as follows:
" The primary purpose of the College shall be to teach the Agricultural and
Technical Arts and Sciences and such branches of learning as related thereto; the
training of teachers, supervisors, and administrators for the public schools of the
State, including the preparation of such teachers, supervisors and administrators
for the Master's degree. Such other programs of a professional or occupational
nature may be offered as shall be approved by the North Carolina Board of Higher
Education, consistent with the appropriations made therefor."
The General Assembly of North Carolina voted to elevate the College to the
status of Regional University effective July 1, 1967.
On October 30, 1971 , the General Assembly ratified an Act to consolidate the
Institutions of Higher Learning in North Carolina. Under the provisions of
this Act, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University became
a constituent institution of The University of North Carolina effective Julyl,
1972.
Six presidents have served the Institution since it was founded in 1891 . They
are as follows: Dr. J.O. Crosby, (1892-1896), Dr. James B. Dudley, (1896-1925),
Dr. F. D. Bluford (1925-1955), Dr. Warmoth T. Gibbs (1956-1960), Dr, Samuel
DeWittt Proctor, (1960-1964), and Dr. Lewis C. Dowdy, who was elected
President April 10, 1964. Dr. Cleon F Thompson, Jr., served as Interim
Chancellor ofthe Institution from November 1, 1980 until August 31, 1981. Dr.
Edward B. Fort assumed Chancellorship responsibilities on September 1, 1981.
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University is one ofthe two
land-grant institutions located in the State. It is a comprehensive University
720 North Carolina Manual
with an integrated faculty and student body offering degrees at the
baccalaureate and master's levels.
The purpose of the University is to provide an intellectual setting where
students in responsibility, higher education may find a sense of identification,
belonging, and achievement that will prepare them for roles of leadership and
service in the communities where they will live and work. In this sense, the
University serves as a laboratory for the development of excellence in
teaching, research and public service.
The program of the University focuses on the broad fields of agriculture,
engineering, technology, business, education, nursing, the liberal arts and
science.
The University of North Carolina System
721
Edward B. Fort
CHANCELLOR
Early Years: Born in Detroit, Michi-
gan, to Edward and Inez (Baker) Fort.
Education: Northwestern Senior High
School, 1950 (Magna Cum Laude); Wayne
State University, B.S. and M.S.; University
of CaHfornia at Berkeley, Doctorate, 1964.
Professional Background: Chan-
cellor, Agricultural and Technical State
University, 1981-; Chancellor, University
of Wisconsin Center System, 1974-81;
Superintendent, Deputy Supt., Sacramento
Public Schools, 1971-74; Visiting Professor
of Education Michigan State University,
1974; Superintendent, Inkster, Michigan, 1967-71; Adjunct Professor Urban
Education, University of Michigan, Dearborn, 1968-71; University of Michi-
gan, Visiting Professor of Education, 1965-66.
Boards and Commissions: Member: American Association of School
Administrators, National Alliance of Black School Educators; Past Member,
Phi Delta Kappa Board of Editorial Consultants; Board of Advisors, Fund for
the Improvement of Post Secondary Education; Madison, Wisconsin Task
Force on Career Education, 1976-80; California Commission on Management
of Crime and Conflict in the Schools National Association of State Universities
and Land Grant Colleges; NC Association of Colleges and Universities;
American Association of State Colleges and Universities; National Association
for Equal Opportunity in Higher Education.
Military Service: U.S. Army, 1954-56; Awarded Good Conduct Medal.
Honors: Received "80 for the 80's," Milwaukee Journal, 1979; Listed in
Who's Who in America, 1980's; Received Educational Press Association of
America Award; Author of many articles and essays.
Religious Activities: Member, Providence Baptist Church, Greensboro.
Family: Married Lessie (Covington) Fort, December 5, 1959. Children:
Clarke and Lezlie.
722 North Carolina Manual
NORTH CAROLINA CENTRAL UNIVERSITY
North Carolina Central University,
chartered in 1909 and opened in 1910,
celebrated the 1984-1985 academic year as
its Diamond Anniversary Year. The univer-
sity now looks confidently toward a new
millenium as it enters the last quarter of
its own first century.
For nearly half of its history, North
Carolina Central University was led by
one man. James E. Shepard was the
grandson of a slave and the son of a
distinguished Baptist minister; a trained
pharmacist, Shepard was also a leader of
the International Sunday School move-
ment of his era. During the first decade of the twentieth century, the young
Shepard began to speak of his dream of an institution which would provide
both practical training and intellectual stimulation, particularly for the lay
leaders of the nation's black churches.
Shepard's dream came to the attention of the Durham Merchant's Associa-
tion, which invited him and his associates to examine the advantages of their
city as the site of what was then referred to as "a National Training School for
the Colored Race." The Durham of the early 1900s had a population of some
18,000 persons, and was served by four railroads. The association offered to
Shepard a 25-acre site, one-half mile outside the existing city limits.
With moral and financial support from prominent citizens of Durham, New
York, and Connecticut, Shepard established his school. The original physical
plant, which was equipped with electric light and steam heat, had a value of
$60,000 and consisted of eight buildings.
The school opened its doors in July, 1910, as the National Religious Training
School and Chautauqua. The name Chautauqua had its origins in the Sunday
School movement, and described a series of lectures and cultural activities
designed for a general audience. Chautauqua programs were promoted as an
opportunity for a vacation; nevertheless, Chautauqua registrants were required
to attend all of the major lectures of the series.
During the 1910-11 school year, the National Religious Training School and
Chautauqua had 15 faculty members and enrolled 201 students; three students
graduated from the school's Commerce program in 1911. The institution
offered three-and-four year programs (all requiring extensive study of Latin,
Greek, and Bible) in the following curricula: Normal, Teacher Training,
College Preparatory, Classical Course for the A.B. degree, General Science
Course for the B.S. degree and Chemistry. Shorter vocational and trade courses
offered ranged from weaving to mural decorating. The school also offered
special training for ministers and religious workers.
The University of North Carolina System 723
In 1915 financial difficulties forced the reorganization of the institution as
the National Training School, but a large donation from Mrs. Russell Sage of
New York City permitted Dr. Shepard to retain control.
In the next few years, Dr. Shepard weighed the alternative courses of seeking
denominational support for the nonsectrian school and of seeking support
from the North Carolina General Assembly. In 1923, the National Training
School became the state-supported Durham State Normal School, devoted to
"the training of teachers for the Colored Public Schools of North Carolina."
Two years later, Dr. Shepard was able to persuade the General Assembly to
take a revolutionary step, making the institution over into North. Carolina
College for Negroes, the first state-supported liberal arts college for black
people in the United States. Building programs to support the institution's new
role began in 1927, under the administration of Governor Angus B. McLean.
Between 1925 and 1939, North Carolina College for Negroes achieved the
accreditation of the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools
and met the educational standards of the American Medical Association, for
pre-medical training, and most of the South's state departments of education.
In 1939, the General Assembly authorized the North Carolina College Board
of Trustees to establish graduate courses in the liberal arts and to organize
departments of law, pharmacy, and library science. The graduate programs
were opened that fall; the School of Law was established in 1940; and the
School of Library Science in 1941. The pharmacy school was never established,
even though that was Dr. Shepard's own profession.
By the time of Dr. Shepard's death on October 6, 1947, the institution had
become North Carolina College at Durham, fully-accredited, highly respected,
and the alma mater of a growing list of distinguished alumni.
An interim committee (Dr. Albert E. Manley, Miss Rugh G. Rush, and Dr.
Albert L. Turner) directed the affairs of the institution until the accession of Dr.
Alfonso Elder as the college's second president in 1948. Dr. Elder would lead
North Carolina College at Durham for the next 15 years, overseeing an era of
physical expansion, rapid growth in enrollment, and significant development
in academic programs.
Dr. Elder retired in September, 1963, and was succeeded as President by Dr.
Samuel P. Massie, who resigned on February 1, 1966. Vice-President William
Jones, Graduate Dean Helen G. Edmonds, and Professor William H. Brown
were the institution's interim administrators until July, 1967, when Dr. Albert
N. Whiting became President.
Dr. Whiting directed continued physical expansion of the institution, as well
as the creation of several new academic programs. Those included programs in
criminal justice, public administration, elementary education, jazz, and
church music, and, in 1972, the creation of the North Carolina Central
University School of Business.
In 1969, North Carolina College at Durham became North Carolina Central
University.
In 1972, all of North Carolina's senior institutions of higher education
became part of the University of North Carolina. Dr. Whiting's title was
changed from President to Chancellor. He remained at the helm of North
Carolina Central University for 11 more year, until June 30, 1983.
724
North Carolina Manual
The University of North Carolina System 725
Chancellor Whiting was succeeded by Dr. LeRoy T. Walker, named as Acting
Chancellor of North Carolina Central University by then UNC President
William C. Friday. Walker served until the appointment of Dr. Tyronza R.
Richmond. Since 1983, North Carolina Central University has added graduate
programs in Public Administration, revised its master's degree programs
library and information science and in business administration, and added a
baccalaureate program in computer science.
Distinguished alumni of North Carolina Central University include the
President of Virginia Union University, the Chancellor of Winston-Salem
State University, and college professors throughout the United States; also
alumni are five members of the North Carolina General Assembly, the former
mayors of Atlanta and Raleigh, and a host of distinguished public servants at
all levels of government. Graduates of North Carolina Central University
include presidents of banks and other corporate entities; school superin-
tendents, principals, and administrators in many states; performing artists;
professional athletes; and representatives of most of the professions.
726
North Carolina Manual
Tyronza R. Richmond
CHANCELLOR
Early Years: Born in Memphis, Ten-
nessee, on January 27, 1940, to Basil and
Deolia (Echols) Richmond.
Education: Melrose High School; Fisk
University, 1962, B.A.; American Univer-
sity, 1967, MA.; Purdue University, Ph.D.
Professional Background: Chan-
cellor, North Carolina Central University.
Organizations: Rotary Club; Durham
Chamber of Commerce.
Boards: Commission on Jobs and
Economic Growth, Vice Chairman; Goals
and Policy Board; Inroads Board of Directors.
Religious Activities: Member, St. Joseph, AME.
Family: Married, Carol Kelly of Indianapolis, Indiana, June 27, 1964.
Children: Mark and Kelly.
The University of North Carolina System 727
NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF THE ARTS
When, in 1965, the North Carolina School
of the Arts opened its doors to just over 200
OF THE ^^
(ARTS
NORTH CAROLINA students, it had already broken new ground
S/^ XX /^ ^^ T as the nation's first state-supported resi-
^^ •*•■*• ^^ ^^ dential school for the performing arts.
OF THE ^^^^ Just two years earlier Governor Terry
Sanford encouraged the state's General
Assembly to pass legislation supporting
such an endeavor. By an act of the General
'T^nc I TXTT\ri7'DOTTTV7 /^i7 Asscmbly in 1963, the School was opened
NORTH CAROLINA under the leadership oi its first president,
the late Dr. Vittorio Giannini, eminent
American composer.
Today, NCSA is a formidable presence
in the competitive world of arts institutions and stands, as it has throughout its
20-year history, on a tradition of professionalism.
Robert Ward, Pulitzer Prize winning composer, served as chancellor from
1967-1974. Under his tenure the School more than doubled its faculty and
enrollment.
Composer Robert Suderburg served as chancellor from 1974-1983. Suderburg
promoted and extended the School's statewide performance/workshop pro-
grams in the public schools and helped diversify summer program offerings.
During the 1983-84 academic year Dr. Lawrence Hart, retired Dean of Music
at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, became the acting
chancellor.
In 1984 Dr. Jane Elizabeth Milley was appointed chancellor. Dr. Milley's
tenure thus far has seen the birth of a new extension program - the Adult Center
for Arts Enrichment - and has also developed a comprehensive, long-range
plan focused on the educational programs.
In addition to serving its students, NCSA also serves more than 900
additional students in special extension programs including summer session,
the pre-professional programs in dance and drama, the community music
school, and the international programs.
Since opening its doors 20 years ago, NCSA is still the only major arts
training institution of its kind offering instruction in dance, drama, music, and
design and production, with a complimentary academic program.
Students, selected through strict admission standards requiring an audition
or submission of a portfolio, work toward a Bachelor of Music, Bachelor of Fine
Arts in dance, drama, or design and production. NCSA's masters program
offers intensive training in costume and set design and construction, lighting,
stage management, and technical direction.
Students are selected based on their ability to show potential for professional
success. In addition to the rigorous demands of their arts training, accredited
728
North Carolina Manual
academic courses in
math, the sciences, social
sciences, and humanities
are required. On the
secondary level, students
in the School's dance,
music, and visual arts pro-
grams work toward a
North Carolina high
school diploma.
In 1983 NCSA opened
the now renowned
Stevens Center for the Per-
forming Arts, a 1 ,380 seat
auditorium which has
quickly become pivotal in
Winston-Salem's bid to re-
turn culture and nightlife
to its downtown area.
NCSA and its faculty, recognized artists and professional performers them-
selves, considered performing experience vital to the training of young artists.
Students produce and perform in more than 300 events annually to more than
60,000 people, in the Stevens Center and on-campus theaters.
The opportunity to perform across North Carolina and in Europe is also
available through NCSA. Through the touring program, students take more
than 200 performances and educational services to public schools and
community arts organizations around the state each year. Each summer,
young musicians study with master artists and perform before international
audiences in Germany, Italy and Switzerland with the International Music
Program. Dance students also study and perform abroad each summer. The
Community Music School offers teaching experience to advanced students and
educational opportunity to community members of all ages. This fall, the
newest NCSA extension program, the Adult Center for Arts Enrichment, will
open its doors with classes in symphonic listening, community theater
management, and more.
NCSA alumni speak best of the School's success. Since 1972, School of
Drama alumni have appeared in more than 40 Broadway and regional theater
productions, 15 major motion pictures, and 25 major television productions.
Tom Hulce was nominated in 1985 for an Academy Award for his performance
in "Amadeus." Six alumni have recurring roles in network soap operas. In
music, bass-baritone John Cheek appears in each season with the Metropolitan
Opera. Gianna Rolandi is a star of the New York city Opera. Richard Buckley
conducts the Oakland Symphony and Kirk Trevor the Knoxville Symphony
Orchestra. Mel Tomlinson is premier danseur with the New York City Ballet
and Edward Stierle became the second American in history to win the
prestigious Prix de Lausanne Gold Medal for ballet in 1985.
In its brief history, the North Carolina School of the Arts has rapidly j
advanced to the top of the world's arts institutions. Top flight performing arts i
companies continue to look to NCSA for the best in trained, professional I
artists.
The University of North Carolina System
729
Philip Francis Nelson
INTERIM CHANCELLOR
Early Years: Born in Waseca, Min-
nesota, February 17, 1928.
Education: Grinnell College (Grinnell,
Iowa), 1950, A.B. (Music Composition with
minor in English and Philosophy); UNC -
Chapel Hill, 1956, A.M. (Musicology with
minor in Comparative Literature); Di-
plome, Univeriste de Paris, June, 1957;
Conservatoire National de Paris (conduct-
ing with Mr. Louis Fourestier), 1956-57;
UNC - Chapel Hill, 1958, Ph.D. (Musicology
with minor in Comparative Literature).
Professional Background: Interim Chancellor, North Carolina School of
the Arts, 1989- ; Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies (Wye Center,
Maryland and Aspen, Colorado), 1987-1989; Senior Vice President, The
Academy for Educational Development (New York), 1984-1987; Professor of
Music, University of California (Santa Cruz), 1981-1983; Professor, School of
Music, Yale University, 1970-1981 (Dean, 1970-1980); Harpur College, State
University of New York at Binghamton, 1963-1971 (Conductor, Instructor, and
Department Chairman); Arizona State University, 1958-1963.
Organizations: Member: National Society to Prevent Blindness, 1987- ;
Consultant, The National Endowment for the Arts (National Advisory Panel);
National Association of Schools of Music; member and past member of
numerous professional music organizations and music societies; an active
member of music related activities and organizations at the college and local
levels in the cities in which he has lived..
Honors: Who's Who, 1970- ; Fulbright Scholar, Paris, 1956-57; M.A.
(honorary), Yale Univeristy, 1971; Sanford Medal, Yale University, 1980;
L.H.D. (honorary), Grinnell College, 1981.
Family: Married Georgia Yelland, June, 1950. Children: Curtis Ann and
Philip, Jr.
730
North Carolina Manual
NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY
On March 7, 1887, the North Carolina
General Assembly passed the act which
authorized the establishment of the North
Carolina College of Agriculture and
Mechanic Arts. The Watauga Club of
Raleigh and the statewide farmers' move-
ment had convinced the legislature of the
need to transfer the funds received by the
State under the provisions of the Morrill
Land-Grant Act of 1862 from the Univer-
sity of North Carolina in Chapel Hill to a
new land-grant college in Raleigh. The
cornerstone of A. and M. College was laid
in August, 1888, and its doors were offi-
cially opened on October 3, 1889.
Alexander Q. Holladay, the college's first president (1889-1899), and a
faculty of five offered courses in agriculture, horticulture, pure and agricultural
chemistry, English, bookkeeping, history, mathematics, physics, practical
mechanics, and military science. The first freshman class numbered about
fifty students. By the end of the institution's first decade the resident
enrollment had reached 300.
During the administration of George T. Winston (1899-1908) a new
curriculum in textiles was developed and normal courses were offered in the
summer for public school teachers, both men and women. The Agricultural
Extension Service was established during the administration of Daniel H. Hill
(1908-1916) and enrollment grew to more than 700. In 1917, during the
administration of Wallace C. Riddick (1916-1923), the institution's name was
changed to North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering. The
introduction of the word "engineering" was intended to reflect the increasing
emphasis on the professional and theoretical as well as the practical aspects of
technical education.
In 1923 a major reorganization of the administration of the College was
begun, and President Riddick resigned to become the first dean of the new
School of Engineering. Eugene Clyde Brooks (1923-1934), the fifth president of
State College, continued the reorganization with the creation of the School of
Agriculture (later renamed the School of Agriculture and Forestry), the School
of Science and Business, the School of Education, the School of Textiles, and
the Graduate School. Resident enrollment rose to nearly 2000 in 1929 before the
Depression caused a drop to approximately 1500 in 1933. The first women
graduates of State College received their degrees in 1927.
In the midst of the Depression the General Assembly of 1931 attempted to
promote eonomy and to prevent unnecessary duplication among the three
leading state institutions of higher education by establishing a single con-
The University of North Carolina System 731
solidated administration for the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill,
North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering, and North
Carolina College for Women in Greensboro. Dr. Frank Porter Graham,
president of the University of North Carolina, was elected president of the
Consolidated University, and Dr. Brooks, with the title of vice president,
continued as chief administrative officer at State College. Among the con-
sequences of consolidation were the phasing out of the School of Engineering
at Chapel Hill and the School of Science and Business at Raleigh. A general
college, later called the Basic Division, was established to provide two years of
basic courses in humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences as a
foundation for students in the various degree-granting technical and profes-
sional schools.
Colonel John W. Harrelson (1934-1953), Class of '09, was the first alumnus to
become administrative head of State College. Under the consolidated organiza-
tion his title was Dean of Administration; later it was changed to Chancellor.
During Harrelson's administration the institution experienced the beginning
of extraordinary growth in the aftermath of World War H. Two new schools
were established: the School of Design and the School of Forestry. A multi-
million dollar expansion program was completed during the administration of
Carey H. Bostian (1953-1959), and the program of student activities was
greatly enlarged, as the enrollment passed 5,000.
The faculty and student population more than doubled during the administra-
tion of John T. Caldwell (1959-1975) and another new school was organized: the
School of Physical Sciences and Applied Mathematics (now Physical and
Mathematical Sciences). The School of General Studies, was renamed the
School of Liberal Arts. The name Liberal Arts was adopted when the School
was authorized to offer a full range of bachelor's and master's degree programs
in the humanities and social sciences. The name of the institution itself was
changed in 1965 to North Carolina State University, signifying its new role as
a comprehensive university.
NCSU's enrollment passed 20,000 during the administration of Chancellor
Joab L. Thomas (1976-1981). The School of Veterinary Medicine was established,
the name of the School of Liberal Arts was changed to School of Humanities
and Social Sciences, and North Carolina State University was recognized as
one of two major research universities within the University of North Carolina
system.
Bruce R. Poulton became Chancellor in the fall of 1982 as NCSU's tenth chief
administrative officer. He resigned effective September 30, 1989.
North Carolina State University is one of the nation's major public
universities and shares the distinctive character of Land-Grant state univer-
sities nationally - broad academic offerings, extensive public service, national
and international activities, and large-scale extension and research programs.
The University is organized in nine schools and the Graduate School. The
nine schools are Agriculture and Life Sciences, Design, Education, Engineer-
ing, Forest Resources, Humanities and Social Sciences, Physical and Mathe-
matical Sciences, Textiles, and Veterinary Medicine. In addition, a complex of
divisions, institutes, and centers provides for a wide range of special academic,
research, and extension programs.
732
North Carolina Manual
The University of North Carolina System 733
Academic programs are offered in 88 fields leading to baccalaureate degrees,
76 master's degree fields and 48 fields leading to doctoral level degrees.
Research activities span a broad spectrum of about 700 scientific, tech-
nological and scholarly endeavors.
Extension organizations in each of the 100 counites in North Carolina and in
the Cherokee Indian Reservation assist in carrying the University's teaching
and applied research programs throughout the State. The diversity of these
programs spans such fields as agriculture, design, education, forestry, engineer-
ing, humanities, marine science, textiles, urban affairs, and veterinary
medicine.
There are 150 campus buildings on the central campus of 623 acres. In
addition the University has acquired an adjacent property of 780 acres which
will allow expansion. It has 88,000 acres on a statewide basis, including one
research and endowment forest of 78,000 acres. Near the main campus are
research farms; biology and ecology sites; genetics, horticulture and floriculture
nurseries; forests; and areas such as Carter-Finley Stadium, which together
comprise about 2500 acres.
North Carolina State University is one of the three Research Triangle
Universities along with Duke University and the Universtiy of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill. In the 30-mile triangle formed by the three universities
is the 5,000-acre Research Triangle Park, the Research Triangle Institute (a
Universities' subsidiary), and the Triangle Universities Computation Center,
a central facility for the extensive computing activities of the institutions.
NC State's enrollment reached more than 26,000 in the 1989 fall semester,
including more than 4,200 lifelong education students in various categories.
The undergraduate enrollment by school is: Agriculture and Life Science —
3,349; Design — 589; Education — 1,404; Engineering — 7,150; Forest
Resoruces — 659; Humanities and Social Sciences — 5,538; Physical and
Mathematical Sciences —1,245; Textiles — 823; and Veterinary Medicine —
313. Students at State come from 49 states and 90 countries. The international
enrollment is a distinctive feature of the institution since its more than 900
international students give it a decidedly cosmopolitan atmosphere.
North Carolina State University is committed to equality of educational
opportunity and does not discriminate against applicants, students, or em-
ployees based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, age, or handicap.
Moreover, North Carolina State University is open to people of all races and
actively seeks to promote racial integration by recruiting and enrolling a larger
number of black students.
NCSU is a member of the National Association of State Universities and
Land-Grant Colleges, the American Council on Education, the American
Council of Learned Societies, the Association of Governing Boards of Univer-
sities and Colleges, the Oak Ridge Associated Universities, the International
University Consortium for Telecommunications in Learning, the North
Carolina Association of Colleges and Universities, and the Cooperating
Raleigh Colleges.
734
North Carolina Manual
Larry K. Monteith
INTERIM CHANCELLOR
Early Years: Born in Bryson City,
North Carolina, August 17, 1933, to Earl
and Essie (King) Monteith.
Education: North Carolina State Uni-
versity, 1960, B.S. (Electrical Engineering);
Duke University, 1962, M.S. (Electrical
Engineering); Duke University, 1965,
Ph.D. (Electrical Engineering).
Professional Background: Interim
Chancellor, N.C. State University, October
1989- ; Dean, College of Engineering,
N.C.S.U., 1978-1989; Head, Department of
Electrical Engineering, N.C.S.U., 1974-1978; Professor, Electrical Engineering,
N.C.S.U, 1972-1989; Associate Professor, Electrical Engineering, N.C.S.U.,
1968-1972; Adjunct Assistant Professor, Electrical Engineering, N.C.S.U.,
1965-1968; Group Leader, Research Triangle Institute, 1966-1968; Member of
Technical Staff, RTI, 1962-1966; Member of Technical Staff, Bell Telephone
Labs, 1960-1962.
Organizations: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; American
Society of North Carolina; American Association for the Advancement of
Science; Sigma Xi.
Boards: Accrediting Board for Engineering and Technology; Board of
Directors, Research Triangle Institute; Council of the Institute for Transporta-
tion Research and Engineering Deans; Deans Advisory Committee, Micro-
electronics Center of North Carolina; National Science Foundation Panel for
Undergraduate Laboratory Equipment Awards; Board of Trustees, N.C.
School for Science and Mathematics, 1978-1985; Executive Committee on
Telecommunications; Board of Directors, Engineering College Council of
Deans; Governor James B. Hunt's Committee to draft original plan for the
Microelectronics Center of North Carolina; Board of Directors, National
Driving Center, 1981-1989.
Honors: Tau Beta Pi; Duke University's Distinguished Engineering
Alumnus Award, 1984.
Family: Married Nancy Alexander, April 19, 1952. Children: Carol, Larry
and Steve.
The University of North Carolina System
735
PEMBROKE STATE UNIVERSITY
I ^<iSss^ZQ
PEMBROKE STATE
UNrVERS[TY
Established 1887 as the
State Normal School
for Indians. Since 1972
a campus of The Univer^
sMy of North Cardina
In 1887 the General Assembly of North
Carolina authorized establishing a normal
(teacher-training) school for Indians in
Robeson County. This legislation was spon-
sored by Robeson County Representative
Hamilton McMillan of Red Springs.
For this school the state legislature ap-
propriated $500, and designated it for "the
payment of services rendered for teaching
and for no other purpose." It was the
responsibility of the Indian people them-
selves to raise funds for land acquisition
and to construct a building.
The Rev. W.L. Moore, an Indian leader,
headed this task and also was president of the first board of trustees of the
school. To help the cause, he contributed $200 of his own funds.
The first college building, a two-story wooden structure, was located on a
one-acre site a mile from the present location for a cost of $8. The original
building would have cost about $1,000 had not the Indian people donated so
much of their labor and material.
This Croatan Normal School opened its doors in the fall of 1887 with an
enrollment of 15 students, the first state-supported school of any type for
Robeson Indians. From this modest beginning Pembroke State University has
emerged.
Because W.L. Moore had completed four years of normal school prior to
moving to Robeson County, he was elected to be the first principal and teacher,
a position he filled for the next three years.
In 1889 the General Assembly increased the appropriation to $1 ,000, and this
level of support was continued for many years.
In 1909 the school was moved to Pembroke, center of the Lumbee Indian community.
In 1911 the General Assembly changed the name of the school to Indian
Normal School of Robeson County, and in 1913 renamed it the Cherokee
Indian Normal School of Robeson County. The school's property was also
deeded to the State Board of Education, which was also given the authority to
appoint its Board of Trustees.
The first surge of progress for the school came during the superintendency of
Professor T.C. Henderson (1918-22) when the faculty was increased, new high
school courses offered, vocational courses introduced, and a summer school
begun.
In 1921 , through the efforts of Judge L.R. Varser of Lumberton, a member of
the State Legislature, the state appropriated $75,000 for the construction of a
brick auditorium-classroom building. This structure, completed in 1923, is
known as Old Main, a building revered by the Indians because of its meaning
in their educational development. This building was partially destroyed by fire
736
North Carolina Manual
Old Main Building, the first brick building on campus, was constructed in 1923.
in 1973, but a modern structure was rebuilt inside the original brick walls. The
new Old Main was rededicated in 1980.
In 1924 the high school was accredited by the State Board of Education.
Until 1926 only elementary and high school courses were offered, but in that
year the phasing out of the elementary offerings was begun.
In the early 1930s, college classes were started, and by 1938 three full years of
college work were available. A fourth year of college work was added in 1939
with the first college degrees being conferred in June, 1940.
In keeping with this college status, the State Legislature in 1941 renamed the
school Pembroke State College for Indians. In 1949, the name was shortened to
Pembroke State College.
Until 1945 only Robeson County Indians were eligible for admission to
Pembroke State College, but in that year the Legislature authorized admission
of all Indians.
With the Supreme Court decision outlawing segregation in 1954, Pembroke
State was opened to all qualified applicants without regard to race or national
origin.
The General Assembly granted regional university status to the institution
in 1969, automatically changing the name to Pembroke State University.
In 1972 Pembroke State University became a constituent institution of the
16-campus University of North Carolina System.
The University of North Carolina System
737
Joseph Bruce Oxendine
CHANCELLOR
Early Years: Born in Pembroke, North
Carolina, March 31, 1930, to Thomas H.
and Georgie Rae Oxendine (both de-
ceased).
Education: Pembroke High School;
Catawba College,1952, A.B. (Health and
Physical Education); Boston University,
1953, Ed.M. (Physical Education and
Educational Administration); Boston Uni-
•21 versity, 1959, Ed.D. (Physical Education
and Educational Psychology).
Professional Background: Chan-
cellor, Pembroke State University, July 1989- ; Professor, Temple University
1959-1989; Dean, College of Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance
(1968-1981), Temple University.
Organizations: American Association of University Professors; American
Association of State Colleges and Universities; American Alliance for Health,
Physical Education, Recreation and Dance; National Association for Sport
and Physical Education; National Association for Physical Education in
Higher Education.
Boards and Commissions: Technical reviewer of grant proposals for
Health Career Opportunity Programs in the Department of Health and
Human Services; Technical Reviewer of Indian Health Scholarship applica-
tions for the Department of Health and Human Services; Member of the
National Alumni Council of Boston University; Member of Board of Directors
of the Indian Rights Association (President 1979-1982); Reviewer for the
Psychological and Social Sciences Section of The Journal of Gerontology.
Publications: American Indian Sports Heritage. 1988 Campaign, IL,
Human Kinetics, Inc. ;Psyc/io/o^y of Motor Learning, (2nd ed.), 1984, Engle-
wood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, Inc.; Psychology of Motor Learning, 1968, New
York, Appleton, Century-Crofts, plus three dozen professional and research
articles, and five chapters in books on Sport Psychology.
Honors: Charles D. Henry Award (for the enhancement of ethnic minority
members) American Association of Health, Physical Education, Recreation
and Dance, 1989; Stauffer Award for Outstanding Faculty Service, Temple
University, 1989; Honor Award, American Association of Health, Physical
Education Recreation and Dance, 1986; Honorary Degree, Doctor of Science,
Catawba College, 1979; Inducted into Sports Hall of Fame, Catawba College,
1978; Alumni Award for Distinguished Public Service, Boston University,
1978; "Tarheel of the Week", Raleigh News and Observer, July, 1989.
Military Service: U. S Army, 1953-1955, Korea and Hawaii.
Family: Married Adrienne McNaughton of Philadelphia, August 19, 1961.
Children: James Thomas and Jean Marie.
738 North Carolina Manual
P ^»<iiiaii«^56
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA - ASHEVILLE
The University of North CaroHna at Ashe-
ville has grown from a community junior
college to a high-quality liberal arts univer-
riNIIVFR*>lTY OF N C I ^^^^ with strong programs such as the
AT ASHEVILLE* 'I "humanities core," health promotion and
Established 1927; be- 1 wellness, teacher education and under-
came ASftevillcBiltitiore | graduate research.
Collegel936. Movedh^^ 1 Si"^^ ^^SO UNCA's enrollment has
in 1961. A campus of I grown 40 percent, making it the fastest-
The University of North I growing campus in the UNC system and
Carolina, 1969, I one ofthe nation's fastest-growing public
campuses. Much of that growth has been
due to new strengths in computer science,
management, accounting, communica-
tions, environmental studies, atmospheric science, and industrial and engineer-
ing management.
UNCA was originally established as Buncombe County Junior College in
1927 and was housed in the basement of a public school. Five changes of name,
four different patterns of educational organization, and several shifts of
location followed - until the college became a campus of the consolidated
University of North Carolina on July 1, 1969.
After Buncombe County Junior College was established, the Asheville City
School Board also started the College ofthe City of Asheville. The two colleges
operated as free public institutions unitl 1930, when a financial crisis forced the
city college to close and the county college to begin charging tuition. The name
ofthe latter was changed to Biltmore Junior College, which became, in effect,
the successor to both institutions. For three years the faculty exercised control
of the school, but on Jan. 11, 1934, they turned their authority over to a
newly-selected board of trustees. A charter was secured under the name of
Biltmore College. In 1936 control passed to the Asheville City School Board,
and the name was once again changed, this time to Asheville-Biltmore College,
the name by which the institution was known until 1969.
During the 1930s and 1940s, the institution remained a local junior college
under joint city and county control. In 1955, the General Assembly of North
Carolina voted a modest appropriations for its support, increasing the amount
two years later. Under the provisions of the 1957 Community College Act,
Asheville-Biltmore College was the first institution to qualify as a state-
supported community college, with a board of trustees appointed by the
Governor, the City Council, the County Board of Commissioners, and the city
and county boards of education.
Vigorous development of the college began in 1958, when the voters
approved a $500,000 bond issue for capital funds for the college. This sum, plus
The University of North Carolina System
739
D. Hiden Ramsey Library
funds allocated by the state, enabled the institution to acquire a 157-acre tract
in north Asheville. The first two buildings on this new campus were completed
and occupied in the fall of 1961. In that same year, area voters approved a
$750,000 bond issue, which was matched with state funds to construct five
additional buildings.
On July 1, 1963, Asheville-Biltmore College became a state senior college
under the control of a new board of trustees. This board, believing that the
college should have a residential character, petitioned the General Assembly
for dormitories, which were first occupied in 1967. In that same year, after
visits from committees of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools,
Asheville-Biltmore became a fully accredited senior college.
As early as 1962, Asheville-Biltmore College had expressed the goal of
becoming a campus of the Consolidated University of North Carolina. In 1966
the Board of Trustees of the college passed a resolution stating its intention to
see the school become the University of North Carolina at Asheville. After two
years of discussion, a committee of the Board of Trustees of the Consolidated
University visited Asheville in April, 1968 to determine whether the college
should be incorporated into the University of North Carolina. Their findings
were favorable and were adopted by the full Board of Trustees on Dec. 2, 1968.
Subsequently, the State Board of Higher Education endorsed the proposal,
which was then submitted to the General Assembly. The General Assembly
740 North Carolina Manual
gave its approval, and on July 1, 1969, Asheville-Biltmore College became the
University of North Caroina at Asheville, one of six campuses of the
Consolidated University. On July 1, 1972, the 10 remaining state-supported
senior institutions were merged into one statewide, multi-campus system,
making the University of North Carolina at Asheville one of 16 constituent
institutions of the University of North Carolina.
The University of North Carolina System
741
David G. Brown
CHANCELLOR
Early Years: Bom in Chicago, Illinois,
February 19, 1936 to Wendell J. and
Margaret (James) Brown.
Education: Denison University, 1958,
A.B. (Economics); Princeton University,
1960, M.A.; Princeton University, 1961,
Ph.D. (Economics).
Professional Background: Chan-
cellor, UNCAsheville; former President,
Transylvania University; former Provost
and Executive Vice President, Miami Uni-
versity, Ohio; former Provost and Vice
President for Academic Affairs, Drake University, 1967-70; intern. Academic
Administration of American Council of Education, University of Minnesota,
1966-67; Assistant and Associate Professor of Economics, UNC-Chapel Hill,
1961-66 (Director, Academic Labor Market Study; General College Advisor);
faculty, St. Augustine's College and NC Central University, 1961-66; research
assistant, Industrial Relations Center, Princeton University, summers 1959-60.
Organizations: Omicron Delta Kappa; Phi Delta Kappa; Beta Gamma
Sigma; Phi Kappa Phi Blue Key; Association of American Colleges (Commis-
sion on National Affairs); University Autonomy, 1977; Chairman, Ohio
Provost, 1971-78; American Association for Higher Education (Chairman,
1981-82); National Association of State University and Land Grant Colleges
(Chairman, Academic Affairs Council, 1975; Executive Committee, 1978-80).
Boards and Commissions: Higher Education Colloquium, Chairman,
1984-86; American Council on Education (Chairman, Council of Chief
Academic Officers, 1979-80); former Chairman, National Council of Land
Grant Provosts.
Honors: Phi Beta Kappa; Ace Fellow, American Council of Education; "100
Young Leaders in Higher Education," Ace Magazine; Tanner Teaching
Award, UNC-Chapel Hiil, 1965; Harold Dobbs Fellow, 1960-61; research grants
from UNC Research Council, National Science Foundation, US Office of
Education, and Carnegie Foundation.
Literary Works: The Academic Deanship; Leadership Vitality Workbook,
1979; The Market for College Teachers, 1965; The Mobile Professors, 1967;
numerous articles in professional journals.
Family: Married, Eleanor Rosene, August 16, 1958. Children: Alison and
Dirksen.
742
Nt)KTH Carolina Manual
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA - CHAPEL HILL
G 'Si.ssii^QZ
UNIVERSITY OF NX. I
AT CHAPEL HILL j
First state university
to open its doors, 1795.
Chartered in 1789 under
the Constitution of 1776.
i*»'^
When the framers of North Carohna's
first state constitution wrote in 1776 that
"all useful learning" should be "duly
encouraged and promoted in one or more
universities," they could not have en-
visioned just how successfully that charge
would be met during the next two centuries
at The LJniversity of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill.
Chartered in 1789, the year of George
Washington's first inauguration, the Uni-
versity at Chapel Hill was the first state
university in the nation to open its doors
-in 1 795 - and was the only public university
in the nation to award degrees to students in the eighteenth century.
The charter called for a central location in the state, and the place chosen
was called New Hope Chapel, now Chapel Hill, where several Colonial roads
converged. Legends hold that William Richardson Davie chose the location,
and a massive tree, now called the Davie Poplar and still a campus landmark,
helps keep the tale alive although Davie was not on the site selection
committee. But it is fact that Davie, the state's grand master of Masons, laid
the cornerstone for Old East, the University's first building and the oldest state
university building in the LInited States, on October 12, 1793.
The University of North Carolina opened its doors on January 15, 1795, and
a month later its first student, Hinton James, arrived by foot. By March 1 , there
were 41 students and two professors.
The University survived political apathy and poverty to emerge as a major
university. The natural sciences were given equal status with classical studies
in 1815, leading the nation's first state university to other firsts. In the 1820s
Denison Olmsted and Elisha Mitchell prepared and published reports of the
nation's first geological survey, an initial act of service to the state. From
1827-31 UNC President Joseph Caldwell made the nation's first astronomical
observations from his study in South Building, and in 1832 he built the first
observatory at a state university in North America.
The University prospered, and by 1860 only Yale LJniversity had a greater
enrollment. Then came the War Between the States. UNC-CH was one of the
Few Southern universities to stay open, but Reconstruction caused it to close
(1870-75) for the only time in its history.
After reopening , the LJniversity added programs that enhanced its status as
a major university. In 1876 it announced a program of graduate studies
leading toward post baccalaureate degrees. In 1877 it became the first
university to open a summer school for teachers. In 1879 it began medical and
pharmaceutical studies. In 1881 it received its first regular legislative appropria-
The University of North Carolina System 743
tion for maintenance. In 1885 it introduced a regular program for the
preparation of teachers. In 1892 William Rand Kenan, Jr., working in the
University laboratory of Dr. Francis P. Venable, participated in research that
identified calcium carbide and developed a formula for making acetylene gas
from it. Dr. Venable was president of the University from 1900 to 1914. In 1894
the previously semi-independent School of Law was incorporated into the
administrative structure. In 1897 the first women students were admitted. At
the turn of the twentieth century, the University had 512 students and a
faculty of 35. It had an undergraduate college, a department for the education
of teachers, and the beginnings of Schools of Law, Medicine, and Pharmacy. It
had awarded master's degrees and seven Ph.D.'s.
The first three decades of the twentieth century were periods of significant
growth. Enrollment increased to approximately 1,000 in 1915. Library extension
services began in 1902. The School of Education was established in 1913, and
the Bureau of Extension, organized in 1913, extended the resources of the
University to the people of the state on a regular basis. The endowed Kenan
professorships fund was established in 1917, giving incentive for the faculty to
excel in teaching, research, and service to the University. In 1919 the School of
Commerce was established (now the School of Business Administration). The
Graduate School was reorganized in 1920. The School of Public Welfare, an
outgrowth of the Department of Sociology, began in 1920; its name was
changed to the School of Social Work in 1950. The University was elected to
membership in the Association of American Universities in 1922. The Univer-
sity of North Carolina Press was incorporated in 1922. A School of Engineering
was organized in 1922 - later to be moved to North Carolina State upon the
creation of the Consolidated University. The Institute for Research in Social
Science was organized in 1924. By 1930 there was a student body in excess of
2,600 and a faculty of 222 full- and 85 part-time members. The University was
organized to conduct teaching, study, and research at undergraduate,
graduate, and professional levels in twelve colleges and schools and in twenty-
one departments.
The Consolidation Act of 1931 joined the University with the Woman's
College at Greensboro and North Carolina State College at Raleigh under a
single Board of Trustees of one hundred members charged with making
allocation of functions among the three constituent institutions. The offices of
the Consolidated University were located in Chapel Hill with President Frank
P. Graham of the University becoming the first president of the Consolidated
University.
Also in 1931 the School of Library Science was established and the Institute
of Government was founded. (It became an official part of the University in
1942.) In 1936 the School of Public Health was established. In 1940 the Naval
ROTC unit was established and in 1947 it was joined by the Air Force ROTC
unit.
Legislative appropriations and authorizations in 1947 initiated the Division
of Health Affairs, which was formally organized in 1949 with Schools of
Dentistry and Nursing added to the existing Schools of Medicine, Pharmacy,
and Public Health. The opening of North Carolina Memorial Hospital in 1952
provided clinical facilities for the Schools.
744
North Carolina Manual
Old East, the nation's oldest state University building, still serves as a residence hall. (
The University of North Carolina System 745
The Division of Academic Affairs also was being enhanced. The Morehead
Building and Planetarium, the first owned by a U.S. university, was completed
in 1949, and the next year the School of Journalism was started. In 1958 the
William Hayes Ackland Memorial Art Museum was completed, and in 1959 the
University was one of the first to install a large computer system.
P>om one building, 100 students and two professors during its first year,
Carolina has grown now to over 160 permanent buildings, more than 22,000
students, and more than 2,000 full-time faculty teaching in more than 100
fields. Its living alumni total more than 165,000, some 40 percent of whom
graduated within the last 15 years. The University's alumni are leaders in state
and national government, including 31 North Carolina governors and a
president of the United States - James K. Polk. Also represented are Academy
Award and Pulitzer Prize winners, such as Louise Fletcher, Vermont Royster,
and Jeff MacNelly, and television news personalities including Roger Mudd
and Charles Kuralt. Other outstanding alumni in the arts include the late
novelist Thomas Wolfe, the late playwright Paul Green, and actor Andy
Griffith.
In 1971 the organization of higher education in North Carolina was modified
substantially. All four-year institutions of higher education in the State
including the North Carolina School of the Arts were placed under a single
governing board and a single president. The governing board, called the Board
of Governors, was assigned authority to conduct all legal affairs and establish
all basic policies for The University of North Carolina as a multi-institutional
university.
The University has been recognized for the quality of its graduate programs
in every national survey conducted in the past third of this century. The recent
national survey of graduate programs published by the National Academy of
Sciences indicated that Chapel Hill was ranked 18th in the nation and first in
the South.
Several recent national surveys rate Carolina among the top 10 universities
in the nation. The University's 3 million volume library system is ranked first
in the Southeast and 18th in the U.S. and Canada by the Association of
Research Libraries. The system includes the main Davis Library (opened in
1984), Wilson Library, the House Undergraduate Library and the Health
Sciences Library plus another 12 school or departmental libraries. The
extensive North Carolina, Southern Historical, and Rare Book collections are
in the Wilson Library.
The University that opened its doors in 1795 with a typical eighteenth
century American college curriculum is the largest, most comprehensive
institution in North Carolina, both in the range of its programs at all levels and
in the breadth of its specialized research and public service programs. The
University's 14 colleges and schools provide instruction in more than 100
fields, offering 69 bachelor's, 88 master's, 59 doctoral and four professional
degrees.
It has more than remained faithful to its founding fathers' charge; to duly
encourage and promote all useful learning for the betterment of humanity.
746
North Carolina Manual
Paul Hardin
CHANCELLOR
Early Years: Born in Charlotte,
Mecklenburg County, June 11, 1931, to
Paul and Dorothy (Reel) Hardin, Jr.
Education: High Point High School;
Duke University, 1952, A.B. (English);
Duke University School of Law, 1954,
J.D.
Professional Background: Chan
cellor, University of North Carolina —
Chapel Hill, 1988- ; President, Drew Uni-
versity, 1976-1988; President, Southern
Methodist University, 1972-1974; Presi-
dent, Wofford College, 1968-1972; Law Faculty, Duke University School of
Law, 1958-1968; Law Practice, 1954, 1956-1958.
Organizations: Member: Rotary Club, 1960- (President, Durham Rotary
Club, 1967-68).
Boards: Member: Board of Directors, Summit Bancorporation, 1976- ; Board
of Directors, Shearson Daily Dividend, Inc. and related funds, 1979- ; Board of
Directors, Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Co., 1983- ; Board of Directors, The
Italy Fund, 1985- .
Political Activities: Member, Board of Higher Education, State of New
Jersey, 1983-1988.
Military Service: U.S. Army, Counter Intelligence Corps, 1954-1956;
Graduated first in class at U.S. Army Counter Intelligence School (Fort
Holabird, Md.), 1955.
Honors: L.H.D. (honorary), Clemson University, 1970; LL.D. (honorary),
Coker College, 1972; Litt.D. (honorary), Nebraska Wesleyan College, 1978;
LL.D. (honorary), Adrian College, 1987; LL.D. (honorary), Monmouth College,
1988; HH.D. (honorary), Wofford College, 1989.
Religious Activities: University Methodist Church, Chapel Hill; delegate
to several General Conferences of the United Methodist Church.
Family: Married Barbara Russell of Durham, Durham County, June 8, 1954.
Children: Paul Russell Hardin, Sandra Mikush, Dorothy Holmes.
The University of North Carolina System 747
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA - CHARLOTTE
The University of North CaroHna at Char-
lotte was created by the North CaroHna
L \i^js<«^86 ""^TB General Assembly in 1965. The legislation
UNIVERSITY OF N.C.H made Charlotte College, UNCC's pre-
AT CHARLOTTE ^m decessor institution, the fourth campus of
I Aau ^H the consolidated University of North Caro-
Establishedl946:became|W j^j^^ j^^ ^9-73^ the University of North
Charlotte College. ly^y.M Carolina system was restructured, and
Moved here 1961 CampusM UNCC became one of the 16 public senior
of TheUniversityot NorthM institutions composing the system.
|CaroIina since 190t). ^j UNCC can trace its lineage to 1946 with
the establishment of the Charlotte Center
of the University of North Carolina. The
center became Charlotte College in 1949.
Offering a junior college curriculum, the College operated under the Charlotte
Board of School Commissioners until 1958 when it became a part of the North
Carolina community college system. In 1963, Charlotte College became a
four-year institution.
Dr. D.W. Colvard was elected the first chancellor of the Charlotte campus on
January 28, 1966. Dr. E.K. Fretwell Jr. became the second chancellor on
January 1, 1979.
The University is composed of the College of Liberal Arts and five
professional colleges: Architecture, Business Administration, Education,
Engineering and Nursing.
Enrollment passed the 10,000 mark in the fall of 1982 and now is approxi-
mately 10,500. The institution offers a broad range of undergraduate and a
growing number of master's degree programs.
UNCC has become somewhat unique because of its role in developing its
surrounding environment. This includes University Research Park, North
Carolina's second such development and similar in concept to Research
Triangle Park; University Memorial Hospital, a 130-bed facility; and University
Place, a European-style mixed use development of housing, stores, restaurants,
offices, theaters, and a hotel. The sum of all the parts is known as University
City. The research park and the mixed-use development will create an
endowment of more than $10 million for the university.
Another unique aspect of the University is the scope of its outreach activities.
These include continuing education; an Urban Institute to provide research
and service to urban areas; the Center for International Studies, to help
Charlotte relate to the growing number of international people and firms
locating in the area; and a 100,000 watt public radio station, WFAE-FM.
The University of North Carolina at Charlotte and its mission evolve
through the interrelationships of its faculty, staff, students and their interaction
748
North C'ahomna Manual
with its peculiar historic and geo-
graphic context. It affirms the
chissical functions of an institution
of higher education to preserve,
generate, transmit and apply
knowledge and understanding, and
to foster and support a vital spirit of
open inquiry and critical thinking.
In the spirit of that tradition, the
University seeks to address the issues
which face all men and women who
live in a rapidly changing, tech-
nological society in which persons
are in ever closer contact with one
another. It addresses these issues by
focusing concern on the quality of
life available to present and succeed-
ing generations, a concern with three
primary attachments: individuals,
environments and the values which
undergird society. Thus, the Univer-
sity is oriented around the comple-
mentary ideas of: (1) increasing the
capacity of individuals to live pro-
ductive, satisfying and personally
rewarding lives; (2) contributing to
the development of intellectual,
emotional, physical and social environments in which persons are supported
and affirmed; and Ci) focusing attention on the ideas and values which have
shaped and are shaping civilization.
The University affirms the primacy of its obligation to assist persons in
educating themselves to live productive lives through the application of
practical knowledge and inquiring intellects. Itrecognizes its further obligation
to assist people to live creatively within a framework of examined values and to
live tolerantly in the knowledge thatevery [XTson is inexorably joined with all
other persons in the process of shaping the future. ^
The University likewise affirms its obligation to provide opportunites for '
persons to investigate and contribute to the greater understanding of our
environments, construed in the broadest sense, and to encourage those
developments which would enhance the (juality and enjoyment of life.
Finally, the University affirms its obligation to provide opportunities for
persons to examine their thoughts, attitudes and feelings in the light of the |
ideas and valu<'s which shape civilizations; to encourage individuals in the i
process of valuing; and to sensitize people to the importance of values in
making personal and corporate decisions. j
'Vo apply itself to the tenets of its mission, the University recognizes that it \
mustcontinue to involve itself with its total environment, that it must promote I
and protect the freedom which is essential for incpiiring minds to grow and be |
{)rodu(tive, and above all, that it tnust assure that ifs own policies and i
practices reflect its firm belief in the value of persons. i
Thf Hc'lk 'I'owt'r and ('arillon
Thk Univkksity of North Carolina Systkm
749
James H. Wood>vard
CHANCELLOR
Pearly Years: Born in Sanford, Florida,
November 24, 1939, to J. Hoyt Woodward.
P^ducation: Georgia Institute of Tech-
nology, 1962, B.S.A.E. (with honors);
Georgia Institute of Technology, 19H7,
Ph.D.; The University of Alabama at
Birmingham, \9TA, M.B.A.
Professional Background: Chan
cellor. University of North Carolina —
Charlotte, 1 989- ; Senior Vice President for
University College, University of Alabama
at Birmingham, 1984-1989; Dean, School
of Engineering, UAB, 1978-198H; Professor of Engineering Mechanics, UAl^,
1977-1989; Assistant Vice President for University College, UAB, 197;M978;
Director of Technology Development, Rust International, 1970-197;?.
Organizations: Past Member: Red Cross of Alabama (Executive Com
mittee, 198B-1989); Birmingham Area C^hamber of C-ommerce (Board of
Directors, 1988-89); liirmingham United Way Campaign (Co-Chairman, 1989).
Boards: Member: Board of Directors, Microcomputer Center of North
Carolina. Past Member: Chairman, Alabama Supercomputer Authority,
1984-1989.
Military Service: U.S. Air Force, I96r)-I9(i8 (Captain).
Religious Activities: Member of the Methodist Church.
Family: Married Martha Mill of Columbus, Georgia., October I.?, 1956.
Children: ('onnie Paternostro, Tracey Woodward, and Wade Woodward.
750
North Carolina Manual
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA - GREENSBORO
J ^ifitfy lo
UNIVERSITY OF NX.
AT GREENSBORO
]Est in 1891 as a normal
school: became Woman's
College of the University
of North Carolina. 1932. '
Coeducational sincel965. ^
vm
The University of North CaroHna at
Greensboro, located near the center of
North Carohna and in the state's second
largest city, has a strong tradition of
academic excellence. As the State Normal
and Industrial College (1891-1919), the
North Carolina College for Women (1919-
1932) and the Woman's College of the
University of North Carolina (1932-1963),
the institution's concentration for many
years was on the education of young
women. In 1963, Woman's College was
renamed the University of North Carolina
at Greensboro and became coeducational.
With the change came an expanded educational mission, as well, particularly
at the graduate level.
Today, UNC-G offers undergraduates degrees in 90 areas, master's degrees
in 72 concentrations and doctoral degrees in 13 areas of study.
Academically, the University consists of a College of Arts and Sciences,
which contains 19 departments, and six professional schools (Business and
Economics, Education, Home Economics, Music, Nursing and Health, Physical
Education, Recreation and Dance). Walter Clinton Jackson Library has an
open-stack collection of 1,574,631 items, including books, documents and
microtext. The University's Residential College provides a program for
freshmen and sophomores seeking an innovative learning envirnoment. Inter-
departmental studies are offered, along with an Honors Program.
Long known for its strength in the arts, UNC-G offers a broad performance
program in theatre, music and dance. Studies in art are enriched by Weather-
spoon Art Gallery, which houses the most outstanding permanent collection of
contemporary art in the Southeast.
The University has a full-time faculty of over 550 with nearly 75 percent
holding doctoral degrees. Today's total of faculty members and students
constrasts greatly with the number at the institution's opening.
Chartered in 1891, UNC-G opened its doors as the State Normal and ■
Industrial School in 1892, with an initial student body of 223 and a 15-member !
faculty. Its campus in 1892 consisted of 10 acres and its original curriculum '
featured three departments, which offered courses in business, domestic j
science and normal school training through a three-year course of study that i
led to a diploma. Among its earliest distinctions was that the institution was
the first state-supported school for the education of women. j
Leading that crusade for the education of women was Charles Duncan {
Mclver, who served as the institution's first president from 1892-1906. Other j
The University of North Carolina System
751
pioneers in public school education- notably,
Charles B. Aycock, Edwin A. Alderman and
James Y. Joyner - came to Dr. Mclver's
assistance; but to him, more than any other
individual, the institution owes its establish-
ment.
In 1906, following the death of Dr. Mclver,
Dr. Julius I. Foust became president and
served until 1934, when he retired from active
service. In 1932 the school became one of the
three institutions which made up the Con-
solidated University of North Carolina. At
that time, the institution was renamed
Woman's College of the University of North
Carolina.
In 1934, Dr. Walter Clinton Jackson, who
had served as teacher and vice president,
was elected head of the institution with the
title of Dean of Administration. By act of the
Board of Trustees in 1945, the title of the
head of the institution was changed to Chan-
cellor.
Dr. Jackson, who retired in 1950, was succeeded by Dr. Edward Kidder
Graham. After Dr. Graham's resignation in 1956, Dr. W.W. Pierson Jr. served
as acting chancellor until July 1, 1957, when Dr. Gordon W. Blackwell became
chancellor. Dr. Pierson returned to serve again as acting chancellor in
September 1960 after the resignation of Dr. Blackwell.
Dr. Otis Singletary became chancellor July 1, 1961. In 1963, Woman's
College was renamed the University of North Carolina at Greensboro and
became coeducational. During the period of November 1964 to February 1966
while Dr. Singletary was on leave of absence, Dr. James Ferguson served as
acting chancellor.
Dr. Singletary returned and served as chancellor until his resignation on
Nov. 1, 1966. Dr. Ferguson again served as acting chancellor and was
appointed chancellor on Jan. 9, 1967. Dr. Ferguson served until his retirement
to return to teaching in the summer of 1979, when Dr. William E. Moran
became chancellor
Since then, the UNC-G campus has grown to encompass 167 acres with 74
buildings. Those structures include 17 classroom buildings and 22 residence
halls. Among the major capital improvement projects recently completed and
placed into use are the new Physical Activities Complex, a new Art Center and
extensive renovations to the Dining Hall. Renovations to residence halls are
an ongoing effort on campus.
On campus, UNC-G has ample opportunities for recreation, entertainment
and social life. Elliot University Center sponsors concerts on a regular basis
during the year. The University and Concert Lecture Series provides a year-
long array of performances by major artists and performing groups. In
752 North Carolina Manual
addition to about 50 student organizations, eight social fraternities and six
social sororities have either colonies or chapters in operation at the University.
UNC-G also is one of only five public or private institutions in the state
which has a chapter of Phi Beta Kappa, the national scholastic honorary
society that recognizes academic accomplishments in the liberal arts and
sciences.
The University fields intercollegiate athletic teams in eight sports: men's
and women's basketball, soccer, men's and women's tennis, volleyball and
golf. The UNC-G soccer team claimed back-to-back national championships in
1982 and 1983, establishing the soccer program as a national powerhouse.
The University of North Carolina System
753
William E. Moran
CHANCELLOR
Early Years: Born in White Plains,
New York, May 28, 1932, to Frank J. and
Margaret Mary (Farrell) Moran.
Education: Princeton University, 1954,
B.A.; Harvard University's Graduate
School of Business Administration, 1959,
M.B.A.; University of Michigan's
Graduate School of Business, 1966, Ph.D.
Professional Background: Chan
cellor. University of North Carolina at
Greensboro, 1979-; Chancellor, University
of Michigan at Flint, 1971-1979; Assistant
to the President, State University of New York at Stoney Brook, 1966-71;
Administrative Staff, Harvard Business School, 1961-1963; Consultant, Booz,
Allen & Hamilton (New York City), 1959-1961.
Organizations: Member, Rotary Club.
Military Service: U.S. Navy, Gunnery Officer, (Lieutenant JG) 1945-1957.
Literary Works: Co-Author: "Managing Technical Manpower" (Series of
six Articles on the modern role of the Technician); Author of numerous articles
for Professional Journals on Higher Education, and pieces in several books.
Family: Married Barbara Carol Baillet, April 20, 1963. Children: Kathryn,
Kevin, Colin, and Christian.
754
North Carolina Manual
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA - WILMINGTON
HI" <
UNIVERSITY
AT Wilmington"
tol ege. Moved here in
;96I. A campus of The
university of North
i-arolina since 1969.
The University of North CaroHna at
Wilmington was founded in 1947 as Wil-
mington College, to provide the youth and
adults of New Hanover County and South-
eastern North Carolina an opportunity
for two years of university parallel study,
semiprofessional training and vacational-
technical education at moderate expense.
The University of North Carolina at
Wilmington is a community of scholars
dedicated to teaching, learning, creating,
and extending knowledge through re-
search. Its objectives are to stimulate
curiosity, imagination, and creativity; to
communicate both general knowledge and the facts and concepts particular to
various disciplines and professional programs; to foster clear thinking,
rational decision-making, and fluent, accurate communication; and to develop
skills appropriate to the various disciplines and professional programs.
The programs offered by the University include four-year programs leading
to the Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees with the College of Arts
and Sciences, the Cameron School of Business Administration, the School of
Education, and the School of Nursing; graduate programs leading to the
Master of Education, the Master of Science, and the Master of Business
Administration degrees; a variety of pre-professional programs; a two-year
program leading to the Associate in Arts degree in Nursing (last class admitted
1984); and special programs in a variety of areas, including Marine Science
Research, Army ROTC, and Continuing Education. Continuing and improving
innovative programming in a comprehensive approach meets the wide-
ranging needs of the region, the state, and the larger community.
Education on the college level first came to Wilmington in 1946 when a
college center was established under the direction of the North Carolina
College Conference and under the adminstration of the Directorate of Extension
of The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Some 250 students took
courses during 1946-47. In 1947 a tax levy approved by the citizens of New
Hanover County, and Wilmington College was brought into existence as a
county institution under the control of the New Hanover County Board of j
Education. In 1948 Wilmington College was officially accredited by the North ;
Carolina College Conference and became a member of the American Associa- I
tion of Junior Colleges. In 1952 the institution was accredited as a junior'
college by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.
In 1 958 New Hanover County voted to place the college under the Community j
College Act of the State of North Carolina, and the college became a part of the I
The University of North Carolina System
755
III!
•ill
'ill
liir
nil
III!
Alderman Hall, one of the three original buildings
state system of higher education. Control passed from the New Hanover
County Board of Education to a board of twelve trustees, eight appointed
locally and four appointed by the governor of the state. The requirements for
admission and graduation and the general academic standards of the college
came under the supervision of the North Carolina Board of Higher Education,
and the college began to receive an appropriation from the state for operating
expenses in addition to the local tax.
On July 1, 1963, by an act of the General Assembly of North Carolina,
Wilmington College became a senior college with a four-year curriculum,
authorized to offer the bachelor's degree.
By vote of the Board of Trustees of The University of North Carolina in late
1968, with subsequent approval by the North Carolina Board of Higher
Education, and by an act of the General Assembly of North Carolina in 1969,
Wilmington College became, on July 1 , 1969, the University of North Carolina
at Wilmington. It, and the institution in Asheville previously designated as
Asheville-Biltmore College, became the fifth and sixth campuses of The
University of North Carolina.
On October 30, 1971, the General Assembly in special session merged,
without changing their names, the remaining ten state-supported senior
institutions into the university. Thus The University of North Carolina now
comprises 16 institutions.
On August 22, 1977, the Board of Governors of The University of North
Carolina authorized The University of North Carolina at Wilmington to offer
its first graduate programs at the master's level.
The University of North Carolina at Wilmington is located in the south-
eastern part of the state on a 650-acre tract on State Highway 132 (College
75(1 North C'akolina Manual
Road) midway between the C^ape Kear River and the Athintic Ocean. The city of
Wilmington is situated on the east bank of theC'ape Fear River and is about 15
miles from C'arohna l^eaeh and 10 miles from Wrightsville Reach. The
standard metropolitan area, of which Wilmington is a part, now has a
population in excess of 97,400. Several main highways lead into the city, and
commercial air service provides easy access to other metropolitan areas north,
south, and west.
The spacious well-landscaped campus was first occupied by the University
in 1961. The number of buildings has increased from three in 1961 to forty
today. There are several athletic fields and ample space for parking.
Thk Univkksity of North Carolina Systkm
757
William Hampton Wagoner
CHANCELLOR
Early Years: Born in Washington,
Beaufort County, May 12, 1927, to Gotha
William and Lossie Belle (Barrington)
Wagoner.
Education: Washington High School,
1945; Wake P\)rest College, 1949, B.S.;
East Carolina College, 1953, M.A.; Univer-
sity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
1958, Ph.D.
Professional Background: Chan
cellor, University of North Carolina at
Wilmington, 19H9-; Member, Board of
Directors, Cape Fear Memorial Hospital, Wilmington; Life Member, National
p]ducation Association; Greater Wilmington Chamber of Commerce (Board of
Directors); Technical Coordinating Committee, Governor's Council on Marine
Science; The Learning Institute of North Carolina; Wilmington, (Board of
Directors); Wilmington Kiwanis Club; North (Carolina Arts Council, (Board of
Directors); Cooperative Savings and Loan Association, Wilmington, President,
North C'arolina Division of School Superintendents.
Honors: LL.D., Wake Forest Universtiy, May 18, 1981; East Carolina
University Outstanding Alumni Award Winner, I9(i8.
Military Service: Served in US Navy, 1945-4H.
Religious Activities: Member, First Christian Church; Elder. 1961 1975;
Sunday School Teacher, I9(ill975.
Family: Married Madeline Hodges Wagoner, rlune 3, 1951. (^hildren:
William Michael, David Kobin, and Mark Hampton.
758 North Carolina Manual
WESTERN CAROLINA UNIVERSITY
'western CAROLINA
UNIVERSITY
Western Carolina University was founded
in August 1889 as a semi-public school.
Chartered as Cullowhee High School in
1891, it served the Cullowhee community
and boarding students from neighboring
counties and other states.
Established in 18o9 as ■ p^^. Professor Robert Lee Madison, the
a private school. Has ■ institution's founder, the aim of the school
been a state supported B ^v^s teacher training. Impressed with
institution since lo9o. | mountain children, he wanted to bring
them opportunities for development. In
1893, with the first state appropriation of
^^^ $1,500, a normal department was esta-
blished. In 1905, the institution became
Cullowhee Normal and Industrial School, a title it held for 20 years.
Beginning about 1912, the status of the school was gradually raised to that of
a two-year normal school or junior college. With state support increasing and
work at the secondary level discontinued, the name of the school was changed
in 1925 to Cullowhee State Normal School.
In 1929, under a new charter authorizing the school to extend its work to the
four-year level, the name Western Carolina Teachers College was adopted.
Modifications in function and rapid growth climaxed in 1951 with the addition
of a postgraduate year to the curriculum, and the granting of the Master of Arts
in Education degree was authorized. Demands for expanded programs in the
liberal arts and in other areas of learning led to expanded offerings and a
further change, in 1953, to the name Western Carolina College.
In 1967 the institution was designated a regional university by the North
Carolina General Assembly and the name of the institution became Western
Carolina University.
In 1971 the state legislature reorganized higher education in North Carolina,
and on July 1, 1972, Western Carolina University became a constituent
institution of The University of North Carolina.
Since that time. Western Carolina University has added its School of
Nursing and Health Sciences, its School of Technology and Applied Science,
its Center for Improving Mountain Living, its Mountain Heritage Center, and
the largest library in western North Carolina. Service to the region has always
been the keynote of its program, now more comprehensive than ever.
Today, Western Carolina University enrolls more than 7,000 students
working toward degrees in the arts and science, business, educaiion and
psychology, technology and applied science, and nursing and health sciences.
The univeristy's six schools offer degrees at the bachelor's, master's, and
education specialist levels. The nation's first master's de.^ree profiram in
project management is offered in the School of Business. A faculty of about 340
serves students in resident-credit centers at Asheville and Cherokee, in
extension classes in towns across western North Carolina, and on the campus
in Cullowhee.
The University of North Carolina System
759
760
North Carolina Manual
Myron Lee Coulter
CHANCELLOR
Early Years: Bom in Albany, Indiana,
March 21, 1929, to Mark Earl and Thelma
Violet Coulter.
Education: Indiana State Teachers
College, 1951, B.S.; Indiana University,
1956, M.S.; Indiana University, 1959,
Ed.D.; The College of Idaho, 1982, honorary
Doctor of Humane Letters.
Professional Background: Chan-
cellor, Western Carolina University, 1984-;
President, Idaho State University,
Pocatello, 1976-84; Vice President for
Administration and Professor of Education, Western Michigan University,
Kalamazoo, 1974-76; Interim President, Western Michigan University 1974;
Vice President for Institutional Services and Professor of Education, Western
Michigan University, 1968-1974; professional research and publications in
area of reading; Associate Professor of Education, Penn State University,
1959-1966.
Organizations: American Association of State Colleges and Universities,
(Board of Directors, 1981-1989; Chairman, 1988-); 1981-84 Secretary-Treasurer,
1985-1987; National Society for Study of Education; International Reading
Association; Phi Delta Kappa; Omicron Delta Kappa; Rotary International.
Boards and Commissions: American Council of Education, Committee on
Division I Intercollegiate Athletics, 1982; Idaho Task Force on Higher
Education; Director, Idaho Council on Economic Education; numerous com-
mittees of AASCU.
Honors: Phi Kappa Phi; Who's Who in America; Who's Who in the West;
President's Medallion, Idaho State University, 1978; Resolution of Tribute,
Michigan State Legislature, 1976; Distinguished Alumni Award, Indiana
State University, 1975; Alumni Association Award, Western Michigan Univer-
sity, 1974; Master's Day Award, Indiana State University, 1969.
Family: Married, Barbara Bolinger, July 21, 1951. Children: Nan and
Benjamin.
The University of North Carolina System
761
WINSTON-SALEM STATE UNIVERSITY
WINSTON-SALEM
STATE JJNIVERSITY
' Established for Negroes
as Slater Industrial
Academy. 1892. State
supported since 1895:
University since 1969.
Winston-Salem State University was
founded as the Slater Industrial Academy
on September 28, 1892. It began in a one-
room frame structure with 25 pupils and
one teacher. In 1895, the school was
recognized by the State of North Carolina,
and in 1897 it was chartered by the State
as the Slater Industrial and State Normal
School.
From the beginning, the school has
insisted upon the vital importance of
elementary school teachers in any program
of building an improved citizenship.
Emphasis has, therefore, constantly been
placed upon the quality and quantity of training for these teachers. In 1925, the
General Assembly of North Carolina recognized the school's leadership in this
field; granted the school a new charter, extending its curriculum above high
school; changed its name to Winston-Salem Teachers College; and empowered
it under authority of the State Board of Education to confer appropriate
degrees. Winston-Salem Teachers College thus became the first Negro institu-
tion in the nation to grant degrees for teaching the elementary grades.
The Nursing School was established in 1953, awarding graduates the degree
of bachelor of science. The basic nursing program covers four academic years
of study with equal emphasis on academic and professional education.
In 1957, the North Carolina General Assembly revised the charter of the
college and authorized the expansion of the curriculum to include secondary
education and any other specific types of training as directed and determined
by the State Board of Higher Education. The North Carolina General
Assembly of 1963 authorized the changing of the name from Winston-Salem
Teachers College to Winston-Salem State College. A statute designating
Winston-Salem State College as Winston-Salem State University received
legislative approval in 1969.
On October 30, 1971, the General Assembly reorganized higher education in
North Carolina, and on July 1, 1972, Winston-Salem State University (WSSU)
became one of 16 constituent institutions of The University of North Carolina,
subjects to the control of a Board of Governors.
Today, Winston-Salem State has a student enrollment of approximately
2300 and offers three degree options - bachelor of arts, bachelor of science and
bachelor of science in applied science. Major programs include accounting,
business administration, commercial music, computer science, economics
mass communications, medical technology, nursing and Spanish among
many others. The Graduate Center offers courses leading to masters degrees in
business administration and education through sister institutions Appalachian
State University and North Carolina A & T University.
762
North Carolina Manual
"Southern Sunrise", a 12-foot stainless stt^el sculpture, adorms courtyard of Williams
Auditorium.
Seven chief administrators have served the institution since it was founded
in 1892. They are: Simon Green Atkins, (1892-1904 and 1918-1984); Cadd Grant
O'Kelly, (1904-1910); Francis Marion Kennedy, (1910-1918); Francis Loguen
Atkins, (1984-1961); Kenneth Raynor Williams, (1961-1977); H. Douglas
Covington,(1977-1984);andnr. Haywood L.Wilson, Jr., (1984-1985). Dr. Cleon
F. Thompson, Jr. was named chancellor in June, 1985, with the appointment
effective August 1, 1985.
Winston-Salem State University is located on a 76-acre tract in Winston-
Salem, Forsyth County, North Carolina, a city of ahout 189,000 residents. This
thriving Twin City is part of the Piedmont Triad which encompasses the
neighboring cities of Grt^ensboro and High Point. The Triad is the most heavily
populated and most rapidly growing Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area
between Washington, DC and Atlanta, GA. Winston-Salem is the industrial
and cultural hub of the Triad.
The university also owns a 285-acre camp located in Stokes County, about 20
miles from campus. The camp's facilities include nature trails, a 20-acre lake,
1 2 cabins, five bath houses, two bungalows, a basketball and tennis court and a
conference/dining center.
The University of North Carolina System
763
Dr. Cleon F. Thompson, Jr.
CHANCELLOR
Early Years: Born in Harlem, New
York, November 1, 1931, to Mr. and Mrs.
Cleon F. Thompson, Sr.
Education: Marlboro High School,
1949; NC Central University, 1956, B.S.
(Biology); NC Central University, 1958,
M.S. (Biology); Duke University, 1977,
Ph.D. (Educational Administration);
doctorial studies in Political Science,
Economics, and Educational Law
Professional Background: Chan-
cellor, Winston-Salem State University,
1985-; Interim Chancellor, North Carolina A & T State University, 1980-1981;
Vice President for Student Services and Special Programs, General Administra-
tion, University of North Carolina system, 1975-80; Senior Vice President,
Shaw University, 1973-78; Provost, Shaw University, 1971-72; Vice President
for Academic Affairs, Shaw University, 1969-71; Instructor of Biology, Shaw
University, 1965-69; Acting Chairman, Biology Department, Tuskegee In-
stitute, 1963-65; Assistant Professor of Biology, Tuskegee Institute, 1961-63;
Instructor, North Carolina A & T State University, 1960-61; Research
Assistant, UNC-Chapel Hill, 195(S-60.
Organizations: American Association of University Professors; American
Association for the Advancement of Science; District Commissioner, Boy
Scouts of America; Kappa Alpha Psi; Raleigh Business and Professional
League; National Association for Equal Opportunity in Higher Education;
Director, High Point Shakespeare Festival.
Boards and Commissions: Winston-Salem Chamber of Commerce; Good-
will Industries; Leadership Winston-Salem; Winston-Salem Business, In-
corporated; United Way; Old Salem, Inc.; North Carolina Institute for
Minority p]conomic Development; Winston-Salem Civic Ventures.
Honors: Resolutions and citations for distinguished service as Interim
Chancellor at North Carolina A & T State University from University of NC
Board of Governors, Board of Trustees of North Carolina A & T State
University and National Association for Equal Opportunity in Higher Fduca-
tion; (Citizen of The Year, Kappa Alpha Psi, 1982; Who's Who Arnon^ Black
Americans, 1980-81; Outstanding Achievements in Chosen Field of Human
Kndeavor, Kappa Alpha Psi, 1 980; Who 's Who in North Carolina 1973; Man of
the Year, Kappa Alpha Psi, 1964.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1953-55; research technician. Burn
Surgical Research Unit, Brooks Army Hospital, Fort Sam Houston.
764 North Carolina Manual
Literary Works: Author, numerous scholoarly topics ranging from "Design
and Construction of a Lyphalization Apparatus from Scrapped Equipment for
US Army Medical Corps," to The Revised NC State Plan for the Further
Elimination of Racial Duality in Public Higher Education Systems, Phase II.
Family: Married, Edwina Thompson. Children: Cleondra (Thompson)
Jones.
CHAPTER TWO
The Community College System
The North CaroHna community college system is the third largest in the
nation. Each year the system's 58 institutions enrolls more than half-a-million
students on campuses that are within 30 miles of 99.2 percent of the state's
population.
Since its beginnings, the mission of the community college system has been
to provide the citizens of North Carolina with a variety of opportunities to
further their education and to obtain training in order to find jobs or to obtain
better jobs in an expanding job market. The system's 23-year history is marked
by change and expansion brought about by the evergrowing needs of the
people of North Carolina.
