At
+. CAM
.N87 6
ENT
NOTA
LEPIDOPTEROLOGICA
Published by Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica (SEL)
NEN iat FRG ZA BS SE ap Las
ane RS “+ ®
FE iN ‘e ".
Volume 34 : Number 2 - 2011 R “3
We a a
a Fd EAL à 7 =
Oe + ARS ' À
2 ¢ Bat w ÿ
SOCIETAS EUROPAEA LEPIDOPTEROLOGICA e.V.
http://www.soceurlep.eu
HONORARY MEMBERS
Günter Ebert (D), Pamela Gilbert (GB), Barry Goater (GB), Peter Hättenschwiler (CH),
Prof. Dr Niels P. Kristensen (DK)
COUNCIL
President: Dr Gerhard Tarmann (A)
Vice-President: Prof. Dr Joaquin Baixeras (E)
General Secretary: Dr Erik van Nieukerken (NL)
Treasurer: Dr Robert Trusch (D)
Membership Secretary: Willy De Prins (B)
Ordinary Council Members: Prof. Dr Stoyan Beshkov (BG), Dr Feza Can (TR),
Eric Drouet (F), Matthias Nuss (D),
Thomas Simonsen (UK)
NOTA LEPIDOPTEROLOGICA
A journal focussed on Palaearctic and General Lepidopterology
Published by the Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica e.V.
Editor. Jadranka Rota
Associate Editor. Paul Sokoloff
Editorial Board. Roger L. H. Dennis (Wilmslow, UK), Sven Erlacher (subject editor; Chem-
nitz, D), Thomas Fartmann (subject editor; Münster, D), Zdenék F. Fric (subject editor; Ceské
Budéjovice, CZ), Axel Hausmann (subject editor; Munich, D), Peter Huemer (subject editor;
Innsbruck, A), Lauri Kaila (subject editor; Helsinki, FI), Ole Karsholt (Copenhagen, DK),
Bernard Landry (subject editor; Genève, CH), Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde (subject editor; Orléans,
F), Vazrick Nazari (subject editor: Ottawa, CA), Erik J. van Nieukerken (subject editor; Leiden,
NL), Matthias Nuss (Dresden, D}, Läszlé Ronkay (subject editor; Budapest, H), Thomas Schmitt
(subject editor; Trier, D), Wolfgang Speidel (Bonn, D).
© Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica (SEL)
ISSN 0342-7536
Type setting: blattwerkl dd
Printed by Druckhaus Dresden GmbH
All rights reserved. No part of this journal may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical including photocopying, recording or any other information storage and retrieval system, without written
permission from the publisher. Authors are responsible for the contents of their papers.
NOTA LEPIDOPTEROLOGICA
Volume 34 No. 2 ; Dresden, 22.12.2011 - ISSN 0342-7536
Michel J. Faucheux. Antennal sensilla in adult males of five species of Coleophora
(Coleophoridae): Considerations on their structure and function ..............eeeeeeees 93-101
Shuhei Niitsu, Ian Sims & Tsuyoshi Ishizaki. Morphology and ontogeny of wing bud
development during metamorphosis in females of the wingless bagworm moth
Epichnopterix plumella (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) (Psychidae) .................... 103-110
Reinhard Gaedike & Richard Mally. On the taxonomic status of Cephimallota
angusticostella (Zeller) and C. crassiflavella Bruand (Tineidae).......................... 115-130
Reinhard Gaedike. A new species of Digitivalva Gaedike, 1970 from Greece
(ORC HONE iA ernennen are een 131-136
Reinhard Gaedike. Contributions to the knowledge of Palaearctic Tineidae ............... 137-144
Ole Karsholt & Mikhail V. Kozlov. The winter-flying adelid Nematopogon
stenochlora (Meyrick, 1912) discovered in Spain (Lepidoptera, Adelidae) .......... 145-150
Axel Kallies. New species and taxonomic changes in Sesiini from Asia and
PUTO PEO CSAS) UE 151-161
Andrei Crisan, Cristian Sitar, Cristina Craioveanu & Laszl6 Rakosy. The protected
Transylvanian Blue (Pseudophilotes bavius hungarica): new information on the
FNONINOIOLY ANG DIOIOSY em conne eee etes rene tee done eee ones 163-168
Stanislav K. Korb. Catocala afghana Swinhoe, 1885, a new species for the
Kyrgyzian fauna (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Catocalinae) ................uu0000 seen 169-170
Peter Hättenschwiler. Lebensweise und Beschreibung der Entwicklungsstadien
von Pachythelia villosella quadratica de Freina, 1983 (Psychidae: Oiketicinae:
PNEUS OT RU TS ee IE RC OI 171-177
BOOK VIC WGA euere kaeiien 102, 111-114, 162
Nota lepidopterologica index to volume 34 by taxon and author names,
MATE UDC allon date sten nern nnloli crane screens 179-180
AI
oy.
N
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 93-101 93
Antennal sensilla in adult males of five species of
Coleophora (Coleophoridae): Considerations on their structure
and function
MICHEL J. FAUCHEUX
Laboratoire d’Endocrinologie des Insectes Sociaux, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques,
2 rue de la Houssinière, B. P. 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France; faucheux.michel @free.fr
Abstract. A study of the antennae of five species of Coleophora Hiibner, 1822 (Coleophoridae) has been
carried out by scanning electron microscope in order to determine the morphological types of sensilla and
to compare these results with those obtained for C. obducta (Meyrick). In adult males, eight types of sen-
silla were observed on the flagellum: uniporous sensilla chaetica, multiporous sensilla trichodea, three ty-
pes of multiporous sensilla basiconica, multiporous sensilla coeloconica, aporous sensilla styloconica and
aporous sensilla squamiformia. In view of their morphology, sensilla chaetica are contact chemoreceptors,
sensilla squamiformia are tactile mechanoreceptors, sensilla styloconica are thermo-hygroreceptors, and
sensilla trichodea, basiconica and coeloconica are olfactive chemoreceptors. No sensilla placodea have
been observed. These results differ partially from those previously described for C. obducta in regards to
the interpretation of the structure and function of some sensilla.
Résumé. L’étude des antennes de cinq espèces du genre Coleophora Hübner, 1822 (Coleophoridae) a été
réalisée au microscope électronique a balayage afin de déterminer les types morphologiques de sensilles et
de comparer ces résultats à ceux obtenus chez une autre espèce. Chez les mâles adultes, il y a huit types de
sensilles sur le flagelle: des sensilles chétiformes a pore unique, des sensilles trichoïdes multipores, trois
types de sensilles basiconiques multipores, des sensilles coeloconiques multipores, des sensilles styloco-
niques sans pore et des sensilles squamiformes sans pore. D’après leur morphologie, les sensilles chétifor-
mes sont des chimiorécepteurs de contact et les sensilles squamiformes sont des mécanorécepteurs tacti-
les, les sensilles styloconiques sont des thermo-hygrorécepteurs, les sensilles trichoides, basiconiques et
coeloconiques sont des chimiorécepteurs olfactifs. Aucune sensille placoide n’a été observée. Nos résultats
diffèrent partiellement de ceux décrits antérieurement chez C. obducta en ce qui concerne l’interprétation
de la structure et de la fonction de certaines sensilles.
Introduction
Yang et al. (2009) describe nine types of sensilla (s.) from the antennae of Coleophora
obducta (Meyrick, 1931), an important defoliator of larch in northeast China: s. placo-
dea, s. basiconica, s. coeloconica, s. styloconica, s. trichodea, s. squamiformia, s. fur-
catea, terminal sensory pegs and Bohm’s bristles. While most of these sensilla are rec-
ognised in Lepidoptera, the s. placodea occur only in Micropterigidae (Faucheux 1997,
2004) and the s. furcatea have so far not been observed in Lepidoptera (Faucheux
1999, Hallberg et al. 2003). Consequently, the presence of these structures needs to
be confirmed in species other than C. obducta. Moreover, according to Yang et al., the
s. styloconica are regarded as gustatory/mechanosensory receptors, which contradicts
all contemporary views which attribute a thermo-hygroreceptive function to the s. sty-
loconica found on antennae of adult lepidopterans (e.g. Hallberg et al. 2003). These
results prompted me to examine the sensory equipment of the antennal flagellum of
Nota lepidopterologica, 22.12.2011, ISSN 0342-7536
94 FAUCHEUX: Antennal sensilla of Coleophora
several additional species of Coleophora by scanning electron microscopy in order to
note the sensillum types and to compare them with those described by Yang et al. The
results of the present investigation will be discussed together with the interpretations
concerning C. obducta.
Material and methods
Material. Coleophora pennella (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775): 1 ©, France, Sainte Emilienne, Olonne
sur mer, Vendée, 02/03.VI.2001, Drouet leg. — C. fuscicornis (Zeller, 1847) 1 ©, France, Chemin du Seyran,
Draguignan, Var, 24.1V.2006, Drouet leg. — C. lixella (Zeller, 1849) 1 ©, France, Saint Generoux, Deux
Sevres, 07.V1.2008, Drouet leg. — C. frischella (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 ©, France, Port de la Guittiére, Talmont,
Vendée, 28/29.V 11.2002, Drouet leg. — C. albella (Thunberg, 1788) 1 ©, France, Port-au-duc, Saint Fiacre
sur Maine, Loire-Atlantique, 08/09.V.2002, Drouet leg.
The five males examined were dry insects from Eric Drouet’s collections. For SEM
study, the antennae of each moth were cleaned in acetone, dehydrated into pure alcohol
and mounted, one on the ventral and one on the dorsal face, on specimen holders. After
coating with gold and palladium, preparations were examined in a Jeol J.S.M.6400 F
SEM at 10 kV. Sensilla terminology follows Faucheux (1999) and Hallberg et al. (2003).
Results
The male antenna of all Coleophora species reaches to about the middle of the fore-
wing costa. It consist of a large scape, a pedicel and a filiform flagellum composed on
average of 24-30 flagellomeres in which the length is greater than the width. The dor-
sal and ventral surfaces of the flagellum have appressed lamellar scales. The sockets of
most scales are grouped in two rings on each flagellomere: one subproximal ring and
one subdistal ring (Fig. 1). Each ring is made up of some twenty roughly longitudinal
rows of 3-6 scales each. A few rare scales are scattered between the two rings and in
the distal region of the flagellomere. As a result of this arrangement, the scales of the
two rings partially overlap. A window without scales is usually located on the ventral
face of each flagellomere (Fig. 2). The integument of the flagellum is devoid of micro-
trichia but shows sinuous and clearly visible folds arranged longitudinally, and closely
grouped together side by side (Figs 1, 3, 13).
The sensory structures of the flagellum comprise eight types of sensilla: uniporous
s. chaetica, multiporous s. trichodea, multiporous s. basiconica types 1, 2 and 3, multi-
porous s. coeloconica, aporous s. styloconica, and aporous s. squamiformia. With few
exceptions, no significant differences were observed between the five species regard-
ing the morphological types and the number of sensilla.
Uniporous sensilla chaetica are long sensilla (range 24.7—28.3 um); their diameter
decreases steadily from base (1.5 um) to apex (0.7 um) (Fig. 3). They articulate into
a basal cupola, which restricts the movement of the hair (Fig. 4). The latter is adorned
with deep transverse furrows sometimes accompanied by a few longitudinal ridges
(Fig. 5); this structure gives a ringed aspect to the hair. The blunt apex is pierced by
a hardly visible pore (even with SEM). Unlike the other sensilla, which are more or
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 93-101 95
ai 6 icenm |. EM icon EF
SR A REAM
Figs 1-8. Antennal sensilla of Coleophora spp. 1. Descaled dorsal surface of 13" flagellomere of C. al-
bella. Arrowheads indicate the scale sockets. 2. Area without scales on the ventral surface of 17" flagel-
lomere in C. frischella. 3. Uniporous sensillum chaeticum (C) and multiporous sensillum trichodeum (T)
in C. fuscicornis. 4. Base of sensillum chaeticum in C. fuscicornis. 5. Two aspects of the wall of sensillum
chaeticum in C. fuscicornis. 6. Middle part of sensillum trichodeum in C. fuscicornis. 7. Detail of sensil-
lum trichodeum in C. pennella showing some pores (arrowheads). 8. Lined pores of type 1 multiporous
sensillum basiconicum (arrowheads) in C. albella.
less flattened against the antennal integument, s. chaetica are perpendicular to it or
obliquely directed towards the antennal apex and are therefore the only ones to emerge
between the scales. As a result, they can more readily make contact with the surround-
ing medium. They are evenly distributed and number from 4 to 6 per flagellomere.
Multiporous sensilla trichodea are the longest (range 34.2-39.7 um) and the slen-
derest of all antennal sensilla (T, Fig. 3). Their diameter varies from 1.8 um at the base
96 FAUCHEUX: Antennal sensilla of Coleophora
Table 1. Types of flagellar sensilla (s.) in C. obducta (Yang et al. 2009) and their reinterpretation based on
the five other species of Coleophora examined in this study.
s. basiconica
s. placodea
s. trichodea
not described
not described
s. coeloconica
s. styloconica
s. squamiformia
s. furcatea
terminal sensory pegs
to 0.9 um at the apex. They are curved and often found in areas without many scales
on each flagellomere (Fig. 2). The hair possesses longitudinal ridges which are present
over the whole length (Fig. 6); the pores are visible in Fig. 7 and the pore density was
estimated at 25 pores/um?. The number of sensilla is about 10-15 per flagellomere in
the five species.
Multiporous sensilla basiconica type 1 are of similar length to that of the s. chaetica
(range 19.1—26.5 um) but differ by the absence of a cupola and: the presence of wall
pores (Figs 8-10). The proximal half of the hair is frequently flattened and adorned
with barely visible pores (Fig. 10) whereas the distal half is more cylindrical and pro-
vided with pores arranged into longitudinal or oblique rows with a pore density of 53/
um? (Fig. 8). The maximum number of sensilla is 3-4 per flagellomere.
Multiporous sensilla basiconica type 2 are easily recognisable by their small size
(length range 8.7—13.4 um) and by the fact that they are grouped by 12 to 15 sensilla
in the distal region of the flagellomere (Fig. 11). They are frequently flattened and in
that case resemble s. auricillica. Their pores are arranged in longitudinal rows over the
whole sensillum (Fig. 12). The thinness of the wall is visible on the break of the sensi-
llum in Fig. 12. The pore density is 32/um?.
Multiporous sensilla basiconica type 3 are the smallest of the s. basiconica (range
1.5-2.4 um) and have only been observed in C. frischella. With the usual technique
for the preparation of samples for SEM work, the pores are invisible. The sensilla are
located on the ventral face of the antenna in zones with large unscaled areas (Fig. 13).
They take the form of a cone or a peg occupying a pit in the integument limited by a
thick ridge (Figs 13, 14, 15).
Multiporous sensilla coeloconica are composed of a longitudinally grooved cone,
4.5 um long, surrounded by a cuticular fringe of 13—15 microtrichia (Fig. 16). In the
majority of species, they are mostly found latero-distally on each flagellomere and
number 2-3 per flagellomere.
Aporous sensilla styloconica with a stylus of 21.5-25.8 um in length are found
on the lateral face of each flagellomere except for the basal and apical one (Fig. 17),
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 93-101 97
Figs 9-15. Antennal sensilla of Coleophora spp. 9. Multiporous sensillum basiconicum of type 1 in
C. fuscicornis. 10. Detail of lined pores in the same (arrowheads) 11. Multiporous s. basiconica of type 2
in C. albella (arrowheads). 12. Detail of lined pores (arrowheads). 13. Multiporous s. basiconica of type 3
in C. frischella (arrowheads). 14, 15. Detail of the preceding sensilla.
towards the distal end of the flagellomere. The cone without pore measures on average
3.5 um (Fig. 18). There is only one sensillum per flagellomere.
Aporous sensilla squamiformia resemble lamellar scales but differ in their shorter
length (30 um versus 70 um), and in their slender distal end (Fig. 19). Their ornamen-
tation is similar to those of the scales (Fig. 20). They are rare, from 1 to 2 per flagel-
lomere, with numerous flagellomeres without any.
98 FAUCHEUx: Antennal sensilla of Coleophora
Discussion
The antennae of the five examined Coleophora species possess the majority of the
ubiquitous sensilla of Lepidoptera. Except for the s. trichodea, the other morphological
types have common characteristics shared with all Lepidoptera. With the s. trichodea,
those described so far show a ridge pattern that is helical at the base and more an-
nular over the remaining length of the sensillum. Pores are located in the depressions
between the ridges (Cuperus 1983, 1985; Faucheux 1999). On the contrary, in the five
checked species of Coleophora, the sensilla show a longitudinal ridge pattern and pores
arranged in longitudinal rows. However, a common characteristic is shared by the s.
trichodea of Coleophora and those of other Lepidoptera species: their low pore density
compared with that of s. basiconica (Steinbrecht 1973, Shields & Hildebrand 1999).
These results differ from those obtained by Yang et al. (2009) in C. obducta re-
garding the interpretation of the morphological types and their function (Table 1). The
multiporous s. trichodea correspond to the alleged “sensilla placodea” of C. obducta.
Indeed, like the latter, they represent the most extensively distributed type of male sen-
silla; they are generally curved and show the “characteristic pattern of vertical veins”
described by Yang et al. (2009). The low magnification used by the authors made it
impossible to observe the wall pores. The term “placodea” is inadequate because, by
definition, this type is not hair-shaped but has the shape of a plate fixed by its base to
the integumental surface and it is pierced by numerous pores. In Lepidoptera, s. pla-
codea occur only in Micropterigidae (Faucheux 1997, 2004). Since the s. trichodea
possess no terminal pore but only wall pores, and since wall-pore sensilla usually have
an olfactory function, while the contact-chemoreceptory function appears to be limited
to sensilla having pore only on their apex (Altner & Prillinger 1980, Hallberg et al.
2003), the hypothesis of contact-chemoreception in C. obducta advanced by Yang et
al. (2009) cannot be confirmed. The large number of s. trichodea compared to other
antennal sensilla observed in C. obducta and the five species from this study suggests a
pheromone chemo-reception for these sensilla in males.
The multiporous s. basiconica type 1 resemble the “sensilla trichodea” of C. ob-
ducta in Yang et al. (2009). Although the pores are not mentioned, Yang et al. (2009:
235, fig. 6b) suggest their presence. These sensilla are olfactory receptors (Hallberg et
al. 2003).
The uniporous s. chaetica are the “sensilla basiconica” of C. obducta in Yang et al.
(2009). Yang et al.’s fig. 3e (2009: 233) is characteristic of s. chaetica with a terminal
pore because of the existence of a thick wall (confused with the sensilla lymph lumen),
and a cavity occupied by dendrites; moreover, the authors do not report the presence
of wall pores. Functions attributed to the s. basiconica of other insect species, and
in particular the “detection of related chemical compounds that constitute the plant
fingerprint” (Yang et al. 2009) are unlikely to apply to these sensilla. Based on their
similarity to morphologically characterized uniporous s. chaetica of other Lepidoptera,
the s. chaetica of Coleophora are probably contact chemoreceptors.
The multiporous s. basiconica of type 2 and 3 are not described in C. obducta by
Yang et al. (2009). The s. basiconica type 2, which have a cuticular wall that is thin
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 93-101 99
head) in C. lixella. 17. Aporous sensillum styloconicum (S) and uniporous s. chaeticum (C) in C. albel-
la. 18. Cone of sensillum styloconicum. 19, 20. general view and detail of aporous sensillum squami-
formium in C. pennella.
and pierced by numerous pores, may be considered to be the main receptors for plant
volatiles (Den Otter et al. 1980, Lopes et al. 2002). A similar function is also possible
for the s. basiconica type 3.
The multiporous s. coeloconica with a fringe of microtrichia have been observed
in the five species studied while only the “naked” type is described in C. obducta by
Yang et al. (2009). Their function is olfactive (Den Otter et al. 1978, Pophof 1997).
In Bombyx mori (L.) the neurons of these sensilla are excited by some short-chain
aliphatic acids and aldehydes and inhibited by some monoterpene alcohols; they do
not respond to the moth’s pheromones, and they may be involved in choosing oviposi-
tion sites (Pophof 1997, Hunger & Steinbrecht 1998).
Aporous s. styloconica are thermo-hygroreceptors in moths (Gödde & Haug 1990,
Steinbrecht & Müller 1991, Steinbrecht 1998). Yang et al. (2009) attribute a combined
gustatory/mechanosensory function to the s. styloconica of C. obducta. But this func-
tion supposes the presence of a terminal pore (Altner & Prillinger 1980) which is not
described in this species. Moreover, Yang et al.’s fig. 5f (2009: 234), which is sup-
posed to represent a tubular body characteristic of mechanoreceptors, is by no means
demonstrative. While a terminal sensory pore is observed in the uniporous s. styloco-
nica of the galeae of moths, all previous studies have revealed its absence in the anten-
nal s. styloconica of Lepidoptera (Faucheux 1999, Hallberg et al. 2003). The apical
100 FAUCHEUX: Antennal sensilla of Coleophora
pore found on the s. styloconica of the antennae of some adult lepidopterans appears
to be a moulting pore (Haug 1985), and there is no evidence that this kind of pore may
transmit external stimuli to the sensory cells (Altner et al. 1983).
Aporous s. squamiformia resemble s. squamiformia present in C. obducta. A sole
sensory neuron with a tubular body at the base of sensillum is described in these sen-
silla (Schneider & Kaissling 1957, Schneider 1964). S. squamiformia are involved in
tactile mechanoreception (Faucheux 1999).
Most likely the s. furcatea in C. obducta as recorded by Yang et al. (2009) are
only anomaly form of a sensillum basiconicum. Such anomalies are rare; in moths,
they occur in the s. basıconica of Monopis crocicapitella (Clemens, 1859) (Tineidae)
(Faucheux 1987) and the s. auricillica of Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pieridae)
(Faucheux 1996).
The existence of “terminal sensory pegs” in C. obducta is by no means confirmed
by Yang et al. (2009: 236, fig. 10), and therefore currently their existence must be
viewed as hypothetical.
In conclusion, the antennal sensory equipment of Coleophora species is typical for
that of other Lepidoptera. The present study shows the need to carry out active research
on the presence of pores, even if the latter are sometimes difficult to observe with SEM.
Acknowledgements
My thanks are due to Eric Drouet (Saint-Herblain, France) for providing the specimens of Coleophora,
Nicolas Stephant (Centre of SEM, University of Nantes) and Catherine Aké for their help with the pho-
tography, and Vittorio Ballardini for help with the translation of the text. I am grateful to Professor Joël
Minet (MNHN, Paris, France) for helpful comments and suggestions on the manuscript. I also thank an
anonymous reviewer for a fruitful review of the manuscript.
References
Altner, H. & L. Prillinger 1980. Ultrastructure of invertebrate chemo-, thermo-, and hygroreceptors and
its functional significance. — International Review of Cytology 67: 69-139.
Altner, H., L. Schaller-Selzer, L. Stetter & I. Wohlrab 1983. Poreless sensilla with inflexible sockets. A
comparative study of a fundamental type of insect sensilla probably comprising thermo- and hygrore-
ceptors. — Cell and Tissue Research 234: 279-307.
Cuperus, P. L. 1983. Distribution of antennal sense organs in male and female ermine moth, Yponomeuta
vigintipunctatus (Retzius) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). — International Journal of Insect Morpho-
logy and Embryology 12: 59-66.
Cuperus, P. L. 1985. Inventory of pores in antennal sensilla of Yponomeuta spp. (Lepidoptera: Ypono-
meutidae) and Adoxophyes orana F. V. R. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). — International Journal of Insect
Morphology and Embryology 14: 347-359.
Den Otter, C. J., M. Behan & F. W. Maes 1980. Single cell responses in female Pieris brassicae (Lepi-
doptera: Pieridae) to plant volatiles and conspecific egg odours. — Journal of Insect Physiology 26:
465-472.
Den Otter, C. J., H. A. Schuil & A. Sander-Van Oosten 1978. Reception of host-plant odours and fe-
male sex pheromone in Adoxophyes orana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): electrophysiology and morpho-
logy. — Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 24: 570-578.
Faucheux, M. J. 1987. Recherches sur les organes sensoriels impliqués dans le comportement de ponte
chez deux Lépidoptères à larves kératinophages, Tineola bisselliella Humm et Monopis crocicapitella
Clem. (Tineidae). — Thèse doctorat d’état, Université de Nantes. 511 pp.
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 93-101 101
Faucheux, M. J. 1996. Sensilles auricilliformes sur l’antenne des Rhopalocères. Etude de la Piéride de la
rave, Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). — Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de I’
Ouest de la France (n. s.) 18: 93-97.
Faucheux, M. J. 1997. Sensory organs on the antennae of Micropterix calthella L. (Lepidoptera, Micro-
pterigidae). — Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 78: 1-8.
Faucheux, M. J. 1999. Biodiversity and unity of sensory organs in Insecta Lepidoptera. — Société des
Sciences Naturelles de l’Ouest de la France (ed.), Nantes. 296 pp.
Faucheux, M. J. 2004. Sensilla placodea on the antennae of Lepidoptera. — Annales de la Société ento-
mologique de France (n.s.) 40: 105-107.
Gödde, J. & T. Haug 1990. Analysis of the electrical responses of antennal thermo- and hygroreceptors
of Antheraea (Saturniidae, Lepidoptera) to thermal, mechanical, and electrical stimuli. — Journal of
Comparative Physiology A 167: 391-401.
Hallberg, E., B.S. Hansson & C. Löfstedt 2003. Sensilla and proprioceptors. Pp. 267-288. — In: N. P.
Kristensen (ed.), Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies, 2, Handbook of Zoology, IV, 36, de Gruyter,
Berlin & New York.
Haug, T. 1985. Ultrastructure of the dendritic outer segments of sensory cells in poreless (“no-pore”) sen-
silla of insects. A cryofixation study. — Cell and Tissue Research 242: 313-322.
Hunger, T. & R.A. Steinbrecht 1998. Functional morphology of a double-walled multiporous olfactory
sensillum: the sensillum coeloconicum of Bombyx mori (Insecta, Lepidoptera). — Tissue & Cell 30:
14-29.
Lopes,O.,E.N. Barata, H. Mustaparta & J. Arayo 2002. Fine structure of antennal sensilla basiconica and
their detection of plant volatiles in the eucalyptus woodborer, Phoracantha semipunctata Fabricius
(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). — Arthropod Structure and Development 31: 1-13.
Pophof, B. 1997. Olfactory responses recorded from sensilla coeloconica of the silkmoth Bombyx mori. —
Physiological Entomology 22: 239-248.
Schneider, D. 1964. Insect antennae. — Annual Review of Entomology 9: 103-122.
Schneider, D. & K. E. Kaissling 1957. Der Bau der antenne des Seidenspinners Bombyx mori L. I. Sen-
sillen cuticulare Bildungen und innerer Bau. — Zoologische Jahrbiicher Abteilung fiir Anatomie und
Ontogenie der Tiere 76: 223-250.
Shields, V.D.C. & J. G. Hildebrand 1999. Fine structure of antennal sensilla of the female sphinx moth
Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). I. Trichoid and basiconic sensilla. — Canadian Journal of
Zoology 77: 290-301.
Steinbrecht, R. A. 1973. Der Feinbau olfaktorischer Sensillen des Seidenspinners (Insecta, Lepidoptera).
Rezeptorfortsätze und reizleitender Apparat. — Zeitschrift fiir Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Ana-
tomie 139: 533-565.
Steinbrecht, R. A. 1998. Bimodal thermo- and hygrosensitive sensilla. Pp. 405-422. — In: F. W. Harrison
& M. Locke (eds), Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, vol. 11 B, Insecta. Wiley-Liss, Inc., New
York.
Steinbrecht, R. A. & B. Müller 1991. The thermo-/hygrosensitive sensilla in the silkmoth Bombyx mori:
morphological changes after dry- and moist-adaptation. — Cell and Tissue Research 266: 441 -456.
Yang H., S.-C. Yan & D. Liu 2009. Ultrastructural observations on antennal sensilla of Coleophora ob-
ducta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae). — Micron 40: 231-238.
102 Book review
LaStuvka, Z. & J. LiSka 2011. Annotated checklist of moths and butterflies of the Czech
Republic (Insecta: Lepidoptera). — Brno, 146 pp. — ISBN 978-80-904254-1-5.
A new checklist of the Lepidoptera of the Czech Republic concisely summarizes regional
checklists for the country published during the 1990s (Laëtüvka 1993; Novak & Liska 1997)
and the Czech checklist by LaStüvka (1998), as well as the online checklist by Laëtüvka & Liska
(2010) for the Czech Republic, presenting up-to-date knowledge on the subject. The entire book
is written bilingually, in Czech and English, and thus can be easily used by a wide international
readership. The book starts with an introductory part on history, zoogeography, invasive species,
as well as changes of the Lepidoptera fauna — information that is not given along with the online
checklist by Lasttvka & Liëka (2010).
A short overview on the history of faunistic research on Lepidoptera in the 20th centu-
ry and until present is provided, followed by a short outline of the zoogeography of Czech
Lepidoptera with examples of characteristic species, e.g., thermophilic species which arrived in
the Bohemian basin during the warm Atlanticum period (6,700—4,500 years ago) and survived
the subsequent cooling becoming isolated populations. For invasive species, lists are provided
for those species which became indigenous, have restricted occurrences to temperate places or
so far did not establish long-term populations. Changes to the Lepidoptera fauna of the Czech
Republic are analyzed in the context of slightly more than 100 years of faunistic research in
the country, already counting 25 species that are known only from the records from before the
middle of the 20th century, but there are even more declines at a sub-regional scale. On the
other hand, the species that disappeared are partly outnumbered by new arrivals, though many
of them are known only from singletons. At least for some species, the authors are closing the
circle to zoogeography pointing to the fact that species occurring with isolated populations in
the Bohemian basin cannot recolonize the area from the south.
The main checklist starts with a summary of the number of recorded species at the family
level, provided separately for the entire Czech Republic, as well as its sub-regions Bohemia
and Moravia. The checklist is arranged according to the up-to-date lepidopteran classification.
Additional information is provided by symbols referring to regional occurrences, zoogeograph-
ic patterns, reliability of records, indigenous versus non-indigenous occurrences, extinctions
and literature references. This concise style allows to print the checklist in two columns and to
provide additional bilingual comments on selected species on the bottom of the same page. The
book is completed with a list of 346 literature references and an index to scientific names refer-
ring to the taxon numbers used in the checklist and enabling quick finding of all the taxa. It is
worth mentioning here that the comments and references are not provided in the online checklist
by Laëtüvka & Liska (2010).
Altogether, 3,429 species are listed for the Czech Republic. This informative book is easy
to use and the introductory part is an interesting reading. It is recommended to anyone who is
interested in faunistics, Zoogeography and conservation of Central European Lepidoptera.
MATTHIAS Nuss
References
LaStüvka, Z. 1993. Katalog motylü moravskoslezského regionu. — Brno, 130 pp.
Lastüvka, Z. 1998. Seznam motylü Ceské a Slovenské republiky. — Brno, 118 pp.
LaStüvka, Z. & J. Liska 2010. Seznam motylü Ceské republiky. —- www.lepidoptera.wz.cz.
Novak, I. & J. Li$ka 1997. Katalog motylü (Lepidoptera) Cech. — Klapalekiana 33, suppl.: 1- 159.
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 103-110 103
Morphology and ontogeny of wing bud development
during metamorphosis in females of the wingless bagworm
moth Epichnopterix plumella (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
(Psychidae)
SHUHEI Nutsu!, IAN Sims? & Tsuyosut ISHIZAKI?
Department of Natural History, Tokyo Metropolitan University,
Minami-Osawa 1-1, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan; shu-30@aioros.ocn.ne.jp (corresponding
author)
nN
Ecological Sciences, Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta, Bracknell,
Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom; ian.sims@syngenta.com
3 Laboratory of Entomology, Tokyo University of Agriculture,
Funako 1737, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0034, Japan
Abstract. Female adults of the bagworm moths belonging to the subfamily Epichnopteriginae are vermi-
form in body shape, i.e., without external appendages. Larvae of the vermiform female Eumeta variegata
(Snellen) belonging to the subfamily Oiketicinae have small wing rudiments, which do not grow but
disappear during the prepupal stage. Herein we describe the morphology of wing buds in the wingless fe-
male bagworm moth Epichnopterix plumella (Denis & Schiffermiiller), subfamily Epichnopteriginae and
discusses the different developmental patterns underlying the vermiform structures in the two subfamilies.
Using light microscopy, we show that the structure of the wing discs in the last larval instar is similar in
both sexes. Scanning electron microscopy observations also show that the pupal wing cases of the female
are much smaller than those of the male, and that female adults completely lack wing rudiments. We show
that the three main wing tracheae, 1.e., Radius, Media and Cubitus, in the female pupa extend nearly to the
wing margin. Hence, our studies demonstrate that the loss of wings in the vermiform morph of the female
adult in these exemplars of the subfamilies Oiketicinae and Epichnopteriginae is achieved through differ-
ent developmental processes.
Introduction
Brachypterous (reduced wings) or apterous (no wings) adults are a recurrent phenom-
enon among several orders of holometabolous insects and are secondarily derived from
a winged morph in their evolutionary histories. This secondary loss of wings in insects
has typically been interpreted as an evolutionary adaptation to increase fecundity (Roff
1990, Wagner & Liebherr 1992). In Lepidoptera, female-specific wing degeneration oc-
curs in many groups; that is, brachypterous or apterous forms are known in 25 of about
120 families (Sattler 1991). Globally, the family Psychidae comprises nearly 1000 spe-
cies (Davis & Robinson 1999). The larvae of these moths construct larval cases from
dead leaves, small twigs and/or other foreign bodies; hence, the members of this family
are called bagworm moths. Adult females are usually wingless, but the females of the
presumably earliest lineages have normal wings. Bagworm moths may have lost their
wings during evolution due to their case-dwelling life style. We have reported the on-
togenetic study of wing degeneration in several species of Japanese wingless bagworm
moths. These degeneration processes were caused by apoptosis during the larval-pupal
Nota lepidopterologica, 22.12.2011, ISSN 0342-7536
104 Nursu ef al.: Wing bud development in Epichnopterix plumella
development or pupal-adult develop-
ment (Nutsu & Kobayashi 2008; Niitsu
et al. 2008). However, the evolutionary
and developmental processes underlying
these dramatic changes in phenotype are
still not fully understood.
In some derived groups, such as the
subfamilies Oiketicinae and Epichnopte-
riginae, the female adults are vermiform,
1.e., completely lacking wings and other
Fig. 1. Fully-grown female (upper) and male (lower) appendages (Hättenschwiler 1985). The
lavas ou The ods lg pupa of the wingless female bagworm
bar: 5 mm. moth Epichnopterix plumella (Denis &
Schiffermiiller, 1775) is illustrated by
Patoëka and Turéani (2005). According to their study, the females of E. plumella are
unique among the examined taxa in that the pupa possesses rudimentary wing cases
while the adult lacks wings. Our knowledge of the morphology and ontogeny of the
wing buds of this group is still poor, especially regarding histological details. This de-
velopmental pattern, 1.e., the female pupa possessing wing cases but adult being apter-
ous, has not been found in any other species of wingless bagworm moths. Therefore, to
understand the evolution of wing reduction in the family, it is necessary to clarify the
unique process of degeneration in wingless female epichnopterigines.
In this paper, we describe the postembryonic development of the wing bud in E.
plumella and compare this in relation to the pattern of wing reduction in several other
taxa of wingless bagworm moths. This is the first morphological and histological study
of the process of wing reduction in Epichnopteriginae.
Material and Methods
Collection of Larvae. Several final instar larvae of FE. plumella were collected in the
United Kingdom (Hainault Forest, Essex) in April of 2009 and were kept at room tem-
perature (about 20°C) for a few weeks. The mature larvae of E. plumella are easily
sexed on the basis of size (Fig. 1). In order to check whether a last instar larva was
a prepupa, its larval case was opened with scissors, following the criteria of Niitsu
(2003). Both sexes spend about 5 days as a prepupa, during which the gut is purged
of ingested food prior to pupation. At least three examples of female last instar larvae,
prepupae, and pupae were fixed. Any males of last instar larvae were also fixed.
Histological Observations. For histological observations, the wing discs of larvae and
pupal wings were removed and fixed in Karnovsky’s fixative (2% paraformaldehyde
and 2.5% glutaraldehyde), then buffered with 0.1M HCl-sodium cacodylate. They were
then treated with 2% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in a series of ethanol and propylene
oxide and embedded in Epon 812 (TAAB). Semi-thin sections (1 um thick) of the wing
buds were prepared on a rotary microtome and mounted on microscope slides before
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 103-110
105
Forewing
Forewing
Fig. 2. Scanning electron micrographs of a male (A)
and female pupa (B) and a wingless female adult (C)
of Epichnopterix plumella. Anterior is left. Scale bars:
500 um.
staining with Azur B. Slide-mounted
tissues were observed using a NIKON
OPTIOHOT microscope.
Scanning Electron Microscopy. Scan-
ning electron microscopy (SEM) was
used to examine the structure of pupae
of both sexes, and the external structures
of female adults. Samples were fixed in
Karnovsky’s fixtative, then treated with
2% osmium tetroxide and dehydrated in
a graded series of ethanol (up to 100%).
After critical-point drying, scanning elec-
tron micrographs were taken using a
JSM-6510LV electron microscope (JEOL,
JAPAN).
Results
Pupae of Both Sexes. The body length
of the examined male pupa is 3.8 mm
(Fig. 2A), while the female was 4.1 mm
(Fig. 2B). Female pupal wing cases are
extremely reduced, their length being
about 0.5 mm. In contrast, the pupal
wing cases of the males are well devel-
oped (Fig. 2A), the forewing length be-
ing about 3.0 mm.
Adult Females. The body length of the
female adult £. plumella examine in the
SEM (Fig. 2C) is 4.9 mm. They possess
a pair of rudimentary eyes and have three
pairs of small non-segmented legs. The
head is strongly reduced, but the tho-
racic segments are easily recognized.
Wings are completely absent.
Wing Imaginal Discs. To study female
wing reduction in E. plumella, the devel-
opment of wing discs during the last larval instar in the female was observed by dis-
section. In the middle stage of the last-larval instar, the wing imaginal discs were oval
in shape for both sexes (Figs 3A, B). The development of the wing discs progressed in
the same way for both sexes until the last larval stage when the female wing disc was
evaginated during the prepupal stage. Just before pupation of the female larva, pro-
liferation of the wing buds stopped and the wing epithelial cells secreted a new pupal
106 Nursu ef al.: Wing bud development in Epichnopterix plumella
>
Fig. 3. Cross sections of the wing disc of Epichnopterix plumella. Sectioned (A) half way through the last
larval instar of male; (B) half way through the last larval instar of female; (C) late female prepupa of the last
instar (note the evaginated wing bud and the lamination of the new pupal cuticle). w-wing bud; c-cuticle.
Scale bars: 20 um (A, B) and 50 um (C).
Fig. 4. Female pupal wings of Epichnopterix plumella just after pupation. (A) Female forewing dissected
from pupa. (B) Pupal wings of female with a much simpler tracheal system than those of males. a-a’ levels
of the section depicted in Fig B. R-Radius; M-Media; Cu-Cubitus; t, trachea; w, pupal wing epithelium.
Scale bars: 100 um (A) and 50 um (B).
cuticle (Fig. 3C). In this study, male wing buds were not examined. However, the male
pupal wings demonstrate that the wing buds of males are larger than those of females.
Pupal Wings of Females. In the female pupa of £. plumella, the three main wing tra-
cheae, i.e., those pertaining to R(adius), M(edia) and Cu(bitus), extended nearly to the
margin of the wings (Fig. 4A). During the pupal stage (day 0), the wing epithelia of
females are attached to the pupal cuticle (Fig. 4B). On day 2 (48h after pupation), the
female wing epithelia had already retracted completely from the pupal wing case (not
illustrated); hence the moth is now in the pharate adult stage.
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 103-110 107
Ancestral winged female i) >
W
By: Functional
evagination Further Pupal cuticle differentiation
differentiation diposition wi ng
\ =
> Non) __
wing disc Be Anontotie.
Degeneration?
evagination Apoptotic Pupal cuticle
Degeneration? diposition
an Ar orne
(Oiketicinae) w
wing rudiment
Apoptotic apolysis Pupal cuticle
degeneration diposition
Prepupal Pharate pupal Pupal stage Adult
Last instar Gut purge stage stage
Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of differential wing formation and degeneration in Epichnopteriginae and Oike-
ticinae. w-wing discs or wing rudiments. The different methods of wing reduction between the two sub-
families are indicated.
Discussion
The present study demonstrates that females of E. plumella possess wing discs dur-
ing larval-pupal and pupal-adult development. Although we could not confirm whether
there is an apoptotic event during female wing development, our results suggest that
female-specific wing degeneration occurs in two steps, 1.e., in both the larval and pupal
stages (Fig. 5). Niitsu & Kobayashi (2008) similarly reported that in females of three
species of wingless but fully-legged bagworm moths, Taleporia trichopterella (Saigusa,
1961), Bacotia sakabei (Seino, 1981) and Proutia sp., wing buds were reduced due to
apoptosis in the same two steps, 1.e., during the larval and pupal stages. This study sug-
gests that the female degeneration pattern is similar in all before-mentioned taxa.
Wing degeneration has been reported in females of several other psychid moths. In
Eumeta variegata (Snellen, 1879), subfamily Oiketicinae, the external morphology of
the female pupae is entirely different from the male: the female pupa is “vermiform”
without wing cases and the female adult is apterous; the vestigial wing rudiments do not
grow but disappear during the prepupal stage (Niitsu 2003). In the female of another
oiketicine psychid Pachytelia unicolor (Hufnagel, 1766), the development of the wing
discs is suppressed in an early larval instar (Fedotov 1939). It has been hypothesized
that the vermiform state of the females in Psychidae was the most specialized (i.e., de-
rived) condition in the evolution in the family and that wingless females evolved from
winged females (Saigusa 1962, Yen et al. 2004). Our data on the presence of larval or
108 Nursu ef al.: Wing bud development in Epichnopterix plumella
pupal wing buds in female wingless psychids is also compatible with the hypothesis
that taxa with wingless females evolved from taxa with winged ones. We here classify
the pattern of female wing reduction in several bagworm moths into two types (Fig. 5):
1) wingless female type 1, in which female-specific wing degeneration occurs in two
steps, i.e. in the larval and pupal stages (subfamily Epichnopteriginae); 2) wingless
female type 2, in which the minute wing rudiment does not grow and disappears during
larval-pupal development (subfamily Oiketicinae).
In Lepidoptera, females with reduced wings are known in Geometridae, Noctuidae,
Psychidae and several other families, and there have been some studies of these patterns
of female-specific wing reduction (Common 1970, Hackman 1966, Hamilton 1978,
Heppner 1991, Matsuda 1979, Sattler 1991). In the lymantriine Orgyia leucostigma
(Smith, 1797), female wing discs are formed initially but are later destroyed by ap-
optosis during pupal-adult development (Nardi et al. 1991). In the congener O. dubia
(Tauscher, 1806), the female pupa completely lacks pupal wing cases and the female
adult is vermiform and apterous (Mostafa & Laila 1969), but nothing is known about
the developmental process of wing reduction in this species. In yet another Orgyia spe-
cies, O. thyellina Butler, 1881, the female wings show seasonal dimorphism. The au-
tumn females have short wings whereas the summer females have normal wings (Sato
1977). In the winter moth Nyssiodes lefuarius (Erschoff, 1872) (Geometridae), female
wing discs are fully developed but are destroyed suddenly by apoptosis in the late pupal
stage (Niitsu 2001).
The ecdysone hormone, ecdysteroid, plays an important role in induction of female-
specific wing degeneration among flightless lepidopterans (Lobbia et al. 2003). Niitsu
et al. (2008) clarified that female-specific wing degeneration in E. variegata is triggered
directly by ecdysteroids in female wing rudiment cultured in vitro. They have recently
reported that female wing rudiment of E. variegata lose the ability for cell proliferation
in response to the stimulus of 20-hydroxyecdysone (Niitsu et al. 2011). However, the
molecular mechanisms causing female-specific winglessness in this species are not yet
fully understood.
Conclusions
We have here demonstrated that the vermiform morph of the female adults in exam-
ined representatives of Oiketicinae and Epichnopteriginae have different developmen-
tal backgrounds, 1.e., the evolutionary wing loss has been achieved in different ways.
Whether these similar (vermiform) morphs, arising via two different pathways of wing
loss, occurred as a result of parallel evolution, or whether they represent steps in a
single transformation series can be fruitfully discussed only on the basis of a robust
phylogeny of the family. Work towards this goal, together with further studies of devel-
opmental biology and comparative histology, should improve our understanding of the
evolution of the female-specific wingless condition in Psychidae.
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 103-110 109
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a grant of the Fujiwara Natural History Foundation in 2009.
References
Common, I. F. B. 1970. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). /n: I. M. Mackerras (ed.), The Insects of
Australia. — Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. 866 pp.
Davis, D. R. & G. S. Robinson 1999. The Tineoidea and Gracillarioidea. /n: N. P. Kristensen (ed.),
Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies, 1. Evolution, systematics, and biogeography. Handbook of
Zoology IV. Arthoropoda: Insecta Part 35, Vol. 1. — Walter De Gruyter, Berlin. 491 pp.
Fedotov, D. M. 1939. On the phenomenon of regressive changes in some bagworm moths (Psychid).
— Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences del’U.R.S.S. 24: 616-619.
Hackman, W. 1966. On wing reduction and loss of wings in Lepidoptera. — Notulae Entomologicae
46: 1-16.
Hamilton, W. D. 1978. Evolution and diversity under bark: Jn: L. A. Mound & N. Waloff (eds),
Diversity of Insect Faunas. — Symposia of the Royal Entomological Society of London, London.
175 pp.
Hättenschwiler, P. 1985. Psychidae: Jn: M. Emmet & J. Heath (eds), The Moths and Butterflies of
Great Britain and Ireland Volume 2. — Harley Books, Colchester. 460 pp., 14 pls.
Heppner, J. B. 1991. Brachyptery and aptery in Lepidoptera. — Tropical Lepidoptera 2: 11—40.
Lobbia, S., S. Niitsu & H. Fujiwara 2003. Female-specific wing degeneration caused by ecdysteroid
in the Tussock Moth, Orgyia recens: hormonal and developmental regulation of sexual dimor-
phism. — Journal of Insect Science 3.11: 1-7.
Matsuda, R. 1979. Abnormal metamorphosis and arthropod evolution. /n: A. P. Gupta (ed.), Arthropod
Phylogeny. — Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York. 762 pp.
Mostafa, H. & E. S. Laila 1969. On the bionomics of Orgyia dubia Judaea STGR (Lepidoptera,
Lymantriidae). — Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique d’ Egypte 53: 161-183.
Nardi, J. B., G. L. Godfrey & R. A. Bergstrom 1991. Programmed cell death in the wings of Orgyia
leucostigma. — Journal of Morphology 209: 121-131.
Niitsu, S. 2001. Wing degeneration due to apoptosis in the female of the winter moth, Nyssiodes le-
fuarius. — Entomological Science 4: 1-7.
Niitsu, S. 2003. Postembryonic development of the wing imaginal disc in the female wingless bag-
worm moth, Eumeta variegata (Lepidoptera, Psychidae). — Journal of Morphology 257: 164—
170.
Niitsu, S. & Y. Kobayashi 2008. The developmental process during metamorphosis that results in
wing reduction in females of three species of wingless-legged bagworm moths, Taleporia tri-
chopterella, Bacotia sakabei and Proutia sp. (Lepidoptera: Psychidae). — European Journal of
Entomology 105: 699—708.
Niitsu, S., S. Lobbia, S. Izumi & H. Fujiwara 2008. Female-specific wing degeneration is triggered
by ecdysteroid in cultures of wing discs from the bagworm moth, Eumeta variegata (Insecta:
Lepidoptera, Psychidae). — Cell & Tissue Research 333: 169-173.
Niitsu, S., S. Lobbia & T. Kamito 2011. In vitro effects of juvenile hormone analog on wing disc
morphogenesis under ecdysteroid treatment in the female-wingless bagworm moth Eumeta vari-
egata (Insecta: Lepidoptera, Psychidae). — Tissue and Cell 43: 143-150.
Patoëka, J. & M. Turéani 2005. Lepidoptera Pupae. Text Volume. — Apollo Books, Stenstrup. 542 pp.
Roff, D. A. 1990. The evolution of flightlessness in insects. — Ecological Monographs 60: 389-421.
Saigusa, T. 1962. On some basic concepts of the evolution of psychid moths from the points of view of
the comparative ethology and morphology. — Tyo to Ga 12: 120—143. [In Japanese with English
summary]
110 Nursu ef al.: Wing bud development in Epichnopterix plumella
Sato, T. 1977. Life history and diapause of the white-spotted tussock moth, Orgyia thyellina Bulter
(Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae). — Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 21: 6-14.
[In Japanese with English summary]
Sattler, K. 1991. A review of wing reduction in Lepidoptera. — Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural
History) (Entomology) 60: 243-288.
Wagner, D. L. & J. K. Liebherr 1992. Flightlessness in Insects. — Trends in Ecology & Evolution 7: 216—
220.
Yen, S.-H., C. Lopez-Vaamonde, I. Sims & D. R. Davis 2004. Evolution of sexual dimorphism, host use
and female case architecture in bagworm moths. Abstracts from the Young Systematist’s Forum of the
Systematic Association, NHM, London. http://www.systass.org/ysf/6th YSF.pdf
Book review 111
Lauri Kaila (with contributions by Kazuhiro Sugisima) 2011. Elachistine Moths of Australia
(Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Elachistidae). — Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera Series
11. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, Australia; www.publish.csiro.au, 456 pages.
ISBN 9780643103054. Hardcover, cloth bound, format 250 x 175 mm. Price AU$ 150.00.
E-book version available online for a similar price.
Biodiversity and its conservation have become biological, social, political, and even economic
issues. Yet when we look beyond well-known flagship groups that engage the popular mind, vast
spans of the world of six-legged and other unremarkable creatures remain sketchily known and
barely catalogued. Elachistinae are such animals. They are small, drably coloured micromoths
with leaf- or stem-mining larvae. With about 90% of the species feeding on monocotyledons, the
group is one of the most successful lineages of Lepidoptera to exploit this class of plants. The
known global diversity of elachistines is estimated at about 700. However, new species are dis-
covered all the time, especially through surveys in suitable habitats in less well-explored parts of
the world (a recent example in Sruoga & De Prins 2011 appeared after publication of the book).
Kaila’s book underscores the unaccounted diversity that may lie in such poorly studied groups:
of the 148 species treated, no less than 128, or 86%, are newly described. The genus Elachista
alone, one of three genera represented in Australia (the others are Urodeta and Perittia), com-
prises 143 of the total, a number that accounts for about 20% of the world fauna.
This book is a monograph at its best and a major landmark in Kaila’s continued, high-quality
work on the world fauna of Elachistinae. It gives comprehensive coverage of all known aspects
of the morphology, taxonomy, biology and classification of the Australian fauna. The author’s
work on Elachistinae began about 15 years ago with a series of revisional papers comprehen-
sively covering the Nearctic fauna, as well as several papers on the Palaearctic fauna and a
review of the South American fauna. He also developed a phylogenetic framework for a global
classification of the subfamily.
In spite of these impressive figures, the author describes the knowledge of the Australian
Elachistines as “scanty” (p. 42). Most species are actually known from very few records, with
about one-third of them known from a single record (a record being akin to a collecting event
and may comprise several specimens). This is attributed in part to the strict habitat requirements
of most species, which often occur only over certain microhabitats within the wider range of
their host plants. In a brief, but eye-opening chapter on diversity, distribution and conservation,
Kaila paints a disheartening picture of a fragile elachistine fauna which may already be criti-
cally imperiled in some parts of the continent due to excessive habitat fragmentation. A map
shows a striking general distribution pattern where all elachistines occur at the periphery of the
continent, in temperate, higher elevation, and humid areas.
In the methods chapter, the operational species concept is discussed in some detail, with
reference to the peculiarities and limitations of the group under study. Species are treated as hy-
potheses subject to further testing with the addition of further data and observations. Taxonomy
is not merely about observing similarities and differences and applying names and categories
to the observed clusters. It must be subtended by a proper conceptual framework. This is some-
thing too rarely mentioned in taxonomic works, as if it went without saying. Of course, it is not
necessary to expound one’s operational concept in every paper that describes a few species.
However, for large monographic works, this should be presented as a matter of course. There
is often a big chasm between tacitly accepting, say, the biological species concept, and explain-
ing how one applies it to specimens and incomplete morphological and biological observations
to delineate species. Kaila is to be commended for clearly explaining his approach. He further
stresses that in some groups the adults may not be reliably identifiable using morphology, or
Nota lepidopterologica, 20.12.2011, ISSN 0342-7536
112 Book review
even genetic traits, and that in those species-level distinctiveness comes from life history fea-
tures. In the same chapter all technical aspects of studying these moths are presented with neces-
sary details, including useful remarks on the particulars of genitalia preparation and rearing that
apply to elachistines.
Following the introduction and methods is a chapter, co-authored with Sugisima!, on the
phylogeny, subfamily delineation, and generic classification. The cladistic analysis draws on
more than 145 characters from both immature and adult stages and represents a significant revi-
sion of Kaila’s (1999) previous analysis, rendered necessary by the discovery of so many new
species. The characters and states used in the analysis are conveniently presented in an extensive
table with alternatively white and shaded entries: the clarity of formatting makes it very easy to
consult in conjunction with the phylogenetic trees that follow, a commendable quality for such
data. Kaila is among the very few authors who have studied skeletal features of the lepidopteran
thorax and used them in phylogenetic analysis. The overall impression is that the author studied
the taxa in painstaking detail in an attempt to extract as much useful phylogenetic information
as possible. Taking into consideration his earlier results on the phylogeny of Gelechoidea (Kaila
2004), there is also further testing of the monophyly of Elachistinae, which remains well sup-
ported although without unique synapomorphies.
There follows a chapter on morphology, abundantly illustrated and providing details for
larvae, pupae, and adults. Genitalia figures show all the parts clearly labelled. The presentation
sets the stage for the keys and descriptions of the taxonomic treatment in the following chapter.
Keys are provided for the Australian genera and for species within Perittia (3 species) and
Elachista (143 species) (Urodeta includes only one named species and a second, unnamed spe-
cies). The key to genera is for males only. Females of Perittia are unknown, thus precluding the
presentation of a key to females, but the difference between females of Urodeta and Elachista
is indicated. For the large number of species of Elachista, separate keys are given for males and
females. The size of the keys can be daunting (129 and 94 couplets, respectively) and several of
the differences are subtle. Although external features are used in some couplets, the vast major-
ity refer to genital characters, making genital preparations a prerequisite for anyone attempting
to identify these moths. There are no references to figures in the keys, and no indication of
which page each species is located on. While this reduces potential clutter within the key, it
makes it difficult to check characters on corresponding figures and to navigate to individual spe-
cies treatments.
The large genus Elachista is divided into two subgenera (Atachia and Elachista), and hier-
archically into further species groups, sections, and subordinate complexes within, reflecting
the phylogeny. A diagnosis, description or presentation is given for each of these subdivisions.
Each species treatment includes a description (with the subsections: wingspan range, head, col-
ouration of thorax, colouration of abdomen, wing pattern, male genitalia, female genitalia, larva
and pupa when known), diagnosis, biology, distribution, material examined, and, in several
cases, remarks. Remarks mainly discuss species delineation issues. Navigation might have been
enhanced by numbering species sequentially and applying the same numbers to the correspond-
' Contributing author Sugisima was a young, emerging Japanese systematist who had begun to publish
carefully crafted papers on Gelechioidea in the early 2000s. As he explained in a kind of farewell let-
ter to several corresponding colleagues, lack of funding and professional opportunities in systematics
forced him in 2006 to exit science altogether in order to earn a living. It is most regrettable that such
talented students are forced out of the field of systematics, a situation that has become more common in
recent years, in a worrisome trend that parallels the worsening biodiversity crisis.
Book review 113
ing figures for each category of illustrations, as has been applied successfully in other series
(Microlepidoptera of Europe by Apollo Books). Although several of the new names are evi-
dently derived from some obvious aspect of the species (host, colour, patronym), many are not.
It would have been nice to state their derivation, as recommended by the Code.
Immatures are presented as far as known, with nearly all data newly obtained by the author
himself over the course of four visits to Australia totalling over 18 months, during which he
conducted extensive fieldwork. Contributing author Sugisima also added significantly to this
targeted effort in separate fieldwork. The combined result, the rearing of more than 70 species
(42% of the recorded fauna), enabled to reach taxonomic conclusions for what Kaila terms
“bewildering species complexes” where morphology alone did not provide answers. Larvae and
pupae are described and illustrated in a standardized fashion, again something uncommon in
microlepidoptera works.
A short section at the end of the taxonomic treatment treats six species that are newly ex-
cluded from Elachistinae. There are two appendices. The first lists all the taxonomic changes
that were effected in the work, which amounts to a listing of new combinations and new species
arranged taxonomically as they would be in a checklist. This arrangement is little unfortunate
because it is difficult to locate any particular taxon name. An alphabetical listing would have
been preferable. The second appendix is the data matrix used in the cladistic analysis. An index
concludes the book, listing both animal and host plant names together, which is better than the
frequent practice of separating the two. There is no overall synonymic checklist summarizing
alltaxa covered. This is provided under each taxon (genus), including generic synonyms and a
list of species included.
The book is richly illustrated with photographs showing morphology, larvae, pupae, adult
moths, genitalia, larval mines, and habitats. They are generally of high quality and show clearly
what is intended or presented in the text. All have been digitally post-processed and cleaned,
and offer uniform backgrounds as well as good contrast and sharpness. However, the placement
and numbering of the figures is confusing. They are arranged in two ways: scattered throughout
the text, or grouped after the main body of text before the references. Figures 1-49 (mostly
morphology with one map and one graph) are found in the initial sections of the book from
pages 22-42; figs 50-56 showing habitats are on pages 253-257; figs 57-94 showing larvae
are distributed throughout the taxonomic section from pages 68-218, close to the species they
illustrate; figs 95-438 are the genitalia photos, they are all grouped together, males followed
by females, and begin on page 301 after the colour plates; the colour plates on pages 258-300
show adult moths, pupae, and larval mines, and are numbered 1-43, with individual photos
numbered 1 —x in each plate. It is unclear why photos of larvae were distributed within the main
body of the text rather than being grouped together at the end.
Notwithstanding the mild criticism expressed over some organisational details, this is a very
well produced book. The binding, cloth cover, and semi-glossy paper are of the same high qual-
ity that characterized previous volumes of this series. The book remains naturally flat-open from
any page, a truly appreciable quality when one uses the keys.
This book is an outstanding example of the fundamental backbone that understanding and
documenting biodiversity requires. It almost goes without saying that it is essential for any-
one seriously interested in Elachistinae. But I would also recommend it particularly to any
Lepidoptera taxonomist as an excellent model of monograph with a thorough conceptual and
analytical footing, such as should be published more often nowadays. It also shows clearly that
despite its comprehensiveness, much remains to be discovered before Elachistinae can be re-
garded as “well known”.
JEAN-FRANÇOIS LANDRY
114 Book review
References
Kaila, L. 1999. Phylogeny and classification of the Elachistidae s. s. (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea). — System-
atic Entomology 24: 139-169.
Kaila, L. 2004. Phylogeny of the superfamily Gelechioidea (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia): an exemplar approach. —
Cladistics 20: 303-340.
Sruoga, V. & J. De Prins 2011. New species of Elachistinae (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae) from Cameroon and
the Democratic Republic of the Congo. — Zootaxa 3008: 1-32.