COMMUNITY JUNIOR COLLEGES
A study concerning the need for community colleges in North Carolina was
made in 1952 by Dr. Allan S. Hurlburt. However, it was not until 1957, during
the administration of Governor Luther H. Hodges, that a real beginning was
made with the passage of the Community College Act to initiate and develop
community colleges. This act placed the general administration of community
colleges under the then State Board of Higher Education (now the Board of
Governors of the University of North Carolina).
By 1961 five community junior colleges had been established under the
jurisdiction of local boards of trustees and the State Board of Higher
Education. These community colleges were College of the Albemarle in
Elizabeth City, Wilmington College in Wilmington, Mecklenburg and Charlotte
Colleges in Charlotte and Asheville-Biltmore College in Asheville. In 1963
Gaston College at Dallas was chartered, becoming the sixth community
college to be approved under the 1957 act.
INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION CENTERS
At the same time, a vigorous effort was made to provide an educational
program in industrial education. Funds were allocated by the 1957 General
Assembly to the State Board of Education to initiate a statewide system of
industrial education centers. These centers were established to train adults
and selected high school students in order to provide a better trained labor
supply for the state.
The leadership of three individuals was especially outstanding in conceiving
and developing the centers: Governor Hodges (1954-1960); Dr. W. Dallas
Herring, chairman of the State Board of Education (1957-1977); and A. Wade
Martin state supervisor of trade and industrial education (1957-1961).
766 North Carolina Manual
In 1959 the General Assembly officially authorized and designated the
industrial education center as a type of vocational school and placed the
administration of such schools under the State Board of Education and local
boards of education. By 1961 there were 18 such centers in partial or full
operation and two in the planning stage.
In order to make this program more accessible, an extension unit plan was
approved by the State Board of Education in 1961. Five extension units were
begun as branches of a parent industrial education center. These units were
operated by an agreement between the board of trustees of a center and the
local board of education.
Both the community colleges and the industrial education centers, even
though organized and administered under separate state boards, directed their
efforts toward education beyond the high school.
In 1961 , a concern about program duplication and a need for better planning
resulted in the appointment by Governor Terry Sanford of the Governor's
Commission on Education Beyond the High School (the Carlyle Commission).
This commission studied the methods for expanding educational offerings at
the post high school level and recommended that the two types of institutions
be brought into one administrative organizations under the State Board of
Education and under local boards of trustees. In this way, all of the state's
two-year higher education needs (whether academic, technical, or vocational)
could be developed under the administration of one educational system - the
comprehensive community college system.
THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY COLLEGES
The General Assembly, in line with the recommendations of the Carlyle
Commission enacted the Community Colleges Act of 1963 which provided for
the establishment of a Department of Community Colleges under the State
Board of Education.
Of the six community colleges operating under the 1957 Community College
Act, three were converted to four-year state colleges and three were brought
under the jurisdiction of the State Board of Education and Department of
Community Colleges. The three community colleges were College of the
Albemarle in Elizabeth City, Mecklenburg College in Charlotte (the latter was
combined with the Central Industrial Education Center in Charlotte to form
Central Piedmont Community College), and Gaston College in Dallas. Super-
vision of the 20 industrial education centers also was given to the Department
of Community Colleges.
The State Board of Education oversaw the administration of the North
Carolina community college system until January 1, 1981 when governance of
the system was given to a State Board of Community Colleges.
In 1979 the General Assembly passed several bills related to the community I
college system. The 1963 Community Colleges Act was revised and recodified. '
Also, it was decided that the terms "technical college" and "technical
institute" were synonymous and that an institution might use whichever term i
it preferred. j
The most important legislation, however, involved the creation of a newj
State Board of Community Colleges. The 20-member board, which is composed
The North Carolina Community College System 767
of persons appointed by the governor and the General Assembly, has the
authority to adopt and administer all policies, regulations and standards it
deems necessary to operate the department and the institutions in the
community college system.
In 1979 the General Assembly also appointed persons to the Community
College Planning Commission and charged them with recommending a plan
for the orderly transfer of the Department of Community Colleges from the
State Board of Education to the newly-created State Board of Community
Colleges. Their report, called the Sanford Commission Report, named for the
Commission's chairman who was former Governor Terry Sanford, was
presented to the 1980 session of the General Assembly. This report outlined 13
recommendations many of which were adopted by the General Assembly.
Some recommendations remain to be implemented.
The State President
The state president is the chief executive officer of the Department of
Community Colleges, and is responsible for organizing and managing the
Department by carrying out the philosophy, policies and instructions of the
State Board of Community Colleges that pertain to the institutions. Reporting
to the State Board of Community Colleges, the state president also conducts
planning activities for the community college system jointly with officials of
the university system and the secondary public school system and coordinates
the work of the department with other state and federal agencies.
Organization and Programs
Each institution in the community college system is administered by a local
board of trustees and a president. The latter is chosen by the local board and
approved by the state board. Programs and services offered by each institution
reflect the needs and concerns of the citizens and industries in the community.
The community college system serves a broad range of persons whose needs,
skills and interest in turn require a broad range of educational and training
programs.
Technical Programs
Technical programs prepare persons to enter occupations such as electronic
engineering technology, computer programming, dental hygiene and business
administration. The two-year programs offer associate degrees in applied
science upon completion.
Vocational Programs
Vocational Programs train persons for entry into skilled occupations such as
welding, electrical installation and maintenance, practical nursing, and
automotive mechanics. Certificates and diplomas are awarded, depending
upon the length of the program.
Continuing Education Programs
Continuing education programs offer, among a host of programs, opportu-
nities for persons currently employed to upgrade their skills and, as well, a
768 North Carolina Manual
number of programs for training in areas such as fire fighting, law enforce-
ment, emergency medical services and hospitality.
Basic Adult Education Programs
Basic Adult Education Programs offer persons opportunities to obtain basic
skills in reading, writing and mathematics to the eighth grade level and, as
well, a high school diploma or its equivalent.
College Transfer Programs
College Transfer Programs are designed so that individuals can complete up
to two years of a four-year bachelor's degree at a community college. An
associate degree in arts, science or fine arts is awarded upon completion.
General Education Programs
General Education Programs offer individuals who wish to broaden their
education base an opportunity to take courses tailored to personal interest,
growth and development. An associate degree in general education is available
to those who complete the two-year program.
Industry Service Programs
Industry Service Programs guarantee new and expanding industry training
programs tailored to meet the particular needs of particular company.
As North Carolina moves into the decade of the 1990's her community
colleges will play an even greater role in the continued growth of the state.
They will continue to train our citizens in the new technologies for the
expanding workforce. They will be a primary source for eliminating illiteracy
in our state and with providing our citizens of all ages a place to learn new
skills whether for the home or workplace.
The North Carolina Community College System
769
Robert W. Scott
STATE PRESIDENT
Early Years: Born near Haw
River, Alamance County, June 13,
1929, to former Governor and U.S.
Senator W. Kerr Scott and Elizabeth
(White) Scott (both deceased).
Education: Alexander Wilson
School (Graham, N.C.), 1947; Attended
Duke University, 1947-1949; N.C. State
University, 1952, B.S. (Dairy
Husbandry).
Professional Background: State
President, North Carolina Community
College System, 1983- ; Scott and
Roney, Public Affairs Consultants,
1982-1983; Consultant and Lecturer,
1973-1975; Served on Community Coun-
cil, 1973-1975; Federal Chairman, Appalachian Regional Commission, 1977-
1979 (appointed by President Jimmy Carter); President, Scott Enterprises, Inc.
and Owner and General Manager, Melville Farms, 1958- .
Organizations: N.C. Grange (Asst. to the Master, 1959-1961; Master, 1961-
1963); American Society for Farm Managers and Appraisers; N.C. Farm
Bureau Federation; N.C. AgriBusiness Council.
Boards: Member: Various boards and commissions, 1961-1976; State Board
of Education (Ex Officio), 1965-1969; Council on Post-Secondary Accreditation,
1975-1980.
Political Activities: Governor, State of North Carolina, 1969-1973;
Lieutenant Governor, 1965-1969; Vice Chairman, Democratic National Com-
mittee, 1971-72; N.C. Steering Committee, Carter for President, 1976.
Military Service: U.S. Army, 1953-1955 (Special Agent, Counter Intelli-
gence Corps).
Honors: Numerous Honorary Doctors of Laws, 1969-1972; Distinguished
Service Award, 1972; Golden Key Award, National 4-H Congress, 1970; Jaycee
International Senatorship, 1971; Medallion of Honor, N.C. B'nai B'rith
Association, 1971; Distinguished Service Award by NCCBI, 1988; University
Award from UNC, 1987.
Religious Activities: Member, Hawfields Presbyterian Church; Deacon,
1959-1963; Elder, 1963- .
Family: Married Jessie Rae Osborne of Swepsonville, N.C, September 1,
1951. Children: Mary Ella Scott Cagle and Margaret Rose Scott Phipps (twins),
Susan Rae Scott Sutton, and Janet Louise Scott.
770 North Carolina Manual
STATE PRESIDENTS
Dr. I. E. Ready 1963-1970
Dr. Ben E. P'ountain, Jr 1971-1978
Dr. Charles R. Holloman 1978-1979
Dr. Larry J. Blake 1979-1983
Robert W. Scott 1983-
PRESIDENTS OFTHE COMMUNITY AND TECHNICAL COLLEGES
President Community College
Dr. W. Ronald McCarter Alamance County Community College
Dr. Edwin R. Chapman Anson Community College
Harvey L. Haynes Asheville-Buncombe Technical College
James P. Blanton Beaufort County Community College
Lynn G. King Bladen Community College
Dr. David W. Sink Blue Ridge Community College
W. Michael Reaves Brunswick Community College i
Dr. Eric B. McKeithan Caldwell Community College j
Dr. E. Thomas Satterfield, Jr Cape Fear Community College \
Dr. Donald W. Bryant Carteret Community College |
Dr. Cuyler Dunbar Catawba Valley Community College
Dr. Marvin R. Joyner Central Carolina Community College
Dr. Ruth G. Shaw Central Piedmont Community College
Dr. James B. Petty Cleveland Community College
Dr. Ronald K. Lingle Coastal Carolina Community College!
Dr. J. Parker Chesson, Jr College of the Albemarle '!
Dr. Thurman E. Brock Craven Community College
Dr. J. Bryan Brooks Davidson County Community College
Dr. Phail Wynn, Jr Durham Technical College
Charles B. Mclntyre Edgecombe Community College]
Dr. Craig Allen Fayetteville Technical College?
Dr. Bob H. Greene Forsyth Technical College
Dr. W. Wayne Scott Gaston College!
Dr. Raymond J. Needham Guilford Technical Community College
Dr. Elton L. Newbern, Jr Halifax Community College!
Dr. Dan W. Moore Haywood Technical College^
Dr. Willard L. Lewis, III Isothermal Community College!
Dr. Donald L. Reichard James Sprunt Community Collegej
Dr. John Tart Johnston Community College
Dr. Lonnie H. Blizzard Lenoir Community ColIegCj
Dr. Travis Martin Martin Community College'
Dr. Virginia A. Foxx Mayland Community College
Dr. Robert M. Boggs McDowell Technical College.
Dr. Charles C. Poindexter Mitchell Community College!
Dr. Benny B. Hampton Montgomery Community Collegei
Dr. J. Reid Parrott, Jr Nash Community College!
The North Carolina Community College System 771
President Community College
Dr. E. Douglas Kearney, Jr Pamlico Community College
Dr. H. James Owen Piedmont Community College
Dr. Charles E. Russell Pitt Community College
Dr. Larry K. Linker Randolph Community College
Joseph W. Grimsley Richmond Community College
Dr. Harold E. Mitchell Roanoke-Chowan Community College
Dr. Fred G. Williams, Jr Robeson Community College
Dr. N. Jerry Owens Rockingham Communtiy College
Dr. Richard L. Brownell Rowan-Cabarrus Community College
Dr. Clifton W. Paderick Sampson Community College
Dr. John R. Dempsey Sandhills Community College
Dr. Stephen C. Scott Southeastern Community College
Dr. Norman K. Myers Southwestern Community College
Dr. Charles H. Byrd Stanly Community College
Dr. Swanson Richards Surry Community College
Vincent W. Crisp Tri-County Community College
Dr. Ben F. Currin Vance-Granville Community College
Dr. Bruce L Howell Wake Technical College
Dr. G. Herman Porter Wayne Community College
Dr. James A. Richardson Western Piedmont Community College
Dr. James R. Randolph Wilkes Community College
Dr. Frank L. Eagles Wilson County Technical College
772 North Carolina Manual
ANSON TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Ansonville, NC
Anson Technical College was originally designated as the Ansonville
Industrial Education Center in Ansonville, NC, in November 1962 by action of
the State Department of Public Instruction. The Center was supported by state,
local and federal funds, as well as the General William A. Smith Trust.
From this beginning, the Ansonville Industrial Education Center made
steady progress serving many parts of Anson County.
On December 2, 1967, a local board of trustees was officially appointed by the
Anson County Board of Education and the County Commissioners. As a result,
the Ansonville Industrial Education Center became Anson Technical Institute,
a unit of the Department of Community Colleges of North Carolina.
Progress and fulfillment of the purposes of the Institute led to the authori-
zation by the North Carolina General Assembly of Anson Techincal Institute
as a separately chartered institution on July 1, 1971. The governor appointed
four additional trustees to the governing board.
Further progress, larger enrollment, and additional support from the
community have enabled Anson Technical Institute to acquire land, obtain
additional funds, and construct a 28,000 square foot building in Polkton, about
seven miles west of Wadesboro on U.S. Highway 74. This campus houses »
programs in Business; Secretarial Science; Graphic Arts, including Photo- I
graphy. Commercial Art and Printing; and Heating, Ventilating, and Air
Conditioning. j
The original campus in Ansonville houses programs in General Education,
Practical Nursing, Welding, and Auto/Diesel Mechanics. Adult education and ji
other extension services are housed at the Community Services Division, |
located in Wadesboro. j|
To better reflect the offerings of the institution, the Board of Trustees on June |
7, 1979, changed the name to Anson Technical College.
In 1982, construction was completed in Polkton on the second building, the |
Learning Resource Center. j
ASHEVILLE-BUMCOMBE TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Asheville, NC
From an industrial education center in 1959, to technical institute in 1964, to j
today's technical college, for almost one-quarter of a century Asheville- j
Buncombe Technical College has educated citizens for jobs in western North
Carolina. Funded by a bond election, the mountain college was initially .
administered by the Asheville City Board of Education, with control passing to !
a local board of trustees in 1963. -
A-BTC first offered pre-employment training in machine shop, practical
nurse education and electronics and job-related short courses, starting curri- 1
culum vocational and technical classes with the construction of campus!
facilities. The first associate in applied science degree was awarded in August j
1964. I
The North Carolina Community College System 773
In the early years, Asheville-Buncombe Technical College served the
vocational/technical needs of 15 western North Carolina counties. Four units
were established in outlying areas and administered by Asheville College.
These units gradually established independent status and became institutions
in the community college system.
Located in Asheville, recently rated a No. 1 city by the Places Rated
Almanac, Asheville-Buncombe Technical College serves Buncombe and Madi-
son counties, having a combined population of 177,761. Plans are being
formulated to open a Madison Center.
Outdoors lovers enjoy the diversity offered by mountain living: skiing is a
popular sport; fishing, hiking and backpacking dominate the outdoor scene in
summer. Visitors attracted by the scenic mountain splendor make the travel
and tourism industry the second largest employer in Buncombe County.
Asheville, also rated No. 2 among the best retirement communities in the
United States, is developing into a regional health center and a retail shopping
area. Over the years Buncombe County has provided the necessary space for
industrial development, while Madison County remains more dependent upon
agricultural pursuits.
Starting with a 20-acre tract and $300,000 for site development and two
buildings to provide 30,000 square feet of floor space, Asheville-Buncombe
Technical College today has approximately 114 acres and 256,245 square feet
of floor space.
BEAUFORT COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Washington, NC
Beaufort County Community College began as an industrial education
center and branch of Lenoir County Technical Institute. Later it operated as a
branch of Pitt Technical Institute. The institution gained independence as
Beaufort County Technical Institute in 1967.
Housed temporarily in an abandoned prison camp and various rented
facilities, the institution began work on a 68-acre campus in 1968, the same
year the institution graduated 38 students from four vocational programs.
The status of the institution was changed to that of community college in
1979, although college transfer courses had been offered in cooperation with
East Carolina University for many years.
Five permanent buildings are located on the campus on U.S. Route 264,
approximately four miles east of Washington in historic eastern North
Carolina. U.S. Route 264, being the main East-West artery in this area,
facilitates transportation to the institution by persons in four counties:
Beaufort, Hyde, Tyrrell and Washington.
Each building on Beaufort County Community College's campus contains
both general purpose classroom space and special purpose laboratory space.
Building 1 contains administrative offices and data processing laboratories.
Building 2 houses business-subject laboratories, cosmetology, auto mechanics
and electrical electronics laboratories. Building 3 includes the biology and
nursing arts laboratories. Building 4 contains the machine shop, drafting,
774 North Carolina Manual
power mechanics, diesel and welding laboratories. And, Building 5, the
learning resources center, includes a student lounge, snack bar, library,
learning laboratory and a large multi-use area. The greenhouse and carpentry
laboratories are separate from the permanent buildings.
BLADEN TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Dublin, NC
Bladen Technical College was established as Bladen Technical Institute in
1967 in Elizabethtown. Administrative and learning center activities were in
the old Baptist Church education building; a machine shop operated in a
building formerly occupied by a farm chemical dealer; and other shops and
laboratories were planned for the old Johnson Cotton Co. building south of
Elizabethtown on Route 701. BTC formally opened on Dec. 16, 1967.
Later, the old Johnson Cotton Co. property was secured and became the
location for administration, basic education and the machine shop. Additional
space for a welding shop and student service area was leased next to the I
Johnson Cotton Co. building. Business, secretarial and nursing programs
began in the church education building.
BTC began on a full-scale basis in September 1968. Initially curriculum
programs were offered in Cosmetology, Executive Secretarial Science, Business i
Administration, Industrial Engineering and Agricultural Engineering tech- [
nologies. Industrial Maintenance, Automotive Mechanics and Nursing As-
sistant. A complete battery of extension and other part-time adult programs i
were started to complement the day programs. The name of the institution was }
changed to Bladen Technical College in 1979.
This campus is located in Dublin, approximately 30 miles east of Fayetteville
and approximately 50 miles from Wilmington. It is located in a tourist area
near White Lake.
A site for a permanent campus near Dublin was secured and phase one of the
building program began in spring 1970. BTC moved to its permanent, 25-acre
campus in July 1971 . Two building totaling 27,000 square feet were included in
the initial building phase and housed administrative offices, classsrooms,
laboratories, shops, a student lounge and library.
A small shop was built as an MDTA welding class project in 1972. Nine acres
were added to the campus in 1973 and a combination shop-classroom building, !
containing 10,500 sqaure feet, was completed that year. A 3,600 square foot j
storage shed, constructed as a class project, was completed in early 1974 and 11
acres were added to the campus.
Construction of a multi-purpose building, an administrative building and
learning resources center was completed in 1976; a carpentry laboratory was '
completed in 1978; and two additional shop buildings were completed in 1980. '
The total square footage of BTC's buildings is 76,741.
The North Carolina Community College System 775
BLUE RIDGE TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Flat Rock, NC
In May 1969, the citizens of Henderson County approved a bond issue and a
special tax levy to begin Henderson County Technical Institute. Continuing
education classes began Dec. 1, 1969. The first full-time classes began in
September 1970 with 145 curriculum students.
The institution's name was changed to Blue Ridge Technical Institute in
1970, and in 1979 the name was changed to Blue Ridge Technical College.
Since the first class 14 years ago, BRTC has provided training for specific job
skills; it now offers 31 curriculum programs.
Situated near the Blue Ridge Mountain area of North Carolina, at an
altitude of 2,140 feet. Blue Ridge Technical College is easily accessible via
Interstate 26, Highways 25, 64, 176 and 191. The campus is located on Blue
Ridge Tech Road, which connects Airport Road and Allen Road, two and a half
miles southeast of Hendersonville in Henderson County.
The 109-acre campus has six buildings, including a new industrial skills
center which opened in 1982. The campus includes a horticulture lab with
orchards, vineyard, greenhouse and nursery areas.
BRUNSWICK TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Supply, NC
Brunswick Technical College originated as Brunswick Technical Institute
in July 1979. On Oct. 5, 1979, the board of trustees, with the approval of the
Brunswick County Board of Commissioners, voted unanimously to change the
name of the institution to Brunswick Technical College. A little over four years
later on Dec. 13, 1983, the institution received accreditation by the Southern
Association of Colleges and Schools.
BTC has two campuses. The permanent campus is located on U.S. Highway
17 north of Supply. The Annex, formerly a public school building, is located at
705 North Lord St. in Southport.
The youngest of the system's 58 institutions, Brunswick Technical College
began classes in its first building on the permanent campus last year.
According to the state formula, BTC needs 32,400 square feet of additional
space to meet its current enrollment. Plans are now being developed for an
additional building.
CALDWELL COMMUNITY COLLEGE
AND TECHNICAL INSTITUTE
Lenoir, NC
Caldwell Technical Institute was established April 2, 1964, and permanent
facilities were occupied in September 1967. In 1970 the North Carolina General
776 North Carolina Manual
Assembly authorized Caldwell Technical Institute to offer college transfer
courses, and the institution's name became Caldwell Community College and
Technical Institute.
Since its establishment, CCC&TI has enjoyed constant community support
and encouragement. The institution has grown to include 50 occupational
programs, the college transfer program and non-credit continuing education
programs.
Located in the foothills of western North Carolina, CCC&TI has established
a main campus on a 78-acre tract of land in Hudson. The institution also has a
Watauga Division in Boone. The service area includes some 100,000 people,
approximately 68,000 in Caldwell County and 32,000 in Watauga County.
A variety of industries form the basis of the economy in CCC&TI's service
area: furniture, hosiery, paper, metals manufacturing and tourism.
Accessible to the population centers of Lenoir, Granite Falls and Hickory,
the Hudson campus is located on Highway 32L In 1982 a 19,000 square foot
Life Skills Building was occupied, bringing square footage to a total of 163,374.
The Watauga Division administrative offices are located at the intersection
of Highway 321 West and 105 By-pass in Boone. Curriculum and Continuing
education classes are taught at this site, Watauga High School and other sites
in the county.
CAPE FEAR TECHNICAL INSTITUTE
Wilmington, NC
Cape Fear Technical Institute began in 1959 as the Wilmington Industrial
Education Center and adopted its present name in 1964, with the establish-
ment of the statewide community college system.
F'rom its modest beginnings with an enrollment of only several hundred
students, CFTI now serves more than 20,000 adults annually in a wide range of
curriculum and non-credit courses and extension and evening programs, at |
both on-campus and off-campus locations in Wilmington and New Hanover (
and Pender counties. I
CFTI is located in downtown Wilmington, with the campus extending t
between North Front Street and the Cape F'ear River, where the institution '
maintains its dock and fleet of boats, plus a floating barge which is used as !
classroom space for marine and water-related programs. CF'TI also occupies a
building at 926 North Front St., several blocks from the main campus, for its j
electronics/instrumentation programs. j
Cape Fear Technical has three main buildings (in addition to its dock space ;
and barge): a four-story administration/lab/shop building; a seven-story ■
structure adjacent which houses classrooms, library, labs, shop-classroom
complex, student activity area, cafeteria, bookstore and lecture auditorium;
and a building which houses trade shops.
The North Carolina Community College System 777
CARTERET TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Morehead City, NC
On July 1 1 , 1 963, the State Board of Education authorized the estabHshment
of the Carteret County Unit of the Goldsboro Industrial Education Center. The
unit operated until Oct. 5, 1967, when Carteret Technical Institute was
officially established under a contract with the Carteret County Board of
Education. On July 9, 1979, the board of trustees officially changed the name of
the institution to Carteret Technical College.
CTC offers a full range of technical/vocational, associate degree, certificate
and diploma programs as well as the college transfer program.
The campus is located on U.S. 70 West in Morehead City.
The city has one of the two state ports in North Carolina and is rapidly
becoming the center of commerce and industry in the northern Tidewater area
that is supported by tourism, fishing and a large military installation.
The 17.3-acre campus has eight buildings and three mobile units. A $2.5
million civic and learning resources center complex located on the campus is
Hearing completion.
CATAWBA VALLEY TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Hickory, NC
Catawba Valley Technical College was one of the original industrial
education centers in North Carolina; its doors opened in 1960 to an initial
enrollment of 77 students. This year C VTC enrolled students in 40 curriculum
programs ranging from automation/robotics to welding, and in continuing
education courses.
The campus is located on Highway 64-70, halfway between Hickory and
Newton, in Catawba County.
A mild climate, proximity to the Blue Ridge Mountains and training
opportunities at CVTC have attracted a growing number of diversified
industries in recent years: printing, optical fiber and communications cable
manufacturing. The area is noted for its furniture and textile industries.
Catawba Valley Technical College's campus covers 56.5 acres and has 10
buildings containing 212,000 square feet of space. The library contains 30,000
volumes (primarily technical). An art center opened in 1982-83 for continuing
education art classes, and plans were made to open a Newton Center for classes
in eastern Catawba County.
CENTRAL CAROLINA TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Sanford, NC
One of the original industrial education centers. Central Carolina Technical
College began awarding associate degrees in 1965, the same year the institu-
tion's name became Central Carolina Technical Institute. The name was
changed to the one it now bears in 1979.
778 North Carolina Manual
In 1982-83 CCTC served more than 16,800 students and offered 29 curriculum
programs ranging from automotive mechanics to nursing education.
The main campus is located in Sanford in Lee County (population: 36,000) on
a 32-acre site. Other locations include the Henry Siler School in Chatham
County and the Harnett County Industrial Training Center in Harnett
County.
The Sanford location has 120,561 square feet of classroom, shop and
laboratory space. The Learning Resource Center includes 24,000 books, 290
periodicals, 15 newspapers, numerous audio-visual materials and equipment.
CENTRAL PIEDMONT COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Charlotte, NC
I
Central Piedmont Community College, the largest community college in j
North Carolina, was formed in 1963 by a merger of Mecklenburg College and
the Central Industrial Education Center.
Initially, the institution offered a dozen vocational programs and some
extension courses to just under 2,000 students. CPCC now offers 74 career i
programs and college transfer, high school completion, advancement studies
and continuing education as well as reading and math for illiterate adults.
The campus, at Elizabeth Avenue and Kings Drive in uptown Charlotte, is
ideally located near the hub of Mecklenburg County. Learning Centers are also
located in Cornelius, Matthews and the Freedom Mall Shopping Center for the
convenience of the public registering, buying books, paying fees and taking
courses.
The main campus has 23 buildings on 33 acres. Some of the campus
buildings include classrooms, labs, shop areas, learning resources center,
greenhouse, 425-seat auditorium, food preparation facilities (which house the
largest kitchen in the city), well-equipped labs and a modern multi-purpose
gym. Dozens of classrooms are used in neighborhood churches, high schools |
and office facilites. '
CLEVELAND TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Shelby, NC
The Cleveland Unit of Gaston College was established July 1, 1965. A local
board of trustees was officially appointed and the Extension Unit became
Cleveland County Technical Institute Oct. 2, 1967.
The institution's two rented buildings in downtown Shelby soon proved to be
inadequate for its rapidly growing enrollment. So, in 1969, CCTI leased the
abandoned county home property and moved to its new location, 137 South
Post Road, the site of its present campus. Two years later the institution
received its charter. In 1977 a $5 million bond issue was passed for Phase II of
the institution's development program.
The institution's name changed in 1980 to Cleveland Technical College.
The North Carolina Community College System 779
Cleveland Technical College's 43-acre campus is located approximately four
miles east of Shelby, the county seat of Cleveland County.
Present campus facilities include two classroom buildings with 50,000
square feet (completed in 1974). The buildings house vocational shops and
technical classrooms. The Campus Center Building, which was completed in
1981, provides 100,00 square feet of additional space for the Learning
Resources Center with a television studio and auditorium facility, an art
gallery, classrooms, shops, laboratories, student services, bookstore, snack
bar and offices.
COASTAL CAROLINA COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Jacksonville, NC
One of the original industrial education centers, Coastal Carolina Commu-
nity College changed its name to the one it now bears in 1970. The institution
began in an abandoned prison with an enrollment of 325 extension students
and one full-time employee. This year CCCC served students in 53 curriculum
programs, ranging from automotive mechanics to electronic servicing and
employed approximatley 200 full-time employees.
The campus is located in Jacksonville (The City On The Go), which has a
population of over 30,000.
The area is noted for fresh water fishing in the beautiful New River. Its close
proximity to area beaches also makes it popular.
The Coastal Carolina Community College campus has 75-acres and 10
buildings and operates a Skills Center used for training personnel for new and
expanding industries.
COLLEGE OF THE ALBEMARLE
Elizabeth City, NC
The first college in North Carolina chartered under the Community College
Act of 1957, College of The Albemarle later became the first comprehensive
community college in the state's community college system.
Classes were first conducted for 182 students in September 1961 by five
instructors in a renovated hospital. In 1982-83, COA enrolled students in 39
curriculum programs.
The College of The Albemarle campus is located in Elizabeth City on U.S.
Highway 17 North.
Elizabeth City is the hub of the institution's seven-county service area and is
just 40 miles from the beaches of the Outer Banks. These seven counties
encompass nearly 3,500 square miles, making this the largest service area of
any of the state's community college system institutions.
Three main buildings rest on the institution's 36-acre campus which borders
the Pasquotank River. The administration/classroom building and the learn-
ing resources center/classroom building were completed in 1981, while the
780 North Carolina Manual
former technical center was completed in 1972. Total square footage is
approximately 114,000. COA also operates an extension center several miles
from the campus.
CRAVEN COMMUNITY COLLEGE
New Bern, NC
Craven Community College began operation on July 1, 1965, as a unit of
Lenoir Community College. In April 1968, the first meeting of the newly
created board of trustees was held, marking the beginning of Craven County
Technical Institute as an independent institution. The name of the institution
was changed to Craven Community College July 1, 1973, and the first college
parallel classes were offered that September.
The campus of Craven Community College is located in the western area of
New Bern on Glenburnie Road at College Court. The institution serves Craven
County (population: 71,043).
Craven County is noted for tourism, light and heavy industry, agriculture
and is the home of the Marine Corps Air Station at Cherry Point. New Bern
was the Colonial Capital of North Carolina and is the home of Tryon Palace, a
major tourist attraction.
The campus, occupied in April 1971, includes 100 acres of pine and hardwood
forest. There are currently three permanent buildings and two temporary
modular units housing four classrooms. Outdoor physical education facilities
include tennis, softball, soccer, basketball and volleyball.
Craven Community College also has rental facilities near downtown New
Bern for Cosmetology; Carpentry and Masonry are offered in rental facilities
on Highway 55 west of New Bern. Rental facilities for Cosmetology, Data
Processing and Drafting programs and a Learning Lab are located in East
Plaza on Highway 70 in Havelock. Office space and a testing center are located
in the joint education center at the Cherry Point Air Station.
DAVIDSON COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Lexington, NC
Davidson County Community College's beginnings can be traced to 1958,
when the Davidson County Industrial Education Center was chartered. When
it opened in 1963, the Davidson County lEC enrolled 125 students in
vocational, technical and evening courses, and 51 students in adult education
and service programs.
In 1965, after Davidson County citizens had demonstrated an interest in
expanding the lEC into a comprehensive community college, a college transfer
curriculum was added and the institution was chartered as Davidson County
Community College.
Today, DCCC is a comprehensive community college offering two-year
college transfer programs, two-year technical programs, one- and two-year
vocational programs, certificate programs and continuing education courses.
The North Carolina Community College System 781
The institution also offers literacy courses, remedial and tutorial services and
community educational activities.
Davidson County Community College is located in the heart of Piedmont
North Carolina halfway between Lexington and Thomasville on Highway
29-70.
One of the most rapidly growing areas in the southeast, this area is noted for
its furniture and textile industries.
From one building located on a 22-acre site in 1963, DCCC has expanded to
77-acres with eight buildings valued at more than $12 million.
DURHAM TECHNICAL INSTITUTE
Durham, NC
Durham Technical Institute, which opened its doors as an industrial
eduction center in September 1961, changed its name in 1965 to the one it now
bears.
The institution has 24 programs of study leading to a degree, diploma, or
certificate in the areas of business, health, industrial and engineering and
public service.
Durham Technical Institute is located at 1637 Lawson St. in an industrial
park development in the southeastern section of the city of Durham.
The institution is near the Research Triangle Park and is within easy driving
distance of Raleigh, Chapel Hill and downtown Durham.
The campus includes four buildings with 165.588 square feet for laboratories,
shops, classrooms and offices. A new industrial and engineering technologies
building opened in 1983.
EDGECOMBE TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Tarboro, NC
Edgecombe Technical College began as an extension unit of Wilson County
Technical Institute. But, in 1967, ETC was placed under Edgecombe County
administration. Due to the population growth in Rocky Mount, NC, the
institution added a downtown campus in that area in 1972.
This year ETC served students on both campuf3es in programs ranging from
Electromic Data Processing and Radiologic Technology, to flower arranging
and driver's education.
The main campus is located in historic Tarboro (population: 10,517) in
northeastern North Carolina on the Tarboro-Wilson Highway. The sister
campus is located in downtown Rocky Mount (population: 41,283), 15 miles
from Tarboro on U.S. Highway 64.
The Tarboro campus has 120 acres and three main buildings, including a
multi-purpose building that contains a 500-seat auditorium, student lounge
and classrooms.
782 North Carolina Manual
The Rocky Mount campus main building, the former U.S. Post Office
Building, was renovated in 1972. It houses the library, administrative offices
and classrooms.
In 1974 two buildings across the street from the main campus were acquired
to house classrooms, laboratories and offices.
FAYETTEVILLE TECHNICAL INSTITUTE
Fayetteville, NC
Fayetteville Technical Institute originated as the Fayetteville Area In-
dustrial Education Center in 1961 and adopted its present name in September
1963.
FTI has experienced phenomenal growth in its history and is now a vital
force in meeting the vocational, technical and adult education needs of
Fayetteville, Cumberland County and the surrounding area.
The main campus is located in Fayetteville (population: 59,507) with
additional classroom facilities at nearby Fort Bragg.
The area is noted for its military installations (Fort Bragg and Pope Air
Force Base) and the resulting diversity of its populus.
The 93-acre main campus has a physical plant of more than 300,000 square
feet.
FORSYTH TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Winston-Salem, NC
Forsyth Technical Institute was established in 1959 as an industrial
education center, part of the Winston-Salem/Forsyth County Schools system.
In 1963 the lEC became part of the North Carolina community college system
as Forsyth Technical Institute. That year approximately 150 students enrolled
in curriculum programs and 500 enrolled in adult education evening programs.
The main campus is located on Silas Creek Parkway, with additional centers
for the health technologies at North Carolina Baptist and Forsyth Memorial
hospitals. A new campus center will be opened in 1984 when the institution
acquires Dalton Junior High School on Bolton Street.
All campus centers are situated in the city of Winston-Salem, noted for such
visitor attractions as Old Salem, Historic Bethabara, the Southeastern Center
for Contemporary Art and Reynolds House.
The present 10 buildings on the main campus provide 192,030 square feet of
space with an additional 47,445 square feet provided by the Paramedical '
Building leased from Forsyth Memorial Hospital and the Allied Health
Building leased from North Carolina Baptist Hospital. During 1984 the
institution will acquire 8 1,341 square feet at the Bolton Street center and 63,438 )
square feet upon completion of a new high technology building on campus, for j
a grand total of 384,254 square feet. I
Continuing education classes meet in approximately 75 different locations
in Forsyth and Stokes counties.
The North Carolina Community College System 783
GASTON COLLEGE
Dallas, NC
Gaston College began classes in temporary headquarters at a local church in
September 1964, offering 13 programs to its 551 students. In 1965 it merged
with Gaston Technical Institute and the Gastonia Industrial Education
Center, establishing it as a pioneer, comprehensive community college offering
programs in liberal arts and sciences, engineering technologies, business,
occupational skills and continuing education. Today, the institution offers 49
programs.
The campus is located on U.S. Highway 321 between Dallas and Gastonia in
Piedmont North Carolina.
Gaston College is situated on a 166.4-acre campus. There are nine permanent
buildings which consist of 275,000 square feet with a replacement value of
$16,025,000. The institution has a 58,000-volume library and will occupy its
newest facility, a health sciences center, within the next academic year.
GUILFORD TECHNICAL COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Jamestown, NC
Guilford Technical Community College has entered its twenty-fifth year of
service to the residents of Guilford County. From an abandoned sanitarium
site in Jamestown, it has emerged as an educational complex ranking third in
size among the state's 58 community college system institutions.
Founded in 1958 as an industrial education center, the institution began with
two courses and 15 students housed in one old building. By the end of the
1958-59 academic year, 1 1 full-time and 10 part-time instructors were teaching
593 students in six vocational courses.
In 1965 Guilford Industrial Education Center became Guilford Technical
Institute. The approval was given to the institution to grant the associate in
applied science degree. To more effectively serve students, GTI requested the
addition of the college transfer program. This request was granted with an
effective date identified in the next fiscal year with GTI being named Guilford
Technical Community College.
During 1982-83 the institution served students in 50 vocational and technical
programs. More than 20,000 people enrolled in continuing education and
extension courses.
The main campus of Guilford Technical Community College is located on an
85-acre wooded tract off U.S. Highway 29-70A at the eastern edge of James-
town. It is ideally situated within easy commuting distance of Greensboro,
High Point and surrounding areas of Guilford County.
In addition to the campus at Jamestown, GTCC operates satellite units in
Greensboro and High Point and at the Regional Airport. Greensboro centers
are located at 501 W. Washington St., 449 W. Market St. and 443 W. Sycamore
St., in downtown Greensboro. The High Point Center is located at 901 S. Main
St. GTCC aviation programs occupy Hangar Number 3 at the Regional
Airport.
784 North Carolina Manual
Part-time teaching centers for the institution's short-term non-credit Con-
tinuing Education program are estabhshed whenever the need arises. The
courses are offered in schools, community centers, churches, housing projects
and Hbraries throughout Guilford County.
GTCC operations are primarily housed in 14 buildings with 275,729 assign-
able square feet.
A ground breaking was held for Davis Hall, a three level 34,000 square foot
structure which houses Air Conditioning and Heating, Civil Engineering,
Industrial Maintenance, Surveying Mechanical Drafting and Design, Elec-
tronic Data Processing, English, Humanities and Social Science programs.
Adjoining this building is a 6,500 square foot facility which houses Packaging
Machinery Servicing.
HALIFAX COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Weldon, NC
Halifax Community College, chartered Sept. 7, 1967 as Halifax County
Technical Institute, began functioning in February 1968.
From its earliest beginning at the Halifax County Civil Defense Building in
Halifax with an enrollment of 15 curriculum students. HCC this year served
students in 35 programs. With the establishment of a two-year college transfer
program, the name Halifax Community College became effective July 1976.
The campus is located on NC Highway 158 in Weldon, less than a mile east of
Interstate 95. HCC's administrative area includes all of Halifax County and
parts of Northampton and Warren counties.
This is a rural, agricultural area with a service area population of 80,000. Its
most noted attraction is Lake Gaston, 20,000-acre lake for fishing and
recreation.
Halifax Community College has administrative offices, classrooms, career
laboratory and placement office, Learning Resources Center, a 150-seat
auditorium, student lounge, labortories and vocational shops. A 24,000-volume
library houses more than 135 newspapers and magazines. The campus is
located on a 109-acre site, and the present physical plant contains approxi-
mately 83,000 square feet.
HAYWOOD TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Clyde, NC
Founded in 1965 under the sponsorship of Asheville-Buncombe Technical
College. Haywood Technical College had a lone curriculum in practical
nursing for its first year in Patton School in Canton.
Because of enrollment growth and demands for more programs, HTC moved
to Clyde School in 1966 and then to the new campus in 1972. Program offerings
have grown to 12 associate degree, 12 vocational diploma and one vocational
certificate curricula.
The North Carolina Community College System 785
The campus is located 25 miles west of Asheville at the junction of U. S.
Highway 19-23 and Jones Cove Road, one mile from Interstate 40.
The campus is enhanced by the natural beauty of Western North Carolina,
by floral, tree and shrubbery plantings, and by a small pond near its entrance.
Haywood Technical College has 80.43 acres and 22 buildings. The Learning
Resource Center houses a 23,854-volume library. The estimated replacement
cost of land and buildings is $7.8 million.
Because of its central location in Haywood County, the campus also houses a
Sheltered Workshop.
ISOTHERMAL COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Spindale, NC
The institution was chartered Oct. 1, 1964, by the State Board of Education.
The first meeting of the board of trustees was held Nov. 17, and on Nov. 23, the
board approved the name Isothermal Community College. On July 1 , 1965, the
industrial education center, which had been operating for several years as an
extension of Gaston Technical Institute, became the vocational and technical
division of ICC.
Isothermal Community College is an open door institution, serving the
residents of Polk, Rutherford and surrounding counties. Classes meet during
the day and evening on the 110-acre campus located on Highway 74 in
Spindale, at a satellite campus in Tryon in Polk County and in communities
throughout the institution's service areas.
The 110-acre campus has 11 buildings, including a 30,835-volume library.
JAMES SPRUNT TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Kenansville, NC
James Sprunt Technical College originated in 1960 as the Duplin County
Unit of the Goldsboro Industrial Education Center. In 1964 the institution was
named James Sprunt Institute in honor of Dr. James Sprunt, a celebrated Civil
War chaplain and an educator, who was headmaster of an earlier James
Sprunt in 1845.
From an enrollment of 1 1 4 FTE in 1964-65, JSTC increased its enrollment to
nearly 1,200 FTE in 1982-83. Students now choose from more than 20 one- and
two-year degree programs, ranging from building trades and electronics to
general education.
James Sprunt Technical College is located in southeastern North Carolina
in historic Kenansville, the county seat of Duplin County.
Duplin County is known as the leading producer of agricultural products in
the state.
The institution has a 53-acre campus with four buildings that house
administrative offices, classrooms, laboratories, industrial shops, a 300-seat
auditorium and a 23,500 volume library.
786 North Carolina Manual
JOHNSTON TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Smithfield, N.C.
In September 1969, Johnston Technical College (then Johnston County
Technical Institute) offered its first occupational and adult educational
courses at the former Forest Hill High School, located on Highway 301 South
near the town of Four Oaks. Six hundred and fifty-nine adults enrolled in 29
evening courses. This year the institution served students in 35 programs,
ranging from Electronics Engineering Technology to Truck Driver Training.
In fall 1976, the institution moved to its present campus located near the
center of Johnston County at the intersection of Interstate 95 and U.S.
Highway 70, just east of Smithfield (population: 7,288).
Smithfield, chartered in 1777, is a major eastern North Carolina tobacco
market.
Johnston Technical College has a 100-acre campus with seven buildings,
including a new vocational building housing, in part, the Truck Driver
Training program (formally located in Raleigh). A new addition to the Wilson
Building will provide facilities for a computer center and student lounge. The
institution continues to utilize three buildings at its Four Oaks campus.
LENOIR COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Kinston, NC
Lenoir Community College was one of the original industrial education
centers chartered under the 1957 legislation. Chartered in 1958, the institution
offered its first classes in February 1960. Lenoir County lEC became Lenoir
County Technical Institute in June 1964, and attained community college
status in November of that year. Lenoir County Community College became
Lenoir Community College in 1968 when "County" was dropped from the
name.
From an initial enrollment of just over two dozen students in 1960, LCC now
serves students in 42 programs, ranging from traditional vocational programs
such as Welding and Auto Mechanics to new programs such as Data
Processing and Industrial Engineering Technology.
LCC is located in Kinston at the intersection of Highways 70 and 58. In
addition to serving Lenoir County, Greene and Jones counties are also part of
the Lenoir Community College service area. Kinston, the county seat of Lenoir
County, has a population of some 28,000, while the county population totals
some 32,000.
Agriculture is the mainstay of the local economy, though some light industry
has been attracted to the area in recent years.
The institution's main campus in Kinston has approximately 86 acres and
four large classroom and shop buildings, along with gymnasium/student
union facilites and a 50,000-volume learning resources center.
Lenoir Community College also has satellite centers in Greene County at
Snow Hill and Jones County at Trenton to better serve the residents of those
areas.
The North Carolina Community College System 787
MARTIN COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Williamston, NC
Martin Community College was initially authorized as Martin Technical
Institute by the General Assembly in 1967. Under a contractual agreement
with the Martin County Board of Education, extension courses began during
the summer quarter of 1968, and curriculum programs started during the fall
quarter of 1969 in an old public school building in Everetts.
Following a successful county-wide election in June 1969, independent
status was obtained; community college status was granted by the General
Assembly in June 1975; and the name of the institution was officially changed
to Martin Community College on July 1, 1976.
The 65-acre campus of Martin Community College is located one mile west of
Williamston (population: 6,015) on Kehukee Park Road just off Highway 64.
Instructional facility construction was completed between May 1971 and
December 1975.
Williamston is located in Martin County (population: 25,735) which is
approximately 100 miles from the Capitol and the coast and 25 miles from East
Carolina University in Greenville.
Martin Community College has a 65-acre campus with six buildings,
consisting of 135,340 square feet. One of the buildings includes a 19,500-volume
library.
Branch campuses are located in Windsor (Bertie County) and Plymouth
(Washington County).
MAYLAND TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Spruce Pine, NC
Mayland Technical College was approved by the 1971 session of the General
Assembly of North Carolina upon recommendation of the State Board of
Education, the Advisory Budget Commission and the governor. MTC began
operation in September 1971 in the board room of Northwestern Bank in
Spruce Pine.
From September 1971 unitl August 1972, the institution offered courses only
in continuing education. In the fall quarter of 1972, there were 80 students
enrolled in four curriculum programs, and in fall quarter 1982, there were more
than 700 students enrolled in 19 curriculum programs.
On Dec. 3, 1979, the institution was formally renamed Mayland Technical
College.
Mayland Technical College is located in the Blue Ridge section of the
Appalachian Mountains of Western North Carolina on the Avery County-
Mitchell County line near the town of Spruce Pine. MTC is chartered to serve
Mitchell, Avery and Yancey counties (hense the name Mayland).
The institution has a 38-acre campus with three buildings, including a
Vocational Solaronics Laboratory and a greenhouse facility. MTC operates
two, off-campus learning centers.
788 North Carolina Manual
MCDOWELL TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Marion, NC
The institution was established in May 1964, as the Marion-McDowell
Industrial Education Center, a satellite unit of Asheville-Buncombe Technical
Institute. In 1967 it became an independent unit of the community college
system with an eight-member board of trustees. The institution began in
downtown Marion with four classrooms and offered one day and one evening
program; the office was located in a small, residential house.
In 1979 McDowell Technical Institute, the name it carried for some 12 years,
was changed to McDowell Technical College.
The campus is located two miles south of Marion, at the intersection on NC
Highway 226 and Interstate 40, the gateway to the mountains of Western
North Carolina and Pisgah National Forest.
McDowell Technical College has a 31-acre campus and five buildings,
including 60,000 square feet of instructional space and a 16,000-volume library.
MITCHELL COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Statesville, NC
The institution dates back to 1852, when th Presbytery of Concord decided to
establish an educational institution in western North Carolina for females. A
windstorm in 1855 destroyed the nearly completed structure, but it was rebuilt
and opened in 1856 with 122 students. An additional setback came in 1857
when a measels epidemic forced the first year of operation to a premature close.
Between 1817 and 1917, the name of the college changed three times:
Simonton Female College (1871), Statesville Female College (1883) and
Mitchell College (1917).
Mitchell College produced its first junior college graduate in 1924 and
became coeducational in 1932 when five men enrolled. The Southern Associa-
tion of Colleges and Schools granted accreditation in 1955, and in 1959 the
Mitchell College Foundation received the property deed from Concord
Presbytery.
Through legislative action, Mitchell became the fifty-seventh community
college system institution on July 1, 1973, and the only private institution to
ever be admitted to the North Carolina system. Equality of educational
opportunities and active recruitment of minority students continues to be an
important goal of the institution.
Mitchell Community College is located in the city of Statesville (population:
18,622) in Iredell County, which is in the midwestern section of Piedmont
North Carolina. Statesville is one of only a few cities to have located within its
city limits the intersection of two interstate highways: 1-40 East-West and 1-77
North-South. Statesville is served by U.S. Highways 2, 64, and 70 as well as NC
Highways 90 and 115.
The institutions is situated on 12.51 acres and has 18 buildings, including a
32,944-volume Learning Resources Center, vocational building, science build-
ing and main building as well as two auditoriums, a gym and a student union.
In addition to the buildings on campus, a facility in Mooresville has been
obtained to house a learning center. y
The North Carolina Community College System 789
MONTGOMERY TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Troy, NC
The State Board of Education issued a charter to Montgomery Technical
College on September 7, 1967. As directed by law, eight members were
appointed to the board of trustees; four additional trustees were appointed by
the governor on December 1, 1971.
The purpose of Montgomery Technical College is to meet the educational
needs of the citizens of its community by offering technical, vocational,
general education and adult education programs which will prepare them for
business, employment, advanced study, or which will give them a sense of
self-satisfaction.
Montgomery Technical College is located just outside Troy in Montgomery
County in Piedmont North Carolina.
Montgomery, a rural county, is the hunting and fishing center of the
Uwharrie Reservation. Approximately 75 percent of the county's 488 square
miles is forest.
Montgomery Technical College has a 149-acre campus and an 11,500-
volume library. The institution has a new addition to its main building.
NASH TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Rocky Mount, NC
Nash Technical College was founded in 1967 and began offering courses in a
local high school. After one year the institution moved to a vacant elementary
school facility and operated at the Stony Creek location until 1975. The first
class to graduate was a group of 15 students in Nurse Assistant training.
On March 1, 1982, the Nash County Commissioners responded favorably to
the board of trustees' request that the institution's name be changed to Nash
Technical College.
In 1975 Nash Technical College moved to its permanent campus on a 69-acre
tract of land midway between Nashville and Rocky Mount on Old Carriage
Road, a few hundred yards off the Highway 64 East-West By-pass. There is also
a campus at Whitakers, NC.
The Nash County area is noted for its rapid industrial expansion, which
includes major national and international companies.
Four modern buildings including shops, labs, classrooms and administrative
offices comprise the main campus.
In 1981 Gov. James B. Hunt Jr. broke ground for the Whitakers Campus. The
facility was completed in 1982 and is equipped with state-of-the-art, high
technology training labs, machinery and electronic equipment for instructional
purposes. It was especially designed to meet the employee needs of this area's
industrial complex.
790 North Carolina Manual
PAMLICO TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Grantsboro, NC
Pamlico Technical College was established as a unit of the Lenoir Industrial
Education Center on July 1 , 1962, and then chartered as a technical institute on
July 1, 1971. In accordance with a request by the board of trustees, the named
was changed in July 1979, to Pamlico Technical College.
In the beginning, there was only one full-time curriculum program and an
enrollment of approximately 200 in continuing education classes which were
held in a one-classroom, one-lab building located at Pamlico County High
School. For the past five years. PTC has annually enrolled an average of
lO-to-15 percent of the area population in either curriculum or continuing
education programs.
The campus is located in a totally rural setting between Grantsboro and
Arapahoe.
The area is noted for summer camps and sailing. Summer visitors find plenty
of access for water sports and fishing.
Pamlico Technical College has a 44-acre campus with a single 40,000 square
foot building which was constructed in 1976. The institution's library houses
13,631 volumes.
PIEDMONT TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Roxboro, NC
Operating under the North Carolina State Board of Education and the NC
Department of Community Colleges, Person Technical Institute began opera-
tion on July 1, 1970. The name of the institution was changed to Piedmont
Technical Institute in May 1971.
The voters of Person County, in November 1974, showed overwhelming
support of a $2.5 million bond issue for new facilities. And, on Oct.l, 1978, the
institution officially changed its named to Piedmont Technical College.
The $5 million campus is located at Roxboro in Person County (population:
29,164).
The institution is within easy driving distance of many major cities and
historic and resort areas. Area residents and tourists may enjoy picnicking,
fishing, camping and water sports at two major lakes.
The 178-acre complex includes 10 buildings, with a total of 118,000 square
feet. These facilities include 44 lecture classrooms, 15 shops and labs, a Library
Learning Center, Campus Center, Counseling Center, Teaching Auditorium,
Recreation Laboratory and a Skills Training Center, which opened in April
1983.
The North Carolina Community College System 791
PITT COMMUNITY COLLEGE
• Greenville, NC
In March 1961, Pitt Community College was chartered as an industrial
education center. It was designated a technical institute in 1964 and a
community college in 1979.
Ninety students were enrolled in the lEC's six programs. This year PCC
served students in 40 different curriculum programs.
The campus is located outside of Greenville (population: 35,000) in Pitt
County (population: 95,000).
In the heart of the Coastal Plains, Pitt County is known for its tobacco
industry, and Greenville is known as the home of East Carolina University
and the ECU Medical School.
Pitt Community College has a 60-acre campus with three main buildings, a
dozen trailers and three modular units which are used for nursing education.
Its library contains 30,000 volumes.
RANDOLPH TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Asheboro, NC
Randolph Industrial Education Center opened its doors September 4, 1962,
to 90 students in four diploma programs and two degree programs, with all
services housed in a 33,000 square foot, one-story building. There were 11
full-time faculty and support staff. The center's name was changed to
Randolph Technical Institute in October 1965.
On July 1, 1979, in the midst of a building program funded by a March 1978
bond referendum, Randolph Technical Institute was renamed Randolph
Technical College. This year, the institution celebrated its 20th Anniversary.
RTC is located just south of the interchange of Highways 220, 64 and 49 at
the McDowell Road Exit in Asheboro, the geographic center of North Carolina,
and lies adjacent to the ancient mountains, known as the Uwharries. Asheboro
is also the home of the North Carolina State Zoological Park.
The 25-acre campus has four major buildings (the original building
constructed in 1962 with additions in 1968 and 1972) and three other buildings,
which include a vocational-technical building, a student services center and a
Learning Resources Center. With these new buildings and the renovations to
the original buildings in 1980, along with the construction of improved
parking, ramps, elevators and other facilities for the handicapped, RTC has
152,783 square feet. A 21,000-volume library is housed in the LRC. Seven
smaller buildings house support services for the programs.
792 North Carolina Manual
RICHMOND TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Hamlet, NC
Chartered on April 2, 1964, Richmond Technical College became a vital
educational factor in Richmond and Scotland counties long before a permanent
campus was established.
The first extension courses began in 1964: supervisory development, fire
service training and adult education. The first curriculum classes began in
1966 with 223 students enrolled in 12 programs. All classes were offered in
temporary locations.
RTC now offers 23 technical and vocational programs, plus hundreds of
continuing education courses, thereby reaching thousands of citizens each
year.
Richmond Technical College is located on US Highway 74 between Hamlet
and Rockingham.
The area is noted for its racetrack, peaches and American Legion baseball
teams.
The physical plant of the 160-acre campus consists of four buildings with a
total of 90,200 square feet. Additional classroom, lab and office space is
provided for nursing and continuing education classes at Scotland Memorial
Hospital in Laurinburg and at the James Nursing Building in Hamlet.
Continuing education classes are held at various locations throughout the
two-county area.
ROANOKE-CHOWAN TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Ahoskie, NC
Located on the site of a former prison compound, Roanoke-Chowan Technical
College was established in 1967 and bore the name Roanoke-Chowan Technical
Institute. The name changed to the one it now bears in 1981.
From its meager beginnings with 37 students, a president and approximately
five staff members, R-CTC this year served more than 5,900 students, with a
staff of approximately 90 and offered nine degree, nine diploma and 10
certificate programs.
R-CTC is centrally located in Hertford County, outside the town of Ahoskie
and serves the residents of Bertie, Gates, Hertford and Northampton counties.
The 39-acre site has three modern buildings, which have replaced the prison
structures orginally used, and a renovated continuing education/general
classroom building. Plans are on the drawing board for a new maintenance/
receiving/storage facility and a building to house continuing education,
nursing and other programs. R-CTC, also maintains a sheltered workshop
facility.
The North Carolina Community College System 793
ROBESON TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Lumberton, NC
Established in 1965 as an extension unit with only 20 students, Robeson
Technical College now educates more than 8,900 students annually. RTC
offers 23 degree and diploma programs on the post-secondary level and more
than 200 different courses in its Adult Continuing Education program.
In 1973 RTC moved into a $ 2 million facility north of Lumberton at the
intersection of Highway 301 and 1-95. The institution serves Robeson County,
which has a population of approximately 101,000.
Robeson Technical College has a 78-acre campus with nine buildings,
totaling almost 80,000 square feet. By nearly a two-to-one margin, county
voters passed a $7 million bond referendum aimed at expanding RTC's
facilities and educational opportunities. Funds from the bond will be used for
construction of classroom and shop areas, a student commons, faculty offices,
a multi-purpose center and a fire-service, police-science and rescue-prepared-
ness training facility.
ROCKINGHAM COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Wentworth, NC
As the only college in Rockingham County (population: 83,000), Rockingham
Community College must provide an array of services for a variety of people.
Although an industrial education center in Eden predated RCC, the institution
grew out of a desire of local people to have a two-year college in the area as well.
Leaders eventually proposed to combine the two, and voters approved a bond
issue and supplementary tax for RCC in 1963.
The institution offers programs such as auto body repair, basic electronics,
industrial maintenance, electronic data processing, nursing, business adminis-
tration and college transfer.
Rockingham Community College is near the village of Wentworth in the
center of the county, midway between Madison, Mayodan, Stoneville, Eden
and Reidsville, about 20 miles morth of Greensboro.
The area is dotted with small tobacco farms and large manufacturing plants.
Such national firms as American Tobacco Co., Fieldcrest Mills and Miller
Brewing Co. are major employers.
The 257-acre campus has nine buildings, including a 35,000-volume library,
gymnasium and the two-story Whitcomb Student Center (built with contribu-
tions from area residents and corporations), two vocational shop buildings, a
laboratory and a two-story classroom building, along with administration and
maintenance buildings. The campus' replacement value is more than $ 11
million. Azaleas, tall pines and broad lawns help make the campus one of
North Carolina's most beautiful.
794 North Carolina Manual
ROWAN TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Salisbury, NC
Rowan Technical College opened its doors in September 1963, as an
industrial education center. In 1964 the lEC was designated Rowan Technical
Institute, and in 1979 the name was changed to Rowan Technical College.
The institution enrolls more than 13,000 citizens annually in 36 occupational
education and training programs. Approximatley one of every 10 adult citizens
in the Rowan-Cabarrus county service area attends Rowan Technical College.
Rowan Technical College's main campus is located in Salisbury at the
intersection of Salisbury Boulevard and 1-85. The institution also offers classes
in Concord and Kannapolis to serve the southern portion of RTC's service area.
The main campus consists of 102-acres and six buildings which contain
170,000 square feet. Rowan Technical College also offers programs at the
Corban Center in Concord and at the Kannapolis-Carver Center.
SAMPSON TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Clinton, NC
Established in 1965 as an extension of Wayne Community College, Sampson
Technical College moved from temporary offices in 1966 to an elementary
school six miles from Clinton on Highway 421 West and offered its first
curriculum program that year. During 1968 the institution became an
independent unit with its first board of trustees
The 1972 passage of a bond issue, matched by federal and state funds,
allowed the purchase of a new campus on Highway 24 West. Two years later on
this site, a vocational shop building was completed; additional buildings were
contructed in 1976, 1977 and 1982. In 1983 the Continuing Education Division
moved to the downtown campus site.
The main campus is conveniently located near the center of Sampson
County on Highway 24, approximatley one and a half miles west of Clinton.
The Continuing Education Center is located downtown in the Sampson
County Courthouse Annex on Main Street.
Sampson Technical College has a 55-acre main campus with four permanent
buildings, including a 19,000- volume library and a greenhouse. STC also has
several temporary buildings. The Continuing Education Center has 10,000
square feet and includes the Adult Learning Center.
SANDHILLS COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Carthage, NC
Sandhills Community College was the first comprehensive community
college established under the Community College Act of 1963. It was chartered
Dec. 9, of that year and began classes in 1965 at nine, scattered locations in
downtown Southern Pines.
The North Carolina Community College System 795
sec is located in southern Moore County and is situated almost equal
distance from Southern Pines, Pinehurst, Aberdeen and Carthage.
This area is noted for peach production, golf courses and horse farms and as
a quality retirement community.
Sandhills Community College has seven major buildings, forming a core
campus surrounded by longleaf pines. A 52,000-volume library, newly occupied
vocational education building and an overall environment conducive to
academic excellence grace the 180-acre campus.
SOUTHEASTERN COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Whiteville, NC
In 1964 Southeastern Community College set up offices in the Powell
Building in Whiteville. The first curriculum classes were offered in September
1965, in a temporary location - Chadbourn High School. The move to the
present campus took place in September 1967.
The campus is located in Columbus County on Highway 74-76/Business 130,
between Whiteville and Chadbourn in southeastern North Carolina, and about
50 miles from the Carolina coastline.
Columbus, a rural agricultural county, covers an area of 945 square miles
and has a population of 51,037. The area is noted for its tobacco and strawberry
production, garment fabrication, food processing, chemical manufacturing
and yarn and textile manufacturing.
Southeastern Community College is located on 106-acre tract. The campus
originally had three buildings; it now has nine, the last of which is a
maintenance building completed in 1982. Other facilities such as a confidence
course, firing range, lighted tennis courts and baseball fields augment the
classrooms and offices. SCC's 44,975-volume library is available to the
community as well as to the institution's students, faculty and staff.
SOUTHWESTERN TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Sylva, NC
Southwestern Technical College was founded in 1964 as an area vocational
institute, operating within the North Carolina community college system. The
primary service area established was Jackson, Macon and Swain counties,
with the main campus being in Jackson County. The name has evolved from
the area vocational school to technical institute, to technical college.
The institution is located on Highway 116 in Jackson County on a
picturesque hillside between Webster and Sylva, 50 miles southwest of Ashe-
ville, NC and 90 miles southeast of Knowville, Tenn.
The campus is on a 55-acre tract of land and contains six buildings with a
total of 104,565 square feet. STC's library has 21,875 volumes.
796 North Carolina Manual
STANLY TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Albemarle, NC
Stanly Technical College was established in July 1971, under the authority
of the 1963 Community College Act. Before the end of the year the board of
trustees had been appointed, an organizational meeting held and the first
president of the institution elected.
The institution opened in temporary headquarters previously occupied by
the South Albemarle High School, moving in October 1975, to the new campus.
Today, the institution offers general education, technical, vocational and
general adult and extension courses. More than 95,000 students have taken
courses at the institution since it opened its doors in December 1971, to 31
students.
Stanly Technical College, which draws most of its students from Stanly
County, is siuated on 70 acres of beautiful rolling hills in the southern
piedmont of North Carolina. The campus contains an impressive collection of
buildings.
With the addition of a third major building and lease of a 16,000 square foot
Industrial Training Center in July 1981, the facilites at South Albemarle High
School were closed and the consolidation of the campus was completed.
The Academic Administrative Building was completed in October 1975. The
gross square footage is 34,566 with a net assignable space of 31,210 square feet;
office space is 6,575 square feet and classroom/laboratory space is 24,635
square feet.
The Vocational Shop was completed in October 1975. The gross square
footage is 9,679 with a net assignable space of 9,501 square feet; office space is
274 square feet and shop/classroom space is 9,227 square feet.
The Kelley Building was completed and occupied in October 1981 . The gross
square footage is 13,527 with a net assignable space of 12,427 square feet. It is a
two-story structure and houses the Electronic Engineering Laboratory, General
Purpose Auditorium, Office Machines Laboratory and faculty offices.
The Industrial Training Center was built in 1960 by Kinlaw International
Harvester Inc. and was purchased by STC's Foundation in July 1981. The
gross square footage is 14,131 with a net assignable space of 13,351 square feet.
The facility has one story and houses the machine shop laboratory, welding
laboratory and multi-purpose space for new industry training programs.
SURRY COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Dobson, NC
Receiving its charter in January 1964, Surry Community College was one of
the earliest members of the North Carolina community college system. Classes
met during the first two years in rented and borrowed facilities.
Funds to purchase the present campus site and to construct the first
buildings came from a March 1964, $500,000 bond issue and 4 cent-tax
authorization by Surry County voters. SCC moved to the new campus in spring
1967.
The North Carolina Community College System 797
The first programs offered were college parallel, business, secretarial,
drafting, agriculture, electronics, adult basic education and high school
completion. Various non-credit classes were also available. Some vocational
programs were postponed until new facilities were completed in 1967.
The campus is located in Surry County (population: 60,000) in the upper
piedmont foothills of northwest North Carolina.
The area is noted for the largest open-face, granite quarry in the world and is
the home of the Mount Airy Autumn Leaves Festival.
Surry Community College's 100-acre campus has seven buildings valued at
$8 million. All campus buildings are modern and up-to-date and provide
adequate facilities for SCC's programs.
TECHNICAL COLLEGE OF ALAMANCE
Haw River, NC
One of the original industrial education centers, Technical College of
Alamance, from its earliest beginning, was housed in a facility built especially
for its operations. Its name was changed in 1979 to the one it now bears.
TCA now enrolls students in 33 curriculum programs.
The campus is located on banks of Haw River in the Piedmont with easy
access from Interstate 85 at Exit 150.
The 48-acre campus has a 120,000 square foot building, including a 25,000-
volume library and learning resource center. The Burlington Campus at 1519
N. Mebane St. has 25,730 square feet. That campus is primarily used for
continuing education courses.
TRI-COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Murphy, NC
Tri-County Community College has experienced a series of metamorphic
changes since its beginning in November 1964 as a unit of Asheville-
Buncombe Technical Institute. In 1966, by action of the General Assembly, the
unit became Tri-County Technical Institute. Then, in 1977 the General
Assembly approved the institution's request for community college status; the
name was changed July 1, 1978, to Tri-County Community College.
VANCE-GRANVILLE COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Henderson, NC
Vance-Granville Community College was established in 1969 as Vance
County Technical Institute and offered technical and vocational courses to
citizens of Vance County in a renovated hospital building in downtown
Henderson.
798 North Carolina Manual
In 1976 the institution was approved for community college status and began
offering classes at the new campus, located between Henderson and Oxford. A
year later an additional building was constructed to provide classroom space
for the institution's increased enrollment.
Curriculum programs increased from eight in 1970 to 36 by 1983.
The campus is located equidistant between the cities of Henderson and
Oxford and serves students from Vance, Granville, Franklin and Warren
counties which have a combined population of 117,078.
The region is primarily agrarian, but is changing as new industries open
plants in the area.
Vance-Granville Community College is located on a beautifully landscaped
83-acre site. The institution's five buildings have a total of 128,000 square feet
and house 30 classrooms, nine shops and four laboratories as well as
administrative and faculty offices, a day care center, counseling center,
auditorium, student lounge and a learning resources center.
WAKE TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Raleigh, NC
Wake Technical College was chartered in 1958 as the Wake County
Industrial Education Center. Growing from an lEC to a technical institute, it
underwent several name changes. Finally, in 1980 the name was changed to
Wake Technical College to better reflect the college-level instruction offered.
The institution began operation in 1963 at its present location with 34 full-
time students, plus an additional 270 students who were enrolled in industrial
training programs.
The institution is situated in Wake County 10 miles south of Raleigh, the
capital city of North Carolina.
Government and education have made Raleigh one of the state's most
economically stable metropolitan areas; research and new industry are
making it one of the fasting growing. Nearby is the Research Triangle Park, a
nationally recognized center for industrial and governmental research.
The institution has campuses with a total of 82 acres. The main campus has
12 permanent buildings, including a Technical Subjects Buildings, completed
this year. The six-acre Allied Health campus, adjacent to Wake Medical Center,
has two permanent facilities.
WAYNE COMMUNITY COLLEGE |
Goldsboro, NC
Wayne Community College was established as Goldsboro Industrial Educa-
tion Center on June 15, 1957. It became Wayne Technical Institute in 1964 and j
then, Wayne Community College in 1967. j
The original on-campus building was completed in November 1960 and, until j
fall 1962, all courses were taught in the evening and all students attended
part-time.
The North Carolina Community College System 799
During 1962-63 the first full-time courses were offered in automotive
mechanics, electronics, drafting and practical nursing; there were 47 students
and eight faculty members. This year WCC served students in 42 programs,
ranging from Dental Hygiene to Aviation Maintenance Tehnology.
Wayne Community College is located on the outskirts of Goldsboro on US
Highway 70 East By-Pass, just west of Wayne Memorial Drive.
The area is noted for agriculture, tobacco being the main crop, and for
developing industry. Goldsboro is the home of Seymour Johnson Air Force
Base.
The Wayne Community College campus currently occupies two sites; one site
has 55 acres with 14 buildings and 24 temporary structures. The new campus
site has 125 acres and one multi-purpose vocational technical building. WCC
has a 35,000-volume library and a learning resources center which opened in
1969.
WESTERN PIEDMONT COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Morganton, NC
Chartered on April 2, 1964, Western Piedmont Community College began its
first classes in Central High School, churches, shops and other rented spaces in
and around Morganton.
Demonstrating their support for WPCC, the citizens of Burke County
approved a bond issue by an unprecedented margin of 17 to one thereby
providing the necessary funds for a permanent campus.
During two decades of service, the institution has granted more than 3,000
degrees and diplomas, 3,500 high school diplomas and 60,000 continuing
education certificates.
The main campus is located at the intersection of 1-40 and Highway 64
within the corporate limits of Morganton (population: 16,000), the county seat,
in Burke County (population: 72,500), which lies in the foothills of the
Appalachian Mountains in western North Carolina.
Manfacturing is diversified - furniture, textiles, electronics, graphite
products, fabricated metals and shoes. The major employer is the state of
North Carolina with services at Broughton Hospital, Western Carolina Center,
Western Correctional Center and the North Carolina School for the Deaf.
WPCC's eight buildings are located on a 132-acre site with extension
programs offered at the Courthouse Square in downtown Morganton and The
East Burke Center in Hildebran. The main campus also includes a nature trail,
tennis courts, fit trek run, greenhouse, lake, outdoor theatre and firing range.
The institution's library currently contains more than 30,000 books and 250
periodicals.
Two computer laboratories were recently completed, and a new vocational
building will be constructed.
800 North Carolina Manual
WILKES COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Wilkesboro, NC
Wilkes Community College has been a flagship institution in the North
Carolina community college system since its inception in 1964, when it was
approved by the State Board of Education. Earlier the people of Wilkes County
has approved the institution through a bond vote of $500,000 for construction
of facilities.
The institution is nestled in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains in
Wilkesboro (population: 23,035)
Tourists visit Wilkes County annually to view the scenic mountains, to shop
at the Brushy Mountain Apple Festival, or to attend the many dramas
performed at WCC.
The 75-acre wooded campus has six buildings containing more than 150,000
square feet of classrooms, labs, shops and offices.
In March 1983, construction began on the 33,000 square foot John A. Walker
Community Center. The center will contain a 1,132-seat, ultra-modern
auditorium with up-to-date staging equipment and facilities as well as a
spacious training complex.
WILSON COUNTY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE
Wilson, NC
Established in 1958 as Wilson Industrial Education Center, Wilson County
Technical Institute is one of the system's oldest institutions, the first classes
were held in the Coon High School Annex. Later the present location was
secured, and construction was begun on the first building in 1958.
In 1964 the State Board of Education granted authority to award the
associate in applied science degree, and the institution's name was changed to
Wilson County Technical Institute.
The main campus of Wilson County Technical Institute is located at 902
Herring Avenue, NC Highway 42 East in Wilson. It is just off US Highway 301
and is easily accessible from NC Highway 58 and US Highway 264.
WCTI has a 28-acre campus with eight buildings which house 23 classrooms
and 26 shops and labs. The estimated value of the buildings is $8,390,000. The
library houses 27,457 volumes.
CHAPTER THREE
Private Higher Education
Private higher education in North CaroHna traces its history to 1 772 and the
founding of Salem College, one of the earliest colleges for women in the United
States. The second oldest institution of higher education in the state, Louisburg
College, was first chartered in 1787. The decade of the 1830's witnessed a
flourishing of private colleges — Wake Forest University (1834), Davidson
College and Guilford College (1837), Duke University and Greensboro College
(1838) — founded by private citizens determined to spread the benefits of higher
education to the people of the state. There were twenty present-day private
colleges or their predecessors serving North Carolina by 1877, when the second
state-supported college was established.
Today North Carolina has thirty-seven independently controlled colleges
and universities which are accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges
and Schools. These institutions, affiliated with 14 different religious denomina-
tions, enroll over 50,000 students and confer nearly one-third of the bachelor's
degrees awarded in the state each year. Private universities confer over half of
the state's degrees in law and medicine; private junior colleges, almost half of
the associate degrees in arts and sciences.
From about the turn of the century until the early 1960's enrollment was
fairly evenly distributed between the public and private sectors of higher
education. Anticipating the effects of inflation on private college tuitions and
therefore enrollments. Governor Terry Sanford recommended in 1963 that the
state assist North Carolina students desiring to attend North Carolina's
private colleges. In 1968 this recommendation was reiterated by the Board of
Higher Education, which was concerned by the gradual but constant enroll-
ment shift away from private colleges due to the tuition differential between
the public and private sectors.
In 1968 the North Carolina Association of Independent Colleges and
Universities was organized to speak for and represent the interests of the
private colleges and institutions. The purpose of the organization, as stated in
its constitution, is "to promote and advance the interests of higher education in
North Carolina, including both public and independent colleges and univer-
sities, with special concern for the dual nature of the system, its quality,
freedom and responsibility to serve the educational and cultural needs of the
state, nation, and world." The Association's Board of Directors is composed of
the presidents of the member institutions; a Chairman and Executive Com-
mittee are elected from the Board. The President of the Association is an
ex-officio member of the Board and Executive Committee and is the Chief
Executive Officer of the organization.
802 North Carolina Manual
The following presidents of private institutions have served as Chairmen of
the Association: Dr. Ralph Scales, Wake Forest University, 1969-71; Dr
Norman A. Wiggins, Campbell University, 1971-73; Dr Arthur D. Wenger,
Atlantic Christian College, 1973-75; Dr. Samuel R Spencer, Davidson College,
1975-77; Terry Sanford, Duke University, 1977-81; Dr. Fred B. Bentley, Mars
Hill College 1981-83; Dr. James Fred Young 1983-87; Dr John E. Weems, 1987 to
the present. The first President of the Association was Virgil L. McBride, who
served from 1970 to 1974; the second was Dr. Cameron West, who served from
1974 to 1978, and then assumed the presidency of Pfeiffer College. He was
succeeded by former state Senator John T. Henley, who is presently serving as
President.