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 115-130 115
On the taxonomic status of Cephimallota angusticostella (Zeller)
and C. crassiflavella Bruand (Tineidae)
REINHARD GAEDIKE! & RICHARD MALLY ”
' Florusstrake 5, 53225 Bonn, Germany; tinagma@msn.com
2 Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, Museum für Tierkunde,
Königsbrücker Landstraße 159, 01109 Dresden, Germany; richard.mally@senckenberg.de
Abstract. Cephimallota angusticostella (Zeller, 1839) and C. crassiflavella Bruand, 1851 are two Pa-
laearctic Tineidae species which have been recognised as well differentiated taxa. The observation of
variability in the male saccus caused doubt about the status of the two taxa and prompted us to initiate a
detailed study of the male genital morphology. In this study we found a distinct variability in the shape of
the saccus only in C. crassiflavella, and not in C. angusticostella. The differences in external and genital
morphology are corroborated by molecular analyses (DNA barcoding). The morphological and molecular
data are discussed in the context of the determined distribution of the two taxa.
Zusammenfassung. Cephimallota angusticostella (Zeller, 1839) und C. crassiflavella Bruand, 1851 stellen
zwei palaearktische, als gut unterscheidbar angesehene Tineidae-Arten dar. Die Beobachtung von Varia-
bilität im männlichen Saccus ließ Zweifel zum Status der beiden Taxa aufkommen und war Anlass einer de-
taillierten Untersuchung der morphologischen Strukturen der männlichen Genitalien. Es konnte eine klare
Variabilität in der Form des Saccus nur bei C. crassiflavella gefunden werden, während C. angusticostella
in dieser Hinsicht keine Variabilität zeigt. Die äußerlichen und genitalmorphologischen Unterschiede bestä-
tigten sich in molekularen Analysen (DNA-Barcoding). Die morphologischen und molekularen Ergebnisse
werden im Kontext der hier ermittelten Verbreitung der zwei Taxa diskutiert.
Introduction
The tineid genus Cephimallota Bruand, 1851 comprises 11 described species with a
Palaearctic distribution. The genus belongs to the subfamily Myrmecozelinae (Robinson
2009). The wingspan of the specimens varies from 10 mm in C. tunesiella (Zagulajev,
1966) to 30 mm in C. colonella (Erschoff, 1874). The genus is characterised by hav-
ing specialised male genitalia with the valvae fused, tegumen and vinculum connected
to a ring-shaped sclerotisation, and the uncus reduced or characteristically modified.
Superficially, Cephimallota moths are more or less unicolourous brown, with some spe-
cies having yellow dots or short stripes. Their biology is still unknown (Robinson 2009),
but there are some indications that the larvae may live in nests of aculeate Hymenoptera
or in decomposing grass litter (Petersen 1969, Zagulajev 1975).
Cephimallota angusticostella (Zeller, 1839) and C. crassiflavella Bruand, 1851
have been treated as vicariant species in the past, whose distributional areas overlap
in the region of the Balkan Peninsula and Italy. They can be easily discriminated from
each other in both external characters and in the constitution of the male genitalia.
However, routine investigations of male genitalia revealed a particular variability of
the saccus in specimens from various locations from within the range of both taxa. This
finding stimulated a more comprehensive examination of as many specimens as pos-
sible from the entire range of the two taxa. This was done in order to clarify the amount
Nota lepidopterologica, 22.12.2011, ISSN 0342-7536
116 Gaepike & Mariv: Taxonomic status of tineids Cephimallota angusticostella and C. crassiflavella
of variability and the so far reliable discrimination of the two taxa based on external
and genital characters. It was a possibility that the variability was restricted only to the
overlapping distributional area or that the variability hides the differences between the
two taxa. In addition to the investigation of the morphological structures, partial DNA
sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (coxI) gene were obtained from a few
specimens of each species and analysed in order to compare these results with the mor-
phological data. Mapping of collected material and literature records of C. angusticos-
tella and C. crassiflavella resulted in a distribution map, which provides a visualisation
of the distribution of the two taxa and the area of their distributional overlap.
Material and Methods
The examined material originates from numerous collections and was provided by mu-
seum custodians as well as by private collectors. When no reference is given, the distri-
bution records in the species redescriptions rely on studied material. A list of material
examined can be found in the appendix. The specimen origins of the pictured genitalia
are given in the legends of the figures.
Morphological methods
Genitalia of both sexes were dissected in order to study morphological variability.
Phallus and valvae were removed from the genitalia capsule (uncus-tegumen-vinculum
with saccus) during dissection. The ring-shaped connection of tegumen-vinculum was
not cut laterally but kept intact. Drawings at the same scale were made from genitalia
of the two taxa and compared in terms of variability.
Molecular methods
The method suggested by Knölke et al. (2005) was used for investigation of both mo-
lecular and morphological characters in the same specimen. DNA was extracted from
the abdomen of dried specimens using the Macherey-Nagel NucleoSpin Tissue kit ac-
cording to the manufacturer’s suggestions. PCR amplification of a 587 bp fragment of
the cox/ barcode sequence was done with the primer pair HybLCO/Nancy or in the case
of fragmented DNA with the primer pairs HybLCO/K699 and Ron/Nancy, respective-
ly (Wahlberg & Wheat 2008). The amplified cox/ fragment corresponds to basepairs
50-636 of the 658 bp barcode sequence of Hebert et al. (2003). The sequences were
amplified either with SAWADY tag DNA polymerase (PeqLab) or with BIO-X-ACT
Short DNA polymerase (Bioline). The following PCR program in case of the SAWADY
tag DNA polymerase was used: initial denaturation for 5 min at 95°C, 40 cycles with
denaturation for 30 s at 94°C, primer annealing for 30 s at 48°C, and strand extension
for 90 s at 72°C, terminal strand extension for 10 min at 72°C. The PCR program
for BIO-X-ACT Short DNA polymerase corresponds to the manufacturer’s guidelines
in conjunction with the respective primer annealing temperature of 48°C. The PCR
products were then analysed with respect to amplification success via gel electrophore-
sis on a 1% agarose gel, subsequent staining with GelRed, and final examination un-
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 115-130 117
Table 1. DNA-barcoding voucher data.
voucher accession no.
C. angusticostella Italy, Tuscany, Province of Florence,
surrounding of Dicomano, 17—23.v1.2006,
leg. F. Theimer
Italy, Piedmont, Capanne di Marcarolo Natural
Park, 370 m, 5.v11.2005, leg. G. Baldizzone
Lep720 Greece, West Macedonia, Kastoria prefecture, JN130006
5 km NW of Kastoria, 10.v11.2007,
leg. W. Schmitz
Lep721 Greece, Epirus, Preveza prefecture, Parga,
13.v.2007, leg. W. Schmitz
Lep707 France, Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, Alpes- JN130002
Maritimes, Mandelieu-la-Napoule, 28.v.2005,
leg. H. Hendriksen
Lep715 France, Languedoc-Roussillon, Hérault, St. JN130003
Pons-de-Thomieres, 450 m, 24.vi.2005,
leg. E. van Nieukerken
Lep717 Italy, Trentino-Alto Adige, South Tyrol, Prad JN130004
am Stilfser Joch, 930 m, 27.v11.2005,
leg. E. van Nieukerken
Switzerland, Valais, Brig, Ried-Brig, 800 m, JN130005
17.vu1.2007, leg. W. Schmitz
Lep731 Tunisia, Jendouba Governorate, W of Sidi el JN130008
Barrak lake, 30 m, 04.x.2007, leg. B. Schacht
der UV light. Clean-up of the PCR products was carried out with ExoSAP-IT (USB
Corporation). The sequence PCR was performed with BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle
Sequencing Kit (Applied Biosystems). After final clean-up of the samples, sequencing
was carried out on a 3130 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). For all PCR ampli-
fications, ExoSAP-IT clean-up and sequence PCRs either a Mastercycler ep gradient S
(Eppendorf) or a PCR System 9700 (GeneAmp) were used.
Sequence alignment was carried out manually with PhyDE0995 (Miiller et al. 2008).
Calculation of the genetic distances as well as of the dendrogram using the Neighbor-
Joming (NJ) method (Saitou & Nei 1987, Studier & Keppler 1988) were performed un-
der the Kimura-2 Parameter (K2P) model (Kimura 1980) in PAUP* 4.0b10 (Swofford
2000). Cephimallota tunesiella (Zagulajev, 1966) was included in the analysis in order
to compare the genetic distances of the two investigated taxa to a more distantly related
species. All obtained barcode sequences have been submitted to GenBank (for acces-
sion numbers see Tab. 1).
C. crassiflavella
Distribution
In order to examine the distributional pattern of Cephimallota angusticostella and C.
crassiflavella, collection localities were compiled from labels of studied specimens and
from literature. Geographical coordinates of these collection localities were obtained
118 Garnike & Matty: Taxonomic status of tineids Cephimallota angusticostella and C. crassiflavella
Fig. 1. Cephimallota crassiflavella, imago. Fig. 2. Cephimallota angusticostella, imago.
via Google Earth, Version 5.2.1.1588 and subsequently plotted on a map using DIVA-
GIS, Version 7.2.3 (Hijmans et al. 2004).
Results
Morphological results
Figures 3—5, 6-27, 28-30 (male genitalia), and 31—34 (female genitalia) are drawn
at identical scale in order to illustrate clear differences in size and to be comparable in
terms of morphological variation.
Cephimallota crassiflavella Fig. 1
Cephimallota crassiflavella Bruand, 1851
[= Tinea simplicella Zeller, 1852; = Tinea simplicella Herrich-Schäffer, 1854]
Redescription. Wingspan 13-16 mm (n= 219); head brush golden-yellow, antenna
filiform, ca. 2/3 of forewing length, brown-grey, labial palps golden-yellow, second
segment along the inner side and at outer apex with protruding short bristles; thorax and
forewing brown to dark brown, shimmering slightly violet, without any maculation,
only costal margin slightly lighter; hindwing a little lighter than forewing.
Male genitalia (Figs 3—27). Uncus with two obtuse setaceous protuberances, firmly
attached to the tegumen, below uncus a strongly sclerotised clasp (gnathos?) with three
acute small protuberances; tegumen broad, ventrally narrowing, saccus short, variable
in shape, either cut straight or stretched out to a more or less short tip (see Figs 6—27);
valva compact, broad, semi-circular, with very long and slender transtilla, with strongly
sclerotised obtuse tip, below the tip connected to the other valva; lateral side of valva
stretched out in a long curved and strongly sclerotised appendix; phallus no longer than
width of tegumen, rounded basally, apex narrower, almost straight. The whole genital
apparatus in situ compact, valvae fitted into the teguminal invagination, hardly mobile
separately.
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 115-130 119
Female genitalia (Figs 31-32). Anterior
apophyses with a very short lateral fork/
spine, the inner branch ending in a strong-
er sclerotised ostium plate with a deep
central split, apical part of split acute or
rounded, subapical part broader, with rec-
tangular edges, opening of the split more
or less constricted.
Distribution. Hitherto known from Mo-
rocco, Algeria, Canary Islands, continen-
tal Spain, France (incl. Corsica), Bel-
gium, Great Britain, Germany, Switzer-
land, Austria, Italy (incl. Sardinia), Czech
Republic, Poland, Ukraine (Schille 1931),
Russia, Hungary, the Balkan peninsula
(Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzego-
vina), and Turkey.
Remarks. For Turkey only one male
from Isparta is known. More material 1s
needed to verify this record.
;
EE
L
Figs 3-5. C. crassiflavella, S genitalia: 3. uncus-tegumen; 4. valvae; 5. phallus (from the same specimen:
Dept. Provence, France).
Cephimallota angusticostella (Zeller, 1839) Fig. 2
[= Cephimallota libanotica Petersen, 1959; = Tinea angusticostella Herrich-Schaffer, 1854; = Cephimal-
lota hasarorum Zagulajev, 1965]
Redescription. Wingspan |1—16 mm (n= 398); head brush golden-yellow, sometimes
more grey-yellow, antenna filiform, ca. 2/3 of forewing length, brown-grey, labial palps
golden-yellow, sometimes grey-yellow, second segment at outer apex with protrud-
ing short bristles, at the inner side only few bristles; thorax and forewing dark brown,
slightly shimmering violet, the whole area covered with small light spots, accumulating
along the costal and dorsal margin; hindwing slightly lighter brown-grey.
Male genitalia (Figs 28-30). Uncus with two setaceous oblong protuberances, firmly
attached to the tegumen, below uncus a strongly sclerotised clasp (gnathos?) with a
slender digitiform appendix; tegumen broad, narrowing ventrally, saccus almost as
long as width of tegumen; valva compact, semi-circular, overall more slender then in
C. crassiflavella, with very long, slender transtilla, with strongly sclerotised obtuse
tip, inward-directed, below the tip connected with the other valva; lateral side of valva
stretched out in a long curved and strongly sclerotised appendix; phallus as long as
tegumen and saccus together, slightly curved over total length. The whole genital ap-
paratus in situ compact, valvae fitted into the teguminal invagination, hardly mobile
separately.
120 Gaepike & Matty: Taxonomic status of tineids Cephimallota angusticostella and C. crassiflavella
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 115-130 121
Female genitalia (Figs 33-34). Anterior apophyses
furcated, ventral part ending in a large ostial plate,
which is deeply split in the area of the ostium, later-
ally edged, split with rounded end; in the centre of
the split a small, strongly sclerotised appendix.
Distribution. Hitherto known with certainty from
Italy (incl. Elba), Balkan Peninsula (Slovenia, Cro-
atia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia,
Albania, Greece, Romania, Bulgaria), Cyprus, Ukrai-
ne (Bidzilya & Budashkin 1998), Russia, Austria
(Kasy 1987; Wieser 1998, 2003; Wieser & Kofler,
2000; the record from East Tyrol in Deutsch (2003)
is erroneous and the specimen belongs to C. crassi-
flavella), Czech Republic (LaStivka et al. 1994, gen-
italia dissection by Liëka; Vavra 2002), Slovakia,
Hungary, Lebanon, Turkey, and Armenia. In addi-
tion, one confirmed record from Spain and two con-
firmed records from Germany are known.
Remarks. No variability was found in the male gen-
italia. In comparison with C. crassiflavella, the geni-
Figs 28-30. C. angusticostella, S gen- tal apparatus is always smaller, even in specimens of
en 28. uncus-tegumen; 29. valvae; the same size. Records from Spain (Sierra Nevada,
. phallus (from the same specimen: j
Sandanski, Bulgaria). one specimen) and Germany (Brandenburg, two
specimens) are outside the general distribution of
this species.
Differential diagnosis
Imago. In contrast to C. crassiflavella, C. angusticostella bears only a few short bris-
tles at the inner side of second segment of the labial palps. The forewings of C. crassi-
flavella are without maculation and only the costal margin is slightly lighter, whereas
forewings of C. angusticostella are covered with small light spots, accumulating along
the costal and dorsal margin.
Male genitalia. In C. crassiflavella the clasp (gnathos?) below the uncus has three
acute small protuberances, while in C. angusticostella the clasp bears a slender digi-
tiform appendix. The saccus of C. crassiflavella is short and variable in shape, being
Figs 6-27. C. crassiflavella, I genitalia: variability in saccus shape: 6. Kaiserstuhl, Germany; 7. Berlin,
Germany; 8. Grünstadt, Germany; 9. Port Bou, Spain; 10. Grünstadt, Germany; 11. prov. Verona, Italy;
12. Sardinia, Italy; 13. Lombardia, Italy; 14. Dept. Provence, France; 15. Freiburg, Germany; 16. Oreison,
France; 17. Trentino, Italy; 18. Mannheim, Germany; 19. Lucania, Italy; 20. Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herze-
govina; 21. Dept. Var, France; 22-23. Piedmont, Italy; 24. Krasnodarskij kraj, Russia; 25. Isparta, Turkey;
26. “Oswitz”, Poland; 27. Russia; type of C. hasarorum.
122 Gaepike & Matty: Taxonomic status of tineids Cephimallota angusticostella and C. crassiflavella
Figs 31-32. C. crassiflavella, 9 genitalia (with variability): 31. Wroclaw [labelled: Breslau, 1896], Poland;
32. Bocognano, Corsica, France.
Figs 33-34. C. angusticostella, Q genitalia (with variability: 33. Petrina, Macedonia; 34. Nom. Chania,
Crete, Greece.
either cut straight or stretched out to a more or less short tip. In C. angusticostella the
saccus is almost as long as the width of tegumen and invariable in shape. The valva of
C. angusticostella ıs overall more slender then that of C. crassiflavella.
Female genitalia. In C. angusticostella the ventral part of the anterior apophyses ends
in a large ostial plate, which is deeply split in the area of the ostium and laterally edged.
The split has a rounded end and bears a small, strongly sclerotised appendix in its centre.
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 115-130 123
731 C. tunesiella
718 C. crassiflavella (switzerland: Valais)
715 C. crassiflavella (France: Herault)
717 C. crassiflavella (aly: Vinschgau)
707 C. crassiflavella (France: Provence)
721 C. angusticostella (Greece: Preveza)
699 C. angusticostella (ay: Tuscany)
703 C. angusticostella (ta: Piedmont)
20:0: angusticostella (Greece: Kastoria) _ 002
Fig. 35. Neighbor Joining (K2P) dendrogram.
Contrary to C. angusticostella, the inner branch of anterior apophyses of C. crassiflavel-
la ends in a stronger sclerotised ostial plate, which also has a deep central split. The split
is very narrow in its posterior portion and widens to an acute or rounded, broad apex.
Molecular results
All barcode sequences are 587 base pairs (bp) in length. No indels have been observed
in any of the sequences. The sequences of C. angusticostella and C. crassiflavella form
two distinct clusters, each comprising only conspecific samples (Fig. 35). According
to the K2P distance matrix (Tab. 2), intraspecific genetic distances are low for both
taxa: 0%—1.73% (mean 0.865%) for C. angusticostella, and 0.17%-1.55% (mean
0.975%) for C. crassiflavella. In comparison, the mean interspecific genetic distances
between C. angusticostella and C. crassiflavella are 10-fold higher (8.70% -9.88%;
mean 9.15%). A comparison of the maximum intraspecific distances of C. angusticos-
tella and C. crassiflavella with their minimum interspecific distance leads to a “barcod-
ing gap” ratio of 1:5 for C. angusticostella and 1:5.6 for C. crassiflavella. The bar-
code distance of the two taxa in question to the “outgroup” taxon C. tunesiella comes
to 14.67%-14.68% (mean 14.68%) for C. angusticostella, and to 15.49%-15.71%
(mean 15.55%) for C. crassiflavella.
Distribution mapping
In the map (Fig. 36) the two taxa show a pattern of vicariance, with C. angusticostella
being mainly distributed in the eastern half of Europe and C. crassiflavella mainly in
the western half of Europe. Their distributional areas broadly overlap in Italy, Slovenia,
124 Gaepike & Matty: Taxonomic status of tineids Cephimallota angusticostella and C. crassiflavella
Table 2. Kimura-2 Parameter (K2P) distance matrix with distances in %. * maximum intraspecific dis-
tance; # minimum interspecific distance for species pair C. angusticostella — C. crassiflavella
699 703 720 721 707 715 719 718
langusticostella703| 0.17 | - | | | al
l'angusticostella 720 | 0.17 | 0.00 | -— | | |
Zar wa
TES
FES
ae ee ee
ia |
Bar]
1.38
Austria, and Hungary. Three findings strongly depart from a typical specific distribu-
tion: a single C. angusticostella specimen was collected ın southern Spain; one speci-
men each of C. crassiflavella was collected in western Turkey and in southeastern
Russia. Although different explanations for such distributions are possible, the best
assumption appear to be that there are simply large gaps in our knowledge of the distri-
bution of both taxa in these regions.
Discussion
The male genitalia of C. crassiflavella show significant variability in the shape of the
saccus, which is typically very short, broad, and cut straight (see Fig. 3). The saccus
shape varies throughout the whole distribution in being more elongate and slender, with
the acute apex rounded (see Figs 6-27). No geographic gradient or pattern of degree
of saccus slenderness and elongation could be determined (see Figs 6-27), suggesting
that genital variation likely depends on factors other than distribution. On the other
hand, the male genitalia of C. angusticostella show no tendency towards variation.
The mean interspecific K2P distance of 9.145% between C. angusticostella and C.
crassiflavella found in our analysis by far exceeds the 3% mean interspecific barcode
distance proposed by Hebert et al. (2003) as threshold for the distinction of Lepidoptera
species. Our data also fulfil the “standard screening threshold” of 10x the average in-
traspecific distance proposed by Hebert et al. (2004). In contrast, if the highest (instead
of mean) intraspecific distances are compared with the smallest (instead of mean) inter-
specific distances as suggested by Meier et al. (2008), the “barcoding gap” is reduced to
a 1:5 ratio for C. angusticostella and a 1:5.6 ratio for C. crassiflavella. We believe that
this ratio is much more valuable in describing the real interspecific distances than the
mean interspecific barcode distance, which neglects the (sometimes huge) intraspecific
variation of the examined taxa. |
Our investigations strongly suggest that both taxa are distinct species. They are dis-
tributed in the West Palaearctic, with C. crassiflavella covering the western part of this
area, and C. angusticostella being found in the eastern. Their ranges broadly meet in
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 115-130 125
Fig. 36. Distribution map of Cephimallota angusticostella (red circles) and C. crassiflavella (blue trian-
gles) in the West Palaearctic.
Central Europe, where both species can be found at the same locations. This “contact
zone” is located in Italy, Slovenia, Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic, and Russia. In
Italy, both species have been found at the same locality (Lucania: Mt. Pollino).
Three confirmed records (one C. crassiflavella finding from Turkey and two C.
angusticostella findings from Spain and Germany) are somewhat inconsistent with the
status of vicariant species. Further studies are necessary to solve these contradictions.
Acknowledgements
Through the kindness of numerous colleagues it was possible to loan a large number of specimens of the
two investigated taxa for detailed studies: Ernst Arenberger (Vienna), Giinter Baisch (Biberach), Giorgio
Baldizzone (Asti), Graziano Bassi (Torino), Helmut Deutsch (Lienz), Manfred Gerstberger (Berlin),
Stanislav Gomboc (Kranj), Peter Huemer (Innsbruck), Lauri Kaila (Helsinki), Ole Karsholt (Copenhagen),
Mojmir Lasan (Ljubljana), Wolfram Mey (Berlin), Joel Minet (Paris), Erik van Nieukerken (Leiden),
Willibald Schmitz (Bergisch-Gladbach), Andreas Segerer (Munich), Rudi Seliger (Schwalmtal), Serge)
Sinjev (St. Peterburg), Franz Theimer (Berlin), Zdenko Tokar (Sal’a), Robert Trusch (Karlsruhe), Andreas
Werno (Nunkirchen), and Wolfgang Wittland (Dalheim-Wegberg). Herewith we express our gratitude for
this possibility. We would like to address special thanks to Matthias Nuss for his valuable comments and
discussions during the work on this study, and for the possibility to undertake the molecular analyses in
the DNA laboratory of the Museum fiir Tierkunde Dresden. Christian Kutzscher (Senckenberg Deutsches
Entomologisches Institut Miincheberg) kindly made the colour plates.
References
Bidzilya, O. V. & Yu. I. Budashkin 1998. Novyje nachodki mikrotscheschujekrylych (Microlepidoptera) v
Ukraine. [New records of Microlepidoptera from the Ukraine] — Zhurnal Ukrainskogo entomogitsch-
nogo tovaristva 4 (3/4): 3-16, 11 figs.
Deutsch, H. 2003. Beitrag zur Lepidopterenfauna Osttirols, Osterreich — Teil V (Insecta: Lepidoptera). —
Beiträge zur Entomofaunistik 4: 3—26.
126 ~~ Gaepixe & MALLy: Taxonomic status of tineids Cephimallota angusticostella and C. crassiflavella
Hebert, P. D. N., A. Cywinska, S. L. Ball & J. R. de Waard 2003. Biological identifications through DNA
barcodes. — Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, London 270: 313-321.
Hebert, P. D. N., M. Y. Stoeckle, T. S. Zemlack & C. M. Francis 2004. Identification of birds through DNA
barcodes. — PloS Biology 2 (10): e312.
Hijmans, R. J., L. Guarino, C. Bussink, P. Mathur, M. Cruz, I. Barrentes, & E. Rojas 2004. DIVA-GIS.
Version 7.2.3. A geographic information system for the analysis of species distribution data. — URL:
http://www.diva-gis.org/download/
Kasy, F. 1987. Die Schmetterlingsfauna des Naturschutzgebietes “Glaslauterriegel-Heferlberg” südlich von
Wien. — Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osterreichischer Entomologen, Suppl. 38: 1—35, 2 figs.
Kimura, M. 1980. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through com-
parative studies of nucleotide sequences. — Journal of Molecular Evolution 16: 111-120.
Knölke, S., S. Erlacher, A. Hausmann, M. A. Miller & A. H. Segerer 2005. A procedure for combined geni-
talia dissection and DNA extraction in Lepidoptera. — Insect Systematics & Evolution 35: 401-409.
Lastüvka, Z., J. Liska, J. Vavra, V. Elsner, A. Laëtüvka, J. Marek, T. Dufek, M. Dvorak, F. Kopeëek, M.
Petri, J. Skyva & P. Vitek 1994. Faunistic records from the Czech Republic — 18. Lepidoptera. — Kla-
palekiana 30 (3/4): 197-206.
Meier, R., G. Zhang & F. Ali 2008. The use of mean instead of smallest interspecific distances exaggerates
the size of the “barcoding gap” and leads to misidentification. — Systematic Biology 57: 809-813.
Müller, K., J. Müller, C. Neinhuis & D. Quandt 2008. PhyDE — Phylogenetic data editor, Version 0.9971.
URL: http://www.phyde.de/
Petersen, G. 1969. Beiträge zur Insektenfauna der DDR: Lepidoptera — Tineidae. — Beiträge zur Entomo-
logie 19: 311-388.
Robinson, G. S. 2009. Biology, distribution and diversity of tineid moths. — Art Printing Works Sdn Bhd
Kuala Lumpur: 143 pp., 512 figs.
Saitou, N. & M. Nei 1987. The Neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic
trees. — Molecular Biology and Evolution 4: 406-425.
Schille, F. 1931. Fauna Motyli Polski. II. — Prace monograficzne. Krakow, 7, 358 pp.
Studier, J. A. & K. J. Keppler 1988. A note on the Neighbor-Joining algorithm of Saitou and Nei. — Mole-
cular Biology and Evolution 5: 729-731.
Swofford, D. L. 2000. PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods). Version
4. — Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Vävra, J. 2002. Motyli fauna prirodni pamätky Stroupeë v okrese Louny. Lepidopteran fauna of Stroupeë
Natural Monument in district of Louny. — Sbornik Okresniho muzea v Mosté, Rada pfirodovednä:
21-47.
Wahlberg, N. & C. W. Wheat 2008. Genomic outposts serve the phylogenomic pioneers: designing novel
nuclear markers for genomic DNA extractions of Lepidoptera. — Systematic Biology 57: 231-242.
Wieser, C. 1998. Ein Beitrag zur Schmetterlingsfauna Kärntens. Ergebnisse einer Lichtfalle in Lassendorf
NE von Klagenfurt (Insecta/Lepidoptera). — Carinthia II, Teil 2 188 (108): 335-362.
Wieser, C. 2003. Die Südabhänge der Sattnitz zwischen Guntschach und Rottenstein — ein “hot spot” der
Biodiversität bei Schmetterlingen (Insecta: Lepidoptera). — Carinthia II, Teil 2 193 (113): 455-486.
Wieser, C. & A. Kofler 2000. Ergebnisse einer Dauerlichtfalle in Reifnitz 1997 (Karnten, Insecta: Lepido-
ptera, Coleoptera). — Carinthia II Teil 2 190 (110): 441-453.
Zagulajev, A. K. 1975. Nastojaschtschije moli (Tineidae), Podsemejstvo Myrmecozelinae. — /n: Fauna
SSSR, N. S. 108. Nasekomyje, Tscheschujekrylyje. — Leningrad 4 (5): 428 pp., 319 figs.
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 115-130 127
Appendix
A list of examined specimens of Cephimallota crassiflavella Bruand, 1851 and C. angusticostella (Zeller,
1839) follows below. All specimens were determined by G. Petersen or R. Gaedike. The list contains mate-
rial examined from ca. 1955 to 2011. The localities in this list are recorded as they appear on the labels. The
current depository ofthe material (if available) is provided using the abbreviations listed below.
Collection Information and Abbreviations
Aalto Aanti Aalto, Hyvinkää, Finland
Baldizzone Giorgio Baldizzone, Asti, Italy
Bassi Graziano Bassi, Avigliana, Italy
De Lattin Gustav de Lattin, Zentrum fiir Biodokumentation des Saarlandes, Landsweiler-Reden,
Germany
Deutsch Helmut Deutsch, Lienz, Austria
FMNH Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki, Finland
Gerber Hermann Gerber, Bern, Switzerland
Gerstberger Manfred Gerstberger, Berlin, Germany
Gomboc Stanislav Gomboc, Kranj, Slovenia
T. Griinewald Theo Grünewald, Landshut, Germany
Hollingworth No information available
Langohr G. R. Langohr, The Netherlands
Lasan Mojmir Lasan, Ljubljana, Slovenia
LMAD Löbbecke Museum und Aquazoo, Düsseldorf, Germany
NMEG Naturkundemuseum, Erfurt, Germany
NMW Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria
Parenti Umberto Parenti, Torino, Italy
RMNH Nationaal Natuurhistorische Museum (“Naturalis”), Leiden, The Netherlands
Roweck Hartmut Roweck, Kiel, Germany
Schmitz Willibald Schmitz, Bergisch-Gladbach, Germany
SDEI Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Miincheberg, Germany
Seliger Rudi Seliger, Schwalmtal, Germany
SMNK Staatliches Museum fiir Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germany
Strobl/Admont Gabriel Strobl, Benedikgtiner-Stift Admont, Austria
Theimer Franz Theimer, Berlin, Germany
TLMF Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck, Austria
Tokar Zdenko Tokar, Sal‘a, Slovakia
Werno Andreas Werno, Nunkirchen, Germany
ZMHB Museum fiir Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin, Germany
ZMUC Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark
ZSM Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munich, Germany
Cephimallota crassiflavella Bruand, 1851
Algeria: 10, 19, Alger, Aout 1907 (MNHN); 1¢, Algerié, St. Charles, leg. A. Théry (SDEI).