Through the efforts of the Association of Independent Colleges and Univer-
sities, concerned citizens and legislators, the first private college student
assistance programs were enacted by the General Assembly in 1971. The
Contract Grant program, which is still in operation, provides private colleges
with $450 for each North Carolina student enrolled at that institution, from
which amount scholarships are awarded to needy North Carolinians. About
7,500 North Carolina students are helped every year through this program.
The Contract Grant was augmented in 1975 by the Legislative Tuition
Grant. This program provides each North Carolina student with a fixed
amount to be applied against his or her tuition, thereby reducing the gap
between public and private tuition. The Legislative Tuition Grant will provide
$1150 for each of the approximately 25,000 North Carolina undergraduate
students attending private colleges and universities in 1989-90.
In 1975, the Association assumed a wide range of educational and research
activities by incorporating the North Carolina Center for Independent Higher
Education. The Center absorbed the functions of the Piedmont University
Center, a consortium of twenty public and private institutions in the Piedmont
region. The membership of the Piedmont Center was modified to include all
private colleges and universities in the state. The North Carolina Center
provides a range of service activities as an advocate for the institutions in the
areas of student recruitment, teacher education, financial aid, and research.
The Center administers such programs as a visiting scholars program, campus
tours for counselors, and cooperative library purchasing. The Center also
coordinates activities of independent constituent groups such as academic
deans, continuing education personnel, and financial aid directors. The
governance of the Center is identical to that of the Association.
In order to continue to increase awareness of the importance of the private
sector in higher education in North Carolina, the Association formed the
Council of Trustees in 1977. This organization, which is composed of one
trustee from each of the 37 private colleges and universities, represents the
1300 prominent citizens who serve as private college and university trustees.
The Council has published policy statements on issues of importance to higher
education, such as Planned Diversity: A Public Policy for Independent Higher
Education in North Carolina. The Association published an Economic Impact
Statement of Independent Colleges and Universities in North Carolina in
1986. In addition, members of the Council of Trustees meet from time to time
with members of the Board of Governors of The University of North Carolina
Private Higher Education 803
to discuss matters of mutual interest. In 1983 the North CaroHna Council on
Independent Higher Education was established to serve as the focal point for
communication between the colleges and the State and provide another
example of the independent Colleges' commitment to see that their resources
are used most effectively and efficiently in keeping with the statutory
mandate. It is composed of 8 members, 5 from the Council of Trustees and 3
presidents of member institutions. The President of the Association is an
ex-officio (nonvoting) member.
THE NORTH CAROLINA ASSOCIATION OF
INDEPENDENT COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES
John T. Henley, President
North Carolina Center for Independent Higher Education
A. Hope Williams, Executive Director
John E. Weems, Meredith College, Chairman
804 North Carolina Manual
PRESIDENTS OF PRIVATE COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES
Senior Colleges and Universities
President Institution Location
James B. Hemby Atlantic Christian College Wilson
Lionel Newsom Barber-Scotia College Concord
Edward L. Henry Belmont Abbey College Belmont
Gloria R. Scott Bennett College Greensboro
Norman A. Wiggins Campbell University Buies Creek
Stephen E. Wurster Catawba College Salisbury
John W. Kuykendall Davidson College Davidson
H. Keith H. Brodie Duke University Durham
James Fred Young Elon College Elon College
M. Christopher White Gardner-Webb College Boiling Springs
William H. Likins Greensboro College Greensboro
William R. Rogers Guilford College Greensboro
Jacob C. Martinson High Point College High Point
Robert Albright Johnson C. Smith University Charlotte
Bradford L. Grain Lees-McRae College Banner Elk
John B. Trainer Lenoir-Rhyne College Hickory
Bernard W. Branklin Livingstone College Salisbury
Fred B. Bentley Mars Hill College Mars Hill
John E. Weems Meredith College Raleigh
M. Elton Hendricks Methodist College Fayetteville
Silas M. Vaughn Montreat-Anderson College Montreat
W. Burkette Raper Mount Olive College Mount Olive
Leslie H. Garner N.C. Wesleyan College Rocky Mount
Zane E. Eargle Pfeiffer College Misenheimer
Billy O. Wireman Queens College Charlotte
Thomas L. Reuschling St. Andrews Presbyterian College ... Laurinburg
Prezell R. Robinson Saint Augustine's College Raleigh
Thomas V. Litzenburg Salem College Winston-Salem
Talbert O. Shaw Shaw University Raleigh
Thomas J. Hearn Wake Forest University Winston-Salem
Alfred O. Canon Warren Wilson College Swannanoa
Paul R. Corts Wingate College Wingate
Junior Colleges
William T. Greer Brevard College Brevard
Jerry Jackson Chowan College Murfreesboro
J. Allen Norris, Jr Louisburg College Louisburg
Garrett Briggs Peace College Raleigh
Clauston L. Jenkins, Jr Saint Mary's College Raleigh
PART VI
Political Parties
CHAPTER ONE
The Democratic Party of North Carolina
PREAMBLE
We, the members of the Democratic Party of North Carolina, in order to
make more effective the principles of our Party, to embrace and serve all
peoples of our Party without regard to race, age or sex, to insure the
blessings of liberty and equal opportunity, and to work together for the
welfare and happiness of all citizens, do hereby adopt and establish this
Plan of Organization.
0.00 STATEMENT OF PRINCIPLES FOR ALL LEVELS
OF THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY
0.01 OPEN PARTY
All public meetings at all levels of the Democratic Party of North Carolina
shall be open to all members of the Democratic Party regardless of race, sex,
age, color, creed, national origin, religion, ethnic identity, handicapping
condition, economic status, or philosophical persuasion.
0.02 ENCOURAGE PARTICIPATION
Special efforts shall be made to encourage traditionally under-represented
groups to participate in delegate selection processes and in Party organiza-
tions at all levels to the end that all elected or appointed Democrats to any
positions reasonably reflect the Democratic electorate of the unit with regard
to age, race, sex, handicapping condition, and ethnic origin.
0.03 NON-DISCRIMINATION
No test for membership in, or any oath of loyalty to, the Democratic Party
of North Carolina shall be required or used which has the effect of requiring
prospective or current members of the Democratic Party to acquiesce in,
condone or support discrimination on the grounds of race, sex, age, color,
creed, national origin, religion, ethnic identity, handicapping condition, or
economic status.
0.04 PUBLICIZE MEETINGS
The time and place of all public meetings of the Democratic Party on all
levels shall be publicized fully and in such a manner as to assure timely
notice to all interested persons. Such meetings must be held in places
accessible to all Party members and large enough to accommodate all
interested persons.
808 North Carolina Manual
0.05 BROAD REGISTRATION
The Democratic Party, on all levels, shall actively support the broadest
possible registratioi> without discrimination on grounds of race, sex, age,
color, creed, national origin, religion, ethnic identity, handicapping condi-
tion, or economic status.
0.06 NOTICE OF SELECTION OF PARTY OFFICIALS
The Democratic Party of North Carolina shall publicize fully and in such
a manner as to assure notice to all interested parties a full description of the
legal and practical procedures for selection of Democratic Party officers and
representatives on all levels. Publication of these procedures should be done
in such fashion that all prospective and current members of the Democratic
Party will be fully and adequately informed of the pertinent procedures in
time to participate in each selection procedure at all levels of the Democratic
Party organization. Such publication should be done in timely fashion so
that all prospective candidates or applicants for any elected position within
the Democratic Party will have full and adequate opportunity to compete for
office.
1.00 PRECINCT ORGANIZATION
LOl UNIT OF ORGANIZATION
The unit of the Democratic Party organization in the State of North
Carolina shall be the voting precinct.
1 .02 COMPOSITION OF PRECINCT COMMITTEE
Precinct Committee. In each precinct, there shall be a Precinct Com-
mittee consisting of ten active Democrats, who reside in the precinct, and
who should, but need not necessarily, be present when elected by the active
Democrats of the precinct present at the annual precinct meeting held in
odd-numbered years. The composition of the Precinct Committee should bear
a reasonable relationship to the make-up of the active Democrats of said
precinct as to sex, age, race, ethnic background, and, where practical,
geography. All Democratic county and city officials elected by partisan
election, and Democratic members of the North Carolina General Assembly
residing in the precinct shall be ex-officio non-voting members of the
Precinct Committee.
Precinct Officers. The Precinct Committee shall have as officers a
chairman, three vice chairmen, a secretary, and a treasurer. The first vice
chairman must be of opposite sex to the chairman. If the chairman and first
vice chairman are of the same race, the second vice chairman should, where
possible, be of that race other than that of the chairman and first vice
chairman, which constitutes at least 20 percent of the registered Democratic
voters in the precinct. The third vice chairman should, where possible, be 36
years of age or under if none of the other officers of the precinct committee
are 36 years of age or under. No two officers of the Precinct Committee shall
be from the same immediate family residing in the same household.
Terms of Office. The terms of office of the members and officers of the
Precinct Committee shall expire on the date set for the next succeeding
The Democratic Party 809
precinct meeting held in an odd-numbered year or when their successors
shall be elected or appointed, whichever shall occur first. Newly elected
officers shall take office immediately upon their election.
Election to County Office. Should any precinct officer be elected as an
officer of the County Executive Committee as provided for in Section 2.03, he
or she automatically vacates their precinct office. Precinct Committee may
be removed in accordance with Section 10.05.
Vacancies. Vacancies that exist among the officers and members of the
Precinct Committee for whatever reason shall be filled in accordance with
Section 10.04.
1.03 DUTIES OF PRECINCT OFFICERS
Chairman. The duties of the precinct chairman shall be to:
1. Establish an organization of the Party within the precinct;
2. Delegate duties to Precinct Committee members;
3. Attend County Executive Committee meetings and convey the informa-
tion at those meetings to precinct committee and precinct workers;
4. Carry out duties assigned to him or her by the County Executive Com-
mittee; and the Plan of Organization; and
5. Recommend Precinct Registrar, Judge and Special Registration Com-
missioners to the County Chairman.
Vice Chairman. The duties of the three precinct vice chairmen shall be
such as may be assigned to them by the precinct chairman.
Secretary. The duties of the precinct secretary shall be to:
1. Keep all records of the Precinct Committee, including attendance at all
meetings;
2. Issue all notices;
3. Prepare all correspondence; and
4. Perform any other duties that may be assigned by the Precinct Chair-
man.
Treasurer. The duties of the Precinct Treasurer shall be to:
1. Maintain the Precinct Treasury;
2. Provides assistance to the county treasurer and in fundraising activi-
ties;
3. Maintain records for funds contributed to the county treasury by the
precinct committee; and
4. Prepare and file such financial reports of the precinct committee as
may be required.
1.04 PRECINCT MEETINGS
When and Where Held. Annual precinct meetings shall be held prior to
April 1st at the polling place of each precinct or other facility, if the precinct
polling place is unavailable for use, on the date and at the time announced
by the State Chairman, pursuant to Section 4.05. If a meeting facility other
than the precinct polling place is used, it must be approved in advance by
the County Chairman and publicly announced seven calendar days in
advance of the meeting; and the precinct chairman shall also post notice, if
possible, at the regular polling place. In the event a quorum is not present,
810 North Carolina Manual
there shall be a second meeting of the precinct one week following the date
set by the State Chairman for the first meeting. Any precinct meeting
provided for in this section shall be held more than two weeks before the
annual County Convention.
Unorganized Precinct. A precinct that did not meet on the second
meeting date shall be considered as not organized and shall not be entitled
to send delegates to the county convention or be represented on the county
Executive Committee until the county chairman has appointed an acting
precinct chairman and has called a special meeting for the purpose of
organizing the precinct and the precinct is organized in accordance with
Section 1.05 and 1.08. See also Section 2.05. The acting precinct chairman
shall preside over the annual meeting called by the county chairman for the
purpose of organizing the precinct.
Order of Business: Odd-Numbered Years. The order of business at the
annual precinct meeting held in odd-numbered years shall be.
1. The election of six active Democrats of the precinct as precinct officers.
2. The election of four other active Democrats of the precinct as members
of the Precinct Committee.
3. The election of active Democrats of the precinct as delegates to the
county convention.
4. The chairman, or presiding officer, and the secretary shall certify to
the county chairman the names, addresses, race, sex, and telephone
numbers of the precinct officers, the members of the Precinct Com-
mittee, and the delegates elected at the annual precinct meeting within
five (5) days.
5. Other business related to the affairs of the precinct.
Order of Business: Even-Numbered Years. The order of business at
the annual precinct meeting held in even-numbered years shall be:
1. The election of active Democrats of the precinct as delegates to the
County Convention. Active Democrats in attendance may nominate
delegates to represent the County in the District and State Conven-
tions.
2. The Chairman or presiding officer, and the secretary shall certify to
the county chairman the names, addresses, race, sex, and telephone
numbers of the delegates elected at the annual precinct meeting within
five (5) days.
3. Fill vacancies that exist among the precinct officers and members of
the Precinct Committee in accordance with Section 10.04.
Called Meetings. Additional meetings may be called in accordance with
Section 10.01.
Presiding Officers. The precinct meetings shall be presided over by the
Chairman of the Precinct Committee; but, in his or her absence, the Vice-
Chairman of the Committee in order of succession, the secretary and the
treasurer shall, in order of succession, preside, and in the absence of both the
Chairman and the Vice-Chairman, the secretary and the treasurer, any |
member of the Committee may preside. In the event that none of the above
named are present, any active Democrat residing in the precinct may
preside.
The Democratic Party 811
1 .05 QUORUM REQUIRED TO ORGANIZE PRECINCT AND TO
ELECT PRECINCT OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE
PRECINCT COMMITTEE
A quorum for a precinct meeting held for the purpose of organizing the
precinct or electing precinct officers and members of the Precinct Committee
at the annual precinct meetings shall consist of ten active Democrats
residing in such precinct. In precincts having fewer than 20 registered and
active Democrats, one-half of such registered active Democrats shall be
sufficient to comprise the Precinct Committee and to constitute a quorum at
a precinct meeting held for the purpose of organizing the precinct or electing
precinct officers and members of the Precinct Committee at the annual
precinct meeting.
1 .06 VOTING AT PRECINCT MEETINGS
Each active Democrat residing in the precinct and present at any precinct
meeting, shall i)e entitled to cast one vote at said meeting.
1 .07 REPRESENTATION AT COUNTY CONVENTION AND ON
COUNTY EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
No precinct shall be entitled to send delegates to any County Convention
unless those delegates were elected at a precinct meeting at which a quorum
was present. No precinct shall be entitled to representation on the County
Executive Committee unless a Precinct Committee and Precinct Committee
officers were elected at a precinct meeting at which a quorum was present.
1 .08 VOTES AT COUNTY CONVENTION
Each precinct shall be entitled to cast at any County Convention one vote
for every 100 Democratic votes, or major fraction thereof, cast by the
precinct for Democratic Governor at the last gubernatorial election; provided
that every precinct shall be entitled to cast at least one vote at the County
Convention.
1.09 DELEGATES TO THE COUNTY CONVENTION
Each precinct shall elect at least one delegate for each vote to which said
precinct is entitled at the County Convention, and the precinct may elect no
more than five delegates for each vote. If the precinct elects less than one
delegate for each vote to which it is entitled, then the precinct vote at the
County Convention shall be limited to the number of delegates elected.
2.00 COUNTY ORGANIZATIONS
2.01 COMPOSITION OF COUNTY EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
Members. There shall be a County Executive Committee in each county
composed of:
1. The elected officers of the County Executive Committee;
2. The chairman and first vice chairman of the several precinct com-
mittes in the county;
3. The presidents of the duly organized and chartered county auxiliary
812 North Carolina Manual
organizations, which shall include Democratic Men's Clubs, Democratic
Women's Clubs, Young Democrats Clubs, College Federation Clubs,
Teen Dem Clubs, and Senior Democrats Clubs within the county.
The respective State Presidents of the Democratic Party auxiliary
organizations shall determine those duly organized County auxiliary
organizations within a county and certify the name of the President to
the State Chairman.
The presidents of each auxiliary organization in a county shall
annually certify to the county chairman, their officers, including any
changes in officers. If any organization has more than one duly
organized and chartered club within a county, the Presidents certified
shall equally divide their vote provided for in Section 2.02, or the
County Executive Committee may provide a single vote for each club;
however, the additional vote must be approved annually.
Should a precinct chairman or first vice chairman be elected as
president of an auxiliary organization, some other member of said
organization shall be certified as the representative of that organization
on the County Executive Committee.
In addition, the County Teen Dem Advisor shall be a member of the
Executive Committee and equally share the vote of that organization
with the county Teen Dem president unless an additional vote is
organized by the County Executive Committee.
4. Any elected or appointed member of the State Democratic Executive
Committee from that county, not a member of county executive commit-
tee by virtue of holding some other office, shall be an ex-officio voting
member.
5. All Democratic county and city officials elected by partisan election,
and Democratic members of the North Carolina General Assembly
residing in the county shall be ex-officio, voting members of the
County Executive Committee.
2.02 VOTING ON THE COUNTY EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
Committee Officers, Presidents of Auxiliary Organizations, and
Ex-Officio Members. Elected officers, Presidents of county auxiliary
organizations, and other ex-officio members not provided for below shall be
entitled to one vote each.
Precinct Officers. The several Precinct Chairmen and First Vice Chair-
men shall be entitled, as members of the County Executive Committee, to
cast for their precinct one vote for each 100 Democratic votes, or major
fraction thereof, cast by their precinct for Governor at the last preceding
gubernatorial election, provided that each precinct chairman and first vice
chairman together shall be entitled to cast for their precinct a minimum of
one vote.
In the event that the two members should disagree on how their precinct's
vote shall be cast, then each members shall cast exactly one-half of the votes
which their precinct is entitled to cast.
Under no circumstanqes shall one representation be able to cast more than
one-half of the votes to which a precinct is entitled, even though the
precinct's second representative is absent (See Action 10.03).
The Democratic Party 813
2.03 OFFICERS OF THE COUNTY EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
Elected Officers. The County Executive Committee shall have as officers
a Chairman, three vice chairmen, a secretary and a treasurer. The first vice
chairman must be of opposite sex to the chairman. If the chairman and first
vice chairman are of the same race, the second vice chairman must be of
that race other than that of the chairman and first vice chairman, which
constitutes at least 20 percent of the registered Democratic voters in the
county. The third vice chairman shall be 36 years of age or under, if none of
the other officers of the County Executive Committee are 36 years of age or
under. Officers of County Executive Committee shall be active Democrats
residing within the county. No two county officers may be from the same
immediate family residing in the same household.
Municipal and County Precinct Vice Chairmen. In each county that
contains two or more municipalities of a population of more than 60,000
persons each, officers in addition to the ones specified above shall be elected
as follows: (a) a vice chairman for each such municipality, who must be a
resident of that municipality and who shall be elected by the precinct
chairmen and first vice chairmen of that municipality; and (b) a vice
chairman for those precincts not contained in such municipalities — if those
precincts have a total population of more than 60,000 persons — who must be
a resident of one of those precincts and who shall be elected by the precinct
chairmen and first vice chairmen of those precincts not contained in the
said municipalities.
Term of Office. The term of office of the officers of the County Executive
Committee shall be for two years and shall expire on the date set for the
next succeeding county convention meeting held in the odd-numbered year
or when their successors shall be elected, whichever shall occur first. Newly
elected officers shall take office immediately upon election.
Limitation on an Officer's Length of Service. A person who has
served as an elected officer of a County Executive Committee for two full
consecutive years shall not be eligible for re-election to that particular office,
provided that after such office has been held by another individual for one
full term such person shall be eligible for election to that office again.
Election to District or State Officer. Should any county officer be
elected as an officer of the district or as an officer of the State Executive
Committee, he or she shall be deemed to have automatically vacated their
county office.
Vacancies. Vacancies that exist among the officers and members of the
county executive committee for whatever reason shall be filled in accordance
with Section 10.04.
Removals. Officers and members of the county executive committee may
be removed in accordance with Section 10.05.
When County Committee Is Not in Session. When the County Execu-
tive Committee is not in session, the officers of the County Executive
Committee shall act in the place of the County Executive Committee on all
matters; unless this Plan of Organization states that action is to be by the
entire Executive Committee.
814 North Carolina Manual
2.04 COUNTY EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETINGS
When. The County Chairman shall issue a call for a meeting of the
County Executive Committee periodically, but not less than once every six
months.
Called Meetings. Additional meetings may be called in accordance with
Section 10.01.
Business Permitted. The County Executive Committee may conduct any
business as is required or necessary to the county Democratic Party.
Meeting for Newly Created Precincts. In addition to the other business
specified in the call, the same committee may adopt resolutions fixing a day,
time, and place for the holding of additional Precinct Committee meetings,
and may provide for precinct meetings for the election of a Precinct Com-
mittee and precinct officers in any precinct created by the Board of Elections
since the immediate preceding general election, or in any precinct in said
county which is not properly organized. Such committee and officers shall
serve until the subsequent precinct meeting held in odd-numbered years. The
County Chairman shall fully publicize all meeting dates established. Any
precinct meeting provided for in this section shall be held more than two
weeks before the annual county convention.
2.05 DUTIES OF COUNTY OFFICERS
Chairman. The duties of the county chairman shall be to:
1. Establish an organization of the Party in the county;
2. Carry out duties assigned to him or her by the State Chairman, the
District chairman and County Executive Committee;
3. Have the authority to appoint committees to assist him or her in
performing his or her duties (see Sections 8.03 and 10.04);
4. Designate the exact place at which the County Convention is to be
held thirty days prior to the convention.
5. Notify the precinct chairman or person who is to preside at the
annual precinct meeting of the date, time, and place of the annual
county convention and the votes that each precinct is entitled to cast
at the county convention.
6. Appoint an Acting precinct chairman for a term of 30 days for an
unorganized precinct in the event that it did not meet on the second
meeting date of its annual precinct meeting in the odd-numbered
years and did not duly elect a precinct chairman, or for a newly
created precinct as set forth in Section 2.04, for the purpose of
organizing the precinct.
7. Organize political instruction classes for precinct committees;
8. Obtain all materials necessary for the proper performance of his or
her duties and doing all other things necessary for the proper carrying
out of the best interests of the Party.
9. Appoint a publicity chairman who shall have the duties and respon-
sibilities of disseminating information to registered Democrats of the
county describing the qualifications and the procedures for selection
of delegates and officers at all levels of the Democratic Party;
10. Perform such duties as set forth in Section 5.01;
11. Encourage the establishment of auxiliary organizations in the county;
The Democratic Party 815
12. Designate a county Sustaining Fund chairman whose responsibility
it shall be to coordinate the State Party's Sustaining Fund campaign
in that county. Duties of the Sustaining Fund chairman shall include
encouraging Democrats to check the box on their state and federal
income tax forms designating money for the Democratic Party;
13. Upon receipt from the State Chairman, disseminate the date, time,
and place of county, district, and State conventions to the news
media in his or her county;
14. Prepare and furnish all forms and blanks needed in making the
returns from the precinct meetings and any reported challenges and
appeals therefrom and have the authority to raise the funds necessary
to pay for the expenses thereof; and
15. At the end of his or her term of office, make every effort to assist the
new county chairman in the transition period. This assistance should
include the transfer of important records and any information that
might assist the new chairman.
Vice Chairman. The duties of the three county vice chairmen shall be
such as may be assigned by the county chairman.
Secretary. The duties of the county secretary shall be to:
1. Keep all records of the county executive committee, including at-
tendance at all meetings;
2. Issue all notices;
3. Prepare all correspondence;
4. Perform any other duties that may be assigned by the Chairman; and
5. Maintain lists of the names and addresses of all precinct officers and
committee members and of elected delegates to any convention. The
list shall be made available for inspection and copying, in the presence
of the Secretary, and at the expense of the individuals requesting the
copies, to any active Democrat residing in the county. The information
for each precinct in the county shall be available for inspection and
copying within three days after it is received from the precinct chair-
man. The County Secretary shall forward the name, race, sex, address,
and telephone number of the precinct officers and precinct committee
members and the county officers to the state and Congressional
District chairmen.
Treasurer. The duties of the county treasurer shall be to:
1. Assist in the raising of all money required for the operation and
activities of the County Democratic Party;
2. Keep records of all money received and expended on behalf of the
county Democratic Party;
3. Maintain a list of the names, addresses, and occupations of all donors;
4. Prepare and file such reports of the finances of the County Executive
Committee as are required by law; and
5. Coordinate with the county Sustaining Fund chairman his or her
activities.
816 North Carolina Manual
2.06 COUNTY BOARDS OF ELECTIONS AND PRECINCT JUDGES,
REGISTRARS AND SPECIAL REGISTRATION COMMISSIONERS
Method of Selection. The County Chairman, after consulting with the
precinct chairman, shall submit his/her recommendations for Democratic
members of the County Board of Elections in accordance with instructions
provided by the State Chairman. The County Chairman shall call a meeting
of the County Executive Committee and submit his or her recommendations
for confirmation by said Executive Committee. The County Chairman shall
not be required to take nominations from the floor. Only when such recom-
mendations shall be confirmed by a majority of the committee members
present and voting as provided in Section 2.02 shall the same be submitted
to the State Chairman by the County Chairman. The time of such meeting
of the respective County Executive Committees for the purpose of passing on
such recommendations shall be fixed by the State Chairman.
Qualifications of Members. No member or officer of a County Executive
Committee shall be eligible to serve as a member of a County Board of
Elections or as a Precinct Registrar or Judge. No person, while acting as a
member of the County Board of Elections, shall serve as a state, district, or
county campaign manager or treasurer of any candidate in a primary
election, general election or as a chairman of any state, district or county
political organization (G.S. 163-41).
Precinct Judges, Registrars, and Special Registration Commis-
sioners. The County Chairman, after consulting with the precinct chair-
men, shall recommend judges, registrars, and special registration commis-
sioners to the County Board of Elections as required by law in North
Carolina General Statutes 163-41.
2.07 RULES FOR PRECINCT MEETINGS
Precinct Meetings. The County Executive Committee shall have power
to make any rules with regard to the holding of precinct meetings which it
may deem proper, not inconsistent with this Plan of Organization.
2.08 MUNICIPAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
Municipal Executive Committee. There shall be a Municipal Executive
Committee when required by law to fill any vacancies in nomination to
partisan municipal offices to be voted for in any town or city election. The
Municipal Executive Committee shall be composed of the precinct chairman
and first vice chairman of the precincts that comprise the city or town. Each
member shall be entitled to vote as prescribed in Section 2.02 and 10.03. The
county chairman shall be an ex-officio, non-voting member of the committee
and preside at all meetings.
3.00 CONGRESSIONAL, JUDICIAL, STATE SENATE AND
STATE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES DISTRICT
ORGANIZATIONS
3.01 CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
Members. There shall be a Congressional District Executive Committee
in each congressional district in North Carolina which shall be composed of:
I
The Democratic Party 817
1. The officers of the Congressional District Executive Committee as set
forth in Section 3.04;
2. The chairman and first vice chairman of each county in the congres-
sional district as ex-officio voting members;
3. An elected Congressional District representative of each statewide
auxiliary organization with by-laws approved by the State Executive
Committee as an ex-officio voting member.
Should a county chairman or first vice chairman be elected as an
elected representative of a district auxiliary organization, some other
member of said organization shall be certified to the congressional
district chairman as the representative of that auxiliary organization
on the congressional district executive committee; and
4. A Congressional District chairman for Minority Affairs who shall be
appointed by the Congressional District chairman and who shall serve
at the pleasure of the Congressional District chairman and who shall
be an ex-officio member.
5. The Democratic Congressman of the District as an ex-offico voting
member.
3.02 VOTING ON THE CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT EXECUTIVE
COMMITTEE
Committee Officers and Ex-Officio Members. The Congressional
District Executive Committee officers and the ex-officio members of the
Congressional District Executive Committee shall be entitled to one vote
each, except when voting for the nominating procedures under North
Carolina General Statutes 163-13(B) when they shall be non-voting
members.
County Chairmen and First Vice Chairmen. These members shall be
entitled to cast for their county one vote for each 300 persons, or major
fraction thereof, residing within the county based upon the last decennial
census.
In the event that the Chairman and first vice chairman should disagree
on how their county's votes will be cast, then each member shall cast exactly
one-half of the votes which their county is entitled to cast.
If only one representative of a county is present at a meeting of this
committee and the other member from that county on the committee has not
designated an active Democrat as his or her alternate (see Section 10.03), or
such alternate is not present, then such representative shall be entitled to
cast all of the votes which the county is entitled to cast.
3.03 DUTIES OF THE CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT EXECUTIVE
COMMITTEE
The Congressional District Executive Committee shall perform the duties
required by North Carolina General Statutes 163-13 and 163-114, and such
other duties as may be delegated to it by the State Chairman and State
Executive Committee.
In addition, the members from their respective counties shall perform
those duties imposed and specified by North Carolina General Statutes 163-
13 and 163-114.
818 North Carolina Manual
3.04 OFFICERS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT EXECUTIVE
COMMITTEE
Elected Officers. The Congressional District Executive Committee shall
have as officers a Chairman, three vice chairmen, secretary, and treasurer.
The first vice chairman must be of the opposite sex of the chairman. If the
chairman and the first vice chairman are of the same race, the second vice
chairman must be of another race which constitutes at least 20 percent of
the registered Democratic voters in the Congressional District. One officer
shall be 36 years of age or younger. Where there are sufficient counties in a
district, no two officers shall live in the same county except for the chairman
and secretary. Officers of a District Executive Committee shall be active
Democrats residing within the Congressional District.
Vacancies, Should any Congressional District Officer be elected as an
officer of the State Executive Committee, he or she automatically vacates
their Congressional District office. Vacancies occurring among the officers
and members of the District Executive Committee shall be filled in
accordance with Section 10.04.
3 05 DUTIES OF CONGRESSSIONAL DISTRICT OFFICERS
Chairman. The duties of the Congressional District chairman shall be to:
1. Coordinate the political activities among the counties in the district;
2. Assist the State Chairman and Executive Director to disseminate and
collect information;
3. Organize rallies;
4. Hold seminars and instructional sessions on Democratic Party issues
and organization;
5. Be the liaison between the State and County Organizations;
6. Appoint a Delegate Selection Chairman who shall have the duties and
responsibilities of disseminating information to the County Chairmen
and other registered Democrats in the District describing the qualifica-
tions and procedures for selection of delegates to the National Conven-
tion;
7. At least thirty days before the District Convention, the Chairman shall
select and designate a place at which such Convention is to be held
and notify the State Chairman and all County Chairmen in the
District;
8. Perform such duties as set forth in Section 6.01; and
9. Serve as co-chairman of the state Sustaining Fund for the Congres-
sional District.
Vice Chairmen. The duties of the three Congressional District vice
chairmen shall be such as may be assigned by the Congressional District
chairmen.
Secretary. The duties of the Congressional District Secretary shall be to:
1. Keep all records of the District Executive Committee, including attend-
ance at all meetings;
2. Issue all notices;
3. Prepare all correspondence;
4. Perform any other duties that may be assigned by the Chairman; and
The Democratic Party 819
5. Forward a copy of the name, race, sex, address, and telephone number
of each District Executive Committee officer to the State Chairman.
Treasurer. The duties of the Congressional District Treasurer shall be to:
1. Keep records of all money received and expended on behalf of the
Congressional District;
2. Maintain a list of the names, addresses and occupations of all donors;
and
3. Prepare and file such reports of the finances of the Congressional
District Executive Committee as required by law.
Congressional District Chairman for Minority Affairs. The Congres-
sional District chairman for Minority Affairs shall serve as a liaison between
the Congressional District party and the Democratic minority community
and shall encourage full participation and representation in all Party affairs.
3.06 CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
MEETINGS
When and Where Held. An annual Congressional District Executive
committee meeting shall be held within the geographical boundaries of each
Congressional District each year. The State Chairman, after consulting with
the Congressional District chairmen, shall designate the date, the time, and
the city in which such Congressional District Executive Committee meetings
shall be held. The exact location of the Congressional District Executive
Committee meetings in such city shall be determined by the Congressional
District chairman.
Called Meetings. The Congressional District chairman shall issue a call
for a meeting of the Congressional District Executive Committee periodi-
cally, but not less than once every six months. Additional meetings may be
called in accordance with Section 10.01.
When Congressional District Executive Committee is not in
Session. When the Congressional District Executive Committee is not in
session, the officers of the Congressional District Executive Committee shall
act in the place of the Congressional District Executive Committee on
matters unless this Plan of Organization states that action is to be taken by
the entire Congressional District Executive Committee.
3.07 SPLIT COUNTIES
Should a county be divided between two or more Congressional districts,
the county chairman and first vice chairman shall serve on the District
Executive Committee in the district in which they reside. The same conven-
tion at which county officers are elected will elect representatives to the
District Executive Committee positions that remain vacant, ensuring equal
division between men and women. Such representatives shall reside in the
part of the county that is a part of the Congressional District.
3.08 JUDICIAL DISTRICT EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
Composition. There shall be a Judicial District Executive Committee for
each Judicial District in the state. It shall be composed of two members from
each county in the district. These members shall be elected at their respective
820 North Carolina Manual
County Conventions held in even-numbered years except that Section 3.12
shall apply to single county judicial districts.
Voting. These two members shall be entitled to cast, for their county, one
vote for each 300 persons, or major fraction thereof, residing within the
county, based upon the last decennial census. In the event that the two
members should disagree on how their county's votes shall be cast, then
each member shall cast exactly one-half of the votes which their county is
entitled to cast. If only one representative of a county is present at a meeting
of the committee and the other member from that county has not designated
a Democrat as his or her alternate, (see Section 10.03), or such alternate is
not present, then such representative shall be entitled to cast all of the votes
which the county is entitled to cast.
Duties. The Judicial District Executive Committee shall perform those
duties imposed and specified by North Carolina General Statutes 163-9, 163-
10 and 163-114, as amended, "Filling Vacancies in State and Judicial
Offices."
Officers. The Congressional District Chairman and Secretary shall be
ex-officio, non-voting members of the Judicial District Executive Committee.
Where a Judicial District lies in more than one Congressional District, the
State Chairman shall designate one of the applicable Congressional District
chairmen and secretaries as chairman and secretary of the judicial district
executive committee.
The Congressional District Chairman shall preside at all meetings of the
Judicial District Executive Committee. The chairman and secretary shall
immediately certify the name of the nominee to the State Board of Elections,
P.O. Box 116, Raleigh, NC 27602, and furnish a copy to the State Chairman,
P.O. Box 12196, Raleigh, NC 27605.
3.09 STATE SENATORIAL DISTRICT EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
Composition. There shall be a State Senatorial District Executive Com-
mittee for each State Senatorial District in the state. It shall be composed of
two members from each county in that district except that Section 3.12 shall
apply to single county State Senatorial Districts. These members shall be
elected at their respective county conventions held in even-numbered years.
In the case where only part of the county is included within a district, then
in electing the members of the district executive committee, only the delegates
to the county convention who reside in the district may vote in electing the
district committee member, and only those delegates shall be considered as
the membership of the convention in determining a quorum. If the county
chairman does not reside in the district, he or she may preside but shall
have no vote.
Voting. The two county representatives on a district executive committee
shall be entitled to cast, for their county, one vote for each 300 persons, or
major fraction thereof, residing in the county based upon the last decennial
census, or in the case where less than the whole county is in the district, one
vote for each 300 persons, or major fraction thereof, residing in that part of
the district within the county based upon the last decennial census. In the
event that the two members should disagree on how their county's votes will i
The Democratic Party 821
be cast, then each member shall cast exactly one-half of the votes which
their county is entitled to cast. If only one representative of a county is
present at a meeting of this committee and the other member has not
designated a Democrat as his or her alternate, (see Section 10.03) or such
alternate is not present, then such representative shall be entitled to cast all
of the votes which the county is entitled to cast.
Duties. The State Senatorial District Executive Committee shall perform
those duties imposed and specified by North Carolina General Statutes 163-
11 and 163-114, as amended, "Filling Vacancies in the General Assembly."
Officers. The Congressional District Chairman and Secretary shall be
ex-officio, non-voting members of the State Senatorial District Executive
Committee. Where a State Senatorial District lies in more than one Congres-
sional District, the State Chairman shall designate one of the applicable
Congressional District chairmen and secretaries as chairman and secretary
of the State Senatorial District Executive Committee.
The Congressional District chairman shall preside at all meetings of the
State Senatorial District Executive Committee. The chairman and secretary
shall immediately certify the name of the appointment to the Governor of
the State of North Carolina, State Capitol, Raleigh, NC 27611, and furnish a
copy to the State Chairman and the State Board of Elections.
3.10 STATE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES DISTRICT EXECUTIVE
COMMITTEE
Composition. There shall be a State House of Representatives District
Executive Committee for each State House of Representatives District in the
state. It shall be composed of two members from each county in that district
except that Section 3.12 shall apply to single county State House of
Representatives Districts. These members shall be elected at their respective
County Conventions held in even-numbered years. In the case where only
part of a county is included within a district, then in electing the members of
the district executive committee, only the delegates to the county convention
who reside in the district may vote in electing the district commitee member,
and only these delegates shall be considered as the membership of the
convention in determining a quorum. If the county chairman does not reside
in the district, he or she may preside but shall have no vote.
Voting. The two county representatives on a district executive committee
shall be entitled to cast, for their county, one vote for each 300 persons, or
major fraction thereof, residing within the county, based upon the last
decennial census, or in the case where less than the whole county is in the
district, one vote for each 300 persons or major fraction thereof residing in
that part of the district within the county based upon the last decennial
census. In the event that the two members should disagree on how their
county's votes will be cast, then each member shall cast exactly one-half of
the votes which their county is entitled to cast. If only one representative of
a county is present at a meeting of this committee and the other member
from the county on this committee has not designated a Democrat as his or
her alternate, (see Section 10.03), or such alternate is not present, then such
representatives shall be entitled to cast all of the votes which the county is
entitled to cast.
822 North Carolina Manual
Duties. This Committee shall perform those duties imposed and specified
by North Carolina General Statutes 163-11 and 163-114, as amended, "Filling
Vacancies in the General Assembly."
Officers. The Congressional District Chairman and secretary shall be ex-
officio, non-voting members of the State House of Representatives District
Executive Committee. Where a State House of Representatives District lies
in more than one Congressional District, the State Chairman shall designate
one of the applicable Congressional District Chairmen and secretaries as
chairman and secretary of the State House of Representatives District
Executive Committee.
The Congressional District chairman shall preside at all meetings of the
State House of Representatives District Executive Committee. The Chairman
and secretary shall immediately certify the name of the appointment to the
Governor of the State of North Carolina, State Capitol, Raleigh, NC 27611,
and furnish a copy to the State Chairman and the State Board of Elections.
3. 1 1 ONE COUNTY DISTRICTS
Whole County. Should any Judicial, District Attorney, State Senatorial,
or State House of Representatives District be composed of only one county,
and includes all of that county, then the County Executive Committee of
said county shall be the Judicial, District Attorney, State Senatorial or State
House of Representatives District Executive Committee for the respective
district. (See Section 3.09, 3.10 and 3.11.) Upon convening, the county
Executive Committee shall resolve itself into the Judicial, District Attorney,
State Senatorial or State House of Representatives District Executive
Committee for the respective district; each member in attendance shall have
one vote.
Partial County. Should any State Senatorial or State House of Representa-
tives District be composed of only one county, but includes less than all of
that county, then the County Executive Committee of said county shall be
the State Senatorial or State House of Representatives District Executive
Committee for the respective district, but only those county executive com-
mittee members who reside in the district shall be eligible to vote, and for
the purpose of determining a quorum, those persons eligible to vote shall be
considered as the members of the committee. If the county chairman does
not reside in the district, he or she may still preside but shall have no vote.
Upon convening, the members of the county executive committee who reside
in the applicable district shall resolve themselves into the Judicial, State
Senatorial or State House of Representatives Executive Committee for the
respective district; each member in attendance shall have one vote.
3.12 REMOVALS AND VACANCIES IN JUDICIAL STATE
SENATORIAL AND STATE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
DISTRICT EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES
Removals and vacancies occurring among the members of the Judicial,
State Senatorial, and State House of Representatives District Executive
Committee shall be carried out by the county executive committee in
accordance with Sections 10.04 and 10.05.
The Democratic Party 823
4.00 STATE ORGANIZATIONS
4.01 STATE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
There shall be a State Executive Committe which shall be the governing
body of the North Carolina Democratic Party as follows:
Composition. The State Executive Committee shall consist of its elected
officers, appointed officers, ex-officio officers, ex-officio members, the district
chairmen, and a person or persons from each county in the state who shall
be elected at the County Conventions held in odd-numbered years. Each
county is entitled to one member of the State Executive Committee for each
3,000 Democratic votes, or major fraction thereof, cast by that county for
Governor at the last preceding gubernatorial election, provided, however,
that each county shall have at least one member. The County Chairman
shall be the member or one of the members selected from the county;
provided that in counties which are entitled to only one member of the State
Executive Committee, the County Chairman may be the member elected
from that county.
Method of Election. In electing members to the State Executive Com-
mittee, delegates to the county convention shall be instructed to cast one
half of their votes for men and one half for women; if the number to elected
is an odd number, they shall be instructed to divide their votes equally with
a difference of not more than one. This provision shall be inapplicable when
only one member is to be elected.
Length of Terms. The term of office of the members of the State
Executive Committee shall be for two years and shall expire on the date set
for the County Convention two years following their election, or when their
successors shall be elected, whichever shall occur first.
Vacancies. Vacancies occurring among the officers and members of the
State Executive Committee shall be filled in accord with Section 10.04.
Removals. Officers and members of the State Executive Committee may
be removed in accordance with Section 10.05.
4.02 ELECTED OFFICERS
Date of Election. In each odd-numbered yaer, the State Chairman shall
convene the State Executive Committee prior to March 1 for the purpose of
electing its officers.
Elected Officers. The State Executive Committee shall have as its
elected officers a chairman, three vice chairmen and a Secretary. The first
vice chairman must be of opposite sex to the chairman. If the chairman and
first vice chairman are of the same race, the Second Vice Chairman must be
of that race other than the race of the chairman and first vice-chairman,
which constitutes at least 20 percent of the registered Democratic voters in
the state. The third vice-chairman shall be 36 years of age or younger.
Succession. If for any reason there should occur a vacancy in the
chairmanship of the State Executive Committee, the vice chairman, in order
of succession shall be vested with full authority and powers of the chairman
until such time as the State Executive Committee has met and duly elected a
successor to the chairman.
824 North Carolina Manual
4.03 APPOINTED OFFICERS, EX-OFFICIO OFFICERS, AND
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS
The State Chairman shall appoint a State Treasurer, a State Sustaining
Fund Chairman, a State Chairman for Minority Affairs and a State Advisor
for the Teen Dems, all of whom shall serve at the pleasure of the State
Chairman as appointed officers and all of whom shall be voting members of
the State Executive Committee.
The presidents of all statewide auxiliary organizations, with by-laws ap-
proved by the State Executive Committee, shall be ex-officio voting members
of the State Executive Committee.
The members of the Democratic National Committee from North Carolina
and the National Committeeman and National Committeewoman of the
Young Democrats of North Carolina shall be ex-officio voting members of
the State Executive Committee.
All Democratic members of the Council of State, United States Senate,
United States House of Representatives, and the Democratic Speaker of the
North Carolina House of Representatives shall be ex-officio voting members
of the State Executive Committee.
4.04 VOTING ON THE STATE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
All members and officers of the State Executive Committee, whether
elected, appointed or ex-officio, shall be entitled to one vote.
4.05 DUTIES OF THE STATE CHAIRMAN AND CERTAIN OFFICERS
Chairman. The duties of the State Chairman shall be to:
1. Be responsible for State Party organization and for doing all things
necessary to the best interests of the Party;
2. Convene the State Executive Committee at least once a year;
3. Set dates for statewide annual meetings, conventions, and precinct
meetings;
4. Appoint appropriate committees for carrying out necessary activities
of the Party;
5. Obtain all materials necessary for the proper performance of his or her
duties;
6. Establish a policy of meeting with statewide and Congressional primary
candidates to insure that the Democratic Party emerges unified from
the primaries and victorious in the general election.
7. Encourage the creation of auxiliary organizations with by-laws ap-
proved by the State Executive Committee in every county and on every
applicable college, university, and Community College campus;
8. Encourage greater emphasis on better public communication by consult-
ing with Party officials on relevant matters; and
9. Perform those duties set out in Section 4.08 and elsewhere in this Plan
of Organization.
Vice-Chairmen. The duties of the three state vice-chairmen shall be such
as may be assigned by the Chairman.
Secretary. The duties of the State Secretary shall be to:
1. Oversee the keeping of all records of the State Executive Committee
including attendance at all meetings;
The Democratic Party 825
2. Issue all notices;
3. Prepare correspondence; and
4. Carry out any other duties that may be assigned by the State Chair-
man.
Treasurer. The duties of the State Treasurer shall be to:
1. Oversee the raising and disbursing of funds for the operation and
activities of the State Party;
2. Keep records of all money received and expended on behalf of the
Party;
3. Maintain a list of names, addresses, and occupations of all donors;
4. Prepare and file such reports of the finances of the State Executive
Committee as are required by law.
5. Coordinate with the State Sustaining Fund chairman his or her
activities.
State Chairman of the Sustaining Fund. The chairman of the State
Sustaining Fund shall have the duties of overseeing the raising of state
Sustaining Funds. He or she shall coordinate the State Sustaining Fundrais-
ing activities with each county Sustaining Fund chairman.
State Chairman for Minority Affairs. The State Chairman for Minority
Affairs shall serve as a lisison between the State Party and the Democratic
minority community and shall encourage full participation and representa-
tion in all Party affairs.
Teen Dems Advisor. The State Advisor of the Teen Dems shall have the
duty of propagating Teen Dem Clubs throughout North Carolina and of
providing guidance and coordination for Teen Dem operations and activities.
4.06 STATE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Powers. When the State Executive Committee is not in session, the State
Executive Council shall act in its place in all matters, except those requiring
action by the State Executive Committee.
Meetings. The State Executive Council shall meet at least once every
three months upon call of the State Chairman or upon request of 40 percent
of its members.
Composition. The members of the State Executive Council are: the State
Chairman, each of the three state vice-chairmen, the state secretary, the
state treasurer, the state chairman of the State Sustaining Fund, the chair-
man for minority affairs, state advisor of the Teen Dems, the state presidents
of all auxiliary organizations with by-laws approved by the State Executive
Committee, the Congressional District chairmen, the members of the Demo-
cratic National Committee, the National Committeeman and the National
Committewoman of the Young Democrats of North Carolina, and three at-
large members appointed by the State Chairman. These three members shall
reasonably reflect the geographic, racial, and sexual makeup of the Demo-
cratic Party in North Carolina. The State Chairman shall serve as chairman
of the Executive Council.
Voting. Each member of the Executive Council shall be entitled to cast
one vote except the Teen Dem President and Advisor who shall equally
share one vote.
826 North Carolina Manual
4.07 STATE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETINGS
Notice of All Meetings. At least 15 days prior to any meeting of the
State Executive Committee, notices shall be mailed stating the date, time,
place and proposed agenda of such meeting.
Called Meeting. Upon written receipt of petition from 40 percent of the
State Executive Committee, the State Chairman shall call a meeting of the
full State Executive Committee within 30 days.
4.08 ORDER OF BUSINESS OF THE STATE EXECUTIVE
COMMITTEE AT REGULAR ANNUAL MEETING
Each year, the State Chairman shall convene the State Executive Com-
mittee prior to March L At such meeting, it shall be the duty of the State
Chairman to publicly announce and enter into the proceedings of that
meeting the following as the first order of business:
1. The exact date and time at which annual Precinct Meetings are to be
held in accordance with Section L04.
2. The exact date and time at which annual County Conventions are to
be held in accordance with Section 5.0L
3. The exact date and time at which Congressional District Conventions
are to be held each year in accordance with Section 6.0L In addition,
the State Chairman, after consultation with the Congressional District
chairman, shall approve the city in which such conventions shall be
held.
4. The exact date, time and place at which the State Convention is to be
held each even-numbered year in accordance with Section 6.02.
5. In promulgating the dates for County, District, and State Conventions,
the State Chairman shall set the dates for such conventions so as to
provide a reasonable time between all such meetings for the resolutions
adopted by the various conventions to be presented to and considered
by the Resolutions and Platform Committee of the State Convention.
6. In each year, the State Chairman shall announce the number of votes
to which each county is entitled at the Congressional District Conven-
tions and at the bicentennial State Convention.
7. The State Chairman, in odd-numbered years, will submit the constitu-
tions or by-laws of each statewide auxiliary organization for approval
of the State Executive Committee.
8. In each even-numbered year, the financial statement and the proposed
budget shall be presented for approval.
9. The State Executive Committee shall, as the need arises and as North
Caorlina law directs, create any sectional committee to nominate,
replace, or recommend nomination or recommend to a higher authority,
any partisan candidate.
4.09 STATE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
A full-time Executive Director shall be selected by the State Party Chair-
man with the approval of the State Executive Council to serve at the
pleasure of the State Chairman. The performance of the Executive Director
shall be subject to annual review by the State Chairman and the Executive
The Democratic Party 827
Council. The administrative staff of the State Democratic Headquarters
shall be employed by and under the supervision of the Executive Director.
The duties and responsibilities of the State Executive Director and the
Administrative Staff of the State Democratic Headquarters shall include:
1. Planning, funding and implementation of paid media capability;
2. Planning and conducting forums of retreats for Democratic elected
officials;
3. Updating precinct organizational manuals and other guides for
campaigning and Democratic Party functions;
4. Calculating the number of votes which the representatives of a county
are entitled to as members of the Judicial, State Senate, and State
House of Representatives District Executive Committees; and
5. Such other duties as may be assigned by the State Chairman, the State
Executive Council, the State Executive Committee, or the State Conven-
tion.
4.10 NOTICE OF PARTY MEETINGS
County Chairmen and District Chairmen. Each year, immediately
after the adjournment of the annual meeting of the State Executive Com-
mittee, it shall be the duty of the State Chairman to publish the proceedings
of the same and it shall be the duty of the State Secretary to notify, in
writing, the several County Chairmen and Congressional District chairmen
of the date and places so fixed for the holding of precinct meetings, the date,
time and places for holding of conventions, and the information provided for
in Section 4.08(6).
News Media. Two weeks prior to the date set for the precinct meetings,
the county conventions, the Congressional District Conventions and the
State Convention, the State Chairman shall disseminate by means of press
release to all news media in the state, the time, location (except for county
conventions and precinct meetings) and function of each meeting or conven-
tion and urge all active Democrats to participate.
In addition to the procedures outlined above, the State Chairman, Congres-
sional District Chairmen, and the county chairmen, shall use such other
means and methods as will insure full and timely knowledge of the functions
and times of all Party meetings.
4.11 ANNUAL AUDIT
The State Executive Council shall provide for an annual audit of the
financial accounts and balances of the State Executive Committee funds.
5.00 COUNTY CONVENTIONS
5.01 MEETING AND FUNCTION
Annual Meeting. Each county shall hold a County Convention annually
in accordance with the date and the time designated by the State Chairman
pursuant to Section 4.08(2).
Place of Convention. The County Chairman shall, 30 days prior to the
date such convention is to be held, designate the exact place where such
828 North Carolina Manual
convention is to be held and the same shall be announced prior to the
adjournment of the precinct meetings.
Presiding Officer. All county conventions shall be called to order by the
County Chairman, but in his or her absence, the vice-chairman of the
committee in order of succession, the secretary and the treasurer shall, in
order of succession, preside over the Convention, and in case none of the
foregoing persons shall be present, then by any delegate to the convention
who shall preside until a permanent chairman is elected by the Convention.
Order of Business: Odd-Numbered Years. The county convention,
held in odd-numbered years, shall:
1. Elect, from among the active Democrats of the county, the officers of
the County Executive Committee;
2. Elect, from among the active Democrats of the county, the members of
the State Executive Committes to which the county is entitled;
3. Elect, from among the active Democrats of the county, the delegates to
the annual Congressional District convention. The county chairman
shall notify in writing within five days all persons elected as delegates;
and
4. Conduct any other business related to the affairs of the county.
Order of Business: Even-Numbered Years. The county convention
held in even-numbered years shall:
1. Elect, from among the active Democrats of the county, delegates to the
annual Congressional District cnvention and to the bicentennial state
convention in accordance with Section 6.01 and 6.02. The county
chairman shall notify in writing within five days all persons elected as
delegates.
2. Elect, from among the active Democrats of the County, two members of
each of the following: the Judicial District Executive Committee, the
State Senatorial District Executive Committee and the State House of
Representatives District Executive Committee; provided that a county
shall not elect members to that particular District Executive Com-
mittee, if it is not a part of a multi-county Judicial, State Senatorial, or
State House of Representatives District; and
3. Conduct any other business related to the affairs of the county.
Certification. Within five days following the County Convention, the
County Chairman shall certify to the District and State Chairman the
names, addresses, race, and telephone numbers of all persons elected as
delegates, officers, and members of any Executive Committee.
5.02 VOTING
Allocation of Votes, Each precinct shall be entitled to cast in the county
convention one vote for every 100 Democratic votes, or major fraction
thereof, cast by the precinct for Governor in the last preceding gubernatorial
election; provided that each precinct shall be entitled to cast at least one vote
at the County Convention.
Votes Divided Among Delegates Present. The precinct delegates who
attend the County Convention shall be entitled to vote the full strength of
their precinct upon all matters of business which come before the convention.
The Democratic Party 829
provided that the precinct originally elected at least one delegate for each
vote to which it was entitled, as provided in Section 1.08. Each such delegate
present from a particular precinct shall cast an equal number of the votes to
which the precinct is entitled. All votes which the precinct is entitled to cast
shall be divided equally among all the delegates representing that precinct
who are in attendance.
Tabulation of Votes. The County Chairman shall appoint a sufficient
number of secretaries or accountants, who shall reduce the votes to decimals,
rounding off to the nearest hundredth and tabulate the votes.
Voice Votes. Nothing herein contained shall prevent the Convention
from making nominations, holding elections and conducting business viva
voce or by acclamation where a vote by precincts is not demanded by 25
percent of the certified voters present.
Vote May Not Be Changed. After a vote is cast, there shall be no
change in such vote until after the roll call is completed and before the final
result of the ballot shall be announced by the Chairman of the Convention.
Reporting and Challenging the Vote. It shall be the duty of the
delegates from the several precincts to choose one of their number as
chairman, whose name shall be reported to the Chairman of the Convention;
and whose duty it shall be to cast the vote of the precinct as directed; and
the vote as announced by such person shall be recorded unless some delegate
from that precinct shall challenge its accuracy, in which case it shall be the
duty of the Chairman of the Convention to cause the roll of delegates from
that precinct to be called, upon which the vote of such precinct shall be
tabulated and recorded according to the response of the delegates; but in no
event shall the vote of one precinct be challenged by a delegate from another
precinct.
5.03 RULES FOR COUNTY CONVENTIONS
The County Executive Committee shall have the power to make such other
rules and regulations for the holding of County Conventions not inconsistent
with this Plan of Organization, as may be deemed necessary or expedient.
6.00 DISTRICT AND STATE CONVENTIONS
6.01 CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT CONVENTIONS
When and Where Held. An annual Congressional District convention
shall be held within the geographical boundaries of each Congressional
District each year. The State Chairman shall designate the date, the time,
and the city in which such Convention shall be held. The exact location of
the Convention in such city shall be determined by the District Chairman.
Allocation of Votes. Each county in a Congressional District shall be
entitled to cast at a Congressional District Convention one vote for every
300 votes, or major fraction thereof, cast in that county for the Democratic
candidate for Governor at the last preceding gubernatorial election; provided,
that each county shall be entitled to cast at least one vote.
Election of Delegates. The Congressional District convention shall be
composed of delegates elected by the several County Conventions held
830 North Carolina Manual
annually. Each county shall select one delegate for each vote it is entitled to
cast at the Congressional District Convention.
Order of Business: Odd-Numbered Years. The Congressional District
Convention held in odd-numbered years shall:
1. Elect, from among the active Democrats of the Congressional District,
officers of the Congressional District Executive Committee; and then
2. Conduct any other business related to the affairs of the Congressional
District.
Order of Business: Even-Numbered Years. The Congressional District
Convention held in even-numbered years shall:
1. Elect, from among the active Democrats of the Congressional District,
one member of the biennial State Convention's Committee of
Permanent Organization, Rules and Order of Business;
2. Elect, from among the active Democrats of the Congressional District,
one member of the biennial State Convention's Committee on Cre-
dentials and Appeals;
3. Elect, from among the active Democrats, one member of the Council of
Review;
4. In each presidential election year, elect from among the active Demo-
crats in the Congressional District, the number of delegates first and
then alternates to the National Convention allotted to each Congres-
sional District;
5. In each presidential election year, nominate, from among the active
Democrats in the Congressional District, one Presidential elector from
that Congressional District;
6. In each presidential election year, elect, from among the active Demo-
crats in the Congressional District, one member of the Delegate
Nominating Committee and then
7. Conduct any other business related to the affairs of the Congressional
District.
8. In 1988, elect from among the active Democrats of the Congressional
District, officers of the Congressional District Executive Committee to
serve a term of one year or whenever their successors are elected,
whichever shall occur first.
6.02 STATE CONVENTIONS
When and Where Held. A State Convention shall be held each even-
numbered year. The State Chairman shall designate the date, time, and
location of such convention.
Allocation of Votes. Each county in the state shall be entitled to cast at
a State Convention one vote for every 300 Democratic votes, or major
fraction thereof, cast in that county for the Democratic candidate for
Governor in the last preceding gubernatorial election, provided that each
county shall have at least one vote.
Election of Delegates. The State Convention shall be composed of
delegates elected by the several County Conventions held in even-numbered
years. Each county shall elect one delegate for each vote it is entitled to cast
at the State Convention.
The Democratic Party 831
6.03 VOTING
Division of Votes Among Delegates Present. The delegates who
attend a District or State Convention shall be entitled to vote the full
strength of their county upon all matters of business which come before the
respective District or State Conventions, and each such delegate present
from a particular county shall cast an equal number of votes which the
county is entitled to cast. All votes which the county is entitled to cast shall
be divided equally among all the delegates in attendance representing that
county.
Vote May Not Be Changed. In both District and State Conventions,
after a vote is cast, there shall be no change in such vote until after the roll
call is completed and before the final result of the ballot shall be announced
by the Chairman of said Convention.
Roll of Delegates. The State Chairman shall direct the make-up of a roll
of all delegates from the several counties to the District and State Conven-
tions and transmit the same to the Chairman of the District and State
Conventions.
Majority Vote. In District and State Conventions, elections or nomina-
tions shall be made only by majority vote.
Reporting and Challenging a Vote. In all District and State Conven-
tions, it shall be the duty of the delegates from the several counties to choose
one of their number as chairman, whose name shall be reported to the
Chairman of such Convention, and whose duty it shall be to cast the vote of
his or her county as directed, and the vote, as announced by that person,
shall be recorded unless some delegate from that county shall challenge its
accuracy, in which event it shall be the duty of the Chairman of the
Convention to cause the roll of delegates from that county to be called,
upon which the vote of such county shall be tabulated and recorded
according to the response of its delegates; but in no event shall the vote of
one county be challenged by a delegate from another county.
Voice Votes. Nothing herein shall prevent the District and State Conven-
tions from adopting temporary rules, making nominations, holding elections
and conducting business viva voce or by acclamation where a vote of
counties is not demanded by 25 percent of the delegates present.
7.00 NATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND DEMOCRATIC
NATIONAL COMMITTEE
7.01 PROCEDURES
In accordance with the mandate and call for each national convention or
meeting of the National Democratic Party, the State Executive Committee
shall adopt a plan for the selection of delegates and alternates thereto and
shall, as a part of said plan, provide for the election of members of the
Democratic National Committee allotted to North Carolina; provided that
such members of the Democratic National Committee shall be elected during
each presidential election year by the State Executive Committee to serve
four-year terms.
832 North Carolina Manual
8.00 POLICY COMMITTEES
8.01 RESOLUTIONS AND PLATFORM COMMITTEE
Composition. At the regular annual meeting of the State Executive
Committee referred to in Section 4.08, the State Executive Committee shall
elect one person from each Congressional District to the Resolutions and
Platform Committee of the biennial State Convention. In addition, the State
Chairman shall appoint seven (7) members to said committee, those being
the presidents of the Young Democrats, the Democratic Women, the Senior
Democrats and four at-large members, and designate from members of the
committee a chairman, vice-chairman, and secretary.
Meetings. The committee shall meet at the call of its chairman. It shall
prepare the proposed platform of the Party for submission to the State
Convention.
Matters for Consideration. The Resolutions and Platform Committee
shall consider all resolutions addressed to the biennial State Convention.
The committee is encouraged to hold one or more public hearings and to
invite testimony from all citizens.
In addition, any Democratic auxiliary organization with by-laws approved
by the State Executive Committee, and any Democratic organization, com-
mittee or convention established or recognized by this Plan of Organization
may submit its platform or resolutions of both to the State Resolutions and
Platform Committee.
8.02 STATE LEGISLATIVE POLICY COMMITTEE
Composition. The State Legislative Policy Committee shall be composed
of the following persons or a duly appointed representative of each of them;
the Democratic Governor or the nominee, the Democratic Lieutentant
Governor or the nominee, the Democratic Speaker of the State House of
Representatives, or the nomineee, and the State Chairman. The following
persons shall also be members of this committee; the three state vice-
chairmen, the North Carolina members of the Democratic National Com-
mittee, the chairman of the Democratic Caucus of the State Senate, the
chairman of the Democratic Caucus of the State House of Representatives,
each Congressional District chairman, and five persons appointed by the
State Chairman. The State Chairman or designee shall serve as Chairman.
Meetings. This committee shall meet at least once monthly while the
General Assembly is in session and at other times upon the call of the
Chairman.
Duties. This Committee shall formulate recommendations for state and
national Democratic legislative policy. It shall communicate to state and
national legislators grassroots sentiments on legislative issues. It shall
assist in sponsoring public forums throughout the state on state and national
issues.
8.03 CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT AND COUNTY ISSUES
COMMITTEES
Composition: Each county chairman and each Congressional District
chairman may appoint Issues Committees of between five and fifteen mem-
The Democratic Party 833
bers and a Chairman of each to serve until the succeeding County and
Congressional Conventions.
Duties. The substantive concerns of these committees shall be determined
and announced by the county or Congressional District chairman who shall
endeavor to make such committees relevant to the concerns of citizens of his
or her county or Congressional District. Such committees shall solicit the
views of citizens of the county and shall formulate and adopt, by simple
majority vote, resolutions and/or proposed legislation for submission to the
County or Congressional District Executive Committee.
Reports. The County or Congressional District Executive Committee
shall meet at the call of its chairman to vote to endorse or not endorse such
resolutions or proposals, but shall in any event pass a record of such
proposals and their action to the State Democratic Headquarters for sub-
mission to the appropriate State Party committees and to the appropriate
local elected officials.
9.00 COUNCIL OF REVIEW
9.01 PURPOSE
There is hereby established a Council of Review for the purpose of hearing
and rendering fair and impartial decisions on such disputes and con-
troversies which have arisen or which may hereafter arise within the Party
when the same are filed with said Council by the State Chairman, or by the
State Executive Committee, or when they are brought to the attention of the
Chairman of the Council of Review by an aggrieved active Democrat.
Auxiliary organizations of the Democratic Party shall provide for the
internal resolution of disputes within their respective organizations and
shall not be subject to this section.
9.02 COMPOSITION
Members. The Council of Review shall consist of one member from each
Congressional District who shall be elected at the Congressional District
Conventions held in even-numbered years, and four members at-large to be
appointed by the State Chairman.
Officers. The State Chairman shall appoint a Chairman and a Secretary
of the Council of Review from among the membership of the Council of
Review.
Terms. Members of the Council of Review shall serve for a term of two
years beginning upon the date of their election by the Congressional District
Convention held in even-numbered years for two years or until their suc-
cessors are elected or appointed.
9.03 RULES AND DECISIONS
Forty percent (40%) of the entire membership of the Council of Review
shall constitute a quorum. All decisions concurred in by a majority of the
Council of Review present and voting shall be final and binding upon all
North Carolina Democratic Party meetings and officials, except that any
decision of the Council of Review may be appealed to the State Executive
Council. The State Chairman is hereby directed to issue such further and
834 North Carolina Manual
supplementary directives as may be necessary and proper to implement the
decisions of this Council. The Council of Review is further empowered and
directed to adopt necessary and appropriate rules to assure that each dispute
and grievance is settled impartially, equitably and according to the rules of
justice and fairness.
9.04 REMOVAL OF MEMBERS
The State Executive Council shall have the right to remove from office
any member of the Council of Review upon two-thirds of said Council
present and voting being satisfied that the Council member has been
disloyal to the Party or is guiity of any misconduct which is not in keeping
with his or her high position of honor in the Democratic Party.
9.05 VACANCIES
A vacancy in the membership of the Council of Review shall be filled by
the Congressional District Executive Committee of the Congressional Dis-
trict in which such vacancy exists, provided that vacancies in members at-
large shall be filled by the State Chairman.
9.06 JURISDICTION
The Council of Review shall assume jurisdiction of all matters and disputes
arising from any Party meeting or convention provided for in this Plan of
Organization; provided such dispute or grievance is brought to the attention
of the Chairman of the Council of Review within 72 hours, excluding week-
ends or holidays, after such meeting or convention was convened or was to
have been convened. Any grievances arising from such Party meeting or
convention not brought to the attention of the Chairman of the Council of
Review within the 72-hour period, excluding weekends or holidays, shall be
deemed to have been waived. An aggrieved Democrat shall be deemed to
have brought such to the attention of the Chairman of the Council of Review
if written notice was filed with, or deposited in the mail to, the Chairman of
the Council of Review, the State Chairman, Executive Director or State
Democratic Headquaters within the 72-hour period, excluding weekends or
holidays. The Council of Review shall assume jurisdiction of all matters and
disputes referred to it by the State Chairman.
The person(s) filing the grievance shall be referred to as the Petitioner(s).
The person(s) against whom the grievance is filed shall be referred to as the
Respondent(s).
9.07 NOTICE
County Chairman. Upon receipt of the grievance by the Council of
Review, it shall immediately notify the county chairman of the county in
which the aggrieved party resides of the nature of the grievance filed and
the time and the place that the Council of Review will hear the matter.
Respondent. Upon receipt of a petition setting forth full details, the
chairman of the Council of Review shall immediately notify the Respondent
of the Petition, the contents of the Petition, the date, time, and place that the
Council of Review will hear the matter and that the Respondent may be
represented by Counsel.
The Democratic Party 835
9.08 PROCEDURES FOR COUNCIL OF REVIEW
Opening. The Chairman of the Council of Review shall begin the hearing
by ascertaining that all parties have been given notice of the hearings and
copies of the Petition and Answer and such other documents as may have
been filed, and that all witnesses requested by any party to be invited and
and attend have indeed been invited by the State Chairman or the Chairman
of the Council of Review.
The Chairman of the Council of Review shall advise the parties that the
hearing is held to enable the Council of Review to hear evidence of the acts,
omissions or conditions alleged in the Petition and to adjudge, on the basis
of that evidence, the merits of the dispute or controversy involved, and the
Council of Review has the right to confront and cross-examine the Petitioner
and all witnesses adverse to a party involved, and to present evidence and
argument in their own behalf.
Admissibility of Evidence. The evidence of witnesses, beginning with
those who support the Petition, shall be given under oath if any material
allegations of fact are denied by the Respondent, and shall be elicited by the
parties, or their representatives, and as appropriate, by any member of the
Council of Review. An opportunity for cross-examination of all witnesses
shall be allowed. Evidence, to be admissible before the Council of Review,
shall be of a direct, non-hearsay nature.
Standard of Proof. In order to uphold the Petition, all material facts
alleged therein shall be proved by clear and convincing evidence.
Procedure. The following Procedure shall be observed for the hearing by
the Council of Review:
A. Presentation of Case by the Petitioner
(One Hour Maximum)
1. Opening Statement concerning the Petition, if desired.
2. Petitioner's witnesses are called, examined and cross-examined.
3. Petitioner's non-testimonial evidence is presented.
B. Presentation of Case by Respondent
(One Hour Maximum)
1. Opening Statement concerning Answer, if desired.
2. Respondent's witnesses are called, examined and cross-examined.
3. Respondent's non-testimonial evidence is presented.
C. Closing Statement by each Party
(10 minutes maximum for each)
D. Council of Review closes to deliberate in executive session. Council will
announce its decision openly before all parties and will, upon request,
announce the numerical vote.
Appeal. Notice of appeal from the decision of the Council of Review to the
State Executive Council must be presented in writing to the State Chairman
within 30 days of the date of the hearing before the Council of Review.
9.09 ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURES
Nothing herein shall prevent preliminary adjudication of grievances by
appropriate Credentials or Grievance Committee at the county or district
level; provided that the 72-hour notice period shall begin at the time of the
decision by the said county or district Credentials or Grievance Committee.
836 North Carolina Manual
Nothing herein shall prevent the State Executive Director from mediating
disputes and rendering decisions related thereto, subject to appeal to the
Council of Review.
10.00 MISCELLANEOUS
10.01 COMMITTEE MEETINGS
Called Meetings. Unless otherwise provided in this Plan of Organization,
the chairman, or forty percent (40%) of the membership of any committee,
sub-committee, or council authorized or recognized under this Plan of
Organization, may call meetings in addition to those required by this Plan
of Organization upon notice mailed to each member at least seven (7) days
prior to the called meeting.
When and Where. All committees shall meet at such times and places as
the chairman of the respective committee may from time to time appoint and
designate in the call, unless otherwise set forth in this Plan of Organization.
10.02 QUORUM
Unless otherwise specifically provided for in this Plan of Organization,
forty percent (40%) of the persons consulting the entire membership of any
committee shall constitute a quorum.
10.03 PROXY VOTING
State Executive Committee. A member of the State Executive Com-
mittee may designate an active Democrat from his or her county to serve as
his or her alternate for a particular State Executive Committee meeting by
notifying the State Chairman, State Secretary, or Executive Director of such
designation in writing, prior to the call to order of such meeting; provided,
however, that no one person may serve as an alternate for more than one
member at any meeting and no member or alternate may be entitled to more
than one vote.
District Executive Committee. A member of a District Executive Com-
mittee may designate an active Democrat from his or her county to serve as
his or her alternate for a particular District Executive Committee meeting by
notifying the district chairman or district secretary of such designation in
writing, prior to the call to order of such meeting; provided, however, that no
person may serve as an alternate for more than one member at any meeting
and no member can also serve at the same meeting as an alternate.
County Executive Committee. A member of a County Executive Com-
mittee may designate an active Democrat from his or her precinct to serve as
his or her alternate for a particular County Executive Committee meeting by
notifying the County Chairman or County Secretary of such designation in
writing, prior to the call to order of such meeting; provided, however, that no
person may serve as an alternate for more than one member at any meeting
and no member can also serve at the same meeting as an alternate.
10.04 VACANCIES AND SUCCESSION
State and District Executive Committee Members. Vacancies among
members of State or District Executive Committees who represent their
county on such an Executive Committee of the county in which such
The Democratic Party 837
vacancies occur at a meeting of the County Executive Committee held
within thirty (30) days following the creation of the vacancy. This meeting
shall be held not less than ten (10) days following normal notice of such
meeting.
State Executive Committee Officers. Vacancies occurring in the elected
officer positions of the State Executive Committee shall be filled by the State
Executive Committee within sixty (60) days following notice of the creation
of a vacancy. The State Chairman shall call a meeting of the State Executive
Committee to fill the vacancy and any other vacancies which might be
caused by the action of the State Executive Committee in filling that
vacancy. This meeting shall not be held less than ten (10) days following
formal notice of such a meeting.
District Executive Committee Officers. Vacancies occurring in the
elected officer positions of the District Executive Committees shall be filled
by the District Executive Committee within thirty (30) days following notice
of the creation of a vacancy. The District Chairman shall call a meeting of
the District Executive Committee to fill the vacancy and any other vacancies
which might be caused by the action of the District Executive Committee in
filling that vacancy. This meeting shall not be held less than ten (10) days
following normal notice of such a meeting.
County Executive Committee Officers. Within thirty (30) days follow-
ing notice of the creation of a vacancy, which is to be filled by a County
Executive Committee, the County Chairman shall call a meeting of such
committee to fill that vacancy and any other vacancies which might be
caused by the action of such committee in filling that vacancy. This meeting
shall be held not less than ten (10) days following normal notice of such
meeting.
Precinct Officers and Committee Members. Vacancies occurring
among the officers or members of the Precinct Committee shall be filled
within thirty days following notice of creation of a vacancy. The Precinct
Chairman shall call a meeting of the remaining members of the Precinct
Committee to fill that vacancy and any other vacancies which might be
caused by the action of such committee in filling that vacancy. This meeting
shall be held not less than ten (10) days following normal notice of such
meeting.
Succession. If, for any reason, there should occur a vacancy in the
chairmanship of the precinct, county, or Congressional District Executive
Committee, the vice-chairman in order of succession, the secretary and the
treasurer shall, in order of succession, preside and in the absence of any of
the foregoing, any member of the respective committee may preside.
10.05 REMOVAL OF OFFICERS AND COMMITTEE MEMBERS
Grounds for Removals. Any officer or committee member of the Demo-
cratic Party at any level, including the precinct, the county, the Congres-
sional District, the Judicial District, the State Senatorial District, the State
House of Representatives District, the State Executive Committee, the State
Executive Council or any committee, subcommittee, or Council thereof, who
gives support to, aids or helps any opposing political party or candidate or
any opposing political party, or who refuses or fails to perform his or her
838 North Carolina Manual
duties, or who is convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude, may be
removed from office.
Procedure for Removal:
1. Petitioners. Any active Democrat who petitions for the removal of an
officer or committee member shall be called a Petitioner. Petitioners
must be from the jurisdiction of the office or committee from which the
officer or committee member against whom the Petition is filed; pro-
vided that the State Chairman may be a petitioner against any officer
or committee member of the Democratic Party at any level.
2. Respondents. The person against whom a petition is filed shall be
called a Respondent.
3. Petition. A Petition setting forth full details of the allegations against
the officer or committee member shall be submitted to the appropriate
executive committee.
4. State Chairman as Respondent. Upon receipt of a petition signed
by a majority of the State Executive Committee, the first vice-chairman
of the State Executive Committee shall perform those duties set forth
below in the stead of the State Chairman as to notice, referral to the
Council of Review, voting and procedure of the Council of Review.
5. Precinct Officer or Precinct Committee Member as Respondent.
The petition shall be signed by three petitioners. The petition may
either be filed pursuant to Section 10.05(n) or the petition may be filed
with the county chairman. If the petition is filed with the county
chairman, the county chairman shall, upon the approval of a majority
of the County Executive Committee officers and, after giving five days
notice thereof, call a meeting of the County Executive Committee to
hear the Petititoners, the Respondent, and other interested parties or
witnesses. A two-thirds vote of those members present and voting as
provided in Section 2.02, shall be necessary to remove a precinct officer
or precinct committee member. The decision of the County Executive
Committee shall be final. The county chairman shall cause a detailed
account of any removal and replacement, hereunder to be filed with the
State Chairman.