Morocco: 19, Marakesch-Tensift-El Haouz Asguine, 970 m, 4.vi.2010, leg. Werno (coll. Werno).
Spain, Canary Islands: Teneriffe: 1 specimen without abdomen, Las Mercedes, 18.vi.1971, leg. J. Kli-
mesch (ZSM); 19, Vilaflar, 1400 m, leg. Pinker; La Gomera: 10, Hermigua, El Convento, 600 m, 6-13.
iv.2007, leg. W. Losert (coll. Schmitz); 19, Alujera, 400 m, 16.iv.1998, leg. K. Larsen (coll. Roweck);
Gran Canaria: 19, S. Bartolomé d. T., 8.v.1965, leg. J. Klimesch (ZSM).
Spain, mainland: 1, Granada, Fuente d. 1. Mona, 1350 m, 10.vii.1981, leg. St. Nielsen; 19, Sierra Nevada,
Camino de la Veleta, 1600 m, 22.vii.1985, leg. G. Baldizzone & E. Traugott-Olsen (coll. Baldizzone);
19, same location, 2.viii.1986, leg. E. Traugott-Olsen; 19, Lanjaron, Sierra Nevada, 1895, leg. Korb
(SDEI); 10°, Prov. Teruel, Sra. Alta, 1600 m, 14—15.vii.1979, leg. Hahn; 30°, Teruel, Cosa, 9.vii.1985, leg.
-C. Gielis (RMNH); 19, Teruel, Albarracin, 1000-1200 m, 4—8.viii.1989, leg. C. Gielis (RMNH); 1¢,
128 Gaepike & MALty: Taxonomic status of tineids Cephimallota angusticostella and C. crassiflavella
Teruel, Albarracin, Val de Vecar, 1250 m, 17-18.v11.1988, leg. M. Fibiger (Z MUC); 10°, Radio Must, 5 km
W of Werja, 5.v.1995, leg. R.T.A. Schouten (RMNH); 1 specimen without abdomen, Cinctores, Castellon,
15.viii.2002, leg. B. Niemeyer (coll. Schmitz); 10°, 19, Cataluna, Port Bou, 13.vi.1971, leg. W. Glaser
(SMNK, SDEI).
Portugal: 19, Extremadura, Ericeira, 5 km N of Lisboa, 4—8.vii.1986, leg. O. Karsholt (ZMUC).
France: 19, Aix-les-Bains, vii.1898, leg. Tutt; 19, Basses Alpes, vii.1913, leg. Walsingham; 10,
Durance-Tal: St. Crepin, 900 m, 24-30.v1.1959, leg. H. G. Amsel (SDEI); 40°, Basses Alpes, Oraison,
vii.1962, leg. K. Burmann (ZMNK, SDEI); 30°, Digne, La Dourbes, 700 m, 9-11.vii.1962, leg. E.
Arenberger (ZMNK); 1 specimen Valbonette near oraison, 25.v11.1973, leg. Groß (LMAD); 19, Island
Oleron, 7.v111.1920; 19, Mougin, env. of Cannes, 30.v1.1922; 19, Drôme: St. Restitut, St. Paul Trois
Chateaux, 250 m, 2.1x.1984, leg. Fibiger & Moberg (ZMUC); 19, Drôme: La Penne-s-l-Ouvèze, 20-22.
vii.1986, leg. H. W. van der Wolf; 20°, Haute Provence: Les Mees, 4.viii.1985, 25.vi1.1979, leg. Langohr
(coll. Langohr); 39, Umgebung Castellaune, 17.vi—3.vii.1999, leg. S. Steegers (coll. Seliger, SDEI);
19, Umgebung Sisterone, Orpiere, 10.v.2001, leg. A. Blumberg (coll. Schmitz); 21 ©, 19, Provence:
Domaine de Maure Vieille, v-vi 2000-2005, leg. H. Hendriksen (ZMUC, SDEI); 10°, Haute Garonne:
Blagnac, 4.viii.1988, leg. Hollingworth (coll. Hollingworth); 19, Gard: Roquedur, Ganges, 28.vi—6.
vii.1980, leg. K. Schnack (ZMUC); 69, Dept. Var: Frejus, Roquebrune, 12—17.vi.2002, 17-19.v1.2004,
leg. H. Hendriksen (ZMUC); 20°, Dept. Herault: St. Pons de Thornieres, Artenac, 24.vi.2004, leg. E.
van Nieukerken (RMNH); 19, Dept. Var: Loiras, 25.v1.2009, leg. Z. Lastuvka (SDEI); 19, Dept. Lot:
Arcambal (Cahors), 6.vili.1981, leg. R. T. A. Schouten (RMNH)).
France, Corsica: 19, Bocognano, vi.1905, leg. Leonhard (SDEI); 10°, Castirla, 12 km N Corte, 400 m,
20.v1.1994, leg. Skule & Skou (ZMUC); 19, Ascotal, 800 m, Umg. Asco, 6.v1.1993, leg. N. Keil; 19,
Saint Florent, Marfines du Soleil, 1- 12.v1.1993, leg. N. Keil; 19, above Lozzi, 1150 m, 18.v11.2004, leg.
P. Skou (ZMUC); 10°, Cargèse, 15—16.v.1999, leg. ©. Karsholt (ZMUC).
Italy: 10, Friuli: Tagliamento, 4.vi11.2002, leg. H. Deutsch (TLMF); 10°, Abruzzen: Ovindoli, 1400 m,
3—13.vii.1959, leg. Gross (LMAD); 19, Abruzzi, Passo di Lanciano, vii.1960, leg. Parenti (coll. Parenti);
10, Trentino: Pietramurata, viii.1959, leg. K. Burmann (SDEI); 10°, Prov. Trient: Pomarolo, 19.vi1.1995,
leg. P. Huemer (TLMF); 20°, Süd-Tirol, Praderfeld, 5.viii.1991, leg. P. Huemer (TLMF); 19, Südtirol,
Vintschgau, Prad am Stilfser Joch, 27.vii.2005, leg. E. van Nieukerken (RMNH); 19, Bozen, 19.vi.1911,
leg. Lenthe (SDEI); 19 Auer [=Ora], 15—16.vi.1958, leg. K. Burmann (ZMNK); 19, Monte Baldo, env.
of. Spiazzi, 600 m, 22.vii.1983, leg. P. Skou & B. Skule (ZMUC); 10", 19, Reggio/Emilia, vi.1929; 79,29,
Piemonte: Monferr. Alfiano N. 300 m, 29.vi., 8.v11.1979; leg. Baldizzone (coll. Baldizzone); Asti-Boschi di
Valmanera, 14.vii.1976; leg. Baldizzone (coll. Baldizzone); Asti; fraz. Valmanera, Oasi WWF, 13.v11.2006;
leg. Baldizzone (coll. Baldizzone); V. Curone, Poggio di Casasco, 300 m, 11.vii.1981; leg. Baldizzone
(coll. Baldizzone); Trinita, Vallone Grande, 1400 m, 15.v11.1996; 13-24.vii.1998; leg. Baldizzone
(coll. Baldizzone); Valdieri, Riserva Nat. Spec., 12., 17.vii.1999; leg. Baldizzone (coll. Baldizzone);
60, 39, Valsusa, Giaglione, 14.viil.1986, 2., 8., 16.vii.1983, 26.v1.1985, 20.vii.1984, leg. Bassi (coll.
Bassi); 10, Piemonte, S. Carlo Canse, Vanda di Nole, 1.vii.1991, leg. Delmastro, (coll. Baldizzone); 2,
Valle d’Aosta: Parco Nat. Monte Avic, 17.vii.1993, 25.vii.1994, leg. Baldizzone (coll. Baldizzone); 20°,
Valle d’Aosta, Quart, 700 m, 18—31.vii.1989, leg. M. Bocca; 20°, Castello d’Annone, Bosco del Lago,
9.v11.2000, leg. Baldizzone (coll. Baldizzone, SDEI); 10, Lombardia: Lago d’Iseo, Montisola, 1.vi11.1985,
leg. M. Gerstberger (coll. M. Gerstberger); 10, Lombardia, Brusimpiano, Ardena, 20—22.v11.2002, leg.
Aalto & Räsänen (coll. Aalto); 10°, Molise: Petacciato, Marina CB, vii.1980, leg. Langohr (coll. Langohr);
19, Molise, Pizzone, 920 m, 17.vii.1990, leg. Baldizzone (coll. Baldizzone); 10°, Prov. Verona: Monte,
25.vi.1981, leg. K. Burmann (ZMNK); 20, Lucania: Mt. Pollino, sotto Rif. Pasanelli, 13.vii.1991, leg.
Baldizzone (coll. Baldizzone).
Italy, Sardinia: 29, Mts Gennargentu, Belvi, 700 m, 20., 29.vii.1975, leg. Gozmany (SDEI); 19, Gen-
nargentu, 1000 m, Arcu Tascussi, 28.vii.1981, leg. Baldizzone (coll. Baldizzone).
Germany: 19, Berlin-Bohnsdorf, 1.vii.2006, leg. Gerstberger (coll. Gerstberger); 19, Bremm/Mosel,
8.v11.2002, leg. Schmitz (coll. Schmitz); 10°, Kyffhäuser, Kosakenstein, vii.1912, leg. Petry, Mus. Erfurt;
19, Tilleda, vii.1891, leg. Petry (NMEG); 19, Umgebung Naumburg, leg. Bauer (ZSM); 20°, Grünstadt,
1874, 1879, leg. Eppelsheim (SDEI); 19, Mannheim, 30.vii.1948, leg. K. Müller (SDEI); specimens,
Speyer, leg. Disque (ZSM, SDEI); Frankfurt/Main, leg. von Heyden; Nollig bei Lorch, leg. Gross;
Loreley, leg. Stamm et Jäckh; St. Goarshausen, leg. Tetens; Annweiler; Albersweiler, Falkenstein, leg.
Jöst; Weinheim/Bergstraße, leg. Lienig; Durlach bei Karlsruhe, leg. Reutti; Markgröningen, leg. Wôürz;
Kehlheim/Donau, leg. Osthelder (ZSM); Gröbenzeller Moor bei München, leg. Osthelder (ZSM); Eching
bei München, leg. Pfister (ZSM);
Poland: 10, 19, Breslau-Oswitz, 28.vii., 4.v111.1896.
Czech Republic: 19, Suchdol bei Praha, 16.vii.1953, leg. F. Gregor.
Austria: 10, Gumpoldskirchen, 4.vii.1939; 10°, Mödling, leg. Mann (coll. Strobl/Admont); 29,
Steiermark, bei Klagenfurt, 15.vi.1948, leg. J. Klimesch (ZSM); 10°, Osttirol: Lavant, 21.vi1.1995, leg.
Deutsch (coll. Deutsch).
Switzerland: 3 specimens, Wallis: Lenk, 900 m, 20.vii.1973, leg. Groß (LMAD); 60°, Wallis, Umgebung
Lenk, Erschmatt, 1200-1300 m, 8., 11., 13.vii.2010, leg. Seliger (coll. Seliger, SDEI); 20°, Wallis: Dar-
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 115-130 129
nona d’en Bas, 9., 14.vii.2010, leg. Gerber (coll. Gerber); 19, Wallis, Simplon, Schallberg, 1900 m,
15—17.vii.2007, leg. Schmitz (SDEI); 19, Wallis, Brig/Ried, 800 m, 17.v11.2007, leg. Schmitz (SDEI);
Genf, leg. Frey, leg. Rehfous; Tessin, leg. Schmidlin; leg. Krüger, leg. Nägeli.Hungary: 19, Budapest; 19,
Ofen (ZMHB); 10°, Budafok, viii.1911; 10°, 29, Hadad, vii.1914, leg. Kleisl; 39, Nagykanisza, vi.1961,
leg. Karolyi.
Slovenia: 1, Podgorski Kras, 21.v1.2003, leg. Gomboc (coll. Gomboc).
Croatia: 19, Insel Lesina, leg. Novak; 6 specimens, Istrien/Rovinj, vii.1967, leg. Daniel (ZSM).
Turkey: 19, Isparta, Bagkonak, 22.vi1.1996, leg. Skovgaard (ZMUC).
Cephimallota angusticostella (Zeller, 1839)
Spain, mainland: 1 ©, Sierra Nevada, Ruta de Veleta, 2000 m, 1.v11.1990, leg. Schütze (coll. T. Grünewald).
Italy: 270, 19, Piemonte: Capanne di Marcarolo, 7., 21., 22., 28.vi., 5., 6., 12.v11.2005; Cirimilla-Ca-
panne, 21.vi.2005; colle d. Eremit, 24.v1.2003; leg. Baldizzone (coll. Baldizzone, SDEI); 19, Appenin
centr., Mtgna Grande, 1000 m, 1.vi11.1928, leg. Dannehl (SDEI); 170°, 19, Toscana: Umg. Dicomano,
17-23.v1.2006; Umg. Voltera, 10—16.vi.2006, leg. Theimer (coll. Theimer, SDEI); 49, Monti Uccellina,
12.vi.1977, leg. Baldizzone (coll. Baldizzone, SDEI); 19, Umbria: Lago Trasimeno, 18.vii—8.vii1.1987,
leg. Theimer (coll. Theimer); 19, Roma: Ogliata, 6.v11.1965, leg. F. Hartig (SDEI); 19, Lazio: Monti
di Tolfa, dint. Manziana, 23 -28.vi.1989, leg. Baldizzone (coll. Baldizzone); 70, Lucania: Mt. Pollino,
Versante Lucano, 11—12.vii.1991, leg. Bassi & Baldizzone (coll.Baldizzone); 40, Lucania, Mte Pollino,
Rotonda, 8.vii.1991, leg. Baldizzone (coll. Baldizzone); 10, Lucania, Mte Vulture, Groticelle, 300-500
m, 9.vi.1966, leg. F. Hartig; 30°, Lucania, Monticchio, Valle dell’ Ofanto, 300 m, 15., 17., 21.vi.1970, leg.
F. Hartig (SDEI); 10°, Lucania, Lagho di Monticchio, 750 m, 18.v11.1967, leg. F. Hartig; 10°, Lucania, F.
Bradano, Santa Lucia, 1.vi.1976, leg. F. Hartig; 20, 19, Basilicata: Trecchina, 320 m, 25.v., 24.vi.1993,
leg. Hausmann (ZSM); 10°, Puglia, San Paolo, Martine Franca (Taranto), 400 m, 13.vi.1969, leg. Parenzan
(SDED; 30°, 19, Puglia, Terlizzi, 20.vi.1978, leg. Parenzan (SDEI); 4 ©, Puglia, Polignano, 16.v1.1978,
leg. Baldizzone (coll. Baldizzone); 10°, Puglia, 4 km N of Altamura, 27 —29.v.2005, leg. P. Skou (ZMUC);
19, Calabria, Fiumicella (Tortora), 6.vi.1993, leg. Hausmann (ZSM); 10°, Gargano, Peschici, 29.vi.1980,
leg. Baldizzone (coll. Baldizzone); 10, Elba, Porto Azzurro, 15-18.v1.1967, leg. P. Müller (coll. De
Lattin).
Germany: 10°, Brandenburg: Ferbitzer Bruch, 3.vi.2003, 19, Berlin-Marienfelde, 30.v1.2010, leg. Theimer
(coll. Theimer).
Slovakia: 19, 19, Vinianska stran, 19.vi.1993, leg. Tokar (coll. Tokar); 19, 19, Komarno, 15.v111.1984,
14.vii.1992, leg. Pastoralis (coll. Pastoralis); 8 specimens, Vihorlat mts . Senderov, 9., 12.vi.1994;
Ladmovee, 2.vi1.1993, leg. Tokar (coll. Tokar).
Hungary: 19, Vörs, Com. Somogy, vii.1931, leg. Osthelder (SDEI); 19, Veszprem county, Bakony mts
47°01’N, 17°53’E, 18.v1.2005, leg. B. Skule et al. (ZMUC).
Slovenia: 10°, Fruska Gora, 28.vi- 12.v11.1935, leg. Daniel (ZSM); 10°, Portoroz, Secovije, 2.v1.1999, leg.
Lasan (SDEI); 60°, Oresje, Kozja pec, 26.v1.2003, leg. Gomboc (coll. Gomboc, SDEI); 10, Slovensko
Primorje, Osp, 4.vi1.2004, leg. Gomboc (coll. Gomboc, SDEI); 20°, Piran, Strunjan, 24.v.2000, leg. Lasan
(coll. Lasan, SDEI); 19, Vipava, 27.v11.2000, leg. Lasan (SDEI); 29, SW-Slovenia, below Nanos Mts,
near Vipava, 1.vii.2003, leg. B. Skule & C. Hviid (ZMUC); 10°, Nanos, 3.viii.1999, leg. Lasan (coll.
Lasan); 19, Lom near Topolscica, 9.v11.2002, leg. Gomboc (coll. Gomboc); 20°, Vetmik near Podsreda,
Kozjanski park, 24.vi.2003, leg. Gomboc (coll. Gomboc, SDEI); 20, Slowenien-Karst, Prfesnica,
23.v1.2003, leg. Deutsch (coll. Deutsch); 10°, Sentilj, Sladki Vrh, 1.v111.2003, leg. Lasan (coll. Lasan); 10°,
Crni Kol, Petrinje, 5.v11.2000, leg. Lasan (coll. Lasan).
Croatia: Krk Island: 10°, Misucaynica, 3.vi1.1978, leg. Baldizzone (coll. Baldizzone); 10°, Malmasuta,
17.vi1.1999, 10°, Konobe near Punat, 5.vi.1999, 1 ©", env. of Punat, 14.vi.1999, leg. Gomboc (coll. Gomboc);
20, Mali Hlam, 18.vi.2004, leg. Gomboc (SDEI); 10°, Stara Baska, 6.vi.2003, leg. M. & E. Arenberger
(NMW). 19, Plitvice, 17—20.vii.1984, leg. K. Schnack (ZMUC). 1, Porec, 26.vii—13.viii.2009, leg.
A. Blumberg (coll. Schmitz). 30°, Vinodolski, 12—14.vi.2004, leg. Theimer (coll. Theimer, SDEI). 1,
Limski Kanal, 3.vii.2002, leg. Lasan (coll. Lasan). 19, Barban, Melnica, 24.vi.2001, leg. Lasan (SDEI).
Serbia: 20°, Shar Planina, Pena-Fluss bei Brodec, 16—19.vii.1939, leg. Daniel, Forster et. Pfeiffer (ZSM,
SDEI).
Bosnia and Herzegovina: 19, Konjica, 18.vii.1898, leg. Rebel (NMW).
Macedonia: 39, Ochrida, vii.1936—1939, leg. Wolfschläger (ZSM, SDEI); 19, Petrina, 3—15.viii.1936,
leg. Wolfschläger (SDEI); 29, Mt. Asan Djura (Prespa), 5.viii.1979, leg. Baldizzone (coll. Baldizzone,
SDEI); 20°, Mt. Asan Djura (Ochrida), 4., 7.viii.1979, leg. Baldizzone (coll. Baldizzone); 10°, Treska-
Schlucht, 23-27.v1.1955, leg. Klimesch (ZSM).
Albania: 19, Bize bei Shengjerghji, 10—15.vii.1961, leg. G. Friese (SDEI); 10°, Borshi, südl. Vlora,
14—27.v.1961, leg. G. Friese (SDEI); 10°, Dajti, Shkall Prisk, 850 m, 27.vi-2.vii.1961, leg. G. Friese
(SDEI); 10°, Kula e Lumes, 18—28.v.1918, leg. Predota & Zerny (NMW).
130 Garpike & MALty: Taxonomic status of tineids Cephimallota angusticostella and C. crassiflavella
Greece: some specimens, Peloponnisos, 5 km N of kalavrita, 24.vi.1991, leg. Schouten (RMNH, SDEI);
19, Peloponnes: Zachlorou bei Kalavryta, 1—14.vi1.1959, leg. Noack (LMAD); 1¢, Peloponnisos,
Yithion, 14.v.1990, Exp.Mus. Kop. (ZMUC); 219, 39, Peloponnisos, Ilia, Loutra Kilinis, vi.1981, leg.
Grotenfelt (FMNH, SDEI); 20, Loutra Kilinis, 22.v.2006, leg. Schmitz (coll. Schmitz, SDEI); 2¢,
Desfina Ilea, 29.v.2006, leg. Schmitz (coll. Schmitz); 120°, Peloponnes, Achaia Diakopto, Kerynia,
11., 13., 16., 20.v.2009, leg. Seliger (coll. Seliger, SDEI); 30°, Peloponnes, Elis Kastro-Kyllini, Loutra
Kyllinis, 14.v.2009, leg. Seliger (coll. Seliger, SDEI); 30°, Peloponnes, Elis Manolada, Kounoupeli,
21.v.2009, leg. Seliger (coll. Seliger, SDEI); 70°, Lakonia, Monemvasia, v.1978/1979, leg. Gozmany;
leg. Christensen (ZMUC, SDEI); 29, 5 km S. Monemvasia, 17.v.1985, leg. Christensen (ZMUC); 129,
Lakonia, Taygetos, vi1.1978, vi.1979, leg. Gozmany; leg. Christensen (ZMUC, SDEI); 40°, waterfall b.
Nomia-Lyra, 17.v.1979, leg. Gozmany & Christensen (ZMUC); 69, Lakonia, Mt. Taygetos, 27.vii. 1982,
leg. Baldizzone (coll. Baldizzone); 10°, Lakonia, Mt. Taygetos, 8.v1ii.1979, leg. Christensen (ZMUC);
2 specimen, Taygetos, 1100 m, 20.v11.1977, leg. Groß (LMAD); 4 specimen, Taygetos, Mt. Elias, 1400
m, 21.v11.1977, leg. Groß (LMAD); 19, Chalkidiki, Olymbiada, 21.vi.2006, leg. R. Keller (SDEI); 1¢,
Mt. Taygetos, Alagonia, 1000 m, 1.v111.1987, leg. van der Wolf; 69, Prov. Katerine, Platomon, 7-14.
vi.1968, leg. U. Roesler (SMNK); 30°, Parnassos, N. Arakhova, 22.vi1.1984, leg. E. Arenberger (NMW);
19, Parnass, Amfiklia, 30.v.2006, leg. Schmitz (SDEI); 40°, Olymp, Karfia, 12.v1i1.1973, 15.vii.1974, leg.
E. Arenberger (NMW); 20°, Epiros, Pindos-geb., östl. Konitsa, 17.vi1.1985, leg. E. Arenberger (NMW);
20, Epiros, Polyneri near Igoumenitsa, 18., 20.v1.2000, leg. Gomboc (coll. Gomboc, SDEI); 70°, Sivota,
10 km S Igoumanitsa, 30.v.2009, 22.v.2010, leg. Schmitz (coll. Schmitz, SDEI); 2 specimen, Rumelien,
Tunfristos, 18-21.v11.1971, leg. Groß (LMAD); 1 specimen, Rumelien, Vardcussia, S. Marmara, 15-18.
vii.1971, leg. Groß (LMAD); 19, NW-Griechenland, Gomenitsa, 2.v1.1982, leg. Bassi; 10°, Makedhonia/
Olympos, Litokhoron, 21 —-26.v.1990, leg. Exp.M.Kop. (ZMUC); 10°, Parnassos Oros, Paßstraße, 2000 m,
24.v111.2003, leg. Baisch (coll. Baisch); 70°, Parnaßgebirge, Litea-Polidrosus, 27.v.2006, leg. Schmitz (coll.
Schmitz); 50, Parga, 12.v.2006, leg. Schmitz (coll. Schmitz, SDEI); specimens, Kastoria, 10.v11.2007,
leg. Viehmann (coll. Schmitz, SDEI); 10°, Fokida, SW Itea, 10—11.v.1999, leg. Ch. Wieser (coll. Ch.
Wieser); 10, Arta, Strongiti, 9-10.v.1999, leg. Ch. Wieser (coll. Ch. Wieser); 19, Magnissia, Afetis,
16—17u.v.1999, leg. Ch. Wieser (coll. Ch. Wieser); 19, Olympos, 5 km NW Leptokaris, 5.vii.1990, leg.
M. Fibiger (ZMUC); 10°, Cas Lampi, 21.v.1989, leg. Grotenfelt (FMNH); 30°, Drama Valas, 19.vi1.1985,
leg. Grotenfelt (FMNH); 50°, Pindos Konitsa Pades, 6.vii.1981, leg. Grotenfelt (FMNH); 160°, 29, Florina
Vatochorion, vil.1985, vii.1987, leg. Grotenfelt (FMNH, SDEI); 20%, Kallidromo-Gebirge, Tithroni,
11.v.2010, leg. Schmitz (coll. Schmitz); 1 specimen, Rhodos Island, 2 km NW Lindos, 22.v.1993, leg.
R. Sutter (ZMNK); 40°, Corfu, Benitses, 6—14.vi.1978, leg. Vesa varis (FMNH, SDEI); 1, Korfu,
Kommeno, 10 km N Kerkira, 17.vii.1984, leg. Arenberger (NMW); 70°, Lesvos Island: various locations,
v1.2009, leg. Kaila & Kullberg (FMNH).
Crete: 19, Kreta, 1966, leg. H. Reissser; 50°, Straße Malia-Neapolis, v.1980, leg. W. Glaser (ZMNK,
SDEI); 10°, Agia Pelagia, 20—26.iv.1995, leg. M. Fibiger (ZMUC); 19, 19, Nom. Chania, 6.v1.2004,
leg. Skule et al. (ZMUC); 1, Kristallenia, leg. H. Rebel (NMW); 19, Mt. Ida, Goniai, 24.vii.1984, leg.
Baldizzone (SDET).
Bulgaria: 260°, Pirin-Gebirge: Sandanski, Liljanovo, v—vi.1981—1989, leg. F. Eichler (ZSM, SDEI);
5, Pirin, Sandanski, 5 km N, 19.vi—1.vii.2009, 17.31.v.2010, leg. N. Savenkov (coll. Roweck); 19,
Nessebar, 24.vi-5.v11.1960, leg. Soffner (SDEI).
Cyprus: 19, Troodos-Gebirge, Platres, 1200 m, 20.vii-1.v111.1981, leg. M. & E. Arenberger (NMW);
100, Umgebung Paphos, 8-20.v.1993, 29.iv—13.v.1994, leg. J. Wimmer (coll. J. Wimmer, SDEI); 7°,
Moniatis, N. Limassol, 23—29.v1.1997, leg. M. Fibiger et al. (ZMUC, SDEI).
Turkey: 40°, Kusadasi, 65 km S von Izmir, 17—24.v.1968, leg. Roesler (ZMNK); 20, Prov. Kayseri,
5 km NW Ercios Dagh, 2000 m, 22.vii.1986, leg. M. Fibiger (ZMUC); 10°, Prov. Ankara, 20 km nw
Kizilcahamam, 1200 m, 24.vii.1986, leg. M. Fibiger (ZMUC); 10°, Mersin, bei Arsanköy, Bolkar Daglari,
4.v1.1974, leg. Groß (LMAD); 1 specimen, 10 km östl. Nevsehir, 1300 m, 21.vii.1979, leg. Groß (LMAD);
19, Prov. Nevsehir, 10 km of ürgüp, 1300 m, 30.vii.1996, leg. Stovgaard (ZMUC); 20°, Antalya, Akseki,
1500 m, 28.v11.1994, leg. K. Larsen (coll. Roweck, SDEI); 10, Adana, Salmbeyli, 1700 m, 6.v111.1997,
leg. K. Larsen (SDEI); 19, Tokat, Niksar, Kcentes, 13.v11.2000, leg. K. Larsen (coll. Roweck).
Lebanon: 19, Libanon (without exact location)[holotype of libanotica], 1897 (ZMHB); 1 specimen, Ze-
dern bei Becharré, 1900-2000 m, 14- 16.v1.1969, leg. Groß (LMAD).
Armenia: 19, Dilican, 1600-2100 m, 21.v11.1977, leg. Felix (SDET).
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 131-136 151
A new species of Digitivalva Gaedike, 1970 from Greece
(Acrolepiidae)
REINHARD GAEDIKE
Florusstraße 5, 53225 Bonn, Germany; tinagma@msn.com
Abstract. A new species from the genus Digitivalva Gaedike, 1970 is described from Greece, Digitivalva
seligeri sp. n. This species belongs to the species group eg/anteriella. Keys, based on the adult characters
and male and female genitalia, that allow separation of the new species from the other species of its species
group, are provided.
Introduction
My friend Rudi Seliger (Schwalmtal) sent me undetermined material from Greece,
which contains a small series of a species from the genus Digitivalva Gaedike, 1970.
After a careful examination, it became obvious that these specimens belong to a new
species. This species is described below.
The genus Digitivalva is one of four genera in the family Acrolepiidae. Hitherto 92
species of acrolepiids are known worldwide. According to Dudgale et al. (1998), this
family is a member of the putative clade Plutellidae + Acrolepiidae + Glyphipterigidae +
(Heliodinidae + Bedellidae + Lyonetiidae). The likely family autapomorphies (Kyrki
1984) include the details of the male genitalia (for example, the reduction of the tegu-
men, teguminal processes, and gnathos, and the basal widening of the phallus) and the
stalking of the hindwing veins M, + M, and M, + CuA,. The adults are crepuscular/
nocturnal. The larvae are leaf miners or borers in stems, flower buds, and seeds. The
larval hosts include Liliaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, and Solanaceae.
Currently 42 Palaearctic species of Digitivalva are known. The genus was described
in the framework of a revision of Palaearctic Acrolepiidae (Gaedike 1970). Digitivalva
is characterised by having the costal arm of the valva with one or more processi. Its
larvae feed on various species of Asteraceae. The genus is represented in all faunal
regions except Australia and Oceania. In the publication “Lepidopterorum Catalogus
(New Series)” a compilation of the knowledge on the whole family was presented
(Gaedike 1997).
The new species is a member of a group of species of subgenus Digitivalva s. str.,
which is characterised by the shape of the valva (see Figs 6, 8— 10). Budashkin (1995)
first recognized that heringi (Klimesch, 1956) and eg/anteriella (Mann, 1855) are dif-
ferent, and this was later confirmed by Sutter & Gaedike (2003). The known distribution
of these two species and the third member of this group, pappella (Walsingham, 1907),
is in the Mediterranean region. D. pappella is known from the Canary Islands and
from Spain, while D. heringi is known from the Balkan Peninsula (Croatia, Macedonia,
Bulgaria, and Greece). D. eglanteriella is currently known from the Iberian Peninsula,
Corsica, Greece, and Libya, while the records from Italy and Cyprus have not been
Nota lepidopterologica, 22.12.2011, ISSN 0342-7536
152 GAEDIKE: New Digitivalva from Greece
verified. The larval host plants are known for pappella (Allagopappus dichotomus),
heringi (Inula aschersoniana) and eglanteriella (Helichrysum angustifolium).
Abbreviations
coll. Schmitz Personal collection of Willibald Schmitz, Bergisch-Gladbach, Germany
coll. Seliger Personal collection of Rudi Seliger, Schwalmtal, Germany
SDEI Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg, Germany
Digitivalva seligeri sp. n.
Material. Holotype: ©, “GR Peloponnes, Achaia Diakopto, Kerynia 320 m, 9.5.2009, leg. Rudi Seli-
ger;” “Holotypus © Digitivalva seligeri sp. n. det. R. Gaedike 2011” (SDEI). Paratypes: 10°, 19, same data;
genitalia slide R. Gaedike Nr. 7274 (9), 7485 (9); 10, same data, but 13.5.2009; genitalia slide R. Gaedike
Nr. 7447 (coll. Seliger); 1 @, Greece, Parnass, Itea, 300 m, 18.5.2007, leg. J. Viehmann (coll. Schmitz).
Description (Fig. 1). Wingspan 11 mm; head with erect scales from neck to base of an-
tennae, with flat scales from antennae to base of palpi, scales light grey, tip somewhat
darker, above neck nearly white; labial palpı curved upwards, grey, basally lighter, an-
tennae ringed. Thorax and tegulae grey, mixed with whitish. Forewing with indistinct
pattern, background overlaid with bicoloured scales, basally whitish, tip grey; on dorsum
to cell at 1/3 and after 1/2 an indistinct light brown stripe, overlaid with grey scales, be-
tween these stripes an indistinct whitish area; on costa before apex and basally fringe co-
louration more white than elsewhere, fringe with dark grey scales. Hindwing light grey.
Male genitalıa (Figs 5-6). Vinculum with long saccus, medially narrower, en-
larged before rounded tip. Valva rounded basally, costal arm oblique, basally narrow,
enlarged to truncated end with short incision. Phallus as long as whole genitalıa, basally
broad, curved and narrowing to a pointed tip.
Female genitalıa (Fig. 7). Cone-shaped sclerotizations between anterior apo-
physes small, with some bristles. Ostium ring-shaped, with prolonged sclerotization
through ductus bursae as narrow stick with a pointed tip; corpus bursae proximally with
numerous rows of small spines; area around ostium with somewhat stronger sclerotiza-
tion as in the distal part of sternite VIII; below this area a stronger sclerotized fold.
Differential diagnosis. The new species belongs to the species-group eglanteriella,
heringi, and pappella. Superficially it can be separated by the very indistinct wing pat-
tern, overlaid with greyish scales, while the pattern of the other three species is more
distinct, with especially brown stripes on the dorsum being always clearly visible. The
shape of the valva with the apical incision is very distinct, as the valva of the other three
species has a C-shaped ending. The female genitalia of the new species are quite similar
to those of eglanteriella, and hence cannot be used in species determination.
Derivatio nominis. Named after the collector, Mr. Rudi Seliger.
Biology. Unknown.
Remarks. As some of the other members of the species group are distributed in the same
area, it is possible that the new species occurs also in other areas of the Mediterranean
region.
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 131-136 133
eee rE Ome
Figs 1-4. Adults of Digitivalva spp. 1. D. seligeri sp. n. 2. D. eglanteriella (Mann, 1855). 3. D. heringi
(Klimesch, 1956). 4. D. pappella (Walsingham, 1907).
Key for separation of the four species in the species-group eglanteriella
Externally:
1 Colouration of forewing more or less greyish, pattern of light brown nearly com-
pletely overlaid by greyish scales (Fig. 1) ............seccccssssecsecasssvreeses seligeri sp. n.
sb Lrownpallern ON lehler DACK OLOUN «oo. cjeleeeccecenscsosesveorsdoasassseyneoessesssssssavesanndsiiass 2
2 Forewing whitish, with light brown stripe on dorsum clearly defined, the whole
wing with numerous short darker dots (Fig. 2) ........... eglanteriella (Mann, 1855)
— Forewing: in addition to light brown stripes on dorsum, with a brown patch before
3 Brown pattern clearly visible, with the rest of forewing with many short narrow
dark grey stripes, the contrast between these areas of the wing clearly visible (Fig.
u Pewee Oa ihe. ni em ini ensoec ects le in heringi (Klimesch, 1956)
— Brown pattern overlaid with dark grey scales, ground colouration creamy (Fig. 4).
Mee ee cans Mere mere monte ie recroiser lesions pappella (Walsingham, 1907)
Male genitalia:
1 Valva with apical incision (Fig. 6) ........sseeeesseeeeeneeeennenenennnennennneennnn seligeri Sp. n.
= ACV API Cally, C Shaped u... eating 2
2 Saccus long, narrow, with rounded tip (Fig. 8) ....... pappella (Walsingham, 1907)
134 GAEDIKE: New Digitivalva from Greece
Figs 5-6. D. seligeri: 5. Phallus. 6. Male genitalia,
left valva removed.
Fig. 7. D. seligeri, female genitalia.
— Saccus shorter, separated into 1/2, enlarged before tip ........ an. 3
3 Dorsal part of C-shaped end of valva longer than ventral part, narrower and point-
ed, ventral part roundedikie. I na ee heringi (Klimesch, 1956)
— Dorsal part of C-shaped valva as long as ventral part (Fig. 10)...
Dd saga a a TR NE AU re eglanteriella (Mann, 1855)
Female genitalia:
1 Ostium sclerotized, ring-shaped, triangular, prolonged into ductus bursae (Fig. 13)
Re pappella (Walsingham, 1907)
— Sclerotization of ostium prolonged as narrow stick through the whole ductus bur-
SAC nier Na anions ee 24
2 Sclerotization of ostium apically prolonged, with arrow-shaped tip (Fig. 11)..........
sad née PO Dear a AE RS LAS EEE ER PA ER ere eee heringi (Klimesch, 1956)
— Sclerotization of ostium ring-shaped, area around ostium more sclerotized as in the
rest of sternite VIII, below this area a sclerotized fold (Figs 12, 7)...
RE EL sere ae eens sence eglanteriella (Mann, 1855); seligeri sp. n.
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 131-136 135
Figs 11-13. Female genitalia: 11. D. heringi. 12. D. eglanteriella. 13. D. pappella.
136 GAEDIKE: New Digitivalva from Greece
Acknowledgements
My thanks are due to Mr. Christian Kutzscher for preparing the colour pictures, and my special thanks are
due to Mr. Rudi Seliger for his permission to deposit the holotype of the new species in the collection of
SDEI. Special thanks to the reviewers and the editorial board for useful comments.
References
Budashkin, Ju. I. 1995. Novyje materialy po taksonomii, biologii i rasprostraneniju palearktitscheskich
molej-akrolepiid (Lepidoptera, Acrolepiidae). — Zhurnal Ukrainskogo Entomologitschnogo Tovaristva
[= Journal of the Ukrainian Entomological Society] 2 (2) (1994): 21-32.
Dugdale, J. S., N. P. Kristensen, G. S. Robinson & M. J. Scoble 1998. The Smaller Microlepidoptera-Grade
Superfamilies. Pp. 217-232. - In: N. P. Kristensen (ed.), Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Volume 1:
Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbook of Zoology, vol. IV Arthropoda: Insecta, Part
35. — Berlin, New York, Walter de Gruyter.
Gaedike, R. 1970. Revision der paläarktischen Acrolepiidae (Lepidoptera). — Entomologische Abhandlun-
gen Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde Dresden 38 (1): 1-54.
Gaedike, R. 1997. Yponomeutoidea: Acrolepiidae. Pp. 1-20. — /n: J. B. Heppner (ed.), Lepidopterorum
Catalogus (New Series), Fascicle 55. E. J. Brill, Leiden, New York.
Kyrki, L. 1984. The Yponomeutoidea: a reassessment of the superfamily and its suprageneric groups (Le-
pidoptera). — Entomologica scandinavica 15: 71-84.
Sutter, R. & R. Gaedike 2003. Digitivalva eglanteriella (Mann, 1855) und Digitivalva heringi (Klimesch,
1956), zwei valide Arten. (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae). — Entomologische Zeitschrift Stuttgart 113 (7):
214-216.
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 137-144 137
Contributions to the knowledge of Palaearctic Tineidae
REINHARD GAEDIKE
Florusstraße 5, 53225 Bonn, Germany; tinagma@msn.com
Abstract. Examination of tineid specimens from the Mediterranean Region has resulted in the discovery
of two new taxa, Eudarcia (Abchagleris) jaworskii and Eudarcia (Neomeessia) alanyacola. The previous-
ly unknown female genitalia of Nemapogon somchetiella Zagulajev, 1961 and /nfurcitinea vanderwolfi
Gaedike, 1997 are described for the first time. A study of Monopis bisonella Sumpich, 2011 revealed that
this taxon is a junior synonym of Monopis burmanni, 1979. New country records are given for six species.
Introduction
Through the courtesy of colleagues, I have been able to examine several interesting
tineid specimens from various areas, mainly from the Mediterranean Region. As a re-
sult, two new species are described, as well as the previously unknown female genitalıa
of two other species. From my friend Willibald Schmitz I received several specimens
from Jordan, and the identification of these specimens has increased our knowledge of
the tineid fauna of this country. The information on the distribution of the taxa, men-
tioned below, is based on studied material. Additionally it was possible to examine the
newly described Monopis bisonella Sumpich, 2011 and a comparison with Monopis
burmanni Petersen, 1979 revealed that bisonella is a synonym of burmanni.
Abbreviations
The abbreviations of the institutional collections, in which the material studied is deposited, follow the list
“Insect and Spider Collections of the World” from the Bishop Museum, Honolulu
(http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/codens).
Coll. Baldizzone Personal collection of Giorgio Baldizzone, Asti, Italy
Coll. Roweck Personal collection of Hartmut Roweck, Kiel, Germany
Coll. Schmitz Personal collection of Willibald Schmitz, Bergisch-Gladbach, Germany
Coll. Sumpich Personal collection of Jan Sumpich, Ceska Bela, Czech Republic
SDEI Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg, Germany
ZMHB Museum fiir Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin, Germany
ZMUC Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
ZSM Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munich, Germany
Rhodobates nodicornellus (Rebel, 1911)
Material. Jordan: 30, Al Tafila, Dhana Nature reserve, 1050 m, 12—15.v.2010, leg. R. & S. Fiebig,
coll. Schmitz.
This represents the first country record. Hitherto the species was known only from
Lebanon.
Nota lepidopterologica, 22.12.2011, ISSN 0342-7536
138 GAEDIKE: Contributions on Palaearctic Tineidae
Nemapogon anatolica Gaedike, 1986
Material. Jordan: 29, Al Tafila, Dhana nature reserve, 1050 m, 12-15.v.2010, leg. R. & S. Fiebig,
coll. Schmitz.
This represents the first country record. Hitherto the species was known from Greece
and Turkey.
Nemapogon signatella Petersen, 1957
Material. Jordan: 20, Al Tafıla, Dhana Nature reserve, 1050 m, 12—15.v.2010, leg. R. & S. Fiebig,
coll. Schmitz.
This represents the first country record. Hitherto the species was known in Europe from
Italy through the Balkan Peninsula and from Cyprus, and outside Europe it was known
from Turkey and Iran.
Nemapogon somchetiella Zagulajev, 1961 Fig. 3
Material. Italy: 10°, 19, Piemonte, Asti, fraz. Valmanera, Oasi WWF, 200 m, 3, 22.v11.2009, leg. et
coll. Baldizzone.
This is the third locality for this species in Italy, which was hitherto known only from
the Caucasus region (Zagulajev 1961, 1964) and from Northern Italy (Gaedike 2009).
Females were previously unknown.
Female genitalia (Fig. 3). Dorsal branches of anterior apophyses very short,
each ending in somewhat stronger sclerotised plate, curved to middle, apically rounded
and edged with strong sclerotisation; ventral branches connected, band-shaped below
ostium; ostium lip shield-shaped, rhomboidal, apically rounded, laterally pointed and
connected with the band of ventral branches of apophyses; ductus bursae broad, before
corpus bursae the characteristic ring of approximately four rows of sclerotised scales.
Eudarcia Clemens
The two new species, described below, are members of the genus Eudarcia Clemens,
1860. Robinson & Nielsen (1993) synonymised with Eudarcia the previously separate
Palaearctic genera Meessia Hofmann, 1898, Obesoceras Petersen, 1957, Neomeessia
Petersen, 1968, Colchiromis Zagulajev, 1979, Abchagleris Zagulajev, 1979, Haugresis
Zagulajev, 1979, Zagulyaevella Kocak, 1981, and Pseudobesoceras Gaedike, 1985 (de-
scribed as subgenus of Obesoceras).
The species of Eudarcia are small moths with drooping labial palpı showing ter-
minal and lateral bristles. The antenna is sexually dimorphic, with the male antenna
appearing swollen. The male genitalia have the vinculum and tegumen undifferenti-
ated, and a more or less developed saccus. The uncus usually has two setose lobes,
sometimes rounded, the gnathos is hardly visible, and a pair of small triangular sclerites
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 137-144 139
Fig. 1. Eudarcia (Abchagleris) jaworskii. Fig. 2. Eudarcia (Neomeessia) alanyacola.
that are fused with the tegumen. The subscaphium often forms a spinose pad between
the arms of the gnathos, and several species have processes. The valva is very variable,
the phallus short, sometimes prolonged, and the vesica usually has cornuti. The female
genitalia have a weakly sclerotised tergite VIII, divided mediolongitudinally. Sternite
VIII is hardly sclerotised and connected laterally to the anterior apophyses. The duc-
tus bursae is sometimes strongly sclerotised. The corpus bursae sometimes has serrate
sickle-shaped signa. The larvae, as far as known, are lichenophagous and case-makers.
A compilation of the recent knowledge on the biology can be found in Robinson (2009).
In the Palaearctic Region 50 species are known. These are divided into several species
groups at the subgeneric level, for which the synonymised generic names are used. The
monophyly of the genus Eudarcia seems to be supported by a number of apomorphies
(Robinson & Nielsen 1993).
Subgenus Abchagleris Zagulajev, 1979
The sugenus Abchagleris is characterised by a mostly prolonged whip-shaped phallus,
a more or less simple valva, and a sometimes very complex subscaphium. Eudarcia
sutteri Gaedike, 1997 shows a reduction in the length of the phallus and a simplification
of the subscaphium.
Eudarcia (Abchagleris) jaworskii sp. n. Figs 1, 4-6
Material.Holotype ©: ‘Turkey, WF97 | Guzeloluk, Mersin prov. | 14.v1.2009 | T. Jaworski leg.’, ‘Gen.
präp. [genitalia slide] Gaedike | Nr. 7484’, ‘Holotypus © |Eudarcia | jaworskii sp. n. | det. R. Gaedike
2011’, SDEI.
Diagnosis. The genitalia structure is similar to that of E. sutteri Gaedike, 1997, but in
size is twice as large, and the valva (Fig. 7) and phallus (Fig. 8) are distinctly different
‚in shape.
140 GAEDIKE: Contributions on Palaearctic Tineidae
Description. (Fig. 1). Wingspan 6 mm; head brush yellowish, grey-brown over col-
lar, lighter above palpi to base of antenna; scape yellowish, flagellum dark grey; labial
palpi dark brown, second segment apically bristled; maxillary palpi yellowish; tho-
rax and tegulae grey-brown; tegulae apically whitish; forewing dark grey-brown, with
whitish pattern: a band at 1/3 from costa to dorsum, a second one at 1/2 from costa to
dorsum, narrower in the middle, and one dot on costa before apex; the whitish areas
overlaid with some dark scales; hindwing light grey.
Male genitalia (Figs 4—6). Tegumen more or less triangular, apically rounded,
without subscaphium, vinculum with two lateral notches, saccus with rounded apex;
valva as long as saccus, with long narrow transtilla, narrowest basally, and broadest
before rounded apex; costal edge concave, basal edge convex; phallus distinctly longer
than valva, slightly curved, with pointed tip and one cornutus, directed from apex to
base.
Female genitalia. Unknown.
Etymology. The species is named in honour of the collector, Tomasz Jaworski.
Remarks. The similarity of the shape of uncus-tegumen-saccus, valva, and phallus
with sutteri place this new species into this subgenus.
Subgenus Neomeessia Petersen, 1968
The subgenus Neomeessia is characterised by the shape of the uncus and the lateral
SOCIL.
Eudarcia (Neomeessia) alanyacola sp. n. Figs 2, 9-11
Material. Holotype ©: “Türkei, Alanya | Mahmutlar, Ruine | 17.vi.2005, LF leg. W. Mey’, ‘Gen.präp.
[genitalia slide] Gaedike | Nr. 7212’, ‘Holotypus © | Eudarcia | alanyacola sp. n. | det. R. Gaedike 2011’,
ZMHB.
Diagnosis. This species is similar to Eudarcia lobata (Petersen & Gaedike, 1979), but
socii are claw-shaped (in /obata socii are rounded; Fig. 12), the small subscaphium has
thorns (in /obata without thorns; Fig. 12), the valva has a notch instead of a long hook as
in /obata (Fig. 13), and the phallus has only one cornutus (in /obata it has three cornuti;
Fig. 14).
Description (Fig. 2). Wingspan 5 mm; head brush creamy, on collar and laterally grey-
brown; antenna cream; labial palpi light cream, darker laterally, second segment api-
cally bristled, maxillary palpi light cream; thorax and tegulae grey-brown; forewing
dark-brown with numerous cream scales, without a clear pattern; hindwing grey.
Male genitalia (Figs 9-11). Uncus oval, basally with claw-shaped soci; tegu-
men broad, narrower to vinculum, saccus short, pointed; subscaphium short, apically
with very small thorns; valva as long as tegumen and saccus, the entire costal edge
distinctly convex, basal edge notched at 1/2, the notch with numerous bristles; basal
half of valva distinctly broader than apical half; phallus shorter than valva, with one
strongly sclerotised, acute cornutus.
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 137-144 141
Female genitalia. Unknown.
Etymology. The species is named after the locality in which the holotype was collected.
Infurcitinea amseli Petersen, 1957
Material. Jordan: Al Tafila: 20, 19, Dhana Nature reserve, 1050 m, 12-15.v.2010, leg. R. &
S. Fiebig, coll. Schmitz; 20°, 19, Wadi al Haza, 3,5 km east of Afra, 290 m, 21.v.2010, leg. R. & S.
Fiebig, coll. Schmitz. Ajlun: 40°, 79, Umgebung Ajlun, 920 m, 8—10.v.2010, leg. R. & S. Fiebig, coll.
Schmitz.
These are the first records for this country. Hitherto the species was known from Middle
Asıa (Turkmenistan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iran).
Infurcitinea tauridella Petersen, 1968
Material. Bulgaria: Pirin: Sandanski: 20°, Ploski, 100 m, 17-31.v.2010, leg. N. Savenkov, coll. Ro-
weck; 10°, Ilindentsi, 500 m, 30.v.2010, leg. N. Savenkov, coll. Roweck.
These are first country records. Hitherto the species was known from Greece and Turkey
and from East European Russia.
Infurcitinea vanderwolfi Gaedike, 1997 Fig. 15
Material. Croatia: Dalmatia: 120°, 49, Murter Is., Tijesno, 43°47’27”N, 15°37’31”E, 15-17.
vii.2003, leg. et coll. Sumpich; 20, Peljesac, Zuljana, 1 - 13.v11.2005, leg. et coll. Sumpich. Bulgaria: 19,
Piringebirge, Sandanski, Liljanowo, 27.vi—25.v11.1985, leg. F. Eichler, ZSM.
This represents first record for Bulgaria. The species was previously known only from
Greece and Croatia (Gaedike 2011). As this material includes first known females of the
species, it is now possible to describe thıs sex as well.
Female genitalia (Fig. 15). Anterior apophyses short, ventral branches associated
with large, strongly sclerotised plate with numerous longitudinal wrinkles; ostium area
deeply incised; dorsum of segment VIII with terminal, beak-shaped, curved process.
Remarks. The female morphology is similar to that of /. albicomella (Herrich-Schäffer,
1851), but the large, strongly sclerotised plate of sternum VIII distinguishes the female
of this species from that of albicomella.
A new synonym of Monopis burmanni Petersen, 1979
In 2011 Sumpich described Monopis bisonella from Bialowieza, Poland as a new spe-
cies (Sumpich et al. 2011). The author graciously permitted me to compare a photograph
of the holotype and its male genitalia with a paratype specimen of burmanni. There are
no differences in the forewing pattern, which is characteristic and unique in the ge-
nus. The shape of the genitalia, especially of the valva, is also without any differences.
These findings strongly suggest that Monopis bisonella Sumpich, 2011 and Monopis
142 GAEDIKE: Contributions on Palaearctic Tineidae
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 137-144 143
burmanni Petersen, 1979 refer to the same
taxon, and consequently M. bisonella is
here synonymized with M. burmanni.
Monopis burmanni Petersen, 1979
Monopis bisonella Sumpich, 2011; syn. n.
The species was hitherto known from Aus-
tria (Northern Tirol: type locality; several
other localities, see: http://www.salzburg.
com/wiki/index.php/Monopis_burmann1),
Poland (Bialowieza: type locality of M. bi-
sonella),and Russia( Ural: Sverdlovsk; Bur-
jatia).
Fig. 15. Infurcitinea vanderwolfi, female genitalia.
Acknowledgements
My thanks go to Tomasz Jaworski for his kindness in locating the holotype of E. jaworskii in the SDEI
collection; Christian Kutzscher for making the photos of the new species; the reviewers for their useful
comments; Bernard Landry for editing the manuscript; and Paul Sokoloff for linguistic corrections.
References
Gaedike, R. 2009. Nemapogon somchetiella Zagulajev, 1961, a new record for the Italian fauna (Lepido-
ptera: Tineidae). — Rivista Piemontese di Storia Naturale 30: 53-56.
Gaedike, R. 2011. New and poorly known Tineidae from Western Palaearctics (Lepidoptera). — Beiträge
zur Entomologie 2: 357—370.
Petersen, G. & R. Gaedike 1979. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Tineiden-Fauna des Mittelmeerraumes. — Bei-
träge zu Entomologie 29 (2): 383-412.
Robinson, G. S. 2009. Biology, distribution and diversity of tineid moths. — Art Printing Works Sdn Bhd
Kuala Lumpur. 143 pp., 512 figs [34 pages].
Robinson, G. S. & E. S. Nielsen 1993. Tineid Genera of Australia (Lepidoptera). — Monographs on
Australian Lepidoptera, Vol. 2, CSIRO Publications, Melbourne. XV +344 pp., 734 figs.
Sumpich, J., J. Liska & I. Dvorak 2011. Contribution to knowledge of the butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera)
of north-eastern Poland with a description of a new tineid species from the genus Monopis Hiibner,
1825. — Polish Journal of Entomology 80: 83-116.
Figs 3-14. Genitalia of Tineidae. 3. Nemapogon somchetiella, female. 4—6. Eudarcia (Abchagleris)
Jaworskii, male; 4. Uncus + tegumen; 5. Valva; 6. Phallus. 7-8. Eudarcia (Abchagleris) sutteri, male;
7. Valva; 8. Phallus. 9-11. Eudarcia (Neomeessia) alanyacola, male; 9. Uncus + tegumen; 10. Valva;
11. Phallus. 12-14. Eudarcia (Neomeessia) lobata, male (after Petersen & Gaedike 1979); 12. Uncus +
tegumen; 13. Valva; 14. Phallus.
144 GAEDIKE: Contributions on Palaearctic Tineidae
Zagulajev, A. K. 1961. Novyje vidy gribnych molej roda Nemapogon Schr. (Lepidoptera, Tineidae). [New
species of fungous moths of the genus Nemapogon Schr. (Lepidoptera, Tineidae). — Zoologitscheskij
Zhurnal 40 (8): 1184-1191.
Zagulajev, A. K. 1964. Nastojaschtschije Moli (Tineidae), Podsemejstvo Nemapogoninae. /n: Fauna SSSR,
N. S. 86: Nasekomyje, Tscheschujekrylyje. —- Moskva, Leningrad 4 (2): 1-424.
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 145-150 145
The winter-flying adelid Nematopogon stenochlora (Meyrick,
1912) discovered in Spain (Lepidoptera, Adelidae)
OLE KARSHOLT ! & MIKHAIL V. KozLov?
' Zoological Museum, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, DK 2100,
Keobenhavn @, Denmark; okarsholt@snm.ku.dk
? Section of Ecology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; mikoz@utu.fi
Abstract. Nematopogon stenochlora (Meyrick, 1912), described from Algeria, 1s for the first time reported
from Europe. The specimens collected in the province of Malaga, Spain have genitalia indistinguishable
from the holotype of N. stenochlora, although externally they resemble N. dorsiguttella (Erschoff, 1877) in
their large size and the presence oftwo prominent white spots on the dorsal forewing margin. Investigation
of additional specimens collected in Algeria demonstrated that the external characters of N. stenochlora
are variable; we update the description of this species accounting for this variation in external characters
and also illustrate female genitalia that have not been figured previously. Appearance of N. stenochlora in
late winter and early spring is the most likely reason behind the elusiveness of this species.
Introduction
The fairy moth genus Nematopogon Zeller contains 14 species confined to Eurasia
(Nielsen 1985, Kozlov 2001), nine of which are known to occur in Europe (van Nieu-
kerken & Kozlov 2011). The fauna of Spain includes only three species, N. adansoniella
(Villers, 1789), N. schwarziellus (Zeller, 1839) and N. robertella (Clerck, 1759) (Vives
Moreno 1994; van Nieukerken & Kozlov 2011). The discovery on the southern coast
of Spain of a Nematopogon that showed no external affinities to any of the European
species was therefore astonishing. An attempt to identify this species by using the keys
by Nielsen (1985) provided two alternative solutions: while the male genitalia appeared
indistinguishable from N. stenochlora (Meyrick, 1912), the external characters were
most similar to N. dorsiguttella (Erschoff, 1877), an East Palaearctic species distributed
from Siberia to China and Japan.
The puzzle had been solved only recently, when we had an opportunity to examine
the collections of the Natural History Museum (London). Along with the male lectotype
and two male paralectotypes (apparently the only specimens that were available to E. S.
Nielsen at the time of his revisionary work), this collection houses ten additional speci-
mens of N. stenochlora collected in Algeria during 1887—1908. Significantly, all these
specimens differ externally from the types of N. stenochlora; they have been acces-
sioned and were identified as N. stenochlora only a few years ago by one of the authors
(M.K.) following examination of the male genitalia.
Considering both variability of N. stenochlora and the scarcity of information about
this newly discovered representative of the European fauna, we provide descriptions of
external characters and female genitalia to allow recognition of this species.
Nota lepidopterologica, 22.12.2011, ISSN 0342-7536
146 KARSHOLT & KozLov: Nematopogon stenochlora in Spain
Abbreviations
BMNH The Natural History Museum, London, U.K.
ZMUC Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
ZMUH Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki, Finland
Systematics
Nematopogon stenochlora (Meyrick, 1912) (Figs 1, 2)
Nemophora stenochlora Meyrick 1912a: 3. Lectotype, © (designated by Nielsen 1985: 56): Algeria,
Skikda (36° 53’ N, 6° 54’ E); labelled: 8 mm circle with violet border, print ‘LECTO- | TYPE’; 8 mm
circle with red border, print ‘Type’; 4 x 8 mm, black ink ‘Philippeville [= Skikda] | Algeria | 13 / 4/
[18]90°; 2.5 x 8.5 mm, print ‘Meyrick Coll. | B.M. 1938-290.’; 9 x 14 mm, black frame, black ink +
print ‘Nemophora | stenochlora | Meyr. | Holo- | TYPE ©”; 9 x 18 mm, red paper, print + black ink
‘LECTOTYPE | Nemophora | stenochlora | Meyr. | design. E. S. Nielsen, 1978’.
Nemophora stenochlora: Meyrick 1912b: 3; Chrétien 1922: 377; Rungs 1979: 27.
Nematopogon stenochlora: Nielsen 1985: 17 (fig. 25, external appearance of a male), 22—24 (keys and
phylogeny), 55 (figs 108-111, male genitalia), 56 (description).
Material. Algeria. Paralectotypes 29 ©’, collected at same date and place as the holotype; Hammam
Righa (36° 23’N, 2°24 E), 10, 21.111.1905 (Longstaff); Bone [=Annaba] (36° 54’N, 7° 46’ E),
400, 22-23.11.1886, 29 ©, 13.11.1908 (Eaton); El Biar (36° 45’ N, 3° 3’ E), 20.111.1893, 19 (Eaton);
Constantine (36° 22’ N, 6° 37’ E), 19, 19, 19.x1.1887 (Staudinger) (all in NHM). Tunisia. 5 km E Station
de Tamera, 19, 21.-25.111.1986 (Karsholt) (ZMUC). Spain. Prov. Malaga, El Mirador, 100 m, 1¢, 1
Q, 3.11.1984 (Traugott-Olsen) (ZMUC); Prov. Malaga, Casares (36° 27’ N, 5° 17° W), 350 m, 4 SO,
3.11., 9.11., 4.111.2003 (Hale) (ZMUC and MZH); 2 ©, Prov. Malaga, 1 km E. Casares, 30.1.—3.11.2009 (Fi-
biger & Top-Jensen) (ZMUC).