6. Procedure in All Other Cases.
a. The Petition shall be signed by three petitioners.
b. The Petition shall be filed with the State Chairman.
c. The State Chairman must have the approval of a majority of the
other State Executive Committee elected officers before referring the
petition to the Council of Review.
d. Upon the approval of a majority of the other State Executive
Committee elected officers, the State Chairman must call a meeting
of the Council of Review and must give five days notice thereof to
the Petitioners, to the Respondent, and to the county chairman of
the county of residence of the Respondent setting forth the time,
date, and the place of the hearing, and the factual allegations of the
Petition.
e. A majority vote of those members of the Council of Review present
and voting shall be necessary to remove any Respondent.
f. Procedure. The Council of Review shall otherwise follow its proce-
dures as set forth in Section 9.08 herein.
The Democratic Party 839
10.06 CANDIDATES AND CAMPAIGN MANAGERS IN PRIMARIES
Any officer of any county, district or state executive committee, who files for
elective office and (I) who is opposed in the Democratic Primary, or (2) who
manages a campaign for a candidate who is opposed in the Democratic
Primary, shall be deemed to have vacated that office as of the date that
another Democrat files for the same elective office. Such vacancy shall be
filled as provided for in this Plan of Organization.
Any officer of any county, district or state executive committee, who takes
an active campaign managerial role or is treasurer appointed for campaign
reporting purposes in support of a candidate who is opposed in the Demo-
cratic primary, shall be deemed to have vacated that office as of the date
that such candidate and another Democrat file for the same elective office.
Such vacancy shall be filled as provided for in this Plan of Organization.
10.07 SUBCOMMITTEES
All Executive Committees shall have the power to appoint subcommittees
or special committees for such purposes and with such powers in their
respective jurisdictions as may be deemed necessary or desirable.
10.08 AUDIT COMMITTEES
The county and district chairmen shall appoint a committee of three
members to review and oversee annually the financial accounts and balances
of the committee. A report of that committee shall be made at the first
meeting of the year of the Executive Committee.
10.09 FILLING VACANCIES AMONG CANDIDATES
Vacancies shall be filled among candidates, and the selection of candidates
shall be as prescribed by law.
10.10 APPEALS
Unless a grievance has been filed with the Council of Review, the right of
appeal shall lie from any subordinate committee or convention to the
committee or convention next superior thereto, and in all county, district, or
state conventions, appeals shall first be referred to the Committee on Cre-
dentials and Appeals, or a special committee provided by the convention,
and the findings and reports of such committee had before action thereon by
the convention.
10.11 REPORTS
It shall be the duty of the County Executive Committees and their Chair-
men to make such reports and furnish such information to the State Chair-
man and Chairmen of the several District Committees as the said State and
District Chairmen may desire.
10.12 ACTIVE DEMOCRAT DEFINED
An active Democrat is defined to mean a person who has been registered
to vote as a Democrat for at least ninety (90) days, except in the case of an
initial registrant, and who gives of his or her time and/or means to further
the interests of the Democratic Party.
840 North Carolina Manual
10.13 DEFINITION OF RESIDENCE
Residence shall be defined as voting residence in accordance with North
Carolina law.
10.14 UNIT RULE ABOLISHED
The "unit rule" exists where all of a non-unanimous delegation's votes are
cast according to the vote or will of less than a unanimous majority of its
delegates. The use of the unit rule is prohibited in all activities and at all
levels of the Democratic Party of North Carolina.
10.15 NO CONVENTION MAY BIND ANOTHER
No Convention may vote to bind a subsequent Convention.
10.16 ELECTION OF ALTERNATE DELEGATES PROHIBITED
No alternate delegates or replacement delegates shall be elected to county,
district, or State Conventions.
10.17 ROBERT'S RULES
Procedure or parliamentary questions not specifically covered by this Plan
of Organization or rules adopted pursuant to authority grnated herein shall
be governed by the Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised, or latest
edition.
11.00 AMENDMENTS
11.01 POWER TO AMEND
The State Executive Committee shall, at any regularly called meeting duly
held, have the power to amend this Plan of Organization. Any amendment
adopted by the State Executive Committee including those herein contained
shall be effective immediately and remain in effect until and unless the
same is repealed or amended by action of the next State Convention. All
amendments of this Plan of Organization must be approved by a two-thirds
vote of the members of delegates present and voting at the State Executive
Committee meeting or State Convention considering same.
11.02 DATE OF AMENDMENTS
The foregoing is the Plan of Organization of the Democratic Party of
North Carolina as adopted by the State Democratic Executive Committee at
a meeting held in the City of Raleigh on January 10, 1970; and as amended
on April 3, 1970; January 11, 1972; May 11, 1974; October 25, 1975; February
10, 1979; August 29, 1980; August 7, 1982, February 12, 1983; July 9, 1983;
and August 15, 1987.
James M. Van Hecke, Jr.
Chairman
January 1, 1988
The Democratic Party 841
NORTH CAROLINA DEMOCRATIC EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Chairman E. Lawrence Davis, III Raleigh
First Vice Chair Jeannette Council Fayetteville
Second Vice Chair Clarence Lightner Raleigh
Third Vice Chair Debbie Nelson New Bern
Secretary Dr. Betty Wallace Raleigh
Treasurer Barton Baldwin Mount Olive
At-Large Member Jim Miller Marion
At-Large Member June McLaurin Jeffers Reidsville
At-Large Member Honorable Beverly Perdue New Bern
Minority Affairs Chair Ed Smith Raleigh
Sustaining Fund Chair Betty McCain Wilson
National Committeewoman Betty S. Speir Bethel
National Committeewoman Muriel K. Offerman Wallace
National Committeeman Honorable Russell Walker Asheboro
National Committeeman Harvey Gantt Charlotte
At-Large National
Committeewoman Angle Elkins Durham
At-Large National
Committeeman Honorable Wib Gulley Durham
President-Democratic Women Kay Daughtry Garner
President-Senior Democrats W. Curtis Musten Winston-Salem
President-Young Democrats Libby Lefler Durham
YDC National Committeeman Owen Spears Fayetteville
YDC National Committeewoman .... Eileen Kelly Charlotte
President-College Democrats Leanne Powell Greensboro
President-Teen Dems David Reid Greenville
State Teen Dem Advisor Dr. Nancy Farmer Raleigh
First District Chair William M. (Bill) Hodges Washington
Second District Chair Jeannie H. Lucas Durham
Third District Chair Loretta Woodard Princeton
Fourth District Chair Charlie Poole Garner
Fifth District Chair Carroll Gardner Mount Airy
Sixth District Chair Doug Copeland Greensboro
Seventh District Chair Helen Gamble Chadbourn
Eighth District Chair Bill Mclnnis Monroe
Ninth District Chair Cam Weaver Charlotte
Tenth District Chair Bobby Rogers Shelby
Eleventh District Chair Herbert Hyde Asheville
Acting Executive Director Everette B. Ward Raleigh
842 North Carolina Manual
DP]MOCRA TIC COUNTY CHAIRMEN
Alamance Tony Koriest Graham
Alexander rJohn Gamphell Taylorsville
Allef^diany Kdmund I. Adams Sparta
Anson lionnie Baueom Wadesboro
Ashe A. James Hickland Laurel Sprint's
Avery Vacant
Beaufort Joyce M. Cutler Washington
Bertie Candy Lee Lewiston
Bladen Hilton Britt Dulilin
Brunswick R. Glen Peterson Leiand
Buncombe Hon. Lamar (iudger Asheville
Burke Samuel J. Krvin, IV Morganton
Cabarrus Warren Man us Concord
C^ildwell James H. Edwards (iranite Falls
Camden I^illy Revelli' Shiloh
Carteret Elsie I). Hunt Morehead C-ity
Caswell Nathaniel Hall Yanceyville
Catawba Dan DeHart Hickory
Chatham Hon. Fleet B. Reddish Siler City
Cherokee L. L. Mason, Jr Murphy
Chowan W. T. Culpepper P^denton
Clay Ronnie Smith Hayesville
Cleveland Thomas F. Holland Shelby
Columbus Bill Phipps Tabor City
Craven J. Randal Hunter New Bern
Cumberland Mable C'. Smith Fayetteville
Currituck Gwenn Cruickshanks Point Harbor
Dare Lacy McNiell Kill Devil Hills
Davidson J. T. Hedrick Southmont
Davie Jerry Cooper Mocksville
Duplin Muriel Offerman Wallace
Durham George Reid Durham
Edgecombe Vivian Tillman Rocky Mount
Forsyth Walter Holton Winston-Salem
Franklin John M. Maye Louisburg
(Jaston Julia Dolley Gastonia
Gates Isaac Battle Gatesville
(Graham Mack Huffman Robbinsville
Granville Darryl Moss C'reedmoor
(ireene Jeannie Ellis Walstonburg
Guilford Ellen Emerson Greensboro
Halifax Dr. Dorothy Boone Enfield
Harnett W. Cdenn Johnson Lillington
Haywood ('. Jack Arrington Waynesville
Henderson James H. Toms Hendersonville
Hertford Rev. Robert L. llolloman Ahoskie
Hoke Harold Gillis Raeford
Hyde John Fletcher, II Swan C^uarter
Iredell David P. Parker Statesville
Jackson Dr. Cecil Brooks Cullowhee
Johnston James W. Narron Smitbfield
Jones Johnny White Pollocksville
Lee William L. Lewis Sanford
Lenoir Woodard Gurley LaGrange
Lincoln Helen S. Heavner Vale
Macon Tommy Jenkins Franklin
Madison E. Y. Ponder Marshall
The Democratic Party 843
Martin Betty Griffin Williamston
McDowell Jane Greenlee Marion
Mecklenburg Cameron Harris Charlotte
Mitchell Guy Silvers Bakersville
Montgomery Charles M. Johnson, Jr Biscoe
Moore William C. Bost Southern Pines
Nash Mary Alice Wells Rocky Mount
New Hanover William Conner Wilmington
Northampton T. G. Joyner Garysburg
Onslow Dr. Warren G. McDonald, Jr Jacksonville
Orange Ms. Billie Cox Chapel Hill
Pamlico Ned Delamar Oriental
Pasquotank Matt Wood Elizabeth City
Pender Pauline Keith Currie
Perquimans Julian Broughton Hertford
Person Alan Hicks Roxboro
Pitt Joetta D. Ball Greenville
Polk Phillip R. Feagan Columbus
Randolph Steve Schmidly Asheboro
Richmond Ruth Watkins Rockingham
Robeson Dr. E. B. Turner Lumberton
Rockingham Rachel Wright Eden
Rowan Larry G. Ford Salisbury
Rutherford William Withrow Ellenboro
Sampson Kirby Sanderson Faison
Scotland Mary Odom Wagram
Stanly Roger Snyder Albemarle
Stokes John W. Burwell, Jr King
Surry Leroy Gillespie Lowgap
Swain Karen Blakely Bryson City
Transylvania Albert E. Plemmons Brevard
Tyrrell Eston Brickhouse Creswell
Ihiion D.Alan Plyler Monroe
Vance Grace Vickery Henderson
Wake Henry Jones Raleigh
Warren Walter Jack Harris Warrenton
Washington W. H. Joyner Plymouth
Watauga Dr. Fred T. Badders Boone
Wayne Gary Bartlett Goldsboro
Wilkes Honorable Neil Cashion North Wilkesboro
Wilson Thomas R. Sallenger Wilson
Yadkin Benjamin S. Neill East Bend
Yancey Danny Mcintosh Burnsville
CHAPTER TWO
The Republican Party
STATE PLAN OF ORGANIZATION
We, the members of the North CaroHna Repubhcan Party of North Carohna
dedicated to the sound principles fostered by that Party, conscious of our civic
responsibilities and rights, firm in our determination to give our strength to
preserving the American principle that government ought and must be of all
the people, by all the people, and for all the people do, for the purpose of uniting
and coordinating our efforts for maximum power and efficiency, herewith
establish this instrument. The Plan of Organization of the Republican Party of
North Carolina.
ARTICLE I
MEMBERSHIP
Members
All citizens of North Carolina who are registered Republicans are members of
the Republican Party of North Carolina and shall have the right to participate
in the official affairs of the Republican Party in accordance with these rules.
All reference herein to delegates, alternates, officers, and members shall, in all
cases, mean persons identified and registered with the Republican Party in the
precinct of their residence.
ARTICLE II
PRECINCT MEETINGS
I. Biennial Precinct Meetings
A. In every odd-numbered year, the County Chairman shall call precinct
meetings during the month of February or the first ten days of March,
after giving ten (10) days Written notice of the time and place of holding
same to each Precinct Chairman, and after giving one week's notice of
such meeting in a newspaper of general circulation within the County.
Failure of the County Chairman to act in compliance with the provision
above shall be cause for any member of the county executive committee
with the approval of the Congressional District Chairman to call said
precinct meetings by notice in a newspaper of general circulation
within the County. The County Executive Committee will set a registra-
tion deadline of not more than 30 days nor less than 5 days prior to
convening of the meetings. Every Republican registered prior to such
deadline shall be entitled to cast one vote, except that the 30 day
846 North Carolina Manual
requirement shall not apply to residents who have moved into the
precinct within thirty (30) days of the precinct meeting.
B. Biennial precinct meetings shall elect a Precinct Committee consisting
of a Chairman, Vice Chairman (of the opposite sex), Secretary and as
many members-at-large as deemed necessary to conduct the business of
the precinct. Members of the Precinct Committee shall hold their places
for two years or until their successors are chosen. Precinct meetings
shall elect one delegate and one alternate to the county convention.
They shall also elect one additional delegate and alternate for every
fifty (50) votes, or major fraction thereof, cast for the Republican
candidate for Governor in the last general election, or, in conformity
with their county Plan of Organization, choose to elect one additional
delegate and alternate for every one hundred (100) votes, or major
fraction thereof, cast for the Republican candidate for Governor in the
last general election.
C. The Chairman and Secretary of each Precinct shall certify election of
officers, committee members, and delegates and alternates to the
County Convention, on forms stipulated by the State Central Committee
and furnished by the County Chairman. Complete credentials shall be
in the hands of the County Secretary by the deadline set by the County
Chairman.
II. Presidential Election Year Precinct Meetings
A. In each precinct in every Presidential Election year, the County
Chairman shall call precinct meetings within the dates designed by the
State Central Committee after giving ten (10) days written notice of the
time and place of holding same to each Precinct Chairman, and after
giving one week's notice of such meeting in a newspaper of general
circulation within the County. Failure of the County Chairman to act in
compliance with this provision shall be cause for any member of the
County Executive Committee with the approval of the Congressional
District Chairman to call said precinct meeting by notice in a news-
paper of general circulation within the County. The County Executive
Committee will set a registration deadline of not more than thirty (30)
days nor less than five (5) days prior to the convening of the meetings.
Every Republican registered prior to such deadline shall be entitled to
cast one vote except that the thirty (30) day requirement shall not apply
to residents who have moved into the precinct within thirty (30) days of
the precinct meeting.
B. Presidential Election Year Precinct Meetings shall elect one delegate |
and one alternate to the Presidential Election Year County Convention.
They shall also elect one additional delegate and alternate for every
fifty (50) votes, or major fraction thereof, cast for the Republican j
candidate for Governor in the last general election, or, in conformity
with their county Plan of Organization, choose to elect one additional
delegate and alternate for every one hundred (100) votes, or major |
fraction thereof, cast for the Republican candidate for Governor in the i
last general election. No organizational changes shall take place except j
as provided in this section.
C. The Chairman and Secretary of each precinct shall certify election of I
delegates and alternates to the Presidential Election Year County !
The Republican Party 847
Convention on forms stipulated by the State Central Committee and
furnished by the County Chairman. Complete credentials shall be in
the hands of the County Secretary by the deadline set by the County
Chairman.
III. Other Precinct Meetings
A. Other meetings of the Precinct general membership may be held at
such time as shall be designated by the Chairman of the Precinct
Committee after giving five (5) days notice of such meeting in a
newspaper of general circulation within the County; or upon similar
call of one-third of the members of the Precinct Committee, or ten (10)
members of the general precinct membership. There shall be no proxy
voting.
B. In the event a Precinct fails to properly organize or the Precinct
Chairman fails to act, the County Chairman shall appoint a Temporary
Precinct Chairman to serve until a general membership meeting can be
called and a new Chairman elected.
ARTICLE III
PRECINCT COMMITTEE
I. Duties of Committee
The Precinct Committee shall cooperate with the County Executive
Committee in all elections and Party Activities; provide the County
Chairman with a list of Party members within the Precinct suitable for
appointment as registrar, election judge, markers, counters, and watchers
at the polls; and promote the objectives of the Party within the Precinct.
II. Duties of Officers
The Chairman of the Precinct Committee, with the advice and consent of
the Precinct Committee, shall have general supervision of the affairs of the
Party within his precinct, shall preside at all meetings of the Precinct, and
shall perform such other duties as may be prescribed by the Precinct
Committee or the County Executive Committee. The Vice Chairman shall
function as Chairman in the absence of the Chairman. The Secretary shall
keep all minutes and records, and shall maintain a list of registered
Republican voters and workers within the Precinct.
III. Meetings
Meetings of the Precinct Committee may be held at such times as shall be
designated by the Chairman of the Precinct Committee or County
Chairman after giving five (5) days notice of such meetings; or upon
similar call of one-third of the members of the Precinct Committee. There
shall be no proxy voting.
[V. Vacancies and Removals
A. In case of death, resignation, discontinuance of residency with the
Precinct, removal of any officers or members of the Precinct Committee,
or other vacancy, the resulting vacancy shall be filled by the remaining
members of the Precinct Committee.
B. Any member of the Precinct Committee may be removed by a two-
thirds vote of the Precinct Committee after being furnished with notice
of the charges against him, signed by not less than one-third of the
848 North Carolina Manual
members of the Precinct Committee and allowing him twenty (20) days
to appear and defend himself; provided further that said cause for
removal shall be confined to gross inefficiency, Party disloyalty or
failure to comply with the County or State Party Plans of Organization.
Such removal may be appealed to the County Executive Committee
within twenty (20) days and their decision shall be final.
F'or the purpose of this Plan of Organization, "Party disloyalty" shall
be defined as actively supporting a candidate of another Party or
independent candidate running in opposition to a nominee of the
Republican Party.
ARTICLE IV
COUNTY CONVENTION
I. Biennial Conventions
A. A County Convention shall be called in every odd-numbered year, by
the Chairman of the County Executive Committee, at the County seat,
within the month of March, at least ten (10) days prior to the scheduled
district convention, and after giving fifteen (15) days notice of such
Convention in a newspaper of general circulation within the County.
At the time of the call of the convention, the County Chairman shall
appoint a credentials committee, which will meet and issue its report on
delegates and alternates certified to that convention at least seven (7)
days in advance of the convening of the convention, unless a county
holds its precinct meetings and county convention of the same day. All
delegates challenged in the report of the credentials committee shall be
notified prior to the day of the convention and allowed to present their
case to the Credentials Committee prior to the convening to the
convention. The delegates and alternates elected at the biennial
precinct meetings, unless successfully challenged, individually, in
their capacity as delegates and alternates, unless such challenge is a
procedural challenge, shall sit as delegates and alternates at the
County Convention. If the County Chairman fails, refuses, or neglects
to call a County Convention as required by this article, it shall become
the duty of the Vice Chairman to act in this capacity. The Vice
Chairman shall give five (5) days notice thereof to all Precinct
Chairmen and County Executive Comittee members and shall give five
(5) days notice of such Convention in a newspaper of general circulation
within the County. If the County Chairman or Vice Chairman does not
call such a meeting it shall be cause for any member of the County
Executive Committee with the approval of the Congressional District
Chairman to call such county convention.
B. Convention Action
1. Plan of Organization
The County C-onvention shall adopt a C'ounty Plan of Organization
not inconsistent with this State Plan of Organization, a current copy
of which shall be on file at County Headquarters and at State
Headquarters.
The Republican Party 849
2. Elections
a. The County Convention shall elect a Chairman and Vice Chairman
(of the opposite sex), a Secretary, a Treasurer, and such other
officers as may be deemed necessary, who shall serve for a term of
two years or until their successors are elected.
b. The County Convention shall elect a County Executive Committee
of five (5) or more votes, in addition to the County Officers, who
shall hold their places for a term of two years or until their
successors are elected. The County Plan of Organization may
provide for the County Executive Committee to elect additional
members of the County Executive Committee in addition to those
members of the County Executive Committee elected by the
County convention.
c. The County Convention shall in accordance with the County Plan
of Organization, elect one delegate and one alternate to the
Congressional District and State Conventions, plus one additional
delegate and alternate for every 200 votes, or major fraction
thereof, cast for the Republican candidate for Governor in the last
general election in said County. Each County shall further elect
one delegate and alternate for each Republican elected to the State
Legislature and to public office on the state or national level from
said County in the last election held for that office.
d. If a county has been divided between two or more Congressional
districts, it shall prorate its delegate vote among these Congres-
sional districts in accordance with the vote cast for the Republican
candidate for Governor in the last general election in the political
subdivisions within the county which have been divided among
the different Congressional districts. Delegates elected to a Con-
gressional district convention, in addition to the other qualifica-
tions which they must meet, must be resident in the Congressional
district to whose convention they are elected. Affected counties, in
their county plans of organization, may provide that these
delegates to the county convention from the political subdivisions
in different Congressional districts shall elect the delegates to
their own Congressional district convention.
C. Credentials
The Chairman and Secretary of the County Executive Committee shall
certify the election of officers, committee members, delegates and
alternates to the District and State Conventions, on forms furnished by
the State Central Committee. Completed credentials shall be in the
hands of the Congressional District Secretary and the State Head-
quarters by the deadline set by the State Chairman. No delegates or
alternates shall be added to the credentials list following the adjourn-
ment of the County Convention.
II. Presidential Election Year County Convention
A. A County Convention shall be called in every Presidential Election
year by the Chairman of the County F^xecutive Committee, within the
dates designated by the State Central Committee, after giving fifteen
850 North Carolina Manual
(15) days notice thereof to all Precinct chairmen and County Executive
Committee members, and after giving fifteen (15) days notice of such
Convention in a newspaper of general circulation within the County.
At the time of the call of the convention the County Chairman shall
appoint a Credentials Committee, which will meet and issue its report on
delegates and alternates certified to that convention at least seven (7)
days in advance of the convening of the convention, unless a county
holds its precinct meetings and County Convention on the same day.
All delegates challenged in the report of the credentials committee shall
be notified prior to the day of the convention, and allowed to present
their case to the Credentials Committee prior to the convening of the
convention. The delegates and alternates elected at the Presidential
Election Year Precinct Meetings, unless successfully challenged, in-
dividually in the capacity as delegates and alternates, unless such
challenge is a procedural challenge, shall sit as delegates and alternates
in the County Convention. If the County Chairman fails, refuses, or
neglects to call a county convention as required by this article. It shall
be cause for any member of the County Executive Committee with the
approval of the Congressional Chairman to call such County Conven-
tion. The Vice Chairman shall give five (5) days thereof to all Precinct
Chairmen and County Executive Members and shall give five (5) days
notice of such convention in a newspaper of general circulation within
the county.
B. The Presidential Election Year County Convention shall elect one
delegate and one alternate to the Congressional District and State
Conventions, plus one additional delegate and alternate for every 200
votes, or major fraction thereof, cast for Republican candidate for
Governor in the last General Election in said County. Each County
shall further elect one delegate and one alternate for each Republican
elected to the State Legislature and to public office in the state or
national level from said County in the last election held for that office.
No organizational changes shall take place except as provided in this
section.
C. If a county has been divided between two or more Congressional
districts, it shall prorate its delegate vote among these Congressional
districts in accordance with the vote cast for the Republican candidate
for Governor in last general election in the political subdivisions within I
the county which have been divided among the different Congressional
districts. Delegates elected to a Presidential Year Congressional district
convention, in addition to the other qualifications which they must
meet, must be resident in the Congressional district to whose convention
they are elected. Affected counties, in their county plans of organiza-
tion, may provide that these delegates shall be elected by the entire
county convention, or that the delegates to the county convention from
the political subdivisions in different Congressional Districts shall elect ,
the delegates to their own Presidential Year Congressional district .
convention. '
D. TheChairmanandSecretaryofthe County Executive Committee shall ;
certify election of delegates and alternates to the Presidential Election !
The Republican Party 851
Year District and State Conventions on forms furnished by the State
Central Committee. Completed credentials shall be in the hands of the
Congressional District Secretary and the State Headquarters by the
deadline set by the State Chairman. No delegate or alternate shall be
added to the credentials list following the adjournment of the Presi-
dential Election Year County Convention.
ARTICLE V
COUNTY EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
I. Membership
The County Executive Committee shall consist of the County Officers and
other persons elected by the County Convention in accordance with Article
IV, and the County Finance Chairman).
II. Powers and Duties
The County Executive Committee shall cooperate with the District and
State Committees in all elections and Party activities; shall encourage
qualified candidates for office within the County; adopt a budget; and shall
have active management of Party affairs within the County. It shall
approve a Finance Committee and an Auditing Committee of not less than
three members each and may approve such other Committees as may be
deemed necessary. The County Chairman and Vice Chairman shall be an
Ex Officio member of all committees indicated in this paragraph.
Within 90 days after the State Convention, the County Executive Com-
mittee shall amend the County Plan of Organization so as to bring it into
compliance with the State Plan of Organization.
III. Meetings
The County Executive Committee shall meet at least twice a year upon call
of the County Chairman after giving ten (10) days notice to all members; or
upon similar call of one-third of the members of the Committee. One-third
of the members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business.
There shall be no proxy voting.
IV. Duties of Officers
A. The Chairman of the County Executive Committee, with the advice and
consent of the County Executive Committee, shall have general
supervision of the affairs of the Party within the County. He shall issue
the call for Biennial Precinct Meetings and Presidential Election Year
Precinct Meetings, the County Convention, the Presidential Election
Year County Convention, and Executive Committee meetings, and
shall preside at all the meetings of the County Executive Committee. He
shall appoint a Finance Chairman, an Auditing Committee and any
other chairmen deemed necessary to conduct the business of the
County Executive Committee. He shall make quarterly reports on the
status of the Party within his County to the District Chairman on forms
furnished by the State Central Committee. He shall be responsible for
the creation and maintenance of a Republican organization in every
precinct within his County. He shall obtain and preserve a list of all
registered Republicans within the County and shall perform such other
852 North Carolina Manual
duties as may be prescribed by the County, District, or State Com-
mittees; the County Chairman shall be an ''Ex Officio" member of all
committees unless otherwise designated.
B. The Vice Chairman shall function as Chairman in the absence of the
Chairman and shall have such other duties as may be prescribed by the
County Executive Committee. The Vice Chairman shall be an "Ex
Officio'' member of all committees unless otherwise designated.
C. The Secretary shall keep all minutes and records and shall maintain a
roster of all precinct officers and Executive Committee members. Such
records shall be available, upon request, to any registered Republican
within the County. The Secretary shall furnish to the Congressional
District Chairman and to State Headquarters up-to-date lists of all
Precinct Chairmen.
D. The Treasurer shall receive and disburse all funds for Party expendi-
tures pursuant to authority duly given by the County Executive
Committee, shall make a financial report at all County Executive
Committee meetings and shall fulfill all financial reports and obliga-
tions required under State and Federal election laws.
V. Vacancies and Removals
A. In case of death, resignation, discontinuance of residency within the
County, removal of any officer or member of the County Executive
Committee, or other vacancy, the resulting vacancy shall be filled by
the County Executive Committee.
B. Any officer or member of the County Executive Committee may be
removed by a two-thirds vote of the Committee after being furnished
with notice of the charges against him, signed by not less than one-
third of the members of the Committee and allowing him thirty (30)
days to appear and defend himself; provided further that said cause for
removal shall be confined to gross inefficiency. Party Disloyalty, or
failure to act in compliance with the County or State Plans of
Organization. Such removal may be appealed, within twenty (20) days
to the Congressional District Chairman and members of the State
Executive Committee within the District, and their decision shall be
final.
ARTICLE VI
COUNTY FINANCE AND AUDITING COMMITTEES
I. Finance Committee
The County Finance Committee shall be composed of the County Finance
Chairman, the County Chairman, County Vice Chairman, the County
Treasurer, and not less than three persons approved by the County
Executive Committee. They shall cooperate with the Congressional District
and State Finance Committees and shall have active management of
fund-raising efforts within the County.
II. Auditing Committee
The Auditing Committee appointed by the County Chairman shall
conduct a yearly audit of the financial records of the County and report
such audit to the County Executive Committee for approval.
The Republican Party 853
ARTICLE VII
JUDICIAL, SENATORIAL LEGISLATIVE
DISTRICT EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES
I. Membership
A. In a Single County District, the County Executive Committee shall
serve as the District Committee.
B. In a single county containing more than one district wholly within the
county, the county plan of organization shall address the method of
election of district officers.
C. In those Districts encompassing more than one county, membership
shall consist of the County Chairman and Vice Chairman of each
County or their appointees, within the district.
D. In those counties that are divided into two or more multi-county
Legislative, Judicial or Senatorial Districts, the County Chairmen and
Vice Chairmen shall appoint, with the approval of the County Executive
Committee, designees to serve on the District Committee for districts in
which they do not reside.
E. All District Officers shall reside within their districts.
II. Election of Officers
At some time preceding the State Convention, the District Committees
shall meet at a time and place designated by a member of the Committee
stipulated by the County Chairman from that County within the District
having the largest population and shall elect, from among their member-
ship, a Chairman and such other officers as may be deemed necessary. The
Officers shall have such duties as may be prescribed by the State Executive
Committee. The Chairman shall report to the State Chairman names of
elected officers.
[II. Powers and Duties of Committees
A. The Judicial District Committee shall encourage qualified candidates
for District Attorney, District Judge and Superior Court Judge and
shall assist and cooperate with the County and State Executive
Committees in all campaigns.
B. The Senatorial District Committee shall encourage qualified candidates
for State Senator and shall assist and cooperate with the County and
State Executive Committees in all campaigns.
C. The Legislative District Committee shall encourage qualified candi-
dates for the State House of Representatives and shall assist and
cooperate with the County and State Executive Committee in all
Campaigns.
D. Committees herein elected shall serve as the appropriate District
Executive Committee as they are referred to in North Carolina G.S.
163-114.
854 North Carolina Manual
ARTICLE VIII
CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT CONVENTIONS
I. Biennial Convention
A. Call of Convention
A Congressional District Convention shall be called in every odd-
numbered year by the Chairman of the Congressional District Com-
mittee, within the month of April, upon twenty (20) days written notice
of the time and place for holding same to all members of the District
Committee and to the County Chairman within said District. At the
time of the call of the Convention the District Chairman shall appoint a
Credentials Committee, which will meet and issue its report on
delegates and alternates certified to that Convention at least seven (7)
days in advance of the convening of the Convention. All delegates
challenged in the report of the Credentials Committee shall be notified
prior to the day of the Convention and allowed to present their case to
the Credentials Committee prior to the convening of the Convention.
The delegates and alternates elected in the County Conventions, unless
successfully challenged, individually, in their capacity as delegates
and alternates, unless such challenge is a procedural challenge, shall
sit as delegates and alternates in the Congressional District Conven-
tion. In years requiring reapportionment, the District Convention shall
be called within dates designed by the Chairman of the State Republican
Executive Committee. These Conventions are to be held after the
General Assembly has completed Congressional redistricting. The
state Chairman, with the approval of the Central Committee, shall
appoint temporary District Chairmen to call the 1991 Conventions
upon twenty (20) days written notice to all County Chairmen and
members of the Executive Committee within the District.
B. Convention Action
1 . The Congressional District Convention shall adopt a District Plan of
Organization, a current copy of which shall be on file at State
Headquarters.
2. The Congressional District Convention shall elect a Chairman and a
Vice Chairman (of the opposite sex), a Secretary, a Treasurer, and
such other officers as may be deemed necessary who shall serve for a
term of two years or until their successors are elected.
3. The Congressional District Convention shall further elect one
member of the State Executive Committee, plus one additional
member for every 6,000 votes, or major fraction thereof, cast within
the District for the Republican candidate for Governor in the
preceding general election.
C. Credentials
The Chairman and Secretary of the Congressional District shall certify
election of officers, and at large members of the State Executive
Committee, elected according to the provisions of Article VIII, Section
B3. Completed District Credentials, plus completed Credentials for the
Counties within the District, shall be in the hands of the State
Chairman at a deadline set by the State Chairman.
The Republican Party 855
II. Presidential Election Year Congressional District Convention
A. Call of Convention
A Presidential Election Year Congressional District Convention shall
be called in every Presidential Election Year by the Chairman of the
Congressional District Committee, within the dates designated by the
State Central Committee, upon twenty (20) days written notice of the
time and place for holding same to all members of the District
Committee and to the County Chairmen within said District. The time
of the call of the Convention the District Chairman shall appoint a
Credentials Committee, which will meet and issue its report on
delegates and alternates certified to that Convention at least seven (7)
days in advance of the convening of the Convention. All delegates
challenged in the report of the Credentials Committee shall be notified
prior to the day of the Convention and allowed to present their case to
the Credentials Committee prior to the convening of the Convention.
The delegates and alternates elected in the Presidential Election Year
Conventions, unless successfully challenged individually, in their
capacity as delegates and alternates, unless such challenged is a
procedural challenge, shall sit as delegates and alternates in the
Presidential Election Year Congressional District Convention.
B. Convention Action
The Presidential Election Year Congressional District Convention
shall elect three delegates and three alternates to the Republican
National Convention, and shall nominate one Presidential Elector. No
organizational changes shall take place except as provided in this
section.
C. Credentials
The Chairman and Secretary of the Congressional District shall certify
election of delegates and alternates, and nominee for Presidential
Elector on forms furnished by the State Central Committee: Completed
District Credentials, plus completed Credentials for the Counties
within the District, shall be in the hands of the State Credentials
Committee Chairman by the deadline set by the State Chairman.
ARTICLE IX
CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
I. Membership
Membership of the Congressional District Executive Committee shall be
composed of:
A. The Officers elected at the District Convention.
B. All duly elected County Chairmen and Vice Chairmen within the
District.
C. The District Finance Chairman
D. All members of the State Executive Committee who are elected by the
District Convention under the provisions in ARTICLE VIII, Section
B3.
E. Such others as the District Plan of Organization may provide.
856 North Carolina Manual
II. Powers and Duties
The Congressional District Executive Committee shall encourage qualified
candidates for Congress; cooperate with the Judicial, Senatorial, and
Legislative Executive Committees in encouraging qualified candidates for
those offices, especially in multi-county districts; approve a finance
chairman; and cooperate with the County and State Executive Committees
in all campaigns.
III. Meetings
The Congressional District Executive Committee shall meet at least each
calendar quarter of the year, upon call of the Congressional District
Chairman after giving ten (10) days notice to all members by mail. One-
quarter of the members of the Committee shall constitute a quorum for the
transaction of business. There shall be no proxy voting.
IV. Duties of Officers
A. The Congressional District Chairman, with the advice and consent of
the District Executive Committee, shall have general supervision of the
affairs of the Party within its District. He shall assist the State
Chairman in carrying out State Programs, supervise the Congressional
campaigns until such time as a Campaign Manager shall have been
appointed, maintain contact with all Counties within his District, and
shall be responsible for the proper organization and functioning of
those Counties. He shall maintain constant liaison with all County
Chairmen with regard to a Republican organization in every precinct
within his District. In addition, he shall furnish, upon request, each
County Chairman and each County Executive Committee officer an
accurate and up-to-date list of all County Executive Committee officers
within his District to include title, name, address, and zip code. These
lists shall be updated periodically to insure that the latest information
is provided to those to whom it is required to be provided. He shall
appoint a Finance Chairman and Audit Chairman. He shall be an ''Ex
Officio'' member of all District Committees. He shall have such other
duties as may be prescribed by the State Executive Committee.
B. The Vice Chairman shall be Chief Assistant to the District Chairman
and shall act as Chairman in the Absence of the Chairman; shall
maintain liaison with the County Vice Chairman throughout the
District (where applicable) and shall have such other duties as may be
prescribed by the District Committee. The Vice Chairman will be an
''Ex Officio" member of all District Committees unless otherwise
designated.
C. The Secretary shall keep all minutes and records and shall maintain a
roster of all officers of the counties within the District.
D. The Treasurer shall receive and disburse all funds for Party expendi-
tures pursuant to authority duly given by the District Committee and
will make a financial report to all District Executive Committee
meetings. The Treasurer shall fulfill all financial reports and obliga-
tions required under the state and federal election laws.
V. Vacancies and Removals
A. In case of death, resignation, discontinuance of residency within the
District, removal of any officer of the Congressional District Executive
The Republican Party 857
Committee, or other vacancy, the resulting vacancy shall be filled by
the remaining members of the Committee at the next officially called
District meeting.
B. Any officer of the Congressional District Executive Committee may be
removed by a two-thirds vote of the Congressional District Executive
Committee after being notified of the charges against him signed by
not less than one-third of the members of the Committee, and allowing
him thirty (30) days to appear and defend himself; provided further that
said cause for removal shall be confined to gross inefficiency, Party
Disloyalty, or failure to act in compliance with the District or State
Plans of Organization. Such removal may be appealed, within twenty
(20) days, to the State Central Committee, and their decision shall be
final.
ARTICLE X
DISTRICT FINANCE COMMITTEE
The District Finance Chairman shall serve as Chairman of the Congressional
District Finance Committee, which shall be composed of the Finance Chairmen
of all the Counties within the District, the Congressional District Chairman,
and the Congressional District Treasurer, plus three additional members to be
elected by the members of the Finance Committee. Other officers as may be
deemed necessary may be elected by and from the members of the Committee.
This Committee shall cooperate with the State Finance Committee and with
County Finance Committees in all fund-raising efforts.
ARTICLE XI
STATE CONVENTIONS
I. Biennial State Convention
A. A Biennial State Convention shall be called in every odd-numbered
year to be held in the month of May of said odd-numbered year, by the
Chairman of the Republican State Executive Committee after giving
sixty (60) days written notice of the time and place for holding same to
all members of the State Executive Committee and to all County
Chairmen. At the time of the call of the Convention the State Chairman
shall appoint a Credentials Committee, which will meet and issue its
report on delegates and alternates certified to the Convention at least
seven (7) days in advance of the convening of the Convention. All
delegates challenged in the report of the Credentials Committee shall
be notified prior to the day of the Convention, and allowed to present
their case to the Credentials Committee prior to the convening of the
Convention. Delegates and alternates elected at the County Conven-
tions, unless successfully challenged individually, in their capacity as
delegates and alternates, unless such challenge is a procedural
challenge, shall sit as delegates and alternates at the Biennial State
Convention. In years requiring reapportionment the Biennial State
Convention shall be called on a date set by the Chairman of the State
Republican Executive Committee upon sixty (60) days written notice of
858 North Carolina Manual
the time and place to all members of the State Executive Committee.
This convention shall be held after the General Assembly has completed
Congressional redistricting.
B. In every odd-numbered year, the Biennial State Convention shall elect
a State Chairman and a Vice Chairman (of the opposite sex) who shall
serve for a term of two years or until their successors are elected.
II. Presidential Election Year State Convention
A. A Presidential Election Year State Convention shall be called in every
Presidential Election Year between the date of the Presidential Pre-
ferential Primary Election and 35 days prior to the Republican
National Convention of said Presidential Election year, by the Chair-
man of the Republican State Executive Committee after giving sixty
(60) days written notice of the time and place for holding same to all
members of the State Executive Committee and to all County Chairmen.
At the time of the call of the Convention the State Chairman shall
appoint a Credentials Committee, which will meet and issue its report
on delegates and alternates certified to that Convention at least seven
(7) days in advance of the convening of the Convention. All delegates
challenged in the report of the Credentials Committee shall be notified
prior to the day of the Convention, and allowed to present their case to
the Credentials Committee prior to the convening of the Convention.
Delegates and alternates elected at the Presidential Election Year
County Conventions, unless successfully challenged, individually, in
their capacity as delegates and alternates, unless such challenge is a
procedural challenge, shall sit as delegates and alternates at the
Presidential Election Year State Convention.
B. In every Presidential Election Year the Presidential Election Year
Convention shall elect delegates and alternates to the National Conven-
tion, in addition to those specified under Article VIII, in the number
stipulated by the State Chairman as determined by the National Rules.
Unless in conflict with rules of the National Republican Party, the
bonus delegates seats awarded by the Republican National Convention
for Governor or United States Senator shall be assigned to those
individuals if they so desire. They shall further nominate a National
Committeeman and National Committeewoman who shall serve for a
term of four years or until their successors are elected; and nominate
two Presidential Electors at large.
ARTICLE XII
STATE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
I. Membership
A. The State Executive Committee shall be composed of the following: The
Congressional District Chairmen, the Congressional District Vice
Chairmen, the Congressional District Finance Chairmen, and those
persons elected by the District Conventions under ARTICLE VII,
Section I, Sub-Section B3, of this Plan.
B. The State Chairman, immediate past State Chairman, Vice Chairman,
National Committeeman, National Committeewoman, Secretary,
The Republican Party 859
Assistant Secretary, Treasurer, Assistant Treasurer, Finance Chair-
man, General Counsel, Director of Minority Affairs and Assistant
Director of Minority Affairs.
C. The Chairman, National Committeeman and National Committee-
woman of the Young Republican Federation. The President, President-
Elect, and Past Presidents of the Republican Women's Federation. The
Chairman of the North Carolina College Republicans and the Chairman
of the North Carolina Teenage Republicans.
D. All current Republican members of the United States Congress,
Governor, Members of the Council of State, the State Legislature, and
the State Board of Elections.
E. All past Republican members of the United States Congress, Governors,
and members of the Council of State.
F. All County Chairmen and Vice Chairmen.
II. Powers and Duties of Committee
The State Executive Committee shall meet within thirty (30) days of the
adjournment of the State Convention and elect a Secretary and an
Assistant Secretary, a Treasurer, Assistant Treasurer, a Director of
Minority Affairs, Assistant Director of Minority Affairs, and a General
Counsel, who shall serve for a term of two years or until their successors
are elected. The Committee shall formulate and provide for the execution of
such plans and measures as it may deem conductive to the best interests of
the Republican Party. It shall approve an Auditing Committee of at least
three members, one of whom shall be a certified public accountant, to
conduct a yearly audit; approve such audit; adopt a budget; and shall have
active management of all affairs of the Party within the State. It may
delegate such duties as it deems proper to the State Central Committee.
When monies are raised and expenditures authorized by other than the
State Central Committee or the State Executive Committee on behalf of
any candidate for state or National office, the Party shall not be held
liable; except, however that the State Executive Committee, by a two-
thirds vote of a quorum present, may assume any portion of such debts it
deems advisable.
III. Committee Meetings
The State Executive Committee shall meet at least twice per calendar year,
upon call of the Chairman at such times as the State Chairman shall
determine after giving fifteen (15) days written notice to all Committee
members; or upon petition of one-third of the members of the Committee.
Twenty-five percent (25%) of the members shall constitute a quorum for the
transaction of business. There shall be no proxy voting.
IV. Duties of Officers
A. The State Chairman, with the advice and consent of the Central
Committee, shall have general supervision of the affairs of the Party
within the State. He shall preside at all meetings of the State Executive
Committee and shall perform such duties as may be prescribed by the
State Executive Committee. He shall appoint with the approval of the
State Central Committee a Finance Chairman who shall serve at the
pleasure of the State Chairman. The State Chairman shall appoint
convention committees and temporary offices. He shall be responsible
860 North Carolina Manual
for the campaigns of the Governor and Lieutenant Governor until such
time as a permanent campaign manager may be appointed. The State
Chairman may delegate authority to the District Chairmen to act in his
behalf on any matter.
B. The Vice Chairman shall be Chief Assistant to the Chairman and shall
act as Chairman in the absence of the Chairman. The Vice Chairman
shall maintain close liaison with the District and County Vice Chairman,
encourage and direct activities in the Party structure. The Vice
Chairman shall work with the National Committeewoman and Com-
mitteeman and provide them with information and assistance on state
matters. The Vice Chairman shall have such other duties as may be
prescribed by the State Executive and Central Committees.
C. The National Committeeman and National Committeewoman shall
maintain liaison with the National Republican Party, the State
Executive and Central Committees.
D. The Secretary shall keep minutes of all meetings. The Assistant
Secretary shall assist the Secretary in the above duties and shall act as
Secretary in the absence of the Secretary. The Secretary will distribute
to all Executive Committee members minutes of the past Central and
Executive Committee meetings.
E. The State Treasurer shall receive and disburse all funds collected or
earned by the State Party and all disbursements shall be made by him.
All funds shall be deposited in a central location at the Treasurer's
direction. The Treasurer shall be bonded in an amount fixed by the
State Central Committee — the premium to be paid from Party funds.
The Treasurer shall submit such financial reports as are required by the
state and federal campaign election laws. The Assistant Treasurer
shall assist the Treasurer and have the power to make disbursements in
the absence of the Treasurer.
F. The General Counsel shall advise the Executive Committee on all legal
matters and shall act as Parliamentarian at all meetings of the
Committee.
G. The Director of Minority Affairs shall develop the means to attain
support for the State Executive Committee from minority groups as
those groups are predetermined by age, sex, creed or color within the
State.
V. Vacancies and Removals
A. In case of death, resignation, discontinuance of residency within the
State, or removal of any officer of the State Executive Committee, the
resulting vacancy shall be filled by the State Executive Committee. In
case of death, resignation, discontinuance of residency within the
District, or removal of any member representing a Congressional
District, the vacancy shall be filled by the remaining members of the
Congressional District in which such vacancy occurs.
B. Each officer and each member of the State Executive Committee shall
refrain from utilizing the powers and dignity of his or her office or
position in any Republican primary for any level of office.
C. Any officer or member may be removed by a two-thirds vote of the
Committee after being furnished with notice of the charges against
The Republican Party 861
him, signed by not less than one-third of the members of the Committee
and allowing him thirty (30) days to appear and defend himself;
provided further that said cause for removal shall be confined to gross
inefficiency, Party disloyalty, or failure to act in compliance with this
Plan of Organization. The decision of the State Executive Committee
shall be final.
ARTICLE XIII
STATE CENTRAL COMMITTEE
I. Membership
The State Central Committee shall be composed of the following:
A. The Congressional District Chairmen; the Congressional District Vice
Chairman shall act in the absence of the Chairman.
B. The Chairman, Vice Chairman, National Committeeman, National
Committeewoman, Secretary, Treasurer, General Counsel, Director of
Minority Affairs, and State Finance Chairman. The assistant secretary
and assistant treasurer shall act in the absence of the principal
C. The Chairman of the Young Republican Federation and the President
of the Republican Women's Federation. The Chairman of the North
Carolina College Republicans and the Chairman of the North Carolina
Teenage Republicans shall be voting members. The advisor to the
North Carolina Teenage Republicans shall be a non-voting member.
D. The immediate past State Chairman and the Republican Joint Caucus
Leader of the General Assembly and the Republican Leader of the
North Carolina House of Representatives and the Republican Leader of
the North Carolina Senate.
E. All Past State Chairmen, if otherwise eligible. They are ex-officio and,
except for the immediate Past Chairman, have no vote.
II. Powers and Duties
A. The State Central Committee shall have the power to appoint a
Campaign Committee, a Publicity Committee, a Committee on Senior
Citizens Affairs, a Budget Committee, and such other committees as it
may deem necessary for the proper conduct of the State Executive
Committee; to formulate fiscal policy, establish quotas, prepare a
budget, to set the date for the Biennial State Convention as provided for
in Article VIII, Section lA and Article XI, Section lA above and the
Presidential Election Year Precinct Meetings, County, Congressional
District and State Conventions between February 1 and thirty-five (35)
days prior to the Republican National Convention in Presidential
Election years, in accordance with National Rules; and to do all things
pertaining to Party affairs which it may be authorized to do by the State
Executive Committee. It shall be responsible for initiating all cam-
paigns for the United States Senate and Council of State and coordinat-
ing them as determined feasible. The State Central Committee shall
keep accurate accounts of its proceedings and shall make annual
reports to the State Executive Committee.
B. The Committee may contract with, as a full-time Executive Director, a
person of highest character and professional political competence to
862 North Carolina Manual
execute on a day-by-day basis the mission of the Committee. The
Committee shall provide on a full-time basis in the vicinity of the
Capital City of North Carolina adequate offices for the Executive
Director and such staff as the Committee shall provide for him, which
offices shall be known as Headquarters, North Carolina Republican
Party. The Central Committee is charged with, in addition to all other
duties, the mission of creating an effective Republican organization in
every political precinct in North Carolina.
III. Meetings
The State Central Committee shall meet at least every other month upon
call of the Chairman upon ten (10) days notice to all members or upon
petition of one-third of the members of the Committee. One-third of the
members listed in Article XIII, Sections lA through ID shall constitute a
quorum for the transaction of business. There shall be no proxy voting.
IV. Duties of Officers
The Officers of the State Executive Committee shall act as Officers of the
State Central Committee, with corresponding duties.
ARTICLE XIV
STATE FINANCE COMMITTEE
I. Membership
The Finance Committee shall consist of the State Finance Chairman, the
Congressional Finance Chairmen, and the State Chairman, plus ten
additional members to be elected by the members of the Finance Com-
mittee. The State Finance Chairman shall serve as Chairman of the State
Finance Committee. Other officers as may be deemed necessary may be
elected by and from the members of the Committtee.
II. Powers and Duties
It shall be the duty of the State Finance Committee to develop ways and
means to properly finance the General Election Campaigns and other
business and affairs of the Republican Party. The Committee shall
manage a united fund-raising effort in cooperation with the State Central
Committee only in those counties with the approval of the County
Executive Committee; and cooperate with District and County organiza-
tions for effective fund-raising campaigns. Said Committee shall not,
directly, or indirectly raise or collect funds for the benefit of any candidates
for Primary Elections. All persons making contributions to the State
Finance Committee of $10.00 or more shall be furnished with a receipt
thereof. Contributions going directly to the National Committee or to any
candidate shall not be acknowledged by the State Treasurer or recorded as
a regular contribution to the Republican Party of North Carolina.
Permanent record of all contributors shall be maintained by the State
Chairman and State Treasurer, and such records shall be available, upon
request, to the appropriate County and District Chairmen.
III. Duties of Officers
The Finance Chairman shall preside at all meetings of the Committee and
shall be the chief liaison between the Finance Committee and the State
Central Committee. Other officers shall have such duties as may be
prescribed by the Committee.
The Republican Party 863
ARTICLE XV
GENERAL CONVENTION PROCEDURE
I. Biennial Conventions and Presidential Election Year Conventions
The County, Congressional District, and State Conventions shall be called
to order by their respective Chairman, or, in the absence of the Chairman,
by the Vice Chairman or Secretary, in order stated, who shall have the
power to appoint the necessary Convention Committees and temporary
officers at, or before, the convening of the Convention.
II. Voting Procedure
No delegate, alternate, or other member of a Convention shall cast any
vote by proxy; provided, however, that any delegate or delegates present
shall have the right to cast the entire vote of the County in District and
State Conventions. No precinct shall cast more votes than it has duly
elected delegates on the floor at the County Convention. No person shall be
seated as a delegate or alternate in any County, District, or State
Convention unless such person shall have been duly elected a delegate or
alternate by the appropriate precinct meeting or County Convention;
EXCEPT, the registered Republican or Republicans, present at a County
Convention from an unorganized precinct, which has not had its cre-
dentials accepted, shall have the right to vote one vote per percinct, pro-
rated among those present from that precinct. In a Presidential Election
Year Convention, only delegates present on the floor are eligible to vote.
III. Special Convention
The State Central Committee, at any time, in the interests of the
Republican Party, may direct the State Chairman or the Congressional
District Chairmen, to issue call for special Senatorial, Judicial, or Legisla-
tive organizational meetings, and special County and Congressional
District Conventions, in any or all of the Counties and Districts of the
State. The procedure for calling regular biennial meetings and conventions
shall apply to the calling of special meetings and conventions so far as
applicable and non inconsistent with this Plan of Organization.
IV. Newspaper of General Circulation.
Notice published in a newspaper of general circulation in the county for
purposes of this plan of organizations shall include either paid advertise-
ment or a news item, provided it includes the time, date, location, and
purpose of the meeting. This in no way relieves the Chairman of the
responsibility of the notice.
ARTICLE XVI
OFFICIAL RECORDS
I. Minutes of Official Actions
Minutes shall be kept by all Committees and Conventions of official
actions taken and a copy shall be filed with the Chairman of the
appropriate Committee or Convention and with Republican State Head-
quarters.
II. Financial Accounts
The Chairman, Treasurer, and Finance Chairman of the County, District,
and State Committees shall keep faithful and accurate records of any and
864 North Carolina Manual
all monies received by them for the use of said Committees and shall make
faithful and accurate reports thereof when so requested.
ARTICLE XVII
APPOINTMENTS
I. Notification
It shall be the duty of the State Chairman to transmit notice of all known
vacancies on a District or State level to those persons having jurisdiction
in such appointments.
II. County Appointments
When a vacancy occurs in a governmental office in any properly organized
County, such vacancy shall be filled by recommendation of the State
Chairman and County Executive Committee.
III. District Appointments
When a vacancy occurs in a governmental office on a District level, such
vacancy shall be filled by recommendation of the State Chairman, only
upon majority vote of the National Committeeman and National Com-
mitteewoman and members of the State Executive Committee from the
counties embraced in the territory served by the office in question, at a
meeting called for that purpose.
IV. State Appointments
When a vacancy occurs in a governmental office on the state level, such
vacancy shall be filled by recommendation of the State Chairman, only
upon majority vote of the State Executive Committee at a meeting called
for that purpose.
ARTICLE XVIII
FORFEITURE OF OFFICIAL PRIVILEGES
Any officer or member of Precinct Committee, County Executive Committee,
District Committee, State Executive Committee, or State Central Committee
who, for any reason is removed or resigns from said position shall forfeit all
rights and privileges in any way connected with that position.
ARTICLE XIX
NATIONAL CONVENTION RULES
The first ballot vote of the North Carolina delegates to the Republican
National Presidential Convention shall equal, rounded off to the nearest
delegate, the percentage vote received in the North Carolina Presidential
Preference Primary by each candidate, subject to limitation that no candidate
who received less than 10% (ten percent) of the total vote in said primary shall
be entitled to receive votes cast by the North Carolina delegation. The Delegate
vote on the first (1st) ballot attributable to those candidates who received less
ten (10%) percent of the Primary vote shall be allocated among those
candidates who received at least ten (10%) percent of the Primary vote on a pro
rata basis. Any votes cast as "uncommitted" or "no preference" in the
Presidential Election Primary will be considered as a candidate category when
The Republican Party 865
determining the number of delegates apportioned. The ten (10%) percent rule
applies also to this category. "After the vote on the first ballot by a political
party at its National Convention, as required by this Article, all responsibility
under this Article shall terminate and further ballotting shall be the prerogative
of the political parties as might be prescribed by the rules of such political
parties." (G. S. 163-213.8) In the event of the death or withdrawal of a candidate
prior to the first ballot, any delegate votes which would otherwise be allocated
to him, shall be considered uncommitted.
ARTICLE XX
APPLICABILITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF THIS PLAN
I. Rules as to Towns and Cities
This Plan of Organization is not intended to extend to, or establish
organizations for the Republican Party of the various towns and cities of
the State of North Carolina as separate units from the precinct and county
organization. Qualified and registered Republican voters of the towns and
cities of the state may organize and promulgate their own rules not
inconsistent with these rules and the organizations herein established.
II. Rules as to Counties and Districts
The Precinct and County Committees and County Conventions, and the
District Committees and Conventions are authorized to promulgate such
additional rules and establish such additional Party officers or committees
for their respective organizations, not inconsistent with these rules, as
shall be deemed necessary. Counties may establish Executive Boards to
transact the business of the Party between County Executive Committee
meetings.
III. Controversies
Controversies in any County or District with respect to the organizations
set up therein under this Plan, shall be referred to the State Chairman,
State Vice Chairman National Committeeman, National Committee-
woman, and General Counsel for arbitration. Ruling shall be made within
sixty (60) days and their decision shall be final.
IV. Parliamentary Authority
Roberts Rules of Order Newly Revised shall govern all proceedings, except
when inconsistent with this State Plan of Organization or Convention
Rules properly adopted.
V. Effective Date of this Plan
This Plan of Organization shall become effective and repeal and supercede
all other rules, except as specifically noted, immediately following adjourn-
ment of the State Convention in Wilmington, North Carolina, on May 20,
1989. This, however, shall not invalidate any action taken under the
previous rules prior to the date above.
866 North Carolina Manual
REPUBLICAN EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
(Primary Officers)
Chairman R. Jack Hawke Raleigh
Vice Chairman Ehnor Swaim SaHsbury
Secretary Jane Grube Cape Carteret
Assitant Secretary Joyce Glass Clemmons
Treasurer Carl Ward Raleigh
Assistant Treasurer Mary Elizabeth Irvin Greensboro
General Counsel Art Zeldman Raleigh
Finance Chairman Steve Stroud Raleigh
National Committeeman Jack Laughery Rocky Mount
National Committeewoman Mary Alice Warren Winston-Salem
Joint Cacus Leader Bob Shaw Greensboro
Senate Minority Leader Donald R. Kincaid Lenior
House Minority Leader Johnathan Rhyne Lincolnton
Director of Minority Affairs Thomas Stith Durham
Assistant Dir. of Minority Affairs ... Larry R. Linney Asheville
Young Republican Federation Doug Story Greenville
James Proctor Rocky Mount
Cindy Story Greenville
Republican Women Federation Iris Dlugos Hickory
Margaret King Charlotte
Joyce Glass Clemmons
College Republican Federation Bill Peasley Erwin
Teenage Republican Federation Gustav Larsson Chapel Hill
CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT COMMITTEES
First District
Chairman Steven P. Rader Washington
Vice Chairman Shirley E. Perry Hertford
Secretary Nita D. Rasberry Greenville
Treasurer Sue B. Sutton Kinston
Finance Chairman Levi Lilly Newport
Second District
Chairman Dr. Faye B. Eagles Rocky Mount
Vice Chairman F. Douglas Bibby Durham
Secretary Julie Simons Durham
Treasurer Andrew B. Howard Roanoke Rapids
Finance Chairman John E. Bishop Rocky Mount
Third District
Chairman Tommy Pollard Jacksonville
Vice Chairman Donna Creech Wilston Mills
Secretary Colette T. Yetka Goldsboro
Treasurer Dorothy Bursey Sanford
Finance Chairman J.D. Teachey Wallace
Fourth District
Chairman Larry E. Norman Louisburg
Vice Chairman Debra C. Beatty Raleigh
Secretary Nancy Rector Louisburg
Treasurer Tam de St. Aubin Jr Sanford
Finance Chairman Melvin Cheaves Louisburg
The Republican Party 867
Fifth District
Chairman Jack M. Bailey Walnut Cove
Vice Chairman Billie Shelton Winston-Salem
Secretary Joann Sexton West Jefferson
Treasurer Lyons Gray Winston-Salem
Finance Chairman Dewitt E. Rhoades Kernersville
Sixth District
Chairman Ruby Ogburn Greensboro
Vice Chairman Jan Scott Burlington
Secretary Connie Leonard Lexington
Treasurer Dena Barnes Summerfield
Finance Chairman B.J. Barnes Summerfield
Seventh District
Chairman Marie Moore Fayetteville
Vice Chairman John Dozier Southport
Secretary Alice Cumberworth Wilmington
Treasurer Richard Rabon Greenville
Finance Chairman Ed Poole Fayetteville
Eighth District
Chairman George W. Little Southern Pines
Vice Chairman Maxine Boger Mocksville
Secretary Judy Davis Wingate
Treasurer Josh Morton Albemarle
Finance Chairman Stuart Paine Southern Pines
Ninth District
Chairman William L. Walker Statesville
Vice Chairman Barbara "Bobbie" Baker Vale
Secretary Anne Z. Green Charlotte
Treasurer Dorothy A. Presser Charlotte
Tenth District
Chairman Sarah Knowles Gastonia
Vice Chairman Ed Readling Hickory
Secretary Roma B. Melton Banner Elk
Treasurer Alex Barringer Hickory
Eleventh District
Chairman Marie E. Ledbetter Asheville
Vice Chairman W.P. Bradley Hayesville
Secretary Kathryn H. Willis Zirconia
Treasurer Douglas Huntley Forest City
868 North Carolina Manual
REPUBLICAN COUNTY CHAIRMEN
Alamance Melvin King Mebane
Alexander Peggy Davis Taylorsville
Alleghany Eldon Edwards Sparta
Anson Ruth F. Mercer Polkton
Ashe W.M. Lewis West Jefferson
Avery Douglas Clark Newland
Beaufort Marshall Stephenson Washington
Bertie Judy Bowen Windsor
Balden Billy Ray Pait Bladenboro
Brunswick Malcolm Grissett Shallotte
Buncombe Tom Dabney Asheville
Burke Donald E. Smith Morganton
Cabarrus Leinster W. Whitley Midland
Caldwell Robert Brady Lenoir
Camden Tony Marcello Camden
Carteret Ben Ball Morehead City
Caswell Doris H. Moore Yanceyville
Catawba W. Grimes Byerly Hickory
Chatham John Grimes Siler City
Cherokee Nell A. White Murphy
Chowan Paul O'Neal Edenton
Clay Howard Whimpey Haynesville
Cleveland Cheryl Sisk Shelby
Columbus Leroy Stocks Whiteville
Craven Paul Harrison New Bern
Cumberland Robert D. Inman Fayetteville
Currituck Ray Etheridge Elizabeth City
Dare J. Robert Wills Kitty Hawk
Davidson Jerry Dockham Denton
Davie Kenneth D. Boger Mocksville
Duplin Deri G. Walker Mt. Olive
Durham Dan McClary Durham
Edgecombe J. W. Stallings Battleboro
Forsyth Joseph J. Gatto Winston-Salem
Franklin Robert Rector Louisburg
Gaston Sandra R. Page Gastonia
Gates Earl Rountree Sunbury
Graham Delmus Shuler Robbinsville
Granville Jimmie V. Morris Oxford
Greene Lucinda Kilpatrick Snow Hill
Guilford J. Van Myers Greensboro
Halifax Bob Everett Palmyra
Harnett Danny Moody Fuquay-Varina
Haywood Vicki Ottinger Waynesville
Henderson Jere Hyder Hendersonville
Hertford Roger Askew Ahoskie
Hoke Hariett McDonald Raeford
Hyde Wayne Hodges Swan Quarter
Iredell James B. Mallory, HI Statesville
Jackson Charles E. "Chig" Cagle Sylva
Johnston Billie C. Stevens Wilson Mills
Jones Jessie Ray Eubanks Pollocksville
Lee Judi Womack Sanford
Lenoir Michael Sutton Kinston
Lincoln Jimmy R. Lail Lincolnton
Macon Deborah Strum Franklin
Madison Anthony Willis Mars Hill
The Republican Party 869
Martin Dorothy C. Williford Everetts
McDowell Darwin E. Neubauer Marion
Mecklenburg Carol C. Donaldson Charlotte
Mitchell Frank H. Fox Spruce Pine
Montgomery Betsy Green Troy
Moore Maggi Roberts Pinehurst
Nash Helen H. Laughery Rocky Mount
New Hanover Daniel Lee Brawley Wilmington
Northampton Jean T. Barnes Woodland
Onslow Patrick D. Farmer Jacksonville
Orange Charles P. Trumbull Hillsborough
Pamlico Daphene Yeomans Vandemere
Pasquotank Pete Lacy Elizabeth City
Pender Carol Brandon Hampstead
Perquimans Wallace E. Nelson Hertford
Person George W. Jackson Roxboro
Pitt Gordon Walker Greenville
Polk Lawrence Poe Tryon
Randolph Charles T. Browne Asheboro
Richmond George E. Crump, HI Rockingham
Robeson J.W. Sellers Lumberton
Rockingham Tom Witty Summerfield
Rowan Terri Hess Salisbury
Rutherford Dan Good Bostic
Sampson Betty Jo Faircloth Clinton
Scotland VACANT
Stanly B.A. Smith Stanfield
Stokes Carol Bailey Walnut Cove
Surry William F. Huckaby Pilot Mountain
Swain Everett Crisp Whittier
Transylvania Kenneth F. Hadermann Brevard
Tyrrell Dennis W. Swain, Sr Columbia
Union Donald R. Giffin Monroe
Vance Percy R. Stewart Henderson
Wake Arch T. Allen, HI Raleigh
Warren Henrey C. Hayes Warrenton
Washington Jimmy S. Davenport Roper
Watauga David Blust Boone
Wayne David Quick Goldsboro
Wilkes Claude E. Billings, Jr Wilkesboro
Wilson Jean H. Fisher Wilson
Yadkin James L. Graham Yadkinville
Yancey Wade T. Harding Burnsville
PART VII
Election Returns and
Voter Registration Statistics
CHAPTER ONE
Voting in North Carolina
VOTER REGISTRATION
In 1966, the State Board of Elections began publishing statistical data on
voter registration for the 100 counties in North Carolina. The first report was
made in July of that year and showed a total registration of 1,933,763 voters—
1,540,499 Democrats and 344,700 Republicans. This first report also indicated
that 1,653,796 white voters and 281,134 non-white voters were registered to
vote. Subsequent reports have been issued at periodic intervals, usually every
two years, following the close of the registration books for each voting period.
During the past 20 years, there has been a steady increase in voter
registration in North Carolina. Aside from the growth in the voting population
attributed to the "baby boom" years, two other factors have influenced this
rise— the passage of the 26th amendment to the Constitution of the United
States and major emphasis on getting non-white, eligible citizens to register to
vote.
The 26th amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which granted
the right to vote to those citizens in the 18 - 20 year old age bracket, was declared
in force in June, 1971. However, there was not a sudden, dramatic increase in
the number of registered voters. The new eligible voters did not immediately
exercise their new right to vote by registering. Census figures for 1970 census
indicated that there were around 400,000 people living in North Carolina that
fell within the 18-20 bracket, yet a report issued in October, 1973 by the State
Board of Elections indicates that only 130,813 had actually registered. Recent
indications are that the numbers have only slightly improved.
Better results appear to have occurred in the area of minority voter
registration. Political parties and leaders in the minority rights movement
have spent a lot of effort encouraging non-white citizens to register to vote,
thereby becoming more active in the political process. In October, 1968, records
indicated there were 326,487 non-white registered voters in North Carolina. Ten
years later in 1978, this figure had increased only 20 percent to 393,327;
however, in the past ten years, voter registration statistics released on October
10, 1988, show 681,375 non-white.registered voters, an increase of 73 percent
since 1978.
The most recent report issued by the State Board of Elections shows a total
registration of 3,432,042 voters— 2,247,759 Democrats, 1,016,546 Republicans,
and 167,737 unaffiliated or minor third party registration. Politically speaking,
the Republican Party has made the most gains over the past twenty-two years
with an increase of 671,846 voters compared to 313,996 for the Democratic
Party. However, these increases seem relatively insignificant when viewed in
874
North Carolina Manual
mSBMMS,
1 nft
W'
Voter Registration Statistics 875
light of those eUgible citizens who are not registered. Projected census figures
for 1988 indicate that more than 4,800,000 residents of voting age (18 years or
older) lived in North Carolina. This means there were nearly 1.4 million
citizens who, for whatever reason, were not registered to vote, but could have
been. This represents over 29 percent of the eligible voting population of North
Carolina.
Voter registration is a function of the County Boards of Elections who
operate under guidelines set out in the General Statutes of North Carolina.
Each county has its own board, and citizens are registered based on the county
in which they reside.
Periodically, purges of voter registration files are conducted in accordance
with law to remove voters who have not exercised their right to vote during a
specified period of time. G.S. 163-69 states that "Any voter who neither voted in
the first or the second of the two most recent consecutive presidential elections,
and who failed to vote in any other election conducted in the period between the
two presidential elections shall be purged." However, removal is not automatic.
Individuals are notified of their impending removal and given an opportunity
to have their name remain on the books. The purge process ensures accuracy
and provides a means of keeping the voter registration books as up to date as
possible.
876
North Carolina Manual
Registration Statistics
PRIMARY ELECTIONS, MAY 3, 1988
County
Alamance ....
Alexander ...
Alleghany ...
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick ...
Buncombe ...
Burke
Cabarrus
Caldwell
Camden
Carteret
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan
Clay
Cleveland ....
Columbus ....
Craven
Cumberland
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe ..
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood
Henderson ...
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
No.
Total
Precincts
Registration
31
53,567
16
16,319
7
6,431
12
11,322
19
15,351
19
8,765
30
21,200
12
12,094
17
17,044
22
26,166
54
92,885
35
36,258
31
45,309
24
33,876
3
3,417
35
25,922
10
11,343
39
55,711
20
21,252
16
12,903
6
6,699
9
5,621
24
39,517
26
29,761
25
30,208
53
82,526
11
6,243
16
11,211
41
58,552
12
14,516
19
19,550
47
92,273
21
29,515
83
138,725
13
16,505
45
74,989
7
5,504
5
5,464
19
16,869
13
7,951
96
180,413
30
27,718
22
26,538
31
25,712
32
37,580
12
14,070
13
8,881
7
3,409
24
45,636
18
15,344
Democrats
epublicans
Unaffiliated
14,012
2,808
7,527
1,014
1,488
155
791
90
6,634
585
6,626
239
4,026
458
555
116
1,234
216
8,140
844
28,759
4,870
12,651
1,951
15,154
1,873
14,151
2,384
167
21
8,448
1,749
847
100
24,199
4,225
4,680
850
4,915
624
913
153
2,446
497
7,796
1,344
2,794
311
7,311
1,421
17,391
3,826
708
267
2,740
836
24,193
2,527
8,068
541
2.499
104
16,275
5,402
3,335
443
44,146
8,582
2,253
234
23,980
3,450
180
49
2,432
166
1,370
241
514
65
55,132
9,628
2,010
414
5,243
382
5,639
709
19,065
2,166
999
126
604
66
249
45
14,874
1,846
4,464
769
36,747
7,778
4,788
10,441
8,132
1,900
16,736
11,423
15,594
17,182
59,256
21,656
28,282
17,341
3,229
15,725
10,396
27,287
15,722
7,364
5,633
2,678
30,377
26,656
21,476
61,309
5,268
7,635
31,832
5,907
16,947
70,596
25,737
85,997
14,018
47,559
5,275
2,866
15,258
7,372
115,653
25,294
20,913
19,364
16,349
12,945
8,211
3,115
28,916
10,111
Voter Registration Statistics 877
PRIMARY ELECTIONS, MAY 3, 1988 (Continued)
No. Total
County Precincts Registration Democrats Republicans Unaffiliated
Johnston 29
Jones 7
Lee 11
Lenoir 22
Lincoln 22
Macon 15
Madison 12
Martin 13
McDowell 17
Mecklenburg 118
Mitchell 11
Montgomery 15
Moore 21
Nash 23
New Hanover 35
Northampton 18
Onslow 24
Orange 39
Pamlico 17
Pasquotank 13
Pender 17
Perquimans 7
Person 14
Pitt 25
Polk 10
Randolph 39
Richmond 16
Robeson 40
Rockingham 31
Rowan 40
Rutherford 23
Sampson 24
Scotland 8
Stanly 24
Stokes 20
Surry 28
Swain 5
Transylvania 17
Tyrrell 6
Union 26
Vance 16
Wake 96
Warren 14
Washington 6
Watauga 20
Wayne 20
Wilkes 30
Wilson 25
Yadkin 12
Yancey 11
Totals 2,395 3,191,502 2,152,952 899,162 139,388
35,770
27,488
7,482
800
5,570
5,185
348
37
18,871
14,910
3,505
456
28,910
23,696
4,922
292
25,662
15,722
8,792
1,148
13,664
7,754
5,111
799
11,143
7,561
3,213
369
12,688
11,365
1,156
167
17,805
12,083
4,911
811
259,902
153,373
91,497
15,032
9,873
2,112
7,526
235
12,695
9,193
3,100
402
30,836
15,885
13,139
1,812
35,419
26,889
7,887
643
56,944
37,049
17,874
2,021
12,396
12,102
267
27
32,179
23,623
7,060
1,496
50,165
36,569
9,984
3,612
6,438
5,412
863
163
13,564
11,008
1,992
564
13,891
11,201
2,364
326
5,057
4,486
489
82
13,886
12,276
1,386
224
45,702
35,001
9,191
1,510
9,709
5,232
3,823
654
48,384
21,059
24,909
2,416
20,633
18,114
2,266
253
51,555
47,075
3,710
770
40,158
30,053
8,423
1,682
48,986
27,913
18,652
2,421
26,764
19,417
6,549
798
28,932
18,956
9,570
406
13,231
10,941
1,636
654
25,954
15,057
9,628
1,269
20,965
11,870
8,433
662
29,602
18,550
10,062
990
7,332
5,060
1,934
338
14,557
7,727
5,531
1,299
2,158
2,003
143
12
34,996
23,302
10,211
1,482
19,688
18,053
1,445
190
198,073
129,287
56,237
12,549
10,465
10,018
372
75
7,742
7,090
529
123
23,507
11,384
10,251
1,872
39,592
30,885
7,946
761
35,688
14,601
19,698
1,389
31,877
26,140
5,337
400
16,110
6,239
9,338
533
11,159
6,737
3,843
579
878
North Carolina Manual
GENERAL ELECTIONS, NOVEMBER 8, 1988
County
Alamance ....
Alexander ...
Alleghany ...
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick ...
Buncombe ...
Burke
Cabarrus
Caldwell
Camden
Carteret
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan
Clay
Cleveland ....
Columbus ....
Craven
Cumberland
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe ..
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood
Henderson ...
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
No.