Diagnosis. Due to variability of the external characters, N. stenochlora can only be
reliably identified by the male genitalia. This species, along with N. robertella and
N. caucasica, has three (or even four — in one exceptional case) stalked pectinifers on
the valva, but differs from the other mentioned species by the triangular uncus (Fig.
3). In the female genitalia, N. stenochlora is most similar to N. adansoniella, from
which it differs by the narrow tergite VIII (3.3 x as long as wide) with medially pointed
posterior band (Fig. 8). The specimens from Spain differ from all European species of
Nematopogon by two prominent white marks on the dorsal forewing margin; however,
variability of this character in the European population remains unknown (in the speci-
mens from North Africa this character is variable — see below).
Description. Male (Fig. 1): Forewing length 5.5—9.2 mm, width/length ratio 0.29—
0.31. Vertex from entirely pale yellow (in syntypes) to brown occipit, with pale yellow
scales restricted to narrow line above antennal sockets only (specimens from Spain).
Frons from white to pale yellow; palpi and proboscis pale grey brown to light brown.
Compound eyes relatively large; frontal distance between eyes subequal to vertical
diameter of the compound eye (i.e. interocular index 1.0). Antenna 2.8—3.7 x forewing
length. Scape from pale yellow to greyish brown; flagellum uniformly coloured, whit-
ish to light pale yellow. Tegulae and thorax pale ochreous to greyish brown. Forewing
from pale ochre, without reticulate pattern (only in some specimens from Algeria),
to brownish grey with prominent reticulate pattern (both in specimens from Algeria
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 145-150 147
Figs 1, 2. Nematopogon stenochlora. 1. female, Spain, prov. Malaga, Marbella, El Mirador, 3.11.1984; 2. male,
Spain, prov. Malaga, Casares, 9.11.2003.
and Spain); discal spot absent in light specimens (e.g. in syntypes) but present in dark
specimens (e.g. those collected in Spain). Cilia from pale ochreous, indistinguishable
from forewing colour (e.g. in syntypes) to dark brown, clearly contrasting to forewing
background (e.g. in specimens collected in Spain). Light marks on dorsal margin of
forewing greatly variable. The tornal mark is always present, although minor (a few
scales) and almost indistinguishable in light specimens (e.g. in syntypes); however,
even in these extreme situations the light colour of cilia marks its occurrence (this can
be seen even in the paralectotype, see Nielsen 1985: 17, fig. 25). The proximal mark
(located at approx. 1/3 of forewing length) is absent in most specimens from Algeria,
although traces of it are present in two specimens from Constantine; in contrast, this
mark 1s very distinct (reaching 0.15 x forewing length and 0.20 x forewing width) in
specimens from Spain. Hindwing sparsely scaled, semi-translucent, from pale greyish
to light brown. Legs light brown. Epiphysis at 0.3, not reaching apex of tibia. Abdomen
greyish brown.
Female (Fig. 2): Similar to male.
Male genitalia (Figs 3-7). Tegumen dome-shaped, without medial ridge; its dorsal
surface with triangular plate (termed uncus by Nielsen 1985). Vinculum short, nearly
equal to length of valva, with slightly convex lateral margins. Distal 3/4 of valva of
about the same width, base slightly wider; apex of valva broadly rounded. Inner surface
148 KARSHOLT & KozLov: Nematopogon stenochlora in Spain
Figs 3-8. Nematopogon stenochlora, genitalia (drawn from preparations in glycerol, kept in tubes on
the pin of the specimens). 3—7. male, Spain, prov. Malaga, Casares, 4.111.2003; 3. Genital complex, ven-
tral view (right valva not shown); 4. ditto, lateral view; 5. phallus, ventral view; 6. phallus, lateral view;
7. juxta; 8. female, Spain, prov. Malaga, Marbella, El Mirador, 3.11.1984; tergite VIII and apophyses pos-
teriores; scales 0.25 mm.
of valva with three stalked pectinifers (exceptionally, one specimen from Spain has
four pectinifers on left valva only). Transtilla w-shaped. Phallus nearly equal to length
of vinculum, basal half slightly s-shaped in lateral projection; base of phallus swollen;
tip membranous, without any sclerotized structures. Juxta 0.7 x length of phallus, ar-
rowhead wide (width/length ratio 0.8), with very narrow apical part (1/3 of total length
of arrowhead).
Female genitalia (Fig. 8). Apophyses posteriores 0.95 x length of apophyses anteri-
ores. Tergite VIII relatively narrow (3.3 as long as wide), without medial keel; posterior
band with triangular medial protuberance. Vestibulum without sclerotization.
Distribution. Southern Spain, northern Algeria, northern Tunisia; also recorded from
Morocco (Chrétien 1922).
Remarks. Investigation of additional material demonstrated that, contrary to the diag-
nosis given by Nielsen (1985), this is one of the largest Nematopogon species; only N.
dorsiguttella and N. taiwanella attain a larger size.
One of the Algerian specimens in BMNH has been determined by Durrant as N. pilel-
la; however, it seems that this misidentification had not been published. Another speci-
men bears the label ‘Nemophora panzerella Hb. f. algericella, named by St[audin]g[e]r’;
however, no publication has been found in which the latter name is made available.
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 145-150 149
Phenology. The information summa-
rised by Nielsen (1985) indicates that
the adults of all Nematopogon spe-
cies fly during spring and early sum-
mer, from April to July. Several spe-
cies are reported to start flying during
April. Additional records suggest that
N. stenochlora is a winter-flying spe-
cies: in Algeria and Tunisia it was
collected from mid-November to mid-
April, and in Southern Spain from ear-
ly February to early March. The av-
erage monthly temperature for the col-
lecting period in all localities where N.
stenochlora had been sampled ranges
from 11.1 to 14.8°C (FAO 2006).
Fig. 9. Nematopogon stenochlora. Living spec-
imen in resting position, Spain, prov. Malaga,
Casares, photo P. Hale.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to K. R. Tuck for help with access to the BMNH collections; to P. Hale, Casares, Spain,
for taking the photograph of the live specimen; to P. Skou, Stenstrup, Denmark for information; and to
G. Brovad, ZMUC for taking photographs of the pinned adults. We also thank E. J. van Nieukerken,
NCB Naturalis, Leiden, Netherlands and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments that improved
the manuscript. This research was made possible by the financial support from the SYNTHESIS pro-
gramme.
References
Chrétien, P. 1922. [Galleriinae — Micropterygidae]. Pp. 324—379. — In: C. Oberthiir (ed.), Les Lépidopteres
du Maroc, Etudes de lépidoptérologie comparée 19(1): 1—403, pls. 74-124.
FAO 2006. New_LocClim, Local Climate Estimator Version 1.10. Environment and Natural Resources
Service — Agrometeorology Group, FAO/SDRN, Rome, Italy, ftp://ext-ftp.fao.org/SD/SDR/Agromet/
New_LocClim/. [Accessed 28.09.2006]
Kozlov, M. V. 2001. Nematopogon taiwanella sp. n. from the mountains of Taiwan (Lepidoptera, Adeli-
dae). — Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 144: 41 —44.
Meyrick, E. 1912a. Lepidoptera Heterocera (Tineae). Fam. Adelidae. — /n: P. Wytsman (ed.), Genera In-
sectorum 133: 1-12, 1 pl. — V. Verteneuil & L. Desmet, Bruxelles.
Meyrick, E. 1912b. Adelidae, Micropterygidae, Gracilariadae [sic!].—/n: H. Wagner (ed.), Lepidopterorum
Catalogus 6: 1-68. — W. Junk, Berlin.
Nieukerken, E. J. van & M. V. Kozlov 2011. Adelidae. Jn: O. Karsholt & E. J. van Nieukerken (eds), Lepi-
doptera, Moths. — Fauna Europaea, version 2.4, http://www.faunaeur.org. [Accessed 12.1.2011]
Nielsen, E. S. 1985. A taxonomic review of the adelid genus Nematopogon Zeller (Lepidoptera: Incurva-
rioidea). — Entomologica Scandinavica, suppl. 25: 1—66.
150 KARSHOLT & KozLov: Nematopogon stenochlora in Spain
Rungs, C. E. E. 1979. Catalogue Raisonné des Lépidoptères du Maroc. Inventaire faunistique et observa-
tions écologiques 1. — Travaux de l’Institut Scientifique, Série Zoologie 39: i-viii, 1—222, Al—AS,
2 maps.
Vives Moreno, A. 1994. Catälogo sistemätico y sinonimico de los Lepidopteros de la Peninsula Iberica
y Baleares (Insecta: Lepidoptera) (Segunda parte). — Ministerio de Agricultura, Madrid. x + 775 pp.
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 151-161 151
New species and taxonomic changes in Sesiini from Asia and
Europe (Sesiidae)
AXEL KALLIES
The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Melbourne/Parkville,
Victoria 3052, Australia; kallies@wehi.edu.au
Abstract. Two new clearwing moth species (Sesiidae) of the tribe Sesiini are described, Cyanosesia ormo-
siae sp. n. from Hong Kong, China, and Lamellisphecia xerampelina sp. n. from Kullu, Northern India. C.
ormosiae Was reared from larvae collected in the trunks of Ormosia pachycarpa (Fabaceae); L. xerampe-
lina was collected with the help of pheromone lures. Furthermore, a number of taxonomic changes are
introduced for the tribe Sesiini. Sphecodoptera Hampson, [1893] (gen. rev.) is resurrected from synonymy
with Sesia Fabricius, 1775, and Scasiba Matsumura, 1931 (syn. n.) is established as its junior synonym.
Vespisesia Heppner, 2010 (syn. n.) is found to be a junior synonym of Sphecosesia Hampson, 1910, and
Clavisphecia nom. n. is introduced as a replacement name for Clavigera Kallies & Arita, 2004 (a homonym
of Clavigera Hector, 1879 in Brachiopoda). Synanthedon catalina Meyrick, 1926 (syn. n.) is considered
a junior synonym of Sphecodoptera repanda (Walker, 1856) comb. rev. Finally, the western Palaearctic
species Sesia melanocephala Dalman, 1816 is transferred to the genus Eusphecia Le Cerf, 1937 (comb. n.).
Introduction
The members of Sesiini of Palaearctic and Oriental regions were revised relatively
recently (Kallies & Arita 2004, Spatenka et al. 1999). Since then only a small number
of additional taxa have been described and few taxonomic changes introduced (Fischer
2005, Heppner 2010, Kallies & de Freina 2009, Petersen & Lingenhöle 1998).
Sesiini of the Palaearctic are well known and their diversity at least at the generic
level is relatively low. Only three genera with 25 species are recognized, most of which
occur in central and eastern Asia. Conversely, the Sesiini fauna of Southeast Asia is
only partly known, but with nine genera and 54 named species, it shows a diversity
unmatched anywhere in the world. The genus Cyanosesia is particularly rich with 13
named species.
Here a new species is described, the larvae of which were collected in the trunks
of the economically important tree species Ormosia pachycarpa (Fabaceae) at Ma On
Chan, Hong Kong. The moths that emerged from these larvae were initially identified as
Chimaerosphecia sinensis Walker, [1865] (Cissuvorini) (Kendrick 2001, as Toleria sin-
ensis). Re-examination of the specimens, however, revealed that they belong to a new
species of the genus Cyanosesia, C. ormosiae sp. n., which is described here. Secondly,
a new species of Lamellisphecia Kallies & Arita, 2004 is described from northern India.
Only five other species of this genus are known, occurring from Thailand via Sumatra
to Papua New Guinea (Fischer 2005, Kallies & Arita 2004, Kallies unpublished). Thus,
the discovery of a new species, Lamellishecia xerampelina sp. n., in northern India
close to the limits of the Palaearctic region is of zoogeographic interest.
Interestingly, both new species described in this study are unusual amongst their
_ congeners and do not easily fit the current concept of Cyanosesia and Lamellisphecia,
Nota lepidopterologica, 22.12.2011, ISSN 0342-7536
fS2 KALLIES: Sesiini from Asia and Europe
respectively. This may be explained by the fact that both species inhabit areas at the
very edges of the known distribution ranges of their respective genera, or by the possi-
bility that the characters used to separate Sesiini genera are plesiomorphic. Thus, rather
then describing new, ill-defined genera, a conservative approach was adopted here and
the species were described in existing genus-group taxa. However, discovery of ad-
ditional species and further research may reveal the need to erect additional genera.
Re-examination of several Sesiini taxa in the course of this study showed that further
taxonomic changes are required as outlined below.
Abbreviations
BMNH British Museum of Natural History, London, U.K.
CAK Personal collection of Axel Kallies
AFCD Collection of the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department of the Government
of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
ZMHB Zoological Museum of the Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
ETA external transparent area
ATA anterior transparent area
Results
Cyanosesia Gorbunov & Arita 1995
Type species. Cyanosesia tonkinensis Gorbunov & Arita, 1995, by original designation.
Cyanosesia was described from Vietnam (Gorbunov & Arita 1995) on the basis of two
species. It was further characterized and additional species were described from vari-
ous parts of Southeast Asia later (Arita & Gorbunov 2002; Gorbunov & Kallies 1998;
Kallies 2003; Kallies & Arita 1998, 2004). Only one species of Cyanosesia, C. tonki-
nensis, was known from mainland China to date (Kallies 2007); the new species, de-
scribed below, is the second one.
Little is known about the biology and host plant preferences of Cyanosesia. Litsea
umbellata (Lauraceae) was the only known host plant for the genus with both C. ton-
kinensis and C. litseavora Kallies & Arita, 2004 utilizing this tree species in Vietnam
(Kallies & Arita 2004).
Cyanosesia ormosiae Sp. n. (Figs 1-3, 9, 10)
Material. Holotype ©: ‘Hong Kong: | New Territories, | Ma On Shan | 24. v. 1999 | P.-W. Chan’, ’Ex
larva in | Ormosia | pachycarpa tree trunk’, BMNH(E) | 1999-229’ (BMNH). Paratypes: 30°, 109, same
data as holotype (genitalia examined by Axel Kallies, slides Nos AK636, ©, and AK693, 9) (AFCD, 19
BMNH, 19 CAK).
Description. Male (Fig. 2). Alar expanse 21 mm, body length 9 mm. Head: antenna
ciliate, yellow-brown, labial palp yellow, with some black ventrally; frons light grey,
yellowish laterally; pericephalic scales yellow. Thorax: dark brown, tegula black, with
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 151-161 153
yellow margins; patagia yellow along the base. Forewing: apical area orange, veins
black; transparent areas well developed, cells of ETA between R3 and R4/5 lightly
covered with orange scales; discal spot orange, black proximally; costal area black with
some orange; fringe dark fuscous; scaled parts of the wings bright orange ventrally.
Legs: forecoxa yellow, remainder of foreleg orange; mid- and hindcoxae black; mid-
femur yellow, remainder of midleg orange; hindfemur black, hindtibia orange, with a
white patch near the anterior pair of spurs and a black patch dorsally. Abdomen: tergites
I—II with base colour black, tergite II covered with blood-red scales and a narrow yel-
low posterior margin; tergite III black; tergite IV broadly yellow in anterior half, dark
fuscous in posterior half; tergite V black; tergites VI-VII dark fuscous, with a narrow
yellow-orange band in anterior part; sternites I-III dark fuscous; sternites IV and V
yellow, posterior margins dark fuscous; sternites VI-VII dark fuscous with dark or-
ange scales in anterior and lateral parts; anal tuft dirty yellow dorsally, black laterally,
dirty orange ventrally. Female (Figs 1, 3) similar to male but significantly larger, alar
expanse 32-35 mm, body length 17-18 mm. ETA mostly covered with dirty orange
scales; discal spot wider and more extensively black; costal margin orange; all abdomi-
nal tergites with black posterior margins, in particular tergite III with wide black mar-
gin; tergite I orange-yellow; tergite II deep orange-red; tergites III—IV yellow; tergite
V dirty orange; tergite VI orange brown.
Male genitalia (slide #AK636, Fig. 9). Uncus with few simple setae; gnathos
consisting of two well-developed arms; valva long, pointed, with broad scale-like setae
towards dorsal margin and long simple setae medially, apically and near ventral mar-
gin, crista broad triangular, covered with scale-like setae, with a small plate-like proc-
ess; saccus long; phallus long and simple without plates or distinct cornuti.
Female genitalia (slide #AK693, Fig. 10). Ostium large, distal end of ductus
bursae sclerotized; antrum well developed.
Diagnosis. Due to its characteristic wing and abdominal markings and the unique geni-
talia this species cannot be confused with any congener or any other known Sesiini.
Remarks. C. ormosiae sp. n. is an unusual species; the association with the genus
Cyanosesia 1s based mainly on the ciliate antennae and the morphology of the valva
(tapering and distinctly pointed, with a pronounced crista). While the ciliate antennae
as well as the shape of the discal spot (relatively short and pointed towards the base,
not oblique) would also allow a placement within Sphecodoptera, the morphology of
the male genitalia, in particular the pointed valval apex, the absence of a setaceous field
near the dorsal margin of the valva, and the absence of an apical plate on the phallus,
precludes this.
Lamellisphecia Kallies & Arita, 2004
Type species. Lamellisphecia haematinea Kallies & Arita, 2004, by original designation.
This genus was described on the basis of three species from Vietnam and Thailand
(Kallies & Arita 2004). Subsequently, another species was described from Sumatra
(Fischer 2005), and an additional species is known from Papua New Guinea (unpub-
154 KALLIES: Sesiini from Asia and Europe
lished). Species of Lamellisphecia are similar to Cyanosesia and Sphecodoptera but
differ by the presence of pronounced antennal rami and details in their genitalia (com-
pare Kallies & Arita 2004).
Lamellisphecia xerampelina sp. n. (Figs 4, 11)
Material. Holotype ©: ‘NW India, Himachal Pradesh | Distr. Kullu, Kullu Valley | 4 km S Kullu,
Sastri Nagar | 31°56.49’N 77°06.68’E | ca. 1200 m, 26-29. IX. 1999 Ph. | leg. P. Kautt & V. Weisz’ ‘geni-
talia examined | by Axel Kallies | slide No AK233’ (CAK, will be transferred to ZMHB).
Description. Male (Fig. 4). Alar expanse 23.5 mm, body length 12 mm. Head: an-
tenna unipectinate, ciliate; labial palpus orange yellow with some black scales ven-
trally; pericephalic scales yellow laterally, black dorsally; frons light grey, white later-
ally, vertex brown, dirty yellow towards base; pericephalic scales pale yellow. Thorax:
black to brown, patagia pale yellow along base; tegula with yellow scapular spot,
with some orange distally and basally; mesothorax with dorsal yellow spot. Forewing:
veins orange brown; ETA and posterior transparent area partially covered with or-
ange brown scales, cell between MI and M2 partly transparent, cells between M2/
M3 and M3/CuAl fully transparent; ATA divided by a line of brown scales that runs
along rudimentary vein M. Legs: dirty orange, mid- and hindfemora yellow. Abdomen:
segments I-III and V-VII dirty orange, segment IV yellow, segments II-IV narrow
black posterior margins; segments V—VII with narrow yellow posterior margins; anal
tuft black and yellow mixed.
Male genitalia (slide #AK233, Fig. 11). Uncus with simple setae; gnathos re-
duced; valva short, pointed, with long simple setae and with a simple broad triangular
crista; juxta with a well-sclerotized ventral band; saccus short; proximal end of phallus
with short lateral extensions, distal end with a narrow well-sclerotized plate, vesica
with a group of short cornuti.
Diagnosis. This is the smallest species of the genus (all previously known species are
large, with alar expanse 30-41 mm). Due to its characteristic wing and abdominal
markings and genitalia morphology it cannot be confused with any congener or any
other known Sesiini.
Remarks. This species occupies an isolated position in the genus Lamellisphecia; how-
ever, both the morphology of the antennae and the simple setae of the valva support the
placement in this genus and preclude a close relationship with either Sphecodoptera or
Cyanosesia.
The type locality for L. xerampelina lies in the Kullu valley, in the foothills of
the Himalaya Mts. The only known specimen was collected with the help of artificial
pheromone lures together with several specimens of Bembecia guesnoni Spatenka &
ToSevski, 1994 or a species close to it. This is remarkable as the occurrence of Bembecia
is typically restricted to the Palaearctic region, whereas Lamellisphecia was known
only from the Oriental region. |
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 151-161 155
Figs 1-8. Sesiini specimens. Figs 1-3. Cyanosesia ormosiae sp.n. 1. 9, paratype, alar expanse 32-35 mm
(AFCD, CAK). 2. ©, holotype, alar expanse 21 mm (BMNH). 3. 9, paratype, alar expanse 35 mm (CAK).
4. Lamellisphecia xerampelina sp. n., holotype, ©’, alar exanse 23.5 mm (CAK). Figs 5-7. Sphecodoptera
repanda comb. rev. 5. © (holotype of Synanthedon catalina), alar expanse 32 mm (BMNH). 6. Q (holotype
of Sphecia repanda), alar expanse 51 mm (BMNH). 7. 9, alar expanse 47 mm (BMNH). 8. Eusphecia
melanocephala comb. n., ©', alar expanse 30 mm (CAK).
156 KALLIES: Sesiini from Asia and Europe
Sphecodoptera Hampson, 1893 gen. rev.
Type species. Sphecia repanda Walker, 1856, by original designation.
= Scasiba Matsumura, 1931 syn. n.
Type species. Scasiba taikanensis Matsumura, 1931, by original designation.
Sphecodoptera was described by Hampson (1893) on the basis of Sphecia repanda
Walker, 1856. The genus was considered a synonym of Sesia Fabricius, 1775 in the
recent Sesiidae literature (Heppner & Duckworth 1981, Pühringer & Kallies 2004, Spa-
tenka et al. 1999). Kallies & Arıta (2004), however, already suggested that this taxon
may be distinct from Sesia. Recent examination of material in the BMNH revealed that
Sphecia repanda does not belong to Sesia. The presence of small wedge-like streaks of
scales in the ETA, the form and colouration of the discal spot on the forewing, and the
details of the venation (veins CuAl and CuA2 arising from a common point from the
posterior end of the discal spot) indicate that this species belongs to a group of species
currently considered to belong to the genus Scasiba. Consequently, Scasiba is here
regarded as a synonym of Sphecodoptera. The genus is distributed from northeastern
Pakistan through northern India, to China, Japan, Taiwan, and Vietnam.
The following species are here considered to belong to Sphecodoptera: S. repanda
(Walker, 1856) comb. rev., S. okinawana Matsumura, 1931 comb. rev., S. rhynchioides
(Butler, 1881) comb. n., S. scribai (Bartel, 1912) comb. n., S. sheni (Arita & Xu, 1994)
comb. n., S. difficilis (Kallies & Arita, 2004) comb. n., S. taikanensis (Matsumura, 1931)
comb. n., and S. tenuimarginata (Hampson, [1893]) comb. n.
Sphecodoptera repanda (Walker, 1856) comb. rev. (Figs 5-7)
= Synanthedon catalina Meyrick, 1926 syn. n.
Material. 19 (holotype of Sphecia repanda) ‘Sphecia | repanda | Wkr., Type Q ‘, ‘Type’, ‘3. Sphecia
repanda.’ (BMNH); 19 ‘India: | Punjab, | Khyra Gully. | vii. 1881.’, ‘H. Roberts Coll. | B.M. 1926-395’,
‘repanda Walker’ (BMNH); 10 (holotype of Synanthedon catalina) ‘Muktesar, 7500’ | Kumaon | TBF. 14.
9. 22’, ‘catalina Meyr.’ (BMNH).
Sphecia repanda, the type species of Sphecodoptera, was previously known from only
two specimens, the holotype (Fig. 6) and a second female (Fig. 7). Both were collected
in former northern ‘British India’. While the type locality of S. repanda cannot be traced
with accuracy, the second female was collected in present northeastern Pakistan.
Synanthedon catalina was described from a single specimen collected in ‘Muktesar’
in northwestern India (Meyrick 1926). Examination of the holotype (Fig. 5) revealed
that this taxon does not belong to the tribe Synanthedonini but to Sesiini. The venation,
shape, and colouration of the discal spot and the presence of small wedge-like streaks
of scales in the ETA place this taxon in Sphecodoptera. Meyrick (1926) stated in his
description that the holotype is a female. The specimen has lost its abdomen and anten-
nae (preserved in a capsule with the specimen); however, the image (Fig. 5) suggests
that the specimen is a male. Taking into consideration the sexual dimorphism typi-
cal for this genus, the similarity of the type specimens of S. repanda and S. catalina,
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 151-161 137
and the close proximity of the type localities, it is here concluded that these taxa are
synonymous.
S. repanda seems to occur in the southern foothills of the Himalaya Mountains. The
type specimen of S. catalina was collected in Mukteshwar in the Kumaon Hills in the
Nainital district of Uttarakhand, India, in September. The elevation of the type locality
(ca. 2300 m) indicates that this taxon should be considered a Palaearctic species.
Sphecosesia Hampson, 1910
Type species. Specosesia pedunculata Hampson, 1910, by original designation.
= Vespisesia Heppner, 2010: 179 syn. n.
Type species. Vespisesia vespiformis Heppner, 2010, by original designation.
The genus Sphecosesia was reviewed and characterized extensively, and six species
have been named to date, ranging from Sikkim (NE India) to the Philippines and
Borneo (Kallies & Arita 2004). The genus Vespisesia was described based on a new
species from Vietnam (Heppner 2010). The description and figure leave no doubt that
this is a junior synonym of Sphecosesia, with its type species, Vespisesia vespiformis,
being very similar or identical to Sphecosesia ashinaga Kallies & Arita, 2004.
Clavisphecia nom. n.
Replacement name for Clavigera Kallies & Arita, 2004
Type species Trochilium pugnax Meyrick, 1926, by original designation [nec Clavigera Hector, 1879: 538
(Brachiopoda) |
The description of this genus was based on two species, Trochilium pugnax from
Burma and Vietnam and Aegeria chrysoptera Hampson, 1919 from Sri Lanka (Kallies
& Arita 2004). Subsequently, the name Clavigera was found to be preoccupied by
Clavigera Hector, 1879 (in Brachiopoda). Clavisphecia is here introduced as a re-
placement name.
Eusphecia Le Cerf, 1937 (Figs 8, 12)
Type species Sesia pimplaeformis Oberthür, 1872, by original designation
Material. E. melanocephala: 10%, Germany, Brandenburg, Wernsdorf, 1—16. V. 2000 e.l., leg. F. Rä-
misch/ genitalia examined by A. Kallies, slide No AK700 (CAK, Fig. 12); Sesia yezoensis (Hampson,
1919) (Fig. 13): 10°, Far East Russia, Primorski Krai, Krounowka river, 8-12. VIII. 1994, leg. L. Kühne /
genitalia examined by A. Kallies, slide No AK701 (CAK, Fig. 13).
This genus was erected by Le Cerf (1937) to accommodate Sesia pimplaeformis, which
was followed by Naumann (1971). Subsequently, however, Eusphecia was treated as a
synonym of Sesia by several authors (e.g., Heppner & Duckworth 1981, Spatenka et al.
1999). In contrast, Kallies & Arita (2004) and Piihringer & Kallies (2004) considered it
as a distinct genus, although without further explanation.
158 KALLIES: Sesiini from Asia and Europe
Figs 9-11. Sesiini, genitalia. 9- 10. Cyanosesia ormosiae sp. n. 9. ©’, paratype. (a) ventral view, (b) crista
of valva, enlarged, (c) phallus. 10. 9, paratype. 11. Lamellisphecia xerampelina sp. n., ©, holotype. (a) un-
cus tegumen complex, (b) valvae and juxta, (c) phallus, (d) vinculum and saccus, (e) crista of valva, en-
larged, (d) distal end of phallus, enlarged.
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 151-161 159
Figs 12-13. Sesiini, male genitalia. 12. Eusphecia melanocepala comb. n. (a) ventral view, (b) phallus,
(ce) crista of valva, enlarged, (d) distal end of phallus, enlarged. 13. Sesia yezoensis.. (a) ventral view,
(b) phallus, (c) distal end of phallus, enlarged.
160 KALLIES: Sesiini from Asia and Europe
Eusphecia (Fig. 12) differs from Sesia (Fig. 13) in a number of characters of the
male and female genitalia. The ventral part of the valva is extended, apically pointed,
with a distinct and strong process near the ventral margin, and covered with multifur-
cate setae (the dorsal part ofthe valva is extended, apically rounded, without a process,
and covered with strong simple setae in Sesia). The gnathos consists of two lateral
branches that can be very short as in E. pimplaeformis or long and pronounced as in
E. melanocephala comb. n. (it is typically in the shape of a triangular plate in Sesia).
The ductus bursae is straight, relatively long and narrow, with a distinct antrum (it is
short and angled, without antrum in Sesia) (compare Figs 12, 13, as well as figures in
Naumann 1971 and Spatenka et al. 1999). According to Naumann (1971) and Spatenka
et al. (1999) the male antennae in Sesia and Eusphecia are bipectinate; however, both
genera have clearly unipectinate antennae. The rami are somewhat longer and slightly
bent downwards in Zusphecia, while they are somewhat shorter and oriented upwards
in Sesia.
Eusphecia is probably most closely related to Lamellisphecia, but it also appears to
shows similarities with Sphecodoptera and Cyanosesia. It differs from Lamellisphecia
by the presence of scale-like setae on the inner surface of the valva and the absence of
an apical plate on the phallus. Eusphecia differs from Sphecodoptera and Cyanosesia
by having distinct antennal rami (rami not distinct in the genera compared), the absence
of wedge-like extensions of scales from the apical area into the ETA (present in the
genera compared) and the absence of a distinct field of scale-like setae near the dorsal
margin of the valva (present in Sphecodoptera). |
Re-examination of Palaearctic Sesiinae revealed that Sesia melanocephala Dalman,
1816 (Fig. 8) displays all characteristics of Eusphecia. Therefore, the following new
combination is introduced, Eusphecia melanocephala (Dalman, 1816) comb. n.
Ackowledgements
The author would like to express his gratitude to John K Page (Thomson Zoological Ld) for drawing at-
tention to the homonymy of Clavigera, to Kevin Tuck (BMNH) for providing access to the BMNH collec-
tion, to Ping Wing Chan (AFCD) for collecting the type material of C. ormosiae, to Tony Wong (AFCD)
for the loan of material examined here, to Peter Kautt, Frank Rämisch and Lars Kühne for the donation of
specimens, and to Daniel Bartsch for providing images of specimens from the BMNH.
References
Arita, Y. & ©. Gorbunov 2002. Sesiidae of Taiwan. II. The tribes Osminiini, Melittiini and Sesiini. — The
Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology 8: 199-241.
Fischer, H. 2005. Lamellisphecia sumatrana sp. n., eine neue Glasfliiglerart aus Sumatra (Lepidoptera:
Sesiidae, Sesiinae). — Entomologische Zeitschrift 115: 91—93.
Gorbunov, O. & Y. Arita 1995. New and poorly known clearwing moth taxa from Vietnam (Lepidoptera,
Sesiidae). — Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan 46: 69-90.
Gorbunov, O. & A. Kallies 1998. Two new species of the genus Cyanosesia Gorbunov & Arita, 1995 (Le-
pidoptera, Sesiidae) from the Oriental Region. — Nachrichten des entomologischen Vereins, Frankfurt
am Main, Apollo, Suppl. 17: 457—464.
Hampson, G. F. 1893. Family Sesiidae. — The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma (Moths)
1 (imprint “1892”), xxi11+527 pp. (187-206)
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 151-161 161
Hector, J. 1879. On the Fossil Brachiopoda of New Zealand. — New Zealand Institute, Transactions and
Proceedings 11: 537-539.
Heppner, J. B. 2010. Notes on Vietnam Moths, 14. Vespisesia a new clearwing moth genus and species
from Vietnam (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae: Sesiinae). — Lepidoptera Novae 3: 179-181.
Heppner, J. B. & W. D. Duckworth 1981. Classification of the Superfamily Sesioidea (Lepidoptera, Ditry-
sia). — Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 314: 1 -144.
Kallies, A. 2003. Two new species of Sesiini from the Oriental Region (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae, Sesiinae). —
Nachrichten des entomologischen Vereins, Frankfurt am Main, Apollo 23: 161-166.
Kallies, A. 2007. A revision of the clearwing moth species described by Zukowsky from China with ad-
ditional notes on Sesiidae species from the Mell collection (Sesiidae). — Nota lepidopterologica 30:
387-396.
Kallies, A. & Y. Arita 1998. New and little known clearwing moths (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) from the Phi-
lippine Islands. — Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan 49: 245-270.
Kallies, A. & Y. Arita 2004. A survey of the clearwing moths of the tribe Sesiini (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae)
from Vietnam and adjacent countries with a synopsis of the Oriental Sesiini fauna. — Tinea 18: 65—95.
Kallies, A. & J. J. de Freina 2009. Sesia himachalensis sp. n. and Sesia ladakhensis Spatenka 1990 comb.
rev. from the Indian Himalaya (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae, Sesiinae). — Nachrichten des entomologischen
Vereins, Frankfurt am Main, Apollo 30: 169-172.
Kendrick, R. C. 2001. New moth species for Hong Kong, part 5: update and further 1999 records. — Por-
cupine! Newsletter of the Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong 22:
3-4.
Le Cerf, F. 1937. Aegeriidae nouvelles ou peu connues d’ Asie antérieure. — Zeitschrift des Osterreichischen
Entomologen-Vereines 22: 81-89, 96—99, 103-109.
Meyrick, E. (1926) Aegeriadae [sic]. — Exotic Microlepidoptera 3: 266-270.
Naumann, C. M. 1971. Untersuchungen zur Systematik und Phylogenese der holarktischen Sesiiden (In-
secta, Lepidoptera). — Bonner Zoologische Monographien 1, 190 pp.
Petersen, M. & A. Lingenhöle 1998. Zur Kenntnis von Sesia nirdhoji sp. n., Sesia ruficollis sp. n. und
Bembecia lamai Kallies 1996 aus dem Dhaulagiri Himal/Nepal (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae). — Esperiana
6: 41-49, 846-847.
Pühringer, F. & A. Kallies 2004. Provisional checklist of the Sesiidae of the world (Lepidoptera: Ditry-
sia). — Mitteilungen der Entomologischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft Salzkammergut 4, 185 pp.
Spatenka, K., O. Gorbunov, Z. Lastuvka, I. Tosevski & Y. Arita 1999. Sesiidae — Clearwing Moths. Jn:
C. Naumann (ed.), Handbook of Palaearctic Macrolepidoptera, Vol. 1, 569 pp. - Gem Publishing Com-
pany, Wallingford, England.
162 Book review
SwissLepTeam* 2010. Die Schmetterlinge (Lepidoptera) der Schweiz . Eine kommentierte,
systematisch-faunistische Liste. — Centre suisse de cartographie de la faune & Schweizerische
Entomologische Gesellschaft. — Fauna Helvetica, Neuchatel 25. 350 pp. — ISBN 978-2-88414-
037-9. In German.
Switzerland can be once more mentioned for its high-quality products: The new checklist ofthe
Lepidoptera of Switzerland is printed on high-quality paper (not disturbingly glossy), contains
numerous high-quality colour photographs, as well as stitched binding in hardcover. The publi-
cation is authored by 25 lepidopterists *, who name themselves “SwissLepTeam”, under which
the book is officially authored.
The book starts with an historical overview of the faunistics of Swiss Lepidoptera, which
dates back to the 17" century. Among others, outstanding lepidopterists are mentioned and ref-
erence is made to two bibliographies covering the periods 1634-1900 and 1900-1982. The
introductory part closes with an outline of the importance of faunistic research for the conserva-
tion of species and points to the serious decline of experts, as well as the currently hardly exist-
ing teaching of students at universities in fields related to faunistics and natural history.
The systematic-faunistic list starts with short statements about the degree of the faunistic
exploration of every family group and provides the names of responsible authors per family.
Occurrence of species within Switzerland is given for the six sub-regions: Jura (JU), Central
Country (ML), northern Alps (NA), Wallis (WA), Graubiinden (GR) and southern Switzerland
(SS). Records within these regions are distinguished by symbols for verified records, literature
or database records and doubtful records. Species are listed with the respective numbers used in
the European checklist by Karsholt & Razowski (1996). For many species, comments are given
on important occurrences or systematics and nomenclature in an appendix.
The book is well illustrated by numerous colour photographs, starting with examples of the
scenery of the six sub-regions of Switzerland. Living adults are illustrated for every lepidop-
teran family, thus providing useful images for recognising the main groups of butterflies and
moths in nature. For some groups, the immatures and typical frass are also shown.
The book is completed with a list of references and an index to scientific names referring to
page numbers for family group names and to Karsholt & Razowski’s (1996) numbers for genus
and species group names. Altogether, 3668 species are now recorded for Switzerland, not count-
ing the 183 disproved species records.
The book is easy to use, even for non-German speaking lepidopterists, and a must-have for
anybody interested in the faunistics of Central European butterflies and moths. It is highly rec-
ommend for beginners due to its didactic value for recognising lepidopteran families.
MATTHIAS Nuss
References
Karsholt, O. & J. Razowski 1996. The Lepidoptera of Europe. A distributional checklist. — Apollo Books,
Stenstrup, Denmark. 1-380, 1 CD-ROM.
* Aistleitner, U., M. Albrecht, F. Altermatt, G. Artmann, D. Bolt, R. Bryner, M. Fluri, D. Fritsch, K.
Grimm, R. Guenin, M. Hächler, P. Hättenschwiler, R. Joos, T. Kaltenbach, W. Keller, A. Kopp, B.
Landry, B. Merz, L. Reser, W. Sauter, J. Schmid, P. Schmitz, P. Sonderegger, S. Whitebread & H.-P.
Wymann ;
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 163-168 163
The protected Transylvanian Blue (Pseudophilotes bavius
hungarica): new information on the morphology and biology
ANDREI CRISAN !, CRISTIAN SITAR?, CRISTINA CRAIOVEANU? & LASZLO RAKOSY *
Department of Taxonomy and Ecology, Babes-Bolyai University, str. Clinicilor 5—7,
Cluj-Napoca, Romania
andrei.crel@gmail.com
cristian_sitaru2007@yahoo.com
christii 99@yahoo.com
corresponding author; laszlorakosy@hasdeu.ubbcluj.ro
Bh WwW NO =
Abstract. Pseudophilotes bavius hungarica (Diöszeghy, 1913) is an endemic subspecies from Transylvania
with a distribution restricted to steppe-like habitats. It is included as a protected entity in Romanian and
European legislation. The present study reveals new data on the morphology and biology, host plants, and
behaviour of this taxon and tries to provide a basis for developing conservation measures in the future.
Introduction
The Transylvanian Blue, Pseudophilotes bavius hungarica (Diöszeghy, 1913), is men-
tioned in the annexes II and IV of the Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation
of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora, the European Red List of Butterflies (van
Swaay et al. 2010), in the Romanian legislation (OUG 57/2007 approved with amend-
ments by Law 49/2011 on the protected nature reserves, natural habitats, wild flora and
fauna), and the Red List of Romania (EN) (Rakosy 2002).
The conservation status of this taxon is due to the restricted distribution of ıts popu-
lations in Romania. The Transylvanian Blue can only be found in areas with steppe-
like vegetation and presence of the larval host plant Sa/via nutans L. (Lamiaceae)
(Kovacs et al. 2001). One of the known populations in Transylvania, considered to be
the healthiest, is located in Suatu (Cluj County), in and around the botanical nature
reserve (Fig. 1).
As conservation efforts need to be based on a good knowledge of the characteristics
and behaviour of the taxon in question, and as previous data (Jutzeler et al. 1997, König
1992) were incomplete, we provide new information about the morphology of the egg,
larva, and adult and the biology of this protected taxon.
Materials and methods
The study was conducted at two sites (each 9500 m?) with high densities of S. nutans
in and around the Suatu botanical nature reserve. In these locations we systematically
collected and observed all stages in the development of P bavius hungarica.
The pre-adult developmental stages and the adults were observed and studied both
in the laboratory and in the field between April 15 and June 15, 2010 and 2011. During
the same period, larval host plants, flight pattern, oviposition preferences, host plant
Nota lepidopterologica, 22.12.2011, ISSN 0342-7536
164 Crısan et al.: Transylvanian Blue (Pseudophilotes bavius hungarica)
phenology, and meteorological parameters were recorded daily for 60 minutes with
time being randomised to avoid systematic effects of the time of day.
Twenty-seven larvae, together with their host plant (in pots) and the respective clos-
est ant colony were transferred and reared in the laboratory. These larvae were fed and
observed daily for 120 minutes to analyse their mobility, myrmecophily, and parasit-
ism. The ants and parasites were sent to specialists for identification.
For a more accurate description of the taxon, detailed photographs (macro and scan-
ning electron micrographs) of the eggs, larvae, and pupae were taken.
Results and Discussion
Taxonomy
The name Pseudophilotes bavius hungaricus was often erroneously used in the lit-
erature, as for example in all editions of “A field guide to the Butterflies of Britain
and Europe” (Higgins & Riley 1970, 1978; Tolman & Lewington 1997, 2008) and in
“Verzeichnis der Schmetterlinge Rumäniens” (Rakosy et al. 2003). We wish to empha-
size that the correct name of this taxon is Pseudophilotes bavius hungarica as it was
originally described by Didszeghy in 1913 under this name.
P. bavius hungarica is completely isolated, both ecologically and geographically,
from other subspecies of P. bavius, the closest being P. bavius egea present at a distance
of about 200 km southeast of the Carpathian arch (Dinca et al. 2011a). Due to this isola-
tion, the question arose whether it would be appropriate to change the taxonomic status
from subspecies to species. However, the hypothesis that these taxa are conspecific was
rejected by molecular studies comparing P. bavius hungarica and P. bavius egea, which
revealed a rather weak genetic differentiation between them (Dinca et al. 2011b).
Morphology
Egg. The eggs are laid between the unopened hairy flower whorls of the host plant. The
colour of fresh eggs is whitish. They are in the shape of a flattened sphere with a slightly
deepened micropylar area, a diameter of 0.50—0.62 mm and a height of 0.25—0.28 mm.
The chorion shows a characteristic reticulate structure (Fig. 2). The micropylar rosette
is made up of more or less regular polygonal cells (Fig. 3). The size and the shape of the
egg were first described by König (1992) and Jutzeler et al. (1997).
Larva. After a short period of embryonic development (7—12 days), whitish, very
mobile, 2.5 mm long larvae emerge and climb into the growing flower spikes. Our ob-
servations confirm those of König (1992) about the duration of the larval stage, which
extends over 25—30 days. After the first moult, the larva changes its shape and colour;
on the flattened and, at both ends, rounded body a horizontal line and many diagonal
lateral lines appear, and the colour becomes very similar to that of the host plant (König
1992) (Figs 4—5). On the larval body several lateral rows of long hairs can be observed
(Fig. 6), as well as two rows of subdorsal hair pairs and a double row of dorsal hairs,
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 163-168 165
Fig. 1. Terraces with flowering Salvia nutans at Suatu — suitable habitat for P. bavius hungarica.
which are shorter and more visible in later larval developmental stages (Fig. 7). Both
field and laboratory observations showed that the last instar larvae have a lower mobil-
ity, but they still move from one floret to another without leaving the host plant.
Pupa. The mature larva climbs down the host plant onto the ground in order to pupate
and prepares a pupation site by binding together sand, fine gravel and plant material
with a silken thread (König 1992). The pupal colour varies from a light brownish-green
in the beginning of this stage (Fig. 8), to a dark brown colour by the end of the pupal
stage (Fig. 9). The pupa is barrel shaped with a length of 7-9 mm (7—8 mm was in-
dicated previously by Jutzeler 1997) and a width of 4-5 mm (König 1992). Pupation
takes place on the ground next to the host plant (König 1992). The pupae were kept
in the laboratory for 280-290 days and the butterflies emerged in the first ten days of
April.
Adult. The average wingspan resulting from measuring 20 males and 24 females was
22.24 mm + 1.29 SD for the males and 22.35 mm + 2.35 SD for the females. The small-
est individual had a wingspan of 17.2 mm (female) and the largest of 25.1 mm (also a
female). The upperside of the wings in males has a more pronounced blue colour with a
metallic iridescence and a row of orange spots narrower than in females (Fig. 10). The
dorsal area of the forewing in females is darker and has less of a blue metallic irides-
cence and the row of orange spots on the hindwing is more intensly marked (Fig. 11).
The row of orange spots on the hindwing is more intensly marked on the ventral side of
the wings in both sexes (Fig. 12). There is individual variability, especially in the size
and the number of the orange spots on the upper- and underside of the hindwing, and in
the size of the black spots on the underside of both wings.
Figs 2-3. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of the P bavius hungarica egg (photos by Mihali):
2. General view. 3. Detail of micropylar rosette. Figs 4-5. P bavius hungarica larvae: 4. Larva before
pupation perfectly camouflaged in the Salvia nu-tans flowers. 5. P bavius hungarica larvae visited by
C. atricolor ants. Figs 6-7. P. bavius hungarica larva (SEMs by Mihali): 6. Second larval instar. 7. Detail
of dorsal view. 8. Fresh pupae of P bavius hungarica. 9. Mature pupa of P. bavius hungarica (photo by
Gascoigne-Pees). Figs 10-12. Imago of P bavius hungarica: 10. Male. 11. Female feeding on Veronica
prostrata. 12. Ventral view.
Biology
Pseudophilotes bavius hungarica larvae are monophagous, feeding exclusively on Sal-
via nutans. In laboratory conditions they also accept S. pratensis L. (Jutzeler et al. 1997).
P. bavius hungarica is a monovoltine species; the flight period of the adult starts at
the end of April, but depending on the particular climatic conditions each year, it can
vary significantly. In the time interval 1910-2010 the earliest observed beginning of
the flight period was reported by Diöszeghy (1913) on the 20" of April in Vite. In 100
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 163-168 167
Jan Feb Mar Apr__ Mi May Jun | Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Imago
Egg
Caterpit “Ti lay
Pupa — OO
Fig. 13. um stages of P. bavius hungarica.
years of observations of the populations of P. bavius hungarica from the Transylvanian
Basin no earlier beginning of its flight period has been recorded. In 2011, when the
month of Aprıl was extremely dry and warm, the first individuals were observed on the
18" of April. Usually, the flight period lasts for 15-17 days. However, climatic dis-
turbances can break or derange the flight period, leading to its extension of up to four
weeks. The last individuals were observed on the 17" of May. Twenty-seven larvae,
together with their host plant (in pots) and the respective closest ant colony were trans-
ferred and reared ın the laboratory. These larvae were fed and observed daily for 120
minutes to analyse their mobility, myrmecophily, and parasitism. The ants and parasites
were sent to specialists for identification. For a more accurate description of the taxon,
detailed photographs (macro and scanning electron micrographs) of the eggs, larvae,
and pupae were taken.
During our field observations we noticed that the flowers of S. nutans appeared
later and in fewer numbers in 2011 compared to 2010. This change might explain the
observed oviposition preferences of the adults in 2011. Thus, on the flower whorls
we found 10-11 eggs in 2011, compared to 3-5 eggs in 2010. As a consequence, the
number of larvae observed on a single flower whorl was also higher in 2011 (maximum
of five) compared to 2010 (maximum of two). In this context, it has to be noted that the
number of observed P. bavius hungarica individuals was low in Suatu during the 2011
flight season, just about 10% of the 2010 season. The life cycle of P bavius hungarica
is summarized in Fig. 13.
Our field observations confirmed the following plants to be nectar sources for the
adults: Veronica prostrata L. (Scrophulariaceae), Fragaria viridis Duchesne (Rosa-
ceae), Thymus marschallianus Willd. (Lamiaceae), and Euphorbia seguieriana Neck.
(Euphorbiaceae).
Parasites. From the 27 larvae that we studied in the laboratory, six pupated (22%),
five were infested with the braconid wasp Apanteles sp. and the tachinid fly Aplomya
confinis (Fallén, 1820), and the rest died of unknown causes.
Myrmecophily. We observed larvae often being visited by ants of the species Cam-
ponotus atricolor (Nylander, 1849) (det. Marko) (Fig. 5), in contrast to Jutzeler et al.
(1997), who found ants of the species Crematogaster sordidula (Nylander, 1849) visit-
ing the larvae of P bavius hungarica. Our field and laboratory observations confirm
a facultative myrmecophily with the ant C. atricolor. Thus, our findings support and
168 Crısan et al.: Transylvanian Blue (Pseudophilotes bavius hungarica)
complement the data given by König (1992) and Jutzeler et al. (1997). No P bavius
hungarica larva was found on florets infested by aphids.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to B. Marko, J. Ziegler, A. Taeger, and I. Goia for their help with insect and plant identifi-
cation and to Jan Habel for critical comments and suggestions on the manuscript. We thank also C. Mihali
for the SEMs and to M. Gascoigne-Pees for the P. bavius hungarica pupa photo. This work was made pos-
sible through financial support of the Sectoral Operational Programme for Human Resources Development
2007-2013, co-financed by the European Social Fund, under the project number POSDRU 6/1.5/S/3 to
A. Crisan and the project number POSDRU 89/1.5/S/60189 with the title “Postdoctoral Programs for
Sustainable Development in a Knowledge Based Society“ to C. Craioveanu. This research was initiated
through ID-552 IDEI PNII grants (Bucharest, Romania).
References
Dinca, V., S. Cuvelier & M. S. Molgaard 2011a. Distribution and conservation status of Pseudophilotes
bavius (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in Dobrogea (south-eastern Romania). — Phegea 39 (2): 59-67.
Dinca, V., E. V. Zakharov, P. D. N. Hebert & R. Vila 2011b. Complete DNA barcode reference library for
a country’s butterfly fauna reveals high performance for temperate Europe (Annex 2 — Neighbour-
joining tree of 1387 barcoded specimens of Romanian butterflies). — Proceedings of the Royal Society
B 278 (1704): 347-355.
Diöszeghy, L. 1913. Adatok a Lycaena bavius Ev. életmodjähoz. — Rovartani Lapok, Budapest 20: 105-109.
Higgins, L. G. & N. D. Riley 1970. A field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe. Collins Pub-
lishers, London. 380 pp. |
Jutzeler, D., L. Rakosy & E. Bros 1997. Observation et élevage de Pseudophilotes bavius (Eversmann,
1832) des environs de Cluj; distribution de cette espèce en Roumanie. Une nouvelle plante nouricière
de Colias alfacariensis (Ribbe, 1905). — Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de Mulhouse: Avril-
juin: 23-30.
König, F. 1992. Morphologische, biologische une ökologische Daten über Philotes bavius hungarica Di6-
szeghy 1913. Lepidoptera. Lycaenidae. — Entomologische Zeitschrift, Jhg. 102, Nr. 9-10: 168-172,
188-191.
Kovacs, S., L. Rakosy, Z. Kovacs, C. Cremene & M. Goia 2001. Lepidoptera (Fluturi). Pp. 81-114. - Jn:
L. Rakosy & S. Kovacs (eds) Rezervatia Naturalä „Dealul cu fluturi” de la Viisoara. — Societatea Lepi-
dopterologicä Romana.
Rakosy, L. 2002. Lista rosie pentru fluturii diurni din Romania. — Buletinul informativ al Societätii Lepi-
dopterologice Romane 13 (1-4): 9-26.
Rakosy, L., M. Goia & Z. Kovacs 2003. Catalogul Lepidopterelor Romäniei/ Verzeichnis der Schmetterlinge
Rumäniens. — Societatea Lepidopterologicä Romänä, Cluj-Napoca. 446 pp.
Tolman, T. & R. Lewington 2008. Collins Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe. 3rd ed. —
Harper Collins, London. 400 pp.
van Swaay, C., A. Cuttelod, S. Collins, D. Maes, M. Lopez Munguira, M. Saëié, J. Settele, R. Verovnik, T.
Verstrael, M. Warren, M. Wiemers & I. Wynhoff 2010. European Red List of Butterflies. — International
Union for Conservation of Nature. 1-10 + 1-47 pp.
*** Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora.
*** OQUG 57/2007 approved with amendments by Law 49/2011 on the protected nature reserves, natural
habitats, wild flora and fauna (in Romanian).
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 169-170 169
Catocala afghana Swinhoe, 1885, a new species for the
Kyrgyzian fauna (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Catocalinae)
STANISLAV K. KORB
a/ya 2, Knyaghinino, Nizhny Novgorod Province, 606340 Russia; stanislavkorb@rhopalocera.com
Abstract. Catocala afghana Swinhoe, 1885 is recorded for the first time from North Kyrghyzstan, in the
Bishkek area.
Pezıome. Catocala afghana Swinhoe, 1885 BnepBbie HpHBOAATCA 114 CeBepHoro KbiprbI3cTanHa (OKpecT-
HOCTH bulikeKa).
Introduction
On June 24, 2004 during a moth-collecting session with a 250-Watt mercury vapour
light in the Bishkek area (Kyrgyzstan), at the specific location of Kok-Dzhar (in
local letters: Kox-?Kap), a large underwing moth was trapped. At first determination
it resembled Catocala nupta (Linnaeus, 1767) but the form of red fields, colouration
of forewing upperside and red spotting along the external border of hindwing were
atypical (Figs 1, 2). Further investigation made it clear that it was Catocala afghana
Swinhoe, 1885 described from “Gwal” and “Quetta” localities in Southern Afghanistan
(Swinhoe 1885: 352). This identification was confirmed by Dr. A. V. Sviridov. It is
the first record of this species in Kyrgyzstan and in the northeastern part of Middle
Asia.
Catocala afghana occurs in Afghanistan and Pakistan (Sviridov 2008) and the
distribution is extremely fragmented. This record is about 1000 km from the known
distribution area of the species. The biology of this little-known moth is unknown.
The specimen was collected in a small river valley in the zone of foothill semideserts
(Big. 3).
Identification details. This species belongs to the C. elocata (Esper, 1787) species
group with which it shares all the specific features: almost the same pattern of gray
lines on the forewing upperside, a red spot in the marginal border on the upperside of
the hindwing and the apex of the valve in male genitalia not rounded. Species closely
related to C. afghana are C. locata Staudinger, [1892] and C. deducta Eversmann, 1843.
C. afghana differs from them in the following characters: from C. /ocata by the shorter
black band in the middle of the hindwing (not reaching the anal edge of the wing) and
by the red w-shaped post-discal band connected with the red basal band in the anal part
of the wing; from C. deducta by the darker wing coloration (especially in the forewing)
and by the red w-shaped post-discal band connected with the red basal band in the anal
part of the wing.
Nota lepidopterologica, 22.12.2011, ISSN 0342-7536
170 KorB: Catocala afghana newly recorded from Kyrgyzstan
Figs 1-2. Catocala afghana Swinhoe, 1885. 1. Male upperside, 24.06.2004, Bishkek area, 800 m, leg. S.
Korb. 2. Male underside, 24.06.2004, Bishkek area, 800 m, leg. S. Korb.
Fig. 3. Biotope where C. afghana Swinhoe, 1885 was caught: Bishkek area, locality Kok-Dzhar, 800 m,
semidesert.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Dr. A. V. Sviridov (Zoological Museum of Moscow University) for valuable help with
identification.
References
Sviridov, A. V. 2008. A catalogue of the underwing moths (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Catocala) of the Palae-
arctic. — Trudy Zoologicheskogo Museya Moskovskogo Universiteta 49: 70-100.
Swinhoe, C. 1885. List of Lepidoptera collected in Southern Afghanistan. — Transactions of the Royal
Entomological Society of London 1885: 337-355.
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 171-177 71
Lebensweise und Beschreibung der Entwicklungsstadien
von Pachythelia villosella quadratica de Freina, 1983
(Psychidae: Oiketicinae: Acanthopsychini)
PETER HATTENSCHWILER
Seeblickstraße 4, CH-8610 Uster, Schweiz; peter.haettenschwiler@dative.ch
Abstract. The original description of Pachythelia villosella quadratica De Freina, 1983 is based on two
males and their bags from Turkey. New material of this taxon became known only recently. During 2007, a
bag with eggs was found in the same region from which two generations were reared. Based on the speci-
mens obtained, all developmental stages are described and the status of the taxon is discussed.
Zusammenfassung. Die Originalbeschreibung von Pachythelia villosella quadratica De Freina, 1983
basiert auf zwei Männchen und deren Säcke aus der Türkei. Bis vor kurzem sind keine weiteren Belege
dieses Taxons bekannt geworden. 2007 wurde in der gleichen Region ein Sack mit Eiern gefunden, die
über zwei Generationen weiter gezüchtet wurden. Basierend auf diesen Nachkommen werden alle Ent-
wicklungsstadien beschrieben sowie der Status des Taxons diskutiert.
Einleitung
Vom 22. bis 24. Mai 1981 wurden durch eine Entomologen-Gruppe im Gebiet der öst-
lichen Türkei Bombyces und Sphinges gesammelt. Dabei fand Herr Josef de Freina in
der Nähe von Antalya in Termessos auf einer Höhe von 900 — 1000 m einen Psychiden-
sack, der zwischen Steinen angesponnen war. Aus diesem Sack schlüpfte am 8.7.1981
ein männlicher Falter. In der Zoologischen Staatssammlung München befindet sich ein
weiteres Männchen mit Sack (leg. Heuberger), ebenfalls aus der Nähe von Antalya, in
der Umgebung Alanya (e.l. 30.5.1978). Aufgrund dieser beiden Männchen und ihrer
Säcke wurde 1983 Pachythelia villosella quadratica De Freina, 1983 beschrieben.
Am 9.6.2007 wartete der Spinnen-Spezialist Siegfried Huber in der Provinz Adana,
ca. 30 km nördlich Kozan in der östlichen Türkei auf den Bus zur Weiterreise. Vor
der Weiterfahrt inspizierte er das Bushäuschen auf der Suche nach Spinnen und fand
dabei auf der Rückseite zwei etwa 28 mm lange Psychidensäcke. Diese Säcke wurden
mit einigen Blättern aus der Umgebung in einer Schachtel im Gepäck verstaut. Am
14.6.2007, noch auf der Weiterreise in der Türkei, schlüpften aus dem einen Sack junge
Räupchen die an den Blättern, die als Feuchtigkeitsspender und Polsterung mit den
Säcken zusammen in der Schachtel lagen, nagten und aus Pflanzenfragmenten kleine
Säckchen bauten.
Durch unseren gemeinsamen Freund Dr. Jakob Walter kamen die beiden Psychiden-
säcke und die jungen Raupen zu uns. Die Weiterzucht wurde in Zuchtkästen durchge-
führt, in denen ein der Natur im Fundgebiet nachgebildeter Biotop eingerichtet war und
die Raupen gut gediehen.
Nota lepidopterologica, 22.12.2011, ISSN 0342-7536
192 HÄTTENSCHWILER: Lebensweise von Pachythelia villosella quadratica
Abb. 1. Darstellung der Fliigeladerung und -form. a. P. villosella quadratica, b. P. villosella villosella, e. die
beiden übereinander gezeichnet, dünner Strich P. v. villosella, Punktlinie P. v. quadratica. Die Skizze zeigt
ein Beispiel; die Unterschiede können ausgeprägter oder weniger auffallend sein.
Pachythelia villosella quadratica de Freina, 1983
Material. Türkei, Adana, ca. 30 km N Kozan (37°27’N 35°49’E). Das gesamte Material stammt vom
gleichen Weibchen ab, das zur Beobachtung in zwei ex ovo Zuchten kultiviert wurde. Belege sind in den
folgenden Sammlungen deponiert: National Museum of Natural History Washington DC, USA; INRA
Orleans Forerstry Unit, Olivet, France; Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Österreich; Museum Witt, Mün-
chen; Natural History Museum, London; Schmalhausen Institut of Zoology, National Academy of Science,
Kiev, Ukraine; Nationaal Naturhistorisch Museum, Leiden, Niederlande sowie in einigen Sammlungen
von Freunden und Kollegen.