Precincts
Total
Registration
Democrats
Republicans
New
Alliance
Unaffiliated
31
16
7
12
19
19
30
12
17
22
54
35
31
24
3
36
10
39
20
16
6
9
24
26
25
53
11
16
41
12
19
47
21
83
13
45
7
5
14
13
96
30
22
31
32
12
13
7
24
18
56,983
37,887
15,959
17,829
8,299
8,310
6,624
4,879
1,556
11,670
10,644
912
15,806
8,225
6,956
9,107
1,961
6,855
21,821
17,056
4,285
12,265
11,503
646
17,678
16,011
1,411
28,346
18,046
9,267
101,474
62,908
32,814
38,853
22,715
13,888
49,651
29,872
17,481
35,815
18,003
15,243
3,538
3,283
220
27,842
16,421
9,453
11,799
10,690
979
59,856
28,242
26,864
23,125
16,702
5,360
13,686
7,632
5,320
6,986
5,717
1,087
5,742
2,736
2,469
41,458
31,094
8,754
30,475
27,077
3,036
33,305
22,606
8,799
89,521
64,695
20,341
6,524
5,359
857
12,323
7,978
3,301
62,200
32,877
26,500
15,350
6,086
8,627
20,162
17,437
2,623
100,203
74,554
19,049
29,994
25,918
3,590
151,021
89,930
50,703
17,886
14,647
2,904
80,854
49,490
27,354
5,697
5,413
226
5,630
2,883
2,555
17,943
15,888
1,751
8,180
7,499
590
201,139
124,768
64,436
28,688
25,896
2,333
28,049
21,645
5,974
26,633
19,767
6,034
41,552
17,581
21,350
14,682
13,312
1,207
9,343
8,475
780
3,553
3,290
223
48,452
29,743
16,609
16,197
10,421
4,857
3,137
1,220
189
114
625
291
480
116
256
1,033
5,752
2,250
2,298
2,569
35
1,968
130
4,750
1,063
734
182
537
1,609
362
1,900
4,485
308
1,044
2,823
637
102
6,595
486
10,388
335
4,004
58
192
304
91
11,935
459
430
832
2,621
163
88
40
2,100
919
Voter Registration Statistics 879
GENERAL ELECTIONS, NOVEMBER 8, 1988 (Continued)
No. Total New
County Precincts Registration Democrats Republicans Alliance Unaffiliated
Johnston 29
Jones 7
Lee 11
Lenoir 22
Lincoln 22
Macon 15
Madison 12
Martin 13
McDowell 17
Mecklenburg 118
Mitchell 11
Montgomery 15
Moore 21
Nash 23
New Hanover 35
Northampton 18
Onslow 24
Orange 39
Pamlico 17
Pasquotank 13
Pender 17
Perquimans 7
Person 14
Pitt 25
Polk 10
Randolph 39
Richmond 16
Robeson 40
Rockingham 31
Rowan 40
Rutherford 34
Sampson 24
Scotland 8
Stanly 24
Stokes 20
Surry 28
Swain 5
Transylvania 17
Tyrrell 6
Union 26
Vance 16
Wake 96
Warren 14
Washington 6
Watauga 20
Wayne 20
Wilkes 30
Wilson 25
Yadkin 12
Yancey 11
Totals 2,391 3,432,042 2,247,759 1,016,546 13 167,724
37,886
28,309
8,600 -
977
5,714
5,249
418 -
47
20,224
15,534
4,144 —
546
29,476
23,852
5,296 -
328
27,202
16,197
9,643 -
1,362
13,939
7,838
5,287 -
814
11,204
7,586
3,236 -
382
12,980
11,520
1,262 -
198
18,677
12,396
5,355 -
926
286,430
162,376
105,232 -
18,822
10,104
2,169
7,655 -
280
13,381
9,504
3,357 -
520
32,119
16,064
13,964 -
2,091
37,959
27,737
9,451 -
771
60,109
38,229
19,612 -
2,268
12,651
12,292
330 -
29
34,324
24,463
8,182 -
1,679
56,439
39,695
12,126 -
4,618
6,642
5,485
964 -
193
14,357
11,395
2,350 -
612
14,811
11,543
2,886 -
382
5,298
4,623
570 -
105
13,970
12,263
1,477 -
230
50,571
37,627
11,012 —
1,932
10,233
5,355
4,108 -
770
53,080
22,292
27,925 -
2,863
21,367
18,581
2,514 -
272
53,692
48,739
4,111 —
842
41,921
30,776
9,275 —
1,870
52,804
29,216
20,682 —
2,906
27,989
19,844
7,239 —
906
29,961
19,348
10,177 —
436
13,953
11,284
1,882 -
787
27,414
15,571
10,434 —
1,409
21,950
12,284
8,951 -
715
31,097
19,178
10,799 —
1,120
7,490
5,150
1,957 —
1,813
15,839
8,078
6,211 —
1,550
2,169
2,005
149 —
15
38,402
24,486
12,103 —
1,813
20,570
18,658
1,692 —
220
228,112
141,116
69,879 —
17,117
10,816
10,325
400 -
91
7,930
7,182
611 -
137
25,126
11,926
10,886 -
2,314
41,315
31,484
8,966 —
865
36,764
14,956
20,330 —
1,478
33,671
26,916
6,263 -
492
16,748
6,452
9,737 1
558
11,652
6,850
4,140 —
662
880
North Carolina Manual
PRIMARY ELECTIONS, MAY 6, 1986
County
Alamance ....
Alexander ...
Alleghany ...
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick ...
Buncombe ...
Burke
Cabarrus
Caldwell
Camden
Carteret
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan
Clay
Cleveland ....
Columbus ....
Craven
Cumberland
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe ..
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood
Henderson ...
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
No.
Precincts
Total
Registration
Democrats
Republicans
Unaffiliated
30
50,407
35,673
12,133
2,601
16
15,376
7,533
6,890
953
7
6,404
4,816
1,423
165
12
10,985
10,194
720
71
19
14,689
7,807
6,363
519
19
8,407
1,870
6,368
169
29
20,206
16,517
3,305
384
12
11,128
10,515
500
113
17
16,668
15,402
1,100
166
21
24,239
16,775
6,748
716
52
87,156
57,361
25,478
4,317
35
34,768
21,250
11,735
1,783
31
42,671
27.514
13,589
1.568
24
31,904
16,711
12,958
2.235
3
3,154
2,967
162
25
35
23,887
15,195
7,174
1,518
10
11,343
10,429
811
103
39
52,966
26,723
22,180
4,063
21
19,962
15,069
4,132
761
16
12,641
7,380
4,685
576
6
6,445
5,562
749
134
7
5,305
2,592
2,285
428
28
37,673
29,526
6,954
1,193
26
29,269
26,502
2,516
251
25
28,365
21,149
6,241
975
53
77,161
58,587
15.119
3,455
12
5,987
5,167
607
213
16
9,850
7,205
1,904
741
44
56,082
30,934
22,766
2,382
12
13,595
5,708
7.433
454
20
18,970
16,792
2.071
107
45
86,252
67,462
14.063
4,727
21
28,658
25,220
3.024
414
83
132,145
84,072
40,244
7,829
11
15,094
13,263
1,672
159
45
72,273
46,912
22,140
3,221
7
5,463
5,287
141
35
5
5,366
2,857
2,361
148
19
16,234
14,794
1,217
223
13
7,794
7,282
457
55
92
169,282
110,293
50,231
8,758
30
27,694
25,331
1,885
478
22
25,530
20,493
4,703
334
31
25,275
19,206
5,414
655
28
34,946
15,720
17.286
1,940
12
12,906
12,010
780
116
13
8,104
7,586
471
47
7
3,058
2,788
227
43
23
43,709
28,449
13,501
1,759
18
14,257
9,502
4,055
700
Voter Registration Statistics 881
PRIMARY ELECTIONS, MAY 6, 1986 (Continued)
No. Total
County Precincts Registration Democrats Repnblicans Unaffiliated
Johnston 29
Jones 7
Lee 12
Lenoir 22
Lincoln 22
Macon 15
Madison 12
Martin 13
McDowell 17
Mecklenburg 115
Mitchell 11
Montgomery 14
Moore 22
Nash 23
New Hanover 35
Northampton 18
Onslow 24
Orange 38
Pamlico 17
Pasquotank 14
Pender 17
Perquimans 7
Person 14
Pitt 25
Polk 10
Randolph 39
Richmond 16
Robeson 40
Rockingham 31
Rowan 40
Rutherford 34
Sampson 24
Scotland 8
Stanly 24
Stokes 22
Surry 28
Swain 5
Transylvania 17
Tyrrell 6
Union 26
Vance 16
Wake 93
Warren 14
Washington 6
Watauga 20
Wayne 20
Wilkes 30
Wilson 26
Yadkin 12
Yancey 11
Totals 2,383 3,020,698 2,087,820 807,563 125,315
33,722
26,646
6,419
657
5,389
5,068
286
35
18,543
14,905
3,215
423
28,116
23,386
4,453
277
24,300
15,505
7,814
981
13,397
7,760
4,891
746
10,021
7,031
2,700
290
12,262
11,109
1,006
147
17,466
11,998
4,684
784
240,088
147,131
79,629
13,328
9,811
2,135
7,492
184
12,179
8,889
2,945
345
28,696
15,630
11,607
1,459
34,356
26,517
7,241
598
53,578
36,219
15,517
1,842
12,429
12,154
254
21
30,268
22,902
6,003
1,363
46,790
34,853
8,688
3,249
6,587
5,725
741
121
12,577
10,461
1,670
446
12,571
10,441
1,855
275
4,755
4,275
398
82
13,657
12,193
1,258
206
41,892
32,844
7,729
1,319
9,048
4,974
3,473
601
46,235
20,814
23,218
2,203
20,143
17,902
2,020
221
47,791
44,135
2,988
668
39,408
30,012
7,751
1,645
46,931
27,588
17,168
2,175
26,286
19,256
6,263
767
28,168
18,829
8,937
402
12,863
10,786
1,488
589
25,454
14,968
9,239
1,247
20,027
11,593
7,838
596
28,213
17,922
9,424
867
7,083
4,916
1,846
321
13,697
7,451
5,088
1,158
2,093
1,922
152
19
32,279
22,667
8,364
1,248
19,003
17,575
1,261
167
181,777
122,800
47,984
10,993
10,230
9,851
331
48
7,493
6,933
453
107
22,782
11,258
9,560
1,964
37,969
30,049
7,231
689
34,437
14,062
19,031
1,344
30,144
25,261
4,545
338
15,531
6,131
8,899
501
10,460
6,436
3,545
479
882 North Carolina Manual
GENERAL ELECTIONS, NOVEMBER 4, 1986
No. Total
County Precincts Registration Democrats
Alamance 30 51,476 36,201
Alexander 16 16,056 7,744
Alleghany 7 6,431 4,826
Anson 12 11,000 10,198
Ashe 19 15,023 7,943
Avery 19 8,486 1,895
Beaufort 29 20,511 16,552
Bertie 12 11,139 10,525
Bladen 17 16,722 15,418
Brunswick 21 24,572 16,584
Buncombe 52 89,722 58,442
Burke 35 35,462 21,497
Cabarrus 31 43,146 27,715
Caldwell 24 32,803 17,056
Camden 3 3,133 2,952
Carteret 35 24,312 15,351
Caswell 10 11,383 10,448
Catawba 39 54,110 27,030
Chatham 19 20,615 15,508
Cherokee 16 12,965 7,500
Chowan 6 6,495 5,569
Clay 7 5,532 2,673
Cleveland 28 38,054 29,747
Columbus 26 29,406 26,628
Craven 25 28,688 21,168
Cumberland 53 78,314 59,136
Currituck 11 6,038 5,226
Dare 16 10,124 7,313
Davidson 44 57,075 31,439
Davie 12 13,801 5,758
Duplin 19 19,070 16,896
Durham 45 89,244 69,093
Edgecombe 21 28,952 25,465
Forsyth 83 134,802 84,971
Franklin 12 15,973 13,841
Gaston 45 73,019 47,189
Gates 7 5,442 5,254
Graham 5 5,579 2,967
Granville 19 16,262 14,821
Greene 13 7,839 7,310
Guilford 92 175,078 113,917
Halifax 30 26,646 24,608
Harnett 22 25,650 20,552
Haywood 31 25,153 19,206
Henderson 28 36,219 16,014
Hertford 12 13,417 12,395
Hoke 13 8,525 7,983
Hyde 7 3,123 2,841
Iredell 23 44,513 28,838
Jackson 18 14,786 9,803
epublicans
Unaffiliated
12,638
2,637
7,327
985
1,439
166
727
75
6,524
556
6,408
183
3,539
420
499
115
1,133
171
7,247
741
26,769
4,511
12,119
1,846
13,819
1,612
13,460
2,287
156
25
7,409
1,552
836
99
22,972
4,108
4,299
808
4,859
606
787
139
2,392
467
7,082
1,225
2,525
253
6,463
1,057
15,660
3,518
602
210
2,056
755
23,207
2,429
7,557
486
2,071
103
15,064
5,087
3,077
410
41,728
8,103
1,936
196
22,583
3,247
151
37
2,444
168
1,220
221
469
60
51,963
9,198
1,658
380
4,766
332
5,305
642
18,157
2,048
904
118
487
55
232
50
13,897
1,778
4,276
707
Voter Registration Statistics 883
GENERAL ELECTIONS, NOVEMBER 4, 1986 (Continued)
No Totai
County Precincts Registration Democrats Republicans Unaffiliated
Johnston 29
Jones 7
Lee 12
Lenoir 22
Lincoln 22
Macon 15
Madison 12
Martin 13
McDowell 17
Mecklenburg 115
Mitchell 11
Montgomery 15
Moore 22
Nash 23
New Hanover 35
Northampton 18
Onslow 24
Orange 38
Pamlico 17
Pasquotank 14
Pender 17
Perquimans 7
Person 14
Pitt 25
Polk 10
Randolph « 39
Richmond 16
Robeson 40
Rockingham 31
Rowan 40
Rutherford 34
Sampson 24
Scotland 8
Stanly 24
Stokes 22
Surry 28
Swain 5
Transylvania 17
Tyrrell 6
Union 26
Vance 16
Wake 93
Warren 14
Washington 6
Watauga 20
Wayne 20
Wilkes 30
Wilson 26
Yadkin 12
Yancey 11
Totals 2,381
34,236
26,947
6,609
680
5,415
5,092
288
35
18,322
14,696
3,196
430
28,258
23,459
4,521
278
24,838
15,700
8,142
996
13,780
7,911
5,087
782
11,010
7,490
3,166
354
12,368
11,148
1,060
160
17,637
12,056
4,781
800
248,276
150,642
83,614
14,020
9,640
2,137
7,318
185
12,255
8,955
2,965
335
29,647
15,843
12,226
1,578
34,589
26,706
7,276
607
54,321
36,385
16,052
1,884
12,388
12,105
262
21
30,720
23,106
6,223
1,391
48,197
35,724
9,108
3,365
6,229
5,357
745
127
12,767
10,556
1,746
465
12,844
10,617
1,953
274
4,782
4,281
416
85
13,768
12,283
1,276
209
43,507
33,776
8,357
1,374
9,346
5,133
3,584
629
47,281
21,002
24,018
2,261
20,319
17,979
2,121
219
47,614
43,909
3,039
666
39,444
29,898
7,904
1,642
47,609
27,865
17,492
2,252
26,720
19,493
6,441
786
28,684
18,938
9,334
412
12,921
10,807
1,501
613
25,652
15,016
9,385
1,251
20,850
11,862
8,339
649
28,987
18,334
9,744
909
7,115
4,885
1,906
324
14,171
7,620
5,322
1,229
2,152
1,981
152
19
32,827
22,793
8,733
1,301
19,163
17,668
1,316
179
186,848
125,365
50,153
11,330
10,225
9,836
339
50
7,499
6,921
468
110
23.169
11,397
9,757
2,015
38,455
30,343
7,396
716
35,057
14,221
19,471
1,365
30,497
25,443
4,695
359
15,908
6,226
9,167
515
10,797
6,623
3,664
510
,080,990
2,114,536
836,726
129,728
884
North Carolina Manual
PRIMARY ELECTIONS, MAY 8, 1984
County
Alamance ....
Alexander ...
Alleghany ...
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick ...
Buncombe ...
Burke
Cabarrus
Caldwell
Camden
Carteret
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan
Clay
Cleveland ....
Columbus ....
Craven
Cumberland
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe*
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood
Henderson ...
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
No.
Precincts
Total
Registration
Democrats Republicans Libertarian
Social
Workers
Unaffiliated
30
51,115
37,455
10,750
12
16
15,500
7,949
6,467
—
7
6,499
4,905
1,429
—
12
12,055
11,327
•642
—
19
15,176
8,400
6,231
—
19
8,061
2,023
5,853
5
29
19,112
16,274
2,495
3
12
11,246
10,879
425
—
17
16,163
15,193
833
—
21
22,827
16,676
5,540
5
52
81,151
55,710
21,720
19
39
35,362
22,338
11,241
4
31
40,457
27,741
11,388
1
24
32,378
18,058
11,933
3
3
3,208
3,067
111
—
34
23,523
15,767
6,228
3
14
11,476
10,664
722
4
39
51,680
28,201
19,338
9
26
19,822
15.319
3,808
9
16
12,713
7,692
4,407
4
6
6,387
5,685
602
7
5,184
2,519
2,221
—
28
37,238
30,352
5,586
10
26
30,533
27,792
2,494
—
24
28,746
22,652
5,155
6
54
73,906
58,193
12,350
12
11
6,213
5,451
554
—
16
9,102
6,978
1,392
2
44
54,616
31,885
20,439
5
12
13,560
5,922
7,189
2
20
18,856
16,898
1,869
45
82,560
66,222
11,943
49
20
27,304
24,186
2,701
—
79
134,039
90,066
36,063
23
11
14,634
13,314
1,188
2
42
67,028
46,881
17,324
16
7
5,661
5,531
106
—
5
5,392
2,940
2,275
—
18
16,721
15,508
990
3
13
8,189
7,719
401
—
83
166,142
113,138
44,286
35
30
28,365
26,036
1,831
—
22
26,324
21,639
4,274
—
31
24,848
19,472
4,817
—
22
33,545
16,046
15,869
2
12
13,455
12,669
659
13
8,666
8,246
378
—
7
3,245
2,978
228
—
23
40,893
28,280
10,974
13
18
13,759
9,484
3,679
—
12
2,898
1,084
165
86
545
180
340
122
137
606
3,702
1,779
1,326
2,384
30
1,525
86
4,132
686
610
100
444
1,288
247
933
3,348
208
730
2,287
447
89
4,342
415
7,883
130
2,806
24
177
220
69
8,671
498
411
559
1,628
127
42
39
1,626
596
Voter Registration Statistics 885
PRIMARY ELECTIONS, MAY 8, 1984 (Continued)
No. Total Social
County Precincts Registration Democrats Republicans Libertarian Workers Unaffiliated
Johnston 29
Jones 7
Lee 12
Lenoir 22
Lincoln 24
Macon 15
Madison 11
Martin 13
McDowell 17
Mecklenburg Ill
Mitchell 5
Montgomery 14
Moore 22
Nash 24
New Hanover 34
Northampton 18
Onslow 24
Orange 36
Pamlico 17
Pasquotank 14
Pender 17
Perquimans 7
Person 14
Pitt 24
Polk 10
Randolph 39
Richmond 16
Robeson 41
Rockingham 30
Rowan 41
Rutherford 34
Sampson 24
Scotland 8
Stanly 25
Stokes 22
Surry 28
Swain 5
Transylvania 17
Tyrell 6
Union 27
Vance 16
Wake 88
Warren 14
Washington 6
Watauga 19
Wayne 20
Wilkes 30
Wilson 23
Yadkin 12
Yancey 11
Totals 2,352 2,961,719 2,137,005 704,301 560 56 119,797
33,409
27,420
5,344
—
—
645
5,823
5,538
248
—
—
37
18,329
15,290
2,722
—
—
317
28,713
24,208
4,164
5
1
335
24,511
16,589
7,033
2
1
886
13,207
8,002
4,507
2
696
10,415
7,469
2,664
1
—
281
12,740
11,695
866
1
2
176
17,775
12,628
4,345
4
—
798
218,131
142,288
63,515
59
—
12,269
9,424
2,401
6,844
179
12,342
9,067
2,931
—
—
344
27,077
15,808
10,075
7
—
1,187
32,921
26,545
5,848
2
3
523
52,816
37,352
13,630
17
—
1,817
14,517
14,304
213
29,175
23,439
4,410
6
—
1,320
43,736
33,769
7,076
28
4
2,859
6,299
5,626
601
—
—
72
12,547
10,867
1,269
3
—
408
12,085
10,274
1,529
3
279
4,667
4,257
325
—
—
85
14,533
13,040
1,234
2
—
257
40,254
32,687
6,309
6
—
1,252
9,230
5,317
3,313
—
—
600
45,973
22,406
21,395
9
—
2,163
20,103
18,456
1,425
5
—
217
54,002
50,460
2,515
7
5
1,015
38,240
29,989
6,691
3
2
1,555
44,978
27,539
15,343
6
—
2,090
26,699
19,988
5,941
1
769
29,425
19,661
9,261
9
—
494
13,972
11,657
2,260
—
—
55
25,866
15,840
8,812
—
—
1,214
21,128
12,432
8,055
—
—
641
29,572
19,418
9,329
1
824
7,030
4,853
1,862
—
—
315
13,879
7,996
4,772
3
—
1,108
2,091
1,952
132
—
—
7
30,555
23,232
6,229
—
2
1,092
19,811
18,381
1,238
1
191
171,122
123,436
37,180
74
5
10,427
10,415
9,975
384
2
—
54
8.389
7,795
431
—
—
163
20,170
10,821
7,642
12
—
1,695
36,107
29,807
5,644
1
^«
655
35,024
14,994
18,859
2
—
1,169
30,324
26,053
3,909
14
—
348
16,514
6,895
8,974
1
2
642
10,839
6,769
3,605
—
—
465
886
North Carolina Manual
GENERAL ELECTIONS, NOVEMBER 6, 1984
County
Alamance
Alexander
Alleghany
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick
Buncombe
Burke
Cabarrus
Caldwell
Camden
Carteret
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan
Clay
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven
Cumberland
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe
Forsyth*
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood
Henderson
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
*(Figures not certified)
No.
Precincts
Total
Registration
Democrats Republicans Libertarian
Social
Workers
Unaffiliated
30
16
7
12
19
19
29
12
17
21
52
39
31
24
3
34
14
39
26
16
6
7
28
26
24
54
11
16
44
12
20
45
20
80
11
42
7
5
18
13
83
30
22
31
22
12
13
7
23
18
54,751
16,813
6,738
12,674
15,587
8,558
21,564
11,820
16,594
24,775
90,881
38,189
45,355
35,177
3,277
26,231
11,841
58,003
21,713
13,433
6,750
5,797
41,007
32,039
31,419
82,024
6,461
10,023
60,299
14,597
19,999
95,177
30,116
149,497
15,695
77,677
5,815
5,686
17,759
8,537
187,273
30,068
28,111
26,599
37,524
13,535
9,050
3,386
46,261
15,503
39,104
8,403
5,039
11,780
8,546
2,159
17,951
11,229
15,440
17,512
60,377
23,504
29,648
18,911
3,085
17,026
10,936
30,101
16,464
7,945
5,876
2,809
32,341
28,988
23,805
62,745
5,560
7,518
33,951
6,202
17,873
75,856
26,670
96,030
13,946
51,236
5,656
3,096
16,179
8,000
123,153
27,441
22,668
20,312
17,342
12,697
8,502
3,089
30,549
10,343
12,529
7,239
1,509
789
6,476
6,183
3,207
465
1,004
6,514
25,965
12,658
14,035
13,648
160
7,425
812
23,250
4,390
4,782
739
2,486
7,178
2,772
6,441
15,460
655
1,702
23,637
7,877
2,020
14,456
2,975
43,608
1,585
22,874
132
2,382
1,307
478
53,822
2,083
4,993
5,575
18,248
709
487
253
13,761
4,296
17
2
12
32
4
1
4
4
4
9
10
4
13
1
6
13
2
6
2
56
30
2
17
49
6
2
16
5
3
5
17
3,101
1,171
190
105
565
208
403
126
148
737
4,507
2,023
1,671
2,614
32
1,776
89
4,642
849
702
135
502
1,473
278
1,167
3,804
246
801
2,705
516
106
4,804
468
9,824
162
3,549
27
208
270
59
10,232
544
450
712
1,928
127
61
44
1,935
864
Voter Registration Statistics
887
GENERAL ELECTIONS, NOVEMBER 6, 1984 (Continued)
No.
County Precincts
Johnston 29
Jones 7
Lee 12
Lenoir 22
Lincoln 24
Macon 15
Madison 12
Martin 13
McDowell 17
Mecklenburg Ill
Mitchell 5
Montgomery 14
Moore 22
Nash 24
New Hanover 34
Northampton 18
Onslow* 24
Orange 36
Pamlico 17
Pasquotank 14
Pender 17
Perquimans 7
Person 14
Pitt 24
Polk 10
Randolph 39
Richmond 16
Robeson 41
Rockingham 30
Rowan 41
Rutherford 34
Sampson 24
Scotland 8
Stanly 25
Stokes 22
Surry 28
Swain 5
Transylvania 17
Tyrell 6
Union 27
Vance 16
Wake* 88
Warren 14
Washington 6
Watauga 19
Wayne 20
Wilkes 30
Wilson 23
Yadkin 12
Yancey 11
Totals 2,354
*(Figures not certified)
Total
Registration
Democrats Republicans Libertarian
Social
Workers
Unaffiliated
35,870
28,674
6,436
1
—
759
5,977
5,657
281
—
—
39
19,935
16,177
3,312
—
—
446
30,643
25,459
4,813
5
1
365
26,849
17,425
8,272
2
1
1,149
14,324
8,372
5,141
2
809
11,039
7,832
2,873
2
—
332
13,823
12,572
1,058
1
2
190
19,392
13,475
5,020
2
—
895
253,815
158,195
80,774
78
—
14,768
9,770
2,460
7,113
197
13,118
9,486
3,253
—
—
379
29,738
16,747
11,549
7
—
1,435
36,112
28,156
7,304
3
6
643
58,472
39,962
16,299
16
—
2,195
14,968
14,702
266
32,091
24,765
5,764
8
—
1,554
51,739
38,207
9,648
45
8
3,831
6,618
5,816
700
—
—
102
13,489
11,421
1,599
4
—
465
13,072
10,877
1,861
3
331
4,988
4,493
407
—
—
88
14,509
12,997
1,263
2
—
247
45,506
35,983
7,961
10
2
1,550
9,935
5,684
3,545
—
—
706
51,254
23,978
24,708
8
2,560
21,905
19,660
1,986
8
—
251
56,758
52,640
2,984
11
5
1,118
41,775
32,051
8,011
—
—
1,713
50,696
29,956
18,248
6
—
2,486
28,314
20,816
6,621
877
30,610
20,395
9,710
6
—
499
14,753
12,514
1,591
5
—
643
27,835
16,575
9,851
1
—
1,408
22,305
12,840
8,781
—
—
684
31,515
20,103
10,427
1
984
7,531
5,156
2,001
1
—
373
14,929
8,298
5,344
5
—
1,282
2,188
2,027
152
—
—
9
34,766
24,934
8,426
1
2
1,403
20,408
18,767
1,428
213
197,905
136,752
48,276
109
3
12,765
10,660
10,211
390
2
—
57
8,703
7,995
542
—
3
163
22,875
11,858
8,900
17
2
2,098
40,738
32,755
7,201
3
779
37,637
15,767
20,405
3
—
1,462
32,978
27,761
4,812
17
—
388
17,258
7,151
9,524
—
1
582
11,187
6,914
3,769
—
—
504
3,270,933 2,289,061 838,631
733
72
142,436
888 North Carolina Manual
ELECTION DISTRICTS
CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS
(Ch. 7, 1st Extra Session, 1982)
1st District — Beaufort, Bertie, Camden, Carteret, Chowan, Craven, Curri-
tuck, Dare, Gates, Greene, Hertford, Hyde, Lenoir, Martin,
Northampton, Pamhco, Pasquotank, Perquimans, Pitt, Tyrrell,
and Washington Counties.
2nd District — Caswell, Durham, Edgecombe, Granville, Halifax, Johnston
(part), Nash, Person, Vance, Warren, and Wilson Counties.
3rd District — Bladen, Duplin, Harnett, Johnston (part), Jones, Lee, Moore
(part), Onslow, Pender, Sampson, and Wayne County.
4th District — Chatham, Franklin, Orange, Randolph, and Wake Counties.
5th District — Alexander, Alleghany, Ashe, Forsyth, Rockingham, Stokes,
Surry, and Wilkes Counties.
6th District — Alamance, Davidson, and Guilford Counties.
7th District — Brunswick, Columbus, Cumberland, New Hanover, and
Robeson Counties.
8th District — Anson, Cabarrus, Davie, Hoke, Montgomery, Moore (part),
Richmond, Rowan, Scotland, Stanly, Union, and Yadkin (part)
Counties.
9th District — Iredell, Lincoln, Mecklenburg, and Yadkin (part) Counties.
10th District — Avery (part), Burke, Caldwell, Catawba, Cleveland, Gaston,
and Watauga Counties.
11th District — Avery (part). Buncombe, Cherokee, Clay, Graham, Haywood,
Henderson, Jackson, McDowell, Macon, Madison, Mitchell,
Polk, Rutherford, Swain, Transylvania, and Yancey Counties.
North Carolina Election Districts
889
APPORTIONMENT OF SENATORS BY DISTRICTS
IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CENSUS OF 1980
AND THE CONSTITUTION
1st District
2nd District
3rd District
4th District
5th District
6th District
7th District
8th District
9th District
10th District
11th District
12th District
13th District
14th District
15th District
16th District
17th District
18th
19th
20th District
21st
22nd
23rd
24th
District
District
District
District
District
District
25th District
26th District
27th District
28th District
29th District
30th District
31st District
32nd District
33rd District
34th District
35th District
SENATORIAL DISTRICTS
1) — Beaufort (part), Bertie (part), Camden, Chowan, Currituck,
Dare, Gates (part), Hyde, Pasquotank, Perquimans, Tyrrell,
and Washington.
1) — Bertie (part), Edgecombe (part). Gates (part), Halifax (part),
Hertford, Martin (part), Northampton, and Warren (part).
1) — Carteret, Craven, and Pamlico.
1) — Onslow.
1) — Duplin, Jones, Lenoir, and Pender (part).
1) — Edgecombe (part), Martin (part), Pitt (part), and Wilson
(part).
1) — New Hanover and Pender (part).
1) — Greene and Wayne.
1) — Beaufort (part), Martin (part), and Pitt (part).
1) — Edgecombe (part), Halifax (part), Nash, Warren (part), and
Wilson (part).
1) — Franklin, Vance, and Wake (part).
2) — Cumberland (part).
2) — Durham, Granville, Orange (part), and Person.
3) — Harnett, Lee, and Wake (part).
1) — Johnston and Sampson.
2) — Chatham, Moore, Orange (part), and Randolph.
2) — Anson, Montgomery, Richmond, Scotland, Stanly, and
Union.
1) — Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, and Cumberland (part).
1) — Forsyth (part) and Guilford (part).
2) — Forsyth (part).
1) — Alamance and Caswell.
1) — Cabarrus and Mecklenburg (part).
2) — Davidson, Davie, and Rowan.
2) — Alleghany, Ashe, Rockingham, Stokes, Surry, and
Watauga.
3) — Cleveland, Gaston, Lincoln, and Rutherford.
2) — Alexander, Catawba, Iredell, and Yadkin.
2) — Avery, Burke, Caldwell, Mitchell, and Wilkes.
2) — Buncombe, McDowell, Madison, and Yancey.
2) — Cherokee, Clay, Graham, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson,
Macon, Polk, Swain, and Transylvania.
1) — Hoke and Robeson.
1) — Guilford (part).
1) — Guilford (part).
1) — Mecklenburg (part).
1) — Mecklenburg (part).
1) — Mecklenburg (part).
890
North Carolina Manual
1st District (2) —
2nd District
3rd District
4th District
5th District
6th District
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17 th
18th
19th
20th
21st
22nd
23rd
24th
25th
26th
27th
28th
29th
30th
31st
32nd
33rd
34th
35th
36th
37 th
38th
39th
40th
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
41st District
42nd District
1) -
3) -
3) -
1) -
1) -
1) -
4) -
2) -
1) -
2) -
2) -
2) -
1) -
1) -
3) -
2) -
3) -
2) -
2) -
1) -
3) -
1) -
2) -
4) -
1) -
3) -
2) -
1) -
1) -
1) -
1) -
1) -
4) -
2) -
1) -
1) -
1) -
3) -
3) -
2) -
1) -
REPRESENTATIVE DISTRICTS
Camden, Chowan, Currituck, Dare, Gates (part),
Pasquotank, Perquimans, Tyrrell, and Washington.
Beaufort, Hyde, and Washington (part).
Craven, Lenoir, and Pamlico.
Carteret and Onslow.
Bertie (part). Gates (part), Hertford (part), and
Northampton.
Bertie (part), Hertford (part), Martin (part), and Pitt
(part).
Halifax (part), Martin (part), and Warren (part).
Edgecombe (part) and Nash (part).
Greene and Pitt (part).
Duplin and Jones.
Wayne.
Bladen, Pender (part), and Sampson.
New Hanover (part).
Brunswick, New Hanover (part), and Pender (part).
Columbus.
Hoke, Robeson, and Scotland (part).
Cumberland (part).
Cumberland (part).
Harnett and Lee.
Franklin and Johnston.
Wake (part).
Caswell, Granville, Halifax (part), Person, Vance, and
Warren.
Durham.
Chatham (part) and Orange.
Alamance, Rockingham, and Stokes (part).
Guilford (part) and Randolph (part).
Guilford (part).
Guilford (part).
Forsyth (part) and Guilford (part).
Chatham (part) and Randolph (part).
Moore.
Richmond and Scotland (part).
Anson and Montgomery.
Cabarrus, Stanly, and Union.
Rowan.
Mecklenburg (part).
Davidson, Davie, and Iredell (part)
Randolph (part).
Forsyth (part).
Alleghany, Ashe, Stokes (part), Surry, and Watauga
(part).
Alexander (part), Wilkes, and Yadkin.
Iredell (part).
North Carolina Election Districts
891
43rd District
44th District
45th District
46th District
47 th
48th
49th
50th
51st
52nd
53rd
54th
55th
56th
57th
58th
59th
60th
61st
62nd
63rd
64th
65th
66th
67th
68th
69th
70th
71st
72nd
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
Alexander (part), Catawba (part), and Iredell (part).
Gaston and Lincoln Counties.
Burke (part) and Catawba (part).
Alexander (part), Avery, Burke (part), Caldwell, Mitchell,
and Watauga (part).
Burke (part).
Cleveland, Polk, and Rutherford.
McDowell and Yancey.
Henderson (part).
Buncombe, Henderson (part), and Transylvania.
Graham (part), Haywood, Jackson, Madison, and Swain.
Cherokee, Clay, Graham (part), and Macon.
Mecklenburg (part).
Mecklenburg (part).
Mecklenburg (part).
Mecklenburg (part).
Mecklenburg (part).
Mecklenburg (part).
Mecklenburg (part).
Wake (part).
Wake (part).
Wake (part).
Wake (part).
Wake (part).
Forsyth (part).
Forsyth (part).
[See District 23]
[See District 23]
Edgecombe (part), Nash (part), and Wilson (part).
Nash (part) and Wilson (part).
Edgecombe (part) and Nash (part).
'By Court order Districts 68 and 69 were recombined with District 23.
CHAPTER TWO
Election Results
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
The procedure by which the American people elect their president is outlined
in Article II of the Constitution of the United States. The only major change to
this procedure since its inception in 1789 occurred in 1804 with the passage of
the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. Prior to this
the person receiving the "greatest number of votes of the electors" after the
president had been chosen became the vice president. The Twelfth Amendment
altered this by requiring electors to cast separate ballots or vice president. (For
a more detail look at the development and operation of the electoral process, see
Part I, Chapter One, The Electoral College.)
In more modern times, the practice has been for the political parties to select
their presidential nominee at their national convention. The nominee would
then select his "running mate" who would be formally nominated and
approved by the delegates at the convention. The party nominees for president
and vice president then run as a team, and their names might appear as a
single entry on the ballot although in many states only the name of the
presidential nominee appears.
As the complexity of selecting party nominees increased and more candidates
began to run for the office of president, states looked for an alternative method
for selecting a nominee, at least partially, prior to the respective national
conventions of the political parties. The method devised was the Presidential
Preference Primary. In North Carolina this method was not initiated until
1972, following approval by the 1971 General Assembly. The popularity of the
Presidential Preference Primary has grown so much that many states have
informally set one date for holding the primary — "Super Tuesday."
894
North Carolina Manual
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
DEMOCRATIC PREFERENCE PRIMARY, MARCH 8, 1988
County Bruce Babbitt
Alamance 74
Alexander 6
Alleghany 4
Anson 9
Ashe 24
Avery 1
Beaufort 29
Bertie 36
Bladen 43
Brunswick 19
Buncombe 152
Burke 18
Cabarrus 79
Caldwell 13
Camden 5
Carteret 44
Caswell 9
Catawba 42
Chatham 28
Cherokee 13
Chowan 11
Clay 3
Cleveland 50
Columbus 24
Craven 110
Cumberland 62
Currituck 10
Dare 24
Davidson 39
Davie 9
Duplin 38
Durham 138
Edgecombe 15
Forsyth 117
Franklin 18
Gaston 71
Gates 7
Graham 3
Granville 12
Greene 8
Guilford 218
Halifax 43
Harnett 17
Haywood 29
Henderson 29
Hertford 39
Hoke 8
Hyde 4
Iredell 26
Jackson 21
Michael S.
Dukakis
Richard A.
Gephardt
AIGore
Gary Hart Jesse Jackson Paul Simon No Preference
2,296
417
192
583
878
162
875
178
666
1,120
4,636
1,876
3,056
801
109
1,373
262
1,924
1,054
372
179
128
2,499
846
949
3,837
255
501
2,631
363
648
4,868
749
5,809
636
2,442
125
117
679
131
8,586
1,388
1,067
1,610
1,469
265
255
108
1,740
824
520
114
91
174
325
15
619
98
337
354
1,094
339
802
197
45
437
97
461
219
128
84
40
705
370
398
650
120
417
415
142
327
662
284
1,542
168
707
79
60
195
2,060
487
277
571
480
122
83
84
388
252
4,767
1,213
783
963
2,388
254
3,048
1,047
1,746
1,507
5,565
2,657
3,719
2,036
409
2,231
1,077
2,782
1,917
878
458
471
3,400
2,259
2,972
5,987
654
811
3,498
1,085
2,060
5,223
2,289
9,715
1,770
3,923
540
419
1,741
1,170
12,625
3,310
3,156
2,305
1,662
1,071
833
415
3,452
1,292
224
41
37
89
197
10
301
106
188
206
328
135
340
93
23
143
60
178
117
35
20
20
298
197
227
471
62
85
156
59
219
288
187
405
127
240
39
21
121
71
603
396
166
148
96
157
70
34
178
82
3,160
224
74
1,369
198
41
1,701
2,249
2,397
1,663
3,297
821
2,144
526
405
907
1,409
1,264
2,183
86
736
34
2,067
2,457
2,580
7,870
420
301
1,329
443
1,958
12,392
5,204
12,155
2,160
2,371
981
43
2,418
1,027
14,363
4,215
1,332
451
643
2,480
1,239
423
1,921
276
149
14
8
21
40
3
93
6
29
34
254
76
111
37
5
69
7
102
101
24
10
8
100
50
71
173
12
73
75
16
35
465
33
386
21
110
6
5
25
14
642
77
54
69
95
30
19
12
55
55
316
22
12
73
197
6
593
29
210
95
386
108
668
45
16
121
58
81
72
22
55
9
426
116
153
396
61
92
117
29
106
513
120
370
69
286
31
10
87
48
1,001
482
139
108
95
54
51
45
148
66
Election Results
895
DEMOCRATIC PREFERENCE PRIMARY, MARCH 8, 1988
(Continued)
Michael S
County Bruce Babbitt DuJiakis
Johnston 29
Jones 6
Lee 30
Lenoir 25
Lincoln 19
Macon 21
Madison 10
Martin 31
McDowell 20
Mecklenburg 323
Mitchell 1
Montgomery 8
Moore 24
Nash 45
New Hanover ... 52
Northampton ... 76
Onslow 65
Orange 77
Pamlico 8
Pasquotank 23
Pender 8
Perquimans 8
Person 25
Pitt 25
Polk 16
Randolph 12
Richmond 12
Robeson 132
Rockingham 33
Rowan 33
Rutherford 32
Sampson 21
Scotland 28
Stanly 34
Stokes 10
Surry 30
Swain 9
Transylvania ... '12
Tyrell 5
Union 50
Vance 15
Wake 347
Warren 13
Washington 6
Watauga 16
Wayne 74
Wilkes 11
Wilson 51
Yadkin 2
Yancey 2
Totals 3,816
Richard A.
Gephardt
AlGore
Gar; Hart Jesse Jackson Paul Simon No Preference
1,324
131
835
862
1,039
800
266
292
755
11,885
103
409
1,303
1,420
3,596
326
1,691
4,537
229
397
709
172
489
1,677
325
1,191
962
2,912
1,612
2,050
1,055
587
417
1,302
504
809
315
632
84
2,213
708
11,726
345
207
720
1,162
698
1,082
252
342
485
103
189
526
267
275
102
195
202
2,293
33
149
292
587
664
141
671
439
93
149
218
85
146
870
111
306
266
1,169
463
656
376
191
131
383
209
331
132
246
43
489
202
2,156
108
155
149
541
238
321
106
121
4,049
645
1,854
3,396
1,698
1,106
838
1,377
1,180
9,710
200
1,301
2,102
3,536
2,730
1,069
3,323
3,176
744
1,004
878
508
1,420
4,841
443
2,840
1,428
4,828
3,493
2,962
1,787
1,729
891
1,821
1,674
2,748
349
898
262
3,157
1,664
15,653
851
802
1,148
3,296
1,654
3,089
1,150
814
299
54
116
271
112
56
33
92
76
581
4
88
113
215
269
242
314
175
65
102
128
32
82
256
43
132
105
,150
208
207
96
107
53
134
122
125
36
63
23
212
115
805
92
68
43
198
95
185
44
51
1,784
1,012
940
3,502
350
165
129
1,491
265
20,345
40
787
1,375
3,533
3,664
2,389
2,313
4,277
885
1,792
1,561
580
1,204
4,716
255
1,007
1,257
8,536
2,594
2,123
469
2,065
1,084
803
583
586
80
308
320
1,399
2,795
14,030
2,346
1,335
397
3,944
363
3,640
190
162
66
10
37
61
32
36
10
26
24
609
4
22
72
74
157
21
103
542
10
20
22
10
26
117
18
53
23
130
59
74
29
27
24
47
31
39
12
35
6
83
37
964
17
9
53
61
25
65
4
17
208
38
98
244
77
33
16
92
40
948
2
47
83
165
254
69
487
216
58
62
100
53
92
238
35
100
90
1,262
204
197
123
33
69
86
29
51
14
72
43
419
104
755
38
40
36
210
42
116
12
24
137,993 37,553 235,669 16,381 224,177 8,032 16,337
896
North Carolina Manual
REPUBLICAN PREFERENCE PRIMARY, MARCH 8, 1988
County George Bush
Alamance 2,078
Alexander 760
Alleghany 151
Anson 143
Ashe 2,288
Avery 767
Beaufort 1,012
Bertie 65
Bladen 198
Brunswick 1,326
Buncombe 4,134
Burke 1,628
Cabarrus 2,658
Caldwell 1,386
Camden 26
Carteret 1,684
Caswell 106
Catawba 3,141
Chatham 685
Cherokee 723
Chowan 123
Clay 386
Cleveland 1,156
Columbus 338
Craven 1,387
Cumberland 2,002
Currituck 106
Dare 506
Davidson 2,716
Davie 1,132
Duplin 352
Durham 1,709
Edgecombe 363
Forsyth 6,312
Franklin 294
Gaston 2,925
Gates 27
Graham 444
Granville 146
Greene 70
Guilford 8,829
Halifax 396
Harnett 608
Haywood 782
Henderson 3,720
Hertford 106
Hoke 89
Hyde 54
Iredell 1,688
Jackson 594
Bob Dole
Pete DuPont
Alexander
Haig, Jr.
Jack Kemp Pat Robertson No Preference
1,835
10
6
230
353
44
777
1
5
47
184
6
165
0
0
9
21
8
85
0
1
12
27
4
1,379
7
14
76
119
81
492
4
3
60
140
29
439
18
4
93
225
71
40
0
0
5
20
3
119
5
3
17
24
15
714
10
8
95
361
29
2,588
28
20
457
792
63
1,342
14
5
128
251
25
2,730
24
9
175
762
121
1,415
5
7
80
247
25
10
0
0
1
5
0
857
20
8
153
516
40
59
0
0
6
27
4
329
16
10
261
368
37
668
3
2
57
84
28
292
2
2
57
89
9
78
3
1
19
31
4
179
3
2
39
60
12
858
18
4
130
279
38
203
2
0
50
83
7
742
19
11
114
403
26
1,657
10
7
141
770
60
52
0
1
7
62
8
265
9
4
58
253
18
2,780
14
8
176
447
33
1,140
12
6
67
170
21
210
1
0
6
79
6
2,545
17
8
256
524
87
336
1
4
27
146
13
6,379
56
28
650
1,063
130
272
0
2
24
93
7
2,141
12
8
241
822
31
19
0
0
1
6
2
173
0
0
38
34
5
167
2
0
12
42
7
67
0
0
13
18
1
7,961
76
39
750
1,608
228
299
3
1
33
110
32
526
3
3
56
190
6
468
4
5
86
179
11
1,849
19
10
386
415
40
101
5
1
8
54
4
68
1
1
6
19
4
24
2
1
13
7
4
1,648
13
4
158
539
22
360
0
2
66
72
8
Election Results
897
REPUBLICAN PREFERENCE PRIMARY, MARCH 8, 1988
(Continued)
County George Bush Bob Dole PeteDuPont
Johnston 857
Jones 63
Lee 464
Lenoir 689
Lincoln 1,209
Macon 1,053
Madison 351
Martin 137
McDowell 482
Mecklenburg 12,159
Mitchell 755
Montgomery 491
Moore 3,037
Nash 1,129
New Hanover ... 2,994
Northampton ... 55
Onslow 1,295
Orange 1,118
Pamlico 226
Pasquotank 243
Pender 455
Perquimans 76
Person 179
Pitt 1,246
Polk 831
Randolph 2,879
Richmond 212
Robeson 758
Rockingham 1,069
Rowan 1,765
Rutherford 853
Sampson 851
Scotland 165
Stanly 1,275
Stokes 927
Surry 1,056
Swain 230
Transylvania ... 1,121
Tyrell 21
Union 1,566
Vance 131
Wake 7,157
Warren 54
Washington 77
Watauga 903
Wayne 928
Wilkes 2,030
Wilson 711
Yadkin 1,127
Yancey 481
Totals 124,260 107,032 944~
Alexander
Haig, Jr.
Jack Kemp Pat Robertson No Preference
880
5
16
2
428
5
416
5
1,072
8
429
2
170
0
119
1
374
1
3,935
94
464
3
328
0
1,915
33
870
7
1,822
28
25
1
650
14
1,638
27
90
2
151
7
244
5
31
2
177
0
1,081
19
330
8
2,608
5
197
1
677
5
918
11
4,503
9
535
0
807
4
lao
4
1,178
6
760
1
692
109
587
8
10
1,585
11
147
8,848
91
60
0
47
0
932
9
818
8
1,539
11
585
0
950
3
223
2
3
0
4
1
1
3
1
0
0
51
2
4
16
3
13
1
13
12
2
0
2
1
0
7
1
9
1
17
4
5
0
4
0
2
2
3
0
5
0
9
0
46
1
1
7
7
6
1
5
1
89
195
12
6
14
1
46
78
6
75
198
20
83
290
6
111
134
13
22
28
0
14
39
8
79
85
5
1,272
3,010
276
59
66
16
9
56
12
229
218
32
99
426
20
206
1,001
41
2
17
2
110
221
67
158
226
64
16
33
4
30
90
12
49
88
7
8
27
6
21
27
6
139
527
39
94
53
5
136
637
26
35
56
3
55
138
84
112
166
12
128
601
30
74
211
8
38
113
7
19
38
11
47
244
19
68
87
16
72
126
14
29
28
2
172
177
18
3
6
0
130
488
50
9
46
3
1,105
2,157
181
6
12
14
10
23
5
91
149
23
88
338
22
103
204
12
63
266
8
65
124
17
27
86
15
546
11,361
26,861
2,797
898 North Carolina Manual
GENERAL ELECTIONS, NOVEMBER 8, 1988
(D)
Michael S. Dukakis
County Lloyd M. Bensen
Alamance 12,642
Alexander 4,148
Alleghany 2,087
Anson 4,831
Ashe 4,034
Avery 1,367
Beaufort 5,352
Bertie 3,762
Bladen 5,031
Brunswick 7,881
Buncombe 26,964
Burke 10,848
Cabarrus 10,686
Caldwell 7,862
Camden 1,081
Carteret 6,859
Caswell 4,189
Catawba 12,922
Chatham 7,600
Cherokee 2,567
Chowan 1,756
Clay 1,289
Cleveland 10,321
Columbus 9,172
Craven 7,313
Cumberland 23,789
Currituck 1,555
Dare 2,806
Davidson 13,215
Davie 3,166
Duplin 5,945
Durham 35,441
Edgecombe 9,044
Forsyth 39,726
Franklin 5,438
Gaston 14,582
Gates 2,024
Graham 1,313
Granville 5,280
Greene 2,729
Guilford 50,351
Halifax 8,726
Harnett 7,259
Haywood 9,010
Henderson 9,338
Hertford 4,943
Hoke 3,281
Hyde 1,316
Iredell 10,530
Jackson 4,933
(R)
(NA)
(U Write-in
George Bush
Lenora B. Fulani
Ron Paul
Dan Quayle
Wynonia Brewington Burke
Andre Marrou
24,131
69
9
7,968
33
5
2,174
3
2,782
20
6,019
17
13
4,277
22
12
8,190
28
2,145
12
3,770
13
10,007
32
19
36,828
185
15
15,933
26
12
22,524
71
3
15,176
33
1,144
24
11,076
51
8
3,299
20
1
28,872
44
6,999
27
13
4,557
21
1,844
14
2,174
13
4
14,039
28
9
6,659
51
12,057
46
1
27,057
121
12
2,443
5
3
5,234
29
2
28,374
70
3
7,988
38
5,774
7
29,928
478
36
6,831
31
10
57,688
302
19
5,499
22
1
34,775
87
7
1,451
10
2,019
15
4,880
274
5
2,498
11
66,060
276
545
7,462
23
9,749
21
8,957
48
13
19,711
58
18
2,977
9
1
2,020
32
940
8
21,536
62
7
5,166
24
Election Results
899
GENERAL ELECTIONS, NOVEMBER 8, 1988
(Continued)
County
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg ..
Mitchell
Montgomery ...
Moore
Nash
New Hanover .
Northampton .
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank ....
Pender
Perquimans ....
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
Rockingham ...
Rowan
Rutherford
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania .
Tyrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington ....
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
Totals
(D)
Michael S. Dukakis
Lloyd M. Bensen
(R)
(NA)
(L) Write-in
George Bush
Lenora B. Fulani
Ron Paul
Dan Quayle
Wynonia Brewington Burke
Andre Marrou
15,563
35
14
1,649
7
7,104
34
2
10,669
34
1
11,651
32
3
6,026
13
4
3,453
20
3,149
7
2
6,526
22
106,236
619
34
4,620
17
4,504
31
14,543
27
36
15,906
32
44
23,807
82
23
2,415
19
12,253
71
2
14,503
131
107
2,297
21
4,006
25
1
4,926
13
7
1,781
14
2
4,832
17
2
18,245
72
33
3,874
13
2
23,881
49
5,073
26
7
9,908
104
14,591
21
1
23,192
96
1
10,337
43
8,524
22
3,199
20
11,885
17
3
8,661
27
5
11,393
22
1,795
9
7,009
19
22
637
3
17,015
46
15
5,625
18
2
81,613
482
57
2,163
17
2,186
11
1
8,662
57
18
15,292
47
15,231
53
10,997
40
6
7,918
24
4,160
37
8,717
1,946
4,231
7,649
6,444
3,773
3,033
3,598
4,449
71,907
1,377
3,995
7,642
8,740
15,401
4,599
7,162
22,326
2,188
3,860
4,377
1,543
3,777
14,777
2,534
8,641
7,151
16,968
11,551
12,127
6,926
8,009
3,865
6,627
5,319
7,245
1,821
4,280
785
8,820
5,631
61,352
4,249
2,806
6,048
9,135
7,230
8,214
3,195
3,803
890,167
1,237,258
5,682
1,263
900 North Carolina Manual
DEMOCRATIC PREFERENCE PRIMARY, MAY 8, 1984
(D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) NO
County Askew Cranston Glen Hart Rollings Jackson McGovern Mondale Preference
Alamance 63 30
Alexander 3 5
Alleghany 7 5
Anson 15 4
Ashe 5 2
Avery 3 1
Beaufort 12 9
Bertie 18 16
Bladen 15 16
Brunswick 29 7
Buncombe 143 29
Burke 15 12
Cabarrus 27 17
Caldwell 10 4
Camden 3 3
Carteret 20 10
Caswell 11 20
Catawba 28 8
Chatham 18 12
Cherokee 7 1
Chowan 15 1
Clay 2 2
Cleveland 36 9
Columbus 38 13
Craven 64 22
Cumberland 80 30
Currituck 14 3
Dare 13 4
Davidson 40 20
Davie 3 2
Duplin 21 12
Durham 95 31
Edgecombe 23 17
Forsyth 84 26
Franklin 30 9
Gaston 46 20
Gates 13 12
Graham 0 1
Granville 13 10
Greene 15 7
Guilford 122 47
Halifax 62 18
Harnett 54 17
Haywood 19 11
Henderson 19 4
Hertford 48 15
Hoke 13 6
Hyde 5 1
Iredell 41 16
Jackson 6 3
307
5,233
87
3,591
186
5,280
876
48
1,005
19
215
20
1,174
46
51
1,044
8
81
22
999
59
98
1,605
67
2,614
40
1,953
176
24
1,259
14
99
40
2,015
98
19
291
17
66
10
465
54
204
2,577
52
1,620
49
2,875
773
117
1,323
257
2,393
112
1,218
183
120
1,840
107
2,046
98
2,299
297
120
2,568
47
2,181
81
2,721
333
325
7,691
319
2,880
221
10,581
903
134
4,211
68
1,072
87
4,471
276
230
4,158
129
2,058
178
4,391
540
91
2,548
35
597
75
2,904
213
42
623
6
399
15
609
146
138
2,630
49
681
90
3,267
351
98
1,497
12
2,538
41
1,690
326
183
4,137
98
1,362
90
4,734
340
171
2,853
49
2,894
99
3,030
508
33
636
8
60
28
1,087
30
23
607
7
750
27
655
54
7
264
3
17
9
406
10
211
4,665
180
1,859
131
5,536
847
209
3,482
124
3,400
160
4,690
614
262
2,972
164
2,284
193
3,197
537
509
7,386
148
9,210
270
9,746
1,674
61
974
13
566
30
824
231
87
1,180
21
268
45
1,047
334
227
4,072
67
1,499
155
4,453
333
52
861
19
480
25
1,138
91
169
2,351
47
2,187
76
3,062
419
368
7,741
135
16,311
270
8,516
1,220
244
3,425
83
6,715
162
4,158
636
629
8,246
208
13,033
285
11,286
956
137
1,974
42
2,293
61
2,468
355
398
6,668
256
2,188
208
6,941
1,082
59
802
8
1,302
28
955
199
19
337
6
45
19
800
38
136
2,252
37
3,533
74
2,475
385
94
1,185
25
1,195
26
1,610
344
810
12,104
354
15,141
431
13,156
1,671
252
3,502
57
5,103
109
3,908
653
244
2,712
62
1,796
112
4,916
570
77
2,515
76
266
91
4,373
285
77
2,305
102
416
43
2,532
208
110
1,136
117
2,680
117
1,423
395
52
898
26
1,556
27
1,318
198
29
526
5
334
10
588
145
284
4,848
135
2,178
125
4,475
603
37
1,192
20
192
39
2,112
80
Election Results
901
DEMOCRATIC PREFERENCE PRIMARY, MAY 8, 1984
(Continued)
(D) (D)
County Askew Cranston
Johnston 55 18
Jones 10 1
Lee 12 5
Lenoir 31 18
Lincoln 18 7
Macon 23 1
Madison 4 4
Martin 16 4
McDowell 19 7
Mecklenburg 195 58
Mitchell 4 2
Montgomery 7 9
Moore 35 10
Nash 56 23
New Hanover 47 22
Northampton 60 14
Onslow 53 20
Orange 36 28
Pamlico 6 13
Pasquotank 22 12
Pender 14 2
Perquimans 8 1
Person 16 5
Pitt 36 29
Polk 23 2
Randolph 19 3
Richmond 19 24
Robeson 60 21
Rockingham 35 19
Rowan 32 13
Rutherford 23 9
Sampson 16 13
Scotland 26 7
Stanly 22 9
Stokes 5 6
Surry 13 11
Swain 4 0
Transylvania 10 1
Tyrell 11 2
Union 37 7
Vance 43 12
Wake 301 74
Warren 22 4
Washington 9 1
Watauga 9 4
Wayne 71 23
Wilkes 20 4
Wilson 38 22
Yadkin 1 2
Yancey 6 3
Totals 3,144 1,209
(D)
Glen
(D)
Hart
(D)
Hollings
(D) (D) (D) NO
Jackson McGovern Mondale Preference
336
4,273
81
1,869
165
4,782
767
47
743
13
1,136
25
799
184
112
2,692
51
1,386
72
2,736
352
341
3,477
75
3,848
98
3,768
995
93
2,428
74
508
83
3,112
244
56
1,353
60
120
34
1,883
157
26
862
22
93
37
1,733
42
65
1,409
26
1,528
51
1,832
148
59
1,547
62
309
68
1,966
156
848
17,582
800
17,027
636
20,247
2,283
10
326
8
34
12
533
26
67
1,282
31
988
44
1,719
188
160
2,268
65
1,459
82
2,831
344
435
4,610
116
4,307
136
5,004
970
288
5,840
202
3,627
205
4,595
739
98
1,490
163
2,802
99
1,888
187
301
3,162
85
1,875
114
3,205
867
299
5,794
106
5,311
178
5,374
643
186
877
10
942
29
1,028
184
121
1,343
102
1,773
110
1,311
283
103
1,625
32
1,510
40
1,703
233
45
721
7
593
24
719
162
71
1,862
15
2,195
61
1,803
294
433
5,047
132
4,398
174
5,721
1,078
23
835
26
283
35
1,019
67
136
2,561
31
717
87
3,184
230
128
2,421
155
2,278
94
3,675
521
307
4,894
137
5,928
170
7,367
1,106
364
3,865
61
2,952
97
4,888
877
198
3,936
73
1,788
144
4,440
389
107
2,590
137
914
98
3,312
307
121
1,996
53
2,797
81
3,818
271
63
1,635
49
1,370
65
1,826
282
115
2,210
68
901
80
2,934
167
79
1,386
14
592
35
2,330
137
113
2,636
24
581
44
3,359
144
11
511
7
42
25
843
23
50
985
43
255
38
1,391
94
18
314
4
362
14
391
102
179
3,529
111
1,515
133
3,887
533
138
2,585
53
3,835
100
2,742
479
1,469
20,218
561
14,930
706
21,002
2,827
165
1,137
13
2,877
42
1,238
161
65
934
13
1,902
22
1,080
158
57
1,675
26
347
73
1,864
118
312
3,990
87
4,337
160
4,584
1,180
93
1,865
27
357
56
2,717
126
258
3,589
194
3,844
178
4,184
545
33
963
6
167
19
1,278
83
31
1,093
12
152
36
2,152
84
17,659 289,877 8,318 243,945 10,149 342,324 44,232
902
North Carolina Manual
GENERAL ELECTIONS, NOVEMBER 6, 1984
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS
County
Alamance ....
Alexander ...
Alleghany ...
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick ...
Buncombe ...
Burke
Cabarrus
Caldwell
Camden
Carteret
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan
Clay
Cleveland ....
Columbus ....
Craven
Cumberland
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe .
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood
Henderson ..
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
.Mondale
(Dl
Reagan
iRl
Bergland
(L)
.Mason
ISW)
11.230
26,063
68
9
3,581
8.502
20
4
2,013
2,589
13
2
5,015
3,719
11
15
4,009
6.611
22
3
1,159
4,702
17
8
5,987
9,284
27
6
3,953
2,879
29
9
5,064
4,701
12
2
6,774
9,673
35
6
23,337
37,698
122
26
10,353
18,766
51
8
8,477
22.528
43
10
7,311
17,024
50
9
1,075
1,282
5
1
5,882
11.637
35
3
4,157
3.992
19
6
11,700
31,476
61
13
7,458
8,595
39
7
2,776
4,894
8
1
1,736
2.171
9
2
1,340
2,259
19
1
10,288
17,095
82
7
8,728
9,150
20
6
7,186
12,893
41
14
22,614
31.602
89
14
1,668
2.885
8
1
1,839
4.738
16
3
11,469
30.471
54
7
2,911
8.201
12
1
6,830
7.708
13
4
32,244
29,185
134
21
10,545
9,635
24
12
36,814
59,208
174
15
4,766
5,984
10
8
14,142
39,167
70
13
2,225
1,694
7
4
1,494
2,514
4
2
5,217
6,302
58
3
2,772
3,195
8
0
46,027
73.096
186
27
9.278
8.832
30
13
7.106
11.198
15
4
7,958
10,146
24
3
7.222
19,369
80
26
4.498
3,176
16
5
3,214
2,449
11
3
1,004
1,195
3
0
9,999
23,641
55
9
4,367
5,582
22
3
Election Results
903
GENERAL ELECTIONS, NOVEMBER 6, 1984
(Continued)
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS
Mondale Reagan Bergland
County (D) (R) (U
Johnston 7,833
Jones 2,025
Lee 3,925
Lenoir 8,556
Lincoln 5,996
Macon 3,570
Madison 2,988
Martin 3,870
McDowell 4,076
Mecklenburg 63,190
Mitchell L286
Montgomery 3,831
Moore 7,063
Nash 8,588
New Hanover 12,591
Northampton 5,094
Onslow 5,713
Orange 20,564
Pamlico 2,152
Pasquotank 3,854
Pender 4,354
Perquimans 1,441
Person 3,528
Pitt 13,481
Polk 2,169
Randolph 7,511
Richmond 7,494
Robeson 15,257
Rockingham 10,605
Rowan 10,643
Rutherford 6,862
Sampson 9,115
Scotland 4,028
Stanly 6,138
Stokes 4,950
Surry 7,188
Swain 2,000
Transylvania 3,733
Tyrell 807
Union 7,048
Vance 5,880
Wake 50,323
Warren 3,946
Washington 3,114
Watauga 5,163
Wayne 10,011
Wilkes 6,852
Wilson 8,343
Yadkin 3,075
Yancey 3,651
Totals 824,287 1,346,481 3,794
Mason
(SW)
16,210
24
13
2,062
8
4
8,198
25
3
13,321
27
10
12,621
38
4
6,661
21
4
3,666
10
25
4,266
12
5
7,639
17
4
106,754
337
56
4,737
10
1
5,109
6
6
14,681
30
8
17,295
23
11
23,771
75
15
3,198
24
14
13,928
34
12
15,585
108
20
2,554
8
3
4,646
6
7
5,079
16
4
1,939
4
1
5,854
11
4
18,983
48
14
4,046
34
2
25,759
23
6
6,807
26
3
12,947
56
31
17,895
32
7
25,207
52
5
11,369
33
4
10,665
13
3
4,077
11
1
13,116
29
6
9,515
28
5
13,340
26
8
2,012
9
1
6,956
25
3
774
1
1
16,885
27
8
6,836
15
3
81,251
267
30
2,664
3
5
2,731
7
0
9,370
41
5
17,961
30
6
18,670
40
2
12,243
40
17
8,976
14
5
4,296
9
5
799
Election Results 905
THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS
When the Constitution of the United States was first adopted, Article I,
Section 3 provided for the election of United States Senators by the legislatures
of the various states. This method continued until 1913 when the Seventeenth
Amendment to the Federal Constitution ended the practice and provided for
the popular election of senators. Vacancies could be filled either by special
election or temporary appointment by the governor as determined by each
state.
When the 1915 General Assembly passed the Primary Elections Act, party
nominees for United States Senator were included in the provision. The act
called for primary elections to be held prior to the general elections in order to
determine the candidates from "each and every party" whose names would
appear on the November ballot. The first primary election for United States
Senator conducted under the new law was not held in North Carolina until
1926; however, the Democratic Party had conducted its own "primary elec-
tions" in 1900 and again in 1912. These primaries had been used to determine
the party's nominee for senator.
Should a United States Senator from North Carolina vacate his office for
whatever reason, the Governor has the authority to fill the vacancy on a
temporary basis. A vacancy that occurs sixty or more days prior to an election
for members of the General Assembly requires that an election to complete the
"unexpired" term of the former senator be held. If the former senator was up for
reelection, two separate sections would appear on the ballot - one for the
unexpired term and one for the full term.
Vacancies in the United States House of Representatives are filled in
accordance with guidelines outlined in G.S. 163-13. The Governor does not
have the authority to make a temporary appointment to fill the vacancy.
906 North Carolina Manual
UNITED STATES SENATE
DEMOCRATIC PRIMARY ELECTION, MAY 6th, 1986
Walt William Milton Katherine John Theodore Clinton Fountain Terry Betty
Atkins Irwin Belk M.Croom H.Harper Ingram Kinney H.Moore Odom Sanford Wallace
County (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) " (D) (I)) (D) (D)
Alamance 935 626
Alexander 0 65
Alleghany 29 190
Anson 22 153
Ashe 14 96
Avery 4 17
Beaufort 48 247
Bertie 75 129
Bladen 66 221
Brunswick 62 397
Buncombe 337 671
Burke 22 181
Cabarrus 94 297
Caldwell 25 124
Camden 27 149
Carteret 63 192
Caswell 45 202
Catawba 39 279
Chatham 55 208
Cherokee 67 161
Chowan 55 116
Clay 27 72
Cleveland 40 649
Columbus 110 380
Craven 284 366
Cumberland 119 1,328
Currituck 62 316
Dare 81 149
Davidson 54 343
Davie 3 48
Duplin 91 406
Durham 374 948
Edgecombe 77 299
Forsyth 89 1,214
Franklin 101 267
Gaston 131 714
Gates 40 230
Graham 18 36
Granville 45 144
Greene 33 132
Guilford 202 1,261
Halifax 96 460
Harnett 52 372
Haywood 88 401
Henderson 34 183
Hertford 91 313
Hoke 16 107
Hyde 10 59
Iredell 52 562
Jackson 52 125
61
184
1,451
96
73
731
5,372
208
8
16
235
16
4
172
1,126
16
12
30
446
30
21
189
1,625
72
16
328
986
207
44
690
2,349
166
3
19
217
21
11
94
1,554
59
1
15
47
5
7
75
464
9
57
131
1,557
77
31
78
3,882
190
25
55
577
1,007
18
127
1,783
42
56
130
1,132
769
40
187
2,877
223
27
108
1,278
80
22
117
2,798
86
53
329
1,861
98
132
909
11,664
549
15
79
844
50
17
901
3,293
103
19
104
1,035
360
22
1,578
3,455
171
16
51
449
45
20
434
2,167
59
6
44
490
83
19
21
738
78
35
109
1,131
42
48
64
4,424
158
42
147
926
534
127
377
2,886
270
26
89
762
42
37
777
3,685
128
25
107
1,115
149
33
312
4,271
169
34
182
515
73
50
119
1,320
129
25
38
342
64
28
62
1,795
73
17
61
216
67
50
14
600
89
74
144
1,660
63
27
1,147
4,433
219
90
179
1,964
508
67
192
6,175
203
64
159
1,321
46
30
306
4,313
151
58
217
2,376
3,024
38
171
10,184
229
41
148
567
85
105
93
1,308
202
17
73
370
29
20
49
2,109
97
37
153
1,027
61
17
267
4,000
111
6
30
214
22
8
77
1,255
29
48
152
1,746
225
75
105
4,596
219
79
230
2,780
3,636
57
641
12,063
255
74
161
1,091
886
78
220
4,413
194
47
221
2,514
1.897
65
1,262
14,727
250
37
274
1,599
341
88
290
4,019
321
50
297
2,846
111
45
2,794
6,341
366
28
70
566
182
79
52
1,355
112
7
38
211
42
20
19
950
64
86
128
1,498
305
45
129
3,964
164
45
67
931
33
33
33
2,212
86
70
368
3,207
276
109
2,076
18,931
431
41
228
2,078
283
88
204
6.352
309
70
107
1,834
291
22
248
4,472
183
31
213
1,926
107
111
275
6,509
550
18
101
453
29
7
167
2.617
97
57
113
669
94
71
261
3,134
120
26
50
543
354
21
190
1.470
92
3
31
309
23
14
20
701
40
27
150
1,297
78
38
1,473
5,728
255
49
91
818
64
50
201
3,317
219
Election Results
907
DEMOCRATIC PRIMARY ELECTION, MAY 6th, 1986
(Continued)
Wall William Milton Katherine John Theodore Clinton Fountain Terry Betty
Atkins Irwin Belk M.Croom H.Harper Ingram Kinney H.Moore Odom Sanford Wallace
County (D) (D) (D) (U) (1)| (D) (I)) (D) ID) (»)
Johnston 69 420 76 170 2,151 ;{r)l 54 490 5,240 28:}
Jones 17 120 50 77 805 67 M 35 1,537 71
Lee 64 281 50 102 1,396 255 28 319 4,045 206
Lenoir 48 930 308 325 2,463 249 71 154 5,607 257
Lincoln 39 164 23 95 967 39 18 974 3,013 115
Macon 19 63 41 100 431 28 47 28 2,084 842
Madison 67 64 17 53 462 21 28 100 2,055 129
Martin 72 101 26 40 528 29 38 58 2,219 88
McDowell 48 110 14 43 469 26 20 334 1,849 86
Mecklenburg 226 1,040 64 554 1,637 492 67 12,488 11,391 175
Mitchell 1 7 1 5 65 5 4 39 452 13
Montgomery 25 98 12 93 717 130 38 244 2,112 132
Moore 47 327 16 58 728 92 21 187 2,843 79
Nash 71 592 116 178 1,745 205 42 544 5,640 219
New Hanover 123 742 48 240 1,268 111 103 368 6,631 197
Northampton 138 205 69 109 1,213 233 65 178 2,649 106
Onslow 74 366 45 170 1,942 111 64 273 5,047 215
Orange 164 392 39 227 1,761 267 38 676 10,289 238
Pamlico 14 70 12 60 501 39 18 28 1,633 112
Pasquotank 116 545 35 116 730 98 47 146 2,297 89
Pender 37 373 66 160 1,040 94 361 73 3,085 185
Perquimans 38 174 27 49 423 35 46 31 1,130 86
Person 82 116 38 90 1,075 85 38 115 2,734 140
Pitt 115 724 88 207 2,412 286 81 232 8,034 330
Polk 71 66 11 42 326 29 22 66 1,274 51
Randolph 59 176 22 39 803 18 13 189 2,268 53
Richmond 139 284 31 163 1,534 177 15 588 3,473 190
Robeson 122 1,178 85 415 3,185 970 157 537 9,306 590
Rockingham 66 530 34 189 1,337 135 72 526 5,376 250
Rowan 59 384 35 172 1,490 151 54 1,425 5,852 217
Rutherford 89 494 56 170 1,751 106 51 691 4,647 258
Sampson 78 448 56 110 996 450 83 134 4,346 193
Scotland 75 136 15 82 837 114 27 251 3,473 102
Stanly 76 140 12 65 645 61 12 641 2,457 78
Stokes 39 147 13 65 998 125 35 274 2,931 81
Surry 67 229 4 51 644 30 22 290 3,253 42
Swain 18 39 4 38 268 40 35 105 1,245 81
Transylvania 11 64 7 41 390 27 16 29 1,466 72
Tyrrell 18 54 19 45 243 33 20 8 655 27
Union 37 208 21 128 1,042 97 21 1,409 4,168 149
Vance 64 305 175 164 1,776 337 28 151 4,700 162
Wake 558 1,767 527 491 3,923 1,148 126 1,917 26,025 668
Warren 25 136 33 82 854 1,725 24 132 2,108 87
Washington 14 64 14 31 405 19 23 15 1,747 38
Watauga 10 55 3 30 228 15 3 281 1,773 31
Wayne 186 1,397 225 278 3,069 856 90 351 7,487 372
Wilkes 13 198 6 26 328 19 6 158 2,263 33
Wilson 112 609 72 165 1,047 139 25 267 4,277 104
Yadkin 8 54 8 15 250 18 8 81 1,523 22
Yancey 22 30 6 41 232 31 18 69 1,909 42
Totals 8,306 33,821 4,834 12,998 111,557 27,228 4,659 49,689 409,394 17,001
908 North Carolina Manual
REPUBLICAN PRIMARY ELECTIONS, MAY 6th, 1986
James T. Broyhill David B. Funderburk Glenn Miller
County (Rep.) (Rep.) (Rep.)
Alamance 1,765 1,628 129
Alexander 2,226 156 18
Alleghany 411 73 22
Anson 138 47 7
Ashe 2,107 317 65
Avery 2,667 1,084 190
Beaufort 471 567 56
Bertie 53 35 6
Bladen 84 117 9
Brunswick 737 454 55
Buncombe 4,051 2,248 206
Burke 3,261 235 18
Cabarrus 1,914 636 66
Caldwell 4,356 253 19
Camden 26 6 5
Carteret 1,058 860 82
Caswell 93 77 27
Catawba 7,522 502 43
Chatham 688 437 33
Cherokee 953 619 167
Chowan 121 71 12
Clay 626 348 176
Cleveland 1,377 130 10
Columbus 301 216 25
Craven 687 765 56
1,765
1,628
2,226
156
411
73
138
47
2,107
317
2,667
1,084
471
567
53
35
84
117
737
4.54
4,051
2,248
3,261
235
1,914
636
4,356
253
26
6
1,058
860
93
77
7,522
502
688
437
953
619
121
71
626
348
1,377
130
301
216
687
765
1,223
1,518
63
29
298
295
2,975
2,400
2,022
546
291
241
2,158
1,026
245
240
6,437
4,082
212
211
4,865
845
34
10
814
405
140
130
60
62
5,694
3,831
162
160
329
656
880
622
2,861
1,270
137
69
53
48
35
25
3,070
796
837
284
Cumberland 1,223 1,518 124
Currituck 63 29 22
Dare 298 295 40
Davidson 2,975 2,400 195
Davie 2,022 546 133
Duplin 291 241 54
Durham 2,158 1,026 55
Edgecombe 245 240 32
Forsyth 6,437 4,082 221
Franklin 212 211 55
Gaston 4,865 845 55
Gates 34 10 6
Graham 814 405 150
Granville 140 130 12
Greene 60 62 7
Guilford 5,694 3,831 268
Halifax 162 160 19
Harnett 329 656 36
Haywood 880 622 99
Henderson 2,861 1,270 117
Hertford 137 69 14
Hoke 53 48 3
Hyde 35 25 5
Iredell 3,070 796 74
Jackson 837 284 46
Election Results 909
REPUBLICAN PRIMARY ELECTIONS, MAY 6th, 1986
(Continued)
James T. Broyhill David B. Fundorburk (llenn Miller
County (Rep.) (Rep.) (Rep.)