Beschreibung. Männchen (Abb. 2a, 3, 4b). Flügel Spannweite 21-26 mm (Mittel
24 mm, n = 41), alle Flügel braun, dicht beschuppt mit langen Schuppen der Klassen
1-2 (Sauter 1956), Flügelfransen um den Apex der Vorderflügel (Vfl.) meist breit,
oft mehrspitzig. Vfl. mit neun Adern aus der Discoidalzelle (DZ), r3+r4 und m2+m3
gestielt oder aus einen Punkt (selten nur acht Adern aus DZ, dann sind m2+m3 ver-
schmolzen). Hinterflügel (Hfl.) Farbe und Beschuppung wie Vfl. Fünf Adern aus DZ,
Radialramus (rr) mit Subcosta (sc) im basalen Drittel der DZ durch Querader verbun-
den. Der vordere Teil der DZ, zwischen dem Radialramus und der trennenden Ader
der DZ in ml mündend, ist deutlich kürzer als der hintere Teil. Antennen dunkelbraun,
total 27-34 Glieder (Abb. 3) lange beschuppte Kammzähne, die feine Setae tragen.
Ocellen fehlen, Augen klein, leicht hochoval im Abstand von 2-2.5facher Augenhöhe.
Labialpalpen eingliedrig mit Haarbusch. Kopf, Körper dorsal und Flügel dunkelbraun,
Thorax mit silbergrauen Haaren durchmischt, Abdomen ventral hell behaart. Vorder-
beine mit langer Epiphyse, Mittel- und Hinterbeine ohne Sporne. Das Genital (Abb. 4b)
ist breit, Phallus fast so lang wie das ganze Genital, distal kopfförmig. Saccus schmal,
nur etwa ein Fünftel der ganzen Genitallänge.
Weibchen (Abb. 5). Ungeflügelt, Brustbeine reduziert, Bauchbeine, Flügel und
Antennen fehlen, weichhäutig blass gelblich, Eier durch die dünne Haut erkennbar,
Kopfpartie in hellbraun übergehend. Augen auf einen kleinen dunklen Punkt reduziert.
Körper zylindrisch, etwa 16-22 mm lang bei 3.5—4.5 mm Durchmesser, Kopf und
Brustsegmente nach vorn unten gebogen. Das Genital weichhäutig, die Legeöffnung
wenig vorstehend. Ein Kranz von Afterwolle ist nicht erkennbar, jedoch sind über den
ganzen Körper feine, weiße Haare verteilt, die beim Legen der Eier abgerieben werden.
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 171-177 173
Abb. 3. Antennen der Männchen von Pachythelia villosella quadratica. a. Kammzahnpaare einseitig;
b. vergrößerter Ausschnitt aus der Fühlermitte zeigt die beschuppten und schwach bewimperten Kamm-
zähne.Abb. 4. Männliche Genitalien von Pachythelia villosella. a. P. v. villosella (aus Griechenland), b. P
v. quadratica (aus der Türkei).
Eı. Frisch abgelegte Eier sind blassgelblich, leicht oval (0.8—1.2 mm) ohne Struktu-
ren. Während der etwa dreiwöchigen Entwicklung verfärben sich die Eier grau, denn
die sich entwickelnden Räupchen im Inneren der Eier scheinen mehr und mehr durch
die dünne Eischale.
Raupe (Abb. 6a, b). Ausgewachsene Raupen sind 16-21 mm lang, rundlich mit 4—
4.5 mm Durchmesser. Die Abdominalsegmente sind „schmutzig“ gelblich, Kopf und
Brustsegmente dunkel, fast schwarz mit breiten, hellen Längsstreifen lateral und dorsal.
Das Labrum der Raupe mit vier Dornenpaaren, die symmetrisch angeordnet sind.
Sack (Abb. 7a-c). Die Säcke erwachsener Raupen sind dreieckig im Querschnitt,
23-37 mm lang, die Bauch- oder Schleifseite 7— 12 mm breit. Der Sack besteht aus ei-
ner seidenen Röhre, an die auf der unteren Seite und seitlich, links und rechts rundliche
Blattstücke angesponnen werden. Diese Blattstücke werden von der Raupe aus harten,
dürren Blättern herausgebissen. Die Größe der Stücke ist durch die Größe der Raupe
gegeben, sie sind so groß wie die Raupe reichen kann, ohne den Sack zu verlassen. Die
174 HATTENSCHWILER: Lebensweise von Pachythelia villosella quadratica
Abb. 5. Weibchen von Pachythelia villosella qua-
dratica in Seitenansicht; der Kopf (rechts) ist stark
nach vorn unten gebogen, die Brustbeine sind auf
dachziegelartig angeordneten Blattstücke
werden mit dem Wachstum der Raupe grö-
Ber, sodass die hinten am Sack angespon-
nenen Stücke kleiner und die gegen die
vordere Öffnung des Sackes größer sind.
Puppe. Die Puppenhülle der Männchen
ist hellbraun, sie erscheint jedoch vor dem
Schlüpfen dunkelbraun, fast schwarz, wenn
kleine Stummel reduziert, Bauchbeine und Flügel der entwickelte Falter durchscheint. Die
fehlen. Kopf-Brustplatte mit 4 Borstenpaaren, ei-
nes davon am Hinterkopf. Die Abdominal-
segmente 4-7 tragen dorsal nach hinten gerichtete Dornenreihen sowie auf den Inter-
segmentalmembranen nach vorn gerichtete Dornenreihen. Die weibliche Puppe ist
hellbraun, alle Segmente sınd vorhanden jedoch fehlen die Flügel-, Bein- und Fühler-
scheiden und die Rückendornen. Die Kopf-Brustplatte ist so stark reduziert, dass die
einzelnen Teile kaum unterscheidbar sind.
Lebensweise. Die Flugzeit dauert etwa von Ende Mai bis Ende Juli, abhängig von Hö-
henlage und Klıma. Männchen schlüpfen am späteren Nachmittag bis frühen Abend.
Dazu winden und stossen sıch die Puppen etwa zur Hälfte aus dem Sack, schlüpfen
aus der Puppenhülle, die in der Sacköffnung stecken bleibt und strecken die Flügel.
Sie bleiben meistens am Sack oder dessen Nähe und warten bis zu den ersten Strahlen
des neuen Tages. Die Weibchen schlüpfen in den frühen Morgenstunden im Sack aus
der Puppe und winden sich zur Sacköffnung, bis der Kopf aus dem Sackende ragt und
lässt ihr Pheromon durch die Luft wegtragen. Sobald der Duft ein Männchen erreicht,
fliegt es zum Weibchen und paart sich durch die hintere Sacköffnung, die durch das
Weibchen geöffnet wurde. Die Männchen könnten 2-3 Weibchen begatten, sterben
aber meistens noch am gleichen Tag. Die Weibchen legen nach der Kopula sogleich die
etwa 100-150 Eier in die Puppenhülle im Sack und sterben. Ohne Paarung kann das
Weibchen an 6-8 weiteren Morgen erneut mit ihrem Duft Männchen anlocken. Wenn
in dieser Zeit keine Kopula erfolgen konnte, verlässt das ermattete Weibchen den Sack
und fällt zu Boden oder es bleibt im Sack in ihrer Puppenhülle und stirbt dort.
Abhängig von Jahr und Klima kann eine Generation 1 bis 2 Jahre dauern. In einer
Nachzucht in Uster schlüpften die Räupchen am 14. Mai 2007. Anfang Oktober 2007
waren die Säckchen 10-12 mm lang und hatten sich zur Überwinterung an festen
Pflanzen und oben an den Kästen festgesponnen. Schon im Februar des nächsten Jah-
res erwachten die Räupchen und begannen an Spitzwegerich, Plantago lanceolata der
im Zuchtkasten wuchs, zu fressen. Anfang April waren die Säcke etwa 20 mm lang
und Ende Mai begannen einige Raupen ihre nun 23—36 mm langen Säcke oben in den
Kästen fest zu spinnen Aus diesen angesponnenen Säcken schlüpften nach nur einer
Überwinterung vom 5.7. bis zum 4.8.2008 sieben Männchen und 21 Weibchen. Der
grössere Teil der Raupen war träge, frass ab und zu oder sie arbeiteten an ihren, nun
etwa 20-30 mm langen Säcken und begannen im Herbst eine zweite Überwinterung.
Im März 2009 begannen sie wieder zu fressen und an den Säcken nötige Reparaturen
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 171-177 175
Abb. 6-7. Raupe von Pachythelia villosella quadratica. 6a. Seitenansicht; b. Kopf- und Brustteil dorsal;
c. Labrum (Psychidae tragen hier jeweils 4 Dornenreihen); 7a. zum Sackbau Beißen die Raupen rundliche
Scheiben aus festen, dürren Blättern und anderen Materialien; b. die rundlichen Stücke werden dachzie-
gelartig in Dreiecksform außen an den röhrenförmigen Seidensack angesponnen; e. Querschnitt durch den
Sack.
auszuführen. Anfang Mai waren alle Tiere oben in den Zuchtkästen angesponnen und
verpuppten sich. Ab dem 28.5.2009 begann das Schlüpfen der Weibchen bei Tagesan-
bruch, der Männchen in der Abenddämmerung oder in der frühen Nacht. Die Paarun-
gen finden am frühen Morgen statt. Nun schlüpften bis etwa Ende Juni 45 Männchen
und 12 Weibchen. In weiteren etwa 20 Säcken verschiedener Stadien hatten die Raupen
bzw. Puppen nicht überlebt.
Von uns unbeobachtet fanden in den Zuchtkästen Paarungen der geschlüpften Ima-
gines statt, denn aus vier Säcken schlüpfte eine grosse Zahl von Nachkommen, die wir
als Zucht F2 weiter züchteten. Alle Zuchten fanden in einem sicheren, geschützten,
frostfreien Raum statt und trotzdem hatten wir bei der F2 Zucht durch die sprunghaften
Änderungen der Wintertemperaturen grosse Verluste. Auch die Raupen der F2 Zucht
überwinteren zwei Mal und ergaben Ende Juni 2010 fünf Männchen und drei Weib-
chen. Auf eine weitere Zucht haben wir verzichtet.
Verbreitung. Die Unterart ist ausschließlich von den folgenden Fundorten bekannt:
Türkei, Antalya, Termessos, 900-1000 m, leg. De Freina (10° + Sack).
Türkei, Antalya, Umgebung Alanya, e.l. 30.5.1978 leg. Heuberger (19 + Sack).
Türkeı, Adana, ca. 30 km nördlich Kozan (37°27’N 35°49’E), 142 m, leg. Siegfried
Huber (ex ovo Zucht).
Israel, Mt. Hermon, 1600 m, 16.5.2000, leg. R. Dor (ein Sack), Museum Tel Aviv.
176 HÄTTENSCHWILER: Lebensweise von Pachythelia villosella quadratica
Tab. 1. Vergleich einiger Merkmale der drei Arten/Unterarten, die leicht verwechselt werden.
Pachythelia villosella Canephora unicolor
villosella quadratica
Männchen
Flügelspannweite 22-28, Mittelwert 25 21-26, Mittelwert 24 16-28, Mittelwert 24
(in mm) (n = 30) (n = 48) (n=181)
Vorderflügeladerung N=9; r3+r4 gestielt N=9 (8); r3+r4 gestielt | N=9; r3 +r4 gestielt
Hinterflügel: Adern N=5; m2+m3 gestielt N=5; m2, m3 meist N=5; m2, m3 getrennt
aus DZ getrennt
Schuppenklasse nach 1-2 einspitzig 1-2 einspitzig 5—6 breit oft mehr-
Sauter (1956) Lange / kurz / durchscheinend lang / dicht spitzig schwarz, dicht
Aussehen deckend
Antennengliederzahl 35-39 27-34 30-36
Kammzahn
Beschuppung unbeschuppt dicht beschuppt schwach beschuppt
Augenform klein, hochoval klein, hochoval klein, hochoval
Augenabstand 1,8—2,0 x Augenhöhe 2,0-2,5 x Augenhöhe ca. 2,0 x Augenhöhe
Sacklänge / 30-45 /3,5-4(n=25) | 23-34 /7-12(n=49) | 25-37 /3,5-4,5 (n = 80)
Endröhrenlänge Querschnitt rund Querschnitt dreieckig Querschnitt rund
(in mm)
Weibchen
Länge / Durchmesser 16-18 /4,0-8,0 18-22 / 3,5 —4,8 13-20 / 3,5 -5,0
(in mm)
Sacklänge / Breite 30-45 / 4-8 (n= 33) 24-37/8-13 (n=40) | 25-37 / 4-8 (n= 60)
(in mm) Querschnitt rund Querschnitt dreieckig Querschnitt rund
Diagnose
Ein Teiistück des mitochondrialen Gens CoxI (jeweils 658 Basenpaare) wurde im Rah-
men des Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD www.boldsystems.org) der University
of Guelph, Kanada für Pachythelia villosella quadratica und ihre Nominatunterart P
v. villosella (Ochsenheimer, 1810) ermittelt. Danach weisen P. v. villosella von Grie-
chenland, Spata (Barcode ID: BCREB087-09; Sample ID: BC-EH-V87) und P v. qua-
dratica aus der Türkei, Kozan (Barcode ID: BCREB088-09; Sample ID: BC-EH-V88)
einen genetischen Abstand (= Unterschied in den Basenpaaren) von 6,67% auf, was
eher auf unterschiedliche Arten als auf Unterarten hindeutet. Da aber bisher nur wenige
Exemplare der Gattung Pachythelia betreffend ihrer DNA-Barcode Sequenze unter-
sucht wurden, sollen an dieser Stelle noch keine Schlussfolgerungen gezogen werden.
Unterschiede zwischen adulten Tieren, selbst aus einem Gelege, können recht gross
sein (Hättenschwiler 2007).
Die an vielen Exemplaren beobachteten morphologischen Unterschiede liegen, wie
der Name beschreibt, in der mehr quadratischen Form der Vorderflügel, in unterschied-
licher Länge ihrer Deckschuppen und dadurch bedingt unterschiedlicher Deckung und
Transparenz sowie in der Fühlerbeschuppung, der Fühlergliederanzahl und deutlich
unterschiedlicher Bauweise der Raupensäcke (Tab. 1).
Alle diese Unterschiede sind aber auch Streuungen unterworfen und so möchten wir
hier den nomenklatorischen Status von P v. quadratica als Unterart bestehen lassen.
Nota lepid. 34 (2): 171-177 17
Die Gattung Pachythelia Westwood, 1848 enthält neben P. villosella nur noch P ro-
busta Krüger, 1939 (Sobezyk 2011), deren taxonomischer Status noch der eingehenden
Untersuchung bedarf. Hier erscheint zunächst ein Vergleich mit grossen, äußerlich ähn-
lichen Arten der Tribus Acanthopsychini sinnvoll. Die drei Taxa sind mit einigen Merk-
malen in Tab. 8 gegenübergestellt. Die beiden Unterarten P. villosella und quadratica
sind äusserlich und durch den DNA-Barcode unterscheidbar. C. unicolor hat breite Flü-
gelschuppen, ist dicht beschuppt und dadurch nicht durchscheinend. Gegenüber qua-
dratica unterscheidet sie sich außerdem deutlich durch die Säcke. Für einen Vergleich
mit P v. villosella und C. unicolor soll an dieser Stelle auch auf Hättenschwiler (1997)
verwiesen werden.
Aus den Ländern um das Mittelmeer, sowie Ost- und Südosteuropa sind viele Arten
beschrieben, die in der Gattung Oiketicoides Heylaerts, 1981 zusammengefasst sind.
Hier soll nicht auf die etwa vierzig Arten eingegangen werden, doch verbinden die
grossen, stark bis schwach hochovalen Augen und der kleine Augenabstand, der meist
unter 1 x Augenhöhe liegt, alle Arten der Gattung Oiketicoides und trennt sie deutlich
von den in Tab. 8 betrachteten Arten. Zudem sind die meisten Männchen der Oiketico-
ides-Arten hell gelb bis braun gelb gefärbt und dadurch auch farblich unterscheidbar.
Danksagung
Mein bester Dank geht an Herr Siegfried Huber, Oberuhldingen (D). Er fand den Sack mit den Eiern und
hat ihn Herrn Dr. Jakob Walter, Schaffhausen (CH) übergeben, der das Geschenk zur Weiterzucht an uns
weitergab. Meine liebe Frau Ruth betreute erfolgreich die Zuchten wie immer mit viel Liebe und Sorgfalt.
Prof. Dr. Willi Sauter, Illnau (CH) danke ich für Beratung und das Lesen des Manuskriptes. Nicht zuletzt
geht mein Dank an Herrn Dr. Erwin Hauser, Wolfern (A) für die Fotos der beiden Männchen sowie zu-
sammen mit Rodolphe Rougerie, Mont Saint Aignan (F) und dem Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding
(Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Guelph, Canada) für die Abwicklung der DNA Untersuchungen und
Bereitstellung der DNA-Barcode Sequenzen.
Literatur
De Freina, J. 1983. 4. Beitrag zur systematischen Erfassung der Bombyces- und Sphinges Fauna Klein-
asiens. Neue Kenntnisse über Artenspektrum, Systematik und Nomenklatur sowie Beschreibungen neu-
er Taxa. — Mitteilungen der Münchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft 72: 57-127.
Hättenschwiler, P. 1997. Psychidae. S. 165-308. — In: Pro Natura — Schweizerischer Bund für Naturschutz
(Hrsg.), Schmetterlinge und ihre Lebensräume, Band 2. — Basel.
Hättenschwiler, P. 2007. Wie unterschiedlich kann die Grösse der erwachsenen Tiere innerhalb einer Art
sein? Beispiele von Sackträgern (Lepidoptera, Psychidae). — Mitteilungen der Basler Entomologischen
Gesellschaft Basel 57 (1):10-15.
Sauter, W. 1956. Morphologie und Systematik der schweizerischen Solenobia-Arten, — Revue Suisse de Zoo-
logie 63 (27), Fasicule 3(22): 451-550.
Sobczyk, T. 2011: Psychidae (Lepidoptera). — /n: M. Nuss (ed.), World Catalogue of Insects 10: 1-467.
Nota lepidopterologica index to volume 34 by taxon and
author names, with publication dates
Publication dates
Not: p.1=90:21.10:2011; No. 2: p. 93=—177: 22.12.2011
Contents
Bengtsson, B. A. & N. Ryrholm 2011 (21.x.). Obituary to Ingvar Svensson. 34 (1): 7-9.
Blackstein, H. 2011 (21.x.). Tortricinae aus der Sammlung Shchetkin des Museums fiir Naturkunde Berlin.
34 (1): 39-47.
Budashkin, Yu. I. & B. Zlatkov 2011 (21.x.). Anew species of Epinotia Hübner, 1825 (“1816”) from south-
western Bulgaria (Tortricidae: Olethreutinae). 34 (1): 33-37.
Crisan, A., Sitar, C., Craioveanu, C. & L. Rakosy 2011 (22.xi1.). The Protected Transylvanian Blue (Pseu-
dophilotes bavius hungarica): new information on the morphology and biology. 34 (2): 163-168.
Dolinskaya, I. V. 2011 (21.x.). Larval head microsculpture in Palaearctic Notodontidae (Noctuoidea) and its
significance for the systematics of the family. 34 (1): 11-28.
Durié, M. & M. Popovic 2011 (21.x.). A note on the status of the rare species Kirinia climene (Esper, 1783)
(Nymphalidae) in Serbia. 34 (1): 79-82.
Faucheux, M. J. 2011 (22.xi1.). Antennal sensilla in adult males of five species of Coleophora (Coleopho-
ridae): Considerations on their structure and function. 34 (2): 93-103.
Gaedike, R. 2011 (22.x11.). A new species of Digitivalva Gaedike, 1970 from Greece (Acrolepiidae). 34
2): 131-136.
Gaedike, R. 2011 (22.x11.). Contributions to the knowledge of Palaearctic Tineidae. 34 (2): 137-144.
Gaedike, R. & R. Mally 2011 (22.xi1.). On the taxonomic status of Cephimallota angusticostella (Zeller)
and C. crassiflavella Bruand (Tineidae). 34 (2): 115-130.
Hattenschwiler, P. 2011 (22.x11.). Lebensweise und Beschreibung der Entwicklungsstadien von Pachythelia
villosella quadratica de Freina, 1983 (Psychidae: Oiketicinae: Acanthopsychini). 34 (2): 171-177.
Kallies, A. 2011 (22.x11.). New species and taxonomic changes in Sesiini from Asia and Europe (Sesiidae).
34 (2): 151-161.
Karsholt, ©. & M. V. Kozlov 2011 (22.x11.). The winter-flying adelid Nematopogon stenochlora (Meyrick,
1912) discovered in Spain (Lepidoptera, Adelidae). 34 (2): 145-150.
Korb, S. K. 2011 (21.x.). Relocation of primary types of butterflies (Papilionoidea) described by S. K. Korb
in the Y. B. Kosarev collection. 34 (1): 83-85.
Korb, S. K. 2011 (22.x11.). Catocala afghana Swinhoe, 1885, a new species for the Kyrgyzian fauna (Le-
pidoptera: Erebidae: Catocalinae). 34 (2): 169-170.
Krpaë, V. T., C. Darcemont, M. Krpaë & M. Lemonnier-Darcemont 2011 (21.x.). Fauna of butterflies (Pa-
pilionoidea) in the National Park Gali¢ica, Republic of Macedonia. 34 (1): 49-78.
Niitsu, S., I. Sims & T. Ishizaki 2011 (22.xii.). Morphology and ontogeny of wing bud development during
metamorphosis in females of the wingless bagworm moth Epichnopterix plumella (Denis & Schiffer-
müller, 1775) (Psychidae). 34 (2): 103-110.
Sattler, K. 2011 (21.x.). The original description of Ephysteris inustella (Zeller, 1839) (Gelechiidae). 34 (1):
29-31.
Yakovlev, R. V., S. V. Titov & P. V. Egorov 2011 (21.x.). New subspecies of Parnassius nomion from
Northern Kazakhstan. 34 (1): 87-90.
Zilli, A., L. Ronkay & J. L. Yela 2011 (21.x.). Obituary to Michael Fibiger (1945-2011). 34 (1): 3-6.
Book reviews. 34 (1) (21.x.): 32, 38; 34 (2) (22.xii.): 102, 111-114, 162.
Index of taxonomical changes
alanyacola sp. n. (Eudarcia (Neomeessia)) — Gaedike, R. 2011 (22.xii.): 34 (2): 140.
bayansulu ssp. n. (Parnassius nomion) — Yakovlev, R. V., S. V. Titov & P. V. Egorov 2011 (21.x.): 34 (1):
87.
bisonella Sumpich, 2011 (Monopis), syn. n. of Monopis burmanni Petersen, 1979 — Gaedike, R. 2011
(22.x11.): 34 (2): 143.
catalina Meyrick, 1926 (Synanthedon), syn. n. of Sphecodoptera repanda (Walker, 1856) — Kallies, A.
2011 (22.xii.): 34 (2): 156.
Clavisphecia (Sesiidae), nom. n. for Clavigera Kallies & Arita, 2004, nec Clavigera Hector, 1879 (Bra-
chiopoda) — Kallies, A. 2011 (22.xi1.): 34 (2): 157.
inustella (Zeller, 1839) year of description corrected (Ephysteris) — Sattler, K. 2011 (21.x.): 34 (1): 29.
irmhildae sp. n. (Cochylimorpha) — Blackstein, H. 2011 (21.x.): 34 (1): 40.
jaworskii sp. n. (Eudarcia (Abchagleris)) — Gaedike, R. 2011 (22.x11.): 34 (2): 139.
melanocephala Dalman, 1816 (Sesia), comb. n.; now: Eusphecia melanocephala (Dalman, 1916) -Kallies,
A. 2011 (22.xii.): 34 (2): 160.
nigristriana Sp. n. (Epinotia) — Budashkin, Yu. I. & B. Zlatkov 2011 (21.x.): 34 (1): 34.
ormosiae Sp. n. (Cyanosesia) — Kallies, A. 2011 (22.x11.): 34 (2): 152.
Scasiba Matsumura, 1931 (Sesiidae), syn. n. of Sphecodoptera Hampson, 1893 — Kallies, A. 2011 (22.xii.):
34 (2): 156.
seligeri sp. n. (Digitivalva) — Gaedike, R. 2011 (22.x11.): 34 (2): 132.
Vespisesia Heppner, 2010 (Sesiidae), syn. n. of Sphecosesia Hampson, 1910 — Kallies, A. 2011 (22.xi1.):
34 (2): 157.
xerampelina sp. n. (Lamellisphecia) — Kallies, A. 2011 (22.xu.): 34 (2): 154.
=
1
zum
\
\
|
=
?
Æ
ms
=
—
= ce
\"
=,
A 4
\
À
=
=
Te
Pe
x
Nota lepidopterologica wird als wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift von der Societas Europaea Lepidoptero-
logica (SEL) herausgegeben und den Mitgliedern der SEL zugesandt. Autoren, die Manuskripte für die
Publikation in der Nora lepidopterologica einreichen möchten, finden die jeweils gültigen Autoren-
richtlinien auf der Homepage der SEL unter http://www.soceurlep.eu. Der Verkauf von Einzelheften
und älteren Jahrgängen von Nota lepidopterologica erfolgt durch das Antiquariat Goecke & Evers (Inh.
Erich Bauer), Sportplatzweg 5, 75210 Keltern, Deutschland, E-Mail: books@insecta.de (www.insecta.de,
www.goeckeevers.de); der Buchhandelspreis beträgt € 100,00 pro Band. Die Mitgliedschaft bei der SEL
steht Einzelpersonen und Vereinen nach Maßgabe der Satzung offen. Der Aufnahmeantrag ist an den Mit-
gliedssekretär Willy De Prins, Dorpstraat 401 B, 3061 Leefdaal, Belgien; e-mail: willy.de.prins@telenet.be
zu richten. Das Antragsformular ist im Internet auf der Homepage der SEL erhältlich. Der Mitglieds-
beitrag ist jährlich am Jahresanfang zu entrichten. Er beträgt für Einzelpersonen € 35,00 bzw. für Ver-
eine € 45,00. Die Aufnahmegebühr beträgt € 2,50. Die Zahlung wird auf das SEL-Konto 19 56 50 507
bei der Postbank Köln (BLZ 370 100 50) erbeten (IBAN: DE63 3701 0050 0195 6505 07; BIC: PBNKDEFF).
Mitteilungen in Beitragsangelegenheiten werden an den Schatzmeister Dr. Robert Trusch, Staatliches
Museum für Naturkunde, Erbprinzenstr. 13, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany; e-mail: trusch@smnk.de erbeten.
Adressenänderungen sollten umgehend dem Mitgliedssekretär oder dem Schatzmeister mitgeteilt werden.
Published by the Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica (SEL), Nota lepidopterologica is a scientific journal
that members of SEL receive as part of their membership. Authors who would like to submit papers for
publication in Nota lepidopterologica are asked to take into consideration the relevant instructions for authors
available on the SELhomepage at http://www.soceurlep.eu. Single and back issues of Nota lepidopterologica
can be obtained from Antiquariat Goecke & Evers (Prop. Erich Bauer), Sportplatzweg 5, 75210 Keltern,
Germany, E-Mail: books @insecta.de (www. insecta.de, www.goeckeevers.de); price € 100,00 per volume.
The membership is open to individuals and associations as provided for by the statutes of SEL. Applications
for membership are to be addressed to the Membership Secretary Willy De Prins, Dorpstraat 401 B,
3061 Leefdaal, Belgium; e-mail: willy.de.prins@telenet.be. The application form is available on the SEL
homepage. The annual subscription is to be paid at the beginning of the year. It is 35.00 € for individ-
uals or 45.00 € for associations. The admission fee is 2.50 €. Dues should be paid to SEL account no.
19 56 50 507 at Postbank Köln [Cologne] (bank code 370 100 50; IBAN: DE63 3701 0050 0195 6505 07;
BIC: PBNKDEFF) or to local treasures as mentioned on the website. Communications related to member-
ship contributions should be sent to the Treasurer Dr Robert Trusch, Staatliches Museum fiir Naturkunde,
Erbprinzenstr. 13, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany; e-mail: trusch@smnk.de. Changes of addresses should be
immediately communicated to the Membership Secretary or the Treasurer.
Publié par la Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica (SEL), Nota lepidopterologica est un périodique scien-
tifique envoyé a tous les membres de la SEL. Les auteurs qui désirent publier des manuscrits dans la revue
sont priés de tenir compte des Instructions aux auteurs disponibles sur le site Web de la SEL: http://www.
soceurlep.eu. Les ventes de numéros supplémentaires ou d’anciens numéros de Nota lepidopterologica,
ainsi que les ventes de numéros aux personnes n’étant pas membres de la SEL sont sous la responsabilité
de Antiquariat Goecke & Evers (Erich Bauer, prop.), Sportplatzweg 5, 75210 Keltern, Allemagne, courriel:
books @insecta.de (www.insecta.de, www.goeckeevers.de); en librairie, le prix est de € 100,00 le volume.
Tel que prévu dans ses statuts, les individus de méme que les associations peuvent devenir membres de
la SEL. Les demandes d‘adhésion doivent étre envoyées au Secrétaire responsable des adhésions, Willy
De Prins, Dorpstraat 401 B, 3061 Leefdaal, Belgique; courriel: willy.de.prins@telenet.be. Le formulaire
d’adhésion est disponible sur le site Web de la SEL. L’adhésion se paie au début de l’année. Elle est
de 35 € pour les indi vidus et de 45 € pour les associations. Les frais d’admission sont de 2,50 €. Les
paiements peuvent être envoyés au compte de la SEL: no. 19 56 50 507, Postbank Köln [Cologne] (code
bancaire 370 100 50; IBAN: DE63 3701 0050 0195 6505 07; BIC: PBNKDEFF) ou au trésorier local tei
que mentionné sur le site Web. Toute question en rapport avec l’adhésion doit être envoyée au Trésorier,
Dr. Robert Trusch, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Erbprinzenstr. 13, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany;
courriel: trusch@smnk.de. Tout changement d‘adresse doit être mentionné immédiatement au Secrétaire
responsable des adhésions ou au Trésorier.
TE
1 3630
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11