Johnston 624 681 60
Jones 31 47 5
Lee 518 387 10
Lenoir 444 441 77
Lincoln 1,980 357 26
Macon 1,287 550 138
Madison 596 255 46
Martin 99 92 12
McDowell 710 231 13
Mecklenburg 11,498 4,032 168
Mitchell 2,320 954 296
Montgomery 376 230 32
Moore 2,207 1,390 60
Nash 604 1,014 40
New Hanover 1,965 1,276 117
Northampton 47 18 4
Onslow 541 628 77
Orange 1,674 609 51
Pamlico 158 117 17
Pasquotank 291 248 37
Pender 323 221 37
Perquimans 60 31 7
Person 176 88 10
Pitt 892 771 100
Polk 685 254 32
624
681
31
47
518
387
444
441
1,980
357
1,287
550
596
255
99
92
710
231
1,498
4,032
2,320
954
376
230
2,207
1,390
604
1,014
1,965
1,276
47
18
541
628
1,674
609
158
117
291
248
323
221
60
31
176
88
892
771
685
254
2,704
2,076
251
218
379
237
784
699
3,735
1,379
1,688
387
1,290
698
250
147
1,675
343
1,096
603
961
388
360
191
882
358
27
8
887
586
154
100
6,985
4,323
58
33
36
52
1,999
142
1,356
1,402
4,327
1,113
537
478
2,860
874
595
154
Randolph 2,704 2,076 213
Richmond 251 218 29
Robeson 379 237 43
Rockingham 784 699 51
Rowan 3,735 1,379 143
Rutherford 1,688 387 45
Sampson 1,290 698 84
Scotland 250 147 23
Stanly 1,675 343 27
Stokes 1,096 603 98
Surry 961 388 43
Swain 360 191 27
Transylvania 882 358 50
Tyrrell 27 8 4
Union 887 586 28
Vance 154 100 10
Wake 6,985 4,323 188
Warren 58 33 3
Washington 36 52 6
Watauga 1,999 142 16
Wayne 1,356 1,402 151
Wilkes 4,327 1,113 186
Wilson 537 478 46
Yadkin 2,860 874 293
Yancey 595 154 39
Totals 139,570 63,593 6,662
910
North Carolina Manual
GENERAL ELECTIONS, NOVEMBER 4, 1986
County
For Remainder of Unexpired Term
(Expiring Noon, 3 -January 1987)
(D) (R)
Terry Sanford -James T. Broyiiill
For Regular
(D)
Terry Sanford
Six Year Term
(R)
James J. Broyhill
Alamance
12,519
4,087
2,183
3,843
4,306
1,273
5,620
3,063
3,874
7,746
23,997
8,210
8,845
5,911
857
7,120
3,922
10,402
6,726
2,900
1,936
1,766
7,670
9,661
6,879
21,384
1,654
2,710
14,348
3,046
5,561
25,227
8,451
32,601
5,869
12,233
2,077
1,633
5,333
2,720
42,513
8,330
7,105
8,633
8,120
4,552
2,861
1,216
10,266
4,706
14,802
6,866
1,952
1,464
4,838
3,506
5,081
917
1,650
6,307
23,685
13,213
12,709
13,347
401
6,597
1,744
23,006
4,441
3,631
1,017
2,177
11,340
3,375
5,682
13,886
957
2,736
18,031
5,031
2,820
15,443
3,937
34,466
3,636
25,972
644
2,006
2,706
964
39,239
4,656
5,424
5,971
11,549
1,571
997
615
14,658
3,555
13,2.54
4,183
2,273
3,976
4,418
1,348
5,850
3,364
4,323
7,973
24,971
8,471
9,287
5,988
882
7,399
4,221
10,669
6,895
3,048
2,191
1,797
7,824
10,064
7,489
22,101
1,665
2,795
14,818
3,168
5,731
26,494
8,734
34,540
6,199
12,580
2,179
1,777
5,579
2,805
44,425
8,574
7,256
8,773
8,357
5,1.55
3,013
1,256
10,566
4,976
15,224
Alexander
6,996
Alleehanv . ...
2,009
Anson
1,-526
Ashe
Avery
4,900
3,567
Beaufort
5,322
Bertie
1,026
Bladen
1,877
Brunswick
6,301
Buncombe
24,165
Burke
13,381
Cabarrus
12,857
Caldwell
13,501
Camden
400
Carteret
6,728
Caswell
1,867
Catawba
23,088
Chatham
4,426
Cherokee
3,757
Chowan
1,102
Clay
2,219
Cleveland
11,594
Columbus
3,514
Craven
5,982
Cumberland
13,694
Currituck
973
Dare
2,788
Davidson
18,272
Davie
5,176
Duplin
2,864
Durham
15,697
Edgecombe
4,051
Forsyth
34,137
Franklin
3,772
Gaston
26,065
Gates
720
Graham
2,055
Granville
2,821
Greene
1,048
Guilford
38,636
Halifax
4,734
Harnett
5,425
Haywood
5,958
Henderson
11,503
Hertford . .
1,762
Hoke
1,055
Hyde
651
Iredell
14,718
Jackson
3,645
Election Results
911
GENERAL ELECTIONS, NOVEMBER 4, 1986
(Continued)
County
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg
Mitchell
Montgomery ,
Moore
Nash ,
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank ...
Pender
Perquimans .,
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
Rockingham .
Rowan
Rutherford ....
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington ..
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
Totals
For Remainder of Unexpired Terra
(Expiring
Noon, 3 January 19871
(D)
(R)
Terry Sanford
James T.Broyliiii
9,168
9,385
1,750
848
4,132
3,678
6,936
5,503
6,649
8,855
4,095
4,457
3,372
3,095
3,568
1,383
4,637
4,810
48,855
55,453
1,370
3,242
3,463
2,587
7,410
10,310
8,491
7,980
12,913
12,248
4,740
1,408
7,079
6,182
17,193
8,140
2,082
1,335
2,871
1,608
4,004
2,647
1,283
713
2,835
2,125
13,001
9,098
2,585
2,539
8,486
14,558
6,805
3,505
13,387
4,820
10,335
8,130
10,469
14,470
7,780
7,557
8,247
7,106
3,076
1,337
6,263
8,241
5,909
6,243
7,737
7,598
1,565
1,520
4,093
4,562
660
325
8,274
8,456
5,272
3,431
48,428
43,065
3,308
1,229
2,329
1,004
4,870
6,773
8,992
8,775
7,345
12,146
6,737
5,281
3,554
5,649
4,099
3,253
For Regular Six Year Term
(D)
Terry Sanford
(R)
James J. Broyhill
9,588
1,830
4,413
7,235
6,849
4,220
3,595
3,874
4,860
56,014
1,445
3,602
7,697
8,761
14,536
5,019
7,540
17,790
2,140
3,404
4,207
1,336
3,181
13,396
2,724
8,846
6,947
13,711
10,531
11,247
8,160
8,733
3,384
6,577
6,028
8,071
2,044
4,174
682
8,589
5,568
51,859
3,572
2,399
5,059
9,656
7,560
7,472
3,703
4,160
9,532
917
3,833
5,810
8,900
4,549
3,207
1,517
5,010
57,697
3,291
2,652
10,278
8,036
12,585
1,551
6,354
8,043
1,381
1,813
2,692
754
2,236
9,076
2,605
14,893
3,525
5,001
8,112
14,787
7,759
7,002
1,445
8,371
6,309
7,928
1,971
4,591
358
8,430
3,562
44,270
1,247
1,021
6,847
9,191
12,295
5,745
5,850
3,290
780,967
753,881
823,662
767,668
912
North Carolina Manual
PRIMARY ELECTIONS, MAY 8, 1984
County
Alamance ..
Alexander ..
Alleghany ..
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick .,
Buncombe ..
Burke
Cabarrus
Caldwell
Camden
Carteret
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham ....
Cherokee
Chowan
Clay
Cleveland ...
Columbus ...
Craven
Cumberland
Currituck ....
Dare
Davidson ....
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe .
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville ....
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood ....
Henderson .,
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLICAN
Thomas L.
James B.
Harrill
Jesse
George
Allred
Hunt, Jr.
Jones
Helms
Wimbish
3,621
8,570
694
2,561
241
284
1,928
175
779
43
295
1,513
101
160
10
697
4,526
698
157
13
243
2,888
145
894
45
79
740
51
2,715
317
1,037
5,130
1,188
632
38
573
3,004
290
92
9
869
4,365
384
129
10
1,398
5,418
522
1,116
125
2,153
16,396
1,429
3,783
438
1,283
7,090
1,183
1,992
151
2,232
7,893
807
1,640
167
881
4,671
454
2,101
132
145
1,355
136
23
0
1,380
4,603
659
1,272
93
1,242
3,919
242
167
19
2,337
7,301
644
4,383
362
1,461
6,666
520
1,579
148
167
1,448
77
385
12
123
1,448
206
110
4
35
620
26
287
8
1,807
8,677
1,865
1,121
104
2,142
8,547
639
369
25
1,698
5,545
850
823
87
3,846
20,026
1,702
2,436
320
278
1,867
337
83
10
333
2,147
341
239
31
1,954
7,427
582
3,093
235
308
1,925
191
2,342
220
900
5,597
957
278
21
2,321
26,449
1,140
1,798
272
2,487
9,612
1,070
619
31
3,807
27,740
1,121
4,424
641
1,180
4,652
554
260
21
3,187
10,906
2,354
2,353
213
187
2,628
226
32
4
71
995
46
310
14
1,118
6,029
473
175
19
442
2,909
725
97
3
6,870
31,914
1,056
8,275
1,070
2,192
8,927
1,071
327
31
1,659
7,081
760
800
41
1,041
5,681
458
442
31
791
4,293
297
3,270
354
486
4,163
251
117
17
387
3,005
293
84
17
186
997
255
56
6
2,140
8,628
952
3,071
239
248
2,923
257
333
37
Election Results
913
PRIMARY ELECTIONS, MAY 8, 1984
(Continued)
DEMOCRATIC
Thomas L. James B. Harrill
County Allred Hunt, Jr. Jones
Johnston 2,149
Jones 293
Lee 782
Lenoir 1,709
Lincoln 873
Macon 370
Madison 150
Martin 391
McDowell 636
Mecklenburg 4,753
Mitchell 77
Montgomery 519
Moore 1,120
Nash 3,021
New Hanover 2,625
Northampton 757
Onslow 1,640
Orange 1,644
Pamlico 392
Pasquotank 525
Pender 775
Perquimans 206
Person 524
Pitt 2,338
Polk 135
Randolph 889
Richmond 1,355
Robeson 2,859
Rockingham 2,400
Rowan 1,805
Rutherford 981
Sampson 647
Scotland 517
Stanly 916
Stokes 459
Surry 678
Swain 104
Transylvania 380
Tyrell 105
Union 1,529
Vance 1,880
Wake 7,903
Warren 1,062
Washington 375
Watauga 361
Wayne 1,762
Wilkes 586
Wilson 1,844
Yadkin 277
Yancey 162
Totals 126,841 655,429 63,676
REPUBLICAN
Jesse
Helms
George
Wimbish
7,691
1,878
4,337
7,614
4,637
2,757
2,036
3,108
2,697
44,371
743
3,141
5,208
8,909
10,300
4,818
5,716
13,927
2,048
3,756
3,154
1,680
3,843
11,515
1,541
4,813
6,073
12,370
8,102
7,529
5,110
6,741
3,529
4,826
3,553
4,583
1,179
2,216
803
6,773
5,105
42,626
3,596
2,975
3,329
8,509
4,061
8,155
1,929
2,737
1,119
463
361
1,976
697
552
133
584
358
2,200
19
244
345
1,163
552
432
1,288
713
382
178
614
148
405
1,649
206
347
619
1,425
767
1,040
863
536
235
307
226
258
100
146
143
766
362
3,146
414
422
203
1,840
273
660
139
204
811
69
461
922
1,829
801
291
178
293
16,809
2,855
467
2,108
1,366
2,519
56
860
1,007
206
260
346
88
251
1,522
1,057
2,162
234
377
843
3,386
608
2,188
319
1,245
1,137
790
154
636
33
1,113
256
5,479
77
68
1,224
755
4,958
731
2,588
1,298
44
7
52
55
82
89
10
27
24
2,364
235
15
247
57
377
7
79
346
15
27
39
14
21
187
96
181
26
30
85
237
51
88
31
65
83
44
4
99
1
94
14
903
36
5
132
54
306
56
211
48
134,675
13,899
914
North Carolina Manual
GENERAL ELECTIONS - NOVEMBER 6, 1984
UNITED STATE SENATOR
County
Alamance ...
Alexander ..
Alleghany ..
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick ..
Buncombe ..
Burke
Cabarrus ....
Caldwell
Camden
Carteret
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham ....
Cherokee ....
Chowan
Clay
Cleveland ...
Columbus ...
Craven
Cumberland
Currituck ....
Dare
Davidson ....
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville ....
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood ....
Henderson .
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
James B. Hunt, Jr.
Jesse Helms
Bobby Yates Emory
Kate Daher
(D)
(R)
(L)
(SW)
15,501
22,657
302
44
4,504
7,493
38
4
2,366
2,335
15
1
5,451
3,161
18
10
4,802
6,069
28
5
1,630
4,239
18
4
7,203
7,907
44
12
4,544
2,618
25
41
5,738
4,220
32
29
8,264
8,403
94
34
32,611
31,338
366
112
12,061
16,642
113
26
11,978
20,812
117
28
9,232
14,915
93
27
1,203
1,114
5
0
7,565
10,745
94
22
4,627
3,414
20
6
15,363
27,914
196
30
8,767
7,108
64
16
3,477
4,746
14
15
2,289
1,950
36
7
1,515
2,079
4
2
12,461
15,202
93
18
10,495
8,549
69
24
9,571
11,355
75
33
30,214
25,578
201
80
2,158
2,275
6
3
3,040
3,708
18
4
16,434
27,533
147
39
3,785
7,156
51
8
7,718
6,607
25
7
40,102
22,981
341
55
11,845
8,738
34
33
50,961
48,575
353
71
5,583
5,208
25
16
19,097
35,010
237
52
2,459
1,364
9
5
1,746
2,273
3
1
6,318
5,378
15
6
3,080
2,811
11
5
62,021
61,371
454
104
10,497
8,412
37
25
9,064
10,033
54
17
9,759
8,841
93
47
10,202
16,281
132
29
5,195
2,766
20
35
3,655
1,913
18
5
1,120
1,028
6
1
13,526
20,480
168
25
5,706
4,864
24
17
Election Results
915
GENERAL ELECTIONS - NOVEMBER 6, 1984
(Continued)
UNITED STATE SENATOR
County
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg .
Mitchell
Montgomery .
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank ..
Pender
Perquimans ..
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
Rockingham .
Rowan
Rutherford ....
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington ..
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
Totals
James B. Hunt, Jr.
Jesse Helms
Bobby Yates Emory
Kate Daher
(D)
(Rl
(L)
m
10,089
14,130
85
11
2,147
1,887
7
1
5,933
7,030
84
12
9,576
11,759
44
16
7,554
11,186
84
20
4,524
5,664
30
15
3,401
3,011
11
11
4,863
3,718
57
16
5,507
6,953
42
14
86,450
85,013
923
267
1,743
4,724
31
5
4,341
4,397
26
10
9,363
12,836
100
17
10,830
15,800
67
23
17,829
19,515
168
63
5,759
3,034
19
31
8,260
12,019
95
24
24,828
11,139
130
33
2,421
2,195
15
5
4,908
3,975
13
39
4,918
4,373
19
3
1,729
1,581
2
3
4,668
5,117
101
16
16,946
15,699
128
28
3,031
3,657
132
6
11,478
23,831
109
28
8,521
5,994
58
20
18,936
11,253
134
67
13,418
14,856
101
40
13,722
23,162
132
32
8,618
10,472
110
24
10,583
9,802
41
14
5,059
3,195
22
10
7,927
12,367
61
9
6,197
8,350
38
8
9,442
12,205
145
15
2,464
1,967
16
4
4,926
5,802
68
13
883
667
0
1
9,489
14,684
93
30
6,788
6,288
32
14
75,974
65,062
750
112
4,138
2,486
19
11
3,448
2,296
10
5
7,093
7,413
108
15
12,536
16,251
185
26
9,275
17,247
91
20
11,497
10,595
67
30
3,873
8,048
37
13
4,082
3,894
7
3
1,070,488
1,156,768
9,302
2,493
916
North Carolina Manual
UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
PRIMARY ELECTIONS, MAY 3, 1988
FIRST CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
County
Howard D.
Move
(Repub.)
William J.
Wahl.Jr.
(Repub.)
Beaufort
Bertie
Camden
Carteret
Chowan
Craven
Currituck
Dare
Gates
Greene
Hertford
Hyde
Lenoir
Martin
Northampton
PamUco
Pasquotank ...
Perquimans ...
Pitt
Tyrell
Washington ...
Totals
559
79
57
14
24
8
1,153
402
74
32
769
249
74
46
562
220
13
12
73
26
140
37
52
14
702
178
211
44
40
16
181
67
263
67
45
44
1,229
333
37
6
75
27
6,333
1,921
SEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
County
A.C.(ACE)
George C.
Parker
Thompson
(Repub.)
(Repub.)
640
727
118
156
878
1,313
860
1,232
408
274
Brunswick
Columbus
Cumberland ..
New Hanover
Roberson
Totals
2,904 3,702
NINTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
County
David P.
McKnight
(Dem.)
Mark
Sholander
(Dem.)
Iredell
2,734
1,147
Lincoln
1,556
988
Mecklenburg
Yadkin (Part)
7,867
86
10,627
58
Totals
12,243
12,820
TENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
County
Mildred T. Ted A.
Keene Poovey
(Dem.) (Dem.)
Jack L.
Rhyne
(Dem.)
Avery (Part)
Burke
Caldwell
Catawba
Cleveland ....
Gaston
Watauga
Totals
133
70
180
.694
548
1,576
670
430
1,188
687
649
2,178
,002
351
4,743
,278
614
6,832
,132
541
876
6,596
3,203
17,573
Election Results
917
GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1984-1988
FIRST CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
November 8, 1988
November 4, 1986
November 6, 1984
(D) (R)
Walter B. Jones Howard D. Moye
(D) (R)
Walter B. Jones Howard D. Moye
(D) (R)
Walter B.Jones Herbert W.Lee
Beaufort
7,910 5,938
4,381 1,302
1,646 568
9,852 8,838
2,441 1,288
11,217 8,824
2,480 1,521
4,471 3,629
2,763 599
4,266 944
5,765 1,824
1,729 526
10,861 6,854
4,957 1,816
5,386 1,234
3,064 1,469
5,133 2,649
2,336 980
22,713 10,456
1,048 367
3,608 1,387
6,206 4,732
3,392 745
993 279
8,426 5,615
2,254 798
8,549 4,798
1,977 653
3,359 2,170
2,376 449
3,234 612
5,164 1,146
1,183 476
8,110 4,640
4,010 1,077
5,144 875
2,364 1,156
3,644 1,324
1,483 583
15,735 6,628
770 250
2,449 906
8,955 5,692
Bertie
4,918 1,234
Camden
1,511 734
Carteret
10,333 7,789
Chowan
2,623 1,052
Craven
12,067 7,051
Currituck
Dare
2,514 1,703
4,048 2,524
Gates . ,
2,850 841
Greene
4,156 1,573
Hertford
5,377 1,456
Hyde
1,543 583
Lenoir
11,922 8,029
Martin
5,914 1,727
Northampton ...
Pamlico
5,678 1,483
3,109 1,428
Pasquotank
Perquimans
Pitt
5,483 2,478
2,122 1,097
22,523 9,711
Tyrrell
1,088 411
Washington
4,081 1,557
Totals
118,027 63,013
91,122 39,913
122,815 60,153
SECOND CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
Novembers, 1988
November 4, 1986
November 6, 1984
(D)
l.T. (Tim) Valentine, Jr.
(D) (R)
l.T. Valentine, Jr. Bud McElhaney
(D) (R)
l.T. Valentine, Jr. Frank H.HiU
Caswell
6,381
39,747
12,530
8,485
12,575
825
16,302
4,705
9,307
5,591
12,384
4,425 1,189
28,069 12,174
9,968 2,501
6,428 1,576
10,629 2,413
817 282
11,986 4,690
3,609 1,266
6,914 1,918
4,370 744
8,105 3,762
5,114 2,431
Durham
29,228 22,299
Edgecombe
15,376 4,447
Granville
7,182 3,992
Halifax
14,531 3,898
Johnston (Part)
Nash
797 544
5,145 2,876
Person
8,277 3,393
Vance
4,829 1,268
Warren
Wilson
12,675 6,257
19,138 6,907
Totals:
128,832
95,320 32,515
112,292 58,312
THIRD CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
November 8, 1988
November 4, 1986
November 6, 1984
(D)
Martin Lancaster
(D) (R)
Martin Lancaster Gerald B. Hurst
(D) (R)
Charles O.Whitley Danny G.Moody
Bladen
6,436
9,221
10,775
14,072
1,945
6,557
2,001
13,484
6,287
10,583
13,962
4,391 1,082
6,494 2,017
8,106 4,377
11,146 6,323
1,787 777
4,672 2,722
1,826 1,242
4,427 2,140
9,226 6,350
12,401 5,783
6,984 6,595
5,211 2,598
Duplin
9,675 4,270
Harnett . .
11,552 6,605
Johnston (Part)
Jones
13,945 8,317
2,483 1,321
Lee
6,928 4,124
Moore (Part)
2,515 1,767
Onslow
5,808 3,033
Pender
11,996 7,980
Sampson
17,376 9,092
Wayne
12,696 6,989
Totals:
95,323
71,460 39,408
100,185 56,096
918
North Carolina Manual
GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1984-1988 (Continued)
FOURTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
Novembers, 1988
November 4, 1986
November 6, 1984
(D)
David E. Price
(R)
Tom Fetzer
(D) (R)
David E. Price William W. Cobey, Jr.
(D)
Ike Andrews
(R)
William W. Cobey, Jr.
Chatham
Franklin
9,435
7,402
26,674
10,890
77,495
5,367
3,572
10,137
22,235
54,171
6,817 4,629
6,029 3,696
17,953 7,778
7,849 15,703
53,568 41,663
9,437
5,988
22,255
10,022
66,760
6,391
4 510
Orange
13,242
Randolph
Wake
24,310
68 983
Totals
131,896
95,482
92,216 73,469
114,462
117 436
FIFTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
November 8, 1988
November 4, 1986
November 6, 1984
(D)
Steve Neal
(R)
Lyons Cray
(D) (R)
Stephen L. Neal Stuart Epperson
(D)
Stephen L. Neal
(R)
Stuart Epperson
Alexander
Alleghany
Ashe
5,446
2,589
4,962
53,939
15,692
7,462
10,585
9,851
6,721
1,713
5,109
45,844
11,077
6,906
9,348
12,822
4,410 6,547
2,326 1,941
4,827 4,467
40,986 27,442
10,450 8,137
6,434 5,950
8,647 7,395
8,330 11,382
4,529
2,629
5,333
55,382
14,709
6,702
9,910
10,637
7,296
2,051
5,400
Forsyth
44,171
Rockingham
Stokes
13,365
7 782
Surry
10 808
Wilkes
15,726
Totals
110,516
99,540
86,410 73,261
109,831
106,599
SIXTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
Novembers, 1988
November 4, 1986
November 6, 1984
(D)
Tom Gilmore
(R)
Howard Coble
(D)
Robin Britt
(R)
Howard Coble
(D)
Robin Britt
(R)
Howard Coble
(SW)
Meryl Lynn Farber
Alamance
Davidson
Guilford . . . .
9,844
13,916
46,248
19,806
28,006
68,722
14,373
16,243
41,634
14,096
16,798
41,435
17,028
18,925
64,310
19,577
24,789
58,559
103
47
135
Totals
70,008
116,534
72,250
72,329
100,263
102,925
285
SEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
Novembers, 1988
November 4, 1986
November 6, 1984
(D)
Charles G.Rose, III
(R)
George C. Thompson
(D) IR)
Charles G. Rose, III Thomas J. Harrelson
(D)
Charles G.Rose, III
(R)
S.Thom Rhodes
Brunswick
Columbus
Cumberland
New Hanover ...
Robeson
10,498
12,477
34,754
22,274
22,389
7,567
3,743
17,138
16,481
4,926
7,551 6,840
10,076 3,548
22,979 12,955
15,819 11,390
14,046 4,556
8,918
10,957
33,094
17,830
21,358
7,272
7,263
22,098
18,373
8,164
Totals
102,392
49,855
70,471 39,289
92,157
63 625
Election Results
919
GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1984-1988 (Continued)
EIGHT CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
Anson
Cabarrus
Davie
Hoke
Montgomery .
Moore (Part) ,
Richmond
Rowan
Scotland
Stanly
Union
Yadkin (Part)
Totals
Novembers, 1988
(D)
W.G. (BUI) Hefner
5,967
16,615
5,012
4,239
5,030
7,401
8,655
15,866
4,487
8,914
12,719
4,309
(R)
Ted Blanton
1,628
16,687
6,101
1,074
3,291
11,033
3,625
19,907
1,653
10,232
13,236
4,996
99,214
93,464
November 4, 1986
(D)
W.G. Hefner
(Rl
William G. Hamby, Jr.
4,343
12,123
3,828
3,102
3,852
6,508
7,987
14,412
2,865
8,218
10,009
3,712
1,021
9,931
4,324
701
2,180
8,091
2,411
11,485
1,230
6,663
6,811
4,093
80,959
58,941
November 6, 1984
(D)
W.G. Hefner
6,027
15,628
4,462
3,669
7,745
9,737
16,845
4,939
9,537
12,480
3,910
99,731
(R)
Harris D. Blake
2,302
17,017
6,406
1,600
3,847
10,538
4,684
19,858
2,127
10,654
11,323
5,998
96,354
NINTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
November 8, 1988
November 4, 1986
November 6, 1984
(D)
Mark Sholander
(R)
J. Alex McMillan
(Dl
D.G. Martin
(R)
J. Alei McMillan
(D)
D.G. Martin
(R)
J. Alex McMillan
Iredell
9,789
6,473
55,084
456
22,357
11,407
103,907
1,343
11,264
7,204
57,231
541
14,056
8,553
56,699
1,044
15,082
8,677
84,780
560
18,964
Lincoln
10,101
Mecklenburg
Yadkin (Part) ...
78,946
1,409
Totals
71,802
139,014
76,240
80,352
109,099
109,420
TENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
Novembers, 1988
November 4, 1986
November 6, 1984
(D) (R)
Jack L. Rhyue Cass Ballenger
For Remainder of Unexpired Term
(Expiring Noon, 3 January 1987)
(D) (R)
Lester D. Roark Cass Ballenger
Regular Term
(D) (R)
Lester D. Roark Cass Ballenger
(D) (R)
TedA.Poovey James TBroyhill
Avery (Part) ....
Burke
964 2,937
11,867 15,135
8,740 14,118
13,621 28,173
11,898 12,564
19,309 30,573
5,466 9,054
808 2,470
9,681 11,458
7,483 11,335
11,586 21,623
11,791 7,088
14,746 22,809
5,110 6,190
813 2,494
9,716 11,610
7,594 11,424
11,708 21,762
12,045 7,156
14,939 23,148
5,220 6,308
737 3,341
9,166 19,379
Caldwell
Catawba
Cleveland
Gaston
Watauga
5,827 18,450
10,323 32,553
8,432 18,759
12,957 40,562
4,418 9,829
Totals
71,865 112,554
61,205 82,973
62,035 83,902
51,860 142,873
920
North Carolina Manual
GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1984-1988 (Continued)
ELEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
Novembers, 1988
November 4, 1986
November 6, 1984
(D) (R)
James M. Clarke Charles H. Taylor
(D) (R)
James M. Clarke William M. Hendon
(D) (R)
James M. Clarke William Hendon
Avery (Part)
Buncombe
Cherokee
430 1,114
34,115 28,417
3.143 4,208
1,556 1,920
1,396 2,016
10,424 7,832
12,704 16,247
5,552 4,605
4,204 4,642
3,486 2,852
5,704 5,560
1,645 4,378
2,994 3,520
9,068 8,544
1,750 1,922
5,994 5,263
4,271 3,867
346 965
25,739 24,205
3,018 3,743
1,807 2,190
1,788 2,028
8,334 6,441
8,771 11,122
4,969 3,783
5,144 4,746
4,240 4,576
3,748 3,165
1,429 3,202
2,773 2,596
8,718 7,132
2,068 1,645
4,511 4,261
4,172 3,269
421 1,175
33,525 30,626
3 453 4 473
Clay
1 523 2 040
Graham
1 789 2 195
Haywood
Henderson
Jackson
10,171 8,558
11,192 15,446
5 779 4 719
Macon
6 072 6 221
Madison
4,759 5 430
McDowell
Mitchell
3,542 2,786
1,818 4 582
Polk
3 002 3 617
Rutherford
Swain
9,174 9,704
2 483 1 891
Transylvania ...
Yancey
5,398 5,380
4,183 3,755
Totals
108,436 106,907
91,575 89,069
108,284 112,598
Election Results
921
GENERAL ELECTIONS - NOVEMBER 2, 1982
FIRST CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
County
Beaufort
Bertie
Camden
Carteret
Chowan
Craven
Currituck
Dare
Gates
Greene
Hertford
Hyde
Lenoir
Martin
Northampton
PamHco
Pasqotank
Perquimans ...
Pitt
Tyrrell
Washington ...
Totals:
Walter B.
Jones
Pern.)
James F.
Mclntyre, III
(Repub.)
Bobby Yates
Emory
(Lib.)
6,819
2,043
83
3,023
209
13
917
118
9
6,530
2,975
132
1,453
207
21
7,727
1,428
49
2,249
562
22
2,341
794
43
2,912
272
18
2,743
283
13
3,319
301
16
1,256
201
23
8,803
2,504
146
3,697
469
16
4,837
381
16
2,080
445
24
3,050
480
9
1,479
300
17
0,814
2,827
195
692
88
1
3,213
592
44
79,954
17,478
910
SECOND CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
County
Caswell
Durham
Edgecombe
Granville ...
Halifax
Nash
Person
Vance
Warren
Wilson
Johnston ....
Totals: ....
I.T
Valentine, Jr.
(Dem.)
JohnW.
Martin
(Repub.)
Sue
Lamm
(Lib.)
H.M.
Michaux.Jr.
(Dem.)'
2,523
790
33
1,495
10,984
12,270
417
7,881
7,519
3,003
256
1,220
3,815
1,849
119
935
7,404
2,467
68
10,520
4,776
129
436
2,011
1,805
46
927
4,035
2,308
57
1,431
2,172
1,027
94
1,572
8,178
3,762
200
91
59,617
34,293
1,426
15,990
59,617
34,293
1,426
15.990
THIRD CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
County
Bladen ....
Duplin ....
Harnett ..
Jones
Lee
Onslow ...
Pender ....
Sampson
Wayne ....
Johnston
Moore
Totals .
Charles 0.
Whitley
(Dem.)
Eugene
McDaniel
(Repub.)
Marshall
Sprague
(Lib.)
4,878
7,646
7,318
1,823
3,989
6,565
4,728
11,193
11,047
7,997
1,752
1,245
2,212
4,521
755
2,917
4,884
1,935
7,780
6,404
5,290
1,103
51
30
36
11
53
83
30
78
60
45
14
68,936
39,046
492
922
North Carolina Manual
GENERAL ELECTIONS - NOVEMBER 2, 1982 (Continued)
FOURTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
County
Chatham
Franklin .
Orange ....
Randolph
Wake
Totals ..
Ike
Andrews
(Dem.)
William
Cobey, Jr.
(Repub.)
Fritz
Prochow
(Lib.)
6,452
3,331
99
4,450
2,139
32
11,718
7,362
350
8,492
15,656
199
39,257
36,467
1,040
70,369
64,955
1,720
FIFTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
County
Alexander ....
Alleghany ....
Ashe
Forsyth
Rockingham
Stokes
Surry
Wilkes
Charles 0.
Whitley
(Dem.)
Eugene
McDaniel
(Repub.)
Marshall
Sprague
(Lib.)
5,458
4,823
37
12
3,122
1,690
12
11
5,765
4,178
27
19
36,532
20,347
319
69
10,761
6,021
62
17
6,767
4,057
45
12
9,949
6,252
70
13
9.465
9,715
59
21
Totals
87,819 57,083
631
174
SIXTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
County
Robin
Britt
(Dem.)
Eugene
Johnston
(Repub.)
J. Erik
Christensen
(Lib.)
Alamance
Davidson
Guilford
12,436
15,713
40,547
11,498
14,023
32,723
164
155
360
Totals
68,696
58,244
679
SEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
County
Charles G.
Rose
(Dem.l
Edward
Johnston
(Repub.)
Richard
Hollenbeak
(Lib.)
Brunswick
Columbus
Cumberland ..
New Hanover
Robeson
Totals
7,642
3,591
192
9,108
2,238
110
20,274
10,745
362
16,608
7,437
228
14,897
3,004
98
68.529
27.015
990
Election Results
923
GENERAL ELECTIONS - NOVEMBER 2, 1982 (Continued)
EIGHTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
County
Anson
Cabarrus
Davie
Hoke
Montgomery
Richmond ....
Rowan
Scotland
Stanly
Union
Moore
Yadkin
W.G.
Hefner
(Dem.)
Harris D.
Blake
(Repub.)
Don
Scoggins
(Ub.)
3,738
1,150
25
9,321
8,242
126
3,814
4,124
64
3,561
648
29
4,222
2,578
46
8,093
2,378
68
1,803
11,136
174
2,799
758
34
7,740
6,292
77
7,426
4,654
76
6,175
7,205
59
2,999
3,252
52
Totals
71,691
52,417
830
NINTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
County
Preston
Cornelius
(Dem.)
James G.
Martin
(Repub.)
Dave
Braatz
(Lib.)
Iredell
Lincoln
Mecklenburg
Yadkin
9,400
7,039
30,419
400
11,583
7,642
44,268
804
135
94
989
13
Totals
47,258
64,297
1,231
TENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
County
James T.
BroyhiU
(Dem.)
John
Rankin
(Lib.)
Burke
Caldwell ..
Catawba .
Cleveland
Gaston
Watauga .
Avery
Totals ...
12,684
1,259
9,976
627
18,633
778
11,256
1,501
19,510
1,467
6,290
573
2,555
155
80,904
6,360
924
North Carolina Manual
GENERAL ELECTIONS - NOVEMBER 2, 1982 (Continued)
ELEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
County
Buncombe
Cherokee
Clay
Graham
Haywood
Henderson
Jackson
McDowell
Macon
Madison
Mitchell
Polk
Rutherford
Swain
Transylvania
Yancey
Avery
Totals
James McClure
Clarke
(Dem.)
W.M.
Hendoti
(Repub.)
Linda
Janca
(Lib.)
:2,953
21,603
559
3,704
3,230
20
1,938
2,121
38
1,823
1,878
27
8,172
6,548
122
6,799
10,616
119
4,559
3,259
44
4,373
4,343
77
4,223
4,178
127
1,636
3,394
27
1,636
3,394
27
2,704
2,583
62
8,101
7,281
163
2,055
1,778
13
4,287
4,217
56
4,179
3,812
61
341
943
26
85,410
84,085
1,552
Election Results 925
NORTH CAROLINA STATE GOVERNMENT
Prior to 1835 when major changes were made to the Constitution of North
CaroHna, the governor and all other major officials at the state and local levels
of government were elected by the General Assembly meeting and voting in
joint session. Following 1835, the governor was elected by the people for a
two-year term. The remaining officials continued to be elected by the General
Assembly. In 1868 a new constitution was adopted with provisions for the
popular election of executive officials and judges.
During the 20th Century, two significant changes have been made regarding
elections. The first happened in 1915 when the General Assembly passed the
Primary Elections Act. The second occurred in 1977 when the citizens of North
Carolina approved a constitutional amendment allowing the governor and
lieutenant governor to run for reelection to a successive term.
The Primary Elections Act provided for a "primary election for the purpose
of nominating candidates of each and every political party in the State" if there
was more than one aspirant to the office. The individuals selected in the
primary became their party's nominee and their name was placed on the
November ballot.
Prior to the adoption of the amendment allowing the governor and lieutenant
governor to run for a successive term, all other officials could run for reelection
except the governor and lieutenant governor. The first time the new amendment
came into practice was in 1980 when both Governor James B. Hunt and
Lieutenant Governor Jimmy Green were reelected to second successive terms.
926
North Carolina Manual
GOVERNOR OF NORTH CAROLINA
DEMOCRATIC PRIMARY ELECTIONS, MAY 3, 1988
County
Carroll W.
Crawford
Bruce A.
Robert B.
Friedman
Jordan, III
118
5,214
6
1,174
31
1,479
120
3,711
27
2,488
3
518
70
3,350
139
2,636
43
1,782
154
4,419
204
7,163
42
3,618
100
4,684
23
2,008
48
1,048
89
3,820
86
2,550
58
3,111
122
4,015
19
589
19
1,162
5
350
103
5,190
119
4,106
170
3,974
272
15,756
43
1,112
37
1,618
108
5,581
36
1,604
111
4,908
162
12,806
122
6,574
368
12,097
70
2,919
147
7,398
25
991
8
486
86
4,246
49
1,969
311
16,469
135
5,419
141
5,455
35
2,436
37
1,622
118
2,908
45
2,252
41
1,185
91
4,240
205
364
James
Llovd
Billy
Martin
Alamance ,
Alexander ,
Alleghany
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort ....
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick
Buncombe
Burke
Cabarrus ..
Caldwell ...
Camden ....
Carteret ..
Caswell ...
Catawba .
Chatham
Cherokee .
Chowan ...
Clay
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven
Cumberland
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe ..
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood
Henderson ...
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
318
25
39
166
55
13
155
191
83
341
497
118
334
69
101
149
351
110
221
41
42
6
280
197
292
573
124
74
277
36
277
423
367
535
180
418
34
15
407
65
875
720
275
73
85
186
68
43
285
118
124
9
12
124
36
5
116
51
23
136
95
84
139
21
31
83
110
49
105
12
19
2
182
71
82
316
45
38
155
37
137
246
155
240
181
139
34
13
366
45
246
170
208
26
16
58
65
62
168
69
1,071
41
145
511
201
45
630
373
243
768
524
217
654
127
334
422
684
291
507
45
151
17
659
371
551
3,119
584
324
594
156
1,024
1,670
1,302
1,176
496
731
245
33
925
371
1,592
1,140
1,032
145
120
403
389
276
524
296
Election Results
927
DEMOCRATIC PRIMARY ELECTIONS, MAY 3, 1988
(Continued)
County
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg
Mitchell
Montgomery
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank ..
Pender
Perquimans ..
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford ....
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington .
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
Totals
CarroUW.
Bruce A.
Robert B.
Crawford
Friedman
Jordan, III
383
153
6,793
63
42
1,527
151
85
3,798
297
195
6,711
92
38
2,381
145
43
2,993
53
19
1,821
1,182
458
23,293
11
13
281
61
44
2,867
119
51
2,410
388
160
5,180
208
145
6,388
294
169
3,539
267
130
4,761
253
141
6,550
64
56
14
158
104
2,410
129
65
3,011
51
34
1,484
399
38
2,070
562
222
,9,849
26
21
602
77
30
2,236
197
91
4,510
607 ■
376
13,539
253
129
4,692
141
53
2,930
242
135
3,738
192
88
3,658
66
31
1,911
79
39
2,914
90
39
2,869
125
56
2,814
14
5
449
109
24
1,430
27
21
776
213
90
4,973
737
85
4,364
1,184
504
20,908
295
86
3,404
49
327
1,619
79
66
2,589
382
153
6,911
80
50
2,423
250
95
4,357
14
43
1,043
48
29
1,745
James
Lloyd
Billy
Martin
180
33
77
225
46
173
27
412
1
57
46
149
165
62
128
197
73
50
74
50
100
229
5
27
68
402
103
115
113
72
30
30
42
46
4
19
25
85
422
570
281
45
35
182
34
84
21
25
1,447
343
623
1,369
163
808
153
2,718
28
294
275
1,259
889
508
1,270
584
265
367
586
365
487
1,646
57
187
551
3,177
655
270
524
476
259
208
224
272
17
124
169
610
954
2,880
645
244
235
1,662
169
902
74
206
21,844
9,876
403,145
10,438
60,770
928
North Carolina Manual
GENERAL ELECTIONS, NOVEMBER 8, 1988
County
(D)
Robert B.
Jordan, III
(R)
James G.
Martin
County
(D)
Robert B.
Jordan, 111
(R)
James G.
Martin
Alamance .
Alexander
Alleghany
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort ...
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick
Buncombe
Burke
Cabarrus ..
Caldwell ...
Camden ....
Carteret ..
Caswell ...
Catawba .
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan ...
Clay
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven
Cumberland
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston ....
Gates
Graham ..
Granville
Greene ....
Guilford ....
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood ..
Henderson
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell ...
Jackson
54,331
4,713
2,300
5,249
4,401
1,645
6,256
4,167
5,405
8,735
28,881
12,172
12,161
8,995
1,302
8,078
4,542
14,043
7,890
3,104
2,454
1,452
11,839
10,655
9,200
26,853
1,898
3,441
15,208
3,532
6,604
34,793
9,568
40,295
5,795
17,733
2,242
1,512
6,003
3,060
52,779
9,474
8,035
9,314
9,432
5,322
3,676
1,358
11,117
23,262
7,395
2,031
2,320
5,805
4,064
7,633
2,106
3,544
9,658
36,968
14,925
21,485
14,047
948
10,719
2,689
28,042
7,201
4,516
1,762
2,026
13,305
5,833
11,921
25,670
2,159
4,792
26,735
7,606
5,847
31,010
6,524
59,337
5,287
32,658
1,158
1,854
4,842
2,090
65,331
6,947
9,245
8,727
19,623
2,829
1,600
850
21,401
5,138
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln ...
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg .
Mitchell
Montgomery ..
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank ...
Pender
Perquimans
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond ....
Robeson
Rockingham
Rowan ...•«
Rutherford
Sampson ...
Scotland ....
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington
Watauga
Wayne ..
Wilkes ..
Wilson ..
Yadkin .
Yancey .
Totals
9,345
2,111
5,186
8,523
7,066
4,249
3,187
4,425
5,173
64,781
1,494
4,791
8,193
9,754
17,021
5,113
8,085
20,546
2,389
4,913
4,778
1,801
4,149
15,873
2,761
10,965
7,957
18,740
13,116
13,785
7,800
8,680
4,497
7,795
6,200
8,940
1,856
4,578
680
10,104
6,489
62,530
4,143
2,924
6,274
11,081
8,058
8,683
3,498
4,072
957,687
15,324
1,445
7,107
9,844
11,320
5,824
3,194
3,101
6,128
114,237
4,568
3,714
14,284
15,179
22,888
2,341
11,605
16,083
2,086
3,569
4,677
1,484
4,582
17,036
3,984
23,840
4,597
8,722
13,842
22,008
9,813
8,810
2,652
11,370
8,212
11,512
1,970
6,858
520
15,761
5,329
92,498
2,069
2,021
8,747
14,778
14,854
10,708
7,589
4,109
1,222,338
Election Results
929
DEMOCRATIC PRIMARY ELECTIONS, MAY 8, 1984
County
Alamance ...
Alexander ..
Alleghany ..
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick ..
Buncombe ..
Burke
Cabarrus ....
Caldwell
Camden
Carteret
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham ....
Cherokee ....
Chowan
Clay
Cleveland ...
Columbus ...
Craven
Cumberland
Currituck ....
Dare
Davidson ....
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville ....
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood ....
Henderson .
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
J.A. Rufus D.M. Thomas James C. Robert L.
Barker Edmisten Faircloth 0. Gilmore Green Hannon
John
Ingram
H. Edward
Knox
Glenn
Miller
J.D.
Whaley
28
18
1
11
10
72
29
37
47
42
38
17
9
23
20
34
19
25
14
4
33
41
125
61
11
12
31
7
15
73
76
78
32
40
22
4
18
143
78
10
9
18
91
6
3
157
4
4,125
1,019
966
1,476
2,418
484
2,483
1,410
1,290
2,158
8,094
4,984
2,929
2,986
519
2,742
1,960
5,250
3,231
737
414
133
4,607
1,850
3,393
9,774
624
1,391
3,069
1,166
2,087
8,990
4,973
10,777
2,647
6,347
343
586
2,439
1,732
8,663
5,201
3,820
2,849
1,874
811
991
607
4,944
1,370
2,331
420
252
1,454
520
83
1,814
890
659
1,367
3,096
1,579
1,392
523
148
1,219
1,027
1,013
944
293
471
139
1,676
1,983
2,181
6,298
259
497
1,836
319
2,572
4,095
3,376
3,700
1,011
1,466
296
335
941
963
5,583
2,296
1,947
1,145
617
2,856
73
32
135
66
55
263
294
358
343
1,276
437
464
139
56
298
247
309
2,110
61
100
50
442
360
471
1,689
104
100
563
89
653
12,916
711
5,454
245
357
370
24
290
133
12,795
826
323
580
424
923 1,184
733 455
304 27
1,270 280
732 306
1,611
224
316
298
144
46
809
292
3,378
1,146
2,586
377
593
274
515
469
597
820
114
249
56
1,123
4,979
900
2,794
227
217
1,112
223
1,298
1,347
942
2,073
931
806
333
46
1,082
296
2,447
1,093
896
623
450
316
401
184
715
314
142
12
2
398
1
2
65
963
72
251
45
22
44
5
21
9
355
9
39
10
19
3
44
62
83
170
38
6
158
16
29
63
101
66
98
29
264
13
1,843
18
476
118
21
15
15
533
34
63
18
3
1,335
256
75
768
78
39
1,672
574
427
1,107
1,306
862
1,176
385
375
727
258
684
751
78
177
26
1,392
1,442
1,065
2,409
287
216
1,168
306
672
1,517
1,305
2,242
455
1,686
444
70
512
515
2,673
1,092
948
711
381
422
436
238
802
151
3,351
681
628
1,808
381
267
891
505
801
1.371
6,408
2,012
5,017
2,143
528
1,896
1,686
2,991
1,548
551
375
285
4,095
1,903
1,770
5,771
995
560
2,987
499
962
5,426
3,364
10,226
1,900
6,747
772
157
1,707
833
9,402
2,474
2,315
1,767
1.876
678
855
199
4,427
840
55
33
14
49
17
2
80
30
40
56
90
71
30
9
45
18
43
40
125
6
4
19
112
183
31
346
70
43
36
36
46
109
211
75
74
49
153
33
63
36
141
129
188
17
14
48
51
26
93
14
17
0
3
14
3
0
13
7
15
36
25
15
15
8
10
9
15
12
13
4
3
4
23
36
25
45
21
6
10
0
32
20
61
30
16
27
0
14
34
43
24
10
1
11
15
11
4
9
5
930
North Carolina Manual
DEMOCRATIC PRIMARY ELECTIONS, MAY 8, 1984
(Continued)
Countv
J.A.
Barker
Rufus
Edmisten
D.M. Thomas James C.
Faircloth 0. Gilmore Green
Robert L.
Hannon
John
Ingram
H. Edward
Knox
Glenn
Miller
J.D.
Whaley
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln ...
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg ..
Mitchell
Montgomery ..
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank ...
Pender
Perquimans
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond ....
Robeson
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford
Sampson ...
Scotland ....
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes .
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
26
10
6
31
13
3
6
15
10
90
1
6
23
52
88
83
19
26
27
52
14
5
22
38
15
22
95
35
37
22
22
15
10
18
0
14
3
22
57
138
27
14
3
35
30
108
5
7
4,527
881
3,039
3,936
2,117
1,420
461
2,299
1,798
10,817
346
933
2,303
5,611
4,574
1,554
3,394
4,241
1,255
1,276
1,953
531
2,522
6,688
854
1,924
1,730
4,561
3,102
3,455
2,318
1,130
1,399
1,641
1,616
2,654
613
943
462
3,025
2,965
20,110
1,104
1,165
3,006
5,425
3,112
6,098
1,034
1,336
2,316
660
1,237
1,709
945
539
1,126
1,161
364
3,912
147
1,137
1,061
3,895
4,772
1,203
1,958
2,254
647
835
1,545
558
1,285
2,991
241
878
3,125
3,775
1,940
1,557
1,031
6,357
936
1,180
411
1,291
272
347
223
1,032
2,035
8,462
2,315
529
221
2,698
462
1,867
335
445
452
75
443
547
134
137
100
268
115
1,496
23
124
353
594
698
1,189
539
4,673
76
300
148
111
178
738
81
1,142
872
472
1,378
450
174
229
221
112
211
293
73
220
37
187
439
7,785
226
319
238
588
259
415
89
85
1,436
357
551
1,536
347
394
501
366
245
1,811
52
309
964
1,138
981
606
1,424
803
266
455
553
251
461
1,179
184
415
581
2,412
2,074
858
466
384
314
268
509
500
83
390
88
462
972
4,805
576
624
84
2,038
408
719
221
184
20
63
14
96
5
11
2
67
0
133
12
43
87
50
48
43
249
232
26
196
22
123
23
12
47
87
85
30
18
34
27
12
11
13
1
18
15
22
99
129
43
131
3
44
7
72
4
780
339
511
1,308
562
234
74
547
296
2,381
45
631
623
1,407
996
513
1,360
775
324
515
328
227
605
1,558
203
1,741
836
1,982
913
1,046
1,027
306
599
977
446
872
46
283
145
665
756
2,830
500
598
54
1,255
242
918
237
139
2,716
564
1,385
3,198
2,353
880
517
572
1,418
38,446
340
962
1,854
2,935
3,277
1,287
1,079
4,724
350
987
712
333
1,195
3,227
646
1,090
2,036
6,520
3,129
3,566
2,375
751
1,789
2,349
1,287
1,411
468
608
128
4,526
2,148
17,938
683
493
655
2,816
780
2,327
585
1,240
107
40
56
106
19
34
6
21
20
107
2
22
38
139
95
65
14
95
52
24
58
24
42
91
28
33
34
144
52
44
109
49
29
22
26
21
5
22
11
32
56
206
49
50
6
72
19
55
12
24
12
19
7
74
10
4
3
5
5
50
2
6
11
46
19
29
22
21
11
13
15
1
5
31
1
4
17
33
15
11
23
14
6
2
0
5
3
11
35
31
9
22
2
29
6
14
1
4
Totals
3,148 295,051 153,210 82,299 80,775 9,476 75,248 249,286 5,790 1,516
Election Results
931
REPUBLICAN PRIMARY ELECTIONS, MAY 8, 1984
County
Ruby T.
Hooper
James G.
Martin
County
Ruby T.
Hooper
James G.
Martin
Alamance .
Alexander
Alleghany
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort ...
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick
Buncombe
Burke
Cabarrus ..
Caldwell ...
Camden ....
Carteret ..
Caswell ...
Catawba .
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan ...
Clay
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven
Cumberland
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe
Forsyth ,
Franklin ....,
Gaston ....
Gates
Graham ..
Granville
Greene ....
Guilford ....
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood ..
Henderson
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell ...
Jackson
278
45
18
10
48
256
49
14
7
105
418
565
92
165
1
158
21
378
141
35
8
21
76
52
82
348
11
39
304
175
22
141
51
461
23
168
8
18
22
9
840
37
66
69
463
14
10
12
96
29
2,066
755
142
156
833
2,359
560
61
104
1,093
3,434
1,594
1,720
2,027
19
1,164
139
4,304
1,376
329
90
266
1,107
322
760
2,213
77
218
2,889
2,250
270
1,783
532
4,367
213
2,338
24
288
161
76
7,927
293
728
381
3,021
102
83
41
3,215
332
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln ...
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg .
Mitchell
Montgomery ..
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank ...
Pender
Perquimans
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond ....
Robeson
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford
Sampson ...
Scotland ....
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington
Watauga
Wayne ...
Wilkes ...
Wilson ...
Yadkin .
Yancey ..
Totals
64
7
44
96
43
140
25
9
22
579
265
27
167
105
247
6
73
112
16
19
33
7
14
121
229
213
21
31
93
203
58
170
53
52
94
48
25
118
2
65
14
621
23
6
89
82
295
59
179
77
11,640
739
64
331
816
1,872
700
256
165
277
18,873
2,509
433
2,112
1,214
2,382
49
813
1,193
184
228
305
83
173
1,521
826
1,920
219
327
748
3,350
592
1,706
256
1,239
1,029
631
132
600
29
1,122
232
5,183
67
61
1,217
622
4,760
530
2,356
1,066
128,714
932
North Carolina Manual
SECOND DEMOCRATIC PRIMAY, JUNE 5, 1984
County
ID)
Rufus
Edmisten
(D)
H. Edward
Knox
County
(D|
Rufus
Edmisten
ID)
H. Edward
Knoi
Alamance ,
Alexander
Alleghany
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort ...
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick
Buncombe
Burke
Cabarrus ..
Caldwell ...
Camden ....
Carteret ..
Caswell ...
Catawba .
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan ...
Clay
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven
Cumberland
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston ....
Gates
Graham ..
Granville
Greene ....
Guilford ....
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood ..
Henderson
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell ...
Jackson
5,213
1,229
1,077
3,284
2,319
882
3,426
1,373
2,259
3,080
8,505
5,511
4,228
3,265
720
3,331
1,774
5,817
3,689
806
552
220
5,419
4,432
4,720
10,223
897
1,087
3,569
1,153
3,358
10,216
4,702
11,448
2,841
6,922
332
508
3,198
1,821
12,794
4,330
5,277
3,188
1,701
929
1,306
741
4,511
1,374
4,999
696
774
3,112
323
328
1,773
1,038
2,771
2,762
7,455
2,214
5,262
1,972
752
2,344
1,895
3,155
2,834
766
640
200
4,418
3,454
2,585
7,223
1,372
676
3,521
561
2,012
12,406
3,685
10,188
3,271
6,145
709
192
3,149
1,001
14,948
2,707
3,770
2,563
2,273
1,322
1,120
283
4,566
1,234
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln ...
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg .
Mitchell
Montgomery ..
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank ...
Pender
Perquimans
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond ....
Robeson
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford
Sampson ...
Scotland ....
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington
Watauga
Wayne .
Wilkes .
Wilson .
Yadkin
Yancey
5,594
1,403
3,204
5,799
3,115
1,158
847
2,537
2,029
13,635
342
1,507
2,828
5,750
5,420
1,979
4,457
4,228
1,570
1,633
3,124
507
1,944
7,178
587
2,956
3,896
7,962
4,472
3,704
2,699
2,915
1,698
2,466
1,810
2,962
684
988
559
3,562
2,968
24,190
2,346
1,249
3,139
6,169
3,187
6,114
985
1,197
3,930
1,095
2,284
3,719
2,658
840
839
1,489
1,685
41,825
317
1,045
2,663
4,093
5,316
1,401
1,897
7,513
735
2,086
1,573
487
1,366
4,837
615
1,674
2,603
9,355
4,988
3,349
2,111
1,466
1,728
2,427
1,192
1,522
673
842
393
3,984
2,930
25,660
2,410
1,281
612
4,176
636
3,004
621
934
Totals
352,351
326,278
Election Results
933
GENERAL ELECTION, NOVEMBER 6, 1984
County
Rufus Edmisten
James G.Martin
H. Fritz Prochnow
Gregory McCartan
(Democrat)
(Republican)
(Libertarian)
(Socialist Woriiers)
14,568
23,193
184
48
4,604
7,260
3
1
2,479
2,250
6
0
5,880
2,788
4
12
5,393
5,482
13
3
1,949
3,991
8
10
7,753
7,303
12
6
4,532
1,980
25
53
5,592
4,012
28
46
8,194
8,528
30
26
30,033
33,673
201
114
12,704
16,370
24
6
11,229
21,685
37
24
9,567
14,827
28
15
1,412
936
3
1
8,781
9,630
28
8
5,097
2,887
8
6
14,928
28,551
48
27
8,667
7,190
34
7
3,244
4,707
21
26
2,169
1,740
33
27
1,463
2,109
4
2
12,951
14,914
28
11
11,009
7,843
32
25
10,282
9,850
46
62
29,497
26,409
104
43
2,447
1,935
2
3
3,007
3,699
20
14
16,016
28,171
56
19
3,848
7,190
5
1
8,331
6,078
5
2
34,975
26,957
268
161
12,669
7,884
10
34
46,345
53,242
143
60
6,078
4,704
16
13
18,628
35,730
78
48
2,748
991
0
5
1,799
2,207
5
1
6,638
4,916
8
9
3,844
2,078
4
1
52,073
71,336
195
97
10,993
7,825
28
17
9,569
9,327
25
18
9,714
8,994
35
20
8,675
17,953
42
22
4,739
2,159
38
67
3,734
1,800
1
15
1,352
819
0
3
11,379
22,936
49
11
5,229
5,286
23
25
Alamance .
Alexander
Alleghany
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort ...
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick
Buncombe
Burke
Cabarrus ..
Caldwell ...
Camden ....
Carteret ..
Caswell ...
Catawba .
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan ...
Clay
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven
Cumberland
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe .
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood
Henderson ..
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
934
North Carolina Manual
GENERAL ELECTIONS, NOVEMBER 6, 1984 (Continued)
County
Rufus Edmisten
(Democrat)
James G. Martin
(Republican)
H. Fritz Prochnow
(Libertarian)
Gregory McCartan
(Socialist Worliers)
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln ...
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg ..
Mitchell
Montgomery ..
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank ...
Pender
Perquimans
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond ....
Robeson
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford
Sampson ...
Scotland ....
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes .
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
10,730
2,510
6,263
11,806
6,910
4,688
3,388
5,422
6,060
57,279
1,692
4,447
8,529
11,585
14,870
5,496
9,535
20,656
2,812
4,333
5,227
1,957
4,492
17,620
2,836
10,846
8,623
19,630
13,090
13,591
8,841
10,557
4,753
7,437
6,653
9,661
2,250
4,626
1,027
8,856
7,549
63,798
4,442
4,155
7,617
13,003
10,499
10,942
4,263
4,280
13,769
1,542
6,588
9,950
12,010
5,623
2,962
2,920
6,482
114,151
4,778
4,356
13,703
15,037
22,006
3,113
10,749
15,083
1,836
3,924
4,130
1.337
4,752
15,021
3,800
24,341
5,942
10,291
15,164
23,429
10,409
9,846
3,207
12,893
7,949
11,388
1,898
6,151
516
15,387
5,472
75,856
2,032
1,842
7,070
15,288
16,257
10,205
7,645
3,752
24
4
43
16
16
12
8
44
14
446
8
5
28
29
69
51
41
140
3
30
2
2
65
75
108
56
16
81
62
38
21
15
21
26
7
47
9
24
1
33
12
528
0
2
49
129
24
74
4
1
17
0
19
15
10
7
25
23
13
215
2
4
17
23
83
108
17
76
3
73
2
3
43
28
11
33
11
113
25
33
13
14
21
5
10
23
5
10
0
14
18
137
6
0
23
43
5
65
0
1
Totals:
1,011,209
1,208,167
4,611
2,740
Election Results
935
LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR
PRIMARY ELECTIONS, MAY 3, 1988
County
DEMOCRATIC
Robert L.
Hannon
Harold W.
Hardison
Parks
Helms
Frank
Jordan
Tony
Rand
REPUBLICAN
BUI
Boyd
Jim
Gardner
Wendell H
Sawyer
Alamance
Alexander
Alleghany
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort ....
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick
Buncombe .
Burke
Cabarrus ...
Caldwell ....
Camden ....
Carteret ..
Caswell ..
Catawba
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan ...
Clay
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven
Cumberland
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe
Forsyth
Franklin ....
Gaston ....
Gates
Graham ..
Granville
Greene
Guilford ....
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood ..
Henderson
Hertford ....
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
223
39
42
139
139
33
125
189
50
228
402
193
303
147
120
110
167
145
159
60
34
12
408
149
196
263
174
73
321
57
178
230
417
522
134
453
72
45
258
66
703
319
321
128
90
263
84
57
232
187
1,549
188
809
819
701
88
2,155
1,064
495
1,641
2,099
653
775
264
601
2,341
579
403
949
254
587
152
1,112
2,190
2,237
2,713
544
360
1,120
272
4,292
2,069
2,099
2,617
1,002
1,176
311
162
1,228
1,648
5,554
2,535
1,665
928
338
1,202
546
667
873
1,004
1,322
254
247
1,262
508
91
389
284
172
438
745
1,188
1,668
582
175
403
466
1,187
1,252
76
147
31
2,135
251
402
1,381
338
218
1,217
322
336
2,183
915
3,109
417
2,995
138
45
907
166
5,126
1,149
1,198
172
174
323
229
116
1,535
489
993
129
146
637
500
108
364
273
171
683
1,022
440
571
196
203
229
718
352
470
116
93
65
915
352
314
551
304
163
520
272
406
846
1,166
1,231
344
783
227
115
792
226
1,196
971
662
303
193
355
322
167
563
608
2,793
608
427
1,676
745
213
1,356
1,522
1,330
2,857
3,996
1,574
2,550
1,170
395
1,511
1,797
1,495
2,109
177
502
114
1,522
2,013
2,008
16,536
421
1,259
3,499
900
1,441
10,458
3,811
6,866
1,916
3,333
500
131
2,667
433
6,878
2,708
3,282
1,126
1,065
1,216
1,626
575
2,043
1,094
444
36
14
19
211
363
108
6
29
255
751
130
370
165
3
213
9
386
189
57
15
29
80
55
316
366
33
199
555
274
40
294
59
615
50
319
7
36
33
10
656
24
66
94
516
29
19
13
216
73
1,805
622
175
137
1,858
2,176
480
71
60
1,174
1,798
1,550
1,966
1,907
24
1,362
78
3,137
838
284
90
252
567
236
688
1,924
75
549
3,657
2,365
337
1,818
622
3,843
358
1,869
18
402
186
88
4,000
229
702
248
1,183
169
105
46
1,876
271
188
10
9
6
105
129
48
5
3
117
180
68
79
60
6
97
8
89
48
12
16
17
24
7
69
115
16
86
292
117
89
9
317
13
72
3
27
1,591
14
26
23
86
8
5
7
49
31
936
North Carolina Manual
PRIMARY ELECTIONS, MAY 3, 1988 (Continued)
County
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg
Mitchell
Montgomery .
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank ..
Pender
Perquimans ..
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
Rockingham .
Rowan
Rutherford ....
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington ..
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
Totals
DEMOCRATIC
Robert L.
Hannon
Harold W.
Hardison
Parks
Helms
Frank
Jordan
Tony
Rand
REPUBLICAN
Bill
Boyd
Jim
Gardner
Wendell H
Sawyer
316
35
90
141
109
291
26
74
139
683
24
221
118
253
203
254
126
156
59
220
138
114
57
478
32
93
159
681
264
117
446
158
45
92
131
142
21
130
32
154
522
336
202
50
152
174
106
129
41
98
3,341
1,468
1,615
6,938
409
598
588
2,128
546
1,901
80
613
522
2,811
1,685
1,310
2,971
865
883
937
1,147
945
853
6,276
189
556
648
4,130
1,226
349
832
1,847
373
601
837
671
157
378
342
582
1,461
5,767
858
611
385
3,952
623
1,825
227
391
1,449
94
1,303
496
814
358
40
519
342
15,671
46
743
845
1,171
588
411
618
1,291
145
292
226
213
488
1,047
87
692
831
2,214
1,014
1,017
956
318
301
,162
371
621
45
210
106
2,068
1,461
6,551
606
148
736
1,163
617
826
219
171
788
124
318
442
211
588
67
462
282
1,877
36
313
216
863
456
346
342
484
186
254
333
251
366
1,014
106
262
1,016
2,636
771
289
335
194
191
401
487
46
296
133
465
872
896
822
167
398
,266
290
516
155
359
3,205
372
1,717
1,400
1,178
863
140
1,016
673
8,768
134
1,181
1,224
2,248
5,440
2,324
2,797
5,148
686
1,246
2,068
381
1,262
3,781
267
929
2,647
8,267
2,518
1,705
1,509
1,893
1,525
1,169
1,429
1,335
217
623
365
2,731
2,150
14,429
2,209
1,009
1,132
2,923
1,063
2,604
491
876
79
9
71
81
87
199
28
53
78
2,064
425
81
461
83
484
156
149
47
63
85
10
21
164
100
1,812
58
120
151
302
67
85
20
149
199
113
12
190
6
221
46
1,060
17
22
445
113
333
58
79
190
1,214
59
453
763
967
512
144
223
343
10,263
1,838
431
3,253
1,595
1,840
60
736
847
172
289
370
70
165
1,335
303
1,715
309
554
869
2,485
620
1,526
112
1,402
1,064
782
108
449
31
1,133
223
6,242
105
76
1,911
950
3,422
577
1,374
612
21
11
24
82
30
73
4
22
19
1,010
129
30
104
22
175
1
89
51
23
28
40
13
4
82
46
82
24
32
78
102
26
27
4
21
54
20
8
56
5
74
16
305
1
5
76
29
99
41
59
112
18,291 132,878 94,549 48,222 219,511
19,802 107,171 7,905
Election Results
937
GENERAL ELECTIONS, NOVEMBER 8, 1988
County
(D)
Tony
Rand
(R)
Jim
Gardner
County
(D)
Tony
Rand
(R)
Jim
Gardner
Alamance .
Alexander
Alleghany
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort ...
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick
Buncombe
Burke
Cabarrus ..
Caldwell ...
Camden ....
Carteret ..
Caswell ...
Catawba .
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan ...
Clay
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven
Cumberland
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe
Forsyth
Franklin ....
Gaston ....
Gates
Graham ..
Granville
Greene ....
Guilford ....
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood ..
Henderson
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell ...
Jackson
15,437
4,904
2,261
5,307
4,451
1,586
6,580
3,863
5,484
9,082
30,619
12,930
14,591
9,576
1,281
8,745
4,719
15,735
8,460
2,962
2,284
1,429
12,460
10,855
9,535
32,470
1,792
3,634
16,594
3,708
6,831
37,550
9,949
46,723
6,124
19,721
2,158
1,469
6,244
3,094
60,604
9,712
8,532
9,890
10,426
5,042
3,588
1,373
12,625
5,332
20,326
7,055
1,966
2,039
5,567
3,935
6,998
1,812
3,054
9,056
31,445
14,052
18,370
13,095
913
9,751
2,305
25,725
6,391
4,314
1,611
2,013
12,135
5,366
10,757
19,740
2,149
4,436
24,970
7,229
5,436
26,116
5,874
50,483
4,661
29,718
1,112
1,840
4,334
1,913
53,612
6,271
8,506
7,729
18,139
2,537
1,504
758
19,009
4,657
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln ...
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg .
Mitchell
Montgomery ..
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank ...
Pender
Perquimans
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond ....
Robeson
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford
Sampson ...
Scotland ....
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington
Watauga
Wayne .
Wilkes .
Wilson .
Yadkin
Yancey
10,527
2,105
5,404
8,881
7,643
4,362
3,245
4,461
5,261
79,189
1,508
4,591
8,857
10,911
19,190
5,075
8,847
23,351
2,351
4,570
4,888
1,808
3,932
16,771
2,834
11,794
8,245
18,654
13,929
15,575
7,991
8,912
4,280
8,326
6,310
9,181
1,874
4,884
821
11,782
6,883
73,550
4,557
3,005
6,793
1 1 ,308
8,243
9,383
3,613
4,091
13,610
1,367
6,235
8,996
10,321
5,436
2,955
2,570
5,854
90,008
4,426
3,650
13,160
13,646
20,067
2,074
10,482
12,637
2,005
3,218
4,397
1,383
3,998
15,628
3,650
21,948
4,055
8,087
12,450
19,714
9,351
8,381
2,246
10,568
7,899
10,453
1,775
6,382
516
13,385
4,613
75,748
1,808
1,865
7,897
13,385
14,318
9,263
7,251
3,997
Totals
1,044,917
1,072,002
938
North Carolina Manual
COUNCIL OF STATE
SECRETARY OF STATE PRIMARY ELECTIONS
MAY 3, 1988
('ounty
Alamance ..
Alexander ...
Alleghany .,
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick ..
Buncombe ..
Burke
Cabarrus ....
Caldwell
Camden
Carteret
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham ....
Cherokee
Chowan
Clay
Cleveland ...
Columbus ...
Craven
Cumberland
Currituck ....
Dare
Davidson ....
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe .
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville ....
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood ....
Henderson ..
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
(D)
(D)
(D)
(D)
(R)
(R)
Dan
Rufus L.
Wayne S.
Brad
John H
Ray
Bell
Edmisten
Hardin
Miller
Carrington
Warren
754
4,297
855
704
1,438
682
109
932
73
101
258
364
82
1,227
95
204
108
69
372
2,898
547
520
98
54
96
2,254
126
214
1,173
662
35
462
35
26
1,826
504
591
2,823
419
469
407
187
660
1,701
252
230
53
20
213
1,342
272
291
66
20
439
3,577
809
761
907
555
989
5,462
839
720
1,592
904
337
3,062
226
228
1,054
592
915
3,853
498
526
1,419
782
422
1,677
79
162
1,319
646
221
784
233
166
18
12
452
3,247
314
471
1,005
567
329
2,328
403
534
60
24
419
2,729
184
272
2,110
1,232
597
3,094
346
826
699
296
78
431
49
96
229
97
107
803
271
125
62
32
52
255
31
39
182
96
667
4,362
646
473
411
212
375
3,313
591
480
197
95
1,245
2,853
349
377
615
406
1,235
12,136
1.672
4,813
1,425
832
266
934
345
230
72
48
213
1,382
224
182
439
310
828
4,367
582
840
2,922
1,114
73
1.372
135
228
1,567
784
1 ,272
4,116
441
555
245
105
1.248
5.764
921
7,430
1.404
471
457
6.394
770
820
455
137
1,075
9.135
1,057
2,516
2.657
1,655
420
2.530
322
551
273
110
1,508
6.046
571
611
1,211
834
378
512
139
213
21
5
71
369
40
26
185
220
353
4,012
522
915
179
38
147
1,997
193
173
59
35
4,044
11,352
1,302
2,174
3,381
2,380
615
4,729
860
1,210
179
65
564
4,841
710
1,011
552
202
321
1,901
173
236
240
119
212
1.191
169
216
1,036
658
691
1.897
272
352
123
63
183
1,615
272
654
81
39
184
1.021
177
167
32
26
627
3.759
434
465
1,196
721
566
2.068
379
285
170
178
Election Results
939
SECRETARY OF STATE PRIMARY ELECTIONS
MAY 3, 1988 (Continued)
County
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln ...
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg .
Mitchell
Montgomery .
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank ...
Pender
Perquimans
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond ....
Robeson
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford
Sampson ...
Scotland ...
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington
Watauga
Wayne ...
Wilkes ...
Wilson ...
Yadkin ..
Yancey ..
Totals
(D)
Dan
Bell
(D)
Rufus L.
Edmisten
(D)
Wayne S.
Hardin
L311
159
370
967
474
41
312
384
649
820
408
615
803
183
518
294
173
406
1,300
63
441
436
1,812
713
466
495
605
256
478
125
179
67
137
98
615
589
3,635
291
563
264
3,306
157
596
99
181
62,918
5,919
1,489
3,260
6,702
1,883
207
2,039
1,765
4,830
4,248
3,425
4,479
3,088
1,276
1,596
2,617
977
1,793
9,291
467
1,595
3,839
11,250
3,760
2,451
2,573
2,891
1,403
2,153
2,497
2,259
323
1,197
597
3,943
4,435
12,441
2,718
1,109
2,577
4,914
2,202
3,989
854
1,460
317,970
633
164
533
619
146
312
1,824
286
46
621
58
234
2,954
280
53
1,545
212
7,312
15,039
1,995
26
323
308
656
714
241
552
539
150
302
409
324
233
945
113
212
400
2,546
546
216
1,469
295
223
221
230
301
28
177
128
471
541
1,482
458
141
90
591
118
390
87
125
43,472
(D)
Brad
Miller
1,353
164
689
635
174
256
100
362
108
1,984
25
335
427
1,062
1,714
426
893
3,047
250
209
403
361
444
968
40
213
459
1,818
586
333
242
464
246
289
282
464
53
125
103
674
861
9,273
886
154
132
653
248
690
95
132
71,792
(R)
JohnH
Carrington
904
43
341
589
543
434
69
155
272
4,073
1,274
355
2,363
1,088
1,407
52
596
563
152
220
333
51
124
918
243
2,194
275
477
668
1,915
392
830
78
887
772
544
80
426
23
727
204
4,735
74
68
1,286
678
2,066
430
911
376
75,688
(R)
Ray
Warren
338
32
117
248
446
330
91
97
134
7,648
720
145
1,198
322
913
11
350
383
78
100
138
35
45
554
182
830
96
199
331
691
260
658
48
477
393
218
34
245
14
558
56
2,518
38
30
892
317
1,275
169
419
460
46,140
940
North Carolina Manual
STATE AUDITOR PRIMARY ELECTIONS MAY 3, 1988
C'ounty
Alamance
Alexander
Allefihany
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick
Buncombe
Burke
Cabarrus
t:aldwell
Camden
Carteret
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan
Clay
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven
Cumberland ..
C'urrituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe ....
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood
Henderson
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
-Jackson
(I))
•John
Koavill
(D)
Kdward
Renfrow
County
Johnston
-Jones
Lee
Lenoir
I<incoln
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg
Mitchell
Montgomery .
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank ..
Pender
Perquimans ..
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
Rockingham .
Rowan
Rutherford ....
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington ..
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
Totals
(D)
John
Reavill
(D)
Kdward
Renfrow
,120
;i()H
■MVZ
,()«.'".
«74
71
fi87
404
,2H4
,;) 1 4
92; i
,i9;i
X{2
r,H\
,090
7 if)
811
104
141
1 :2r-,2
i,oo;j
2,942
49;{
.■{74
1,6«2
4;{H
1,479
1,081
1 ,279
2,B07
r->\{)
1 ,r,4 1
;i88
lOf)
1,071
.■il8
2,881
l,fir)l
98H
r,(YA
■Am
642
44.1
15 10
9.'")1
4,70.'".
8i;!
949
2,867
1,440
.■569
;},;{;{2
1,.181
1 ,.198
.■i,70.1
.■".,271
2,642
.■5,9.50
1 ,.146
90;5
.•{,649
1,964
2,.1.12
;{,4.11
48;{
842
28;{
4,086
;{,676
;{,0.18
14,684
1,109
1 ,2.1.1
4,281
1,1 ;{4
4, .■{89
7,847
1,892
9,;{i;{
2,991
6,2;{;{
199
;{;{i
;{,789
2,017
14, .109
i,07;{
1,602
1,879
i,;{i2
2,004
2,019
970
:{,761
2,182
718
•AH]
469
1 ,112
177
688
74
616
389
2,726
.10
6.1; {
4.18
919
97; {
729
1 ,281
918
.i;{i
.i;{i
629
;ii9
;{();{
1 ,7.18
79
;{74
924
;{,888
1,047
7.11
1,222
481
214
.192
840
72;{
71
;{40
196
949
1.246
2,627
900
;{19
,140
878
1 ,.162
611
;{12
;{20
8,620
1 ,;{.i2
;{,65i
6,;{8:i
1,776
1,661
199
2,488
1,401
18,429
2:{1
1 ,941
2,2:]()
1,178
1,492
;{,i6;{
4,291
4,920
1 ,o;{8
1 ,902
2,788
1 ,;{oo
1,971
9,422
116
1,796
;{,.1.14
1 1 ,841
;{,921
2,401
2,947
;i,610
1,491
2,179
1 ,908
1,942
;{20
1,107
117
;{,860
4,244
20,617
2,946
1,478
1,827
7,176
1 ,oi;{
4;{7
67;{
1,169
8;{,2;{4
;{4;{,287
Election Results
941
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
PRIMARY ELECTIONS, MAY 3, 1988
County
(D)
Bob
Etheridge
(D)
Norman
Jarrad
(D)
Henry
McCarthy
(R)
Thomas F.
Paquin
(R)
Tom
Rogers
Alamance
3,748
605
688
2,374
1,240
240
2,384
1,883
1,361
2,781
4,789
2,189
2,952
1,322
867
3,360
1,516
2,033
2,710
369
742
240
2,274
3,118
2,890
10,475
1,210
1,356
3,321
857
3,730
8,711
4,721
5,416
2,177
5,053
497
257
2,799
1,505
10,055
4,647
6,431
1,533
1,004
1,799
1,647
667
2,776
1.718
643
175
194
596
379
70
452
216
196
772
721
525
680
292
135
290
510
502
471
126
83
58
967
429
457
2,523
166
142
913
249
715
959
899
1,787
479
902
98
67
649
241
2.081
681
365
309
237
224
260
186
815
422
1,371
291
413
1.024
579
124
986
437
409
1.340
1,397
827
1,427
478
285
487
1,099
716
944
95
238
54
1.887
765
929
3,998
315
207
1,648
486
1.091
3.009
1.518
4.924
686
1.699
486
114
1,255
477
4,451
1,470
563
598
378
540
600
430
1,056
756
684
190
53
44
554
544
196
25
27
719
648
472
634
608
13
574
33
1,048
352
102
28
92
230
105
404
751
39
306
1.347
576
114
444
196
1.907
127
595
10
166
61
38
2,015
83
234
101
593
67
42
22
554
137
1,233
Alexander
Alleghany
407
115
Anson
101
Ashe
1,210
Avery
1,456
Beaufort
Bertie
379
39
Bladen
Brunswick
Buncombe
Burke
51
704
1,530
1,087
Cabarrus
1.459
Caldwell
1,218
17
Carteret
912
Caswell
48
2,072
Chatham
535
Cherokee
216
Chowan
62
Clay
188
Cleveland
368
Columbus
162
573
1,367
Currituck
81
Dare
439
Davidson
2,507
Davie
1.639
Duplin
218
Durham
1,164
356
Forsyth
2,244
235
1,301
Gates
16
242
Granville
141
55
Guilford
3,260
Halifax
146
Harnett
475
Haywood
253
1,018
Hertford
110
Hoke
77
Hyde
39
Iredell
1.243
Jackson
212
942
North Carolina Manual
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
PRIMARY ELECTIONS, MAY 3, 1988 (Continued)
County
(D)
Bob
Etheridge
(1))
Norman
Jarrad
(1))
Henry
McCarthy
(R)
Thomas F.
Paquin
(R)
Tom
Rogers
Johnston
Jones
6,77;i
1,162
4,286
5,203
1,349
1,451
563
2,316
1,217
12,576
181
1,219
1,728
4,873
4,034
3,105
4,343
3,308
727
2,102
2,164
1,206
1,270
7,575
376
1,181
3,343
7,363
2,474
1,973
2,105
2,559
1,659
1,864
1,514
1,400
318
668
464
2,454
3,088
17,629
2,170
815
1.074
6.521
1,338
3,670
433
849
561
217
200
861
342
396
49
244
239
2,259
32
633
310
545
761
86
616
552
240
147
455
139
291
1,102
88
313
493
2,408
872
454
797
431
122
360
506
520
48
299
104
723
673
1 ,330
524
140
269
660
404
346
185
299
950
444
254
1,632
619
546
83
544
293
5,470
66
690
564
952
1,422
405
812
2,392
546
352
716
321
492
1 ,963
132
648
787
5,951
1 .404
775
1.123
761
175
468
727
755
55
505
220
1,414
1,272
4.042
1.141
843
1.283
972
666
752
375
445
367
32
152
284
292
195
50
49
134
4,106
611
143
1 ,938
384
1 ,056
23
373
440
65
115
184
29
40
494
92
847
166
328
315
782
239
521
35
362
369
206
37
211
8
388
63
2,408
38
24
630
330
1,055
164
313
332
796
42
Lee
254
Lenoir
527
Lincoln
664
Macon
550
Madison
93
Martin
189
McDowell
259
Mecklenburg
5,894
Mitchell
1 ,252
Montgomery
332
Moore
1 ,454
Nash
New Hanover
910
1 ,075
Northampton
34
Onslow
537
Orange
451
Pamlico
143
Pasquotank
171
Pender
Perquimans
258
57
Perso n
124
Pitt
887
Polk
Randolph
297
1,847
Richmond
Robeson
197
354
Rockingham
630
Rowan
1,688
Rutherford
407
Sampson
807
Scotland
81
Stanlv
1,010
Stokes
763
Surry
474
Swain
78
Transylvania
430
Tyrrell
24
Union
782
Vance
183
Wake
3,891
Warren
70
Washington
72
Watauga
1,372
Wayne
598
Wilkes
2,039
Wilson
382
Yadkin
926
Yancey
492
Totals
277.070
50.953
101.576
40.723
71,817
Election Results
943
COMMISSIONER OF LABOR
PRIMARY ELECTIONS, MAY 3, 1988
County
(1)1
Robert
Bingham
(1))
JohnC.
Brooks
(1)1
Jack
Weaver
(R)
Richard 1).
Levy
(Rl
Joseph R.
Overby
Alamance
1,104
275
510
771
l,i;il
224
850
771
453
l,2fi9
1,435
1,055
1,497
656
496
904
764
901
957
187
189
51
1,810
2,103
1,704
4,303
617
535
2,305
755
1,136
1,059
1,667
2,784
686
2,454
481
84
927
409
2,530
1,395
1,389
573
460
1,116
533
456
1,077
667
3,810
714
696
2,330
896
195
2,690
1,174
1,327
3,199
4,344
2,187
2,820
1,250
580
2,682
1,744
1,992
2,959
348
659
246
3,019
1,988
2,183
9,693
676
802
3,124
745
3,831
11,627
4,881
7,570
2,460
4,419
459
314
3,502
1,667
12,660
4,911
4,267
1 ,648
942
1,181
1,622
624
2,889
1 ,905
1,027
148
148
794
286
39
433
223
196
580
1,198
378
857
224
166
574
583
405
407
72
126
54
633
462
607
2,795
266
229
545
150
747
935
1,034
1,496
388
854
162
55
578
219
1,972
633
878
227
212
241
373
221
667
325
859
374
91
90
1,087
1,191
290
35
44
813
1,182
987
1,177
1,003
19
851
40
2,035
500
183
46
150
376
169
406
1,199
67
415
2,089
1,021
164
846
325
2,179
161
1,082
14
207
95
42
3,186
132
367
205
848
103
60
37
1 ,026
180
978
Alexander
Alleghany
225
78
Anson
54
Ashe
A very
676
751
Beaufort
Bertie
285
30
Bladen
33
Brunswick
547
Buncombe
Burke
993
556
Cabarrus
Caldwell
800
791
Camden
12
Carteret
609
Catawba
43
1,093
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan
391
134
42
Clay
126
Cleveland
209
93
Craven
Cumberland
568
889
Currituck
Dare
Davie
47
308
1,694
1,175
Duplin
163
Durham
742
Pjdgecom be
227
1,879
Franklin
196
Gaston . .
769
12
Graham
178
102
Greene
47
Guilford
2,193
Halifax
104
Harnett
355
141
Henderson
734
Hertford
70
Hoke
54
Hyde
20
Iredell
718
Jackson
160
944
North Carolina Manual
COMMISSIONER OF LABOR
PRIMARY ELECTIONS, MAY 3, 1988 (Continued)
County
(D)
(D)
(D)
(R)
(R)
Robert
JohnC.
Jack
Richard D.
Joseph R.
jingham
Brooks
Weaver
Levy
Overby
2,955
4,878
607
747
458
345
1,229
227
33
42
683
2,961
418
212
216
1,474
6,020
744
407
399
751
1,372
269
592
315
852
1,212
336
405
331
136
485
81
82
52
658
2,067
416
113
106
571
951
266
227
146
4,595
13,773
2,224
6,263
3,361
80
164
41
1,149
610
735
1,495
531
270
201
611
1,712
337
2,166
1,177
1,233
4,595
751
657
615
1,945
3,771
732
1,215
861
1,317
2,492
270
40
19
1,378
3,168
816
495
377
1,007
4,924
494
481
393
437
867
270
87
121
964
1,221
250
18
98
774
2,252
402
212
223
484
886
240
46
38
306
1,803
239
67
89
1,986
8,251
1,301
822
547
116
390
106
197
188
454
1,587
230
1,515
1,227
1,389
2,661
536
177
170
3,920
11,302
1,395
412
246
1,397
3,003
518
469
464
1,083
1,720
359
1,392
1,025
1,594
2,147
523
401
223
879
2,469
437
781
533
411
1,264
272
69
46
669
1,949
205
859
415
1,080
1,509
293
468
675
831
1,616
329
315
398
102
265
62
69
43
474
859
165
374
270
232
398
137
21
12
2,442
747
1,403
734
424
1,195
3,747
519
114
127
4,201
17,489
2,145
2,794
3,582
759
2,749
466
40
62
767
914
179
50
43
2,010
741
137
1,140
815
1,201
5,566
1,081
402
530
964
1,340
202
1,766
1,349
819
3,453
579
253
275
305
568
133
538
700
486
729
378
458
337
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg .
Mitchell
Montgomery ..
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank ...
Pender
Perquimans ...
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
Rockingham ..
Rowan
Rutherford
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington ...
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
Totals
108,522
278,182
51,873
62,824
48,068
Election Results
945
COUNCIL OF STATE
GENERAL ELECTIONS, NOVEMBER 8, 1988
County
Secretary of State
(D) (R)
Rufus L. John H.
Edfflisten Carrington
Attorney General
(D) (R)
Lacy H. Sam
Thornburg Wilson
Commissioner of Labor
(D) (R)
John C. Richard D.
Brooiis (Dicii) Levy
State Treasurer
(D| IR)
Harlan E. Nancy Lake
Boyies Coward
Alamance .
Alexander
Alleghany
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort ....
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick .
Buncombe .
Burke
Cabarrus ...
Caldwell ....
Camden
Carteret ..
Caswell ...
Catawba .
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan ...
Clay
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven
Cumberland .
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham ...
Granville .
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood ...
Henderson
Hertford ....
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
15,971
5,051
2,432
5,465
4,922
1,840
7,015
3,935
5,434
9,072
30,994
13,916
15,396
10,331
1,471
9,087
4,756
16,461
8,764
3,076
2,312
1,456
14,067
11,384
10,082
30,633
2,251
3,645
17,517
4,072
7,718
37,454
11,090
49,320
6,673
21,899
2,324
1,493
6,847
3,393
58,582
10,425
9,248
10,592
10,947
5,368
3,714
1,432
13,981
5,247
19,096
6,859
1,755
1,781
5,077
3,657
6,526
1,493
2,907
8,877
29,330
12,986
17,322
12,170
675
9,444
2,121
24,861
6,007
4,091
1,386
1,970
10,321
4,676
9,903
20,974
1,720
4,308
23,892
6,706
4,521
25,369
4,686
46,724
4,133
27,252
852
1,806
3,773
1,534
54,079
5,362
7,784
6,878
17,214
2,023
1,303
698
17,805
4,361
18,250
5,089
2,402
5,500
4,730
1,818
7,521
4,016
5,785
9,909
34,071
14,538
15,877
10,466
1,448
9,477
4,821
17,661
9,400
3,199
2,349
1,495
15,120
11,921
10,315
33,476
2,194
3,940
18,077
4,049
8,159
32,920
11,336
51,073
7,325
24,833
2,331
1,538
7,278
3,556
63,144
11,429
10,270
11,565
12,230
5,286
3,843
1,463
14,934
6,277
15,553
6,740
1,708
1,706
5,121
3,529
5,702
1,157
2,310
. 7,700
25,940
12,306
16,056
11,724
656
8,595
1,827
23,258
5,087
3,954
1,208
1,934
9,074
3,767
8,546
17,199
1,672
3,805
22,852
6,555
3,748
20,653
4,043
41,943
3,235
23,702
815
1,755
2,814
1,335
46,324
4,347
6,434
5,868
15,833
1,761
1,075
544
16,151
3,795
15,805
4,907
2,445
5,431
4,633
1,471
6,654
4,050
5,444
9,767
30,469
13,615
14,740
9,773
1,422
9,191
4,755
15,806
8,994
3,070
2,316
1,477
13,880
11,887
9,983
30,830
2,169
3,716
17,216
3,842
8,215
30,678
11,548
47,832
7,088
20,979
2,302
1,485
7,242
3,542
52,601
11,211
9,913
10,704
10,582
5,250
3,756
1,465
13,860
5,312
17,119
6,857
1,625
1,640
5,128
3,692
5,310
1,112
2,261
7,540
27,600
12,744
16,590
12,027
633
8,717
1,841
24,504
5,255
3,973
1,203
1,944
9,681
3,627
8,592
18,275
1,615
3,898
23,485
6,661
3,648
21,382
3,761
43,276
3,318
25,876
821
1,795
2,732
1,308
55,026
4,185
6,544
6,332
16,716
1,750
1,101
531
16,734
4,236
17,153
4,855
2,349
5,330
4,569
1,571
7,252
3,982
5,664
9,379
29,852
13,290
14,210
9,316
1,435
8,939
4,701
15,602
8,658
3,009
2,337
1,450
13,737
11,548
9,932
29,736
2,118
3,586
16,774
3,764
8,000
29,238
11,009
46,665
6,909
20,501
2,304
1,471
7,062
3,493
57,957
10,975
9,530
10,301
10,520
5,258
3,680
1,433
13,683
5,231
15,848
6,943
1,693
1,732
5,185
3,646
5,755
1,149
2,320
7,967
28,598
13,197
17,347
12,484
640
9,078
1,890
24,900
5,553
4,041
1,277
1,972
10,012
4,005
8,634
19,548
1,696
4,102
24,054
6,773
3,883
21,969
4,161
45,196
3,498
26,623
829
1,812
2,880
1,369
49,498
4,430
6,848
6,786
16,966
1,831
1,156
563
17,020
4,476
946
North Carolina Manual
COUNCIL OF STATE
GENERAL ELECTIONS, NOVEMBER 8, 1988 (Continued)
County
Secretary of State
(D) ■ (R)
Rufus L. John H.
Edmisten Carrington
Attorney General
(D) (R)
Lacy H. Sam
Thornburg Wilson
Commissioner of Labor
(D) (R)
John C. Richard D.
Brooks (Dick) Levy
State Treasurer
(D) (R)
Harlan E. Nancy Lake
Boyles Coward
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln ...
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg ..
Mitchell
Montgomery ..
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank ...
Pender
Perquimans
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond ....
Robeson
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford
Sampson ...
Scotland ....
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington
Watauga
Wayne .
Wilkes ..
Wilson .
Yadkin ,
Yancey
12,313
2,244
5,903
10,174
7,995
4,680
3,201
4,870
6,082
75,046
1,677
4,458
8,735
12,478
17,831
5,326
9,901
22,403
2,541
4,768
5,011
1,956
4,353
18,744
2,808
11,731
8,487
19,956
15,040
16,564
9,210
9,404
4,249
8,547
6,999
9,897
1,894
5,217
872
11,767
7,584
73,656
4,804
3,244
7,725
11,903
9,482
10,106
3,939
4,113
11,767
1,216
5,548
7,775
9,833
4,812
2,791
2,091
4,903
85,719
4,179
3,621
13,047
11,922
20,775
1,683
9,207
12,893
1,772
2,806
4,165
1,158
3,214
13,484
3,474
21,710
3,737
6,650
11,137
18,551
7,950
7,793
1,985
10,240
7,155
9,591
1,658
5,897
448
13,008
3,940
73,824
1,530
1,612
6,946
12,308
12,979
8,381
6,838
3,889
13,858
2,287
6,124
10,770
8,445
4,739
3,346
4,674
6,328
82,575
1,759
4,634
9,240
13,767
20,905
5,301
10,424
24,465
2,555
4,781
5,393
1,957
4,346
20,542
2,914
11,825
8,679
20,333
15,288
16,542
9.663
9,844
4,374
8,662
6,852
9,620
2,002
5,613
900
12,750
' 8,085
83,168
4,980
3,265
7,392
12,798
9,239
10,914
3,874
4,172
9,595
1,032
4,594
6,486
9,180
4,658
2,642
1,646
4,563
75,409
4,044
3,416
12,271
9,929
16,369
1,388
7,712
10,092
1,603
2,542
3,554
1,105
2,536
10,650
3,418
20,810
3,244
5,870
10,075
17,758
7,362
7,191
1,515
9,848
7,090
9,281
1,595
5,482
365
13,384
3,033
59,595
1,191
1,481
6,797
10,313
12,772
6,649
6,752
3,829
13,242
2,311
6,021
10,970
71967
4,639
3,184
4,732
5,951
70,411
1,537
4,559
8,806
13,022
19,635
5,222
9,926
23,025
2,552
4,639
5,387
1,934
4,147
20,156
2,826
11,296
8,560
19,937
14,592
15,591
9,109
9,469
4,195
8,441
6,730
9,338
1,870
5,086
901
11,615
8,047
77,067
4,938
3,285
6,685
12,414
8,686
10,638
3,700
4,074
9,873
1,019
4,389
6,329
9,278
4,893
2,679
1,567
4,827
78,984
4,170
3,432
12,480
10,280
16,908
1,389
7,855
10,587
1,581
2,547
3,481
1,101
2,496
10,755
3,414
21,081
3,216
5,236
10,323
18,335
7,655
7,419
1,548
9,965
7,092
9,322
1,613
5,807
352
11,872
2,998
61,704
1,171
1,441
7,108
10,375
13,094
6,518
6,824
3,868
12,864
2,248
5,713
10,612
8,187
4,567
3,133
4,656
5,721
70,533
1,606
4,516
8,974
12,557
19,121
5,186
9,445
22,051
2,506
4,652
5,281
1,927
3,991
18,854
2,802
11,181
8,355
20,409
14,491
15,168
9,026
9,368
4,128
8,227
6,606
9,279
1,842
4,901
883
11,297
7,808
76,739
4,924
3,235
6,703
12,132
8,430
10,388
3.601
4,075
10,232
1,072
4,672
6,619
9,282
5,005
2,736
1,608
4,963
79,977
4,119
3,480
12,403
10,705
17,776
1,405
8,387
11,359
1,645
2,562
3,620
1,111
2,307
12,078
3,458
21,240
3,473
5,516
10,625
19,023
7,820
7,548
1,648
10,215
7,230
9,430
1,654
6,024
379
12,315
3,199
62,406
1,184
1,498
7,249
10,590
13,429
6,928
6,956
3,854
Totals
1,082,533 1,004,660
1,146,777 887,132
1,069,358 918,475
1,056,215 938,374
Election Results
947
COUNCIL OF STATE
GENERAL ELECTIONS, NOVEMBER 8, 1988
County
State Auditor
(D) (R)
Edward Edward
Renfrow Gardner, Jr.
Commissioner of Agriculture
(D| (R)
James A. (Jin) Leo
Graham Tew
Commissioner of Insurance
(D) (R)
Jim H.L. (Pete)
Long Rednour
Superintendent of
Public Instruction
(D) (R)
Bob Tom
Ehteridge Rogers
Alamance .
Alexander
Alleghany
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort ....
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick ,
Buncombe .
Burke
Cabarrus ..,
Caldwell ....
Camden
Carteret ..
Caswell ...
Catawba .
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan ....
Clay
Cleveland ,
Columbus .
Craven
Cumberland .
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham ...
Granville .
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood ...
Henderson
Hertford ....
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
16,573
4,769
2,343
5,195
4,449
1,422
7,223
3,992
5,647
9,135
29,271
12,725
12,995
9,004
1,425
9,105
4,651
14,639
8,751
3,010
2,278
1,447
12,836
11,373
9,786
30,108
2,027
3,538
15,971
3,611
7,805
29,377
11,112
42,895
7,067
18,929
2,261
1,461
6,934
3,517
56,913
10,920
9,811
10,121
10,262
5,353
3,677
1,442
12,745
5,239
16,296
6,981
1,707
1,784
5,306
3,755
5,746
1,163
2,528
8,214
28,759
13,666
18,317
12,683
661
8,880
1,960
25,633
5,479
4,021
1,219
1,964
10,628
4,188
8,715
19,272
1,787
4,123
24,665
6,868
4,076
28,511
4,056
48,504
3,379
27,808
851
1,811
3,011
1,348
50,313
4,466
6,719
6,836
17,139
1,871
1,170
554
17,737
4,239
19,239
5,087
2,641
5,518
5,053
1,748
8,577
4,341
6,026
10,580
32,928
14,751
16,866
10,387
1,598
10,196
4,992
17,366
9,724
3,188
2,474
1,496
15,588
12,764
11,107
34,195
2,501
4,188
19,727
4,353
8,985
31,409
12,165
53,471
7,786
24,529
2,458
1,514
8,196
3,791
62,173
12,006
10,853
11,514
12,209
5,703
3,879
1,550
16,476
5,506
14,327
6,699
1,516
1,561
4,818
3,496
4,701
1,040
2,092
6,987
25,697
11,682
14,530
11,253
518
7,893
1,708
22,690
4,812
3,872
1,122
1,918
8,149
3,079
7,988
15,768
1,354
3,473
21,236
6,247
3,125
21,480
3,295
37,925
2,913
22,429
741
1,763
2,088
1,175
45,639
3,616
5,981
5,669
15,334
1,533
992
496
14,505
4,123
19,756
5,010
2,400
5,485
4,789
1,634
7,971
4,149
5,986
10,157
31,943
13,960
15,385
10,215
1,530
9,642
5,102
16,783
9,523
3,127
2,334
1,484
14,524
12,195
10,568
32,953
2,345
3,964
18,522
4,106
8,536
39,739
11,738
53,752
7,441
21,846
2,376
1,491
7,619
3,764
64,314
11,777
10,396
11,074
11,621
5,480
3,814
1,495
14,793
5,417
14,340
6,787
1,624
1,606
5,025
3,584
5,206
1,045
2,070
7,374
26,511
12,549
16,158
11,681
562
8,297
1,728
23,716
4,864
3,941
1,147
1,934
9,341
3,499
8,228
16,940
1,468
3,646
22,353
6,464
3,411
19,888
3,578
38,666
3,097
25,909
765
1,788
2,387
1,247
44,854
3,764
6,219
6,150
16,014
1,587
1,047
517
16,063
4,162
17,578
4,841
2,392
5,401
4,629
1,467
7,322
3,943
5,766
9,556
31,097
13,017
13,949
9,579
1,532
9,689
4,730
15,745
9,017
3,081
2,346
1,464
13,232
11,798
10,118
31,459
2,344
4,012
16,718
3,778
8,130
37,068
11,109
47,215
6,904
20,771
2,326
1,490
6,782
3,514
57,941
11,055
11,091
10,405
10,942
5,270
3,730
1,470
13,622
5,348
15,186
6,916
1,680
1,659
5,147
3,716
5,577
1,142
2,236
7,761
26,912
13,281
16,978
12,100
549
8,339
1,857
24,445
5,297
3,923
1,154
1,947
10,202
3,631
8,399
17,928
1,468
3,595
23,779
6,721
3,651
21,399
3,988
43,005
3,477
26,037
784
1,788
2,999
1,330
48,721
4,283
5,817
6,630
16,450
1,722
1,096
527
16,873
4,214
948
North Carolina Manual
COUNCIL OF STATE
GENERAL ELECTIONS, NOVEMBER 8, 1988 (Continued)
County
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg .
Mitchell
Montgomery .
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank ..
Pender
Perquimans ..
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
Rockingham .
Rowan
Rutherford ....
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington ..
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
Totals
State Auditor
(1)1 (R)
Edward Kdward
Renfrow Gardner, Jr.
Commissioner of Agriculture
(D) (R)
James A. (Jim) Leo
Graham Tew
Commissioner of Insurance
(D) (R)
Jim H.L.(Pete)
Long Rednour
Superintendent of
Public Instruction
(D) (R)
Bob Tom
Ehteridge Rogers
15,060
2,254
5,756
10,402
7,435
4,503
3,132
4,651
5,508
69,632
1,453
4,459
8,791
12,180
18,361
5,142
9,372
22,474
2,517
4,201
4,998
1,899
3,863
19,198
2,763
10,627
8,249
20,080
13,913
14,100
8,403
9,586
3,974
7,895
6,324
9,008
1,852
4,867
878
10,967
7,644
77,519
4,866
3,208
6,315
12,364
8,136
10,361
3,536
4,052
8,818
1,058
4,691
6,791
9,794
5,061
2,739
1,655
5,172
80,803
4,282
3,518
12,575
10,583
18,245
1,441
8,576
10,931
1,612
2,976
3,873
1,145
2,722
11,638
3,481
21,589
3,507
4,799
11,083
19,917
8,347
7,486
1,707
10,388
7,424
9,567
1,640
6,003
373
12,404
3,306
61,208
1,244
1,495
7,414
10,546
13,725
6,954
6,885
3,903
15,258
2,427
6,743
11,551
8,766
4,876
3,320
5,143
6,456
77,127
1,754
4,739
9,581
14,088
21,931
5,564
11,437
23,636
2,708
5,015
5,882
2,075
4,427
22,345
2,882
12,107
9,063
22,032
16,598
20,313
9,901
10,196
4,621
9,096
7,411
10,080
1,916
5,660
968
13,318
8,881
85,637
5,288
3,476
7,503
13,302
9,885
11,363
4,167
4,115
8,551
959
4,032
5,921
8,608
4,683
2,608
1,417
4,220
73,021
3,965
3,275
11,870
8,943
14,738
1,249
6,552
10,498
1,491
2,392
3,056
1,019
2,234
9,277
3,372
20,335
2,830
4,252
8,745
14,471
6,808
6,955
1,368
9,272
6,563
8,761
1,584
5,292
328
10,426
2,376
57,188
979
1,316
6,364
9,935
12,082
6,450
6,492
3,853
14,360
2,404
6,272
11,386
8,310
4,784
3,244
4,847
6,268
74,547
1,653
4,736
9,420
14,034
21,268
5,352
10,867
24,012
2,621
4,771
5,586
2,002
4,554
21,163
2,863
12,242
8,852
21,288
16,430
17,229
9,396
9,764
4,287
8,580
7,155
9,805
1,897
5,250
908
12,521
8,488
82,913
5,094
3,361
7,022
13,070
9,118
11,072
3,917
4,132
9,047
959
4,157
6,009
9,125
4,802
2,671
1,448
4,524
76,422
4,073
3,305
12,028
9,464
15,981
1,303
7,136
9,770
1,536
2,485
3,355
1,066
2,342
9,960
3,397
20,367
3,035
4,806
9,243
16,986
7,317
7,142
1,532
9,768
6,797
9,025
1,590
5,670
346
11,305
2,594
56,940
1,161
1,381
6,720
9,925
12,701
6,395
6,706
3,841
13,554
2,322
7,035
10,772
7,859
4,656
3,191
4,677
5,814
68,434
1,528
4,601
8,911
12,896
18,514
5,185
10,956
22,889
2,567
4,848
5,126
2,013
3,724
19,910
2,795
11,073
8,608
20,593
14,303
15,194
8,759
9,581
4,443
8,058
6,633
9,255
1,896
5,016
904
10,949
7,706
76,434
4,819
3,297
6,607
12,871
8,368
10,622
3,593
4,074
1,035,768 958,551
1,182,800 830,045
1,151,049 864,459
1,076,216
Election Results 949
TABULATION OF VOTES FOR STATE OFFICERS
IN PRIMARY ELECTIONS SINCE 1964
1964
First Primary
FOR GOVERNOR
L. Richardson Preyer 281,430
Dan K. Moore 257,872
I. Beverly Lake 217,172
Kidd Brewer 8,026
Bruce Burleson 2,445
R. J. Stansbury 2,145
Robert L. Gavin (R) 53,145
Charles W. Strong (R) 8,652
Don Badgley (R) 2,018
FOR LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR
Robert W. Scott 308,992
H. Clifton Blue 255,424
John R. Jordan, Jr 140,277
Clifton Lee Bell (R) 40,143
Robert A. Flynt (R) 14,640
FOR COMMISSIONER OF LABOR
Frank Crane 348,453
Frank Castlebury 140,350
John B. Warden, Jr 116,676
FOR COMMISSIONER OF INSURANCE
Edwin S. Lanier 398,428
John B. Whitley 135,384
John N. Frederick 83,970
John C. Clifford (R) 41,238
Ralph B. Pfaff (R) 13,943
Second Primary
FOR GOVERNOR
Dan K. Moore 480,431
L. Richardson Preyer 293,863
FOR LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR
Robert W. Scott 373,027
H. CHfton Blue 359,000
950 North Carolina Manual
TABULATION OF VOTES FOR STATE OFFICERS
IN PRIMARY ELECTIONS SINCE 1964 (Continued)
1968
FOR GOVERNOR
Robert W. Scott 337,368
J. Melville Broughton, Jr 233,924
Reginald Hawkins 129,808
James C. Gardner (R) 113,584
John L. Stickley (R) 42,483
FOR LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR
H. Patrick Taylor, Jr 481,035
Mrs. James M. Harper, Jr 148,613
Frank M. Matlock 52,686
Trosper Noland Combs (R) 33,268
Don H. Garren (R) 98,437
FOR ATTORNEY GENERAL
Robert Morgan 353,522
WadeBruton 240,975
FOR STATE TREASURER
Edwin Gill 405,650
SneedHigh 187,625
FOR SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
A. Craig Phillips 220,473
Raymond A. Stone 186,647
Everette Miller 95,835
William D. Harrill 49,880
Wendell W. Smiley 28,640
FOR COMMISSIONER OF INSURANCE
Edwin S. Lanier 337,331
George A. Belk 88,485
John B. Whitley 86,863
Fred Benton 76,479
Everett L Peterson (R) 77,697
Carl W. Rice (R) 49,775
FOR COMMISSIONER OF LABOR
Frank Crane 363,671
John B. Waddell 180,099
Election Results 951
TABULATION OF VOTES FOR STATE OFFICERS
IN PRIMARY ELECTIONS SINCE 1964 (Continued)
1972
First Primary
FOR GOVERNOR
Hargrove Bowles 367,433
Zebulon V. K. Dickson 4,470
Reginald Hawkins 65,950
Wilbur Hobby 58,990
Gene Leggett 6,352
Hoyt P. Taylor, Jr 304,910
Thomas E. Chappell (R) 957
James C. Gardner (R) 84,906
Leroy Gibson (R) 1,083
James E. Holshouser, Jr. (R) 83,637
Bruce E. Burleson (A) 251
Arlis F. Pettyjohn (A) 335
FOR LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR
Allen C. Barbee 51,602
Reginald L. Frazier 43,228
Margaret Harper 151,819
James B. Hunt, Jr 329,727
Roy Sowers, Jr 177,016
Norman H. Joyner (R) 51,354
John A. Walker (R) 99,361
FOR SECRETARY OF STATE
ThadEure 471,848
Louis M. Wade 212,278
FOR STATE TREASURER
Edwin Gill 494,498
JackTurney 145,711
FOR SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
John H. O'Connell 215,740
A. Craig Phillips 436,970
FOR COMMISSIONER OF LABOR
John S. Blanton, Jr 69,413
John C. Brooks 145,059
William C. Creel 298,124
Phillip Ellen ; 27,586
Robert C. Folger 60,558
John B. Waddell 42,401
952 North Carolina Manual
TABULATION OF VOTES FOR STATE OFFICERS
IN PRIMARY ELECTIONS SINCE 1964 (Continued)
FOR COMMISSIONER OF INSURANCE
George A. Belk 132,070
George B. Cherry, Jr 104,490
Johnny R. Clark 72,041
Cecil Duncan 37,853
John R. Ingram 156,463
E. Russell Secrest 161,966
Second Primary
FOR GOVERNOR
Hargrove Bowles 336,034
Hoyt P. Taylor, Jr 282,345
James C. Gardner (R) 68,134
James E. Holshouser, Jr. (R) 69,916
FOR COMMISSIONER OF LABOR
John C. Brooks 251,293
William C. Creel 297,339
FOR COMMISSIONER OF INSURANCE
John R. Ingram 283,810
E. Russell Secrest 270,809
1976
First Primary
FOR GOVERNOR
Jeter Barker, Jr 5,003
James B. Hunt, Jr 362,102
Edward M. O'Herron, Jr 157,815
Thomas E. Strickland 31,338
George Wood 121,673
J. F. Alexander (R) 16,149
David T. Flaherty (R) 57,663
Wallace E. McCall (R) 4,467
Coy C. Privette (R) 37,573
FOR LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR
Waverly Akins 75,647
C. A. Brown, Jr 23,078
James C. Green 174,764
Herbert L Hyde 58,775
John M. Jordan 89,959
Howard N. Lee 177,091
Kathryn M. McRacken 25,926
Election Results 953
TABULATION OF VOTES FOR STATE OFFICERS
IN PRIMARY ELECTIONS SINCE 1964 (Continued)
FOR LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR - continued
E. Frank Stephenson 13,833
William S. Hyatt (R) 61,830
Odell Payne (R) 38,145
FOR SECRETARY OF STATE
George W. Breece 288,858
ThadEure 323,578
C. Y. Nanney (R) 34,304
Asa T. Spaulding, Jr. (R) 58,778
FOR STATE AUDITOR
Henry L. Bridges 270,751
Walter E. Fuller 72,126
Lillian Woo 245,697
FOR STATE TREASURER
Harlan E. Boyles 320,751
Lane Brown 227,480
Jack P. Jurney 29,223
J. Howard Coble (R) 62,437
George B. McLeod (R) 34,160
FOR SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
Benjamin Currin 230,160
A. Craig Phillips 357,136
FOR COMMISSIONER OF INSURANCE
John Ingram 353,697
Joseph E. Johnson 228,866
Jerry L Waters 35,344
FOR COMMISSIONER OF LABOR
John C. Brooks 191,160
R. J. Dunnagan 106,925
Virgil McBride 58,720
Jessie Rae Scott 210,984
Second Primary
FOR GOVERNOR
David T. Flaherty (R) 45,661
Coy C. Privette (R) 29,810
F^OR LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR
James C. Green 292,362
Howard N. Lee 229,195
954 North Carolina Manual
TABULATION OF VOTES FOR STATE OFFICERS
IN PRIMARY ELECTIONS SINCE 1964 (Continued)
FOR STATE AUDITOR
Henry L. Bridges 251,615
Lillian Woo 228,813
FOR COMMISSIONER OF LABOR
John C. Brooks 240,579
Jessie Rae Scott 231,578
1980
First Primary
FOR GOVERNOR
James B. Hunt, Jr 524,844
Robert W. Scott 217,289
Harry J. Welsh 11,551
C. J. Carstens (R) 28,354
I. Beverly Lake, Jr. (R) 119,255
FOR LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR
James C. Green 367,964
Clyde Pulley 13,192
Carl J. Stewart, Jr 341,257
FOR SECRETARY OF STATE
ThadEure 397,782
George W. Breece 267,360
FOR STATE AUDITOR
Edward Renfrow 247,993
W. S. Chestnut 172,965
J. E. B. Davis 157,849
FOR ATTORNEY GENERAL
Harold Covington (R) 56,017
Keith S. Snyder (R) 72,201
FOR COMMISSIONER OF INSURANCE
John Ingram 370,204
James E. Long 155,126
Roy H. Rabon, Jr 50,963
W. Kenneth Brown 116,367
FOR SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
Trosper N. Combs 118,374
Craig PhilHps 525,128
FOR ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF SUPREME COURT
J. Phil Carlton 145,142
Ottway Burton 430,701
FOR STATE AUDITOR
Edward Renfrow 119,629
W. S. Chestnut 71,919
Election Results 955
TABULATION OF VOTES FOR STATE OFFICERS
IN PRIMARY ELECTIONS SINCE 1964 (Continued)
1984
First Primary
FOR GOVERNOR
J.A. Barker 3,148
Rufus Edmisten 295,051
D.M. Faircloth 153,210
Thomas O. Gilmore 82,299
James C. Green 80,775
Robert L. Hannon 9,476
John Ingram 75,248
H. Edward Knox 249,286
Glenn Miller 5,790
J.D. Whaley 1,516
Ruby T. Hooper (R) 11,640
James G. Martin (R) 128,714
FOR LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR
Robert B. Jordan, III 450,487
Stephen S. Miller 37,573
Carl J. Stewart, Jr 393,018
John H. Carrington (R) 35,106
Wiliam S. Hiatt (R) 27,600
Frank Jordan (R) 40,257
Erick Little (R) 3,406
Barbara S. Perry (R) 24,355
FOR SECRETARY OF STATE
ThadEure 491,162
Betty Ann Knudsen 340,046
FOR COMMISSIONER OF INSURANCE
James E. Long 501,076
Billy Martin 260,555
FOR COMMISSIONER OF LABOR
Richard W. Barnes 295,286
John C. Brooks 358,651
Donald E. Wiseman 96,803
1984
Second Primary
FOR LIEUTENAN r GOVERNOR
John H. Carrington (R) 23,648
Franklin Jordan (R) 17,502
FOR COMMISSIONER OF LABOR
Richard W. Barnes 257,683
John C. Brooks 311,426
956 North Carolina Manual
TABULATION OF VOTES CAST IN
THE PRIMARY ELECTIONS SINCE 1964 (Continued)
1988
First Primary
FOR GOVERNOR
Carroll W. Crawford 21,844
Bruce A. Friedman 9,876
Robert B. Jordan, III 403,145
James Lloyd 10,438
Billy Martin 60,770
FOR LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR
Robert L Hannon 18,291
Harold W. Hardison 132,878
Parks Helms 94,549
Frank Jordan 48,222
Tony Rand 219,511
Bill Boyd (R) 19,802
Jim Gardner (R) 107,171
Wendell H. Sawyer (R) 7,905
FOR SECRETARY OF STATE
Dan Bell 62,918
Rufus L Edmisten 317,970
Wayne S. Hardin 43,472
Brad Miller 71,792
John H. Carrington (R) 75,688
Ray Warren (R) 46,140
FOR STATE AUDITOR
JohnReavill 83,234
Edward Renfrow 343,287
FOR SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
BobEtheridge 277,070
Norman Jarrad 50,953
Henry McCarthy 101,576
Thomas F. Paquin (R) 40,723
Tom Rogers (R) 71,817
FOR COMMISSIONER OF LABOR
Robert Bingham 108,512
John C. Brooks 278,182
Jack Weaver 51,873
Richard D. Levy (R) 62,824
Joseph R. Overby (R) 48,068
Election Results 957
TABULATION OF VOTES CAST IN
THE GENERAL ELECTIONS SINCE 1964
1964
Governor
Dan K. Moore (Democrat) 790,343
Robert L. Gavin (Republican) 606,165
Lieutenant Governor
Robert W. Scott (Democrat) 815,994
Clifford Lee Bell (Republican) 526,727
Secretary of State
Thad Eure (Democrat) 809,990
Edwin E. Butler (Republican) 503,932
Auditor
Henry L. Bridges (Democrat) 789,721
Everett L. Peterson (Republican) 503,488
Treasurer
Edwin Gill (Democrat) 801,958
Charles J. Mitchell (Republican) 502,977
Superintendent of Public Instruction
Charles F. Carroll (Democrat) 828,608
Attorney General
Wade Bruton (Democrat) 792,902
T. Worth Coltrane (Republican) 506,878
Commissioner of Agriculture
James A. Graham (Democrat) 803,373
Van S. Watson (Republican) 498,364
Commissioner of Labor
Frank Crane (Democrat) 824,693
Commissioner of Insurance
Edward S. Lanier (Democrat) 804,459
John C. Clifford (Republican) 501,349
958 North Carolina Manual
TABULATION OF VOTES CAST IN
THE GENERAL ELECTIONS SINCE 1964 (Continued)
1968
Governor
Robert W. Scott (Democrat) 821,233
James C. Gardner (Republican) 737,075
Lieutenant Governor
H. Patrick Taylor, Jr. (Democrat) 801,955
Don H. Garren (Republican) 646,643
Secretary of State
Thad Eure (Democrat) 792,406
John East (Republican) 637,095
State Auditor
Henry L. Bridges (Democrat) 777,672
Theodore C. Conrad (Republican) 625,052
State Treasurer
Edwin Gill (Democrat) 788,602
Clyde R. Greene (Republican) 623,527
Superintendent of Public Instruction
Craig Phillips (Democrat) 795,402
Joe L. Morgan (Republican) 621,488
Attorney General
Robert Morgan (Democrat) 798,160
Warren H. Coolidge (Republican) 616,372
Commissioner of Agriculture
James A. Graham, Jr. (Democrat) 787,179
Claude L. Greene, Jr. (Republican) 621,032
Commissioner of Labor
Frank Crane (Democrat) 781,547
R. K. Ingle (Republican) 620,901
Commissioner of Insurance
Edwin S. Lanier (Democrat) 794,081
Everett L. Peterson (Republican) 625,592
Election Results 959
TABULATION OF VOTES CAST IN
THE GENERAL ELECTIONS SINCE 1964 (Continued)
1972
Governor
Hargrove Bowles (Democrat) 729,104
James E. Holshouser (Republican) 767,470
Arlis F. Pettyjohn (American) 8,211
Lieutenant Governor
James B. Hunt, Jr. (Democrat) 812,602
John A. Walker (Republican) 612,002
Benjamin G. McLendon (American) 8,865
Secretary of State
Thad Eure (Democrat) 765,386
Grace J. Rohrer (Republican) 603,226
State Auditor
Henry L. Bridges (Democrat) 743,827
L. Norman Schronce (Republican) 586,522
State Treasurer
Edwin Gill (Democrat) 748,846
Theodore C. Conrad (Republican) 612,691
Superintendent of Public Instruction
A. Craig Phillips (Democrat) 771,328
Carl Eagle (Republican) 589,486
Attorney General
Robert Morgan (Democrat) 813,545
Nicholas A. Smith (Republican) 565,296
Commissioner of Agriculture
James A. Graham, Jr. (Democrat) 761,734
Kenneth H. Roberson (Republican) 580,628
Commissioner of Labor
William C. Creel (Democrat) 756,384
Frederick R. Weber (Republican) 585,059
Commissioner of Insurance
John R. Ingram (Democrat) 771,846
L. W. Douglas (Republican) 573,129
Michael Murphy (American) 11,055
960 North Carolina Manual
TABULATION OF VOTES CAST IN
THE GENERAL ELECTIONS SINCE 1964 (Continued)
1974
Attorney General
Rufus L. Edmisten (Democrat) 618,046
James Carson (Republican) 390,626
Marion Porter (American) 13,318
Election Results 961
TABULATION OF VOTES CAST IN
THE GENERAL ELECTIONS SINCE 1964 (Continued)
1976
Governor
James B. Hunt, Jr. (Democrat) 1,081,293
David T. Flaherty (Republican) 564,102
H. F. Seawell, Jr. (American) 13,604
Lieutenant Governor
James C. Green (Democrat) 1,033,198
William S. Hiatt (Republican) 521,923
Arlis F. Pettyjohn (American) 9,152
Secretary of State
Thad Eure (Democrat) 1,031,472
Asa T. Spaulding, Jr. (Republican) 508,108
T. M. Long (American) 11,125
State Auditor
Henry L. Bridges (Democrat) 1,037,090
Michael A. Godfrey (Republican) 466,350
State Treasurer
Harlan E. Boyles (Democrat) 1,037,156
J. Howard Coble (Republican) 489,768
Superintendent of Public Instruction
Craig Phillips (Democrat) 1,007,318
Evelyn S. Tyler (Republican) 524,691
Arthur G. Nuhrah (American) 8,076
Attorney General
Rufus L. Edmisten (Democrat) 1,066,036
Edward L. Powell (Republican) 489,132
Commissioner of Agriculture
James A. Graham (Democrat) 1,053,650
Kenneth H. Roberson (Republican) 460,735
Edwin B. Drury (American) 9,017
Commissioner of Insurance
John Ingram (Democrat) 1,048,527
Edwin Tenney (Republican) 500,222
Commissioner of Labor
John C. Brooks (Democrat) 900,317
T. Avery Nye (Republican) 645,891
Robert W. Bennett (American) 7,487
962 North Carolina Manual
TABULATION OF VOTES CAST IN
THE GENERAL ELECTIONS SINCE 1964 (Continued)
1980
Governor*
James B. Hunt, Jr. (Democrat) 1,143,143
Beverly Lake (Republican) 691,449
Bobby Y. Emory (Libertarian) 9,951
Lieutenant Governor
James C. Green (Democrat) 942,549
William Cobey, Jr. (Republican) 814,082
Craig Franklin (Libertarian) 14,998
Secretary of State
Thad Eure (Democrat) 983,888
David T. Flaherty (Republican) 709,374
State Auditor
Edward Renfrow (Democrat) 952,157
James F. Mclntyre (Republican) 684,538
State Treasurer
Harlan E. Boyles (Democrat) 1,067,205
Superintendent of Public Instruction
Craig Phillips (Democrat) 1,087,166
Attorney General
Rufus Edmisten (Democrat) 1,067,080
Keith S. Snyder (Republican) 636,168
Commissioner of Agriculture
James A. Graham (Democrat) 1,102,719
Commissioner of Insurance
John Ingram (Democrat) 1,007,012
Edwin W. Tenney, Jr. (Republican) 714,308
Commissioner of Labor
John C. Brooks (Democrat) 1,067,679
^Socialist Worker candidate Douglas A. Cooper received 2,887 votes.
Election Results 963
TABULATION OF VOTES CAST IN
THE GENERAL ELECTIONS SINCE 1964 (Continued)
1984
Governor
Rufus Edmisten (Democrat) 1,011,209
James G. Martin (Republican) 1,208,167
H. Fritz Prochnow (Libertarian) 4,611
Gregory McCartan (Socialist Worker) 2,740
Lieutenant Governor
Robert B. Jordan (Democrat) 1,149,214
John H. Carrington (Republican) 990,728
Secretary of State
Thad Eure (Democrat) 1,166,538
Patric Dorsey (Republican) 910,249
State Auditor
Ed Renfrow (Democrat) 1,094,147
James E. Hicks (Republican) 922,623
State Treasurer
Harlan E. Boyles 1,235,060
Attorney General
Lacy H. Thornburg (Democrat) 1,114,767
C. Allan Foster (Republican) 920,665
Superintendent of Public Instruction
A. Craig Phillips (Democrat) 1,133,306
Gene S. Baker (Republican) 900,546
Commissioner of Agriculture
James A. Graham (Democrat) ., 1,202,951
Leo Tew (Republican) .' 842,729
Commissioner of Labor
John C. Brooks (Democrat) 1,114,863
Margaret F. Plemmons (Republican) 908,636
Commissioner of Insurance
James E. Long (Democrat) 1,103,587
Richard T. Morgan (Republican) 934,902
964 North Carolina Manual
TABULATION OF VOTES CAST IN
THE GENERAL ELECTIONS SINCE 1964 (Continued)
1988
Governor
Robert B. Jordan, III (Democrat) 957,687
James G. Martin (Republican) 1,222,338
Lieutenant Governor
Tony Rand (Democrat) 1,044,917
Jim Gardner (Republican) 1,072,002
Secretary of State
Rufus L. Edmisten (Democrat) 1,082,533
John H. Carrington (Republican) 1,004,660
State Auditor
Edward Renfrow (Democrat) 1,035,768
Edward Gardner, Jr. (Republican) 958,551
State Treasurer
Harlan E. Boyles (Democrat) 1,056,215
Nancy Lake Coward (Republican) 938,374
Superintendent of Public Instruction
Bob Etheridge (Democrat) 1,076,216
Tom Rogers (Republican) 910,494
Attorney General
Lacy H. Thornburg (Democrat) 1,142,777
Sam Wilson (Republican) 887,132
Commissioner of Agriculture
James A. Graham (Democrat) 1,182,800
Leo Tew (Republican) 830,045
Commissioner of Labor
John C. Brooks (Democrat) 1,069,358
Richard D. Levy (Republican) 918,475
Commissioner of Insurance
Jim Long (Democrat) 1,151,049
H.L Rednour (Republican) 864,459
PART VIII
North Carolina
County Government
CHAPTER ONE
County Government
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Early Beginnings
In pre-Revolutionary North Carolina the county was the primary pohtical,
as well as geographical unit. The colony relied heavily upon the county for
administration of local government. Justices of the peace, as a body or court,
administered the affairs of the county. These were men of standing and most
often men of substance, and generally the leaders in their communities.
Independence from England brought no major changes in this system. In the
early days of statehood, justices were appointed by the governor to serve for
good behavior; however, in making his appointments the governor relied on
recommendations from the General Assembly. The members of the legislature
from a given county had a powerful voice in the selection of justices of the peace
for their county. This appointment input also gave legislators a good deal of
influence in the government at the county level.
As a group justices of the peace in a county formed a court known as the
Court of Pleas and Quarter Sessions. Any three justices, sitting together,
constituted a quorum for the transaction of business. It was common practice
for the justices to meet each January, select a chairman, then elect five of their
number to hold the regular sessions of the court for the year. During its early
existence, the Court of Pleas and Quarter Sessions appointed the county
sheriff, the coroner, and constables. Later these offices became elective
positions with the sheriff and coroner elected from the county at large and
constables from captain's districts (a militia-mustering area). Justices of the
peace were also responsible for appointing a clerk of court, a register of deeds, a
county attorney, a county trustee (treasurer), a surveyor, and overseers or
wardens of the poor.
The Court of Pleas and Quarter Sessions had dual responsibilities; it
performed judicial as well as administrative functions.
The administrative duties of the justices of the peace included the assessing
and levying of taxes; the establishing and maintaining of roads, bridges, and
ferries; the granting of licenses to taverns and controlling the prices charged
for food; and the erecting and controlling of mills. Through their power of
appointment, justices supervised the work of the law enforcement officers, the
administrative officers of the court, the surveyor, and the wardens of the poor.
Taxes were collected by the sheriff.
In its judicial capacity, the Court of Pleas and Quarter Sessions heard civil
cases (except those assigned by law to a single justice or to a higher court). The
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court was responsible for probate, dower, guardianships, and the administra-
tion of estates and had jurisdiction in criminal cases in which the punishment
did not extend to life, limb, or member.
The county itself was a single political unit; there were no townships; and the
Court of Pleas and Quarter Sessions, through its appointive and administrative
powers, exerted strong control over county affairs. However, it should be
emphasized that at this time the voters had no direct control over the court and
thus no direct control over county government. Such was the situation until the
end of the Civil War.
When the Constitution of North Carolina was rewritten in 1868, the drafters,
many of whom were acquainted with local government systems in other parts
of the country, devised a new and more democratic plan of organization for the
counties.
Although the position of justice of the peace was retained, the old Court of
Pleas and Quarter Sessions was eliminated. Its judicial responsibilities were
distributed between the justices and the North Carolina superior court. Its
administrative work was assigned to a board of county commissioners
composed of five members elected at large by the voters of the county.
The county commissioners were made responsible for public buildings,
schools, roads and bridges, and the financial affairs of the county, including
taxation. The wide appointive powers of the Court of Pleas and Quarter
Sessions were not transferred to the board of county commissioners. Instead,
the voters of the county elected the sheriff, coroner, clerk of court, register of
deeds, surveyor, and treasurer. The sheriff continued to serve as tax collector.
Each county was divided into townships - a distinct innovation - and the
voters of each township elected two justices of the peace and a clerk who served
as the governing body of the township. Under the county commissioner's
supervisor, the township board was responsible for roads and bridges and for
the assessment of property for taxation. Each township had a constable and
each had a school committee.
This long ballot system was consciously constructed to favor the Republican
Party. The support of this party lay in the newly enfranchised blacks who had
been slaves only three years before, from native whites of small means who
had opposed secession and remained loyal to the Union throughout the Civil
War, and from a relatively small number of prominent citizens who believed
that the state's shattered fortunes could be recovered only through cooperation
and understanding between the races and accommodation with the dominant
national political party. The ballot was intended to destroy forever the political
power of the landowners, professional people, and merchants who had
dominated state government, and thus local government under the old system,
for nearly a century. Although most of the people were disenfranchised by the
Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States because they
had "engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or given
aid or comfort to the enemies thereof by actively supporting the Confederacy,
they formed a new political party called the Conservative Party devoted to
restoring as much of the pre-war social and governmental system as was
possible under the circumstances. The new system of county government
contained in the Constitution of 1868 became one of their targets.
History of County Government in North Carolina 969
Seven years after the Constitution of 1868 established the county com-
missioners and township systems, pohtical control shifted to the conserva-
tives. At a constitutional convention in 1875, the Constitution of North
Carolina was amended to authorize the General Assembly to modify the plan
of county government established in 1868. The legislature was quick to exercise
its authority in this matter. The board of county commissioners was not
abolished, but members were to be chosen by the justices of the peace of the
county rather than by the people at large. While the commissioners retained
their responsibilities, decisions on matters of substance could not be put into
effect without the concurrence of a majority of the justices - all of whom were
elected by the legislature. The justices were made responsible for conducting all
elections. In more than a few counties, the board of commissioners was also
made subject to legislative appointment.
This bobbing arrangement lasted for twenty years. In 1895, the right of the
people to elect county commissioners was restored in most counties, and the
necessity for approval of the board's decisions by the justices of the peace was
repealed. Townships were stripped of their powers, but they were retained as
convenient administrative subdivisions, primarily for road building and
maintenance purposes. Finally, in 1905 the people of all 100 counties regained
direct control over the board of commissioners through the ballot box.
The County as a Body Politic and Corporate
A county, as a defined geographic subdivision of the state, serves many
purposes. Churches, civic clubs, and other societal institutions use counties as
convenient subdivisions for their own purposes. The business world may
assign sales territories and franchises to areas composed of one or more
counties. The county may play a role in the psychology of people born and
raised "in the country" - it serves to establish where they are from and who they
are, thus becoming a part of their personal identity. But the county was created
in the first instance by the state as a political unit, and this remains its primary
purpose.
More than forty years ago, the North Carolina Supreme Court was called
upon to define a county from a legal point of view. (In the case Wake County
was a litigant and the court spoke in terms of that county, but what the Court
had to say is equally true of the other ninety-nine counties):
Wake County is a body politic and corporate, created by the General
Assembly of North Carolina for certain public and political purposes. Its
powers as such, both express and implied, are conferred by statutes,
enacted from time to time by the General Assembly, and are exercised by
its Board of Commissioners .... In the exercise of ordinary government
functions, [counties] are simply agencies of the State, constituted for the
convenience of local administration in certain portions of the State's
territory, and in the exercise of such functions they are subject to almost
unlimited legislative control, except when the power is restricted by
constitutional provisions.
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The language used by the court is important as it estabhshed the definition of
a county. A county, according to the court, is a "body poHtic and corporate." A
body poHtic is a civil division of the state for purposes of governmental
administration. A body corporate is a legal entity. In private law, a corporation
is a legal person. A county is a legal entity or corporation of a special sort and
with a public function. As such, it can buy and hold property, sue and be sued,
and enter into contracts - all functions necessary to make its work as a body
politic effective.
In O'Berry, State Treasurer v. Mecklenburg County, (198 N.C. 357, 151 S.E.
880 (1930)], the court stated that "the weight of authority is to effect that all the
powers and functions of a county bear reference to the general policy of the
State, and are in fact an integral portion of the general administration of State
policy. Historically, the primary purpose for erecting a county was to serve
state purposes and to perform state functions in a given area rather than to
serve the purposes of a particular geographic community. (By way of contrast,
a city was primarily formed at the request of the people within its jurisdiction to
serve the needs of the inhabitants.)
For the Supreme Court to say that "all the powers and functions of a county
bear reference to the general policy of the State and are in fact an integral
portion of the general administration of State policy" is not as restrictive as
might at first reading appear. "State policy" is a very broad frame of reference;
it can touch any aspect of local government. Thus, the truly significant nugget
in the Supreme Court's definition of the role of counties is its statement that in
the exercise of their functions counties "are subject to almost unlimited
legislative control, except when the power is restricted by constitutional
provisions." In effect, if the General Assembly can be persuaded to assign
counties any given power or responsibility, and, if the Constitution does not
prohibit it, that assignment becomes state policy for county administration.
The court's phrases should not be drained of meaning, but they must be read
in the light of the freedom the General Assembly has in withholding,
assigning, withdrawing, and supervising the specific powers of any agency of
government - state, county, municipality, or special district. The development
of "state policy" with regard to the allocation of functions among governmental
units and agencies is necessarily determined by successive legislatures'
changing ideas of what is best calculated to achieve desired results.
Experience plays a major role in the determination of state policy. Frequently
financial emergency and stress have produced a climate favorable to re-
examination of the allocation of governmental responsibilities. Until Governor
McLean's administration, the state allowed counties, cities, and other local
units almost unlimited freedom in borrowing money and issuing bonds. With
no one to advise or warn them in marketing their securities, many counties
overextend their obligations and saw their credit ratings drop to the point
where they had to pay crippling rates of interest. Eventually, some faced
bankruptcy. In 1927, on the basis of this experience, and recognizing a
statewide concern, the legislature established the County Government Advisory
Commission and gave it the supervisory powers necessary to correct the
situation. This commission effected a reversal in local government financing,
and its successor, the Local Government Commission remains one of the
bulwarks of North Carolina government today.
History of County Government in North Carolina 971
Experience with various local arrangements for road building and mainte-
nance had a comparable effect on state policy. It is not accidental that North
Carolina counties are no longer responsible for this work. Reflecting the
concern of the people of the state, the legislature recognized a community of
interest in roads wider than the single county and defined state policy on roads
accordingly. Comparable re-definitions of the area of concern have affected
governmental responsibility for operating schools, conducting elections, hous-
ing the state's system of lower courts and their records, maintaining property
ownership and mortgage records, enforcing much of the state's criminal law,
administering public health and public welfare programs, and carrying on
state programs designed to promote the development of agriculture. Some of
these functions are the responsibility of the boards of county commissioners,
and some are assigned to other boards with varying relationships to the board
of county commissioners. Thus, apart from the role played by the commis-
sioners in any of these fields, it is the policy of the state to make extensive use of
its counties in carrying out a large number of essential governmental
operations.
From the beginning, the county has been used as the basic local unit in the
judicial system and for law enforcement - there one finds the court, the
courthouse, the sheriff, the j ail, the clerk, and the court records. But the court is
not a county court; it is a unit of the state's judicial system. The judge, the
solicitor, the clerk, and the magistrates are state officials who administer state
law, not county law. Until 1966, the county was the accepted unit for popular
representation on the General Assembly. Each county was guaranteed at least
one member of the House of Representatives, and although legislative
representation must now be allocated among districts designed to achieve
equitable distribution of population, those districts do not cross county lines. In
this way the county retains some significance as a unit in the state's legislative
system.
The General Assembly expresses and codifies its state policy decisions by
enacting statutes. In assigning duties and powers to counties, the legislature
sometimes speaks in terms of mandate or command and sometimes in terms of
permission and discretion. Thus, for example, counties are required to provide
adequate housing for public schools, while they are given discretionary
authority to exercise planning and zoning powers.
The General Assembly makes two kinds of laws— it enacts general statutes
that apply statewide, but it also enacts local or special laws that apply
exclusively within named counties or cities. Our State Constitution contains
limitations on legislative authority to enact local laws dealing with a
substantial list of topics, but in the absence of constitutional restriction, the
legislative is free to permit local variety and experiment, a freedom once
denounced by students of government but now seen as a useful device for
demonstrating new ideas and approaches to governmental problems. Given
this legislative freedom, any discussion of county powers and responsibilities
must always be prefaced with a caution that what is being said about counties
in general may not be true for a particular county.
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The Board of County Commissioners
We have seen that the county, as a body poHtic and corporate, is a legal
person capable of holding and managing property and possessed of many
powers conferred on it by law. The county exercises its powers and discharges
its responsibilities through its board of commissioners. G. S. 153A-12 states
that "except as otherwise directed by law, each power, right, duty, function,
privilege and immunity of the corporation [i.e., the county] shall be exercised
by the board of commissioners." This statute goes on to say that the county's
legal powers shall be carried into execution as provided by the laws of the state,
but if a power is "conferred or imposed by law without direction or restriction as
to how it is to be exercised or performed," the power or responsibility "shall be
carried into execution as provided by ordinance or resolution of the board of
commissioners."
Each county in the state has a board of commissioners, but no two boards are
exactly alike. In many states, general laws prescribed a form of government for
all counties, or for all counties in classes defined by population. In these states,
one would expect to find essentially the same form of government in counties of
comparable size. Not so in North Carolina. Our boards of county commissioners
vary in size, term of office, method of election, method of selecting the
chairman, and administrative structure. And these variations bear no correla-
tion to the population of the county or any other objective criteria.
The number of county commissioners in each county will vary from a
minimum of three to a maximum of nine. As of 1989, most counties (75) had five
members, while a growing number (17) had seven members. Only four counties
have members that serve two-year terms, and seven counties have a combina-
tion of four and two-year terms. Most counties (89) serve straight four-year
terms, with most of these on a staggered basis so that not all commissioners'
terms expire at the same time.
Fifty counties have boards elected at-large, with another 31 requiring board
members to meet district residency requirements but still elected at-large.
Three counties actually require nomination by district residency while electing
at-large. A growing number of counties have either a combination of at-large
and district elected seats (11) or solely district elected seats (5).
In nearly all counties, the chairman of the board is chosen by the board
members themselves. However, in two counties Jackson and Haywood, the
chairman is elected separately by the voters.
The county manager form of government is very strong in North Carolina,
with all but one county appointing someone to serve as the county manager or
administrator. The manager/administrator supervises all county departments
as the board's chief administrative officer.
All county commissioners are elected by the people in partisan elections held
in November of even-numbered years at the same time as the elections for
members of the General Assembly and other state officers. But not every
county elects all members of its board every two years. Because of the interplay
of staggered four-year terms, two-year terms, and straight four-year terms,
about half of the state's county commissioners are elected at each general
election. Newly elected commissioners take office on the first Monday in
December following their election by taking the oath of office. There is no
History of County Government in North Carolina 973
requirement that a person be nominated as the candidate of a political party in
order to run for the office of county commissioner, but this is almost invariably
the practice. After the 1988 elections, 364 of the 521 county commissioners were
Democrats and 157 were Republicans. This resulted in 68 of the 100 board being
Democrat controlled while 32 were Republican controlled.
Vacancies in the board of commissioners are filled by appointment of the
remaining members. A person appointed to fill a vacancy must be a member of
the same political party as the person he replaced (if that person was elected as
the nominee of a political party), and the executive committee of that party has
the right to be consulted before the appointment is made, although the board is
not bound to follow any advice the committee may give. If the vacancy occurs
in a two-year term or in the last two years of a four-year term, the appointment
is for the remainder of the unexpired term. If the vacancy occurs in the first two
years of a four-year term, the appointment runs only until the next general
election, when an election is held to fill the office for the remainder of the
unexpired term.
Occasionally, a board of commissioners finds itself deadlocked and unable to
fill a vacancy. Since nearly all of the boards of commissioners have an odd
number of members, one vacancy means that the remaining members can be
equally divided between two candidates, so that neither candidate can receive
a majority vote. Recognizing this problem, the law provides that when a board
of commissioners fails to fill a vacancy in its membership for 60 days, the clerk
to the board of commissioners must report the vacancy to the clerk of superior
court, who must fill the vacancy within 10 days after the day the vacancy is
reported to him.The law also provides for another contingency that has not yet
occurred. If the number of vacancies on the board is such that a quorum cannot
be obtained, the chairman of the board must appoint enough members to make
up a quorum and the board then proceeds to fill the vacancies. If this situation
exists and the office of the chairman is also vacant, the clerk of superior court
may act in the chairman's stead on petition of any remaining member of the
board or any five registered voters of the county. Whoever makes appointments
to the board is bound by the rules that each appointee must be a member of the
same political party as the person he is to replace and that the party executive
committee must be consulted.
A newly elected or appointed county commissioner assumes the powers and
duties of his office by taking the oath of office prescribed by the Constitution of
North Carolina as follows:
I, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and maintain
the Constitution and laws of the United States, and the Constitution and
laws of North Carolina not inconsistent therewith, and that I will
faithfully discharge the duties of my office as County Commissioner of . . .
County, so help me God.
The law gives to several public officials the authority to administer oaths,
but in most counties it is customary to have the oath of office for members of the
board of commissioners, the sheriff, and the register of deeds administered by
theresidentsuperiorcourtjudge, the chief district judge, or the clerk of superior
court.
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A person elected to public office may take the oath of office at any time on or
after the date fixed by law for him to do so. For a newly elected county
commissioner, that date is the first Monday in December following his election.
This is also the regular meeting date for the board in most counties. If a newly
elected commissioner is unable to take the oath then due to illness or for some
other reason, he may take it at a later time. However, the Constitution provides
that public officers continue to hold office until their successors are chosen and
qualified. Thus, a member of the board of commissioners who was defeated in
the election or chose not to seek re-election retains his office until his successor
takes the oath of office.
In all but two counties, the chairman of the board of commissioners is
selected by the board itself. In Jackson County and Haywood County, the
chairman is elected separately by the people. A referendum held in November,
1988, in Haywood County will end the county's elected chairmanship position
as of November, 1990. In all counties, the board itself must choose a vice-
chairman to act in the absence or disability of the chairman. Except in the nine
counties mentioned, the board designates its chairman at its first regular
meeting in December for a term of one year. Customs vary as to how the
selection is made. In most counties, it is customary for the chairman to serve as
long as he is re-elected and retains the confidence of his colleagues. In others,
the member elected with the highest vote is usually designated the chairman.
In still others, the chairmanship rotates among the members.
The chairman of the board presides at all meetings. By law, he has not only
the right but also the duty to vote on all questions before the board unless he is
excused by a standing rule of the board or by consent of the remaining
members. However, he may not vote to break a tie vote in which he
participated. He is generally recognized by law as the chief executive officer of
the county and may acquire considerable prestige and influence by virtue of his
position. Although as a general rule he has no more legal power than other
members of the board, he does now haw special authority to declare states of
emergency under the state laws governing riots and civil disorders. He also has
authority to call special meetings of the board on his own initiative.
The board is required by law to hold at least one meeting each month,
although it may meet as frequently as necessary. Many counties have found in j
recent years that two regular meetings each month are needed. The board may |
select any day of the month and any public place within the county for its '
regular meetings, but in the absence of a formal resolution of the board .
selecting some other time and place, the law requires the board to meet on the I
first Monday of the month at the courthouse. Ten o'clock in the morning is the
customary time of day for commissioners' meetings, although the law has j
never specified the time of day. In recent years, some boards have begun to hold
some of their regular meetings in the evening to allow greater public
attendance. i
Special board meetings may be called the chairman or by a majority of the
other board members. The law lays down specific rules for calling special
meetings. A special meeting must be called by written notice stating time, j
place, and subjects to be considered. The notice must be posted on the
courthouse bulletin board and delivered to each member of the board at least 48
History of County Government in North Carolina 975
hours before the meeting. Unless all members attend or sign a written waiver,
only business related to the subjects stated in the notice may be transacted at a
special meeting. The usual rules do not apply to special meetings called to deal
with an "emergency" which is not defined by the law, but even then the persons
who call the meeting must take "reasonable action to inform the other
members and the public of the meeting."
The board of commissioners is subject to the Open Meetings Statute, enacted
in 1971. This law forbids most public bodies, both state and local, to hold
meetings that are not open to the public. The law is broadly worded and often
difficult to interpret. In general, it prohibits a majority of the members of a
board of commissioners from gathering together in closed or secret session for
a purpose of "conducting hearings, participating in deliberations or voting
upon or otherwise transacting public business," except when the subject of
discussion falls within one of the exceptions set out in the statute. The
exceptions are:
(1) Acquisition, lease, or sale of property;
(2) Negotiations with county employees or their representatives or
independent contractors as to the terms or conditions of employment;
(3) Matters concerning hospital management, operation, and dis-
cipline;
(4) Any matter coming within the physician-patient or lawyer-client
privilege;
(5) Conferences with legal counsel and other deliberations concerning
court actions or proceedings;
(6) Matters relating to the location or expansion of industries or other
businesses; and
(7) Matters relating to contingency plans for riots, civil disorders or
other emergencies of to criminal misconduct.
The law leaves most procedural matters to the discretion of the board, but it
does set out a few rules that must be followed. The board may take no action
unless a quorum is present, and the law defines a quorum as a majority of the
full membership of the board without regard to vacancies. For example, a
quorum of a five-member board is always three members even though there
may be two vacancies. Once a quorum is present at a meeting, a member
cannot destroy the quorum by leaving the room without the consent of the
remaining members. The law provides that if a member withdraws from the
meeting room without being excused by a majority of the members remaining,
he is counted as present for quorum purposes. The board also has the legal
power to command the sheriff to take absent members into custody and bring
them to the meeting place. However, such action can be taken only when a
quorum is already present.
The law places a duty on each member to vote on each question before the
board unless he is excused by his colleagues, and excuses are permitted only
when the matter before the board concerns the financial interest or official
conduct of the member requesting the excuse. Although this duty is clearly
present in the law, there are no enforcement provisions for it.
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The board must see to it that the clerk to the board keeps full and accurate
minutes of its proceedings. The minute book must be open to public inspection,
and the results of each vote taken by the board must be recorded in it. Each
member has the right to demand a roll-call vote on any question put to the
board; and when such a demand is made the names of those voting on each side
of the question must be recorded.
The board has the power to adopt its own written rules of procedure. The only
legal restraint on these rules is that they must be "in the spirit of generally
accepted principles of parliamentary procedure."
Except for the few special powers held by the chairman of the board, the legal
powers and duties of county commissioners are vested in the board of
commissioners acting as a body. An individual commissioner has no power of
his own; but when he meets with his fellow commissioners in a validly called
and held meeting, a majority of the board has and may exercise control of those
functions of county government confided to the care of the board of commis-
sioners. The board takes formal action in one of three forms:orders, resolutions,
and ordinances. Although these terms are often used interchangeably, their
definitions may be useful to illustrate how the board acts.
An order is usually a directive to a county administrative officer to take or
refrain from taking a specified action. For example, a board of commissioners
may enter an order directing the county manager to advertise for bids for a new
office building. An order may also formally declare the existence of a given
state of fact, such as an order declaring the results of a bond election. Finally,
an order may sometimes be used to decide a question before the board, such as
an order awarding a construction contract to the lowest responsible bidder.
A resolution usually expresses the sense of the board on a question before it.
For example, the board may adopt a resolution requesting the county's
legislative delegation to introduce a local bill, or it may resolve to petition the
State Department of Transportation to pave a rural road.
An ordinance is an action of the board taken in its capacity as the county's
legislative body. As such, an ordinance is analogous to an act of the General
Assembly. The board of commissioners may adopt ordinances relating to such
varied matters as zoning, subdivision control, dogs running at large, use of
county parking lots, street numbers on rural roads, use of the county landfill,
and so forth.
The law does not regulate the manner in which orders and resolutions are
adopted by a board of commissioners, beyond the minimum requirements of a
valid meeting at which a quorum is present, but there are several laws
governing the adoption of ordinances. An ordinance may be adopted at the
meeting which it is introduced only if it receives a unanimous affirmative vote,
all members of the board present and voting. If it passes but with less than this
unanimous vote, it may be finally passed by a majority vote at any time within
100 days after its introduction. This rule does not apply to the budget ordinance
(which may be passed at any meeting at which quorum is present), or to a bond
ordinance (which always requires a public hearing before passage and in most
cases approval by the voters as well), or to any ordinance on which the law
requires a public hearing before adoption (such as a zoning ordinance).
Once an ordinance is adopted it must be filed in an ordinance book, separate
from the minute book. The ordinance book must be indexed and made available
History of County Government in North Carolina 977
for public inspection. The budget ordinance, bond ordinances, and ordinances
of "limited interest or transitory nature" may be omitted from the ordinance
book, but the book must contain a section showing the caption of each omitted
ordinance and the page in the minute book at which it appears. The board of
commissioners has authority to adopt and issue a code of ordinances.
In the course of a normal year, a board of commissioners will hold several
public hearings. Some hearings will be required by law, such as the hearing on
the budget ordinance, or on a bond ordinance, or on a zoning ordinance or
amendment thereto. Some of them may be held on the board's own initiative to
give interested citizens an opportunity to make their views known to the board
on controversial issues such as a dog-control ordinance. Laws requiring public
hearings do not set out how the hearing must be conducted; they only require
that one be held. However, the law does allow the board itself to adopt
reasonable rules governing the conduct of public hearings. These rules may
regulate such matters as the time allotted to each speaker, designating
spokesmen for groups, selecting delegates from groups when the hearing room
is to small to hold everyone who wants to attend, and maintaining order and
decorum.
The law dictates many, if not most, features of how the county government
will be organized. The sheriff and register of deeds are elected by the people.
There is a board of education, a board of health, a board of social services, and
a board of elections for each county and, in many counties, a board of alcoholic
beverage control. The tax supervisor, tax collector, county attorney, county
manager, and clerk to the board of commissioners are appointed directly by the
commissioners. Yet in every county there are a number of county departments,
agencies, or offices that are directly under the administrative jurisdiction of
the board. With respect to these agencies, the board of commissioners has
authority to organize the county government in any way it sees fit.
Except two counties in which the chairman of the board is a full-time
administrative officer, each board of commissioners has discretionary
authority to adopt the county manager form of government by appointing a
manager.
The board of commissioners must have a clerk, who is responsible for
keeping the minute book and the ordinance book. The clerk also has a wide
variety of miscellaneous duties, all directly related to official actions of the
board of commissioners. In the past, the register of deeds usually acted a clerk
to the board, but this custom is passing. A few boards now have a clerk who has
no other duties, but most boards have designated some county official or
employee such as the manager or finance officer to act as clerk to the board.
The clerk is appointed directly by the board and serves as its pleasure.
The board of commissioners must appoint a county attorney, who serves as
the boards legal adviser. The exact nature of the county attorney's duties
varies from county to county, as does the amount and method of his
compensation. A few counties have established a full-time position of county
attorney, and in those counties the county attorney may provide legal services
to nearly all county agencies except the board of education (which always
employs its own attorney .)The county attorney is not appointed to a definite
term; he serves at the pleasure of the board.
CHAPTER TWO
The Counties
ALAMANCE
Alamance was formed in 1849
from Orange. The name is sup-
posedly derived from the Indian
word meaning "blue clay." The
county gets its name from the
Alamance Creek on the banks of
which was fought the battle
between the colonial troops under Governor Tryon and the Regulators on May
17, 1771. It is in the central part of the State and is bounded by Orange,
Chatham, Randolph, Guilford, and Caswell counties. The present area is 428
square miles and the population is around 105,700. The first court was ordered
to be held at Providence Meeting House until a courthouse could be erected,
provided the justices of the peace at the first session did not select some other
place for all subsequent courts until the buildings were completed. Commis-
sioners were named to select a site in the center of the county, acquire land,
erect a courthouse, and lay out a town by the name of Graham. Graham was
established in 1851 and is the county seat.
ALEXANDER
Alexander was formed in 1847
from Iredell, Caldwell, and
Wilkes counties. It was named
in honor of William J. Alexander
of Mecklenburg County, several
times a member of the Legisla-
ture and speaker of the House of
Commons. It is in the west central section of the State and is bounded by
Iredell, Catawba, Caldwell, and Wilkes counties. The present area is 259 square
miles and the population is around 27,400. The court was ordered to be held at
James's Cross Roads until the county seat could be established. Commissioners
were named to select a site for the county seat as near the center as possible, to
acquire land, lay off the town of Taylorsville, and erect public buildings.
Taylorsville is the county seat.
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ALLEGHANY
Alleghany was formed in 1859
from Ashe. It was named for an
Indian tribe, and the name is
derived from "a corruption of
the Delaware Indian name for
the Alleghany and Ohio Rivers
and is said to have meant "a
fine stream." It is the northwestern section of the State and is bounded by the
state of Virginia and Surry, Wilkes and Ashe counties. The present area is 225
square miles and the population is around 9,700. The act creating the county
ordered the court to be held at Shiloah Church until the public buildings were
erected unless otherwise directed by the justices of the peace. Commissioners
were named to locate a site for the county seat at the geographical center of the
county, acquire the land, establish the town of Sparta, and erect the courthouse.
Sparta is the county seat.
ANSON
Anson was formed in 1750
from Bladen. It was named in
honor of George, Lord Anson, a
celebrated English admiral who
circumnavigated the globe. It is
in the south center section of the
State and is bounded by the
state of South Carolina and Union, Stanly, and Richmond counties. Its area is
533 square miles and its population is around 26,300. From 1755 to 1780 the
county seat was called Anson Court House. In 1782 and 1783 laws were passed
concerning the courthouse. In the latter year New Town was authorized to be
established. In 1787, Newton, the county seat, was changed to Wadesboro.
Wadesboro is the county seat.
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981
ASHE
Ashe was formed in 1 799 from
Wilkes. It was named in honor
of Samuel Ashe, a Revolutionary
patriot, a superior court judge,
and Governor of the State. It is
in the northwestern section of
the State and is bounded by the
states of Tennessee, Virginia, Alleghany, Wilkes and Watauga counties. The
present area is 426 square miles and the population is around 23,500. In 1803
the town of Jefferson was laid out and the public buildings erected. Jefferson is
the county seat.
AVERY
Avery County was formed in
1911 from Mitchell, Watauga,
and Caldwell. It was named in
honor of Colonel Waightstill
Avery, a soldier of the Revolu-
tion and Attorney General of
North Carolina. It is in the
northwestern section of the State and is bounded by the state of Tennessee and
the counties of Watauga, Caldwell, Burke, McDowell and Mitchell. The present
area is 245 square miles and the population is around 15,300. Commissioners
were named in the act establishing the county who were to select two or more
sites for the county seat after which the county would vote on the sites.
Newland is the county seat.
BEAUFORT
Beaufort was first called
Pamptecough, the name being
changed about 1712. It was
named for Henry Somerset, Duke
of Beaufort, who in 1 709 became
one of the Lords Proprietors. It
is in the eastern section of the
State and is bounded by Craven, Hyde, Martin, Pamlico, Pitt, and Washington
counties. The present area is 826 square miles and the population is around
43,200. Bath, incorporated in 1705, was the first county seat. Washington was
made the county seat in 1785.
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BERTIE
Bertie was formed in 1722 from
Chowan. It was named in honor
of James Bertie, a Lords Pro-
prietor. It is in the northeastern
section of the State and is bound-
ed by Albemarle Sound, Chowan
River, and Washington, Martin,
Halifax, Northampton and Hertford counties. Its area is 698 square miles and
its population is around 21,200. An act of 1743 provided that the courthouse,
etc., "shall be built between Cushy Bride and Will's Quarter Bridge." Windsor
was established in 1766 and was made the county seat in 1774.
BLADEN
Bladen was formed in 1734
from New Hanover. It was
named in honor of Martin
Bladen, one of the members of
the Board of Trade which had
charge of colonial affairs. It is in
the southeastern section of the
State and is bounded by Sampson, Pender, Columbus, Robeson and Cumber-
land counties. The present area is 883 square miles and its population is around
31,800. The county seat was first called Bladen Court House. Elizabethtown,
established in 1773, is the county seat.
BRUNSWICK
Brunswick was formed in 1764
from New Hanover and Bladen.
It was named in honor of the
town of Brunswick, which was
named for King George I, Duke
of Brunswick and Lunenberg. It
is in the southeastern section of
the State and is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the Cape Fear River, the state
of South Carolina, and Columbus, Pender and New Hanover counties. The
present area is 856 square miles and the population is around 51,600.
Brunswick, established in 1745, was made a borough town in 1754, and when
Brunswick County was established in 1764 it was made the county seat. In
1779 the county seat was authorized to be moved to the plantation of John Bell
near Lockwood's Folly Bridge. In 1784 Walkersburg, named in honor of John
Histories of the North Carolina Counties
983
Walker on whose land it was situated, was established. Provisions were made
in the act for a courthouse and other public buildings to be established there, it
was located to Deep Water Point. This act specified that the courts to be held at
the most convenient place until the courthouse was completed.
It is doubtful that the act was put into effect because in 1808 an act was
passed authorizing the removal of the courthouse from Lockwood's Folly to
Smithville. Court was held at the courthouse from 1805-1810. The record does
not indicate where the courthouse was. From April 1810 to 1858 court was held
at the courthouse in Smithville. This town, established in 1792, was named in
honor of Benjamin Smith, Governor of North Carolina, 1810-1811. In 1879 an
effort to move the courthouse failed. In 1887 Smithville was changed to
Southport. Southport served as the county seat until 1977 when the county seat
was moved to Bolivia following a referendum on the question.
BUNCOMBE
Buncombe was formed in 1791
from Burke and Rutherford. It
was named in honor of Colonel
Edward Buncombe, a Revolu-
tionary soldier, who was wound-
ed and captured at the Battle of
Germantown, October 4, 1777,
and in May, 1778, died a paroled prisoner in Philadelphia. It is in the western
section of the State and is bounded by McDowell, Henderson, Haywood,
Madison, and Yancey counties. The present area is 657 square miles and the
population is around 173,100. Asheville, named in honor of Samuel Ashe,
Governor of North Carolina, 1796-1798, is the county seat.
BURKE
Burke was formed in 1 777 from
Rowan. The act was to become
effective June 1, 1777. It was
named in honor of Dr. Thomas
Burke, a member of the Con-
tinental Congress and governor
of North Carolina, 1781-1782. It
is in the west central section of the State and is bounded by Catawba,
Cleveland, Rutherford, McDowell, Avery and Caldwell counties. The present
area is 511 square miles and the population is 76,800. The act establishing
Burke specified that the first court was to be held at a place the justices should
decide until they selected a permanent place for the courthouse and had the
same erected. In 1784 Morgansborough was established and made the county
seat. Morganton is the present county seat.
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North Carolina Manual
CABARRUS
Cabarrus was formed in 1792
from Mecklenburg. It was named
in honor of Stephen Cabarrus of
Edenton, several times a member
of the Legislature and four times
speaker of the House of Com-
mons. It is in the south central
section of the State and is bounded by Stanly, Union, Mecklenburg, Iredell and
Rowan counties. The present area is 363 square miles and the population is
94,800. In 1795 an act was passed naming commissioners to erect a courthouse
on the land of Samuel Hugey which had already been selected as a proper place
for the county seat. They were to lay out the town of Concord. Concord was
incorporated in 1806, and is the county seat.
CALDWELL
Caldwell was formed in 1841
from Burke and Wilkes. It was
named in honor of Joseph Cald-
well, the first president of the
University of North Carolina.
He strongly advocated a public
school system and a railroad
across the center of the State from Morehead City to Tennessee. It is in the west
central section of the State and is bounded by Alexander, Catawba, Burke,
Avery, Watauga and Wilkes counties. The present area is 469 square miles and
the population is 71 ,100. The court was ordered to be held at the store of George
Powell near the house of George Smith, Jr., until a courthouse was erected.
Commissioners were named to select a site as near the center as possible,
acquire land and a town, and erect a courthouse. Lenoir, named in honor of
William Lenoir, is the county seat.
CAMDEN
Camden was formed in 1777
from Pasquotank. It was named
in honor of Charles Pratt, Earl
of Camden, who was one of the
staunchest friends of the Ameri-
cans in the British Parliament.
It is in the northeastern section
of the State and is bounded by the state of Virginia, and Albemarle Sound.
Pasquotank, Gates, and Currituck counties. The present area is 239 square
miles and the population is 6,100. Camden is the county seat.
Histories of the North Carolina Counties
985
CARTERET
Carteret was formed in 1722
from Craven. It was named in
honor of Sir John Carteret, after-
wards (1744) Earl of Granville,
one of the Lords Proprietors. It
is in the eastern section of the
State and is bonded by the
Atlantic Ocean and Onslow, Jones and Craven counties and on the banks by
Hyde County. The present area is 536 square miles and the population is
around 51,800. Beaufort, established in 1723 and named in honor of Henry
Duke of Beaufort, is the county seat.
CASWELL
Caswell was formed in 1777
from Orange. The act was to
become effective June 1, 1777. It
was named in honor of Richard
Caswell, member of the first Con-
tinental Congress, first governor
of North Carolina after the
Declaration of Independence, and Major General in the Revolutionary army. It
is in the north central section of the State and is bounded by Person, Orange,
Alamance and Rockingham counties, and by the state of Virginia. The present
area is 428 square miles and the population is around 22,700. The act creating
the county authorized the first court to be held at the home of Thomas Douglas;
it also named commissioners to select a location and have the courthouse,
prison, and stocks erected. In 1783 Leesburg was estabhshed "adjoining to
where the Caswell Court House now stands." In 1791, when Person was
formed, the court was ordered to be held at Joseph Smith's. Also, commissioners
were named in the act to erect the courthouse as near the center of the county as
possible. The courthouse at Leesburg was ordered sold by the commissioners of
Caswell and Person. In 1829 an act was passed directing the justices to enlarge
the public square, or buy some land elsewhere and erect a new courthouse. In
1833 Yanceyville was established at the courthouse. It was named in honor of
Bartlett Yancey and is the county seat.
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North Carolina Manual
CATAWBA
Catawba was formed in 1842
from Lincoln. It named for an
Indian tribe which lived in that
section of the State. It is in the
west central section of the State
and is bounded by Iredell,
Lincoln, Burke, Caldwell and
Alexander counties. The present area is 394 square miles and the population is
around 117,300. The act establishing the county named commissioners to
acquire land within two miles of the center of the county, lay out a town by the
name of Newton, and erect a courthouse. Controversy developed over the
location. Consequently in 1845 an act was passed authorizing the erecting of
the courthouse in Newton, which is now the county seat.
CHATHAM
Chatham was formed in 1771
from Orange. The act became
effective April 1, 1771. It was
named in honor of William Pitt,
Earl of Chatham who was a
most eloquent defender of the
American cause in the English
Parliament during the Revolution. It is in the central section of the State and is
bounded by Wake, Harnett, Lee, Moore, Randolph, Alamance, Orange and
Durham counties. The present area is 709 square miles and the population is
around 36,800. The act establishing the county provided for the courts to be
held at the home of Stephen Poe. It also named commissioners to have a
courthouse, prison and stocks erected. In 1778 a town was established on the
land formerly belonging to Ambrose Edwards where the courthouse was. This
town was named Chatham. Chatham Court House is mentioned in corre-
spondence, 1776-1782. In 1785 a law establishing Pittsboro on Miles Scurlock's
land on which the courthouse stood was enacted. In 1787 an act was passed
stating that the heirs of Scurlock would not allow a town to be established on
their land. Therefore, the trustees of the town were advised to purchase land
from William Petty adjoining the Scurlock tract and lay of a town. It was
named Pittsboro in honor of William Pitt, the younger. In 1787 Pittsboro was
made the county seat.
Histories of the North Carolina Counties
987
CHEROKEE
Cherokee was formed in 1839
from Macon. It was named in
honor of the Indian tribe who
still live in the western part of
the State. It is in the western
section of the State and is bound-
ed by the states of Georgia and
Tennessee and Graham, Swain, Macon and Clay counties. The present area is
452 square miles and the population is around 21,200. The courts were ordered
to be held at one of the houses at Fort Butler until a courthouse could be erected.
Fort Butler was in the town of Murphy. Murphy is the county seat.
CHOWAN
Chowan was formed in 1670
as a precinct in Albemarle Coun-
ty. It was named in honor of an
Indian tribe, Chowan or, which
lived in the northeastern part of
the Colony. It is in the north-
eastern section of the State and
is bounded by Albemarle Sound, Chowan River, and Bertie, Hertford, Gates
and Perquimans counties. The present area is 173 square miles and the
population is around 13,700. In 1720, Edenton, which was named in honor of
Governor Charles Eden, was established. In 1722 it was designated and has
continued to be the county seat.
CLAY
Clay was formed in 1861 from
Cherokee. It was named in honor
of Henry Clay. It is in the
western section of the State and
is bounded by the state of
Georgia, Cherokee and Macon
counties. The present area is 209
square miles and the population is around 7,300. Commissioners were directed
to hold their first meeting in the Methodist Church near Fort Hembree. Special
commissioners were named to select a site for the courthouse and lay out a town
by the name of Hayesville. Hayesville, named in honor of George W. Hayes, is
the county seat.
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North Carolina Manual
CLEVELAND
Cleveland was formed in 1841
from Rutherford and Lincoln. It
was named in honor of Colonel
Benjamin Cleveland, a noted
partisan leader of the western
Carolina frontier and one of the
heroes at Kings Mountain. It is
in the southwestern section of the state and is bounded by the state of South
Carolina and Rutherford, Burke, Lincoln, and Gaston counties. The present
area is 468 square miles and the population is around 86,700. The first court
was ordered to be held at the home of William Weathers. At this court the
justices were to obtain a place to hold future courts until a courthouse was
erected. Commissioners were named to acquire land and lay out a town by the
name of Shelby where the courthouse and jail were to be located. In 1887 an act
was passed changing the spelling of Cleveland from "Cleaveland county" to
"Cleveland county." Shelby was incorporated in 1843 and is the county seat.
COLUMBUS
Columbus was formed in 1808
from Brunswick and Bladen. It
was named in honor of the dis-
coverer of the New World. It is in
the southeastern section of the
State and is bounded by the
state of South Carolina and
Robeson, Bladen, Pender and Brunswick counties. The present area is 945
square miles and the population is around 53,200. In 1810 Whitesville was laid
out on James B. White's land and the public buildings were ordered to be
erected there. Whiteville is the county seat.
CRAVEN
Craven was first created as
Archdale Precinct of Bath Coun-
ty in 1705. The name was
changed about 1712. It was
named in honor of William Lord
Craven, one of the Lords Pro-
prietors of Carolina. It is in the
eastern section of the State and is bounded by Carteret, Jones, Lenoir, Pitt,
Beaufort and Pamlico counties. The present area is 699 square miles and the
population is around 81,600. The county seat was first called Chattawka, or
Chattoocka, and later, in 1 723, Newbern. New Bern - the law fixed the spelling
in 1897 - is the county seat.
Histories of the North Carolina Counties
989
CUMBERLAND
Cumberland was formed in
1754 from Bladen. It was named
in honor of William Augustus,
Duke of Cumberland, third son
of King George II. Cumberland
was the commander of the
English Army at the Battle of
Culloden, in which the Scotch Highlanders were so badly defeated in 1746.
Many of them came to America, and their principal settlement was in
Cumberland County. Cumberland was changed to Fayette County in early
1784, but the act was repealed at the next General Assembly, which met in
November, 1784. It is in the southeastern section of the State and is bounded by
Sampson, Bladen, Robeson, Hoke, Harnett and Johnston counties. The
present area is 654 square miles and its population is around 259,300. The
county seat was first called Cumberland Court House. In 1762 Campbellton
was established at Cross Creek with provisions for the public buildings. In
1778 Cross Creek and Campbellton were joined and the courthouse was ordered
to be erected in that part of the town known as Cross Creek. In 1783
Campbellton was changed to Fayetteville in honor of Lafayette. Fayetteville is
the county seat.
CURRITUCK
Currituck was formed as early
as 1668 as a precinct of Albe-
marle County. It is "traditionally
said to be an Indian word for
wild geese; Coratank." It is in
the northeastern section of the
State and is bounded by the
Atlantic Ocean, Albemarle Sound, Camden County, and the state of Virginia.
The present area is 246 square miles and the population is around 14,100.
Currituck Court House, mentioned as early as 1755, was the name of the county
seat. Today the words "Court House" have been dropped and only Currituck is
used.
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North Carolina Manual
DARE
Dare was formed in 1870 from
Currituck, Tyrrell, and Hyde. It
was named in honor of Virginia
Dare, the first child born of
English parents in America. It
is in the eastern section of the
State, and is bounded by
Pamlico, Croatan and Albemarle Sounds, Hyde and Tyrrell counties (and on
the banks by the Atlantic Ocean). The present area is 391 square miles and the
population is around 20,900. Manteo, named in honor of an Indian Chief, is the
county seat.
DAVIDSON
Davidson was formed in 1822
from Rowan. It was named in
honor of General William Lee
Davidson, a gallant soldier of
the Revolution, who was killed
at Cowan's Ford. When General
Greene retreated across North
Carolina before Cornwallis in 1781 he stationed troops under Davidson at
Cowan's Ford on the Catawba River to delay the British army. The British
attacked the Americans, killing General Davidson, and forced a passage. The
United States government has erected a monument in his honor on Guilford
Battle Ground. The county is in the central section of the State and is bounded
by Randolph, Montgomery, Rowan, Davie, Forsyth, and Guilford counties.
The present area is 549 square miles and the population is around 124,800.
Lexington is the county seat.
DAVIE
Davie was formed in 1836 from
Rowan. It was named in honor
of William Richardson Davie, a
distinguished Revolutionary
soldier, a member of the Federal
Convention of 1 787, Governor of
North Carolina, special envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to France, and one of the founders
of the University of North Carolina. It is in the central section of the State and
Histories of the North Carolina Counties
991
is bounded by Davidson, Rowan, Iredell, Yadkin, and Forsyth counties. The
present area is 265 square miles and the population is around 27,800. In 1837
the court was ordered to be held at Mocksville. Mocksville, incorporated in
1839, is the county seat.
DUPLIN
Duplin was formed in 1750
from New Hanover. It was
named in honor of Thomas Hay.
Lord Duplin, an English noble-
man. It is in the eastern section
of the State and is bounded by
Jones, Onslow, Pender, Sampson,
Wayne, and Lenoir counties. The present area is 815 square miles and the
population is around 41,700. From 1755 to 1780 the county seat was called
Duplin Court House, but the location was not specified. The county court
minutes merely say that the court was held at the court house. In 1816
Kenansville was laid out on the public lands and a new courthouse ordered to
be erected. On and after January, 1819, the court was held in the courthouse in
Kenansville. Kenansville is the county seat.
DURHAM
Durham was formed in 1881
from Orange and Wake. It was
named for the city of Durham
which was named in honor of
Dr. Bartlett Snipes Durham who
donated the land on which the
railroad station was located. The
building of the railroad station was the beginning of the town of Durham. It is
in the central section of the State and bounded by Wake, Chatham, Orange,
Person, and Granville counties. The present area is 295 square miles and the
population is around 171,600. Durham, incorporated in 1866 as the Town of
Durham in Orange County, is the county seat.
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North Carolina Manual
EDGECOMBE
Edgecombe was formed in 1741
from Bertie, although deeds
begin in 1732 and one will dates
from 1733. [No action had been
taken on a bill to establish the
county in 1734.] It was named
in honor of Richard Edgecombe,
who became Baron Edgecombe in 1742, an English nobleman and a lord of the
Treasury. It is in the eastern section of the State and is bounded by Martin, Pitt,
Wilson, Nash, and Halifax counties. The present area is 510 square miles and
the population is around 59,600. The first county seat was Edgecombe Court
House. Tarboro was established in 1760 and was made the county seat in 1764.
FORSYTH
Forsyth was formed in 1849
from Stokes. It was named in
honor of Colonel Benjamin
Forsyth, a native of Stokes Coun-
ty who fell on the northern
frontier in the second war with
England. It is in the central
section of the State and is bounded by Guilford, Davidson, Davie, Yadkin, and
Stokes counties. The present area is 419 square miles and the population is
around 267,700. The act establishing the county ordered the first court to be
held at the town hall of Salem, at which time the justices were to select a place
for future courts until a courthouse could be erected. Commissioners were
named to select a place for the public buildings, acquire the land, and lay out a
town. In 1851 an act was passed naming the county seat Winston. In 1879 an
act was passed authorizing that Winston and Salem be combined, provided the
people voted for the same. In 1913 Winston and Salem were incorporated as one
town and Winston-Salem became the county seat.
FRANKLIN
>^)
Franklin was formed in 1779
from Bute. It was named in
honor of Benjamin Franklin. It
is in the northeastern section of
the State and is bounded by |
Nash, Wake, Granville, Vance, ;
and Warren counties. The pre-
sent area is 491 square miles and the population is around 35,900. The act ;
establishing the county authorized that the first court be held at the home of i
Histories of the North Carolina Counties
993
Benjamin Seawell. The justices were to determine where subsequent courts
were to be held until the courthouse could be erected. In 1779 Lewisburg was
established on land purchased by the commissioners for the erection of the
courthouse. Louisburg is the county seat.
GASTON
Gaston was formed in 1846
from Lincoln. It was named in
honor of William Gaston, a mem-
ber of Congress and a Justice of
the Supreme Court of North Caro-
lina. It is in the southwestern
section of the State and is
bounded by the state of South Carolina and Cleveland, Lincoln and Mecklen-
burg counties. The present area is 356 square miles and the population is
around 173,100. The court was ordered to be held at the home of Jesse Holland
until a courthouse could be erected. Commissioners were named to select a site
for the county seat as near the center of the county as possible provided it was
within two miles of Long Creek Baptist Meeting House. They were to acquire
land, lay out a town by the name of Dallas, and erect a courthouse. Dallas
continued to be the county seat until 1909 when Gastonia was, by popular vote,
selected as the county seat.
GATES
Gates was formed in 1779 from
Chowan, Hertford, and Per-
quimans counties. It was named
in honor of General Horatio
Gates, who commanded the
American Army at the Battle of
Saratoga. At this battle an entire
British Army was captured, but General Gates contributed nothing to that
success. It is in the northeastern section of the State and is bounded by
Camden, Pasquotank, Perquimans, Chowan and Hertford counties, and the
state of Virginia. The present area is 337 square miles and the population is
around 9,800. The act estabhshing the county provided that commissioners be
appointed to select a site centrally located for the erection of a courthouse, etc.,
and to have the building erected. In 1781, an act was passed to levy an
additional tax for the completion of the public buildings. The Legislature of
1830-31 passed an act which said that the place now known as Gates Court
House, in the county of Gates, shall in the future be known and described by the
name of Gatesville. Gatesville is the county seat.
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North Carolina Manual
GRAHAM
Graham was formed in 1872
from Cherokee. It was named in
honor of WiUiam A. Graham,
United States Senator, Governor
of North CaroHna, secretary of
the navy, and a Confederate
States Senator. It is in the
western section of the State and is bounded by the state of Tennessee and
Cherokee and Swain counties. The present area is 292 square miles and the
population is around 7,200. The first meeting of the county commissioners was
ordered to be held at King & Cooper's store; commissioners were named to lay
out a town as a county seat. The county seat is Robbinsville.
GRANVILLE
Granville was formed in 1746
from Edgecombe. It was named
in honor of John Carteret, Earl
of Granville, who owned the
Granville District. It is in the
northeastern section of the State
and is bounded by Vance, Wake,
Durham and Person counties and the state of Virginia. The present area is 537
square miles and the population is around 38,800. The first county seat was
called Granville Court House. In 1748 the location selected became unsatis-
factory. Therefore, it was ordered that the courthouse be located on a branch of
Tar River called Tabb's Creek. Oxford was made the county seat in 181 1 . It was
incorporated in 1816 and is the county seat.
GREENE
Greene County was formed in
1799 from Glasgow. The county
was originally named for James
Glasgow, but when he became
publicly involved in land frauds
it was changed to Greene in
honor of Nathaniel Greene,
Washington's right-hand-man. Greene is regarded as second only to Washing-
ton as the greatest soldier of the Revolution. He fought the Battle of Guilford
Histories of the North Carolina Counties
995
Court House which saved North CaroHna from the British. It is in the eastern
section of the State and is bounded by Pitt, Lenoir, Wayne and Wilson counties.
The present area is 267 square miles and the population is around 16,600. In
1811 Snow Hill was laid out as the courthouse and is the county seat.
GUILFORD
Guilford was formed in 1771
from Rowan and Orange. The
act creating Guilford became
effective April 1, 1771. It was
named in honor of Francis North
who was Earl of Guilford, and
an English nobleman. He was
the father of Lord North who was Prime Minister under George III during the
Revolution. Lord North afterward succeeded his father as Earl of Guilford. It is
in the north central section of the State and is bounded by Alamance,
Randolph, Davidson, Forsyth and Rockingham counties. The present area is
655 square miles and the population is around 336,100. The first court was
ordered held at the home of Robert Lindsay and provided for the commissioners
to buy the land of John Campbell for the courthouse site. In 1785 Martinsville
was laid out as the courthouse. It was named in honor of Alexander Martin,
governor of North CaroHna, 1782-1785 and 1789-1792. The courthouse had been
called Guilford Court House until the passage of this act. Commissioners were
named by the act of 1807 to select a place at the center of the county for the
erection of a new courthouse, as the old one was badly in need of repair and not
conveniently located. Commissioners were also named to purchase 30 acres of
land and have the new courthouse erected. They were to sell the old courthouse.
In 1808 the new county seat was named Greensborough in honor of Nathaniel
Greene. Today Greensboro is the county seat.
HALIFAX
Halifax was formed in 1758
from Edgecombe. The act was to
become effective in January,
1759. It was named in honor of
George Montague, Second Earl
of Halifax. It is in the north-
eastern section of the State and
is bounded by Bertie, Martin, Edgecombe, Nash, Warren and Northampton
counties. The present area is 734 square miles and the population is around
56,800. The first court was held at Enfield. Halifax was made the county seat by
an act passed in 1758. It is the county seat.
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North Carolina Manual
HARNETT
Harnett was formed in 1855
from Cumberland. It was named
in honor of Cornelius Harnett,
an eminent Revolutionary
patriot, president of the Pro-
vincial Council, president of the
Council of Safety, delegate to
the Continental Congress, and author of the Halifax Resolutions of April 12,
1776. It is in the eastern section of the State and is bounded by Chatham,
Cumberland, Hoke, Moore, Lee, Wake, Johnston and Sampson counties. The
present area is 603 square miles and the population is around 65,800. The
courts were ordered to be held at Summerville until a courthouse was erected
unless otherwise directed by a majority of the justices of the peace. It also
named commissioners to locate the geographical center of the county, acquire
the land, lay out a town and erect the public buildings. The town was called
Toomer in honor of John D. Toomer of Cumberland, a judge of the superior and
of the supreme court. Many people became dissatisfied with the location, and in
1859 an act was passed to allow the voters to decide whether Toomer should
remain the county seat or a new location be selected. If a new site was selected,
it should be called Lillington. Lillington was named in honor of Alexander
Lillington. It is the county seat.
HAYWOOD
Haywood was formed in 1808
from Buncombe. It was named
in honor of John Haywood, Trea-
surer of North Carolina, 1787-
1827. It is in the western section
of the State and is bounded by
the state of Tennessee and
Madison, Buncombe, Transylvania, Jackson and Swain counties. The present
area is 551 square miles and the population is around 48,300. The first court
was ordered to be held at Mount Propsect, at which time the justices could ;
decide on some other place for holding court until a courthouse could be erected, j
In 1809 the justices of the peace were authorized to appoint commissioners to
erect the courthouse. "In the erection of the public buildings at Mount Propsect
there was laid the foundation of the little city of Waynesville... In the record of j
the court of pleas and quarter sessions the name of Waynesville occurs first in •
1811." Waynesville was confirmed as a town by legislative act in 1810.
Waynesville is the county seat. !
Histories of the North Carolina Counties
997
HENDERSON
Henderson was formed in 1838
from Buncombe. It was named
in honor of Leonard Henderson,
Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court of North CaroHna. It is in
the western section of the State
and is bounded by the state of
South Carolina and Transylvania, Haywood, Buncombe, McDowell, Ruther-
ford and Polk counties. The present area is 378 square miles and the population
is around 69,300. The first court was to be held at the home of Hugh Johnston,
at which time the justices were to decide on a place for future courts until a
courthouse was erected. Commissioners were named to acquire land, lay out a
town, and erect a courthouse. This town was to be named Hendersonville. The
commissioners selected a site which is now called Horse Shoe, but much
dissatisfaction developed over the selection and two factions arose, one called
the River party and the other the Road party. The River party favored the
Horse Shoe site. In 1839 the Road party enjoined the sale of lots of the site
selected at the Horse Shoe and the controversy soon waxed so warm that the
Legislature ordered an election to be held to determine the location by popular
vote. The Road party was successful. In 1840 Hendersonville was laid out on
land deeded by Michael King of Charleston, South Carolina, for that purpose.
Hendersonville is the county seat.
HERTFORD
Hertford was formed in 1759
from Chowan, Bertie and
Northampton. The act was to
become effective May 1, 1760. It
was named in honor of Francis
Seymour Conway, Earl of Hert-
ford, a nobleman. He was a
brother of General Conway, a distinguished British soldier and member of
Parliament, who favored the repeal of the Stamp Act. It is in the northeastern
section of the State and is bounded by Gates, Chowan, Bertie and Northampton
counties. The present area is 353 square miles and the population is around
24,000. The first court was held at Cotton's Ferry on the side of Chowan River.
Winton, established in 1766, is the county seat.
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North Carolina Manual
HOKE
Hoke was formed in 191 1 from
Cumberland and Robeson. It was
named in honor of Robert F.
Hoke, a major-general in the
Confederate States Army. It is
in the southeastern section of
the State and is bounded by
Cumberland, Robeson, Scotland, Moore and Harnett counties. The present
area is 389 square miles and the population is around 24,500. Raeford is the
county seat.
HYDE
Hyde was first called Wick-
ham, the name being changed
about 1712. It was named in
honor of Edward Hyde, Gov-
ernor of North Carolina and a
grandson of the Earl of
Clarendon. It is in the eastern
section of the State and is bounded by Pamlico Sound and Beaufort, Washing-
ton, Tyrrell and Dare counties (and on the banks by the Atlantic Ocean and
Dare and Carteret counties). The present area is 613 square miles and the
population is around 5,800. The courts were held in the courthouse in Bath until
1729. In that year an act was passed separating the precincts of Beaufort and
Hyde and authorizing a courthouse to be built on the land of William Webster.
In 1738 a town by the name of Woodstock was laid out on Webster's land. The
courthouse at Woodstock burned about 1789, and in 1790 an act was passed
moving the courthouse to Bell's Bay or Jasper's Creek. The county seat was on
Jasper's Creek, during 1791-1792. A law was passed in 1791 establishing a
town on the land belonging to Germain Bernard "where the courthouse
stands." This town was called German-town. In 1820 the old courthouse was
authorized to be sold and a new one erected at Lake Landing or within two
miles of it. In 1836 commissioners were named to purchase land from
Zacheriah Gibbs for a county seat, or within one-forth mile of the place called
Swan Quarter, and erect a courthouse. Swan Quarter is the county seat.
Histories of the North Carolina Counties
999
IREDELL
Iredell was formed in 1788
from Rowan. It was named in
honor James Iredell of Edenton.
He was one of the leaders in the
State advocating the adoption
of the Federal Constitution.
Washington appointed him a
judge of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1790. It is in the central
section of the State and is bounded by Rowan, Cabarrus, Mecklenburg,
Lincoln, Catawba, Alexander, Wilkes, Yadkin and Davie counties. The present
area is 572 square miles and the population is around 90,900. Statesville,
established in 1789, is the county seat.
JACKSON
Jackson was formed in 1851
from Haywood and Macon. It
was named in honor of Andrew
Jackson, who won an over-
whelming victory from the
British at New Orleans in 1815
and who was twice President of
the United States. It is in the western section of the State and is bounded by the
states of South Carolina and Georgia and Macon, Swain, Haywood and
Transylvania counties. The present area is 491 square miles and the population
is around 27,100. The first court was ordered to be held at the home of Daniel
Bryson, Sr., and after that session the courts were held at Allen Fisher's store
until the courthouse was erected. In 1852 an act was passed authorizing an
election to be held to decide on moving the county seat from Webster to Sylva.
The election was held May 8, 1913, and was carried by a majority of 675. Sylva
furnished the site and $10,000 in cash for the new courthouse. Sylva is the
county seat.
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North Carolina Manual
JOHNSTON
&\I^^^^
Johnston was formed in 1746
from Craven. It was named in
I honor of Gabriel Johnston,
Governor of North Carohna,
1734-1752. It is in the eastern
section of the State and is bound-
ed by Wilson, Wayne, Sampson,
Cumberland, Harnett, Wake and Nash counties. The present area is 797 square
miles and the population is around 80,500. The first court was held at the home
of Francis Stringer at the Ferry of Neuse River. Court was held at Hinton's
Quarter on the south side of Neuse River, 1759-1760, and probably before that
date. In August, 1771, it was held at John Smith's. From 1771 to 1776 the
county seat was called Johnston Court House. In 1771 Smithfield was
established "where the Court House, prison and stocks now stand." Smithfield
is the county seat.
JONES
Jones was formed in 1 779 from
Craven. It was named in honor
of Willie Jones of Halifax who
was one of the leaders of the
Revolution, president of the Coun-
cil of Safety and an opponent of
the adoption of the Constitution
of the United States. It was due chiefly to his influence that the Convention of
1 788 refused to ratify the Federal Constitution. It is in the eastern section of the
State and is bounded by Craven, Carteret, Onslow, Duplin and Lenoir counties.
The present area is 467 square miles and the population is around 10,200. The
first court was directed to be held at the home of Thomas Webber at Trent
bridge, and to continue there until the courthouse was built unless some other
place was selected. In 1784 an act was passed authorizing a town by the name
of Trenton to be laid out where the courthouse stood. Trenton is the county seat.
LEE
Lee was formed in 1907 from
Moore and Chatham. The act
was to become effective April 1,
1908. It was named in honor of
Robert E. Lee. It is in the central
section of the State and is
bounded Harnett, Moore and
Chatham counties. The present area is 256 square miles and the population is
around 42,100. Sanford is the county seat.
Histories of the North Carolina Counties
1001
LENOIR
Lenoir was formed in 1791
from Dobbs. It was named in
honor of William Lenoir, one of
the heroes of Kings Mountain. It
is in the eastern section of the
State and is bounded by Craven,
Jones, Duplin, Wayne, Green and
Pitt counties. The present area is 400 square miles and the population is around
61,000. When Kinston was established in 1762 it was in Dobbs County. It was
made the county seat of Dobbs in 1764, and when Dobbs was established in
1791 Kinston became the county seat of Lenoir.
LINCOLN
Lincoln was formed in 1779
from Try on. It as named in honor
of General Benjamin Lincoln, a
distinguished general of Revolu-
tion whom George Washington
appointed to receive the sword
of Cornwallis when he sur-
rendered at Yorktown. It is in the southwestern section of the State and is
bounded by Mecklenburg, Gaston, Cleveland, Catawba and Iredell counties.
The present area is 297 square miles and the population is around 48,200. The
act establishing the county appointed commissioners to select a convenient
and central place and to erect a courthouse and prison. In 1782 and in 1 784 new
commissioners were appointed, as the previously appointed commissioners
had failed to act. In 1785 Lincolnton was established on land selected for the
county seat. It is the present county seat.
MACON
Macon was formed in 1828
from Haywood. It was named in
honor of Nathaniel Macon,
speaker of the House of Repre-
sentatives, United States
Senator, and president of the
Constitutional Convention of
1835. It is in the western section of the State and is bounded by the state of
Georgia and Clay, Cherokee, Swain and Jackson counties. The present area is
513 square miles and the population is around 23,600. The first court was
ordered to be held in the town of Franklin. Franklin is the county seat.
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North Carolina Manual
MADISON
Madison was formed in 1851
from Buncombe and Yancey. It
was named in honor of James
Madison, the fourth President
of the United States. It is in the
western section of the State, and
is bounded by Yancey, Bun-
combe and Haywood counties and the state of Tennessee. The present area is
450 square miles and the population is around 17,500. The first court was
ordered to be held at the tavern house of Adolplus Baird at which time the
majority of the justices could adjourn to any other place they determined until a
courthouse could be erected. Seven commissioners were named to select a site
for the county seat. When the place was finally decided on, the commissioners
were to acquire a tract of land, lay out a town by the name of Marshall, and
erect a courthouse. Marshall, named in honor of John Marshall, is the county
seat.
MARTIN
Martin was formed in 1774
from Halifax and Tyrrell. It was
named in honor of Josiah
Martin, the last Royal Governor
of North Carolina. It is probable
that this county's name would
have been changed like those of
Dobbs and Tryon but for the popularity of Alexander Martin, who was
governor, 1782-1785 and 1789-1792. It is in the eastern section of the State, and
is bounded by Washington, Beaufort, Pitt, Edgecombe, Halifax and Bertie
counties. The present area is 455 square miles and the population is around
27,100. The act establishing the county made no provision for the courthouse,
prison and stocks. However, a law was passed making provision for levying
special taxes for the county seat. There is nothing to indicate the location. In
1779 Williamston, first called Squhawky, was laid out on the land of Thomas
Hunter. Williamston is the county seat.
Histories of the North Carolina Counties
1003
MCDOWELL
McDowell was formed in 1842
from Rutherford and Burke. It
was named in honor of Colonel
Joseph McDowell, an officer of
the Revolution. It is in the west
central section of the State and
is bounded by Burke, Ruther-
ford, Henderson, Buncombe, Yancey, Mitchell and Avery counties. The present
area is 436 square miles and the population is around 36,600. The court was
ordered to be held at the home of Jonathan L. Carson until the county seat
could be established. The act also named commissioners to select a site as near
the center of the county as possible, acquire land, lay out a town by the name of
Marion, and erect a courthouse. Marion is the county seat.
MECKLENBURG
Mecklenburg was formed in
1 762 from Anson. The act was to
become effective February 1,
1763. It was named in honor of
Princess Charlotte Sophia of
Mecklenburg-Strelitz, the Queen
of George III who was King of
England. It is in the south central section of the State and is bounded by the
state of South Carolina and Gaston, Lincoln, Iredell, Cabarrus and Union
counties. The present area is 530 square miles and the population is around
474,900. Charlotte, named for Princess Charlotte and established in 1 766, is the
county seat.
MITCHELL
Mitchell was formed in 1861
from Yancey, Watauga, Cald-
well, Burke and McDowell coun-
ties. It was named in honor of
Dr. Elisha Mitchell, a professor
in the University of North Caro-
lina. While on an exploring
expedition of Mt. Mitchell, the highest peak east of the Mississippi River, Dr.
Mitchell fell and was killed. He was buried on the top of this lofty mountain. It
1004 North Carolina Manual
is in the western section of the State and is bounded by the state of Tennessee
and Avery, McDowell and Yancey counties. The present area is 215 square
miles and the population is around 14,600. The first court was ordered to be held
at Eben Child's. Commissioners were named to acquire the land, establish a
town by the name of Calhoun, and erect a courthouse in Calhoun. They
maintained it was inconvenient to three-fourths of the citizens. They said the
matter should, therefore, be referred to the Assembly. In 1862 an act was
passed authorizing the people to decide by ballot for Calhoun, or for Davis as
the county seat. In 1863 an act was passed which stipulated that the county
seat should be located at the geographical center of the county by actual survey
and measurements. In 1863 the justices met and unanimously agreed that
Norman's Hill should be selected as the county seat. From 1861-1866 commis-
sioners were appointed to acquire the land and lay out a town. At the regular
September term, 1866, held at Davis, the commissioners reported that they had
acquired 29 acres of land and sold the lots. In 1868 the county seat was changed
from Davis to Bakersville. Bakersville was incorporated in 1870 and is the
county seat.
MONTGOMERY
Montgomery was formed in
1779 from Anson. It was named
in honor of Richard Montgomery
who, in 1775 lost his life at the
battle of Quebec in the attempt
to conquer Canada. It is in the
south section of the State and is
bounded by Moore, Richmond, Stanly, Davidson and Randolph counties. The
present area is 488 square miles and the population is around 24,500. The act
establishing the county specified that the first court should be held at the home
of Henry Munger, and all subsequent courts were to be held where the justices
of the peace decided until a courthouse could be erected. Another act was
passed that same year naming commissioners to select fifty acres of land
centrally located and erect a courthouse, prison and stocks. By 1783 there had
developed dissatisfaction among many of the inhabitants as to the location the
commissioners had selected. However, the Assembly that year authorized the
courthouse to be constructed on the land purchased. The act provided for
adequate ferries across the Yadkin and Uwharrie Rivers on the court, public
and election days. In 1785 the General Assembly was petitioned to authorize
the removal of the courthouse. In 1791 an act was passed directing that the
center of the county be located by actual survey, at which place Stokes was to be
established. The commissioners, however, failed to act, and in 1792 new
commissioners were named. The courts were to be held at the home of Mark
Kennet unless the justices decided on some other place more convenient. In
that year, Henderson was established at the confluence of the Yadkin and
Uwharrie rivers. In 1795 the courthouse, on the land formerly belonging to
Histories of the North Carolina Counties
1005
James Tindall, was authorized to be sold. Tindallsville had been estabHshed in
that year. In 1815 commissioners were named to locate the center of the county,
purchase land, and erect a courthouse. They were authorized to sell the old
courthouse and lot in the town of Henderson and apply the proceeds to the
erection of the new buildings. In 1816 Laurenceville was named under the
authority of a law enacted in 1815 establishing a town at the courthouse. In
1843 the courthouse was ordered to be moved from Laurenceville to the
geographical center. Commissioners were named to locate the center, to
acquire land, to lay out a town and erect the public buildings. In 1844 Troy was
established as the county seat.
MOORE
Moore was formed in 1784 from
Cumberland. It was named in
honor of Captain Alfred Moore
of Brunswick, a soldier of the
Revolution and afterwards a
Justice of the Supreme Court of
the United States. It is in the
south central section of the State and is bounded by Cumberland, Harnett,
Hoke, Scotland, Richmond, Montgomery, Randolph, Chatham and Lee coun-
ties. The present area is 704 square miles and the population is around 58,600.
The act establishing the county provided for the erection of the public
buildings. In 1795 an act was passed which stated that the location of the
courthouse was inconvenient; it named commissioners to purchase land near
the center of the county and erect a new courthouse. In 1796 an act was passed
establishing Carthage on land where the courthouse was to stand. In 1803 an
act was passed naming commissioners to lay out a town and build a courthouse
as directed in the 1796 act. In 1806 Carthage was changed to Fagansville. In
1818, Fagansville was changed to Carthage. Carthage is the county seat.
NASH
Nash was formed in 1 777 from
Edgecombe. It was named in
honor of General Francis Nash,
who was mortally wounded
while fighting under George
Washington in Germantown. It
is in the northeastern section of
the State and is bounded by Edgecombe, Wilson, Johnston, Franklin and
Halifax counties. The present area is 544 square miles and the population is
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North Carolina Manual
around 73, 100. The act establishing the county provided that the first court be
held at the home of Micajah Thomas, and all subsequent courts at a place to be
decided upon by the justices of the peace until the courthouse could be erected.
The act also named commissioners to select a site for the county seat. The first
courthouse was to be on "Peach Tree." In 1782 the funds for constructing the
public buildings were inadequate and additional taxes were levied. The county
seat was called Nash Court House. In 1815 an act was passed naming
commissioners to locate the center of the county and purchase fifty acres of
land on which to erect a courthouse. Other commissioners were named to lay
out the town of Nashville and to have the courthouse erected. Court was
ordered held at the old courthouse until the new building was finished. There
was much bickering and dissatisfaction among the citizens concerning the
location of the courthouse between 1815 and 1825. Finally, Nashville was
satisfactorily agreed upon and has continued to be the county seat.
NEW HANOVER
mM.
New Hanover was formed 1729
from Craven. It was named in
[^K)\l^l\ / V,l\ V f<( J-«^:^',J honor of the ™yal family of
'-^— ^-"- 'n n^ V \ ( 1 ic-it „A<..' England, members 01 the House
of Hanover. It is in the south-
eastern section of the State and
is bounded by the Atlantic
Ocean, the Cape Fear River, and Brunswick and Pender counties. The present
area is 185 square miles and the population is around 118,200. New Town or
Newton was its first county seat. It was changed to Wilmington in 1739.
Wilmington is the county seat.
NORTHAMPTON
Northampton was formed in
1741 from Bertie. It was named
in honor of James Crompton.
Earl of Northampton, an
English nobleman. It is in the
northeastern section of the State
of Virginia. The present area is
536 square miles and the population is around 22,300. In 1806 Atherton was
established as the courthouse. Jackson is currently the county seat.
Histories of the North Carolina Counties
1007
ONSLOW
Onslow was formed 1731 from
New Hanover. It was named in
honor of Arthur Onslow, who
for more than thirty years was
speaker of the House of Com-
mons in the British Parliament.
It is in the southeastern section
of the State and is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean and Pender, Duplin, Jones
and Carteret counties. The present area is 765 square miles and the population
is around 127,500. The act creating the county ordered the justices to select a
site for a courthouse. The act also validated all acts of the court held in
accordance with a commission, issued (November 23, 1731) by Governor
Burrington for that purpose. From July, 1734, to January, 1735, court was held
"at the court house on New River." In January, 1735, it was held at Joseph
Howard's. In July of that year it was held at Christian Heidleberg's and from
then until 1 737 it was held at Joseph Howard's. After April 1737, it was held "at
the courthouse on New River." The courthouse was burned between January
and April 1744. Between April, 1744, and January, 1753, court was held "at
Johnston on New River." Johnston was established in 1741. It is evident that
for a while court was held in private homes, as James Foyle and Thomas Black
were paid for allowing the court to sit at their homes. In January, 1753, the
court met at Jonathan Melton's on North East New River, a storm having
destroyed Johnston in September, 1752. In July, 1757, court was held at the
new courthouse at Wantland's Ferry on New River. In 1819 a new courthouse
was authorized to be established within one-half mile from the old courthouse
and on the same side of the river. In 1842 Jacksonville was authorized, but it
was not laid out until after 1849. It is the county seat.
ORANGE
Orange was formed in 1752
from Johnston, Bladen and
Granville. It was named in honor
of the infant William V of
Orange. It is in the central section
of the State and is bounded by
Durham, Chatham, Alamance,
Caswell and Person counties. The present area is 400 square miles and the
population is around 87,600. The first courthouse was authorized to be
established in 1 754 where the western path crossed the Eno River on the land of
James Watson. Childsburg was established in 1759 and was changed to
Hillsborough in 1766. Hillsborough is the county seat.
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North Carolina Manual
PAMLICO
Pamlico was formed in 1872
from Craven and Beaufort. It
was named after the sound of
the same name. PamHco was
the name of an Indian tribe in
Eastern North CaroHna. There
was a Pamptecough Precinct in
North CaroHna as early as 1705, but it was changed to Beaufort about 1712. It
is in the eastern section of the State and is bounded by Pamlico Sound, Neuse
River and Craven and Beaufort counties. The present area is 338 square miles
and the population is around 10,900. Court was held at an old store in
Vandimere until 1876. In that year, an act was passed authorizing the
commissioners to submit to a vote of the people the question of moving the
county seat from Vandimere to some other place. Bayboro was made the
county seat. It was incorporated in 1881.
PASQUOTANK
Pasquotank was formed as
early as 1668 as a precinct of
Albemarle County. Its name is
derived from an Indian word
pasketanki which meant "where
the current of the stream divides
or forks." It is in the northeastern
section of the State and is bounded by Albemarle Sound and Perquimans,
Gates, and Camden counties. The present area is 228 square miles and the
population is around 30,800. It is not known when the first courthouse was
built, but from 1737 to 1757 the courthouse was at Brook Field. In 1758 it was
moved to Belfe's Point. It remained there until 1762 or probably a little later.
From 1765 until 1785 the courthouse was at Winfield. In 1784 the Assembly
directed that it be moved to Nixonton, and from 1 785 to 1800 Nixonton was the
county seat. In 1799 Elizabeth (City) Town was named the county seat and on
June 6, 1800, the first court was held there. Elizabeth City was first called
Redding, which was established in 1793. Redding was changed to Elizabeth
Town in 1794, and Elizabeth Town was changed to Elizabeth City in 1801. It is
the county seat. There is no description of the precinct when it was first
established.
Histories of the North Carolina Counties
1009
PENDER
Pender was formed in 1875
from New Hanover. It was
named in honor of General
William D. Pender of Edge-
combe, a Confederate soldier
who was killed at the battle of
Gettysburg. It is in the south-
eastern section of the State and is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean and New
Hanover, Brunswick, Columbus, Bladen, Sampson, Duplin and Onslow
counties. The present area is 871 square miles and the population is around
26,900. The county commissioners were ordered to hold their first meeting at
Rocky Point. The act provided for the establishment of the town of Cowan as
the county seat. In 1877 an act was passed repealing that section of the law
relative to the town, and another law was enacted whereby the qualified voters
were to vote on the question of moving the county seat to South Washington or
any other place which the majority of the voters designated. Whatever place
was selected, the town should be called Stanford. In 1879 Stanford was
changed to Burgaw, which was by that law incorporated. It is the county seat.
PERQUIMANS
Perquimans was formed as
early as 1668 as a precinct of
Albemarle County. It was named
in honor of an Indian tribe. It is
in the northeastern section of
the State and is bounded by
Albemarle Sound and Chowan,
Gates and Pasquotank counties. The present area is 246 square miles and the
population is around 10,900. Hertford, established in 1758 on the land of
Jonathan Phelps, is the county seat.
1010
North Carolina Manual
PERSON
Person was formed in 1791
from Caswell. The act was to
become effective February 1,
1792. It was named in honor of
General Thomas Person, a
Revolutionary Patriot, a member
of the Council of Safety and a
trustee of the University of North Carolina. He gave a large sum of money to
the University, and a building was erected in his honor, which is called Person
Hall. It is in the north central section of the State and is bounded by Granville,
Durham, Orange and Caswell counties, and the State of Virginia. The present
area is 401 square miles and the population is around 31,300. In 1792 Pittman's
was mentioned in an act as the place where the courthouse was to be
established. In 1793 Roxboro was established as the courthouse and is now the
county seat.
PITT
Pitt was formed in 1760 from
Beaufort. The act was to become
effective January 1, 1761. It was
named in honor of William Pitt.
It is in the eastern section of the
State and is bounded by Beaufort,
Craven, Lenoir, Greene, Wilson,
Edgecombe and Martin counties. The present area is 655 square miles and the
population is around 100,900. The act establishing the county authorized the
courts to be held at the home of John Hardy until a courthouse could be built. It
also directed the justices to contract for the construction of the courthouse,
prison and stocks of John Hardy's land on the south side of Tar River, near the
Chapel known as Hardy's Chapel. In 1771 Martinsboro was established on
Richard Evans's land, and in 1774 the courthouse, prison and stocks were
moved to Martinsboro. Court was held at the home of John Lessley until the
new courthouse, prison and stocks were completed. In 1787 Martinsborough
was changed to Greenville. Greenville is the county seat.
Histories of the North Carolina Counties
1011
POLK
Polk was formed in 1855 from
Rutherford and Henderson. It
was named in honor of Colonel
William Polk "who rendered
distinguished service in the
Battles of Germantown, Brandy-
wine and Eutaw, in all of which
he was wounded." It is in the southwestern section of the State and is bounded
by the State of South Carolina and Henderson and Rutherford counties. The
present area is 239 square miles and the population is around 14,800. The act
directed that the court and records should be kept at the home of J. Mills until a
courthouse could be erected. It also named commissioners to obtain a site for
public buildings, lay out a town by the name of Columbus, and erect a
courthouse. Columbus is the county seat.
RANDOLPH
Randolph was formed in 1779
from Guilford. It was named in
honor of Peyton Randolph of
Virginia, who was president of
the Continental Congress. It is
in the central section of the State
and is bounded by Chatham,
Moore, Montgomery, Davidson, Guilford and Alamance counties. Its present
area is 798 square miles and its population is around 101,800. The act
establishing the county authorized the first court and all subsequent courts to
be held at the home of Abraham Reese unless otherwise decided upon by the
justices of the peace until a courthouse could be built. Commissioners were
named to select a site for the county seat. In 1783 the commissioners were
named. This act directed that court be held at the home of William Bell until the
courthouse was completed. In 1 785 an act was passed removing the court from
the house of William Bell and allowing the justices at each court to decide
where the next court would meet until the courthouse was completed. In 1788 a
town was established at the courthouse on the land of Thomas Dauggan. This
town was named Johnstonville in honor of Samuel Johnston. In 1791 an act
was passed authorizing the construction of a prison at the courthouse. In 1792
an act was passed authorizing commissioners to select a site in the center of the
county and have a new courthouse erected, as the old courthouse was not in the
center of the county. In 1796 Asheborough was established as the county seat
on the land of Jesse Henley. In 1819 a new courthouse was authorized to be
built in Asheborough. Asheboro is the county seat.
1012
North Carolina Manual
RICHMOND
Richmond was formed in 1779
from Anson. It was named in
honor of Charles Lennox, Duke
of Richmond and a principal
secretary in William Pitt's second
administration. He was a
staunch friend of the American
colonies and made a motion in the House of Lords that the colonies be granted
their independence. It is in the south central section of the State and is bounded
by the State of South Carolina and Anson, Stanly, Montgomery, Moore and
Scotland counties. It present area is 475 square miles and the population is
around 46,100. The county seat was first called Richmond Court House but in
1784 a town was established there by the name of Rockingham. Rockingham is
the county seat.
ROBESON
Robeson was formed in 1787
from Bladen. It was named in
honor of Colonel Thomas
Robeson, a soldier of the Revolu-
tion. He was one of the leaders
at the battle of Elizabethtown
which was fought in September,
1781. By this battle the Tories in the southeastern part of the State were
crushed. It is in the southeastern section of the State and is bounded by the
state of South Carolina and Scotland, Hoke, Cumberland, Bladen and
Columbus counties. The present area is 949 square miles and the population is
around 108,100. The courthouse was erected on land which formerly belonged
to John Willis. A lottery was used to dispose of the lots and to establish the
town. In 1788, Lumberton was established and is the county seat.
Histories of the North Carolina Counties
1013
ROCKINGHAM
Rockingham was formed in
1785 from Guilford. It was named
in honor if Charles Watson-Went-
worth, Second Marquis of Rock-
ingham, who was a leader of a
party in the British Parliament
which advocated American
independence. He was Prime Minister when the Stamp Act was repealed. It is
in the north central section of the State and is bounded by Caswell, Guilford
and Stokes counties and the State of Virginia. The present area is 569 square
miles and the population is around 86,300. The first court was held at the home
of Adam Tate, at which time the justices were to decide on the place for holding
future courts until the courthouse could be erected. In 1787 an act was passed
which directed the courthouse to be erected on the land of Charles Mitchell on
the east side of Big Rock House Creek. In 1796 an act was passed authorizing
the purchase of land from Robert Galloway & Company, where the public
buildings were situated, and the laying out of Wentworth. In 1797 an act was
passed suspending operations on the Wentworth courthouse. In 1798 commis-
sioners were named to establish Wentworth on land given by Robert Galloway
for that purpose. The first court was held at Wentworth in May, 1799.
Wentworth is the county seat.
ROWAN
Rowan was formed in 1753
from Anson. It was named in
honor of Matthew Rowan who
was a prominent leader before
the Revolution and who for a
short time after the death of
Governor Gabriel Johnston was
acting governor. It is in the central section of the State and is bounded by
Davidson, Stanly, Cabarrus, Iredell and Davie counties. Its present area is 523
square miles and the population is around 105,600. The county seat was first
called Rowan Court House. It has been called Salisbury since about 1755.
Salisbury is the county seat.
1014
North Carolina Manual
RUTHERFORD
Rutherford was formed in 1 779
from Tryon. It was named in
honor of Griffith Rutherford, one
of the most prominent of the
Revolutionary patriots. He led
the expedition that crushed the
Cherokees in 1776, and rendered
other important services both in the Legislature and on the battlefield. It is in
the southwestern section of the State and is bounded by the state of South
Carolina and Polk, Henderson, McDowell, Burke and Cleveland counties. Its
present area is 563 square miles and the population is around 57,600. The act
establishing the county provided that the first court be held at the home of
Joseph Walker and the justices were to decide on the most convenient place to
hold succeeding courts until a courthouse could be erected. Commissioners
were named to select a place for the county seat. In 1781 an act was passed
stating that the original act had not been fully carried out and that the previous
commissioners had failed to erect a courthouse even though they had selected
the land of James Holland in the fork of Shepard's Creek. The act authorized
the commissioners to purchase fifty acres of land from James Holland and
erect the buildings. In 1784 an act was passed which stated that the place
selected by the commissioners was not convenient; therefore, new commis-
sioners were named to survey the county, locate the center, purchase land and
erect the public buildings. The courthouse, prison and stocks were not finished
in 1785. In 1787 Rutherford was established on the land purchased for the
county seat. Two acres were reserved for the public buildings. Rutherfordton
was incorporated in 1793 and is the county seat.
SAMPSON
Sampson was formed in 1784
from Duplin. It was named in
honor of Colonel John Sampson,
who was a member of Josiah
Martin's council. It is in the
eastern section of the State and
is bounded by Wayne, Duplin,
Pender, Bladen, Cumberland, Harnett and Johnston counties. The present
area is 945 square miles and the population is around 50,800. The act
establishing the county directed that the first court be held at the home of
James Myhand, at which place the justices were to decide where all subsequent
courts were to be held until a courthouse could be erected. Commissioners were
named to select a central location, purchase land, and erect the public
buildings. It is probable that the courthouse was called Sampson Court House
on the public lands of the county. Clinton is the county seat.
Histories of the North Carolina Counties
1015
SCOTLAND
Scotland was formed in 1899
from Richmond. It was named
for the country of Scotland, the
northern portion of the British
Isles. It is in the southeastern
section of the State and is
bounded by the state of South
Carolina and Richmond, Moore, Hoke and Robeson counties. The present area
is 319 square miles and the population is around 34,700. Laurinburg is the
county seat.
STANLY
Stanly was formed from
Montgomery. It was named in
honor of John Stanly who for
many years was a member of
the Legislature and several times
speaker of the House of Com-
mons. It is in the central section
of the State and is bounded by Montgomery, Richmond, Anson, Union,
Cabarrus and Rowan counties. The present area is 398 square miles and the
population is around 50,800. Albemarle is the county seat.
STOKES
Stokes was formed in 1789
from Surry. It was named in
honor of Captain John Stokes, a
soldier of the Revolution, who
was seriously wounded at the
Waxhaw Massacre when Colo-
nel Buford's Regiment was cut
to pieces by Tarlton. After the war Washington appointed him a judge of the
United States District Court of North Carolina. It is in the north central section
of the State and is bounded by Rockingham, Forsyth and Surry counties. The
present area is 457 square miles and the population is around 36,700. When
Stokes was taken from Surry the old courthouse was ordered to be sold, and the
proceeds were to be equally divided between Surry and Stokes and applied
towards the erection of new courthouses. The act ordered the first court to be
held at the home of Gray Bynum, and all subsequent courts were to be held
1016
North Carolina Manual
where the justices designated until the courthouse could be erected. Commis-
sioners were named to select the site and have the public building erected. In
1 790 Germantown was laid out on land deeded to the county from Michael and
Henry Fry. Germantown remained the county seat until 1849 when Forsyth
was taken from Stokes. The act establishing Forsyth county directed that the
first court of Stokes after the passage of the act be held at Germantown, at
which time the justices were to determine a location for the new courthouse and
jail. In 1851 Crawford was established as the county seat. In 1852 Crawford
was changed to Danbury. Danbury is the county seat.
SURRY
Surry was formed in 1771 from
Rowan. The act became effective
April 1, 1771. It was named in
honor of the county of Surrey in
England, birthplace of the then
Governor William Tryon. It is in
the north central section of the
State and is bounded by the state of Virginia and Stokes, Yadkin, Wilkes and
Alleghany counties. The present area is 536 square miles and the population is
around 62,500. The act erecting the county provided for the court to be held
"constantly" at Gideon Wright's until the courthouse could be constructed.
Commissioners were named to select the place and have the courthouse, prison
and stocks erected. By 1774 some of the commissioners were named to finish
the building. In 1779 the courthouse was established at Richmond on land of
Colonel Martin Armstrong and William Sheppard. In 1789 Surry was divided
and Stokes was formed from it. When this was done the old courthouse was
inconvenient for either county. Therefore, the act dividing the county specified
that the court was to be held at the home of Richard Horn until a courthouse,
prison and stocks could be erected at a central place. Another act passed that
year directed the old courthouse to be sold and the money be equally divided
between Surry and Stokes, the proceeds to be used on their respective
courthouses. In 1790 Rickford was established on fifty -three acres of land
deeded by Thomas and Moses Ayres for that purpose. Commissioners were
named to erect public buildings. In 1851, when Yadkin was formed from Surry,
the act named and directed commissioners to locate the center of the county
and fix the county seat. It also named commissioners to acquire fifty acres of
land by purchase of donation and erect the courthouse. The law also stipulated
that the town was to be named Dobson. Dobson is the county seat.
Histories of the North Carolina Counties
1017
SWAIN
Swain was formed in 1871 from
Jackson and Macon. It was
named in honor of David L.
Swain, Governor of North Caro-
lina and president of the Uni-
versity of North CaroHna. It is
in the western section of the
State and is bounded by the state of Tennessee and Haywood, Jackson, Macon,
Cherokee, and Graham counties. The present area is 524 square miles and the
population is around 10,700. The first court was ordered to be held at Cold
Spring Meeting House. Special commissioners were named to select a site for
the courthouse, provided all the commissioners could agree on a certain place.
If they could not agree, the county commissioners were to submit the question
of selecting a place to the voters. The county commissioners were to lay out a
town by the name of Charleston which was to be the county seat. In 1889
Charleston was changed to Bryson City in honor of Colonel Thad Dillard
Bryson. Bryson City is the county seat.
TRANSYLVANIA
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Transylvania was formed in
1861 from Henderson and Jack-
son. It's name is derived from
the Latin words, trans meaning
"across" and sylua meaning
"woods." It is in the western
section of the State and is
bounded by the State of South Carolina and Jackson, Haywood and Henderson
counties. The present area is 382 square miles and the population is around
26,300. The first court was to be held at the home of B. C. Langford.
Commissioners were named to select a site for the public buildings within five
miles of W. P. Poor's store and to acquire land and lay out Brevard. Brevard is
the county seat.
1018
NoKTH Carolina Manual
TYRRELL
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Tyrrell was formed in 1729
from Chowan, Currituck and
Pasquotank. It was named in
honor of Sir John Tyrrell, who
at one time was one of the Lords
Proprietors. It is in the eastern
section of the State and is
bounded by Dare, Hyde and Washington counties and in the Albemarle Sound.
The present area is 390 square miles and the population is around 4,200. It is
quite evident that a courthouse was not built until some time between 1740 to
1 75 1 . Prior to this date courts were held in private homes, but generally at the
home of William PVayley, (also spelled Frailes, Frylies or Fryleys). In 1751,
court was held at the courthouse on Kindrck's Creek. Between 1774 and 1776,
court was held at the home of Benjamin Spruill. Between 1777 and 1800 court
was held at the courthouse on Scuppernong River. In 1799, commissioners were
named to erect the public buildings in Elizabeth Town. On July 28, 1800, the
first court was held in Elizabeth Town. In 1801, Elizabeth Town was changed
to Columbia, which was recorded as the county seat in 1802. Columbia is the
county seat.
UNION
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Union was formed in 1842 from
Anson and Mecklenburg. At the
time the county was formed there
was a dispute between local
Whigs and Democrats as to
whether it should be named Clay
or Jackson. The name Union
was suggested and adopted as a compromise because the new county was
created from parts of two others. It is in the south central section of the State
and is bounded by the state of South Carolina and Mecklenburg, Cabarrus,
Stanly and Anson counties. The present area is 639 square miles and the
population is around 83,500. Commissioners were named in the act to select a
site, lay out a town by the name of Monroe, and erect a courthouse. Monroe is
the county seat.
Histories of the North Carolina Counties
1019
VANCE
Vance was formed in 1881 from
Granville, Warren, and Frank-
lin. It was named in honor of
Zebulon Baird Vance, a member
of Congress, Governor of North
Carolina, and a United States
Senator. It is in the northeastern
section of the State and is bounded by Warren, Franklin, and Granville
counties and the state of Virginia. The present area is 249 square miles and the
population is around 39,500. The act directed the county commissioners to
select a site in Henderson for the erection of the courthouse. Henderson is the
county seat.
WAKE
Wake was formed in 1771 from
Johnston, Cumberland and
Orange. The act became effective
March 12, 1771. It was named in
honor of Margaret Wake, wife of
William Tryon. It is in the east
central section of the State and
is bounded by Johnston, Harnett, Chatham, Durham, Granville and Franklin
counties. The present area is 858 square miles and the population is around
384,700. The first courthouse was erected at what is known as Bloomsbury. It
was called Wake County Court House until 1792, when Raleigh was established
and was made the capital of the State, Raleigh is the county seat.
WARREN
Warren was formed in 1779
from Bute. It was named in
honor of Joseph Warren, a
soldier of Massachusetts who
fell while fighting at Bunker
Hill. It is in the northeastern
section of the State and is
bounded by Northampton, Halifax, Franklin, and Vance counties and the
state of Virginia. The present area is 424 square miles and the population is
around 16,700. The act establishing the county specified that the first court was
liYZi) North Caromna Manual
to he held at tho courthouse of Bute; it also provided that suhsequent courts
were to he held at a phice decided upon hy the justices of the peace until a
courthouse could he erected. Commissioners were named to select a site at the
center of the county, purchase land and have the courthouse, prison and the
stocks erected. In 1779 another act was passed establishing Warrenton. This
act provided that the courts were to be held at the home of Thomas Christmas
until the courthouse was built. Warrenton is the county seat.
WASHINGTON
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'"'iU-^ I M ' I ■ V / / ''' ' -M' (TK 1799 from Tyrrell. It was named
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/ i' 1 )• ;,v,.,./ I in honor of George Washington.
I • ^ ''•<^ ' ' ' ''•i I ", > ', ? 1 <■' /,','%''' It is in the eastern section of the
; .; \^*^'^*'^ State and is bounded by Tyrrell,
'/ Hyde, Beaufort, Martin and
Bertie counties, and the Albe-
marle Sound. The present area is 343 square miles and the population is around
14,700. The courts were ordered to beheld at Lee's Mill until a courthouse could
be erected. Plymouth, already was in existence when the county was
established, was incorporated in 1807. In 1823 the courthouse was moved from
Lee's Mill to Plymouth. In 1873 the General Assembly authorized that the
county seat be moved from Plymouth to McKey's Ferry provided the people
approved the same by popular vote. Plymouth is the county seat.
WATAUGA
ly ( \ I 1 [) / ' /';ff^^^ Watauga was formed in 1849
'X> )'i I 1 i ■ / r^^^'-jftX ^*-'»'^ Afihp WilUpfi CnlHwplland
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I V'i )'{ff\ from Ashe, Wilkes, Caldwell and
X7-^\ i) { / 1 /') ' •/ \ ) iV^'i^-'' J Yancey. It was named for the
C^\/>' '^ ■'■'*))<' UY'f'%'" Watauga River, which name
< ; V \\'^^ camefrom an Indian word mean-
'^y ing "beautiful water." Itis in the
north western section of the State
and is bounded by the State of Tennessee and Ashe, Wilkes, Caldwell and
Avery counties. The present area is 217 square miles and the population is
around 35,100. The first court was ordered to be held at the home of George
Council, at which time justices of the peace were to decide upon a place for the
future courts until the courthouse was erected. Commissioners were named to
select a site for a county seat "which site shall be between Reuben Bartley 's and
a point one-half mile west of Willie McGee's east and west direction, and
between John Pennell's and Howard's Knob north and south direction." They
Histories of the North Carolina Counties
1021
were to acquire the land and lay out a town and erect the public buildings. In
1851 a superior court was established for Watauga, and it directed that court
was to be held in the courthouse at Boone. Boone, named in honor of Daniel
Boone, is the county seat.
WAYNE
Wayne was formed in 1779
from Dobbs. It was named in
honor of Anthony Wayne, one of
Washington's most trusted
soldiers. His courage amounted
to rashness, and the soldiers
called him "Mad Anthony
Wayne." It is in the eastern section of the State and is bounded by Greene,
Lenoir, Duplin, Sampson, Johnston and Wilson counties. The present area is
557 square miles and the population is around 98,400. The act establishing the
county provided that the first court should be held at the home of Josiah Sasser
at which time the justices were to decide on a place for all subsequent courts
until a courthouse could be erected. By 1 782 the commissioners were named. In
1787 an act was passed establishing Waynesborough on the west side of the
Neuse on the land of Andrew Bass "where the courthouse now stands." In 1845,
and again in 1847, acts were passed moving the courthouse from Waynes-
borough to Goldsboro provided the people voted for the same. Goldsboro is the
county seat.
WILKES
Wilkes was formed in 1777
from Surry and the District of
Washington. The act was to
become effective February 15,
1778. It was named in honor of
John Wilkes who was a violent
opponent of the Tory party in
England. He was not allowed to take his seat in Parliament to which he had
been elected. The Americans imagined that he was suffering in the cause of
liberty and named this county in his honor. It is in the northwestern section of
the State and is bounded by Yadkin, Iredell, Alexander, Caldwell, Watauga,
Ashe, Alleghany and Surry counties. The present area is 757 square miles and
the population is around 61,600. The act establishing the county stipulated
that the first court was to be held at the home of John Brown. Commissioners
1022 North Cakouna Manual
were named to select a place centrally located for the erection of the courthouse,
prison and stocks. The second court was held June 1 , 1 778, in the "bent of the
Yadkin." The next day it was held at Mulberry Field Meeting House. On June 3
the commissioners who were to select a site for the county seat reported as
follows: "We, the commissioners appointed by act of Assembly to lay out and
appoint pillory and stocks of the said county, have met and materially
considered the same, do adjudge and appoint the place where the Mulbury
Meeting House stands as the most central, suitable and proper place whereon
to locate public buildings." In September, 1778, court was held at the
courthouse of Wilkes. In 1795 an act was passed naming new commissioners to
select a site for the erection of a courthouse, pillory and stocks. It also named
commissioners to purchase fifty acres of land on which to lay out a town and to
erect public buildings. By 1801 Wilkesborough had been laid out at the
courthouse. In 1823 an act was passed authorizing a new courthouse to be
erected on the public square in Wilkesboro. Wilkesboro is the county seat.
WILSON
Wilson was formed in 1855
from Edgecombe, Nash,
Johnston and Wayne. It was
named in honor of Louis D.
Wilson, many times a member
of the Legislature from Edge-
combe County, a soldier of the
Mexican War who died near Vera Curz of fever, and the benefactor of the poor
of his native county. It is in the east central section of the State and is bounded
by Pitt, Greene, Wayne, Johnston, Nash and Edgecombe counties. The present
area is 375 square miles and the population is around 65,700. The court was
ordered to be held at Benjamin Barden's store in Wilson, a village already
established, until a courthouse could be built. Commissioners were to acquire a
site within one-fourth of a mile of the town of Wilson and erect a courthouse.
The caption "corporate Tisnot (Toisnot) Depot, and Hickory Grove in the
county of Edgecombe into a town by the name of Wilson." Wilson is the county
seat.
Histories of the North Carolina Counties
1023
YADKIN
Yadkin was formed in 1850
from Surry. Its name is derived
from the Yadkin River which
runs through it. It is supposed to
be an Indian name. It is in the
north central section of the State
and is bounded by F\)rsyth,
Davie, Iredell, Wilkes and Surry counties. The present area is 336 square miles
and the population is around 30,200. The first court was ordered to be held at
Dowellton, at which time the justices were to adjourn to any place they wished
until a courthouse could be erected. Commissioners were named to select a site
for the courthouse as near of the center of the county as possible. Also, they
were to acquire land and lay off a town by the name of Wilson. In 1852 an act
was passed changing Wilson to Yadkinville. Yadkinville is the county seat.
YANCEY
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from Burke and Buncombe. It is
named in honor of Bartlett
Yancey, and eloquent orator,
many times a member of the
Legislature, speaker of the State
Senate, and member of Congress.
He was also one of the earliest advocates of the public school system in North
Carolina. It is in the western section of the State and is bounded by the state of
Tennessee and Mitchell, McDowell, Buncombe and Madison counties. The
present area is 312 square miles and the population is around 16,100. The act
establishing the county named and authorized commissioners to purchase
land, lay out a town, and erect a courthouse. Burnsville, named for Captain
Otway Burns of Beaufort North Carolina, who won fame in the War of 1 8 1 2, is
the county seat.
NORTH C
OLINA
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